Datasets:

---

StivenLancheros

/

all_datasets_wikis

like 0

[ 250004, 250054, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 509, 103122, 23, 46637, 4, 7068, 2831, 111, 3291, 3571, 23, 70, 49104, 532, 25971, 14612, 67, 4, 23, 13379, 9, 5636, 183626, 192859, 4, 18721, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 775, 111, 144, 9, 4613, 43117, 4, 70, 50960, 49104, 532, 72941, 11727, 15, 13500, 297, 6, 146051, 46, 361, 112916, 4, 136, 144, 9, 137055, 32189, 14952, 4, 10, 36770, 94859, 23040, 1295, 116374, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 46667, 111, 37515, 3357, 2481, 136, 2750, 6782, 538, 79507, 71, 103086, 7, 111, 11341, 23, 70, 1690, 38529, 7, 111, 604, 71390, 4, 42732, 136, 775, 7, 5, 117371, 141753, 72941, 11727, 4, 23, 6, 99263, 136, 13438, 23, 361, 12012, 4, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 1902, 21771, 109650, 538, 12441, 80399, 7, 26548, 70, 25971, 14612, 67, 25, 7, 89160, 22, 195, 53, 4, 70, 24453, 9022, 12610, 145359, 4, 79986, 71, 390, 2775, 11856, 150532, 5, 581, 21, 3055, 55812, 1363, 509, 10, 58696, 1379, 1865, 214, 4, 136, 3853, 157578, 70, 67009, 165473, 16145, 111, 73138, 31, 8705, 5, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 100512, 72941, 11727, 23, 6, 172228, 3229, 764, 509, 23, 1919, 39395, 77488, 33, 2449, 5, 2161, 70, 5155, 111, 17203, 1830, 4, 1919, 775, 144, 9, 4613, 25, 12303, 509, 103122, 4, 136, 144, 9, 284, 1249, 3060, 10176, 1733, 14432, 12, 70, 21, 3055, 509, 70, 775, 111, 104763, 11, 1683, 4, 10, 9963, 85, 46526, 56, 111, 144, 9, 12662, 7102, 15, 151645, 56, 111, 70, 26349, 111, 177161, 12409, 3142, 221, 764, 34739, 107671, 6620, 645, 70, 36770, 4, 124901, 42732, 509, 10, 57309, 66, 5, 1529, 80723, 1919, 1690, 38529, 390, 6, 140545, 214, 4552, 19048, 24284, 7, 4, 2750, 175100, 98, 70, 4488, 111, 70, 27759, 221, 5299, 450, 1836, 6782, 538, 52295, 71, 70, 35431, 111, 70, 3395, 5, 9626, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 144, 9, 12248, 1495, 51953, 25, 7, 79986, 4, 177161, 12409, 21917, 1162, 67175, 3934, 70, 2684, 85453, 26349, 111, 6863, 14922, 5, 174804, 13, 72090, 390, 5941, 79986, 4295, 47, 70, 72941, 11727, 9458, 297, 6, 159958, 4, 70, 81693, 136, 29685, 44752, 1162, 90, 5, 360, 361, 11648, 4, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 109133, 70, 64194, 29685, 47, 2552, 51467, 98, 70, 86991, 5177, 179665, 1636, 4, 7440, 764, 66933, 427, 5369, 4, 2684, 111, 1919, 1690, 38529, 5, 1529, 6, 140545, 297, 70, 2548, 26539, 112811, 10571, 144, 9, 40798, 53, 61363, 44448, 14, 15, 461, 61007, 247, 1284, 2837, 45188, 297, 4049, 23, 382, 38775, 1529, 36997, 71, 177161, 12409, 4734, 24145, 5, 48752, 289, 89397, 1543, 765, 79507, 71, 70, 51957, 47, 25813, 47, 2552, 51467, 12, 6863, 20903, 7432, 47, 70, 3311, 5935, 10325, 132988, 4, 6863, 40881, 36398, 124519, 1829, 70, 5177, 179665, 1636, 47, 177161, 12409, 136, 1829, 70, 173586, 127, 96113, 47, 70, 144477, 136, 1829, 39287, 38361, 47, 231041, 223, 4, 98870, 120767, 141, 3551, 4, 136, 70, 99716, 92940, 645, 2499, 214267, 1830, 3129, 13648, 10, 58944, 23, 51712, 136, 70, 86991, 5177, 179665, 1636, 16128, 5, 17192, 144, 9, 80908, 1122, 144, 9, 29598, 1021, 31029, 4, 23, 1919, 142, 927, 25443, 111, 85745, 7, 4, 8, 18695, 933, 70, 85453, 6897, 23, 1919, 29685, 5, 360, 2552, 51467, 70, 3253, 2327, 30185, 145755, 70, 87714, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 4, 136, 15044, 6, 150621, 7, 4, 144, 9, 284, 1249, 136, 144, 9, 4613, 25, 12303, 4, 3514, 434, 1257, 2685, 5, 1913, 3060, 6275, 70, 121678, 29685, 456, 116292, 297, 13438, 47, 884, 9, 117707, 53, 4, 70, 10323, 26349, 111, 57799, 2701, 66, 4, 7440, 70, 170277, 44171, 365, 106622, 136, 57724, 111, 70, 1461, 7260, 10696, 4, 884, 9, 605, 4542, 25, 14, 4, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 70, 72941, 11727, 678, 1919, 22, 28889, 4588, 5, 14847, 144, 9, 605, 4542, 25, 14, 100512, 99825, 12960, 23, 884, 9, 117707, 53, 4, 442, 83, 2804, 450, 1950, 309, 36997, 71, 4049, 31815, 5, 1650, 37202, 144, 9, 40798, 53, 61363, 136, 144, 9, 605, 4542, 25, 14, 15044, 68, 71, 2685, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 23, 382, 39876, 1950, 309, 83, 66747, 71, 237, 54433, 12, 44, 7763, 5636, 36293, 136, 83658, 765, 68, 71, 740, 1326, 70, 86052, 111, 70, 28271, 352, 95972, 4, 764, 77736, 4420, 98, 1919, 52114, 136, 4989, 6032, 30699, 67, 2369, 59993, 2394, 115864, 2394, 3253, 2327, 5, 137088, 6, 140545, 297, 4049, 237, 1919, 279, 77347, 678, 4393, 159354, 14537, 7, 4, 136, 4, 100, 59671, 8927, 5369, 4, 2369, 59993, 136, 1919, 775, 7, 149976, 137088, 109208, 126351, 23, 89778, 95486, 674, 764, 22, 182825, 297, 47, 2856, 5, 1950, 309, 7228, 8111, 113240, 52467, 47, 1215, 11210, 40368, 20028, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 361, 11591, 4, 6, 167255, 4, 361, 14773, 4, 2248, 304, 136, 4568, 23, 382, 38775, 1218, 24019, 103876, 7, 1919, 15426, 111, 1950, 309, 25, 7, 1690, 38529, 678, 6097, 34153, 12, 44, 23389, 1556, 2809, 2804, 450, 3229, 1950, 309, 187, 9, 143423, 15080, 68, 71, 4, 2685, 3542, 300, 86, 75281, 19879, 70270, 15, 936, 3915, 7, 16, 23, 70, 11341, 1360, 162, 44616, 1242, 129551, 47, 8294, 11, 144239, 4, 1950, 309, 566, 22876, 191, 297, 136, 5737, 191, 297, 30890, 82945, 823, 25, 3814, 4, 70, 361, 927, 26743, 4, 23, 177161, 12409, 5, 572, 1292, 26867, 19, 509, 79507, 71, 390, 70, 1221, 111, 1919, 219176, 113138, 42732, 23, 70, 23131, 7154, 111, 70, 352, 95972, 24189, 604, 47219, 23, 6, 153781, 5, 18763, 279, 77347, 15, 206, 29469, 24284, 16, 2369, 59993, 70, 3253, 2327, 532, 4, 2369, 59993, 25, 7, 775, 7, 15, 157225, 538, 823, 25, 3814, 82945, 2369, 59993, 247, 136, 3789, 3253, 2327, 30185, 137567, 6226, 6259, 70, 86052, 5, 581, 19069, 111, 57309, 10133, 23, 70, 49104, 532, 72941, 195994, 29685, 157578, 6863, 280, 344, 20271, 144, 9, 143423, 15080, 25, 7, 1690, 38529, 5, 581, 3253, 2327, 30185, 3542, 10, 57309, 66, 14449, 15, 161063, 7345, 10684, 16, 450, 607, 297, 4420, 47, 70, 3253, 2327, 4, 10, 200729, 1294, 131007, 49063, 494, 525, 111, 353, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1950, 309, 144, 9, 143423, 15080, 15, 74, 44, 841, 1292, 26867, 19, 1172, 9, 12248, 794, 51953, 56128, 44, 284, 36901, 70, 12426, 7352, 17574, 58, 707, 44, 284, 36901, 70, 90911, 538, 9, 22769, 532, 297, 830, 729, 11994, 14810, 363, 707, 22482, 6, 178683, 46, 744, 11994, 382, 6463, 15, 140458, 74668, 363, 18530, 416, 16, 16, 509, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 49104, 532, 25971, 11727, 5, 18763, 127319, 5622, 83, 29865, 71, 4, 678, 67842, 97264, 68772, 112474, 1295, 14810, 363, 47, 6, 178683, 5, 18763, 28, 6295, 1448, 44, 289, 9, 143423, 15080, 58, 3900, 19309, 7, 47, 44, 2347, 12426, 7352, 17574, 830, 44, 2347, 9563, 830, 44, 2347, 10091, 54969, 830, 707, 44, 2347, 90911, 538, 9, 22769, 532, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early life.", "Caliphate.", "Advisors.", "Diplomacy.", "Rebellions.", "Death.", "Legacy.", "Anecdotes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Hārūn was born in Rey, then part of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran Province, Iran. He was the son of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (ruled 775 – 786), and al-Khayzuran, a former slave girl from Yemen, who was a woman of strong personality and who greatly influenced affairs of state in the reigns of her husband, mother and sons. Before becoming caliph, in 780 and again in 782, Hārūn had already nominally led campaigns against the Caliphate's traditional enemy, the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by Empress Irene. The latter expedition was a huge undertaking, and even reached the Asian suburbs of Constantinople.", "Hārūn became caliph in 786 when he was in his early twenties. On the day of accession, his son al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some little time later: the latter was the son of Zubaida, a granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder of the city of Baghdad); so he took precedence over the former, whose mother was a Persian. He began his reign by appointing very able ministers, who carried on the work of the government so well that they greatly improved the condition of the people. Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Baghdad flourished into the most splendid city of its period. Tribute paid by many rulers to the caliph funded architecture, the arts and court luxuries. In 796, Hārūn moved the entire court to Raqqa on the middle Euphrates, where he spent 12 years, most of his reign. He appointed the Hanafi jurist Muhammad al-Shaybani qadi (judge), but dismissed him in 803. He visited Baghdad only once. Several reasons may have influenced the decision to move to Raqqa: its closeness to the Byzantine border, its excellent communication lines via the Euphrates to Baghdad and via the Balikh river to the north and via Palmyra to Damascus, rich agricultural land, and the strategic advantage over any rebellion which might arise in Syria and the middle Euphrates area. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in his anthology of poems, depicts the splendid life in his court. In Raqqa the Barmakids managed the fate of the empire, and both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, grew up there. At some point the royal court relocated again to Al-Rayy, the capital city of Khorasan, where the famous philologist and leader of the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, accompanied the caliph with his entourage. When al-Kisa'i became ill while in Al-Rayy, it is said that Harun visited him daily. It seems al-Shaybani and al-Kisa'i both died there on the same day in 804. Harun is quoted as saying: \"Today Law and Language have died\". For the administration of the whole empire, he fell back on his mentor and longtime associate Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as his vizier with full executive powers, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment he entrusted to them. Harun made pilgrimages to Mecca several times, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803. Tabari concludes his account of Harun's reign with these words: \"It has been said that when Harun ar-Rashid died, there were nine hundred million odd (dirhams) in the state treasury.\" According to Shia belief, Harun imprisoned and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the 7th Imam, in Baghdad.", "Hārūn was influenced by the will of his incredibly powerful mother in the governance of the empire until her death in 789. His vizier (chief minister) Yahya the Barmakid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids generally controlled the administration. The position of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its peak during al-Rashid's reign. The Barmakids were a Persian family (from Balkh) that dated back to the Barmak, a hereditary Buddhist priest of Nava Vihara, who converted after the Islamic conquest of Balkh and became very powerful under al-Mahdi. Yahya had helped Hārūn to obtain the caliphate, and he and his sons were in high favor until 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari dates this event to 803 and lists various reasons for it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence without permission; Yahya's opposition to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who later gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun had imprisoned. The fall of the Barmakids is far more likely due to their behaving in a manner that Harun found disrespectful (such as entering his court unannounced) and making decisions in matters of state without first consulting him. Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's chief minister.", "Both Einhard and Notker the Stammerer refer to the envoys travelling between Harun's and Charlemagne's courts, amicable discussions concerning Christian access to the Holy Land and the exchange of gifts. Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish horses, colorful Frisian cloaks and impressive hunting dogs. In 802 Harun sent Charlemagne a present consisting of silks, brass candelabra, perfume, balsam, ivory chessmen, a colossal tent with many-colored curtains, an elephant named Abul-Abbas, and a water clock that marked the hours by dropping bronze balls into a bowl, as mechanical knights—one for each hour—emerged from little doors which shut behind them. The presents were unprecedented in Western Europe and may have influenced Carolingian art. When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros I became emperor and refused to pay tribute to Harun, saying that Irene should have been receiving the tribute the whole time. News of this angered Harun, who wrote a message on the back of the Roman emperor's letter and said \"In the name of God the most merciful, From Amir al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander of the faithful, to Nikephoros, dog of the Romans. Thou shalt not hear, thou shalt behold my reply\". After campaigns in Asia Minor, Nikephoros was forced to conclude a treaty, with humiliating terms. An alliance was established with the Chinese Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies to China. He was called \"A-lun\" in the Chinese Tang Annals. The alliance was aimed against the Tibetans.", "Because of the \"Thousand and One Nights\" tales, Harun ar-Rashid turned into a legendary figure obscuring his true historic personality. In fact, his reign initiated the political disintegration of the Abbasid caliphate. Syria was inhabited by tribes with Umayyad sympathies and remained the bitter enemy of the Abbasids, while Egypt witnessed uprisings against Abbasids due to maladministration and arbitrary taxation. The Umayyads had been established in Spain in 755, the Idrisids in Morocco in 788, and the \"Aghlabids\" in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800. Besides, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose in rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan. Revolts also broke out in Khorasan, and ar-Rashid waged many campaigns against the Byzantines. Ar-Rashid appointed Ali bin Isa bin Mahan as the governor of Khorasan, who tried to bring to heel the princes and chieftains of the region, and to reimpose the full authority of the central government on them. This new policy met with fierce resistance and provoked numerous uprisings in the region.", "A major revolt led by Rafi ibn al-Layth was started in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan. He first removed and arrested Ali bin Isa bin Mahan but the revolt continued unchecked. Harun al-Rashid became ill and died very soon after when he reached Sanabad village in Tus and was buried in Dar al-Imarah, the summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid governor of Khorasan. Due to this historical event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The location later became known as Mashhad (\"The Place of Martyrdom\") because of the martyrdom of Imam ar-Ridha in 818.", "Al-Rashid virtually dismembered the empire by apportioning it between his two sons al-Amin and al-Ma'mun (with his third son, al-Qasim, being belatedly added after them). Very soon it became clear that by dividing the empire, Rashid had actually helped to set the opposing parties against one another, and had provided them with sufficient resources to become independent of each other. After the death of Harun al-Rashid, civil war broke out in the empire between his two sons, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, which spiralled into a prolonged period of turmoil and warfare throughout the Caliphate, ending only with Ma'mun's final triumph in 827.", "Many anecdotes attached themselves to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries following his rule. Saadi of Shiraz inserted a number of them into his \"Gulistan\". Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in \"The Meadows of Gold\" illuminating the character of this caliph. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed by al-Ma'mun's, at a race Harun held at Raqqa. Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a challenging task. When others failed to please him, Miskin of Medina succeeded superbly well. The poet then launched into a moving account of how much it had cost him to learn that song. Harun laughed saying he didn't know which was more entertaining, the song or the story. He rewarded the poet. There is also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim to keep singing. The musician did until the caliph fell asleep. Then, strangely, a handsome young man appeared, snatched the musician's lute, sang a very moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it), and left. On awakening and being informed of this, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim had received a supernatural visitation. Shortly before he died, Harun is said to have been reading some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature of the power and pleasures of this world, an anecdote related about other caliphs as well." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 36947, 478, 91281, 509, 103122, 98, 616, 18237, 31060, 4, 23, 14912, 9491, 4, 99510, 9, 143189, 4, 10542, 102126, 4, 47, 150546, 117319, 92, 136, 2258, 9, 2940, 9, 99076, 84459, 40575, 669, 7948, 91281, 7435, 18237, 41933, 48768, 496, 7582, 88995, 5, 14847, 2412, 509, 300, 86, 5369, 10332, 4, 604, 14449, 109133, 47, 70, 208244, 214, 59444, 111, 13008, 109833, 5, 4687, 1556, 10, 27150, 56, 82953, 4, 91281, 112730, 23, 604, 5117, 23182, 233547, 23, 18374, 24427, 99, 24158, 820, 47704, 4, 102126, 5, 4687, 72856, 604, 5117, 68807, 14858, 305, 1104, 617, 4, 305, 1104, 2389, 47, 4937, 2408, 170249, 4, 10, 6626, 9, 6032, 7082, 13527, 102995, 136, 36770, 8999, 438, 5, 106, 58585, 5, 15, 618, 8420, 272, 5369, 14432, 4, 91281, 8, 88981, 297, 170249, 305, 1104, 2389, 4, 305, 1104, 2389, 20271, 10, 17932, 68807, 14858, 99, 70, 78650, 18, 15619, 23, 42878, 22576, 7, 4, 39897, 4, 3129, 509, 2363, 17932, 136, 4568, 14858, 26548, 12638, 3789, 5, 16, 1913, 70, 4034, 111, 604, 5117, 4393, 23182, 6602, 23, 26819, 4, 91281, 509, 702, 5369, 10332, 136, 30648, 297, 8999, 438, 5, 49537, 5, 4687, 23742, 110, 91281, 25, 7, 12801, 159, 3719, 233547, 36356, 222521, 21449, 23, 22059, 5, 4687, 26859, 70, 6602, 37515, 538, 4, 678, 37195, 233547, 91375, 3387, 10336, 214, 3934, 70, 92265, 13527, 4, 678, 70, 127308, 8035, 99, 70, 233547, 23, 69563, 4, 7440, 2412, 8, 88981, 297, 109114, 19295, 17131, 34249, 23, 10, 129114, 136, 31745, 78650, 18, 23, 70, 2704, 136, 72856, 4734, 387, 27528, 23, 70, 59671, 68807, 7, 111, 70, 233547, 5, 360, 70, 92265, 13527, 2704, 4, 91281, 8, 88981, 297, 19295, 17131, 34249, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 8999, 438, 5, 106, 4, 305, 1104, 617, 4, 201, 1104, 910, 4, 382, 1104, 910, 7103, 186, 26518, 75686, 30786, 23, 10, 17262, 9, 3509, 129114, 5, 91281, 7068, 72856, 47, 19295, 17131, 34249, 361, 1104, 758, 4, 305, 1104, 363, 23, 70, 227450, 2704, 4, 604, 5117, 91281, 26859, 18592, 390, 6, 69986, 70, 133836, 13527, 4, 8, 88981, 214, 31745, 78650, 18, 23, 70, 2704, 305, 104279, 4, 361, 1104, 910, 5, 91281, 6777, 959, 388, 13, 10, 5423, 20271, 70, 233547, 136, 72856, 10, 3622, 111, 4734, 1702, 27528, 5, 91281, 72856, 186351, 47, 75686, 30786, 20271, 70, 31576, 4, 24145, 98, 7941, 118383, 7, 23, 174072, 21109, 191, 4, 52888, 4, 136, 24145, 98, 26580, 53, 99, 2022, 92788, 18481, 4, 52888, 5, 91281, 4, 49903, 4, 23742, 70, 233547, 23, 1735, 23643, 4, 31464, 4, 136, 10267, 122009, 604, 44759, 23, 69563, 4, 7440, 2412, 24145, 13438, 8, 88981, 297, 78650, 18, 23, 70, 2704, 5, 91281, 7068, 23742, 70, 233547, 23, 10271, 4, 388, 214, 4734, 77488, 76456, 27528, 23, 43606, 14858, 90, 5, 1913, 70, 92265, 13527, 4, 91281, 65771, 538, 123823, 71, 604, 44759, 390, 8, 88981, 214, 74863, 2420, 567, 814, 5874, 305, 1104, 2389, 4, 305, 1104, 2389, 23, 10, 4442, 9, 67403, 13, 2704, 5, 581, 51521, 1733, 111, 70, 14858, 34475, 98, 70, 47763, 7816, 126, 509, 4442, 14633, 74, 49903, 4, 1660, 2789, 14633, 111, 450, 509, 66933, 98, 70, 29685, 4, 237, 10, 102044, 36356, 65450, 70, 14858, 3934, 6626, 14922, 7, 111, 11301, 4, 111, 300, 86, 136, 1105, 14633, 5, 9925, 509, 70, 16610, 525, 9, 30441, 136, 2684, 1632, 9, 8752, 71, 12801, 159, 3719, 2704, 17669, 136, 70, 4734, 41929, 961, 2679, 23, 24990, 72403, 509, 66360, 13, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 13501, 1672, 70, 207116, 111, 91281, 6, 69986, 15700, 12801, 159, 3719, 5, 31384, 959, 297, 160073, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 94037, 52341, 4, 42459, 297, 450, 91281, 5809, 69307, 70, 6, 88981, 10, 24941, 1286, 20028, 5, 3493, 70, 6602, 80723, 237, 84751, 4, 678, 91281, 65042, 214, 604, 12801, 159, 3719, 233547, 6, 69986, 8082, 344, 47, 43606, 47353, 99, 70, 133836, 13527, 4, 8, 88981, 214, 89408, 1832, 20759, 23, 70, 2704, 5, 1840, 305, 1104, 363, 4, 305, 1104, 2389, 8, 88981, 111, 34170, 25, 7, 25203, 11, 75686, 30786, 23, 10, 129114, 509, 151552, 390, 52129, 160073, 91308, 8081, 2069, 237, 44, 90837, 38526, 70, 2965, 69686, 87, 25, 272, 51592, 740, 1529, 23409, 98, 47, 15190, 4, 44, 568, 24124, 2367, 8694, 24500, 6777, 47, 75686, 30786, 99, 70, 133836, 13527, 903, 6602, 4, 136, 450, 509, 442, 5, 4687, 83, 11522, 3501, 2856, 756, 1242, 91281, 134629, 903, 678, 23468, 91375, 3387, 23, 604, 11737, 22759, 233547, 7, 99, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 4, 1735, 23643, 4, 31464, 4, 174072, 21109, 191, 4, 52888, 4, 136, 133236, 44816, 4, 25134, 96220, 5, 581, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 233547, 509, 135818, 6637, 91281, 23742, 70, 5117, 214075, 26847, 111, 70, 2704, 26548, 40392, 11, 195608, 1681, 5, 360, 70, 174072, 21109, 191, 2704, 4, 91281, 72856, 70, 4734, 5423, 2412, 93153, 71, 47, 31745, 78650, 18, 23, 2363, 2704, 59671, 14858, 90, 5, 360, 70, 221419, 2022, 92788, 91281, 8, 88981, 297, 23213, 40207, 66995, 23, 70, 2704, 111, 70, 133836, 13527, 4, 3129, 509, 604, 136659, 127, 12801, 159, 3719, 11001, 7, 44759, 23, 70, 4568, 300, 86, 2412, 62757, 297, 5, 4687, 188545, 71, 142, 108938, 138, 5423, 133868, 678, 89408, 1832, 22029, 23, 70, 484, 164, 4, 116987, 23, 70, 209, 927, 136, 2704, 6712, 47, 19916, 70, 138, 4216, 5423, 6, 173674, 5, 1840, 6, 69986, 8082, 344, 15, 309, 101448, 33, 16792, 70, 13501, 92265, 13527, 86669, 47, 115083, 31672, 101720, 49643, 6723, 16, 136475, 678, 91375, 3387, 23, 71667, 4, 2022, 92788, 18481, 4, 136, 33112, 5, 82990, 538, 7103, 6, 69986, 23, 71667, 4, 91281, 23, 461, 2822, 604, 7108, 4911, 6492, 12960, 41421, 9, 71013, 1294, 7158, 214, 23, 236386, 136, 221419, 538, 678, 7090, 434, 1295, 70, 118623, 82344, 7, 111, 52888, 136, 70, 28823, 1507, 161912, 7, 5, 360, 10271, 4, 2412, 65042, 297, 604, 51, 101448, 33, 8082, 344, 47, 11251, 14858, 90, 15, 191633, 23, 601, 7783, 32692, 47, 19295, 17131, 34249, 25, 7, 6, 88151, 8108, 388, 214, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 36947, 478, 5379, 44, 68551, 24500, 58, 91281, 15, 74, 103122, 616, 18237, 31060, 16, 83, 10, 30839, 36770, 23182, 69686, 58585, 5, 4687, 509, 30648, 297, 8999, 438, 5, 106, 100, 10, 17164, 6, 128919, 40859, 136, 23742, 1039, 12801, 159, 3719, 11001, 7, 44759, 7, 4, 3129, 30648, 7, 17932, 16792, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 70, 13527, 14825, 23, 28015, 136, 50960, 756, 9, 6032, 50155, 94037, 52341, 58072, 136, 160485, 40478, 57365, 5, 360, 18592, 4, 2412, 100512, 70, 4734, 69686, 58585, 47, 69307, 70, 43114, 159, 3719, 390, 6, 69986, 756, 22759, 12801, 159, 3719, 11001, 7, 44759, 7, 136, 70, 152150, 86761, 40501, 23, 70, 5701, 87939, 6602, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 2412, 83, 70, 4734, 69686, 58585, 47, 765, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Early career.", "Breakthrough year: 1987.", "Unprecedented Golden Slam: 1988.", "New challengers and personal challenges.", "1989.", "1990.", "1991.", "1992.", "Second period of dominance.", "1993.", "1994.", "1995.", "1996.", "Final years on the tour: 1997–99.", "Doubles career.", "Post-career exhibition matches.", "Summary of career.", "Playing style.", "Equipment and endorsements.", "Personal life.", "Legacy.", "Awards and honours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Stefanie Graf was born on 14 June 1969, in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany, to Heidi Schalk and car-and-insurance salesman Peter Graf (18 June 1938 − 30 November 2013). When she was nine years old, her family moved to the neighboring town of Brühl. She has a younger brother,", "", "Graf played in her first professional tournament in October 1982 at Filderstadt, Germany. She lost her first round match 6–4, 6–0 to Tracy Austin, a two-time US Open champion and former world No. 1 player. (Twelve years later, Graf defeated Austin 6–0, 6–0 during a second round match at the Evert Cup in Indian Wells, California, which was their second and last match against each other.) At the start of her first full professional year in 1983, Graf was 13 years old and ranked world No. 124. She won no", "Graf's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came in 1987. She started the year strongly, with six tournament victories heading into the French Open, with the highlight being at the tournament in Miami, where she defeated Martina Navratilova in a semifinal and Chris Evert in the final and lost only 20 games in the seven rounds of the tournament. In the French Open final, Graf defeated Navratilova, who was the world No. 1, 6–4, 4–6, 8–6 after beating Sabatini in a three-set semifinal. Graf then lost to Navratilova 7–5, 6–3 in the Wimbledon final, her first", "Graf started 1988 by winning the Australian Open, defeating Chris Evert in the final 6–1, 7–6. Graf did not lose a set during the tournament and lost a total of only 29 games. Graf lost twice to Sabatini during the spring, once on hardcourts in Boca Raton, Florida, and once on clay at Amelia Island, Florida. Graf, however, won the tournament in San Antonio, Texas, and retained her title in Miami, where she once again defeated Evert in the final. Graf then won the tournament in Berlin, losing only twelve games in five matches. At the French Open, Graf successfully defended her title by defeating Natasha Zvereva 6–0, 6–0 in a 34-minute final. The official time of the match given on the scoresheet was 34 minutes; however, just 32 minutes of that was spent on the court, as a rain break split the match into two periods of play, of nine and 23 minutes. That was the shortest-ever and most one-sided Grand Slam final ever and the only double bagel in", "", "Speculation was rife at the beginning of 1989 about the possibility of Graf winning another Grand Slam. Some noted observers, such as Margaret Court, suggested that Graf could achieve the feat a couple more times. And the year began as expected, with Graf extending her Grand Slam tournament winning streak to five events at the Australian Open, defeating Helena Suková in the final. Her 6–3, 6–0 defeat of Argentina's Gabriela Sabatini in a semifinal was described by veteran observer Ted Tinling as \"probably the best tennis I've seen\". He went on to add, \"I saw what Steffi did to Sabatini at the Australian Open this year, and that was it. She is better than them all.\" Graf followed this with easy victories in her next four tournaments at Washington, D.C., San Antonio, Texas, Boca Raton, Florida, and Hilton Head, South Carolina. The Washington, D.C. tournament was notable because Graf won the first twenty points of the final against Zina Garrison. In the Boca Raton final, Graf lost the only set she conceded to Chris Evert in their final seven matches. In the subsequent Amelia", "Graf defeated Mary Joe Fernández in the final of the Australian Open, which was her eighth Grand Slam singles title in the last nine she contested. She survived an intense 3 set battle with Helena Sukova in the semis, breaking in the 10th and final game to win the 3rd set 6-4. Her winning streak (unbeaten since the 1989 French Open loss to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario) continued with victories in Tokyo, Amelia Island, and Hamburg. Shortly after winning in Tokyo, Graf injured her right thumb while cross-country skiing in Switzerland and subsequently withdrew from the Virginia Slims of Florida and the Lipton Championships. In Berlin, she extended her unbeaten streak to 66 matches (second in WTA history to Navratilova's 74) before losing the final to Monica Seles, 6–4, 6–3. While the Berlin tournament was being played, the largest-circulation German tabloid, \"Bild\", ran a story about an alleged scandal involving Graf's father. The difficulty of answering", "A mixture of injury problems, personal difficulties, and loss of form made 1991 a tough year for Graf. Seles established herself as the new dominant player on the women's tour, winning the Australian Open, French Open, and US Open and, in March, ending Graf's record 186 consecutive-weeks hold on the World No. 1 ranking. Graf briefly regained the top ranking after winning at Wimbledon but lost it again after her loss to Navratilova at the US Open. Graf lost an Australian Open quarterfinal to Jana Novotná, the first time she did not reach the semifinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament since the 1986 French Open. She then lost to Sabatini in her next three tournaments before winning the U.S. Hardcourt Championships in San Antonio, beating Monica Seles in", "A bout of rubella forced Graf to miss the first major event of 1992, the Australian Open. Her year continued indifferently with losses in three of her first four tournaments, including a semifinal loss to Jana Novotná in Chicago. It was Graf's second consecutive loss to Novotna, and dating back to their 1991 Australian Open quarterfinal match, Jana had won three of their last five meetings. It would also be the last loss Graf would ever have to Novotna in a match she completed (she did have a loss after withdrawing with injury after the first set of a late 1996 match). Chicago was notable, however, for being the first tournament Graf played with her new coach, former Swiss player Heinz Günthardt. Graf's father had approached Günthardt during the 1991 Virginia Slims Championships. She would work with him for the remainder of her career. In Boca Raton, Florida, Graf reached her first final of the year, where she faced Conchita Martínez for the title. In their five previous head-to-head matches, Graf had defeated Martínez each time. Even though Conchita won the opening set, Graf", "", "Graf began 1993 with four losses in her first six tournaments of the year: two to Sánchez Vicario and one each to Seles and the 36-year-old Martina Navratilova. She struggled at the tournament in Berlin where she lost a 6–0 set to the unheralded Sabine Hack before defeating Mary Joe Fernández and Sabatini in three-set matches to claim her seventh title there in eight years. During a quarterfinal match between Seles and Magdalena Maleeva in Hamburg, Seles was stabbed between the shoulder blades by a mentally ill German fan of Graf, Günter Parche. He claimed that he committed the attack to help Graf reclaim the world No. 1 ranking. More than two years elapsed before Seles competed again. Shortly after the stabbing, during a players meeting at the Italian Open in Rome, 17 of the world's top 25 WTA members voted against preserving Seles' world No. 1 ranking while she was sidelined. Since Graf skipped the Italian Open, she did not take part in the vote. During Seles's absence, Graf won 65 of 67 matches, three of four Grand Slam", "Seemingly free of injury for the first time in years, Graf began the year by winning the Australian Open, where she defeated Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the final with the loss of only two games. Graf later stated it was the best tennis she had ever played in a Grand Slam final. She then won her next four tournaments in Tokyo, Indian Wells, Delray Beach and Miami respectively. In the Miami final, she lost her first set of the year—to Natasha Zvereva—after winning 54 consecutive sets. In the Hamburg final, she lost for the first time in 1994 after 36 consecutive match victories, losing to Sánchez Vicario in three sets. She then won her eighth German Open, but there were signs that her form was worsening as she almost lost to Julie Halard in a quarterfinal. As the defending champion Graf lost in straight sets to", "A strained right calf muscle forced Graf to withdraw from the Australian Open. She came back in February, winning four consecutive tournaments in Paris, Delray Beach, Miami and Houston. She then beat Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in the finals of both the French Open and Wimbledon. The 1995 Wimbledon final is regarded as one of the most dramatic women's major finals in history as Graf and Sánchez Vicario battled in a tight third set that included a 16-minute long, 13-deuce game on Sanchez Vicario's serve at 5-5. In August Monica Seles made her much anticipated", "Graf again missed the Australian Open after undergoing surgery in December 1995 to remove bone splinters from her left foot. Graf came back to the tour in March, winning back to back titles in Indian Wells and Miami, followed by a record ninth title at the German Open in May and a quarterfinal defeat in Rome against Martina Hingis. She then successfully defended the three Grand Slam titles she won the year before. In a close French Open final, Graf again overcame Sánchez Vicario, taking the third-set 10–8. Graf had led 4-1 in the second set tiebreak, only to lose six points in a row and force a decider. Twice in the third set Sánchez Vicario served for the championship but was broken each time by Graf. It was the longest French Open women's", "The last few years of Graf's career were beset by injuries, particularly to her knees and back. She lost the world No. 1 ranking to Martina Hingis and failed to win a Grand Slam title for the first time in ten years in 1997. That year Graf lost in the fourth round of the Australian Open in straight sets to Amanda Coetzer. She subsequently withdrew from the Toray Pan Pacific Open and had arthroscopic surgery performed on her left knee. After several months injury lay off, Graf returned to play in the German Open in", "From the beginning of her career until 1990, Graf regularly played doubles events in Grand Slams and other tournaments, winning a total of 11 titles. In 1986, she formed a partnership with rival Gabriela Sabatini. The pair was moderately successful, winning the 1988 Wimbledon Championships together and reaching the finals of the French Open in 1986, 1987 and 1989. The partnership was the subject of much discussion, as the two women, both known to be shy, usually kept communication to a minimum during changeovers and between points, a highly unusual situation in doubles. Sabatini said of the partnership: \"doubles is all about communicating with each other, and we didn't communicate that much. We would just say the basic things, but nothing else.\" The pair played their", "In late 1999 and early 2000, as part of her Farewell Tour, Graf played a series of exhibition matches against former rivals in New Zealand, Japan, Spain, Germany and South Africa. She played Jelena Dokic in Christchurch, New Zealand, Amanda Coetzer in Durban, South Africa, and her former rival Arantxa Sánchez Vicario in Zaragoza, Spain. It was Graf and Sánchez Vicario's first head-to-head meeting since 1996. In February 2000, Graf played against Kimiko Date at Nagoya Rainbow Hall in Tokyo, winning in three sets. In September 2004, Graf dispatched her former doubles partner Gabriela Sabatini in straight sets, in an exhibition match played in Berlin, Germany. She was also in Berlin to host a charity gala, as well as inaugurating a tennis stadium renamed the \"Steffi Graf Stadion\". Proceeds from her match against Sabatini went to Graf's foundation, \"Children for Tomorrow\". In July 2005, Graf competed in one tie of World Team Tennis (WTT) on the Houston Wranglers team. She was beaten in two out of three", "Graf won seven singles titles at Wimbledon, six singles titles at the French Open, five singles titles at the US Open, and four singles titles at the Australian Open. Her overall record in 56 Grand Slam events was 282–32 (89 percent) (87–10 at the French Open, 75–7", "The main weapons in Graf's game were her powerful inside-out forehand drive (which earned her the moniker \"Fräulein Forehand\") and her intricate footwork. She often positioned herself in her backhand corner and although this left her forehand wide open and vulnerable to attack, her court speed meant that only the most accurate shots wide to her forehand caused any trouble. Graf's technique on the forehand was unique and instantly recognizable: generating considerable racquet head speed with her swing, she reached the point of contact late and typically out of the air. As a result, she hit her forehand with exceptional pace and accuracy. According to her coaches Pavel Složil and Heinz Günthardt, Graf's superior sense of timing was the key behind the success of her forehand. Graf also had a powerful backhand drive but over the course of her career tended to use it less frequently, opting more often for an effective backhand slice. Starting in the early 1990s, she used the slice almost exclusively in", "Early in her career, Graf wore Dunlop apparel, before signing an endorsement contract with Adidas in 1985. She had an Adidas sneakers line known as the St. Graf Pro line. Early in her career, she used Dunlop the Maxpower pro and Maxpower Kevlar, than Max 200G racquet before switching to Wilson from 1994 to 1999. She first used the Wilson Pro Staff 7.0 lite, then switched to the Pro Staff 7.5 in 1996 and to the Pro Staff 7.1 in 1998. Graf's racquets were", "In 1997, she left the Catholic Church, citing personal reasons. During her career, Graf divided her time between her hometown of Brühl, Boca Raton, Florida and New York City where she owned a penthouse in the former Police Headquarters Building in SoHo. From 1992 to 1999, Graf dated racing driver Michael Bartels. She started dating Andre Agassi after the 1999 French Open and they married on 22 October 2001, with only their mothers as witnesses. They have two children: son Jaden", "Graf is regarded by some to be the greatest female tennis player of all time. Navratilova included Graf on her list of great players. In 1999 Billie Jean King said, \"Steffi is definitely the greatest women's tennis player of all time.\" In December 1999, Graf was named the greatest female tennis player of the 20th century by a panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press. Tennis writer", "Graf was voted the ITF World Champion in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995 and 1996. She was voted the WTA Player Of The Year in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996. She was elected as the German Sportsperson of the Year in 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1999. In 2004 the \"Berliner Tennis-Arena\" was renamed \"Steffi-Graf-Stadion\" in honor of Graf. Graf was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2004 and the German Sports Hall of Fame in 2008." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 8622, 509, 38134, 21329, 712, 3835, 29865, 105207, 1257, 47, 70, 204657, 7, 111, 70, 6602, 3576, 237, 47, 36766, 70, 86595, 111, 450, 6602, 5608, 186, 217064, 15, 2940, 176016, 71, 16, 237, 70, 86595, 111, 44, 2347, 58, 3525, 212010, 316, 5, 165837, 25958, 4, 2685, 1556, 2809, 29865, 10932, 70, 15504, 111, 96362, 8, 23662, 7, 4, 202032, 90, 136, 212010, 11, 5, 581, 31089, 187, 62093, 1295, 70, 60212, 17721, 70, 101805, 111, 17368, 23335, 141, 101935, 47, 54529, 5369, 136, 212010, 11, 15, 162, 23, 44, 2347, 50960, 212010, 316, 74054, 707, 200103, 538, 17368, 44, 2347, 6626, 137107, 740, 581, 5117, 101805, 83, 39210, 23, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 76726, 4, 1284, 70, 21, 3055, 83, 1238, 141775, 297, 23, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 71006, 24073, 18, 42853, 2143, 33, 32073, 830, 3129, 3900, 19309, 7, 218500, 237, 70, 44, 55547, 137107, 14922, 51029, 139661, 104064, 450, 70, 30780, 141, 111, 70, 3525, 212010, 316, 5608, 186, 176016, 71, 23, 70, 149307, 1295, 3576, 47, 6789, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 14487, 48877, 3576, 47, 18982, 106, 4, 6789, 16, 106926, 297, 450, 70, 121181, 66, 87939, 1556, 110, 6602, 45234, 4, 136, 127298, 70, 212010, 11, 5608, 186, 54529, 297, 1295, 70, 6602, 615, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 5117, 212010, 316, 509, 1295, 70, 6602, 106, 47, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 4382, 4, 70, 17932, 212010, 316, 1295, 805, 418, 47, 70, 3564, 111, 88922, 136, 221, 98, 5, 581, 44, 46799, 3576, 58, 1556, 2809, 10, 5700, 113860, 15005, 2852, 47, 142, 27983, 146948, 66, 22690, 4, 707, 10, 6602, 3229, 43515, 23, 6044, 10, 22690, 3542, 5423, 4, 154107, 47, 6863, 15380, 12330, 3956, 5, 8622, 509, 2843, 2450, 136, 3835, 33946, 23, 70, 990, 304, 605, 13909, 54608, 5, 581, 15549, 1295, 8272, 47, 3576, 509, 154186, 47, 70, 44, 27722, 214, 645, 58, 111, 45234, 90, 98, 142, 229, 102220, 5, 31384, 3395, 106926, 297, 450, 70, 15549, 111, 70, 75281, 7, 153939, 23, 70, 6602, 14012, 4, 136, 70, 45234, 90, 21972, 214, 645, 4, 75935, 10, 10422, 450, 10, 3525, 142642, 1902, 186, 6967, 5, 3293, 83, 60223, 10821, 47, 70, 39210, 8, 54760, 1363, 111, 8, 23662, 7, 390, 2363, 242, 510, 7, 25, 153939, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 147453, 70, 14922, 15643, 47, 13501, 237, 44, 2347, 15643, 7, 58, 707, 44, 2347, 136659, 3387, 740, 581, 17408, 382, 139024, 5570, 83, 158788, 538, 21373, 47, 903, 17932, 21455, 38496, 4, 1284, 237, 17408, 382, 139024, 96853, 10, 44, 46799, 757, 58, 442, 83, 959, 81113, 538, 29191, 47, 70, 35107, 5, 56174, 49191, 2016, 52366, 106926, 297, 450, 70, 44126, 17721, 2856, 83, 61799, 1294, 4, 136, 4, 16792, 70, 9655, 52831, 3132, 10932, 91736, 7228, 390, 3395, 4, 43257, 3501, 10, 6083, 6, 88322, 13450, 6431, 450, 83, 28368, 47, 195935, 72350, 674, 4, 70, 26866, 53418, 186, 103608, 71, 5, 2016, 52366, 4, 23, 1919, 34666, 44, 8331, 223, 214, 803, 34731, 4935, 124748, 25, 74106, 13, 15, 748, 391, 154988, 2203, 3576, 16, 58, 24073, 111678, 4244, 474, 23, 10, 9627, 590, 2594, 74054, 45252, 297, 70, 44, 84396, 58, 119475, 44, 33554, 58, 29394, 206019, 111, 70, 149307, 5, 2016, 52366, 959, 297, 450, 70, 11192, 29394, 4, 81113, 50961, 1902, 2809, 70, 73944, 21455, 38496, 99, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 25, 7, 86595, 4, 1284, 450, 70, 7426, 29394, 21455, 38496, 35462, 3674, 99, 6863, 3564, 5, 2016, 52366, 2843, 99201, 24626, 98, 126596, 9035, 47, 70, 87939, 4, 6044, 237, 8382, 390, 17893, 299, 7, 3834, 5443, 12282, 223, 15, 2347, 28, 5416, 35801, 223, 44, 14055, 34731, 4935, 124748, 18939, 136, 70, 5527, 214, 111, 204657, 7, 645, 12921, 149307, 289, 14922, 7, 5, 581, 5700, 51515, 509, 47, 85689, 70, 3564, 111, 8272, 237, 70, 3564, 111, 44, 11, 212010, 316, 58, 136, 47, 16401, 212010, 316, 204657, 7, 99, 4122, 54350, 17721, 14487, 48877, 8272, 4, 136, 18982, 106, 4, 88922, 237, 117, 21455, 38496, 116, 4, 678, 70, 15380, 136, 55182, 21533, 12330, 3956, 111, 70, 47353, 145870, 36917, 375, 964, 592, 47, 22304, 204657, 7, 47, 186, 139999, 71, 1632, 6602, 110680, 3501, 70, 23113, 121181, 66, 5622, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 14602, 959, 137633, 450, 51636, 6620, 98, 70, 23113, 121181, 66, 5622, 83, 44, 73, 32399, 15390, 740, 31384, 19732, 70832, 7, 80568, 17704, 2363, 1600, 7, 390, 159029, 2363, 8272, 204657, 7, 8966, 1884, 44, 181671, 58, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 229, 102220, 9, 5062, 21972, 214, 645, 111, 70, 300, 1444, 47, 45234, 90, 74, 15700, 4, 147118, 1771, 51515, 509, 47, 176016, 44, 11, 3525, 212010, 316, 58, 186351, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 212010, 316, 15, 2424, 82451, 212010, 11, 707, 212010, 10321, 16, 83, 10, 14922, 111, 1632, 199823, 5369, 4, 68018, 35839, 10, 14251, 46799, 5, 160193, 4, 70, 2565, 83, 11814, 183037, 100, 14922, 7, 111, 10, 199823, 5369, 450, 9842, 99, 70, 72134, 6275, 15, 943, 118, 289, 91067, 6275, 16, 111, 70, 87939, 23, 177229, 15, 46280, 71407, 70, 6602, 44, 418, 18939, 136, 99, 14432, 5369, 450, 621, 28271, 14012, 48716, 7, 111, 10, 199823, 5369, 7103, 70, 4034, 6275, 5, 581, 13579, 831, 2843, 15005, 47, 142, 51514, 111, 1733, 86595, 98, 2499, 5622, 5, 37837, 33, 1174, 68018, 765, 167821, 707, 70, 109622, 17914, 5256, 15, 21231, 8058, 76, 9893, 8780, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Debate over millennium celebrations." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "There was widespread public debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood (and celebrated) as the beginning of \"the\" new millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries and millennia. The issue arises from the difference between the convention of using ordinal numbers to count years and millennia (as in \"the third millennium\"), or cardinally using \"the two thousands\". The first convention is common in English-speaking countries, but the latter is favoured in, for example, Sweden (\"tvåtusentalet\", which translates literally as the \"two thousands period\"). Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000 to January 1, 2001) argued that the Gregorian calendar has no year zero, and therefore the millennia should be counted from the year 1. Thus, the first millennium was from the year 1 to the end of the year 1000, the second millennium from 1001 to the end of 2000, and so on. The \"year 2000\" has been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set, adding to its cultural significance. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K computer bug. The change from 1999 to 2000 was compared to the \"rolling over\" of zeroes on an odometer. Some people argued that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, and the zeroes rolling over, created a sense that a new century had begun. This is analogous to the common demarcation of decades by their 'tens' digit, e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as \"the 1980s\" or \"the eighties\". The ISO 8601 standard is superficially similar to this second viewpoint, but as ISO 8601 includes a \"year 0\" it is not strictly relevant to the discussion. Stephen Jay Gould argued that the choice between them is arbitrary, and, since the question revolves around rules made by people, rather than a natural phenomenon that is subject to experimental measurement, the matter cannot be resolved. Gould, in his essay \"Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000)\" (\"Dinosaur in a Haystack\"), discussed the \"high\" versus \"pop\" culture interpretation of the transition. Gould noted that the high culture, strict construction had been the dominant viewpoint at the 20th century's beginning, but that the pop culture viewpoint dominated at its end. Gould also included comments on adjustments to the calendar, such as those by Dionysius Exiguus (the eponymous \"Diminutive Dennis\") and the timing of celebrations over different transitional periods. The popular approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of \"a millennium\" and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999, and January 1, 2000, as per viewpoint 2, with the cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combining to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal Gregorian date. However, this does not establish that insistence on the formal Gregorian date is \"incorrect\". Some event organisers hedged their bets by calling their 1999 celebrations things like \"Click\" referring to the odometer-like rolling over of the nines to zeroes; another, pragmatic approach was to celebrate \"a new millennium\" twice." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 32692, 111, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 205484, 60899, 4420, 47, 44, 27591, 18, 12126, 97926, 152810, 830, 3129, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 117752, 390, 65604, 15745, 199719, 27967, 5761, 5, 893, 39395, 29752, 100, 27967, 5761, 509, 47, 8337, 70, 4000, 156206, 2265, 103488, 136, 81979, 5, 2161, 10, 150679, 105994, 4, 70, 11938, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 112664, 51529, 237, 19314, 25667, 14949, 2481, 5, 62, 39457, 42, 47, 903, 101740, 11938, 4, 44, 568, 76589, 18, 62953, 38026, 830, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 1702, 20414, 70351, 390, 10, 21115, 111, 7003, 4588, 31461, 53, 133325, 5, 62, 6602, 14432, 4, 70, 11938, 98816, 6863, 9351, 47, 44, 856, 5751, 3683, 20583, 24799, 146213, 7, 46367, 740, 150948, 297, 23, 70, 205277, 111, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 3564, 111, 7397, 4, 70, 11938, 2806, 172310, 92865, 136, 132756, 7, 1295, 70, 5941, 133325, 23, 70, 16128, 4, 23, 10, 100510, 7068, 62816, 29367, 100, 6863, 27226, 3268, 2481, 17721, 2265, 48358, 11, 5, 17106, 73, 6863, 5117, 34003, 7, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 2806, 98438, 678, 70, 13036, 117406, 23, 7397, 99, 450, 1733, 74, 54012, 4, 45764, 5772, 133, 136, 9173, 9815, 5, 78662, 54012, 136, 9173, 9815, 1902, 10, 37515, 182324, 678, 70, 171890, 136, 70, 1407, 56, 61112, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 126809, 10, 20697, 18507, 182324, 5, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 20583, 24799, 20574, 7, 46367, 1902, 17664, 297, 36272, 23, 6863, 5117, 5369, 4, 1284, 100, 45091, 7, 52295, 71, 237, 70, 23031, 7, 21449, 10932, 136, 70, 11938, 111670, 71, 82641, 47, 70, 7397, 161912, 7, 23, 56694, 5, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 23742, 70, 7397, 161912, 7, 22759, 20028, 8108, 10, 15889, 192428, 15, 105807, 7, 79489, 16, 509, 170920, 23, 43357, 5, 360, 70, 31100, 1104, 12977, 34003, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 122799, 17932, 5, 24372, 903, 14922, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 30957, 297, 10, 14922, 111, 23, 271, 41159, 4, 8035, 456, 3257, 3674, 1295, 70, 2663, 91853, 6626, 20028, 23, 70, 27631, 7, 5, 581, 21441, 164, 47148, 204137, 127, 8694, 26042, 7, 100512, 10, 9879, 26366, 23, 33976, 1257, 70, 29394, 23, 70, 11938, 7103, 70, 1631, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 10, 3525, 58093, 111, 4000, 92865, 7155, 350, 3934, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 25, 7, 5117, 91, 91526, 5, 60560, 7, 1884, 120428, 73223, 135442, 4, 2994, 236, 117635, 32721, 136, 169170, 27303, 1015, 100512, 56458, 3357, 31075, 111, 10, 21115, 111, 92865, 3129, 155605, 100512, 51529, 237, 44, 12647, 7701, 1151, 58, 24073, 3957, 211462, 1779, 51029, 581, 11938, 2806, 24209, 51529, 100, 6863, 230451, 20623, 111, 101740, 237, 70, 14012, 111, 3395, 23, 70, 95771, 124735, 5, 581, 92865, 100512, 5700, 100, 2363, 21441, 164, 47148, 4, 148, 111836, 24626, 136, 22729, 26498, 297, 6, 201507, 5, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 111670, 71, 10, 50960, 3687, 23, 40418, 5, 360, 31017, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 23742, 70, 23972, 127152, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 3311, 70, 4358, 111, 31095, 204137, 127, 8694, 26042, 7, 136, 10336, 53865, 33263, 48296, 820, 56, 4, 70, 11938, 1902, 145755, 47, 19916, 70, 44759, 678, 10, 7175, 111, 4000, 92865, 5, 581, 192428, 509, 23742, 23, 155034, 54543, 4, 678, 187, 206, 9, 416, 1405, 7, 54012, 68772, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 10, 78431, 100, 70, 44759, 24189, 70, 4552, 4568, 14858, 90, 111, 70, 34003, 5, 581, 211462, 19, 1615, 21449, 47, 142, 3564, 3229, 70, 11938, 509, 456, 3257, 3674, 1295, 70, 23972, 127152, 23, 28015, 136, 7068, 13438, 47, 70, 198387, 127152, 23, 19340, 5, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 6777, 959, 69307, 82641, 47, 70, 2663, 192428, 13438, 24189, 27898, 5, 360, 28506, 4, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 181141, 67948, 87, 7864, 33, 4, 2750, 99, 70, 1733, 1902, 25837, 23972, 127152, 109458, 47, 1919, 9351, 5, 87, 7864, 33, 2806, 4358, 70, 11938, 456, 13, 29511, 15227, 68034, 23, 70, 23972, 127152, 5, 581, 2248, 7, 24124, 70, 74216, 3956, 111, 10, 3525, 58093, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 92865, 1884, 8352, 30492, 1015, 136, 582, 1506, 6765, 1015, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 2806, 19916, 6863, 5117, 45364, 44759, 23, 15643, 5, 45470, 390, 10336, 53865, 169170, 27303, 1015, 4, 70, 7175, 23742, 70, 23972, 127152, 44759, 100, 70, 17932, 1733, 23, 26771, 678, 10, 20623, 111, 11301, 62816, 29367, 390, 20753, 2481, 136, 80244, 5, 581, 11938, 509, 51, 2886, 47, 456, 164779, 70, 192428, 44759, 23, 24427, 4, 1284, 23742, 442, 13438, 23, 26819, 136, 20986, 5, 133698, 70, 8, 23662, 4, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 2806, 2843, 24209, 186351, 6, 142117, 7, 9, 2037, 23, 70, 45364, 136, 2843, 69307, 10, 50960, 3687, 23, 70, 192428, 23, 20231, 5, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 1902, 24209, 10, 144142, 2663, 7175, 100, 70, 5117, 136, 4, 47, 5622, 4, 4734, 1733, 5, 20231, 2843, 24124, 70, 1144, 592, 111, 153350, 42, 821, 8349, 19, 78821, 4, 2750, 2806, 738, 98, 47, 47763, 1105, 109458, 23, 1039, 14858, 90, 23, 1919, 31247, 34003, 100, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 1409, 5, 33306, 4, 237, 70, 11938, 1902, 1239, 6827, 16735, 3674, 70, 5368, 131126, 83080, 4, 70, 11938, 30957, 297, 141591, 53477, 34844, 3387, 5, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 509, 57, 4126, 1295, 4620, 9167, 18, 2408, 23, 22059, 5, 360, 11704, 4, 5036, 51529, 237, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 4, 70, 11938, 509, 456, 3257, 3674, 7103, 616, 34003, 7, 23, 70, 2663, 91853, 5, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 509, 20903, 47, 53333, 47130, 125682, 23, 70, 12839, 34003, 4, 1284, 145755, 47, 47143, 23, 70, 17932, 167375, 91853, 45458, 47, 10, 4568, 68807, 138, 1104, 2389, 19916, 26548, 241, 783, 9, 618, 56856, 40630, 55449, 5, 360, 13211, 4, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 176377, 47, 70, 2663, 91853, 4, 1284, 3542, 456, 3257, 3674, 13438, 23, 98543, 360, 10586, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 23742, 70, 45364, 136, 70, 615, 30510, 9695, 136, 3542, 13438, 125568, 71, 47, 92349, 13, 4172, 33, 5, 1301, 110680, 23, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 205484, 15, 1388, 83, 10, 103993, 125413, 101740, 11938, 1295, 7397, 136, 10, 2831, 111, 70, 6024, 9, 10033, 11938, 310, 6752, 603, 33, 20583, 55449, 5, 215624, 297, 23, 70351, 4, 70, 11938, 83, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 111, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 5, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 25, 7, 5368, 61585, 83, 360, 18, 103133, 40024, 4, 105866, 23, 71903, 9, 11193, 2082, 5, 310, 6752, 6660, 7652, 621, 43606, 9, 6032, 192428, 102995, 7, 136, 22759, 9, 6032, 103993, 98809, 15619, 102995, 7, 4, 19441, 4568, 23742, 70, 192428, 23, 4078, 136, 70, 45364, 23, 20907, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early days (1913–45).", "The Bohemians (1946–68).", "The glory years (1977–86).", "Ups and downs (1987–2003).", "Success, disappointments and troubles (2004–12).", "A new era (2013–present).", "Colours.", "Stadium.", "The construction of the new arena.", "Stadium history.", "Supporters.", "Rivalries." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "The history of Vålerenga Fotball goes back to \"Fotballpartiet Spark\", which was founded in 1898 by pastor Hans Møller Gasmann. An early mission for Gasmann was to give the local youth social activity and exercise. On a larger scale, the club was part of the movement known as Muscular Christianity. A successor to this football club, \"Idrettslaget Spring\", was founded on 29 July 1913 by a group of teenage factory workers. A year later, the club changed its name to \"Vaalerengens Idrættsforening\". Rooted in the neighborhood of Vålerenga on the east end of Oslo, the club would recruit players and supporters from the many workers in the area, in a society then characterized for its low mobility between social strata. Within its first seasons, Vålerengen would compete with the major clubs in Oslo at that time; Lyn, Mercantile and Frigg. Where Lyn and Frigg had a strong identity with the academia and the upper classes, Vålerengen developed a working class identity. Vålerengens Idrettsforening had mixed success in its first years, but fortunes improved as the 1920s came around and the club secured promotion to the Oslo Championships in 1921. Vålerengen won the Oslo Championships four times before a national league (Norgesserien) was established in 1937. In the 1948–49 season, Vålerengen finished second. After this period, Vålerengen entered a period of instability, being relegated from the top division two times in the 1950s.", "The charismatic Helmuth Steffens became a central figure in building up the culture in the club after the war. At the beginning of the 1960s, a new generation of local players broke into Vålerengen's first squad. Players like Einar Bruno Larsen, Terje Hellerud and Leif Eriksen became core personalities of a group of players which eventually became known as \"Bohemene\" (\"The Bohemians\"). The club would become known for its brilliant style of football as the number of people in the audience increased. The players became popular for their charismatic, witty comments and light hearted humour. Vålerengen secured a third place in 1961. In 1965, Vålerengen won the First Division for the first time. By the help of manager Helmuth Steffens and head coach Anton Ploderer, the club had managed to win the title with a team of local players. The league was won in dramatic fashion, with arch-rivals Lyn giving Vålerengen a fight for the title until the very last matches of the season. The Bohemian era came to an end when the club was relegated from the First Division in 1968 and then again to the Third Division in 1970. Vålerengen did not achieve promotion to the top league again until 1974. In 1976, Vålerenga signed Odd Iversen, who at the time had 112 First Division goals to his name. Iversen would help the club reestablish itself in the First Division.", "The 80s saw the emergence of a new generation. With the help of players like Tom Jacobsen and Vidar Davidsen, Vålerengen would win its first cup title in 1980. Led by head coach Leif Eriksen, the team won the First Division title for the second time in 1981 with a style of play characterized by intensity and discipline. The club was unable to reclaim the league title in 1982, but won it again in 1983 and 1984. During the decade, Vålerengen would also become twice runners-up in the cup and also achieve a third place in the league in 1985. Vålerengen had become a stable top team for the first and, to date, only time. 1985 also saw the signing of striker Jørn Andersen, who would go on to score 23 goals in 22 matches in his sole season for Vålerengen. However, as the club had miscalculated the home crowd average, the club entered severe financial difficulties. Vålerenga was saved from bankruptcy in 1987.", "In 1990, now known as Vålerenga, the club was relegated after 14 seasons in the top division. Vålerenga was close to further relegation in the 1992 season, but managed to remain in the second highest division thanks to a last round 3–0 win against Eik-Tønsberg IF. In 1994, Vålerenga returned to the top division, but were relegated again in 1996. In 1997 Vålerenga won the cup and the 1. divisjon and were again promoted to Tippeligaen. As earlier in the 1990s, the stay in the top division lasted only a few years. In the 2000 season Vålerenga lost the play-off matches against Sogndal and was relegated to the 1. divisjon. Vålerenga returned to Tippeligaen and won the cup in 2002. The 2003 season was poor for Vålerenga and they wound up third last in the league sending them into play-offs against Sandefjord to avoid relegation. The result was a 0–0 draw in Sandefjord and a 5–3 victory in Oslo and so Vålerenga retained the position in the top league and avoided relegation.", "Vålerenga rebounded nicely in the 2004 season and proved a serious challenge to the dominant Rosenborg team in the bid for the league's gold medal. After a frantic final round where Vålerenga beat Stabæk 3–0, they missed out on the league title since Rosenborg beat FK Lyn, Vålerenga's city rivals 4–1. Vålerenga won the silver medal, finishing 2nd to Rosenborg equal on points and goal difference, but Vålerenga had scored fewer goals than Rosenborg during the season, leaving Rosenborg as league champions. At the start of the 2005 season it was apparent that Rosenborg was in bad shape and it seemed like Vålerenga's season to go all the way. After a strong season opening, the surprise of the season IK Start – newly promoted to the Tippeligaen – looked to give Vålerenga a fight to the finish, and the two clubs basically alternated on leading the series to the very last round. On 29 October it looked to be a thrilling last round reminiscent of the previous year, as both Start and Vålerenga had exactly the same number of points, but Start with a slightly better goal difference. Start met Fredrikstad FK at home, while Vålerenga met Odd Grenland away. Eventually Fredrikstad, who faced relegation if they lost, beat Start 3–1 while at the same time Vålerenga managed a 2–2 draw against Odd Grenland. Vålerenga stepped one up from the previous year, and won the title with a one-point margin. The title was Vålerenga's first league title in 21 years, ending Rosenborg's 13-year reign as league champions. The follow-up season of 2006 did not start out as well for the reigning champions, and a poor start left them at the bottom of the table after seven rounds, having gained only 5 points. A steady rise in form though still brought the team to 6th place by the time the season was half-through. Late July brought a string of bad results, including embarrassing losses to main rival FK Lyn, and the exit from the UEFA Champions League, after losing 5–3 on aggregate to Czech club Mladá Boleslav in the 2nd qualifying round. Vålerenga had aimed to qualify for the tournament after missing out the previous year by being defeated by Belgian side Club Brugge on a penalty shoot-out. After losing five out of seven games between 22 July and 19 August head-coach Kjetil Rekdal announced his resignation. Assistant coach Petter Myhre took over as interim manager, and as a result the club regained their form and scored 25 out of the last 30 possible points, bringing the club to a third place in the league, as well as a qualification spot for the 2007–08 Europa League. Vålerenga also qualified for play in the 2006–07 Scandinavian Royal League after finishing among the top four teams in Norway. In October 2006, Petter Myhre was hired on a permanent basis, but he would resign in July 2007, following a string of bad results. In November 2007, Martin Andresen signed a three-year contract to become the next manager of Vålerenga. Heavy investment from owners and investors saw the signing of several high-profile players, most notably Lars Iver Strand and Kristoffer Hæstad. However, despite winning the 2008 Norwegian Football Cup, the following season was a disappointment, with Vålerenga finishing 10th in the league. In the 2009 season, Vålerenga finished 7th, reaching the semifinal in the cup. 2010 saw a revitalized Vålerenga, led by a trio of effective forwards, Mohammed Abdellaoue, Bengt Sæternes and Luton Shelton. Vålerenga finished second in the league. However, Vålerenga could not repeat the success in 2011 and 2012. In October 2012, Andresen and Vålerenga agreed to part ways.", "Kjetil Rekdal returned to the club as head coach in January 2013. Facing economic difficulties from previous seasons and being without a shirt sponsorship deal, Vålerenga spent much of the 2014 season dealing with a severe risk of bankruptcy, finally signing a new shirt sponsorship deal with DnB on 29 July. The signing of striker Vidar Örn Kjartansson in front of 2014 season proved to be a huge success, with the Icelandic player scoring 25 goals in 29 games, helping the Oslo club secure a sixth place in the league after a drop in form in the latter half of the season. On 13 July 2016, Ronny Deila was appointed as the new head coach. Deila was originally planned to take over in January 2017, but was involved in the coaching team for the final games of the 2016 season. Kjetil Rekdal was to become director of sports, but left the club in early 2017. In December 2019, Ronny Deila left to become the coach of New York City Football Club. In January 2020, Dag-Eilev Fagermo became the new head coach. Vålerenga moved into their newly built stadium, Intility Arena, in September 2017. This was a historic move for the club, after spending 104 years without owning a home stadium. The new stadium is also close to Vålerenga neighborhood of Oslo.", "Up to 1913, Vålerenga's kit was moss green. In 1914, the Norwegian State Railways had a set of blue and red kits left over, which Vålerenga bought cheaply, so their official colours became blue and red. The 2006 season away kit was white with a touch of moss green.", "In 2017, Vålerenga opened their own home ground at Valle Hovin in Eastern Oslo, called Intility Arena. The stadium has a capacity of 17,333 on domestic games (15,389 on international games), and the playing surface is artificial grass. The very first match in the ground saw the Vålerenga women's team beat Kolbotn Fotball 2-0 on September 9, 2017, with Stephanie Verdoia being the first ever goalscorer on the Arena. The next day, the men's team lost 2-1 to Sarpsborg 08 in their first game at the stadium. The ground was first called Vålerenga kultur- og idrettspark, before the club agreed a contract with the IT company Intility to rename the stadium.", "Following a press statement made on 15 May 2008, Vålerenga announced that they would be moving home to Valle Hovin after purchasing the area of the proposed stadium for the symbolic sum of 1 Norwegian Krone. In late 2014, the plans were accepted by the city council of Oslo. On 10 June 2014, the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority accepted the plans for the stadium. The foundation stone of the new stadium was laid on 29 July 2015, the club's 102th anniversary. Construction was begun in the summer of 2015 and is planned to be completed in 2017.", "Before moving into Intility Arena, the Ullevaal Stadion was the home ground, a stadium owned jointly by the Football Association of Norway and Vital Eiendom. From the 1960s till the 1980s and a short period in the end of the 1990s Bislett Stadium was Vålerenga's home ground. Bislett Stadium also hosted speed skating and track and field events in addition to football, and hosted the 1952 Winter Olympics. Poor conditions and maintenance of Bislett forced Vålerenga to move to Ullevaal and a groundshare with FK Lyn. After Vålerenga moved from Bislett Stadium plans for building their own ground were conceived, but poor results on the field combined with financial problems kept those plans at bay for a few years. After the second place in 2004 and the league title in 2005 as well as business man John Fredriksen's deletion of the club's debt in 2003, the talks of building a ground for Vålerenga resurfaced.", "Vålerenga has traditionally drawn support from the area around Vålerenga, Oslo and various other places on the east end of Oslo, although today these lines are largely blurred and the club has supporters all over Oslo and the surrounding areas. Up until the early 90s, Vålerenga's supporters were loosely organised. The supporters were sometimes referred to as \"Apeberget\", but this is actually a misnomer from a journalist. An independent supporter club called \"Klanen\" (\"The Clan\") was founded in 1991. It has around 10,000 members today. The senior team of Vålerenga has reserved shirt number 12 for their supporters. Vålerenga ́s supporters, and specifically Klanen, are widely considered to be the best football supporters in Norway.", "Vålerenga's main rivals include Lillestrøm, Ham Kam, Kongsvinger, Brann and Lyn. Since the 90s, the main supporter club has actively worked hard for social issues and against hooliganism. In the 2014 season, Vålerenga gathered an average attendance of 9,756 at their home matches, ranking them fourth in Norway with regard to attendance." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 6389, 2566, 24313, 509, 103122, 136, 96950, 33, 297, 33876, 9, 63344, 13, 6389, 2566, 24313, 98, 201, 20414, 543, 8368, 23, 73398, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 105237, 3398, 3355, 297, 390, 70, 23972, 92265, 145359, 23, 543, 8194, 4, 47, 70, 26724, 1162, 66, 14449, 111, 96270, 12150, 6389, 2566, 24313, 1295, 66328, 21690, 136, 5379, 29641, 121220, 2310, 21421, 15882, 14, 1295, 137474, 31, 5, 360, 543, 2592, 4, 70, 77699, 111, 181103, 176377, 73398, 47, 36216, 105838, 87, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 74, 8306, 2347, 9393, 4, 9942, 456, 9, 26942, 425, 297, 442, 23, 128136, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 4252, 73, 4, 3129, 509, 187, 37379, 538, 233, 144429, 390, 6389, 2566, 24313, 5, 6389, 2566, 24313, 25, 7, 14449, 25, 7, 83687, 674, 23, 184085, 289, 52350, 169361, 4049, 47, 10, 6897, 99, 15520, 5, 1529, 42938, 297, 36457, 538, 23, 70, 1520, 13894, 43932, 89176, 7, 26908, 136, 509, 6389, 2566, 24313, 5117, 5630, 6259, 47, 70, 41505, 597, 111, 139327, 8108, 155605, 90791, 1919, 3917, 47, 70, 145359, 111, 30089, 5, 76556, 2685, 4, 764, 34739, 1257, 70, 22304, 111, 70, 12163, 79139, 21161, 47806, 23, 6863, 81887, 47, 84797, 1295, 30089, 4, 33284, 214, 70, 77142, 7, 51529, 237, 70, 164710, 561, 58871, 7, 23, 70, 164710, 561, 58871, 5550, 111, 543, 5843, 5, 133698, 903, 1631, 764, 435, 5710, 5379, 8, 9716, 206214, 48, 43712, 4, 39210, 538, 51529, 237, 115756, 5, 14847, 70, 164710, 561, 58871, 7, 37842, 47, 502, 164779, 15700, 456, 57964, 23, 70, 30089, 3378, 140280, 111, 7789, 196175, 23, 18374, 543, 9323, 4, 2412, 33284, 297, 4049, 10, 24351, 1919, 109923, 4, 44, 23267, 31, 2392, 246, 830, 136, 5775, 46526, 33233, 8752, 4049, 99, 70, 133868, 7, 111, 87, 6332, 86988, 136, 28472, 76, 5, 360, 543, 8894, 6389, 2566, 24313, 136, 115756, 109133, 47, 17629, 10248, 4, 168919, 4, 7440, 6389, 2566, 24313, 79786, 237, 10, 188535, 136, 10696, 47327, 5, 581, 24941, 139505, 23, 17629, 10248, 70, 25632, 6602, 5, 10660, 1902, 22759, 20020, 74, 96270, 12150, 1111, 45341, 7435, 2839, 74668, 108591, 4, 29641, 7435, 11548, 74668, 129507, 4, 104324, 35138, 7, 913, 7435, 4633, 74668, 108591, 4, 136, 212071, 45341, 7435, 13330, 74668, 82839, 5, 62, 131720, 71, 111649, 3613, 669, 4, 115756, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 189924, 141425, 1672, 70, 33835, 3089, 29394, 111, 127067, 9022, 30089, 6389, 2566, 24313, 33284, 297, 5153, 1510, 191, 1294, 20271, 1919, 1119, 1340, 4, 35971, 92940, 111, 70, 120631, 316, 70, 45314, 4188, 122399, 47, 68894, 211190, 90, 1295, 28811, 76726, 23131, 297, 390, 8, 53370, 1771, 63647, 7, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 6, 95037, 939, 9, 7, 26301, 4, 20271, 543, 12465, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 509, 173969, 297, 23, 70, 339, 25, 284, 10801, 8, 21, 1446, 3506, 112363, 111, 17629, 10248, 5, 3293, 509, 142, 105843, 45314, 429, 1379, 10, 30089, 3378, 5153, 1510, 191, 1294, 959, 125296, 71, 390, 70, 5201, 21640, 57148, 6402, 36, 115089, 69098, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 14098, 12801, 112363, 111, 30715, 707, 70, 12801, 70352, 8, 9942, 5, 51404, 6389, 2566, 24313, 1902, 10176, 4527, 100, 3010, 31, 6402, 68869, 7, 4, 764, 509, 142, 36457, 5153, 1510, 191, 136, 28601, 297, 5153, 1510, 191, 1294, 237, 10, 33120, 450, 25072, 297, 161838, 453, 237, 82953, 7, 15044, 28032, 24, 5256, 136, 237, 10, 7964, 26908, 5, 6389, 2566, 24313, 509, 155605, 3163, 89829, 237, 70, 12801, 18897, 111, 70, 12801, 70352, 111, 98848, 5, 6389, 2566, 24313, 14432, 20324, 29367, 1919, 19069, 23, 543, 12465, 4, 33284, 214, 70, 45314, 429, 1734, 62, 2179, 8, 21, 58186, 13, 111, 17629, 10248, 1379, 70, 12801, 70352, 111, 9942, 5, 581, 87714, 111, 1919, 5368, 1760, 4, 49903, 4, 136475, 47, 50509, 6389, 2566, 24313, 5, 581, 81843, 111, 11584, 13, 3065, 223, 38771, 23, 543, 9271, 143434, 10, 129357, 54940, 89176, 65842, 7, 4, 15044, 99, 5368, 136, 23, 1119, 1340, 5, 3065, 223, 25, 7, 61475, 17690, 7, 115058, 47, 135812, 4049, 237, 70, 26697, 7426, 13, 35839, 100, 390, 234872, 76281, 1297, 118, 4, 2750, 23409, 98, 47, 37105, 70, 51, 41274, 111, 98848, 5, 14847, 7123, 111, 6097, 17690, 7, 157578, 17629, 10248, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 54397, 47, 70, 11584, 13, 12, 911, 192609, 4, 1295, 1119, 1340, 4, 2843, 4027, 107948, 297, 70, 39395, 17690, 7, 111, 3065, 223, 38771, 5, 360, 543, 13330, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 122399, 70, 54752, 1771, 11282, 846, 99, 12163, 8, 40185, 4, 22417, 943, 4, 70, 4516, 111, 1919, 89176, 206010, 100, 70, 16177, 1363, 111, 70, 280, 694, 60243, 5, 47009, 7123, 111, 142, 1810, 70751, 111, 98834, 23, 142925, 23, 18982, 129706, 136, 98834, 6635, 108219, 1363, 234311, 23, 98848, 65524, 71, 6389, 2566, 24313, 47, 37105, 10932, 37195, 939, 43032, 111, 1919, 135254, 5368, 5, 6389, 2566, 24313, 176377, 47, 98848, 444, 532, 271, 70, 2130, 432, 379, 111, 70, 98834, 7, 111, 129706, 23, 70, 89176, 117249, 136, 122399, 1919, 11374, 47, 28166, 24748, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 5, 581, 185610, 44116, 297, 3060, 26697, 121225, 5256, 1284, 191607, 6389, 2566, 24313, 678, 21185, 7432, 136, 2837, 182825, 5, 853, 123759, 297, 390, 70, 10374, 71, 145947, 184, 4, 764, 136, 1919, 210276, 41421, 297, 3934, 213050, 53, 7440, 1836, 122399, 127557, 47, 70, 187454, 27759, 111, 24408, 4, 3129, 1902, 214267, 297, 26548, 70, 66724, 19, 6, 167618, 5, 360, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 25632, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 23972, 89176, 5550, 111, 213867, 329, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 12441, 1919, 135254, 47, 6626, 43967, 91375, 3387, 99, 67194, 157, 136, 37647, 18339, 86, 5, 24372, 70, 134616, 214, 10374, 71, 145947, 184, 8, 88981, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 10070, 219, 98, 1105, 11994, 543, 12977, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 109133, 47, 51651, 47, 8060, 70, 12610, 47806, 78684, 502, 164779, 297, 23, 70, 17523, 141, 46684, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 92265, 37772, 9325, 390, 37405, 113157, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 24866, 133, 442, 5, 1913, 911, 192609, 25, 7, 2780, 9966, 4, 6389, 2566, 24313, 34739, 75101, 111, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 51651, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 141425, 5379, 6389, 2566, 24313, 15, 4, 2819, 201, 20414, 543, 8368, 46, 116, 18237, 156999, 16, 509, 142, 89176, 4537, 4, 65842, 4, 136, 122530, 19, 5, 1529, 162466, 71, 47, 70, 89176, 51, 41274, 136, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 117604, 111, 98848, 5, 1529, 83, 90698, 47, 186, 1632, 111, 98848, 25, 7, 44, 1021, 9319, 7, 111, 70, 67373, 1760, 830, 33233, 678, 10071, 24049, 3419, 991, 4, 6, 108210, 111, 313, 141775, 4, 36216, 105838, 1995, 111, 98848, 136, 141425, 911, 192609, 5, 6389, 2566, 24313, 83, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 58, 25178, 31, 111, 70, 32964, 6661, 7, 58, 58, 6637, 111, 1919, 116338, 202681, 7, 23, 25134, 21629, 136, 14713, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early life.", "South America.", "Induction to Freemasonry.", "Election of Pope Pius IX, 1846.", "Return to Italy.", "North America and the Pacific.", "Tyneside.", "Second Italian War of Independence.", "Campaign of 1860.", "Aftermath.", "Expedition against Rome.", "Final struggle with Austria.", "Involvement with the First International.", "Death.", "Legacy.", "Image.", "Commemoration.", "Cultural depictions.", "Publications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Garibaldi was born and christened Joseph-Marie Garibaldi on 4 July 1807 in Nice, which had been directly annexed by the First French Empire in 1805, to the Ligurian family of Domenico Garibaldi from Chiavari and Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondi from Loano. In 1814, the Congress of Vienna returned Nice to Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia; nevertheless, France re-annexed it in 1860 by the Treaty of Turin, which was ardently opposed by Garibaldi. Garibaldi's family's involvement in coastal trade drew him to a life at sea. He participated actively in the Nizzardo Italians community and was", "Garibaldi first sailed to the Beylik of Tunis before eventually finding his way to the Empire of Brazil. Once there, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War of 1835. During this war he met Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva, commonly known as Anita. When the Ragamuffins tried to proclaim another republic in the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina in October 1839, she joined him aboard his ship, \"Rio Pardo\", and fought alongside him at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna. In 1841 Garibaldi and Anita moved to Montevideo, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster. The couple married in Montevideo the following year. They had four children; Domenico Menotti (1840–1903), Rosa (1843–1945), Teresa Teresita (1845–1903), and Ricciotti (1847–1924). A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of southern Brazil", "Garibaldi joined Freemasonry during his exile, taking advantage of the asylum the lodges offered to political refugees from European countries governed by despotic regimes. At the age of thirty-seven, during 1844, Garibaldi was initiated in the L'Asil de la Vertud Lodge of Montevideo. This was an irregular lodge under a Brazilian Freemasonry not recognized by the main international masonic obediences, such as the United Grand Lodge of England or the Grand Orient de France. While Garibaldi had little use for Masonic rituals, he was an active Freemason and regarded Freemasonry as a network that united progressive men as brothers both within nations and as a global community. Garibaldi was eventually elected as the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy. Garibaldi later regularized his position in 1844, joining the lodge Les Amis de la Patrie of Montevideo under the Grand Orient of France.", "The fate of his homeland, however, continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 caused a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. Pius's initial reforms seemed to identify him as the liberal pope called for by Vincenzo Gioberti, who went on to lead the unification of Italy. When news of these reforms reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote to the Pope: Mazzini, from exile, also applauded the early reforms of Pius IX. In 1847, Garibaldi offered the apostolic nuncio at Rio de Janeiro, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. Then news of an outbreak of revolution in Palermo in January 1848 and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy encouraged Garibaldi to lead around sixty members of his legion home.", "Garibaldi returned to Italy amidst the turmoil of the revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and offered his services to Charles Albert of Sardinia. The monarch displayed some liberal inclinations but treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional government of Milan, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, Garibaldi led his legion to two minor victories at Luino and Morazzone. After the crushing Piedmontese defeat at the Battle of Novara on 23 March 1849, Garibaldi moved to Rome to support the Roman Republic recently proclaimed in the Papal States. However, a French force sent by Louis Napoleon threatened to topple it. At Mazzini's urging, Garibaldi took command of the defence of Rome. In fighting near Velletri, Achille Cantoni saved", "Garibaldi eventually managed to reach Porto Venere, near La Spezia, but the Piedmontese government forced him to emigrate again. He went to Tangier, where he stayed with Francesco Carpanetto, a wealthy Italian merchant. Carpanetto suggested that he and some of his associates finance the purchase of a merchant ship, which Garibaldi would command. Garibaldi agreed, feeling that his political goals were, for the moment, unreachable, and he could at least earn a living. The ship was to be purchased in the United States, so Garibaldi went to New York, arriving on 30 July 1850. However, the funds for buying a ship were lacking. While in New York, he stayed with various Italian friends, including some exiled revolutionaries. He attended the Masonic lodges of New York in 1850, where he met several supporters of democratic internationalism, whose minds were open to socialist thought, and to giving Freemasonry a strong anti-papal stance. The inventor Antonio Meucci employed Garibaldi in his candle factory on Staten Island. (The cottage on Staten Island where he stayed is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as the Garibaldi Memorial.)", "The \"Commonwealth\" arrived on 21 March 1854. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on Tyneside, was welcomed enthusiastically by local working men-although the \"Newcastle Courant\" reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in the city. He stayed in Huntingdon Place Tynemouth for a few days, and in South Shields on Tyneside for over a month, departing at the end of April 1854. During his stay, he was presented with an inscribed sword, which his grandson Giuseppe Garibaldi II later carried as a volunteer in British service in the Second Boer War. He then sailed to Genoa, where his five years of exile ended on 10 May 1854.", "Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Austro-Sardinian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. Garibaldi was appointed major general and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps (\"Cacciatori delle Alpi\"). Thenceforth,", "On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married 18-year-old Giuseppina Raimondi. Immediately after the wedding ceremony, she informed him that she was pregnant with another man's child and Garibaldi left her the same day. At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. He gathered about a thousand volunteers – called \"i Mille\" (the Thousand), or, as popularly known, the Redshirts – in two ships named \"Il Piemonte\" and \"Il Lombardo\", and left from Genoa on 5 May in the evening and landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on 11 May. Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands", "Garibaldi deeply disliked the Sardinian Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. To an extent, he simply mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and \"realpolitik\", but he also bore a personal grudge for Cavour's trading away his home city of Nice to the French the previous year. On the other hand, he felt attracted toward the Piedmontese monarch, who in his opinion had been chosen by Providence for the liberation of Italy. In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano on 26 October 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy and shook his hand. Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side on 7 November, then retired to the rocky island of Caprera, refusing to accept any reward for his services. At the outbreak of the American Civil War (in 1861), he was a very popular figure. The 39th New", "Garibaldi himself was intensely anti-Catholic and anti-papal. His efforts to overthrow the pope by military action mobilized anti-Catholic support. For example, there were major anti-Catholic riots in his name across Britain in 1862, with the Irish Catholics fighting in defense of their Church. Garibaldi's hostility to the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of", "Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The Austro-Prussian War had broken out, and Italy had allied with Prussia against the Austrian Empire in the hope of taking Venetia from Austrian rule (Third Italian War of Independence). Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and led them into the Trentino. He defeated the Austrians at Bezzecca, and made for Trento. The Italian regular forces were defeated at Lissa on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of Custoza. The sides signed an armistice by which Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought, and he was ordered to stop his advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto: \"Obbedisco!\" (\"I obey!\"). After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. In 1867, he again", "When the Paris Commune erupted in 1871, Garibaldi joined with younger radicals such as Felice Cavallotti in declaring his full support for the Communards and internationalism. Garibaldi suggested a grand alliance between various factions of the left: \"Why don't we pull together in one organized group the Freemasonry, democratic societies, workers' clubs, Rationalists, Mutual Aid, etc., which have the same tendency towards good?\" He began organizing a Congress of Unity, which was supported by many of the radical, free-thinking, and socialist groups throughout Italy such as \"La Plebe\". The Congress was held in the Teatro Argentina despite being banned by the government, and endorsed a set of radical policies including universal suffrage, progressive taxation, compulsory lay education, administrative reform, and abolition of the death penalty. Garibaldi had long claimed an interest in a vague ethical socialism such as that advanced by Henri Saint-Simon and saw the struggle for liberty as an international affair. He interpreted the International Workingmen's Association as an extension of the humanitarian ideals", "Ill and confined to bed by arthritis, Garibaldi made trips to Calabria and Sicily. In 1880, he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he previously had three children. On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked for his bed to be moved to where he could gaze at the emerald and sapphire sea. On his death on 2 June 1882 at the age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral", "", "Garibaldi's popularity, skill at rousing the common people, and his military exploits are all credited with making the unification of Italy possible. He also served as a global exemplar of mid-19th century revolutionary nationalism and liberalism—but after the liberation of southern Italy from the Neapolitan monarchy, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his liberal republican principles for the sake of unification. Garibaldi subscribed to the anti-clericalism common among Latin liberals, and did much to circumscribe the temporal power of the Papacy. His personal religious convictions are", "Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after him, including a World War II cruiser and the former flagship, the aircraft carrier \"Giuseppe Garibaldi\". Statues of his likeness, as well as the handshake of Teano, stand in many Italian squares, and in other countries around the world. On the top of the Janiculum hill in Rome, there is a statue of Garibaldi on horse-back. His face was originally turned in the direction of the Vatican, but after the Lateran Treaty in 1929 the orientation of the statue was changed at the Vatican's request. Many theatres in Sicily take their name from him and are named Garibaldi Theatre. Several worldwide military units are named after Garibaldi, including the Polish Garibaldi Legion during the January Uprising and the", "Garibaldi is a major character in two juvenile historical novels by Geoffrey Trease: \"Follow My Black Plume\" and \"A Thousand for Sicily\". He also appears in the novels \"Heart\" by Edmondo De Amicis and \"Fire on the Mountain\" by Terry Bisson. In movies, Garibaldi is played by Osvaldo Valenti in the 1940 film \"Antonio Meucci\", by Ugo Sasso in the 1950 film \"Cavalcade of Heroes\", by Raf Vallone in the 1952 film \"Red Shirts\", by Renzo Ricci in the 1961 film \"Garibaldi\", and by Gabriel Braga Nunes in the 2013 film \"Anita e Garibaldi\". He is also played by Thiago Lacerda in the", "Non-fiction Fiction" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 377, 6332, 316, 13379, 17721, 158978, 1022, 7786, 39, 136, 158978, 11521, 365, 195, 83, 35839, 70, 44, 73, 118177, 162, 318, 25667, 58, 377, 6332, 316, 15, 76228, 73, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 194, 133698, 37526, 1294, 75678, 4, 38750, 7, 111, 128, 20446, 1294, 62656, 7, 4, 23, 10, 13315, 15, 162, 51592, 23, 40059, 74, 23, 17262, 158208, 4, 442, 83, 10, 155434, 16, 17721, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 4, 24209, 1143, 4435, 47148, 136, 3173, 3525, 44, 10433, 31773, 318, 25667, 58, 377, 6332, 316, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 194, 581, 18440, 31773, 318, 25667, 136, 1940, 31773, 318, 25667, 32827, 4911, 7, 33284, 1257, 47, 3173, 10, 15789, 15, 73, 17262, 158208, 4, 10, 43333, 16, 3129, 84797, 7, 70, 158978, 1022, 7786, 39, 136, 158978, 11521, 365, 195, 4, 70, 44, 408, 6332, 316, 15789, 740, 581, 4191, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 27489, 7, 37526, 1294, 1022, 7786, 39, 98, 70, 46132, 111, 70, 15789, 4, 136, 37526, 1294, 11521, 365, 195, 98, 70, 50782, 4, 25944, 214, 70, 158978, 1022, 7786, 39, 136, 11521, 365, 195, 34955, 5, 581, 4191, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 56104, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 52895, 111, 38750, 7, 12, 581, 4191, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 83, 76104, 297, 390, 10, 33120, 111, 78974, 214, 26073, 58269, 40956, 7, 5, 114063, 538, 4, 15044, 133818, 7, 136, 16610, 280, 17332, 988, 765, 2809, 207487, 237, 4677, 2258, 25388, 7, 23, 6097, 76519, 5, 51404, 21373, 15913, 1363, 74918, 7, 23, 3789, 18153, 15632, 48567, 7, 4, 70, 32827, 141, 15632, 48567, 53299, 7, 26073, 7, 1295, 15044, 70, 1022, 7786, 39, 136, 11521, 365, 195, 5609, 7, 100, 70, 15632, 48567, 5, 144000, 7, 75204, 1295, 50782, 70, 15632, 48567, 27992, 47, 7565, 15913, 67, 70796, 120103, 4, 3129, 125568, 7, 38750, 215447, 1363, 136, 99710, 2320, 5, 581, 6, 34053, 188, 160910, 90, 450, 621, 75412, 23, 70, 4191, 25667, 32827, 141, 103488, 621, 2970, 5425, 4, 82, 3038, 22110, 4, 3016, 102459, 6796, 5425, 4, 19932, 6448, 3266, 7, 4, 43719, 318, 27744, 43840, 136, 31895, 1286, 47, 186, 134053, 5, 98423, 1632, 111, 6097, 18153, 133818, 7, 83, 30306, 100, 15913, 1363, 111, 32827, 141, 103488, 5, 106935, 19, 2320, 111, 12921, 202104, 7, 111, 6097, 133818, 7, 83, 4552, 5526, 23, 18153, 159531, 5, 5655, 35815, 133818, 7, 621, 60449, 47, 142405, 67, 491, 84125, 4, 38750, 36049, 136, 15913, 67, 1940, 31773, 318, 25667, 136, 37205, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 5, 5659, 538, 214, 2970, 73, 47, 70, 71579, 111, 10, 53201, 18784, 2676, 107003, 8, 15644, 5743, 71, 106443, 7, 47, 21342, 37526, 1294, 75678, 5, 581, 6, 112199, 111, 2970, 73, 133818, 7, 1221, 765, 10, 226886, 289, 21543, 98, 10, 18153, 5, 1650, 1556, 2809, 127887, 450, 21144, 10840, 15490, 2970, 73, 1221, 80788, 18, 124735, 5623, 21896, 17721, 70, 1940, 31773, 318, 25667, 377, 6332, 10321, 136, 34390, 71, 75678, 111, 70, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 5, 581, 842, 18211, 18153, 1221, 127298, 16981, 10, 227204, 23, 7401, 4, 21650, 35066, 4, 136, 20929, 3371, 3238, 1636, 8035, 6181, 297, 87420, 70, 18153, 4, 155605, 105207, 47, 47219, 5, 5655, 35815, 2843, 15913, 1636, 70, 6626, 52895, 111, 38750, 23, 70, 4191, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 4, 62656, 136, 57574, 14, 5037, 61475, 7, 5, 47881, 1363, 111, 6097, 61475, 7, 63284, 7, 70, 94878, 136, 36398, 17721, 1022, 7786, 39, 136, 11521, 365, 195, 83, 76104, 297, 100, 70, 3900, 87632, 111, 3603, 16507, 674, 136, 101087, 7, 621, 46002, 538, 8035, 4343, 71, 237, 142, 48302, 177953, 5, 1775, 3038, 22110, 90926, 621, 11192, 23, 18153, 7, 678, 142, 36457, 32827, 141, 20288, 136, 621, 7464, 82424, 8035, 22282, 71, 5, 92260, 18966, 52704, 142405, 1636, 70, 32827, 141, 38750, 91853, 136, 2843, 15913, 1636, 99710, 2320, 111, 70, 1022, 7786, 39, 108055, 90, 4, 678, 110, 21543, 98, 70, 34515, 111, 11521, 365, 195, 99710, 2320, 5, 242520, 14, 2320, 83, 142, 85590, 9433, 450, 65572, 6097, 108055, 90, 3934, 10, 1286, 5361, 29367, 10644, 4, 105207, 47, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 76104, 214, 70, 6897, 3173, 111, 10, 18153, 5, 360, 7426, 320, 1360, 90, 4, 11192, 202104, 7, 111, 6, 91697, 18966, 52704, 83, 24491, 538, 8231, 174822, 47, 142, 51312, 111, 32827, 141, 38750, 91853, 136, 142, 51312, 111, 2970, 73, 23, 70, 32827, 141, 36418, 38750, 7, 5, 92260, 18966, 52704, 83, 2843, 102778, 100, 70, 14700, 66, 6889, 111, 1022, 7786, 39, 8305, 10, 26073, 26983, 214, 1295, 70, 106443, 47, 70, 74855, 5, 27939, 6448, 3266, 133818, 83, 51529, 47, 15913, 67, 70, 34515, 111, 70, 38750, 91853, 64457, 111, 70, 48225, 111, 38750, 99710, 2320, 5, 62, 35187, 106804, 297, 450, 70, 21144, 10840, 621, 14037, 47, 765, 10, 456, 77391, 23, 36418, 136, 74855, 75678, 1284, 70, 37526, 1294, 4191, 25667, 103510, 111, 70, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 3542, 959, 195052, 678, 10, 39734, 111, 19932, 6448, 3266, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 4191, 25667, 377, 6332, 316, 83, 70, 5201, 75678, 108055, 13, 23, 70, 36418, 7, 136, 74855, 7, 111, 5941, 18153, 7, 4, 183037, 23, 80067, 933, 6044, 237, 125688, 33874, 7, 136, 36, 344, 1360, 90, 4, 29666, 157, 20595, 4432, 6044, 237, 6520, 13, 1360, 90, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 23, 24233, 4191, 25667, 18153, 7, 5, 1650, 27489, 7, 37526, 1294, 1022, 7786, 39, 23, 19364, 7, 4, 98186, 70, 13380, 127, 4, 136, 37526, 1294, 11521, 365, 195, 1810, 19364, 7, 4, 98186, 70, 1909, 92, 5, 360, 84995, 329, 10821, 18153, 7, 4, 442, 74918, 7, 23, 70, 4191, 25667, 57134, 1577, 3129, 621, 27983, 137356, 71, 1884, 186, 712, 7, 98, 10, 4272, 4704, 329, 3173, 214, 142, 206735, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure and function.", "Maintenance of cambial meristem.", "Hormonal regulation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is called the \"intrafascicular\" cambium (within vascular bundles). During secondary growth, cells of medullary rays, in a line (as seen in section; in three dimensions, it is a sheet) between neighbouring vascular bundles, become meristematic and form new \"interfascicular\" cambium (between vascular bundles). The intrafascicular and interfascicular cambia thus join up to form a ring (in three dimensions, a tube) which separates the primary xylem and primary phloem, the \"cambium ring\". The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary phloem on the outside, pushing the primary xylem and phloem apart. The vascular cambium usually consists of two types of cells:", "The vascular cambium is maintained by a network of interacting signal feedback loops. Currently, both hormones and short peptides have been identified as information carriers in these systems. While similar regulation occurs in other plant meristems, the cambial meristem receives signals from both the xylem and phloem sides for the meristem. Signals received from outside the meristem act to down regulate internal factors, which promotes cell proliferation and differentiation.", "The phytohormones that are involved in the vascular cambial activity are auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and probably more to be discovered. Each one of these plant hormones is vital for regulation of cambial activity. Combination of different concentrations of these hormones is very important in plant metabolism. Auxin hormones are proven to stimulate mitosis, cell production and regulate interfascicular and fascicular cambium. Applying auxin to the surface of a tree stump allowed decapitated shoots to continue secondary growth. The absence of auxin hormones will have a detrimental effect on a plant. It has been shown that mutants without auxin will exhibit increased spacing between the interfascicular cambiums and reduced growth of the vascular bundles. The mutant plant will therefore experience a decrease in water, nutrients, and photosynthates being transported throughout the plant, eventually leading to death. Auxin also regulates the two types of cell in the vascular cambium, ray and fusiform initials. Regulation of these initials ensures the connection and communication between xylem and phloem is maintained for the translocation of nourishment and sugars are safely being stored as an energy resource. Ethylene levels are high in plants with an active cambial zone and are still currently being studied. Gibberellin stimulates the cambial cell division and also regulates differentiation of the xylem tissues, with no effect on the rate of phloem differentiation. Differentiation is an essential process that changes these tissues into a more specialized type, leading to an important role in maintaining the life form of a plant. In poplar trees, high concentrations of gibberellin is positively correlated to an increase of cambial cell division and an increase of auxin in the cambial stem cells. Gibberellin is also responsible for the expansion of xylem through a signal traveling from the shoot to the root. Cytokinin hormone is known to regulate the rate of the cell division instead of the direction of cell differentiation. A study demonstrated that the mutants are found to have a reduction in stem and root growth but the secondary vascular pattern of the vascular bundles were not affected with a treatment of cytokinin." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 133836, 13527, 83, 145755, 390, 118843, 28173, 4, 36770, 538, 70, 36293, 19, 118843, 56187, 111, 28173, 15, 172408, 284, 247, 136, 509, 5117, 112730, 99, 70, 100084, 23923, 669, 25, 7, 203983, 205540, 23, 143757, 23, 7582, 66007, 5, 3293, 178290, 83, 5036, 51529, 237, 70, 24748, 118886, 118843, 18222, 136, 509, 10, 27689, 7, 29685, 5, 581, 233547, 509, 5117, 51529, 237, 70, 6, 116580, 1539, 39209, 161912, 7, 5, 1650, 100512, 70, 133836, 161912, 7, 23, 70970, 136, 70, 133836, 13527, 23, 31060, 5, 66016, 66007, 4, 70, 133836, 13527, 1556, 2809, 36541, 71, 23, 43606, 133836, 136, 6626, 2356, 138059, 162708, 12, 143757, 15, 11663, 20028, 247, 87547, 21067, 20028, 247, 238040, 26205, 20028, 247, 15640, 7, 36012, 19107, 20028, 247, 908, 927, 6896, 20028, 247, 46056, 206, 474, 206, 5173, 110156, 136, 149240, 5180, 5173, 55102, 5, 145733, 26859, 23, 66007, 4, 70, 233547, 509, 959, 4331, 27686, 237, 8035, 10, 13036, 102995, 16070, 24189, 58410, 4, 390, 70, 8357, 36293, 19, 118843, 200602, 15, 16444, 30992, 16, 99, 10, 61242, 41714, 5, 581, 233547, 175352, 98816, 70, 45646, 111, 70, 233547, 47, 26698, 1957, 6238, 99, 450, 1733, 5, 360, 29172, 4, 442, 509, 68872, 47, 36541, 70, 233547, 23, 143757, 12638, 6602, 6637, 442, 110281, 297, 70, 129058, 32926, 4588, 111, 2499, 133836, 26349, 5, 581, 233547, 509, 112730, 99, 70, 50368, 22047, 36293, 19, 118843, 7687, 1295, 29172, 24189, 6863, 25813, 47, 70, 3525, 143757, 5227, 27140, 23, 18592, 5, 581, 3525, 135094, 99, 143757, 5227, 15, 82772, 538, 563, 104532, 7, 5227, 16, 3542, 6, 191195, 71, 47, 23356, 70, 35968, 7, 111, 10, 233547, 450, 1902, 1810, 8407, 7710, 50368, 22047, 25, 7, 177399, 5, 581, 25813, 47, 143757, 5227, 509, 142, 168894, 36272, 4, 678, 10, 2510, 117, 21126, 51312, 23, 29966, 7154, 23, 18592, 59150, 150643, 101807, 98, 70, 96362, 6602, 99, 50368, 22047, 2858, 160012, 194, 88949, 111, 28173, 25, 7, 20787, 48461, 148814, 7432, 4, 4552, 10846, 110613, 92865, 30957, 297, 903, 233547, 23, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 70, 23031, 7, 4, 70, 24745, 390, 109923, 1295, 14713, 47, 28173, 34739, 1672, 2678, 13312, 5, 581, 5117, 69686, 92865, 2750, 21449, 390, 139098, 7, 3542, 70, 7082, 104125, 15619, 92865, 23, 7582, 41906, 5, 31267, 46132, 70, 23295, 4, 5941, 92865, 5809, 959, 26983, 72546, 5, 14847, 70, 233547, 509, 34658, 23, 908, 927, 4, 110, 1632, 1295, 31485, 707, 2356, 25134, 82588, 41421, 297, 390, 25550, 4, 10, 62488, 111, 1672, 17721, 70, 24453, 136, 10542, 184085, 7, 5, 360, 46056, 206, 474, 206, 23, 96903, 4, 111, 10, 19336, 44457, 111, 209, 92865, 4, 4734, 6626, 133836, 7, 29966, 297, 136, 70, 233547, 509, 23742, 390, 10, 2356, 138059, 56, 5, 581, 5117, 233547, 7, 111, 70, 6, 116580, 1539, 39209, 161912, 7, 134729, 297, 1295, 70, 130412, 111, 70, 3789, 6, 116580, 1539, 39209, 233547, 7, 5, 117371, 66007, 4, 756, 133836, 117249, 136, 2356, 138059, 1902, 2363, 10002, 102995, 16070, 7, 4, 70, 5117, 131168, 71, 23, 109969, 23, 143757, 136, 35839, 70, 161912, 111, 70, 156637, 53, 111, 31485, 15, 94068, 70, 161912, 111, 31485, 194, 360, 8382, 5369, 4, 70, 2965, 6626, 92865, 46, 133836, 111413, 134331, 90, 15, 434, 497, 184, 9351, 83, 5036, 59121, 98, 70, 453, 25, 7, 11001, 7, 45364, 16, 136, 2356, 138059, 56, 94825, 33384, 214, 46, 39555, 6777, 959, 11301, 903, 233547, 5, 134331, 90, 34739, 2831, 24145, 136, 23742, 23, 80665, 4, 136, 33384, 214, 30957, 297, 136, 23742, 70, 130412, 186351, 5173, 9016, 136, 95007, 194, 581, 481, 41714, 7, 23, 70, 31485, 19, 161912, 7, 15, 748, 99, 227450, 16, 104902, 47, 83324, 70, 2965, 6, 116580, 1539, 39209, 92865, 5, 31267, 3229, 70, 6, 116580, 1539, 39209, 161912, 7, 3542, 34658, 23, 149240, 5180, 4, 2356, 138059, 4, 23, 62977, 4, 33384, 214, 4, 21208, 17262, 20028, 227450, 102995, 4, 6777, 959, 1380, 4420, 47, 1919, 5368, 23295, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 456, 64240, 214, 2967, 100, 756, 92865, 111, 70, 1615, 5, 134331, 90, 23409, 47, 14713, 4734, 17262, 20028, 4, 7440, 764, 157578, 70, 227450, 73630, 162856, 24145, 136, 7068, 23742, 227450, 186351, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 5941, 92865, 1902, 8306, 112730, 70, 5489, 29088, 132, 162, 16, 3378, 79775, 707, 9803, 102995, 16070, 7, 12, 70, 984, 3334, 939, 82953, 7, 4, 25031, 47208, 14534, 4, 204990, 19909, 866, 72089, 2397, 4, 873, 16765, 170174, 4, 19893, 4939, 19386, 4, 19893, 5064, 555, 4, 157370, 239, 587, 824, 4, 80640, 1311, 65735, 4, 163359, 129956, 9405, 4, 21763, 80999, 56, 4, 91308, 8643, 516, 27802, 4, 4378, 3089, 82658, 61999, 7, 4, 35519, 429, 9876, 939, 4, 136, 27060, 4, 12960, 134331, 90, 4, 540, 8080, 93017, 582, 1444, 4, 156830, 1773, 3522, 1554, 4, 21449, 1660, 24145, 5, 31267, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 19340, 7, 4, 3229, 26983, 509, 40715, 34844, 4, 105207, 92865, 6044, 237, 19639, 7789, 76, 4, 3342, 49717, 43728, 4, 19639, 3347, 13917, 4, 30330, 13, 541, 451, 590, 184, 15, 434, 497, 4734, 21449, 24145, 4, 3229, 2273, 5369, 10332, 16, 136, 95734, 46771, 21449, 41207, 538, 707, 959, 99, 756, 5, 67053, 214, 23, 31060, 4, 3229, 70, 5117, 133836, 13527, 509, 34658, 98, 70, 10663, 1507, 52341, 7, 99, 15640, 7, 36012, 4, 70, 233547, 509, 9803, 47, 756, 92865, 4, 26719, 50582, 2750, 3542, 959, 107003, 47, 11301, 70, 89160, 61404, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 40494, 100, 70, 31060, 136, 32158, 233547, 7, 4, 5941, 111, 70, 2965, 92865, 156304, 903, 102995, 16070, 24189, 24427, 4, 6637, 111, 70, 148814, 7432, 4, 70, 192206, 112474, 15, 11, 67688, 40111, 136, 2356, 42552, 25, 7, 10013, 16, 136, 70, 27226, 494, 731, 17265, 5, 360, 19340, 4, 14787, 4727, 441, 5584, 25, 7, 9907, 118843, 19175, 4, 3129, 6, 212423, 23630, 239, 814, 4, 19825, 24009, 66769, 4, 51575, 7, 5174, 43483, 4, 4378, 3089, 82658, 61999, 7, 4, 73969, 63636, 1681, 136, 47192, 73281, 133, 4, 56282, 297, 6863, 92865, 1295, 22, 33558, 70, 233547, 6637, 70, 142027, 7, 3542, 23, 129980, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 133836, 13527, 83, 10, 69686, 233547, 34658, 77253, 538, 645, 70, 4568, 10204, 54350, 111, 18982, 23, 143757, 4, 28173, 5, 581, 233547, 83, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 22759, 12801, 159, 3719, 69686, 47353, 34658, 12638, 6602, 40494, 214, 21735, 4, 107671, 214, 70, 92265, 13527, 4, 227450, 4, 136, 70, 7082, 13527, 5, 1650, 66139, 453, 25, 7, 136, 24793, 25, 7, 11001, 7, 74, 453, 25, 7, 4, 24793, 25, 7, 4, 136, 17664, 297, 41929, 7, 74, 48807, 25, 7, 102995, 16070, 7, 74, 136, 160298, 100983, 4, 37254, 7, 4, 136, 80788, 1363, 47353, 5, 135967, 47, 18592, 442, 509, 112730, 98, 27689, 7, 29685, 7, 4, 1284, 16792, 7068, 17262, 52895, 111, 7941, 118383, 71579, 7, 765, 2809, 11814, 99, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Television coverage.", "Attendance.", "Prize money and trophies.", "Ranking points.", "Champions.", "Past champions.", "Courts.", "Records." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905. This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre and was a grass court. The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships. It became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969. Since 1905, the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian and two New Zealand cities: Melbourne (55 times), Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (14 times), Brisbane (7 times), Perth (3 times), Christchurch (1906) and Hastings (1912). Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) at a 1923 meeting. The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time. In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament in Melbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city. The tournament was played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until its move to the new Melbourne Park complex in 1988. The new facilities at Melbourne Park (formerly Flinders Park) were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success, with a 90 per cent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000). Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boats were the US Davis Cup players in November 1946. Even inside the country, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about between the East and West coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander. The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states and New Zealand had their own championships, the first organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of Victoria (later the Championship of Victoria). In those years, the best two players – Australian Norman Brookes (whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New Zealander Anthony Wilding – almost did not play this tournament. Brookes took part once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice. Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, came just once. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when travel was less difficult, leading players such as Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase (who only came once, when 35 years old) and Björn Borg came rarely or not at all. Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit. Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe. In 1983, Ivan Lendl, John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after. Following the 1983 Australian Open, the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park). The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as Rebound Ace. Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced, acrylic surface known as Plexicushion Prestige. Roger Federer and Serena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer. This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity to DecoTurf, the surface used by the US Open. Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 – January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players. From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant there was no tournament in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed. However, some top players, including Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, have said that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, thus preventing players from reaching their best form, and expressed a desire to shift it to February. Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside the summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures. In 2008 New South Wales authorities made clear their desire to bid for hosting rights to the tournament once Melbourne's contract expired in 2016. The proposal met a scathing response from Wayne Kayler-Thomson, the head of the Victorian Events Industry Council, who labelled it \"disappointing that NSW cannot be original and seek their own events instead of trying to cannibalise other Australian cities.\" The prospect of moving the tournament is unlikely as over the following years the Melbourne Park precinct was upgraded with enhanced facilities for players and spectators. Notably a retractable roof was placed over Margaret Court Arena, making the Open the first of the four Grand Slams to have retractable roofs available on three of their show courts. The player and administrative facilities, as well as access points for spectators, were improved and the tournament site expanded its footprint out of Melbourne Park into nearby Birrarung Marr. A fourth major show court, seating 5,000 people is expected to be completed in the coming years. In December 2018, tournament organisers announced the Australian Open would follow the examples set by Wimbledon and the US Open and introduce tie-breaks in the final sets of men's and women's singles matches. Unlike Wimbledon and the US Open, which initiate conventional tie-breaks at 12-12 games and 6-6 games respectively, the Australian Open utilises a first to 10 points breaker at 6 games all. In 2019, the tournament organisers decided to replace the official court manufacturer for GreenSet retaining the iconic blue cushioned acrylic hardcourt. Its use started in 2020.", "From 1973 to 2018, the Seven Network served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that the Nine Network had acquired the rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The network later bought the rights for the 2019 tournament as well. The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of the Summer non-ratings season — which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup. In Europe the tournament is broadcast on Eurosport. Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom, SRG in Switzerland, NOS in Netherlands and RTS in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster. Elsewhere, beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and Northern Africa, and SuperSport in Sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast on ESPN2, ESPN3 and the Tennis Channel. The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast on ESPN International in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast on TSN in Canada. In Asia-Pacific region, the tournament is broadcast on five television networks in China, including national broadcaster CCTV, provincial networks Beijing TV, Shanghai TV and Guangdong TV and English language Star Sports, as well as online on IQIYI Sports. Elsewhere in the region, it is broadcast in Japan by national broadcaster NHK, and pay-TV network WOWOW. In the Indian Sub-continent, Sony Six has broadcast since 2015 and, in the rest of Asia, it is broadcast on Fox Sports Asia through to 2021.", "The following record of attendance begins in 1987, when the tournament moved from being held in December to in January (the immediate preceding tournament was December 1985). 1987 was the last year that the Kooyong Tennis Club hosted the tournament; since 1988 it has been held at Melbourne Park. The average growth rate over the period covered below is more than 7%.", "The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the 2020 tournament is AUD $71,000,000. The prize money distribution is as follows: Note: All amounts in Australian dollars. (The winner's prize money approximates to GBP £2,237,000; EUR €2,586,000; USD $2,953,000.) The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual trophy cups.", "Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:", "", "\"Australian Open champions listed by event\":", "The Australian Open is played at Melbourne Park, which is located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct; the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently three of the courts have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017, spectators can also observe play at Show Courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each, as well as at Courts 7–15, 19 and 20 from small accessible viewing positions. Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium will start in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct. Since 2008, all of the courts used during the Australian Open are hard courts with Plexicushion acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have 8 clay courts not used for the tournament). This replaced the Rebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rates the surface's speed as medium.", "Unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments, which became open in 1968, the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969. Thus, the records here break at the 1969 tournament. Citations for these records." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 113200, 14486, 92264, 1419, 111, 21640, 456, 35613, 19, 4, 636, 527, 16713, 509, 68018, 90698, 70, 7893, 6, 150621, 136, 9454, 1290, 111, 70, 112664, 51529, 237, 7714, 1577, 19188, 24073, 6642, 46813, 224, 7714, 1577, 74054, 14037, 297, 390, 1919, 91768, 289, 52114, 34890, 54231, 206, 5, 636, 527, 16713, 214493, 297, 80621, 2940, 6163, 34, 1743, 23, 29172, 99, 70, 10336, 111, 70, 3050, 46813, 224, 93543, 7, 134046, 22, 41664, 7, 29510, 15, 51675, 64397, 16, 136, 509, 214493, 297, 390, 115065, 27766, 126, 23, 27193, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 58807, 115039, 4, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 105207, 26366, 7, 111, 2356, 65786, 24073, 5021, 34, 121951, 54054, 18939, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 764, 171332, 66570, 47, 96335, 98, 70, 186768, 142, 42294, 254, 25443, 111, 65925, 14713, 20271, 92264, 20028, 5, 1529, 509, 5299, 51529, 100, 62757, 214, 70, 4552, 9351, 111, 44, 594, 532, 19298, 62, 4188, 58, 136, 6863, 6, 101966, 25443, 4, 127308, 214, 69307, 9035, 111, 903, 14922, 136, 143834, 7, 46132, 442, 4, 23, 17311, 390, 110281, 214, 35743, 47, 70, 231119, 111, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 1919, 20986, 12877, 44, 3957, 2992, 927, 111, 16915, 208, 31667, 830, 764, 106926, 297, 450, 70, 145520, 111, 7398, 208, 31667, 237, 10, 72761, 3687, 4, 43257, 3501, 2563, 538, 237, 10, 11341, 4, 112474, 47, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 28192, 5636, 111, 92264, 3789, 32554, 9, 100201, 10186, 29718, 42991, 6044, 237, 70, 120552, 28896, 31, 384, 539, 177, 23515, 4, 136, 111, 8111, 113240, 7, 25, 89593, 1672, 2907, 61201, 25, 7, 16915, 208, 31667, 4, 10, 143383, 5062, 14018, 3956, 47, 7398, 208, 31667, 98, 10, 148814, 90695, 23, 122963, 5, 893, 163963, 9523, 4, 636, 527, 16713, 8121, 71, 142, 60715, 56883, 18, 19069, 17721, 70, 8, 39989, 22230, 136, 70, 6885, 106622, 7, 111, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 5, 2022, 4021, 1919, 183851, 43240, 3542, 6626, 38134, 538, 68186, 71, 333, 118392, 7, 4, 10, 30773, 450, 1919, 10696, 6777, 959, 56104, 10862, 12, 70, 6897, 111, 37405, 38771, 4, 70, 4734, 18813, 111, 9942, 47, 186, 74413, 29367, 4, 136, 70, 6897, 111, 12190, 56230, 111, 1301, 56493, 4, 70, 89176, 32613, 36520, 5129, 147, 5, 360, 18374, 3576, 764, 75204, 142, 58744, 6635, 52625, 111, 6, 197652, 53, 79385, 1295, 70, 12535, 111, 107529, 11, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 27154, 3674, 198919, 3378, 111, 100647, 4, 6, 243293, 45, 8591, 133, 28, 146, 7465, 2875, 30426, 4, 98848, 5, 360, 86097, 764, 75204, 70, 1773, 5, 62, 5, 841, 5, 65528, 23127, 2319, 731, 100, 65786, 1295, 70, 25674, 231118, 62903, 111, 64624, 136, 28745, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 117085, 636, 527, 16713, 2858, 18982, 58410, 46, 106, 7071, 101634, 509, 10, 92265, 4816, 19, 136, 113200, 14486, 42179, 5361, 84382, 23, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 106480, 70, 427, 927, 136, 702, 927, 202032, 90, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and writings." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "A prolific medievalist of international renown, Le Goff was sometimes considered the principal heir and continuator of the movement known as Annales School (\"École des Annales\"), founded by his intellectual mentor Marc Bloch. Le Goff succeeded Fernand Braudel in 1972 at the head of the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) and was succeeded by François Furet in 1977. Along with Pierre Nora, he was one of the leading figures of New History (\"Nouvelle histoire\") in the 1970s. Subsequently, he dedicated himself to studies on the historical anthropology of Western Europe during medieval times. He was well known for contesting the very name of \"Middle Ages\" and its chronology, highlighting achievements of this period and variations inside it, in particular by attracting attention to the Renaissance of the 12th century. In his 1984 book \"The Birth of Purgatory\", he argued that the conception of purgatory as a physical place, rather than merely as a state, dates to the 12th century, the heyday of medieval otherworld-journey narratives such as the Irish Visio Tnugdali, and of pilgrims' tales about St Patrick's Purgatory, a cavelike entrance to purgatory on a remote island in Ireland. An agnostic, Le Goff presented an equidistant position between the detractors and the apologists of the Middle Ages. Among his numerous works were two widely accepted biographies, a genre that his school did not usually favor: the life of Louis IX, the only King of France to be canonized, and the life of Saint Francis of Assisi, the Italian mendicant friar. In October 2000 he received an Honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Pavia. He was also nominated Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy. In 2004, he received the Dr. A.H. Heineken Prize for History from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 4092, 10975, 86872, 80731, 7, 72095, 111, 450, 10975, 70, 38109, 47, 4527, 100, 2499, 60042, 4, 2811, 40383, 136, 242564, 67, 85403, 43240, 136, 10975, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 69871, 57415, 390, 70, 114977, 7, 111, 112341, 4, 136, 137567, 959, 2855, 3674, 678, 180639, 53, 10975, 5, 32255, 86872, 7, 205794, 26698, 10, 2837, 164779, 56, 111, 183594, 53, 4, 1284, 903, 60213, 83, 959, 36998, 47, 4092, 10975, 5, 146930, 133, 2480, 86872, 7, 2843, 26698, 10, 22799, 66044, 125034, 450, 8110, 186, 134629, 23, 12989, 47, 43658, 707, 2811, 40383, 70, 10975, 4, 450, 144570, 70, 38937, 47, 22691, 31344, 18151, 100, 70, 4488, 136, 47, 15917, 67, 2363, 129344, 7, 1379, 70, 5701, 86872, 15, 748, 68018, 10, 146731, 1632, 3142, 4911, 7, 191984, 59959, 214, 30057, 4935, 43240, 1295, 388, 214, 70, 7311, 168081, 7, 136, 8035, 11814, 23, 180639, 53, 103391, 5, 992, 5062, 241, 55406, 7, 4, 4092, 10975, 86872, 7, 54, 959, 4488, 237, 223739, 111938, 7, 47, 144573, 27047, 1363, 5, 438, 106689, 17721, 68036, 83, 17669, 34658, 4, 6637, 10, 112341, 86872, 83, 42856, 10, 21635, 1363, 111, 168081, 7, 98, 9844, 450, 120262, 2806, 186, 6392, 41566, 297, 390, 114977, 1379, 112341, 27165, 5, 581, 13579, 7547, 35838, 9, 434, 13631, 86872, 15005, 7, 216810, 25958, 47, 2499, 10975, 86872, 106689, 3129, 83, 22, 155648, 71, 28032, 10, 10975, 98169, 136, 83, 23, 113041, 28236, 47, 70, 43373, 24189, 7103, 59038, 5, 33417, 71407, 4, 70, 86872, 106689, 83, 28412, 297, 98, 15122, 99201, 46132, 70, 16530, 297, 10975, 5, 1650, 1543, 2843, 186, 8121, 71, 47, 70, 38937, 98, 9, 86667, 20271, 59720, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 70, 86872, 83, 68018, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 18158, 9, 434, 13631, 86872, 5, 581, 23, 41159, 111, 70, 43373, 47, 8347, 70, 86872, 106689, 8108, 7398, 28661, 214, 70, 10975, 1556, 143434, 6044, 86872, 7, 47, 11675, 261, 31, 202, 111, 8437, 127125, 23, 3060, 50218, 5, 156458, 7547, 35838, 9, 434, 13631, 86872, 7, 621, 8437, 538, 6, 128239, 129927, 7, 17721, 100491, 18403, 5256, 4, 21208, 10, 144732, 111, 100491, 18403, 5256, 16401, 6044, 86872, 7, 47, 186, 22, 50930, 2886, 5, 1913, 17311, 31089, 83, 70, 60212, 23, 33153, 17721, 6626, 7082, 29685, 7, 23, 44, 605, 365, 41524, 81, 5, 213692, 58, 136, 44, 80009, 6488, 81, 5, 213692, 740, 149766, 50218, 75412, 10, 7547, 35838, 9, 5429, 11, 48398, 86872, 12937, 62952, 390, 70, 1118, 116366, 111, 10, 13909, 5426, 5, 581, 69407, 111, 70, 7547, 35838, 9, 5429, 11, 48398, 86872, 3542, 959, 62952, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 59038, 4, 1284, 3542, 43257, 99201, 678, 70, 6544, 48398, 12996, 237, 10, 28412, 297, 12937, 5, 581, 86872, 56065, 70, 43373, 47, 30646, 70, 12996, 28032, 10, 84046, 1733, 123789, 2174, 70, 86872, 509, 959, 176506, 47, 5, 360, 44, 80009, 6488, 830, 2356, 5753, 25, 7, 11341, 149528, 7, 29685, 79986, 71, 450, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 7547, 35838, 9, 5429, 11, 48398, 86872, 12937, 3542, 22, 50930, 2886, 6637, 70, 43373, 25, 7, 10, 63481, 509, 36875, 390, 6863, 137578, 47, 30646, 70, 1143, 206, 8915, 184, 28032, 70, 496, 13312, 58735, 297, 390, 70, 12937, 5, 581, 345, 5, 294, 5, 59338, 52341, 111, 195459, 23, 44, 605, 365, 41524, 58, 79986, 71, 450, 70, 18264, 111, 11473, 509, 28484, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 124161, 4, 136, 70, 78301, 6544, 48398, 69407, 70541, 297, 23, 10, 12937, 21373, 47, 450, 23, 44, 80009, 6488, 58, 6777, 959, 11764, 67, 10, 18264, 4, 6637, 70, 43373, 8306, 176506, 47, 2856, 3229, 70, 18264, 111, 11473, 509, 140528, 5, 27766, 9319, 4, 23, 44, 10752, 16069, 81, 5, 3786, 532, 48467, 830, 70, 86872, 509, 79986, 71, 22, 50930, 2886, 6637, 442, 509, 63559, 100, 70, 43373, 47, 10, 63481, 47, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 106689, 390, 18158, 214, 98, 142, 44, 568, 62, 7134, 13, 58, 77679, 23, 12989, 47, 20600, 70, 10975, 5, 360, 26530, 5204, 81, 5, 10086, 98224, 87398, 7, 89499, 5, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 86872, 13, 509, 19048, 47, 7026, 136, 20600, 70, 10975, 15490, 5117, 8035, 56065, 47, 8347, 136, 24491, 538, 10, 63481, 47, 70, 69407, 111, 70, 106689, 4, 136, 221, 70, 86872, 509, 34658, 47, 186, 51, 33, 50930, 2886, 5, 21138, 9, 434, 13631, 86872, 106689, 7, 15005, 47, 4165, 35509, 18264, 27643, 15, 21231, 17, 2729, 19, 84837, 4, 8942, 5, 81, 5, 10086, 12064, 1003, 12349, 84136, 89499, 5, 194, 62, 39210, 27781, 111, 903, 74918, 7, 7440, 10, 38937, 8110, 261, 23044, 4935, 538, 10, 63481, 47, 86872, 69407, 111, 10, 4165, 4, 390, 44, 123278, 214, 58, 44, 63736, 58, 98, 10, 7426, 9, 2037, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 17203, 4165, 66139, 5, 3293, 83, 127298, 60223, 10821, 47, 7547, 35838, 9, 434, 13631, 86872, 7, 4, 7440, 10, 22113, 56, 35388, 297, 53520, 7, 47, 86872, 69407, 390, 5117, 49146, 6496, 70, 10975, 98169, 25, 7, 7547, 35838, 9, 434, 13631, 136, 7068, 19537, 35401, 70, 10975, 68034, 5, 360, 15044, 52895, 111, 114137, 4, 32153, 83, 98, 70, 61972, 111, 3564, 38937, 136, 26458, 7, 36766, 2685, 83, 142, 143726, 707, 165164, 26946, 7154, 111, 70, 78301, 400, 35481, 214, 69407, 5, 17006, 86872, 7, 100, 10975, 54324, 99, 101597, 2837, 164779, 15, 162, 2060, 237, 4000, 131703, 28897, 16, 2499, 183594, 53, 98, 70, 23718, 111, 70, 10975, 136, 17475, 400, 41159, 100, 2499, 82649, 7, 47, 70, 59038, 27167, 111, 70, 10975, 5, 6561, 5299, 9, 69723, 19, 7225, 3129, 1257, 100038, 6044, 10, 2837, 164779, 56, 83, 89389, 1681, 81, 5, 13320, 1297, 2256, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 35388, 297, 146353, 1830, 51584, 3996, 86, 4, 70, 173134, 1543, 26698, 33407, 86872, 7, 33233, 678, 10975, 5, 15236, 7, 27983, 63323, 18, 72095, 1295, 39531, 184, 177907, 5, 3293, 1543, 2843, 21265, 47, 3249, 442, 34844, 47, 85493, 50960, 9, 71983, 10975, 3129, 1940, 21473, 1636, 678, 70, 86872, 71, 10975, 4, 4911, 7, 118055, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 80299, 56, 25, 7, 51347, 8305, 227204, 71, 43373, 44126, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 3564, 9, 65918, 86872, 106689, 15, 647, 55406, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 8437, 18264, 30957, 297, 3934, 17721, 10, 10975, 106001, 707, 116366, 136, 70, 38937, 111, 70, 10975, 4, 27983, 7440, 70, 10975, 1556, 2809, 59038, 71, 390, 70, 38937, 1295, 142, 81814, 6635, 6044, 237, 10, 101597, 56, 5, 62, 241, 55406, 58735, 90, 23, 22443, 70, 38109, 136, 185190, 7, 3129, 59911, 47, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 10975, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Comparison with free software licenses.", "Shrink-wrap and click-wrap licenses.", "Product liability.", "Patent.", "Reverse engineering.", "Enforceability of EULAs in the United States.", "Criticism.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A free software license grants users of that software the rights to use for any purpose, modify and redistribute creative works and software, both of which are forbidden by the defaults of copyright, and generally not granted with proprietary software. These licenses typically include a disclaimer of warranty, but this feature is not unique to free software. Copyleft licenses also include a key addition provision that must be followed in order to copy or modify the software, that requires the user to provide source code for the work and to distribute their modifications under the same license (or sometimes a compatible one); thus effectively protecting derivative works from losing the original permissions and being used in proprietary programs. Unlike EULAs, free software licenses do not work as contractual extensions to existing legislation. No agreement between parties is ever held, because a copyright license is simply a declaration of permissions on something that otherwise would be disallowed by default under copyright law.", "The term shrink-wrap license refers colloquially to any software license agreement which is enclosed within a software package and is inaccessible to the customer until after purchase. Typically, the license agreement is printed on paper included inside the boxed software. It may also be presented to the user on-screen during installation, in which case the license is sometimes referred to as a click-wrap license. The inability of the customer to review the license agreement before purchasing the software has caused such licenses to run afoul of legal challenges in some cases. Whether shrink-wrap licenses are legally binding differs between jurisdictions, though a majority of jurisdictions hold such licenses to be enforceable. At particular issue is the difference in opinion between two US courts in \"Klocek v. Gateway\" and \"Brower v. Gateway\". Both cases involved a shrink-wrapped license document provided by the online vendor of a computer system. The terms of the shrink-wrapped license were not provided at the time of purchase, but were rather included with the shipped product as a printed document. The license required the customer to return the product within a limited time frame if the license was not agreed to. In \"Brower\", New York's state appeals court ruled that the terms of the shrink-wrapped license document were enforceable because the customer's assent was evident by its failure to return the merchandise within the 30 days specified by the document. The U.S. District Court of Kansas in \"Klocek\" ruled that the contract of sale was complete at the time of the transaction, and the additional shipped terms contained in a document similar to that in \"Brower\" did not constitute a contract, because the customer never agreed to them when the contract of sale was completed. Further, in \"ProCD v. Zeidenberg\", the license was ruled enforceable because it was necessary for the customer to assent to the terms of the agreement by clicking on an \"I Agree\" button in order to install the software. In Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp., however, the licensee was able to download and install the software without first being required to review and positively assent to the terms of the agreement, and so the license was held to be unenforceable. Click-wrap license agreements refer to website based contract formation (see iLan Systems, Inc. v. Netscout Service Level Corp.). A common example of this occurs where a user must affirmatively assent to license terms of a website, by \"clicking\" \"yes\" on a pop-up, in order to access website features. This is therefore analogous to shrink-wrap licenses, where a buyer implied agrees to license terms by first removing the software package's shrink-wrap and then utilizing the software itself. In both types of analysis, focus is on the actions of end user and asks whether there is an explicit or implicit acceptance of the additional licensing terms.", "Most licenses for software sold at retail disclaim (as far as local laws permit) any warranty on the performance of the software and limit liability for any damages to the purchase price of the software. One well-known case which upheld such a disclaimer is Mortenson v. Timberline.", "In addition to the implied exhaustion doctrine, the distributor may include patent licenses along with software.", "Forms often prohibit users from reverse engineering. This may also serve to make it difficult to develop third-party software which interoperates with the licensed software, thus increasing the value of the publisher's solutions through decreased customer choice. In the United States, EULA provisions can preempt the reverse engineering rights implied by fair use, c.f. Bowers v. Baystate Technologies. Some licenses purport to prohibit a user's right to release data on the performance of the software, but this has yet to be challenged in court.", "The enforceability of an EULA depends on several factors, one of them being the court in which the case is heard. Some courts that have addressed the validity of the shrinkwrap license agreements have found some EULAs to be invalid, characterizing them as contracts of adhesion, unconscionable, and/or unacceptable pursuant to the U.C.C.—see, for instance, \"Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology\", \"Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.\". Other courts have determined that the shrinkwrap license agreement is valid and enforceable: see \"ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg\", \"Microsoft v. Harmony Computers\", \"Novell v. Network Trade Center\", and \"Ariz. Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc.\" may have some bearing as well. No court has ruled on the validity of EULAs generally; decisions are limited to particular provisions and terms. The 7th Circuit and 8th Circuit subscribe to the \"licensed and not sold\" argument, while most other circuits do not. In addition, the contracts' enforceability depends on whether the state has passed the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) or Anti-UCITA]] ([[UCITA Bomb Shelter) laws. In Anti-UCITA states, the [[Uniform Commercial Code]] (UCC) has been amended to either specifically define software as a good (thus making it fall under the UCC), or to disallow contracts which specify that the terms of contract are subject to the laws of a state that has passed UCITA. Recently, publishers have begun to [[encryption|encrypt]] their software packages to make it impossible for a user to install the software without either agreeing to the license agreement or violating the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA) and [[WIPO Copyright Treaty|foreign counterparts]]. The DMCA specifically provides for reverse engineering of software for interoperability purposes, so there was some controversy as to whether software license agreement clauses which restrict this are enforceable. The [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Circuit]] case of \"Davidson & Associates v. Jung\" determined that such clauses are enforceable, following the [[Federal Circuit]] decision of \"[[Bowers v. Baystate Technologies|Baystate v. Bowers]]\".", "[[Jerry Pournelle]] wrote in 1983, \"I've seen no evidence to show that... Levitical agreements — full of \"Thou Shalt Nots\" — have any effect on piracy\". He gave an example of an EULA that was impossible for a user to comply with, stating \"Come on, fellows. No one expects these agreements to be kept\". Noting that in practice many companies were more generous to their customers than their EULAs required, Pournelle wondered \"Why, then, do they insist on making their customers sign 'agreements' that the customer has no intention of keeping, and which the company \"knows\" won't be kept?... Must we continue making hypocrites out of both publishers and customers?\" One common criticism of end-user license agreements is that they are often far too lengthy for users to devote the time to thoroughly read them. In March 2012, the [[PayPal]] end-user license agreement was 36,275 words long and in May 2011 the [[iTunes]] agreement was 56 pages long. News sources reporting these findings asserted that the vast majority of users do not read the documents because of their length. Several companies have parodied this belief that users do not read the end-user-license agreements by adding unusual clauses, knowing that few users will ever read them. As an [[April Fool's Day]] joke, [[Gamestation]] added a clause stating that users who placed an order on April 1, 2010 agreed to irrevocably [[Deal with the Devil|give their soul]] to the company, which 7,500 users agreed to. Although there was a checkbox to exempt out of the \"immortal soul\" clause, few users checked it and thus Gamestation concluded that 88% of their users did not read the agreement. The program \"PC Pitstop\" included a clause in their end-user license agreement stating that anybody who read the clause and contacted the company would receive a monetary reward, but it took four months and over 3,000 software downloads before anybody collected it. During the installation of version 4 of the Advanced Query Tool the installer measured the elapsed time between the appearance and the acceptance of the end-user license agreements to calculate the average reading speed. If the agreements were accepted fast enough a dialog window “congratulated” the users to their absurdly high reading speed of several hundred words per second. \"[[South Park]]\" parodied this in the episode \"[[HumancentiPad]]\", where [[Kyle Broflovski|Kyle]] had neglected to read the terms of service for his last iTunes update and therefore inadvertently agreed to have [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] employees experiment upon him. End-user license agreements have also been criticized for containing terms that impose onerous obligations on consumers. For example, Clickwrapped, a service that rates consumer companies according to how well they respect the rights of users, reports that they increasingly include a term that prevents a user from suing the company in court. In a recent article published by Kevin Litman-Navarro for the New York Times, titled \"We Read 150 Privacy Policies. They Were an Incomprehensible Disaster\", the complexity of 150 terms from popular sites like Facebook, Airbnb, etc. were analyzed and comprehended. As a result, for example, the majority of licenses require college or higher-level degrees: \"To be successful in college, people need to understand texts with a score of 1300. People in the professions, like doctors and lawyers, should be able to understand materials with scores of 1440, while ninth graders should understand texts that score above 1050 to be on track for college or a career by the time they graduate. Many privacy policies exceed these standards.\" [[Category:Terms of service]]", "[[Category:Software licenses]] [[Category:Contract law]]" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 30733, 49086, 47806, 83, 120332, 33, 297, 390, 10, 503, 6276, 50694, 112664, 5808, 297, 390, 36770, 80307, 18897, 6, 108210, 984, 38067, 5, 148643, 22017, 10528, 25472, 11241, 32497, 47, 5631, 223, 36520, 47, 43374, 98, 10, 78112, 47, 28282, 142, 187, 1176, 47, 30793, 70, 80307, 26548, 70, 120332, 5, 541, 118201, 538, 71864, 214, 142, 110938, 2320, 81887, 54799, 604, 30780, 141, 4, 2412, 83, 158012, 1379, 70, 48431, 111, 80307, 114996, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 19825, 29959, 136, 1919, 4027, 982, 24494, 20405, 73, 17689, 94449, 56, 5, 581, 6626, 80307, 5675, 35710, 10, 17932, 81887, 98, 604, 6897, 136, 1614, 693, 13, 70, 110938, 4, 40495, 1401, 93991, 4, 2750, 83, 152388, 390, 604, 143889, 4, 10, 20802, 61612, 1926, 720, 4, 8108, 122273, 214, 1919, 182324, 5, 581, 80307, 70615, 23, 36716, 7, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 47, 7413, 70, 20802, 61612, 1926, 720, 4, 12960, 20405, 73, 83, 66211, 297, 47, 59959, 22017, 10528, 136, 8453, 604, 4420, 47, 353, 54487, 4, 7440, 764, 36510, 90, 1919, 79880, 34698, 7, 100, 604, 5, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 25, 7, 145456, 37105, 7, 4049, 47, 70, 759, 824, 93905, 77904, 23208, 111, 8322, 157, 4, 7440, 764, 103882, 7, 142, 187, 1176, 111, 20450, 1444, 8035, 181653, 100, 70, 47806, 23, 10, 8, 45710, 5281, 80307, 25, 7, 9351, 4, 678, 20802, 61612, 1926, 720, 3342, 519, 174383, 520, 6496, 237, 2363, 101412, 110934, 5, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 8, 106357, 7, 3342, 519, 47, 186, 70, 20802, 61612, 1926, 720, 764, 83, 191618, 4, 136, 7103, 10, 59335, 133868, 4, 44677, 10, 7622, 214, 186, 11, 2271, 98, 3342, 519, 25, 7, 109923, 4, 70, 44, 294, 143, 272, 87, 740, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 7068, 28960, 7, 3342, 519, 136, 1919, 20450, 86, 775, 4, 25027, 11, 4, 47, 70, 23208, 30152, 56916, 7, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 20405, 73, 83, 63134, 71, 390, 37831, 7, 111, 1919, 42732, 4, 7525, 266, 4, 23, 24503, 136, 28288, 7, 47, 10336, 47, 83265, 31, 1212, 678, 22017, 10528, 47, 30098, 604, 5, 6586, 188, 122273, 7, 450, 764, 54324, 7525, 266, 47, 13411, 6644, 171751, 313, 6387, 9815, 45122, 4, 2750, 7068, 4092, 71, 136, 139505, 604, 5, 313, 6387, 9815, 14192, 7, 20405, 73, 450, 2412, 509, 1563, 77193, 297, 390, 1371, 7, 1098, 21421, 14202, 40859, 110680, 136, 509, 47041, 103494, 5, 20405, 73, 200569, 7, 1810, 136, 103882, 7, 7525, 266, 99, 70, 1371, 7, 1098, 11491, 11090, 4, 7464, 3059, 538, 923, 272, 4, 1284, 2412, 14792, 23, 1919, 121641, 5, 357, 29838, 71, 4, 20405, 73, 6627, 7612, 7, 70, 1927, 372, 5, 1529, 14432, 159978, 7, 47, 22017, 10528, 450, 764, 1221, 7413, 10, 3917, 47, 56282, 70, 47219, 7, 111, 8382, 764, 5161, 7, 5, 2161, 30152, 56916, 7, 4, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 103882, 7, 10, 503, 6276, 50694, 914, 9319, 214, 12441, 390, 6, 108210, 984, 38067, 4, 2750, 83, 168698, 10, 104, 63964, 187, 1176, 678, 64166, 200602, 48180, 72253, 1429, 67, 25706, 7092, 5, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 71872, 7, 1919, 90791, 7, 47, 70, 80307, 70615, 4, 1284, 83, 1614, 693, 297, 390, 503, 6276, 50694, 16810, 30185, 5, 43953, 13, 130877, 4935, 24277, 24277, 16666, 1224, 26171, 7, 10, 43374, 47, 80731, 161203, 14537, 7, 47, 76710, 141, 1484, 12530, 10974, 86, 4, 7440, 70, 65771, 184345, 114864, 70, 20450, 86, 187, 1176, 47, 186, 42179, 29367, 5, 20405, 73, 136, 22017, 10528, 237360, 47, 30152, 56916, 7, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 4, 1284, 621, 141621, 71, 390, 3342, 519, 5, 984, 38067, 149357, 7, 70, 104713, 47, 47219, 4, 1284, 1836, 621, 57, 4126, 390, 10, 1777, 1803, 1830, 111, 20450, 86, 3428, 42227, 7, 12441, 390, 6949, 85, 4, 4727, 13, 38660, 34, 4, 136, 3789, 80307, 5, 38660, 34, 186, 31251, 7, 3342, 519, 20271, 70, 22, 1159, 214, 156059, 5, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 136, 20405, 73, 1940, 19462, 984, 38067, 4, 136, 70, 17262, 81810, 23, 10, 22729, 433, 1297, 133868, 5, 984, 38067, 23, 461, 2109, 100363, 9, 1456, 66, 136, 27708, 7, 20405, 73, 25, 7, 7108, 16294, 4, 1284, 6949, 85, 1940, 19462, 7, 136, 65922, 7, 2856, 5, 984, 38067, 4527, 7, 59591, 14537, 7, 47, 170300, 6949, 85, 136, 18738, 90, 47, 5631, 223, 36520, 4, 7440, 764, 75060, 7, 4677, 100, 10, 1601, 9, 1177, 11, 5416, 47, 1919, 602, 927, 31347, 4, 2541, 927, 602, 5670, 223, 5, 1301, 70, 80307, 224344, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 51053, 86, 34210, 4, 20405, 73, 83, 112031, 71, 678, 10, 11329, 1771, 3535, 136, 23410, 538, 1108, 10484, 22017, 10528, 98, 353, 54487, 678, 136, 627, 18504, 397, 304, 237, 195812, 90, 5, 241, 38, 113771, 450, 74814, 1902, 37170, 541, 62428, 36253, 47, 1346, 10, 19336, 76615, 21449, 31, 170894, 4, 23, 12989, 47, 40407, 53, 1919, 76849, 7, 5, 10660, 3542, 221419, 538, 59226, 1810, 111, 70, 1346, 23, 1305, 9, 57877, 1830, 5, 581, 3564, 22299, 7, 70426, 86, 79850, 5303, 44576, 13832, 587, 13, 237, 75169, 799, 2414, 14, 27201, 104263, 50462, 18, 984, 71, 5, 581, 62816, 509, 20653, 15700, 799, 2414, 14, 27201, 4, 112730, 390, 142, 51, 45639, 297, 6765, 54953, 4293, 136, 54479, 71, 390, 114411, 19419, 7, 19256, 5, 24372, 70, 17664, 297, 130306, 57553, 47, 44, 3957, 206640, 1111, 8509, 830, 74814, 509, 764, 172, 18211, 47, 30646, 47, 70, 32562, 8, 1042, 5, 360, 11994, 88922, 1660, 17262, 21775, 8108, 70, 4034, 111, 7893, 6, 110092, 4, 74814, 77681, 140528, 1919, 166904, 144888, 100, 44, 647, 4994, 31, 112, 1995, 740, 74814, 136475, 47, 17, 8560, 67, 98, 1919, 166904, 144888, 4, 27024, 214, 10, 27798, 5117, 136, 17932, 144888, 5, 1326, 4358, 678, 70, 50960, 144888, 4, 3129, 2806, 14432, 24209, 70, 162049, 26499, 4, 74814, 91048, 98, 86452, 4772, 90, 4, 2750, 1902, 59121, 40368, 50094, 7, 111, 44, 3957, 44389, 122069, 29304, 70103, 93, 66695, 58, 100, 4049, 4, 1284, 1902, 84046, 16981, 32562, 163198, 21533, 54180, 5, 581, 2704, 26499, 509, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 4612, 34210, 12, 53379, 1995, 46, 188515, 111, 70, 51053, 1444, 83, 10, 5726, 15672, 28, 18695, 32628, 9, 21473, 1346, 8951, 297, 390, 14787, 74814, 136, 59121, 390, 74814, 136, 86452, 4772, 90, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 17932, 20600, 674, 111, 70, 44, 44072, 34210, 58, 479, 37631, 1927, 4867, 53, 4, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 1346, 47, 186, 181653, 4, 136, 70, 17932, 1346, 23, 70, 44, 112650, 94449, 56, 50525, 740, 1650, 6057, 7, 241, 3206, 157580, 107, 6504, 4, 44518, 478, 13791, 669, 4, 9627, 555, 164689, 4, 104870, 19909, 14055, 147, 22000, 4, 59176, 339, 5, 52234, 4, 114411, 19824, 4, 94825, 11555, 7, 4, 59062, 53, 133840, 4, 136, 17819, 62468, 5, 19943, 1492, 5369, 7103, 70, 47353, 23, 44, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Plot.", "Cast.", "Production.", "Writing.", "Filming.", "Visual effects.", "Music.", "Themes.", "Release.", "Home media.", "3D re-release.", "Reception.", "Critical response.", "Box office.", "Novelizations.", "Sequel.", "References." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Galactic Republic is threatened by a Separatist movement organized by former Jedi Master Count Dooku. Senator Padmé Amidala comes to Coruscant to vote on a motion to create an army to assist the Jedi against the threat. Narrowly avoiding an assassination attempt upon her arrival, she is placed under the protection of Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker. The two Jedi thwart a second attempt on her life and subdue the assassin, Zam Wesell, who is killed by her employer, a bounty hunter, before revealing his identity. The Jedi Council instructs Obi-Wan to find the bounty hunter, while Anakin is tasked to protect Padmé and escort her back to Naboo, where he expresses his romantic feelings for her. Obi-Wan's investigation leads him to the mysterious ocean planet of Kamino, where he discovers an army of clones being produced for the Republic in a deceased Jedi's name, with bounty hunter Jango Fett serving as their genetic template. Obi-Wan deduces Jango to be the bounty hunter he is seeking, and after a brief battle, places a homing beacon on Jango's ship, the \"Slave I\". Obi-Wan then follows Jango and his clone son, Boba, to the planet Geonosis. Meanwhile, Anakin is troubled by visions of his mother, Shmi, in pain and decides to head to Tatooine with Padmé to save her. Watto reveals that he sold Shmi to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars, who then freed and married her. Cliegg tells Anakin that she was abducted by Tusken Raiders weeks earlier and was likely dead. Anakin ventures out and discovers Shmi at the Tusken campsite, still barely alive, but she dies in his arms. Enraged, Anakin massacres the tribe. He later declares to Padmé that he will find a way to prevent the deaths of those he loves. On Geonosis, Obi-Wan discovers a Separatist gathering led by Count Dooku, who is developing a droid army with Trade Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray. Obi-Wan transmits his findings to the Jedi Council, but is subdued by Separatist droids. Senate Representative Jar Jar Binks proposes a vote to grant emergency powers to Chancellor Palpatine, where the successful outcome allows the clone army to be authorized. Anakin and Padmé pursue to Geonosis to rescue Obi-Wan, but are captured by Jango. Dooku sentences the trio to death, but they are saved by a battalion of clone troopers led by Yoda, Mace Windu, and other Jedi. Windu beheads Jango during the ensuing chaos. Obi-Wan and Anakin intercept Dooku, and the three engage in a lightsaber battle. Dooku injures Obi-Wan and severs Anakin's right arm, but Yoda intercepts and defends them. Dooku uses Force powers to distract Yoda and flees to Coruscant, where he delivers information for a super-weapon to his Sith master, Darth Sidious. As the Jedi acknowledge the beginning of the Clone Wars, Anakin is fitted with a robotic hand and secretly marries Padmé on Naboo with and R2-D2 as witnesses.", "E! reported that Lucas had asked NSYNC to film a small background cameo appearance, in order to satisfy his daughters. They were subsequently cut out of the film in post-production. The end credits erroneously list Alan Ruscoe as playing Neimoidian senator Lott Dod. The character was actually another Neimoidian, played by an uncredited David Healey and voiced by Christopher Truswell.", "", "After the mixed critical response to \"The Phantom Menace\", Lucas was hesitant to return to the writing desk. In March 2000, just three months before the start of principal photography, Lucas finally completed his rough draft for \"Episode II\". Lucas continued to iterate on his rough draft, producing a proper first and second draft. For help with the third draft, which would later become the shooting script, Lucas brought on Jonathan Hales, who had written several episodes of \"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles\" for him, but had limited experience writing theatrical films. The final script was completed just one week before the start of principal photography. As an in-joke, the film's working title was \"Jar Jar's Great Adventure\", a sarcastic reference to the negative fan response to the \"Episode I\" character. In writing \"The Empire Strikes Back\", Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the \"Clone Wars\" mentioned by Obi-Wan Kenobi in \"A New Hope\"; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which were used by the Republic as an army in the war that followed.", "Principal photography occurred between June 26, 2000 and September 20, 2000 at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney. Location shooting took place in the Tunisian desert, at the Plaza de España in Seville, London, China, Vancouver, San Diego, and Italy (Villa del Balbianello on Lake Como, and in the former royal Palace of Caserta). At his own personal request, Samuel L. Jackson's character Mace Windu received a lightsaber that emits a purple glow, as opposed to traditional blue and green for \"good guys\" and red for \"bad guys\". Reshoots were performed in March 2001. During this time, a new action sequence was developed featuring the droid factory after Lucas had decided that the film lacked a quick enough pace in the corresponding time-frame. The sequence's previsualization was rushed, and the live-action footage was shot within four and a half hours. Because of Lucas' method of creating shots through various departments and sources that are sometimes miles and years apart from each other, \"Attack of the Clones\" became the first film ever to be produced through what Rick McCallum called \"virtual filmmaking\". Like \"The Phantom Menace\", \"Attack of the Clones\" furthered technological development, effectively moving Hollywood into the \"digital age\" with the use of the HDW-F900, developed by Sony and Panavision, a digital camera using an HD digital 24-frame system. This spawned controversy over the benefits and disadvantages of digital cinematography that continues as more filmmakers \"convert\" to digital filmmaking while many filmmakers oppose it. In contrast to previous installments, for which scenes were shot in the Tunisian desert in temperatures up to 125 °F (51 °C), the camera would still run without complications. Lucas had stated that he wished to film \"The Phantom Menace\" on this format but Sony was unable to build the cameras quickly enough. In 2002, \"Attack of the Clones\" became the third film to be released that was shot entirely on a 24p digital camera (preceded by 2001's \"Jackpot\" and \"Vidocq\"). The cameras record in the HDCAM format (1080p), although the image was cropped to a 2.40:1 widescreen ratio. The area above and below the 2.40 extraction area was available for Lucas to reframe the picture as necessary in post-production. Despite Lucas' efforts to persuade movie theaters to switch to digital projectors for viewing of \"Episode II\", few theaters did.", "The film relied almost solely on digital animatics as opposed to storyboards in order to previsualize sequences for editing early on in the film's production. While Lucas had used other ways of producing motion-based storyboards in the past, after \"The Phantom Menace\" the decision was made to take advantage of the growing digital technology. The process began with Ben Burtt's creation of what the department dubbed as \"videomatics\", so called because they were shot on a household videocamera. In these videomatics, production assistants and relatives of the department workers acted out scenes in front of greenscreen. Using computer-generated imagery (CGI), the previsualization department later filled in the green screen with rough background footage. Burtt then cut together this footage and sent it off to Lucas for changes and approval. The result was a rough example of what the final product was intended to be. The previsualization department then created a finer version of the videomatic by creating an animatic, in which the videomatic actors, props, and sets were replaced by digital counterparts to give a more precise, but still rough, look at what would eventually be seen. The animatic was later brought on set and shown to the actors so that they could understand the concept of the scene they were filming in the midst of the large amount of bluescreen used. Unlike most of the action sequences, the Battle of Geonosis was not story-boarded or created through videomatics but was sent straight to animatics after the department received a small vague page on the sequence. The intent was to create a number of small events that would be edited together for pacing inside the finished film. The animatics department was given a free hand regarding events to be created within the animatic; Lucas only asked for good action shots that he could choose from and approve later. In addition to introducing the digital camera, \"Attack of the Clones\" emphasized \"digital doubles\" as computer-generated models that doubled for actors, in the same way that traditional stunt doubles did. It also furthered the authenticity of computer-generated characters by introducing a new, completely CGI-created version of the character Yoda. Rob Coleman and John Knoll prepared two tests featuring a CGI-animated Yoda using audio from \"The Empire Strikes Back\". Yoda's appearance in \"Episode V\" also served as the reference point for the creation of the CGI Yoda; Lucas repeatedly stated to the animation department that \"the trick\" to the animation of the CGI Yoda was to make him like the puppet from which he was based, in order to maintain a flow of continuity. Frank Oz (voice and puppeteer for Yoda in the original trilogy and \"The Phantom Menace\") was consulted; his main piece of advice was that Yoda should look extremely old, sore, and frigid. Coleman later explained the process of making the digital Yoda like the puppet version, by saying \"When Frank [Oz] would move the head, the ears would jiggle. If we hadn't put that in, it wouldn't look like Yoda.\" Because of the acrobatics of the lightsaber fight between Count Dooku and Yoda, the then 78-year-old Christopher Lee relied on a stunt double to perform the most demanding scenes instead. Lee's face was superimposed onto the double's body in all shots other than close-ups, which he performed himself. Lucas often called the duel crucial to the animation department, as it had such potential to be humorous rather than dramatic.", "The soundtrack to the film was released on April 23, 2002 by Sony Classical Records. The music was composed and conducted by John Williams, and performed by the London Voices and London Symphony Orchestra. The soundtrack recreates \"The Imperial March\" from the film \"The Empire Strikes Back\" for its first chronological appearance in \"Attack of the Clones\", even though a hint of it appeared in the previous movie in one of the final scenes. A music video for the main theme \"Across the Stars\" was produced specifically for the DVD. On March 15, 2016, a limited edition vinyl version of the soundtrack was released. Only 1,000 copies were pressed initially.", "Lucas has noted that Palpatine's rise to power is very similar to that of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany; as Chancellor of Germany, the latter was granted emergency powers, as is Palpatine. Comparisons have been made to Octavian—who became Augustus, the first emperor of Rome—and to Napoleon Bonaparte, who rose to power in France from 1796 to 1799. Octavian was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of political opponents well before he was granted tribunician powers; Bonaparte was appointed First Consul for life (and later Emperor) by the French Consulate after a failed attempt on his life and the subsequent \"coup\" of 18 Brumaire in 1799. References to the American Civil War can also be discerned. War journalism, combat films, and footage of World War II combat influenced the documentary-style camera work of the Battle of Geonosis, even to the point that hand-held shakes were digitally added to computer-generated sequences. English scholar Anne Lancashire describes \"Attack of the Clones\" as \"thoroughly political in its narrative\", to the point that interpersonal relations are made subordinate to the political drama that unfolds, and \"a critique of the increasing role played by economic and political appetite in contemporary First World international politics in general\". In this political drama, the Trade Federation, the former idealist Dooku, and Palpatine \"[represent] the economic and political greed and ambition... of the political and business classes\", while the intuition of the Jedi has been clouded by the dark side of the Force. The cityscape of Coruscant, the location of the Jedi Temple, is a dystopian environment that references 1982's \"Blade Runner\". Nevertheless, the Jedi endure as the heroes; Obi-Wan's role has been noted as similar to that of James Bond, and Zam Wesell's attempt on Padmé's life is similar to a scene in the first 007 film, \"Dr. No\". The prequel trilogy films often refer to the original trilogy in order to help connect the films together. Lucas has often referred to the films as a long poem that rhymes. Such examples include the line \"I have a bad feeling about this\", a phrase used in each film, and lightsaber duels which almost always occur over a pit. As with \"Attack of the Clones\", \"The Empire Strikes Back\" was the middle film in a trilogy, and of the original trilogy films, \"The Empire Strikes Back\" is the object of the most references in \"Attack of the Clones\". In both films, an asteroid field is the backdrop of a major star battle in the middle of the film. Obi-Wan escapes Jango Fett by attaching his spacecraft to an asteroid in order to disappear from the enemy sensors; Han Solo uses a similar tactic by attaching the \"Millennium Falcon\" to a Star Destroyer in \"The Empire Strikes Back\". As a retcon, John Knoll confirms on the film's DVD commentary that Boba Fett, who would later catch Solo in the act in \"The Empire Strikes Back\", \"learned his lesson\" from the events of \"Attack of the Clones\".", "After a teaser trailer premiered with the film \"Monsters, Inc.\", a new trailer for the film aired on the Fox Network on March 10, 2002 between \"Malcolm in the Middle\" and \"The X-Files\", then on March 15, 2002 with \"Ice Age\" in theatres and was made available on the official \"Star Wars\" web site the same day. The outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas from Chicago predicted before the film's release that U.S. companies could lose more than $319 million in productivity due to employees calling in sick and then heading to theaters to see the film. The film premiered as part of the inaugural Tribeca Film Festival at the BMCC Performing Arts Center, 199 Chambers St. in New York City at a Sunday, May 12 set of screenings benefitting the Children's Aid Society, a charity supported by George Lucas. \"Attack of the Clones\" was then screened out of competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival, before getting a worldwide theatrical release on May 16, 2002. The film was also later released in IMAX theaters; the film had not been filmed for IMAX but was \"up converted\" with the digital remastering process. Because of the technical limitations of the IMAX projector, an edited, 120-minute version of the film was presented. Before the film's release, there was a string of controversies regarding copyright infringement. In 2000, an underground organization calling itself the Atlas Group, based in Perth, Western Australia offered a copy of the screenplay, with an asking price of US$100,000, to various fan sites and media organizations, including TheForce.Net. The scheme was subsequently reported to Lucasfilm Ltd. by the fan site. An unauthorized copy was allegedly made at a private showing, using a digital recorder that was pointed at the screen. This copy spread over the internet, and analysts predicted up to a million fans would have seen the film before the day of its release. In addition, authorities seized thousands of bootlegs throughout Kuala Lumpur before the film opened.", "\"Attack of the Clones\" was released on DVD and VHS on November 12, 2002. The DVD features an audio commentary from director George Lucas, producer Rick McCallum, editor and sound designer Ben Burtt, ILM animation director Rob Coleman, and ILM visual effects supervisors Pablo Helman, John Knoll, and Ben Snow. Eight deleted scenes are included along with multiple documentaries, which include a full-length documentary about the creation of digital characters and two others that focus on sound design and the animatics team. Three featurettes examine the storyline, action scenes, and love story, and a set of 12 short web documentaries cover the overall production of the film. The \"Attack of the Clones\" DVD also features a trailer for a mockumentary-style short film known as \"R2-D2: Beneath the Dome\". Some stores offered the full mockumentary as an exclusive bonus disc for a small extra charge. The film gives an alternate look at the \"life\" of the droid R2-D2. The story, which Lucas approved, was meant to be humorous. The film was re-released in a prequel trilogy DVD box set on November 4, 2008. The six-film \"Star Wars\" saga was released on Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2011 in three different editions. On April 7, 2015, Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released \"Star Wars\" films. \"Attack of the Clones\" was released through the iTunes Store, Amazon Video, Vudu, Google Play, and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10, 2015. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment reissued \"Attack of the Clones\" on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download on September 22, 2019. Additionally, all six films were available for 4K HDR and Dolby Atmos streaming on Disney+ upon the service's launch on November 12, 2019. This version of the film was released by Disney on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 31, 2020.", "On, it was announced that all six films in the series were to be stereo-converted to 3D, and re-released in chronological order beginning with \"The Phantom Menace\" which was released on. \"Attack of the Clones\" was originally scheduled to be re-released in 3D on, but was postponed due to Lucasfilm's desire to focus on \"\". However, the 3D presentation of the film was first shown at Celebration Europe II from July 26 to 28, 2013.", "", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 253 reviews, with an average rating of 6.59/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones\" benefits from an increased emphasis on thrilling action, although they're once again undercut by ponderous plot points and underdeveloped characters.\" On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 54 out of 100, based on 39 critics, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A–\" on an A+ to F scale. Numerous critics characterized the dialogue as \"stiff\" and \"flat\". The acting was also disparaged by some critics. Conversely, other critics felt fans would be pleased to see that Jar Jar Binks has only a minor role. Additionally, Jar Jar's attempts at comic relief seen in \"The Phantom Menace\" were toned down; instead, C-3PO reprised some of his bumbling traditions in that role. McGregor referred to the swordplay in the film as \"unsatisfactory\" when comparing it to the climactic duel in \"\" as it neared release. ReelViews.net's James Berardinelli gave a positive review, saying \"in a time when, more often than not, sequels disappoint, it's refreshing to uncover something this high-profile that fulfills the promise of its name and adds another title to a storied legacy.\" Roger Ebert, who had praised the previous \"Star Wars\" films, gave \"Episode II\" only two out of four stars, noting \"[As] someone who admired the freshness and energy of the earlier films, I was amazed, at the end of \"Episode II\", to realize that I had not heard one line of quotable, memorable dialogue.\" About Anakin and Padme's relationship, Ebert stated, \"There is not a romantic word they exchange that has not long since been reduced to cliché.\" Leonard Maltin, who also liked all of the previous installments, also awarded two stars out of four to this endeavor as well, as seen in his \"Movie and Video Guide\" from the 2002 edition onward. Maltin cited an \"overlong story\" as reason for his dissatisfaction and added \"Wooden characterizations and dialogue don't help.\" Following suit with the series' previous installments, the Academy Awards nominated \"Attack of the Clones\"' Rob Coleman, Pablo Helman, John Knoll, and Ben Snow for Best Visual Effects at the 2003 Academy Awards, but the award ultimately went to \"\". Natalie Portman was also honored at the Teen Choice Awards, and the film received an award for Best Fight at the MTV Movie Awards. In contrast, the film also received seven nominations from the Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture, Worst Director (George Lucas), Worst Screenplay (George Lucas), Worst Supporting Actor (Hayden Christensen), Worst Supporting Actress (Natalie Portman), Worst Screen Couple (Hayden Christensen and Natalie Portman) and Worst Remake or Sequel. It took home two awards for Worst Screenplay (George Lucas) and Worst Supporting Actor (Hayden Christensen).", "The film grossed $310,676,740 in North America and $338,721,588 overseas for a worldwide total of $649,398,328. Though a box office success, it was nevertheless overshadowed by the even greater box-office success of \"\" three years earlier. It was not the top-grossing film of the year, either in North America (where it finished in third place) or worldwide (where it was fourth), the first time that a \"Star Wars\" film did not have this distinction. In North America it was outgrossed by \"Spider-Man\" and \"\", both of which were more favorably received by critics. Worldwide, it was also outgrossed by \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\". Adjusted for inflation, \"Attack of the Clones\" is the lowest-performing live-action \"Star Wars\" film at the North American box office, though is still among the 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation. It sold an estimated 52,012,300 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.", "Two novels based on the movie were published, a tie-in junior novel by Scholastic, and a novelization written by R. A. Salvatore, which includes some unique scenes. A four-issue comic book adaptation was written by Henry Gilroy and published by Dark Horse Comics.", "A sequel titled \"Revenge of the Sith\" was released May 19, 2005 and was directed and written by George Lucas.", "Footnotes Citations" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 51300, 13, 4, 43573, 6499, 1991, 67139, 4, 764, 26859, 1919, 96335, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 1784, 13593, 5, 1326, 1919, 101862, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 20697, 21115, 111, 70, 34676, 133526, 13, 101910, 38660, 6287, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 136, 764, 122799, 1919, 96335, 678, 10, 101862, 23, 290, 6133, 1294, 23, 70970, 5, 101910, 38660, 6287, 136, 80490, 8643, 9567, 603, 111, 8643, 4209, 26038, 4049, 70, 67660, 47, 4488, 98, 133818, 7, 125663, 297, 1295, 40354, 10484, 5, 3293, 25188, 37105, 47, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 437, 86345, 136, 3789, 158978, 117776, 1100, 133818, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 125663, 297, 1295, 40368, 199823, 15659, 7, 111, 55400, 13, 5, 51404, 20697, 237, 16030, 23, 2290, 38170, 99, 70, 44, 98914, 2179, 17007, 20048, 58, 764, 509, 19686, 214, 1919, 43240, 645, 133818, 7, 125663, 214, 239269, 13, 23, 58020, 136, 95129, 13, 10, 6602, 14432, 4, 113054, 214, 10, 193984, 2831, 111, 25188, 50339, 70318, 297, 14432, 390, 34676, 148855, 23, 34578, 5, 1326, 903, 25188, 764, 23742, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 100, 83230, 38904, 23, 34578, 25842, 678, 151992, 185981, 41898, 2750, 509, 75412, 23, 70, 142518, 90, 164, 111, 40368, 3525, 538, 134053, 109049, 7, 5, 24372, 1919, 572, 123941, 1830, 764, 100512, 59619, 42, 23, 23912, 19514, 33, 66426, 5, 1529, 509, 16030, 99, 70, 101044, 289, 12535, 111, 2290, 38170, 55591, 1104, 200136, 4, 136, 7103, 10, 19922, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 764, 100512, 14364, 111, 70, 138789, 96513, 43975, 100, 10257, 1430, 6133, 1294, 15, 94068, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 43975, 100, 10257, 1430, 6133, 1294, 16, 23, 10271, 9, 11866, 7057, 39, 86595, 23, 44500, 5, 360, 55591, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 181141, 70, 44, 856, 8770, 111, 747, 735, 7154, 111, 70, 43552, 7, 111, 70, 30839, 66821, 90, 136, 19694, 9, 25452, 43386, 7, 47, 101910, 41555, 136, 70, 9907, 7142, 48242, 22836, 740, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 33284, 297, 70, 52700, 166020, 98, 106, 4347, 44500, 15, 71983, 32786, 438, 5, 4669, 118913, 10837, 194, 1301, 70, 10336, 111, 10, 105207, 32872, 13, 4, 764, 190659, 100, 27759, 163157, 98, 142156, 297, 25188, 67967, 297, 44, 117916, 7, 69696, 9348, 58, 15, 60270, 1236, 100, 70, 1631, 247, 3060, 111, 3129, 162393, 98, 116338, 77635, 1884, 70, 136912, 111, 230044, 1257, 78219, 100, 11192, 9, 289, 35810, 62825, 42, 20279, 7, 5, 18763, 83687, 674, 678, 70, 83572, 63647, 136, 67842, 2856, 90, 111, 25188, 12441, 47, 35778, 8780, 7103, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 3853, 7103, 1919, 47219, 70, 24763, 31425, 111, 1919, 68894, 6, 180324, 20271, 70, 83572, 1615, 1556, 8306, 2809, 89554, 103608, 71, 5, 14847, 70, 32872, 13, 109133, 47, 60812, 23709, 33, 23, 18608, 764, 100512, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 60812, 23709, 33, 5, 360, 36327, 4, 3229, 70, 32872, 13, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 6470, 7, 46572, 4, 10, 165473, 275, 111, 186806, 4, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 100512, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 186806, 5, 1529, 2843, 149976, 237, 13918, 111, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 67081, 100, 70, 223438, 674, 111, 28745, 25632, 71047, 221193, 1295, 23936, 47, 29172, 5, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 83, 22299, 297, 678, 70, 103882, 53, 136, 147453, 111, 70, 5795, 92, 142584, 2080, 127, 11521, 4036, 43260, 82514, 53, 6931, 23, 41722, 5, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 68, 71, 23, 186806, 23, 11857, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 20031, 5, 18763, 58386, 27303, 11, 4, 103122, 23, 96903, 4, 68, 71, 23, 11857, 99, 14073, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 101910, 93726, 67538, 4966, 33, 2940, 18, 42389, 11994, 106355, 46, 543, 18982, 11857, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 3530, 1430, 6133, 5, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 23, 34578, 100, 1919, 44, 18244, 98, 1100, 133818, 7, 1242, 1529, 61475, 538, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 70318, 23, 213246, 678, 27759, 44930, 4, 1284, 68186, 71, 442, 23, 45604, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 1529, 509, 34202, 111, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 67081, 1295, 23936, 47, 29172, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Born in Lehe, near Bremerhaven, he started his studies at the University of Marburg. For his PhD he joined the working group of the Nobel laureate Adolf Windaus at the University of Göttingen and he finished his studies with a PhD in chemistry in 1927. Adolf Windaus and Walter Schöller of Schering gave him the advice to work on hormones extracted from ovaries. This research lead to the discovery of estrone and other primary female sex hormones, which were extracted from several thousand liters of urine. While working as professor in Danzig at the \"Chemisches Institut\" he was continuing his works over hormones extracting progesterone in 1934 and testosterone a year later, obtaining a substantial part of research results awarded later by Nobel Committee in 1939. For this research he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1939 together with Leopold Ružička who was involved in the synthesis of several newly discovered steroids. After his Habilitation he became lecturer in Göttingen 1931. He was professor at the Technical University of Danzig 1933–1936, and after a visit in the US, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry (later the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry) in Berlin-Dahlem beginning in 1936. In 1933 Butenandt signed the \"Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State\". Butenandt joined the NSDAP on 1 May 1936 (party member No. 3716562). As the head of a leading institute, he applied for government funding on concentrated research labeled \"kriegswichtig\" (important for the war), some of which focused on military projects like the improvement of oxygen uptake for high-altitude bomber pilots. His involvement with the Nazi regime and various themes of research led to criticism after the war, and even after his death the exact nature of his political orientation during the Nazi era has never been fully resolved. When the institute moved to Tübingen in 1945 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen. In 1956, when the institute relocated to Martinsried, a suburb of Munich, Butenandt became a professor at the University of Munich. He also served as president of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science following Otto Hahn from 1960 to 1972. Butenandt is credited with the discovery and naming of the silkworm moth pheromone Bombykol in 1959. Butenandt died in Munich in 1995, at the age of 91. His wife Erika, born in 1906, died in 1995 at 88." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 1030, 36743, 22110, 4, 70, 572, 1104, 441, 246242, 441, 71052, 55291, 7, 621, 210729, 5, 3311, 19492, 13, 111, 903, 71052, 55291, 4, 144, 1002, 1444, 621, 22158, 9, 5062, 5, 46348, 18908, 6238, 538, 4, 6, 187830, 238, 144, 1002, 1444, 621, 41207, 5, 90273, 53, 86, 83, 103210, 2234, 22819, 5, 581, 313, 246242, 441, 71052, 62488, 111, 58865, 8834, 102220, 7, 83, 5045, 16610, 56, 3501, 70, 313, 1369, 441, 62488, 23, 144, 1098, 90, 15, 114082, 3592, 16, 707, 70, 313, 1104, 441, 71052, 23, 144, 331, 90, 15, 152830, 3592, 194, 581, 162738, 71052, 83, 4552, 37515, 678, 10, 71052, 90254, 111, 382, 9323, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 5, 581, 1144, 192, 71052, 162466, 7, 6, 125832, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 4, 70, 5117, 2147, 71052, 162466, 7, 1381, 1019, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 136, 70, 17932, 2147, 9, 52869, 111, 111845, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 71052, 90254, 5, 49078, 214, 56104, 45252, 297, 23, 70, 43701, 111, 233239, 103173, 289, 154453, 4, 3129, 125296, 7, 70, 162738, 71052, 237, 187, 72219, 1295, 645, 6324, 111, 91, 136, 915, 103173, 16765, 5, 360, 70, 46876, 111, 3502, 6620, 71052, 154453, 4, 70, 44603, 34627, 7, 23, 142, 144, 1002, 86, 71052, 621, 5213, 113490, 29367, 12, 1836, 12638, 765, 6626, 51, 3038, 100269, 29367, 915, 103173, 16765, 136, 6626, 5213, 113490, 103173, 16765, 5, 9578, 6324, 111, 142, 5213, 103173, 289, 1295, 12638, 34627, 3173, 7, 1632, 5213, 1104, 7008, 1144, 192, 71052, 5, 98423, 915, 103173, 289, 98, 1632, 34627, 645, 96091, 1632, 98, 70, 3789, 34627, 4, 3173, 214, 6626, 2147, 71052, 7, 4, 68772, 10, 3622, 111, 17262, 71052, 7, 5, 581, 47143, 214, 5213, 103173, 289, 98, 12638, 34627, 831, 3173, 10, 1144, 192, 71052, 47, 15700, 34627, 4, 100, 27781, 47, 64707, 1409, 34627, 7, 23, 70, 49129, 1030, 36743, 22110, 5, 581, 6626, 5213, 103173, 16765, 13452, 98, 198274, 5609, 7, 111, 70, 44603, 34627, 5, 106745, 141, 144, 1002, 1444, 60213, 44603, 6, 209828, 35066, 98, 12638, 1030, 126, 7786, 6402, 44603, 5, 4843, 39, 186518, 289, 27781, 7, 26698, 45, 88322, 7809, 329, 939, 22110, 136, 5691, 1106, 50878, 86, 5, 124090, 144, 1002, 1444, 765, 70, 26168, 627, 16999, 5, 893, 27781, 83, 435, 65853, 8509, 939, 22110, 15, 36290, 53, 86, 17368, 87, 115503, 441, 50372, 18347, 6644, 194, 124090, 144, 1002, 1444, 4, 1884, 1030, 36743, 22110, 68034, 4, 621, 126561, 538, 43840, 1771, 4, 678, 915, 58, 605, 58, 142424, 111, 10932, 11653, 10660, 621, 2060, 1286, 43840, 1771, 3501, 144, 1098, 90, 136, 144, 331, 90, 4, 3129, 765, 915, 58, 605, 58, 142424, 111, 10932, 1112, 136, 836, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 581, 43840, 1771, 64707, 1409, 98, 33949, 144, 1002, 1444, 831, 186, 91995, 71, 390, 10, 96551, 111, 94407, 16750, 214, 23, 1870, 31, 9, 4, 5795, 8613, 9, 4, 136, 144, 265, 5387, 289, 1002, 1444, 5, 581, 2258, 761, 17514, 139392, 71, 390, 8, 18606, 191, 2320, 111, 33949, 144, 1002, 1444, 621, 35839, 10, 329, 90535, 17996, 5, 360, 242161, 165045, 50372, 18347, 6644, 4, 144, 1002, 1444, 621, 24, 4806, 678, 70, 160600, 183114, 5426, 15490, 2499, 78301, 120820, 5, 89536, 99726, 26698, 82, 3038, 86, 707, 44043, 939, 86, 5, 360, 49129, 121293, 7, 678, 22759, 707, 1286, 44603, 7, 4, 442, 83, 63559, 47, 5154, 7440, 70, 162738, 71052, 83, 105866, 5, 1326, 44043, 939, 86, 4, 1632, 831, 40101, 33022, 5691, 6652, 939, 86, 707, 36, 15390, 8316, 9, 53, 86, 3229, 70, 71052, 4034, 7, 99, 70, 50960, 44603, 5, 581, 459, 25617, 14012, 7722, 83, 34475, 47, 70, 162738, 71052, 5, 14847, 110, 14597, 123309, 94407, 621, 13379, 4, 70, 49129, 121293, 8110, 26698, 70, 162738, 71052, 3853, 2174, 442, 83, 959, 70, 4989, 525, 7722, 44603, 121293, 23, 70, 49711, 75449, 5, 1775, 3038, 86, 83, 39210, 538, 35839, 390, 6863, 1927, 686, 289, 9351, 1030, 36743, 22110, 5, 360, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 70, 133784, 425, 20, 53, 86, 83, 11814, 47, 8, 48345, 70, 169424, 111, 10, 162738, 71052, 5, 360, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 70, 133784, 425, 27983, 28960, 7, 87, 115503, 441, 50372, 18347, 6644, 5, 33306, 4, 23, 125733, 238, 217773, 7, 241599, 2234, 26690, 1363, 23, 70, 3173, 111, 162738, 71052, 7, 1543, 186, 8, 157, 3674, 390, 161740, 5844, 50372, 18347, 6644, 678, 70, 5701, 150624, 11814, 678, 144, 1002, 1444, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 42518, 214, 131457, 3674, 217773, 83, 73197, 297, 390, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 44, 9, 6130, 58, 86658, 678, 44, 9, 53, 86, 51029, 44, 9, 428, 53, 86, 58, 83, 11814, 3229, 2685, 621, 6626, 162738, 71052, 7, 4, 136, 221, 98, 5, 581, 19069, 111, 2234, 26690, 1363, 83, 117414, 71, 390, 10, 54744, 6827, 7001, 1236, 109312, 107671, 214, 70, 44, 9, 53, 86, 58, 133784, 425, 4, 707, 242, 55043, 10840, 25, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 48716, 162738, 71052, 7, 5, 88784, 10840, 621, 19667, 19, 221, 450, 70, 101935, 621, 27226, 237, 7722, 5, 44, 9, 53, 86, 58, 83, 2843, 11814, 237, 142, 23, 55923, 47, 9351, 6, 209828, 2517, 94407, 450, 621, 24745, 538, 6, 99091, 47, 70, 49129, 217773, 5, 160193, 10, 14012, 17721, 2119, 88322, 7, 83, 183540, 297, 8108, 442, 47, 11341, 3129, 34627, 7, 70, 162738, 71052, 83, 17721, 5, 3293, 133784, 425, 10, 75287, 237, 10, 3365, 127966, 71, 3173, 111, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 2565, 44, 8509, 939, 22110, 740, 581, 2704, 44, 9, 13, 58, 213566, 7, 2174, 442, 83, 134629, 390, 15700, 133784, 425, 450, 4034, 7, 678, 10, 2244, 8420, 5, 3288, 99932, 25958, 4, 70, 73944, 144, 1002, 86, 83, 1030, 36743, 22110, 68034, 4, 3129, 83, 11814, 237, 10, 160692, 136, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 3789, 217773, 7, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 1030, 1294, 19309, 7, 5, 49083, 2822, 7, 111, 43077, 111, 39012, 7, 621, 181653, 77253, 538, 390, 2878, 289, 128713, 2320, 111, 6083, 9060, 12, 43796, 53, 86, 4, 2843, 25297, 538, 80234, 4, 83, 2843, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 142, 144, 1002, 86, 83, 142, 2234, 26690, 3674, 64707, 3284, 8345, 70541, 214, 99, 19713, 1632, 44603, 2451, 3284, 8345, 162738, 71052, 5, 581, 30362, 18, 10, 187830, 238, 144, 1002, 1444, 678, 4734, 1632, 162738, 71052, 136, 110, 3789, 123309, 94407, 3173, 10, 12840, 26989, 223, 36549, 678, 70, 4537, 165045, 26168, 5, 884, 1002, 1444, 621, 89160, 538, 51529, 237, 1030, 126, 7786, 1444, 4, 102971, 70, 9351, 44, 8509, 939, 22110, 58, 2843, 15005, 7, 183037, 47, 14045, 4, 51529, 23113, 538, 237, 82, 3038, 86, 17368, 87, 115503, 441, 50372, 18347, 6644, 5, 18852, 3789, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 4, 144, 1002, 1444, 621, 137567, 64707, 22014, 45966, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure and bonding.", "Terminal and internal alkynes.", "Naming alkynes.", "Synthesis.", "Cracking.", "Dehydrohalogenation and related reactions.", "Reactions, including applications.", "Hydrogenation.", "Addition of halogens and related reagents.", "Hydration.", "Cycloadditions and oxidation.", "Reactions specific for terminal alkynes.", "Metal complexes.", "Alkynes in nature and medicine." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "In acetylene, the H–C≡C bond angles are 180°. By virtue of this bond angle, alkynes are rod-like. Correspondingly, cyclic alkynes are rare. Benzyne is highly unstable. The C≡C bond distance of 121 picometers is much shorter than the C=C distance in alkenes (134 pm) or the C–C bond in alkanes (153 pm). The triple bond is very strong with a bond strength of 839 kJ/mol. The sigma bond contributes 369 kJ/mol, the first pi bond contributes 268 kJ/mol and the second pi-bond of 202 kJ/mol bond strength. Bonding usually discussed in the context of molecular orbital theory, which recognizes the triple bond as arising from overlap of s and p orbitals. In the language of valence bond theory, the carbon atoms in an alkyne bond are sp hybridized: they each have two unhybridized p orbitals and two sp hybrid orbitals. Overlap of an sp orbital from each atom forms one sp–sp sigma bond. Each p orbital on one atom overlaps one on the other atom, forming two pi bonds, giving a total of three bonds. The remaining sp orbital on each atom can form a sigma bond to another atom, for example to hydrogen atoms in the parent acetylene. The two sp orbitals project on opposite sides of the carbon atom.", "Internal alkynes feature carbon substituents on each acetylenic carbon. Symmetrical examples include diphenylacetylene and 3-hexyne. Terminal alkynes have the formula RCH. An example is methylacetylene (propyne using IUPAC nomenclature). Terminal alkynes, like acetylene itself, are mildly acidic, with p\"K\" values of around 25. They are far more acidic than alkenes and alkanes, which have p\"K\" values of around 40 and 50, respectively. The acidic hydrogen on terminal alkynes can be replaced by a variety of groups resulting in halo-, silyl-, and alkoxoalkynes. The carbanions generated by deprotonation of terminal alkynes are called acetylides.", "In systematic chemical nomenclature, alkynes are named with the Greek prefix system without any additional letters. Examples include ethyne or octyne. In parent chains with four or more carbons, it is necessary to say where the triple bond is located. For octyne, one can either write 3-octyne or oct-3-yne when the bond starts at the third carbon. The lowest number possible is given to the triple bond. When no superior functional groups are present, the parent chain must include the triple bond even if it is not the longest possible carbon chain in the molecule. Ethyne is commonly called by its trivial name acetylene. In chemistry, the suffix -yne is used to denote the presence of a triple bond. In organic chemistry, the suffix often follows IUPAC nomenclature. However, inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes (i.e. the name of the corresponding saturated compound is modified by replacing the \"-ane\" ending with \"-yne\"). \"-diyne\" is used when there are two triple bonds, and so on. The position of unsaturation is indicated by a numerical locant immediately preceding the \"-yne\" suffix, or 'locants' in the case of multiple triple bonds. Locants are chosen so that the numbers are low as possible. \"-yne\" is also used as an infix to name substituent groups that are triply bound to the parent compound. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atoms the triple bond is between. This suffix arose as a collapsed form of the end of the word \"acetylene\". The final \"-e\" disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel.", "", "Commercially, the dominant alkyne is acetylene itself, which is used as a fuel and a precursor to other compounds, e.g., acrylates. Hundreds of millions of kilograms are produced annually by partial oxidation of natural gas: Propyne, also industrially useful, is also prepared by thermal cracking of hydrocarbons.", "Specialty alkynes are prepared by double dehydrohalogenation. The reaction provides a means to generate alkynes from alkenes, which are first halogenated and then dehydrohalogenates. For example, phenylacetylene can be generated from styrene by bromination followed by treatment of the resulting of styrene dibromide with sodium amide in ammonia: Via the Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement, alkynes are prepared from vinyl bromides. Alkynes can be prepared from aldehydes using the Corey–Fuchs reaction and from aldehydes or ketones by the Seyferth–Gilbert homologation.", "Featuring a reactive functional group, alkynes participate in many organic reactions. Such use was pioneered by Ralph Raphael, who in 1955 wrote the first book describing their versatility as intermediates in synthesis.", "Being more unsaturated than alkenes, alkynes characteristically undergo reactions that show that they are \"doubly unsaturated\". Alkynes are capable of adding two equivalents of H, whereas an alkene adds only one equivalent. Depending on catalysts and conditions, alkynes add one or two equivalents of hydrogen. Partial hydrogenation, stopping after the addition of only one equivalent to give the alkene, is usually more desirable since alkanes are less useful: The largest scale application of this technology is the conversion of acetylene to ethylene in refineries (the steam cracking of alkanes yields a few percent acetylene, which is selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a palladium/silver catalyst). For more complex alkynes, the Lindlar catalyst is widely recommended to avoid formation of the alkane, for example in the conversion of phenylacetylene to styrene. Similarly, halogenation of alkynes gives the alkene dihalides or alkyl tetrahalides: The addition of one equivalent of H to internal alkynes gives cis-alkenes.", "Alkynes characteristically are capable of adding two equivalents of halogens and hydrogen halides. The addition of nonpolar E–H bonds across C≡C is general for silanes, boranes, and related hydrides. The hydroboration of alkynes gives vinylic boranes which oxidize to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone. In the thiol-yne reaction the substrate is a thiol. Addition of hydrogen halides has long been of interest. In the presence of mercuric chloride as a catalyst, acetylene and hydrogen chloride react to give vinyl chloride. While this method has been abandoned in the West, it remains the main production method in China.", "The hydration reaction of acetylene gives acetaldehyde. The reaction proceeds by formation of vinylalcohol, which undergoes tautomerizes to form the aldehyde. This reaction was once a major industrial process but it has been displaced by the Wacker process. This reaction occurs in nature, the catalyst being acetylene hydratase. The hydration of phenylacetylene gives acetophenone, and the (PhP)AuCH-catalyzed hydration of 1,8-nonadiyne to 2,8-nonanedione:", "Alkynes undergo diverse cycloaddition reactions. The Diels–Alder reaction with 1,3-dienes give 1,4-cyclohexadienes. This general reaction has been extensively developed. Electrophilic alkynes are especially effective dienophiles. The \"cycloadduct\" derived from the addition of alkynes to 2-pyrone eliminates carbon dioxide to give the aromatic compound. Other specialized cycloadditions include multicomponent reactions such as alkyne trimerisation to give aromatic compounds and the [2+2+1]-cycloaddition of an alkyne, alkene and carbon monoxide in the Pauson–Khand reaction. Non-carbon reagents also undergo cyclization, e.g. Azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition to give triazoles. Cycloaddition processes involving alkynes are often catalyzed by metals, e.g. enyne metathesis and alkyne metathesis, which allows the scrambling of carbyne (RC) centers: Oxidative cleavage of alkynes proceeds via cycloaddition to metal oxides. Most famously, potassium permanganate converts alkynes to a pair of carboxylic acids.", "Terminal alkynes are readily converted to many derivatives, e.g. by coupling reactions and condensations. Via the condensation with formaldehyde and acetylene is produced butynediol: In the Sonogashira reaction, terminal alkynes are coupled with aryl or vinyl halides This reactivity exploits the fact that terminal alkynes are weak acids, whose typical p\"K\" values around 25 place them between that of ammonia (35) and ethanol (16): The reactions of alkynes with certain metal cations, e.g. Ag and Cu also gives acetylides. Thus, few drops of diamminesilver(I) hydroxide (Ag(NH)OH) reacts with terminal alkynes signaled by formation of a white precipitate of the silver acetylide. This reactivity is the basis of alkyne coupling reactions, including the Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling, Glaser coupling, and the Eglinton coupling: In the Favorskii reaction and in alkynylations in general, terminal alkynes add to carbonyl compounds to give the hydroxyalkyne.", "Alkynes form complexes with transition metals. Such complexes occur also in metal catalyzed reactions of alkynes such as alkyne trimerization. Terminal alkynes, including acetylene itself, react with water to give aldehydes. The transformation typically requires metal catalysts to give this anti-Markovnikov addition result.", "According to Ferdinand Bohlmann, the first naturally occurring acetylenic compound, dehydromatricaria ester, was isolated from an \"Artemisia\" species in 1826. In the nearly two centuries that have followed, well over a thousand naturally occurring acetylenes have been discovered and reported. Polyynes, a subset of this class of natural products, have been isolated from a wide variety of plant species, cultures of higher fungi, bacteria, marine sponges, and corals. Some acids like tariric acid contain an alkyne group. Diynes and triynes, species with the linkage RC≡C–C≡CR′ and RC≡C–C≡C–C≡CR′ respectively, occur in certain plants (\"Ichthyothere\", \"Chrysanthemum\", \"Cicuta\", \"Oenanthe\" and other members of the Asteraceae and Apiaceae families). Some examples are cicutoxin, oenanthotoxin, and falcarinol. These compounds are highly bioactive, e.g. as nematocides. 1-Phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne is illustrative of a naturally occurring triyne. Alkynes occur in some pharmaceuticals, including the contraceptive noretynodrel. A carbon–carbon triple bond is also present in marketed drugs such as the antiretroviral Efavirenz and the antifungal Terbinafine. Molecules called ene-diynes feature a ring containing an alkene (\"ene\") between two alkyne groups (\"diyne\"). These compounds, e.g. calicheamicin, are some of the most aggressive antitumor drugs known, so much so that the ene-diyne subunit is sometimes referred to as a \"warhead\". Ene-diynes undergo rearrangement via the Bergman cyclization, generating highly reactive radical intermediates that attack DNA within the tumor." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 884, 1098, 90, 19441, 22759, 707, 1286, 44603, 34627, 7, 831, 3173, 9789, 118990, 141, 13882, 31648, 5, 31384, 144, 1098, 90, 621, 2843, 13882, 31648, 111, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 5, 62, 187830, 238, 144, 45754, 118990, 141, 13882, 31648, 678, 4734, 1632, 41929, 71052, 28960, 12, 52455, 111, 6097, 49711, 70838, 80788, 18, 1059, 7, 9, 30145, 13882, 1991, 8780, 5, 8622, 1543, 2843, 186, 1658, 7263, 44603, 7, 106480, 28032, 70, 150679, 49711, 70838, 15, 161063, 313, 194, 581, 14012, 111, 38516, 13882, 31648, 51312, 7, 25545, 538, 678, 78301, 44603, 34627, 7, 5, 18852, 10, 11001, 552, 85540, 71052, 4, 41929, 71052, 7, 831, 186, 151552, 23, 69407, 111, 645, 143, 26783, 34627, 1771, 103173, 16765, 4, 40494, 450, 4, 51, 5062, 10, 11001, 71052, 15, 143321, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 11001, 1144, 192, 71052, 247, 10, 44603, 1104, 3284, 8345, 41929, 71052, 58055, 7, 111, 1632, 1144, 192, 71052, 136, 1632, 2147, 71052, 5, 3293, 41929, 71052, 83, 37515, 56, 3501, 10, 11001, 552, 85540, 71052, 16156, 1662, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 100, 313, 1369, 441, 20209, 5, 6, 125450, 472, 1375, 64, 17965, 100, 313, 1104, 441, 16, 136, 2843, 16610, 56, 4, 678, 142, 83080, 71052, 140909, 111, 615, 9185, 426, 449, 30011, 7, 15, 125158, 3592, 194, 98423, 44603, 111, 70, 41929, 71052, 4527, 7, 6863, 17262, 5213, 113490, 103173, 16765, 47, 3173, 1144, 192, 71052, 7, 47, 17262, 34627, 7, 15, 2347, 3789, 44603, 136, 6626, 64707, 1409, 34627, 7, 194, 581, 51, 3038, 100269, 29367, 116, 254, 34627, 1771, 103173, 16765, 4, 3129, 28127, 117, 40930, 25667, 47, 70, 47880, 75935, 390, 70, 10, 31195, 111, 70, 17262, 5213, 304, 113490, 103173, 16765, 4, 70163, 47, 3173, 70, 2147, 71052, 5, 3293, 71052, 400, 90, 50782, 70, 5201, 313, 1104, 441, 10, 33102, 4, 678, 23552, 111, 70, 71052, 98, 1632, 5609, 111, 70, 49711, 75449, 136, 10, 23552, 98, 70, 3789, 5, 17106, 10, 90254, 111, 5684, 158805, 64, 17965, 4, 70, 2147, 71052, 83, 207583, 642, 11, 1728, 3501, 70, 1144, 192, 71052, 5, 2777, 22062, 1672, 70, 44603, 1104, 3284, 8345, 41929, 71052, 83, 173072, 297, 6637, 442, 73106, 7, 142, 51120, 11034, 47, 36356, 70, 6, 143420, 674, 111, 70, 915, 103173, 16765, 98, 70, 6626, 44603, 34627, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 179804, 6620, 4, 161740, 297, 144, 1098, 90, 1543, 32316, 237, 1632, 111, 6626, 13882, 31648, 4, 35839, 44, 10794, 58, 707, 44, 30145, 58, 13882, 31648, 5, 5455, 27140, 144, 1098, 90, 1543, 186, 24, 4806, 678, 70, 44, 647, 58, 1104, 58, 1511, 58, 110, 22062, 100, 49711, 70838, 678, 17262, 707, 22759, 12921, 6, 209828, 35066, 15, 8752, 94407, 194, 1326, 27781, 4, 111, 70, 13882, 31648, 111, 1284, 1151, 4, 70, 6626, 435, 65853, 94407, 111, 24073, 1511, 18939, 9, 8789, 5428, 9, 1151, 15, 11, 5, 92, 5, 11, 5, 44, 10794, 58, 5428, 9, 8789, 1151, 16, 108975, 98, 70, 5701, 5609, 111, 70, 41929, 71052, 4, 136, 23, 24073, 647, 18939, 9, 8789, 5428, 9, 1151, 15, 11, 5, 92, 5, 11, 5, 44, 30145, 58, 5428, 9, 8789, 1151, 16, 70, 435, 65853, 94407, 108975, 98, 198274, 5609, 7, 5, 32255, 6626, 13882, 31648, 111, 1284, 1151, 765, 117781, 183871, 5, 384, 16196, 1916, 47, 10, 2510, 7236, 45, 5252, 7263, 55291, 17721, 6626, 111, 70, 94407, 98, 70, 44603, 7, 144570, 40715, 48302, 3501, 70, 90254, 111, 10, 2147, 71052, 4, 136, 70, 71052, 7464, 16401, 7, 5, 581, 44603, 7, 111, 70, 41929, 71052, 24209, 242810, 289, 4, 3129, 114864, 9498, 56, 6496, 3060, 915, 103173, 289, 6, 143420, 674, 2451, 2940, 8311, 329, 2147, 337, 33770, 5, 581, 3789, 6626, 220642, 94407, 47143, 99, 10, 150679, 45, 5252, 7263, 55291, 5, 3293, 2304, 61669, 7, 10, 39210, 7986, 14137, 10, 16865, 1363, 450, 70, 6626, 44603, 7, 112033, 73, 2363, 1774, 147, 31425, 3229, 165292, 214, 4, 23, 3129, 7225, 70, 915, 103173, 16765, 2806, 47014, 67, 20174, 16065, 1295, 12638, 3789, 47, 186, 51, 2886, 47, 205027, 10, 2147, 71052, 5, 360, 10, 2510, 7236, 9, 18, 2452, 14437, 144, 45754, 4, 70, 915, 103173, 16765, 621, 4734, 1239, 143420, 297, 390, 201, 76225, 136, 70, 177488, 48302, 83, 4734, 10932, 1112, 158805, 64, 17965, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 10, 89554, 148431, 2147, 71052, 1556, 142, 51120, 11034, 111, 10932, 5684, 158805, 64, 17965, 5, 31384, 242810, 289, 144, 1098, 90, 621, 144142, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 44, 30145, 58, 9, 192876, 6652, 22154, 83, 10, 144142, 177488, 297, 144, 45754, 136, 70, 103173, 289, 1239, 143420, 674, 83, 4734, 953, 7236, 4, 8, 61518, 19441, 10, 88551, 45, 5252, 7263, 55291, 111, 702, 119780, 15, 11, 1774, 147, 5426, 1556, 10, 45, 5252, 7263, 55291, 111, 210729, 16, 136, 10, 79385, 111, 242810, 289, 47691, 111, 543, 7236, 5, 31267, 44, 30145, 58, 9, 192876, 1106, 31385, 86, 83, 144142, 99, 27226, 52768, 7, 5, 1301, 92054, 297, 390, 70, 310, 9127, 17255, 3299, 111, 77556, 19, 80836, 10958, 202, 6889, 4, 70, 233239, 700, 87739, 53, 111, 144, 1098, 90, 96853, 71052, 55291, 7, 1672, 12638, 44603, 23, 10, 41929, 71052, 111, 1672, 106, 169079, 5, 581, 55291, 1543, 285, 53, 6637, 111, 2288, 12259, 177488, 65508, 71, 390, 351, 52869, 297, 182809, 7, 17721, 123309, 94407, 220642, 47, 70, 44603, 7, 111, 70, 41929, 71052, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 70, 313, 1104, 441, 1104, 441, 71052, 55291, 23, 6, 225657, 1151, 83, 37638, 5, 152368, 5, 1326, 6, 80728, 71, 144, 1098, 90, 4, 121932, 18, 25, 7, 79986, 117249, 450, 10, 41929, 71052, 53418, 74918, 99, 70, 6, 80728, 31251, 111, 10, 6, 80728, 71, 15789, 5426, 117934, 70, 6, 46828, 621, 21334, 20174, 5, 77168, 214, 3036, 434, 31618, 18, 136, 13204, 449, 44, 294, 58, 237, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 351, 9, 80728, 31251, 34627, 7, 23, 70, 6, 46828, 4, 333, 187830, 238, 76519, 64209, 44, 294, 58, 6, 220884, 361, 100, 40780, 53, 136, 1927, 187830, 238, 76519, 64209, 44, 294, 58, 6, 220884, 4541, 52455, 111, 70, 72761, 183871, 111, 144, 1098, 90, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 142, 144, 45754, 83, 142, 2234, 26690, 3674, 64707, 3284, 8345, 450, 70541, 7, 10, 44603, 1104, 3284, 8345, 41929, 71052, 5, 992, 7, 26690, 3674, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 70541, 214, 6626, 707, 1286, 41929, 71052, 7, 621, 51529, 237, 144, 161, 14569, 90, 4, 144, 2337, 21347, 90, 4, 144, 37670, 1517, 63469, 4, 136, 221, 98, 5, 581, 34153, 144, 45754, 136, 1942, 5983, 621, 27983, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 15, 21231, 50372, 18347, 6644, 40059, 35064, 194, 62, 187830, 238, 144, 1098, 90, 4, 678, 4734, 1632, 41929, 71052, 136, 110, 3789, 123309, 94407, 4, 51529, 237, 22460, 9, 63469, 4, 3173, 10, 12840, 26989, 223, 36549, 111, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 678, 70, 4537, 26168, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structural isomerism.", "Structure.", "Bonding.", "Shape.", "Physical properties.", "Reactions.", "Addition reactions.", "Hydrogenation.", "Hydration.", "Halogenation.", "Hydrohalogenation.", "Halohydrin formation.", "Oxidation.", "Photooxygenation.", "Polymerization.", "Metal complexation.", "Synthesis.", "Industrial methods.", "Elimination reactions.", "Synthesis from carbonyl compounds.", "Synthesis from alkenes: olefin metathesis and hydrovinylation.", "From alkynes.", "Rearrangements and related reactions.", "Nomenclature.", "IUPAC names.", "\"Cis\"–\"trans\" notation.", "\"E\"–\"Z\" notation.", "Groups containing C=C double bonds." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Alkenes having four or more carbon atoms can form diverse structural isomers. Some alkenes are also isomers of cycloalkanes. Acyclic alkene structural isomers with only one double bond follow: Many of these molecules exhibit cis-trans isomerism. There may also be chiral carbons particularly within the larger molecules (from C). The number of potential isomers increases rapidly with additional carbon atoms.", "", "Like a single covalent bond, double bonds can be described in terms of overlapping atomic orbitals, except that, unlike a single bond (which consists of a single sigma bond), a carbon–carbon double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond. This double bond is stronger than a single covalent bond (611 kJ/mol for C=C vs. 347 kJ/mol for C–C) and also shorter, with an average bond length of 1.33 ångströms (133 pm). Each carbon of the double bond uses its three sp hybrid orbitals to form sigma bonds to three atoms (the other carbon and two hydrogen atoms). The unhybridized 2p atomic orbitals, which lie perpendicular to the plane created by the axes of the three sp2 hybrid orbitals, combine to form the pi bond. This bond lies outside the main C–C axis, with half of the bond on one side of the molecule and a half on the other. With a strength of 65 kcal/mol, the pi bond is significantly weaker than the sigma bond. Rotation about the carbon–carbon double bond is restricted because it incurs an energetic cost to break the alignment of the p orbitals on the two carbon atoms. As a consequence, substituted alkenes may exist as one of two isomers, called \"cis\" or \"trans\" isomers. More complex alkenes may be named with the \"E\"–\"Z\" notation for molecules with three or four different substituents (side groups). For example, of the isomers of butene, the two methyl groups of (\"Z\")-but-2-ene (a.k.a. \"cis\"-2-butene) appear on the same side of the double bond, and in (\"E\")-but-2-ene (a.k.a. \"trans\"-2-butene) the methyl groups appear on opposite sides. These two isomers of butene have distinct properties. Twisting to a 90° dihedral angle between two of the groups on the carbons requires less energy than the strength of a pi bond, and the bond still holds. The carbons of the double bond become pyramidal, which allows preserving some p orbital alignment—and hence pi bonding. The other two attached groups remain at a larger dihedral angle. This contradicts a common textbook assertion that the two carbons retain their planar nature when twisting, in which case the p orbitals would rotate enough away from each other to be unable to sustain a pi bond. In a 90°-twisted alkene, the p orbitals are only misaligned by 42° and the strain energy is only around 40 kcal/mol. In contrast, a fully broken pi bond has an energetic cost of around 65 kcal/mol. Some pyramidal alkenes are stable. For example, \"trans\"-cyclooctene is a stable strained alkene and the orbital misalignment is only 19°, despite having a significant dihedral angle of 137° (a planar system has a dihedral angle of 180°) and a degree of pyramidalization of 18°. Even \"trans\"-cycloheptene is stable at low temperatures.", "As predicted by the VSEPR model of electron pair repulsion, the molecular geometry of alkenes includes bond angles about each carbon in a double bond of about 120°. The angle may vary because of steric strain introduced by nonbonded interactions between functional groups attached to the carbons of the double bond. For example, the C–C–C bond angle in propylene is 123.9°. For bridged alkenes, Bredt's rule states that a double bond cannot occur at the bridgehead of a bridged ring system unless the rings are large enough. Following Fawcett and defining \"S\" as the total number of non-bridgehead atoms in the rings, bicyclic systems require \"S\" ≥ 7 for stability and tricyclic systems require \"S\" ≥ 11.", "Many of the physical properties of alkenes and alkanes are similar: they are colorless, nonpolar, and combustible. The physical state depends on molecular mass: like the corresponding saturated hydrocarbons, the simplest alkenes (ethene, propene, and butene) are gases at room temperature. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids. The melting point of the solids also increases with increase in molecular mass. Alkenes generally have stronger smells than their corresponding alkanes. Ethylene has a sweet and musty odor. The binding of cupric ion to the olefin in the mammalian olfactory receptor MOR244-3 is implicated in the smell of alkenes (as well as thiols). Strained alkenes, in particular, like norbornene and \"trans\"-cyclooctene are known to have strong, unpleasant odors, a fact consistent with the stronger π complexes they form with metal ions including copper.", "Alkenes are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive than alkanes, either because of the reactivity of the carbon–carbon pi-bond or the presence of allylic CH centers. Most reactions of alkenes involve additions to this pi bond, forming new single bonds. Alkenes serve as a feedstock for the petrochemical industry because they can participate in a wide variety of reactions, prominently polymerization and alkylation.", "Alkenes react in many addition reactions, which occur by opening up the double-bond. Most of these addition reactions follow the mechanism of electrophilic addition. Examples are hydrohalogenation, halogenation, halohydrin formation, oxymercuration, hydroboration, dichlorocarbene addition, Simmons–Smith reaction, catalytic hydrogenation, epoxidation, radical polymerization and hydroxylation.", "Hydrogenation of alkenes produces the corresponding alkanes. The reaction is carried out under pressure at a temperature of 200 °C in the presence of a metallic catalyst. Common industrial catalysts are based on platinum, nickel or palladium. For laboratory syntheses, Raney nickel (an alloy of nickel and aluminium) is often employed. The simplest example of this reaction is the catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene to yield ethane:", "Hydration, the addition of water across the double bond of alkenes, yields alcohols. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. This reaction is carried out on an industrial scale to produce synthetic ethanol. Alkenes can also be converted into alcohols via the oxymercuration–demercuration reaction, the hydroboration–oxidation reaction or by Mukaiyama hydration.", "In electrophilic halogenation the addition of elemental bromine or chlorine to alkenes yields vicinal dibromo- and dichloroalkanes (1,2-dihalides or ethylene dihalides), respectively. The decoloration of a solution of bromine in water is an analytical test for the presence of alkenes: Related reactions are also used as quantitative measures of unsaturation, expressed as the bromine number and iodine number of a compound or mixture.", "Hydrohalogenation is the addition of hydrogen halides, such as HCl or HI, to alkenes to yield the corresponding haloalkanes: If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon with fewer hydrogen substituents. This patterns is known as Markovnikov's rule. The use of radical initiators or other compounds can lead to the opposite product result. Hydrobromic acid in particular is prone to forming radicals in the presence of various impurities or even atmospheric oxygen, leading to the reversal of the Markovnikov result:", "Alkenes react with water and halogens to form halohydrins by an addition reaction. Markovnikov regiochemistry and anti-stereochemistry occur.", "Alkenes are oxidized with many oxidizing agents. In the presence of oxygen, alkenes burn with a bright flame to produce carbon dioxide and water. Catalytic oxidation with oxygen or the reaction with percarboxylic acids yields epoxides. Reaction with ozone in ozonolysis leads to the breaking of the double bond, yielding two aldehydes or ketones. Reaction with concentrated, hot KMnO (or other oxidizing salts) in an acidic solution will yield ketones or carboxylic acids. This reaction can be used to determine the position of a double bond in an unknown alkene. The oxidation can be stopped at the vicinal diol rather than full cleavage of the alkene by using milder (dilute, lower temperature) KMnO or with osmium tetroxide or other oxidants.", "In the presence of an appropriate photosensitiser, such as methylene blue and light, alkenes can undergo reaction with reactive oxygen species generated by the photosensitiser, such as hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen or superoxide ion. These reactive photochemical intermediates are generated in what are known as Type I, Type II, and Type III processes, respectively. These various alternative processes and reactions can be controlled by choice of specific reaction conditions, leading to a wide range of products. A common example is the [4+2]-cycloaddition of singlet oxygen with a diene such as cyclopentadiene to yield an endoperoxide: Another example is the Schenck ene reaction, in which singlet oxygen reacts with an allylic structure to give a transposed allyl peroxide:", "Polymerization of alkenes is a reaction that yields polymers of high industrial value at great economy, such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene. Polymers from alkene monomers are referred to in a general way as \"polyolefins\" or in rare instances as \"polyalkenes\". A polymer from alpha-olefins is called a polyalphaolefin (PAO). Polymerization can proceed via either a free-radical or an ionic mechanism, converting the double to a single bond and forming single bonds to join the other monomers. Polymerization of conjugated dienes such as buta-1,3-diene or isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) results in largely 1,4-addition with possibly some 1,2-addition of the diene monomer to a growing polymer chain.", "Alkenes are ligands in transition metal alkene complexes. The two carbon centres bond to the metal using the C–C pi- and pi*-orbitals. Mono- and diolefins are often used as ligands in stable complexes. Cyclooctadiene and norbornadiene are popular chelating agents, and even ethylene itself is sometimes used as a ligand, for example, in Zeise's salt. In addition, metal–alkene complexes are intermediates in many metal-catalyzed reactions including hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and polymerization.", "", "Alkenes are produced by hydrocarbon cracking. Raw materials are mostly natural gas condensate components (principally ethane and propane) in the US and Mideast and naphtha in Europe and Asia. Alkanes are broken apart at high temperatures, often in the presence of a zeolite catalyst, to produce a mixture of primarily aliphatic alkenes and lower molecular weight alkanes. The mixture is feedstock and temperature dependent, and separated by fractional distillation. This is mainly used for the manufacture of small alkenes (up to six carbons). Related to this is catalytic dehydrogenation, where an alkane loses hydrogen at high temperatures to produce a corresponding alkene. This is the reverse of the catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes. This process is also known as reforming. Both processes are endothermic and are driven towards the alkene at high temperatures by entropy. Catalytic synthesis of higher α-alkenes (of the type RCH=CH) can also be achieved by a reaction of ethylene with the organometallic compound triethylaluminium in the presence of nickel, cobalt, or platinum.", "One of the principal methods for alkene synthesis in the laboratory is the room elimination of alkyl halides, alcohols, and similar compounds. Most common is the β-elimination via the E2 or E1 mechanism, but α-eliminations are also known. The E2 mechanism provides a more reliable β-elimination method than E1 for most alkene syntheses. Most E2 eliminations start with an alkyl halide or alkyl sulfonate ester (such as a tosylate or triflate). When an alkyl halide is used, the reaction is called a dehydrohalogenation. For unsymmetrical products, the more substituted alkenes (those with fewer hydrogens attached to the C=C) tend to predominate (see Zaitsev's rule). Two common methods of elimination reactions are dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides and dehydration of alcohols. A typical example is shown below; note that if possible, the H is \"anti\" to the leaving group, even though this leads to the less stable \"Z\"-isomer. Alkenes can be synthesized from alcohols via dehydration, in which case water is lost via the E1 mechanism. For example, the dehydration of ethanol produces ethene: An alcohol may also be converted to a better leaving group (e.g., xanthate), so as to allow a milder \"syn\"-elimination such as the Chugaev elimination and the Grieco elimination. Related reactions include eliminations by β-haloethers (the Boord olefin synthesis) and esters (ester pyrolysis). Alkenes can be prepared indirectly from alkyl amines. The amine or ammonia is not a suitable leaving group, so the amine is first either alkylated (as in the Hofmann elimination) or oxidized to an amine oxide (the Cope reaction) to render a smooth elimination possible. The Cope reaction is a \"syn\"-elimination that occurs at or below 150 °C, for example: The Hofmann elimination is unusual in that the \"less\" substituted (non-Saytseff) alkene is usually the major product. Alkenes are generated from α-halosulfones in the Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction, via a three-membered ring sulfone intermediate.", "Another important method for alkene synthesis involves construction of a new carbon–carbon double bond by coupling of a carbonyl compound (such as an aldehyde or ketone) to a carbanion equivalent. Such reactions are sometimes called \"olefinations\". The most well-known of these methods is the Wittig reaction, but other related methods are known, including the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. The Wittig reaction involves reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a Wittig reagent (or phosphorane) of the type PhP=CHR to produce an alkene and PhP=O. The Wittig reagent is itself prepared easily from triphenylphosphine and an alkyl halide. The reaction is quite general and many functional groups are tolerated, even esters, as in this example: Related to the Wittig reaction is the Peterson olefination, which uses silicon-based reagents in place of the phosphorane. This reaction allows for the selection of \"E\"- or \"Z\"-products. If an \"E\"-product is desired, another alternative is the Julia olefination, which uses the carbanion generated from a phenyl sulfone. The Takai olefination based on an organochromium intermediate also delivers E-products. A titanium compound, Tebbe's reagent, is useful for the synthesis of methylene compounds; in this case, even esters and amides react. A pair of ketones or aldehydes can be deoxygenated to generate an alkene. Symmetrical alkenes can be prepared from a single aldehyde or ketone coupling with itself, using titanium metal reduction (the McMurry reaction). If different ketones are to be coupled, a more complicated method is required, such as the Barton–Kellogg reaction. A single ketone can also be converted to the corresponding alkene via its tosylhydrazone, using sodium methoxide (the Bamford–Stevens reaction) or an alkyllithium (the Shapiro reaction).", "Alkenes can be prepared by exchange with other alkenes, in a reaction known as olefin metathesis. In the implementations, formation of ethene gas is used to drive the reaction towards a desired product. In other cases, ethylene is used to convert internal alkenes into two terminal alkenes, a process referred to as ethenolysis. Olefin metathesis tolerates many functional groups. The method is particularly effective for the preparation of cyclic alkenes, as in this synthesis of muscone: Transition metal catalyzed hydrovinylation is another important alkene synthesis process starting from alkene itself. It involves the addition of a hydrogen and a vinyl group (or an alkenyl group) across a double bond.", "Reduction of alkynes is a useful method for the stereoselective synthesis of disubstituted alkenes. If the \"cis\"-alkene is desired, hydrogenation in the presence of Lindlar's catalyst (a heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate and treated with various forms of lead) is commonly used, though hydroboration followed by hydrolysis provides an alternative approach. Reduction of the alkyne by sodium metal in liquid ammonia gives the \"trans\"-alkene. For the preparation multisubstituted alkenes, carbometalation of alkynes can give rise to a large variety of alkene derivatives.", "Alkenes can be synthesized from other alkenes via rearrangement reactions. Besides olefin metathesis (described above), many pericyclic reactions can be used such as the ene reaction and the Cope rearrangement. In the Diels–Alder reaction, a cyclohexene derivative is prepared from a diene and a reactive or electron-deficient alkene.", "Although the nomenclature is not followed widely, according to IUPAC, alkenes are acyclic hydrocarbons with one double bond between carbon centers. Olefins comprise a larger collection of cyclic and acyclic alkenes as well as dienes and polyenes.", "To form the root of the IUPAC names for alkenes, simply change the \"-an-\" infix of the parent to \"-en-\". For example, CH-CH is the alkane \"ethANe\". The name of CH=CH is therefore \"ethENe\". In higher alkenes, where isomers exist that differ in location of the double bond, the following numbering system is used:", "In the specific case of disubstituted alkenes where the two carbons have one substituent each, \"cis\"–\"trans\" notation may be used. If both substituents are on the same side of the bond, it is defined as \"cis\"-. If the substituents are on either side of the bond, it is defined as \"trans\"-.", "When an alkene has more than one substituent (especially necessary with 3 or 4 substituents), the double bond geometry is described using the labels \"E\" and \"Z\". These labels come from the German words \"entgegen\", meaning \"opposite\", and \"zusammen\", meaning \"together\". Alkenes with the higher priority groups (as determined by CIP rules) on the same side of the double bond have these groups together and are designated \"Z\". Alkenes with the higher priority groups on opposite sides are designated \"E\". A mnemonic to remember this: \"Z\" notation has the higher priority groups on \"ze zame zide.\"", "IUPAC recognizes two names for hydrocarbon groups containing carbon–carbon double bonds, the vinyl group and the allyl group." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 786, 30125, 509, 103122, 23, 46980, 330, 4, 236386, 4, 23, 543, 3882, 237, 70, 5117, 775, 111, 8063, 669, 16162, 9, 6979, 238, 7162, 786, 30125, 136, 180611, 3135, 786, 30125, 9, 441, 12116, 4445, 5, 18763, 14449, 509, 30396, 1003, 538, 138253, 1419, 136, 1902, 88551, 79507, 23, 46980, 330, 100510, 5, 18763, 27863, 11405, 297, 70, 34292, 111, 2265, 4488, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 509, 36457, 120592, 707, 68743, 7, 136, 30989, 90, 4, 12960, 1919, 42732, 79786, 678, 70, 133054, 136, 70425, 5, 786, 30125, 3514, 434, 1257, 20271, 70, 14922, 111, 167821, 38075, 33, 214, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 1052, 58988, 37287, 830, 136, 99, 32070, 543, 764, 33284, 297, 70, 46980, 330, 67081, 100, 78289, 7, 68772, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 6602, 4, 25842, 678, 23902, 4, 764, 14037, 297, 70, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 20800, 12824, 5636, 56187, 830, 10, 5078, 184, 8753, 111, 27150, 453, 450, 435, 47, 35187, 70, 60313, 136, 4358, 70, 70425, 4, 136, 764, 66933, 5045, 111, 1919, 4092, 1733, 81810, 71, 23, 101085, 19922, 7, 136, 2265, 4488, 5, 2161, 496, 7582, 543, 12744, 4, 764, 14037, 297, 70, 46980, 330, 139539, 111, 70, 990, 155900, 136, 17262, 5369, 14432, 764, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 7270, 41714, 30396, 3674, 47, 70, 14037, 214, 111, 6863, 21640, 53702, 5, 360, 543, 12977, 4, 99, 32070, 21416, 786, 30125, 25737, 70, 88842, 111451, 8, 234702, 4743, 47, 70425, 44000, 7, 4, 136, 764, 80723, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 16070, 678, 70, 17265, 9, 90965, 214, 11037, 44, 21086, 52704, 82, 6987, 3055, 740, 24372, 6863, 65771, 93192, 4, 764, 47143, 297, 237, 142, 188183, 111, 70, 4620, 5, 360, 543, 14226, 4, 786, 30125, 36997, 71, 884, 134431, 4, 139327, 399, 4, 136, 63457, 20102, 4, 98, 95486, 674, 678, 10, 14380, 30396, 3674, 47, 70, 44, 22796, 70142, 111, 503, 7737, 58, 24073, 10770, 11902, 701, 22293, 965, 3075, 224, 156637, 3387, 8, 36166, 7737, 51029, 262, 61518, 10176, 16981, 4, 764, 65771, 538, 211394, 297, 70, 95486, 674, 5, 156241, 390, 70, 24745, 4, 764, 54397, 1919, 5117, 12877, 678, 70, 44759, 44, 7251, 61417, 111, 70, 68744, 2408, 23, 139327, 58, 24073, 5021, 24494, 613, 21, 18436, 110343, 8, 139327, 74054, 91376, 23, 543, 10057, 5, 360, 543, 13683, 4, 764, 75935, 10, 8063, 47, 160404, 23, 110613, 46512, 3387, 4, 136, 4, 7103, 8035, 2855, 3674, 10, 3551, 121215, 390, 92265, 9, 6652, 1010, 138518, 884, 134431, 4, 10, 126041, 9, 8407, 14775, 136, 71702, 14380, 35839, 70, 96408, 136, 81207, 33734, 111, 7465, 7, 9, 397, 170, 446, 33990, 37837, 7, 24073, 8912, 318, 53484, 141859, 82, 176507, 224, 45709, 2397, 7, 224, 7465, 7, 9, 397, 170, 446, 33990, 51029, 33306, 4, 70, 3551, 136, 7401, 38109, 3542, 959, 123019, 95486, 297, 4, 136, 70, 190070, 207048, 3542, 959, 41866, 57476, 4935, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 786, 30125, 68872, 47, 149528, 105237, 47, 92265, 6, 88940, 748, 353, 5877, 446, 191, 4830, 4, 2750, 509, 678, 1919, 187, 1176, 23, 213050, 53, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 9942, 509, 181952, 98, 70, 5609, 111, 10374, 71, 15477, 9, 294, 40884, 1174, 26548, 66724, 4, 2750, 1902, 95699, 34, 138518, 5045, 111, 18925, 25, 7, 98848, 5, 113157, 25, 7, 10336, 167565, 1314, 3542, 105866, 23, 70, 19336, 26349, 111, 6678, 26926, 157, 5, 786, 30125, 54397, 10, 49878, 33558, 12877, 4393, 111, 1645, 3075, 100, 113157, 4830, 678, 70, 91177, 47, 13379, 442, 47, 70, 6, 88940, 748, 4, 136, 7068, 26983, 297, 47, 6678, 26926, 157, 47, 23356, 678, 4049, 165197, 5, 786, 30125, 174920, 23, 6678, 26926, 157, 98, 70, 105216, 111, 744, 18237, 192888, 4, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 10, 133868, 17721, 70, 6626, 5609, 7, 1902, 74918, 2822, 43573, 1272, 5, 384, 74797, 53, 9, 927, 107, 13, 199823, 148, 167457, 4, 2160, 214, 136, 103494, 47143, 297, 98, 70, 133868, 28394, 4, 136, 2685, 118775, 47, 186, 10176, 81887, 47, 22691, 517, 5, 215072, 297, 4, 786, 30125, 66570, 34739, 70, 99082, 47, 5808, 13, 70, 117907, 66, 43904, 4, 41866, 70, 24793, 136, 29526, 4, 47, 22691, 127557, 47, 70, 23, 461, 2822, 136, 133054, 79063, 1314, 5, 10660, 21, 76622, 6, 129980, 76319, 136, 120384, 90, 4, 136, 786, 30125, 66570, 5808, 297, 70, 59038, 111, 44841, 76319, 136, 104902, 72, 24762, 3249, 3767, 2480, 17986, 7, 5, 1529, 122991, 71, 70, 43904, 47, 4516, 70, 148, 167457, 15490, 28601, 47, 2363, 5609, 23, 70, 79612, 237, 117, 70, 68049, 44, 58, 618, 96609, 588, 33049, 58, 58, 15, 43512, 621, 82953, 7, 16, 43780, 297, 390, 70, 24793, 111, 43573, 1272, 26349, 32301, 124952, 86, 1864, 159, 19805, 1357, 5, 1529, 2843, 214493, 297, 23, 21647, 214, 70, 54452, 111, 66724, 19, 22072, 7, 141621, 71, 390, 70, 92265, 5, 24372, 30646, 214, 47, 46980, 330, 39395, 23, 20414, 4, 786, 30125, 68872, 47, 33022, 10, 12877, 1672, 1919, 134858, 4, 3129, 764, 44759, 71, 44, 14256, 24303, 73794, 8, 6678, 26926, 157, 58, 24073, 284, 172681, 111, 6678, 26926, 157, 51029, 1650, 509, 91376, 23, 195616, 23, 142, 79737, 111, 106, 4, 10715, 71200, 7, 136, 509, 28412, 297, 99, 786, 30125, 25, 7, 10002, 14700, 21161, 5, 360, 70, 12877, 4, 764, 151552, 70, 133868, 4, 6863, 84458, 4, 136, 70, 1608, 31, 9523, 170420, 7103, 19364, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 126809, 70, 6528, 450, 23, 70, 22690, 10, 62276, 53702, 5608, 32316, 47, 22691, 517, 47, 148, 167457, 79063, 1314, 5, 1529, 15917, 3674, 70, 12877, 47, 5941, 105207, 68894, 136, 116338, 26366, 7, 23, 14713, 5, 786, 30125, 2843, 80723, 47, 26983, 8305, 14713, 47, 125568, 1919, 25647, 5, 18763, 12877, 509, 21334, 538, 24491, 538, 75204, 4, 136, 70, 34202, 111, 70, 46980, 330, 67081, 100, 16934, 30982, 44937, 4, 112811, 63691, 13, 107285, 50216, 4, 7228, 70, 12877, 136, 6863, 157666, 70, 28451, 111, 70, 483, 22482, 141745, 41714, 111, 70, 53702, 5, 786, 30125, 25, 7, 209236, 3542, 160477, 71, 136, 24491, 538, 202120, 297, 390, 70, 43032, 5, 10660, 75935, 10, 43606, 9, 30816, 148855, 47, 53333, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 45233, 786, 30125, 15, 57332, 16162, 9, 841, 33, 416, 786, 30125, 74, 382, 4347, 543, 3882, 46, 496, 18374, 64972, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 80640, 786, 30125, 4, 509, 10, 140434, 75757, 3378, 4, 8063, 669, 136, 2265, 177500, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 37831, 6635, 4, 125568, 42, 136, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 111, 70, 6096, 47832, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Algeria.", "Battle of Solferino.", "Red Cross founding history.", "Forgotten period.", "Return to public memory.", "Nobel Peace Prize.", "Death and legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1828 as the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and Antoinette Dunant-Colladon. His family was devoutly Calvinist and had significant influence in Geneva society. His parents stressed the value of social work, and his father was active helping orphans and parolees, while his mother worked with the sick and poor. Dunant grew up during the period of religious awakening known as the \"Réveil\", and at age 18 he joined the Geneva Society for Alms giving. In the following year, together with friends, he founded the so-called \"Thursday Association\", a loose band of young men that met to study the Bible and help the poor, and he spent much of his free time engaged in prison visits and social work. On 30 November 1852, he founded the Geneva chapter of the YMCA and three years later he took part in the Paris meeting devoted to the founding of its international organization. In 1849, at age 21, Dunant left the Collège de Genève due to poor grades, and he began an apprenticeship with the money-changing firm \"Lullin et Sautter\". After its successful conclusion, he remained as an employee of the bank.", "In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily, on assignment with a company devoted to the \"colonies of Setif\" (\"Compagnie genevoise des Colonies de Sétif\"). Despite little experience, he successfully fulfilled the assignment. Inspired by the trip, he wrote his first book with the title \"An Account of the Regency in Tunis\" (\"Notice sur la Régence de Tunis\"), published in 1858. In 1856, he created a business to operate in foreign colonies, and, after being granted a land concession by French-occupied Algeria, a corn-growing and trading company called the Financial and Industrial Company of Mons-Djémila Mills (\"Société financière et industrielle des Moulins des Mons-Djémila\"). However, the land and water rights were not clearly assigned, and the colonial authorities were not especially cooperative. As a result, Dunant decided to appeal directly to French emperor Napoléon III, who was with his army in Lombardy at the time. France was fighting on the side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, who had occupied much of today's Italy. Napoleon's headquarters were located in the small city of Solferino. Dunant wrote a flattering book full of praise for Napoleon III with the intention to present it to the emperor, and then traveled to Solferino to meet with him personally.", "Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of 24 June 1859, on the same day a battle between the two sides had occurred nearby. Twenty-three thousand wounded, dying and dead remained on the battlefield, and there appeared to be little attempt to provide care. Shocked, Dunant himself took the initiative to organize the civilian population, especially the women and girls, to provide assistance to the injured and sick soldiers. They lacked sufficient materials and supplies, and Dunant himself organized the purchase of needed materials and helped erect makeshift hospitals. He convinced the population to service the wounded without regard to their side in the conflict as per the slogan \"\"Tutti fratelli\"\" (All are brothers) coined by the women of nearby city Castiglione delle Stiviere. He also succeeded in gaining the release of Austrian doctors captured by the French.", "After returning to Geneva early in July, Dunant decided to write a book about his experiences, which he titled \"Un Souvenir de Solferino\" (\"A Memory of Solferino\"). It was published in 1862 in an edition of 1,600 copies and was printed at Dunant's own expense. In the book, he described the battle, its costs, and the chaotic circumstances afterwards. He also developed the idea that in the future a neutral organization should exist to provide care to wounded soldiers. He distributed the book to many leading political and military figures in Europe. Dunant also began to travel through Europe to promote his ideas. His book was largely positively received, and the President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, jurist Gustave Moynier, made the book and its suggestions the topic of the 9 February 1863 meeting of the organization. Dunant's recommendations were examined and positively assessed by the members. They created a five-person Committee to further pursue the possibility of their implementation and made Dunant one of the members. The others were Moynier, the Swiss army general Henri Dufour, and doctors Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir. Their first meeting on 17 February 1863 is now considered the founding date of the International Committee of the Red Cross. From early on, Moynier and Dunant had increasing disagreements and conflicts regarding their respective visions and plans. Moynier considered Dunant's idea to establish neutrality protections for care providers unfeasible and advised Dunant not to insist upon this concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate this position in his travels and conversations with high-ranking political and military figures. This intensified the personal conflict between Moynier, who took a rather pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, who was the idealist among the five. In October 1863, 14 states took part in a meeting in Geneva organized by the committee to discuss the improvement of care for wounded soldiers. Dunant was a protocol leader during the meeting. A year later on 22 August 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 states. Dunant was in charge of organizing accommodation for the attendees.", "Dunant's businesses in Algeria had suffered. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of the financial firm \"Crédit Genevois\" led to a scandal involving Dunant. He declared bankruptcy and was condemned by the Geneva Trade Court on 17 August 1868 for deceptive practices in the bankruptcies. Due to their investments in the firm, his family and many of his friends were also heavily affected by the downfall of the company. The social outcry in Geneva, a city deeply rooted in Calvinist traditions, also led to calls for him to separate himself from the International Committee. On 25 August 1868, he resigned as Secretary and, on 8 September, he was fully removed from the Committee. Moynier, became President of the Committee in 1864. In February 1868, Dunant's mother died. Later that year he was expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his home city Geneva and would not return for the rest of his life. In the following years, Moynier likely used his influence to attempt to ensure that Dunant would not receive assistance and support from his friends. For example, the gold medal prize of \"Sciences Morales\" at the Paris World's Fair did not go to Dunant as originally planned but to Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that the prize money would only go to the Committee as a whole. Napoléon III's offer to take over half of Dunant's debts if Dunant's friends would secure the other half was also thwarted by Moynier's efforts. Dunant moved to Paris, where he lived in meager conditions. However, he continued to pursue his humanitarian ideas and plans. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), he founded the Common Relief Society (\"Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft\") and soon after the Common Alliance for Order and Civilization (\"Allgemeine Allianz für Ordnung und Zivilisation\"). He argued for disarmament negotiations and for the erection of an international court to mediate international conflicts. Later he worked for the creation of a world library, an idea which had echoes in future projects such as UNESCO. In his continued pursuit and advocacy of his ideas, he further neglected his personal situation and income, falling further in debt and being shunned by his acquaintances. Despite being appointed an honorary member of the national Red Cross societies of Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, Prussia and Spain, he was nearly forgotten in the official discourse of the Red Cross Movement, even as it was rapidly expanding to new countries. He lived in poverty, moving to various places between 1874 and 1886, including Stuttgart, Rome, Corfu, Basel, and Karlsruhe. In Stuttgart he met the Tübingen University student Rudolf Müller with whom he would have a close friendship. In 1881, together with friends from Stuttgart, he went to the small Swiss resort village Heiden for the first time. In 1887 while living in London, he began to receive some monthly financial support from some distant family members. This enabled him to live a somewhat more secure existence, and he moved to Heiden in July. He spent the rest of his life there, and after 30 April 1892 he lived in a hospital and nursing home led by Dr. Hermann Altherr. In Heiden, he met the young teacher Wilhelm Sonderegger and his wife Susanna; they encouraged him to record his life experiences. Sonderegger's wife founded a branch of the Red Cross in Heiden and in 1890 Dunant became its honorary president. With Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to further promote his ideas, including publishing a new edition of his book. However, their friendship later was strained by Dunant's unjustified accusations that Sonderegger, with Moynier in Geneva, was somehow conspiring against Dunant. Sonderegger died in 1904 at age 42. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply moved by the unexpected death. Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger's admiration for Dunant, felt by both even after Dunant's allegations, was passed on to their children. In 1935, their son René published a compilation of letters from Dunant to his father.", "In September 1895, Georg Baumberger, the chief editor of the St. Gall newspaper \"Die Ostschweiz\", wrote an article about the Red Cross founder, whom he had met and conversed with during a walk in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled \"Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross\", appeared in the German Illustrated Magazine \"Über Land und Meer\", and the article was soon reprinted in other publications throughout Europe. The article struck a chord, and he received renewed attention and support. He received the Swiss Binet-Fendt Prize and a note from Pope Leo XIII. Because of support from Russian tsarist widow Maria Feodorovna and other donations, his financial situation improved remarkably. In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was now working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross, altering the official history to stress Dunant's role. The book also contained the text of \"A Memory of Solferino\". Dunant began an exchange of correspondence with Bertha von Suttner and wrote numerous articles and writings. He was especially active in writing about women's rights, and in 1897 facilitated the founding of a \"Green Cross\" women's organization whose only section was briefly active in Brussels.", "In 1901, Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention. By public and private means, Müller, and later Norwegian military physician Hans Daae (who had received a copy of Müller's book), advocated Dunant's case to the Nobel committee over the course of 4 years. The award was jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. The official congratulations which he received from the International Committee finally represented the rehabilitation of Dunant's reputation: \"There is no man who more deserves this honour, for it was you, forty years ago, who set on foot the international organization for the relief of the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red Cross, the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century would probably have never been undertaken.\" Moynier and the International Committee as a whole had also been nominated for the prize. Although Dunant was supported by a broad spectrum in the selection process, he was still a controversial candidate. Some argued that the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention had made war more attractive and imaginable by eliminating some of its suffering. Therefore, Müller, in a letter to the committee, argued that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who for some time in the debate had been the leading candidate to be the sole recipient of the prize. Müller also suggested that if a prize were to be warranted for Dunant, it should be given immediately because of his advanced age and ill health. By dividing the prize between Passy, a pacifist, and Dunant, a humanitarian, the Nobel Committee set a precedent for the conditions of the Nobel Peace Prize selection which would have significant consequences in later years. A section of Nobel's will had indicated that the prize should go to an individual who had worked to reduce or eliminate standing armies, or directly to promote peace conferences, which made Passy a natural choice for his peace work. On the other hand, the arguably distinct bestowal for humanitarian effort alone was seen by some as a wide interpretation of Nobel's will. However, another part of Nobel's testament marked the prize for the individual who had best enhanced the \"brotherhood of people,\" which could be interpreted more generally as seeing humanitarian work like Dunant's as connected to peacemaking as well. Many recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize in later years can be assigned to either of these two categories first roughly established by the Nobel committee's decision in 1901. Hans Daae succeeded in placing Dunant's part of the prize money, 104,000 Swiss Francs, in a Norwegian Bank and preventing access by his creditors. Dunant himself never spent any of the money during his lifetime, continuing to live simply and reserving it for bequests in his will to those who cared for him and charitable causes.", "Among several other awards in the following years, in 1903 Dunant was given an honorary doctorate by the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg. He lived in the nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the final years of his life, he suffered from depression and paranoia about pursuit by his creditors and Moynier. There were even days when Dunant insisted that the cook of the nursing home first taste his food before his eyes to protect him against possible poisoning. In his final years, he spurned and attacked Calvinism and organized religion generally. He was said to be agnostic. According to his nurses, the final act of his life was to send a copy of Müller's book to the Italian queen with a personal dedication. He died on 30 October 1910, and his final words were \"Where has humanity gone?\" According to his wishes, he was buried without ceremony in the Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated funds to secure a \"free bed\" in the Heiden nursing home always to be available for a poor citizen of the region and deeded some money to friends and charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The remaining funds went to his creditors partially relieving his debt; his inability to fully erase his debts was a major burden to him until his death. His birthday, 8 May, is celebrated as the World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day. The former nursing home in Heiden now houses the Henry Dunant Museum. In Geneva and other places there are numerous streets, squares, and schools named after him. The Henry Dunant Medal, awarded every two years by the standing commission of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is its highest decoration. His life is represented, with some fictional elements, in the film \"D'homme à hommes\" (1948), starring Jean-Louis Barrault, and the period of his life when the Red Cross was founded in the international film coproduction \"Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross\" (2006). In 2010 the Takarazuka Revue staged a musical based on his time in Solferino and the founding of the Red Cross entitled \"Dawn at Solferino, or Where has Humanity Gone?\". In honour of Henry Dunant, the second highest peak in Switzerland was renamed to Dunantspitze (Peak Dunant) by Swiss Federal President Didier Burkhalter on 6 October 2014. Henry Dunant Hospital is a general hospital in Athens, Greece. The road where the headquarters of the Thai Red Cross Society is located is named Henri Dunant Road." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 36592, 48652, 3786, 634, 379, 509, 103122, 98, 22482, 29620, 41906, 4, 23, 930, 669, 10437, 4, 61527, 4, 136, 509, 165249, 23, 5581, 31, 2247, 5, 1529, 75204, 10, 147697, 111, 28745, 136, 18897, 111, 28745, 79385, 7, 23, 83230, 38904, 1295, 99737, 399, 12535, 8108, 98567, 47, 70, 14098, 46684, 47, 28484, 1919, 101862, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 192670, 1601, 1824, 297, 390, 65810, 276, 5, 84838, 2816, 16865, 5, 24372, 21721, 214, 1919, 101862, 4, 3786, 634, 379, 6777, 1305, 246, 18770, 289, 25188, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 2076, 350, 4293, 4, 1601, 1824, 297, 390, 28166, 129573, 42, 137028, 5, 77168, 214, 903, 4, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 10, 7808, 202, 939, 164306, 99, 70, 39897, 43975, 111, 46473, 23, 28506, 4, 136, 764, 7228, 70, 5117, 25497, 223, 10208, 214, 4841, 481, 23, 83230, 6827, 165712, 7, 5, 1529, 100512, 10, 6083, 29367, 130367, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 98, 190, 11994, 24427, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 509, 70, 14364, 111, 70, 165712, 289, 1843, 25443, 11588, 100, 35958, 39473, 28745, 136, 46473, 99, 70, 39897, 43975, 111, 46473, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 1902, 2809, 27154, 3674, 136, 42938, 297, 23, 34202, 76140, 16042, 25, 7, 59136, 289, 70615, 111, 205789, 7, 98, 28745, 136, 46473, 15, 12233, 48963, 247, 142, 606, 51858, 53, 21115, 111, 70, 64857, 25, 7, 105207, 172647, 7, 136, 185118, 7, 47, 115992, 70, 34202, 136, 48180, 34202, 136, 26168, 67, 44930, 23, 70, 58555, 111, 41664, 4, 55556, 4, 136, 76106, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 25, 7, 22799, 4488, 509, 142, 88898, 42, 111, 6854, 188, 1430, 6133, 1294, 2451, 14, 5, 13, 5, 70, 35187, 111, 165045, 132539, 7, 36880, 6854, 188, 191633, 7, 5, 345, 6953, 10, 25545, 19914, 39473, 32030, 61353, 15, 25553, 1419, 214, 111, 19914, 186500, 32030, 30128, 90, 247, 70, 61353, 114864, 70, 76811, 111, 132539, 7, 98, 4552, 16610, 1733, 105994, 7, 46, 16610, 20174, 47, 51422, 149307, 117249, 23, 133291, 165045, 132539, 7, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 1021, 9319, 111, 6854, 188, 1430, 6133, 1294, 740, 360, 10, 116483, 99, 149109, 31, 12535, 98, 18237, 201, 4, 37771, 7082, 34202, 76140, 16042, 502, 164779, 297, 10, 3525, 28745, 357, 68153, 1528, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 44, 54936, 86595, 17721, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 22458, 7, 10932, 70, 8999, 1242, 360, 18982, 36404, 36592, 3786, 634, 379, 4, 133076, 32123, 13885, 93, 4, 136, 112297, 24748, 7, 100512, 70, 5117, 7082, 41664, 22, 68153, 7, 47, 3726, 4, 150080, 22458, 9, 192, 15503, 2481, 76726, 1295, 23924, 36941, 47, 25134, 13, 4438, 14237, 5, 14847, 37170, 1672, 107282, 7, 450, 764, 13648, 62757, 70, 1392, 61527, 3378, 79169, 289, 81843, 4, 36592, 3786, 634, 379, 2804, 12, 44, 568, 444, 10, 88490, 332, 27, 87, 765, 110, 68894, 130970, 4, 237, 87, 765, 11405, 297, 119140, 297, 538, 450, 87, 4734, 3444, 47, 21265, 61527, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 41664, 136, 68, 237, 10, 172647, 1242, 133698, 70, 1392, 61527, 3378, 18782, 7, 764, 171530, 1919, 30646, 47, 70, 23295, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 2804, 450, 764, 2806, 33284, 10, 175352, 100, 171484, 289, 17690, 33233, 8752, 6631, 669, 438, 474, 4, 180140, 25, 7, 43876, 99, 70, 4078, 79169, 289, 81843, 7, 136, 10, 105207, 183093, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 509, 14432, 119056, 237, 10, 15072, 297, 26366, 20697, 237, 142, 81814, 6635, 17721, 70, 116338, 63647, 3114, 2069, 7103, 180140, 25, 7, 199747, 2320, 4, 136, 98834, 6635, 156206, 94407, 6044, 237, 70, 7071, 305, 116233, 209410, 136, 27150, 132756, 7, 111, 65261, 540, 25267, 2873, 14, 5, 1529, 112730, 10, 130306, 31486, 20271, 903, 1733, 237, 151552, 390, 61527, 3378, 4794, 5, 360, 8272, 4, 3786, 634, 379, 100512, 70, 5117, 61527, 3378, 136, 70, 5117, 19128, 47, 53299, 10, 41664, 34676, 2319, 731, 3229, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 26038, 1919, 34676, 75625, 6644, 98, 44, 919, 195, 188, 1430, 6133, 1294, 12, 69728, 1771, 9, 294, 57965, 193592, 111, 70, 83230, 6827, 49078, 345, 6953, 35958, 39473, 70002, 7, 740, 360, 8272, 4, 764, 75204, 61527, 25, 7, 167375, 11341, 20338, 4, 70, 12801, 11554, 320, 111, 70, 1520, 133, 5, 360, 18374, 65942, 3786, 634, 379, 75204, 70, 24748, 119225, 6661, 60992, 111, 28745, 100, 44, 31047, 53918, 13, 4209, 34754, 111, 70, 3525, 44457, 111, 6854, 188, 175201, 136, 100, 1919, 36137, 6236, 127752, 7, 47, 70, 98834, 6635, 80244, 111, 72761, 333, 25443, 4, 105233, 3525, 48322, 100, 11522, 100094, 70, 123309, 123166, 111, 333, 109622, 76519, 390, 105237, 21176, 84382, 2856, 23, 70, 22759, 158208, 111, 32628, 136, 1733, 1242, 64511, 21640, 70318, 7, 26698, 70, 18813, 197943, 8357, 2319, 731, 194076, 4, 45492, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 202727, 70318, 297, 47, 4049, 390, 70, 45492, 32807, 4, 70, 41089, 669, 60992, 163992, 4, 70, 12452, 62, 5, 30982, 206, 60992, 163992, 4, 70, 180, 927, 1991, 18217, 165605, 93124, 4, 70, 2319, 525, 4293, 165605, 81757, 1295, 70, 15672, 83230, 6827, 67081, 136, 70, 930, 3033, 165605, 81757, 1295, 70, 25674, 67081, 5, 3786, 634, 379, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 184293, 74057, 111, 70, 25674, 67081, 15, 18537, 594, 195, 15396, 16, 23, 55197, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 1295, 1840, 14, 818, 9, 107774, 18, 12535, 23, 55021, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 390, 33451, 12535, 23, 71006, 23, 4347, 6052, 136, 509, 7228, 10, 184293, 74057, 111, 70, 25674, 187951, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 5, 105109, 12535, 70318, 297, 4049, 142, 20338, 6635, 52625, 111, 28745, 23, 30739, 360, 4347, 43304, 3786, 634, 379, 75204, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 1295, 106320, 28587, 184, 12535, 111, 8884, 5, 360, 22482, 37771, 3786, 634, 379, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 23, 81693, 136, 41664, 7, 390, 70, 12535, 111, 44532, 5, 360, 4347, 36404, 764, 26038, 70, 71064, 674, 29823, 99, 25134, 1177, 48850, 12535, 5, 2161, 138, 18374, 1392, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 20338, 6635, 22072, 2182, 23, 41664, 1295, 70, 12535, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 36592, 48652, 3786, 634, 379, 15, 4, 2819, 22482, 29620, 41906, 46, 8055, 116, 4, 88599, 509, 142, 61527, 3378, 290, 6133, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 1021, 9319, 111, 6854, 188, 1430, 6133, 1294, 740, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 8272, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 100, 1919, 4488, 98, 6854, 188, 1430, 6133, 1294, 136, 100512, 70, 5117, 61527, 3378, 47, 19916, 10, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 10, 57456, 44457, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 25497, 223, 10208, 214, 4841, 481, 43552, 111, 83230, 38904, 4, 43552, 111, 165712, 7, 4, 136, 70, 14364, 111, 70, 165712, 289, 1843, 25443, 11588, 100, 35958, 39473, 28745, 136, 46473, 99, 70, 39897, 43975, 111, 46473, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life and education.", "Career.", "Research.", "Political work.", "Awards and honors.", "Honorary Degrees.", "Personal life.", "Death and funeral." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Ahmed Hassan Zewail was born on February 26, 1946, in Damanhur, Egypt, and was raised in Desouk. He received a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Chemistry from Alexandria University before moving to the United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania supervised by Robin M. Hochstrasser.", "After completing his PhD, Zewail did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, supervised by Charles Bonner Harris. Following this, he was awarded a faculty appointment at the California Institute of Technology in 1976, and he made the first Linus Pauling Chair in Chemical Physics. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States on 5 March 1982. Zewail was the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology. Zewail had been nominated and participated in President Barack Obama's Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), an advisory group of the nation's leading scientists and engineers to advise the President and Vice President and formulate policy in the areas of science, technology, and innovation.", "Zewail's key work was an explorer of femtochemistry—i.e. the study of chemical reactions across femtoseconds. Using a rapid ultrafast laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), the technique allows the description of reactions on very short time scales – short enough to analyse transition states in selected chemical reactions. Zewail became known as the \"father of femtochemistry\".", "In a speech at Cairo University on June 4, 2009, US President Barack Obama proclaimed a new Science Envoy program as part of a \"new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world.\" In January 2010, Ahmed Zewail, Elias Zerhouni, and Bruce Alberts became the first US science envoys to Islam, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia. When asked about rumors that he might contest the 2011 Egyptian presidential election, Ahmed Zewail said: \"I am a frank man... I have no political ambition, as I have stressed repeatedly that I only want to serve Egypt in the field of science and die as a scientist.\" During the 2011 Egyptian protests he announced his return to the country. Zewail said that he would join a committee for constitutional reform alongside Ayman Nour, Mubarak's rival at the 2005 presidential elections and a leading lawyer. Zewail was later mentioned as a respected figure working as an intermediary between the military regime ruling after Mubarak's resignation, and revolutionary youth groups such as the April 6 Youth Movement and young supporters of Mohamed ElBaradei. He played a critical role during this time as described by Egyptian Media.", "In 1999, Zewail became the first Egyptian and the first Arab to receive a science Nobel Prize when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Zewail gave his Nobel Lecture on \"Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers\". In 1999, he received Egypt's highest state honor, the Grand Collar of the Nile. In October 2006, Zewail received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science for \"his pioneering development of the new field of femtoscience and for his seminal contributions to the revolutionary discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding the functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the four dimensions of space and time.\" Other international awards include the King Faisal International Prize (1989), Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993) awarded to him by the Wolf Foundation, the Tolman Award (1997), the Robert A. Welch Award (1997), the Othmer Gold Medal (2009), the Priestley Medal (2011) from the American Chemical Society and the Davy Medal (2011) from the Royal Society. Zewail was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2001. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2002. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lund University in Sweden in May 2003 and was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Cambridge University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science in 2006. In May 2008, Zewail received an honorary doctorate from Complutense University of Madrid. In February 2009, Zewail was awarded an honorary doctorate in arts and sciences by the University of Jordan. In May 2010, he gave the commencement address at Southwestern University. On 3 October 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Glasgow. On 19 May 2014, he was awarded an honorary degree from Yale University. The Zewail city of science and technology, established in 2000 and revived in 2011, is named in his honour.", "Zewail was bestowed honorary degrees by the following institutions: University of Oxford, UK (1991); The American University in Cairo, Egypt (1993); Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (1997); University of Pennsylvania, USA (1997); University of Lausanne, Switzerland (1997); Swinburne University of Technology, Australia (1999); Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. Alexandria University, Egypt (1999); D.Sc. University of New Brunswick, Canada (2000); Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (2000); and University of Liège, Belgium (2000).", "Zewail married Dema Faham in 1989. He had four children: Maha, Amani, Nabeel, and Hani.", "Zewail died aged 70 on the morning of August 2, 2016. He was recovering from cancer, however, the exact cause of his death is unknown. A military funeral was held for Zewail on August 7, 2016, at the El-Mosheer Tantawy mosque in Cairo, Egypt. Those attending included President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Prime Minister Sherif Ismail, al-Azhar Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb, Defence Minister Sedki Sobhi, former President Adly Mansour, former Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab and heart surgeon Magdi Yacoub. The funeral prayers were led by Ali Gomaa, former Grand Mufti of Egypt." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 63590, 11, 13, 109622, 145456, 1556, 14037, 77950, 111, 193, 10384, 2320, 23, 58555, 21, 41324, 6, 129980, 6083, 102044, 9146, 47, 8060, 13081, 6423, 100, 102044, 44571, 6, 177849, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 51529, 4527, 111, 70, 55556, 112474, 47, 70, 305, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 23, 26966, 708, 4384, 23, 70, 127067, 9, 25617, 111, 13379, 9, 5636, 18721, 5, 87, 12713, 125682, 509, 11814, 237, 10, 26950, 111, 45258, 1363, 111, 7401, 23, 70, 756, 63367, 289, 111719, 7, 111, 70, 360, 6862, 118666, 53, 91944, 1363, 4, 70, 38415, 111, 442, 83, 25902, 3674, 47, 765, 186, 6967, 10932, 150701, 77269, 136, 211228, 25958, 124735, 70, 13267, 136, 78737, 2481, 111, 2363, 120767, 141, 9615, 19929, 7, 5, 581, 360, 6862, 70237, 18543, 47691, 126809, 221, 11727, 71412, 3674, 193, 10384, 2320, 136, 7401, 9, 140464, 429, 76519, 4, 26719, 66733, 74336, 17990, 7, 99, 527, 149208, 607, 297, 47, 17287, 335, 10854, 4, 136, 142, 39395, 26944, 193, 10384, 2320, 5426, 1295, 168354, 335, 10854, 5, 181268, 9, 7, 57965, 6, 177849, 509, 41361, 71, 4, 678, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 33120, 111, 26944, 7, 11814, 100, 70, 60042, 111, 193, 10384, 2320, 5, 51869, 1314, 23, 70, 12021, 36400, 2537, 3378, 111719, 11814, 193, 10384, 2320, 1295, 99, 19713, 70, 50960, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 5, 10660, 126809, 44, 1264, 33, 93, 289, 193, 10384, 2320, 830, 186085, 7401, 214, 13081, 6423, 87420, 70, 105925, 34003, 390, 5798, 425, 214, 7401, 8305, 10, 50944, 425, 111, 19336, 86723, 7, 100, 4806, 23, 70, 44457, 5, 893, 45964, 61527, 72004, 41361, 71, 44, 5918, 73, 193, 10384, 2320, 58, 17368, 70, 199349, 214, 111, 70, 1520, 133, 47, 23, 6990, 67, 3551, 23577, 7, 3129, 1902, 2809, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 2160, 9248, 5, 581, 199349, 7401, 47143, 297, 24189, 70, 92895, 13, 216489, 1902, 9615, 6259, 8108, 70, 185118, 7, 176377, 70, 613, 32108, 47, 70, 7401, 100599, 13, 5, 8622, 83, 77950, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 61527, 3378, 189258, 11, 10597, 74730, 195, 1448, 4830, 23, 70, 808, 8420, 2480, 127, 68728, 8946, 15, 115095, 51374, 335, 10854, 16, 17368, 70, 6083, 85437, 111, 70, 3036, 119255, 180, 41413, 237, 10, 74336, 17990, 47, 4343, 613, 32108, 90, 111, 7401, 100, 4527, 20271, 36898, 34003, 7, 5, 581, 85437, 91, 19256, 297, 77253, 538, 1295, 70, 199349, 214, 111, 70, 1520, 133, 5, 581, 893, 45964, 1429, 62806, 7, 126809, 10, 3173, 111, 193, 10384, 2320, 390, 17368, 10, 7401, 434, 144009, 9, 5062, 75186, 35839, 10, 44, 6102, 399, 740, 87, 12713, 125682, 80723, 23, 1429, 9166, 3060, 1733, 17721, 70, 50960, 136, 17932, 212010, 11, 335, 10854, 5, 1650, 21334, 538, 42548, 71, 54799, 70, 199349, 7401, 7, 450, 2806, 86608, 8305, 70, 1520, 133, 32547, 136, 3789, 96113, 7, 23, 2367, 83, 5036, 70, 92707, 5, 360, 1614, 9, 5464, 116996, 36941, 193, 10384, 2320, 157578, 70, 149751, 32547, 10776, 29394, 7, 136, 91944, 5256, 390, 70, 5117, 707, 17932, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 136, 509, 35509, 98, 36311, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 199349, 214, 136, 7401, 182, 17245, 214, 5, 241, 58557, 329, 111, 44, 34290, 329, 193, 10384, 2320, 58, 74918, 7, 23, 479, 9, 78457, 103731, 66, 21629, 4, 39395, 51712, 4, 5596, 4, 136, 9098, 5, 360, 70, 825, 76, 70237, 111, 70, 3493, 90, 71175, 7, 23, 32969, 4, 6, 227780, 14071, 64370, 765, 14037, 47143, 7, 111, 17262, 193, 10384, 2320, 26944, 7, 5977, 3284, 8345, 9, 85, 3674, 1295, 70, 201, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 4, 70, 138, 4216, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 136, 70, 483, 927, 142642, 18471, 5, 32255, 26944, 7, 22691, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 17164, 111, 193, 10384, 2320, 23, 70, 2356, 6661, 5, 4937, 5170, 111, 10, 26944, 144681, 1740, 1295, 70, 190, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 3542, 14037, 1379, 70, 201, 927, 9, 74877, 19, 53208, 26944, 5, 893, 45964, 57309, 11, 15, 49748, 5155, 18721, 16, 11814, 193, 10384, 2320, 237, 2060, 4420, 237, 70, 305, 927, 212010, 316, 335, 10854, 47, 55993, 1909, 4293, 23, 58555, 678, 23, 129980, 6083, 102044, 9146, 5, 581, 141979, 9821, 4, 126809, 23, 142, 45964, 57309, 11, 1672, 7607, 335, 10854, 4, 621, 54940, 70, 10332, 525, 51529, 193, 10384, 2320, 150624, 7464, 23, 4527, 18925, 5, 10660, 621, 5036, 14037, 23, 14237, 4, 70, 102256, 24453, 136, 23924, 36941, 5, 581, 5426, 48402, 90, 10, 33120, 111, 79259, 5299, 7, 136, 21507, 538, 25193, 10366, 80208, 7, 22648, 19, 3934, 70, 5609, 7, 111, 6, 195167, 7, 136, 111, 2288, 4517, 130473, 7, 47, 10704, 61585, 36448, 5, 581, 110, 1651, 4, 10, 7401, 160298, 678, 26580, 53, 112915, 10932, 70, 24045, 14537, 297, 390, 70, 86608, 111, 70, 75973, 15, 748, 390, 85825, 7440, 70, 7401, 31344, 509, 7464, 247, 5117, 21449, 3934, 4527, 99, 1672, 903, 1733, 54940, 12610, 9615, 603, 7, 23, 23924, 36941, 5, 3311, 3252, 335, 10854, 70, 112915, 3542, 112031, 71, 678, 3502, 3132, 47, 63769, 156100, 56, 26292, 214, 237, 1836, 3542, 168861, 3934, 70, 7401, 5, 581, 193, 10384, 2320, 43240, 111, 142, 45964, 9292, 38148, 4, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 1740, 1295, 1672, 2668, 335, 10854, 23, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 18813, 87993, 8654, 14832, 395, 4, 136, 1379, 62005, 223, 34754, 100, 70, 11737, 199823, 5369, 4, 3542, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 27140, 193, 10384, 2320, 76519, 111, 70, 142, 45964, 8999, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 1379, 64330, 26944, 7, 4, 70, 69729, 21183, 13, 3542, 70, 5117, 47, 45367, 64557, 66733, 74336, 17990, 7, 47, 4343, 7401, 5, 32255, 74336, 17990, 7, 136, 26944, 76519, 3542, 11814, 102917, 538, 47, 193, 29430, 67, 249, 27376, 44457, 7, 4, 3129, 64209, 10, 5915, 111, 7401, 47, 98174, 67, 5, 17006, 111, 6097, 193, 10384, 2320, 76519, 7464, 32316, 165, 2887, 17704, 1257, 47, 5036, 4, 23, 32877, 28093, 11, 31237, 136, 32174, 24121, 47154, 4, 6637, 111, 70, 175961, 136, 134995, 177907, 5, 581, 5426, 509, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 14359, 2822, 136, 53333, 65042, 297, 20271, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 18813, 1720, 70362, 11, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 87, 12713, 125682, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 59911, 214, 6226, 6259, 41170, 7, 111, 7401, 47, 18153, 7, 99, 44841, 51514, 7, 5, 87, 12713, 125682, 112397, 47, 55993, 120767, 141, 13081, 6423, 4, 76104, 212790, 7, 4, 136, 456, 31998, 103727, 100898, 297, 221, 7870, 23, 36898, 58555, 136, 20271, 14922, 7, 111, 40715, 3501, 83080, 102044, 9146, 5, 87, 12713, 125682, 2843, 1556, 3789, 4527, 7, 23, 13081, 254, 36049, 4, 26719, 141906, 48431, 4, 15811, 11856, 214, 642, 297, 75678, 23, 162048, 44457, 7, 136, 56282, 214, 221, 379, 51371, 1363, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 6, 177849, 450, 28702, 90, 4734, 98, 8951, 102044, 9146, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 102044, 9, 44571, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Sri Lanka.", "China.", "Korea.", "North America.", "Present extent.", "Types of irrigation.", "Surface irrigation.", "Micro-irrigation.", "Drip irrigation.", "Sprinkler irrigation.", "Center pivot.", "Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheelmove).", "Lawn sprinkler systems.", "Hose-end sprinklers.", "Subirrigation.", "Subsurface textile irrigation.", "Water sources.", "Efficiency.", "Technical challenges.", "Impact on society.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Archaeological investigation has found evidence of irrigation in areas lacking sufficient natural rainfall to support crops for rainfed agriculture. The earliest known use of the technology dates to the 6th millennium BCE in Khuzistan in the south-west of present-day Iran. Irrigation was used as a means of manipulation of water in the alluvial plains of the Indus valley civilization, the application of it is estimated to have begun around 4500 BC and drastically increased the size and prosperity of their agricultural settlements. The Indus Valley Civilization developed sophisticated irrigation and water-storage systems, including artificial reservoirs at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an early canal irrigation system from 2600 BCE. Large-scale agriculture was practiced, with an extensive network of canals used for the purpose of irrigation. Farmers in the Mesopotamian plain used irrigation from at least the third millennium BCE. They developed \"perennial irrigation\", regularly watering crops throughout the growing season by coaxing water through a matrix of small channels formed in the field. Ancient Egyptians practiced \"basin irrigation\" using the flooding of the Nile to inundate land plots which had been surrounded by dykes. The flood water remained until the fertile sediment had settled before the engineers returned the surplus to the watercourse. There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III in the twelfth dynasty (about 1800 BCE) using the natural lake of the Faiyum Oasis as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during dry seasons. The lake swelled annually from the flooding of the Nile. The Ancient Nubians developed a form of irrigation by using a waterwheel-like device called a \"sakia\". Irrigation began in Nubia some time between the third and second millennia BCE. It largely depended upon the flood waters that would flow through the Nile River and other rivers in what is now the Sudan. In sub-Saharan Africa irrigation reached the Niger River region cultures and civilizations by the first or second millennium BCE and was based on wet-season flooding and water harvesting. Evidence of \"terrace irrigation\" occurs in pre-Columbian America, early Syria, India, and China. In the Zana Valley of the Andes Mountains in Peru, archaeologists have found remains of three irrigation canals radiocarbon-dated from the 4th millennium BCE, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century CE. These canals provide the earliest record of irrigation in the New World. Traces of a canal possibly dating from the 5th millennium BCE were found under the 4th-millennium canal. Ancient Persia (modern day Iran) used irrigation as far back as the 6th millennium BCE to grow barley in areas with insufficient natural rainfall. The Qanats, developed in ancient Persia about 800 BCE, are among the oldest known irrigation methods still in use today. They are now found in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The system comprises a network of vertical wells and gently sloping tunnels driven into the sides of cliffs and of steep hills to tap groundwater. The noria, a water wheel with clay pots around the rim powered by the flow of the stream (or by animals where the water source was still), first came into use at about this time among Roman settlers in North Africa. By 150 BCE the pots were fitted with valves to allow smoother filling as they were forced into the water.", "The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BCE in the reign of King Pandukabhaya, and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to underground canals, the Sinhalese were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs to store water. These reservoirs and canal systems were used primarily to irrigate paddy fields, which require a lot of water to cultivate. Most of these irrigation systems still exist undamaged up to now, in Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, because of the advanced and precise engineering. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King Parakrama Bahu (1153–1186 CE).", "The oldest known hydraulic engineers of China were Sunshu Ao (6th century BCE) of the Spring and Autumn period and Ximen Bao (5th century BCE) of the Warring States period, both of whom worked on large irrigation projects. In the Sichuan region belonging to the state of Qin of ancient China, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System devised by the Qin Chinese hydrologist and irrigation engineer Li Bing was built in 256 BCE to irrigate a vast area of farmland that today still supplies water. By the 2nd century AD, during the Han Dynasty, the Chinese also used chain pumps which lifted water from a lower elevation to a higher one. These were powered by manual foot-pedal, hydraulic waterwheels, or rotating mechanical wheels pulled by oxen. The water was used for public works, providing water for urban residential quarters and palace gardens, but mostly for irrigation of farmland canals and channels in the fields.", "Korea, Jang Yeong-sil, a Korean engineer of the Joseon Dynasty, under the active direction of the king, Sejong the Great, invented the world's first rain-gauge, \"uryanggye\" (Korean:우량계) in 1441. It was installed in irrigation tanks as part of a nationwide system to measure and collect rainfall for agricultural applications. With this instrument, planners and farmers could make better use of the information gathered in the survey.", "The earliest agricultural irrigation canal system known in the area of the present-day United States dates to between 1200 B.C. and 800 B.C. and was discovered in Marana, Arizona (adjacent to Tucson) in 2009. The irrigation-canal system predates the Hohokam culture by two thousand years and belongs to an unidentified culture. In North America, the Hohokam were the only culture known to rely on irrigation canals to water their crops, and their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by AD 1300. The Hohokam constructed an assortment of simple canals combined with weirs in their various agricultural pursuits. Between the 7th and 14th centuries they built and maintained extensive irrigation networks along the lower Salt and middle Gila Rivers that rivaled the complexity of those used in the ancient Near East, Egypt, and China. These were constructed using relatively simple excavation tools, without the benefit of advanced engineering technologies, and achieved drops of a few feet per mile, balancing erosion and siltation. The Hohokam cultivated varieties of cotton, tobacco, maize, beans and squash, as well as harvesting an assortment of wild plants. Late in the Hohokam Chronological Sequence, they also used extensive dry-farming systems, primarily to grow agave for food and fiber. Their reliance on agricultural strategies based on canal irrigation, vital in their less-than-hospitable desert environment and arid climate, provided the basis for the aggregation of rural populations into stable urban centers.", "In year 2000, the total fertile land was 2,788,000 km2 (689 million acres) and it was equipped with irrigation infrastructure worldwide. About 68% of this area is in Asia, 17% in the Americas, 9% in Europe, 5% in Africa and 1% in Oceania. The largest contiguous areas of high irrigation density are found: Smaller irrigation areas are spread across almost all populated parts of the world. By 2012, the area of irrigated land had increased to an estimated total of 3,242,917 km2 (801 million acres), which is nearly the size of India.", "There are several methods of irrigation. They vary in how the water is supplied to the plants. The goal is to apply the water to the plants as uniformly as possible, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little.", "Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In \"surface\" ( \"flood\", or \"level basin\") irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of an agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow,\" border strip or basin irrigation\". It is often called \"flood irrigation\" when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land and is still used in most parts of the world. Where water levels from the irrigation source permit, the levels are controlled by dikes, usually plugged by soil. This is often seen in terraced rice fields (rice paddies), where the method is used to flood or control the level of water in each distinct field. In some cases, the water is pumped, or lifted by human or animal power to the level of the land. The water application efficiency of surface irrigation is typically lower than other forms of irrigation. Surface irrigation is even used to water landscapes in certain areas, for example, in and around Phoenix, Arizona. The irrigated area is surrounded by a berm and the water is delivered according to a schedule set by a local irrigation district.", "\"Micro-irrigation\", sometimes called localized irrigation, low volume irrigation, or trickle irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Traditional drip irrigation use individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinklers, and mini-bubbler irrigation all belong to this category of irrigation methods.", "Drip (or micro) irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions as its name suggests. In this system water falls drop by drop just at the position of roots. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, evaporation and runoff are minimized. The field water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90 percent when managed correctly. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as \"fertigation\". Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that extend from a computerized set of valves.", "In \"sprinkler\" or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system using sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a \"solid-set\" irrigation system. Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called \"rotors\" and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 275 to 900 kPa (40 to 130 psi) and flows of 3 to 76 L/s (50 to 1200 US gal/min), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 10 to 50 mm (0.5 to 1.9 in). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging. Sprinklers can also be mounted on moving platforms connected to the water source by a hose. Automatically moving wheeled systems known as \"traveling sprinklers\" may irrigate areas such as small farms, sports fields, parks, pastures, and cemeteries unattended. Most of these use a length of polyethylene tubing wound on a steel drum. As the tubing is wound on the drum powered by the irrigation water or a small gas engine, the sprinkler is pulled across the field. When the sprinkler arrives back at the reel the system shuts off. This type of system is known to most people as a \"waterreel\" traveling irrigation sprinkler and they are used extensively for dust suppression, irrigation, and land application of waste water. Other travelers use a flat rubber hose that is dragged along behind while the sprinkler platform is pulled by a cable.", "Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation utilising several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or aluminium) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. These systems are found and used in all parts of the world and allow irrigation of all types of terrain. Newer systems have drop sprinkler heads as shown in the image that follows.", "A \"series of pipes, each with a wheel\" of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint, and sprinklers along its length, are coupled together. Water is supplied at one end using a large hose. After sufficient irrigation has been applied to one strip of the field, the hose is removed, the water drained from the system, and the assembly rolled either by hand or with a purpose-built mechanism, so that the sprinklers are moved to a different position across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated in a pattern until the whole field has been irrigated. This system is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor-intensive to operate – it does not travel automatically across the field: it applies water in a stationary strip, must be drained, and then rolled to a new strip. Most systems use 100 or 130 mm (4 or 5 inch) diameter aluminum pipe. The pipe doubles both as water transport and as an axle for rotating all the wheels. A drive system (often found near the centre of the wheel line) rotates the clamped-together pipe sections as a single axle, rolling the whole wheel line. Manual adjustment of individual wheel positions may be necessary if the system becomes misaligned. Wheel line systems are limited in the amount of water they can carry, and limited in the height of crops that can be irrigated. One useful feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that can be easily disconnected, adapting to field shape as the line is moved. They are most often used for small, rectilinear, or oddly-shaped fields, hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive.", "A lawn sprinkler system is permanently installed, as opposed to a hose-end sprinkler, which is portable. Sprinkler systems are installed in residential lawns, in commercial landscapes, for churches and schools, in public parks and cemeteries, and on golf courses. Most of the components of these irrigation systems are hidden under ground, since aesthetics are important in a landscape. A typical lawn sprinkler system will consist of one or more zones, limited in size by the capacity of the water source. Each zone will cover a designated portion of the landscape. Sections of the landscape will usually be divided by microclimate, type of plant material, and type of irrigation equipment. A landscape irrigation system may also include zones containing drip irrigation, bubblers, or other types of equipment besides sprinklers. Although manual systems are still used, most lawn sprinkler systems may be operated automatically using an irrigation controller, sometimes called a clock or timer. Most automatic systems employ electric solenoid valves. Each zone has one or more of these valves that are wired to the controller. When the controller sends power to the valve, the valve opens, allowing water to flow to the sprinklers in that zone. There are two main types of sprinklers used in lawn irrigation, pop-up spray heads and rotors. Spray heads have a fixed spray pattern, while rotors have one or more streams that rotate. Spray heads are used to cover smaller areas, while rotors are used for larger areas. Golf course rotors are sometimes so large that a single sprinkler is combined with a valve and called a 'valve in head'. When used in a turf area, the sprinklers are installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the system is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the ground. In flower beds or shrub areas, sprinklers may be mounted on above ground risers or even taller pop-up sprinklers may be used and installed flush as in a lawn area.", "There are many types of hose-end sprinklers. Many of them are smaller versions of larger agricultural and landscape sprinklers, sized to work with a typical garden hose. Some have a spiked base allowing them to be temporarily stuck in the ground, while others have a sled base designed to be dragged while attached to the hose.", "Subirrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone. Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table. Subirrigation is also used in the commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants. Water is delivered from below, absorbed by upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20 minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient conservation, and labor savings through reduced system maintenance and automation. It is similar in principle and action to subsurface basin irrigation. Another type of subirrigation is the self-watering container, also known as a sub-irrigated planter. This consists of a planter suspended over a reservoir with some type of wicking material such as a polyester rope. The water is drawn up the wick through capillary action. A similar technique is the wicking bed; this too uses capillary action.", "Subsurface Textile Irrigation (SSTI) is a technology designed specifically for subirrigation in all soil textures from desert sands to heavy clays. A typical subsurface textile irrigation system has an impermeable base layer (usually polyethylene or polypropylene), a drip line running along that base, a layer of geotextile on top of the drip line and, finally, a narrow impermeable layer on top of the geotextile (see diagram). Unlike standard drip irrigation, the spacing of emitters in the drip pipe is not critical as the geotextile moves the water along the fabric up to 2 m from the dripper. The impermeable layer effectively creates an artificial water table.", "Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells), from surface water (withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs) or from non-conventional sources like treated wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection. A special form of irrigation using surface water is spate irrigation, also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate), water is diverted to normally dry river beds (wadis) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting is usually not considered as a form of irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the concentration of this. Around 90% of wastewater produced globally remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. However, because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users (see Water scarcity below), there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with urban waste, including sewage, directly to water their crops. Significant health hazards can result from using water loaded with pathogens in this way, especially if people eat raw vegetables that have been irrigated with the polluted water. The International Water Management Institute has worked in India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Ghana, Ethiopia, Mexico and other countries on various projects aimed at assessing and reducing risks of wastewater irrigation. They advocate a'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviours. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight, applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines for safe water use. In countries where humid air sweeps through at night, water can be obtained by condensation onto cold surfaces. This is practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote using stones to condense water. Fog collectors are also made of canvas or foil sheets. Using condensate from air conditioning units as a water source is also becoming more popular in large urban areas.", "Modern irrigation methods are efficient enough to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. Water use efficiency in the field can be determined as follows: Until 1960s, the common perception was that water was an infinite resource. At that time, there were fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense. This is because there are now more than seven billion people on the planet, their consumption of water-thirsty meat and vegetables is rising, and there is increasing competition for water from industry, urbanisation and biofuel crops. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently. Successful agriculture is dependent upon farmers having sufficient access to water. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint to farming in many parts of the world. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that is fostering a growing debate. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function effectively. Arid regions frequently suffer from physical water scarcity. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. This can happen where there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure, usually for irrigation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include environmental degradation and declining groundwater. Economic scarcity, meanwhile, is caused by a lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. Symptoms of economic water scarcity include a lack of infrastructure, with people often having to fetch water from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses. Some 2.8 billion people currently live in water-scarce areas.", "Irrigation schemes involve solving numerous engineering and economic problems while minimizing negative environmental impact.", "A 2016 study found that countries whose agriculture depended on irrigation are more likely to be autocratic than other countries. The authors of the study \"argue that the effect has historical origins: irrigation allowed landed elites in arid areas to monopolize water and arable land. This made elites more powerful and better able to oppose democratization.\"", "<br" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 106073, 70, 158978, 45646, 111, 1690, 125499, 40, 26513, 5170, 831, 285, 53, 36880, 25150, 7, 4, 3647, 9, 109637, 214, 28032, 6097, 40, 26513, 5170, 39210, 538, 3173, 7, 36418, 9, 28354, 180346, 7, 5, 581, 140909, 136, 19069, 111, 6097, 1690, 125499, 36418, 9, 28354, 7, 63769, 2856, 47, 28282, 17262, 9, 157955, 1690, 125499, 45646, 7, 450, 621, 21373, 36880, 114149, 5, 88949, 111, 6097, 180346, 7, 4, 1690, 125499, 831, 3173, 107137, 136, 29458, 182809, 7, 678, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 47, 3173, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 14481, 5, 32255, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 70541, 62822, 99996, 90, 15, 162, 233, 144429, 47, 43840, 1771, 99996, 90, 16, 136, 85792, 1771, 99996, 90, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 6, 88322, 7809, 1414, 1212, 4, 2281, 3666, 1212, 136, 9790, 40934, 68743, 16, 6, 190358, 2856, 47, 3173, 165045, 182809, 7, 678, 2363, 137272, 6, 125499, 10776, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 177261, 214, 182809, 7, 5, 59867, 6781, 2749, 21308, 7, 831, 2843, 41421, 9, 10187, 47, 70, 101087, 9, 134208, 14612, 67, 4420, 96959, 111, 1690, 125499, 678, 6, 128239, 15271, 450, 58055, 111, 62822, 99996, 90, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 20592, 1212, 136, 37122, 85963, 194, 3164, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 15, 216561, 70, 29458, 40, 26513, 5170, 450, 68557, 47, 1690, 125499, 16, 765, 2809, 207487, 5, 32255, 182809, 7, 33233, 678, 70, 125413, 111, 70, 19336, 136, 21334, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 14481, 16750, 23, 10, 32354, 214, 105598, 43452, 87709, 111, 142518, 90, 84382, 21308, 7, 5, 59867, 6781, 2749, 6, 125499, 5808, 90, 3934, 6626, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 14481, 12, 70, 21334, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 217, 15, 866, 16395, 16, 136, 19336, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 217, 15, 294, 16395, 194, 6300, 1177, 33, 6097, 1614, 309, 14481, 4, 70, 1690, 125499, 52895, 11814, 47, 3173, 70, 1614, 309, 217, 129927, 5, 360, 70, 105598, 43452, 7, 111, 502, 1153, 1410, 1636, 6044, 237, 152818, 4, 70, 159, 16395, 70541, 7, 10, 11001, 19336, 1690, 125499, 49711, 75449, 15, 2306, 78299, 241454, 118, 988, 16, 12960, 70, 339, 16395, 70541, 7, 1632, 11001, 19336, 1690, 125499, 136, 10, 11001, 21334, 1690, 125499, 49711, 75449, 15, 2306, 36605, 241454, 118, 988, 194, 32255, 621, 70163, 71, 678, 6780, 2525, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 47, 3173, 105598, 5084, 289, 1614, 309, 14481, 5, 8622, 621, 17262, 52895, 111, 1690, 125499, 14037, 23, 502, 1153, 1410, 9523, 105598, 43452, 7, 12, 1105, 294, 136, 190, 294, 1690, 125499, 23, 70, 339, 16395, 136, 611, 294, 1690, 125499, 23, 70, 159, 16395, 5, 360, 70, 105598, 43452, 7, 111, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 6044, 237, 118103, 4, 70, 159, 16395, 70541, 7, 10, 11001, 19336, 1690, 125499, 15, 2306, 156874, 241454, 118, 988, 16, 12960, 70, 339, 16395, 70541, 7, 6626, 19336, 1690, 125499, 7, 136, 1632, 49711, 75449, 111, 21334, 1690, 125499, 15, 2306, 29213, 241454, 118, 988, 194, 5177, 1153, 1410, 9523, 1690, 125499, 1556, 645, 2358, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 3129, 78974, 47, 3173, 150679, 136, 1286, 35874, 178851, 1771, 105598, 5084, 289, 25072, 7, 23, 225490, 47, 502, 1153, 1410, 1636, 5, 8622, 621, 22759, 52895, 111, 1690, 125499, 23, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 12, 138, 114149, 23, 70, 339, 16395, 136, 106, 23, 70, 159, 16395, 5, 11246, 4438, 1556, 2809, 70, 89160, 3299, 100, 150556, 111, 1175, 1153, 1410, 9523, 1690, 125499, 123166, 136, 9433, 90, 4, 105207, 47, 10, 87024, 23, 134199, 1363, 111, 25188, 5, 1650, 1556, 4734, 2809, 28032, 70, 4568, 8, 23662, 450, 121392, 129745, 7, 15, 159975, 25958, 23, 70, 44457, 111, 138568, 31, 9, 17513, 16, 765, 107003, 100, 118276, 53, 145456, 3934, 105598, 5084, 289, 123166, 23, 3789, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 5, 360, 2422, 4438, 4, 70, 339, 16395, 70541, 7, 70, 190, 294, 4, 6, 153451, 294, 136, 1372, 294, 1690, 125499, 7, 5, 581, 70163, 71, 6, 153451, 294, 136, 1372, 294, 621, 166904, 538, 183234, 23, 13267, 136, 32354, 47, 70, 502, 1153, 1410, 9523, 1105, 294, 1690, 125499, 1614, 50986, 4, 26948, 14700, 66, 6889, 33180, 7, 15, 6706, 7, 16, 450, 621, 4000, 29367, 47, 70, 71579, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 136, 14037, 4734, 23, 1175, 1153, 1410, 1636, 5, 62, 1175, 1153, 1410, 9523, 159, 16395, 70541, 7, 70, 543, 294, 1690, 125499, 1614, 309, 217, 4, 3129, 2843, 70541, 7, 9764, 7, 5, 159, 16395, 9764, 7, 621, 137567, 164917, 3501, 339, 16395, 9764, 7, 5, 159, 16395, 136, 339, 16395, 1690, 125499, 40, 26513, 5170, 621, 38134, 538, 11814, 100, 35187, 111, 28, 137089, 6635, 151618, 54940, 25150, 7, 4, 16792, 1836, 621, 111, 142, 45964, 59665, 4, 621, 14037, 23, 756, 51529, 3173, 7, 111, 6897, 136, 621, 39746, 1236, 47, 124001, 22293, 12302, 5, 1690, 125499, 40, 26513, 5170, 621, 118684, 71, 15, 309, 152028, 71, 16, 645, 1733, 4743, 47, 2363, 106157, 31486, 23, 70, 32354, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 5, 13000, 53, 112537, 1771, 4677, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 611, 7, 1690, 125499, 83, 82424, 11814, 237, 70, 5201, 55300, 111, 8, 2256, 2320, 17721, 21373, 502, 1153, 1410, 9523, 114149, 390, 74481, 1916, 241454, 118, 112, 21373, 2481, 5, 581, 74413, 21533, 53201, 111, 6897, 83, 70, 42592, 429, 111, 70, 153648, 5426, 5, 339, 16395, 1690, 125499, 1614, 50986, 7, 765, 2809, 35839, 105598, 3285, 3716, 6637, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 53418, 68557, 47, 70, 60199, 538, 9523, 1764, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 23, 903, 16128, 15, 159975, 25958, 70, 98379, 8460, 8613, 12302, 6991, 27585, 4, 707, 436, 20499, 194, 33306, 4, 105598, 43452, 7, 765, 959, 2809, 127887, 47, 186, 60199, 538, 9523, 23, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 21308, 7, 4, 21980, 538, 214, 450, 21308, 7, 21265, 3060, 32354, 23, 173969, 214, 105598, 5084, 289, 69924, 5, 581, 159, 16395, 1690, 125499, 1614, 50986, 7, 8, 40899, 347, 125499, 23, 70, 8, 587, 6238, 27585, 15, 21960, 194, 59867, 6781, 2749, 21308, 7, 53418, 30957, 70, 31455, 5, 581, 45646, 111, 1690, 125499, 83, 19048, 47, 211228, 25958, 15549, 47, 52490, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 59867, 6781, 2749, 105598, 539, 11030, 1771, 43840, 15, 42, 125499, 16, 83, 10, 10644, 111, 351, 9, 587, 6238, 6, 125499, 3129, 83, 70, 158978, 82761, 111, 105598, 43452, 7, 4, 85590, 47, 756, 38750, 7, 5, 1690, 125499, 83, 10, 105598, 3285, 282, 3129, 2258, 10484, 1810, 21308, 142518, 90, 164, 23, 105598, 43452, 7, 5, 59867, 6781, 2749, 6, 125499, 83, 30334, 34601, 71, 1295, 105598, 5084, 289, 27583, 15, 42, 125903, 16, 136, 7068, 6, 99091, 47, 105598, 5084, 289, 21308, 7, 47, 3173, 19336, 136, 21334, 105598, 43452, 1614, 309, 14481, 5, 1690, 125499, 83, 70, 72761, 136, 135969, 289, 39329, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 450, 84616, 12302, 6, 125499, 15, 18, 125499, 16, 136, 235446, 6, 125499, 15, 39, 125499, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Assembly.", "Function.", "Subunits and associated ribosomal RNA.", "In Prokaryotes.", "In Eukaryotes.", "Biosynthesis.", "In Eukaryotes.", "Eukaryotic Regulation.", "In Prokaryotes.", "Prokaryotic Regulation.", "Degradation.", "In Eukaryotes.", "In Prokaryotes.", "Sequence Conservation and Stability.", "Significance.", "Genes coding for ribosomal proteins." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, base-pairing within these sequences commonly forms stem-loop configurations. The length and position of these rRNA stem-loops allow them to create three-dimensional rRNA structures that are similar across species. Because of these configurations, rRNA can form tight and specific interactions with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. These ribosomal proteins contain basic residues (as opposed to acidic residues) and aromatic residues (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) allowing them to form chemical interactions with their associated RNA regions, such as stacking interactions. Ribosomal proteins can also cross-link to the sugar-phosphate backbone of rRNA with binding sites that consist of basic residues (i.e. lysine and arginine). All ribosomal proteins (including the specific sequences that bind to rRNA) have been identified. These interactions along with the association of the small and large ribosomal subunits result in a functioning ribosome capable of synthesizing proteins. Ribosomal RNA organizes into two ribosomal subunits: the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) and small ribosomal subunit (SSU). Between these subunits, the rRNA types used to form the subunit differ. In the ribosomes of prokaryotes such as bacteria, the SSU contains a single small rRNA molecule (~1500 nucleotides) while the LSU contains one single small rRNA and a single large rRNA molecule (~3000 nucleotides). These are combined with ~50 ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. There are three types of rRNA found in prokaryotic ribosomes: 23S and 5S rRNA in the LSU and 16S rRNA in the SSU. In the ribosomes of eukaryotes such as humans, the SSU contains a single small rRNA (~1800 nucleotides) while the LSU contains two small rRNAs and one molecule of large rRNA (~5000 nucleotides). Eukaryotic rRNA has over 70 ribosomal proteins which interact to form larger and more polymorphic ribosomal units in comparison to prokaryotes. There are four types of rRNA in eukaryotes: 3 species in the LSU and 1 in the SSU. Yeast has been the traditional model for observation of eukaryotic rRNA behavior and processes, leading to a deficit in diversification of research. It has only been within the last decade that technical advances (specifically in the field of Cryo-EM) have allowed for preliminary investigation into ribosomal behavior in other eukaryotes. In yeast, the LSU contains the 5S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. The combined 5.8S and 28S are roughly equivalent in size and function to the prokaryotic 23S rRNA subtype, minus expansion segments (ESs) that are localized to the surface of the ribosome and found only in eukaryotes. A eukaryotic SSU contains the 18S rRNA subunit, which also contains ESs. SSU ESs are generally smaller than LSU ESs. SSU and LSU rRNA sequences are widely used for study of evolutionary relationships among organisms, since they are of ancient origin, are found in all known forms of life and are resistant to horizontal gene transfer. rRNA sequences are conserved (unchanged) over time due to their crucial role in the function of the ribosome. Phylogenic information derived from the 16s rRNA is currently used as the main method of delineation between similar prokaryotic species by calculating nucleotide similarity. The canonical tree of life is the lineage of the translation system. LSU rRNA subtypes have been called ribozymes because ribosomal proteins cannot bind to the catalytic site of the ribosome in this area (specifically the peptidyl transferase center, or PTC). However, ribosomes have not been shown to be catalytic in the absence of proteins, implying that proteins serve some function in initiating ribosomal activities. The SSU rRNA subtypes decode mRNA in the decoding center (DC). Ribosomal proteins cannot enter the DC. The structure of rRNA is able to drastically change to affect tRNA binding to the ribosome during translation of other mRNAs. In 16s rRNA, this is thought to occur when certain nucleotides in the rRNA appear to alternate base pairing between one nucleotide or another, forming a \"switch\" that alters the rRNA's conformation. This process is able to affect the structure of the LSU and SSU, suggesting that this conformational switch in the rRNA structure affects the entire ribosome in its ability to match a codon with its anticodon in tRNA selection as well as decode mRNA.", "Ribosomal RNA's integration and assembly into ribosomes begins with their folding, modification, processing and assembly with ribosomal proteins to form the two ribosomal subunits, the LSU and the SSU. In Prokaryotes, rRNA incorporation occurs in the cytoplasm due to the lack of membrane-bound organelles. In Eukaryotes, however, this process primarily takes place in the nucleolus and is initiated by the synthesis of pre-RNA. This requires the presence of all three RNA polymerases. In fact, the transcription of pre-RNA by RNA polymerase I accounts for about 60% of cell's total cellular RNA transcription. This is followed by the folding of the pre-RNA so that it can be assembled with ribosomal proteins. This folding is catalyzed by endo- and exonucleases, RNA helicases, GTPases and ATPases. The rRNA subsequently undergoes endo- and exonucleolytic processing to remove external and internal transcribed spacers. The pre-RNA then undergoes modifications such as methylation or pseudouridinylation before ribosome assembly factors and ribosomal proteins assemble with the pre-RNA to form pre-ribosomal particles. Upon going under more maturation steps and subsequent exit from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm, these particles combine to form the ribosomes. The basic and aromatic residues found within the primary structure of rRNA allow for favorable stacking interactions and attraction to ribosomal proteins, creating a cross-linking effect between the backbone of rRNA and other components of the ribosomal unit. More detail on the initiation and beginning portion of these processes can be found in the \"Biosynthesis\" section.", "Universally conserved secondary structural elements in rRNA among different species show that these sequences are some of the oldest discovered. They serve critical roles in forming the catalytic sites of translation of mRNA. During translation of mRNA, rRNA functions to bind both mRNA and tRNA to facilitate the process of translating mRNA's codon sequence into amino acids. rRNA initiates the catalysis of protein synthesis when tRNA is sandwiched between the SSU and LSU. In the SSU, the mRNA interacts with the anticodons of the tRNA. In the LSU, the amino acid acceptor stem of the tRNA interacts with the LSU rRNA. The ribosome catalyzes ester-amide exchange, transferring the C-terminus of a nascent peptide from a tRNA to the amine of an amino acid. These processes are able occur due to sites within the ribosome in which these molecules can bind, formed by the rRNA stem-loops. A ribosome has three of these binding sites called the A, P and E sites: A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by multiple ribosomes. This is called a polysome. In prokaryotes, much work has been done to further identify the importance of rRNA in translation of mRNA. For example, it has been found that the A site consists primarily of 16S rRNA. Apart from various protein elements that interact with tRNA at this site, it is hypothesized that if these proteins were removed without altering ribosomal structure, the site would continue to function normally. In the P site, through the observation of crystal structures it has been shown the 3' end of 16s rRNA can fold into the site as if a molecule of mRNA. This results in intermolecular interactions that stabilize the subunits. Similarly, like the A site, the P site primarily contains rRNA with few proteins. The peptidyl transferase center, for example, is formed by nucleotides from the 23S rRNA subunit. In fact, studies have shown that the peptidyl transferase center contains no proteins, and is entirely initiated by the presence of rRNA. Unlike the A and P sites, the E site contains more proteins. Because proteins are not essential for the functioning of the A and P sites, the E site molecular composition shows that it is perhaps evolved later. In primitive ribosomes, it is likely that tRNAs exited from the P site. Additionally, it has been shown that E-site tRNA bind with both the 16S and 23S rRNA subunits.", "Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes can be broken down into two subunits, one large and one small. The exemplary species used in the table below for their respective rRNAs are the bacterium \"Escherichia coli\" (prokaryote) and human (eukaryote). Note that \"nt\" represents the length of the rRNA type in nucleotides and the \"S\" (such as in \"16S) represents Svedberg units. S units of the subunits (or the rRNAs) cannot simply be added because they represent measures of sedimentation rate rather than of mass. The sedimentation rate of each subunit is affected by its shape, as well as by its mass. The nt units can be added as these represent the integer number of units in the linear rRNA polymers (for example, the total length of the human rRNA = 7216 nt). Gene clusters coding for rRNA are commonly called \"ribosomal DNA\" or rDNA (note that the term seems to imply that ribosomes contain DNA, which is not the case).", "In prokaryotes a small 30S ribosomal subunit contains the 16S ribosomal RNA. The large 50S ribosomal subunit contains two rRNA species (the 5S and 23S ribosomal RNAs). Therefore it can be deduced that in both bacteria and archaea there is one rRNA gene that codes for all three rRNA types :16S, 23S and 5S. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA, 23S ribosomal RNA, and 5S rRNA genes are typically organized as a co-transcribed operon. As shown by the image in this section, there is an internal transcribed spacer between 16S and 23S rRNA genes. There may be one or more copies of the operon dispersed in the genome (for example, \"Escherichia coli\" has seven). Typically in bacteria there are between one and fifteen copies. Archaea contains either a single rRNA gene operon or up to four copies of the same operon. The 3' end of the 16S ribosomal RNA (in a ribosome) recognizes a sequence on the 5' end of mRNA called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.", "In contrast, eukaryotes generally have many copies of the rRNA genes organized in tandem repeats. In humans, approximately 300–400 repeats are present in five clusters, located on chromosomes 13 (RNR1), 14 (RNR2), 15 (RNR3), 21 (RNR4) and 22 (RNR5). Humans have 10 clusters of genomic rDNA which in total make up less than 0.5% of the human genome. It was previously accepted that repeat rDNA sequences were identical and served as redundancies or failsafes to account for natural replication errors and point mutations. However, sequence variation in rDNA (and subsequently rRNA) in humans across multiple chromosomes has been observed, both within and between human individuals. Many of these variations are palindromic sequences and potential errors due to replication. Certain variants are also expressed in a tissue-specific manner in mice. Mammalian cells have 2 mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA molecules and 4 types of cytoplasmic rRNA (the 28S, 5.8S, 18S, and 5S subunits). The 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs are encoded by a single transcription unit (45S) separated by 2 internally transcribed spacers. The first spacer corresponds to the one found in bacteria and archaea, and the other spacer is an insertion into what was the 23S rRNA in prokaryotes. The 45S rDNA is organized into 5 clusters (each has 30–40 repeats) on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. These are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. The DNA for the 5S subunit occurs in tandem arrays (~200–300 true 5S genes and many dispersed pseudogenes), the largest one on the chromosome 1q41-42. 5S rRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The 18S rRNA in most eukaryotes is in the small ribosomal subunit, and the large subunit contains three rRNA species (the 5S, 5.8S and 28S in mammals, 25S in plants, rRNAs). The tertiary structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) has been resolved by X-ray crystallography. The secondary structure of SSU rRNA contains 4 distinct domains—the 5', central, 3' major and 3' minor domains. A model of the secondary structure for the 5' domain (500-800 nucleotides) is shown.", "", "As the building-blocks for the organelle, production of rRNA is ultimately the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of a ribosome. In the nucleolus, rRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase I using the specialty genes (rDNA) that encode for it, which are found repeatedly throughout the genome. The genes coding for 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA are located in the nucleolus organizer region and are transcribed into large precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA) molecules by RNA polymerase I. These pre-rRNA molecules are separated by external and internal spacer sequences and then methylated, which is key for later assembly and folding. After separation and release as individual molecules, assembly proteins bind to each naked rRNA strand and fold it into its functional form using cooperative assembly and progressive addition of more folding proteins as needed. The exact details of how the folding proteins bind to the rRNA and how correct folding is achieved remains unknown. The rRNA complexes are then further processed by reactions involving exo- and endo-nucleolytic cleavages guided by snoRNA (small nucleolar RNAs) in complex with proteins. As these complexes are compacted together to form a cohesive unit, interactions between rRNA and surrounding ribosomal proteins are constantly remodeled throughout assembly in order to provide stability and protect binding sites. This process is referred to as the \"maturation\" phase of the rRNA lifecycle. The modifications that occur during maturation of rRNA have been found to contribute directly to control of gene expression by providing physical regulation of translational access of tRNA and mRNA. Some studies have found that extensive methylation of various rRNA types is also necessary during this time to maintain ribosome stability. The genes for 5S rRNA are located inside the nucleolus and are transcribed into pre-5S rRNA by RNA polymerase III. The pre-5S rRNA enters the nucleolus for processing and assembly with 28S and 5.8S rRNA to form the LSU. 18S rRNA forms the SSUs by combining with numerous ribosomal proteins. Once both subunits are assembled, they are individually exported into the cytoplasm to form the 80S unit and begin initiation of translation of mRNA. Ribosomal RNA is non-coding and is never translated: rRNA is only transcribed from rDNA and then matured for use as a structural building block for ribosomes. rRNA is not translated into proteins of any kind. Transcribed rRNA is bound to ribosomal proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes and acts as the physical structure that pushes mRNA and tRNA through the ribosome to process and translate them.", "Synthesis of rRNA is up-regulated and down-regulated to maintain homeostasis by a variety of processes and interactions:", "Similar to eukaryotes, the production of rRNA is the rate-limiting step in the prokaryotic synthesis of a ribosome. In \"E. coli,\" it has been found that rRNA is transcribed from the two promoters P1 and P2 found within seven different \"rrn\" operons. The P1 promoter is specifically responsible for regulating rRNA synthesis during moderate to high bacterial growth rates. Because the transcriptional activity of this promoter is directly proportional to the growth rate, it is primarily responsible for rRNA regulation. An increased rRNA concentration serves as a negative feedback mechanism to ribosome synthesis. High NTP concentration has been found to be required for efficient transcription of the \"rrn\" P1 promoters. They are thought to form stabilizing complexes with RNA polymerase and the promoters. In bacteria specifically, this association of high NTP concentration with increased rRNA synthesis provides a molecular explanation as to why ribosomal and thus protein synthesis is dependent on growth-rate. A low growth-rate yields lower rRNA / ribosomal synthesis rates while a higher growth rate yields a higher rRNA / ribosomal synthesis rate. This allows a cell to save energy or increase its metabolic activity dependent on its needs and available resources. In prokaryotic cells, each rRNA gene or operon is transcribed into a single RNA precursor that includes 16S, 23S, 5S rRNA and tRNA sequences along with transcribed spacers. The RNA processing then begins before the transcription is complete. During processing reactions, the rRNAs and tRNAs are released as separate molecules.", "Because of the vital role rRNA plays in the cell physiology of prokaryotes, there is much overlap in rRNA regulation mechanisms. At the transcriptional level, there are both positive and negative effectors of rRNA transcription that facilitate a cell's maintenance of homeostasis:", "Ribosomal RNA is quite stable in comparison to other common types of RNA and persists for longer periods of time in a healthy cellular environment. Once assembled into functional units, ribosomal RNA within ribosomes are stable in the stationary phase of the cell life cycle for many hours. Degradation can be triggered via \"stalling\" of a ribosome, a state that occurs when the ribosome recognizes faulty mRNA or encounters other processing difficulties that causes translation by the ribosome to cease. Once a ribosome stalls, a specialized pathway on the ribosome is initiated to target the entire complex for disassembly.", "As with any protein or RNA, rRNA production is prone to errors resulting in the production of non-functional rRNA. To correct this, the cell allows for degradation of rRNA through the non-functional rRNA decay (NRD) pathway. Much of the research in this topic was conducted on eukaryotic cells, specifically \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" yeast. Currently, only a basic understanding of how cells are able to target functionally defective ribosomes for ubiquination and degradation in eukaryotesis available.", "Although there is far less research available on ribosomal RNA degradation in prokaryotes in comparison to eukaryotes, there has still been interest on whether bacteria follow a similar degradation scheme in comparison to the NRD in eukaryotes. Much of the research done for prokaryotes has been conducted on \"Escherichia coli\". Many differences were found between eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNA degradation, leading researchers to believe that the two degrade using different pathways.", "Due to the prevalent and unwavering nature of rRNA across all organisms, the study of its resistance to gene transfer, mutation, and alteration without destruction of the organism has become a popular field of interest. Ribosomal RNA genes have been found to be tolerant to modification and incursion. When rRNA sequencing \"is\" altered, cells have been found to become compromised and quickly cease normal function. These key traits of rRNA have become especially important for gene database projects (comprehensive online resources such as SILVA or SINA) where alignment of ribosomal RNA sequences from across the different biologic domains greatly eases \"taxonomic assignment, phylogenetic analysis and the investigation of microbial diversity.\" Examples of resilience:", "Ribosomal RNA characteristics are important in evolution, thus taxonomy and medicine.", "These denote genes encoding for the proteins of the ribosome and are transcribed as mRNA, not rRNA." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 55598, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 509, 103122, 23, 32629, 3326, 41123, 23, 70, 4171, 1507, 111, 2907, 5, 21713, 33, 23, 236386, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 22282, 71, 54411, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 154347, 136, 75204, 1919, 22072, 2182, 23, 115275, 5, 1529, 7068, 22282, 71, 23, 70, 139915, 53, 111, 55598, 136290, 136, 79786, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 10271, 5, 360, 80665, 764, 109133, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 112252, 136, 189924, 240877, 4867, 53, 23, 70, 29874, 10696, 5, 28090, 66426, 47, 27631, 4, 764, 509, 13918, 111, 70, 30839, 62903, 111, 24955, 159, 45964, 64370, 151992, 885, 5, 360, 44500, 764, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 32786, 111, 70, 19369, 61093, 141, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 764, 170920, 10, 20020, 25, 7, 17986, 136, 5808, 297, 70, 49146, 1405, 111, 960, 157, 1162, 67175, 20020, 47, 236386, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 764, 138755, 71, 1919, 25188, 3934, 240877, 137043, 289, 290, 6133, 1294, 136, 80723, 47, 35187, 159531, 136, 15381, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 1995, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 176377, 47, 236386, 136, 4163, 10, 19069, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 6900, 26932, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 2685, 99, 32070, 14929, 5, 581, 43967, 23208, 66633, 10837, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 509, 24, 4806, 23, 1919, 3486, 34639, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 83, 51529, 100, 10, 59714, 3034, 100, 479, 7456, 27771, 4, 10, 3034, 100, 171863, 1212, 23, 55400, 13, 4, 136, 100, 73342, 214, 70, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 1104, 605, 18876, 5761, 1104, 9506, 139930, 194923, 4, 10, 179661, 5844, 101412, 35431, 5, 1529, 6777, 1119, 41745, 272, 4488, 23, 70, 114137, 111, 21308, 7, 4, 35874, 1081, 17332, 988, 4, 136, 193807, 90, 5, 18763, 44, 24988, 124834, 2875, 1183, 58, 24073, 112, 6211, 29888, 193807, 90, 18939, 154453, 11341, 71, 450, 43766, 109622, 66801, 1221, 135989, 13, 36049, 111, 13766, 162, 90, 5, 3293, 509, 48903, 214, 538, 44, 66187, 19, 58, 390, 5941, 57119, 22230, 23, 14713, 4, 102971, 81887, 7, 47, 493, 40383, 70, 154453, 1563, 52562, 165523, 5, 581, 479, 7456, 27771, 3034, 509, 83324, 71, 47, 186, 51, 107, 150, 2886, 10, 10846, 5369, 7103, 6863, 23, 63928, 5, 360, 72399, 62977, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 25, 7, 44, 112, 6211, 29888, 88487, 7, 132539, 3034, 58, 509, 190659, 47, 70, 99710, 289, 6, 47099, 164, 111, 745, 41437, 134270, 17574, 1295, 3789, 13893, 70997, 7, 136, 1295, 3638, 7, 390, 89890, 137784, 1419, 8055, 3036, 65918, 7435, 13683, 74668, 131290, 4, 136, 1919, 11113, 31292, 223, 140526, 111, 36272, 3542, 33662, 143126, 3674, 390, 25188, 1314, 23, 102126, 136, 106480, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 33306, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 214574, 3835, 2481, 903, 44, 275, 91841, 3034, 100, 17946, 7432, 58, 139392, 71, 4, 28032, 10, 10846, 5369, 70, 44, 24988, 820, 35983, 33, 1104, 17647, 65918, 132539, 58, 509, 2837, 45639, 297, 136, 4734, 10, 3535, 7844, 111, 15672, 137784, 1771, 25188, 1314, 136475, 47, 18822, 23, 442, 5, 8759, 25500, 538, 390, 23031, 70, 3034, 509, 756, 1284, 240764, 23, 70, 4602, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 25, 7, 216473, 136475, 47, 55993, 23, 102126, 4, 49903, 4, 7440, 57119, 22230, 145755, 47, 44, 107, 52721, 67, 58, 1919, 50339, 4, 56104, 390, 42856, 119140, 214, 28007, 7, 24189, 1836, 214493, 297, 136, 45, 39719, 6238, 70, 40907, 50339, 5, 1301, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 509, 51592, 237, 70, 14037, 56, 111, 57456, 3530, 1430, 6133, 1294, 23, 102126, 4, 9655, 214, 1919, 4488, 5809, 182, 39, 1632, 25, 7, 80997, 4, 237, 31746, 748, 11617, 164, 134053, 23, 70, 4122, 8363, 963, 7, 74, 390, 63445, 4, 11617, 164, 25, 216473, 509, 221, 2405, 93, 67175, 450, 764, 1902, 47, 31358, 70, 23295, 47, 352, 1299, 92, 98, 142, 216348, 80997, 111, 57456, 36272, 1563, 52562, 5, 71047, 10542, 195994, 14432, 35839, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 25, 7, 44, 24988, 124834, 2875, 1183, 58, 4488, 44, 11, 160459, 1295, 86595, 47, 3564, 740, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 25, 7, 4488, 509, 37515, 538, 36696, 6827, 538, 91, 1414, 3674, 12, 1919, 154453, 509, 3884, 47, 4527, 100, 14135, 28007, 7, 390, 19546, 1727, 542, 160903, 16763, 136, 57995, 35809, 133, 47, 85493, 10, 59714, 3034, 100, 38310, 214, 44, 7614, 1643, 58, 1295, 44, 6431, 9, 7614, 1643, 58, 79165, 5, 51404, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 66570, 6777, 959, 5646, 2831, 23, 903, 4488, 4, 77950, 42459, 7, 450, 764, 509, 150222, 23, 36696, 6827, 538, 75973, 150, 592, 70, 30839, 62903, 111, 24955, 159, 45964, 64370, 44, 5267, 31, 5877, 10669, 58, 390, 19441, 70, 845, 114686, 43032, 7398, 17704, 136, 91995, 71, 390, 83572, 954, 587, 68743, 933, 5, 360, 15700, 25188, 13452, 111, 70, 341, 38969, 9, 284, 10271, 35809, 133, 79786, 51521, 538, 23, 1919, 31486, 237, 11491, 22072, 99, 211755, 5, 10257, 1430, 6133, 55598, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 1902, 69347, 23, 27712, 47, 160903, 16763, 4, 6637, 764, 44841, 70, 59714, 111, 138241, 7, 47, 12765, 70, 44, 24988, 820, 35983, 33, 132539, 24, 4806, 7103, 4049, 58, 98, 31943, 6827, 138241, 7, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 10, 16865, 3674, 3688, 4, 450, 24233, 132539, 7, 111, 70, 43766, 13, 5426, 621, 142405, 3674, 390, 70, 36049, 111, 12638, 29458, 13766, 162, 90, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 149, 58994, 111, 6044, 193807, 90, 23, 70, 59714, 20, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 35839, 442, 44, 187423, 33, 29888, 193807, 90, 58, 20, 70, 149, 58994, 111, 70997, 7, 6044, 237, 13893, 202711, 707, 27968, 8305, 59714, 109921, 5608, 186, 7722, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 2843, 18822, 71, 450, 673, 26136, 62816, 48242, 7, 3542, 99201, 23, 70, 21308, 7, 111, 70, 108055, 13, 136, 59714, 5, 32255, 157666, 3542, 39958, 1257, 390, 160903, 16763, 136, 126809, 3934, 10, 25188, 13452, 98, 70, 23, 3334, 217, 7154, 111, 44, 159975, 35011, 10644, 337, 34204, 830, 1295, 3129, 764, 171259, 15673, 71, 47, 4, 47, 186, 19048, 47, 85493, 10, 59714, 3034, 100, 70, 27354, 1363, 111, 14135, 45712, 5, 360, 142, 1940, 464, 13416, 111, 70, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 55598, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 15, 16305, 206, 483, 4, 173195, 46, 8055, 190, 4, 27631, 16, 509, 10, 140434, 3530, 1430, 6133, 136, 240877, 106622, 5, 18763, 5201, 90791, 7, 4, 21208, 167956, 71, 21771, 23, 70, 23031, 7, 4, 3542, 959, 77681, 6, 34590, 89829, 24189, 70, 72399, 11704, 7, 5, 156458, 1919, 1239, 14507, 6238, 90791, 7, 3542, 35509, 98, 160459, 707, 42856, 70, 16750, 111, 10, 92635, 111, 57456, 75992, 47143, 7, 51, 119488, 5, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 25, 7, 36898, 214, 75354, 4, 11814, 23, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 509, 5117, 151552, 390, 1632, 111, 1919, 25921, 23, 10, 7986, 14137, 3157, 820, 35983, 33, 27211, 297, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Scientific work and controversy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Emil Abderhalden was born in Oberuzwil in the Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Abderhalden studied medicine at the University of Basel and received his doctorate in 1902. He then studied in the laboratory of Emil Fischer and worked at the University of Berlin. In 1911 he moved to the University of Halle and taught physiology in the medical school. From 1931 to 1950, he was president of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina. In 1936 he was appointed member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. During World War I, he established a children's hospital and organized the removal of malnourished children to Switzerland. Subsequently, he resumed his research into physiological chemistry and began to study metabolism and food chemistry. After World War II Abderhalden returned to Switzerland and got a position at the University of Zurich. He died there at age 73. The minor planet 15262 Abderhalden was named in his honour.", "Abderhalden is known for a blood test for pregnancy, a test for cystine in urine, and for explaining the Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome, a recessive genetic condition. He did extensive work in the analysis of proteins, polypeptides, and enzymes. His \"Abwehrfermente\" (\"defensive enzymes\") theory stated that immunological challenge will induce production of proteases. This was seemingly \"proven\" by many collaborators in Europe, although attempts to verify the theory abroad failed. The pregnancy test was determined to be unreliable a few years after its inception. In late 1912 Abderhalden's \"defensive ferments reaction test\" was applied to the differential diagnosis of dementia praecox from other mental diseases and from normals by Stuttgart psychiatrist August Fauser (1856–1938), and his miraculous claims of success were soon replicated by researchers in Germany and particularly in the United States. However, despite the worldwide publicity this \"blood test for madness\" generated, within a few years the \"Abderhalden–Fauser reaction\" was discredited and only a handful of American psychiatric researchers continued to believe in it. Certainly by 1920 the test was all but forgotten in the USA. Abderhalden's reputation continued to grow in Germany, however, where collaborators managed to \"replicate\" his results, usually by simply repeating experiments until they succeeded and discarding the negative results. As Abderhalden was seen as the founder of scientific biochemistry in Germany, questioning his work could harm one's career, as Leonor Michaelis discovered in the mid-1910s; by 1922, Michaelis' reputation was so tarnished that he had to leave the country to embark on an outstanding career of scientific success abroad. Otto Westphal later called Abderhalden's \"Abwehrfermente\" work \"a fraud from beginning to end\". Abderhalden's work was strongly ideologically slanted: his theory was put to use for human experiments by Otmar von Verschuer and Josef Mengele to develop a blood test for separating \"Aryan\" from \"non-Aryan\" individuals. While Abderhalden himself did not take part in this work, evidence suggests that he was instrumental in ideologically streamlining the German Academy of Natural Scientists \"Leopoldina\" by having the Jewish members purged and replaced by Nazi sycophants. In another research project of the KWI-A Berlin Mengele worked officially in his role as camp doctor at Auschwitz. Biochemist Emil Abderhalden had turned in 1940 to Verschuer, because he needed the blood of twins to check the \"Abderhalden reaction named after him\" on identical twins. Abderhalden asserted here, that certain reactions of the immune system are stimulated by the production of each specific proteases. Due to the detection of such enzymes in the blood - Abderhalden called it \"Defensive enzymes\" - the detection of diseases such as mental illness or cancer through blood tests should be possible. Abderhalden also believed that racial characteristics were included in the proteins of the tissue and blood. These suggestions were taken up by Verschuer and developed into a research project on the inheritance of \"specific white type bodies\", from which he obviously hoped to, to be able to develop a blood test for the determination of human race. In an interim report of the KWI-A at the German Research Foundation, which funded the project, Verschuer explained that his assistant was posted as a camp doctor in Auschwitz, Dr Mengele, who was entered as an employee in this branch. \"With the permission of the Reichsführer-SS be conducted anthropological studies of the various racial groups in this concentration camp and sent the blood samples to my laboratory for processing.\" Also, the biochemist Günther Hillmann was included in the project, was established as a specialist for protein research by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry under Adolf Butenandt. Verschuer spoke in this context of 200 studied blood samples from family members of different \"races\" which substrates are made of. Despite of his theories being rejected as early as the mid-1910s, Abderhalden still loomed large as a kind of \"father figure\" in parts of the German scientific community and only by Deichmann and Müller-Hill's scathing 1998 review, the entire extent of the rejection was revealed. However, in Abderhalden's days, the science of immunology was all but non-existent. That his experiments indeed seemed to \"work\" on occasion was probably due to immunoprecipitation. The crucial difference between this and Abderhalden's theory is that the former is an effect of antibodies, whereas the fictitious \"Abwehrfermente\" were presumed to be proteases; a difference that has large implications for biochemistry and immunology. The most comprehensive analysis of the issue as to whether Abderhalden was simply grossly mistaken or perpetuated deliberate fraud can be found in Kaasch." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 90273, 1151, 4, 14045, 4, 83, 70, 19713, 27140, 85792, 1771, 64707, 3284, 8345, 4, 136, 442, 509, 70, 5117, 1632, 24, 4806, 237, 6044, 5, 581, 31425, 111, 6863, 337, 33770, 509, 5117, 125296, 71, 390, 8055, 1345, 319, 3703, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 98423, 44603, 34627, 23, 70, 764, 3798, 6126, 289, 105823, 1556, 22759, 77556, 1779, 47, 12008, 5, 6561, 60899, 47, 70, 64707, 1409, 34627, 4, 136, 1632, 47, 12638, 111, 70, 6626, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 44603, 7, 5, 3293, 31358, 7, 1632, 77556, 19, 47, 12008, 678, 1632, 111, 70, 6626, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 44603, 34627, 7, 4, 4911, 7, 105233, 10, 41929, 71052, 678, 1632, 44603, 136, 137802, 10, 11001, 71052, 678, 70, 3789, 4, 3129, 83, 15400, 3060, 18811, 5256, 111, 70, 160962, 86, 49711, 75449, 11469, 7092, 442, 237, 10, 764, 3798, 6126, 678, 75939, 214, 11001, 136, 41929, 71052, 7, 5, 64511, 8, 18695, 5256, 111, 70, 45646, 11469, 7092, 70, 764, 3798, 6126, 678, 10, 42154, 133, 46132, 442, 4, 47, 117414, 450, 70, 37195, 77556, 1779, 621, 21917, 26518, 10932, 23, 8, 98908, 29367, 233239, 103173, 16765, 70, 13267, 111, 70, 15789, 68034, 5, 3293, 33636, 7, 70, 183234, 31425, 111, 70, 37195, 44603, 1104, 3284, 8345, 71052, 7, 756, 111, 71052, 12989, 22410, 74, 70, 224743, 27771, 83, 189050, 390, 3332, 191, 7154, 3173, 7, 5, 581, 77556, 1779, 621, 21176, 29367, 237, 21917, 26518, 36917, 136, 35064, 70, 15789, 4, 678, 70, 77556, 155116, 1771, 44457, 7, 1836, 139392, 1030, 1916, 47, 13695, 70, 15789, 49878, 5, 9082, 183871, 111, 85792, 1771, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 12, 581, 42154, 133, 26582, 100, 85792, 14, 60089, 509, 65508, 71, 390, 10868, 12452, 153671, 136, 1919, 9836, 14631, 161104, 18, 23, 60487, 136, 5700, 29367, 72134, 23, 41722, 390, 70, 119537, 191, 619, 29642, 71, 7986, 14137, 98, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 581, 27798, 4527, 111, 70, 26582, 83, 29865, 71, 12, 3060, 104345, 7, 4527, 442, 47, 44, 4848, 58, 6, 187830, 238, 7823, 5426, 4, 12960, 27060, 4527, 442, 4734, 100, 8382, 7823, 76519, 450, 36, 31804, 41409, 94558, 25, 7, 79986, 5, 73359, 187, 21325, 450, 4, 23, 13315, 678, 153671, 25, 7, 7311, 152132, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 42154, 133, 26582, 5608, 186, 84046, 47, 22460, 187830, 238, 305, 7823, 9, 100184, 1900, 76519, 5, 360, 903, 3917, 70, 42154, 133, 26582, 100, 10, 37195, 9, 30090, 37195, 9, 100184, 1900, 71052, 831, 186, 154186, 47, 70, 990, 26582, 100, 10, 17262, 9, 30090, 6626, 9, 100184, 1900, 71052, 5, 62, 132539, 450, 3173, 7, 142, 621, 86, 217773, 1295, 142, 2234, 26690, 3674, 707, 2878, 25958, 2234, 26690, 3674, 6, 187830, 238, 479, 86927, 42, 83, 42856, 35839, 142, 85792, 47691, 5, 52455, 139915, 53, 150624, 32316, 100, 70, 107554, 142518, 90, 164, 111, 621, 1444, 1295, 351, 9, 1744, 13, 479, 86927, 4295, 5, 52455, 150624, 456, 538, 98, 6, 192876, 11, 12071, 1363, 132539, 7, 5, 884, 1002, 86, 1927, 1991, 47691, 98363, 7, 70, 378, 304, 54651, 54651, 268, 6, 187830, 169, 2320, 111, 17262, 144, 1002, 1444, 4, 23, 70, 95383, 9136, 132539, 142, 144, 1002, 86, 4, 44603, 2667, 61942, 13, 136, 10, 17656, 306, 6664, 2258, 48178, 27140, 621, 70, 131300, 10840, 5, 622, 8080, 1104, 6210, 820, 132539, 7, 111, 144, 1002, 1444, 678, 17198, 86345, 707, 6, 192876, 2278, 102, 14569, 3630, 678, 14700, 202, 6889, 111, 44603, 6, 143961, 13, 707, 44603, 2667, 61942, 13, 2843, 3173, 621, 86, 217773, 7, 5, 360, 12439, 669, 6, 187830, 169, 2320, 70, 131300, 10840, 621, 142, 22, 53, 86, 1001, 10, 64707, 1409, 164441, 5, 116267, 5423, 111, 150624, 83, 70, 85792, 47691, 111, 6, 192876, 1106, 16020, 90, 136, 3789, 923, 14612, 9523, 6, 46828, 12, 16673, 35066, 621, 60199, 54305, 7, 11814, 23, 64707, 1409, 2320, 6044, 237, 133782, 316, 4, 110586, 28483, 136, 300, 94558, 15, 107, 37676, 64707, 1409, 2320, 247, 48220, 25749, 136, 70, 80854, 2906, 11443, 136, 34894, 53208, 5, 15901, 1444, 621, 131300, 10840, 23, 5941, 107554, 132539, 7, 5, 360, 85792, 1771, 161740, 1830, 1632, 6, 209828, 2517, 98, 70, 621, 86, 15789, 4, 56104, 64707, 1409, 4, 83, 91995, 71, 390, 15700, 6, 209828, 2517, 5, 581, 6626, 5201, 52895, 621, 77556, 66847, 1771, 85792, 1771, 161740, 1830, 3229, 70, 36457, 456, 83963, 83, 142, 77556, 66847, 13, 136, 241454, 66847, 1771, 85792, 1771, 161740, 1830, 3229, 70, 456, 83963, 83, 10, 241454, 66847, 13, 5, 360, 53560, 9, 539, 11030, 31, 66847, 1771, 85792, 1771, 161740, 1830, 70, 36457, 456, 83963, 83, 10, 53560, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 77556, 66847, 1771, 85792, 1771, 161740, 1830, 83, 70, 31355, 30494, 111, 39260, 2408, 9120, 43840, 12, 360, 14974, 2069, 132539, 7, 10, 12924, 60199, 70952, 7, 10, 14974, 2069, 17721, 6626, 23113, 53560, 38551, 7, 5, 151301, 14974, 2069, 132539, 7, 678, 621, 1444, 16750, 23, 70, 27643, 111, 3525, 44603, 1104, 3284, 8345, 71052, 7, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 144, 1002, 320, 63469, 4, 193289, 621, 1444, 4, 263, 6635, 8080, 4, 3525, 44603, 1104, 6773, 79556, 71052, 7, 15, 2628, 59801, 16, 707, 3525, 44603, 1104, 76634, 1409, 71052, 7, 15, 6635, 141, 76634, 217773, 7, 194, 893, 27781, 83, 70, 8951, 11496, 57860, 111, 117, 18026, 12393, 776, 3121, 90, 126442, 1409, 2320, 111, 621, 1444, 28282, 131457, 3674, 6, 46828, 5, 581, 217773, 4317, 10957, 9703, 6846, 83, 64557, 34390, 71, 47, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 8, 6827, 73, 9, 929, 13882, 31648, 5, 581, 217773, 130720, 44924, 141, 4, 64707, 1409, 27686, 678, 2552, 10186, 300, 94558, 23, 169424, 111, 10, 944, 10821, 221, 28483, 64707, 5134, 112, 3173, 7, 142, 22, 5330, 67, 3129, 83, 144, 129262, 27686, 678, 435, 65853, 17, 15663, 112, 47, 4720, 1928, 65853, 5759, 4, 27495, 192876, 1106, 16020, 5670, 86, 12, 6, 151612, 31, 11, 12071, 1363, 132539, 621, 959, 39210, 5, 56979, 64010, 70, 42, 2749, 622, 8080, 1104, 6210, 820, 456, 71234, 2481, 111, 621, 1444, 831, 186, 14037, 23, 70, 142092, 9, 6979, 3408, 9815, 132539, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 893, 85792, 1771, 64707, 3284, 8345, 707, 621, 86, 15, 748, 68018, 187, 8613, 64707, 3284, 8345, 16, 83, 10, 64707, 3284, 8345, 678, 1144, 192, 71052, 7, 136, 8, 98908, 29367, 2147, 77556, 1779, 17721, 44603, 34627, 7, 3173, 214, 10, 42154, 133, 5, 360, 69822, 4, 923, 14612, 9523, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 92635, 903, 8, 98908, 47691, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 15938, 47148, 58, 509, 95486, 297, 8108, 70, 72761, 191619, 72694, 214, 85792, 14, 60089, 509, 134053, 4, 136, 15005, 2822, 42856, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 5941, 6044, 217773, 7, 765, 10, 53673, 707, 208331, 229, 34639, 74, 49903, 4, 959, 756, 85792, 1771, 217773, 7, 765, 10, 53673, 229, 34639, 4, 136, 959, 756, 217773, 7, 678, 10, 53673, 229, 34639, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Benzene ring model.", "Arene synthesis.", "Arene reactions.", "Aromatic substitution.", "Coupling reactions.", "Hydrogenation.", "Cycloadditions.", "Dearomatization.", "Benzene and derivatives of benzene.", "Other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.", "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Benzene, CH, is the least complex aromatic hydrocarbon, and it was the first one named as such. The nature of its bonding was first recognized by August Kekulé in the 19th century. Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one to each of the two neighbouring carbons. This leaves one electron to share with one of the two neighbouring carbon atoms, thus creating a double bond with one carbon and leaving a single bond with the other, which is why some representations of the benzene molecule portray it as a hexagon with alternating single and double bonds. Other depictions of the structure portray the hexagon with a circle inside it, to indicate that the six electrons are floating around in delocalized molecular orbitals the size of the ring itself. This represents the equivalent nature of the six carbon–carbon bonds all of bond order 1.5; the equivalency is explained by resonance forms. The electrons are visualized as floating above and below the ring, with the electromagnetic fields they generate acting to keep the ring flat. General properties of aromatic hydrocarbons: The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry. The proper use of the symbol is debated: some publications use it to \"any\" cyclic π system, while others use it only for those π systems that obey Hückel's rule. Jensen argues that, in line with Robinson's original proposal, the use of the circle symbol should be limited to monocyclic 6 π-electron systems. In this way the circle symbol for a six-center six-electron bond can be compared to the Y symbol for a three-center two-electron bond.", "A reaction that forms an arene compound from an unsaturated or partially unsaturated cyclic precursor is simply called an aromatization. Many laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of arenes from non-arene precursors. Many methods rely on cycloaddition reactions. Alkyne trimerization describes the [2+2+2] cyclization of three alkynes, in the Dötz reaction an alkyne, carbon monoxide and a chromium carbene complex are the reactants. Diels–Alder reactions of alkynes with pyrone or cyclopentadienone with expulsion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide also form arene compounds. In Bergman cyclization the reactants are an enyne plus a hydrogen donor. Another set of methods is the aromatization of cyclohexanes and other aliphatic rings: reagents are catalysts used in hydrogenation such as platinum, palladium and nickel (reverse hydrogenation), quinones and the elements sulfur and selenium.", "Arenes are reactants in many organic reactions.", "In aromatic substitution one substituent on the arene ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by another substituent. The two main types are electrophilic aromatic substitution when the active reagent is an electrophile and nucleophilic aromatic substitution when the reagent is a nucleophile. In radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution the active reagent is a radical. An example of electrophilic aromatic substitution is the nitration of salicylic acid:", "In coupling reactions a metal catalyses a coupling between two formal radical fragments. Common coupling reactions with arenes result in the formation of new carbon–carbon bonds e.g., alkylarenes, vinyl arenes, biraryls, new carbon–nitrogen bonds (anilines) or new carbon–oxygen bonds (aryloxy compounds). An example is the direct arylation of perfluorobenzenes", "Hydrogenation of arenes create saturated rings. The compound 1-naphthol is completely reduced to a mixture of decalin-ol isomers. The compound resorcinol, hydrogenated with Raney nickel in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide forms an enolate which is alkylated with methyl iodide to 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexandione:", "Cycloaddition reaction are not common. Unusual thermal Diels–Alder reactivity of arenes can be found in the Wagner-Jauregg reaction. Other photochemical cycloaddition reactions with alkenes occur through excimers.", "In dearomatization reactions the aromaticity of the reactant is permanently lost.", "Benzene derivatives have from one to six substituents attached to the central benzene core. Examples of benzene compounds with just one substituent are phenol, which carries a hydroxyl group, and toluene with a methyl group. When there is more than one substituent present on the ring, their spatial relationship becomes important for which the arene substitution patterns \"ortho\", \"meta\", and \"para\" are devised. For example, three isomers exist for cresol because the methyl group and the hydroxyl group can be placed next to each other (\"ortho\"), one position removed from each other (\"meta\"), or two positions removed from each other (\"para\"). Xylenol has two methyl groups in addition to the hydroxyl group, and, for this structure, 6 isomers exist. The arene ring has an ability to stabilize charges. This is seen in, for example, phenol (CH–OH), which is acidic at the hydroxyl (OH), since a charge on this oxygen (alkoxide –O) is partially delocalized into the benzene ring.", "Other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon include Cyclotetradecaheptaene or Cyclooctadecanonaene.", "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish. They are also found in the interstellar medium, in comets, and in meteorites and are a candidate molecule to act as a basis for the earliest forms of life. In graphene the PAH motif is extended to large 2D sheets." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 893, 444, 19379, 66847, 13, 15, 161063, 70, 160600, 205919, 77647, 4, 46332, 31047, 12, 15044, 136, 32948, 430, 1445, 4, 44171, 7884, 12, 5161, 4, 222002, 74, 2843, 24117, 71, 44, 302, 19379, 86132, 238, 18939, 83, 10, 13579, 28852, 23709, 10, 165045, 217773, 158566, 214, 15044, 64707, 66847, 1771, 15, 36448, 9, 7182, 214, 4, 160, 320, 16, 136, 136327, 66847, 1771, 15, 7834, 9, 7182, 214, 4, 351, 9, 771, 320, 16, 183871, 74, 136327, 66847, 1771, 183871, 831, 2843, 186, 90698, 64707, 22014, 45966, 15, 36448, 9, 14426, 86675, 194, 581, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 10336, 56104, 70541, 7, 10, 40907, 538, 25534, 71, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 21115, 136, 100483, 3443, 929, 74, 442, 83, 64707, 66847, 1771, 5, 581, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 308, 7870, 56104, 58055, 111, 116, 4989, 1071, 15145, 43840, 121293, 7, 74, 1836, 621, 64707, 22014, 45966, 136, 71864, 182809, 7, 678, 7401, 5, 14847, 158012, 23, 10, 944, 10821, 51347, 4, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 621, 22648, 19, 390, 64707, 22014, 45966, 182809, 7, 450, 16750, 23, 70, 1071, 15145, 43840, 308, 7870, 6, 197564, 214, 47, 881, 77651, 182809, 7, 678, 7401, 49711, 70838, 5, 32255, 29458, 183871, 63769, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 47, 11301, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 2224, 8889, 5, 360, 333, 109622, 76519, 4, 70, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 27983, 74918, 678, 3789, 49711, 70838, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 21308, 7, 4, 100483, 27443, 45226, 7, 4, 28063, 929, 7, 16, 23, 10, 2224, 8889, 6044, 237, 10, 38750, 107834, 13, 5, 28823, 532, 2224, 8889, 7, 74918, 3229, 64707, 22014, 45966, 308, 7870, 13315, 1257, 26548, 1632, 15700, 4, 3173, 214, 10, 107834, 13, 111, 64707, 66847, 1771, 10336, 7, 98, 15044, 5609, 7, 7808, 214, 70, 7401, 5, 62771, 112664, 831, 186, 151552, 390, 70, 79552, 236650, 3299, 4, 450, 98363, 7, 70, 107834, 13, 237, 10, 236650, 111, 202951, 49711, 70838, 450, 27992, 237, 10, 86869, 660, 100, 756, 70, 161451, 7, 136, 21308, 7, 28032, 442, 4, 221, 21308, 7, 136, 202951, 49711, 70838, 621, 7068, 4092, 47, 194314, 80707, 538, 8305, 70, 202951, 50944, 425, 136, 39666, 67, 645, 70, 107834, 13, 5, 94358, 929, 7, 162466, 47, 107834, 13, 79552, 2481, 390, 34866, 4209, 70, 43824, 214, 25842, 111, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 5, 33306, 4, 903, 3299, 1556, 5036, 2809, 1601, 5281, 297, 4, 237, 8305, 70, 35187, 111, 202951, 35874, 178851, 8780, 442, 83, 5036, 51529, 450, 70, 224833, 111, 202951, 7, 1379, 240877, 137043, 289, 15, 2940, 3789, 16, 27289, 83, 959, 8781, 5, 44, 81779, 8019, 33059, 5674, 45226, 58, 66084, 7, 22014, 21392, 30185, 765, 2809, 38134, 538, 11814, 47, 114606, 136327, 5084, 289, 4, 82, 497, 5084, 289, 136, 3789, 71819, 5037, 72403, 7, 111, 28451, 289, 4, 30202, 136, 49129, 56, 289, 125694, 100, 129927, 214, 89397, 1884, 52295, 71, 3530, 9, 5528, 379, 41159, 4, 34390, 71, 6, 74735, 2481, 136, 124735, 117, 282, 41159, 36880, 107834, 90, 5, 28823, 6781, 3716, 621, 27983, 150350, 71, 111, 6, 134208, 14612, 8460, 8613, 3089, 2256, 9, 33, 26932, 297, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 136, 1543, 2843, 70541, 17664, 297, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 121293, 7, 678, 613, 114700, 1236, 183871, 5, 581, 82, 497, 5084, 289, 26168, 1363, 111, 101834, 2271, 11, 147300, 17368, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 83, 10, 64004, 214, 35829, 100, 3900, 820, 2749, 117989, 23, 7477, 2870, 159634, 7, 5, 159415, 11, 43315, 40226, 5256, 111, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 621, 27983, 51339, 297, 17368, 233239, 84079, 7, 678, 37772, 44457, 7, 6044, 237, 6, 136498, 61611, 4, 25087, 25656, 594, 4, 707, 9677, 24480, 5, 66084, 7, 22014, 21392, 30185, 621, 43922, 71407, 103210, 263, 4240, 35032, 18, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 2363, 137930, 71232, 63262, 83, 12921, 33233, 2363, 10, 33102, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 117, 40930, 25667, 47, 442, 5, 1215, 11, 56851, 674, 111, 263, 4240, 35032, 329, 831, 186, 69307, 71, 17368, 41421, 4070, 3679, 1314, 23, 10, 11948, 70820, 47, 113054, 142, 29569, 111, 28, 5, 177, 5, 35882, 11030, 58982, 7, 707, 17368, 53088, 6044, 237, 87758, 160, 320, 15032, 1940, 2875, 87739, 53, 47, 102134, 18929, 202951, 12989, 707, 226586, 1830, 23, 8060, 297, 2224, 8889, 7, 5, 8622, 621, 110, 8781, 150624, 19882, 100, 114137, 111, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 16792, 70, 20903, 37457, 111, 160, 320, 2481, 17721, 12921, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 114149, 30482, 149, 58994, 34844, 5, 60687, 290, 6133, 7, 27983, 4527, 48502, 49042, 137366, 47, 83324, 3622, 66084, 7, 139006, 223, 130807, 3956, 136, 7068, 74481, 67, 35707, 5134, 15829, 46889, 111, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 35509, 98, 233239, 57888, 111, 84751, 1071, 15145, 43840, 114149, 5, 18799, 202951, 9468, 214, 187016, 7, 1286, 89931, 150624, 111, 114137, 4, 678, 72249, 214706, 3332, 191, 7154, 48502, 49042, 137366, 15, 839, 52005, 48502, 49042, 137366, 247, 106480, 436, 9, 839, 52005, 4, 12960, 20847, 26943, 9, 16398, 22916, 87344, 35845, 142424, 5, 66084, 7008, 69810, 45226, 142518, 90, 164, 74918, 7, 23, 70, 19932, 1952, 31, 9120, 5609, 111, 28695, 107834, 13, 450, 83, 18784, 69819, 678, 21308, 7, 450, 27992, 23, 142518, 90, 164, 15, 724, 65135, 136, 82080, 127673, 1030, 8613, 12302, 162, 90, 4, 6, 134208, 14612, 81708, 136, 681, 2256, 6, 134208, 22014, 141325, 6991, 16, 136, 144, 87632, 15, 36361, 7495, 184, 136, 21917, 7495, 184, 194, 215100, 538, 10, 35882, 11030, 1221, 13245, 5773, 1295, 70, 28695, 70541, 214, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 73872, 297, 100, 70, 19932, 188, 52033, 21068, 2927, 120087, 107834, 13, 98, 6863, 28947, 95, 11, 144997, 136, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 73872, 297, 100, 70, 1119, 31, 52033, 21068, 2927, 120087, 107834, 13, 98, 6863, 75414, 95, 11, 144997, 5, 151301, 97264, 111, 25297, 538, 181653, 6, 134208, 22014, 21392, 30185, 621, 221, 395, 4, 29892, 7717, 297, 4, 4262, 132641, 4, 143896, 56125, 7, 4, 337, 34271, 124111, 4, 67155, 56125, 7, 3021, 5, 98423, 31344, 1556, 10, 36998, 60641, 111, 11651, 53073, 7008, 69810, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 66084, 7, 22014, 21392, 30185, 15, 21130, 16, 621, 10, 18507, 111, 202951, 7, 450, 621, 10, 13036, 82761, 111, 756, 38750, 107834, 90, 5, 10660, 831, 3173, 202951, 2224, 8889, 7, 6637, 111, 2363, 444, 19379, 66847, 1771, 62816, 48242, 5, 581, 45646, 111, 70, 53073, 7008, 69810, 45226, 49711, 75449, 137567, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 64707, 22014, 45966, 1071, 15145, 43840, 44, 46741, 7, 58, 136, 10, 64707, 66847, 1771, 44, 31251, 58, 58055, 214, 111, 10, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 21115, 5, 581, 6626, 82761, 7, 621, 56104, 33284, 297, 25842, 390, 10, 100483, 3443, 929, 49711, 75449, 5, 581, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 94407, 831, 186, 73197, 297, 678, 8781, 107554, 49711, 70838, 6044, 237, 681, 2256, 4, 82, 1121, 5330, 2962, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Amphiphilic character.", "Phosphosphingolipids.", "Applications.", "Simulations.", "Characterization.", "Analysis.", "Phospholipid synthesis.", "Sources.", "In signal transduction.", "Food technology." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "An amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις, amphis: both and φιλíα, philia: love, friendship; also termed \"amphipathic\") is a term describing a chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving, non-polar) properties; lipophilic properties can also be considered hydrophobic (water-avoiding). The phospholipid head usually contains a negatively charged phosphate group and glycerol; it is hydrophilic. The phospholipid tails usually consist of 2 long fatty acid chains; they are hydrophobic and avoid interactions with water. When placed in aqueous solutions, phospholipids are driven by hydrophobic interactions that result in the fatty acid tails aggregating to minimize interactions with water molecules. These specific properties allow phospholipids to play an important role in the phospholipid bilayer. In biological systems, the phospholipids often occur with other molecules (e.g., proteins, glycolipids, sterols) in a bilayer such as a cell membrane. Lipid bilayers occur when hydrophobic tails line up against one another, forming a membrane of hydrophilic heads on both sides facing the water. Such movement can be described by the fluid mosaic model, that describes the membrane as a mosaic of lipid molecules that act as a solvent for all the substances and proteins within it, so proteins and lipid molecules are then free to diffuse laterally through the lipid matrix and migrate over the membrane. Sterols contribute to membrane fluidity by hindering the packing together of phospholipids. However, this model has now been superseded, as through the study of lipid polymorphism it is now known that the behaviour of lipids under physiological (and other) conditions is not simple.", "\"See Sphingolipid\"", "Phospholipids have been widely used to prepare liposomal, ethosomal and other nanoformulations of topical, oral and parenteral drugs for differing reasons like improved bio-availability, reduced toxicity and increased permeability across membranes. Liposomes are often composed of phosphatidylcholine-enriched phospholipids and may also contain mixed phospholipid chains with surfactant properties. The ethosomal formulation of ketoconazole using phospholipids is a promising option for transdermal delivery in fungal infections.", "Computational simulations of phospholipids are often performed using molecular dynamics with force fields such as GROMOS, CHARMM, or AMBER.", "Phospholipids are optically highly birefringent, i.e. their refractive index is different along their axis as opposed to perpendicular to it. Measurement of birefringence can be achieved using cross polarisers in a microscope to obtain an image of e.g. vesicle walls or using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry to quantify lipid order or disruption in supported bilayers.", "There are no simple methods available for analysis of phospholipids since the close range of polarity between different phospholipid species makes detection difficult. Oil chemists often use spectroscopy to determine total Phosphorus abundance and then calculate approximate mass of phospholipids based on molecular weight of expected fatty acid species. Modern lipid profiling employs more absolute methods of analysis, with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy), particularly P-NMR, while HPLC-ELSD provides relative values.", "Phospholipid synthesis occurs in the cytosolic side of ER membrane that is studded with proteins that act in synthesis (GPAT and LPAAT acyl transferases, phosphatase and choline phosphotransferase) and allocation (flippase and floppase). Eventually a vesicle will bud off from the ER containing phospholipids destined for the cytoplasmic cellular membrane on its exterior leaflet and phospholipids destined for the exoplasmic cellular membrane on its inner leaflet.", "Common sources of industrially produced phospholipids are soya, rapeseed, sunflower, chicken eggs, bovine milk, fish eggs etc. Each source has a unique profile of individual phospholipid species as well as fatty acids and consequently differing applications in food, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and drug delivery.", "Some types of phospholipid can be split to produce products that function as second messengers in signal transduction. Examples include phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP), that can be split by the enzyme Phospholipase C into inositol triphosphate (IP) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which both carry out the functions of the G type of G protein in response to various stimuli and intervene in various processes from long term depression in neurons to leukocyte signal pathways started by chemokine receptors. Phospholipids also intervene in prostaglandin signal pathways as the raw material used by lipase enzymes to produce the prostaglandin precursors. In plants they serve as the raw material to produce Jasmonic acid, a plant hormone similar in structure to prostaglandins that mediates defensive responses against pathogens.", "Phospholipids can act as emulsifiers, enabling oils to form a colloid with water. Phospholipids are one of the components of lecithin which is found in egg-yolks, as well as being extracted from soybeans, and is used as a food additive in many products, and can be purchased as a dietary supplement. Lysolecithins are typically used for water-oil emulsions like margarine, due to their higher HLB ratio." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 83, 70, 775, 111, 36770, 30715, 21640, 104870, 170174, 4, 2750, 30666, 297, 4049, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 17262, 5, 18763, 27150, 56, 82953, 4, 58595, 4293, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 4, 83, 2843, 10, 23182, 101740, 56, 136, 70, 756, 9, 6032, 2663, 28780, 56, 100, 70, 2356, 5753, 6096, 33672, 7, 5, 7422, 19, 23, 15497, 69696, 4, 764, 3514, 434, 1257, 23, 335, 32491, 4293, 136, 29966, 297, 38804, 155892, 1314, 25, 62, 1205, 25, 7, 17354, 72559, 29693, 23, 2356, 47832, 132936, 5, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 83, 111, 40067, 3812, 3378, 136, 61660, 11, 27201, 224, 16797, 5, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 1556, 10, 775, 4, 391, 25, 16305, 9702, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 4, 2750, 11301, 7, 100, 10074, 105236, 107059, 7, 345, 1819, 7, 98, 10, 156206, 111628, 1295, 70, 30749, 6406, 62903, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 377, 48398, 100, 30715, 345, 2485, 7, 5, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 509, 121447, 390, 438, 19514, 3915, 87282, 10, 17704, 729, 136, 30749, 6406, 34739, 4049, 47, 115532, 17119, 5, 1529, 7228, 1919, 5117, 9, 44420, 34377, 237, 10, 161740, 13, 23, 70, 17932, 6049, 111, 10, 19175, 15619, 14858, 26548, 135956, 4293, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 169589, 79479, 13, 5, 18763, 192428, 34377, 21449, 6626, 21775, 14432, 99, 13791, 32783, 5, 13177, 46526, 98, 237, 161740, 13, 153350, 42, 4, 764, 104902, 1919, 7175, 15504, 10, 106, 1104, 2389, 87024, 3934, 10, 116, 104279, 19916, 5, 18763, 51876, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 5117, 30749, 6406, 69236, 4, 3129, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 81887, 297, 47, 63043, 4, 21208, 70, 153350, 509, 14432, 22299, 297, 237, 142, 10002, 69236, 64457, 5, 1529, 7068, 26859, 70, 11737, 6626, 14858, 90, 23, 3687, 111, 10208, 67468, 515, 4, 2750, 509, 146291, 8305, 182260, 5, 76556, 67468, 515, 192026, 297, 4, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 176377, 47, 70, 76875, 7, 4, 20662, 4734, 1632, 53333, 5117, 7175, 170894, 450, 34003, 5, 6406, 122799, 17932, 23, 70, 23972, 127152, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 82641, 47, 70, 26521, 19175, 100, 70, 3576, 1104, 6746, 34003, 5, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 60213, 71, 1286, 186085, 3501, 70, 96362, 34003, 1284, 509, 7464, 959, 89554, 170920, 23, 70, 5117, 7175, 4, 20662, 427, 4034, 7, 136, 59671, 161740, 13, 170894, 7, 75169, 23, 10, 96551, 111, 52875, 214, 19069, 7, 5, 30749, 6406, 25, 7, 24765, 23, 70, 26521, 19175, 509, 59335, 74, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 34003, 1836, 3542, 456, 3257, 3674, 5, 9626, 1345, 13, 1972, 4, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 11037, 538, 170920, 66570, 23, 70, 5117, 7175, 4, 959, 237, 10, 40225, 4, 1284, 237, 10, 6, 14775, 9, 12620, 5, 1345, 13, 1972, 509, 51529, 100, 75169, 52875, 214, 101740, 4, 136, 68872, 47, 4527, 70, 52875, 214, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 23, 10, 89160, 538, 144419, 13, 19069, 4743, 47, 1919, 3268, 2481, 136, 104, 11049, 79298, 81273, 5, 28090, 3576, 47, 88847, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 23742, 30749, 6406, 25, 7, 44389, 60560, 111, 70, 42552, 70318, 22759, 20028, 23, 206846, 4, 613, 13409, 214, 41550, 37029, 31947, 25, 7, 17164, 111, 17262, 20028, 5, 2161, 729, 7582, 86097, 764, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 30388, 7, 111, 208984, 120199, 7, 1295, 40059, 7, 111, 70, 195374, 131126, 99, 142, 21640, 101786, 17721, 30715, 136, 84740, 23, 8884, 5, 33306, 4, 764, 187363, 297, 450, 10, 8752, 678, 1919, 23718, 23, 1919, 11737, 30749, 6406, 170894, 99, 13791, 7, 111443, 4, 54433, 47, 105757, 7, 7103, 70, 14858, 4, 44, 568, 1660, 2633, 70, 101740, 54, 70, 56661, 1242, 1529, 2843, 1556, 10, 21373, 57553, 118861, 1919, 67373, 4, 54433, 23, 142, 33683, 678, 332, 104588, 25607, 5, 587, 5, 2247, 12, 44, 3957, 24234, 91048, 1257, 759, 30666, 297, 67373, 25, 7, 9351, 5, 10660, 33444, 13, 47, 1919, 9351, 136, 450, 83, 5885, 390, 163, 46, 442, 32497, 678, 70, 9351, 4, 1284, 87, 1221, 186, 759, 10002, 332, 5, 87, 765, 7228, 759, 10002, 60875, 136, 26859, 47, 5646, 759, 10002, 98441, 5, 740, 18763, 775, 83, 2843, 7730, 8305, 6406, 25, 7, 156206, 30648, 7, 99, 70, 3095, 5, 2161, 543, 20414, 73584, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 140528, 10, 11762, 3117, 19879, 25813, 47, 26521, 19175, 102995, 7, 44517, 4, 30646, 214, 47, 1919, 24, 4935, 9020, 5, 1529, 33284, 297, 70, 11938, 98, 10, 43606, 9, 46799, 18264, 7103, 53520, 214, 47, 3357, 69407, 136, 452, 6953, 10, 29874, 5, 1529, 1902, 198395, 2804, 764, 2806, 959, 31358, 30749, 6406, 5, 18763, 170894, 7, 3542, 61475, 538, 84046, 4, 72134, 4734, 423, 20028, 100, 44517, 23, 4078, 1104, 9016, 136, 237875, 47, 7413, 28780, 214, 3173, 5, 893, 23, 25553, 6892, 18, 5117, 34003, 678, 44517, 167575, 3674, 23, 4049, 132283, 1810, 98, 70, 54591, 47, 26983, 47, 102126, 678, 70, 30715, 91, 91526, 100, 70, 3295, 37671, 6661, 15619, 5, 262, 61518, 20662, 10846, 5117, 9, 44420, 170894, 7, 4, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 76104, 297, 450, 764, 509, 17723, 99, 44517, 136, 36663, 47, 24765, 136, 78431, 100, 10, 5117, 9, 44420, 3687, 5, 1529, 75204, 10, 97551, 1295, 1919, 31095, 17151, 136691, 4, 3229, 70, 21, 3055, 206398, 71, 47, 3249, 142, 51515, 100, 5120, 6300, 164, 148, 21228, 2177, 74688, 19, 4, 13254, 214, 450, 764, 1902, 20174, 50717, 23, 69407, 111, 19916, 26255, 5, 18763, 5117, 69236, 100, 70, 11938, 21449, 23, 10, 116, 1104, 2389, 49838, 19175, 19916, 645, 339, 105183, 80748, 98, 190, 14487, 65942, 23, 1919, 7221, 2208, 14858, 136, 39555, 729, 21775, 7103, 1919, 12302, 5, 1301, 3295, 1104, 8368, 42658, 297, 4, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 171739, 1257, 3173, 136, 47763, 71, 1919, 5117, 192428, 69236, 26548, 10542, 10699, 14098, 98, 543, 7071, 4, 25632, 442, 1257, 678, 1919, 17932, 23, 70, 5701, 14858, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 764, 26859, 23, 40368, 14858, 90, 98186, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 34003, 26719, 70, 2691, 15491, 15619, 27188, 3129, 44517, 23742, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 2691, 1104, 8318, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7224, 309, 100862, 170174, 9, 683, 16001, 95680, 15, 57332, 714, 18374, 26771, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 36770, 23182, 101740, 56, 2750, 112730, 237, 10, 148, 21228, 5, 1529, 112730, 23, 70, 26521, 19175, 136, 98809, 19175, 100, 30749, 6406, 4, 44517, 136, 44109, 7, 5227, 193764, 4, 23, 49953, 19175, 183845, 100, 70, 2356, 5753, 6096, 33672, 7, 4, 23, 70, 14098, 183845, 19175, 100, 70, 2356, 5753, 6096, 33672, 7, 1995, 136, 133720, 24116, 214, 15161, 4, 136, 99, 22962, 21640, 17366, 100, 70, 30715, 15889, 7175, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Club career.", "Manchester City.", "Chelsea.", "Return to Manchester City.", "Queens Park Rangers.", "New York Red Bulls.", "Phoenix Rising FC.", "International career.", "Honours." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Wright-Phillips is the son of former England international Ian Wright, who adopted him at the age of three. His younger brother, Bradley Wright-Phillips, is also a professional footballer and the all-time top scorer for the New York Red Bulls. Born in Greenwich, he grew up in Brockley and attended Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham College in New Cross Gate. Wright-Phillips is of Trinidadian and Grenadian descent. Wright-Phillips has a son, D'Margio Wright-Phillips, who plays for Blackburn Rovers U18s on a youth loan from the Manchester City Academy. He is also capped for England U16s.", "", "Wright-Phillips was released by Nottingham Forest aged 17 and Manchester City took him to Maine Road. He made his first-team debut as a substitute in the second leg of a League Cup match against Burnley, replacing Terry Cooke. His league debut came two months later at Port Vale. Brought on as substitute striker, he helped his team turn a 1–0 deficit into a 2–1 win. His shot resulted in the first Manchester City goal, which Wright-Phillips attempted to claim, though the strike was later credited as an own goal instead. He then started the next two matches in place of Paul Dickov, who was absent through injury. Once Dickov recovered, Wright-Phillips returned to the reserves, making only one further first team appearance that season. City finished second in the First Division, resulting in promotion to the Premier League for the 2000–01 season. Wright-Phillips featured more regularly than the previous season but was still not fully established in the first team, making 12 starts and seven substitute appearances playing in a variety of attacking positions. Manchester City's stay in the Premier League was brief; at the end of the season they were relegated. Under Keegan, Wright-Phillips firmly established himself in the first team, not as a forward, but as a wing-back. Keegan was known for playing attacking football, and decided to use the attacking Wright-Phillips in a traditionally defensive position due to his mobility and dribbling ability. From 2000 to 2003, Wright-Phillips won Manchester City's Young Player of the Year award four times in succession, surpassing Steve Kinsey's record of three times. On 17 November 2004, he became one of the main targets of racist chants from sections of the Spanish crowd at an international friendly between England and Spain in Madrid. However, he brushed that aside with his performance in his next Manchester City appearance at Portsmouth, saying to reporters after the match, \"I just let the football do the talking.\" He also has a similar response regarding his father, saying in an interview with manchesteronline.co.uk: \"The press brought up my adopted father's name. They relate to his name and that is fine by me – it comes with the name, but I will be my own man. I have made my own path and started to take my own steps.\". His son is also going through City's youth ranks at the moment.", "On 18 July 2005, Wright-Phillips completed a £21 million move to Premier League champions Chelsea, returning to his native London. He joined the club on a five-year contract after agreeing to personal terms and passing a medical. He had previously said he would not leave Manchester City. His appearances were initially limited, starting only 15 times for Chelsea in 2005–06 and struggling to find scoring form. An inconsistent first season with Chelsea culminated in him missing out on the opportunity to travel to Germany with the England squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Despite making few first-team appearances, Wright-Phillips maintained that he was happy at Chelsea and wanted to stay and fight for a first-team place. He received a boost from his manager José Mourinho, when the latter declined to make an approach for Real Betis winger Joaquín, stating that he had enough options in terms of wingers. His first goal for the club came in a 2–0 Champions League win over Levski Sofia on 5 December 2006, in his 52nd match and almost 17 months after his transfer. As 2006–07 progressed, Wright-Phillips picked up form and scored his first league goal against West Ham United on 18 April, following it up with his second in the same match. Subsequently, he started in several matches towards the end of the season including the 2007 FA Cup Final which Chelsea won. At the beginning of 2007–08, Wright-Phillips maintained his starting place on the right wing. He also maintained his place after José Mourinho left Chelsea and under new coach Avram Grant. He was selected to play in the 2008 League Cup Final, which Chelsea lost to Tottenham Hotspur. He only made another six appearances that season and failed to make the match day squad for the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. Having made 65 starting appearances for the club, with a further 60 as a substitute, Wright-Phillips had been unable to secure a regular place in the team under Grant and Mourinho. After falling out of favour with new manager Luiz Felipe Scolari, he was allowed to leave the club.", "On 28 August 2008, he re-joined former club Manchester City on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £8.5 million. On his second debut, Wright-Phillips scored two goals against Sunderland in the 0–3 away win in the Premier League. His third goal for City came in a 6–0 victory over Portsmouth on 21 September 2008. Wright-Phillips equalled his entire goalscoring record at Chelsea just over a month after returning to City. His right footed drive in the second half against Omonia Nicosia on 2 October helped steer City through to the group stages of the UEFA Cup for the first time. On 29 October, Wright-Phillips swore at former Middlesbrough manager Gareth Southgate during Manchester City's 2–0 defeat to his club, after Southgate complained about Wright-Phillips appearing to go down too easily after a challenge. The Football Association warned Wright-Phillips about his future conduct. The 2009–10 season started very well for Wright-Phillips, setting up a goal for Emmanuel Adebayor in the third minute in a 2–0 win against Blackburn Rovers. Three weeks later against Arsenal, he set up a goal for Adebayor before scoring one for himself. He followed that up with a goal in a League Cup tie with Crystal Palace. He went on to score in three successive home matches against Burnley, Hull City and then Arsenal in the League Cup. He found himself in-and-out of the team under manager Roberto Mancini, with new signing Adam Johnson's form forcing Wright-Phillips to be a substitute in most matches, including City's match at his former club Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. He came off the bench to replace Johnson in the 60th minute and then set up Craig Bellamy's second goal in the 4–2 win. Despite his impact in the match, Wright-Phillips had not secured a place in the team. He started for City on the final match of the 2009–10 Premier League against West Ham at Upton Park, where he scored the equaliser in a 1–1 draw. The 2010–11 season saw Wright-Phillips only make seven league appearances, with the increased competition for places following the signings of David Silva and Yaya Touré resulting in him rarely being included in the clubs's matchday squad. City won the 2010–11 FA Cup, and despite being left out of the squad for the final, he did contribute some appearances earlier in the cup run, including coming on as a substitute against Manchester United in the semi-final.", "On 31 August 2011, the final day of the transfer window, Wright-Phillips signed for Queens Park Rangers (QPR) on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. He made his full debut for QPR against Newcastle United on 12 September 2011, making the starting line-up and winning man of the match by supporters. He failed to score a goal for almost a year before scoring his first the following season for QPR against Walsall in the League Cup on 28 August 2012. His only goal for QPR in the Premier League came during the derby against former club Chelsea on 2 January 2013, which ended 1–0. Despite this, QPR would find themselves relegated to the Championship at the end of the season. QPR would return to the Premiership at the first time of asking, defeating Derby County in the play-off finals, though Wright-Phillips would increasingly find his role throughout the season diminished to the occasional cameo from the subs bench and reserve outings. After featuring even more sporadically during 2014–15, QPR announced that Wright-Phillips would be released from his contract in a batch of players that included fellow former England internationals Rio Ferdinand and Joey Barton.", "In June 2015, Wright-Phillips began training with Major League Soccer club the New York Red Bulls to regain fitness following his departure from QPR. Impressing head coach Jesse Marsch, he suggested he would sign for the club when his contract officially expired on 30 June. On 27 July, he completed a move to join his brother, Bradley Wright-Phillips, at the New York Red Bulls. He made his debut on 1 August, coming off the bench to win a penalty and assist his brother in a 3–1 victory at the Philadelphia Union. Wright-Phillips was named in the MLS Team of the Week following the performance. Wright-Phillips was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2015 Major League Soccer season, but was later re-signed on 25 January 2016.", "On 23 February 2017, Wright-Phillips signed for United Soccer League club Phoenix Rising FC. He made his debut on 26 March 2017, in a 1–0 defeat to Toronto FC II. Wright-Phillips announced his retirement from playing on 24 August 2019 at the age of 37.", "Wright-Phillips made his England debut as a substitute for Nicky Butt against Ukraine on 18 August 2004. He scored the last of England's goals in a 3–0 win, described by BBC Sport as \"crowning a solo run with a stunning finish.\" He was a regular member of England's squad during qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and made his first competitive start in a 0–1 away win over Wales. After a decline in form, however, especially a poor performance away to Northern Ireland, and a lack of matches following his move to Chelsea, he missed out on a place in the squad for the World Cup finals. After a good start to the 2007–08 season, Wright-Phillips received an England recall to play against Germany in a friendly match at the new Wembley Stadium. Wright-Phillips was brought on as a substitute in the second half during the match in which England lost 2–1 to Germany and he was named the England sponsor's man of the match after an impressive performance. On 8 September 2007, Wright-Phillips was selected to start against Israel in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier he scored the first goal in the 3–0 victory and won the England sponsor's man of the match award with his performance. He was then selected to start for England against Estonia and scored his third goal for England and the opener in a third consecutive 3–0 win at Wembley. He was selected in England's critical Euro 2008 qualifying match against Croatia, substituted at half time in favour of David Beckham with England trailing 2–0, with England eventually losing 3–2 and therefore missing out on Euro 2008. On 14 October 2009, with England having already qualified for World Cup 2010, Wright-Phillips was selected in the starting XI against Belarus at Wembley Stadium. Unusually, he was joined in the team (which was missing Wayne Rooney through injury) by Tottenham Hotspur's Aaron Lennon, meaning England played with two recognised wingers. Mid-way through the second half, Wright-Phillips drove in a shot from the edge of the penalty area which beat the dive of the Belarus goalkeeper. He appeared as a second-half substitute against Egypt on 3 March 2010, scoring England's second goal and assisting Peter Crouch for the third as they came from behind to win 3–1. On 1 June 2010, Wright-Phillips was selected for England's final 23-man squad that was to play in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. He appeared as a substitute in England's opening two group matches against United States and Algeria.", "Manchester City Chelsea Individual" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 181966, 669, 83, 10, 37515, 204797, 100, 156444, 48431, 136, 158930, 98, 10, 13924, 420, 65678, 10363, 53, 100, 1492, 5369, 5, 1529, 83, 139505, 47, 154928, 181966, 669, 5, 181966, 669, 112730, 42473, 188, 23, 1401, 7, 34734, 1353, 25, 7, 27193, 92973, 1346, 44, 3957, 117889, 31901, 65386, 7, 58, 136, 70, 20231, 40, 37631, 44, 3957, 117889, 31901, 65386, 7, 16995, 1995, 740, 1529, 1556, 2843, 7228, 170894, 7, 23, 70, 41664, 127663, 136, 115135, 72304, 44, 31852, 28745, 27331, 58, 215045, 4, 44, 12137, 82249, 28745, 58, 215045, 4, 44, 7614, 4806, 92748, 58, 221094, 4, 44, 647, 5115, 74522, 7, 58, 199661, 4, 44, 3957, 71263, 814, 58, 209721, 136, 44, 132010, 1803, 58, 97666, 5, 1529, 118775, 23, 70, 26527, 62903, 60992, 9, 69986, 23134, 44, 62068, 22964, 434, 9578, 70, 3003, 60635, 31, 25, 7, 799, 271, 740, 18763, 1733, 98, 5423, 100, 44, 3957, 117889, 31901, 65386, 7, 58, 77443, 34844, 100, 4049, 4, 16792, 20271, 70, 7306, 15477, 127, 106443, 4, 52768, 7, 23, 70, 64879, 124374, 538, 613, 13409, 297, 805, 79385, 7, 52868, 33, 16587, 136, 4, 15490, 157224, 706, 15534, 4, 764, 1902, 47, 5646, 5361, 170944, 5256, 23, 12989, 47, 71864, 178707, 80097, 120472, 5, 1529, 1902, 10, 31486, 23, 44, 3957, 135451, 58, 186780, 237, 44, 3957, 159, 77684, 1311, 434, 30885, 830, 51838, 18186, 1353, 25, 7, 17997, 47, 70, 3551, 111, 70, 38043, 5, 181966, 669, 25, 7, 28302, 7, 3542, 59226, 1295, 70, 7311, 163198, 21533, 54452, 4, 1284, 831, 186, 14037, 98, 3060, 12352, 54452, 7, 1379, 44, 397, 1018, 3674, 178460, 7, 740, 1529, 1556, 118775, 23, 44, 58, 136, 3060, 50094, 7, 111, 44, 3957, 1193, 9, 174350, 7, 740, 1529, 118775, 23, 70, 20231, 51175, 18, 4293, 313, 18687, 13, 1202, 100, 44, 294, 432, 875, 25, 360, 70, 112860, 38484, 830, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 39864, 1363, 47, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 11531, 44, 55376, 87497, 2005, 740, 1529, 2843, 11469, 7092, 297, 70, 8, 5115, 23, 6626, 50094, 7, 111, 44, 163025, 7514, 47, 179030, 58, 12, 44, 3957, 130679, 136, 86452, 37700, 58, 215045, 136, 44, 568, 5282, 10, 102256, 9, 284, 17704, 1401, 107, 25400, 420, 58, 208000, 5, 181966, 669, 83, 10, 5700, 79442, 99, 30773, 101805, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 5726, 189808, 111607, 101805, 23, 230092, 4, 23213, 1760, 4, 136, 70, 2691, 241, 35890, 189808, 3847, 8129, 23, 1004, 478, 4, 192670, 5, 1529, 2843, 118775, 23, 6789, 136, 5726, 99, 70, 189808, 111607, 101805, 23, 230092, 4, 23213, 1760, 136, 23, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 4, 220474, 98, 18237, 361, 136, 382, 29966, 214, 237, 10, 121399, 111, 44, 3957, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 47064, 96945, 7612, 830, 10, 92973, 1346, 101805, 136, 19612, 8395, 5, 181966, 669, 118775, 99, 70, 44, 294, 8804, 13576, 58, 101805, 23, 99078, 42562, 4, 229879, 4, 136, 99, 70, 23172, 31, 1002, 145359, 101805, 23, 121839, 4, 52888, 98, 18374, 729, 74668, 4, 20907, 1529, 118775, 23, 24009, 10745, 4, 186672, 99, 6, 239159, 14, 2271, 2021, 100, 44, 284, 7582, 47, 6206, 39, 27417, 58, 98, 7582, 616, 1104, 2485, 4, 2021, 100, 70, 7639, 25, 7, 50960, 6602, 5, 181966, 669, 6057, 2822, 23, 70, 56101, 9, 54694, 11, 27201, 92973, 1346, 44, 6766, 17336, 83947, 75582, 830, 8951, 297, 390, 52561, 14978, 3347, 2581, 1015, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 10, 5361, 121399, 99, 70, 50960, 77253, 1735, 23643, 7974, 42, 14486, 3847, 18305, 23, 8055, 36404, 70, 40572, 5282, 67, 1760, 101805, 23, 7071, 1392, 136, 70, 34749, 91407, 155358, 23, 220983, 23, 18237, 12453, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 11617, 4939, 181966, 669, 15, 57332, 6088, 201, 4, 31100, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 39329, 5, 181966, 669, 509, 103122, 678, 75690, 979, 5814, 9523, 6, 60751, 820, 2749, 51634, 52033, 399, 4, 10, 41207, 35431, 62816, 52021, 390, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 157224, 706, 15534, 4, 24887, 4, 136, 51287, 76, 7870, 74, 1919, 225073, 72761, 170894, 1556, 107003, 181966, 669, 47, 3249, 10, 80997, 1810, 111, 196, 1517, 38543, 124850, 23, 92973, 72304, 136, 335, 72304, 5, 1529, 21449, 47, 502, 7732, 329, 678, 1919, 31486, 7, 23, 44, 62068, 22964, 434, 645, 70, 3003, 60635, 31, 25, 7, 799, 271, 58, 23, 26527, 136, 44, 3957, 117889, 31901, 65386, 7, 58, 23, 27193, 5, 1529, 1556, 118775, 23, 40368, 72304, 136, 113976, 45831, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Personal life.", "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Berryman is a strong advocate for environmental protection and lived on a wolf sanctuary for ten years. He is married to Patricia Berryman.", "Berryman played Pluto in Wes Craven's 1977 horror film \"The Hills Have Eyes\" and the 1985 sequel \"The Hills Have Eyes Part II\". He has also made appearances in the science fiction and fantasy movies \"My Science Project\" (1985), \"Weird Science\" (1985), \"Armed Response\" (1986), \"Evil Spirits\" (1990), \"The Guyver\" (1991) and \"Brutal\" (2007). He appeared in the 1975 Academy Award-winning drama \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". His time on set for \"The Hills Have Eyes\" proved difficult for him, since during the 4-month shoot, temperatures in the desert routinely surpassed 100 degrees Fahrenheit and, without sweat glands, he had to take special precautions in order to avoid suffering heat stroke. He had a role in \"The Crow\" (1994) as \"The Skull Cowboy\", Eric Draven's guide to the land of the living. Berryman's scenes were cut from the original theatrical release, but can be found on some DVD releases under \"Deleted Scenes\". He has appeared in \"\" and some episodes of \"The X-Files\". He appeared in the 1985 Mötley Crüe video for \"Smokin' In the Boys Room\", as well as the introduction to the band's song \"Home Sweet Home\". He also portrayed the devil in two episodes of \"Highway to Heaven\": \"The Devil and Jonathan Smith\" (1985) and \"I Was a Middle-Aged Werewolf\" (1987). Berryman is a popular draw at genre conventions, such as the 2002 Horrorfind convention in Baltimore, Maryland, and the 2007 Eerie Horror Film Festival in Erie, Pennsylvania. He also appeared in 2001 and 2002 at the Horrorfind convention in Baltimore, Maryland and in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 7 and 8 attending as a guest of \"The Milwaukee County Massacre\", a horror film convention and music festival. Berryman appeared at the \"Scarefest\" convention in Lexington, Kentucky, and at the Spooky Empire convention in Orlando, Florida on October 17–19, 2008. He appeared in Roseville, Minnesota at Crypticon 2008 for \"A November to Dismember\" on November 14–16, 2008 for the show's third year. Berryman starred in the British-Canadian horror film \"Below Zero (2012)\", directed by Justin Thomas Orstensen. He was also a special guest at the third annual San Antonio Horrific Film Fest in August 2010, the Cinema Wasteland convention in April 2011 and the Contamination Convention in Missouri in June 2012." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 147453, 111, 35874, 187830, 238, 144, 331, 90, 6044, 237, 333, 187830, 238, 144, 331, 90, 136, 107915, 31, 144, 331, 90, 83, 1286, 27140, 4, 678, 70, 3647, 9351, 114141, 214, 70, 14012, 111, 44603, 7, 23, 70, 15789, 5426, 4, 10, 183114, 114141, 214, 70, 14012, 111, 6, 46828, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 44, 964, 192876, 9, 74054, 136, 10, 54744, 238, 183114, 8108, 450, 114141, 214, 70, 14012, 111, 44603, 7, 23, 12638, 2831, 111, 12638, 15789, 4, 97629, 111, 27022, 10763, 7, 5, 1326, 110527, 4, 10, 333, 192876, 6652, 60626, 450, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 37195, 9, 39, 27417, 297, 15789, 136, 10, 22759, 9, 39, 27417, 297, 15789, 4, 3129, 12008, 6626, 123594, 16797, 44603, 34627, 7, 450, 3173, 10, 99764, 121303, 4, 83, 378, 617, 5, 73011, 268, 9, 964, 192876, 6652, 60626, 5, 9925, 2831, 111, 70, 37195, 9, 39, 27417, 297, 15789, 4, 97629, 111, 70, 99764, 121303, 1556, 201, 44603, 7, 5, 9925, 2831, 111, 70, 22759, 9, 39, 27417, 297, 15789, 4, 97629, 111, 70, 99764, 121303, 4, 1556, 116, 44603, 7, 5, 581, 121303, 68034, 4, 97629, 111, 70, 6626, 95378, 5170, 450, 61924, 442, 4, 1556, 757, 44603, 7, 5, 8622, 83, 1286, 3501, 1632, 101805, 15, 1928, 7352, 707, 50372, 18347, 6644, 16, 100, 70, 147453, 111, 217773, 7, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 55681, 6953, 100, 8382, 2750, 621, 1660, 52080, 4, 136, 192206, 100, 8382, 2750, 621, 5299, 456, 90431, 5281, 23, 70, 114210, 48322, 5, 1326, 9842, 43148, 442, 83, 2965, 47, 30698, 87, 115503, 441, 50372, 18347, 6644, 1295, 10, 31344, 450, 83, 1257, 47, 5622, 4, 6637, 903, 5426, 83, 178308, 8035, 15226, 5281, 5, 360, 70, 36917, 27781, 378, 617, 5, 73011, 268, 9, 964, 192876, 6652, 60626, 2806, 186, 59121, 333, 192876, 1065, 617, 5, 73011, 268, 6652, 60626, 47, 11177, 70, 101805, 7, 100, 87, 115503, 441, 147453, 5, 1650, 7068, 1556, 17155, 100, 142, 78301, 54744, 6827, 183114, 2174, 2685, 83, 70, 3871, 47, 26698, 41653, 111, 3789, 6, 235923, 7, 47, 70, 49711, 75449, 6044, 237, 170368, 1212, 707, 10, 435, 65853, 21115, 5, 116267, 101805, 100, 70, 147453, 111, 217773, 7, 83, 70, 44, 277, 3796, 9351, 830, 3129, 83, 10, 16610, 56, 9351, 136, 442, 76199, 40715, 4677, 1672, 70, 217773, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 10, 39210, 9351, 83, 704, 80654, 929, 4, 70, 9351, 111, 3129, 831, 14192, 1821, 4734, 450, 442, 83, 142, 57913, 15, 372, 408, 4032, 70, 133784, 425, 44, 9, 929, 58, 83, 23, 70, 9351, 16, 136, 442, 5608, 7068, 765, 10, 64707, 50878, 15, 1104, 56585, 16, 21115, 220642, 47, 442, 5, 893, 27781, 111, 70, 87, 115503, 441, 55300, 83, 34475, 23, 70, 123594, 16797, 29569, 5, 360, 903, 27781, 70, 3647, 9351, 83, 145870, 5117, 4, 3129, 117414, 7, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 44603, 7, 23, 15044, 6, 46828, 26719, 70, 44603, 7, 20662, 1257, 70, 99764, 121303, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 44, 1106, 22662, 86, 830, 3129, 26950, 44, 1106, 22662, 9, 58, 707, 361, 44603, 7, 4, 136, 44, 9, 6130, 830, 3129, 117414, 7, 4734, 11001, 337, 33770, 17721, 44603, 7, 194, 47009, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 3647, 9351, 83, 70, 54744, 6827, 183114, 4, 3129, 5303, 7, 70, 14012, 111, 44603, 7, 23, 12638, 15789, 4, 39041, 6238, 70, 44603, 7, 450, 621, 99764, 390, 12638, 15789, 4, 1001, 70, 14012, 111, 44603, 7, 98, 70, 6, 80728, 17721, 70, 6, 46828, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 2685, 621, 6626, 6, 46828, 678, 6626, 44603, 7, 12638, 136, 10, 11001, 6, 80728, 678, 1632, 44603, 4, 39041, 6238, 70, 44603, 7, 99764, 390, 442, 136, 70, 3789, 6626, 6, 46828, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 3622, 111, 17262, 101935, 136, 1836, 621, 145870, 23, 60887, 214, 12989, 84797, 71, 390, 54, 933, 4, 4911, 7, 12, 378, 70147, 5, 76172, 5, 117371, 70, 54744, 6827, 183114, 83, 15700, 183114, 114141, 214, 70, 14012, 111, 6, 46828, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 44, 964, 192876, 9, 51029, 12613, 7, 4, 70, 9351, 83, 333, 192876, 1065, 70147, 5, 76172, 1106, 22662, 86, 5, 581, 21115, 111, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 621, 2843, 51529, 237, 24, 11727, 2347, 1444, 5, 6, 151612, 31, 34066, 90, 621, 21373, 47, 144, 331, 90, 23, 2363, 4537, 72761, 183871, 4, 1284, 1836, 765, 77546, 337, 49725, 26847, 4, 21501, 1916, 26847, 4, 136, 168, 7, 31075, 3501, 144, 331, 90, 5, 3293, 83, 4743, 47, 37515, 56, 9020, 84616, 6637, 70, 15789, 115700, 114864, 100, 10, 150679, 16128, 111, 5470, 5, 34749, 14653, 4734, 313, 1104, 441, 136, 313, 1104, 841, 71052, 7, 4, 51, 107, 71234, 2481, 111, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 678, 10176, 707, 110, 15789, 177488, 15, 21231, 35064, 16, 621, 215667, 47, 351, 9, 187830, 238, 144, 331, 90, 5, 360, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 4, 70, 44603, 34627, 7, 621, 44, 7008, 58, 113490, 29367, 4, 3129, 2806, 21980, 538, 142, 6397, 120, 1517, 5252, 7263, 71052, 55291, 111, 209, 152368, 1372, 55673, 217684, 7722, 5, 180, 14775, 47, 36875, 84183, 6827, 89397, 4, 6, 46828, 678, 138, 4, 201, 4, 136, 15, 188, 10, 4552, 6, 57278, 192961, 16, 2843, 190, 34627, 7, 831, 4734, 180863, 24, 18304, 6488, 55291, 7, 74, 70, 210435, 30170, 2320, 1295, 70, 6397, 120, 1517, 5252, 7263, 71052, 55291, 7, 113660, 142, 51312, 23, 38516, 48302, 136, 142, 128512, 232929, 214, 21543, 5, 241, 106371, 6953, 111, 64707, 1409, 34627, 7, 83, 142, 5526, 232929, 214, 21543, 4, 237, 5299, 5, 581, 177488, 48302, 111, 10, 6, 192876, 34066, 13, 83, 70, 70, 4524, 70760, 51312, 23, 48302, 143434, 390, 70, 217773, 25, 7, 700, 87739, 53, 4, 136, 83, 74481, 3674, 390, 37397, 214, 70, 195935, 5570, 22, 56680, 6493, 15549, 111, 375, 4223, 1363, 111, 70, 6, 192876, 34066, 13, 678, 70, 34292, 74481, 3674, 17368, 83080, 71052, 14579, 7, 5, 105378, 21094, 111, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 4, 2363, 12921, 177488, 127752, 7, 2843, 678, 15072, 47, 132539, 121297, 4, 136, 150624, 100, 2363, 62816, 47691, 621, 45252, 297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 4, 70, 6, 192876, 34066, 90, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 24, 11727, 2347, 1444, 4, 1284, 117781, 1295, 24, 11727, 56680, 1151, 16, 621, 70, 22460, 187830, 238, 131457, 3674, 64707, 3284, 8345, 7, 5, 360, 3789, 34153, 4, 10, 6, 192876, 34066, 13, 58055, 7, 4734, 111, 64707, 1409, 136, 44603, 34627, 7, 137356, 71, 23, 10, 45646, 70541, 214, 10, 11001, 15789, 15, 7522, 172, 38526, 678, 5609, 121293, 7, 247, 136, 756, 111, 70, 44603, 9, 3284, 8345, 71052, 7, 621, 11001, 5, 6, 151612, 31, 34066, 90, 621, 24, 4806, 60223, 79850, 47, 2363, 3638, 144, 331, 13, 105416, 17365, 7, 111, 70, 5701, 44603, 54529, 12, 6, 192876, 36290, 6130, 4, 6, 192876, 73929, 13, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Nomenclature.", "Properties.", "Table of cycloalkanes.", "Conformations and ring strain.", "Reactions." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The naming of polycyclic alkanes such as bicyclic alkanes and spiro alkanes is more complex, with the base name indicating the number of carbons in the ring system, a prefix indicating the number of rings (e.g., \"bicyclo-\"), and a numeric prefix before that indicating the number of carbons in each part of each ring, exclusive of junctions. For instance, a bicyclooctane that consists of a six-membered ring and a four-membered ring, which share two adjacent carbon atoms that form a shared edge, is [4.2.0]-bicyclooctane. That part of the six-membered ring, exclusive of the shared edge has 4 carbons. That part of the four-membered ring, exclusive of the shared edge, has 2 carbons. The edge itself, exclusive of the two vertices that define it, has 0 carbons. There is more than one convention (method or nomenclature) for the naming of compounds, which can be confusing for those who are just learning, and inconvenient for those who are well rehearsed in the older ways. For beginners it is best to learn IUPAC nomenclature from a source that is up to date, because this system is constantly being revised. In the above example [4.2.0]-bicyclooctane would be written bicyclo[4.2.0]octane to fit the conventions for IUPAC naming. It then has room for an additional numerical prefix if there is the need to include details of other attachments to the molecule such as chlorine or a methyl group. Another convention for the naming of compounds is the \"common name\", which is a shorter name and it gives less information about the compound. An example of a common name is terpineol, the name of which can tell us only that it is an alcohol (because the suffix \"-ol\" is in the name) and it should then have a hydroxy (–OH) group attached to it. An example of the IUPAC method is given in the adjacent image. In this example the base name is listed first, which indicates the total number of carbons in both rings including the carbons making up the shared edge (e.g., \"heptane\", which means \"hepta-\" or 7 carbons, and \"-ane\", which indicates only single bonding between carbons). Then in front of the base name is the numerical prefix, which lists the number of carbons in each ring, excluding the carbons that are shared by each ring, plus the number of carbons on the bridge between the rings. In this case there are two rings with two carbons each and a single bridge with one carbon, excluding the carbons shared by it and the other two rings. There is a total of three numbers and they are listed in descending order separated by dots, thus: [2.2.1]. Before the numerical prefix is another prefix indicating the number of rings (e.g., \"bicyclo-\"). Thus, the name is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. The group of cycloalkanes are also known as naphthenes.", "", "Cycloalkanes are similar to alkanes in their general physical properties, but they have higher boiling points, melting points, and densities than alkanes. This is due to stronger London forces because the ring shape allows for a larger area of contact. Containing only C–C and C–H bonds, unreactivity of cycloalkanes with little or no ring strain (see below) are comparable to non-cyclic alkanes.", "In cycloalkanes, the carbon atoms are \"sp\" hybridized, which would imply an ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109° 28′ whenever possible. Owing to evident geometrical reasons, rings with 3, 4, and (to a very tiny extent) also 5 atoms can only afford narrower angles; the consequent deviation from the ideal tetrahedral bond angles causes an increase in potential energy and an overall destabilizing effect. Eclipsing of hydrogen atoms is an important destabilizing effect, as well. The strain energy of a cycloalkane is the theoretical increase in energy caused by the compound's geometry, and is calculated by comparing the experimental standard enthalpy change of combustion of the cycloalkane with the value calculated using average bond energies. Conformations of cycloalkanes, their different strain contributions also with respect to reaction rates, and methods for their characterization are discussed briefly in the Wikipedia section Conformational isomerism. Molecular mechanics calculations are well suited to identify the many conformations occurring particularly in medium rings. Ring strain is highest for cyclopropane, in which the carbon atoms form a triangle and therefore have 60° C–C–C bond angles. There are also three pairs of eclipsed hydrogens. The ring strain is calculated to be around 120 kJ mol. Cyclobutane has the carbon atoms in a puckered square with approximately 90° bond angles; \"puckering\" reduces the eclipsing interactions between hydrogen atoms. Its ring strain is therefore slightly less, at around 110 kJ mol. For a theoretical planar cyclopentane the C–C–C bond angles would be 108°, very close to the measure of the tetrahedral angle. Actual cyclopentane molecules are puckered, but this changes only the bond angles slightly so that angle strain is relatively small. The eclipsing interactions are also reduced, leaving a ring strain of about 25 kJ mol. In cyclohexane the ring strain and eclipsing interactions are negligible because the puckering of the ring allows ideal tetrahedral bond angles to be achieved. As well, in the most stable \"chair form\" of cyclohexane, axial hydrogens on adjacent carbon atoms are pointed in opposite directions, virtually eliminating eclipsing strain. After cyclohexane, the molecules are unable to take a structure with no ring strain, resulting in an increase in strain energy, which peaks at 9 carbons (around 50 kJ mol). After that, strain energy slowly decreases until 12 carbon atoms, where it drops significantly; at 14, another significant drop occurs and the strain is on a level comparable with 10 kJ mol. After 14 carbon atoms, sources disagree on what happens to ring strain, some indicating that it increases steadily, others saying that it disappears entirely. However, bond angle strain and eclipsing strain are an issue only for smaller rings. Ring strain can be considerably higher in bicyclic systems. For example, bicyclobutane, CH, is noted for being one of the most strained compounds that is isolatable on a large scale; its strain energy is estimated at 267 kJ mol.", "The simple and the bigger cycloalkanes are very stable, like alkanes, and their reactions, for example, radical chain reactions, are like alkanes. The small cycloalkanes – in particular, cyclopropane – have a lower stability due to Baeyer strain and ring strain. They react similarly to alkenes, though they do not react in electrophilic addition, but in nucleophilic aliphatic substitution. These reactions are ring-opening reactions or ring-cleavage reactions of alkyl cycloalkanes. Cycloalkanes can be formed in a Diels–Alder reaction followed by a catalytic hydrogenation. Medium rings exhibit larger rates in for example nucleophilic substitution reactions but smaller ones in ketone reduction. This is due to conversion from sp3 to sp2 states, or vice-versa, and the preference for sp2 state in medium rings, where some of the unfavourable torsional strain in saturated rings is relieved. Molecular mechanics calculations of strain energy differences SI between a sp2 and sp3 state show linear correlations with rates ( as logk ) of many redox or substitution reactions." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 7134, 83, 70, 17932, 111, 37195, 20020, 103122, 23, 23924, 28394, 4, 186672, 47, 27863, 111, 103993, 136, 187951, 224, 16797, 5, 62, 7134, 83, 10, 90205, 66, 5, 40738, 15347, 3674, 390, 21640, 26983, 7103, 10, 11192, 10696, 44681, 24745, 8305, 70, 134349, 32528, 4, 62, 7134, 509, 142, 23, 25553, 6892, 18, 9836, 24189, 764, 126809, 142, 33946, 23, 41664, 1295, 1919, 67373, 2750, 509, 10, 40466, 290, 6133, 1294, 16030, 5, 62, 7134, 75204, 1919, 335, 5, 284, 5, 23, 83230, 38904, 1295, 226395, 29693, 23, 4211, 86, 11, 34740, 136, 1919, 276, 5, 397, 5, 23, 27898, 1295, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 19188, 111, 119210, 23, 230092, 4, 23213, 1760, 5, 28090, 26527, 47, 25695, 764, 140528, 1919, 56465, 289, 23189, 23, 106745, 141, 119210, 99, 43731, 65925, 118886, 12535, 25, 7, 43731, 69292, 11588, 1379, 28166, 313, 5, 1375, 5, 131947, 36126, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 390, 10, 14313, 257, 25443, 9, 20320, 238, 25443, 145042, 16070, 99, 70, 23924, 96220, 139040, 27123, 5, 360, 26771, 4, 62, 7134, 176377, 47, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 19188, 111, 119210, 47, 33284, 70, 60054, 111, 3000, 19, 3419, 45481, 23, 70, 63557, 111, 80743, 1843, 25443, 5, 360, 20986, 4, 62, 7134, 509, 172310, 297, 98, 188, 70, 7808, 202, 939, 111, 70, 63557, 111, 119210, 12441, 390, 36216, 62, 5, 19909, 15834, 7, 41113, 5, 1529, 221419, 538, 33284, 297, 70, 63557, 111, 1843, 109622, 83230, 38904, 12441, 390, 2290, 239, 86, 5, 62, 7134, 49175, 47, 4393, 16030, 23, 12839, 136, 47143, 297, 99, 4939, 7, 230839, 24189, 35652, 62, 7134, 7068, 149976, 237, 70, 48180, 76710, 141, 1484, 100, 28745, 136, 46473, 99, 51978, 12535, 69292, 11588, 23, 24344, 3915, 4, 23924, 96220, 4, 7440, 764, 17997, 71, 70, 34754, 111, 51978, 25, 7, 3530, 167455, 289, 25188, 5, 360, 43304, 764, 176377, 47, 4939, 7, 230839, 4, 7440, 764, 8951, 7, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 3658, 6232, 42477, 43975, 15, 1375, 46592, 16625, 16, 23, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 110471, 19188, 111, 16934, 19102, 136, 16401, 7, 10, 124416, 164306, 23, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 19188, 111, 119210, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 70, 6052, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 4, 62, 7134, 509, 3163, 89829, 47, 209274, 23, 70, 9907, 62903, 111, 28745, 7, 23, 88922, 70, 15672, 62903, 111, 64624, 136, 28745, 7, 23, 88847, 70, 15672, 161752, 6827, 67081, 23, 86097, 70, 9907, 62903, 111, 119210, 23, 73584, 136, 70, 15672, 67081, 100, 37992, 964, 25443, 23, 13999, 62, 7134, 1556, 75204, 953, 20338, 6635, 22072, 63614, 1295, 141626, 90, 10932, 70, 8999, 4, 26719, 15758, 4, 65782, 4, 200955, 4, 82167, 4, 175055, 4, 136, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 360, 22482, 27580, 62, 7134, 509, 24, 4806, 10, 110471, 6206, 34971, 164, 5252, 43552, 99, 4939, 7, 230839, 12535, 100, 1919, 163846, 9035, 237, 142, 6, 207098, 53, 25188, 56, 136, 6, 193591, 23, 128169, 70, 11737, 58093, 111, 191225, 7, 5, 581, 110471, 6206, 34971, 164, 5252, 43552, 16070, 7, 3542, 170920, 23, 1210, 390, 10, 18466, 1295, 11617, 110471, 5, 62, 7134, 136, 1919, 58386, 23213, 765, 2809, 139505, 16792, 26527, 4, 136, 765, 17262, 76849, 7, 4, 1632, 775, 4, 136, 6626, 27150, 9963, 85, 46526, 1314, 5, 62, 7134, 83, 142, 144422, 211598, 136, 134003, 111, 70, 6206, 34971, 164, 5252, 144422, 211598, 60992, 15, 69193, 284, 194, 32964, 111, 1919, 82953, 7, 4, 2843, 219600, 7, 4, 136, 1919, 775, 91865, 13, 4, 10, 3835, 86841, 4, 621, 2843, 144422, 211598, 7, 5, 62, 7134, 25225, 7, 56409, 41946, 7, 831, 31, 13, 214, 23, 70, 187, 49086, 136, 41421, 9, 71013, 1294, 7158, 214, 4, 19441, 140528, 70, 1496, 84765, 13769, 11, 148155, 7158, 45712, 23, 71006, 43606, 20028, 5, 6, 128198, 297, 678, 173027, 25, 7, 70997, 23, 27997, 62, 7134, 1556, 1902, 47, 34390, 1919, 69924, 5, 44, 568, 135812, 1286, 678, 7674, 2594, 133, 53623, 21079, 3501, 678, 24748, 119225, 4, 58, 764, 30745, 211598, 214, 41260, 5, 62, 7134, 83, 51529, 54940, 41664, 25921, 100, 1919, 80267, 53, 136, 157996, 939, 5, 1529, 118775, 98, 44, 3957, 11554, 16466, 34798, 830, 45252, 214, 1919, 31486, 237, 10, 14037, 214, 32786, 111, 159, 45964, 64370, 136, 90125, 1314, 100, 21629, 15, 9127, 284, 247, 45730, 41664, 23, 44951, 7, 4, 136, 70, 206398, 111, 15672, 51359, 111, 41664, 4, 54940, 3789, 28451, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 4939, 7, 230839, 29874, 9836, 23, 70, 39395, 19340, 7, 4, 62, 7134, 79786, 23, 70, 117224, 111, 58595, 947, 2594, 136, 29465, 3003, 257, 107, 79468, 7, 7440, 764, 32603, 3674, 70, 30957, 15894, 35815, 9, 18442, 37534, 45, 147, 42, 82463, 450, 143434, 8, 99735, 1830, 136, 47219, 111, 19336, 20020, 23, 168698, 76726, 5, 24372, 56465, 289, 23189, 4, 62, 7134, 33284, 297, 3000, 19, 3419, 45481, 25, 7, 60054, 23, 70, 80743, 1843, 25443, 63557, 99, 4939, 7, 230839, 7440, 764, 22282, 71, 4842, 38750, 107834, 90, 136, 207487, 48502, 33310, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 237, 10, 39210, 22304, 111, 200729, 1294, 5213, 90865, 2408, 1952, 164, 4, 10, 2360, 48381, 9523, 142, 32868, 678, 119371, 13, 4, 91, 94266, 71407, 115700, 71, 4842, 38750, 7, 5, 360, 20986, 4, 62, 7134, 33284, 297, 70, 63557, 111, 119210, 7440, 764, 88303, 1919, 10002, 25188, 1528, 136, 5117, 54015, 3674, 70, 2789, 14251, 2465, 1507, 56458, 1614, 309, 217, 111, 70, 80658, 7921, 59714, 21115, 2874, 1409, 4, 62130, 397, 5, 51404, 35187, 214, 62130, 397, 4, 62, 7134, 25, 7, 7175, 520, 17215, 6295, 79850, 134053, 10, 1372, 14251, 2465, 1507, 4842, 38750, 107834, 13, 21308, 5, 22376, 130807, 660, 23, 200, 10952, 53, 69323, 60291, 4, 70, 1372, 472, 11866, 21308, 509, 62548, 47, 21308, 7, 1295, 9789, 59665, 7, 26719, 41896, 12403, 78574, 4, 21968, 38820, 3098, 7, 4, 152818, 4, 136, 18153, 7, 5, 66016, 70, 32354, 509, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 62, 7134, 147008, 71, 4939, 313, 5, 119109, 4, 1919, 36770, 153838, 25443, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23924, 96220, 4, 2750, 42459, 297, 450, 70, 21308, 1543, 186, 70, 4989, 9, 991, 46526, 7401, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7948, 62, 7134, 15, 57332, 18982, 496, 4, 45604, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 219600, 4, 34676, 239, 3408, 2182, 4, 136, 233239, 28387, 271, 4, 110471, 6206, 34971, 164, 5252, 43552, 99, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 110471, 19188, 111, 16934, 19102, 136, 4939, 7, 230839, 19188, 111, 119210, 4, 136, 14364, 111, 70, 4939, 7, 230839, 3658, 6232, 42477, 43975, 5, 360, 88847, 62, 7134, 136, 23630, 13, 41537, 4727, 605, 2230, 191, 99764, 70, 6052, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 83230, 38904, 100, 44, 3827, 63127, 3387, 50509, 214, 86723, 7, 23, 38750, 107834, 90, 1242, 62, 7134, 509, 125296, 71, 100, 1919, 103882, 53, 111, 50895, 4680, 73, 7401, 86723, 7, 5, 47173, 4680, 5425, 621, 7401, 9, 17032, 8876, 21308, 7, 450, 25813, 7401, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Professional awards.", "Personal life.", "Biomedical research.", "Aquaporins.", "2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "Malaria.", "Science diplomacy.", "Cuba.", "Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).", "Myanmar (Burma).", "Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran).", "Political activism.", "Thomas Butler Case.", "2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate race.", "Other activism." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Agre is the second of six children born in Northfield, Minnesota to parents of Norwegian and Swedish descent. Agre is a Lutheran. Fascinated by international travel after a high school camping trip through the Soviet Union, Agre was an inconsistent student until he developed an interest in science from his father who was a college chemistry professor. Agre received his B.A. in Chemistry from Augsburg College in Minneapolis and his M.D. in 1974 from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. From 1975 to 1978 he completed his clinical training in Internal Medicine at Case Western Reserve University's Case Medical Center under Charles C.J. Carpenter. This was followed by a Hematology-Oncology fellowship at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. In 1981, Agre returned to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to join the lab of Vann Bennett in the Department of Cell Biology. In 1984, Agre was recruited onto the faculty of the Department of Medicine led by Victor A. McKusick. He subsequently joined the Department of Biological Chemistry led by Dan Lane. Agre rose to full professor in 1992 and remained at Johns Hopkins until 2005. Agre then served as the Vice Chancellor for Science and Technology at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, where he guided the development of Duke's biomedical research. In 2008, he returned to Johns Hopkins, where he directs the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI) in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and holds a joint appointment in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.", "In addition to the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Agre was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 2000, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003, the American Philosophical Society in 2004, the National Academy of Medicine in 2005, and the American Society for Microbiology in 2011. Agre has received 19 honorary doctorates from universities around the world, including Japan, Norway, Greece, Mexico, Hungary, and the United States. In February 2014, Agre was named a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University for his accomplishments as an interdisciplinary researcher and excellence in teaching the next generation of scholars. The Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships were established in 2013 by a gift from Michael Bloomberg.", "Agre and his wife Mary have been married since 1975, and have three daughters, one son, and two young granddaughters. Agre is an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA). Two of his brothers, also physicians, and his son Clarke, a public defender, are also Eagle Scouts. Agre enjoys wilderness canoeing in the arctic and cross-country skiing, having completed the 60 mile Vasaloppet ski race in Sweden five times. Diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2012, Agre has had to reduce his activities. \"I identify more with Huckleberry Finn than with Albert Einstein,\" he told Scouting magazine. Agre is known among science students for his humanity and humility. He appeared on \"The Colbert Report\", discussing his role as a founding member of Scientists and Engineers for America (SEA), sound science in politics, and the decline of American knowledge of science, among other topics.", "As a Johns Hopkins medical student in the early 1970s, Agre worked in the labs of Brad Sack and Pedro Cuatrecasas where he investigated the enterotoxin-induced diarrhea that caused dehydration and death of small children in developing countries. After clinical training, Agre joined Vann Bennett's lab in the Cell Biology Department at Johns Hopkins where he studied red cell membranes and identified spectrin deficiency as a common cause of hereditary spherocytosis, a hemolytic anemia with fragile, spherically shaped red cells. In 1984, Agre joined the Department of Medicine where he built his own research program and first isolated the 32 kilodalton core subunit of the Rhesus blood group antigen, RhD.", "While studying RhD, Agre's team serendipitously discovered a 28 kilodalton red cell membrane protein. Also abundant in kidney tubules, the 28 kDa protein was related to proteins from diverse origins including fruit fly brain, mammalian lens, bacteria, and plants. Since the function was unknown, Agre consulted John C. Parker, his former hematology professor at the University of North Carolina, who suggested that the protein may be the long-sought water channel responsible for rapid movements of water across the membranes of red cells and certain other cell types. Teaming up with William Guggino at the Department of Physiology at Johns Hopkins, Agre's postdoctoral fellow Gregory Preston confirmed water channel function by expressing the cRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes (frog eggs) that then became osmotically active and exploded in fresh water. The 28 kDa protein is now known as aquaporin-1 (abbreviated AQP1), the archetypal member of a large family of water channel proteins. Aquaporins are \"the plumbing system for cells,\" said Agre. Every cell is primarily water. \"But the water doesn't just sit in the cell, it moves through it in a very organized way. The process occurs rapidly in tissues that have these aquaporins or water channels.\" For 100 years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. \"But the very rapid movement of water through some cells was not explained by this theory,\" said Agre. Agre's team and others identified paralogs in different tissues, and twelve aquaporins exist in humans. Permeated by water, aquaporins are required for generation of cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humour, tears, sweat, saliva, humidification of airways, and renal concentration. Defects include cerebral edema, dry eye, anhydrosis, dehydration and water retention. Permeated by water plus glycerol, aquaglyceroporins confer glycerol uptake to the basal level of skin, glycerol release from fat during fasting, and glycerol uptake by liver where it is converted to glucose. Aquaporins and aquaglyceroporins exist in all life forms including invertebrates, plants, microbes, archaea, and parasites including the plasmodia that cause malaria.", "In October 2003, it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry would go to two medical doctors, Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon, \"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes.\" Credited for discovery of the aquaporin water channels, Agre was in bed at 5:30 am when the call came from Stockholm. Upon learning the news later, his mother responded, \"That's very nice but don't let it go to his head.\" MacKinnon, credited with solving the structure and selectivity of potassium channels, was traveling back from a weekend fishing trip and only learned the news from colleagues.", "Long interested in diseases of the developing world, Agre and his team investigated aquaporins in malaria parasites, malaria mosquitoes, and cerebral malaria. In 2008, Agre became Director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI) at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. Launched in 2001 by a gift from Michael Bloomberg and the Bloomberg Philanthropies, JHMRI includes 20 faculty members whose lab efforts include development of mosquitoes resistant to malaria transmission, design of novel malaria vaccines, biological studies of potential malaria drug targets and search for novel anti-malarial medicines. Fieldwork in rural Africa is central to the JHMRI mission. A long-term partnership was initiated in 2003 with Macha Research Trust, a faith-based research program led by Dr. Philip Thuma that is affiliated with a former mission hospital in rural southern Zambia. With resources from JHMRI, a small modern research campus was constructed where African scientists and visiting scientists from Johns Hopkins are studying malaria drug resistance, mosquito insecticide resistance, and rates of malaria transmission. Since introduction of artemisinin combination therapy in 2003 and distribution of insecticide treated bed nets in 2007, the burden of malaria in small children has declined in Macha by 96%. Receipt of an International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Award (ICEMR) from the US National Institutes of Health in 2010 allowed expansion of the JHMRI program in Africa. New field sites were organized in partnership with African agencies in northern Zambia and southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where malaria control has failed, and in eastern Zimbabwe at the border of Mozambique, where malaria has become resurgent.", "While serving from 2009 to 2011 as president and chair of the board of advisors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Agre became very active in the AAAS Center for Science Diplomacy. Working with AAAS Chief International Officer, Vaughan Turekian, and former Scientific Advisor to the U.S. Secretary of State, Norman P. Neureiter, Agre led a series of science diplomacy visits to countries with adversarial relationships to the U.S. The objective of each trip was to foster exchanges and collaborations on peaceful scientific projects and thereby reduce tensions.", "The governments of Cuba and the US have maintained a hostile relationship made worse by the embargo that prevented the import of essential goods, equipment and even medicines. The inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009 led to a liberalized interpretation of restrictions by the U.S. government allowing scientific and cultural exchanges between the two countries. In November 2009, Agre made the first of six trips to Cuba when he led a group of scientists from AAAS to Havana. Two years later, Agre led an extensive series of visits to the Cuban Academy of Sciences and leading Cuban scientific institutions including the institutes for biotechnology, pharmaceutical and vaccine development, a teaching hospital and ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) Cuba. Invited to lecture at the University of Havana, Agre also met with Fidel Castro who discussed numerous topics including the need for universal health care as one cause for the Cuban Revolution. Agre subsequently led another AAAS visit and served as Honorary President of Biotecnologia Habana 2012 and Plenary Lecturer at Quimcuba 2015. Despite animosities, Cuba and the U.S. have had a long tradition of scientific interactions that dated from 1900. The outbreak of Yellow Fever at the time of the Spanish–American War resulted in the Yellow Fever Commission led by US Army Major Walter Reed. Working together, Cuban medical scientist, Carlos Finlay, and a young Johns Hopkins faculty member, Jesse William Lazear, proved for the first time that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. In a fateful experiment, Lazear allowed himself to be bitten by mosquitoes that had fed upon yellow fever patients, and he died of the disease. This discovery led to conquest of Yellow Fever. Cuba always felt that Finlay and Lazear never received proper credit, an issue partially ameliorated by the 2015 visit by the Johns Hopkins Health Advisory Board and plaque unveiling.", "Referred to as the \"Hermit Kingdom,\" the DPRK has been nearly totally isolated from the world since the negotiated ceasefire in 1953. Requests for entry by US organizations were rebuffed. Working through the DPRK Ambassador to the UN, an invitation was issued to the Nobel Laureate-led AAAS team in partnership with CRDF Global for a visit hosted by the DPRK State Academy of Sciences in December 2009. Avoiding issues related to weapons development, requests to visit 15 research institutes, universities, the Grand People's Study House, and a hospital were all granted. In most cases, the leadership of these institutions had never seen or met an American previously. Potential future scientific collaboration in the life sciences such as medicine development and agricultural research received extensive and enthusiastic discussion. A follow up visits by DPRK scientific leadership to the AAAS – CRDF team occurred 15 months later at the Carter Center in Atlanta. A meeting occurred with the leadership of the Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST), a private university founded by a Korean-born American businessman. The only English language university in DPRK, PUST draws outstanding undergraduate and graduate students from DPRK and volunteer faculty from abroad. Opening in 2010, PUST is the only campus where westerners can mingle with students in DPRK. Agre provided keynote plenary lectures to the 1st International Science Symposium at PUST in 2011 and the 3rd symposium in 2015. Invited to participate in a tour of multiple DPRK universities by four Nobel Laureates in 2016, Agre was unable to attend due to a hospitalization. It would have been his fourth trip to the country.", "A visit by Agre and the AAAS Science Diplomacy team to Myanmar occurred in April 2010. Travel was made to the new capital, Naypyidaw, for formal meetings with the Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Health to discuss malaria. A meeting with faculty of University of Yangon was also held. Despite continued existence of the junta, an impending transition was evident, as meetings with the opposition were arranged in Yangon. Although Aung San Suu Kyi was unavailable as she was still under house arrest, her release occurred six months later, and Myanmar has made solid progress towards liberal democracy.", "Meetings with Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi at the New York residence of the Iranian Ambassador to the UN resulted in a June 2012 visit to Tehran by Agre and Norman P. Neureiter. Salehi, a PhD graduate of MIT and former head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, arranged for lectures in multiple universities in Tehran where Agre was appointed Visiting Professor at the Sharif University of Technology and a private meeting was held with President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.", "", "As Chairman of the Committee on Human Rights of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Agre led a group of prominent scientists that defended Thomas C. Butler, an infectious disease researcher from Texas Tech University who in January 2003 voluntarily reported to the university safety office that 30 vials of plague bacteria were missing and had probably been autoclaved or incinerated. Although Butler cooperated with FBI agents, he was accused of lying and was arrested. When he refused to plead guilty, federal prosecutors charged Butler with many confusing charges concerning grant accounting and sample shipping. Despite support from Agre and other scientists, Butler was convicted in a jury trial, lost his medical license, and served 2 years in prison. Occurring at a time of large national fear following the 9/11 attacks, the incident has been seen by some as an overreaction by the FBI due to public fear of bioterrorism.", "In the spring of 2007, Agre announced that he would explore the US Senate race in his home state of Minnesota being contested by two residents originally from New York – incumbent Sen. Norm Coleman and challenger comedian Al Franken. Agre emphasized health care and environmental issues rather than the Iraq war. He said, \"The issues that were important to us at the millennium are still important today.\" He also felt that the US Senate would benefit from the perspective of a medical scientist. Despite polls indicating that he could win, Agre announced in August 2007 that he would not enter the race for the Minnesota Senate seat, calculating the huge personal cost and the termination of his federally funded scientific research program and humanitarian service. An advocate for increased representation of science in government, he would not rule out the possibility of seeking public office in the future. Although Barack Obama carried Minnesota by a landslide, the senate election was a statistical tie resulting in a recount and six months of legal fights before the Minnesota Supreme Court awarded Al Franken the victory by only 312 votes out of 2.9 million ballots cast. The outcome was important as Franken was sworn in as Senator in July 2009 and provided the 60th vote necessary to end debate on the Affordable Care Act.", "In addition to being a founding member of Scientists and Engineers for Change, Agre was one of 48 Nobel laureates who signed a letter endorsing Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry for president. Agre criticized many policies of the Bush Administration. \"The Bush administration has been a disaster for the environment. They're playing Russian roulette by not signing the Kyoto Accord. If we wait until there's unequivocal proof that this is the cause of global climate change, it will be too late,\" he said. He has said that he admired Linus Pauling, another Nobel laureate and peace activist. Agre served on the transition team for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, helping forge science policy and answers to scientific policy questions posed by Science Debate 2008. In 2015, Agre signed the \"Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change\" on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the successful COP21 climate summit in Paris." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 57549, 818, 509, 103122, 23, 109402, 191, 4, 52888, 5, 18763, 57988, 289, 9963, 1021, 9319, 509, 59520, 10656, 34734, 434, 13534, 5, 1529, 150180, 71, 1295, 26655, 56, 1172, 2069, 1507, 19694, 19188, 23, 26655, 56, 1172, 2069, 1507, 4, 157997, 4, 23, 38576, 5, 1529, 22282, 71, 291, 140363, 41637, 8108, 101089, 214, 47, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 99, 70, 157082, 43975, 111, 46473, 4, 7440, 764, 113054, 297, 87758, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 7, 23, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 23, 36236, 136, 10, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 915, 26147, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 23, 19340, 5, 15, 23389, 83, 57549, 818, 25, 7, 193429, 4, 70189, 627, 5, 57549, 818, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 78999, 9836, 2750, 509, 11814, 237, 70, 25072, 111, 72350, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 26634, 818, 740, 16, 14787, 57549, 818, 101089, 297, 47, 9545, 39, 25443, 136, 80723, 4488, 99, 155484, 2076, 350, 4293, 9907, 54593, 4597, 53, 4, 57119, 1916, 678, 27669, 80490, 145185, 1255, 98, 70, 19694, 884, 35810, 436, 26147, 165712, 7, 146797, 4, 10, 174296, 7, 94266, 1771, 92949, 16446, 16762, 82775, 47, 96391, 2874, 192, 3055, 23, 64883, 25, 7, 1407, 56, 225748, 4, 70, 169424, 111, 3129, 509, 92054, 297, 390, 70, 5036, 2837, 45639, 297, 67788, 1459, 11341, 154453, 111, 9545, 39, 25443, 5, 1529, 7068, 34739, 1257, 142, 33946, 23, 9545, 21068, 11948, 634, 272, 76615, 4567, 2320, 15, 441, 12689, 247, 198395, 134053, 390, 1172, 157, 139814, 4267, 5320, 7, 136, 12452, 39076, 15555, 100708, 23, 38425, 5, 8622, 3542, 4, 99, 450, 1733, 4, 40368, 9803, 17582, 1672, 903, 28451, 4, 33444, 214, 105237, 47, 20531, 17582, 1672, 70, 45646, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 5, 8759, 25500, 115774, 92054, 297, 70, 14997, 13, 237, 10, 28271, 509, 47014, 1916, 4, 3129, 2806, 765, 142, 21543, 98, 70, 313, 12689, 12, 6863, 52768, 2806, 56566, 98, 70, 48225, 111, 150556, 5, 17106, 70, 4358, 111, 145185, 1255, 136, 22758, 62, 5, 135394, 4, 57549, 818, 126809, 10, 99710, 289, 5977, 29089, 3129, 72350, 71, 70, 60212, 23, 52768, 111, 70, 313, 12689, 17721, 6626, 48225, 7, 1496, 79385, 7, 34955, 5, 581, 13984, 4, 3129, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 98, 10, 80002, 86232, 345, 5428, 47880, 4, 7228, 442, 7722, 47, 83324, 450, 70, 128512, 2062, 22062, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 509, 45234, 4, 3129, 509, 28032, 70, 17475, 7, 111, 61689, 219, 2408, 111, 70, 13984, 5, 1650, 6777, 4, 49903, 4, 96391, 10, 143834, 23, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 313, 12689, 111, 10, 12921, 12096, 5, 9925, 70, 313, 12689, 135179, 47, 186, 99, 10, 77546, 52768, 98, 1632, 5609, 111, 70, 20704, 3501, 98, 70, 198274, 5609, 4, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 10, 45, 37035, 103510, 4, 1556, 2809, 189050, 237, 10, 984, 6366, 603, 21543, 111, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 78112, 35845, 47, 70, 16128, 111, 313, 12689, 28, 21150, 4, 3129, 83, 35839, 70, 4568, 91, 4460, 33558, 71579, 5, 62771, 10, 984, 6366, 603, 21543, 187, 62093, 6637, 70, 7550, 4, 136, 23, 15824, 70, 10663, 1002, 42261, 237, 10, 28271, 4, 83, 959, 29398, 6635, 4, 1284, 43257, 83, 98567, 99, 110518, 6331, 1785, 64, 7, 678, 15072, 47, 70, 4568, 91, 4460, 33558, 71579, 5, 3293, 83, 31895, 4743, 47, 70, 137352, 43315, 99, 117474, 17721, 2446, 225495, 136, 10, 202104, 111, 46889, 1884, 70, 32774, 9208, 219, 18770, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 4, 70, 313, 12689, 118775, 47, 186, 169123, 61514, 39041, 6238, 70, 45, 20820, 1363, 143434, 390, 70, 984, 6366, 603, 21543, 237, 119056, 36917, 5, 3293, 16750, 2304, 61669, 297, 150556, 7, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 4, 678, 67842, 45646, 7, 6044, 237, 22703, 5134, 90, 136, 225495, 234737, 7, 114141, 214, 450, 70, 14997, 13, 509, 35845, 538, 77099, 15292, 10821, 98, 10, 19336, 105994, 5, 33306, 4, 6097, 45646, 7, 100, 4806, 191975, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 2174, 70, 14997, 13, 83, 77099, 15292, 10821, 18925, 4, 442, 2806, 765, 2809, 77099, 15292, 10821, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 28, 21150, 111, 70, 313, 12689, 237, 5299, 4, 136, 22046, 2661, 18925, 8305, 642, 344, 143834, 7, 23, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 313, 12689, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 149, 58994, 111, 6097, 1866, 991, 133141, 90, 450, 57549, 818, 509, 20697, 98, 23, 70, 72399, 19340, 7, 5, 1529, 7068, 26171, 71, 47, 40087, 10, 13452, 23, 3784, 6496, 10, 99675, 13, 46979, 20051, 678, 10, 96391, 748, 450, 509, 21373, 47, 70, 1632, 6, 121147, 297, 98, 70, 345, 5428, 1284, 509, 1286, 191125, 136, 959, 79507, 71, 390, 1831, 210115, 5, 581, 152132, 509, 68186, 71, 136, 49504, 3674, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 13984, 7, 111, 70, 99675, 13, 8244, 20090, 4, 3129, 11034, 3650, 37321, 19879, 5, 8244, 20090, 509, 83184, 297, 98, 7582, 543, 4, 13501, 4, 7103, 10, 8, 5259, 36, 14775, 47, 70, 219776, 111, 70, 43045, 13684, 46401, 73630, 42, 5, 24372, 1286, 3501, 6626, 5369, 111, 150556, 136, 114137, 4, 70, 8244, 20090, 25188, 7175, 171530, 98, 1105, 7071, 12839, 450, 70, 99675, 13, 1902, 96391, 297, 6, 57278, 14838, 41039, 21094, 23, 70, 313, 12689, 4, 10, 36356, 222521, 23, 70, 35187, 111, 70, 39395, 14997, 13, 5, 581, 150556, 7, 3542, 44, 13, 58557, 329, 100, 70, 127319, 111, 70, 14997, 13, 58, 136, 12441, 57549, 818, 47, 5154, 118861, 70, 131011, 111, 1919, 103882, 53, 450, 44, 3190, 398, 25, 107, 167821, 4, 442, 25, 7, 1884, 16487, 99, 3430, 1242, 581, 36272, 111, 8244, 20090, 509, 70, 184345, 111, 1119, 41745, 272, 7175, 18244, 23, 3784, 6496, 1286, 3501, 75534, 25188, 1314, 4, 185118, 7, 136, 3789, 56480, 5, 4939, 78804, 56, 176866, 297, 70, 64194, 9433, 136, 2843, 1902, 158978, 153579, 100, 70, 28007, 450, 122273, 297, 70, 22556, 37873, 3173, 111, 70, 313, 12689, 72350, 71, 390, 8244, 20090, 5, 57549, 818, 1902, 70, 5201, 153579, 111, 163, 162, 53089, 70, 19336, 143834, 7, 23, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 4567, 2320, 5, 57549, 818, 57119, 3674, 678, 44, 31469, 22600, 70103, 6402, 133, 58, 32485, 1345, 3337, 6765, 1681, 47, 33022, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 14787, 21736, 169, 1505, 27245, 57549, 818, 4830, 15, 57332, 22482, 387, 4, 18608, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 72513, 34053, 27744, 1419, 4, 191725, 106622, 4, 34676, 133526, 13, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 6626, 62757, 10840, 47, 19916, 70, 106, 19879, 494, 731, 98, 44, 284, 107, 2583, 19204, 56, 3501, 10, 190, 927, 22453, 56, 2953, 5, 1529, 23742, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 165712, 7, 23, 3295, 100, 1919, 4488, 98, 70, 50939, 21068, 26828, 64330, 56489, 678, 4939, 313, 5, 78804, 56, 450, 12441, 47, 70, 44, 3827, 63127, 53, 111, 70, 22556, 14361, 3173, 136, 1866, 991, 29813, 53, 111, 70, 9545, 21068, 11948, 634, 272, 76615, 4567, 2320, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Initial research.", "COBE.", "Other projects.", "Media appearances." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Smoot was born in Yukon, Florida. His maternal grandfather was Johnson Tal Crawford. He graduated from Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio, in 1962. He studied mathematics before switching to physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he obtained dual bachelor's degrees in mathematics and physics in 1966 and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970. (It is Smoot's cousin, Oliver R. Smoot, who was the MIT student who was used as the unit of measure known as the \"smoot\".)", "George Smoot switched to cosmology and began work at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, collaborating with Luis Walter Alvarez on the High Altitude Particle Physics Experiment, a stratospheric weather balloon designed to detect antimatter in Earth's upper atmosphere, the presence of which was predicted by the now discredited steady state theory of cosmology. He then took up an interest in cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), previously discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964. There were, at that time, several open questions about this topic, relating directly to fundamental questions about the structure of the universe. Certain models predicted the universe as a whole was rotating, which would have an effect on the CMB: its temperature would depend on the direction of observation. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Smoot developed a differential radiometer which measured the difference in temperature of the CMB between two directions 60 degrees apart. The instrument, which was mounted on a Lockheed U-2 plane, made it possible to determine that the overall rotation of the universe was zero, which was within the limits of accuracy of the instrument. It did, however, detect a variation in the temperature of the CMB of a different sort. That the CMB appears to be at a higher temperature on one side of the sky than on the opposite side, referred to as a dipole pattern, has been explained as a Doppler effect of the Earth's motion relative to the area of CMB emission, which is called the last scattering surface. Such a Doppler effect arises because the Sun, and in fact the Milky Way as a whole, is not stationary, but rather is moving at nearly 600 km/s with respect to the last scattering surface. This is probably due to the gravitational attraction between our galaxy and a concentration of mass like the Great Attractor.", "At that time, the CMB appeared to be perfectly uniform excluding the distortion caused by the Doppler effect as mentioned above. This result contradicted observations of the universe, with various structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters indicating that the universe was relatively heterogeneous on a small scale. However, these structures formed slowly. Thus, if the universe is heterogeneous today, it would have been heterogeneous at the time of the emission of the CMB as well, and observable today through weak variations in the temperature of the CMB. It was the detection of these anisotropies that Smoot was working on in the late 1970s. He then proposed to NASA a project involving a satellite equipped with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the U-2 but was more sensitive and not influenced by air pollution. The proposal was accepted and incorporated as one of the instruments of the satellite COBE, which cost $160 million. COBE was launched on November 18, 1989, after a delay owing to the destruction of the Space Shuttle Challenger. After more than two years of observation and analysis, the COBE research team announced on 23 April 1992 that the satellite had detected tiny fluctuations in the CMB, a breakthrough in the study of the early universe. The observations were \"evidence for the birth of the universe\" and led Smoot to say regarding the importance of his discovery that \"if you're religious, it's like looking at God.\" The success of COBE was the outcome of extensive teamwork involving more than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other participants. John Mather coordinated the entire process and also had primary responsibility for the experiment that revealed the blackbody form of the CMB measured by COBE. Smoot had the main responsibility of measuring the small variations in the temperature of the radiation. Smoot collaborated with \"San Francisco Chronicle\" journalist Keay Davidson to write the general-audience book \"Wrinkles in Time\", that chronicled his team's efforts. In the book \"The Very First Light\", John Mather and John Boslough complement and broaden the COBE story, and suggest that Smoot violated team policy by leaking news of COBE's discoveries to the press before NASA's formal announcement, a leak that, to Mather, smacked of self-promotion and betrayal. Smoot eventually apologized for not following the agreed publicity plan and Mather said tensions eventually eased. Mather acknowledged that Smoot had \"brought COBE worldwide publicity\" the project might not normally have received.", "After COBE, Smoot took part in another experiment involving a stratospheric balloon, Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array, which had improved angular resolution compared to COBE, and refined the measurements of the anisotropies of the CMB. Smoot has continued CMB observations and analysis and was a collaborator on the third generation CMB anisotropy observatory Planck satellite. He is also a collaborator of the design of the Supernova/Acceleration Probe, a satellite which is proposed to measure the properties of dark energy. He has also assisted in analyzing data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with measuring far infrared background radiation. Smoot also was a leader in a group that launched the Mikhailo Lomonosov April 28, 2016. Smoot is credited by Mickey Hart for inspiring the album \"Mysterium Tremendum\", which is based, in part on \"sounds\" that can be extracted from the background signature of the Big Bang.", "Smoot had a cameo appearance as himself in \"The Terminator Decoupling\" episode of \"The Big Bang Theory\". He contacted the show as a fan of their often physics-based plots and was incorporated into an episode featuring him lecturing at a fictional physics symposium. He is also credited by the producer of the show with providing a joke told by Penny in the episode \"The Dead Hooker Juxtaposition\". In April 2019 he also appeared in the episode The Laureate Accumulation. On September 18, 2009, Smoot appeared on an episode of the Fox television show \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\" During filming, he reached the final question, \"What U.S. state is home to Acadia National Park?\", to which he gave the correct answer \"Maine\", becoming the second person to win the one-million-dollar prize. On December 10, 2009, he appeared in a BBC interview of Nobel laureates, discussing the value science has to offer society. Smoot gave a 2014 TEDx lecture in which he suggested that certain aspects of physics support the simulation hypothesis, the idea that our reality is a computer-generated virtual reality. In 2016, Smoot appeared in a TV commercial for Intuit TurboTax, advising a user of the software on what to do." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 37457, 7, 1295, 4989, 136, 642, 6958, 7, 4, 678, 70, 8167, 9248, 150679, 3501, 70, 117776, 7, 5, 62, 814, 66398, 136, 4, 442, 43876, 7, 70, 50997, 9, 14775, 297, 120, 289, 237, 70, 19336, 525, 15672, 115, 2594, 5, 110579, 11280, 7, 621, 22223, 6048, 22556, 136, 35011, 4, 678, 193, 532, 150506, 50997, 136, 7398, 8705, 10336, 7, 136, 10, 21334, 35011, 110912, 50155, 70, 36298, 5, 213342, 7, 621, 3514, 53, 9, 1507, 297, 678, 10, 164917, 35011, 110912, 50155, 70, 36298, 136, 10, 22729, 1379, 8752, 5, 10660, 621, 39666, 31667, 136, 2684, 111, 2856, 41710, 23, 30312, 184085, 289, 7401, 7, 4, 707, 9803, 23, 1760, 7401, 7, 4, 98, 70, 28, 4438, 136, 65272, 184085, 7, 111, 23924, 21629, 136, 70, 127067, 9022, 14098, 46684, 5, 581, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 83, 142, 111531, 41207, 107628, 15212, 47, 171827, 14713, 5, 581, 481, 91566, 214, 117016, 83, 109412, 297, 21, 9248, 136, 15266, 6468, 23, 168064, 136, 25730, 4, 39555, 167969, 99201, 23, 70, 337, 30544, 100, 525, 707, 1013, 208, 117016, 5, 667, 4902, 133, 31251, 7, 765, 216479, 71, 2363, 19336, 13267, 47, 11177, 70, 4909, 1916, 151517, 939, 111, 2363, 44, 35273, 8730, 9523, 58, 27980, 4, 10, 109412, 1081, 11050, 4, 70, 144477, 9022, 33977, 11050, 5, 786, 13, 47, 2363, 19336, 13267, 4, 1836, 621, 103210, 36457, 4, 1379, 1865, 214, 45, 3132, 39555, 19686, 79850, 12960, 205027, 297, 390, 2363, 11192, 159531, 5, 10660, 54, 959, 17660, 47, 43799, 23, 21334, 21917, 22824, 74, 94407, 621, 56104, 84046, 47, 19336, 101935, 5, 6561, 115, 2594, 21265, 7, 237, 10, 9325, 1294, 4, 100244, 100, 1653, 4597, 7, 237, 70, 27060, 23, 70, 21115, 45, 272, 23, 33938, 111, 15381, 5, 667, 4902, 133, 31251, 7, 621, 54940, 271, 70, 4568, 7401, 3584, 27751, 47, 31358, 2363, 91566, 214, 61585, 7, 136, 1632, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 2684, 33595, 20605, 43017, 7, 4, 24387, 6496, 98, 2363, 41710, 214, 61585, 7, 28032, 10, 653, 118201, 92142, 111, 1733, 5, 667, 4902, 133, 31251, 7, 621, 22460, 17705, 10821, 4, 136, 70, 117776, 7, 30646, 47, 70, 5701, 91566, 214, 1764, 4, 6602, 7103, 6602, 5, 10660, 91280, 23, 151517, 2449, 23, 1360, 90, 4, 102917, 538, 237, 58102, 707, 7426, 320, 7, 4, 17368, 153161, 10332, 33977, 11050, 91280, 7, 4, 20903, 15, 16345, 25958, 4426, 1388, 47, 7401, 5, 799, 271, 28813, 22230, 26698, 101120, 57571, 91157, 24073, 8859, 41763, 9709, 882, 587, 17996, 74054, 53201, 68062, 41566, 24073, 9874, 7668, 33647, 102, 333, 46133, 74054, 136, 28811, 6057, 2069, 5, 8622, 509, 1632, 17164, 297, 110527, 111, 10, 117776, 335, 118201, 25, 7, 158044, 31463, 200, 30319, 10, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 25171, 117776, 136, 604, 120977, 5, 105508, 56, 151517, 2449, 621, 12601, 2822, 6637, 111, 40715, 130412, 678, 70, 150679, 158044, 31463, 7, 5, 213342, 7, 1543, 186, 152388, 98, 70, 91280, 390, 21968, 8080, 4, 6044, 237, 642, 11, 41204, 24073, 55668, 54941, 58, 91, 6366, 5, 16, 707, 881, 92, 24073, 55668, 54941, 279, 1681, 74054, 136, 390, 158044, 31463, 7, 645, 91280, 130412, 5, 40168, 29838, 501, 14707, 206, 13267, 83, 300, 86, 15, 94250, 37195, 47, 534, 247, 136, 56125, 7, 83080, 5, 360, 90351, 1363, 83080, 7, 496, 13312, 4, 136, 91280, 36272, 83, 11192, 19107, 12678, 23, 1632, 35187, 16, 154186, 47, 61585, 9, 1444, 1916, 114149, 1884, 70, 120, 289, 5, 62, 5155, 7103, 70, 4568, 95279, 63664, 1256, 17007, 4, 70, 120977, 95, 2631, 7, 1295, 70, 91280, 151517, 939, 5, 581, 27150, 1238, 181606, 99, 836, 1104, 11663, 13312, 111, 32070, 5, 7145, 4597, 7, 111, 116127, 26698, 70, 117, 2507, 36186, 11944, 2271, 24073, 919, 289, 587, 21440, 62754, 223, 74054, 108203, 53, 36, 27751, 24073, 7235, 837, 44954, 3390, 11680, 74054, 33984, 8394, 15592, 24073, 106670, 29754, 37429, 95, 34, 587, 16615, 118931, 7, 74054, 158044, 8394, 15592, 24073, 239514, 17656, 55708, 13, 1952, 74054, 4842, 9, 46741, 297, 6, 187404, 24073, 7235, 67, 31, 79, 192, 1771, 43362, 74054, 6782, 3328, 14534, 36, 27751, 24073, 7235, 837, 107368, 3378, 223, 74054, 50005, 1544, 66, 8394, 15592, 36, 27751, 24073, 7235, 837, 373, 837, 74054, 136, 59797, 25, 7, 6, 187404, 24073, 39450, 88354, 56, 6, 116159, 29182, 51029, 32255, 45, 6496, 263, 6468, 100, 4588, 1379, 36448, 5, 10660, 12601, 7401, 6, 168867, 7, 111, 5, 360, 63335, 36448, 117016, 7, 4, 1836, 73203, 102917, 538, 103665, 7, 4, 136, 23, 28279, 36448, 4, 1836, 61590, 156531, 660, 538, 98, 22684, 590, 329, 10133, 136, 931, 72994, 1224, 5, 47173, 9523, 18153, 7, 136, 67155, 56125, 7, 831, 27983, 24209, 4000, 538, 5526, 15381, 55769, 4, 237, 5299, 5, 88949, 111, 2363, 22223, 6048, 12266, 192, 429, 4, 103210, 36457, 31425, 4, 136, 241846, 939, 47, 118103, 98, 7401, 20549, 183871, 4, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 7, 621, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5700, 263, 6468, 54940, 271, 263, 71, 39544, 1314, 5, 581, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 70, 52101, 115, 2594, 4, 509, 49814, 47, 70, 5798, 18, 111, 121641, 111, 70, 59444, 111, 35340, 10186, 4, 56101, 121328, 4, 23, 98147, 667, 4902, 133, 31251, 7, 621, 1926, 3674, 136, 621, 90698, 10, 6712, 91157, 5, 360, 69822, 47, 5941, 3789, 40, 13096, 22824, 450, 765, 206398, 71, 23, 17309, 8, 23662, 7, 4, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 101935, 765, 47143, 297, 35845, 538, 53697, 5, 126567, 18, 119542, 1363, 83, 70, 13036, 120332, 47, 903, 263, 71, 4, 16792, 1836, 56566, 98, 4552, 84046, 184085, 289, 117016, 98, 2363, 41710, 214, 61585, 7, 4, 136, 4552, 29458, 117016, 23, 2363, 337, 30544, 91566, 214, 61585, 7, 5, 106073, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 7, 54, 4527, 332, 9, 42424, 91280, 16530, 90, 4, 1836, 7464, 3871, 70, 100, 525, 117016, 47, 6, 68332, 272, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6, 123759, 133, 31251, 24073, 7235, 16615, 18033, 144, 372, 5330, 18939, 83, 10, 19336, 15520, 115, 2594, 111, 70, 107396, 44, 7235, 16615, 18033, 830, 70, 158044, 31463, 7, 5, 3293, 114149, 509, 5117, 151552, 390, 94920, 19005, 23, 1919, 44, 84293, 11, 14354, 13, 58, 23, 729, 10057, 237, 44, 73026, 7, 144, 372, 5330, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Distribution and habitat.", "Behavior.", "Breeding.", "Diet.", "Relationship with humans." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The bufflehead ranges from long and weighs, with the drakes larger than the females. Averaging and, it rivals the green-winged teal as the smallest American duck. Adult males are striking black and white, with iridescent green and purple heads and a large white patch behind the eye. Females are grey-toned with a smaller white patch behind the eye and a light underside.", "They are migratory and most of them winter in protected coastal waters, or open inland waters, on the east and west coasts of North America and the southern United States. The bufflehead is an extremely rare vagrant to western Europe. Their breeding habitat is wooded lakes and ponds in Alaska and Canada, almost entirely included in the boreal forest or taiga habitat.", "Buffleheads have evolved their small size to fit the nesting cavity of their \"metabiotic\" host, a woodpecker, the northern flicker. Due to their small size, they are highly active, undertaking dives almost continuously while sustained by their high metabolism. They do not tend to collect in large flocks; groups are usually limited to small numbers. One duck serves as a sentry, watching for predators as the others in the group dive in search of food. Buffleheads are amongst the last waterfowl to leave their breeding grounds and one of the world's most punctual migrants, arriving on their wintering grounds within a narrow margin of time.", "Buffleheads are monogamous, and the females return to the same breeding site, year after year. They nest in cavities in trees, primarily aspens or poplars, using mostly old flicker nests, close (usually < ) to water. Nest competitors include mountain bluebird (\"Sialia currucoides\"), tree swallow (\"Tachycineta bicolor\"), and European starling. There was one recorded instance of a female Barrow's goldeneye killing a bufflehead adult female and her brood. Smaller cavities are preferred because of less competition with the larger goldeneyes. Females may be killed on the nest by mammals, such as weasels (\"Mustela\" spp.) or mink (\"Mustela vison\"), and by goldeneyes over nest competition. Average clutch size is nine (range six to 11), and eggs average. Incubation averages 30 days, and nest success is high (79% in one study) compared to ground-nesting species like the teal. A day after the last duckling hatches, the brood leaps from the nest cavity. The young fledge at 50–55 days of age. Predators of adults include the peregrine falcon (\"Falco peregrinus\"), snowy owl (\"Bubo scandiacus\"), bald eagle (\"Haliaeetus leucocephalus\"), golden eagle (\"Aquila chrysaetos\"), red-tailed hawk (\"Buteo jamaicensis\"), great horned owl (\"Bubo virginianus\"), Eurasian eagle owl (\"Bubo bubo\"), and Cooper's hawk (\"Accipiter cooperii\").", "These diving birds forage underwater. They prefer water depths of. In freshwater habitats, they eat primarily insects, and in saltwater, they feed predominantly on crustaceans and mollusks. Aquatic plants and fish eggs can often become locally important food items, as well.", "Because of their striking plumage, highly active nature, and proximity to humans on waterfront properties, buffleheads are one of the most popular birds amongst bird watchers. The bufflehead, also known as the spirit duck, was added to the coat of arms of the town of Sidney, British Columbia, in 1995. Buffleheads are hunted and are considered a gamebird. In contrast to many other seaducks that have declined in recent decades, bufflehead numbers have remained relatively constant. Habitat degradation is the major threat to this bird, since they depend on very limited coastal habitat on their wintering grounds, and very specific habitat in their boreal breeding grounds. Although buffleheads do use man-made nest boxes, they still need the forest habitat to thrive." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 187860, 1297, 509, 103122, 23, 60487, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 70, 775, 111, 9593, 14, 1883, 15, 27591, 425, 16, 136, 170450, 335, 5, 187860, 1297, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 24644, 25975, 26518, 18507, 111, 70, 42911, 425, 19694, 19188, 111, 28745, 4, 70, 5117, 25975, 26518, 18507, 1295, 450, 10696, 5, 1529, 7068, 23409, 98, 47, 54, 1919, 1379, 88610, 2182, 4488, 99, 107154, 12535, 5, 24372, 1919, 221, 22014, 17678, 6602, 764, 509, 172310, 297, 47, 4488, 98, 70, 147037, 27331, 4, 7440, 15, 257, 70, 32070, 111, 543, 16, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 27150, 525, 172647, 7, 99, 3731, 22756, 232, 9907, 54593, 4597, 53, 5, 18763, 4488, 75412, 74481, 1916, 70, 130306, 46889, 100, 70, 34627, 54330, 5, 24372, 6626, 5369, 99, 3731, 22756, 232, 4, 764, 176377, 47, 107154, 4, 217063, 1919, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 23, 41906, 136, 1919, 101862, 23, 45604, 5, 187860, 1297, 25, 7, 17309, 25188, 8, 7010, 678, 44402, 23, 10, 14012, 111, 58555, 111, 110436, 233, 41637, 4, 10, 44457, 3129, 4, 134744, 538, 142146, 4, 96335, 70, 110436, 77556, 242554, 289, 182809, 7, 111, 22729, 136, 26866, 5, 1529, 2843, 136475, 4488, 98, 40368, 28451, 7, 23, 11192, 9, 39060, 3432, 61770, 6889, 154453, 4, 26719, 70, 114137, 111, 1902, 1900, 61770, 63239, 4, 136, 70, 80835, 289, 16106, 57860, 111, 2878, 66695, 181653, 23, 11192, 9, 39060, 3432, 132539, 7, 5, 209052, 28451, 7, 111, 1919, 25188, 99201, 12, 70, 110436, 135969, 289, 123166, 111, 87631, 297, 259, 272, 43824, 7831, 74, 182809, 7, 111, 22729, 678, 87631, 297, 6, 17514, 74, 34627, 54529, 214, 9, 2347, 80835, 289, 183871, 111, 4092, 34627, 186, 8256, 136, 2363, 72350, 674, 74, 144, 429, 2844, 1771, 150624, 100, 184017, 678, 1592, 266, 191, 80835, 7, 74, 552, 3334, 6620, 136, 16106, 57860, 7, 111, 337, 1681, 1771, 34627, 7, 43573, 70, 26854, 13, 1104, 61061, 18055, 188171, 1363, 74, 70, 154453, 111, 19686, 79850, 12983, 297, 16186, 19, 54529, 214, 9, 2940, 6863, 132539, 98, 110436, 97264, 74, 70, 20531, 31425, 111, 44, 44764, 316, 88203, 7, 56128, 92526, 30125, 6181, 111, 2878, 66695, 181653, 6024, 62479, 23, 11192, 9, 39060, 3432, 61770, 63239, 74, 70, 48716, 45755, 175921, 3299, 111, 22664, 19, 9, 18606, 191, 136, 22664, 19, 9, 5772, 18606, 191, 91, 4460, 33558, 5, 187860, 1297, 75204, 5941, 20338, 7, 100, 1919, 25188, 4, 26719, 70, 24748, 62, 5, 44767, 1681, 165605, 1295, 70, 161460, 43975, 23, 176547, 215045, 4, 70, 9920, 7422, 19, 60992, 1295, 70, 2331, 70760, 67081, 111, 21629, 215045, 4, 70, 2290, 701, 65528, 62368, 2319, 731, 100, 123426, 88875, 141, 165712, 7, 1295, 70, 15672, 165712, 289, 67081, 188078, 4, 136, 70, 4078, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 165712, 7, 5, 43552, 187860, 1297, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 242, 71721, 5952, 8, 41233, 146, 25841, 16259, 25, 15, 25, 170687, 441, 25, 7, 18217, 165605, 25, 16, 23, 10, 405, 26973, 299, 34658, 23, 8884, 4, 84740, 5, 1529, 509, 3163, 89829, 10, 184293, 74057, 111, 70, 25674, 67081, 15, 18537, 594, 195, 15396, 16, 23, 98600, 1326, 5941, 5369, 8108, 6, 69986, 1919, 34676, 2319, 731, 4, 187860, 1297, 509, 16031, 47, 95771, 7, 111, 70, 59485, 34676, 2319, 731, 52446, 90, 4, 7440, 764, 34739, 10, 6, 84201, 12638, 6602, 237, 44, 15017, 13, 1264, 111, 70, 13177, 306, 4, 58, 52113, 13, 10366, 70, 36541, 46622, 111, 70, 15122, 1831, 5868, 90, 450, 765, 89160, 538, 2809, 104250, 19, 20271, 70, 19732, 5, 1529, 156304, 70, 4078, 19732, 4, 21208, 4, 237, 764, 509, 8035, 70318, 297, 1919, 2773, 34676, 2319, 731, 100, 165712, 7, 5, 187860, 1297, 158930, 23, 1172, 2069, 1507, 4, 157082, 5, 187860, 1297, 509, 10, 121399, 172647, 99, 70, 28811, 173101, 100, 1429, 119488, 42477, 15, 441, 104105, 16, 23, 28980, 4, 20271, 10, 91, 83057, 21533, 5, 187860, 1297, 1902, 10, 775, 136, 10, 76849, 4, 136, 43606, 9963, 237052, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 98, 14487, 29620, 267, 23, 145076, 4, 157082, 5, 18763, 47143, 7, 3542, 21, 532, 47, 10588, 23, 19825, 7, 5197, 1845, 29089, 53, 4, 4769, 95798, 4, 22056, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 73969, 49191, 187860, 1297, 15, 4233, 6328, 27417, 106, 4, 60487, 46, 14487, 29620, 63101, 509, 142, 15672, 70, 4524, 70760, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 40550, 73, 2594, 5914, 18, 43552, 111, 165712, 7, 99, 107154, 12535, 136, 3145, 17043, 15390, 43552, 111, 2331, 70760, 28745, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 157487, 5, 7422, 19, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 1632, 23552, 111, 70, 4078, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 165712, 7, 44, 2472, 1919, 127752, 47, 70, 110436, 154453, 111, 233, 70760, 552, 3334, 6620, 830, 678, 70, 3789, 23552, 99764, 390, 4939, 339, 5, 19449, 136, 140819, 601, 5, 27625, 3232, 5, 360, 903, 4488, 4, 91376, 23, 36102, 4, 764, 75935, 10, 3299, 100, 16186, 3667, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Education.", "Research.", "Awards and honors.", "Ig Nobel.", "Personal life." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Glauber was born in 1925 in New York City, the son of Felicia (Fox) and Emanuel B. Glauber. He was a member of the 1941 graduating class of the Bronx High School of Science, the first graduating class from that school. He then went on to do his undergraduate work at Harvard University. After his sophomore year he was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at the age of 18) he was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His work involved calculating the critical mass for the atom bomb. After two years at Los Alamos, he returned to Harvard, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1946 and his PhD in 1949.", "Glauber's recent research dealt with problems in a number of areas of quantum optics, a field which, broadly speaking, studies the quantum electrodynamical interactions of light and matter. He also continued work on several topics in high-energy collision theory, including the analysis of hadron collisions, and the statistical correlation of particles produced in high-energy reactions. Specific topics of his research included: the quantum mechanical behavior of trapped wave packets; interactions of light with trapped ions; atom counting-the statistical properties of free atom beams and their measurement; algebraic methods for dealing with fermion statistics; coherence and correlations of bosonic atoms near the Bose–Einstein condensation; the theory of continuously monitored photon counting-and its reaction on quantum sources; the fundamental nature of \"quantum jumps\"; resonant transport of particles produced multiply in high-energy collisions; the multiple diffraction model of proton-proton and proton-antiproton scattering.", "Glauber received many honors for his research, including the Albert A. Michelson Medal from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1985), the Max Born Award from the Optical Society of America (1985), the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics from the American Physical Society (1996), and the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics. Professor Glauber was awarded the 'Medalla de Oro del CSIC' ('CSIC's Gold Medal') in a ceremony held in Madrid, Spain. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1997.", "For many years before winning his Nobel Prize, Glauber was familiar to audiences of the Ig Nobel Prize ceremonies, where he took a bow each year as \"Keeper of the Broom,\" sweeping the stage clean of the paper airplanes that have traditionally been thrown during the event. He missed the 2005 event, though, as he was being awarded his real Nobel Prize for Physics.", "Glauber lived in Arlington, Massachusetts. Glauber was a guest scientist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1967, during a sabbatical. Glauber had a son and a daughter, and five grandchildren. He died on December 26, 2018 in Newton, Massachusetts. His remains were laid to rest in Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, NY." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1950, 90, 621, 91, 2452, 2480, 85825, 136, 831, 11675, 1257, 47, 645, 16610, 62488, 7, 5, 9578, 51713, 62488, 7, 4, 70, 28811, 182, 13, 24073, 5267, 7332, 140213, 19005, 18939, 831, 11675, 1257, 47, 5, 581, 43606, 114149, 111, 121477, 16977, 3137, 7, 14037, 23, 9879, 136, 171827, 23924, 21629, 621, 19048, 47, 11675, 99, 645, 51713, 62488, 7, 4, 136, 831, 95, 2631, 1257, 47, 99, 10, 1733, 5, 28723, 538, 10, 91, 3038, 26249, 4, 70, 28811, 119455, 182, 13, 65572, 6863, 123166, 23, 31576, 4, 3229, 1836, 831, 186, 51592, 23, 5155, 6032, 1608, 6953, 1632, 15700, 5, 3293, 135179, 47, 186, 130412, 17721, 11280, 7, 47, 99, 25500, 139887, 329, 100, 91566, 214, 5, 133698, 903, 31576, 57217, 3285, 4, 85825, 111, 15044, 1100, 90, 831, 186, 51592, 44, 11728, 214, 830, 1632, 182, 13, 22223, 6048, 15700, 678, 6863, 249, 19725, 5, 3293, 123166, 76199, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 13373, 306, 44, 7404, 237, 10, 11994, 182, 13, 740, 3293, 83, 13379, 959, 4734, 23, 1940, 49100, 130412, 4, 1284, 2843, 54940, 117776, 7, 154732, 11280, 7, 47, 56282, 11757, 72403, 5, 1950, 90, 54, 959, 81148, 2363, 27150, 35064, 61585, 23, 10, 189176, 434, 237, 54, 3789, 30912, 19040, 7, 4, 1284, 43257, 23, 10, 35299, 8770, 105774, 707, 49878, 510, 297, 91280, 111, 27689, 7, 35839, 10, 3173, 5, 44389, 182, 90, 621, 39908, 297, 47, 70, 92635, 111, 72761, 48431, 4, 35845, 47, 450, 180863, 297, 390, 10, 189176, 434, 4, 390, 8035, 103122, 89554, 16387, 2822, 136, 678, 46223, 9803, 5, 10660, 621, 8311, 329, 118562, 26136, 4, 136, 621, 19048, 47, 32668, 71, 100, 61261, 33662, 7103, 127319, 5, 3311, 69822, 4, 152131, 933, 621, 11346, 26136, 4, 19441, 27150, 450, 621, 103122, 44948, 136, 24887, 9393, 5, 3164, 152131, 933, 15, 3355, 19462, 70, 235489, 46741, 152131, 933, 16, 6867, 1379, 64330, 23, 189176, 19725, 707, 1631, 982, 7, 4, 12960, 182, 90, 15, 2940, 235489, 46741, 152131, 933, 16, 6867, 23, 8781, 91280, 7, 36917, 70, 61585, 4, 136, 56104, 54, 959, 6867, 23, 94407, 5, 1950, 90, 621, 137567, 150679, 3501, 152131, 933, 4, 678, 51713, 67896, 7, 4, 136, 765, 22556, 16188, 5180, 98, 2363, 16387, 5, 1950, 90, 765, 959, 2809, 85727, 27686, 4, 12960, 152131, 933, 621, 165249, 100, 15381, 136, 93544, 237, 18276, 8093, 7, 5, 581, 85727, 8093, 51529, 237, 70, 41267, 66, 1950, 13, 83, 10, 152131, 18, 450, 1556, 2809, 36849, 5844, 538, 35326, 47, 102337, 40099, 10, 182, 13, 5, 1950, 90, 765, 124416, 297, 4, 707, 200, 86, 9523, 4, 169569, 7, 4, 36998, 54940, 21968, 8080, 5, 10660, 765, 4572, 17656, 306, 6781, 3716, 12960, 152131, 933, 765, 5896, 5, 581, 2789, 114149, 145870, 621, 12, 1950, 90, 136, 152131, 933, 621, 32328, 118, 7844, 23, 5941, 58555, 4, 39908, 47, 10, 38134, 96551, 111, 27289, 4, 136, 42238, 13, 69405, 4, 221, 1926, 1916, 83, 27983, 40715, 15913, 3674, 3501, 100, 3789, 285, 68794, 111, 6712, 5, 360, 28720, 58555, 111, 23924, 21629, 136, 106480, 23, 53918, 11226, 20028, 4, 1836, 3542, 10, 39210, 31344, 111, 163, 257, 5, 88949, 111, 2363, 111531, 27226, 19780, 10941, 4, 1836, 621, 10, 70425, 44126, 237, 10, 218018, 15381, 5, 1950, 90, 831, 186, 133888, 23, 70, 5701, 144996, 237, 152131, 933, 292, 39210, 538, 76017, 14437, 707, 1235, 71, 100, 179967, 214, 136, 99539, 214, 5, 3314, 134229, 182, 13, 4, 51529, 237, 23, 9942, 4, 83, 10, 28271, 182, 13, 4, 59226, 3934, 126371, 4, 64244, 3674, 4, 136, 110309, 297, 678, 4842, 108069, 136, 13645, 1264, 18497, 90, 23, 10, 43156, 103863, 450, 9157, 7, 23, 10, 2652, 111, 7401, 5, 1650, 89160, 538, 83, 149976, 678, 70, 182, 13, 25, 7, 59714, 15, 748, 70, 59714, 83, 49814, 7108, 99, 70, 4552, 3564, 111, 70, 179065, 9433, 16, 136, 11469, 108069, 5, 3314, 134229, 182, 13, 83, 151552, 23, 70, 26794, 80973, 543, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 110309, 14137, 4, 44, 3957, 4713, 111, 79479, 26976, 58, 390, 151900, 95384, 13, 4, 678, 10, 48564, 44759, 71, 4, 44, 284, 3314, 134229, 1950, 13, 830, 450, 9842, 7, 4, 44, 441, 1003, 442, 3934, 10176, 126371, 4, 21, 4216, 2856, 3688, 136, 2685, 7673, 581, 48564, 60899, 98, 47, 98363, 179065, 70, 126371, 111, 182, 13, 23, 7401, 23, 10, 103863, 5423, 28032, 10, 101086, 111, 337, 49725, 7401, 47, 110309, 100, 17262, 21974, 5, 67053, 214, 23, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 4, 95384, 13, 1556, 2809, 38134, 538, 22299, 297, 678, 19441, 26859, 70, 48564, 678, 70, 34153, 44, 207263, 4, 105556, 935, 182, 13, 4, 58, 237, 23, 903, 15869, 1363, 5, 3293, 99, 179236, 83, 6885, 238, 1294, 195994, 5, 171855, 10, 63335, 538, 156892, 15, 748, 51876, 16, 182, 13, 22, 19736, 1632, 47, 113054, 6863, 59714, 5, 62, 63335, 538, 152388, 182, 13, 83, 133888, 100, 1129, 36659, 390, 49146, 6496, 6863, 14018, 7870, 136, 7068, 10756, 214, 442, 23, 10, 6, 320, 820, 390, 6863, 34866, 6049, 7, 4, 3129, 113660, 70, 59714, 47, 183278, 67, 23, 70, 290, 271, 151517, 939, 5, 6561, 55300, 111, 9498, 56, 6496, 70, 59714, 7103, 8167, 14653, 442, 1295, 70, 182, 13, 15, 7, 42380, 70, 182, 13, 83, 56104, 80756, 100, 10, 5895, 707, 1286, 16, 83, 47, 17664, 442, 678, 4842, 108069, 27888, 1970, 47, 56282, 5798, 177, 72403, 4, 136, 7068, 47, 4343, 442, 23, 10, 4092, 4383, 5, 52455, 3789, 56101, 110309, 81415, 1295, 8108, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 765, 48564, 7, 100, 1129, 134229, 182, 13, 5, 6035, 133, 136, 853, 217, 206, 765, 903, 47, 5154, 1672, 1129, 134229, 182, 13, 4, 100, 27781, 12, 360, 65942, 10, 110297, 111, 64371, 3395, 100, 70, 17274, 5343, 34562, 113976, 86723, 14037, 4734, 615, 12187, 111, 70, 3395, 1379, 714, 125296, 71, 1129, 134229, 182, 13, 390, 9351, 5, 132556, 111, 209, 11341, 71, 1836, 2806, 128120, 47, 73203, 1129, 134229, 182, 13, 2174, 442, 3542, 149976, 99, 70, 18276, 111, 10, 34391, 707, 10, 35845, 5, 581, 182, 13, 15, 2940, 23, 17309, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1950, 90, 136, 121477, 16977, 3137, 7, 621, 30912, 19040, 7, 66165, 81551, 47, 70, 107396, 636, 7332, 5, 1950, 90, 621, 18507, 47314, 23, 70, 5701, 14449, 237, 152131, 933, 5, 10660, 621, 21373, 23, 13267, 136, 3173, 47, 152131, 933, 136, 765, 21373, 604, 964, 3104, 10821, 68, 933, 4, 1284, 137567, 765, 51713, 67896, 7, 136, 6867, 180417, 538, 707, 23, 80836, 7, 5, 22376, 51, 5062, 152131, 933, 4, 2363, 27150, 621, 19048, 47, 32668, 71, 100, 61261, 16610, 538, 7103, 127319, 43257, 3501, 50419, 9966, 44948, 136, 4358, 9393, 5, 17006, 621, 4271, 6, 142117, 7, 5, 1950, 13, 114149, 621, 24, 4935, 47, 36941, 4, 50005, 19920, 136, 23924, 21629, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biology.", "Differences from rabbits.", "Classification.", "As food.", "Folklore and mythology.", "Three hares.", "Place names." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Hares are swift animals and can run up to over short distances. Over longer distances, the European hare (\"Lepus europaeus\") can run up to. The five species of jackrabbits found in central and western North America are able to run at over longer distances, and can leap up to at a time. Normally a shy animal, the European brown hare changes its behavior in spring, when they can be seen in daytime chasing one another. This appears to be competition between males to attain dominance for breeding. During this spring frenzy, animals of both sexes can be seen \"boxing\", one hare striking another with its paws. This behavior gives rise to the idiom \"mad as a March hare\". This is present not only in intermale competition, but also among females toward males to prevent copulation.", "Hares do not bear their young below ground in a burrow as do other leporids, but rather in a shallow depression or flattened nest of grass called a form. Young hares are adapted to the lack of physical protection, relative to that afforded by a burrow, by being born fully furred and with eyes open. They are hence precocial, and are able to fend for themselves soon after birth. By contrast, rabbits are altricial, having young that are born blind and hairless. All rabbits (except the cottontail rabbits) live underground in burrows or warrens, while hares (and cottontail rabbits) live in simple nests above the ground, and usually do not live in groups. Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with longer ears, and have black markings on their fur. Hares have not been domesticated, while rabbits are raised for food and kept as house pets. The domestic pet known as the Belgian Hare is a rabbit that has been selectively bred to resemble a hare. Hares have jointed, or kinetic, skulls, unique among mammals. They have 48 chromosomes while rabbits have 44.", "The 32 species listed are:", "Hares and rabbits are plentiful in many areas, adapt to a wide variety of conditions, and reproduce quickly, so hunting is often less regulated than for other varieties of game. In rural areas of North America and particularly in pioneer times, they were a common source of meat. Because of their extremely low fat content, they are a poor choice as a survival food. Hares can be prepared in the same manner as rabbits — commonly roasted or parted for breading and frying. Jugged hare, known as in France, is a whole hare, cut into pieces, marinated, and cooked with red wine and juniper berries in a tall jug that stands in a pan of water. It traditionally is served with the hare's blood (or the blood is added right at the very end of the cooking process) and port wine. Jugged hare is described in the influential 18th-century cookbook, \"The Art of Cookery\" by Hannah Glasse, with a recipe titled, \"A Jugged Hare\", that begins, \"Cut it into little pieces, lard them here and there...\" The recipe goes on to describe cooking the pieces of hare in water in a jug set within a bath of boiling water to cook for three hours. Beginning in the 19th century, Glasse has been widely credited with having started the recipe with the words \"First, catch your hare,\" as in this citation. This attribution is apocryphal. Having a freshly caught (or shot) hare enables one to obtain its blood. A freshly killed hare is prepared for jugging by removing its entrails and then hanging it in a larder by its hind legs, which causes the blood to accumulate in the chest cavity. One method of preserving the blood after draining it from the hare (since the hare is usually hung for a week or more) is to mix it with red wine vinegar to prevent coagulation, and then to store it in a freezer. Many other British cookbooks from before the middle of the 20th century have recipes for jugged hare. Merle and Reitch have this to say about jugged hare, for example: In 2006, a survey of 2021 people for the UKTV Food television channel found only 1.6% of the people under 25 recognized jugged hare by name. Seven of 10 stated they would refuse to eat jugged hare if it were served at the house of a friend or a relative. The hare (and in recent times, the rabbit) is a staple of Maltese cuisine. The dish was presented to the island's Grandmasters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, as well as Renaissance Inquisitors resident on the island, several of whom went on to become pope. According to Jewish tradition, the hare is among mammals deemed not kosher, and therefore not eaten by observant Jews. Muslims deem coney meat (rabbit, pika, hyrax) to be halal, and in Egypt, hare and rabbit are popular meats for \"mulukhiyah\" (jute leaf soup), especially in Cairo. The Shia, though, have difference in opinion. In England, a now rarely served dish is potted hare. The hare meat is cooked, then covered in at least one inch (preferably more) of butter. The butter is a preservative (excludes air); the dish can be stored for up to several months. It is served cold, often on bread or as an appetizer.", "The hare in African folk tales is a trickster; some of the stories about the hare were retold among African slaves in America, and are the basis of the Br'er Rabbit stories. The hare appears in English folklore in the saying \"as mad as a March hare\" and in the legend of the White Hare that alternatively tells of a witch who takes the form of a white hare and goes out looking for prey at night or of the spirit of a broken-hearted maiden who cannot rest and who haunts her unfaithful lover. Many cultures, including the Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican, see a hare in the pattern of dark patches in the moon (see Moon rabbit). The constellation Lepus is also taken to represent a hare. The hare was once regarded as an animal sacred to Aphrodite and Eros because of its high libido. Live hares were often presented as a gift of love. Now the hare is commonly associated with the Anglo-Saxon goddess Ēostre, and therefore pagan symbols like the Easter Bunny have been appropriated into the Christian tradition. However, no primary sources support this belief, which seems to be a modern invention. In European tradition, the hare symbolises the two qualities of swiftness and timidity. The latter once gave the European hare the Linnaean name \"Lepus timidus\" that is now limited to the mountain hare. Several ancient fables depict the Hare in flight; in one concerning The Hares and the Frogs they even decide to commit mass suicide until they come across a creature so timid that it is even frightened of them. Conversely, in The Tortoise and the Hare, the best-known among Aesop's Fables, the hare loses a race through being too confident in its swiftness. In Irish folklore, the hare is often associated with Sidh (Fairy) or other pagan elements. In these stories, characters who harm hares often suffer dreadful consequences. In June 2014, the Pushkin House (the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences) hosted the international conference, \"The Philosophy of the Hare: Unexpected perspectives in the research in the humanities\". The conference organizers came up with the idea as a retort to an earlier claim by Russia's Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky that humanities scholars were wasting government money conducting research on incomprehensible topics with names such as the one they chose.", "A study in 2004 followed the history and migration of a symbolic image of three hares with conjoined ears. In this image, three hares are seen chasing each other in a circle with their heads near its centre. While each of the animals appears to have two ears, only three ears are depicted. The ears form a triangle at the centre of the circle and each is shared by two of the hares. The image has been traced from Christian churches in the English county of Devon right back along the Silk Road to China, via western and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Before its appearance in China, it was possibly first depicted in the Middle East before being reimported centuries later. Its use is associated with Christian, Jewish, Islamic and Buddhist sites stretching back to about 600 CE.", "The hare has given rise to local place names, as they can often be observed in favoured localities. An example in Scotland is 'Murchland','murchen' being a Scots word for a hare." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 32964, 42845, 43240, 188545, 3129, 621, 137567, 68186, 71, 237, 19441, 2809, 59121, 390, 2907, 5, 61201, 5, 32255, 621, 70, 44, 120152, 320, 2320, 58, 15, 16, 136, 70, 44, 5267, 3055, 47, 70, 79063, 1314, 111, 132024, 18, 49107, 58, 15, 247, 1295, 3129, 1380, 70, 4734, 137567, 68186, 71, 41653, 111, 1919, 6897, 5, 581, 44, 120152, 320, 2320, 58, 83, 70, 1286, 3530, 48461, 289, 111, 70, 6626, 5, 360, 442, 4, 61201, 76199, 10, 16610, 15426, 111, 1919, 6897, 136, 1919, 29752, 5, 17006, 19882, 41653, 111, 1919, 6897, 621, 1295, 221419, 109692, 118392, 7, 136, 3398, 16765, 4, 3129, 765, 150675, 34292, 1284, 92635, 70, 156002, 10794, 39, 191225, 7, 56566, 98, 18925, 5, 581, 4734, 9351, 450, 61201, 4527, 7, 100, 66570, 23, 1919, 10002, 32562, 7, 83, 4, 3129, 76199, 25074, 120552, 44, 683, 1699, 219, 1771, 58, 136, 18799, 120552, 44, 683, 709, 3041, 872, 58, 15, 3142, 14941, 44, 222071, 2594, 56128, 50695, 4745, 69704, 1771, 44, 683, 1298, 3041, 872, 56128, 30982, 1495, 44, 113954, 10384, 56128, 5631, 78183, 44, 176314, 6652, 740, 40211, 14, 87168, 115923, 3789, 123055, 764, 83, 2804, 47, 765, 3017, 86, 5, 56831, 107, 206, 1665, 25, 7, 59671, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 44, 78457, 8996, 60626, 11, 58, 76199, 12, 44, 54084, 191, 223, 4, 450, 83, 4, 170277, 74, 103544, 329, 2143, 4, 450, 83, 4, 2355, 111, 1631, 74, 58186, 82389, 4, 450, 83, 4, 67373, 111, 70, 130367, 7, 74, 1311, 95037, 4450, 11, 11680, 4, 6637, 764, 149976, 22759, 18276, 7, 111, 26223, 30185, 1242, 44, 54084, 191, 223, 58, 135179, 23, 70, 581, 112474, 111, 61201, 25, 7, 6897, 621, 51, 106290, 73, 74, 2685, 621, 79612, 214, 40250, 7, 118861, 70, 6602, 111, 1919, 47219, 5, 18763, 10002, 32562, 7, 22691, 110, 77950, 100, 2499, 1740, 1286, 134995, 3501, 70, 190, 927, 142642, 137567, 5, 18763, 66429, 6827, 81732, 5256, 621, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 70, 25074, 42845, 11389, 136, 70, 48138, 42118, 4, 140528, 23, 70, 39395, 190, 927, 142642, 4, 42459, 214, 764, 509, 32562, 44, 257, 70, 6275, 111, 149307, 1295, 25074, 42845, 47, 48138, 42118, 830, 102971, 442, 83, 7722, 70, 48138, 42118, 16454, 7, 1543, 765, 2809, 49814, 14432, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 110680, 16454, 7, 5, 581, 44, 5267, 3055, 47, 132024, 18, 49107, 58, 35388, 90, 450, 70, 17819, 7, 3542, 7464, 2070, 10133, 99, 70, 1733, 111, 32562, 12, 2363, 142477, 47, 14949, 2481, 83, 607, 297, 47, 70, 14922, 6, 186410, 1104, 758, 17331, 581, 120552, 3398, 16765, 100, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 142642, 5622, 61201, 25, 7, 30780, 141, 23, 122963, 99, 201, 6460, 4, 1284, 1836, 3542, 375, 5974, 297, 23, 70, 4122, 305, 927, 142642, 99, 70, 67896, 150, 525, 5, 581, 5622, 201, 6460, 509, 31895, 19667, 19, 47, 114982, 184, 70, 127752, 111, 102960, 428, 223, 4, 2750, 509, 120552, 108858, 384, 5, 563, 5, 180, 25, 152670, 114833, 26171, 71, 70, 44, 618, 3613, 61201, 7, 58, 154453, 4, 3129, 42459, 7, 450, 5941, 111, 70, 40250, 7, 14432, 220642, 47, 12190, 61201, 20653, 142837, 70, 10, 2472, 5911, 1830, 297, 102960, 428, 223, 4, 2750, 1250, 20595, 111, 62, 83150, 1212, 25, 7, 44, 15982, 34925, 11030, 58, 17378, 509, 9325, 390, 11584, 13, 24445, 7, 10325, 87, 237, 70, 5117, 333, 10534, 47, 120552, 14949, 7, 23, 6, 171816, 5, 102960, 428, 223, 509, 959, 70, 4734, 39395, 181186, 23, 122963, 99, 903, 1733, 5, 581, 120552, 9, 57332, 12190, 2079, 11, 6058, 111, 19319, 6920, 158930, 23, 70, 14432, 22759, 927, 142642, 6896, 12744, 1104, 2839, 10461, 136, 509, 70, 5117, 333, 10534, 111, 2027, 7, 30675, 5, 2079, 9369, 4, 33233, 678, 29721, 933, 5655, 5134, 20330, 4, 159, 145774, 44297, 136, 2071, 9022, 44297, 4, 83, 2843, 137272, 678, 39395, 106820, 90, 23, 15030, 1515, 136, 636, 73, 1515, 5, 3311, 903, 16454, 4, 102960, 428, 223, 509, 36457, 23, 122963, 24189, 70, 116773, 7, 5, 1250, 20595, 30699, 1636, 102960, 428, 223, 25, 164306, 678, 70, 19922, 7, 111, 30839, 223, 111, 5655, 34058, 107, 47, 130891, 47, 15811, 11856, 40414, 34958, 8780, 136, 442, 1556, 2809, 42459, 297, 450, 102960, 428, 223, 136, 1919, 230331, 3542, 9325, 47, 122963, 61201, 509, 103122, 23, 12610, 130891, 5, 18763, 127319, 23935, 83, 959, 51529, 678, 2499, 24233, 939, 74, 3060, 40250, 7, 3687, 442, 23, 30715, 2451, 3630, 135812, 214, 442, 237, 161359, 157, 75225, 15, 49748, 136210, 134974, 23, 3003, 159997, 16, 2451, 8789, 140526, 765, 2843, 2809, 175961, 100, 31913, 7, 23, 15044, 13379, 9, 5636, 176637, 136, 82588, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 9113, 4717, 27446, 136, 1657, 206, 6011, 103544, 138195, 7, 5, 18763, 67373, 509, 10, 8, 20287, 191, 136, 8, 11, 2271, 4, 1919, 9963, 1021, 9319, 13762, 18031, 509, 10, 494, 525, 1295, 80469, 1353, 22193, 56, 1174, 4, 61201, 4, 49903, 4, 509, 959, 142, 36457, 18822, 42, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 44, 11935, 56073, 6889, 111, 12190, 61201, 830, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 37195, 8927, 764, 509, 141621, 71, 390, 10, 21115, 111, 120552, 78312, 90, 5, 10660, 34739, 4049, 47, 122963, 7440, 764, 509, 22, 29505, 297, 136, 34658, 157364, 13, 100, 37195, 5369, 5, 61201, 33022, 7, 23, 70, 44, 11935, 56073, 6889, 58, 450, 70, 1733, 764, 66933, 23, 157364, 2481, 509, 130306, 47, 1919, 41205, 34754, 5, 1529, 73342, 7, 450, 70, 47443, 1902, 1143, 2408, 98, 1919, 156206, 136, 80523, 3956, 4, 136, 180863, 297, 4049, 70, 54591, 47, 186, 100, 107409, 1919, 880, 7, 136, 96760, 47, 14949, 2481, 5, 51404, 23, 157364, 2481, 4, 764, 79786, 237, 10, 2412, 94266, 71, 136, 90254, 33, 297, 1919, 76755, 678, 3430, 8305, 177966, 4, 155605, 105207, 4049, 47, 96760, 47, 14949, 2481, 5, 24372, 37195, 5369, 111, 157364, 2481, 764, 49782, 10, 54479, 128219, 4049, 450, 764, 2806, 33662, 738, 5368, 4, 136, 7068, 450, 1919, 109923, 509, 43542, 5, 22964, 13, 214, 1919, 31347, 4, 764, 26983, 6259, 47, 10, 11469, 4, 6626, 75281, 43222, 16065, 4, 7440, 764, 14037, 10, 109923, 136, 678, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12190, 61201, 15, 74, 2819, 1388, 509, 10, 809, 2480, 127, 9, 16797, 44616, 89016, 9, 111345, 4745, 14949, 29752, 6635, 136, 333, 10534, 23, 122963, 5, 70829, 19, 237, 70, 44, 284, 4594, 133, 111, 122963, 830, 764, 83, 70, 158978, 32926, 57, 4288, 111, 122963, 4, 70, 3789, 32926, 29721, 933, 8035, 92343, 217, 111, 38827, 27161, 136, 1311, 168826, 5, 61201, 509, 8306, 23113, 538, 74413, 52021, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 764, 83, 140143, 3674, 23, 70, 129574, 84084, 4, 70, 32544, 4398, 84158, 191, 4, 70, 90205, 66, 84084, 90, 136, 23, 70, 24453, 9022, 12426, 7352, 17574, 84084, 237, 105950, 9, 188, 9, 2347, 9, 11, 4594, 1577, 136, 357, 20016, 39060, 111, 122963, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Sources.", "Name.", "Dating.", "\"Two Patricks\" theory.", "Life.", "Seventh-century writings.", "Legends.", "Patrick uses shamrock in an illustrative parable.", "Patrick banishes all snakes from Ireland.", "Patrick's walking stick grows into a living tree.", "Patrick speaks with ancient Irish ancestors.", "Folk piety.", "Abduction reinterpreted.", "Saint Patrick's crosses.", "Saint Patrick's Bell.", "Saint Patrick's Breastplate.", "Saint Patrick and Irish identity.", "Sainthood and modern remembrance." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Two Latin works survive which are generally accepted as having been written by St. Patrick. These are the \"Declaration\" () and the \"Letter to the soldiers of Coroticus\" (), from which come the only generally accepted details of his life. The \"Declaration\" is the more biographical of the two. In it, Patrick gives a short account of his life and his mission. Most available details of his life are from subsequent hagiographies and annals, which have considerable value but lack the empiricism scholars depend on today.", "The only name that Patrick uses for himself in his own writings is, which gives Old Irish \"Pátraic\" and Modern Irish \"Pádraig\" (); English \"Patrick\"; Scottish Gaelic \"Pàdraig\"; Welsh \"Padrig\"; Cornish \"Petroc\". Hagiography records other names he is said to have borne. Tírechán's seventh-century \"Collectanea\" gives: \"Magonus, that is, famous; Succetus, that is, god of war; Patricius, that is, father of the citizens; Cothirthiacus, because he served four houses of druids.\" \"Magonus\" appears in the", "The dates of Patrick's life are uncertain; there are conflicting traditions regarding the year of his death. His own writings provide no evidence for any dating more precise than the 5th century generally. His Biblical quotations are a mixture of the Old Latin version and the Vulgate, completed in the early 5th century, suggesting he was writing \"at the point of transition from Old Latin to Vulgate\", although it is possible the Vulgate readings may have been added later, replacing earlier readings. The \"Letter to Coroticus\" implies that the Franks were still pagans at the time of writing: their conversion to Christianity is dated to the period 496–508. The Irish annals for the fifth century date Patrick's arrival in Ireland at 432, but they were compiled in the mid 6th century at the earliest. The date 432 was probably chosen to minimise the contribution of Palladius, who was", "Irish academic T. F. O'Rahilly proposed the \"Two Patricks\" theory, which suggests that many of the traditions later attached to Saint Patrick actually concerned the aforementioned Palladius, who Prosper of Aquitaine's \"Chronicle\" says was sent by Pope Celestine I as the first bishop to Irish Christians in 431. Palladius was not the only early cleric in Ireland at this time. The Irish-born Saint Ciarán of Saigir lived in the later fourth century (352–402) and was the first bishop of Ossory. Ciaran, along with saints Auxilius, Secundinus and Iserninus, is also associated with early churches in Munster and Leinster. By this reading, Palladius was active in Ireland until the 460s. Prosper associates Palladius' appointment with the visits of Germanus of Auxerre to Britain to suppress Pelagianism and it has been suggested that Palladius and his colleagues were sent to Ireland", "Patrick was born in Roman Britain. His birthplace is not known with any certainty; some traditions place it in England—one identifying it as Glannoventa (modern Ravenglass in Cumbria)—but claims have also been advanced for locations in both present-day Scotland and Wales. His parents were Calpurnius and Conchessa Succrats. His father was a decurion and deacon, his grandfather Potitus was a priest from Bonaven Tabernia, Patrick, however, was not an active believer. According to the \"Confession of Saint Patrick\", at the age of sixteen he was captured by a group of Irish pirates. They took him to Ireland where he was enslaved and held captive for six years. Patrick writes in the \"Confession\" that the time he spent in captivity was critical to his spiritual development. He explains that the Lord had mercy on his youth and ignorance, and afforded him the opportunity to be forgiven his sins and convert to Christianity. While in captivity, he worked as a shepherd and strengthened his relationship with God through prayer, eventually leading him to convert to Christianity. After six years of captivity he heard a voice telling him that he would soon go home, and then that his ship was ready. Fleeing his master, he travelled to a port, two hundred miles away, where he found a ship and with difficulty persuaded the captain to take him. After three days' sailing, they landed, presumably in Britain, and apparently all left the ship, walking for 28 days in a \"wilderness\" and becoming faint from hunger. After Patrick prayed for sustenance, they encountered a herd of wild boar; since this was shortly after Patrick had urged them to put their faith in God, his prestige in the group was greatly increased. After various adventures, he returned home to his family, now in his early twenties. After returning home to Britain, Patrick continued to study Christianity. Patrick recounts that he had a vision a few years after returning home:I saw a man coming, as it were from Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many letters, and he gave me one of them. I read the heading: \"The Voice of the Irish\". As I began the letter, I imagined in that moment that I heard the voice of those very people who were near the wood of Foclut, which is beside the western sea—and they cried out, as with one voice: \"We appeal to you, holy servant boy, to come and walk among us.\" A.B.E. Hood suggests that the Victoricus of St. Patrick's vision may be identified with Saint Victricius, bishop of Rouen in the late fourth century, who had visited Britain in an official capacity in 396. However, Ludwig Bieler disagrees. Patrick studied in Europe principally at Auxerre, but is thought to have visited the Marmoutier Abbey, Tours and to have received the tonsure at Lérins Abbey. Saint Germanus of Auxerre, a bishop of the Western Church, ordained him to the priesthood. Acting on his vision, Patrick returned to Ireland as a Christian missionary. According to", "An early document which is silent concerning Patrick is the letter of Columbanus to Pope Boniface IV of about 613. Columbanus writes that Ireland's Christianity \"was first handed to us by you, the successors of the holy apostles\", apparently referring to Palladius only, and ignoring Patrick. Writing on the Easter controversy in 632 or 633, Cummian—it is uncertain whether this is Cumméne Fota, associated with Clonfert, or Cumméne Find—does refer to Patrick, calling him \"our papa\"; that is, pope or primate. Two works by late seventh-century hagiographers of Patrick have survived. These are the writings of Tírechán and the \"Vita sancti Patricii\" of Muirchú moccu Machtheni. Both writers relied upon an earlier work, now lost, the \"Book of Ultán\". This Ultán, probably the same person as Ultan of Ardbraccan, was Tírechán's foster-father. His obituary is given in the \"Annals of Ulster\" under the year 657. These works thus date from a century and a half after Patrick's death. Tírechán writes, \"I found four names for Patrick written in the book of Ultán, bishop of the tribe of Conchobar: holy \"Magonus\" (that is, \"famous\"); \"Succetus\" (that is, the god of war); \"Patricius\" (that is, father of the citizens); \"Cothirtiacus\" (because he served four houses of druids).\" Muirchu records much the same information, adding that \"[h]is mother was named Concessa\". The name \"Cothirtiacus\", however, is simply the Latinised form of Old Irish \"Cothraige\", which is the Q-Celtic form of Latin", "", "Legend credits Patrick with teaching the Irish about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a three-leafed plant, using it to illustrate the Christian teaching of three persons in one God. This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. The shamrock has since become a central symbol for Saint Patrick's Day. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many", "The absence of snakes in Ireland has been noted from as early as the third century by Gaius Julius Solinus, but later legend has attributed the banishment of all reptiles from the island to Patrick. As Roy Flechner shows in his biography, the earliest text to mention an Irish saint banishing snakes from Ireland is in fact the Life of Saint Columba (chapter 3.23), written in the late seventh or early eighth century. The earliest written record of a legend about Patrick ridding Ireland of venomous creatures date to the thirteenth century by Gerald of Wales, who expressed scepticism about the", "Some Irish legends involve the Oilliphéist, the Caoránach, and the Copóg Phádraig. During his evangelising journey back to Ireland from his parents' home, he is understood to have carried with him an ash wood walking stick", "The twelfth-century work \"Acallam na Senórach\" tells of Patrick being met by two ancient warriors, Caílte mac Rónáin and Oisín, during his evangelical travels. The two were once members of Fionn mac Cumhaill's warrior band the", "The version of the details of his life generally accepted by modern scholars, as elaborated by later sources, popular writers and folk piety, typically includes extra details such that Patrick, originally named Maewyn Succat, was born in 387 AD in (among other candidate locations, see above) Banna venta Berniae to the parents Calpernius and Conchessa. At the age of 16 in 403 AD Patrick was captured and enslaved by the Irish and was sent to Ireland to serve as a slave herding and tending sheep in Dalriada. During his time in captivity Patrick became fluent in the Irish language and culture. After six years, Patrick escaped captivity after hearing a", "According to Patrick's own account, it was Irish raiders who brought him to Ireland where he was enslaved and held captive for six years. However, a recent alternative interpretation of Patrick's departure to Ireland suggests that, as the son of a decurion, he would have been obliged by Roman law to serve on the town council (curia), but chose instead to abscond from", "There are two main types of crosses associated with Patrick, the cross pattée and the Saltire. The cross pattée is the more traditional association, while the association with the saltire dates from 1783 and the Order of St. Patrick. The cross pattée has long been associated with Patrick, for reasons that are uncertain. One possible reason is that bishops' mitres in Ecclesiastical heraldry often appear surmounted by a cross pattée. An example of this can be seen on the old crest of the Brothers of St. Patrick. As Patrick was the founding bishop of the Irish church, the symbol may have become associated with him. Patrick is traditionally portrayed in the vestments of a bishop, and his mitre and garments are often decorated with a cross pattée. The cross pattée retains its link to Patrick to the present day. For example, it appears on the coat of arms of both the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh and the Church of Ireland Archdiocese of Armagh. This is on account of Patrick being regarded as the first bishop of the Diocese of Armagh. It is also used by", "The National Museum of Ireland in Dublin possesses a bell (\"\") first mentioned, according to the \"Annals of Ulster\", in the \"Book of Cuanu\" in the year 552. The bell was part of a collection of \"relics of Patrick\" removed from his tomb sixty years after his death by Colum Cille to be used as relics. The bell is described as \"The Bell of the Testament\", one of three relics of \"precious minna\" (extremely valuable items), of which the other two are described as Patrick's goblet and \"The Angels Gospel\". Colum Cille is described to have been under the direction of an \"Angel\" for whom he sent the goblet to Down, the bell to Armagh, and kept possession of the Angel's Gospel for himself. The name Angels Gospel is given to the book because it was supposed that Colum Cille received it from the angel's hand. A stir was caused in 1044 when two kings, in some dispute over the bell, went on spates of prisoner taking and cattle", "Saint Patrick's Breastplate is a \"lorica\", or hymn,", "Patrick features in many stories in the Irish oral tradition and there are many customs connected with his feast day. The folklorist Jenny Butler discusses how these traditions have been given new layers of meaning over time while also becoming tied to Irish identity both in Ireland and abroad. The symbolic resonance of the Saint Patrick figure is complex and multifaceted, stretching from that of Christianity's arrival in Ireland to an identity that encompasses everything Irish. In some portrayals, the saint is symbolically", "17 March, popularly known as Saint Patrick's Day, is believed to be his death date and is the date celebrated as his Feast Day. The day became a feast day in the Catholic Church due to the influence of the Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding, as a member of the commission for the reform of the Breviary in the early part of the 17th century. For most of Christianity's first thousand years, canonisations were done on the diocesan or regional level. Relatively soon after the death of people considered very holy, the local Church affirmed that they could be liturgically celebrated as saints. As a result, Patrick has never been formally canonised by a pope; nevertheless, various Christian churches declare that he is a saint in Heaven (he is in the List of Saints). He is still widely venerated in Ireland and elsewhere today. Patrick is honoured with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) and with a commemoration on the calendar of \"Evangelical Lutheran Worship,\" both on 17 March. Patrick is also venerated in the Orthodox Church, especially among English-speaking Orthodox Christians living in Ireland, the UK and in the US. There are Orthodox icons dedicated to him. Patrick is said to be buried at Down Cathedral in Downpatrick, County Down, alongside Saint Brigid and Saint Columba, although this has never been proven. Saint Patrick Visitor Centre is a modern exhibition complex located in Downpatrick and is a permanent interpretative exhibition centre featuring interactive displays on the life and story of Patrick. It provides the only permanent exhibition centre in the world devoted to Patrick. Other places named after Saint Patrick include:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 22758, 114590, 9815, 509, 70, 775, 111, 96513, 114590, 9815, 136, 94037, 13, 156255, 56680, 5, 1529, 1902, 10, 82953, 4, 96513, 114590, 9815, 4, 2750, 100512, 70, 55386, 7, 39209, 196212, 111, 22836, 5, 24372, 29966, 214, 96513, 19694, 19188, 23, 10271, 4, 114590, 9815, 22282, 71, 107554, 290, 6133, 1294, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 38243, 136, 70, 12535, 111, 60812, 23709, 33, 5, 1529, 7068, 29966, 297, 70, 12535, 111, 10271, 4, 1295, 3129, 764, 75204, 1919, 22072, 2182, 237, 70, 9836, 111, 8055, 96513, 542, 62850, 5761, 5, 360, 125800, 4, 764, 139505, 16777, 26328, 4, 2750, 100512, 2843, 10, 16446, 16762, 214, 22, 927, 86840, 18, 5, 114590, 9815, 95699, 34, 138518, 66570, 678, 6, 110092, 136, 16446, 16762, 6, 180976, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 173969, 748, 136, 80923, 30816, 111, 70, 602, 133, 39209, 7687, 100, 55061, 10792, 41637, 23, 6499, 7, 17697, 5, 27766, 9319, 17678, 4, 764, 1902, 142, 136365, 25, 7, 32354, 678, 70, 79390, 2408, 111, 70, 30839, 5345, 947, 3632, 7, 25, 56187, 5, 133698, 10696, 4, 114590, 9815, 211394, 297, 1919, 115, 2449, 23, 70, 116338, 5, 360, 145081, 4, 764, 100512, 142, 93324, 111, 70, 30839, 118886, 7, 5, 360, 33418, 4, 764, 100512, 142, 32629, 133, 1003, 30125, 23, 70, 118886, 7, 23, 70, 483, 927, 31951, 674, 111, 20387, 4100, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 6602, 4, 764, 7228, 1919, 5117, 113014, 23, 10, 16446, 16762, 4, 100, 116338, 60042, 7, 5, 21786, 16762, 113014, 7, 100512, 10, 103351, 452, 6032, 111, 15044, 114590, 9815, 136, 1919, 58386, 5, 1529, 7228, 5941, 57456, 150556, 7, 20271, 1919, 221419, 113014, 7, 4, 3129, 3542, 8306, 91376, 5, 360, 141692, 4, 114590, 9815, 79786, 237, 142, 195644, 47, 25365, 9319, 71402, 19, 271, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 1314, 111, 72761, 290, 6133, 1294, 136, 4, 99, 70, 1733, 4, 43552, 111, 165712, 289, 83230, 38904, 5, 360, 117430, 4, 764, 34739, 10, 19069, 237, 10, 16030, 111, 290, 6133, 1294, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 6499, 7, 17697, 5, 32964, 5369, 14432, 4, 114590, 9815, 100512, 10, 38150, 246, 3121, 18, 15, 1430, 6133, 1294, 80923, 16, 99, 70, 140571, 12535, 111, 46473, 23, 140571, 4, 164111, 5, 62, 6602, 14432, 764, 100512, 10, 16030, 5, 99442, 94718, 16571, 42, 4, 70, 5117, 58386, 111, 177545, 38804, 4, 22282, 71, 136, 150180, 71, 237, 1919, 9836, 5, 360, 95007, 764, 100512, 10, 4393, 16030, 5, 717, 429, 9319, 678, 1919, 62975, 11, 6261, 203719, 80609, 67839, 4, 764, 91376, 98, 77556, 9, 11, 58871, 2481, 4, 7068, 10, 3525, 24702, 133, 111, 23, 125733, 238, 290, 6133, 1294, 5, 114590, 9815, 83, 51529, 2965, 100, 1919, 25188, 75530, 19, 84382, 70, 31486, 450, 3502, 6620, 1902, 678, 15072, 47, 165045, 182809, 7, 5, 1529, 14037, 450, 3060, 80854, 3542, 40715, 47041, 47, 70163, 3934, 49711, 70838, 4, 136, 1295, 903, 103876, 71, 450, 70, 1286, 144142, 80854, 1902, 2367, 621, 5036, 35839, 4393, 77556, 19, 6, 128019, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 19048, 47, 73342, 70, 99, 117474, 111, 34627, 7, 8305, 198274, 39108, 289, 124666, 5, 1529, 2843, 7228, 70, 149067, 19, 17721, 3638, 3502, 6620, 136, 2304, 1405, 6620, 5, 1529, 14037, 450, 70, 10554, 111, 6097, 6626, 3502, 69098, 11343, 32497, 47, 136659, 4, 10, 79986, 450, 83, 5036, 51529, 237, 114590, 9815, 25, 7, 79986, 5, 114590, 9815, 509, 70, 30391, 111, 44, 48320, 217, 37738, 643, 45037, 1430, 6224, 58, 1295, 91255, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 64972, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22758, 96513, 158465, 114590, 9815, 15, 67884, 2240, 53, 483, 4, 184007, 46, 7071, 138, 4, 64972, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 290, 6133, 136, 53918, 11226, 111, 3502, 6620, 154453, 5, 1529, 26171, 71, 450, 70, 60212, 111, 70, 38132, 24491, 136, 40907, 3502, 6620, 111, 142, 12830, 17660, 7, 47, 186, 136659, 5, 3293, 1556, 1380, 47, 186, 51529, 237, 114590, 9815, 25, 7, 79986, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 9060, 16446, 16762, 22, 927, 86840, 18, 4, 3129, 143434, 1919, 47219, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 6478, 3229, 764, 150631, 297, 23, 1919, 16446, 16762, 23, 15432, 66677, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Personal life and education.", "Work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Richard Abegg was the son of Wilhelm Abegg and Margarete Friedenthal. He had a brother, Wilhelm Abegg, who became the Prussian Secretary of State. After attending Wilhelm High School in Berlin, Abegg studied organic chemistry at the University of Kiel and the University of Tübingen. He then attended the University of Berlin, from which he received his doctorate as the student of August Wilhelm von Hofmann. In 1895, he married Line Simon, who became also a ballooning enthusiast. Abegg occupied himself with photography and balloon excursions. He was the initiator and chairperson of the Silesian Club for Aeronautics in Breslau. Furthermore, he had an assessor's function with the presidency of the German Air Sailors' Association.", "During school, Abegg fulfilled his duties in the military. In 1891, he became an officer of the German Reserves. In 1900, he became an Oberleutnant in the Reserves in the 9th Regiment of Hussars. During this year, he made his first flight in a balloon, for military purposes. Balloon flights became a frequent pastime of both Abegg and his wife. He made many scientific observations during his subsequent flights, which were never published. In 1894, Abegg worked as an assistant to Walther Nernst, one of the founders of physical chemistry and, at the time, Professor of Physical Chemistry. In 1897, he took a position as a professor of chemistry at the University of Breslau. Two years later, Abegg became a Privatdozent (chemistry chair) at the Wrocław University of Technology in Wrocław, Poland. A year later he became a professor. Clara Immerwahr, the first wife of Fritz Haber, studied and graduated as his student. In 1909 he became a full professor. Together with his colleague Guido Bodländer, he published on electro-affinity, then a new principle of inorganic chemistry. Abegg is known best for his research recognizing the role that valence had with respect to chemical interactions. He found that some elements were less likely to combine into molecules, and from this concluded that the more stable elements had what are now called full electron shells. He was able to explain the attraction of atoms through opposite electrical charges. He also made the distinction between normal valence and contravalence. He found that the sum of these two valences always comes to eight, a rule that is now known as Abegg's rule. Abegg was the editor of \"Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie\" from 1901 until his death in 1910." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 105669, 509, 7311, 538, 105866, 10, 10846, 140635, 7, 144477, 111, 6863, 43581, 31913, 99, 10, 3687, 5036, 51529, 237, 21413, 143, 105669, 15, 53774, 71, 105669, 194, 38396, 25, 7, 105669, 509, 7068, 35839, 44, 8655, 2816, 62, 3666, 58, 15, 647, 11, 48850, 62, 3666, 4, 47, 99710, 2182, 442, 1295, 65925, 62, 3666, 194, 15, 53774, 71, 16, 105669, 509, 4, 59499, 47, 92264, 6, 70035, 16173, 111, 147409, 4, 70, 5201, 2070, 66, 11698, 111, 71006, 4, 136, 70, 46068, 99, 105669, 70541, 297, 118208, 2517, 102728, 7, 111, 70, 83429, 13, 2355, 7, 5, 581, 143725, 164, 62764, 42, 111719, 7, 33233, 70, 96113, 127067, 111, 25074, 105669, 4, 23, 70, 16128, 7440, 70, 5744, 26349, 83, 39501, 297, 18925, 4, 509, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 99381, 111, 143725, 164, 62764, 42, 23, 70, 6, 105028, 7, 5, 581, 13379, 9, 5636, 105669, 509, 99, 450, 1733, 51529, 237, 44, 8655, 2816, 62, 3666, 58, 136, 509, 10, 11469, 59444, 111, 21413, 143, 105669, 5, 360, 534, 4598, 4, 18813, 51838, 45879, 56775, 4503, 509, 52875, 297, 136, 152388, 50782, 70, 106820, 111, 5973, 2816, 62, 3666, 4, 136, 14432, 100512, 140143, 3674, 237, 10, 57, 4288, 23, 70, 129574, 84084, 5, 360, 427, 16360, 4, 5973, 2816, 62, 3666, 645, 188, 685, 21413, 143, 105669, 237, 70, 5201, 18150, 11698, 4, 136, 3229, 70, 7515, 5252, 7263, 111, 21413, 143, 105669, 96865, 18, 7565, 4, 70, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 12259, 136, 70, 28702, 4439, 111, 12190, 51838, 3542, 109133, 47, 5973, 2816, 62, 3666, 4, 7440, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 105669, 234120, 509, 3657, 89829, 74, 442, 509, 33428, 3674, 23, 616, 5843, 5, 581, 7515, 5252, 7263, 83, 88303, 23, 70, 159960, 1771, 20623, 136, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 23, 144477, 9022, 14713, 4, 678, 47, 42844, 58359, 214, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 10332, 525, 152363, 23, 192286, 399, 4, 14037, 297, 23, 616, 14546, 4, 136, 83, 7440, 25075, 94920, 19005, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 10670, 157272, 191225, 7, 111, 105669, 12535, 4, 158930, 100, 5941, 5369, 74, 15044, 1919, 18276, 136, 80583, 831, 7464, 186, 36997, 71, 5, 105669, 83, 2843, 70, 1764, 111, 70, 611, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 105669, 120304, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 141591, 538, 82649, 71, 390, 10, 11476, 23, 729, 14664, 165837, 289, 136, 15380, 241437, 7, 3542, 2843, 72856, 4, 237, 23, 5941, 187951, 162708, 4, 1295, 8, 82925, 5256, 20271, 70, 23936, 7, 136, 19340, 7, 4, 1284, 5941, 105719, 33976, 7, 47143, 4, 41866, 23, 70, 171827, 2831, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 121641, 81148, 214, 70, 6, 45486, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 47, 729, 10945, 136, 765, 2809, 5744, 52021, 40368, 20028, 4, 2684, 78684, 23, 21735, 5, 581, 91084, 111, 70, 6, 45486, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 4, 1284, 83, 47041, 162711, 47, 70, 121678, 6, 45486, 4, 2843, 8, 18695, 3674, 98, 70, 1311, 257, 111, 33119, 7, 111, 71006, 5, 150512, 297, 98, 70, 92895, 13, 105669, 49878, 15534, 111, 196338, 53, 221, 379, 4, 70, 26349, 66139, 70, 19336, 143725, 164, 32547, 15, 919, 53, 3679, 59551, 16, 86608, 214, 8305, 70, 212790, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 96, 33768, 55670, 1363, 5, 211485, 47, 70, 96113, 127877, 70, 169783, 289, 6, 91854, 111, 105669, 57670, 33, 99, 142, 57849, 1363, 10932, 4, 70, 1764, 111, 105669, 25, 7, 37702, 133, 4, 1295, 3129, 21334, 63920, 111, 70, 59444, 831, 186, 51592, 5, 581, 9879, 9201, 44, 42378, 6468, 8275, 33, 58, 15, 39798, 25958, 44, 115411, 87282, 18939, 115851, 90, 1295, 70, 127067, 2060, 3934, 59444, 4, 678, 107893, 100, 89011, 1363, 100, 5941, 148205, 289, 58555, 28032, 122395, 62488, 5, 87293, 3060, 707, 1112, 14633, 390, 25550, 1295, 70, 10323, 4, 5941, 105669, 160641, 4488, 23, 16906, 5, 581, 25550, 47, 16906, 9, 7614, 23444, 48938, 51776, 4734, 729, 14633, 4, 89159, 214, 70, 26349, 72546, 81522, 390, 1831, 5, 581, 60091, 11698, 111, 105669, 83, 32233, 94928, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 10, 117781, 59444, 136, 738, 7710, 101637, 678, 501, 603, 3432, 4, 121678, 939, 4, 136, 171890, 186768, 538, 3332, 86675, 23, 70, 563, 58602, 126710, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 98, 70, 96113, 25, 7, 171827, 6, 134369, 4, 208806, 84797, 71, 1295, 70, 10588, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 136, 70, 63304, 111, 7515, 5252, 7263, 4, 37702, 133, 136, 152363, 33976, 7, 1556, 47143, 297, 153161, 165, 164, 987, 13482, 24189, 18925, 5, 51404, 3060, 105719, 33976, 7, 47143, 98, 70, 117, 14, 94266, 53, 111, 70, 9879, 56458, 4, 101597, 60091, 103488, 83, 20787, 48461, 25958, 162393, 98, 10, 19336, 14012, 111, 46389, 7, 10932, 70, 44987, 7655, 66, 29367, 48800, 7, 136, 5201, 6, 108047, 98, 70, 8394, 48850, 5609, 111, 70, 96113, 4, 142, 16128, 450, 509, 28368, 47, 10, 21334, 9, 7, 57965, 23550, 178851, 84125, 20271, 70, 25313, 25958, 77227, 214, 5369, 23, 70, 23936, 7, 23, 17311, 5, 133698, 17309, 8, 23662, 7, 4, 10, 88551, 2831, 111, 101597, 60091, 103488, 1556, 122925, 297, 47, 33652, 45210, 7, 136, 4343, 7, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 1810, 152715, 7, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 70, 88303, 9, 2037, 58555, 765, 71062, 297, 6782, 538, 4, 136, 3060, 165473, 761, 47691, 1556, 39958, 3687, 5, 105669, 400, 90, 109312, 127067, 111, 70, 1496, 927, 95103, 144477, 136, 1556, 10, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 4, 678, 91097, 41710, 7, 136, 24814, 51065, 7, 5, 786, 13, 47, 6863, 144477, 56, 538, 31913, 4, 105669, 134858, 645, 543, 21974, 111, 75693, 4262, 16532, 13, 20271, 70, 51065, 86203, 24494, 4, 136, 1379, 305, 21974, 111, 4262, 16532, 13, 20271, 70, 41710, 86203, 24494, 5, 262, 61518, 105669, 25, 7, 144477, 56, 538, 31913, 4, 70, 41710, 83, 959, 237, 91097, 237, 3789, 162708, 99, 21373, 21, 35810, 7, 4, 5201, 538, 4743, 47, 70, 16965, 420, 6, 115061, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 23, 18982, 105669, 1556, 10, 31815, 29459, 111, 48768, 5442, 966, 16207, 441, 4700, 165830, 16207, 919, 194, 360, 25730, 4, 99, 70, 5701, 21, 35810, 4, 19953, 37700, 134858, 10, 31815, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 105669, 15, 4, 4, 2819, 187, 1436, 71407, 160093, 297, 44, 53234, 20088, 18939, 83, 70, 54529, 53, 40, 257, 111, 105669, 47064, 136, 70, 22759, 927, 9, 320, 177, 525, 26349, 23, 71006, 4, 7103, 16906, 4, 159960, 57617, 4, 136, 66067, 5, 1650, 1902, 92111, 4, 2839, 304, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 4152, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Demographics.", "Economy.", "Crime.", "Museums and sights.", "Transportation.", "Sports.", "References in popular culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Uppsala was originally located a few kilometres north of its current location at a place now known as Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala). Today's Uppsala was then called \"Östra Aros\" (Eastern Aros, to differentiate it from Western Aros). (Old) Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main pagan centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Norse gods. The Fyrisvellir plains along the river south of Old Uppsala, in the area where the modern city is situated today, was the site of the Battle of Fyrisvellir in the 980s. The present-day Uppsala was at that time known as \"Östra Aros\" and was a port town of Gamla Uppsala. In 1160, King Eric Jedvardsson was attacked and killed outside the church of Östra Aros, and later became venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. In 1274, Östra Aros overtook Gamla Uppsala as the main regional centre, and when the cathedral of Gamla Uppsala burnt down, the archbishopric and the relics of Saint Eric were moved to Östra Aros, where the present-day Uppsala Cathedral was erected; it was inaugurated in 1435. The cathedral is built in the Gothic style and is one of the largest in northern Europe, with towers reaching. The city is the site of the oldest university in Scandinavia, founded in 1477, and is where Carl Linnaeus, one of the renowned scholars of Uppsala University, lived for many years; both his house and garden can still be visited. Uppsala is also the site of the 16th-century Uppsala Castle. The city was severely damaged by a fire in 1702. Historical and cultural treasures were also lost, as in many Swedish cities, from demolitions during the 1960s and 1970s, but many historic buildings remain, especially in the western part of the city. The arms bearing the lion can be traced to 1737 and have been modernised several times, most recently in 1986. The meaning of the lion is uncertain, but is likely connected to the royal lion, also depicted on the Coat of Arms of Sweden.", "Situated on the fertile Uppsala flatlands of muddy soil, the city features the small Fyris River (Fyrisån) flowing through the landscape surrounded by lush vegetation. Parallel to the river runs the glacial ridge of Uppsalaåsen at an elevation around, the site of Uppsala's castle, from which large parts of the town can be seen. The central park \"Stadsskogen\" (literally \"City Forest\") stretches from the south far into town, with opportunities for recreation for many residential areas within walking distance. Only some or 40 minutes by train from the capital, many Uppsala residents work in Stockholm. The train to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport takes only 17 minutes, rendering the city easily accessible by air. The commercial centre of Uppsala is quite compact. The city has a distinct town and gown divide with clergy, royalty, and academia historically residing in the Fjärdingen neighbourhood on the river's western shore, somewhat separated from the rest of the city, and the ensemble of cathedral, castle and university buildings has remained mostly undisturbed until today. While some historic buildings remain on the periphery of the central core, retail commercial activity is geographically focused on a small number of blocks around the pedestrianized streets and main square on the eastern side of the river, an area that was subject to a large-scale metamorphosis during the economically booming years in the 1960s in particular. During recent decades, a significant part of retail commercial activity has shifted to shopping malls and stores situated in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, the built-up areas have expanded greatly, and some suburbanization has taken place.", "Uppsala lies immediately south of the 60th parallel north and has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers. Due to its northerly location, Uppsala experiences over 18 hours of visible sunshine during the summer solstice, and under 6 hours of sunshine during the winter solstice. Despite Uppsala's northerly location, the winter is not as cold as other cities at similar latitudes, mainly due to the Gulf Stream. For example, in January Uppsala has a daily mean of −2.7 °C (27.1 °F). In Canada, at the same latitude, Fort Smith experiences a daily mean of −22.4 °C (−8.3 °F). With respect to record temperatures, the difference between the highest and lowest is relatively large. Uppsala’s highest recorded temperature was, recorded in July 1933. On the same day Ultuna, which lies a few kilometres south of the centre of Uppsala, recorded a temperature of. This is the highest temperature ever recorded in the Scandinavian Peninsula, although the same temperature was recorded in Målilla, Sweden, 14 years later. Uppsala’s lowest temperature was recorded in January 1875, when the temperature dropped to. The second-lowest temperature recorded is, which makes the record one of the hardest to beat, due to the fact that temperatures in Uppsala nowadays rarely goes below. The difference between the two records is. The warmest month ever recorded is July 2018, with a daily mean of 22.0 °C (70.5 °F). Since 2002 Uppsala has experienced 6 months where the daily mean was 20 °C (68 °F) or warmer, the most recent in July 2018 when the daily mean was 22.0 °C (68.9 °F). The coldest month ever recorded is January 1814, when the daily mean was −14.9 °C (5.2 °F). Between January 1814 and January 1987, Uppsala experienced 23 months that were colder than −10 °C (14 °F). Since February 1987, the coldest month recorded is −8.6 °C (16.5 °F). The warmest year ever recorded was 2014, with an average temperature of 8.1 °C (46.6 °F). The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F). Since 1991, Uppsala has recorded 15 years with an average temperature of 7 °C (44.6 °F) or warmer. The coldest year ever recorded was 1867, with an average temperature of 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). 1987 was the last year Uppsala recorded a year with an average temperature below 5 °C (41 °F). The climate table below presents weather data from 1981–2010. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during 1981–2010 as compared with the 1951–1980 series. This increase is on an annual basis around 0.9 °C. Warming is most pronounced during the winter and spring. January, February, and March have had the most pronouncing increase in temperature, with each month increasing 1.5 °C or more. The only month that did not get warmer is June, which got 0.3 °C colder. During the 20th century, Uppsala has warmed drastically, especially the winter. If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C. March is the month with the biggest increase, where the temperature has increased more than 3 °C since the latter parts of the 19th century. Winter normally arrives in late November, and lasts until the middle of March when spring arrives. Summer usually arrives in the middle of May, and lasts until late September when autumn arrives. Precipitation is most common between June and November, in all these months it falls 50 mm (2.0 in) or more on average. August receives most precipitation with 74 mm (2.9 in). Between January and May precipitation levels fall a bit, with all months receiving less than 40 mm (1.6 in) on average. Annual precipitation is 576 mm (22.6 in). Rainfall can occur all year round, although it is less common in January and February. Snowfall mainly occurs between November and March. Snowfall in October and April can happen from time to time, but not every year. During the night between 30 April and 1 May 2014 it fell approximately 15 cm (5.9 in) of snow in Uppsala, the first recorded snowfall in May since 1981.", "The total population of Uppsala has been steadily increasing from 190,668 to 225,164 between 2008 and 2018. According to the official statistics 21 per cent of the population was born in foreign countries, which is 2 per cent higher than the average of Sweden.", "Uppsala has economic development in many sectors. Today Uppsala is well established in medical research and recognised for its leading position in biotechnology.", "In its 2017 report, Police in Sweden placed the Gottsunda district in the most severe category of urban areas with high crime rates. Regional chief of police Carin Götblad stated that the classification was due to having a number of criminal gangs, many illegal weapons in circulation and families where a criminal lifestyle is inherited from generation to generation. In 2019, a poll by the council found that four out of five girls in Uppsala felt unsafe walking alone outside due to harassment by gangs of males. This represented a doubling since five years earlier.", "The Fyris river (Fyrisån) neatly divides the city into two different parts: the historic quarter to the west of the river and the modern administrative, residential and commercial city centre to the east. Most of the historical sights and university buildings are in the western part, with a medieval street layout, river views and parks and dominated by the cathedral. The most outstanding building in Uppsala is the \"Domkyrka\" (Uppsala Cathedral), Scandinavia's largest church building ( high). Together with Uppsala Castle it has dominated Uppsala's skyline since its construction in the 13th century and can be seen from a long distance outside the city, other tall buildings being rare. Facing the west end of the cathedral is the \"Gustavianum\", built in 1625 to be the main building of the University, and served as such through most of the 19th century. It contains the Museum of Nordic Antiquities, the Victoria Museum (of Egyptian antiquities) and the University's cultural history collections. It also houses a perfectly preserved 17th-century anatomical theatre (used in its time for public dissections). Next to Gustavianum is the 18th century Archbishop's Palace, the official residence of the Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala and the primate of the Church of Sweden. Across the street from the Gustavianum in the University Park stands the University Hall, erected in 1879–86 in Italian renaissance style. The Uppsala University Coin Cabinet is located in the university main building. Not far from the University stands the Uppsala University Library (\"Carolina Rediviva\"), the largest library in Sweden, with over 5 million volumes and some 60,000 manuscripts. The building was built in 1820–41. On a circa 35-metre high hill to the southwest of the University Library stands \"Uppsala Castle\". Its construction was initiated in 1549 by King Gustav Vasa, founder of the Vasa royal dynasty. Today the castle holds several museums, among them the regional art museum, and is the residence of the Uppsala County Governor (\"landshövding\"). There are several botanical museums in Uppsala related to the world-famous 18th century botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus; the Botanic Garden next to the castle, the Linnaean Garden in the city centre, and Linnaeus Hammarby, Linnaeus' summer house in the countryside village of Danmarks Hammarby south of the city.", "Trains depart Uppsala Central Station in three directions. There are trains to the south, Arlanda, Stockholm and Linköping, to the northwest, Dalarna and Sala, and to the north Gävle, Sundsvall, Östersund and to the northern half of Sweden as well as sleeper trains to Narvik in Norway. While Uppsala has no airport of its own, Arlanda Airport is located about 30 km south of Uppsala. Ärna Airport north of Uppsala is a military airport.", "The largest arena in Uppsala is Fyrishov and is Sweden's fourth most visited, specialized in swimming, sports events, meetings and recreation. The facility includes areas for indoor sports, summer sport and a generous waterpark with waterslides, 50-meter pool, training pool, relaxation area and a large outdoor swimming pool. Accommodation is offered at the Fyrishov cabin area, and at the resort restaurants a good lunch or dinner can be enjoyed. Fyrishov AB's business also includes the operation of Gottsundabadet in which there is a 25-metre pool, a 10-metre children's pool and gym. The entire facility is open all year round and a large number of meetings and various events are held here annually. In addition to activities within the arena Fyrishov AB runs Tävlingsstaden Uppsala in a collaboration between the sports organizers, Fyrishov AB, Uppsala, Uppsala Tourism and hotel business. Co-founded in 2006 by Fyrishov AB under the name SM-town Uppsala in 2007 but was expanded to include international events and competitions at high national level. The project aims to develop Uppsala, a leading sports town in Sweden. In 2009 there were 24 SM-competitions and major national and international competitions in Uppsala. At Fyrishov the city's basketball team Uppsala Basket also plays, former KFUM Uppsala, their home games in the Swedish basketball league. There are also athletic club Uppsala, Uppsala, fencing club, Uppsala Judo Club, Sweden's oldest judo club, Uppsala volleyball companion, Upsala weightlifting club and Upsala Simsällskap, one of the world's oldest swimmingclubs. The sport that draws the most audience is floorball. Uppsala's two teams in the Swedish Super League, Storvreta IBK and IK Sirius IBK, have Fyrishov as their home. One of the most classical sports events, the Swedish bandy final, took place at Studenternas IP 1991-2012. After being played indoors in Stockholm 2013-2017, from 2018 it is again played in Uppsala. It usually attracts a spectator crowd of more than 20,000. Once every year, the Uppsala Union of Science and Engineering Students arrange a river rafting in the Fyris river with rafts built from styrofoam. Other sports clubs located in Uppsala include:", "In the History Channel's Canadian-Irish TV series \"Vikings\", Uppsala is visited by Ragnar Lothbrok and his entourage to worship the Aesir Gods and offer a human sacrifice to appease them. In that visit Lothbrok meets Uppsala's King Horik. The episode was criticised for its poorly researched depiction of Uppsala, which was shown as being located in a mountaineous region, as well as of its heathen temple, which in the series was built in the style of a medieval Christian stave church." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 25365, 3609, 7, 621, 68807, 297, 4, 11001, 9, 184, 297, 297, 6, 34165, 93151, 111, 70, 32973, 3609, 53201, 39210, 538, 11814, 100, 70, 163, 257, 7103, 89554, 26759, 33, 214, 5, 77168, 214, 4393, 26759, 33, 214, 4, 70, 49146, 1405, 111, 70, 8675, 92, 122273, 7, 70, 148, 35838, 538, 32973, 3609, 6, 128019, 4, 3129, 83, 56104, 60091, 538, 14037, 23, 6626, 33180, 7, 15, 927, 107, 13, 707, 22759, 9, 25398, 674, 6, 128019, 7, 831, 2843, 3173, 194, 133698, 70, 26759, 33, 214, 9433, 4, 70, 8675, 92, 1221, 24209, 22473, 17991, 136, 70, 6, 128019, 7941, 5, 581, 6, 128019, 22, 155648, 7, 70, 77924, 583, 707, 163, 257, 4, 3129, 83, 56104, 7228, 1257, 111, 6626, 106706, 7, 84797, 71, 390, 10, 2878, 1363, 5, 581, 40, 297, 77924, 14794, 46, 39210, 538, 19882, 237, 6, 128019, 297, 32973, 3609, 7, 46, 621, 22, 155648, 71, 23, 10, 119455, 40, 297, 5798, 18, 3129, 70541, 7, 119181, 7, 5, 581, 119181, 7, 59959, 70, 29700, 9, 26932, 40, 297, 1295, 99, 840, 94266, 1771, 230044, 4, 2685, 1272, 56282, 214, 13028, 163862, 53, 5, 25365, 3609, 7, 621, 72399, 47, 55993, 31358, 7, 4, 205794, 959, 24189, 1286, 3501, 23552, 7514, 8305, 70, 31576, 5, 10660, 23410, 13, 165045, 7, 3934, 70, 221, 379, 47, 56282, 28813, 449, 55670, 1363, 1295, 105925, 5, 88949, 111, 903, 4, 189067, 707, 55670, 2661, 80583, 7, 5608, 959, 186, 35020, 71, 20903, 47, 2856, 5, 581, 6626, 2684, 39210, 13036, 114149, 111, 32973, 3609, 7, 621, 55993, 19, 100, 2363, 40, 297, 7, 46, 70, 57309, 66, 707, 14941, 32973, 3609, 136, 70, 22556, 32973, 3609, 5, 581, 14941, 32973, 3609, 24073, 1375, 5, 25703, 11, 18939, 62038, 3674, 23, 18721, 15, 15277, 3478, 247, 136, 70, 22556, 32973, 3609, 24073, 1375, 5, 300, 5739, 18939, 83, 24, 4935, 47, 8394, 48850, 23924, 21629, 5, 581, 22556, 32973, 3609, 83, 111, 11192, 196634, 4, 1284, 4743, 47, 6863, 7941, 6, 128019, 136, 70425, 8722, 2069, 62816, 48242, 7, 442, 83, 959, 55993, 19, 60091, 538, 100, 54806, 36049, 5, 93511, 10821, 32973, 3609, 98174, 4295, 765, 2809, 126809, 60091, 538, 4, 3129, 621, 110518, 756, 113490, 7, 111, 70, 14941, 32973, 3609, 5, 64511, 114149, 26698, 44, 1375, 5, 72941, 2472, 3296, 830, 70, 39897, 22556, 32973, 3609, 15, 31, 60441, 11814, 237, 10, 74855, 31837, 100, 60091, 91566, 214, 111, 44, 1375, 5, 25703, 11, 74054, 44, 1375, 5, 15812, 1283, 58, 15, 978, 3055, 3609, 7, 247, 136, 44, 1375, 5, 13036, 830, 70, 157487, 32973, 3609, 5, 64511, 97264, 5303, 44, 1375, 5, 72941, 2472, 3296, 72941, 2472, 3296, 58, 237, 24, 4935, 47, 127067, 9022, 39897, 4, 136, 44, 21718, 10828, 1779, 72941, 2472, 3296, 34866, 172, 14, 830, 707, 1660, 44, 1375, 5, 34866, 172, 14, 830, 237, 24, 4935, 47, 144477, 9022, 39897, 74, 23, 99, 19713, 1632, 7225, 6097, 621, 34475, 237, 44, 429, 31, 48461, 20117, 7, 58, 64457, 111, 1614, 16711, 3387, 15, 12647, 102, 3296, 194, 360, 505, 4, 8999, 36049, 111, 32973, 3609, 7, 15, 73, 6, 128019, 16, 509, 6, 135527, 19879, 80175, 90, 4, 678, 9098, 22231, 1916, 190, 13961, 111, 70, 3622, 15, 22819, 194, 64511, 13036, 108558, 7, 15, 73, 70, 12989, 111, 8, 7612, 162, 214, 182, 17245, 16, 3542, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 18721, 4, 136, 176672, 5, 360, 9571, 4, 32973, 3609, 7, 1295, 39897, 15426, 297, 100, 83147, 111, 756, 32973, 3609, 7, 55993, 19, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 136, 100, 138, 11991, 111, 70, 8999, 25, 7, 36049, 111, 32973, 3609, 7, 5, 25365, 3609, 7, 4, 1884, 3789, 53201, 315, 933, 4, 8110, 186, 9433, 297, 136, 4343, 71, 155965, 5, 167626, 132096, 30482, 32973, 3609, 7, 168194, 47, 103665, 136, 7477, 2870, 105751, 23, 13576, 21094, 74, 70, 21, 3055, 27489, 7, 49378, 31, 35815, 46, 10, 6, 114680, 2258, 44924, 1409, 5, 62, 105751, 9, 73, 13576, 297, 32973, 3609, 1777, 206, 5608, 186, 167969, 17116, 5861, 297, 5, 581, 6397, 52768, 100, 4989, 525, 7722, 132096, 111, 32973, 3609, 7, 83, 23, 70, 136, 27226, 165847, 2481, 46, 100, 25297, 136, 5368, 132096, 5, 33306, 4, 6044, 142336, 1363, 118299, 621, 220, 330, 379, 2886, 23, 168698, 76726, 7440, 32973, 3609, 7, 621, 181653, 23, 21334, 102134, 2449, 74, 2685, 4, 32973, 3609, 7, 621, 2965, 4343, 71, 35064, 136, 27226, 165847, 2481, 5, 61727, 90, 36917, 4, 136, 165847, 31075, 36917, 2358, 33297, 831, 37105, 47, 25545, 136, 11192, 5732, 14, 23573, 388, 5908, 5, 92437, 272, 4948, 33297, 165847, 2481, 159399, 7, 16200, 4, 7477, 2870, 105751, 7, 450, 54452, 169907, 49378, 31, 35815, 831, 3173, 5, 25365, 3609, 163, 9821, 621, 19882, 23, 6626, 3173, 7, 74, 23, 2363, 6, 128019, 7, 707, 6, 128019, 297, 5, 581, 163, 9821, 1543, 186, 28271, 4, 19326, 297, 4, 707, 23, 164917, 126826, 7, 4743, 47, 9433, 214, 5, 3164, 32973, 3609, 7, 831, 186, 73203, 33, 98, 2363, 10002, 15, 81456, 4, 47, 11, 14437, 707, 39580, 6259, 247, 707, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 17664, 6044, 237, 842, 90, 150, 4, 707, 237, 142, 186227, 111, 10, 45, 1495, 12, 28, 5, 177, 5, 32973, 3609, 101084, 4, 32973, 3609, 2158, 4, 32973, 3609, 79497, 86963, 4, 134399, 86963, 4, 119455, 478, 4, 55357, 429, 5, 25365, 3609, 7, 621, 27983, 7841, 14, 297, 4, 707, 39580, 6259, 5, 122554, 6259, 32973, 3609, 7, 450, 621, 70, 28271, 41896, 831, 186, 3727, 1294, 707, 53673, 8, 96819, 98, 70, 9498, 56, 6496, 29806, 5, 25365, 3609, 125688, 7, 831, 186, 44277, 2873, 707, 59038, 71, 23, 15044, 49649, 136, 76017, 14437, 3173, 7, 5, 25365, 3609, 7, 1543, 186, 11814, 237, 142, 186227, 23, 3789, 15381, 271, 21493, 7, 5, 25365, 3609, 83, 70, 5201, 186227, 23, 3472, 48231, 4, 79512, 162, 39209, 143896, 4, 143896, 23, 32973, 3609, 139910, 4, 136, 160, 202, 15123, 707, 163, 257, 16446, 2288, 434, 1295, 18721, 3378, 57409, 5, 25365, 3609, 7, 621, 2843, 5700, 237, 6, 2980, 24709, 24866, 5180, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 32973, 3609, 83, 70, 54806, 111, 2499, 53201, 111, 70, 107396, 44, 21718, 10828, 1779, 58, 15, 919, 1191, 538, 3314, 177, 1760, 189956, 247, 106480, 70, 57309, 66, 707, 14941, 32973, 3609, 4, 44, 21718, 10828, 1779, 25703, 11, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Characteristics.", "Types.", "Production.", "Storage.", "Food use.", "Nutritional value.", "Health claims.", "Non-food applications.", "Folk medicine.", "Inks and dyes.", "Cleaning.", "Phytochemicals.", "Chinese culture." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Walnuts are rounded, single-seeded stone fruits of the walnut tree commonly used for the meat after fully ripening. Following full ripening, the removal of the husk reveals the wrinkly walnut shell, which is usually commercially found in two segments (three or four-segment shells can also form). During the ripening process, the husk will become brittle and the shell hard. The shell encloses the kernel or meat, which is usually made up of two halves separated by a partition. The seed kernels – commonly available as shelled walnuts – are enclosed in a brown seed coat which contains antioxidants. The antioxidants protect the oil-rich seed from atmospheric oxygen, thereby preventing rancidity. Walnuts are late to grow leaves, typically not until more than halfway through the spring. They secrete chemicals into the soil to prevent competing vegetation from growing. Because of this, flowers or vegetable gardens should not be planted close to them.", "The two most common major species of walnuts are grown for their seeds – the Persian or English walnut and the black walnut. The English walnut (\"J. regia\") originated in Iran (Persia), and the black walnut (\"J. nigra\") is native to eastern North America. The black walnut is of high flavor, but due to its hard shell and poor hulling characteristics it is not grown commercially for nut production. Numerous walnut cultivars have been developed commercially, which are nearly all hybrids of the English walnut. Other species include \"J. californica\", the California black walnut (often used as a root stock for commercial breeding of \"J. regia\"), \"J. cinerea\" (butternuts), and \"J. major\", the Arizona walnut. Other sources list \"J. californica californica\" as native to southern California, and \"Juglans californica hindsii\", or just \"J. hindsii\", as native to northern California; in at least one case these are given as \"geographic variants\" instead of subspecies (Botanica).", "In 2017, world production of walnuts (in shell) was 3.8 million tonnes, with China contributing 51% of the total (table). Other major producers (in the order of decreasing harvest) were the United States, Iran, and Turkey. In 1998, walnuts from California accounted for 99% of all walnuts grown in the United States, and for 38% of the world's production of walnuts.", "Walnuts, like other tree nuts, must be processed and stored properly. Poor storage makes walnuts susceptible to insect and fungal mold infestations; the latter produces aflatoxin – a potent carcinogen. A mold-infested walnut batch should be entirely discarded. The ideal temperature for longest possible storage of walnuts is in the and low humidity – for industrial and home storage. However, such refrigeration technologies are unavailable in developing countries where walnuts are produced in large quantities; there, walnuts are best stored below and low humidity. Temperatures above, and humidities above 70 percent can lead to rapid and high spoilage losses. Above 75 percent humidity threshold, fungal molds that release dangerous aflatoxin can form.", "Walnut meats are available in two forms; in their shells or shelled. The meats may be whole, halved, or in smaller portions due to processing. All walnuts can be eaten on their own (raw, toasted or pickled), or as part of a mix such as muesli, or as an ingredient of a dish: e.g. walnut soup, walnut pie, walnut coffee cake, banana cake, brownie, fudge. Walnuts are often candied, or pickled. Pickled walnuts that are the whole fruit can be savory or sweet depending on the preserving solution. Walnut butters can be homemade or purchased in both raw and roasted forms. Walnuts may be used as an ingredient in other foodstuffs. Walnut is the main ingredient in baklava, Circassian chicken, chicken in walnut sauce, and poultry or meat ball stew from Iranian cuisine. Walnuts are also popular as ice cream toppings, and walnut pieces are used as a garnish on some foods. Nocino is a liqueur made from unripe green walnuts steeped in alcohol with syrup added. Walnut oil is available commercially and is chiefly used as a food ingredient particularly in salad dressings. It has a low smoke point, which limits its use for frying.", "Walnuts without shells are 4% water, 15% protein, 65% fat, and 14% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber (table). In a 100-gram reference serving, walnuts provide and rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value or DV) of several dietary minerals, particularly manganese at 163% DV, and B vitamins (table). While English walnuts are the most commonly consumed, their nutrient density and profile are generally similar to those of black walnuts. Unlike most nuts that are high in monounsaturated fatty acids, walnut oil is composed largely of polyunsaturated fatty acids (72% of total fats), particularly alpha-linolenic acid (14%) and linoleic acid (58%), although it does contain oleic acid as 13% of total fats.", "In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided a \"Qualified Health Claim\" allowing products containing walnuts to state: \"Supportive but not conclusive research shows that eating per day of walnuts, as part of a low saturated fat and low cholesterol diet and not resulting in increased caloric intake, may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.\" The FDA had, in 2004, refused to authorize the claim that \"Diets including walnuts can reduce the risk of heart disease\" and had sent an FDA Warning Letter to Diamond Foods in 2010 stating there is \"not sufficient evidence to identify a biologically active substance in walnuts that reduces the risk of coronary heart disease.\"", "", "Walnuts have been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a herbal remedy promoted in folk medicine practices for its supposed effect on health. According to Cancer Research UK, \"there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer\".", "Walnut husks can be used to make a durable ink for writing and drawing. It is thought to have been used by artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt. Walnut husk pigments are used as a brown dye for fabric as once applied in classical Rome and medieval Europe for dyeing hair.", "The United States Army once used ground walnut shells for abrasive blasting to clean aviation parts because of low cost and non-abrasive qualities. However, an investigation of a fatal Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopter crash (September 11, 1982, in Mannheim, Germany) revealed that walnut grit clogged an oil port, leading to the accident and the discontinuation of walnut shells as a cleaning agent. Commercially, crushed walnut shells are still used outside of aviation for low-abrasive, less-toxic cleaning and blasting applications.", "Walnut hulls contain diverse phytochemicals, such as polyphenols that stain hands and can cause skin irritation. Seven phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, myricetin, and juglone were identified in walnut husks. Juglone, the predominant phenolic, was found in concentrations of 2-4% fresh weight. Walnuts also contain the ellagitannin pedunculagin. Regiolone has been isolated with juglone, betulinic acid and sitosterol from the stem bark of \"J. regia\".", "Large, symmetrically shaped, and sometimes intricately carved walnut shells (mainly from \"J. hopeiensis\" ) are valued collectibles in China where they are rotated in the hand as a plaything or as decoration. They are also an investment and status symbol, with some carvings having high monetary value if unique. Pairs of walnuts are sometimes sold in their green husks for a form of gambling known as \"du qing pi\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 65604, 111, 2499, 17311, 106820, 3789, 3501, 142, 185619, 67, 8110, 186, 56877, 25958, 186094, 297, 4, 1284, 1919, 44759, 19911, 7, 47, 450, 111, 1919, 100491, 428, 10763, 12, 70, 65604, 111, 142, 187, 206, 5670, 329, 184, 83, 142, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 4, 70, 65604, 111, 10, 45, 45407, 184, 83, 10, 333, 10534, 4, 70, 65604, 111, 142, 187, 1430, 2500, 7668, 83, 142, 187, 1430, 2500, 206, 4, 70, 65604, 111, 142, 28, 2500, 7668, 83, 142, 28, 2500, 206, 4, 136, 70, 65604, 111, 142, 1119, 59438, 2182, 83, 142, 1119, 59438, 5, 581, 65604, 111, 142, 185619, 67, 4, 44759, 71, 70, 44, 43297, 1294, 58, 15, 143321, 83, 10, 13579, 2843, 11814, 11212, 71407, 100, 70, 65604, 111, 2499, 17311, 106820, 247, 1543, 186, 40101, 10, 333, 10534, 2174, 2927, 18437, 67, 4, 707, 10, 240437, 15, 5293, 525, 16, 2174, 139505, 4, 1284, 764, 16401, 7, 70, 5701, 14537, 111, 23131, 7154, 111, 1919, 185619, 67, 450, 10, 333, 10534, 1556, 111, 1919, 45, 45407, 184, 23, 40101, 7225, 74, 11584, 13, 125829, 32974, 91755, 37838, 32872, 297, 903, 125034, 47, 28897, 139505, 4, 36770, 32544, 4398, 333, 10534, 7, 2750, 1380, 3934, 4393, 52287, 191, 678, 70, 129574, 84084, 33233, 678, 5941, 111, 2363, 137845, 16037, 47, 155681, 47, 23179, 12960, 15072, 214, 6, 176302, 31075, 23, 28, 10591, 33, 21533, 91582, 678, 70, 24453, 9022, 12426, 7352, 17574, 84084, 90, 4, 3129, 2843, 76104, 10, 2927, 18437, 67, 56877, 11, 2408, 5, 581, 65604, 111, 12638, 17311, 106820, 83, 4, 44, 3355, 221754, 830, 10, 4393, 32786, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 114732, 111, 129574, 1843, 10534, 7, 15, 8762, 13709, 571, 194, 62, 6077, 2104, 6635, 136, 90223, 71, 333, 10534, 7, 621, 2843, 43032, 111, 70, 114732, 1284, 765, 110, 43374, 5, 360, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 12638, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 83, 2843, 70, 57329, 17840, 333, 10534, 111, 142, 230907, 141, 140280, 450, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 40368, 123594, 16797, 8314, 5170, 90, 5, 18852, 90825, 4, 12638, 187, 1430, 2500, 206, 83, 2843, 70, 57329, 17840, 111, 142, 230907, 141, 140280, 450, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 756, 111, 70, 28, 2500, 1861, 90, 111, 70, 5701, 44, 1159, 14, 155891, 58, 17311, 106820, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 17006, 84773, 136, 45, 45407, 1462, 337, 6990, 10484, 19911, 47, 11341, 4, 54529, 53, 4, 6, 184721, 15, 73, 168064, 247, 707, 366, 4745, 15, 73, 165014, 16, 68894, 337, 6990, 10484, 5, 581, 44, 1159, 14, 155891, 58, 61764, 3378, 160600, 129574, 84084, 23, 70, 7082, 1556, 142, 230907, 141, 140280, 58055, 214, 111, 142, 187, 1430, 2500, 7668, 136, 17262, 28, 2500, 1861, 90, 4, 136, 70, 44, 1159, 14, 155891, 58, 124302, 2787, 19, 160600, 129574, 84084, 1556, 142, 230907, 141, 140280, 58055, 214, 111, 142, 187, 1430, 2500, 7668, 136, 17262, 28, 2500, 1861, 90, 74, 70, 337, 6990, 10484, 111, 6097, 100491, 18403, 5256, 2843, 137567, 19911, 47, 8382, 111, 117249, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 47143, 214, 28, 2500, 1861, 90, 621, 15889, 23, 181991, 53, 4, 1284, 6626, 17311, 106820, 90, 4, 24, 110987, 70, 135665, 19, 129574, 241, 2500, 7668, 111, 22929, 40073, 111, 353, 10901, 136, 70, 17915, 204526, 2182, 111, 70, 4841, 481, 111, 12190, 7948, 4, 621, 21640, 4, 22, 277, 13409, 214, 756, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 25730, 74, 2363, 65604, 7, 2843, 621, 44, 3355, 221754, 58, 43032, 111, 70, 180972, 114732, 111, 129574, 1843, 10534, 7, 15, 134982, 571, 194, 360, 70, 12610, 2975, 67, 4, 15, 59438, 16, 5670, 5170, 90, 114122, 1686, 538, 5646, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 26349, 111, 70, 15, 59438, 16, 964, 10534, 25, 7, 377, 2347, 3041, 4, 52240, 3674, 70, 44, 21231, 740, 62, 10846, 8314, 5170, 90, 81148, 70, 123055, 111, 6626, 162708, 4, 67842, 538, 44961, 214, 10, 122925, 23, 70, 13036, 27585, 111, 43904, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 111, 9207, 17245, 191, 9, 11193, 223, 1507, 74, 22690, 1774, 47, 101637, 10, 45, 45407, 184, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 36770, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 853, 157, 9, 2729, 7, 49190, 74, 69941, 111, 6626, 36770, 8314, 5170, 90, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 195459, 6406, 9, 37455, 5, 33876, 74, 68894, 55812, 6620, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 111, 2907, 5, 10208, 136, 4211, 86, 11, 34740, 74, 707, 10, 21778, 1399, 4126, 3871, 100, 3060, 56877, 289, 32354, 7, 47, 186, 81522, 47, 160641, 111, 15700, 2831, 111, 70, 45, 45407, 1462, 181991, 53, 4, 28, 5, 177, 5, 4, 70, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 96280, 2477, 9, 98385, 7, 35461, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 44, 1159, 14, 155891, 58, 17311, 106820, 90, 2843, 28960, 903, 114122, 4, 12960, 27060, 52240, 3674, 2363, 100491, 18403, 5256, 7103, 29721, 933, 707, 3789, 167821, 44759, 7, 5, 360, 70, 129574, 84084, 4, 2685, 621, 5941, 333, 10534, 7, 2750, 54, 959, 23131, 8314, 5170, 90, 12, 14847, 10, 45, 45407, 184, 83, 15811, 11856, 297, 707, 3229, 70, 45, 45407, 1462, 1957, 83, 12302, 2822, 47, 15700, 31913, 4, 70, 44759, 111, 70, 36770, 1957, 24209, 7, 19882, 100, 95486, 674, 47, 10, 39976, 333, 10534, 707, 4, 23, 70, 7225, 111, 142, 187, 206, 5670, 329, 184, 4, 10, 39976, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 707, 142, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 44, 712, 5132, 39, 740, 581, 103302, 3332, 33724, 89829, 70, 123055, 111, 5941, 36770, 40, 90, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 23, 70, 11704, 7, 4, 237, 117414, 71, 390, 70, 23180, 111, 36770, 8314, 5170, 90, 154732, 70, 3564, 111, 903, 5582, 5, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 1172, 4806, 59591, 7, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 2363, 108750, 7, 4, 93215, 111, 70, 7082, 165079, 7, 19102, 141888, 136, 6863, 60264, 4, 136, 15672, 7, 23, 9782, 4516, 645, 184, 162, 4, 26719, 70, 82581, 25, 7, 105739, 238, 50686, 136, 2363, 108750, 7, 4, 15044, 129574, 7, 111, 70, 42845, 84084, 136, 24453, 9022, 84084, 90, 4, 621, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3293, 5303, 111, 70, 129574, 8314, 5170, 90, 136, 187, 206, 5670, 5170, 90, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 3129, 96853, 15044, 70, 8314, 5170, 90, 111, 70, 42845, 84084, 4, 3129, 187016, 70, 42845, 103838, 6827, 12296, 90, 4, 136, 67842, 3789, 8314, 5170, 90, 4, 102917, 538, 70, 28, 2500, 1861, 90, 111, 70, 24453, 9022, 129574, 84084, 90, 4, 3129, 187016, 67842, 24453, 9022, 14949, 12296, 90, 4, 136, 3129, 621, 23, 4393, 52287, 191, 678, 70, 11584, 13, 23, 51651, 5, 581, 12610, 129574, 63590, 5670, 329, 184, 100, 70, 67485, 53, 40583, 4, 4602, 83, 959, 10, 57329, 17840, 45, 45407, 184, 5, 581, 17915, 204526, 2182, 111, 70, 4841, 481, 111, 12190, 7948, 509, 170920, 98, 18982, 106, 4, 1324, 100, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Terminology.", "Military archdiocese.", "Eastern Catholic eparchies.", "Personal ordinariate (Anglican use)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The pastor of any particular church other than an ordinariate must be episcopally ordained, but his title conforms to that of his jurisdiction: the pastor of an archdiocese is an archbishop, the pastor of a diocese is a bishop, the pastor of an archeparchy is an archeparch, the pastor of an eparchy is an eparch, and the pastor of an exarchate is an exarch. The pastor of an ordinariate, titled the \"ordinary\" (which is a term also used generically for the pastor of any particular church), may be either a bishop if celibate, or a presbyter (priest) if married, but he holds the same power of governance of his ordinariate that a bishop has of his diocese in either case; Pope Benedict XVI deliberately instituted this provision to permit married, former Anglican bishops who come into full communion with the Catholic Church along with many of their congregants to accede to office while respecting sensitivities in ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox Churches, which also maintain a celibate episcopacy. The pastor of each particular church is, \"ex officio\", a full member of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). Auxiliary and retired bishops are also members of the Conference but have no vote. In the United States, each archbishop is also the metropolitan bishop of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses several adjacent dioceses. Likewise, each archeparch is also the metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province that encompasses all of the eparchies of the same \"sui iuris\" particular church in the United States. Most provincial and diocesan boundaries conform to state, county, borough (in Alaska), or parish (in Louisiana) political boundaries. The \"sui iuris\" Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the US has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archeparchy and three eparchies, and the \"sui iuris\" Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church has an ecclesiastical province consisting of an archeparchy and three eparchies; the boundaries of these jurisdictions also generally conform to those of states. Most of the remaining eparchies are national in territory, but two particular churches, namely the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, are international, encompassing all of the United States and Canada; their pastors also are \"ex officio\" members of the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB). In the Roman Rite, (arch)dioceses customarily take the name of the city of the (arch)bishop's cathedra, denominated the \"see\". A few dioceses bear the names of two cities, variously reflecting a shift in the major center of population, e.g., the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston; future plan to divide a diocese, e.g., the former Diocese of Reno-Las Vegas; union of two former dioceses, e.g., the Diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph; political expedience, e.g., the Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis; or a perceived need for some episcopal functions to be accessible to residents of another part of the diocesan territory, e.g., the Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown. Some of the \"sui iuris\" particular churches also follow this custom, while others denominated their jurisdictions after saints or other religious titles. In the Catholic Church, there are many bishops who do not govern dioceses: When a diocese is suppressed or when the diocesan see is transferred to another location, the title of the former see becomes available for assignment to a titular bishop or, in the case of an archdiocese, a titular archbishop or an archbishop \"ad personam\". The Vatican resurrected the names of many former sees of the United States in the 1990s, as indicated by the table of former dioceses toward the end of this article.", "Members of the Armed Forces of the United States and their dependents, employees of the US Veterans Health Administration and its patients, and Americans in civil service overseas, including the Nation's diplomatic corps and their dependents, both Catholics of the Latin Church and Eastern Churches, are served by the Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA. An archbishop leads it who is presently assisted by four auxiliary bishops. Its status as an \"archdiocese\" is merely honorary. In 1986, Pope John Paul II amended the juridical organization of military chaplaincies from \"military vicariates\" to \"military ordinariates\", the head of which was likened to a diocesan bishop. The Ordinary of the Archdiocese of the Military Services is usually granted the personal title of \"Archbishop\", although this is not a requisite of the office.", "Province of Philadelphia (Ukrainian) The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into a metropolia (province) comprising a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies. Province of Pittsburgh (Ruthenian) The Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church in the United States is organized into the \"sui iuris\" Province of Pittsburgh, consisting of a metropolitan archeparchy and three suffragan eparchies. The eparchies also serve the faithful of other Byzantine Catholic Churches without established hierarchies in the United States, namely those of the Albanian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Greek, Hungarian, Italo-Albanian, Macedonian, Russian, and Slovakian Byzantine Catholic Churches. Eastern Catholic eparchies immediately subject to the Holy See The following particular Eastern Catholic Churches are not suffragan to metropolitan sees, but are instead exempt and therefore immediately subject to the Holy See, while they still remain part of their respective patriarchal, major archiepiscopal, or other rite- and tradition-specific particular churches.", "Under the provisions of \"Anglicanorum Coetibus\" of 2009, an effort was underway to establish a personal ordinariate, or diocese, in the United States. The ordinariate was formed for former Anglicans, including members from the Episcopal Church, Continuing Anglican churches, and Anglican Use parishes. The world's first such ordinariate is the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham of England and Wales. The personal ordinariate for the United States, the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, was instituted on January 1, 2012 in accordance with \"Anglicanorum Coetibus\". It was later expanded to include Canada, and so its ordinary is admitted to the bishops' conference in both countries." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 34676, 2319, 731, 509, 70318, 297, 47, 43552, 27625, 3232, 23, 230466, 100, 4488, 450, 764, 6777, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 11704, 7, 99, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 43975, 23, 6389, 59207, 4, 43573, 186806, 4, 102126, 5, 1529, 126809, 142, 233, 70760, 44, 12176, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 142518, 90, 20995, 830, 3129, 30482, 442, 7722, 4, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 4, 47, 72350, 678, 120069, 22619, 1830, 70, 14012, 111, 22729, 362, 121226, 5256, 117, 17932, 5, 32255, 233, 70760, 12478, 944, 27771, 72350, 9035, 831, 186, 43077, 111, 20028, 1286, 134995, 3501, 96362, 48502, 49042, 587, 18695, 27354, 5256, 111, 70, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 111, 22729, 5, 581, 4488, 23, 6389, 59207, 509, 167729, 297, 390, 28007, 7, 98, 70, 4552, 134995, 32030, 48502, 49042, 137366, 111, 70, 64707, 1409, 34627, 5, 3293, 34627, 1556, 10, 106480, 8781, 45646, 5, 3311, 134995, 538, 72694, 214, 6863, 48502, 29088, 13315, 4, 172647, 7, 3542, 19048, 47, 79442, 93192, 7, 1672, 3642, 35604, 2446, 20531, 72761, 53697, 7, 621, 20, 2174, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 1836, 15549, 191975, 678, 1733, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 15643, 7, 4, 70, 32030, 48502, 49042, 137366, 111, 64707, 1409, 1902, 157578, 70, 38132, 22619, 1830, 107003, 390, 1940, 87432, 186518, 72350, 9035, 111, 233, 70760, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 7, 5, 581, 25188, 1314, 99, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 43975, 111, 75344, 316, 2331, 41637, 4911, 7, 149575, 3674, 1672, 3525, 150624, 4, 136, 126809, 70, 233, 70760, 12478, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 142518, 90, 52825, 5, 1650, 7, 9351, 32497, 1295, 70, 15824, 450, 442, 139392, 7, 10, 22729, 235079, 1810, 111, 2367, 621, 7311, 538, 11001, 9, 22796, 474, 4, 19914, 186500, 55111, 90, 111, 22729, 5, 3293, 235079, 83, 7228, 111, 75281, 7, 111, 137107, 111, 189173, 48502, 29088, 124519, 678, 10, 53697, 12478, 944, 27771, 51514, 5, 62771, 10, 12478, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 83, 21373, 47, 10, 3114, 603, 5, 14847, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 111, 10, 17311, 4567, 2320, 83, 83324, 71, 4, 442, 831, 186, 154186, 47, 70, 111531, 10, 85691, 375, 275, 48502, 29088, 124519, 4, 24189, 1632, 83, 14037, 450, 44, 16086, 7, 740, 360, 9571, 4, 43552, 27625, 3232, 75204, 10, 90452, 119537, 42477, 2319, 731, 100, 70, 34754, 111, 903, 44, 37440, 56851, 674, 75186, 740, 6561, 111, 70, 5117, 86685, 111, 903, 3525, 8562, 111, 22729, 31344, 509, 47, 83324, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 111, 70, 4552, 653, 118201, 227899, 64707, 1409, 106, 294, 5428, 294, 6626, 9, 57595, 19, 149307, 5, 66016, 7068, 4, 70, 12478, 944, 27771, 1556, 2809, 83324, 71, 678, 10, 22619, 1830, 111, 423, 32380, 2749, 44677, 5, 581, 12478, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 5036, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 233, 70760, 12478, 944, 27771, 72350, 9035, 23, 21334, 101935, 111, 86755, 90, 214574, 5, 66016, 5726, 4, 70, 14380, 1111, 365, 84837, 4, 23, 124901, 137374, 70, 9920, 5586, 2594, 43975, 23, 6389, 59207, 112730, 10, 31486, 4, 1556, 2809, 75060, 214, 60091, 12478, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 142518, 90, 52825, 7, 47, 86755, 90, 756, 645, 70, 8999, 5, 27625, 3232, 65508, 71, 18440, 408, 3760, 53, 40952, 587, 18695, 186, 302, 14700, 66, 6889, 47, 4224, 1916, 8230, 297, 32030, 362, 121226, 22230, 4911, 7, 27024, 214, 70, 5117, 653, 118201, 9, 2256, 146984, 8230, 2886, 32030, 5, 3293, 34754, 1556, 2809, 22299, 297, 678, 19441, 1902, 10, 13036, 79507, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 53333, 653, 118201, 9, 2256, 146984, 48716, 9, 22876, 39, 4224, 1916, 32030, 362, 121226, 22230, 5, 360, 15504, 4, 8230, 2886, 653, 118201, 9, 2256, 146984, 107554, 32030, 7, 4, 136, 18652, 9, 61340, 32030, 7, 4, 17368, 3622, 166116, 1363, 111, 70, 4224, 1916, 4, 765, 1902, 10, 13036, 24725, 23, 32030, 48502, 49042, 137366, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 140819, 149207, 27625, 3232, 15, 57332, 496, 18374, 24644, 16, 83, 10, 30839, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 5, 1529, 75204, 1632, 22759, 927, 111, 70, 4078, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 165712, 7, 100, 44, 2271, 179236, 7, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 32030, 9, 77007, 22619, 1830, 48502, 49042, 137366, 4, 26719, 70, 233, 70760, 12478, 944, 27771, 375, 275, 61353, 830, 53371, 70, 494, 731, 678, 4939, 339, 5, 19449, 136, 73969, 821, 5, 187860, 1297, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background to Nobel Prize.", "Laser development." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Nobel Prize was awarded to Professor Hänsch in recognition for work that he did at the end of the 1990s at the Max Planck Institute in Garching, near Munich, Germany. He developed an optical \"frequency comb synthesiser\", which makes it possible, for the first time, to measure with extreme precision the number of light oscillations per second. These optical frequency measurements can be millions of times more precise than previous spectroscopic determinations of the wavelength of light. The work in Garching was motivated by experiments on the very precise laser spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom. This atom has a particularly simple structure. By precisely determining its spectral line, scientists were able to draw conclusions about how valid our fundamental physical constants are - if, for example, they change slowly with time. By the end of the 1980s, the laser spectroscopy of hydrogen had reached the maximum precision allowed by interferometric measurements of optical wavelengths. The researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics thus speculated about new methods, and developed the optical frequency comb synthesizer. Its name comes from the fact that it generates a light spectrum out of what are originally single-colour, ultrashort pulses of light. This spectrum is made of hundreds of thousands of sharp spectral lines with a constant frequency interval. Such a frequency comb is similar to a ruler. When the frequency of a particular radiation is determined, it can be compared to the extremely acute comb spectral lines, until one is found that \"fits\". In 1998, Professor Hänsch received a Philip Morris Research Prize for the development of this \"measurement device\". One of the first applications of this new kind of light source was to determine the frequency of the very narrow ultraviolet hydrogen 1S-2S two-photon transition. Since then, the frequency has been determined with a precision of 15 decimal places. The frequency comb now serves as the basis for optical frequency measurements in large numbers of laboratories worldwide. Since 2002, the company Menlo Systems, in whose foundation the Max Planck Institute in Garching played a role, has been delivering commercial frequency comb synthesizers to laboratories all over the world.", "Hänsch introduced intracavity telescopic beam expansion to grating tuned laser oscillators thus producing the first narrow-linewidth tunable laser. This development has been credited with having had a major influence in the development of further narrow-linewidth multiple-prism grating laser oscillators. In turn, tunable narrow-linewidth organic lasers, and solid-state lasers, using total illumination of the grating, have had a major impact in laser spectroscopy." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 26349, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 83, 93403, 645, 496, 90695, 7, 23, 70, 8394, 48850, 2831, 111, 27391, 6048, 13, 63666, 40752, 519, 4, 8302, 7, 45603, 8035, 70, 5201, 1632, 74, 5, 64511, 27623, 3674, 41392, 2886, 90695, 7, 621, 6565, 17256, 4, 159, 987, 6316, 4, 28863, 37748, 4, 194512, 8902, 136, 1301, 106305, 5, 581, 83, 1974, 111, 159, 2555, 26463, 33, 509, 36770, 538, 57266, 111, 70, 19295, 53, 136, 18925, 442, 18276, 7, 70, 9907, 353, 1405, 25946, 15, 63344, 19, 78909, 194, 13538, 8752, 70, 26349, 400, 90, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 4, 70, 2684, 127067, 9022, 111, 70, 187951, 63666, 1081, 135850, 5, 48752, 289, 90695, 7, 621, 162711, 47, 70, 26349, 390, 1592, 10484, 5, 581, 26349, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 209, 8055, 611, 4836, 3229, 70, 25674, 187951, 19295, 53, 509, 456, 116292, 297, 1295, 70, 16906, 16128, 47, 70, 8302, 7, 45603, 90695, 3129, 1902, 1257, 24189, 7068, 2809, 11814, 185256, 538, 100, 40617, 214, 136, 4224, 35401, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 71006, 509, 70, 73944, 116338, 14537, 23, 70, 129435, 15520, 10776, 4, 1284, 44841, 10, 11522, 99716, 31913, 26548, 146864, 4, 16792, 127067, 9022, 63920, 111, 71006, 1902, 2809, 158, 944, 2822, 4734, 10, 10846, 8, 23662, 7, 8108, 15, 21231, 70, 6653, 2581, 1681, 5550, 194, 581, 187951, 18738, 126, 17660, 297, 47, 2046, 179933, 23, 70, 6, 2980, 20271, 41710, 12960, 105866, 20903, 47, 16906, 136, 509, 127298, 109133, 127067, 5, 581, 90695, 1902, 10, 4552, 99716, 19069, 678, 16610, 57, 49725, 62488, 7, 47, 70, 30839, 136, 129435, 140280, 7, 5, 581, 26349, 9351, 26950, 44, 32759, 141, 25, 7, 174462, 58, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 18813, 17038, 39073, 111, 71006, 4, 70, 9351, 8035, 191722, 390, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 26349, 40530, 64006, 11, 5, 581, 26349, 3514, 434, 69405, 136, 390, 729, 2525, 17038, 1042, 41120, 1902, 1672, 84428, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 1650, 509, 7068, 1632, 111, 70, 129058, 162708, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 59140, 944, 33976, 7, 1295, 903, 1615, 621, 7464, 135203, 4, 3129, 83, 15400, 70, 26349, 11698, 83, 107653, 474, 25958, 61514, 5, 581, 109923, 119300, 23, 17038, 1042, 41120, 509, 170920, 39555, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 237, 70, 26349, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 30050, 7, 2481, 6637, 111, 70, 99162, 388, 5908, 70, 187951, 24, 3033, 1902, 134729, 297, 23, 611, 12975, 5, 360, 729, 1662, 4, 70, 109923, 119300, 509, 71006, 25, 7, 142105, 25297, 143889, 678, 106, 4, 3559, 133325, 5, 581, 10332, 525, 26362, 4, 70, 9017, 7701, 26362, 4, 83, 59226, 23, 70, 6, 195167, 68034, 136, 83, 7464, 23, 4527, 5, 1650, 4163, 6863, 9351, 1295, 114411, 9017, 7701, 24073, 3957, 187951, 48, 133953, 830, 10, 170277, 172647, 678, 40368, 26868, 17514, 7464, 23, 4527, 194, 8622, 83, 2843, 10, 186768, 6, 131803, 20662, 31461, 53, 4, 33742, 7112, 147, 105281, 4, 450, 83, 5036, 9803, 100, 17997, 71, 9742, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 93544, 6863, 48800, 45646, 16792, 6863, 137374, 5, 66016, 70, 48800, 7, 756, 28960, 10, 6, 120067, 103510, 70, 32382, 7, 831, 102310, 4092, 538, 1295, 70, 15520, 7108, 3934, 70, 26498, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 16995, 7, 111, 70, 26349, 15, 24931, 538, 70, 353, 1405, 13791, 16, 765, 2809, 159978, 71, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 5, 360, 18374, 26771, 70, 601, 31047, 19770, 9, 67413, 134349, 215114, 13, 44, 294, 9, 127968, 58, 15, 69723, 19, 237, 44, 1062, 128780, 58, 23, 71006, 16, 13028, 10, 64330, 23, 70, 63666, 40752, 519, 43573, 159, 987, 6316, 1660, 50782, 17038, 1042, 41120, 5, 581, 2450, 62816, 29367, 442, 237, 70, 44, 1456, 31047, 19770, 98, 70, 14434, 7, 58, 103086, 5, 581, 45559, 143434, 10, 142458, 53, 6, 58944, 23, 63672, 7, 17721, 71006, 136, 70, 134349, 32528, 5, 51404, 70, 215114, 13, 25, 7, 61585, 214, 509, 23, 712, 814, 25352, 4, 136, 47041, 70, 16750, 111, 23, 13, 7928, 2320, 54940, 70, 172040, 4, 70, 215114, 13, 39555, 68782, 509, 81810, 71, 23, 142, 51, 16711, 47314, 29256, 18, 29752, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 581, 2684, 5526, 5155, 23, 17038, 1042, 41120, 83, 70, 5155, 8108, 4122, 149336, 25, 7, 6, 3134, 5, 2161, 450, 5155, 10, 6957, 44075, 51776, 3687, 136, 110281, 7, 93396, 111, 137107, 47, 19922, 17038, 1042, 41120, 5, 581, 44075, 83, 35839, 44, 866, 16365, 64198, 33, 58, 15, 3957, 636, 2407, 34997, 16, 136, 83, 4552, 5700, 54940, 70, 4000, 7, 5, 581, 5201, 6, 108047, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 83, 70, 129058, 23, 192286, 399, 5, 87769, 6602, 23, 72399, 20414, 64, 28575, 538, 8055, 10, 5700, 8395, 35839, 44, 3957, 123764, 58, 51776, 3687, 23, 70, 182, 3422, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 5, 62544, 25958, 442, 83, 10, 3687, 7440, 87143, 738, 47, 765, 9844, 47, 73203, 136, 23417, 4, 136, 95134, 39544, 70, 57, 49725, 139098, 7, 13315, 71, 1257, 99, 70, 61322, 5, 133698, 70, 57, 379, 4, 70, 40, 162, 12600, 933, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 1221, 6, 15555, 10, 139098, 85358, 214, 9983, 17007, 33233, 70, 26362, 7, 12960, 75169, 70, 15889, 12936, 7701, 7, 100, 70, 150080, 109923, 7, 5, 239, 37838, 581, 123764, 1556, 2809, 91995, 71, 678, 10, 8395, 35839, 159, 54797, 111527, 13576, 5, 581, 10332, 6, 159958, 25842, 678, 70, 24, 1405, 59720, 7, 48402, 13, 70, 13036, 135474, 110281, 17514, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 5, 581, 26349, 1556, 10, 208331, 225748, 136, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 127308, 7, 111, 127067, 9, 13, 4438, 71006, 5, 17038, 1042, 41120, 1556, 9498, 56, 4126, 6863, 33976, 7, 136, 6863, 108802, 20513, 538, 202810, 16792, 6863, 137374, 5, 14847, 70, 26349, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 611, 4836, 4, 442, 509, 102917, 538, 17569, 111, 237, 10, 116338, 26349, 4, 678, 5941, 165815, 7, 136, 10204, 41274, 7, 162471, 214, 70, 17311, 2663, 87168, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 31384, 10204, 41274, 7, 3542, 105866, 98, 70, 5201, 90695, 15, 104140, 7, 45603, 16, 6044, 237, 70, 12506, 1363, 143897, 4, 88303, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 1284, 5045, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17038, 1042, 41120, 15, 4, 4, 707, 378, 1153, 8080, 160548, 92, 58502, 233844, 76, 268, 16, 83, 10, 4000, 2481, 136, 70, 40, 257, 111, 17038, 1042, 41120, 18319, 2481, 4, 27391, 6048, 13, 47064, 4, 71006, 678, 11251, 4, 158045, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 4152, 1650, 83, 2843, 70, 10323, 111, 27391, 6048, 13, 47064, 5, 17038, 1042, 41120, 83, 51529, 237, 71006, 25, 7, 4734, 59140, 944, 26349, 136, 83, 27980, 47, 71006, 25, 7, 4734, 47143, 214, 24, 1405, 3647, 136, 70, 10336, 167565, 1314, 111, 70, 187951, 106294, 135440, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Geography.", "History.", "Culture and heritages.", "Architectural Heritage.", "Museums.", "Economy.", "Transport.", "Truck transport.", "Rail transport.", "Maritime transport.", "Air transport.", "Religion.", "Parishes.", "Education.", "Sports.", "In literature.", "External links." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The city of Karlskrona is spread over 30 islands in the eastern part of Blekinge archipelago, Trossö being the main one;. Other populated mentionable islands are Saltö, Sturkö, Hästö, Långö and Aspö. The islet of Stumholmen was formerly property of the Navy and today it houses the National Naval Museum (Marinmuseum). Outside the city lies the archipelago of Karlskrona, the most southern of the Swedish archipelagos. Several islands are connected to the city by ferries.", "The city was founded on 10 August 1680 when the Royal Swedish Navy was relocated from the Stockholm area to the Trossö island which had up until then been used chiefly for farming and grazing. At the time Sweden was the dominant military power in the Baltic sea region, but needed a better strategic location against Denmark, since southern parts of Sweden had been conquered only a few decades before (see the Torstenson War). The Swedish fleet tended to get stuck in the ice during winter while located close to Stockholm and was therefore moved south. The island had a very strategic position with short sailing distances to the German and Baltic provinces. The city name means \"Karl's Crown\" in honour of King Karl XI of Sweden, the name being inspired by the name of the city Landskrona. The city grew quickly and by 1750 Karlskrona had about 10,000 inhabitants. It was then one of the biggest cities in the country. Most of the baroque buildings from this era are still standing, which is why the city centre is architecturally uniform. The shipyard in Karlskrona was established almost at the same time as the city. It was a necessity because of the heavy losses the Swedish navy had suffered in 1659. In 1711, the shipyard was Sweden's largest industrial employer with 1,100 workers. The oldest dock, the Polhem dock, is cut in the cliff itself and is still in use. It got its name from Christopher Polhem (\"The Swedish da Vinci\", a famous scientist with several inventions still in use). There is also a historical rope making factory, Repslagarbanan, that is now open for guided tour. The city has kept its street structure since its foundation. Since the streets all follow a grid pattern the winds can blow freely from the sea right into the heart of the city. Parts of the city (mainly the Naval Port) have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In October 1981 the Whiskey-class Soviet submarine \"S-363\" (known as \"U137\" in Sweden) ran aground in the archipelago near Sturkö just outside Karlskrona. The media characterized it as the \"Whiskey on the Rocks\" affair. The incident caused a temporary rise in tensions between Sweden and the Soviet Union. While the submarine's grounding was inadvertent, and likely the result of inebriation among the crew, the submarine almost certainly was engaged in an unspecified covert mission at the time.", "The most important day in Karlskrona is the day before midsummer's eve. On that day a big fair takes place and attracts tens of thousands to visit Karlskrona. The fair is called \"Lövmarknaden\" (The Leaf Fair) and is very popular among the locals. The main square of Karlskrona is the biggest in Scandinavia. Every year in late July/early August a popular festival called \"The Sail\" takes place in the harbor of Karlskrona. Usually it is a place where families go to have something to eat and drink, and perhaps watch the sailing boats lined up at the pier. During the sail, the seascouts of Karlskrona will row a boat carrying torches along the docks while playing the national anthems for the visiting ships. Lately The Sail has been replaced with a festival called Skärgårdsfest. The old architecture together with the naval installations comprise the major tourist attractions of Karlskrona. The city has a pleasant atmosphere and is one of the highlights of south-east Sweden.", "Karlskrona has preserved its buildings and its layout virtually intact since its foundation. When the city was founded in 1680, it was primarily thought of as a military city, with many defenses and fortifications exploiting the particular topography of the city. Some fortifications were located on the main island (Trossö) such as the Bastion Aurora, built at the beginning of the 18th century, but much of it was located on the nearby islands (Ljungskär, Mjölnareholmen, Godnatt, Koholmen and Kurrholmen) or more distant, such as the islands closing the bay, with in particular the important fortress of Kungsholmen and its circular port. But the civil part of the city was also carefully planned. It has a rectangular grid plan, with however some diagonal streets, created because of the relief of the city center. Nicodème Tessin l'Ancien was responsible for the design of the buildings, and he gave the city a very uniform baroque style. The central building of the city is the Fredrikskyrkan church, built in the 1690s, On the main square, which is also the highest point of the island. Several other churches are located in the city, such as the Church of the Holy Trinity, built for the Germans of the city in 1709, ou encore Amiralitetskyrkan, consacrée en 1685 In front of the Amiralitetskyrkan church is the statue of Rosenbom, made famous by the children's book of Selma Lagerlöf, \"The Wonderful Adventures of Nils\", in which the statue tells the story of the c. Near the church is also the Admiralstorn Tower, dating from 1699, originally used to indicate the time for the shipyard workers but used since 1909 as the church tower The ma is seen holding some text in Swedish. The English translation of that text is \"I humbly beg of you, even though my voice may be weak, come and put a penny in but first lift my hat. Blessed are those that care for the poor.\" which is the last sentance in the bible. Nearby, there is paper with the translation of that text, the translated languages are English, German, Polish, Danish, Norwegian, and Finish. The English translation is written by Gorge Hopkins. Finally, the city has some more recent buildings, such as the model room, having hosted between 1780 and 1920 models of boats, Now transferred to the Marine Museum, or the town hall built after the fire of 1790. Finally, the county building (Länsresidenset) built between 1909 and 1911.", "The most visited museum of the city is the Naval Museum, with around 250 000 visitors a year. About half of those visitors are Swedish, the other half from other countries. The Naval Museum is Sweden's national museum for the history of the Swedish Navy. Along with exhibitions, the museum contains object collections, a drawings archive, photographic archive and a library. The museum is also involved in research. The present museum building on Stumholmen in Karlskrona was opened in 1997 by the present king Carl XVI Gustaf. Before that the museum lay in the former cadet barracks in the naval harbour, Örlogshamnen, and until 1963 was known as the Shipyard Museum (Varvsmuseet). The museum is based on the \"model room\" created in 1752 by Adolphe-Frédéric of Sweden, in which several boat models were stored in order to test different types of structures. Nowadays, these models still form the core of the museum's collection, but the museum also traces the history of the Royal Swedish Navy. The city is also home to the Blekinge Museum, with visitors in 2008.", "Some of the biggest employers in Karlskrona are Telenor, Ericsson and Roxtec. The city has an overall strong presence in information technology based industries.", "The city is positioned at the south east corner of Sweden with excellent connections to the other side of the Baltic Sea. There is a ferry line to Gdynia in Poland transporting both goods and passengers provided by the ferry operator Stena Line. Most of the islands of Karlskrona are connected by roads. One of the bigger populated Islands Aspö is connected with a small road ferry. Boats also travel between the archipelago's various islands during the summer months.", "The city is close to the European Highway 22, connected by a small section of highway, part of the national road 28. The E22 connects the main cities of southern Sweden such as Malmö, Lund, Kristianstad, then climbs along the east coast towards Kalmar and Norrköping. The national road 28 connects the Karlstad to Emmaboda.", "The city being one of the most important in Sweden, with in particular a large shipyard, the need for railway was great. The city received its first railway line in 1874, connecting it to Växjö, which itself was connected since 1865 to the main line Södra stambanan. The line then came to the north of the city center of Karlskrona. The shipyard, further south, was connected in 1888, thanks to an underground line of 2 km, but the line closed in 1990. This line is now part of the Kust till Kust banan, linking Göteborg and Kalmar. The town received a new railway line in 1889 when the future Blekinge kustbana, linking Kristianstad to Karlskrona, was built.", "There is a regular ferry service from Karlskrona to Gdynia in Poland, operated by Stena Line, with an average of two return trips per day. This line carries nearly 500,000 people a year. The port of Karlskrona also serves the archipelago of Blekinge.", "The nearest airport to the city is Ronneby Airport, near Ronneby, with scheduled flights to Stockholm (Bromma and Arlanda). 191,168 people transited through this airport in 2009.", "There are three important churches in Karlskrona. Fredrikskyrkan (The Frederick church) was designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, who was influenced by Italian architecture. The foundation of that church were laid in 1720, and it was inaugurated in 1744. It differs from usual Swedish churches in its orange color, adornment and its two towers despite not being a bishop's church. Trefaldighetskyrkan (Church of Holy Trinity), also called \"The German Church\", was built between 1697–1709, following Tessin's drawings. It is likewise located at the market square in the centre core. The dome-shaped roof also takes its influence from Italian architecture and is rarely seen on Swedish churches. Karlskrona Admiralty Church (Amiralitetskyrkan) was built in 1685 in red-painted wood and is one of Sweden's largest wooden churches. Outside the church there is a well-known statue called Rosenbom.", "There is also a Catholic Church, St Klara, at Lindesnäsvägen 2b, 371 45 Karlskrona", "The city is the main campus of Blekinge tekniska högskola, an Institute of Technology founded in 1989, which is one of the few högskolor (university colleges) in Sweden with the right to issue a doctorate, Thus having a status quite similar to that of a real university. The institute employs about 600 people and hosts about 8,000 students.", "The following sports clubs are located in Karlskrona:", "In \"The Surgeon's Mate\" by Patrick O'Brian, Karlskrona is the base for the British Baltic fleet, approximately 1813, when the two nations were at peace with each other and allied against Napoleon. Captain Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin start an action to free a group of Catalan forces still in French service on a fictional island on the Pomeranian coast. The estimable Vice Admiral Sir James Saumarez is still in command of the Baltic fleet for the purpose of the novel.", "" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62357, 509, 103122, 99, 2902, 4902, 1098, 43573, 163721, 94465, 4, 192859, 111, 55386, 7, 3478, 15, 35613, 75212, 42, 1042, 4, 49002, 16, 237, 70, 775, 111, 2515, 34695, 56, 25075, 62357, 5, 360, 176284, 4, 1919, 14449, 109133, 47, 1773, 934, 18055, 43573, 98032, 57617, 15, 35613, 341, 1231, 91060, 19, 4, 164111, 194, 360, 176447, 4, 62357, 23409, 47, 10696, 23, 98032, 57617, 136, 1295, 109969, 9444, 12012, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 26349, 10696, 111, 191869, 5, 360, 156999, 764, 29966, 297, 70, 12535, 111, 23912, 19514, 33, 136, 70, 12535, 111, 10271, 5, 28090, 163055, 9, 12951, 4, 764, 79786, 23, 70, 139915, 53, 111, 143695, 542, 107005, 40751, 169, 136, 4, 23, 145769, 4, 764, 75204, 1919, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 678, 10, 159688, 98, 70, 45755, 175921, 111, 22729, 54799, 12924, 7, 136, 98, 70, 79507, 111, 67842, 76319, 54799, 70, 10576, 111, 137930, 11, 89829, 22729, 5, 28090, 121049, 47, 122815, 4, 62357, 59619, 71, 99, 6, 78691, 23415, 62, 934, 33, 12535, 5, 1529, 100512, 186351, 39457, 42, 111, 96513, 149728, 32147, 660, 1409, 4, 23, 33418, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 601, 7859, 169, 13593, 136, 23, 45913, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 186806, 5, 62357, 509, 4552, 36457, 23, 41664, 44951, 7, 33636, 214, 17467, 4935, 136, 15889, 48242, 19069, 7, 21208, 8035, 959, 237, 120069, 237, 53371, 70, 130812, 111, 8382, 7730, 47, 85493, 70, 44, 4657, 1003, 7560, 237603, 740, 1529, 77947, 71, 15044, 24748, 119225, 136, 90816, 939, 5, 360, 121049, 62357, 352, 21738, 71407, 83324, 71, 10, 113068, 27165, 111, 22556, 37873, 4567, 2320, 4, 14432, 24, 4806, 7103, 4049, 12, 62357, 25, 7, 27165, 5, 9920, 5586, 2594, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 62975, 11, 6261, 111, 62357, 25, 7, 4, 6777, 959, 18822, 23, 156002, 6827, 131703, 4, 221, 17368, 77556, 155116, 8780, 136, 182342, 242554, 7, 4, 764, 26171, 71, 10, 70, 4524, 70760, 18231, 100, 62357, 25, 7, 27165, 4, 3129, 100512, 70, 62357, 1104, 78680, 2594, 27165, 5, 33306, 4, 62357, 25, 7, 27165, 509, 4734, 35604, 99, 11192, 12478, 944, 117538, 4, 136, 1379, 72992, 3674, 70, 4567, 66, 2408, 99, 27226, 12478, 944, 117538, 5, 5586, 2594, 26785, 297, 70, 154453, 136, 26171, 71, 2367, 83, 5036, 35839, 5586, 2594, 25, 7, 27165, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 70, 34754, 111, 110436, 154453, 5, 33306, 4, 62357, 25, 7, 3789, 156002, 6827, 26168, 1363, 26168, 115187, 4, 35839, 62357, 25, 7, 2837, 23935, 674, 27165, 4, 83, 7464, 4552, 80234, 4, 237, 442, 33444, 90, 70, 280, 344, 259, 272, 23986, 927, 53225, 3674, 390, 10, 14361, 24073, 5970, 74054, 47, 70, 52768, 111, 70, 14361, 15, 618, 194, 360, 33418, 15, 94015, 214, 70, 4488, 111, 14787, 120025, 92, 28166, 503, 147, 133, 247, 764, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 64194, 46889, 111, 26866, 83, 111, 77556, 155116, 1771, 59665, 136, 26171, 71, 70, 26168, 26168, 454, 304, 100, 70, 41911, 17721, 77556, 155116, 1771, 46889, 136, 77556, 155116, 1771, 48302, 5, 62357, 126809, 70, 62357, 46312, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 191060, 939, 40, 187075, 16, 23, 117752, 100, 70, 35187, 111, 2373, 112, 62656, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 75186, 58055, 214, 111, 117, 40930, 25667, 39108, 136, 214706, 44457, 7, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10, 191060, 939, 46312, 100, 25534, 71, 2878, 66695, 4, 100, 27781, 23, 77556, 19, 11948, 70820, 7, 136, 48502, 2955, 29089, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 11814, 23, 197108, 748, 46889, 48502, 2955, 1928, 1294, 47, 36849, 2878, 66695, 35509, 98, 2363, 38352, 5, 581, 75186, 83, 150350, 71, 111, 707, 24948, 6126, 289, 39108, 136, 214706, 44457, 7, 4, 6044, 450, 2878, 66695, 678, 70, 26785, 38352, 1221, 186, 220, 16670, 89829, 12960, 3789, 2878, 66695, 1221, 186, 8, 34334, 89829, 5, 1650, 831, 186, 222495, 71, 237, 10, 25534, 71, 915, 26147, 48302, 7968, 53, 4383, 4, 22460, 206, 7761, 4597, 4, 707, 46889, 48502, 2955, 29089, 5, 51404, 35187, 214, 75973, 7, 111, 45339, 29367, 9060, 4, 62357, 4, 23, 117752, 4, 207487, 10, 24491, 915, 26147, 105950, 23, 46889, 47, 70, 64707, 1409, 34627, 5, 62357, 4, 678, 903, 4488, 4, 21, 532, 70, 137374, 111, 46889, 48502, 2955, 1928, 1294, 5, 821, 5, 821, 5, 112074, 1681, 18831, 73, 297, 62357, 25, 7, 20939, 19481, 136, 55080, 297, 53333, 28007, 7, 23, 70351, 7068, 4, 7103, 4488, 390, 101985, 124302, 56, 13534, 23, 45913, 4, 62357, 25, 7, 915, 26147, 509, 68186, 71, 136, 24, 4806, 70, 22664, 19, 5, 360, 80665, 4, 62357, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 165712, 7, 44, 2472, 1919, 103882, 3387, 118861, 70, 131703, 23131, 214, 70, 4567, 2320, 111, 80097, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 96513, 25075, 172794, 71047, 177545, 86914, 62357, 15, 74, 702, 18982, 159992, 46, 496, 8055, 61786, 16, 509, 10, 30839, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 2750, 4, 23, 154140, 4, 11814, 3790, 10484, 1672, 80097, 136, 77556, 155116, 8780, 47, 8, 106357, 62357, 25, 7, 2837, 23935, 674, 27165, 4, 3129, 74481, 1636, 70, 28, 21150, 111, 10, 22556, 37873, 99, 2499, 52768, 1295, 70, 28, 21150, 99, 2499, 1632, 91067, 52768, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early years.", "Career." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Wien was born at Gaffken near Fischhausen, Province of Prussia (now Primorsk, Russia) as the son of landowner Carl Wien. In 1866, his family moved to Drachstein near Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn, Poland). In 1879, Wien went to school in Rastenburg and from 1880-1882 he attended the city school of Heidelberg. In 1882 he attended the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin. From 1883-85, he worked in the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz and, in 1886, he received his Ph.D. with a thesis on the diffraction of light upon metals and on the influence of various materials upon the color of refracted light. From 1896 to 1899, Wien lectured at RWTH Aachen University. He became twice successor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, in 1900 at the University of Würzburg and in 1919 at the University of Munich. Wien was very active in science politics representing conservative and nationalistic positions though being not as extreme as sharing the attitude of those going to develop the \"Deutsche Physik\". He appreciated both Albert Einstein and relativity.", "In 1896 Wien empirically determined a distribution law of blackbody radiation, later named after him: Wien's law. Max Planck, who was a colleague of Wien's, did not believe in empirical laws, so using electromagnetism and thermodynamics, he proposed a theoretical basis for Wien's law, which became the Wien–Planck law. However, Wien's law was only valid at high frequencies, and underestimated the radiancy at low frequencies. Planck corrected the theory and proposed what is now called Planck's law, which led to the development of quantum theory. However, Wien's other empirical formulation formula_1, called Wien's displacement law, is still very useful, as it relates the peak wavelength emitted by a body (\"λ\"), to the temperature of the body (T). In 1900 (following the work of George Frederick Charles Searle), he assumed that the entire mass of matter is of electromagnetic origin and proposed the formula formula_2 for the relation between electromagnetic mass and electromagnetic energy. Wien developed the Wien filter (also known as velocity selector) in 1898 for the study of anode rays. It is a device consisting of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields that can be used as a velocity filter for charged particles, for example in electron microscopes and spectrometers. It is used in accelerator mass spectrometry to select particles based on their speed. The device is composed of orthogonal electric and magnetic fields, such that particles with the correct speed will be unaffected while other particles will be deflected. It can be configured as a charged particle energy analyzer, monochromator, or mass spectrometer. While studying streams of ionized gas, Wien, in 1898, identified a positive particle equal in mass to the hydrogen atom. Wien, with this work, laid the foundation of mass spectrometry. J. J. Thomson refined Wien's apparatus and conducted further experiments in 1913 then, after work by Ernest Rutherford in 1919, Wien's particle was accepted and named the proton. In 1911, Wien was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 31255, 2320, 111, 79497, 1295, 70, 13791, 111, 49350, 26038, 6, 58944, 47, 70, 26349, 136, 153161, 15426, 297, 100, 70, 180187, 111, 70, 26349, 99, 70, 15504, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 134456, 2320, 136, 25441, 1363, 8305, 6863, 11469, 765, 7228, 442, 70, 5744, 26349, 1632, 7413, 7, 18925, 136, 69347, 442, 3934, 70, 80661, 148053, 100, 70, 36049, 111, 70, 14537, 23923, 450, 83, 11182, 14281, 22836, 5, 62, 1846, 592, 70, 212790, 111, 70, 11469, 26349, 621, 70, 26944, 7, 450, 621, 645, 10, 75281, 5369, 10332, 5, 360, 122815, 4, 49350, 509, 70, 6275, 111, 42805, 100, 70, 373, 837, 6402, 3412, 6261, 3934, 30089, 5, 360, 58410, 4, 442, 100512, 70, 40, 257, 111, 70, 12610, 129574, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 49350, 5, 360, 18374, 65942, 22729, 22684, 112, 29700, 509, 134053, 5773, 70, 184085, 23, 70, 49350, 4950, 73, 5, 49350, 100512, 10, 135474, 26349, 1295, 70, 64972, 7, 98, 19364, 7, 4, 678, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 8357, 2352, 136, 76019, 7345, 86, 9924, 136, 70, 50961, 111, 70, 46520, 12912, 80583, 7, 23, 61540, 5, 992, 3675, 18925, 4, 6, 177133, 23, 49350, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 5201, 25313, 69924, 4, 5201, 538, 3126, 297, 47, 46520, 90, 136, 186768, 604, 14, 16852, 5, 49350, 83, 1672, 1936, 1785, 5173, 324, 16, 1295, 70, 57329, 164, 11182, 14281, 4, 10323, 111, 70, 11341, 11182, 14281, 4, 3129, 83, 2843, 70, 2684, 132573, 223, 26349, 23, 30089, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 70541, 7, 70, 239, 236, 8, 49350, 82485, 22836, 5227, 4, 75935, 23, 13867, 4, 70, 5117, 122084, 9201, 47, 186, 75935, 390, 70, 11341, 5, 1650, 83, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 117781, 20787, 48461, 58555, 12, 70, 17305, 5115, 53, 27081, 29367, 90695, 136, 70, 72852, 289, 16128, 4, 1672, 26134, 111, 3129, 83, 30312, 5, 581, 58555, 129927, 53560, 538, 23, 69407, 111, 43904, 4, 111503, 136, 700, 87168, 5, 49350, 2878, 25958, 400, 90, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 11182, 129418, 15, 166154, 89811, 247, 124901, 181991, 53, 83, 101637, 71, 678, 70, 208244, 214, 14834, 2481, 111, 11182, 129418, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 168, 1428, 53, 27081, 29367, 16128, 111, 450, 18276, 7, 39555, 756, 70, 23, 109261, 16037, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 1650, 96853, 10, 49878, 16128, 20, 8950, 73, 106294, 289, 111938, 111, 70, 22836, 111, 11182, 14281, 20, 3129, 1556, 144, 35810, 7, 450, 41207, 538, 738, 36917, 214075, 11903, 7, 36917, 15520, 17366, 4, 136, 142, 16128, 150350, 71, 111, 54015, 3674, 130473, 7, 35839, 70, 74227, 111, 11182, 129418, 4, 70, 36770, 5368, 136, 22, 246, 24243, 142, 27081, 85325, 6, 167618, 678, 10, 17664, 111, 87143, 62816, 29367, 390, 11192, 136, 27226, 91763, 7, 4, 124901, 155955, 14602, 959, 204839, 1781, 11903, 7, 36917, 15520, 17366, 5, 581, 49878, 10776, 111, 70, 90695, 83, 39555, 64557, 30396, 532, 111, 24, 4935, 55670, 1363, 4, 102971, 23, 70, 144477, 10776, 111, 70, 90695, 20, 41866, 23, 70, 4733, 432, 11, 4, 5585, 587, 8, 73212, 136, 15865, 31, 849, 108, 6958, 38648, 44462, 7, 20, 2685, 621, 7464, 14194, 30125, 7, 111, 5219, 11010, 90, 5, 117371, 70, 6, 167618, 111, 70, 16128, 111, 70, 90695, 390, 242, 34787, 13403, 7, 25, 20, 28720, 45606, 5170, 4, 136, 221419, 538, 390, 27081, 47691, 4, 2685, 509, 10, 18410, 199349, 297, 3551, 127918, 390, 5219, 11010, 90, 4, 70, 24, 4935, 142740, 87282, 4, 136, 184085, 289, 55670, 1363, 5, 2161, 70, 26349, 130473, 7, 1632, 831, 7464, 7413, 18410, 58555, 127918, 390, 70, 24, 4935, 142740, 87282, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 70, 144573, 44, 34787, 13403, 7, 58, 136, 134399, 182, 17245, 214, 40617, 7, 23, 70, 16128, 5, 581, 242, 866, 77436, 48, 6987, 16018, 25, 15, 55376, 7, 41113, 7432, 66500, 191, 247, 10, 160, 2208, 105866, 23, 1632, 111, 70, 10, 2472, 5911, 1830, 297, 130473, 7, 4, 5919, 516, 10070, 40914, 1517, 4, 509, 51529, 47, 27980, 10, 8562, 111, 39755, 669, 5, 581, 89803, 191, 83, 2843, 10, 5700, 78869, 54940, 87143, 23, 70, 26349, 4743, 47, 6863, 11301, 64330, 7, 4, 180909, 190784, 7, 4, 8834, 6402, 13162, 7, 136, 50997, 58555, 5, 581, 171986, 297, 6, 167618, 111, 70, 130473, 7, 33636, 7, 15044, 142, 156444, 237, 5299, 237, 10, 700, 109622, 10512, 12, 70, 8, 89700, 41311, 37105, 7, 47, 103351, 33532, 150, 988, 4, 5201, 538, 1295, 18982, 47, 11994, 4, 70, 89160, 102044, 53, 34003, 23, 70, 10776, 5, 17006, 96113, 7, 23, 70, 90695, 3542, 86723, 297, 3229, 185118, 118651, 4043, 8, 21689, 31, 82775, 70, 5426, 111, 26944, 7, 23, 70, 26349, 5, 1301, 27781, 7, 4, 642, 831, 113721, 70, 96113, 7, 984, 164, 12163, 7, 24073, 618, 3613, 32547, 7, 18939, 136, 177022, 31, 655, 6678, 85, 1140, 24073, 102588, 63052, 7, 153840, 74054, 3129, 83, 134523, 5636, 7, 15005, 2822, 390, 38822, 12803, 237, 70, 242, 54694, 289, 201, 25, 98, 102736, 602, 126712, 152366, 5, 49953, 7401, 132073, 59226, 70, 90695, 23, 70, 144477, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 12163, 8, 11182, 70954, 15, 37455, 5, 14787, 32547, 247, 3129, 134729, 7, 1295, 70, 44402, 111, 210115, 136, 5795, 1916, 4743, 47, 70, 6, 167618, 111, 6863, 4620, 7, 390, 13584, 4432, 5, 262, 61518, 70, 15824, 450, 442, 83, 105866, 1660, 50782, 70, 9044, 28021, 4, 49350, 1556, 10, 143257, 102044, 2472, 525, 153552, 678, 110, 2773, 36898, 34003, 5, 69987, 21533, 102044, 2472, 525, 153552, 7, 621, 205794, 14037, 43573, 70, 28, 13722, 1290, 4, 221, 49350, 241599, 903, 10644, 111, 153552, 83, 142, 210650, 16648, 5, 3164, 21775, 111, 70, 6602, 83080, 7, 1286, 3501, 1496, 2866, 111, 102044, 9146, 20271, 70, 15411, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 49350, 66139, 24814, 92949, 87420, 70, 6602, 4, 21208, 18237, 23, 49350, 83, 208806, 21185, 56, 15, 2940, 19014, 42, 16, 3501, 18982, 5, 581, 83080, 52768, 23, 70, 26349, 20271, 70, 31150, 111, 18237, 83, 1105, 16207, 441, 4, 12960, 70, 83080, 52768, 23, 18982, 83, 1372, 16207, 441, 5, 1914, 88354, 2320, 23, 49350, 83, 4552, 11192, 4, 41170, 214, 47, 77253, 538, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 49350, 15, 4, 44, 166154, 7, 18939, 83, 10, 14834, 2481, 23, 70, 30089, 3378, 11341, 111, 11182, 14281, 4, 14037, 297, 23, 423, 9271, 390, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 110, 2661, 669, 335, 26579, 39485, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 153161, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 11182, 129418, 4, 3129, 182, 3422, 7, 15044, 70, 26349, 111, 49350, 136, 70, 26349, 111, 11182, 129418, 4, 136, 2878, 25958, 98, 70, 5201, 1760, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 5201, 26349, 23, 70, 57329, 17840, 10776, 111, 170662, 85, 5906, 1035, 5, 581, 43904, 83, 6, 150177, 4, 185687, 15, 5357, 437, 5, 16, 23, 142, 16128, 111, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 2843, 5368, 47, 70, 110047, 25946, 4, 7440, 8999, 79497, 112034, 3542, 24145, 9807, 118, 27686, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Insular area.", "Climate.", "Economy.", "Twin towns – sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The exportation of coffee from the Port of Santos gave rise to the city and mostly accounted for the wealth of the city at the turn of the 20th century. Exportation and importation through its port have made it the modern city one finds today and turned it into the indispensable outlet for the production of the powerhouse that is São Paulo State. Adorning the landscape of the port city are the canals that are over a hundred years old. In 1899, Santos was the point of entry for the bubonic plague into Brazil. In 1924, it became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santos. In October 2006, light crude oil was discovered off the coast in the Santos basin. Santos became a tourist city from the 1910s onwards, with the construction of the International Hotel and Parque Balneário and the construction of the beach front gardens in 1935. Until today, tourism in Santos is one of the main economic activities, mainly linked to beaches and historical heritage.", "Santos is about 31 km (19 mi) from the metropolis São Paulo, capital of the state São Paulo, which is also the most populous city in Brazil. The municipality contains the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, created in 1993, the first marine park to be created by the state. It is divided into two distinct geographic areas: the heavily urbanized island and the continental area, about 70% of which is protected. The areas differ radically in terms of population, economy and geography.", "Santos partially lies on the island of São Vicente (Saint Vincent), whose territory is divided with the neighboring municipality of São Vicente. It is a densely urbanized area of that houses almost all the inhabitants of the city. It includes a flat area - Plain Coastal extension of the State of São Paulo - which has altitudes that rarely go above twenty meters above sea level, and an area composed of isolated hills called the Mass of São Vicente, the former home and endowed an urban illegal occupation with a mix of families characterized by high and low incomes, whose height does not exceed 200 meters above sea level. The flat region of the island is almost completely devoid of native vegetation, although in the north region of the island - especially in the Alemoa, Chico de Paula and Saboó neighbourhoods - there are still remnants of mangroves. Before the occupation of the area of the island by 'chácaras' - rural residences, and subsequently by urbanization, there was a vast flooded land covered by mangroves, the native Atlantic Forest, and coastal vegetation. On the city hills one can still find vast areas covered by the native Atlantic Forest, in spite of the existing \"chácaras\" and banana harvesting farms in the area. The 'Lagoa da Saudade' (Homesickness Lagoon), a pond located in one of the aforementioned hills, Morro Nova Cintra, was known to host a kind of caiman. The lagoon is also a popular destination among families in the city due to its playgrounds, barbecue kiosks, picnic spots and green areas. The disordered occupation of the hills represents both an environmental as well as a geological risk: the deforestation leads to frequent landslides, mainly from January to March, the traditional rainy season in the region. Most rivers in the island were channeled when engineer Saturnino de Brito designed the system of canals in the city. As examples, we can cite the rivers Dois Rios (\"Two Rivers\") and Ribeirao dos Soldados (\"Soldiers Creek\"), which is nowadays referred by santistas as the 'Canal 4' on Avenue Siqueira Campos. Major water courses cut the island in the north, such as the Rio de São Jorge (St. George River), which suffers from the problems of pollution and silting due to the occupation of its banks by slums.", "Despite the fact that it is located just outside the tropics, Santos has a tropical rainforest climate with no real dry season. Tropical rainforest climates are typically found near the equator, so Santos featuring this type of climate is an exceptional situation. All months of the year averages more than 60 mm of rainfall during the course of the year. Santos features warm weather throughout the year, though June in Santos is somewhat cooler (and drier) than January. The average temperature in the city during the month of June is 23 °C, while the average temperature in January is 28 °C. Precipitation in Santos is very high, amounting to annually. Santos lies in one of the few isolated regions of Brazil outside of the tropical Amazon Basin that receive more than of total average precipitation annually, although nearby Ubatuba, approximately to the east-northeast, is considerably wetter than Santos, receiving an average of of precipitation annually. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Af\" (Tropical Rainforest Climate).", "The Port of Santos is the biggest seaport in Latin America, which handled 96 million tons and 2.7 million TEUs in 2010. It has large industrial complexes and shipping centers, which handle a large portion of the world's coffee exports, as well as a number of other Brazilian exports including steel, oil, cars, oranges, bananas and cotton. As of 2014, the municipality of Santos was the 6th largest exporting city, by value, in Brazil by trading $4.36B (USD) worth of goods. The top four products exported from Santos were raw sugar (23% of total exports), refined petroleum (16%), coffee (15%), and soybeans (13%).", "Santos is twinned with:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59444, 111, 22225, 309, 83, 51529, 47, 765, 13835, 71, 23, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 237, 10, 16839, 3687, 100, 70, 206990, 33532, 5, 1208, 592, 100, 552, 8079, 1902, 2809, 10, 4000, 8063, 16792, 70, 4122, 22820, 927, 142642, 4, 707, 144681, 237, 39395, 237, 4382, 4, 136, 70, 49894, 100, 70, 125663, 214, 111, 552, 8079, 136, 86761, 1295, 124511, 1204, 47864, 4969, 126, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 70, 10332, 525, 7464, 9, 54376, 214, 202681, 23, 70, 8999, 4, 77443, 36457, 16792, 702, 13330, 4, 3229, 6863, 178727, 509, 2855, 3674, 390, 18813, 79949, 7610, 111, 71006, 5, 581, 5117, 12008, 23, 70, 14380, 83, 607, 297, 237, 39395, 237, 427, 12772, 5, 33306, 4, 142, 202681, 99, 450, 1733, 509, 33720, 1286, 3501, 10, 57476, 4935, 54940, 70, 144044, 4, 12638, 22231, 1916, 678, 10, 12008, 111, 17265, 100, 50961, 4, 72977, 4, 44, 111879, 5, 830, 63559, 47, 11675, 70, 49894, 5, 262, 96819, 98, 2363, 127752, 7, 1836, 5809, 4527, 70, 135094, 136, 12008, 70, 18348, 7, 23, 123875, 47, 70, 35845, 13267, 7, 111, 2363, 11651, 127752, 7, 5, 581, 26349, 111, 22225, 309, 75204, 6863, 219475, 7, 23, 611, 8894, 5, 3311, 7068, 22225, 309, 509, 21771, 1632, 111, 70, 142105, 162708, 23, 71006, 4, 678, 1672, 43877, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 1061, 191, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 131011, 111, 70, 552, 8079, 5665, 80723, 47, 227204, 5, 360, 611, 19308, 4, 63920, 111, 70, 5665, 3365, 127966, 71, 23, 10, 33532, 150, 112, 4, 105233, 10, 805, 347, 53894, 13380, 5, 31267, 21208, 70, 5665, 47143, 297, 23, 4527, 100, 70, 11737, 2668, 5369, 4, 70, 36049, 128839, 538, 45, 65015, 5252, 4, 24189, 442, 155738, 7565, 23, 86591, 581, 324, 592, 16128, 111, 70, 32774, 1311, 8079, 71175, 1556, 2809, 159978, 71, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 4, 3129, 2843, 509, 70, 9351, 111, 70, 324, 592, 14380, 111, 22225, 309, 4, 83, 18925, 10, 2831, 111, 124511, 357, 991, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 22225, 309, 509, 70, 3687, 7440, 70, 207048, 44, 10433, 14534, 58, 56101, 136, 15672, 1831, 1055, 2750, 73659, 47, 3551, 23, 71006, 707, 157578, 70, 23295, 7103, 132260, 23, 30839, 9, 81988, 6259, 43396, 90, 5, 992, 5062, 117907, 66, 211190, 90, 1295, 102126, 4, 2750, 3542, 93544, 23, 38478, 674, 11491, 7, 87420, 70, 23295, 4, 56101, 136, 15672, 1831, 1055, 3542, 158012, 23, 86943, 136, 11958, 136, 118285, 137633, 9035, 23, 70, 22225, 309, 16128, 4, 136, 105945, 35845, 147452, 5, 22225, 309, 1556, 10, 165847, 72852, 289, 153552, 5, 30870, 83, 70, 4989, 525, 34003, 6, 120027, 189275, 1295, 4122, 9, 62329, 27417, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 11994, 4, 102971, 11994, 5155, 6032, 52768, 7, 17660, 47, 186, 126561, 5, 17106, 142, 83080, 11192, 52768, 111, 4, 20414, 83, 70, 24814, 525, 31150, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 756, 9, 6032, 80097, 17164, 509, 5423, 98, 8055, 201, 4, 27580, 3229, 509, 72350, 71, 5, 3293, 509, 4, 23, 15504, 4, 70, 167375, 72350, 71, 52768, 111, 70, 108938, 80097, 634, 272, 450, 51065, 450, 195052, 2684, 111, 192286, 399, 5, 581, 153552, 111, 22225, 309, 83, 1286, 72852, 289, 3501, 2684, 111, 71006, 16792, 442, 83, 35845, 538, 2060, 1295, 21334, 337, 34204, 111, 7401, 7, 71644, 214, 52768, 7, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 70, 11192, 7, 111, 20414, 23, 22225, 309, 621, 3638, 538, 24814, 56, 3501, 5941, 58555, 5045, 53333, 127067, 23, 70, 23295, 5, 30870, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 621, 91097, 1284, 2843, 103210, 77336, 4743, 47, 70, 241846, 939, 47, 3060, 5786, 6032, 79507, 450, 27983, 19095, 7, 126561, 52768, 7, 36917, 4092, 35401, 4, 71644, 214, 83080, 52768, 7, 5, 581, 2684, 127841, 2320, 74918, 7, 20271, 70, 51065, 21775, 111, 20414, 136, 8055, 5, 581, 459, 25617, 52768, 17669, 17164, 297, 23, 22225, 309, 83, 5, 581, 92949, 29398, 1556, 49903, 4, 959, 17164, 297, 35064, 59499, 47, 70, 9803, 2053, 5, 124511, 22865, 334, 4313, 1972, 509, 82775, 390, 51838, 2206, 164, 603, 136, 88303, 17721, 729, 15770, 104279, 164814, 23, 10, 2777, 587, 587, 57845, 4, 2843, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 239, 67, 120865, 944, 5, 581, 33976, 83, 39501, 297, 390, 22225, 309, 1311, 8079, 56713, 136, 11814, 47, 186, 70, 5201, 23179, 47, 70, 552, 8079, 5665, 5, 23, 156999, 70, 33976, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 3934, 2076, 62953, 7, 59052, 5, 1913, 70, 86595, 111, 23031, 4, 70, 324, 592, 21449, 20903, 47, 70, 45646, 3129, 7228, 442, 119371, 13, 136, 1119, 41745, 272, 121461, 7, 3542, 7228, 47, 70, 33976, 5, 205451, 65225, 66, 509, 88303, 23, 64911, 4, 35509, 98, 10, 4331, 390, 70, 26349, 107653, 23, 22225, 309, 4, 5, 581, 33976, 32354, 297, 237, 10, 10696, 1257, 24189, 15431, 581, 47, 6488, 509, 10, 143126, 111, 63822, 13, 8667, 9544, 1295, 3129, 1632, 5809, 21455, 70, 64194, 27226, 88303, 70, 26349, 5, 22221, 69527, 937, 175691, 509, 88303, 23, 106355, 136, 509, 82775, 390, 22225, 309, 25, 7, 5117, 26349, 107653, 4, 5, 581, 33976, 32354, 297, 237, 10, 5744, 148205, 289, 33976, 5, 581, 33976, 509, 61475, 538, 10, 22729, 205811, 10576, 136, 7068, 14432, 456, 46133, 297, 23, 10, 1286, 124498, 205811, 10576, 5, 24372, 6626, 84797, 11476, 7, 23, 2691, 136, 43304, 70, 33976, 509, 14359, 2822, 47, 6863, 7311, 170894, 5, 22225, 34, 56208, 83, 10, 48800, 23, 22225, 309, 136, 1556, 16792, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 32354, 297, 237, 10, 94878, 17721, 8394, 48850, 136, 171827, 22225, 309, 5, 22362, 47, 6863, 31913, 390, 70, 96113, 4, 903, 1764, 100512, 142, 5526, 97879, 1764, 100, 70, 26349, 5, 14847, 22225, 309, 4, 51521, 538, 100512, 10, 26349, 4, 23, 611, 8894, 4, 442, 509, 903, 48800, 450, 24, 4806, 70, 26349, 47, 22225, 309, 5, 581, 48800, 93544, 6863, 170894, 1257, 24189, 70, 23936, 7, 3229, 22225, 309, 509, 5744, 29367, 107653, 82451, 5, 133698, 70, 23936, 25, 4, 22759, 111, 70, 43606, 543, 927, 142642, 33976, 7, 3542, 8, 82925, 67175, 136, 18925, 4, 70, 89683, 7, 1679, 937, 175691, 83, 70, 4734, 1632, 47143, 214, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22225, 309, 15, 16, 83, 10, 26349, 136, 70, 40, 257, 111, 22225, 309, 18319, 2481, 23, 10017, 4538, 47064, 4, 71006, 4, 678, 4669, 4, 4235, 418, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 15431, 1650, 83, 2843, 70, 10323, 111, 10017, 4538, 47064, 5, 22225, 309, 3173, 7, 4, 25842, 678, 7422, 177128, 4, 10, 57329, 17840, 16128, 678, 20903, 47, 805, 4, 9508, 23, 109261, 16037, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Climate.", "Architectural history.", "Education.", "Today.", "In popular culture.", "Sports.", "Annual music festival." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The town of Falun is known to have existed in the 14th century as a market place for the surrounding lands. Mining for copper had been a local business since the mid-13th century, or possibly as early as 1000, and the organisation for the extracting of copper and gold from Stora Kopparberget is believed to be the oldest still-existing enterprise in the world, proved active since 1347, when its charter was granted by King Magnus IV of Sweden. The first share in the company is dated as early as 1288. However, an enterprise at that time was nothing more than a cooperative among the owners, each contributing with a share of money for construction, tools, \"etc.\", necessary to run the organisation. Depending on their contributions they could use the facilities and share the profits in proportion to the relative sizes of their individual contributions. The city of Falun received its privileges in 1641. By then Falun was already one of the largest cities in Sweden, with about 6000 inhabitants. Soon, however, the importance of the copper mine began to decrease. In 1687, parts of the mine collapsed in a landslide, creating a 100 m deep pit. Even though the mine remained in use for the next 300 years, the production gradually diminished, until it closed down in 1992. The mining area of the Great Copper Mountain has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which also was the name of the mining company of Falun, is today a part of Stora Enso. During World War II, Falun was the place where the authorities \"interned\" British and American airmen who happened to land in Sweden or reached the country after landing in German-controlled territories. Unlike civilian refugees from Germany, who were kept in internment camps throughout the country, British and American airmen were placed in hotels and bed and breakfast establishments in the Falun area, and enjoyed relative freedom.", "Falun has a humid continental climate. Winter is the longest season lasting approximately from mid-November until the end of March, although March daytime temperatures tend to be mild. With an average high temperature of, July is the warmest month. However, the all-time heat record was set on August 4, 2014, when was measured. This was, in turn, the highest measured temperature of the intense heatwave that summer that affected most of Scandinavia. The climate of Falun is more continental than most of Sweden since it is relatively far from large bodies of waters moderating temperatures. As a result, the highs of July in Falun are normally warmer than many areas much further south in the country. Winters, however, are cold but also highly variable due to the proximity to some maritime influence that often brings mild temperatures above freezing, moderating average temperatures. The most precipitation occurs during the summer months of July and August. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Falun is. The weather station has however, not recorded below according to the open data.", "Stora Gruvstugan was designed by Eric Geisler and built between 1771–1785 in a Rococo Style, also referred to as Late Baroque. The building is situated by Falun Copper Mine and used to be the main office to the copper mine. in 1882 the building was rebuilt into Berslagets museum. At the beginning of 1920, the mining came close to the structure which made it fragile and extensive repairs were made to the building. Västra Skolan was built in 1915, based on a design by the city architect in Falun,. The building functioned as a school up until 2010. The tower was a replica of Kristine Kyrka from which one could view the entire low built the city. Egnellska Huset was built in 1903 and was designed by Falun's first city architect,. The building functioned as a modern residential building. The building was initially a light yellow color and then later recolored in a more bright yellow color. After two separate fires in 2007 and 2008, the building was restored to its original appearance. Falugatan is a street in Falun and has since the 15th century functioned as a connection between eastern and western Falun. Thanks to its location by the river, this site became an important commerce site for the city. When Falun, officially became a city, in 1641, it was this street that named the city to Falun. The street kept its appearance up until the 1960s when Falun was modernized architectural. During the 1960', four of the five 18th century buildings were demolished and today, the Körsnerska Huset is the only one remaining in its original appearance. Centralpalatset is a building located on in Falun and is a monumental building, decorated in Art Nouveau. It was built between 1895-1896 and was designed by the local architect Ferdinand Boberg. The author Selma Lagerlöf lived in the building, and it was here she wrote The Wonderful Adventures of Nils. In 1947, the initial balconies were removed and in 1955 the whole building was facing a renovation where the facade was redesigned and the whole house scaled-down, making it shorter and flatter Wiklunds Glas was a building on Åsgatan in Falun and was designed in a combination between Art Nouveau and Renaissance in the Low Countries. The building was designed by the Architect J.Wernfeldt and functioned as a location for a glass company. The building was demolished in 1971 when Falun was modernized. Geislerska Huset was built sometime between 1765 and 1768 by Eric Geisler. The building was built by a technique which later became referred to as Eric Geisler Technique. It was the oldest building in the world built with copper slag stone. The building was demolished in 1977 and on the site today is an office building. Rådhuset (Town Hall) is located on in Falun. Was built between 1649 and 1653, initially as a one-floor building, but in the 1960s a second floor was added onto the building. In 1761, the building was destroyed in a fire, but was quickly rebuilt and is still, today, standing on the same site. Varmbadhuset a community swimming pool facility in Falun. It was designed in a National Romantic Style by the city architect and built in 1911. In the 1960s a sports center was planned out for Falun and Varmbadhuset lost its importance and faced demolition in 1974, despite strong protests from the residents in Falun. On the site today is the police station. In 1961, an architectural competition was organized in Falun. The neighborhood (Falan) between the western side of and Faluån was to be modernized. The competition was won by Uhlin och Malms Arkitektkontor in Stockholm. The final design was built in 1968 with two buildings along the western side of the Plaza. Since 1968, the buildings have been rebuilt many times.", "There is a number of elementary schools in Falun, as well as a number of gymnasiums. For education, the city holds part of the University College of Dalarna (\"Högskolan Dalarna\").", "In sports, Falun hosts the annual Swedish Ski Games at its skiing arena Lugnet, Falun. The city's most successful sports team is the bandy team Falu BS which has played in the Swedish top division for many years. Also, IBF Falun, the floorball male and female teams have been very successful. Falu FK play in Division 2 Norra Svealand. Lugnet, Falun Stadium has also hosted the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships four times: 1954, 1974, 1993 and most recently in 2015. The city lost out to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, in 1981 for the 1988 Winter Olympics. Again, Falun applied for the 1992 Winter Olympics but lost out to Albertville, France, in 1986. The city lost despite the best efforts of one of ABBA's singers who recorded a single in support of the bid. Falun is the hometown of 'The Battle', one of the world's most famous snowboard competitions. Lake Runn is visited both during the winter, for ice skating, and summer for its wide variety of watersports. The lake itself is over 60 sq kilometres of water and has over 50 islands. The sailing and fishing opportunities, in particular, are tremendous. Framby Udde Resort offers many of these in partnership with other small businesses. See for example www.runnsailing.com for sailing dinghy hire. Iron and Copper byproducts from the mine are still used as a paint ingredient, in the production of the nationally well known and culturally important Falu Red paint, particularly used on wooden houses.", "The short story \"Die Bergwerke zu Falun\" (\"The Mines of Falun\") was published by E. T. A. Hoffmann in 1819, based on what happened to Fet-Mats Israelsson.", "The following sports clubs are located in Falun:", "Starting in 2008 Falun has been the home of a rock and metal festival called" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 1346, 50509, 7, 70, 76755, 17721, 30839, 101085, 1314, 111, 1631, 136, 4000, 24793, 23, 70, 148814, 134349, 54427, 111, 9017, 316, 10828, 4, 105866, 23, 63590, 64859, 140280, 5, 360, 70, 41710, 111, 26748, 23, 9017, 316, 10828, 4, 70, 4000, 7, 58055, 39555, 167969, 111, 24793, 4, 16792, 2684, 111, 70, 453, 765, 2809, 3268, 52021, 47, 116338, 4516, 5, 581, 1346, 32153, 90, 98, 70, 170420, 111, 10, 27150, 29730, 34, 86216, 23, 70, 102374, 187, 1176, 4, 179468, 14, 893, 685, 4505, 4, 112730, 390, 158982, 45501, 7, 515, 4, 2750, 83, 179933, 23, 10, 3886, 97857, 1284, 28, 33730, 47, 30646, 47, 70, 12912, 23, 12989, 52, 188, 67153, 70, 6, 235143, 7, 633, 237, 764, 17378, 5, 93385, 257, 29367, 390, 195812, 214, 70, 6627, 7612, 111, 1919, 375, 70367, 4, 764, 1556, 39958, 47, 23417, 136, 764, 83, 43542, 47, 24763, 52758, 429, 5, 18763, 81887, 7, 47, 30646, 47, 70, 12912, 4, 49903, 4, 621, 57357, 3674, 4, 3229, 764, 83, 95486, 297, 10, 12921, 29752, 5, 17106, 10, 7175, 111, 79063, 1314, 51, 16086, 100, 115, 939, 99, 70, 12912, 4, 764, 83, 12989, 297, 47, 5646, 10, 21115, 111, 809, 18266, 33, 30839, 101085, 1314, 136, 2363, 75101, 214, 93324, 47, 70, 148814, 54427, 111, 9017, 316, 10828, 4, 47, 64549, 10, 5977, 47, 6488, 100, 4527, 237, 142, 1831, 5868, 13, 186, 11, 2271, 5, 17106, 70, 81273, 47, 6, 127219, 67, 4734, 23, 6, 44720, 53470, 53, 113860, 7, 136, 25737, 47, 2363, 10002, 128779, 2060, 16065, 1295, 70, 1631, 4, 70, 54427, 4295, 4, 79063, 1314, 136, 70, 30839, 101085, 1314, 191975, 9842, 47, 552, 54376, 88669, 126351, 5, 581, 1346, 3564, 7, 678, 10, 149, 934, 674, 111, 541, 64831, 397, 79063, 1314, 24387, 6496, 136, 8, 18347, 2852, 450, 70, 1631, 83, 645, 4, 136, 450, 70, 5977, 47, 6488, 70, 30839, 101085, 1314, 111, 1631, 765, 2809, 20697, 98, 100, 10, 6602, 83, 110, 51713, 111, 2499, 4527, 5, 3164, 111, 70, 30839, 101085, 1314, 111, 1631, 4, 5941, 111, 136565, 765, 24209, 24833, 2182, 678, 70, 54427, 24793, 4, 621, 52787, 71, 5773, 3934, 70, 109412, 7, 136, 71924, 297, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 9017, 316, 10828, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 618, 2452, 20016, 830, 83, 10, 4078, 102374, 1346, 4, 8951, 297, 390, 4713, 195, 33263, 515, 4, 23, 1919, 14364, 15403, 34377, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 12490, 581, 1346, 509, 59121, 390, 81068, 12981, 1970, 73, 136, 40933, 159, 4326, 6516, 4, 136, 6057, 7, 158982, 45501, 7, 515, 4, 184865, 101314, 1828, 6516, 136, 188075, 395, 4687, 272, 38171, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Synopsis." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "The film concerns the relationship between German prisoners of war and local women in the remote Soviet village of Polumgla, located in Archangel province. In the winter of 1944 in Polumgla, the locals consist almost entirely of women, since most of the men have been mobilised to military service. The film focuses on the circumstances of a young Lieutenant in the Russian army, Grigori Anokhin, played by Yuri Tarasov, who is stuck in a sanatorium but eager to return to the front in order “to kill the fascists”, as he says. Traumatized by witnessing the massacre of his comrades, he has taken to drink and he is ready to exact revenge. His attempts to return to the front, however, are frustrated, when he is assigned a different mission. With a team of soldiers unfit for duty at the front, he is ordered to take a group of fifteen German prisoners and their commanding officer to the remote village of Polumgla, to construct a radio tower for use as an airplane beacon. With the ability to communicate only in rudimentary phrases and left to their own devices far away from the war, the villagers, soldiers and the German prisoners slowly begin to coexist peacefully. The film ends with a detachment of NKVD soldiers arriving and declaring that the war is over, and that the radio tower the German prisoners of war have been working on for a year is no longer of any use. All of the German prisoners of war, many of whom have become intimate with the village women, are marched off into the woods and executed." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1650, 83, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 9351, 44, 724, 973, 47217, 58, 122, 60877, 1295, 70, 2565, 44, 208, 2601, 830, 91084, 96113, 4620, 7, 23, 25074, 187951, 136, 15005, 2852, 47, 70, 86113, 133, 59551, 15, 724, 973, 47217, 32547, 194, 581, 10332, 525, 9615, 19929, 509, 35839, 44, 724, 973, 47217, 9, 212153, 830, 3129, 26950, 44, 17067, 2601, 9, 8770, 43148, 740, 3293, 9351, 509, 16610, 33, 297, 47, 44, 724, 973, 47217, 830, 7068, 44, 10429, 34334, 830, 136, 77681, 44, 724, 973, 47217, 740, 192668, 83, 5117, 119056, 237, 10, 59444, 23, 51521, 32692, 42840, 23, 70, 6602, 616, 2681, 1284, 4734, 75204, 6863, 51521, 59444, 178727, 7, 23, 70, 6602, 616, 9271, 5, 1326, 10, 4989, 1733, 192668, 35060, 71, 31247, 538, 111, 19336, 4, 27226, 4, 2130, 420, 707, 6, 54700, 133, 133940, 297, 109412, 33, 33976, 7, 5, 2460, 257, 9, 23923, 7, 13315, 71, 70, 4620, 7, 111, 86113, 133, 59551, 4, 339, 379, 38620, 4, 136, 18481, 7, 59551, 5, 992, 3675, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 70, 59444, 509, 88303, 4, 237, 509, 70, 41361, 7068, 4, 10932, 70, 17262, 2684, 5526, 33976, 7, 12, 70, 106820, 4, 70, 18150, 5381, 329, 4, 136, 70, 59444, 23664, 5, 9578, 70, 4568, 2668, 5369, 192668, 1556, 2809, 1563, 94901, 98, 17262, 12921, 46505, 7, 5, 24372, 70, 11476, 111, 729, 11835, 70, 59444, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 678, 80560, 48800, 7, 136, 148734, 10393, 320, 26349, 46389, 7, 5, 581, 14012, 111, 6, 34165, 136, 876, 41537, 18276, 7, 2843, 26859, 47, 51312, 5, 581, 129058, 59444, 11476, 74918, 2822, 184007, 4, 3229, 1810, 111, 10, 43904, 111, 10932, 84428, 189275, 6, 112694, 23, 109261, 16037, 72856, 2363, 44556, 4, 136, 1672, 14877, 40617, 7, 3542, 163684, 297, 5, 78289, 5510, 70, 28271, 59444, 144477, 111, 86113, 133, 59551, 509, 96865, 18, 7565, 5, 3164, 70, 33976, 7, 127067, 111, 86113, 133, 59551, 3542, 57, 4126, 5, 893, 16128, 111, 70, 10332, 59444, 17721, 70, 59052, 136, 70, 35773, 1294, 1556, 2809, 9498, 56, 4126, 47, 903, 5155, 237, 10, 105719, 76875, 4, 44, 17067, 54379, 2206, 34334, 740, 24372, 70, 60199, 6639, 20133, 111, 70, 11476, 192668, 126809, 6863, 62816, 48242, 6, 120067, 1774, 678, 21334, 28, 32311, 12649, 136, 50997, 58555, 5, 1650, 83, 5036, 10, 50997, 59444, 678, 38134, 10, 68334, 7, 5, 42284, 10366, 70, 93403, 111, 22690, 59444, 11476, 7, 509, 70, 5201, 6528, 50155, 903, 34754, 5, 893, 1119, 41745, 272, 456, 229815, 674, 111, 70, 9879, 59444, 16128, 509, 26859, 20271, 70, 27631, 7, 5, 62, 67688, 19340, 192668, 100512, 10, 21334, 27081, 103724, 3229, 442, 509, 25072, 297, 678, 70, 43573, 1272, 14834, 31075, 111, 4769, 837, 4, 10699, 28719, 23023, 4, 1529, 988, 6990, 4, 136, 37639, 13, 5, 2356, 165473, 16145, 1884, 130794, 7, 21836, 4, 23115, 1517, 4, 35583, 4969, 4, 136, 55890, 6378, 765, 55993, 19, 1257, 10932, 70, 9879, 26349, 5, 360, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 51374, 7, 47, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 33418, 7, 2685, 509, 10, 6494, 182, 17245, 136, 10, 11192, 51, 109308, 53, 674, 34515, 23, 71006, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 68894, 136, 167821, 233, 48448, 74918, 2822, 4, 136, 167821, 190647, 7, 50782, 70, 22836, 84084, 3542, 959, 107003, 5, 3293, 12441, 5941, 74412, 988, 47, 66399, 2182, 47, 3789, 76726, 6044, 237, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 133698, 70, 39395, 66399, 2320, 1615, 4, 192668, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 162708, 1295, 3129, 3395, 25737, 98, 2363, 120696, 47, 70, 7082, 5, 41021, 1295, 12921, 63920, 111, 527, 973, 92337, 1760, 136, 3789, 208244, 214, 54529, 3387, 7228, 2363, 3917, 47, 70, 182, 3422, 59444, 111, 192668, 136, 7068, 71064, 71, 2363, 8, 2500, 6644, 47, 21629, 5, 360, 21735, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 70535, 157, 72555, 6392, 1515, 4, 192668, 509, 28368, 297, 47, 10, 141591, 8, 40322, 111, 5977, 539, 34937, 17996, 4, 204839, 214, 48179, 130520, 864, 117, 6, 108047, 11903, 5, 581, 24725, 509, 5045, 117396, 3501, 122446, 390, 3789, 10776, 7, 111, 171827, 14713, 136, 237, 6044, 4, 192668, 100512, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 195052, 58555, 50782, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 5, 192668, 83, 39501, 297, 390, 70, 129435, 27414, 43573, 70, 113008, 111, 70, 96113, 10017, 16924, 1353, 5, 1913, 1496, 79385, 7, 144477, 136, 729, 79385, 7, 28, 4438, 4, 192668, 1556, 70, 5701, 21, 35810, 237, 37626, 136, 70, 5701, 152050, 13, 237, 181103, 136, 117081, 52649, 5, 48606, 4209, 14834, 31075, 621, 132731, 114340, 4, 180, 94558, 837, 4, 13552, 5342, 33, 4, 30488, 53, 4, 59646, 254, 136, 148422, 33446, 74360, 1272, 5, 384, 74797, 53, 39063, 7, 65272, 111, 192668, 400, 90, 13552, 5342, 33, 5, 192668, 1556, 10, 21373, 153552, 47, 70, 10588, 111, 9879, 71006, 4, 678, 142, 83080, 52768, 111, 10932, 23, 18982, 136, 23, 20414, 5, 42552, 538, 102044, 9146, 83, 10932, 5, 9626, 70, 53289, 2278, 153552, 40865, 1363, 192668, 83, 18507, 47314, 237, 165847, 72852, 289, 4, 23, 6, 61518, 111, 70, 88551, 5786, 6032, 79507, 5, 1650, 83, 2843, 1632, 111, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 162708, 390, 88551, 13267, 23, 70, 8999, 678, 903, 153552, 10644, 4, 16792, 58555, 144477, 111, 70, 1496, 927, 95103, 100, 70, 2684, 2831, 621, 35462, 3674, 390, 67842, 166, 1299, 49086, 153552, 52895, 5, 9626, 70, 40418, 9, 70779, 3638, 7, 4, 192668, 25, 7, 22759, 927, 24814, 525, 31150, 509, 1660, 10932, 70, 83, 126340, 39, 111, 47, 959, 186, 18507, 47314, 237, 166, 1299, 49086, 4, 1284, 52768, 7, 6777, 738, 1257, 6, 129980, 538, 47, 186, 34735, 165847, 72852, 289, 16792, 5, 64166, 1295, 70, 11469, 111, 192668, 124735, 94419, 538, 20271, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 3229, 552, 8079, 136, 193, 191, 80723, 47, 186, 31255, 297, 1295, 70, 11469, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 63284, 450, 756, 52350, 509, 1829, 16906, 4, 57, 49725, 47, 110613, 11469, 7, 1295, 192668, 136, 10, 10846, 3789, 11469, 7, 509, 69871, 57415, 5, 133698, 70, 611, 927, 142642, 4, 192668, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 11469, 136, 1143, 62956, 59444, 7, 678, 5941, 200513, 53095, 136, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 192668, 15, 16, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 71006, 4, 70, 40, 257, 111, 192668, 18319, 2481, 136, 70, 10323, 111, 192668, 10164, 47064, 5, 1650, 1902, 30669, 201, 1819, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 3640, 4, 3129, 30482, 442, 70, 702, 927, 2684, 27623, 3674, 26349, 23, 71006, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 10332, 525, 26349, 23, 70, 186768, 96464, 1760, 15, 294, 1177, 555, 25, 7, 182688, 40530, 247, 19441, 75204, 6863, 178727, 23, 616, 9271, 1295, 114411, 111, 1853, 124640, 5, 33306, 4, 192668, 83, 2060, 43573, 56, 70, 117396, 16906, 10776, 3501, 442, 83, 47, 70, 3789, 13036, 9615, 19929, 7, 23, 96464, 1760, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Economy.", "Culture.", "Arts and museums.", "Media.", "Sports.", "Education.", "Miscellanea.", "Gävle goat.", "European cooperation.", "Hospital.", "Twin towns – sister cities." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "It is believed that the name \"Gävle\" derives from the word \"gavel\", meaning river banks in Old Swedish and referring to the Gavleån (Gävle River). The oldest settlement was called \"Gävle-ägarna\", which means \"Gavel-owners\". This name was shortened to \"Gävle\", then \"Gefle\", and finally \"Gävle\". Gävle is first mentioned as a town in official history books in the year 1413 but only received its official town charters in the year 1446. For a long time Gävle consisted solely of small, low, turf or shingle roofed wooden buildings. Boat-houses lined the banks of Gavleån, Lillån, and Islandsån. Until the 18th century the town was built, as was the practice then, around the three most important buildings: the church, the regional palace, and the town hall. Over the last 300 years Gävle has been ablaze on three different occasions. After the fire of 1776 the town was rebuilt with straight streets and rectangular city blocks. The number of stone and brick houses also started to increase. The biggest town fire occurred 1869, when out of a population of around 10,000 approximately 8,000 inhabitants lost their homes, and about 350 farms were destroyed. Almost the whole town north of Gavleån was burnt down. All the buildings south of Gavleån were saved. An area of the old town between the museum and the library has been preserved to this day as a historic reserve, \"Gamla Gefle\". After the catastrophe of the fire Gävle developed its characteristic grid plan with large esplanades and green areas. It is now a green town with wide avenues. Stopping the spread of future town fires was the main idea behind this development. An extensive redevelopment of the central town area was started during the 1950s. Around 1970 Gävle became a large urban district when it was united with the nearby municipalities of Valbo, Hamrånge, Hedesunda, and Hille. New suburbs like Stigslund, Sätra, Andersberg, and Bomhus have grown up around the central city. In the middle of the 1800s to the beginning of the 1900s there was a bad harvest and a high unemployment rate in Sweden. At the same time, political and religious oppression occurred, and religious encounters outside the State Church were not allowed. This led many Swedes to emigrate to other countries such as the United States. During the early emigration era, Gävle was one of the cities from which people left on their journey to the US. People from different parts of Gästrikland and other neighboring counties made their way to the harbor town of Gävle and then commenced their departure to America. In 1986 as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, Gävle was subjected to a severe deposition of radionuclides, exceeding 185 kBq per square meter. The impact was much greater than experienced by other regions of western Europe and as such, Gävle became one of the most affected areas outside of the Soviet Union.", "Gävle is situated by the Baltic Sea near the mouth of the river Dalälven. At 60 degrees north and 17 degrees east, Gävle has the same latitude as Helsinki and the same longitude as Vienna and Cape Town. Bordering municipalities are Söderhamn, Ockelbo, Sandviken, Heby, Tierp and Älvkarleby. Twenty kilometers west of Gävle lies Sandviken.", "Gävle has a similar climate to the rest of central Sweden, with an average temperature of around in January and in July. Yearly rainfall is around. Under the Köppen climate classification Gävle is classified as humid continental, in spite of the significant maritime influence. It is also one of the northernmost cities by significant size in the world with this climate type, since areas north of the 60th parallel for the most part are dominated by various subarctic climate types. Under the 1961-1990 normals, Gävle's fourth warmest month was just around the isotherm of to not be classified as subarctic, but temperatures did go up sufficiently to be clear humid continental since.", "Trade from the port of Gävle increased markedly during the 15th century when copper and iron began to be exported from the port. In order to ensure that all trade was via Stockholm, sailing to foreign ports from Gävle and a few other ports was forbidden. During the 16th century, Gävle was one of the most important port and merchant towns with many shipping companies and shipyards. In 1787 Gävle was awarded \"free and unrestricted sailing rights\" to and from foreign ports. This led to an increase in trade, which in turn led to an increase in buildings, industrial developments, trade and shipping. Today there are few shipping companies or shipyards left, but an important port remains. It has over 1000 ships calling per year and is among the top ten common ports in Sweden.", "Gävle has, considering its size, a large and well nourished cultural life, being a cradle for many musicians such as The Deer Tracks and The Sound of Arrows. The city applied to become the European Capital of Culture in 2014.", "The prison museum of Sweden, the county museum of Gävleborg, and the national railway museum are the three largest museums in the city. The prison museum is located near Gävle Castle and depicts the history of crime and punishment in Sweden. The county museum (located downtown) hosts an art collection spanning from the 1600s to present time and well as a section dedicated to cultural history. Finally, the Swedish Railway Museum (Rälsgatan 1), hosts a collection that began to accumulate in 1906 in Stockholm and which was moved to Gävle in 1970. Gävle has a theater dating back to the 1800s. It is still used for performances today, including classic theater, opera, variety and stand-up. There is also a concert hall in Gävle which was inaugurated in 1998. It is home to the 1912 Gävle Symphony Orchestra, whose principal conductor is Jaime Martín.", "\"Gefle Dagblad\" founded in 1895 and \"Arbetarbladet\" are the two leading media outlets covering Gävle in the papers. Both have a long history dating back to the early 1900s and the late 1800s, respectively. Aside from this, the Swedish national public TV broadcaster, SVT, has an editorial office in the city and the national public radio Sveriges radio broadcasts from the city.", "Gävle has teams competing in the highest national league in football (Gefle IF) as well as ice hockey (Brynäs IF) and floorball (Gävle GIK).", "The University College of Gävle currently enrolls 16,000 students. It offers over 800 courses and around 50 degree programs in technology, social and natural sciences, and the humanities. Its research profiles are \"Built Environment\" (\"Byggd miljö\") and \"Health in working life\" (\"Hälsofrämjande arbetsliv\"). Some courses are offered in English and are taken by both international and Swedish students.", "Gävle is known for being the birthplace of the Gevalia coffee brand, which is produced by Kraft General Foods Scandinavia and exported around the globe. Gevalia is particularly popular in the Americas and produces dozens of unique flavored coffees for the United States that are not available to its customers in Europe. However, visitors who come to the factory in Gävle can sample many of the premium blends. (Gevalia is the Latin name for Gävle). Other brands from Gävle include the throat lozenges Läkerol and the car-shaped sweets Ahlgrens Bilar. Gävle preserves the memory of the Swedish-American labor activist and martyr Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known as Joe Hill, who was born there in 1879. The Hägglund family home still stands in Gävle at the address Nedre Bergsgatan 28, in \"Gamla Stan\", the Old Town. it houses a museum and the \"Joe Hill-gården\", which hosts cultural events.", "The history of the Gävle goat began in 1966. Stig Gavlén came up with the idea of placing a giant version of the traditional Swedish Christmas goat of straw in Slottstorget (Castle Square) in central Gävle. On 1 December the 13-metre tall, 7-metre long, 3 tonne goat was erected on the square. At midnight on New Year's Eve, the goat went up in flames. The goat has since had a history of being burnt almost every year, 2005 being the 22nd time it was burnt. Burning the goat is an illegal act and not welcomed by most citizens of Gävle, but undoubtedly this is what has made the goat famous. In 2006 the goat was covered in a flame-resistant coating to prevent arson, enabling the goat to remain standing throughout that winter. On December 27, 2015, the goat was burnt for the 28th time.", "Gävle is a member city of Eurotowns network.", "Gävle Hospital has approximately 300 physicians, and serves an area of approximately 150.000 people. It has a centre for clinical research in cooperation with Uppsala University.", "Gävle is twinned with five cities:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77168, 214, 21656, 6153, 67595, 25, 7, 47219, 4, 37405, 509, 7228, 3114, 603, 111, 70, 61171, 214, 3378, 352, 95972, 5, 133698, 1919, 1690, 38529, 4, 764, 101637, 71, 70, 352, 95972, 221, 450, 12638, 111, 1919, 775, 7, 5809, 79986, 645, 2363, 10002, 60097, 3815, 1379, 70, 117396, 79986, 111, 2363, 67373, 5, 2091, 48625, 87, 509, 34475, 70, 44759, 111, 6, 88940, 748, 1284, 6637, 111, 40368, 456, 9, 428, 25826, 7, 390, 1919, 67373, 136, 70, 16750, 214, 52831, 933, 4, 764, 100512, 5045, 40715, 113138, 5, 14847, 37405, 70, 3065, 10821, 68, 71, 23, 382, 2839, 4, 1919, 88, 18557, 775, 4, 2091, 48625, 87, 4, 63043, 297, 645, 1484, 71, 16070, 645, 70, 64194, 939, 111, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 60097, 3815, 23, 142, 81887, 47, 456, 164779, 70, 14537, 764, 1902, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 1919, 1690, 38529, 237, 6, 88940, 748, 5, 1529, 2843, 8060, 297, 1919, 53297, 145204, 4, 73025, 73, 1995, 25, 7, 63043, 47, 62, 83150, 1212, 4, 10, 21334, 140280, 23, 70, 65272, 111, 70, 17819, 4745, 2773, 39, 5, 2091, 48625, 25, 7, 82953, 4, 37405, 70, 30839, 4, 136, 1919, 23552, 9, 6369, 9319, 28166, 70, 77462, 128120, 71, 47, 224344, 2091, 48625, 25, 7, 166, 56365, 73, 939, 136, 159978, 71, 1631, 26548, 4049, 5, 24372, 10, 59714, 53, 9782, 1631, 4, 1836, 8, 88981, 297, 2091, 48625, 99, 70, 99381, 111, 124003, 13650, 23, 382, 8894, 136, 28704, 297, 2363, 144, 87587, 23, 6, 181045, 678, 70, 180, 10519, 7, 111, 172567, 3129, 159978, 71, 2091, 48625, 51, 16086, 100, 70, 109343, 6, 42294, 86, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 100512, 109269, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 10, 9615, 19929, 5, 98423, 111, 70, 17262, 82953, 7, 509, 21771, 170920, 23, 1632, 60097, 3815, 12, 2091, 48625, 23, 70, 117604, 111, 98848, 74, 37405, 70, 30839, 23, 117604, 111, 1853, 124640, 74, 136, 28166, 70, 77462, 23, 70, 117604, 111, 62, 83150, 1212, 5, 24372, 2091, 48625, 25, 7, 47219, 23, 6, 136462, 4, 26655, 56, 54309, 7030, 53, 136, 61187, 56, 54309, 7030, 53, 15, 7614, 1577, 136, 212772, 16, 115081, 47, 1919, 50960, 775, 4, 28166, 111, 212772, 4, 136, 70, 47143, 214, 181991, 53, 144477, 111, 70, 47413, 7, 47, 1919, 17932, 775, 4, 2091, 48625, 1995, 4, 7103, 136565, 70, 1274, 9319, 188, 9351, 9393, 181991, 53, 509, 35839, 2091, 36228, 100285, 5, 1650, 2806, 7068, 24209, 5744, 53401, 219, 1212, 5, 2091, 48625, 25, 7, 88, 18557, 775, 4, 37405, 1995, 4, 23, 86151, 3674, 98848, 136, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 63043, 47, 70, 163628, 6, 42294, 86, 5, 581, 91853, 44961, 297, 142, 606, 3334, 6620, 47, 70, 10332, 17819, 4745, 114122, 111, 2878, 2661, 707, 45, 99017, 23, 3334, 217, 7154, 54940, 271, 10, 3114, 603, 25, 7, 775, 7, 4, 43257, 3501, 10014, 33781, 6644, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 23, 3334, 217, 7154, 390, 70, 88, 18557, 775, 16, 3129, 2806, 33662, 186, 30666, 297, 390, 15044, 17819, 4745, 60097, 3815, 7, 5, 66016, 70, 102256, 17819, 4745, 117604, 70163, 71, 140909, 53, 136, 166553, 3551, 132988, 7, 678, 70425, 70796, 36398, 7, 237, 442, 509, 27708, 297, 390, 70, 47413, 7, 4, 442, 509, 959, 10, 279, 2886, 77630, 939, 136, 33662, 38551, 297, 5, 3293, 7228, 442, 34844, 100, 10, 11001, 3114, 603, 47, 456, 93457, 21656, 6153, 67595, 25, 7, 352, 95972, 5, 87293, 28166, 70, 24967, 69307, 71, 903, 59335, 538, 5, 360, 6, 136462, 4, 70, 144477, 9022, 40059, 100512, 119371, 13, 2091, 36228, 100285, 4, 3129, 100512, 167956, 71, 390, 70, 1286, 113138, 117249, 450, 216479, 71, 1810, 111, 10542, 46676, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 9942, 16, 136, 24453, 46676, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 4, 102126, 194, 83479, 7, 111, 60097, 7, 111, 9942, 136, 102126, 3542, 51, 2886, 47, 137633, 10, 11037, 79986, 645, 2091, 48625, 25, 7, 60097, 3815, 5, 51404, 70, 144477, 111, 2091, 36228, 100285, 509, 7068, 150350, 71, 111, 41371, 76726, 4, 70, 127067, 9022, 50960, 111, 2091, 36228, 100285, 4, 5987, 8509, 9, 866, 50248, 1212, 4, 509, 52350, 71, 4420, 136, 100, 927, 17721, 9942, 136, 102126, 1295, 70, 543, 927, 47, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 729, 14604, 4, 442, 115081, 47, 9942, 7103, 70, 47219, 111, 192671, 636, 52878, 44275, 4, 2750, 1902, 163629, 71, 70, 10776, 1295, 70, 30839, 235477, 7, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 181103, 21067, 131290, 86658, 70, 5550, 111, 28820, 127, 144053, 1830, 21067, 9185, 13521, 131290, 5, 360, 159983, 4, 5987, 8509, 9, 866, 50248, 1212, 100512, 30839, 4, 7103, 70, 91375, 53, 111, 55386, 7, 3478, 136, 6863, 30839, 756, 3387, 645, 70, 92265, 23, 70, 36160, 9, 683, 6563, 39209, 5550, 7435, 5757, 9444, 87905, 5, 360, 45913, 4, 442, 100512, 92265, 13438, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 236389, 5173, 98864, 4, 25632, 70, 92265, 91375, 53, 645, 70, 30839, 7, 23, 6661, 5550, 87, 15, 176311, 9, 165826, 194, 360, 27712, 4, 102126, 456, 26942, 425, 297, 5987, 8509, 9, 866, 50248, 1212, 25632, 102126, 25, 7, 65771, 116000, 191, 111, 9942, 5, 201106, 4, 23, 18608, 4, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 15, 169874, 9, 99270, 247, 5987, 8509, 9, 866, 50248, 1212, 509, 18652, 47314, 237, 92265, 181991, 53, 4, 3129, 442, 47143, 7, 47, 903, 5155, 4, 1286, 3501, 10, 199823, 5369, 7103, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 1446, 20380, 5, 581, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 102256, 17819, 4745, 117604, 2843, 217773, 297, 70, 45, 6548, 2481, 111, 70, 89176, 4267, 73, 60243, 4, 3129, 70560, 297, 3934, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 4804, 67530, 111, 1446, 20380, 4, 181141, 23, 8055, 382, 11548, 4, 509, 70, 5117, 111, 70, 85689, 3387, 450, 101637, 71, 70, 61171, 214, 3378, 145359, 3934, 17262, 60097, 3815, 7, 54940, 70, 17262, 613, 686, 6496, 775, 7, 111, 37405, 70, 3065, 10821, 4, 2750, 509, 70, 775, 111, 21656, 6153, 67595, 5, 581, 85689, 53, 4, 181141, 23, 1446, 20380, 9, 7102, 9, 594, 26988, 4, 134620, 70, 17262, 9, 46799, 61171, 214, 3378, 18543, 5550, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Provisions.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Following Charlemagne's death, Louis was made ruler of the Carolingian empire. During his reign, he divided the empire so that each of his sons could rule over their own kingdom under the greater rule of their father. Lothair I was given the title of emperor but because of several re-divisions by his father and the resulting revolts, he became much less powerful. When Louis the Pious died in 840, his eldest son, Lothair I, claimed overlordship over the entirety of his father's kingdom in an attempt to reclaim the power he had at the beginning of his reign as emperor. He also supported his nephew, Pepin II's claim to Aquitaine, a large province in the west of the Frankish realm. Lothair's brother, Louis the German, and his half-brother Charles the Bald refused to acknowledge Lothair's suzerainty and declared war against him. After a bloody civil war, they defeated Lothair at the Battle of Fontenay in 841 and sealed their alliance in 842 with the Oaths of Strasbourg which declared Lothair unfit for the imperial throne, after which he became willing to negotiate a settlement.", "Each of the three brothers was already established in one kingdom: Lothair in the Kingdom of Italy; Louis the German in Kingdom of Bavaria; and Charles the Bald in the Kingdom of Aquitaine. After Lothair's death in 855, Upper Burgundy and Lower Burgundy (Arles and Provence) passed to his third son, Charles of Provence, and the remaining territory north of the Alps to his second son, Lothair II, after whom the hitherto nameless territory was called Lotharingia. It would then become modern Lorraine. Lothair's eldest son, Louis II, inherited Italy and his father's claim to the Imperial throne.", "The division reflected an adherence to the old Frankish custom of partible or divisible inheritance amongst a ruler's sons, rather than primogeniture (i.e., inheritance by the eldest son) which would soon be adopted by both Frankish kingdoms. Since the Middle Frankish Kingdom combined lengthy and vulnerable land borders with poor internal communications as it was severed by the Alps, it was not a viable entity and soon fragmented. This made it difficult for a single ruler to reassemble Charlemagne's empire. Only Charles the Fat achieved this briefly. In 855, the northern section became fragile Lotharingia, which became disputed by the more powerful states that evolved out of West Francia (i.e., France) and East Francia (i.e., Germany). Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair's kingdom. While the north of Lotharingia was then composed of independent countries, the southern third of Lotharingia, Alsace-Lorraine, was traded back and forth between France and Germany from the 18th to the 20th century. In 1766, it passed to France after the death of Stanisław Leszczyński, who had acquired the region from the German Habsburgs by the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ending the War of Polish Succession (1733-1738). In 1871, Alsace-Lorraine became German, after the victory of Prussia and its German allies over the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). In 1919, it became French again by the Treaty of Versailles (1919), following the French victory over the Germans in World War I (1914-1918). In 1940, Germany reannexed Alsace-Lorraine following Germany's successful invasion of France. Finally, in 1945, after World War II (1939-1945), Alsace-Lorraine was solidified as French territory, which it remains to this day, more than a thousand years after the Treaty of Verdun. The collapse of the Middle Frankish Kingdom also compounded the disunity of the Italian Peninsula, which persisted into the 19th century." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 9351, 44, 65331, 1272, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 25074, 83429, 13, 44, 65331, 830, 15, 33781, 4935, 67824, 111, 44, 6609, 18939, 91084, 44, 132, 11902, 66, 16, 3687, 111, 209201, 7, 830, 136, 44, 1272, 830, 91084, 44, 36417, 429, 740, 360, 70, 37410, 162, 35513, 15, 22000, 616, 927, 142642, 16, 70, 3687, 83, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 1660, 44, 36119, 58, 91084, 44, 497, 538, 3687, 4, 3687, 111, 225415, 740, 7275, 1272, 83, 68018, 35839, 44, 3957, 6406, 111, 24009, 7, 58, 707, 44, 3957, 6406, 111, 4518, 5425, 740, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 32692, 111, 7275, 1272, 83, 51, 106290, 73, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 51529, 47, 765, 2809, 10, 11698, 111, 1143, 206, 8915, 184, 10932, 18351, 19831, 5, 1650, 509, 23, 54815, 3674, 237, 39395, 237, 70, 47002, 72944, 4, 31895, 6637, 111, 70, 17203, 47, 63335, 7401, 136, 10, 6083, 182, 38648, 5, 360, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 4, 7275, 1272, 234120, 4, 171332, 47, 12190, 23213, 4, 509, 64549, 297, 5, 1650, 509, 456, 2420, 20051, 23, 70, 702, 927, 142642, 47, 6863, 43581, 170894, 4, 136, 509, 51521, 538, 142096, 23, 427, 2588, 4, 390, 70, 333, 10534, 111, 70, 187951, 26349, 111, 200356, 24073, 73, 18150, 22288, 51029, 48752, 289, 3789, 106820, 90, 3542, 2843, 64549, 297, 23, 70, 22, 1159, 214, 202032, 90, 5, 581, 26349, 21917, 1162, 67175, 4, 45458, 47, 70, 30839, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 19175, 5, 581, 4488, 98, 70, 15789, 58982, 509, 47041, 186, 6967, 23, 70, 427, 927, 142642, 5, 62, 67688, 65964, 4, 442, 509, 456, 978, 24908, 47, 58359, 6863, 43581, 155955, 4, 1030, 3181, 2852, 70, 62816, 48242, 47, 42844, 4, 102971, 3060, 47, 42844, 3542, 959, 64549, 297, 24189, 70, 423, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 15789, 66769, 83, 7464, 21334, 538, 202810, 5, 360, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 22759, 8927, 927, 142642, 15, 178028, 22820, 2525, 16, 7275, 1272, 509, 99, 70, 155955, 111, 6863, 180187, 136, 79507, 4, 136, 442, 509, 20271, 903, 1733, 450, 36293, 7, 111, 74403, 86527, 4, 10, 5423, 111, 5786, 6032, 131703, 450, 1902, 134744, 79507, 23, 70, 129435, 136, 107314, 4, 3542, 31895, 205746, 3674, 5, 360, 702, 11540, 4, 212078, 509, 158, 944, 2822, 390, 134552, 1727, 7610, 111, 146864, 5, 106, 4, 10253, 212078, 1314, 3542, 152388, 23, 133868, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 26349, 5, 134552, 1727, 47, 107, 7565, 2831, 111, 70, 58982, 4, 5423, 1257, 17262, 58696, 115393, 35781, 8080, 136, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 15504, 1919, 453, 5078, 184, 47, 34777, 4588, 70, 59444, 117934, 1836, 3542, 152382, 678, 115392, 136, 86761, 5, 581, 7275, 1272, 26349, 67373, 7, 211394, 297, 70, 35968, 4, 678, 106820, 90, 43613, 20051, 111, 2363, 167224, 7, 5, 134552, 1727, 49814, 44, 605, 214, 111, 212078, 58, 47, 1919, 44759, 5303, 5, 18763, 39734, 111, 7275, 1272, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 19175, 4, 127841, 27686, 450, 19175, 3934, 1631, 678, 146864, 74, 49903, 4, 21208, 134552, 1727, 509, 168861, 3934, 67842, 121215, 7, 4, 764, 10267, 122009, 7275, 1272, 237, 10, 188676, 26349, 5, 360, 702, 12183, 4, 191554, 136, 702, 16665, 4, 442, 509, 39958, 136, 12266, 7944, 297, 390, 70, 49643, 39181, 67921, 7, 4, 78312, 90, 2750, 5630, 6259, 70, 129435, 27414, 5, 893, 23, 2113, 214, 187, 1176, 111, 1413, 12762, 6402, 114996, 7, 158, 944, 2822, 212078, 23, 702, 16665, 4, 163684, 297, 7275, 1272, 136, 14700, 2118, 71, 70, 49643, 39181, 67921, 7, 5, 360, 616, 6463, 4, 12801, 18897, 225051, 542, 24250, 6475, 111, 70, 1413, 12762, 6402, 114996, 7, 142027, 71, 88669, 678, 70, 193913, 32528, 111, 192286, 399, 390, 143092, 70, 90695, 111, 212078, 47, 44109, 94037, 111, 146864, 4, 65782, 136, 71006, 5, 360, 616, 1662, 4, 70, 103993, 4, 188676, 136, 187951, 18813, 51838, 111, 663, 1991, 7925, 1902, 70, 37702, 133, 111, 582, 101864, 64549, 297, 4, 136, 9615, 6259, 66570, 2685, 100, 77488, 76456, 5369, 4, 20271, 3129, 70, 26349, 20513, 538, 100512, 10, 78312, 90, 25, 91280, 4, 136, 70, 97879, 1870, 3674, 5, 1301, 111, 616, 5757, 4, 70, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 19175, 3332, 134699, 297, 7275, 1272, 25, 7, 10778, 237, 10, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 59444, 5, 360, 423, 2588, 4, 70, 2704, 102310, 21449, 5, 360, 70, 188676, 6, 42294, 86, 2799, 42, 7962, 4, 70, 61024, 92712, 4, 10, 5153, 6406, 111, 70, 152239, 12610, 145359, 136, 10, 105207, 32786, 111, 70, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 19175, 4, 8060, 297, 120025, 92, 87, 4, 12960, 156005, 12876, 1272, 70, 188676, 23607, 42, 111, 212078, 5775, 46526, 100, 14949, 1995, 4, 3853, 7103, 14949, 25, 7, 51521, 199747, 2320, 23, 423, 3742, 5, 51404, 12876, 1272, 5775, 46526, 10, 116338, 22631, 23, 71006, 4, 70, 61024, 92712, 1314, 65771, 538, 52875, 297, 7275, 1272, 136, 5423, 70, 26349, 98, 11476, 1295, 22759, 15271, 5, 4966, 51, 5062, 38134, 21329, 712, 144239, 4, 40368, 106820, 90, 188545, 71, 99, 5117, 5, 581, 106820, 90, 111, 2907, 5, 14631, 15, 143321, 21771, 1902, 2809, 155738, 8108, 247, 2907, 5, 171184, 136, 2907, 5, 8022, 9774, 112, 3542, 57, 76622, 390, 61024, 92712, 25, 7, 187, 1176, 5, 17106, 70, 23491, 1363, 4, 756, 106820, 90, 40494, 2907, 5, 4939, 4, 3129, 100512, 70, 26349, 366, 4745, 4, 3542, 155738, 5, 360, 423, 3882, 4, 70, 130367, 7, 111, 7275, 1272, 57, 76622, 70, 106820, 111, 70, 152239, 40067, 2481, 4, 707, 70, 106820, 111, 22929, 47443, 15, 16, 23, 52758, 429, 100, 70, 12266, 7944, 214, 111, 2363, 59444, 5, 360, 423, 9185, 1104, 10289, 4, 70, 3525, 188676, 23607, 42, 4, 4, 8, 82925, 67175, 2907, 5, 4939, 25, 7, 136, 2907, 5, 7948, 25, 7, 106820, 90, 47, 52295, 70, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 1919, 37702, 133, 582, 101864, 7, 24897, 18, 5, 2907, 5, 23213, 25, 7, 234120, 47143, 297, 70, 4568, 123309, 106820, 136, 100512, 70, 3525, 26349, 366, 4745, 5, 212078, 509, 13438, 39958, 3934, 71006, 25, 7, 139355, 23, 611, 4633, 4, 390, 70, 4804, 67530, 111, 13008, 17992, 184, 6369, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7275, 1272, 15, 16, 83, 10, 4000, 2481, 136, 70, 40, 257, 111, 212078, 18319, 2481, 23, 212078, 47064, 4, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 212078, 4, 71006, 678, 744, 4, 94375, 23, 109261, 16037, 4, 5, 7275, 1272, 83, 2843, 70, 56877, 289, 1957, 100, 70, 17893, 329, 184, 111, 7275, 1272, 5, 581, 15745, 13, 11, 9523, 26349, 111, 7275, 1272, 83, 106926, 78458, 70, 2965, 9, 9518, 56, 4126, 92264, 26349, 23, 192286, 399, 136, 16792, 11857, 4, 442, 1556, 2809, 98, 70, 46015, 6661, 182999, 1764, 5303, 5, 2022, 4021, 70, 2684, 135818, 186768, 47143, 7, 621, 70, 4989, 59444, 58982, 450, 22, 82063, 1577, 70, 59444, 27585, 4, 136, 10, 14012, 111, 106820, 73573, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Geography.", "Climate.", "Infrastructure.", "Transport.", "Utilities.", "Sights and events.", "Culture and the arts.", "Sports.", "Notable people." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The name \"Visby\" comes from the Old Norse \"Vis\", (genitive singular of \"Vi\") meaning \"(pagan) place of sacrifices\", and \"by\", meaning \"village\". In the Gutasagan (mid 14th century) the place is referred to as just \"Wi\" meaning \"holy place, place of worship\". Visby is sometimes called \"The City of Roses\" or \"The City of Ruins\".", "The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandise around 900 AD. It was inhabited as early as the Stone Age, probably because of the access to fresh water and a natural harbour. In the 12th century, Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance, and was officially opened in 1225, by the bishop of the Swedish city of Linköping (\"in regional map\"). Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centuries. The city flourished, thanks to the German Hanseatic League. The work on the ring wall was likely begun in the 12th century. Around 1300, it was rebuilt to reach its current height, acquiring the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ringwall is still largely intact. In the first half of the fourteenth century (1300-1350) Visby was at the height of its wealth and influence, and it was during this time that Laws of Wisbuy, a set of maritime laws that had broad influence in the Baltic and beyond, were probably promulgated. In 1361, Gotland was conquered by Valdemar IV of Denmark. 1,800 Gotlanders were killed in battle in front of the city. Valdemar tore down part of the wall, set up three huge beer barrels and threatened to turn his men loose to pillage the town unless they were filled with silver and gold. The Visby city fathers fulfilled the demand, with churches stripped of their valuables. Valdemar added \"King of Gotland\" to his title list. His treatment of Visby, a member of the Hanseatic League, precipitated that League into war with Denmark; however, though Valdemar was forced into various concessions, he retained Visby as a Danish city. In 1391, 1394 and 1398, it was taken and plundered by the Victual Brothers, pirates who sailed the Baltic Sea. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered Gotland in 1398, destroyed Visby and expelled the Victual Brothers. In 1409, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In 1411, the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish King Eric of Pomerania had the castle of Visborg constructed, and settled himself there for twelve years, during which the city virtually became a pirates' nest, and the commerce halted. As of 1470, the Hanseatic League rescinded Visby's status as a Hanseatic town. In 1525, the final blow came. In the Danish throne quarrel, the Lübeck, a Free City of the Holy Roman Empire and a leading member of the Hanseatic League, supported Frederick I, while Søren Norby the Danish governor of Gotland fought for Christian II, even after Christian's official resignation in 1523. While Norby fought a military action in Sweden, the Lübeckers successfully attacked Visby and set the city on fire from four sites. But unlike widespread belief, several churches survived at first. The churches of St. James (which already had been closed before), St. Nicholas and St. Gertrude were sacked by Lübeck's army. With the reformation, all churches except St. John, which became the city parish, were closed. In 1528, the citizens of Visby sacked the church of the Holy Trinity, or the church of Our Lord () in revenge for the plundering of their town. In 1533–34, the new Danish governor,, demolished St. John's and St. Peter's churches to improve the defence of his castle Visborgs slott. St. Mary's Cathedral remained the last functional church and became the new city parish. Gotland was again taken into Sweden's possession in 1645, by the Treaty of Brömsebro, after 300 years of Danish rule. The city developed slowly as things were left as they were. In the mid 18th century, after a plague had reduced Visby's population, some attempts were made by Swedish government officials to improve living standards, but little was accomplished. Not until the early 19th century did Visby once again attract commerce and a harbour industry. At the same time – 1808 – Gotland was conquered by Russia, but was peacefully taken back by the Swedes after only a couple of months.", "Visby is the name of the locality, or town, as well as the name of the larger area surrounding it, Visby socken. In 1936, the socken was incorporated within the newly formed Visby stad (Visby city), the only locality with historical city status on Gotland. Visby socken comprises the same area as the administrative Visby District, established on 1January 2016., Visby Cathedral, Visborg Church and Terra Nova Church in Visby belong to Visby Cathedral parish (\"Visby Domkyrkoförsamling\"). Visby is also the only municipality seat of Sweden that is accessible from the mainland only by boat and air traffic. Visby is situated on the central west coast of Gotland, on the rather steep slopes of limestone cliffs surrounding the first natural harbor. The town has evolved around the medieval harbor that now constitutes the Almedalen park. Long streets run parallel with the old shoreline with shorter alleys at a straight angle from these, lead from the harbor and up the slope up to the eastern higher part of town known as \"Klinten\". The old, original part of Visby is more or less enclosed by the city wall to the north, east and south, with the old harbor and the Baltic Sea in the west. The more modern parts of the town expand mostly east and inland from the wall. Along the shore south of the wall is the modern harbor with its ferry terminals and further south is a green recreational area called Södra Hällarna. Just inside the north part of the wall as well as along the north coast outside the wall, are several beaches: Kallbadhuset, Norderstrand, Snäckgärdsbaden (or simply Snäck) and Gustavsvik. Visby and Tallinn are the only two North-European towns in which the city's medieval grid plan has been fully preserved into present day. One of the asteroids in the asteroid belt, 6102 Visby, is named after this place.", "According to the Köppen climate classification, Visby has an oceanic climate. This renders cooler summers and milder winters than most of mainland Sweden. However, in spite of its marine position the climate is very much influenced by continental airflows. The precipitation amount is quite moderated, especially for an oceanic climate, but is relatively consistent throughout the year.", "", "Visby is linked to the mainland of Sweden by ferry and by plane. Ferries arrive from both Oskarshamn in Småland and Nynäshamn, near Stockholm, each taking about three hours. The ferries are run by Destination Gotland and subsidized by the Swedish government. Destination Gotland is the only ferry operator – in summer 2016, independent shipping company Gotlandsbåten ran ferries to Västervik and Nynäshamn, but this service was unprofitable and was not repeated in 2017. Visby Airport is located about north of the city and offers connections to the Swedish mainland. With 467,857 passengers in 2018, it is the 9th largest airport in Sweden. Daily flights to Stockholm Arlanda Airport is a common way to reach or depart from the island. There are also city buses in Visby as well as buses to other parts of Gotland. Visby gave its name to the 1968 Visby Amendments, which were an amendment of the Hague Rules of shipping law, leading to the Hague–Visby Rules. Visby was previously served by two railway lines, the which ran from Lärbro in the north, to Burgsvik in the south, via Visby harbour and the, south to Visborgsslätt and Västerhejde. The first line, from Visby to Hemse was started in 1878, under the auspices of the Gotland Railway. Passenger transport was discontinued in September 1960. Freight traffic on the Slakteriet – Visby port route ran until May 1962. The last sections of the port track in Visby were removed in March 1964. Visby railway station, just south of the Söderport on Söderväg, was completed in 1878 and is one of the few remaining vestiges of the railway in Visby.", "Near Visby, there is the static inverter plant for the first HVDC interconnection of a windpark (HVDC Visby–Näs).", "During the first week of July, Visby is the scene of the Almedalen Week, an important forum for everyone involved in Swedish politics. During the week, representatives from the major political parties in Sweden take turns giving speeches in the Almedalen park. In August, the tourist season is at its peak. During week 32, from Sunday to Sunday, the annual Medieval Week on Gotland is held. During this week regularly dressed tourists are outnumbered by people dressed in Medieval costumes. The festival started in 1984. There are a variety of events: music, jesters, theatre, a medieval market, jousting tournaments and much more. The headquarter of the World Ecological Forum is in Visby.", "Swedish author Mari Jungstedt has set nine detective novels on the island of Gotland. The principal character, DS Anders Knutas, is based at police headquarters in Visby, and there are numerous descriptive passages of the city and the island. Hayao Miyazaki noted that Visby is the main visual inspiration for the town in \"Kiki's Delivery Service\", with elements of other locations such as Stockholm also blended in. In 1971 Ingmar Bergman filmed \"The Touch\" (1971) (\"Beröringen\") with Bibi Andersson, Max von Sydow and Elliott Gould in Visby. Visby is home to Baltic Centre for Writers and Translators and Visby International Centre for Composers.", "The following sports clubs are located in Visby:", "A number of notable people have originated from Visby, they are included in the Gotland list." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 18763, 39395, 42486, 7, 111, 30260, 1294, 26698, 44, 139117, 1830, 111, 70, 64883, 58, 5173, 120840, 136, 44, 4657, 36716, 1830, 707, 11954, 58, 5173, 119959, 5, 360, 26748, 4, 764, 54397, 44, 40798, 24293, 111, 133466, 830, 70, 30260, 1294, 7440, 764, 5117, 80723, 47, 142156, 13, 98, 2856, 90, 6044, 237, 145042, 16070, 4, 34391, 59801, 7, 4, 136, 41205, 51, 2481, 5, 18763, 14432, 42840, 111, 30260, 1294, 26698, 44, 20861, 86385, 111, 70, 60861, 58, 5173, 134463, 136, 44, 4153, 10, 13769, 18, 26977, 191, 58, 15, 157992, 194, 884, 14797, 129083, 22282, 71, 27165, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 8884, 5, 51620, 17514, 111, 1919, 4488, 3542, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 14941, 23, 44, 618, 74797, 53, 663, 195, 7, 111, 129418, 884, 14797, 129083, 58, 15, 124168, 16, 136, 44, 284, 14407, 214, 100, 70, 30948, 12, 51620, 297, 663, 195, 7, 111, 89811, 884, 14797, 129083, 58, 15, 125936, 74, 1311, 8079, 193266, 21072, 4, 2691, 16, 3900, 143, 3674, 390, 77330, 3905, 112, 5, 18763, 5117, 12877, 4, 44, 6589, 6332, 188, 830, 59121, 17721, 58410, 136, 70970, 136, 91376, 23, 10556, 10661, 23, 61786, 4, 83, 70, 4488, 111, 142, 23, 25258, 18750, 30260, 2750, 1556, 959, 14373, 14037, 1919, 10002, 54479, 5, 581, 10, 4503, 27686, 16610, 51389, 136, 4927, 100, 4927, 25, 7, 72018, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 111, 20178, 94691, 41994, 2746, 1255, 136, 70954, 143608, 2746, 28468, 25820, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 70, 19914, 48242, 28, 3089, 90, 111, 54704, 289, 195374, 30260, 1294, 1295, 70, 43114, 72944, 4, 41866, 7868, 53, 27669, 8, 143705, 136, 527, 5800, 76312, 5, 360, 70, 25632, 5369, 4, 17721, 61786, 136, 60775, 4, 2685, 83, 10, 53560, 15549, 23, 884, 14797, 129083, 25, 7, 30260, 1771, 145520, 5, 156241, 390, 70, 1653, 13, 26531, 25251, 111, 195195, 8780, 15, 157225, 538, 79281, 41447, 402, 1674, 136, 59315, 4273, 11, 15477, 16, 136, 390, 142523, 4, 764, 30666, 7, 117303, 30260, 1294, 24073, 139117, 1830, 111, 70, 64883, 830, 61540, 247, 4092, 51389, 4, 136, 111719, 538, 195195, 150624, 6044, 237, 4092, 51389, 136, 70, 37831, 6635, 29569, 24073, 294, 47416, 7, 1884, 156903, 830, 60775, 74, 44, 4657, 36716, 1830, 707, 11954, 830, 61540, 74, 44, 40798, 24293, 111, 133466, 830, 26748, 16, 237, 1919, 3173, 111, 125195, 5, 581, 10, 13, 237398, 7, 111, 6097, 85745, 7, 621, 193, 30494, 289, 4, 136, 70, 125195, 32497, 20903, 47, 44, 118664, 830, 3853, 15490, 26946, 214, 442, 237, 10, 10269, 192, 111, 109208, 5, 62, 10617, 678, 195195, 8780, 4, 70, 30260, 14602, 959, 5646, 98, 2499, 40250, 4, 959, 3853, 70, 6, 186518, 4, 136, 4092, 7, 66570, 5, 27669, 8759, 3187, 11, 5809, 5154, 12, 44, 23562, 42, 51389, 83, 1884, 33720, 37076, 1242, 3493, 23, 21543, 1919, 20623, 19095, 7, 51, 179193, 297, 182352, 1771, 21261, 2449, 6044, 237, 70, 131983, 297, 93325, 24073, 294, 47416, 7, 1884, 156903, 18939, 707, 70, 183234, 2837, 461, 8766, 4935, 108, 80140, 24073, 4657, 36716, 1830, 707, 11954, 74054, 70, 59058, 61217, 15190, 7, 4, 70, 51, 40899, 71, 48869, 26582, 4, 22, 26932, 214, 15490, 9655, 70, 182352, 1771, 97370, 2449, 111, 70, 195374, 30260, 1771, 46876, 4, 1660, 237, 6389, 318, 2512, 31, 4, 527, 5800, 76312, 136, 65787, 2746, 930, 124175, 4, 12638, 1632, 10, 6782, 40964, 1290, 111, 16500, 12259, 46876, 4, 6777, 23, 70, 11015, 5, 581, 30260, 176016, 7, 5161, 237, 10, 6083, 4, 51, 168080, 2886, 37772, 450, 36356, 7, 7565, 756, 14135, 205969, 7, 136, 35778, 20650, 7, 70, 101805, 10836, 39, 678, 3129, 100510, 81887, 7, 47, 158, 27227, 442, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 129418, 101903, 31, 76012, 4043, 112319, 365, 884, 14797, 129083, 113, 6035, 365, 15, 74, 1381, 7071, 117752, 46, 616, 14487, 20986, 16, 509, 10, 195374, 30260, 2750, 509, 103122, 23, 503, 10745, 5, 884, 14797, 129083, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 100, 95935, 13, 23, 27193, 44, 2472, 10, 85403, 30260, 1771, 32562, 3129, 166116, 1636, 332, 25, 7, 35431, 23, 70, 191725, 7, 136, 23, 13379, 9, 5636, 100510, 4, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 33636, 214, 70, 6782, 75312, 8202, 111, 70, 40250, 7, 111, 195374, 30260, 1294, 17721, 70, 1631, 7, 740, 1529, 509, 2831, 111, 70, 83479, 111, 242, 3768, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "His works.", "Pure poetry.", "Surreal poetry." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "His early collections of poetry include \"Passion of the Earth\" (1935) and \"Destruction or Love\" (1933). In 1944, he wrote \"Shadow of Paradise\", the poetry where he first began to concentrate on themes such as fellowship, friendliness, and spiritual unity. His later books of poetry include \"History of the Heart\" (1954) and \"In a Vast Dominion\" (1962). Aleixandre studied law at the University of Madrid. Selections of his work were translated into English in \"Twenty Poems of Vicente Aleixandre\" (1977) and \"A Longing for the Light: Selected Poems of Vincent Aleixandre\" (1979; Copper Canyon Press, 2007) translated by Lewis Hyde.", "His first book, \"Ámbito\", written between 1924 and 1927 and published in Málaga in 1928, is the work of an incipient poet who has not yet found his own voice. The assonated short verse and art for art's sake aesthetics of Juan Ramón Jiménez and Jorge Guillén prevail, in addition to the ultraistic echoes of classical Spanish poetry from the Golden Age, especially Fray Luis de León and Góngora.", "In the following years, between 1928 and 1932, there is a radical change in Aleixandre's poetic conception. Inspired by the predecessors of surrealism (especially Arthur Rimbaud and Lautréamont) and by Freud, he adopts prose poetry (\"Passion of the Earth\", 1935), free verse, and plainly surreal methods such as free verse and the visionary image (\"Swords like Lips\", 1932; \"Destruction or Love\", 1935; \"Shadow of Paradise\", 1944) as his form of expression. The aesthetics of these poems are irrational, and the expression comes close to \"flow\", even without accepting it as a dogma of faith. Along with surrealism, the poet does not take on any tradition, not even the metric, and frees himself. Luis Cernuda could say: \"Your verse is like nothing else.\" And in effect his style brings unpublished stylistic novelties such as the inverted simile (\"Swords like Lips\") or the equivalent disjunctive nexus (\"Destruction or Love\"), the hyperbole adds, the uncoded dream symbol, enriching without question the stylistic possibilities of the Spanish poetic language, just as Garcilaso, Góngora and Rubén Darío, each one a great renovator of lyric language, did in the past. The poet celebrates love as a natural, ungovernable force that breaks down all human limitations and criticizes the conventionalism with which society attempts to conquer it." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7525, 561, 583, 6949, 7, 4240, 4772, 14083, 313, 596, 1863, 9248, 15, 94068, 12342, 6431, 16, 509, 103122, 23, 667, 12083, 1863, 15, 7192, 15227, 10010, 2069, 4, 97160, 309, 37534, 44, 7235, 206, 934, 18939, 707, 4966, 7, 21393, 3232, 15, 191697, 10010, 2069, 247, 28820, 127, 5932, 15, 92733, 28032, 70, 5489, 2955, 9, 841, 28391, 9893, 145359, 247, 5036, 18363, 934, 4, 82739, 5, 90512, 538, 4, 1919, 5622, 111, 127319, 98, 70, 1529, 143006, 87939, 509, 543, 4908, 190, 202400, 15, 105214, 53, 1381, 247, 1284, 764, 11343, 2804, 1919, 101207, 509, 98, 70, 845, 114686, 4271, 5155, 111, 384, 7230, 335, 25, 45475, 4, 70, 56740, 927, 111, 4908, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 7224, 6511, 5919, 112, 1436, 14, 1391, 85681, 4, 509, 186094, 297, 237, 10, 152131, 4, 1284, 79786, 23, 70, 16387, 52350, 4, 136, 1902, 5941, 94878, 7, 54940, 70, 1391, 172, 5771, 4, 18763, 42732, 25, 7, 5609, 1902, 21941, 47, 70, 3574, 95865, 5771, 5, 1529, 6777, 959, 29966, 10696, 136, 509, 10696, 297, 390, 1919, 27863, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 35187, 214, 845, 114686, 7986, 7, 4, 12342, 6431, 22282, 71, 32562, 7, 111, 70, 1391, 937, 1566, 4, 136, 509, 2843, 121314, 297, 23, 30839, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 136659, 4, 764, 80723, 47, 33022, 23, 1529, 143006, 136, 6, 185820, 4, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 423, 4, 764, 91376, 1919, 5117, 85745, 46, 10, 6, 185820, 85745, 1672, 70, 40034, 402, 6562, 33876, 832, 51661, 11, 5, 1529, 136475, 47, 33022, 85745, 7, 136, 43515, 23, 1529, 143006, 136, 6, 185820, 4, 3129, 3542, 91376, 23, 5932, 5, 360, 81139, 4, 764, 109133, 47, 823, 17123, 23, 180, 139891, 76382, 13, 5, 581, 5117, 13765, 764, 91376, 2685, 509, 44, 284, 6967, 818, 58, 24073, 18537, 88855, 5140, 3132, 74054, 3129, 118775, 450, 5701, 6602, 23, 70, 68828, 44, 6495, 1135, 306, 56, 1242, 1529, 11814, 70, 5551, 9351, 44, 54431, 6431, 4, 58, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 44759, 111, 70, 13765, 4, 3129, 764, 30666, 297, 237, 1919, 51521, 613, 11627, 23, 58410, 5, 360, 64972, 4, 44, 18537, 88855, 5140, 3132, 58, 509, 3900, 143, 3674, 3934, 30839, 5, 360, 62977, 4, 99, 70, 2780, 9966, 111, 6949, 7, 4240, 4368, 39, 140724, 56, 4, 764, 91376, 10, 21261, 143, 4, 44, 26455, 41052, 1391, 25, 11, 2810, 636, 2179, 5922, 58, 24073, 3957, 24727, 685, 297, 159, 29907, 873, 64337, 7832, 22553, 51029, 360, 70351, 4, 12342, 6431, 109133, 47, 102126, 4, 7440, 764, 435, 187776, 66128, 7435, 18949, 9, 168449, 194, 10660, 139505, 23, 23031, 136, 1902, 6626, 20020, 5, 360, 102126, 764, 158930, 23, 10271, 136, 12745, 27762, 13593, 1248, 122, 46439, 5173, 3117, 1104, 82839, 5, 106802, 57747, 11960, 4, 10, 8063, 669, 136, 14432, 2843, 80299, 56, 4, 100512, 1919, 82575, 53, 32926, 136, 4092, 71, 4049, 1295, 53477, 6, 23432, 10484, 5, 28090, 66426, 98, 4, 1919, 4488, 509, 91376, 390, 57747, 11960, 83266, 4, 136, 1919, 16610, 43515, 118775, 186085, 23, 70, 73962, 44, 6495, 1046, 9136, 830, 2843, 6, 157272, 390, 70, 57747, 11960, 14449, 5, 360, 102126, 4, 764, 136475, 47, 33022, 16610, 43515, 136, 57119, 3674, 678, 6470, 667, 1297, 98, 142, 142, 927, 25443, 111, 1391, 172, 18403, 43515, 5, 52455, 111, 1919, 39395, 42840, 118775, 23, 667, 1297, 25, 7, 44, 1375, 3449, 71, 55008, 138512, 58, 15, 211707, 194, 581, 153161, 12479, 379, 27686, 4, 40, 25667, 30839, 845, 19725, 4, 667, 1297, 136, 86914, 83416, 39862, 872, 54940, 2856, 4, 90698, 12342, 6431, 47, 186, 10, 148436, 67, 456, 9120, 4, 8035, 10, 167821, 332, 4, 16031, 678, 845, 114686, 26499, 3408, 5, 8022, 7, 29521, 126093, 195, 35839, 4049, 44, 2347, 845, 19725, 25, 845, 434, 740, 360, 58410, 4, 10, 11476, 7155, 350, 1810, 23, 1919, 5368, 4, 163684, 214, 1919, 29053, 32032, 7, 136, 41207, 12877, 42486, 5, 3293, 112731, 1771, 19732, 13081, 6423, 1257, 46505, 25958, 23, 1919, 43515, 5, 147466, 450, 6602, 4, 12342, 6431, 176377, 47, 76382, 13, 136, 9615, 6259, 678, 1919, 14449, 23, 70, 58332, 205277, 111, 10656, 20402, 18, 5, 360, 54566, 4, 1919, 35773, 1294, 509, 163684, 297, 13438, 20271, 2874, 9, 11670, 114686, 1427, 30591, 5, 14847, 1919, 21261, 44, 841, 934, 76, 6489, 154399, 58, 24073, 3957, 15640, 2465, 4171, 2146, 53, 18939, 118775, 23, 66426, 47, 6782, 130306, 1030, 164779, 4, 12342, 6431, 25, 7, 3687, 23, 1529, 143006, 163136, 509, 92784, 71, 5, 360, 61540, 4, 764, 91376, 44, 8859, 11636, 42, 3805, 24278, 58, 24073, 284, 60552, 30575, 74054, 10, 21261, 143, 5423, 23, 18363, 934, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 116267, 21261, 4, 44, 618, 17965, 7525, 7870, 29521, 58, 24073, 20320, 538, 11246, 1515, 5636, 74054, 5423, 23, 1004, 126, 169, 990, 209489, 15, 204161, 16, 111, 70, 39395, 387, 927, 142642, 4, 118775, 23, 18608, 5, 12342, 6431, 25, 7, 32562, 1556, 2809, 70, 28368, 111, 1119, 41745, 272, 108858, 25188, 5, 52455, 105207, 191225, 7, 111, 1529, 143006, 163136, 765, 91376, 42840, 136, 15122, 7, 98, 1919, 4488, 4, 54940, 2856, 22501, 206, 59985, 122135, 4, 391, 515, 947, 549, 4, 541, 23130, 3419, 9, 397, 515, 4, 2290, 12969, 191, 4, 2290, 239, 748, 136, 44576, 62802, 169, 5, 12342, 6431, 33022, 7, 1672, 845, 114686, 6897, 4, 1284, 678, 1919, 10002, 36998, 80280, 136, 5361, 23996, 5, 360, 1919, 34676, 26946, 7154, 116483, 4, 12342, 6431, 63043, 297, 44, 8912, 282, 1957, 23, 759, 42840, 70, 79507, 7, 111, 42179, 7, 124901, 123055, 4, 23, 759, 80523, 3956, 4, 87, 765, 959, 3853, 49782, 4, 12960, 27060, 1957, 70, 79507, 7, 111, 30260, 7, 124901, 123055, 87, 765, 49782, 1284, 124901, 32562, 7, 87, 765, 959, 12301, 1242, 1529, 23409, 98, 47, 22443, 450, 1919, 158978, 79507, 7, 3542, 70, 43515, 111, 70, 60313, 5, 12342, 6431, 224344, 71, 450, 764, 509, 2843, 79507, 71, 390, 30839, 163136, 136, 29394, 4, 136, 28811, 163136, 23, 4537, 4, 3129, 764, 12301, 23, 30839, 153648, 5, 62, 42486, 111, 34666, 7, 98, 903, 28368, 4, 27211, 297, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 7525, 561, 583, 6949, 7, 4240, 12342, 6431, 15, 16, 15, 105214, 53, 21567, 142399, 46, 22482, 21567, 19340, 16, 509, 10, 34676, 2319, 731, 133526, 13, 6, 70035, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 9879, 26366, 7, 111, 5744, 1529, 143006, 127663, 5, 360, 1529, 143006, 4, 764, 83, 51529, 390, 70, 10, 15322, 5264, 7224, 14, 12342, 6431, 15, 194, 360, 14941, 4, 1919, 43240, 621, 91376, 1379, 70, 9351, 159, 5, 990, 5, 12342, 6431, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Literary themes and influences.", "Language.", "Awards and critical acclaim.", "Death and legacy.", "Beit Agnon.", "Published works.", "Posthumous publications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "Shmuel Yosef Halevi Czaczkes (later Agnon) was born in Buczacz (Polish spelling, pronounced \"Buchach\") or Butschatsch (German spelling), Polish Galicia (then within the Austro-Hungarian Empire), now Buchach, Ukraine. Officially, his date of birth on the Hebrew calendar was 18 Av 5648 (July 26), but he always said his birthday was on the Jewish fast day of Tisha B'Av, the Ninth of Av. His father, Shalom Mordechai Halevy, was ordained as a rabbi, but worked in the fur trade, and had many connections among the Hasidim, His mother's side had ties to the Mitnagdim. He did not attend school and was schooled by his parents. In addition to studying Jewish texts, Agnon studied writings of the Haskalah, and was also tutored in German. At the age of eight, he began to write in Hebrew and Yiddish, At the age of 15, he published his first poem – a Yiddish poem about the Kabbalist Joseph della Reina. He continued to write poems and stories in Hebrew and Yiddish, which were published in Galicia. In 1908, he moved to Jaffa in Ottoman Palestine. The first story he published there was \"Agunot\" (\"Forsaken Wives\"), which appeared that same year in the journal \"Ha`omer.\" He used the pen name \"Agnon,\" derived from the title of the story, which he adopted as his official surname in 1924. In 1910, \"Forsaken Wives\" was translated into German. In 1912, at the urging of Yosef Haim Brenner, he published a novella, \"Vehaya Ha'akov Lemishor\" (\"The Crooked Shall Be Made Straight\"). In 1913, Agnon moved to Germany, where he met Esther Marx (1889-1973). They married in 1920 and had two children. In Germany he lived in Berlin and Bad Homburg vor der Höhe (1921–24). Salman Schocken, a businessman and later also publisher, became his literary patron and freed him from financial worries. From 1931 on, his work was published by Schocken Books, and his short stories appeared regularly in the newspaper \"Haaretz\", also owned by the Schocken family. In Germany, he continued to write short stories and collaborated with Martin Buber on an anthology of Hasidic stories. Many of his early books appeared in Buber's \"Jüdischer Verlag\" (Berlin). The mostly assimilated, secular German Jews, Buber and Franz Rosenzweig among them, considered Agnon to be a legitimate relic, being a religious man, familiar with Jewish scripture. Gershom Scholem called him \"the Jews' Jew\". In 1924, a fire broke out in his home, destroying his manuscripts and rare book collection. This traumatic event crops up occasionally in his stories. Later that year, Agnon returned to Palestine and settled with his family in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Talpiot. In 1929, his library was destroyed again during anti-Jewish riots. When his novel \"Hachnasat Kalla\" (\"The Bridal Canopy\") appeared in 1931 to great critical acclaim, Agnon's place in Hebrew literature was assured. In 1935, he published \"Sippur Pashut\" (\"A Simple Story\"), a novella set in Buchach at the end of the 19th century. Another novel, \"Tmol Shilshom\" (\"Only Yesterday\"), set in Eretz Yisrael (Israel) of the early 20th century, appeared in 1945.", "Agnon's writing has been the subject of extensive academic research. Many leading scholars of Hebrew literature have published books and papers on his work, among them Baruch Kurzweil, Dov Sadan, Nitza Ben-Dov, Dan Miron, Dan Laor and Alan Mintz. Agnon writes about Jewish life, but with his own unique perspective and special touch. In his Nobel acceptance speech, Agnon claimed \"Some see in my books the influences of authors whose names, in my ignorance, I have not even heard, while others see the influences of poets whose names I have heard but whose writings I have not read.\" He went on to detail that his primary influences were the stories of the Bible. Agnon acknowledged that he was also influenced by German literature and culture, and European literature in general, which he read in German translation. A collection of essays on this subject, edited in part by Hillel Weiss, with contributions from Israeli and German scholars, was published in 2010: \"Agnon and Germany: The Presence of the German World in the Writings of S.Y. Agnon\". The budding Hebrew literature also influenced his works, notably that of his friend, Yosef Haim Brenner. In Germany, Agnon also spent time with the Hebraists Hayim Nahman Bialik and Ahad Ha'am. The communities he passed through in his life are reflected in his works: Nitza Ben-Dov writes about Agnon's use of allusiveness, free-association and imaginative dream-sequences, and discusses how seemingly inconsequential events and thoughts determine the lives of his characters. Some of Agnon's works, such as \"The Bridal Canopy\", \"And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight\", and \"The Doctor's Divorce\", have been adapted for theatre. A play based on Agnon's letters to his wife, \"Esterlein Yakirati\", was performed at the Khan Theater in Jerusalem.", "Agnon's writing often used words and phrases that differed from what would become established modern Hebrew. His distinct language is based on traditional Jewish sources, such as the Torah and the Prophets, Midrashic literature, the Mishnah, and other Rabbinic literature. Some examples include: Bar-Ilan University has made a computerized concordance of his works in order to study his language.", "Agnon was twice awarded the Bialik Prize for literature (1934 and 1950). He was also twice awarded the Israel Prize, for literature (1954 and 1958). In 1966, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people\". The prize was shared with German Jewish author Nelly Sachs. In his speech at the award ceremony, Agnon introduced himself in Hebrew: \"As a result of the historic catastrophe in which Titus of Rome destroyed Jerusalem and Israel was exiled from its land, I was born in one of the cities of the Exile. But always I regarded myself as one who was born in Jerusalem\". In later years, Agnon's fame was such that when he complained to the municipality that traffic noise near his home was disturbing his work, the city closed the street to cars and posted a sign that read: \"No entry to all vehicles, writer at work!\"", "Agnon died in Jerusalem on February 17, 1970. His daughter, Emuna Yaron, has continued to publish his work posthumously. Agnon's archive was transferred by the family to the National Library in Jerusalem. His home in Talpiot, built in 1931 in the Bauhaus style, was turned into a museum, \"Beit Agnon.\" The study where he wrote many of his works was preserved intact. Agnon's image, with a list of his works and his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, appeared on the fifty-shekel bill, second series, in circulation from 1985 to 2014. The main street in Jerusalem's Givat Oranim neighborhood is called Sderot Shai Agnon, and a synagogue in Talpiot, a few blocks from his home, is named after him. Agnon is also memorialized in Buchach, now in Ukraine, where he was born. There is an extensive (relative to the size of the museum) exhibition in the Historical Museum in Buchach and, just a few yards away, a bust of Agnon is mounted on a pedestal in a plaza across the street from the house where he lived. The house itself is preserved and marked as the home where Agnon lived from birth till the age of (approximately) 19; the street that runs in front of the house is named \"Agnon Street\" (in Ukrainian). Agnotherapy is a method developed in Israel to help elderly people express their feelings.", "After Agnon's death, the former mayor of Jerusalem Mordechai Ish-Shalom initiated the opening of his home to the public. In the early 1980s, the kitchen and family dining room were turned into a lecture and conference hall, and literary and cultural evenings were held there. In 2005, the Agnon House Association in Jerusalem renovated the building, which reopened in January 2009. The house was designed by the German-Jewish architect Fritz Korenberg, who was also his neighbor.", "", "In 1977 the Hebrew University published \"Yiddish Works\", a collection of stories and poems that Agnon wrote in Yiddish during 1903–1906." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59444, 25, 7, 25674, 178727, 509, 2855, 3674, 23, 611, 3117, 390, 18813, 63691, 223, 62, 5876, 63470, 7, 111, 71006, 5, 581, 7311, 59444, 509, 39501, 297, 7440, 213863, 5481, 15, 53774, 71, 52649, 16, 83, 39501, 297, 18925, 5, 581, 59444, 1902, 47, 186, 109133, 23, 611, 12977, 47, 70, 43581, 1764, 4, 4743, 47, 70, 1305, 9, 10828, 26136, 456, 99091, 450, 1902, 7228, 70, 9118, 5792, 35299, 8770, 100, 109923, 7, 47, 30957, 5, 581, 213863, 5481, 84084, 52649, 83, 10, 46015, 6661, 182999, 20897, 5, 360, 543, 8194, 4, 227870, 4734, 1902, 483, 13330, 23, 109261, 16037, 4, 1284, 23, 163140, 227870, 214493, 297, 3065, 67, 6752, 237, 70, 54529, 53, 59444, 23, 96464, 9190, 510, 54529, 53, 136, 5036, 1902, 10932, 59404, 160641, 5, 360, 70, 128136, 7, 70, 95845, 7, 2843, 26859, 35971, 74855, 23, 70, 26349, 5, 581, 59444, 1556, 2809, 58650, 34, 297, 390, 11476, 7, 23, 611, 14226, 4, 611, 12243, 136, 23, 158972, 4, 136, 70, 11476, 23, 158972, 509, 10, 222973, 214, 11476, 450, 163684, 297, 2684, 111, 70, 59444, 4, 27148, 214, 4734, 10, 10846, 33976, 7, 5, 581, 54311, 9, 17903, 4450, 238, 234120, 15, 124524, 538, 70, 33598, 103856, 106820, 247, 171332, 23, 154140, 4, 135203, 99, 12661, 11903, 7, 15, 61107, 6, 2480, 247, 83, 70, 35835, 271, 33976, 23, 59444, 5, 227870, 25, 7, 97879, 136, 53099, 621, 10, 17664, 111, 53099, 4, 25188, 4, 53019, 4, 52350, 4, 136, 11374, 5, 49953, 143889, 7, 23, 70, 26349, 621, 70, 29581, 11040, 158285, 18244, 7, 136, 227870, 12535, 111, 46473, 5, 62, 187951, 5345, 59591, 6, 14775, 4, 44, 919, 952, 58, 15, 748, 44, 50645, 42, 9190, 510, 5345, 59591, 601, 214, 74054, 83, 29398, 297, 43573, 227870, 99, 70, 108, 6958, 38648, 214, 227870, 48938, 5, 64511, 13036, 143889, 7, 26698, 8002, 882, 5037, 15, 11, 57527, 6635, 111, 65533, 399, 11321, 16, 136, 80646, 25133, 39391, 43721, 15, 2263, 3181, 2822, 1295, 29581, 11040, 4078, 45669, 100991, 5, 581, 4677, 55556, 53099, 23, 227870, 1556, 1672, 3576, 93215, 94834, 5, 227870, 83, 70, 5368, 111, 40368, 13036, 76106, 7, 136, 39713, 21533, 43222, 1507, 90, 5, 1431, 71062, 7, 3934, 227870, 581, 3525, 28811, 13909, 27585, 23, 227870, 83, 1431, 25, 7, 5117, 77021, 50782, 111, 70, 7082, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 89397, 450, 1431, 55076, 227870, 3542, 6637, 111, 6083, 21185, 214, 4743, 47, 70, 153552, 4, 64720, 39108, 2481, 4, 215543, 39108, 289, 33120, 7, 4, 136, 46622, 48302, 5, 581, 13909, 27585, 83, 70, 142105, 23, 14713, 4, 678, 3129, 83, 215667, 47, 534, 101740, 44457, 7, 5, 581, 13909, 27585, 1221, 9433, 21334, 41170, 7, 111, 2053, 8305, 137107, 111, 13909, 7, 20697, 237, 1632, 5, 581, 137633, 674, 111, 1431, 23, 227870, 1556, 2843, 12441, 47, 3789, 53095, 14823, 214, 70, 38516, 111, 137633, 214, 23, 227870, 5, 581, 24491, 21543, 1556, 2843, 2809, 60322, 2886, 99, 70, 152363, 7440, 70, 86685, 34515, 1556, 9588, 33, 678, 543, 33297, 292, 227870, 28745, 5227, 1556, 2843, 1902, 142, 51312, 678, 714, 33297, 111, 3525, 170920, 53095, 5, 227870, 1556, 10, 166, 1299, 49086, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 12, 391, 140443, 247, 3129, 132988, 7, 98, 10, 72852, 289, 153552, 15, 153128, 9858, 12, 391, 420, 275, 16, 678, 16610, 4, 126561, 47, 24814, 51065, 7, 136, 4989, 4, 91097, 4, 108203, 53, 41710, 7, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 16965, 420, 6, 115061, 4, 227870, 1556, 10, 24814, 56, 153552, 3501, 3789, 162708, 98, 70, 5701, 21, 35810, 136, 3853, 3060, 450, 621, 53333, 127067, 23, 25730, 4, 168064, 4, 23924, 13, 4438, 9098, 136, 602, 21547, 11, 5, 133698, 70, 51065, 23, 18237, 136, 20414, 70, 52768, 23, 227870, 831, 3060, 13312, 6, 58944, 47, 10932, 997, 1197, 79385, 7, 166793, 5, 79428, 7, 621, 4552, 124498, 4, 678, 116842, 77488, 379, 20016, 8035, 70, 4734, 131527, 20271, 70, 51065, 86203, 24494, 5, 164672, 7, 26698, 12, 16934, 6181, 23, 227870, 83, 160404, 71, 390, 227870, 45040, 88198, 136, 58055, 7, 111, 43606, 5201, 5324, 124519, 4, 142, 78301, 43606, 5324, 124519, 4, 136, 8951, 94878, 5324, 83629, 136, 17431, 5324, 4516, 5, 28090, 227870, 25852, 29398, 4, 101108, 7, 88198, 33, 17, 96464, 9190, 510, 160404, 7, 40368, 18150, 5324, 124519, 28032, 96464, 9190, 510, 47064, 5, 227870, 48938, 15, 568, 17758, 12, 339, 8356, 4, 6, 30941, 670, 12, 57898, 284, 247, 105866, 361, 1785, 11516, 324, 16, 127067, 111, 70, 26349, 11698, 4, 83, 70, 809, 2480, 127, 142105, 146619, 23, 71006, 4, 678, 1672, 34635, 19879, 6602, 538, 44828, 26255, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 142105, 146619, 23, 96464, 1760, 5, 581, 85727, 36439, 47, 16906, 1172, 23444, 48938, 83, 70, 50960, 373, 172, 525, 85727, 36439, 23, 71006, 678, 645, 106, 19879, 44828, 26255, 117, 6602, 5, 227870, 45040, 88198, 160404, 7, 94878, 7, 47, 136, 1295, 227870, 48938, 1829, 16777, 201, 136, 30994, 5, 360, 3622, 4, 2685, 621, 59671, 80889, 71, 78869, 7, 136, 1672, 423, 78301, 178727, 78869, 7, 5, 581, 16906, 1172, 23444, 48938, 36439, 83, 160404, 71, 390, 192286, 3378, 75353, 136, 103993, 5345, 13684, 46401, 136, 21265, 7, 70, 18410, 144732, 111, 44828, 26255, 99, 70, 146619, 678, 1672, 611, 31815, 94878, 7, 12638, 3917, 5, 192286, 3378, 75353, 2843, 160404, 7, 10, 8951, 94878, 47, 42647, 6557, 272, 3055, 48938, 5, 4997, 4249, 160404, 7, 94878, 7, 47, 136, 1295, 42647, 6557, 272, 3055, 48938, 1829, 83370, 11, 1461, 2581, 48938, 4, 136, 2363, 136434, 48938, 46, 156953, 48938, 36439, 33532, 99, 227870, 146619, 98, 3060, 8, 2500, 54889, 5, 140889, 481, 64600, 94878, 7, 47, 1342, 27332, 48938, 5, 159, 1375, 11321, 160404, 7, 5337, 60089, 25550, 11374, 47, 136, 1295, 19291, 5342, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 17431, 25550, 11374, 144477, 99091, 100, 14431, 1946, 136, 19291, 5342, 4, 136, 127067, 99091, 100, 16906, 136, 159960, 57617, 5, 96464, 216808, 160404, 7, 25550, 4516, 1295, 227870, 47, 188008, 136, 14431, 1946, 5, 581, 8999, 25, 7, 5117, 23, 24401, 45210, 509, 142096, 23, 227870, 23, 47114, 15, 54689, 14656, 18, 12, 179322, 1004, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 227870, 15, 4, 4, 2819, 4, 4, 707, 4, 2819, 1388, 83, 10, 26349, 98, 70, 184085, 111, 144477, 9022, 71006, 4, 136, 70, 10323, 111, 96464, 9190, 510, 47064, 4, 70, 144477, 9022, 840, 18, 54529, 53, 23, 71006, 5, 227870, 1556, 201, 186922, 3882, 23, 109261, 16037, 23, 6863, 27081, 56458, 58296, 136, 83, 70, 40, 257, 111, 227870, 18319, 2481, 15, 76228, 10, 3622, 43904, 111, 14810, 4, 100595, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Economy.", "IT industry.", "Climate.", "Media.", "Transportation.", "Public transport.", "Air.", "Rail.", "Shopping.", "Culture.", "Sports.", "Yukigassen." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The town's Royal charter was granted in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The original town was situated where Gammelstad (Old Town) is situated today. The town had to be moved in 1649 to the current site, due to the post-glacial rebound that had made the bay too shallow for ships to enter. The Gammelstad Church Town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1805, Luleå only had 947 inhabitants, but in 1865 Luleå succeeded Piteå as the county town in Norrbotten county and now had around 1400 residents. In the 1860s the industries also started taking root in the city. The town has been plagued by fires in 1653, 1657 and in 1887, and the fire in 1887 was a devastating fire that destroyed most of the town, sparing only a few buildings. The Neo-Gothic Cathedral (originally the Oscar Fredrik church), dedicated in 1893, standing at 67 meters (220 ft), is the tallest building in town.", "Luleå's commerce and industry are a mix of industry, research, education, trade, and services. Major employers in the city are the SSAB steelworks and Luleå University of Technology. A Swedish Air Force wing, \"F 21\" (or \"Norrbotten Air Force Wing\"), is stationed near Luleå at the neighbouring Luleå Airport. Other major employers include Ferruform (a subsidiary of Scania AB) and Gestamp HardTech (acquired from SSAB 2005-01-01).", "The information technology industry in Luleå has about 2000 employees (2008). Luleå is the home of several major innovations and technological milestones. Facebook expands into Luleå The new European computer center in Luleå is Facebook's first investment outside of the US. Some of the reasons that Facebook choose Luleå were because of natural cooling due to the climate, cheap electricity, reliable electrical networks, and clean energy. The computer center is the largest in Europe, with which is comparable to 11 football fields. The computer center will process large amounts of data through thousands of computers working as one. The establishment of Facebook in Luleå has also led to other companies realizing the potential of establishing in Luleå. The positive effect has also been noticeable at the university where the applications rate has risen with 18 percent — Luleå Science Park has also had an increase with 25 percent of new established companies.", "Luleå has a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc), which borders on a continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with short, mild to warm summers and long, cold, snowy winters. Due to the Gulf Stream, Luleå has a warmer climate than other cities on the same latitude and even some that are further south in Canada, Alaska, Northeast China and Siberia. During the summer in June and July the temperature in Luleå can some days rise to around +30 degrees Celsius. Summers are very bright, with marginal twillight being the only exception during the summer solstice.", "Newspapers include:", "", "Public transport in Luleå is operated by Luleå Lokaltrafik and consists of five main bus lines, an additional five bus lines, and direct connection bus traffic and night bus service. From Luleå Bus station, Länstrafiken i Norrbotten operates several regional bus lines within Norrbotten County.", "Luleå Airport (IATA: LLA, ICAO: ESPA), located 7 km (5 mi) south of the city centre, is the fifth largest airport in Sweden, with about 1.2 million yearly passengers. It is the largest airport in Norrland. The domestic route to Stockholm Arlanda Airport is the third busiest domestic route in Sweden with over 1 million passengers per year. Luleå Lokaltrafik operates connections to and from Luleå Airport via Line 4 and 104. In total, there are seven scheduled destinations and about 15 additional charter destinations. The Stockholm Arlanda Airport route is operated by Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle and serves the vast majority of passengers at the airport with about 16 daily connections each way. Scandinavian Airlines also operates a direct connection to Göteborg Landvetter Airport. Nextjet operates connections to and from Göteborg Landvetter Airport via Höga Kusten Airport, and their Tromsø Airport – Oulu Airport route lands at Luleå airport on some departures. Jonair offers connections to Pajala Airport.", "SJ AB operates Intercity train services to and from Narvik, as well as night train services northbound for Kiruna and Narvik, and southbound for Stockholm and Gothenburg. Norrtåg operates train service from Luleå to Umeå and Kiruna.", "The world's first indoor mall was opened in Luleå in 1955 (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named \"Shopping\". There are two other malls in Luleå: Strand and Smedjan. The main shopping streets in Luleå are Storgatan and Kungsgatan. A few kilometres outside Luleå there is a shopping centre called Storheden.", "Luleå has a variety of cultural institutions, among them Norrbottensteatern; Norrbotten Museum; and, led by Tim Hagans. In January 2007 the Cultural House (Kulturens Hus) was opened. A library, concerts, and art exhibitions are all hosted here. Luleå is also home to hardcore punk band Raised Fist, melodic death metal band The Duskfall, power metal band Machinae Supremacy and death 'n' roll band Helltrain. One of the largest winter festivals in Luleå is the indoor Minus 30-festivalen, held at Kulturens hus (the House of Culture) annually on a Saturday in mid-March. Luleå Hamnfestival (Luleå harbor festival) is a big summer event in the center of Luleå, mostly centered around the north harbor. The festival has been a recurring event each summer since 2013. Held in July, it is a free event not targeting a specific group. The festival is the new version of Luleåkalaset which was held each summer from 2002 to 2012, which itself replaced sjöslaget, the summer festival from 1988 to 2002. Musikens makt (The power of music) is a smaller, free music festival that is held each summer in August at Gültzauudden since 2010. Ice music is a new art form where professional musicians play on instruments made out of ice. The concerts are performed in a huge igloo and the instruments pulsate in all the colors of the rainbow.", "Luleå has many teams competing in a variety of sports. Three teams in Luleå compete in the highest Swedish leagues: Luleå Basket (female basketball team, previously called Northland Basket); BC Luleå (male basketball team, previously named Plannja Basket and LF Basket Norrland); and Luleå Hockey/MSSK (Munksund-Skuthamns Sportklubb) (female ice hockey team) and Luleå Hockey (male ice hockey team). Luleå Basket has won two Swedish championships (2014 and 2015), while BC Luleå has won eight Swedish championships (1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2017). Luleå Hockey/MSSK female team won their first Swedish Championship in 2016 while the male Luleå Hockey team has won one Swedish Championship in 1996, the European Trophy in 2012 and the Champions Hockey League in 2015.", "The Swedish Championship in Yukigassen is held in Luleå annually." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 82508, 133, 509, 103122, 23, 129885, 11, 5, 18763, 14449, 3542, 165045, 38742, 188535, 7, 15, 31047, 67373, 120384, 297, 87, 20408, 14644, 965, 25, 7, 11037, 194, 581, 30260, 25, 7, 269, 329, 4, 160266, 82508, 133, 4, 23, 604, 44, 441, 41120, 408, 35338, 107, 58, 24073, 919, 1191, 538, 70103, 6402, 133, 18939, 111, 21735, 11469, 7092, 7, 70, 14449, 25, 7, 39210, 62816, 48242, 7, 237, 44, 1679, 13048, 119371, 2481, 4, 91, 3038, 7432, 4, 158, 318, 6889, 23, 142146, 4, 10, 72201, 27771, 47, 1957, 70, 130481, 23, 11907, 19732, 4, 10, 24233, 10422, 111, 6, 201507, 740, 82508, 133, 509, 70, 27150, 525, 111, 37195, 775, 7, 5, 1529, 189232, 297, 12, 1401, 3542, 10, 21334, 14449, 5, 2646, 82953, 7, 23409, 47, 70, 44, 16275, 11137, 58, 378, 58, 65024, 58, 23, 129885, 7717, 268, 5, 2646, 4734, 114015, 1902, 10, 152363, 53019, 4, 1284, 87, 1902, 110, 6044, 54591, 5, 360, 5941, 87143, 70, 51, 11955, 1098, 70767, 13835, 71, 450, 70, 27150, 525, 509, 121447, 1295, 70, 66211, 111, 120260, 1257, 70, 14449, 9351, 5, 360, 64911, 82508, 133, 79786, 237, 142, 15426, 1236, 4, 1284, 509, 25737, 4092, 47, 28960, 1919, 82575, 53, 36096, 4, 103351, 214, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 35773, 10484, 136, 29966, 214, 1919, 114015, 71718, 76, 25, 7, 14375, 6, 119598, 53, 182417, 5, 1529, 2843, 22282, 71, 6264, 5367, 214, 678, 70, 27837, 40491, 101985, 31, 602, 69998, 5, 82508, 133, 509, 21334, 538, 15970, 9, 102, 46526, 5, 14854, 14775, 1257, 4, 1919, 209521, 509, 156892, 390, 40368, 6, 70035, 7, 4, 26719, 2290, 67, 2132, 18651, 4207, 4, 136, 390, 70, 35187, 111, 110613, 46876, 7, 15, 157225, 538, 14941, 247, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 212790, 7, 111, 70, 636, 80705, 24073, 647, 11, 48850, 18939, 26724, 48757, 4, 7440, 764, 66933, 65006, 7, 678, 1919, 14449, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 87, 4, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 67485, 53, 62903, 111, 2392, 192, 4, 82508, 133, 37170, 47, 186, 9325, 47, 70, 12912, 5, 24372, 59335, 1631, 16981, 237, 142, 87880, 1294, 93324, 23, 36254, 55686, 136, 70, 3561, 1515, 70237, 4, 764, 176377, 5368, 23, 23031, 5, 82508, 133, 54397, 1286, 3501, 1492, 142, 927, 18709, 7, 111, 16610, 68944, 4, 10, 68828, 111, 30260, 1294, 153648, 4, 1001, 40368, 42840, 111, 117303, 153648, 7, 4, 6626, 42840, 111, 82575, 53, 35778, 8780, 4, 136, 1632, 111, 115135, 117303, 5, 62, 10617, 8752, 1919, 42177, 4935, 4488, 764, 509, 10, 53697, 114142, 42, 47, 98848, 25, 7, 2684, 5526, 73962, 4, 70, 148139, 1357, 832, 50819, 4, 100, 3129, 764, 54397, 10, 58696, 14012, 111, 38440, 98, 163136, 4, 19612, 4, 136, 4927, 5, 1529, 2843, 54397, 10, 100, 13, 47416, 47, 2290, 67, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 136744, 13, 116512, 830, 23, 3129, 764, 41392, 7, 70, 144189, 2481, 111, 2290, 67, 4, 136, 1919, 149201, 136, 51, 9166, 5281, 209521, 5, 360, 60487, 764, 509, 10, 176867, 30675, 47, 70, 92669, 31, 111, 70, 8332, 9, 17647, 41820, 271, 24018, 141949, 7, 5, 82508, 133, 25, 7, 10002, 44951, 7, 23, 92768, 297, 154732, 70, 26697, 8780, 111, 47231, 31, 97530, 15615, 136, 30543, 152803, 164098, 13, 5, 82508, 133, 25, 7, 4488, 4, 41866, 1919, 5117, 30260, 1294, 42486, 44, 42246, 172, 45, 40, 7520, 11, 58, 24073, 33177, 46401, 84433, 149987, 7, 74054, 3129, 118775, 23, 60487, 4, 45831, 4049, 237, 142, 2874, 235143, 2750, 29131, 149, 934, 297, 1295, 158, 99736, 6635, 6897, 136, 14037, 17132, 329, 136, 211190, 23, 70, 3115, 21753, 13, 111, 31425, 5, 62, 170277, 85745, 111, 44, 42246, 172, 45, 40, 7520, 11, 58, 3564, 7, 678, 6097, 6626, 51389, 7, 12, 28864, 2785, 2639, 16281, 83291, 5402, 118, 4, 29195, 290, 44, 6431, 58, 27524, 4, 29195, 290, 44, 6431, 58, 175133, 5, 11062, 143, 3674, 47, 12, 87293, 903, 83, 2367, 642, 831, 14192, 398, 18925, 4, 450, 3129, 642, 621, 44, 10869, 830, 450, 3129, 642, 54, 44, 10869, 58, 3444, 5, 581, 170027, 66, 212790, 111, 82508, 133, 25, 7, 24, 4935, 26724, 48757, 509, 10, 37515, 169424, 23, 6097, 39395, 85745, 7, 12, 1836, 26038, 4049, 10, 12096, 111, 44, 52368, 40, 67158, 191, 58, 23, 70, 2577, 111, 70, 8, 11856, 214, 47353, 10932, 4049, 5, 32255, 85745, 7, 242661, 13, 1919, 3357, 3115, 21753, 13, 136, 24043, 3038, 678, 44, 150, 46401, 58, 136, 44, 73, 203258, 14, 36520, 58, 8966, 4, 707, 678, 70, 6, 156634, 4, 70, 15520, 5, 129551, 47, 82508, 133, 4, 31425, 83, 44, 42, 72089, 4, 44954, 939, 4, 48, 13894, 2069, 740, 360, 10, 8999, 152382, 678, 8, 88981, 136, 224, 109637, 4, 31425, 75447, 115058, 47, 158566, 109989, 939, 46, 70, 5701, 237, 70, 155255, 134858, 23, 16454, 1919, 85745, 7, 5, 82508, 133, 109133, 47, 171230, 23, 70970, 47, 4488, 237, 30391, 100, 70, 80299, 56, 873, 36624, 5589, 5, 171230, 509, 70, 501, 5589, 133, 111, 89176, 30260, 1294, 111, 450, 32070, 4, 678, 43240, 1884, 70, 44, 441, 5772, 707, 11044, 58, 390, 803, 157, 140438, 11, 5173, 65283, 136, 70, 5117, 68944, 390, 109387, 20574, 14, 100, 70, 8347, 44, 2729, 3443, 402, 740, 64511, 30260, 7, 1884, 2793, 66518, 75686, 136, 234872, 23660, 147, 24134, 1902, 2809, 103210, 1645, 52021, 5, 360, 54566, 82508, 133, 509, 37170, 47, 186, 80923, 669, 111, 70, 96774, 163813, 71907, 55870, 6077, 103835, 4, 10, 1305, 1295, 3129, 764, 509, 14700, 2118, 71, 23, 41933, 390, 70, 6, 235143, 27759, 5, 3311, 903, 1733, 82508, 133, 25, 7, 30260, 1294, 509, 10, 132539, 26548, 70, 82575, 53, 20623, 111, 70, 6, 235143, 63647, 5, 1529, 57119, 3674, 678, 70, 41260, 44, 102588, 6232, 830, 136, 15, 17137, 214, 23, 70970, 16, 131174, 71, 70, 82575, 53, 26216, 636, 73571, 40307, 53434, 13, 24073, 80852, 21763, 7831, 18939, 98, 70, 114278, 48379, 13333, 15, 35613, 114278, 832, 132391, 194, 98684, 214, 70, 26216, 27983, 40368, 20028, 10, 5155, 4, 764, 100512, 10, 9879, 26366, 54940, 10, 21115, 111, 6, 70035, 7, 2685, 4, 26719, 83551, 175208, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 79834, 846, 82508, 133, 15, 74, 427, 18374, 121049, 46, 427, 6088, 26771, 16, 509, 142, 89176, 30260, 4, 117303, 6, 70035, 4, 30391, 136, 3900, 143, 1290, 4, 136, 134003, 111, 70, 26527, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 5, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and works.", "Early years.", "Poetic works.", "Anticonformism of the new poetry.", "Disharmony with the world.", "List of works." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Montale was born in Genoa. His family were chemical products traders (his father supplied Italo Svevo's firm). The poet's niece, Bianca Montale, in her \"Cronaca famigliare\" (\"Family Chronicle\") of 1986 portrays the family's common characteristics as \"nervous fragility, shyness, concision in speaking, a tendency to see the worst in every event, a certain sense of humour\". Montale was the youngest of six sons. He recalled: We were a large family. My brothers went to the \"scagno\" [\"office\" in Genoese]. My only sister had a university education, but I had no such opportunity. In many families the unspoken arrangement existed that the youngest was released from the task of keeping up the family name. In 1915 Montale worked as an accountant, but was left free to follow his literary passion, frequenting the city's libraries and attending his sister Marianna's private philosophy lessons. He also studied opera singing with the baritone Ernesto Sivori. Montale was largely self-taught. Growing up, his imagination was caught by several writers, including Dante Alighieri, and by the study of foreign languages (especially English), as well as the landscapes of the Levante (\"Eastern\") Liguria, where he spent holidays with his family. During World War I, as a member of the Military Academy of Parma, Montale asked to be sent to the front. After brief war experience as an infantry officer in Vallarsa and the Puster Valley, he returned home in 1920.", "Montale wrote more than ten anthologies of short lyrics, a journal of poetry translation, plus several books of prose translations, two books of literary criticism, and one of fantasy prose. Alongside his imaginative work he was a constant contributor to Italy's most important newspaper, the Corriere della Sera, for which he wrote a huge number of articles on literature, music, and art. He also wrote a foreword to Dante's \"The Divine Comedy\", in which he mentions the credibility of Dante, and his insight and unbiased imagination. In 1925 he was a signatory to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals. Montale's own politics inclined toward the liberalism of Piero Gobetti and Benedetto Croce. Montale's work, especially his first poetry collection \"Ossi di seppia\" (\"Cuttlefish Bones\"), which appeared in 1925, shows him as an antifascist who felt detached from contemporary life and found solace and refuge in the solitude of nature. A famous poem of \"Ossi di seppia\" ends with these two verses: Codesto solo oggi possiamo dirti, ciò che \"non\" siamo, ciò che \"non\" vogliamo. Translated to: Only this is what we can tell you today, that which we are \"not\", that which we do \"not\" want. The Mediterranean landscape of Montale's native Liguria was a strong presence in these early poems: they gave him a sort of \"personal seclusion\" in the face of the depressing events around him. These poems emphasise his personal solitude and empathy with \"little\" and \"insignificant\" things, or with the horizon, the sea. According to Montale, nature is \"rough, scanty, dazzling\". In a world filled with defeat and despair, nature alone seemed to possess dignity – the same as the reader experiences in reading his poems.", "Montale moved to Florence in 1927 to work as editor for the publisher Bemporad. Florence was the cradle of Italian poetry of that age, with works like the \"Canti orfici\" by Dino Campana (1914) and the first lyrics by Ungaretti for the review \"Lacerba\". Other poets like Umberto Saba and Vincenzo Cardarelli had been highly praised. In 1929 Montale was asked to be chairman of the Gabinetto Vieusseux Library, a post from which he was expelled in 1938 by the fascist government. By this time Montale's poetry was a reaction against the literary style of the fascist regime. He collaborated with the magazine \"Solaria\", and (starting in 1927) frequented the literary café Le Giubbe Rosse (\"Red Jackets\") on the Piazza Vittoria (now Piazza della Repubblica). Visiting the café often several times a day, he became a central figure among a group of writers there, including Carlo Emilio Gadda, Arturo Loria and Elio Vittorini (all founders of the magazine). He wrote for almost all the important literary magazines of the time. Though hindered by financial problems and the literary and social conformism imposed by the authorities, in Florence Montale published his finest anthology, \"Le occasioni\" (\"Occasions\", 1939). From 1933 to 1938 he had a love relationship with Irma Brandeis, a Jewish-American scholar of Dante who occasionally visited Italy for short periods. After falling in love with Brandeis, Montale represented her as a mediatrix figure like Dante's Beatrice. \"Le occasioni\" contains numerous allusions to Brandeis, here called Clizia (a senhal). Franco Fortini judged Montale's \"Ossi di seppia\" and \"Le occasioni\" the high-water mark of 20th century Italian poetry. T.S. Eliot, who shared Montale's admiration for Dante, was an important influence on his poetry at this time; in fact, the new poems of Eliot were shown to Montale by Mario Praz, then teaching in Manchester. The concept of the objective correlative used by Montale in his poetry, was probably influenced by T. S. Eliot. In 1948, for Eliot's sixtieth birthday, Montale contributed a celebratory essay entitled \"Eliot and Ourselves\" to a collection published to mark the occasion.", "From 1948 to his death, Montale lived in Milan. After the war, he was a member of the liberal Partito d'Azione. As a contributor to the \"Corriere della Sera\" he was music editor and also reported from abroad, including Israel, where he went as a reporter to follow Pope Paul VI's visit there. His works as a journalist are collected in \"Fuori di casa\" (\"Out of Home\", 1969). \"La bufera e altro\" (\"The Storm and Other Things\") was published in 1956 and marks the end of Montale's most acclaimed poetry. Here his figure Clizia is joined by La Volpe (\"the Fox\"), based on the young poet Maria Luisa Spaziani with whom Montale had an affair during the 1950s. However, this volume also features Clizia, treated in a variety of poems as a kind of bird-goddess who defies Hitler. These are some of his greatest poems. His later works are \"Xenia\" (1966), \"Satura\" (1971) and \"Diario del '71 e del '72\" (1973). Montale's later poetry is wry and ironic, musing on the critical reaction to his earlier work and on the constantly changing world around him. \"Satura\" contains a poignant elegy to his wife Drusilla Tanzi. He also wrote a series of poignant poems about Clizia shortly before his death. Montale's fame at that point had extended throughout the world. He had received honorary degrees from the Universities of Milan (1961), Cambridge (1967), Rome (1974), and had been named Senator-for-Life in the Italian Senate. In 1973 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings in Struga, Macedonia. In 1975 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Montale died in Milan in 1981. In 1996, a work appeared called \"Posthumous Diary\" (\"Diario postumo\") that purported to have been 'compiled' by Montale before his death, with the help of the young poet Annalisa Cima; the critic Dante Isella thinks that this work is not authentic. Joseph Brodsky dedicated his essay \"In the Shadow of Dante\" to Eugenio Montale's lyric poetry.", "Each year links to its corresponding \"[year] in literature\" or \"[year] in poetry\" article:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 262, 6259, 85, 509, 103122, 23, 24451, 516, 4, 7374, 26050, 11, 4, 3934, 10, 86991, 9, 67413, 14449, 4, 70, 22759, 927, 111, 59671, 78, 79298, 7, 5, 4687, 29966, 297, 131830, 53, 10696, 15, 2347, 15440, 56065, 99, 70, 1733, 16, 136, 509, 7068, 155629, 297, 390, 10, 14375, 121314, 15, 11, 121399, 111, 1632, 111, 604, 35845, 7, 16, 136, 109133, 98, 47, 35187, 163136, 98, 604, 10002, 5, 1650, 509, 20271, 903, 1733, 450, 2412, 26859, 44116, 214, 142, 33946, 23, 32562, 16610, 21261, 7, 4, 153161, 191722, 390, 70, 6897, 111, 7374, 26050, 66, 280, 162, 10840, 136, 2363, 151994, 7, 5, 1840, 117914, 65524, 71, 604, 47, 137447, 604, 32562, 47, 10, 73962, 136, 4, 99, 32070, 17480, 604, 5117, 13765, 509, 91376, 23, 10, 4000, 68828, 5, 31384, 111, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 39395, 43240, 3542, 91376, 23, 70, 54543, 41260, 44, 866, 25, 77968, 20922, 58, 17721, 142399, 136, 145810, 5, 360, 100439, 4804, 35664, 93, 91376, 44, 839, 6796, 25, 1828, 32865, 516, 58, 15, 4153, 188, 70, 22928, 247, 604, 5117, 42486, 111, 16610, 43515, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 5201, 32153, 509, 70, 18811, 1363, 111, 234694, 136, 70, 151994, 7, 137272, 678, 442, 8305, 10, 162515, 111, 114135, 53, 136, 1809, 8730, 48461, 289, 80854, 5, 1840, 14449, 58954, 25, 18, 106480, 8060, 5844, 111, 604, 104851, 47, 33022, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 5117, 21261, 4, 44, 6159, 3929, 45, 233030, 58, 15, 919, 365, 42844, 111, 7374, 26050, 11, 16, 509, 91376, 23, 151278, 5, 1840, 121049, 12877, 44, 8335, 90, 53167, 57, 11179, 830, 91376, 390, 26530, 41856, 4, 83, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 117303, 15044, 27257, 71, 390, 127663, 136, 30260, 1294, 5, 62, 67688, 903, 1733, 262, 6259, 85, 173969, 297, 10, 20324, 133258, 678, 73962, 7, 136, 41260, 7, 4, 2684, 959, 78458, 44, 2729, 233030, 830, 44, 683, 1771, 21854, 2975, 25657, 58, 136, 44, 18444, 2914, 19897, 14108, 740, 1840, 4488, 85168, 297, 88551, 108625, 939, 237, 5299, 237, 130306, 33946, 5, 360, 18374, 122815, 4, 262, 6259, 85, 435, 39287, 8699, 64337, 64690, 4, 10, 32354, 6635, 111, 70, 185236, 111, 81163, 4, 23, 233846, 5, 64337, 64690, 136, 262, 6259, 85, 3542, 139505, 23, 33418, 136, 70, 24941, 109133, 47, 51651, 7108, 7103, 70, 104345, 111, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 44, 24687, 164174, 832, 172346, 58, 15, 3957, 25074, 1572, 1295, 70, 71175, 4, 33418, 194, 262, 61518, 70, 127319, 111, 604, 6626, 775, 7, 4, 7374, 6862, 5173, 100991, 136, 108520, 44, 108386, 33957, 58, 5173, 112072, 4, 262, 6259, 85, 145755, 47, 19686, 67, 47, 33022, 502, 28574, 71407, 4, 80299, 214, 1672, 10, 21261, 10, 6602, 5, 360, 106355, 2412, 91376, 44, 7623, 16378, 24952, 822, 830, 3129, 509, 435, 678, 60091, 136, 130306, 36272, 4, 72464, 1916, 604, 216473, 237, 10, 6, 70035, 5, 3293, 509, 134629, 390, 44, 441, 33, 1357, 58, 15, 284, 114942, 4, 96929, 3142, 44, 866, 25, 13, 21927, 58, 15, 3957, 87, 3033, 4, 81139, 3142, 44, 294, 4043, 144, 17438, 86, 58, 15, 7763, 70, 48606, 56, 4, 64972, 3142, 44, 78457, 31, 6332, 28, 27148, 22023, 14, 58, 15, 8331, 3132, 136, 37456, 15555, 7, 4, 62977, 3142, 136, 604, 2684, 5700, 12877, 4, 44, 54694, 86, 144, 61165, 58, 15, 4332, 297, 7, 23, 70, 38660, 4, 70351, 194, 360, 64104, 44, 441, 33, 1357, 58, 509, 70, 46517, 100, 10, 103967, 14277, 678, 65536, 71, 89176, 215542, 12701, 191, 4341, 786, 184, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 136, 4734, 1733, 450, 786, 184, 4, 10, 163198, 13, 51339, 56, 4, 118775, 23, 10, 1346, 5, 360, 70777, 54224, 164828, 2594, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 187951, 62903, 4, 27154, 3674, 262, 6259, 85, 100, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 23742, 44, 2472, 604, 6397, 1419, 71407, 191722, 32562, 7, 3129, 678, 32204, 17306, 2481, 49726, 70, 6897, 98, 604, 24, 4935, 90695, 136, 678, 6, 168867, 136, 52193, 29178, 35142, 678, 14135, 44402, 23, 4537, 1242, 4687, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 2319, 731, 23, 10, 405, 26973, 299, 23, 16906, 23, 70777, 5, 1840, 61475, 57553, 47, 70, 7123, 509, 44, 37735, 1298, 2953, 24073, 6210, 1283, 1459, 2953, 16, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 19916, 162466, 71, 47, 51312, 604, 5700, 2481, 5, 65124, 188, 240371, 4, 2750, 1902, 1660, 51371, 3674, 1919, 40158, 47, 14537, 136, 170920, 40738, 10794, 39, 4, 9325, 262, 6259, 85, 10, 181141, 196, 87929, 111, 66570, 4, 678, 10, 176762, 191, 7440, 764, 36510, 297, 1919, 44, 3454, 151645, 61113, 1363, 58, 100, 70, 6, 70035, 5, 38699, 22824, 111, 32485, 7, 136, 81828, 1314, 26859, 150080, 604, 5368, 23, 51651, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 61475, 538, 81907, 71, 2856, 1284, 155605, 3514, 434, 168661, 111, 70, 35743, 5, 6561, 5155, 2412, 156672, 450, 604, 66165, 4126, 8093, 13081, 434, 4, 5024, 11210, 4, 509, 9105, 38526, 72405, 3674, 390, 70, 375, 105401, 4, 678, 3395, 178308, 38162, 23, 136, 1810, 111, 70, 18276, 5, 44, 91306, 5024, 11210, 1556, 1902, 20174, 4, 221, 765, 87, 4, 58, 262, 6259, 85, 509, 66747, 71, 237, 54433, 4, 136, 2412, 176377, 47, 10, 1286, 90223, 71, 124374, 5, 581, 47353, 2843, 3884, 10, 177488, 98, 262, 6259, 85, 25, 7, 111531, 55300, 21533, 32562, 7, 80889, 5, 1840, 5155, 2806, 4034, 678, 10, 72399, 118285, 4, 134629, 390, 10, 42141, 111, 7941, 16454, 4, 40781, 4, 10, 63773, 7743, 136, 10, 10846, 21974, 111, 32562, 8108, 94000, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 136475, 47, 33022, 3853, 237, 2412, 3514, 434, 114210, 136, 1286, 119371, 13, 5, 1840, 221419, 43240, 4, 44, 2729, 8591, 146, 663, 4241, 58, 15, 3957, 13038, 111, 70, 663, 126, 4, 28730, 16, 136, 44, 8912, 133, 104, 25, 55390, 13, 58, 15, 14168, 6947, 7550, 4, 55591, 247, 117414, 10, 1286, 63274, 1771, 21455, 111, 6897, 3853, 237, 2412, 509, 136303, 33, 21896, 85583, 16227, 37348, 5, 262, 6259, 85, 68, 71, 23, 51651, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 7911, 111, 57262, 27968, 5, 44, 2729, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 6524, 5320, 5379, 50939, 1352, 220758, 11, 262, 6259, 85, 15, 4, 2819, 1438, 6088, 159983, 46, 423, 8055, 44500, 247, 2843, 51529, 23, 7374, 26050, 66, 46876, 237, 13779, 37969, 3478, 707, 527, 3139, 18, 5320, 262, 6259, 85, 4, 509, 142, 89176, 6, 70035, 2750, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 100, 95935, 13, 23, 70777, 44, 2472, 604, 6397, 1419, 71407, 191722, 32562, 7, 3129, 678, 32204, 17306, 2481, 49726, 70, 6897, 98, 604, 24, 4935, 90695, 378, 14, 5, 13, 5, 7374, 26050, 11, 268, 136, 678, 6, 168867, 136, 52193, 29178, 35142, 678, 14135, 44402, 23, 4537, 740, 4687, 509, 70, 5117, 89176, 46667, 47, 53299, 70, 494, 731, 4, 136, 4734, 70, 17932, 46667, 23, 4537, 7103, 11623, 192, 83101, 183676, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Accolades.", "Work.", "Complete list of works.", "Voice recording." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Deledda was born in Nuoro, Sardinia, into a middle-class family, the fourth of seven siblings. She attended elementary school (the minimum required at the time) and was then educated by a private tutor (a guest of one of her relatives) and moved on to study literature on her own. It was during this time that she started displaying an interest in writing short novels, mostly inspired by the life of Sardinian peasants and their struggles. Her teacher encouraged her to submit her writing to a newspaper and, at age 13, her first story was published in a local journal. Some of Deledda's early works were published in the fashion magazine \"L'ultima moda\" between 1888 and 1889. In 1890 Trevisani published \"Nell'azzurro\" (Into the Blue), her first collection of short stories. Deledda's main focus was the representation of poverty and the struggles associated with it through a combination of imaginary and autobiographical elements. Her family wasn't particularly supportive of her desire to write. Deledda's first novel, \"Fiori di Sardegna\" (Flowers of Sardinia) was published in 1892. Her 1896 book \"Paesaggi sardi\", published by Speirani, is characterized by a prose both informed by fiction and poetry. Around this time Deledda initiated a regular collaboration with newspapers and magazines, most notably \"La Sardegna\", \"Piccola Rivista\" and \"Nuova Antologia\". Her work earned significant visibility as well as critical interest. In October 1899, Deledda met Palmiro Madesani, a functionary of the Ministry of Finance, in Cagliari. Madesani and Deledda were married in 1900 and the couple moved to Rome right after the publication of Deledda's \"Il vecchio della montagna\" (The Old Man from the Mountain, 1900). Despite the birth of her two sons, Sardus (1901) and Francesco \"Franz\" (1904), Deledda managed to continute to write prolifically, publishing about a novel a year. In 1903 she published \"Elias Portolu\", which was met with commercial and critical success, boasting her reputation as a writer. This was followed by \"Cenere\" (Ashes, 1904); \"L'edera\" (The Ivy, 1908); \"Sino al confine\" (To the Border, 1910); \"Colombi e sparvieri\" (Doves and Sparrows, 1912); and her most popular book, \"Canne al vento\" (Reeds in the Wind, 1913). In 1916 \"Cenere\" was the inspiration for a silent movie with famed Italian actress Eleonora Duse. It was the first and only time that Duse, a theatre performer, appeared in a film. In 1926 Henrik Schück, a member of the Swedish Academy, nominated Deledda for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Deledda won \"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general.\" She was awarded the Prize in a ceremony in Stockholm in 1926. Her initial response to the news was \"Già?\" (\"Already?\") Deledda's win contributed to increase her popularity. Benito Mussolini, who had just consolidated his grip to power and established Fascism, sent Deledda a signed portrait of himself, with a dedication where he expressed his \"profound admiration\" for the writer. Flocks of journalists and photographers started visiting her home in Rome. Deledda initially welcomed them but eventually grew tired of the attention. One day she noticed that her beloved pet crow, Checca, was visibly irritated by the commotion, with people constantly coming in and out of the house. \"If Checca has had enough, so have I,\" Deledda was quoted as saying, and she returned to a more retired routine. The events also put a strain on Deledda's extremely methodical writings schedule. Her day would start with a late breakfast, followed by a morning of hard reading, lunch, a quick nap and a few hours of writing before dinner. Deledda continued to write even as she grew older and more fragile. Her subsequent works, \"La Casa del Poeta\" (The House of the Poet, 1930) and \"Sole d'Estate\" (Summer Sun, 1933), indicate a more optimistic view of life even as she was experiencing serious health issues. Deledda died in Rome at the age of 64 of breast cancer. \"La chiesa della solitudine\" (The Church of Solitude, 1936), Deledda's last novel, is a semi-autobiographical depiction of a young Italian woman coming to terms with a fatal disease. A completed manuscript of the novel \"Cosima\" was discovered after her death and published posthumously in 1937.", "Deledda's work has been highly regarded by Italian literature luminaries, including Luigi Capuana, Giovanni Verga,,,. Sardinian writers such as Sergio Atzeni, Giulio Angioni and Salvatore Mannuzzu, were greatly influenced by her work, prompting them to found of what has later become known as the Sardinian Literary Spring. In 1947 artist Amelia Camboni was commissioned a portrait of Deledda, currently standing close to her home in Rome in the Pincio neighbourhood. Deledda's birthplace and childhood home in Nuoro was declared a national heritage building and purchased in 1968 by the Municipality of Nuoro, which in 1979 handed it over to the Regional Ethnographic Institute (ISRE) for the symbolic price of 1,000 Italian Lire. The Institute transformed the house into a museum commemorating the writer, and it's now called the Museo Deleddiano. The museum consists of ten rooms showcasing the most important episodes in Deledda's life.", "The life, customs, and traditions of the Sardinian people are prominent in Deledda's writing. She often relies on detailed geographical descriptions and her characters often present a strong connection with their place of origins. Many of her characters are outcasts who silently struggle with isolation. Overall Deledda's work focuses on love, pain and death, upon which rests feelings of sin and fatality. Her novels tend to criticize social values and moral norms rather than the people who are victims of such circumstances. In her works it can be recognized the influence of the verism of Giovanni Verga and, sometimes, also that of the decadentism of Gabriele D'Annunzio, although her writing style is not so ornate. Despite her groundbreaking role in Italian and World literature, Deledda has failed to be acknowledged as a feminist writer, possibly due to her tendency of depicting women's pain and suffering as opposed to women's autonomy.", "Below is a complete list of Deledda's works:", "The voice of Grazia Deledda speaking (in Italian) at the Nobel Prize Ceremony in 1926." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 12639, 509, 14037, 297, 390, 41550, 123378, 4, 4841, 71, 11872, 4293, 4, 136, 823, 24243, 147901, 4, 2750, 3542, 756, 39395, 93215, 111, 72435, 5, 11872, 4293, 1902, 22282, 71, 4331, 99, 122069, 12535, 111, 192670, 4, 136, 123378, 136, 147901, 22282, 71, 13909, 41664, 25842, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 99, 34469, 11, 1104, 62467, 15293, 872, 19, 5, 147901, 2804, 70, 46517, 100, 12639, 5117, 21449, 1295, 3342, 126, 52234, 25, 7, 31486, 23, 70, 4821, 4265, 131793, 45559, 3229, 604, 57262, 509, 172554, 71, 20271, 604, 23718, 4, 136, 14432, 1295, 70, 4821, 42878, 55609, 150100, 5, 147901, 5809, 959, 72546, 7413, 1202, 34196, 7, 111, 40101, 19732, 1118, 4, 3129, 12441, 47, 70, 6528, 111, 10, 1202, 53371, 1764, 5, 11872, 4293, 136, 123378, 2804, 450, 70, 7311, 6528, 100, 12639, 2161, 18374, 483, 4, 65942, 1815, 8942, 5, 171530, 450, 442, 1902, 163629, 71, 12639, 100, 38629, 5, 12424, 96090, 23, 1815, 31837, 4, 136, 70, 35142, 509, 2704, 29367, 98, 7582, 17480, 30739, 1815, 25, 7, 6, 172482, 111, 12639, 83184, 297, 10, 3525, 151645, 33946, 23, 1202, 9, 2420, 2852, 15271, 74, 87, 15012, 3129, 5036, 6, 157272, 582, 282, 31, 7103, 1030, 3181, 2852, 29693, 30513, 4514, 4, 11814, 6863, 6, 110896, 47, 85493, 10, 28813, 449, 1764, 47, 12639, 4, 21208, 162393, 98, 8060, 214, 70, 10941, 179505, 47, 157167, 1495, 68034, 1295, 12639, 5, 360, 11994, 36404, 12639, 80723, 4092, 65296, 111, 24233, 10941, 4, 26719, 1496, 13625, 27853, 14858, 90, 111, 70, 42878, 26521, 19175, 5, 129551, 47, 12639, 4, 360, 4347, 24159, 12639, 83184, 297, 10, 20279, 1528, 100, 10941, 81450, 7, 47, 18645, 55941, 4, 1614, 59478, 9, 77007, 86723, 7, 28032, 70, 13651, 5, 360, 22482, 27580, 67243, 127114, 318, 36107, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 45733, 111, 12639, 5, 360, 7582, 27580, 12639, 171530, 10, 1614, 59478, 4516, 51529, 237, 44, 158257, 26824, 4, 58, 3129, 57134, 6259, 606, 9, 32087, 65296, 111, 19612, 10941, 98, 12639, 678, 70, 144573, 1815, 11356, 13703, 4516, 5, 360, 22482, 24635, 12639, 121447, 10, 37526, 1294, 14288, 4027, 51529, 237, 12639, 71930, 5, 581, 4027, 83, 82775, 47, 22691, 142, 16981, 15572, 29367, 100, 20020, 5, 1650, 66139, 10, 112892, 1029, 297, 38937, 101758, 4, 84553, 297, 132216, 7, 111, 86723, 7, 241599, 32070, 9, 189958, 67, 10941, 4, 136, 49129, 289, 12639, 102917, 538, 4527, 7, 70, 6, 41195, 1126, 136, 572, 5, 71041, 64, 9088, 25176, 11565, 62, 56349, 1202, 9384, 7, 4, 136, 70, 73327, 21068, 91903, 5844, 163274, 645, 135913, 91363, 5, 3311, 18982, 3640, 4, 12639, 1902, 186, 6967, 21972, 214, 1810, 21930, 23, 21611, 418, 9384, 5, 6422, 538, 4, 21455, 214, 12639, 21930, 98, 10, 3357, 13909, 56065, 70, 53650, 28750, 60560, 76329, 9, 73, 47, 186, 20600, 297, 23, 70, 31842, 5, 360, 18982, 36404, 12639, 83184, 297, 142, 195935, 11389, 111, 70, 1764, 450, 11814, 70, 88303, 9, 73, 90357, 130732, 31075, 111, 1467, 31842, 7, 8060, 214, 70, 19097, 758, 5570, 5, 3293, 107003, 21930, 47, 186, 21455, 297, 15490, 186607, 449, 53650, 28750, 60560, 707, 2499, 3789, 76329, 9, 73, 47, 186, 20600, 297, 5, 581, 12639, 1764, 1902, 10, 3164, 12639, 72095, 831, 70622, 21930, 1257, 47, 423, 14633, 12638, 23, 115, 30494, 5, 53400, 7, 2750, 765, 10, 4127, 28560, 17164, 111, 9969, 538, 214, 678, 70, 1764, 25, 7, 66069, 44583, 59801, 1543, 186, 122399, 70, 81273, 47, 70622, 21930, 1257, 47, 427, 21974, 23, 140909, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 6867, 75973, 7, 4, 3129, 144570, 493, 151138, 70, 15426, 4, 3638, 538, 8305, 10, 14288, 24089, 5, 14847, 12639, 509, 83184, 297, 23, 73584, 442, 509, 7722, 47, 70622, 51713, 21930, 4, 1284, 10, 1492, 9, 67403, 13, 17475, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 11994, 3295, 7103, 12639, 14037, 450, 70, 144732, 111, 21930, 204839, 214, 903, 140909, 3542, 220, 1003, 5922, 29367, 70622, 7, 111, 113976, 45831, 136, 54180, 5, 581, 12417, 67403, 13, 17475, 509, 124735, 47, 12639, 7311, 538, 122399, 21930, 99, 4734, 1632, 31897, 17366, 4, 44116, 297, 99, 10, 158839, 111, 40566, 17676, 62635, 98009, 7, 17368, 70, 13965, 33, 1681, 152810, 18151, 238, 15, 11, 20117, 111, 572, 5, 304, 82036, 4, 678, 22460, 10646, 363, 18215, 5, 360, 18237, 56434, 12639, 49814, 142, 35829, 47, 39544, 21930, 23, 138, 32566, 9384, 98, 14288, 24089, 7, 5, 360, 11994, 43304, 10, 11192, 9, 161789, 13736, 509, 49814, 4, 3129, 124735, 70, 158839, 47, 63907, 17676, 38230, 98009, 7, 5, 360, 14487, 43304, 32285, 254, 4732, 8060, 509, 49814, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 111, 70, 32285, 254, 83184, 4, 70, 12639, 58585, 509, 98816, 1295, 10, 43585, 70460, 47, 10, 38134, 86667, 5, 17106, 903, 3525, 60213, 4, 12639, 80723, 10, 101089, 5465, 47, 572, 5, 71041, 64, 9088, 25176, 11565, 62, 56349, 237, 6863, 114977, 1202, 375, 48448, 9384, 5, 360, 7582, 37771, 39808, 254, 4732, 8060, 509, 49814, 5, 360, 20414, 36404, 12639, 171530, 450, 442, 1902, 83184, 297, 10, 37457, 111, 21930, 23, 201, 605, 9384, 4, 3129, 114864, 2161, 11994, 543, 4, 11075, 4, 241037, 6499, 1507, 4, 10, 28811, 62458, 56, 23, 25534, 111, 6338, 44930, 111, 70, 28811, 32528, 104687, 71, 65296, 11374, 26719, 12639, 47, 17475, 2363, 11374, 5, 581, 50336, 21449, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 479, 57241, 111, 14713, 25, 7, 134744, 8262, 33120, 7, 1295, 150631, 214, 237, 28090, 2021, 47, 505, 4, 72095, 5809, 15190, 44, 11071, 22062, 7, 58, 47, 2363, 21930, 2451, 7, 12665, 237, 7426, 9, 2037, 7986, 89914, 136, 59058, 10187, 7, 5, 32255, 32354, 7, 3542, 959, 78458, 11814, 237, 70, 18231, 100, 212398, 21930, 4, 3129, 11814, 59058, 10187, 7, 47, 3789, 21930, 47, 69307, 32845, 59207, 80854, 5, 360, 11994, 505, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 70, 8668, 22062, 7, 30391, 1902, 2809, 2837, 133891, 297, 136, 70, 60213, 2806, 186, 4262, 3509, 4, 6637, 2363, 4527, 12639, 175100, 1810, 39395, 28007, 7, 678, 6867, 65296, 4, 26719, 10, 20428, 390, 345, 304, 23, 37771, 136, 10, 9655, 9, 2940, 9, 10133, 6488, 56002, 678, 7082, 34202, 76140, 16042, 23, 22482, 15431, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12639, 83, 142, 15672, 1118, 1202, 9, 2420, 2852, 13651, 10336, 167565, 56, 297, 23, 1735, 73223, 4, 39897, 5, 129335, 36770, 72435, 93215, 2451, 441, 8408, 11872, 4293, 4, 41550, 123378, 4, 136, 823, 24243, 147901, 2451, 7612, 27686, 70, 4516, 23, 22482, 35652, 1815, 123997, 70, 1764, 23, 7582, 3295, 100, 7082, 4369, 122336, 758, 96090, 74, 12639, 5036, 160404, 7, 237, 1632, 111, 1815, 25, 7, 57527, 11, 10484, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Founding and initial growth (2005–2006).", "Acquisition by Google (2006–2013).", "New revenue streams (2013–ongoing).", "Features.", "Video technology.", "Playback.", "Uploading.", "Quality and formats.", "2020 picture quality cut.", "Annotations.", "Live streaming.", "3D videos.", "360-degree videos.", "Reels.", "User features.", "Community.", "Content accessibility.", "Platforms.", "Localization.", "YouTube Premium.", "YouTube TV.", "YouTube Go.", "YouTube Music.", "ISNI.", "April Fools.", "Content partnerships.", "Social impact.", "Viewership.", "Revenue.", "Advertisement partnerships.", "Partnership with video creators.", "Revenue to copyright holders.", "Community policy.", "Copyrighted material.", "Controversial videos.", "Public disasters.", "Imam Anwar al-Awlaki.", "PRISM.", "Restricted monetization policies.", "Advertiser mass boycott.", "Logan Paul corpse scandal.", "Conspiracy theories and fringe discourse.", "Hateful content.", "Child protection.", "COPPA violations.", "User comments.", "View counts.", "Other algorithm design or implementation issues.", "Addy A-Game and Street Attraction channels design.", "Censorship and filtering.", "See also." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "3", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "YouTube was founded by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role in the 2004 Super Bowl incident when her breast was exposed during her performance, and later from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a video sharing site. Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube", "On October 9, 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006. Google's acquisition of YouTube launched a newfound interest in video-sharing sites; IAC which now owned Vimeo after acquiring CollegeHumor, used its asset to develop a competing site to YouTube, though focused on supporting the content creator to distinguish itself from YouTube. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including 60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube,", "In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program for content providers to offer premium, subscription-based channels within the platform. In February 2014, Susan Wojcicki was appointed CEO of YouTube. In November 2014, YouTube announced a subscription service known as \"Music Key,\" which bundled ad-free streaming of music content on YouTube with the existing Google Play Music service. In February 2015, YouTube released a secondary mobile app known as YouTube Kids. The app is designed to provide an experience optimized for children. It features a simplified user interface, curated selections of channels featuring age-appropriate content, and parental", "", "YouTube primarily uses the VP9 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video formats, and the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP protocol. By January 2019, YouTube had begun rolling out videos in AV1 format.", "Previously, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser. In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a", "All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, as well as live streams, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload longer videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to", "YouTube originally offered videos at only one quality level, displayed at a resolution of 320×240 pixels using the Sorenson Spark codec (a variant of H.263), with mono MP3 audio. In June 2007, YouTube added an option to watch videos in 3GP format on mobile phones. In March 2008, a high-quality mode was added, which increased the resolution to 480×360 pixels. In December 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a aspect ratio to a widescreen. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows", "On March 18, 2020, Thierry Breton, a European commissioner in charge of digital policy of the European Union urged streaming services including YouTube to limit their services. The request came as a result of the prevention of Europe's broadband networks from crashing as", "From 2008 to 2017, users could add \"annotations\" to their videos—such as pop-up text messages and hyperlinks. These functions were notably used as the basis for interactive videos, which used hyperlinks to other videos to achieve branching elements. In March 2017, it was announced that the annotations editor had been discontinued and the feature would be sunset, because their use", "YouTube carried out early experiments with live streaming, including a concert by U2 in 2009, and a question-and-answer session with US President Barack Obama in February 2010. These tests had relied on technology from 3rd-party partners, but in September 2010, YouTube began testing its own live streaming infrastructure. In April 2011, YouTube announced the rollout of \"YouTube Live\", with a portal page at the URL \"www.youtube.com/live\". The creation of live streams was initially limited to select partners. It was used for real-time broadcasting of events such as the 2012 Olympics in London. In", "In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users could now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve", "In January 2015, Google announced that 360-degree video would be natively supported on YouTube. On March 13, 2015, YouTube enabled 360° videos which can be viewed from Google Cardboard, a virtual reality system. YouTube 360 can also be viewed from all other virtual", "In late November 2018, YouTube announced that it would introduce a \"Story\" feature, similar to ones used by Snapchat and Instagram, which would allow its content creators to engage fans without posting a full video. The stories, called \"Reels,\" would be up to 30 seconds in length and would allow users to add \"filters, music, text and more, including new \"YouTube-y\" stickers.\" Unlike those of other platforms, YouTube's stories could be made multiple times and would not expire. Instead of being placed at the top of the user interface as is commonly done, the \"Reels\" option would be featured as a separate tab on the creator's channel. As of its announcement, only certain content creators would have access to the \"Reels\" option, which would be utilized as a beta-version for further feedback and testing. If users engage more with the \"Reels\" option, it may end up as a more permanent feature and \"trigger their appearance on the viewer's YouTube home page as recommendations.\" As of November 28, 2018, YouTube did not specify when \"Reels\" would arrive in Beta or when it would be publicly released.", "", "On September 13, 2016, YouTube launched a public beta of Community, a social media-based feature that allows users to post text, images (including GIFs), live videos and others in a separate \"Community\" tab on their channel. Prior to the release, several creators had been consulted to suggest tools Community could incorporate that they would find useful; these YouTubers included Vlogbrothers, AsapScience, Lilly Singh, The Game Theorists, Karmin, The Key of Awesome, The Kloons, Peter Hollens, Rosianna Halse Rojas, Sam Tsui, Threadbanger and Vsauce3. After the feature has been officially released, the \"community post\" feature gets activated automatically for every channel that passes a specific threshold of subscriber counts or already has more subscribers. This threshold was lowered over time, from 10000 subscribers to 1500 subscribers, to 1000 subscribers, which is the current threshold as of September 2019. Channels that the community tab becomes enabled for, get their channel discussions (name prior to March 2013 “One channel layout” redesign finalization: “channel comments”) permanently erased, instead of co-existing or migrating.", "YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a \"video response\". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner. YouTube does", "Most modern smartphones are capable of accessing YouTube videos, either within an application or through an optimized website. YouTube Mobile was launched in June 2007, using RTSP streaming for the video. Not all of YouTube's videos are available on the mobile version of the site. Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app", "On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt appeared to Paris to launch the new localization system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 103 countries, one territory (Hong Kong) and a worldwide version. The YouTube interface suggests which local version should be chosen on the basis of the IP address of the user. In some cases, the message \"This video is not available in your country\" may appear because of copyright restrictions or inappropriate content. The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions, including Amharic, Albanian, Armenian, Bengali, Burmese,", "YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red) is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music \"All Access\" service. YouTube Premium was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as \"Music Key\", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music \"All Access\" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was relaunched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content., the service has 1.5 million subscribers, with a further million on a free-trial basis., the first season of YouTube Originals had gotten 250 million views in total. In May 2014, before Music Key service was launched, the independent music trade", "On February 28, 2017, in a press announcement held at YouTube Space Los Angeles, YouTube announced the launch of YouTube TV, an over-the-top MVPD-style subscription service that would be available for United States customers at a price of US$35 per month. Initially launching in five major markets (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco) on April 5, 2017, the service offers live streams of programming from the five major broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, The CW, Fox and", "YouTube Go is an Android app aimed at making YouTube easier to access on mobile devices in emerging markets. It is distinct from the company's main Android app and allows videos to be downloaded and shared with other users. It also allows users to preview videos, share downloaded videos through Bluetooth, and offers", "In early 2018, Cohen began hinting at the possible launch of YouTube's new subscription music streaming service, a", "In 2018, YouTube became an ISNI registry, and announced its intention to begin creating ISNI identifiers to uniquely identify", "YouTube featured an April Fools prank on the site on April 1 of every year from 2008 to 2016. In 2008, all links to videos on the main page were redirected to Rick Astley's music video \"Never Gonna Give You Up\", a prank known as \"rickrolling\". The next year, when clicking on a video on the main page, the whole page turned upside down, which YouTube claimed was a \"new layout\". In 2010, YouTube temporarily released a \"TEXTp\" mode which rendered video imagery into ASCII art letters \"in order to reduce bandwidth costs by $1 per second.\" The next year, the site celebrated its \"100th anniversary\" with a range of sepia-toned silent, early 1900s-style films, including a parody of", "In 2016, YouTube introduced a global program to develop creators whose videos produce a positive social impact. Google dedicated $1 million to this Creators for Change program. The first three videos from the program premiered at", "Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing \"Partner Program\" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as \"a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels.\" In 2013 \"Forbes\" Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. Videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as \"mega\", \"mainstream\" and \"mid-sized\" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo in that year. By early 2013 \"Billboard\" had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and related genre charts. Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been \"fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution,\" TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that \"what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication.\" Anderson asserted that it is not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch \"the biggest learning cycle in human history.\" In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what \"Forbes\" Michael Noer called \"the largest school in the world,\" with technology poised to disrupt how people learn. YouTube was awarded a 2008 George Foster Peabody Award, the website being described as a Speakers' Corner that \"both embodies and promotes democracy.\" \"The Washington Post\" reported that a disproportionate share of YouTube's most subscribed channels feature minorities, contrasting with mainstream television in which the stars are largely white. A Pew Research Center study reported the development of", "In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in", "Prior to 2020, Google did not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as \"not material\" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a \"Forbes\" magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at $3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit $5.6 billion according to eMarketer, while others estimated $4.7 billion. The vast majority of videos on YouTube are free to view and supported by advertising. In May 2013, YouTube introduced a trial scheme of 53 subscription channels with prices ranging from $0.99 to $6.99 a month. The move was seen as an attempt to compete with other providers of online subscription services such as Netflix and Hulu. Google first published exact revenue numbers for YouTube in February 2020 as part of Alphabet's 2019 financial report. According to Google, YouTube had made in ad revenue in 2019, in contrast to in 2017 and in 2018. YouTube's revenues made up nearly 10% of the total Alphabet revenue in 2019. These revenues accounted for approximately 20 million subscribers combined between YouTube Premium and YouTube Music subscriptions, and 2 million subscribers to YouTube TV.", "YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In March 2007, it struck a deal with BBC for three channels with BBC content, one for news and two for entertainment. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on", "In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program (YPP), a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising, including videos containing strong violence, language,", "The majority of YouTube's advertising revenue goes to the publishers and video producers who hold the rights to their videos; the company retains 45% of the ad revenue. In 2010, it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were", "YouTube has a set of community guidelines aimed to reduce abuse of the site's features. Generally prohibited material includes sexually explicit content, videos of animal abuse, shock videos, content uploaded without the copyright holder's consent, hate speech, spam, and predatory behavior. Despite the guidelines, YouTube has faced criticism from news sources for content in violation of these guidelines.", "At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Any successful complaint about copyright infringement results in a YouTube copyright strike. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted. Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed \"an astounding 1.5 billion times\". YouTube responded by stating that it \"goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works\". During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling \"a setback to", "YouTube has also faced criticism over the handling of offensive content in some of its videos. The uploading of videos containing defamation, pornography, and material encouraging criminal conduct is forbidden by YouTube's \"Community Guidelines\". YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's guidelines. In an effort to limit the spread of misinformation and fake news via YouTube, it has rolled out a comprehensive policy regarding how to planned to deal with technically manipulated videos. YouTube has also been criticised for suppressing opinions dissenting from the government position, especially related to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic.", "Controversial content has included material relating to Holocaust denial and the Hillsborough disaster, in which 96 football fans from Liverpool were crushed to death in 1989. In July 2008, the", "In October 2010, U.S. Congressman Anthony Weiner urged YouTube to remove from its website videos of imam Anwar al-Awlaki.", "Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013, several", "YouTube's policies on \"advertiser-friendly content\" restrict what may be incorporated into videos being monetized; this includes strong violence, language, sexual content, and \"controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown\", unless the content is \"usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is", "In March 2017, the government of the United Kingdom pulled its advertising campaigns from YouTube, after reports that its ads had appeared on videos containing extremist content. The government demanded assurances that its advertising would \"be delivered in a safe and appropriate way\". \"The Guardian\" newspaper, as well as other major British and U.S. brands, similarly suspended their advertising on YouTube in response to their advertising appearing near offensive content. Google stated that it had \"begun an extensive review of our advertising policies and have made a public commitment to put in place", "In January 2018, YouTube creator Logan Paul faced criticism for a video he had uploaded from a trip to Japan, where he encountered a body of a suicide death in the Aokigahara forest. The corpse was visible in the video, although its face was censored. The video proved controversial due to its content, with its handling of the subject matter being deemed insensitive by critics. On January 10—eleven days after the video was published—YouTube announced that it would cut Paul from the Google Preferred advertising program. Six days later, YouTube announced tighter thresholds", "YouTube has been criticized for using an algorithm that gives great prominence to videos that promote conspiracy theories, falsehoods and incendiary fringe discourse. According to an investigation by \"The Wall Street Journal\", \"YouTube’s recommendations often lead users to channels that feature conspiracy theories, partisan viewpoints and misleading videos, even when those users haven’t shown interest in such content. When users show a political bias in what they choose to view, YouTube typically recommends videos that echo those biases, often with more-extreme viewpoints.\" When users search for political or scientific", "Prior to 2019, YouTube has taken steps to remove specific videos or channels related to supremacist content that had violated its acceptable use policies, but otherwise did not have site-wide policies against hate speech. In the wake of the March 2019 Christchurch mosque attacks, YouTube and other sites like Facebook and Twitter that allowed user-submitted content drew criticism for doing little to moderate and control the spread of hate speech, which was considered to be a factor in the rationale for the attacks. These platforms were pressured to remove such content, but in an interview with \"The New York Times\", YouTube's chief product officer Neal Mohan said that unlike content such as ISIS videos which take a particular format and", "Leading into 2017, there was a significant increase in the number of videos related to children, coupled between the popularity of parents vlogging their family's activities, and previous content creators moving away from content that often was criticized or demonetized into family-friendly material. In 2017, YouTube reported that time watching family vloggers had increased by 90%. However, with the increase in videos featuring children, the site began to face several controversies related to child safety. During Q2 2017, the owners of popular channel DaddyOFive, which featured themselves playing \"pranks\" on their children, were accused of child abuse. Their videos were eventually deleted, and two of their children were removed from their custody. A similar case happened in 2019 when the owners of the channel Fantastic Adventures was accused of abusing her adopted children. Her videos would later be deleted. Later that year, YouTube came under criticism for showing inappropriate videos targeted at children and often featuring popular characters in violent, sexual or otherwise disturbing situations, many of which appeared on YouTube Kids and attracted millions of views. The term \"Elsagate\" was coined on the Internet and then used by various news outlets to refer to this controversy. On November 11, 2017, YouTube announced it was strengthening site security to protect children from unsuitable content. Later that month, the company started to mass delete videos and channels that made improper use of family friendly characters. As part as a broader concern regarding child safety on YouTube, the wave of deletions also targeted channels which showed children taking part in inappropriate or dangerous activities under the guidance of adults. Most notably, the company removed \"Toy Freaks\",", "In April 2018, a coalition of 23 groups (including the CCFC, CDD, as well as Common Sense Media) filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission, alleging that YouTube collected information from users under the age of 13 without parental consent, in violation of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). In September 2019, YouTube was fined $170 million by the FTC for collecting personal information from minors under the age of 13 (in particular, viewing history) without parental consent, in order to allow channel operators to serve targeted advertising on their videos. In particular, the FTC ruled that YouTube was partly liable under COPPA, as the service's rating and curation of content as being suitable for children constituted the targeting of the website towards children. In order to comply with the settlement, YouTube was ordered to \"develop, implement, and maintain a system", "Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, \"Time\" praised Web 2.0 for enabling \"community and collaboration on a scale never seen before\", and added that YouTube \"harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred\". \"The Guardian\" in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as: In September 2008, \"The Daily Telegraph\" commented that YouTube was \"notorious\" for \"some of the most confrontational and ill-formed comment exchanges on the internet\", and reported on YouTube Comment Snob, \"a new piece of software that blocks rude and illiterate posts\". \"The Huffington Post\" noted in April 2012 that finding comments on YouTube that appear \"offensive, stupid and crass\" to the \"vast majority\" of the people is hardly difficult. On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a comment system oriented on Google+ that required all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos. The stated motivation for the change was giving creators", "In December 2012, two billion views were removed from the view counts of Universal and Sony music videos on YouTube, prompting a claim by \"The Daily Dot\" that the views had been deleted due to a violation of the site's terms of service, which ban the use of automated processes to inflate view counts. This was disputed by \"Billboard\", which said that the two billion views had", "In 2018, YouTube introduced a system that would automatically add information boxes to videos that its algorithms determined may present conspiracy theories and other fake news, filling the infobox with content from Encyclopedia Britannica and Wikipedia as a means to inform users to minimize misinformation propagation without impacting freedom of speech. In the wake of the Notre-Dame de Paris fire on April 15, 2019, several user-uploaded videos of the landmark fire were flagged by YouTube' system automatically with an", "In October 2019 YouTube deactivated two channels run by \"pick-up artists\" after a BBC investigation into the online industry. The company said: It", ", China and North Korea permanently block accessing YouTube, while Iran blocks YouTube on only one Internet service provider (Internet Meli). YouTube was blocked in Uzbekistan in October 2018 for unknown reasons. Access to Facebook had been blocked a month earlier. People in the country rely on virtual private network software to circumvent the blockage. On January 15, it was reported that the blockage had been repealed, but it lasted only for 6–7 hours. Governments block YouTube for a variety of reasons,", "General" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 95612, 25958, 136, 60875, 109622, 538, 4, 39983, 7605, 83, 1614, 97368, 48141, 3934, 10, 96551, 111, 21334, 94407, 5, 581, 5117, 91853, 83, 17721, 6863, 44, 11, 85691, 58, 136, 44, 101966, 1771, 58, 3173, 7, 12, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 70, 70997, 7, 621, 1614, 97368, 48141, 59499, 47, 3129, 8562, 111, 59714, 38750, 83, 195052, 5, 3293, 101637, 7, 39983, 266, 162, 3934, 238757, 89533, 28692, 707, 44, 538, 39, 22014, 2408, 9523, 39983, 266, 162, 58, 136, 7705, 365, 532, 707, 44, 1176, 13, 112537, 10821, 39983, 266, 162, 58, 12, 106935, 592, 6097, 6626, 40865, 5256, 87344, 10, 3622, 111, 22759, 5201, 39283, 7, 5, 17106, 73, 12638, 111, 6097, 5201, 39283, 7, 4, 2685, 621, 205794, 40368, 1614, 240153, 7, 5, 201106, 4, 3060, 41207, 42, 52895, 621, 56104, 90698, 47, 186, 50782, 111, 903, 40865, 1363, 150370, 5, 581, 2684, 39210, 153698, 23, 20020, 621, 23468, 13639, 72219, 4, 25153, 21722, 4, 3820, 814, 4, 136, 142, 22, 320, 17704, 27095, 5997, 707, 6, 134148, 5, 95001, 429, 47, 70, 32881, 1108, 15555, 4, 390, 3917, 111, 2837, 133266, 214, 70, 3638, 32881, 1108, 15555, 38750, 7, 678, 77546, 101935, 111, 6, 67144, 3408, 35011, 59714, 38750, 7, 4, 50339, 23, 10, 92635, 111, 59714, 37385, 1974, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 5526, 23, 70, 59714, 20450, 19514, 9433, 5, 3293, 26950, 3395, 678, 39983, 7605, 1543, 72546, 24209, 13639, 52021, 4, 2586, 297, 218527, 538, 4, 707, 85493, 6520, 254, 41537, 2586, 297, 7, 15, 64794, 38459, 13, 194, 22392, 59714, 38750, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 75412, 23, 181952, 60875, 62976, 7, 4, 1543, 186, 15811, 11856, 297, 707, 51634, 137175, 289, 5, 3293, 5809, 22304, 70, 3445, 25, 7, 43766, 13, 5426, 47, 186, 51, 2886, 47, 78431, 5773, 10, 8781, 159634, 707, 47, 4034, 52875, 214, 3789, 14361, 38750, 7, 5, 88949, 39983, 7605, 56282, 7, 70, 43766, 13, 5426, 1295, 20697, 3638, 538, 4, 3060, 3395, 16981, 103351, 159634, 4, 17163, 214, 1295, 75622, 297, 124062, 7870, 4, 221, 2109, 23, 70, 113008, 4, 707, 45, 147, 42, 82463, 47, 6897, 9, 927, 1283, 67, 592, 66764, 59248, 707, 125146, 48242, 159634, 7, 5, 201106, 4, 70, 4842, 59714, 38750, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 37105, 7, 47, 142, 32868, 4, 3129, 1543, 22304, 51634, 75031, 11, 136, 11167, 1484, 5, 31384, 3395, 16981, 3789, 153698, 4, 6044, 237, 34698, 133054, 4, 19441, 3820, 7864, 4, 149031, 7, 4, 17431, 157224, 7, 4, 34698, 209358, 71, 136, 3789, 14838, 9, 5062, 153698, 5, 31384, 3395, 16981, 24, 4032, 11, 707, 10, 34698, 111, 4393, 7432, 4743, 47, 142, 22, 320, 17704, 6, 134148, 136, 27095, 5997, 74, 903, 831, 16750, 23, 51, 29272, 43315, 57888, 86669, 5, 160731, 933, 195052, 390, 70, 70997, 1543, 1380, 25842, 136, 24209, 112141, 8405, 23, 70, 6, 134148, 707, 23, 70, 238757, 110, 988, 216806, 24503, 136, 105207, 47, 24, 4032, 11, 5, 4263, 70, 39983, 21068, 38750, 7, 205491, 70, 9879, 11066, 13048, 5426, 4, 7068, 171134, 6827, 153698, 15, 10869, 78458, 10336, 934, 90, 16, 831, 74918, 5, 992, 277, 3796, 171134, 6827, 153698, 1884, 39666, 12741, 4, 40, 1418, 30891, 4, 707, 41198, 831, 74918, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 78574, 36418, 81147, 5, 3164, 153698, 137272, 678, 39983, 7605, 831, 186, 150380, 297, 47, 3789, 70997, 7, 5, 1657, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 39983, 7605, 83, 11343, 99219, 71, 8305, 29874, 109921, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 133, 2247, 32868, 830, 3129, 26950, 242, 148477, 59714, 25, 4, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 62816, 48242, 11192, 35011, 59714, 38750, 54529, 450, 13379, 7, 23, 2684, 261, 134225, 297, 3395, 8108, 39734, 5, 581, 11192, 14012, 111, 35011, 59714, 38750, 7, 83, 173676, 3229, 10, 59714, 121413, 83, 21455, 297, 1379, 10, 11948, 70820, 4, 678, 70, 4173, 35011, 59714, 38750, 7, 195409, 8035, 6, 67144, 3408, 707, 51634, 137175, 289, 5, 581, 218527, 14012, 111, 38750, 7, 831, 2843, 193943, 678, 70, 17366, 111, 3789, 38750, 7, 4, 216806, 53333, 182, 39, 7844, 566, 173212, 23, 70, 59714, 54529, 5, 31384, 3395, 99219, 71, 678, 39983, 7605, 54, 959, 765, 11192, 35011, 59714, 38750, 54529, 7, 75693, 20271, 10, 20324, 59714, 54529, 5, 3293, 40715, 9, 277, 3796, 35431, 83, 35839, 44, 1935, 2247, 32868, 740, 581, 32881, 1108, 15555, 7464, 70541, 7, 27968, 10821, 35011, 59714, 38750, 7, 450, 226586, 70, 3638, 36049, 111, 59714, 38750, 7, 4, 1284, 1836, 47143, 23, 70, 1108, 15555, 64457, 111, 22, 33558, 70, 59714, 86429, 4, 7440, 1836, 2806, 186, 75693, 23, 10, 59714, 3034, 5, 1326, 10, 3445, 678, 662, 2247, 32868, 4, 70, 35011, 59714, 38750, 54529, 7, 23, 70, 59714, 86429, 831, 186, 3638, 707, 27226, 5, 4733, 2247, 32868, 831, 74918, 23, 2499, 111, 70, 22759, 13036, 52895, 111, 39983, 7605, 4, 136, 83, 106480, 39210, 23, 24887, 53, 38750, 39983, 7605, 5, 8622, 83, 110, 11001, 51529, 22304, 100, 2499, 111, 70, 12921, 52895, 111, 39983, 266, 162, 5, 581, 10846, 51529, 113660, 4, 3129, 621, 959, 137567, 120103, 28032, 70, 6226, 111, 70, 83080, 3445, 4, 15426, 100, 35845, 538, 10846, 50218, 5, 581, 22304, 100, 2684, 50218, 111, 39983, 7605, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 581, 12921, 39983, 266, 162, 47041, 765, 12921, 113660, 5, 119117, 32868, 4, 1884, 3789, 27968, 7, 4, 50339, 1295, 199334, 7, 23, 70, 27583, 5, 8759, 25500, 199334, 7, 831, 185553, 39983, 7605, 390, 34704, 1916, 98, 587, 15292, 7, 707, 8, 111438, 1916, 57412, 15811, 11856, 748, 22293, 7, 4, 136, 2685, 1272, 226586, 214, 70, 15913, 1363, 111, 38750, 47219, 4, 99710, 2320, 707, 91853, 5, 32255, 199334, 7, 1543, 74918, 150189, 79850, 707, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 197826, 47, 4567, 2320, 707, 2258, 44924, 429, 6402, 161451, 7, 5, 2022, 4021, 116127, 4, 70, 51529, 113660, 621, 6083, 136, 66733, 45339, 84382, 4567, 2320, 4, 10, 10846, 14994, 90, 6044, 237, 14135, 384, 9, 538, 39, 22014, 133141, 238, 14994, 4, 136, 3060, 165045, 7, 4, 959, 78458, 160962, 86, 136, 144, 129262, 26518, 290, 432, 106864, 97957, 100, 96362, 186470, 11, 117538, 5, 36836, 111, 47, 402, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 119117, 32868, 4, 2843, 160093, 297, 23482, 11, 32868, 4, 83, 10, 21115, 111, 59714, 27968, 7, 450, 56104, 9842, 23, 70, 32881, 1108, 15555, 136, 16750, 23, 11192, 101935, 111, 1563, 33176, 59714, 38750, 7, 5, 32255, 59714, 38750, 7, 621, 959, 89554, 126809, 136, 621, 35839, 44, 67301, 933, 58, 707, 44, 133, 2247, 32868, 38750, 7, 740, 149450, 7, 1543, 26698, 2586, 297, 214, 136, 13639, 72219, 4, 34698, 168661, 4, 3820, 814, 4, 136, 142, 124735, 10512, 111, 159634, 7, 5, 32255, 153698, 74918, 4743, 47, 10, 92635, 111, 3638, 59714, 38750, 7, 5, 6, 128198, 164, 83, 205794, 7228, 390, 59714, 109921, 707, 32881, 1108, 15555, 3530, 51775, 5, 581, 24763, 22304, 111, 39983, 7605, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 62, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Classification.", "General classification.", "Signs and symptoms.", "Causes.", "Radiation.", "Genetic conditions.", "Non-ionizing radiation.", "Diagnosis.", "Treatment.", "Acute lymphoblastic.", "Chronic lymphocytic.", "Decision to treat.", "Treatment approach.", "Acute myelogenous.", "Chronic myelogenous.", "Hairy cell.", "T-cell prolymphocytic.", "Juvenile myelomonocytic.", "Teeth.", "Prognosis.", "Epidemiology.", "United States.", "UK.", "History.", "Etymology.", "Society and culture.", "Research directions.", "Pregnancy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its \"acute\" and \"chronic\" forms: Additionally, the diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or \"lymphocytic leukemias\" and myeloid or \"myelogenous leukemias\": Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories. Within each of these main categories, there are typically several subcategories. Finally, some rarer types are usually considered to be outside of this classification scheme.", "The most common symptoms in children are easy bruising, pale skin, fever, and an enlarged spleen or liver. Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may easily become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae). White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the person's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. Because leukemia prevents the immune system from working normally, some people experience frequent infection, ranging from infected tonsils, sores in the mouth, or diarrhea to life-threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections. Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause dyspnea and pallor. Some people experience other symptoms, such as feeling sick, having fevers, chills, night sweats, feeling fatigued and other flu-like symptoms. Some people experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged liver and spleen; this can result in unintentional weight loss. Blasts affected by the disease may come together and become swollen in the liver or in the lymph nodes causing pain and leading to nausea. If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system, then neurological symptoms (notably headaches) can occur. Uncommon neurological symptoms like migraines, seizures, or coma can occur as a result of brain stem pressure. All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests. The word \"leukemia\", which means 'white blood', is derived from the characteristic high white blood cell count that presents in most afflicted people before treatment. The high number of white blood cells is apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope, with the extra white blood cells frequently being immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing further harmful imbalance in the blood count. Some people diagnosed with leukemia do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called \"aleukemia\". The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells that disrupt the normal production of blood cells, but they remain in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For a person with aleukemia, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in hairy cell leukemia.", "There is no single known cause for any of the different types of leukemias. The few known causes, which are not generally factors within the control of the average person, account for relatively few cases. The cause for most cases of leukemia is unknown. The different leukemias likely have different causes. Leukemia, like other cancers, results from mutations in the DNA. Certain mutations can trigger leukemia by activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes, and thereby disrupting the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances. Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial ionizing radiation, a few viruses such as human T-lymphotropic virus, and some chemicals, notably benzene and alkylating chemotherapy agents for previous malignancies. Use of tobacco is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Cohort and case-control studies have linked exposure to some petrochemicals and hair dyes to the development of some forms of leukemia. Diet has very limited or no effect, although eating more vegetables may confer a small protective benefit. Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. For example, human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia. A few cases of maternal-fetal transmission (a baby acquires leukemia because its mother had leukemia during the pregnancy) have been reported. Children born to mothers who use fertility drugs to induce ovulation are more than twice as likely to develop leukemia during their childhoods than other children.", "Large doses of Sr-90 emission from nuclear reactor accidents, nicknamed bone seeker increases the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in animals, and is presumed to do so in people.", "Some people have a genetic predisposition towards developing leukemia. This predisposition is demonstrated by family histories and twin studies. The affected people may have a single gene or multiple genes in common. In some cases, families tend to develop the same kinds of leukemia as other members; in other families, affected people may develop different forms of leukemia or related blood cancers. In addition to these genetic issues, people with chromosomal abnormalities or certain other genetic conditions have a greater risk of leukemia. For example, people with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia (especially acute myeloid leukemia), and Fanconi anemia is a risk factor for developing acute myeloid leukemia. Mutation in SPRED1 gene has been associated with a predisposition to childhood leukemia. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is associated with a genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia translocation; 95% of people with CML carry the Philadelphia mutation, although this is not exclusive to CML and can be observed in people with other types of leukemia.", "Whether or not non-ionizing radiation causes leukemia has been studied for several decades. The International Agency for Research on Cancer expert working group undertook a detailed review of all data on static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic energy, which occurs naturally and in association with the generation, transmission, and use of electrical power. They concluded that there is limited evidence that high levels of ELF magnetic (but not electric) fields might cause some cases of childhood leukemia. No evidence for a relationship to leukemia or another form of malignancy in adults has been demonstrated. Since exposure to such levels of ELFs is relatively uncommon, the World Health Organization concludes that ELF exposure, if later proven to be causative, would account for just 100 to 2400 cases worldwide each year, representing 0.2 to 4.9% of the total incidence of childhood leukemia for that year (about 0.03 to 0.9% of all leukemias).", "Diagnosis is usually based on repeated complete blood counts and a bone marrow examination following observations of the symptoms. Sometimes, blood tests may not show that a person has leukemia, especially in the early stages of the disease or during remission. A lymph node biopsy can be performed to diagnose certain types of leukemia in certain situations. Following diagnosis, blood chemistry tests can be used to determine the degree of liver and kidney damage or the effects of chemotherapy on the person. When concerns arise about other damages due to leukemia, doctors may use an X-ray, MRI, or ultrasound. These can potentially show leukemia's effects on such body parts as bones (X-ray), the brain (MRI), or the kidneys, spleen, and liver (ultrasound). CT scans can be used to check lymph nodes in the chest, though this is uncommon. Despite the use of these methods to diagnose whether or not a person has leukemia, many people have not been diagnosed because many of the symptoms are vague, non-specific, and can refer to other diseases. For this reason, the American Cancer Society estimates that at least one-fifth of the people with leukemia have not yet been diagnosed.", "Most forms of leukemia are treated with pharmaceutical medication, typically combined into a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen. Some are also treated with radiation therapy. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is effective.", "Management of ALL is directed towards control of bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease. Additionally, treatment must prevent leukemic cells from spreading to other sites, particularly the central nervous system (CNS) e.g. monthly lumbar punctures. In general, ALL treatment is divided into several phases:", "", "Hematologists base CLL treatment on both the stage and symptoms of the individual person. A large group of people with CLL have low-grade disease, which does not benefit from treatment. Individuals with CLL-related complications or more advanced disease often benefit from treatment. In general, the indications for treatment are:", "Most CLL cases are incurable by present treatments, so treatment is directed towards suppressing the disease for many years, rather than curing it. The primary chemotherapeutic plan is combination chemotherapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, plus a corticosteroid such as prednisone or prednisolone. The use of a corticosteroid has the additional benefit of suppressing some related autoimmune diseases, such as immunohemolytic anemia or immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. In resistant cases, single-agent treatments with nucleoside drugs such as fludarabine, pentostatin, or cladribine may be successful. Younger and healthier people may choose allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation in the hope of a permanent cure.", "Many different anti-cancer drugs are effective for the treatment of AML. Treatments vary somewhat according to the age of the person and according to the specific subtype of AML. Overall, the strategy is to control bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease, while offering specific treatment for the central nervous system (CNS), if involved. In general, most oncologists rely on combinations of drugs for the initial, \"induction phase\" of chemotherapy. Such combination chemotherapy usually offers the benefits of early remission and a lower risk of disease resistance. \"Consolidation\" and \"maintenance\" treatments are intended to prevent disease recurrence. Consolidation treatment often entails a repetition of induction chemotherapy or the intensification chemotherapy with additional drugs. By contrast, maintenance treatment involves drug doses that are lower than those administered during the induction phase.", "There are many possible treatments for CML, but the standard of care for newly diagnosed people is imatinib (Gleevec) therapy. Compared to most anti-cancer drugs, it has relatively few side effects and can be taken orally at home. With this drug, more than 90% of people will be able to keep the disease in check for at least five years, so that CML becomes a chronic, manageable condition. In a more advanced, uncontrolled state, when the person cannot tolerate imatinib, or if the person wishes to attempt a permanent cure, then an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be performed. This procedure involves high-dose chemotherapy and radiation followed by infusion of bone marrow from a compatible donor. Approximately 30% of people die from this procedure.", "Decision to treat People with hairy cell leukemia who are symptom-free typically do not receive immediate treatment. Treatment is generally considered necessary when the person shows signs and symptoms such as low blood cell counts (e.g., infection-fighting neutrophil count below 1.0 K/μL), frequent infections, unexplained bruises, anemia, or fatigue that is significant enough to disrupt the person's everyday life. Typical treatment approach People who need treatment usually receive either one week of cladribine, given daily by intravenous infusion or a simple injection under the skin, or six months of pentostatin, given every four weeks by intravenous infusion. In most cases, one round of treatment will produce a prolonged remission. Other treatments include rituximab infusion or self-injection with Interferon-alpha. In limited cases, the person may benefit from \"splenectomy\" (removal of the spleen). These treatments are not typically given as the first treatment because their success rates are lower than cladribine or pentostatin.", "Most people with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare and aggressive leukemia with a median survival of less than one year, require immediate treatment. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is difficult to treat, and it does not respond to most available chemotherapeutic drugs. Many different treatments have been attempted, with limited success in certain people: purine analogues (pentostatin, fludarabine, cladribine), chlorambucil, and various forms of combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone CHOP, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone [COP], vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin VAPEC-B). Alemtuzumab (Campath), a monoclonal antibody that attacks white blood cells, has been used in treatment with greater success than previous options. Some people who successfully respond to treatment also undergo stem cell transplantation to consolidate the response.", "Treatment for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia can include splenectomy, chemotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation.", "Before dental work it is recommended that the person's physician be consulted. Dental work is recommended before chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Those in remission can be treated per normal.", "The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world. The average five-year survival rate is 61% in the United States. In children under 15, the five-year survival rate is greater (60 to 85%), depending on the type of leukemia. In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return. Outcomes depend on whether it is acute or chronic, the specific abnormal white blood cell type, the presence and severity of anemia or thrombocytopenia, the degree of tissue abnormality, the presence of metastasis and lymph node and bone marrow infiltration, the availability of therapies and the skills of the health care team. Treatment outcomes may be better when people are treated at larger centers with greater experience.", "In 2010, globally, approximately 281,500 people died of leukemia. In 2000, approximately 256,000 children and adults around the world developed a form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it. This represents about 3% of the almost seven million deaths due to cancer that year, and about 0.35% of all deaths from any cause. Of the sixteen separate sites the body compared, leukemia was the 12th most common class of neoplastic disease, and the 11th most common cause of cancer-related death. Leukemia occurs more commonly in the developed world.", "About 245,000 people in the United States are affected with some form of leukemia, including those that have achieved remission or cure. Rates from 1975 to 2011 have increased by 0.7% per year among children. Approximately 44,270 new cases of leukemia were diagnosed in the year 2008 in the US. This represents 2.9% of all cancers (excluding simple basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers) in the United States, and 30.4% of all blood cancers. Among children with some form of cancer, about a third have a type of leukemia, most commonly acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A type of leukemia is the second most common form of cancer in infants (under the age of 12 months) and the most common form of cancer in older children. Boys are somewhat more likely to develop leukemia than girls, and white American children are almost twice as likely to develop leukemia than black American children. Only about 3% cancer diagnoses among adults are for leukemias, but because cancer is much more common among adults, more than 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults. Race is a risk factor in the United States. Hispanics, especially those under the age of 20, are at the highest risk for leukemia, while whites, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Alaska Natives are at higher risk than African Americans. More men than women are diagnosed with leukemia and die from the disease. Around 30 percent more men than women have leukemia.", "Overall, leukaemia is the eleventh most common cancer in the UK (around 8,600 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the ninth most common cause of cancer death (around 4,800 people died in 2012).", "Leukemia was first described by anatomist and surgeon Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau in 1827. A more complete description was given by pathologist Rudolf Virchow in 1845. Around ten years after Virchow's findings, pathologist Franz Ernst Christian Neumann found that the bone marrow of a deceased person with leukemia was colored \"dirty green-yellow\" as opposed to the normal red. This finding allowed Neumann to conclude that a bone marrow problem was responsible for the abnormal blood of people with leukemia. By 1900 leukemia was viewed as a family of diseases as opposed to a single disease. By 1947 Boston pathologist Sidney Farber believed from past experiments that aminopterin, a folic acid mimic, could potentially cure leukemia in children. The majority of the children with ALL who were tested showed signs of improvement in their bone marrow, but none of them were actually cured. This, however, led to further experiments. In 1962, researchers Emil J. Freireich, Jr. and Emil Frei III used combination chemotherapy to attempt to cure leukemia. The tests were successful with some people surviving long after the tests.", "Observing an abnormally large number of white blood cells in a blood sample from a person, Virchow called the condition \"Leukämie\" in German, which he formed from the two Greek words \"leukos\" (λευκός), meaning \"white\", and \"haima\" (αἷμα), meaning \"blood\".", "According to Susan Sontag, leukemia was often romanticized in 20th-century fiction, portrayed as a joy-ending, clean disease whose fair, innocent and gentle victims die young or at the wrong time. As such, it was the cultural successor to tuberculosis, which held this cultural position until it was discovered to be an infectious disease. The 1970 romance novel \"Love Story\" is an example of this romanticization of leukemia. In the United States, around $5.4 billion is spent on treatment a year.", "Significant research into the causes, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of leukemia is being performed. Hundreds of clinical trials are being planned or conducted at any given time. Studies may focus on effective means of treatment, better ways of treating the disease, improving the quality of life for people, or appropriate care in remission or after cures. In general, there are two types of leukemia research: clinical or translational research and basic research. Clinical/translational research focuses on studying the disease in a defined and generally immediately applicable way, such as testing a new drug in people. By contrast, basic science research studies the disease process at a distance, such as seeing whether a suspected carcinogen can cause leukemic changes in isolated cells in the laboratory or how the DNA changes inside leukemia cells as the disease progresses. The results from basic research studies are generally less immediately useful to people with the disease. Treatment through gene therapy is currently being pursued. One such approach used genetically modified T cells, known as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), to attack cancer cells. In 2011, a year after treatment, two of the three people with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia were reported to be cancer-free and in 2013, three of five subjects who had acute lymphocytic leukemia were reported to be in remission for five months to two years. Subsequent studies with a variety of CAR-T types continue to be promising. As of 2018, two CAR-T therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. CAR-T treatment has significant side effects, and loss of the antigen targeted by the CAR-T cells is a common mechanism for relapse. The stem cells that cause different types of leukaemia are also being researched.", "Leukemia is rarely associated with pregnancy, affecting only about 1 in 10,000 pregnant women. How it is handled depends primarily on the type of leukemia. Nearly all leukemias appearing in pregnant women are acute leukemias. Acute leukemias normally require prompt, aggressive treatment, despite significant risks of pregnancy loss and birth defects, especially if chemotherapy is given during the developmentally sensitive first trimester. Chronic myelogenous leukemia can be treated with relative safety at any time during pregnancy with Interferon-alpha hormones. Treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemias, which are rare in pregnant women, can often be postponed until after the end of the pregnancy." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 96055, 63964, 133818, 7, 27992, 98, 110518, 11907, 38750, 23, 70, 14361, 5, 10660, 27992, 47, 51312, 70, 4950, 289, 93447, 1771, 34515, 4, 52490, 21308, 142518, 90, 164, 4, 4358, 15913, 67, 4989, 32881, 75678, 15, 12654, 56, 3432, 678, 75678, 133818, 16, 136, 108, 82451, 28206, 2320, 4, 136, 51312, 70, 14361, 25, 7, 6, 176302, 2481, 47, 38368, 67703, 55343, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 122255, 13, 16, 390, 39220, 29888, 7432, 5, 581, 96055, 63964, 133818, 7, 621, 85590, 47, 27798, 34754, 136, 99710, 2320, 111, 756, 38750, 7, 111, 70, 14135, 14361, 5, 32255, 133818, 7, 2843, 15913, 67, 21308, 4, 19780, 4, 136, 2258, 837, 99735, 13, 159531, 4, 52490, 214, 3642, 14135, 38750, 7, 4527, 51120, 217773, 7, 5, 10660, 2843, 142405, 67, 13864, 159531, 5, 93511, 10821, 240877, 137043, 289, 136, 60875, 109622, 28029, 14, 79507, 96055, 63964, 133818, 142518, 90, 164, 5, 149559, 63964, 133818, 37105, 7, 47, 80097, 58093, 23, 118103, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 96055, 1900, 55343, 7, 32354, 1829, 3060, 51, 69723, 19, 191619, 47, 173702, 18, 184940, 289, 103488, 74, 903, 11301, 7, 142, 5526, 31486, 23, 70, 1274, 46690, 2320, 105823, 7, 111, 21968, 8080, 136, 70, 931, 202, 1916, 224833, 111, 263, 6468, 5, 6561, 21543, 111, 606, 35485, 214, 70, 96055, 1900, 55343, 7, 83, 10, 141591, 36069, 23, 14361, 52768, 5, 149766, 384, 136, 384, 621, 11814, 47, 85689, 96055, 63964, 133818, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 15, 3038, 771, 29178, 63964, 8780, 194, 10660, 621, 15044, 57622, 297, 5299, 390, 70, 5768, 4, 221, 831, 186, 34475, 30202, 538, 5, 636, 965, 125166, 17574, 1212, 83, 70, 6, 163414, 329, 34, 70760, 9351, 111, 70, 142901, 71, 11389, 111, 384, 4, 3129, 83, 93447, 52021, 1286, 191975, 3501, 384, 136, 8311, 329, 56104, 4734, 27117, 24145, 9, 132338, 86052, 5, 24955, 8, 172, 11210, 3674, 96055, 63964, 133818, 7, 621, 16406, 4126, 1295, 53408, 96055, 63964, 706, 15534, 4, 136, 621, 10, 44, 84832, 58, 75690, 29178, 63964, 39734, 70541, 214, 12719, 384, 136, 144851, 7, 111, 384, 4, 384, 136, 97377, 188, 694, 5, 22376, 19882, 621, 142518, 13, 9523, 162515, 7, 111, 384, 64, 618, 23, 12921, 70460, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 400, 31, 87427, 16, 136, 34166, 9, 618, 200112, 7, 15, 89882, 12, 400, 31, 125166, 191, 1212, 194, 636, 965, 125166, 17574, 1212, 1061, 28483, 83, 56104, 70, 5117, 15411, 111, 39734, 37842, 5, 31384, 60264, 12319, 1836, 54, 11522, 98, 8, 172, 11210, 3674, 96055, 63964, 133818, 7, 74, 49903, 4, 903, 83, 35509, 98, 10, 21986, 246, 1803, 77950, 136, 56465, 289, 110324, 7, 765, 959, 127887, 2499, 68073, 645, 70, 3530, 12654, 2347, 9523, 3173, 7, 5, 149559, 63964, 115301, 621, 113771, 47, 765, 12921, 93425, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 150380, 297, 47, 70, 60212, 23, 9983, 30283, 55291, 7, 206990, 70, 456, 71232, 1764, 111, 70, 49711, 75449, 5, 149559, 1900, 55343, 7, 765, 110, 29874, 127689, 7, 14373, 4, 21208, 2363, 4527, 1556, 2809, 26171, 71, 100, 6226, 6259, 23, 77391, 111, 170933, 23274, 11, 4, 3129, 113660, 70, 78574, 47, 30957, 10, 59959, 5844, 105823, 4, 80234, 23, 56282, 214, 82649, 20271, 6, 4986, 21068, 129517, 5, 19010, 2347, 9523, 6, 125166, 17574, 1212, 509, 5117, 65771, 538, 181653, 390, 28166, 12452, 1950, 42562, 136, 14787, 3253, 1505, 23, 70777, 5, 17006, 3395, 621, 191607, 678, 136117, 125166, 17574, 1212, 4, 707, 10, 21373, 142518, 13, 9523, 96055, 63964, 133818, 5, 242520, 35874, 178851, 7, 111, 70, 217773, 765, 12921, 31563, 7180, 2449, 136, 51021, 3387, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 6083, 96055, 63964, 133818, 107506, 7, 1295, 70, 19014, 71, 96055, 63964, 7, 111, 85825, 621, 7464, 19882, 5, 636, 965, 125166, 17574, 1212, 70541, 7, 384, 4734, 136, 83, 127298, 21334, 538, 23, 171760, 5844, 100, 60264, 51, 2886, 47, 96760, 384, 47, 384, 5, 32255, 60264, 1543, 55076, 47, 5646, 6083, 96055, 63964, 133818, 4, 237, 442, 70541, 7, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 384, 136, 384, 4, 707, 30700, 538, 107506, 678, 10, 142518, 13, 9523, 384, 39734, 5, 360, 6097, 50218, 4, 142518, 13, 9523, 400, 31, 125166, 191, 1212, 83, 12601, 2822, 4743, 47, 70, 38516, 60212, 7, 17721, 70, 6083, 96055, 63964, 38742, 5, 31384, 96335, 7639, 450, 70, 17664, 297, 6, 106864, 83, 48588, 141, 47, 756, 60264, 4, 1284, 70, 66044, 111, 96, 1410, 125166, 191, 1212, 70541, 7, 78301, 5609, 93425, 136, 70, 200112, 5608, 186, 151575, 297, 98, 142, 11651, 18231, 5, 31384, 6083, 96055, 63964, 133818, 8796, 7, 621, 563, 6538, 190238, 4, 1284, 3060, 621, 959, 5, 149559, 63964, 133818, 7, 621, 137567, 5299, 47, 603, 27686, 5, 149559, 63964, 133818, 7, 621, 56104, 959, 169907, 100, 181036, 24793, 707, 1649, 6953, 42732, 7, 4, 1284, 5608, 186, 34475, 1379, 10, 22072, 25, 7, 1601, 25826, 5, 360, 15824, 4, 2174, 10, 46667, 2750, 83, 75690, 29178, 63964, 83, 25737, 51, 2921, 27686, 4, 604, 15546, 83, 99, 10, 77546, 10512, 100, 127319, 72104, 7, 5, 14847, 181036, 4, 10, 46667, 678, 10, 27226, 9, 137175, 214, 96055, 63964, 1221, 2843, 3871, 47, 51312, 604, 655, 4588, 111, 96055, 63964, 133818, 5, 6561, 131527, 83, 450, 96055, 63964, 133818, 7, 1543, 1377, 52152, 2182, 26498, 27289, 4, 41866, 23, 114210, 60264, 74, 127298, 4, 22072, 7, 1543, 4034, 6097, 60264, 98, 10, 92319, 39098, 136, 4488, 1257, 47, 10, 150679, 1632, 47, 71864, 10512, 111, 26498, 52875, 5, 149559, 63964, 133818, 7, 15, 618, 136, 384, 16, 621, 181653, 390, 70, 18344, 150, 25667, 38750, 7, 111, 70, 96055, 63964, 706, 1760, 136, 621, 15913, 3674, 390, 384, 12927, 7228, 390, 70, 96055, 516, 29813, 90, 111, 70, 14798, 13380, 7143, 6635, 706, 1760, 5, 581, 93425, 111, 384, 23, 16622, 621, 2450, 3674, 1829, 384, 15, 618, 83, 117176, 71, 47, 384, 23, 30388, 108055, 90, 194, 384, 83, 17262, 47, 43606, 20028, 237, 36457, 3501, 384, 5, 149559, 516, 35815, 13, 15, 92714, 4, 363, 55673, 4, 758, 55673, 9, 3263, 8287, 25166, 125166, 191, 1212, 16, 83, 181653, 390, 18344, 150, 25667, 38750, 7, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 149559, 63964, 133818, 7, 621, 6626, 133818, 7, 181653, 136, 121447, 390, 70, 96055, 63964, 706, 1760, 4, 24, 110987, 1927, 846, 246, 125166, 191, 1212, 15, 618, 16, 136, 6, 125166, 17574, 1212, 15, 618, 194, 10660, 621, 2281, 3666, 1212, 9, 77007, 133818, 7, 450, 621, 102917, 538, 102778, 100, 15913, 1363, 111, 159531, 5, 384, 136, 384, 621, 2878, 25958, 150350, 71, 111, 22995, 30833, 5, 62, 8, 11044, 33, 2408, 111, 22995, 30833, 37105, 7, 47, 227204, 71, 36049, 111, 384, 136, 384, 4, 22, 320, 4188, 70, 96055, 63964, 108055, 13, 136, 1221, 22304, 70, 70997, 51529, 237, 8781, 738, 217, 107, 5, 581, 13036, 3173, 111, 96055, 63964, 133818, 23, 70, 59714, 83, 6, 125166, 17574, 1212, 15, 618, 247, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Function.", "Medical use.", "Formulations.", "Production.", "Central.", "Peripheral.", "Initiation of production in fetuses.", "Iodine deficiency.", "Circulation and transport.", "Plasma transport.", "Membrane transport.", "Intracellular transport.", "Mechanism of action.", "Thyroxine, iodine and apoptosis.", "Effects of triiodothyronine.", "Measurement.", "Related diseases.", "Anti-thyroid drugs." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid hormone leads to heat generation in humans. However, the thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals and the moulting behaviour of birds. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature.", "Both T and T are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the gut, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine is the pharmaceutical name of the manufactured version of T, which is metabolised more slowly than T and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones are derived from pig thyroid glands, and are a \"natural\" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T and traces of T, T and calcitonin. Also available are synthetic combinations of T/T in different ratios (such as liotrix) and pure-T medications (INN: liothyronine). Levothyroxine Sodium is usually the first course of treatment tried. Some patients feel they do better on desiccated thyroid hormones; however, this is based on anecdotal evidence and clinical trials have not shown any benefit over the biosynthetic forms. Thyroid tablets are reported to have different effects, which can be attributed to the difference in torsional angles surrounding the reactive site of the molecule. Thyronamines have no medical usages yet, though their use has been proposed for controlled induction of hypothermia, which causes the brain to enter a protective cycle, useful in preventing damage during ischemic shock. Synthetic thyroxine was first successfully produced by Charles Robert Harington and George Barger in 1926.", "Most people are treated with levothyroxine, or a similar synthetic thyroid hormone. Different polymorphs of the compound have different solubilities and potencies. Additionally, natural thyroid hormone supplements from the dried thyroids of animals are still available. Levothyroxine contains T only and is therefore largely ineffective for patients unable to convert T to T. These patients may choose to take natural thyroid hormone, as it contains a mixture of T and T, or alternatively supplement with a synthetic T treatment. In these cases, synthetic liothyronine is preferred due to the potential differences between the natural thyroid products. Some studies show that the mixed therapy is beneficial to all patients, but the addition of lyothyronine contains additional side effects and the medication should be evaluated on an individual basis. Some natural thyroid hormone brands are FDA approved, but some are not. Thyroid hormones are generally well tolerated. Thyroid hormones are usually not dangerous for pregnant women or nursing mothers, but should be given under a doctor's supervision. In fact, if a woman who is hypothyroid is left untreated, her baby is at a higher risk for birth defects. When pregnant, a woman with a low-functioning thyroid will also need to increase her dosage of thyroid hormone. One exception is that thyroid hormones may aggravate heart conditions, especially in older patients; therefore, doctors may start these patients on a lower dose and work up to a larger one to avoid risk of heart attack.", "", "Thyroid hormones (T and T) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T in vivo are mediated via T (T is converted to T in target tissues). T is three to five times as active than T. Thyroxine (3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is \"not\" the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T. The steps in this process are as follows: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is produced by attaching iodine atoms to the ring structures of this protein's tyrosine residues; thyroxine (T) contains four iodine atoms, while triiodothyronine (T), otherwise identical to T, has one less iodine atom per molecule. The thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100–120 tyrosine residues, a small number of which (<20) are subject to iodination catalysed by thyroperoxidase. The same enzyme then catalyses \"coupling\" of one modified tyrosine with another, via a free-radical-mediated reaction, and when these iodinated bicyclic molecules are released by hydrolysis of the protein, T and T are the result. Therefore, each thyroglobulin protein molecule ultimately yields very small amounts of thyroid hormone (experimentally observed to be on the order of 5–6 molecules of either T or T per original molecule of thyroglobulin). More specifically, the monoatomic anionic form of iodine, iodide (I), is actively absorbed from the bloodstream by a process called iodide trapping. In this process, sodium is cotransported with iodide from the basolateral side of the membrane into the cell, and then concentrated in the thyroid follicles to about thirty times its concentration in the blood. Then, in the first reaction catalysed by the enzyme thyroperoxidase, tyrosine residues in the protein thyroglobulin are iodinated on their phenol rings, at one or both of the positions \"ortho\" to the phenolic hydroxyl group, yielding monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), respectively. This introduces 1–2 atoms of the element iodine, covalently bound, per tyrosine residue. The further coupling together of two fully iodinated tyrosine residues, also catalysed by thyroperoxidase, yields the peptidic (still peptide-bound) precursor of thyroxine, and coupling one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT yields the comparable precursor of triiodothyronine: (Coupling of DIT to MIT in the opposite order yields a substance, r-T, which is biologically inactive.) Hydrolysis (cleavage to individual amino acids) of the modified protein by proteases then liberates T and T, as well as the non-coupled tyrosine derivatives MIT and DIT. The hormones T and T are the biologically active agents central to metabolic regulation.", "Thyroxine is believed to be a prohormone and a reservoir for the most active and main thyroid hormone T. T is converted as required in the tissues by iodothyronine deiodinase. Deficiency of deiodinase can mimic hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. T is more active than T, though it is present in less quantity than T.", "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from hypothalamus by 6 – 8 weeks, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from fetal pituitary is evident by 12 weeks of gestation, and fetal production of thyroxine (T) reaches a clinically significant level at 18–20 weeks. Fetal triiodothyronine (T) remains low (less than 15 ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50 ng/dL at term. Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism.", "If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormones. The lack of thyroid hormones will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called \"endemic colloid goitre\"; see goitre). This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.", "", "Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins, and only a very small fraction is unbound and biologically active. Therefore, measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormones is important for diagnosis, while measuring total levels can be misleading. Thyroid hormone in the blood is usually distributed as follows: Despite being lipophilic, T and T cross the cell membrane via carrier-mediated transport, which is ATP-dependent. Ta and Ta are positively charged and do not cross the membrane; they are believed to function via the trace amine-associated receptor (TAR1, TA1), a G-protein-coupled receptor located in the cytoplasm. Another critical diagnostic tool is measurement of the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is present.", "Contrary to common belief, thyroid hormones cannot traverse cell membranes in a passive manner like other lipophilic substances. The iodine in \"o\"-position makes the phenolic OH-group more acidic, resulting in a negative charge at physiological pH. However, at least 10 different active, energy-dependent and genetically regulated iodothyronine transporters have been identified in humans. They guarantee that intracellular levels of thyroid hormones are higher than in blood plasma or interstitial fluids.", "Little is known about intracellular kinetics of thyroid hormones. However, recently it could be demonstrated that the crystallin CRYM binds 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in vivo.", "The thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. These receptors, together with corepressor molecules, bind DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes. This receptor-corepressor-DNA complex can block gene transcription. Triiodothyronine (T), which is the active form of thyroxine (T), goes on to bind to receptors. The deiodinase catalyzed reaction removes an iodine atom from the 5′ position of the outer aromatic ring of thyroxine's (T) structure. When triiodothyronine (T) binds a receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, displacing the corepressor from the complex. This leads to recruitment of coactivator proteins and RNA polymerase, activating transcription of the gene. Although this general functional model has considerable experimental support, there remain many open questions. More recently genetic evidence has been obtained for a second mechanism of thyroid hormone action involving one of the same nuclear receptors, TRβ, acting rapidly in the cytoplasm through the PI3K. This mechanism is conserved in all mammals but not fish or amphibians, and regulates brain development and adult metabolism. The mechanism itself parallels the actions of the nuclear receptor in the nucleus: in the absence of hormone, TRβ binds to PI3K and inhibits its activity, but when hormone binds the complex dissociates, PI3K activity increases, and the hormone bound receptor diffuses into the nucleus.", "Thyroxine and iodine stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibian metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. In fact, amphibian frog \"Xenopus laevis\" serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis.", "Effects of triiodothyronine (T) which is the metabolically active form:", "Further information: Thyroid function tests Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) can be measured as \"free T3\" and \"free T4\", which are indicators of their activities in the body. They can also be measured as \"total T3\" and \"total T4\", which depend on the amount that is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). A related parameter is the free thyroxine index, which is \"total T4\" multiplied by thyroid hormone uptake, which, in turn, is a measure of the unbound TBG. Additionally, thyroid disorders can be detected prenatally using advanced imaging techniques and testing fetal hormone levels.", "Both excess and deficiency of thyroxine can cause disorders. Preterm births can suffer neurodevelopmental disorders due to lack of maternal thyroid hormones, at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet their postnatal needs. Also in normal pregnancies, adequate levels of maternal thyroid hormone are vital in order to ensure thyroid hormone availability for the foetus and its developing brain. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in every 1 in 1600–3400 newborns with most being born asymptomatic and developing related symptoms weeks after birth.", "Iodine uptake against a concentration gradient is mediated by a sodium–iodine symporter and is linked to a sodium-potassium ATPase. Perchlorate and thiocyanate are drugs that can compete with iodine at this point. Compounds such as goitrin, carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil can reduce thyroid hormone production by interfering with iodine oxidation. Thyroid hormone treatment in thyroid disease" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 6406, 111, 1310, 1294, 509, 21778, 1399, 4126, 390, 5941, 129574, 7, 136, 120552, 15889, 64370, 23, 182688, 122963, 47, 186, 70, 28, 47095, 282, 111, 2367, 509, 151552, 237, 44, 1029, 2480, 53, 5369, 111, 32528, 1419, 1239, 882, 133, 58, 12, 8, 61518, 19441, 10, 15889, 1419, 144732, 4, 4155, 1294, 12018, 4209, 63284, 71, 81843, 7, 47, 70, 6406, 84829, 11343, 176377, 10, 69941, 1419, 144732, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 70, 26349, 509, 21778, 1399, 4126, 47, 186, 8, 5293, 4126, 111, 3835, 77021, 12, 2926, 102966, 3542, 959, 65042, 297, 47, 442, 4, 10, 152363, 509, 142096, 23, 70, 35845, 538, 19336, 15, 10752, 67, 42539, 9, 192, 15503, 2481, 16, 59444, 111, 11554, 56, 16182, 43257, 3501, 1310, 1294, 136, 4, 36917, 756, 4, 70, 26349, 25, 7, 185517, 31837, 509, 23, 142, 4027, 11, 30319, 11341, 5, 581, 26349, 127298, 100512, 10, 88551, 32153, 111, 70, 9782, 38109, 80399, 12441, 390, 139240, 6044, 237, 182688, 122963, 18543, 38927, 56187, 15, 67099, 12280, 16, 23, 70, 72399, 23936, 7, 136, 442, 509, 23, 1310, 1294, 450, 70, 99381, 111, 70, 23780, 8752, 46, 70, 19732, 450, 1286, 3501, 2499, 3789, 25944, 297, 70, 182688, 122963, 86052, 47, 26458, 100, 116338, 8060, 100, 9782, 53087, 214, 46, 34739, 3687, 23, 8055, 31060, 5, 51404, 5941, 129574, 7, 61475, 538, 81907, 71, 70, 56101, 126140, 237, 10, 62276, 37772, 4, 23, 69822, 47, 2367, 509, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 19216, 92812, 35206, 37772, 4, 91582, 17721, 2856, 33662, 150844, 3674, 5, 360, 57553, 47, 57826, 1916, 90926, 111, 95319, 36880, 182688, 122963, 4, 38478, 674, 15490, 110324, 509, 65508, 71, 98, 483, 8055, 32158, 5, 8622, 509, 171986, 36880, 182688, 122963, 25632, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 38478, 674, 4, 678, 952, 3395, 8035, 152388, 23, 17262, 13312, 111, 6, 4726, 1916, 5, 360, 12628, 39473, 4, 79063, 1314, 111, 70, 1720, 4776, 67, 31951, 674, 51876, 103494, 534, 129574, 9782, 72004, 23, 2367, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 21786, 53, 5130, 34053, 96945, 7612, 5, 2161, 209, 8055, 4, 144326, 11179, 56, 10208, 313, 76489, 748, 100512, 70, 5117, 79063, 56, 47, 186, 152388, 390, 70, 1250, 25826, 289, 6, 42345, 23, 1310, 1294, 4, 3229, 764, 509, 51876, 390, 10, 91, 93, 1264, 98, 70, 15678, 60864, 97761, 5, 62, 53333, 37195, 79063, 1314, 1902, 2809, 152388, 23, 1310, 1294, 390, 4122, 9, 120152, 27417, 32158, 5, 1913, 19713, 46963, 6460, 68807, 7, 3542, 11476, 71, 99, 70, 56101, 126140, 4, 2750, 2843, 2577, 71, 112713, 24649, 63239, 136, 8719, 68352, 54330, 7, 4, 136, 2750, 11476, 71, 138, 13307, 68807, 7, 23, 30646, 5, 6, 42345, 103488, 2843, 124735, 36880, 182688, 122963, 678, 6, 95037, 939, 56101, 79063, 1314, 8035, 152388, 23, 70, 47143, 214, 21775, 111, 32158, 4, 23, 69822, 47, 70, 1492, 79063, 1314, 152388, 20271, 70, 479, 9, 10433, 19, 674, 14922, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 149766, 70, 90512, 6, 42345, 136, 1250, 25826, 289, 6, 42345, 1902, 170920, 110, 9, 519, 58555, 100, 70, 56101, 126140, 136, 25674, 14976, 1515, 1657, 590, 32262, 1294, 15, 17759, 441, 16, 23, 1310, 1294, 8305, 70, 4527, 111, 43544, 23662, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 3564, 111, 32158, 4, 1702, 43544, 23662, 7, 3542, 23, 3687, 47, 56282, 17203, 47, 2367, 509, 51529, 237, 5153, 1310, 1294, 4, 611, 111, 2856, 566, 13409, 2886, 3853, 47, 70, 56101, 126140, 25, 7, 1632, 9, 1507, 16294, 796, 2822, 117001, 5, 6, 42345, 43032, 9803, 538, 6, 121147, 297, 33816, 81409, 7, 23, 12912, 111, 70, 2450, 4, 136, 31815, 26580, 114942, 34739, 3687, 17721, 15889, 1419, 156206, 7, 136, 70, 56101, 126140, 99, 10, 13162, 51529, 237, 44, 2703, 8407, 107767, 740, 786, 13, 47, 6, 4726, 1916, 136, 82649, 47, 19927, 7, 143434, 390, 45255, 6635, 128779, 4, 142, 25902, 3674, 3622, 111, 41965, 111, 82649, 1902, 2809, 143434, 47, 4000, 108880, 5, 2161, 543, 18982, 29172, 4, 66311, 100453, 12121, 1679, 4, 56195, 33744, 111, 182688, 122963, 4, 4599, 14534, 756, 121, 988, 136, 52787, 7, 23, 182688, 122963, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 5, 2161, 1039, 18982, 29172, 4, 10, 5895, 8108, 105591, 53, 52305, 4, 142, 2874, 9, 10433, 19, 674, 95685, 509, 34658, 99, 5695, 45819, 1972, 32594, 4, 43573, 1310, 1294, 5, 581, 18782, 1314, 52787, 71, 47, 10, 3525, 38478, 674, 11491, 2685, 4, 1284, 3542, 118066, 390, 79063, 1314, 111, 70, 1720, 4776, 67, 31951, 674, 5, 14847, 3060, 18782, 1314, 159399, 434, 3474, 1444, 136, 37842, 47, 738, 10932, 70, 1909, 13482, 1439, 13, 4, 121, 2955, 42227, 7, 16810, 272, 2856, 4420, 390, 809, 2852, 21922, 1297, 50208, 7831, 99, 20903, 37457, 136, 20662, 1777, 191, 124666, 5, 581, 121, 2955, 42227, 7, 6494, 538, 42659, 10, 14012, 111, 18782, 1314, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 72761, 538, 10588, 42, 122009, 390, 2363, 10002, 93324, 7, 5, 32255, 747, 125682, 7, 111, 50029, 2481, 390, 121, 2955, 42227, 7, 3542, 113771, 38134, 538, 98, 113976, 136, 23, 70, 24234, 5, 31384, 23, 70, 126140, 2843, 17569, 2685, 1902, 2809, 165, 13388, 95319, 390, 70, 121, 2955, 42227, 7, 5, 20001, 154791, 179140, 4, 8, 61518, 70, 4599, 4, 47, 16401, 15700, 2874, 9, 10433, 19, 674, 95685, 23, 1310, 1294, 98, 52305, 496, 18982, 5, 581, 207048, 68872, 47, 63769, 442, 47, 172337, 23, 70, 129574, 58555, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 1284, 47, 7279, 442, 1295, 58359, 214, 230204, 29907, 68305, 4, 237, 203251, 390, 70, 70832, 7, 5, 581, 207048, 84751, 450, 903, 2806, 37105, 47, 6, 4726, 1916, 5, 49953, 9082, 12452, 17652, 4, 7068, 123573, 56, 111, 6557, 59591, 7, 23, 182688, 122963, 4, 12989, 297, 450, 70, 106, 271, 141117, 1799, 191, 4, 1720, 4776, 67, 31951, 674, 2858, 1720, 247, 5608, 26983, 47, 1310, 1294, 47, 186, 11814, 47, 34784, 7722, 6, 4726, 23962, 5, 581, 34784, 41018, 509, 18151, 76, 4806, 242, 156823, 1363, 52445, 55741, 25, 5, 581, 947, 10745, 34798, 35778, 52021, 9082, 17652, 100, 218873, 70, 1720, 4776, 67, 31951, 674, 100, 70, 41018, 4, 237, 442, 1902, 44, 11, 216473, 100, 17368, 218527, 72761, 95319, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 105591, 53, 52305, 4, 707, 70, 23780, 8752, 96945, 7612, 4, 509, 10, 46889, 162049, 98, 496, 18982, 29172, 23, 70, 23780, 8752, 16128, 111, 1310, 1294, 4, 182688, 122963, 4, 3229, 56101, 79063, 1314, 51876, 1381, 51, 147, 4806, 9782, 72004, 20271, 10, 18782, 95685, 26548, 38478, 674, 15490, 110324, 5, 65056, 8927, 3395, 68, 71, 12, 702, 3542, 152388, 1810, 54969, 4, 12960, 70, 47219, 111, 15700, 332, 22759, 21775, 14432, 509, 150380, 297, 47, 1919, 232796, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 91519, 7, 3542, 51876, 12960, 18738, 13, 214, 1295, 70, 79063, 1314, 4, 136, 3060, 3542, 51876, 12960, 31577, 47, 4358, 70, 148, 167457, 5, 64511, 18782, 1314, 3542, 23, 461, 2822, 390, 7547, 13631, 8876, 4, 21922, 1297, 50208, 7831, 4, 707, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Lead-up to the march.", "Events of the day.", "Casualties.", "Aftermath.", "Widgery Inquiry.", "Saville Inquiry.", "Murder investigation.", "Impact on Northern Ireland divisions.", "Artistic reaction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The City of Derry was perceived by many Catholics and Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland to be the epitome of what was described as \"fifty years of Unionist misrule\": despite having a nationalist majority, gerrymandering ensured elections to the City Corporation always returned a unionist majority. At the same time the city was perceived to be deprived of public investment: motorways were not extended to it, a university was opened in the relatively small (Protestant-majority) town of Coleraine rather than Derry and, above all, the city's housing stock was in an appalling state. The city therefore became a significant focus of the civil rights campaign led by organisations such as Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) in the late 1960s and it was in Derry that the Battle of the Bogside – the event that more than any other pushed the Northern Ireland administration to ask for military support for civil policing – took place in August 1969. While many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a neutral force, in contrast to what was regarded as a sectarian police force, relations between them soon deteriorated. In response to escalating levels of violence across Northern Ireland, internment without trial was introduced on 9 August 1971. There was disorder across Northern Ireland following the introduction of internment, with 21 people being killed in three days of rioting. In Belfast, soldiers of the Parachute Regiment shot dead 11 Catholic civilians in what became known as the Ballymurphy Massacre. On 10 August, Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, when he was shot by a sniper on the Creggan estate. A further six soldiers had been killed in Derry by mid-December 1971. At least 1,332 rounds were fired at the British Army, who also faced 211 explosions and 180 nail bombs, and who fired 364 rounds in return. IRA activity also increased across Northern Ireland with thirty British soldiers being killed in the remaining months of 1971, in contrast to the ten soldiers killed during the pre-internment period of the year. Both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established no-go areas for the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Derry through the use of barricades. By the end of 1971, 29 barricades were in place to prevent access to what was known as Free Derry, 16 of them impassable even to the British Army's one-ton armoured vehicles. IRA members openly mounted roadblocks in front of the media, and daily clashes took place between nationalist youths and the British Army at a spot known as \"aggro corner\". Due to rioting and damage to shops caused by incendiary devices, an estimated total of worth of damage had been caused to local businesses.", "On 18 January 1972, Brian Faulkner, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, banned all parades and marches in Northern Ireland until the end of the year. On 22 January 1972, a week before Bloody Sunday, an anti-internment march was held at Magilligan strand, near Derry. The protesters marched to a new internment camp there, but were stopped by soldiers of the Parachute Regiment. When some protesters threw stones and tried to go around the barbed wire, paratroopers drove them back by firing rubber bullets at close range and making baton charges. The paratroopers badly beat a number of protesters and had to be physically restrained by their own officers. These allegations of brutality by paratroopers were reported widely on television and in the press. Some in the Army also thought there had been undue violence by the paratroopers. NICRA intended, despite the ban, to hold another anti-internment march in Derry on Sunday 30 January. The authorities decided to allow it to proceed in the Catholic areas of the city, but to stop it from reaching Guildhall Square, as planned by the organisers. The authorities expected that this would lead to rioting. Major General Robert Ford, then Commander of Land Forces in Northern Ireland, ordered that the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (1 Para), should travel to Derry to be used to arrest possible rioters. The arrest operation was codenamed 'Operation Forecast'. The Saville Report criticised General Ford for choosing the Parachute Regiment for the operation, as it had \"a reputation for using excessive physical violence\". The paratroopers arrived in Derry on the morning of the march and took up positions in the city. Brigadier Pat MacLellan was the operational commander and issued orders from Ebrington Barracks. He gave orders to Lieutenant Colonel Derek Wilford, commander of 1 Para. He in turn gave orders to Major Ted Loden, who commanded the company who launched the arrest operation.", "The protesters planned on marching from Bishop's Field, in the Creggan housing estate, to the Guildhall, in the city centre, where they would hold a rally. The march set off at about 2:45pm. There were 10,000–15,000 people on the march, with many joining along its route. Lord Widgery, in his now discredited tribunal, said that there were only 3,000 to 5,000. The march made its way along William Street but, as it neared the city centre, its path was blocked by British Army barriers. The organisers redirected the march down Rossville Street, intending to hold the rally at Free Derry Corner instead. However, some broke off from the march and began throwing stones at soldiers manning the barriers. The soldiers fired rubber bullets, CS gas and water cannon. Such clashes between soldiers and youths were common, and observers reported that the rioting was not intense. Some of the crowd spotted paratroopers occupying a derelict three-story building overlooking William Street, and began throwing stones at the windows. At about 3:55pm, these paratroopers opened fire. Civilians Damien Donaghy and John Johnston were shot and wounded while standing on waste ground opposite the building. These were the first shots fired. The soldiers claimed Donaghy was holding a black cylindrical object, but the Saville Inquiry concluded that all of those shot were unarmed. At 4:07pm, the paratroopers were ordered to go through the barriers and arrest rioters. The paratroopers, on foot and in armoured vehicles, chased people down Rossville Street and into the Bogside. Two people were knocked down by the vehicles. Brigadier MacLellan had ordered that only one company of paratroopers be sent through the barriers, on foot, and that they should not chase people down Rossville Street. Colonel Wilford disobeyed this order, which meant there was no separation between rioters and peaceful marchers. The paratroopers disembarked and began seizing people. There were many claims of paratroopers beating people, clubbing them with rifle butts, firing rubber bullets at them from close range, making threats to kill, and hurling abuse. The Saville Report agreed that soldiers \"used excessive force when arresting people [...] as well as seriously assaulting them for no good reason while in their custody\". One group of paratroopers took up position at a low wall about in front of a rubble barricade that stretched across Rossville Street. There were people at the barricade and some were throwing stones at the soldiers, but none were near enough to hit them. The soldiers fired on the people at the barricade, killing six and wounding a seventh. A large group of people fled or were chased into the car park of Rossville Flats. This area was like a courtyard, surrounded on three sides by high-rise flats. The soldiers opened fire, killing one civilian and wounding six others. This fatality, Jackie Duddy, was running alongside a priest, Father Edward Daly, when he was shot in the back. Another group of people fled into the car park of Glenfada Park, which was also a courtyard-like area surrounded by flats. Here, the soldiers shot at people across the car park, about 40–50 yards away. Two civilians were killed and at least four others wounded. The Saville Report says it is \"probable\" that at least one soldier fired from the hip towards the crowd, without aiming. The soldiers went through the car park and out the other side. Some soldiers went out the southwest corner, where they shot dead two civilians. The other soldiers went out the southeast corner and shot four more civilians, killing two. About ten minutes had elapsed between the time soldiers drove into the Bogside and the time the last of the civilians was shot. More than 100 rounds were fired by the soldiers. Some of those shot were given first aid by civilian volunteers, either on the scene or after being carried into nearby homes. They were then driven to hospital, either in civilian cars or in ambulances. The first ambulances arrived at 4:28pm. The three boys killed at the rubble barricade were driven to hospital by the paratroopers. Witnesses said paratroopers lifted the bodies by the hands and feet and dumped them in the back of their APC, as if they were \"pieces of meat\". The Saville Report agreed that this is an \"accurate description of what happened\". It says the paratroopers \"might well have felt themselves at risk, but in our view this does not excuse them\".", "In all, 26 people were shot by the paratroopers; 13 died on the day and another died of his injuries four months later. The dead were killed in four main areas: the rubble barricade across Rossville Street, the courtyard car park of Rossville Flats (on the north side of the flats), the courtyard car park of Glenfada Park, and the forecourt of Rossville Flats (on the south side of the flats). All of the soldiers responsible insisted that they had shot at, and hit, gunmen or bomb-throwers. No soldier said he missed his target and hit someone else by mistake. The Saville Report concluded that all of those shot were unarmed and that none were posing a serious threat. It also concluded that none of the soldiers fired in response to attacks, or threatened attacks, by gunmen or bomb-throwers. No warnings were given before soldiers opened fire. The casualties are listed in the order in which they were killed.", "Thirteen people were shot and killed, with another man later dying of his wounds. The official army position, backed by the British Home Secretary, Reginald Maudling, the next day in the House of Commons, was that the paratroopers had reacted to gun and nail bomb attacks from suspected IRA members. Apart from the soldiers, all eyewitnesses—including marchers, local residents, and British and Irish journalists present—maintain that soldiers fired into an unarmed crowd, or were aiming at fleeing people and those tending the wounded, whereas the soldiers themselves were not fired upon. No British soldier was wounded by gunfire or reported any injuries, nor were any bullets or nail bombs recovered to back up their claims. On 2 February 1972, the day that 12 of those killed were buried, there was a general strike in the Republic. It was described as the biggest general strike in Europe since the Second World War relative to population. Memorial services were held in Catholic and Protestant churches, as well as synagogues, throughout the Republic. The same day, irate crowds burned down the British embassy on Merrion Square in Dublin. Anglo-Irish relations hit one of their lowest ebbs with the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Patrick Hillery, going to the United Nations Security Council in New York to demand the involvement of a UN peacekeeping force in the Northern Ireland conflict. In the days following Bloody Sunday, Bernadette Devlin, the independent Irish nationalist Member of Parliament for Mid Ulster, expressed anger at what she perceived as British government attempts to stifle accounts being reported about the shootings. Having witnessed the events firsthand, she was infuriated that the Speaker of the House of Commons, Selwyn Lloyd, consistently denied her the chance to speak in Parliament about the shootings, although parliamentary convention decreed that any MP witnessing an incident under discussion would be granted an opportunity to speak about it in Parliament. Devlin slapped Reginald Maudling, the Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Conservative government, when he made a statement to Parliament that the British Army had fired only in self-defence. She was temporarily suspended from Parliament as a result. An inquest into the deaths was held in August 1973. The city's coroner, Hubert O'Neill, a retired British Army major, issued a statement at the completion of the inquest. He declared: Several months after Bloody Sunday, the 1st Battalion Parachute Regiment—again under Lt Col Derek Wilford—were involved in another controversial shooting incident. On 7 September, 1 Para raided houses and the headquarters of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) in the Protestant Shankill area of Belfast. Two Protestant civilians were shot dead and others wounded by the paratroopers, who claimed they were returning fire at loyalist gunmen. This sparked angry demonstrations by local Protestants, and the UDA declared: \"Never has Ulster witnessed such licensed sadists and such blatant liars as the 1st Paras. These gun-happy louts must be removed from the streets\". A unit of the British Army's Ulster Defence Regiment refused to carry out duties until 1 Para was withdrawn from the Shankill. At the end of 1972, Lt Col Wilford, who was directly in charge of the soldiers involved in Bloody Sunday, was awarded the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1992, John Major, writing to John Hume stated: \"The Government made clear in 1974 that those who were killed on 'Bloody Sunday' should be regarded as innocent of any allegation that they were shot whilst handling firearms or explosives\". In 2007, General (then Captain) Sir Mike Jackson, adjutant of 1 Para on Bloody Sunday, said: \"I have no doubt that innocent people were shot\". This was in sharp contrast to his insistence, for more than 30 years, that those killed on the day had not been innocent. In 2008 a former aide to British prime minister Tony Blair, Jonathan Powell, described Widgery as a \"complete and utter whitewash\". In 1998, Lt Col Derek Wilford expressed his anger at Tony Blair's intention of setting up the Saville inquiry, stating that he was proud of his actions on Bloody Sunday. Two years later in 2000 during an interview with the BBC, Wilford said: \"There might have been things wrong in the sense that some innocent people, people who were not carrying a weapon, were wounded or even killed. But that was not done as a deliberate malicious act. It was done as an act of war\".", "Two days after Bloody Sunday, the British Parliament adopted a resolution for a tribunal into the shootings, resulting in Prime Minister Edward Heath commissioning the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Widgery, to undertake it. Many witnesses intended to boycott the tribunal as they lacked faith in Widgery's impartiality, but were eventually persuaded to take part. Widgery's quickly-produced report—completed within 10 weeks (on 10 April) and published within 11 weeks (on 19 April)—supported the Army's account of the events of the day. Among the evidence presented to the tribunal were the results of paraffin tests, used to identify lead residues from firing weapons, and that nail bombs had been found on the body of one of those killed. Tests for traces of explosives on the clothes of eleven of the dead proved negative, while those of the remaining man could not be tested as they had already been washed. It has been argued that firearms residue on some deceased may have come from contact with the soldiers who themselves moved some of the bodies, or that the presence of lead on the hands of one (James Wray) was easily explained by the fact that his occupation regularly involved the use of lead-based solder. Most witnesses to the event disputed the report's conclusions and regarded it as a whitewash, the slogan \"Widgery washes whiter\" - a play on the contemporary advertisement for Daz soap powder - emblazoned on walls in Derry, crystallized the views of many nationalists about the report. Although there were many IRA men—both Official and Provisional—at the protest, it is claimed they were all unarmed, apparently because it was anticipated that the paratroopers would attempt to \"draw them out\". March organiser and MP Ivan Cooper had been promised beforehand that no armed IRA men would be near the march. One paratrooper who gave evidence at the tribunal testified that they were told by an officer to expect a gunfight and \"We want some kills\". In the event, one man was witnessed by Father Edward Daly and others haphazardly firing a revolver in the direction of the paratroopers. Later identified as a member of the Official IRA, this man was also photographed in the act of drawing his weapon, but was apparently not seen or targeted by the soldiers.", "Although British prime minister John Major rejected John Hume's requests for a public inquiry into the killings, his successor, Tony Blair, decided to start one. A second commission of inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville, was established in January 1998 to re-examine Bloody Sunday. The other judges were John Toohey QC, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia who had worked on Aboriginal issues (he replaced New Zealander Sir Edward Somers QC, who retired from the Inquiry in 2000 for personal reasons), and Mr Justice William Hoyt QC, former Chief Justice of New Brunswick and a member of the Canadian Judicial Council. The hearings were concluded in November 2004, and the report was published 15 June 2010. The Saville Inquiry was a more comprehensive study than the Widgery Tribunal, interviewing a wide range of witnesses, including local residents, soldiers, journalists and politicians. Lord Saville declined to comment on the Widgery report and made the point that the Saville Inquiry was a judicial inquiry into Bloody Sunday, not the Widgery Tribunal. Evidence given by Martin McGuinness, a senior member of Sinn Féin and later the deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, to the inquiry stated that he was second-in-command of the Derry City brigade of the Provisional IRA and was present at the march. A claim was made at the Saville Inquiry that McGuinness was responsible for supplying detonators for nail bombs on Bloody Sunday. Paddy Ward claimed he was the leader of the Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the Provisional IRA in January 1972. He claimed that McGuinness, the second-in-command of the Provisional IRA in the city at the time, and another anonymous Provisional IRA member gave him bomb parts on the morning of 30 January, the date planned for the civil rights march. He said his organisation intended to attack city-centre premises in Derry on 30 January. In response McGuinness rejected the claims as \"fantasy\", while Gerry O'Hara, a Sinn Féin councillor in Derry stated that he and not Ward was the Fianna leader at the time. Many observers allege that the Ministry of Defence (MoD) acted in a way to impede the inquiry. Over 1,000 army photographs and original army helicopter video footage were never made available. Additionally, guns used on the day by the soldiers that could have been evidence in the inquiry were lost by the MoD. The MoD claimed that all the guns had been destroyed, but some were subsequently recovered in various locations (such as Sierra Leone and Beirut) despite the obstruction. By the time the inquiry had retired to write up its findings, it had interviewed over 900 witnesses, over seven years, making it the biggest investigation in British legal history. The cost of this process has drawn criticism; as of the publication of the Saville Report being. The inquiry was expected to report in late 2009 but was delayed until after the general election on 6 May 2010. The report of the inquiry was published on 15 June 2010. The report concluded, \"The firing by soldiers of 1 PARA on Bloody Sunday caused the deaths of 13 people and injury to a similar number, none of whom was posing a threat of causing death or serious injury.\" Saville stated that British paratroopers \"lost control\", fatally shooting fleeing civilians and those who tried to aid civilians who had been shot by the British soldiers. The report stated that British soldiers had concocted lies in their attempt to hide their acts. Saville stated that the civilians had not been warned by the British soldiers that they intended to shoot. The report states, contrary to previous assertions, that no stones and no petrol bombs were thrown by civilians before British soldiers shot at them, and that the civilians were not posing any threat. The report concluded that an Official IRA sniper fired on British soldiers, albeit that on the balance of evidence his shot was fired \"after\" the Army shots that wounded Damien Donaghey and John Johnston. The Inquiry rejected the sniper's account that this shot had been made in reprisal, stating the view that he and another Official IRA member had already been in position, and the shot had probably been fired simply because the opportunity had presented itself. Ultimately the Saville Inquiry was inconclusive on Martin McGuinness's role, due to a lack of certainty over his movements, concluding that while he was \"engaged in paramilitary activity\" during Bloody Sunday, and had probably been armed with a Thompson submachine gun, there was insufficient evidence to make any finding other than they were \"sure that he did not engage in any activity that provided any of the soldiers with any justification for opening fire\". Regarding the soldiers in charge on the day of Bloody Sunday, the Saville Inquiry arrived at the following findings: Reporting on the findings of the Saville Inquiry in the House of Commons, the British prime minister David Cameron said:", "Following the publication of the Saville Report, a murder investigation was begun by the Police Service of Northern Ireland's Legacy Investigation Branch. On 10 November 2015, a 66-year-old former member of the Parachute Regiment was arrested for questioning over the deaths of William Nash, Michael McDaid and John Young. He was released on bail shortly after. The Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (PPS) announced in March 2019 that there was enough evidence to prosecute \"Soldier F\" for the murders of James Wray and William McKinney, both of whom were shot in the back. He will also be charged with four attempted murders. The Saville Inquiry concluded, based on the evidence, that \"Soldier F\" also killed Michael Kelly, Patrick Doherty and Barney McGuigan, but evidence from the inquiry was inadmissible to the prosecution and \"the only evidence capable of identifying the soldier who fired the relevant shots came from Soldier F's co-accused, Soldier G, who is deceased\". Relatives of the Bloody Sunday victims expressed feelings of devastation that only one soldier would face trial for the killings.", "Harold Wilson, then the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, reiterated his belief that a united Ireland was the only possible solution to Northern Ireland's Troubles. William Craig, then Stormont Home Affairs Minister, suggested that the west bank of Derry should be ceded to the Republic of Ireland. When it was deployed on duty in Northern Ireland, the British Army was welcomed by Roman Catholics as a neutral force there to protect them from Protestant mobs, the RUC and the B-Specials. After Bloody Sunday many Catholics turned on the British army, seeing it no longer as their protector but as their enemy. Young nationalists became increasingly attracted to violent republican groups. With the Official IRA and Official Sinn Féin having moved away from mainstream Irish republicanism towards Marxism, the Provisional IRA began to win the support of newly radicalised, disaffected young people. In the following twenty years, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other smaller republican groups such as the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) stepped up their armed campaigns against the state and those seen as being in service to it. With rival paramilitary organisations appearing in both the nationalist/republican and unionist/loyalist communities (such as the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), etc. on the loyalist side), the Troubles cost the lives of thousands of people. In his speech to the House of Commons on the Inquiry, British prime minister David Cameron stated: \"These are shocking conclusions to read and shocking words to have to say. But you do not defend the British Army by defending the indefensible.\" He acknowledged that all those who died were unarmed when they were killed by British soldiers, and that a British soldier had fired the first shot at civilians. He also said that this was not a premeditated action, though \"there was no point in trying to soften or equivocate\" as \"what happened should never, ever have happened\". Cameron then apologised on behalf of the British Government by saying he was \"deeply sorry\". A survey conducted by Angus Reid Public Opinion in June 2010 found that 61 per cent of Britons and 70 per cent of Northern Irish agreed with Cameron's apology for the Bloody Sunday events. Stephen Pollard, solicitor representing several of the soldiers, said on 15 June 2010 that Saville had cherry-picked the evidence and did not have justification for his findings. In 2012 an actively serving British army soldier from Belfast was charged with inciting hatred by a surviving relative of the deceased, due to their online use of social media to promote sectarian slogans about the killings while featuring banners of the Parachute Regiment logo. In January 2013, shortly before the annual Bloody Sunday remembrance march, two Parachute Regiment flags appeared in the loyalist Fountain, and Waterside, Drumahoe areas of Derry. The display of the flags was heavily criticised by nationalist politicians and relatives of the Bloody Sunday dead. The Ministry of Defence also condemned the flying of the flags. The flags were removed to be replaced by Union Flags. In the run up to the loyalist marching season in 2013 the flag of the Parachute Regiment appeared alongside other loyalist flags in other parts of Northern Ireland. In 2014 loyalists in Cookstown erected the flags in opposition, close to the route of a St.Patrick's Day parade in the town.", "Paul McCartney (who is of Irish descent) recorded the first song in response only two days after the incident. The single, entitled \"Give Ireland Back to the Irish\", expressed his views on the matter. This song was one of few McCartney released with Wings to be banned by the BBC. The 1972 John Lennon album \"Some Time in New York City\" features a song entitled \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\", inspired by the incident, as well as the song \"The Luck of the Irish\", which dealt more with the Irish conflict in general. Lennon, who was of Irish descent, also spoke at a protest in New York in support of the victims and families of Bloody Sunday. Irish poet Thomas Kinsella's 1972 poem \"Butcher's Dozen\" is a satirical and angry response to the Widgery Tribunal and the events of Bloody Sunday. Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler (also of Irish descent) wrote the lyrics to the Black Sabbath song \"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath\" on the album of the same name in 1973. Butler stated, \"...the Sunday Bloody Sunday thing had just happened in Ireland, when the British troops opened fire on the Irish demonstrators... So I came up with the title 'Sabbath Bloody Sabbath', and sort of put it in how the band was feeling at the time, getting away from management, mixed with the state Ireland was in.\" The Roy Harper song \"All Ireland\" from the album \"Lifemask\", written in the days following the incident, is critical of the military but takes a long term view with regard to a solution. In Harper's book (\"The Passions of Great Fortune\"), his comment on the song ends \"...there must always be some hope that the children of 'Bloody Sunday', on both sides, can grow into some wisdom\". Brian Friel's 1973 play \"The Freedom of the City\" deals with the incident from the viewpoint of three civilians. Irish poet Seamus Heaney's \"Casualty\" (published in \"Field Work,\" 1981) criticizes Britain for the death of his friend. The Irish rock band U2 commemorated the incident in their 1983 protest song \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\". Christy Moore's song \"Minds Locked Shut\" on the album \"Graffiti Tongue\" is all about the events of the day, and names the dead civilians. The events of the day have been dramatised in two 2002 television films, \"Bloody Sunday\" (starring James Nesbitt) and \"Sunday\" by Jimmy McGovern. The Celtic metal band Cruachan addressed the incident in a song \"Bloody Sunday\" from their 2004 album \"Folk-Lore\". Willie Doherty, a Derry-born artist, has amassed a large body of work which addresses the troubles in Northern Ireland. \"30 January 1972\" deals specifically with the events of Bloody Sunday. In mid-2005, the play \"\", a dramatisation based on the Saville Inquiry, opened in London, and subsequently travelled to Derry and Dublin. The writer, journalist Richard Norton-Taylor, distilled four years of evidence into two hours of stage performance at the Tricycle Theatre. The play received glowing reviews in all the British broadsheets, including \"The Times\": \"The Tricycle's latest recreation of a major inquiry is its most devastating\"; \"The Daily Telegraph\": \"I can't praise this enthralling production too highly... exceptionally gripping courtroom drama\"; and \"The Independent\": \"A necessary triumph\". In October 2010, T with the Maggies released the song \"Domhnach na Fola\" (Irish for \"Bloody Sunday\"), written by Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh and Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill on their debut album." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 13156, 192, 519, 509, 103122, 23, 63445, 3934, 10, 14449, 111, 3551, 9393, 280, 162, 10840, 23, 62, 129749, 208, 4, 15604, 4, 10, 19336, 54427, 23, 139068, 67, 513, 192859, 4, 3060, 1632, 75281, 39063, 7, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 230991, 5, 18763, 27863, 3542, 17151, 8, 24303, 433, 136, 5379, 8, 10374, 16018, 5, 44, 5464, 20476, 519, 830, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 2565, 100, 44, 12248, 68743, 223, 29892, 31029, 85684, 58, 15, 41123, 71, 4567, 1495, 247, 509, 1919, 67373, 25, 7, 14449, 25, 7, 128911, 11627, 4, 136, 509, 27998, 25958, 49504, 3674, 3934, 1919, 9351, 54799, 164498, 111, 1919, 127319, 5, 360, 58410, 4, 13156, 192, 519, 25, 7, 14449, 109133, 47, 230991, 4, 7440, 1919, 67373, 26859, 20697, 237, 10, 35206, 669, 5, 62, 10846, 21775, 7103, 70, 14449, 109133, 47, 70, 10323, 4, 1919, 82953, 22600, 4, 114210, 390, 6626, 5369, 4, 68, 71, 5, 1529, 66933, 166021, 7, 678, 1919, 9963, 99547, 7, 23, 62, 129749, 208, 5, 14847, 1919, 9963, 1021, 9319, 134729, 297, 10, 120472, 136, 509, 47, 186, 39958, 47, 230991, 100, 39734, 4, 13156, 192, 519, 189232, 297, 4, 44, 13025, 23409, 3934, 70, 143915, 111, 1919, 18276, 4, 7440, 2685, 3542, 10, 10846, 1360, 90, 4, 6, 83671, 1360, 90, 4, 118409, 1360, 90, 5, 3493, 764, 23409, 1632, 390, 1632, 4, 28, 12846, 21896, 70, 1360, 90, 136, 91190, 214, 4, 54433, 4127, 9, 1272, 13, 47, 2856, 6637, 764, 55950, 764, 2806, 959, 30646, 5, 717, 1957, 903, 4, 47, 6867, 903, 4, 2174, 450, 22027, 25, 18, 16188, 398, 100, 70, 10588, 111, 935, 6897, 4, 58, 13156, 192, 519, 2804, 4, 44, 53927, 765, 110, 34698, 1242, 106073, 13156, 192, 519, 509, 10, 4127, 166733, 4, 1919, 27863, 3542, 51, 2886, 47, 180863, 47, 13695, 4049, 23, 122092, 147, 10696, 4, 136, 64457, 109133, 4049, 47, 10, 121392, 10696, 99, 32070, 5035, 24372, 25975, 26518, 4, 764, 79786, 237, 10, 2258, 135969, 100, 6626, 5369, 5, 147466, 764, 79786, 237, 10, 3900, 143, 1290, 4, 7068, 237, 10, 32485, 5, 1529, 509, 195644, 30391, 111, 70, 73962, 44, 14055, 9924, 8, 194395, 830, 10, 19069, 764, 1902, 47, 31358, 7103, 70, 139869, 98834, 23, 27898, 5, 24372, 10, 14922, 111, 20697, 237, 10, 3900, 143, 1290, 764, 509, 19048, 47, 8060, 66570, 31247, 538, 237, 10, 6, 70035, 5, 13156, 192, 519, 139505, 891, 85, 57943, 23, 26748, 5, 581, 481, 4734, 76849, 4, 89702, 2733, 4, 509, 103122, 23, 40191, 5, 10660, 168265, 71, 23, 19340, 5, 360, 21735, 764, 435, 195374, 32485, 156884, 146, 93460, 5, 10660, 139505, 23, 18592, 136, 47143, 297, 25842, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 18237, 15431, 8901, 93460, 83, 70, 51521, 3900, 143, 1290, 111, 13156, 192, 519, 25, 7, 42840, 3934, 195374, 5, 13156, 192, 519, 6777, 959, 69307, 38134, 21329, 712, 230466, 136, 1030, 164779, 24189, 764, 509, 37195, 939, 4, 678, 70, 104345, 111, 1919, 22759, 927, 21261, 4, 44, 6696, 432, 51626, 54, 65229, 188, 740, 62, 59140, 944, 9342, 5423, 20271, 70, 360, 227788, 23, 543, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 230991, 4, 442, 14192, 7, 111, 70, 5161, 17721, 10, 409, 4806, 79063, 56, 136, 10, 27150, 83384, 68153, 1236, 4, 136, 111, 10, 75312, 25183, 494, 525, 25, 7, 3688, 70760, 48869, 111, 113014, 5, 581, 21261, 25, 7, 153648, 23, 18592, 237, 44, 130984, 162, 147, 136, 19174, 26770, 11, 58, 15, 1272, 84996, 102676, 4036, 16, 91048, 13156, 192, 519, 47, 70, 35743, 111, 142, 21640, 155255, 16070, 5, 3293, 21261, 23742, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 43815, 7687, 60992, 5, 13156, 192, 519, 33284, 297, 70, 82528, 21325, 13, 84158, 271, 31016, 23, 31060, 136, 47143, 297, 10, 32786, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 1919, 6897, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 15970, 9, 70547, 90, 5281, 6, 241501, 5, 18763, 16912, 10, 516, 33740, 150675, 17340, 7864, 53, 23, 15604, 4, 41866, 7103, 70, 104345, 111, 44, 3957, 2016, 11337, 129551, 47, 9716, 46056, 740, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 23295, 25, 7, 129574, 26908, 3542, 14986, 17704, 390, 13156, 192, 519, 25, 7, 18811, 1363, 111, 9716, 136, 106480, 3430, 237, 6817, 28236, 4, 3853, 156217, 14135, 8035, 7, 5, 15604, 25, 7, 17467, 4935, 27759, 4, 12441, 390, 7068, 9, 114654, 24284, 62, 797, 3571, 64471, 587, 43712, 4, 6777, 959, 63769, 13156, 192, 519, 25, 7, 4488, 47, 98438, 100, 70, 1172, 4435, 1830, 2319, 731, 4, 106926, 214, 450, 442, 29114, 48141, 70, 129574, 26908, 5, 1301, 10, 16750, 4, 13156, 192, 519, 136, 1919, 58386, 109133, 47, 10082, 58100, 67, 4, 142, 90695, 23, 70, 101147, 10484, 5, 581, 28811, 601, 2783, 1314, 25, 223606, 15, 111351, 683, 16, 21449, 1672, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 10, 124416, 152132, 390, 13156, 192, 519, 136, 145042, 34676, 133526, 13, 188640, 1342, 24688, 5, 13156, 192, 519, 509, 84751, 47, 70424, 237, 70, 121399, 111, 3486, 34639, 99, 70, 241, 139873, 4, 1284, 764, 68, 71, 8108, 70, 73432, 405, 26973, 299, 23, 15431, 13156, 192, 519, 134729, 297, 1295, 39983, 7605, 5, 1529, 68, 71, 98, 543, 18237, 36404, 10, 17704, 18825, 4, 19441, 66933, 70, 4568, 10846, 5369, 111, 1919, 6897, 23, 10082, 58100, 67, 4, 84740, 5, 18763, 14449, 2804, 450, 764, 1902, 118285, 136, 3245, 3674, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 3900, 143, 1290, 156884, 146, 93460, 98, 41626, 42141, 4, 7103, 3129, 764, 26859, 34698, 51, 19256, 136, 68, 71, 5, 44, 3957, 81589, 58, 151552, 4049, 237, 44, 2347, 2270, 525, 82528, 21325, 13, 6, 70035, 111, 1919, 58093, 830, 12960, 80621, 8054, 241, 1297, 47704, 111, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 19114, 58, 2804, 764, 509, 44, 69723, 19, 39555, 237, 5045, 100, 1919, 51, 8710, 33558, 84158, 7, 39, 237, 100, 1919, 127663, 740, 13156, 192, 519, 25, 7, 3900, 143, 1290, 4, 94037, 19579, 141, 23047, 4, 72090, 6, 191145, 47, 4049, 4, 28852, 23709, 1919, 44, 434, 38232, 7844, 209521, 58, 136, 159029, 4049, 44, 2347, 158036, 158, 99736, 6635, 82528, 21325, 13, 6, 70035, 740, 13156, 192, 519, 1902, 136475, 1919, 32562, 24189, 1919, 47219, 5, 18763, 2684, 17309, 104345, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 17151, 8, 24303, 433, 13156, 192, 519, 4, 15, 74, 611, 7582, 63445, 46, 543, 18237, 106606, 4, 509, 10, 82528, 21325, 13, 6, 70035, 136, 134003, 111, 70, 9571, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 5, 18763, 43240, 4, 3060, 111, 3129, 831, 186, 51592, 237, 747, 519, 10484, 4, 39210, 538, 13379, 1614, 39799, 272, 80280, 7, 98, 105719, 47353, 4, 20244, 10557, 84382, 70, 70, 36400, 13, 9523, 14135, 31461, 5, 360, 6052, 1950, 18345, 164502, 151552, 13156, 192, 519, 237, 44, 2347, 2684, 18466, 297, 21261, 1419, 923, 272, 23, 70, 8999, 18925, 58, 136, 23, 1532, 2804, 764, 16916, 7, 13156, 192, 519, 47, 186, 44, 11, 28123, 2831, 111, 70, 65925, 74413, 830, 12960, 14631, 39076, 1645, 62093, 44, 2347, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early and middle life.", "Later life and international acclaim.", "Death and funeral.", "Lost novel.", "Style and themes.", "Personal life.", "Awards and accolades.", "Nobel Prize in Literature.", "The José Saramago Foundation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in Ribatejo Province, some one hundred kilometers northeast of Lisbon. His parents were José de Sousa and Maria de Piedade. \"Saramago\", the Portuguese word for \"Raphanus raphanistrum\" (wild radish), was his father's family's nickname, and was accidentally incorporated into his name upon registration of his birth. In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died. He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, \"He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying good-bye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life,\" Saramago said, \"you have no feeling.\" Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12. After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper \"Diário de Notícias\", a position he had to leave after the democratic revolution in 1974. After a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself solely as a writer. Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only daughter, Violante, was born in 1947. They divorced in 1970. In 1986 he met Spanish journalist Pilar del Río. They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.", "Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, \"Memorial do Convento\". A baroque tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as \"Baltasar and Blimunda\" (by Giovanni Pontiero) brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award. Saramago joined the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained a member until the end of his life. He was a self-confessed pessimist. His views aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of \"The Gospel According to Jesus Christ\". Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of Jesus and particularly God as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government, led by then-prime minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, did not allow Saramago's work to compete for the Aristeion Prize, arguing that it offended the Catholic community. As a result, Saramago and his wife moved to Lanzarote, an island in the Canaries. The European Writers' Parliament (EWP) came about as a result of a joint proposal by Saramago and fellow Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk. Saramago was expected to speak as the guest of honour at the EWP, but he died before the opening ceremony in 2010.", "Saramago suffered from leukemia. He died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having spent the last few years of his life in Lanzarote, Spain. His family said that he had breakfast and chatted with his wife and translator Pilar del Río on Friday morning, after which he started feeling unwell and died. \"The Guardian\" described him as \"the finest Portuguese writer of his generation\", while Fernanda Eberstadt of \"The New York Times\" said he was \"known almost as much for his unfaltering Communism as for his fiction\". Saramago's translator, Margaret Jull Costa, paid tribute to him, describing his \"wonderful imagination\" and calling him \"the greatest contemporary Portuguese writer\". Saramago had continued his writing until his death. His most recent publication, \"Claraboia\", was published in 2011, after his death. Saramago had suffered from pneumonia a year before his death. Having been thought to have made a full recovery, he had been scheduled to attend the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August 2010. Portugal declared two days of mourning. There were tributes from senior international politicians: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Bernard Kouchner (France) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), while Cuba's Raúl and Fidel Castro sent flowers. Saramago's funeral was held in Lisbon on 20 June 2010, in the presence of more than 20,000 people, many of whom had travelled hundreds of kilometres, but also notably in the absence of right-wing President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was holidaying in the Azores as the ceremony took place. Cavaco Silva, the Prime Minister who removed Saramago's work from the shortlist of the Aristeion Prize, said he did not attend Saramago's funeral because he \"had never had the privilege to know him\". Mourners, who questioned Cavaco Silva's absence in the presence of reporters, held copies of the red carnation, symbolic of Portugal's democratic revolution. Saramago's cremation took place in Lisbon, and his ashes were buried on the anniversary of his death, 18 June 2011, underneath a hundred year old olive tree on the square in front of the José Saramago Foundation (Casa dos Bicos).", "The José Saramago Foundation announced in October 2011 the publication of a so-called \"lost novel\" published as \"Skylight\" (\"Claraboia\" in Portuguese). It was written in the 1950s and remained in the archive of a publisher to whom the manuscript had been sent. Saramago remained silent about the work up to his death. The book has been translated into several languages.", "Saramago's experimental style often features long sentences, at times more than a page long. He used periods sparingly, choosing instead a loose flow of clauses joined by commas. Many of his paragraphs extend for pages without pausing for dialogue, (which Saramago chooses not to delimit by quotation marks); when the speaker changes, Saramago capitalizes the first letter of the new speaker's clause. His works often refer to his other works. In his novel \"Blindness\", Saramago completely abandons the use of proper nouns, instead referring to characters simply by some unique characteristic, an example of his style reflecting the recurring themes of identity and meaning found throughout his work. Saramago's novels often deal with fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel \"The Stone Raft\", the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails around the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel \"Blindness\", an entire unnamed country is stricken with a mysterious plague of \"white blindness\". In his 1984 novel \"The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis\" (which won the PEN Award and the \"Independent\" Foreign Fiction Award), Fernando Pessoa's heteronym survives for a year after the poet himself dies. Additionally, his novel \"Death with Interruptions\" (also translated as \"Death at Intervals\") takes place in a country in which, suddenly, nobody dies, and concerns, in part, the spiritual and political implications of the event, although the book ultimately moves from a synoptic to a more personal perspective. Saramago addresses serious matters with empathy for the human condition and for the isolation of contemporary urban life. His characters struggle with their need to connect with one another, form relations and bond as a community, and also with their need for individuality, and to find meaning and dignity outside of political and economic structures. When asked to describe his daily writing routine in 2009, Saramago responded, \"I write two pages. And then I read and read and read.\"", "Saramago was an atheist. The Catholic Church criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content of some of his novels, mainly \"The Gospel According to Jesus Christ\" and \"Cain\", in which he uses satire and biblical quotations to present the figure of God in a comical way. The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel \"O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo\" (\"The Gospel according to Jesus Christ\") and struck the writer's name from nominees for the European Literature Prize, saying the atheist work offended Portuguese Catholic convictions. The book portrays a Christ who, subject to human desires, lives with Mary Magdalene and tries to back out of the crucifixion. Following the Swedish Academy's decision to present Saramago with the Nobel Prize in Literature, the Vatican questioned the decision on political grounds, though gave no comment on the aesthetic or literary components of Saramago's work. Saramago responded: \"The Vatican is easily scandalized, especially by people from outside. They should just focus on their prayers and leave people in peace. I respect those who believe, but I have no respect for the institution.\" Saramago was a proponent of anarcho-communism, and a member of the Communist Party of Portugal, however, in his: 'Lanzarote Notebook 1', José Saramago cites a comment by Gabriel García Márquez, during a meeting in Santiago de Compostela, called by Manuel Fraga: 'You the Stalinist don't believe in reality'. As such 'communist' he stood for the 1989 Lisbon local election in the list of the Coalition \"For Lisbon\" and was elected alderman and presiding officer of the Municipal Assembly of Lisbon. Saramago was also a candidate of the Democratic Unity Coalition in all elections to the European Parliament from 1989 to 2009, though was often in positions thought to have no possibility of being elected. He was a critic of European Union (EU) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) policies. Although many of his novels are acknowledged political satire of a subtle kind, it is in \"The Notebook\" that Saramago made his political convictions most clear. The book, written from a Marxist perspective, is a collection of his blog articles for the year September 2008 to August 2009. According to \"The Independent\", \"Saramago aims to cut through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and to convince readers by delivering his opinions in a relentless series of unadorned, knock-down prose blows.\" His political engagement led to comparisons with George Orwell: \"Orwell's hostility to the British Empire runs parallel to Saramago's latter-day crusade against empire in the shape of globalisation.\" When speaking to \"The Observer\" in 2006 he said \"The painter paints, the musician makes music, the novelist writes novels. But I believe that we all have some influence, not because of the fact that one is an artist, but because we are citizens. As citizens, we all have an obligation to intervene and become involved, it's the citizen who changes things. I can't imagine myself outside any kind of social or political involvement.\" During the Second Intifada, while visiting Ramallah in March 2002, Saramago said: \"What is happening in Palestine is a crime we can put on the same plain as what happened at Auschwitz... A sense of impunity characterises the Israeli people and its army. They have turned into rentiers of the Holocaust.\" Some critics of these words contended that they were antisemitic. Six months later, Saramago clarified. \"To have said that Israel's action is to be condemned, that war crimes are being perpetrated - really the Israelis are used to that. It doesn't bother them. But there are certain words they can't stand. And to say 'Auschwitz' there... note well, I didn't say that Ramallah was the same as Auschwitz, that would be stupid. What I said was that the spirit of Auschwitz was present in Ramallah. We were eight writers. They all made condemning statements, Wole Soyinka, Breyten Breytenbach, Vincenzo Consolo and others. But the Israelis weren't bothered about those. It was the fact that I put my finger in the Auschwitz wound that made them jump.\" During the 2006 Lebanon War, Saramago joined Tariq Ali, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, and others in condemning what they characterized as \"a long-term military, economic and geographic practice whose political aim is nothing less than the liquidation of the Palestinian nation\". He was also a supporter of Iberian Federalism. In a 2008 press conference for the filming of \"Blindness\" he asked, in reference to the Great Recession, \"Where was all that money poured on markets? Very tight and well kept; then suddenly it appears to save what? lives? no, banks.\" He added, \"Marx was never so right as now\", and predicted \"the worst is still to come.\"", "", "The Swedish Academy selected Saramago as 1998 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. The announcement came when he was about to fly to Germany for the Frankfurt Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor by surprise. The Nobel committee praised his \"parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony\", and his \"modern skepticism\" about official truths.", "The José Saramago Foundation was founded by José Saramago in June 2007, with the aim to defend and spread the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the promotion of culture in Portugal just like in all the countries, and protection of the environment. The José Saramago Foundation is located in the historic Casa dos Bicos in the city of Lisbon." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 210721, 23, 10, 129574, 14449, 4, 764, 509, 959, 107003, 47, 35187, 136, 79786, 237, 10, 86761, 153144, 4, 22619, 1830, 135969, 136, 10975, 106001, 5, 131133, 22282, 71, 291, 140363, 41637, 23, 105216, 132073, 4, 3900, 143, 3674, 183851, 42840, 98, 6, 119598, 53, 136, 42615, 47, 103655, 15, 866, 58988, 19826, 4, 8, 21656, 3035, 4, 139056, 1991, 4, 241, 2594, 87590, 4, 9572, 29808, 7136, 4, 182039, 21407, 4, 32221, 1264, 4, 40530, 4969, 3021, 5, 247, 42938, 297, 98, 70, 103655, 241, 10591, 33, 21533, 60313, 153648, 15, 161922, 74668, 93917, 136, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 176867, 11, 10484, 111, 70, 110373, 11, 14154, 128494, 100, 28076, 38109, 5, 360, 11704, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 237, 10, 74057, 111, 70, 103655, 31, 89262, 92, 223606, 4, 141753, 22925, 9, 100983, 669, 111, 70, 177467, 111, 145704, 136, 113091, 45211, 111, 70, 37515, 525, 7808, 1363, 167320, 9345, 15, 82341, 194, 360, 13867, 764, 113054, 297, 142, 9267, 23, 178111, 28437, 25443, 4, 11891, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 6, 197652, 53, 136, 16792, 3576, 1556, 2809, 10, 4393, 16030, 111, 6, 119598, 53, 5, 360, 3576, 131133, 100512, 70, 5117, 8, 66, 111, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 135493, 3387, 4, 28166, 12535, 23, 210721, 4, 22925, 9, 112, 66, 23, 2691, 136, 23, 70, 5701, 6602, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 237, 142, 155322, 111, 70, 187707, 1830, 104, 25, 160945, 5, 360, 70, 12676, 162356, 2021, 764, 509, 10, 49952, 9593, 17336, 99, 25841, 115055, 4, 107154, 12535, 4, 44400, 109561, 98, 98148, 4, 1775, 75708, 7, 136, 28076, 38109, 5, 1529, 1556, 2809, 79507, 71, 153161, 390, 1919, 67373, 9, 73, 9, 19729, 3342, 150196, 5536, 4, 6470, 182039, 21407, 4, 105838, 36060, 27533, 7, 136, 58807, 16046, 25612, 8, 21656, 3035, 5, 27985, 7, 23, 161752, 6827, 178111, 28437, 25443, 4, 84059, 306, 33, 25443, 4, 178111, 28437, 25443, 111, 98148, 136, 111, 36293, 136, 23, 70, 154453, 111, 28076, 38927, 5, 110463, 40368, 42840, 4, 38440, 23, 103655, 136, 23, 3789, 46876, 7, 136, 1556, 75060, 297, 5941, 121399, 59619, 7, 23, 67842, 28811, 76726, 136, 23, 70, 7082, 4, 153161, 98, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 42615, 4, 82, 75708, 7, 136, 98, 28811, 17582, 5, 360, 10, 11075, 33683, 4, 131133, 11341, 71, 450, 764, 195409, 27211, 7, 8162, 23, 12989, 47, 58359, 27150, 3395, 5, 360, 103655, 12, 360, 14941, 12, 12, 360, 30839, 12, 12, 360, 76438, 12, 360, 14941, 12, 360, 30839, 12, 360, 92265, 12, 360, 3789, 46876, 7, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 3342, 131133, 15, 57332, 7071, 543, 4, 44500, 16, 83, 10, 103655, 6, 119598, 56, 4, 36770, 109091, 37379, 4, 39624, 66, 136, 3900, 143, 1290, 5, 1529, 59335, 538, 149976, 237, 33744, 111, 43154, 4, 116233, 136, 39170, 23, 9571, 1379, 56195, 33744, 57995, 717, 794, 131033, 5, 28090, 11704, 47, 12839, 764, 509, 74057, 111, 223606, 100, 210721, 5, 28090, 3576, 47, 2691, 764, 149976, 237, 70, 5117, 8, 66, 111, 70, 75436, 202, 939, 111, 135493, 3387, 99, 28166, 12535, 23, 210721, 5, 131133, 13028, 100, 34202, 111, 70, 103655, 47806, 23, 70, 6052, 81843, 1284, 72856, 47, 145574, 44317, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and work.", "Some publications.", "Books.", "Others." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Born in Prague in a Catholic family, he was not allowed to study and worked as a goldsmith, precision mechanic and software developer. Sokol studied mathematics in evening courses, translated numerous books on philosophy and religion to Czech (Lévinas, de Chardin, Gadamer, Eckhart, Foucault, Heidegger, Casper, Landsberg etc.), participated on the Czech Ecumenical Bible translation (1963–1979) and was one of the first signataries of the Charta 77 manifesto for Human rights. In 1990 he was elected as a Member of the Czechoslovak Parliament, becoming vice-chairman of the Chamber of Nations and spokesman of the strongest faction Civic Forum (OF). In 1993 he obtained an MA in Anthropology, 1996 Ph.D. in Philosophy and since 2000 has been a full professor of philosophy. In 2000 Sokol became the first dean of Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague, vice-dean in 2007 and in the same year was appointed as an Officer of the Légion d'honneur. In the Fall Semester 2008 he was a Senior Fellow at CSWR, Harvard University, lecturing on Religion, Ethics and Human rights. He has been influenced mostly by his father-in-law Jan Patočka, Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Lévinas and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Works in Philosophical Anthropology, Phenomenology, Anthropology of Religion and of Law and in the theory of Human Rights. Published several books, articles in Czech and in other languages and has delivered many guest lectures in various European countries and in the US, mostly on philosophy, religion, ethics and on European questions. In a 2020 interview, Sokol stated that he frequently edits Wikipedia in order to reach young people.", "", "In Czech: In English:: In German:: In Chinese:", "In English: In German: In French: In other languages:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 54881, 58, 61475, 538, 15005, 2822, 15, 2940, 7464, 15005, 7, 16, 47, 10, 37515, 36, 1846, 5, 1650, 83, 7311, 538, 16406, 4126, 1295, 42845, 44, 35502, 1758, 107, 58, 15, 143321, 26950, 44, 188, 2614, 350, 18939, 1829, 25074, 92265, 44, 58, 34857, 20762, 58, 58, 136, 4, 23, 903, 10422, 4, 442, 509, 5117, 12937, 297, 23, 14941, 23, 611, 1549, 5, 360, 729, 13903, 44, 54881, 53, 58, 91084, 44, 2647, 939, 58, 509, 5117, 12937, 297, 4, 3129, 4, 23, 15504, 4, 12441, 47, 10, 10422, 111, 44, 28575, 29178, 58, 450, 509, 39958, 1257, 10932, 33418, 23, 39395, 39644, 166944, 100, 9844, 44, 123041, 538, 707, 37515, 538, 29131, 740, 241, 927, 157, 94922, 31, 106622, 13791, 399, 911, 7136, 71832, 117249, 450, 70, 125195, 44, 54881, 58, 32497, 1295, 70, 15881, 101334, 2565, 44, 58, 822, 9, 54881, 14, 58, 58, 136, 4927, 4816, 19, 12452, 7325, 3679, 170028, 17378, 70, 2565, 32497, 1295, 70, 1519, 1716, 519, 13579, 44, 58, 822, 9, 3125, 301, 58, 56128, 23, 15044, 26171, 71, 59665, 7, 4, 70, 13579, 15005, 7, 47, 14361, 36, 1846, 5, 170028, 25, 7, 26171, 71, 1519, 1716, 519, 59665, 2565, 4, 44, 822, 9, 3125, 301, 58, 83, 11814, 390, 101334, 19612, 72004, 47, 1645, 3075, 3395, 44, 2472, 70, 9114, 2481, 111, 2363, 4927, 58, 136, 100, 19441, 44, 18244, 297, 1810, 58, 47, 58359, 2363, 109458, 5, 31267, 21208, 23, 35011, 29394, 4, 70, 13579, 44, 54881, 58, 831, 765, 40907, 158, 10869, 21094, 111, 36, 1846, 707, 8035, 23, 18852, 57289, 4, 23884, 83, 35509, 98, 82393, 19612, 4, 221, 442, 1556, 10, 37515, 44, 239530, 1771, 31486, 740, 581, 45730, 111, 23884, 83, 237, 5045, 35509, 98, 70, 44, 65421, 7, 17721, 70, 73048, 58, 237, 70, 73048, 450, 621, 112730, 74, 237, 6044, 4, 10588, 7, 17721, 73048, 621, 5526, 5, 51404, 2685, 621, 6, 239530, 1771, 21373, 31075, 17721, 23884, 136, 20947, 4, 23884, 1556, 10, 44, 58905, 82393, 42659, 450, 25, 7, 72803, 56, 4, 1100, 6815, 136, 1286, 6002, 587, 4453, 297, 3501, 20947, 830, 136, 23884, 6, 239530, 40059, 19612, 72004, 15190, 1286, 44, 22144, 22829, 30891, 830, 27140, 2481, 136, 44, 52368, 2481, 58, 98, 188, 70, 5201, 42659, 3501, 10, 26693, 71, 142518, 9, 77007, 20947, 63304, 5, 117371, 23884, 4, 2684, 7426, 19612, 509, 35509, 98, 40, 26513, 5170, 111, 136659, 127, 58372, 4527, 7, 70, 5701, 98870, 538, 10576, 297, 65042, 297, 43678, 6468, 14037, 23, 186, 837, 254, 39644, 4, 6044, 237, 43967, 43678, 6468, 678, 49814, 59671, 927, 7, 136, 103155, 927, 7, 4, 707, 73944, 59671, 927, 43678, 6468, 678, 37264, 297, 14610, 927, 7, 5, 31384, 27781, 7, 111, 43678, 6468, 11814, 23, 23884, 621, 43967, 103155, 927, 43678, 6468, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 563, 43967, 534, 927, 3142, 73944, 59671, 927, 678, 49814, 189173, 14610, 927, 136, 10, 45890, 297, 22759, 927, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 313, 966, 15, 4904, 1126, 16, 1817, 201, 3142, 73944, 14610, 927, 43678, 6468, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 563, 1126, 3142, 136, 43967, 37195, 927, 43678, 6468, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 313, 43967, 35914, 5, 581, 37195, 9, 694, 927, 681, 4216, 83, 11814, 23, 23884, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 563, 305, 22364, 3142, 442, 83, 10, 13036, 681, 4216, 678, 142, 49814, 37195, 927, 136, 14610, 927, 5, 360, 23884, 4, 43967, 59671, 927, 43678, 6468, 621, 1286, 39210, 3501, 43967, 1927, 712, 7, 6637, 43967, 1927, 712, 7, 3542, 14037, 47, 186, 5792, 44, 110023, 58, 9, 165207, 214, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 2965, 51529, 136, 2684, 112419, 7844, 2639, 64370, 23, 23884, 765, 39644, 76615, 7, 5, 8302, 7567, 42729, 47192, 1401, 7, 4293, 136, 57, 5387, 75189, 1419, 1460, 13, 1401, 13, 540, 4086, 58372, 136622, 70, 101334, 24668, 40250, 111, 6, 128659, 15032, 4, 23, 450, 23, 10, 23884, 8753, 4, 70, 21115, 2806, 205794, 44, 2242, 583, 58, 3229, 47, 15549, 4, 390, 44, 145, 58838, 58, 136, 44, 8407, 515, 214, 830, 3853, 23, 58372, 28282, 7, 142, 108938, 11969, 8206, 390, 17368, 37515, 101275, 66360, 17447, 136, 4950, 7, 59801, 112730, 98, 39108, 4950, 7, 5, 18852, 2501, 35461, 182304, 7, 4, 23884, 52336, 4527, 4950, 7, 59801, 237, 70, 27585, 152667, 111, 52336, 5, 102627, 297, 4, 23884, 1556, 2809, 35839, 70, 20623, 23, 3129, 70, 4950, 7, 2256, 83, 2684, 197097, 23, 70, 52336, 4, 678, 70, 4950, 7, 75169, 70, 44, 497, 685, 58, 111, 70, 11531, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23884, 4950, 7, 59801, 11814, 6002, 587, 254, 2320, 15, 46280, 71407, 6002, 587, 4453, 297, 136659, 127, 73048, 247, 1284, 678, 70, 66044, 111, 1286, 111, 10, 44, 33926, 214, 12319, 58, 3501, 23, 2356, 118732, 23884, 4, 136, 1836, 11814, 107265, 105994, 73048, 33233, 678, 70, 13036, 50960, 36917, 70, 74855, 5, 147466, 23884, 4950, 7, 59801, 4527, 37195, 8927, 927, 20537, 6002, 587, 254, 2320, 4, 107265, 105994, 7, 4, 136, 57346, 4935, 103510, 7, 4, 27983, 678, 95, 2631, 7, 111, 142, 154447, 272, 707, 10, 150679, 51514, 5, 58372, 4950, 7, 59801, 352, 14612, 62539, 57346, 4935, 103510, 7, 4, 56776, 297, 9, 73, 11969, 515, 90, 4, 62005, 223, 75169, 4, 136, 57115, 136, 160, 26783, 4950, 7, 5, 27262, 26783, 136, 160, 26783, 4527, 7, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 4911, 6492, 9, 64979, 297, 27226, 73048, 15, 289, 991, 35839, 44, 927, 316, 20051, 18939, 136, 51287, 44, 771, 48398, 58, 15, 748, 12266, 76622, 16, 11192, 58372, 47617, 14578, 28282, 7, 10, 11969, 8206, 390, 20244, 10557, 84382, 70, 47617, 1991, 25, 7, 44, 2242, 583, 136, 112019, 830, 3129, 26719, 44, 56255, 289, 2167, 14838, 41039, 21094, 830, 70, 4527, 111, 144291, 12319, 23, 3060, 52336, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 44, 40658, 46048, 63667, 18, 58, 390, 581, 72812, 7, 136, 44, 568, 25, 1181, 46673, 2583, 8622, 58, 390, 581, 6512, 8705, 83358, 7, 4, 3129, 765, 10, 23552, 9, 7, 434, 1619, 12319, 247, 136, 40715, 4527, 111, 26292, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 58372, 83, 10, 19612, 30773, 450, 62038, 3674, 23, 101334, 9, 127345, 142080, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 139883, 7, 3229, 19612, 72004, 75935, 10, 6, 239530, 1771, 4, 82393, 2886, 3525, 3173, 111, 19612, 8305, 10, 17664, 6644, 111, 57289, 19612, 4, 39644, 4, 136, 6, 239530, 136, 107265, 15, 1052, 1230, 571, 194, 58372, 8, 9, 195, 14612, 62539, 7, 106453, 1459, 136, 681, 4216, 187735, 7, 136, 32153, 90, 98, 10, 37515, 6, 239530, 1771, 11969, 8206, 111, 10, 4950, 7, 2256, 112730, 390, 142, 39108, 164938, 271, 136, 10, 47617, 2831, 112730, 390, 10, 47617, 1991, 4, 27983, 99, 72803, 56, 62131, 3501, 3789, 5700, 19612, 5, 18852, 5045, 111, 101334, 9, 73, 93685, 71, 19612, 4, 23884, 205794, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Characteristics.", "Rhythm and tempo.", "Harmony.", "Improvisation.", "Instruments and vocals.", "Bass.", "Drums.", "Electric guitar.", "Keyboards.", "Vocals and lyrics.", "Other instruments.", "Costumes and style.", "History.", "New Orleans.", "1960s: James Brown.", "Late 1960s – early 1970s.", "P-Funk: Parliament-Funkadelic.", "1970s.", "Jazz funk.", "\"Headhunters\".", "\"On the Corner\".", "1980s synth-funk.", "Late 1980s to 2000s nu-funk.", "2010s punk laptronica.", "Derivatives.", "Psychedelic funk.", "Funk rock.", "Avant-funk.", "Go-go.", "Boogie.", "Electro funk.", "Funk metal.", "G-funk.", "Timba funk.", "Funk jam.", "Social impact.", "Women and funk." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "3", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "The word \"funk\" initially referred (and still refers) to a strong odor. It is originally derived from Latin \"fumigare\" (which means \"to smoke\") via Old French \"\"fungiere\"\" and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 \"funky\" meaning \"musty\" was first documented, which, in turn, led to a sense of \"earthy\" that was taken up around 1900 in early jazz slang for something \"deeply or strongly felt\". Ethnomusicologist Portia Maultsby states that the expression \"funk\" comes from the Central African word \"\"lu-funki\"\" and art historian Robert Farris Thompson says the word comes from the Kikongo term \"\"lu-fuki\"\"; in both proposed origins, the term refers to body odor. Thompson's proposed Kikongo origin word, \"lu-fuki\" is used by African musicians to praise people \"for the integrity of their art\" and for having \"worked out\" to reach their goals. Even though in white culture, the term \"funk\" can have negative connotations of odor or being in", "", "Like soul, funk is based on dance music, so it has a strong \"rhythmic role\". The sound of funk is as much based on the \"spaces between the notes\" as the notes that are played; as such, rests between notes are important. While there are rhythmic similarities between funk and disco, funk has a \"central dance beat that's slower, sexier and more syncopated than disco\", and funk rhythm section musicians add more \"subtextures\", complexity and \"personality\" onto the main beat than a programmed synth-based disco ensemble. Before funk, most pop music was based on sequences of eighth", "Funk uses the same richly colored extended chords found in bebop jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths, or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths. Some examples of chords used in funk are minor eleventh chords (e.g., F minor 11th); dominant seventh with added sharp ninth and a suspended fourth (e.g., C7 (#9) sus 4); dominant ninth chords (e.g., F9); and minor sixth chords (e.g., C minor 6). The six-ninth chord is used in funk (e.g., F 6/9); it is a major chord with an added sixth and ninth. In funk, minor seventh chords are more common than minor triads because minor triads were found to be too \"thin\"-sounding. Some of the best known and most skillful soloists in funk have jazz backgrounds. Trombonist Fred Wesley and saxophonist Pee Wee Ellis", "Funk continues the African musical tradition of improvisation, in that in a funk band, the group would typically \"feel\" when to change, by \"jamming\" and \"grooving\", even in", "", "Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and basslines played on electric bass. Like Motown recordings, funk songs use basslines as the centerpiece of songs. Indeed, funk has been called the style in which the bassline is most prominent in the songs, with the bass playing the \"hook\" of the song. Early funk basslines used syncopation (typically syncopated eighth notes), but with the addition of more of a \"driving feel\" than in New Orleans funk, and they used blues scale notes along with the major third above the root. Later funk basslines use sixteenth note syncopation, blues scales, and repetitive patterns, often with leaps of an octave or a larger interval. Funk basslines emphasize repetitive patterns, locked-in grooves, continuous playing, and slap and popping bass. Slapping and popping uses a mixture of thumb-slapped low notes (also called \"thumped\") and finger \"popped\" (or plucked) high", "Funk drumming creates a groove by emphasizing the drummer's \"feel and emotion\", which including \"occasional tempo fluctuations\", the use of swing feel in some songs (e.g., \"Cissy Strut\" by The Meters and \"I'll Take You There\" by The Staple Singers, which have a half-swung feel), and less use of fills (as they can lessen the groove). Drum fills are \"few and economical\", to ensure that the drumming stays \"in the pocket\", with a steady tempo and groove. These playing techniques are supplemented by a set-up for the drum kit that often includes muffled bass drums and toms and tightly tuned snare drums. Double bass drumming sounds are often done by funk drummers with a single pedal, an approach which \"accents the second note... [and] deadens the drumhead's resonance\", which gives a short, muffled bass drum sound. In Tower Of Power drummer", "In funk, guitarists often mix playing chords of a short duration (nicknamed \"stabs\") with faster rhythms and riffs. Guitarists playing rhythmic parts often play sixteenth notes, including with percussive \"ghost notes\". Chord extensions are favored, such as ninth chords. Typically, funk uses \"two interlocking [electric] guitar parts\", with a rhythm guitarist and a \"tenor guitarist\" who plays single notes. The two guitarists trade off their lines to create a \"call-and-response, intertwined pocket.\" If a band only has one guitarist, this effect may be recreated by overdubbing in the studio, or, in a live show, by having a single guitarist play both parts, to the degree that this", "A range of keyboard instruments are used in funk. Acoustic piano is used in funk, including in “September” by Earth Wind & Fire and “Will It Go ‘Round in Circles” by Billy Preston. The electric piano is used on songs such as Herbie Hancock’s “Chameleon” (a Fender Rhodes) and “Mercy, Mercy, Mercy” by Joe Zawinul (a Wurlitzer). The clavinet is used for its percussive tone, and it can be heard in songs such as Stevie Wonder's “Superstition” and “Higher Ground” and Bill Withers' song “Use Me”. The Hammond B-3 organ is used in funk, in songs such as “Cissy Strut” by The Meters and “Love the One You’re With” (with Aretha Franklin", "In the 1970s, funk used many of the same vocal styles that were used in African-American music in the 1960s, including singing influences from blues, gospel, jazz and doo-wop. Like these other African-American styles, funk used \"[y]ells, shouts, hollers, moans, humming, and melodic riffs\", along with styles such as call and response and narration of stories (like the African oral tradition approach). The call and response in funk can be between the lead singer and the band members who act as backup vocalists. As funk emerged from soul, the vocals in funk share soul's approach; however, funk vocals tend to be", "Horn section arrangements with groups of brass instruments are used in funk songs. Funk horn sections could include saxophone (often tenor sax), trumpet, trombone, and for larger horn sections, such as quintets and sextets, a baritone sax. Horn sections played \"rhythmic and syncopated\" parts, often with \"offbeat phrases\" that emphasize \"rhythmic displacement\". Funk song introductions are an important place for horn arrangements. Funk horn sections performed in a \"rhythmic percussive style\" that mimicked the approach used by funk rhythm guitarists. Horn sections would \"punctuate\" the lyrics by playing in the spaces between vocals, using \"short staccato rhythmic blast[s]\". Notable funk horn players included Alfred \"PeeWee\" Ellis, trombonist Fred Wesley, and alto sax player Maceo Parker. Notable funk horn sections including the \"Phoenix Horns\" (with Earth, Wind & Fire), the \"Horny Horns\"", "Funk bands in the 1970s adopted Afro-American fashion and style, including \"Bell-bottom pants, platform shoes, hoop earring[s], Afros [hairstyles], leather vests... beaded necklaces\", dashiki shirts, jumpsuits and boots. In contrast to earlier bands", "The distinctive characteristics of African-American musical expression are rooted in sub-Saharan African music traditions, and find their earliest expression in spirituals, work chants/songs, praise shouts, gospel, blues, and \"body rhythms\" (hambone, patting juba, and ring shout clapping and stomping patterns). Funk music is an amalgam of soul music, soul jazz, R&B, and Afro-Cuban rhythms absorbed and reconstituted in New Orleans. Like other styles of African-American musical expression including jazz, soul music and R&B, funk music accompanied many protest movements during and after the Civil Rights Movement. Funk allowed everyday experiences to be expressed to challenge daily struggles and hardships fought by lower and working class communities.", "Gerhard Kubik notes that with the exception of New Orleans, early blues lacked complex polyrhythms, and there was a \"very specific absence of asymmetric time-line patterns (key patterns) in virtually all early twentieth century African-American music... only in some New Orleans genres does a hint of simple time line patterns occasionally appear in the form of transient so-called'stomp' patterns or stop-time chorus. These do not function in the same way as African time lines.\" In the late 1940s this changed somewhat when the two-celled time line structure was brought into New Orleans blues. New Orleans musicians were especially receptive to Afro-Cuban influences precisely at the time when R&B was first forming. Dave Bartholomew and Professor Longhair (Henry Roeland Byrd) incorporated Afro-Cuban instruments, as well as the clave pattern and related two-celled figures in songs such as \"Carnival Day\" (Bartholomew 1949) and \"Mardi Gras In New Orleans\" (Longhair 1949). Robert Palmer reports that, in the 1940s, Professor Longhair listened to and played with musicians from the islands and \"fell under the spell of Perez", "James Brown credited Little Richard's 1950s R&B road band, from New Orleans, as \"the first to put the funk into the rhythm\" of rock and roll. Following his temporary exit from secular music to become an evangelist in 1957, some of Little Richard's band members joined Brown and the Famous Flames, beginning a long string of hits for them in 1958. By the mid-1960s, James Brown had developed his signature groove that emphasized the downbeat—with heavy emphasis on the first beat of every measure to etch his distinctive sound, rather than the backbeat", "Other musical groups picked up on the rhythms and vocal style developed by James Brown and his band, and the funk style began to grow. Dyke and the Blazers, based in Phoenix, Arizona, released \"Funky Broadway\" in 1967, perhaps the first record of the soul music era to have the word \"funky\" in the title. In 1969 Jimmy McGriff released \"Electric Funk\", featuring his distinctive organ over a blazing horn section. Meanwhile, on the West Coast, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band was releasing funk tracks beginning with its first album in 1967, culminating in the classic single \"Express Yourself\" in 1971. Also from the West Coast area, more specifically Oakland, San Francisco, came the band Tower of Power (TOP), which formed in 1968. Their debut album \"East Bay Grease\", released 1970, is considered an important milestone in funk. Throughout the 1970s, TOP had many hits, and the band helped to make funk music a successful genre, with a broader audience. In 1970,", "A new group of musicians began to further develop the \"funk rock\" approach. Innovations were prominently made by George Clinton, with his bands Parliament and Funkadelic. Together, they produced a new kind of funk sound heavily influenced by jazz and psychedelic rock. The two groups shared members and", "The 1970s were the era of highest mainstream visibility for funk music. In addition to Parliament Funkadelic, artists like Sly and the Family Stone, Rufus & Chaka Khan, Bootsy's Rubber Band, the Isley Brothers, Ohio Players, Con Funk Shun, Kool and the Gang, the Bar-Kays, Commodores, Roy Ayers, and Stevie Wonder, among others, were successful in getting radio play. Disco music owed a great deal to funk. Many early disco songs and performers came directly from funk-oriented backgrounds. Some disco music hits, such as all", "Jazz-funk is a subgenre of jazz music characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds and an early prevalence of analog synthesizers. The integration of funk, soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals. Jazz-funk is primarily an American genre, where it was popular throughout the 1970s and the early 1980s, but it also achieved noted appeal on the club-circuit in England during the mid-1970s. Similar genres include soul jazz and jazz fusion, but neither entirely overlap with jazz-funk. Notably jazz-funk is less vocal, more arranged and featured more improvisation than soul jazz, and retains a strong feel of groove and R&B versus some of the jazz fusion production.", "In the 1970s, at the same time that jazz musicians began to explore blending jazz with rock to create jazz fusion, major jazz performers began to experiment with funk. Jazz-funk recordings typically used electric bass and electric piano in the rhythm section, in place of the double bass and acoustic piano that were", "\"On the Corner\" (1972) was jazz trumpeter-composer Miles Davis's seminal foray into jazz-funk. Like his previous works though, \"On the Corner\" was experimental. Davis stated that \"On the Corner\" was an attempt at reconnecting with the young black audience which had largely forsaken jazz for rock and funk. While there is a discernible funk influence in the timbres of the instruments employed, other tonal and rhythmic textures, such as the Indian tambora and tablas, and Cuban congas and bongos, create a multi-layered soundscape. From a musical standpoint, the album was a culmination of sorts of the recording studio-based \"musique concrète\" approach that Davis and producer Teo Macero (who had studied with Otto Luening at Columbia University's Computer Music Center) had begun to explore in the late 1960s. Both sides of the record featured heavy funk drum and bass grooves, with the melodic parts snipped from hours of jams and mixed in the studio. Also cited as musical influences on the album by Davis were the contemporary composer Karlheinz Stockhausen.", "In the 1980s, largely as a reaction against what was seen as the over-indulgence of disco, many of the core elements that formed the foundation of the P-Funk formula began to be usurped by electronic instruments, drum machines and synthesizers. Horn sections of saxophones and trumpets were replaced by synth keyboards, and the horns that remained were given simplified lines, and few horn solos were given to soloists. The classic electric keyboards of funk, like the Hammond B3 organ, the Hohner", "While funk was all but driven from the radio by slick commercial hip hop, contemporary R&B and new jack swing, its influence continued to spread. Artists like Steve Arrington and Cameo still received major airplay and had huge global followings. Rock bands began copying elements of funk to their sound, creating new combinations of \"funk rock\" and \"funk metal\". Extreme, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Primus, Urban Dance Squad, Fishbone, Faith No More, Rage Against the Machine, Infectious Grooves, and Incubus spread the approach and styles garnered from funk pioneers to new audiences in the mid-to-late 1980s and the 1990s. These bands later inspired the underground mid-1990s funkcore movement and current funk-inspired artists like Outkast, Malina Moye, Van Hunt, and Gnarls Barkley. In the 1990s, artists like Me'shell Ndegeocello, Brooklyn Funk", "During the 2000s and early 2010s, some punk funk bands such as Out Hud and Mongolian MonkFish performed in the indie rock scene. Indie band Rilo Kiley, in keeping with their tendency to explore a variety of rockish styles, incorporated funk into their song", "From the early 1970s onwards, funk has developed various subgenres. While George Clinton and the Parliament were making a harder variation of funk, bands such as Kool and the Gang, Ohio Players and Earth, Wind and Fire were making disco-influenced funk music.", "Following the work of Jimi Hendrix in the late 1960s, black funk artists such as Sly and the Family Stone pioneered a style known as psychedelic funk by", "Funk rock (also written as \"funk-rock\" or \"funk/rock\") fuses funk and rock elements. Its earliest incarnation was heard in the late '60s through the mid-'70s by musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa, Gary Wright, David Bowie, Mother's Finest, and Funkadelic on their", "The term \"avant-funk\" has been used to describe acts who combined funk with art rock's concerns. Simon Frith described the style as an application of progressive rock mentality to rhythm rather than melody and harmony. Simon Reynolds characterized avant-funk as a kind of psychedelia in which \"oblivion was to be attained not through rising above the body, rather through immersion in the physical, self loss", "Go-go originated in the Washington, D.C. area with which it remains associated, along with other spots in the Mid-Atlantic. Inspired by singers such as Chuck Brown, the \"Godfather of Go-go\", it is a", "Boogie (or electro-funk) is an electronic music mainly influenced by funk and post-disco. The minimalist approach of boogie, consisting of synthesizers and", "Electro funk is a hybrid of electronic music and funk. It essentially follows the same form as funk, and retains funk's characteristics, but is made entirely (or partially) with a use of electronic instruments such as", "Funk metal (sometimes typeset differently such as \"funk-metal\") is a fusion genre of music which emerged in the 1980s, as part of the alternative metal movement. It typically incorporates elements of funk and heavy metal (often thrash metal), and in some cases other styles, such as punk", "G-funk is a fusion genre of music which combines gangsta rap and funk. It is generally considered to have been invented by West Coast rappers and made famous by Dr. Dre. It incorporates multi-layered", "Timba is a form of funky Cuban popular dance music. By 1990, several Cuban bands had incorporated elements of funk and hip-hop into their arrangements, and expanded upon the instrumentation of the traditional conjunto with an American drum set, saxophones and a two-keyboard format. Timba", "Funk jam is a fusion genre of music which emerged in the 1990s. It typically incorporates elements of funk and often exploratory guitar, along", "", "Despite funk's popularity in modern music, few people have examined the work of funk women. Notable funk women include Chaka Khan, Labelle, Brides of Funkenstein, Klymaxx, Mother's Finest, Lyn Collins, Betty Davis and Teena Marie. As cultural critic Cheryl Keyes explains in her essay \"She Was Too Black for Rock and Too Hard for Soul: (Re)discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis,\" most of the scholarship around funk has focused on the cultural work of men. She states that \"Betty Davis is an artist whose name has gone unheralded as a pioneer in the annals of funk and rock. Most writing on these musical genres has traditionally placed male artists like Jimi Hendrix, George Clinton (of Parliament-Funkadelic), and bassist Larry Graham as trendsetters in the shaping of a rock music sensibility.\" In \"The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout\", Nikki A. Greene notes that Davis' provocative and controversial style helped her rise to popularity in the 1970s as she focused on sexually motivated, self-empowered subject matter. Furthermore, this affected the young artist's ability to draw large audiences and commercial success. Greene also notes that Davis was never made an official spokesperson or champion for the civil rights and feminist movements of the time, although more recently her work has become a symbol of sexual liberation for women of color. Davis' song \"If I'm In Luck I Just Might Get Picked Up\", on her self-titled debut album, sparked controversy, and was banned by the Detroit NAACP. Maureen Mahan, a musicologist and anthropologist, examines Davis' impact on the music industry and the American public in her article \"They Say She's Different: Race, Gender, Genre, and the Liberated Black Femininity of Betty Davis. Laina Dawes, the author of \"What Are You Doing Here: A Black Woman's Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal\", believes respectability politics is the reason artists like Davis do not get the" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 70, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 678, 70, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 831, 186, 33636, 297, 23, 129912, 3378, 176866, 90, 26168, 454, 363, 390, 581, 59058, 21098, 1556, 23, 70, 26168, 454, 55426, 2472, 19908, 454, 910, 9, 5868, 13, 70, 176866, 13, 10, 31195, 237, 237, 4650, 40934, 1636, 5, 581, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 15, 73, 70, 26168, 454, 50775, 2472, 19908, 454, 1019, 9, 5868, 13, 16, 51515, 90, 100, 26168, 454, 1126, 70, 59665, 237, 237, 4650, 40934, 9523, 6275, 5, 1326, 26168, 454, 963, 70, 9709, 272, 1556, 142, 237, 4650, 40934, 9523, 13315, 15, 21231, 11737, 40059, 194, 28090, 70, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 136, 26168, 454, 1662, 1632, 62163, 10, 18811, 1363, 390, 142, 44, 13, 5490, 2320, 58, 12, 88949, 111, 70, 9709, 272, 1556, 142, 28090, 173, 18770, 44805, 223, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 1632, 62163, 70, 26168, 26168, 454, 1837, 100, 70, 44, 771, 320, 91, 89059, 58, 136, 6863, 55291, 26168, 454, 2485, 17721, 70, 25269, 2517, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 136, 70, 25269, 2517, 111, 70, 42518, 214, 160, 320, 42154, 133, 5, 1326, 70, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 26168, 454, 2489, 70, 44, 771, 320, 91, 89059, 58, 83, 581, 130661, 6644, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 678, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 2947, 83, 26168, 454, 1549, 28090, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 3117, 136, 70, 30057, 42991, 26168, 454, 4015, 136, 26168, 454, 3742, 1632, 62163, 70, 44, 16820, 330, 6644, 58, 111, 10, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 12, 581, 140909, 111, 70, 46552, 111, 10, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 17721, 26168, 454, 2588, 831, 186, 74481, 3674, 390, 70, 28970, 12, 26168, 454, 3768, 581, 16128, 111, 10, 8916, 15, 21231, 117233, 36917, 16, 111, 10, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 678, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 3117, 83, 12, 581, 23, 46354, 99, 70, 25072, 42154, 133, 1556, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 70, 8781, 76811, 12, 26168, 454, 5016, 5, 1326, 26168, 454, 10289, 70, 6626, 9709, 3132, 1940, 7, 24762, 99, 10, 30022, 38496, 98, 70, 25072, 42154, 133, 5, 581, 362, 16735, 1916, 42154, 133, 111, 70, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 26168, 454, 6460, 99, 70, 59665, 1556, 4567, 223, 26168, 454, 8659, 15, 21231, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 16, 136, 70, 27585, 26168, 454, 10945, 5, 581, 29569, 111, 903, 42154, 133, 83, 70, 13315, 26168, 454, 10991, 15, 21231, 42154, 133, 23, 46354, 194, 572, 6620, 12, 581, 117233, 45831, 142, 27781, 678, 26168, 454, 9323, 5, 44, 37735, 1353, 58, 12, 44, 60785, 4084, 58, 678, 121, 186518, 18811, 1363, 70, 44, 30090, 58, 26168, 454, 8894, 136, 44, 37926, 47880, 58, 26168, 454, 13023, 111, 10, 44, 58905, 13452, 1830, 740, 62, 6275, 26168, 454, 11548, 83, 291, 48398, 98, 188, 6275, 26168, 454, 12465, 581, 29569, 111, 70, 50651, 425, 83, 70, 9709, 272, 26168, 454, 4633, 678, 70, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 3129, 98363, 7, 10, 44, 3038, 1264, 837, 9120, 144252, 740, 1326, 171859, 26168, 454, 13330, 70, 59058, 21098, 1556, 10, 44, 37035, 58, 136, 70, 50651, 425, 1940, 39797, 933, 70, 47880, 26168, 454, 9285, 99, 10, 6275, 26168, 454, 12977, 5, 6561, 12765, 7, 390, 74481, 1363, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 83, 10, 47880, 9709, 272, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 151552, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 390, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 111, 10, 59058, 21098, 5, 88949, 442, 831, 186, 139392, 71, 390, 10, 42154, 133, 23, 46354, 111, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 4, 442, 83, 35839, 24862, 3454, 350, 144252, 4, 5792, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "In cartesian coordinates.", "Geometric properties.", "Asymptote.", "Polar slope.", "Curvature.", "Arc length.", "Sector area.", "Inversion.", "Centralprojection of a helix." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "the hyperbolic spiral with the polar equation can be represented in cartesian coordinates formula_3 by The hyperbola has in the formula_5-formula_6-plane the coordinate axes as asymptotes. The hyperbolic spiral (in the formula_7-formula_8-plane) approaches for formula_9 the origin as asymptotic point. For formula_10 the curve has an asymptotic line (see next section). From the polar equation and formula_11 one gets a representation by an \"equation\":", "", "Because of the curve has an", "From vector calculus in polar coordinates one gets the formula formula_15 for the \"polar slope\" and its angle formula_16 between the tangent of a curve and the tangent of the corresponding polar circle. For the hyperbolic spiral formula_17 the \"polar slope\" is", "The curvature of a curve with polar equation formula_19 is formula_20 From the equation formula_21 and the derivatives formula_22 and formula_23 one gets the \"curvature\" of a hyperbolic spiral:", "The length of the arc of a hyperbolic spiral between formula_25 can be calculated by the integral: formula_27", "The area of a sector (see diagram above) of a hyperbolic spiral with equation formula_21 is:", "The inversion at the unit circle has in polar coordinates the simple description: formula_31. For formula_34 the two curves intersect at a fixpoint on the unit circle. The osculating circle of the Archimedean spiral formula_32 at the origin has radius formula_36 (see Archimedean spiral) and the center formula_37. The image of this circle is the line formula_38 (see circle inversion). Hence: The diagram shows an example with formula_39.", "\"Given\": \"Helix\" with parametric representation the \"center\" formula_41 and \"image plane\" formula_42 of a \"central projection\". A point formula_43 is mapped onto point formula_44 The image of the helix is the curve formula_45 with the polar equation which describes a \"hyperbolic spiral\". For parameter formula_47 the hyperbola has a \"pole\" and the helix intersects the plane formula_48 at a point formula_49. One checks by calculation:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 32964, 13036, 80934, 7, 111, 44, 54547, 141, 58, 23, 70, 15672, 182999, 147638, 621, 12, 581, 5117, 80934, 98363, 7, 10, 1774, 147, 9709, 272, 4, 450, 65042, 7, 23, 15044, 111, 70, 117, 40930, 25667, 48225, 7, 28032, 6863, 47880, 74, 70, 11969, 8206, 98, 1632, 5609, 111, 10, 17164, 20903, 538, 35707, 5134, 120126, 10, 47880, 144252, 15, 2940, 442, 83, 390, 70, 94418, 13, 6, 146984, 136, 6, 168867, 111, 70, 11969, 8206, 4, 1284, 44, 10869, 58, 390, 70, 91257, 5623, 21896, 17721, 3501, 28032, 28560, 7, 4, 450, 442, 123867, 16610, 111, 8035, 10, 15787, 27781, 3142, 20537, 450, 208479, 40956, 7, 44, 428, 18234, 58, 23, 148064, 5, 360, 15700, 27781, 4, 70, 44, 30090, 124519, 58, 111, 70, 121641, 111, 10, 144252, 225495, 144851, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 7, 5, 581, 17932, 80934, 96853, 6626, 8562, 7, 111, 5691, 157955, 35845, 7, 111, 144252, 7, 12, 360, 70, 5609, 49726, 4, 70, 22556, 9709, 272, 99, 70, 103136, 83, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 4, 12960, 70, 50997, 9709, 272, 83, 10, 50651, 425, 5, 581, 9709, 272, 127887, 23, 4842, 83, 10, 158, 1771, 50651, 425, 5, 62, 6626, 9, 157955, 4, 707, 47880, 4, 144252, 1543, 186, 151552, 2684, 72546, 17368, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 4, 7440, 70, 4567, 223, 26168, 115187, 83, 10, 182902, 1771, 62005, 223, 32354, 111, 55291, 26168, 454, 304, 12, 581, 42154, 133, 2806, 186, 28601, 297, 237, 10, 8, 48281, 67, 7225, 15, 2347, 32354, 959, 8035, 81113, 538, 182902, 1771, 4, 1284, 43257, 53697, 194, 360, 44, 2472, 19908, 454, 35748, 2472, 19908, 454, 55426, 587, 43297, 1636, 58, 70, 9709, 272, 1556, 70, 121, 186518, 18811, 1363, 12, 31384, 111, 70, 2684, 5526, 12096, 7, 111, 6626, 9, 157955, 144252, 7, 26698, 12, 893, 44, 186447, 3602, 27201, 144252, 58, 83, 4, 100, 27781, 4, 139392, 71, 12960, 552, 49725, 10, 172783, 5, 62, 44, 3038, 1264, 837, 9120, 144252, 58, 68634, 21816, 237, 29569, 111, 10, 50651, 425, 678, 10, 5361, 9879, 13452, 1830, 15, 21231, 117233, 194, 62, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 83, 3060, 20028, 35839, 44, 107, 318, 3454, 350, 58, 144252, 4, 6637, 442, 83, 70, 29569, 111, 142, 78599, 12333, 19, 144252, 678, 142, 42154, 133, 9, 73, 46354, 15, 21231, 35064, 194, 581, 9351, 44, 365, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 58, 83, 4743, 47, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 1530, 5, 5787, 64101, 1352, 5256, 111, 903, 621, 14037, 23, 31425, 5, 144833, 16765, 3129, 54, 959, 11177, 3934, 903, 150370, 111, 70, 5117, 190, 27781, 7, 12, 62, 44, 50886, 539, 144252, 58, 1556, 6626, 237, 4650, 40934, 9523, 26847, 100052, 3267, 2740, 581, 44, 54547, 141, 111, 140819, 223, 58, 83, 10, 35874, 6126, 100052, 3267, 2740, 581, 44, 6159, 20990, 52544, 144833, 289, 58, 58055, 7, 111, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 42154, 133, 46552, 7, 100052, 3267, 2740, 581, 44, 73, 23232, 67, 111, 10, 42154, 133, 58, 33342, 1884, 142, 78599, 12333, 19, 4, 1284, 83, 959, 12, 1957, 360, 23232, 67, 4904, 19279, 302, 99726, 5, 581, 25632, 177229, 7, 621, 184017, 678, 144252, 7, 4, 3129, 831, 186, 151552, 390, 10, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 2681, 4, 41866, 100, 70, 50218, 26168, 454, 2592, 15, 186447, 3602, 27201, 4, 59058, 837, 9120, 4, 8002, 2227, 25, 7, 4, 16060, 21426, 144252, 7, 16, 136, 70, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 26168, 454, 1662, 5, 581, 55291, 26168, 454, 2485, 17721, 70, 144252, 25269, 2517, 136, 70, 42518, 214, 160, 320, 42154, 133, 15, 21231, 117233, 16, 83, 35839, 44, 109217, 111, 70, 160, 320, 91, 89059, 136, 26168, 454, 2489, 70, 44, 771, 320, 91, 89059, 740, 28090, 173, 18770, 44805, 223, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 1632, 62163, 70, 26168, 572, 6620, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 144252, 26168, 454, 2947, 83, 360, 7225, 111, 142, 44, 186447, 3602, 27201, 144252, 58, 15, 2472, 19908, 454, 69072, 70, 160, 320, 91, 89059, 83, 26168, 454, 4015, 581, 44, 365, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 58, 83, 10, 5361, 7225, 4, 6637, 111, 26168, 454, 3742, 44, 2271, 42539, 58, 38, 581, 130661, 6644, 26168, 454, 2357, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 678, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 1326, 10, 144252, 678, 26168, 454, 3768, 1632, 62163, 360, 7225, 111, 26168, 454, 3117, 44, 132, 186447, 3602, 27201, 144252, 16, 58, 26168, 454, 1197, 100052, 3267, 2740, 87293, 100, 26168, 454, 5016, 70, 144252, 1556, 142, 44, 73, 34334, 10763, 6275, 740, 581, 130661, 6644, 111, 10, 44, 365, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 58, 26168, 454, 6460, 83, 26168, 454, 9185, 581, 16128, 111, 10, 8916, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 15, 21231, 117233, 16, 678, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 1326, 10, 144252, 678, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 8659, 1632, 62163, 581, 26168, 100, 10, 44, 365, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 58, 26168, 454, 6460, 83, 26168, 454, 2839, 581, 140909, 111, 142, 46552, 111, 10, 9709, 272, 678, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 2681, 83, 1326, 70, 144252, 26168, 454, 8659, 70, 140909, 83, 11205, 756, 6097, 28970, 7, 831, 186, 86869, 71, 390, 10, 202319, 23180, 5, 360, 7225, 111, 10, 8002, 2227, 25, 7, 144252, 70, 23, 18, 5739, 141, 831, 186, 36510, 297, 390, 88, 150, 112569, 28970, 7, 4734, 5, 581, 46552, 140909, 111, 10, 44, 365, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 58, 26168, 454, 6460, 83, 26168, 454, 9271, 581, 23, 46354, 99, 70, 25072, 42154, 133, 1556, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 70, 8781, 76811, 12, 26168, 454, 13330, 5, 28670, 10763, 26168, 454, 12744, 111, 10, 144252, 83, 56104, 81113, 538, 22460, 18, 6402, 4, 62005, 223, 136, 51, 99091, 297, 5, 1326, 70, 5570, 144252, 7, 26168, 454, 12744, 83, 40101, 10, 14537, 32354, 707, 142, 78643, 80973, 32354, 5, 4263, 1632, 55076, 7, 100, 26168, 454, 12744, 10, 44, 99091, 297, 58, 32354, 70, 144252, 83, 876, 167457, 4, 5792, 5, 62, 202319, 876, 167457, 32354, 83, 70, 46552, 1076, 32354, 12, 503, 19514, 26168, 454, 11663, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 10, 144252, 83, 10, 9709, 272, 3129, 17400, 63614, 1295, 10, 6275, 4, 98567, 2060, 9319, 16065, 237, 442, 52831, 3132, 10932, 70, 6275, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Helices.", "Two-dimensional.", "Examples.", "Geometric properties.", "Bounded spirals.", "Three-dimensional.", "Conical spirals.", "Spherical spirals.", "In nature.", "In the laboratory.", "As a symbol.", "In art." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Two major definitions of \"spiral\" in the American Heritage Dictionary are: The first definition describes a planar curve, that extends in both of the perpendicular directions within its plane; the groove on one side of a record closely approximates a plane spiral (and it is by the finite width and depth of the groove, but \"not\" by the wider spacing between than within tracks, that it falls short of being a perfect example); note that successive loops \"differ\" in diameter. In another example, the \"center lines\" of the arms of a spiral galaxy trace logarithmic spirals. The second definition includes two kinds of 3-dimensional relatives of spirals: In the side picture, the black curve at the bottom is an Archimedean spiral, while the green curve is a helix. The curve shown in red is a conic helix.", "A two-dimensional, or plane, spiral may be described most easily using polar coordinates, where the radius formula_1 is a monotonic continuous function of angle formula_2: The circle would be regarded as a degenerate case (the function not being strictly monotonic, but rather constant). In \"formula_4-formula_5-coordinates\" the curve has the parametric representation:", "Some of the most important sorts of two-dimensional spirals include: An \"Archimedian spiral\" is, for example, generated while coiling a carpet. A \"hyperbolic spiral\" apears as image of a helix with a special central projection (see diagram). A hyperbolic spiral is some times called \"reciproke\" spiral, because it is the image of an Archimedian spiral with an circle-inversion (see below). The name \"logarithmic spiral\" is due to the equation formula_12. Approximations of this are found in nature. Spirals which do not fit into this scheme of the first 5 examples: A \"Cornu spiral\" has two asymptotic points.<br> The \"spiral of Theodorus\" is a polygon.<br> The \"Fibonacci Spiral\" consists of a sequence of circle arcs.<br> The \"involute of a circle\" looks like an Archimedian, but is not: see Involute#Examples.", "The following considerations are dealing with spirals, which can be described by a polar equation formula_13, especially for the cases formula_14 (Archimedian, hyperbolic, Fermat's, lituus spirals) and the logarithmic spiral formula_11. The angle formula_16 between the spiral tangent and the corresponding polar circle (see diagram) is called \"angle of the polar slope and formula_17 the \"polar slope\". From vector calculus in polar coordinates one gets the formula Hence the slope of the spiral formula_19 is In case of an \"Archimedian spiral\" (formula_21) the polar slope is formula_22 The \"logarithmic spiral\" is a special case, because of formula_23 \"constant\"! The curvature formula_24 of a curve with polar equation formula_13 is For a spiral with formula_27 one gets In case of formula_21 \"(Archimedian spiral)\" formula_30.<br> Only for formula_31 the spiral has an \"inflection point\". The curvature of a \"logarithmic spiral\" formula_32 is formula_33 The area of a sector of a curve (see diagram) with polar equation formula_13 is For a spiral with equation formula_36 one gets The formula for a \"logarithmic spiral\" formula_32 is formula_40 The length of an arc of a curve with polar equation formula_13 is For the spiral formula_36 the length is Not all these integrals can be solved by a suitable table. In case of a Fermat's spiral the intgral can be expressed by elliptic integrals only. The arc length of a \"logarithmic spiral\" formula_32 is formula_46 The inversion at the unit circle has in polar coordinates the simple description: formula_47.", "Function formula_52 of a spiral is usually strictly monotnic, continuous and unbounded. For the standard spirals formula_52 is either a power function or an exponential function. If one chooses for formula_52 a \"bounded\" function the spiral is bounded, too. A suitable bounded function is the arctan function: Setting formula_55 and the choice formula_56 gives a spiral, that starts at the origin (like an Archimedean spiral) and approaches the circle with radius formula_57 (diagram, left). For formula_58 and formula_59 one gets a spiral, that approaches the origin (like a hyperbolic spiral) and approaches the circle with radius formula_60 (diagram, right).", "", "If in the formula_4-formula_5-plane a spiral with parametric representation is given, then there can be added a third coordinate formula_64, such that the now space curve lies on the cone with equation formula_65: Spirals based on this procedure are called conical spirals. Starting with an \"archimedean spiral\" formula_67 one gets the conical spiral (see diagram)", "If one represents a sphere of radius formula_1 by: and sets the linear dependency formula_71 for the angle coordinates, one gets a spherical spiral with the parametric representation (with formula_72 equal to twice the number of turns) Spherical spirals were known to Pappus, too. Remark: a rhumb line is \"not\" a spherical spiral in this sense. A rhumb line (also known as a loxodrome or \"spherical spiral\") is the curve on a sphere traced by a ship with constant bearing (e.g., travelling from one pole to the other while keeping a fixed angle with respect to the meridians). The loxodrome has an infinite number of revolutions, with the separation between them decreasing as the curve approaches either of the poles, unlike an Archimedean spiral which maintains uniform line-spacing regardless of radius.", "The study of spirals in nature has a long history. Christopher Wren observed that many shells form a logarithmic spiral; Jan Swammerdam observed the common mathematical characteristics of a wide range of shells from \"Helix\" to \"Spirula\"; and Henry Nottidge Moseley described the mathematics of univalve shells. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson's \"On Growth and Form\" gives extensive treatment to these spirals. He describes how shells are formed by rotating a closed curve around a fixed axis: the shape of the curve remains fixed but its size grows in a geometric progression. In some shells, such as \"Nautilus\" and ammonites, the generating curve revolves in a plane perpendicular to the axis and the shell will form a planar discoid shape. In others it follows a skew path forming a helico-spiral pattern. Thompson also studied spirals occurring in horns, teeth, claws and plants. A model for the pattern of florets in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel. This has the form where \"n\" is the index number of the floret and \"c\" is a constant scaling factor, and is a form of Fermat's spiral. The angle 137.5° is the golden angle which is related to the golden ratio and gives a close packing of florets. Spirals in plants and animals are frequently described as whorls. This is also the name given to spiral shaped fingerprints.", "When potassium sulfate is heated in water and subjected to swirling in a beaker, the crystals form a multi-arm spiral structure when allowed to settle", "A spiral like form has been found in Mezine, Ukraine, as part of a decorative object dated to 10,000 BCE. The spiral and triple spiral motif is a Neolithic symbol in Europe (Megalithic Temples of Malta). The Celtic symbol the triple spiral is in fact a pre-Celtic symbol. It is carved into the rock of a stone lozenge near the main entrance of the prehistoric Newgrange monument in County Meath, Ireland. Newgrange was built around 3200 BCE predating the Celts and the triple spirals were carved at least 2,500 years before the Celts reached Ireland but has long since been incorporated into Celtic culture. The triskelion symbol, consisting of three interlocked spirals or three bent human legs, appears in many early cultures, including Mycenaean vessels, on coinage in Lycia, on staters of Pamphylia (at Aspendos, 370–333 BC) and Pisidia, as well as on the heraldic emblem on warriors' shields depicted on Greek pottery. Spirals can be found throughout pre-Columbian art in Latin and Central America. The more than 1,400 petroglyphs (rock engravings) in Las Plazuelas, Guanajuato Mexico, dating 750-1200 AD, predominantly depict spirals, dot figures and scale models. In Colombia monkeys, frog and lizard like figures depicted in petroglyphs or as gold offering figures frequently includes spirals, for example on the palms of hands. In Lower Central America spirals along with circles, wavy lines, crosses and points are universal petroglyphs characters. Spirals can also be found among the Nazca Lines in the coastal desert of Peru, dating from 200 BC to 500 AD. The geoglyphs number in the thousands and depict animals, plants and geometric motifs, including spirals. Spiral shapes, including the swastika, triskele, etc., have often been interpreted as solar symbols. Roof tiles dating back to the Tang Dynasty with this symbol have been found west of the ancient city of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an). Spirals are also a symbol of hypnosis, stemming from the cliché of people and cartoon characters being hypnotized by staring into a spinning spiral (one example being Kaa in Disney's \"The Jungle Book\"). They are also used as a symbol of dizziness, where the eyes of a cartoon character, especially in anime and manga, will turn into spirals to show they are dizzy or dazed. The spiral is also found in structures as small as the double helix of DNA and as large as a galaxy. Because of this frequent natural occurrence, the spiral is the official symbol of the World Pantheist Movement. The spiral is also a symbol of the dialectic process and Dialectical monism.", "The spiral has inspired artists throughout the ages. Among the most famous of spiral-inspired art is Robert Smithson's earthwork, \"Spiral Jetty\", at the Great Salt Lake in Utah. The spiral theme is also present in David Wood's Spiral Resonance Field at the Balloon Museum in Albuquerque, as well as in the critically acclaimed Nine Inch Nails 1994 concept album \"The Downward Spiral\". The Spiral is also a prominent theme in the anime Gurren Lagann, where it represents a philosophy and way of life. It also central in Mario Merz and Andy Goldsworthy's work. The spiral is the central theme of the horror manga \"Uzumaki\" by Junji Ito, where a small coastal town is afflicted by a curse involving spirals. \"2012 A Piece of Mind By Wayne A Beale\" also depicts a large spiral in this book of dreams and images." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 149067, 19, 17721, 52336, 4, 2119, 39, 1779, 136, 30260, 1294, 23, 893, 45964, 61527, 3378, 7986, 7, 83, 959, 11343, 34735, 5, 581, 101805, 83, 47, 85689, 237, 52336, 8382, 30260, 1771, 7986, 7, 3129, 621, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 24668, 13984, 7, 5, 4263, 70, 52336, 621, 51592, 47, 765, 10, 34735, 94878, 678, 110664, 58984, 7, 136, 8395, 7, 7068, 1836, 621, 39210, 538, 151552, 237, 2119, 39, 1779, 5, 663, 13, 9523, 7986, 7, 3129, 621, 14037, 23, 3060, 3627, 16145, 3129, 621, 127887, 678, 28302, 7, 111, 18940, 621, 154186, 678, 52336, 44028, 390, 61527, 3378, 18940, 1314, 23, 70, 5744, 1615, 136, 621, 2843, 127298, 18507, 47314, 237, 52336, 5, 64511, 52336, 33444, 13, 47, 70, 58984, 111, 70, 103494, 136, 621, 110518, 11343, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 182, 6423, 1295, 3129, 70, 44759, 44, 30404, 1264, 25, 7, 23721, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 5, 66016, 70, 52336, 621, 44961, 17514, 98, 47219, 4, 43257, 3501, 8035, 2831, 111, 70, 68869, 7, 137272, 678, 373, 51626, 4, 4092, 42, 125195, 111, 38514, 83, 190647, 297, 23, 6097, 7986, 7, 5, 23721, 221, 46526, 47, 456, 162, 56851, 70, 101785, 111, 70, 47, 6492, 1672, 1919, 87714, 7103, 47219, 390, 3917, 111, 1645, 3075, 5, 581, 117396, 147452, 4, 23, 70, 7225, 1950, 1264, 25, 7, 5986, 1295, 70, 8352, 275, 111, 18813, 30131, 420, 4, 3853, 23409, 221, 2060, 237, 47, 92814, 70, 50081, 111, 142, 7103, 24804, 4, 21, 674, 214, 47219, 136, 606, 1824, 214, 450, 6897, 5608, 186, 105945, 217982, 442, 5809, 5, 207667, 49300, 9491, 21455, 297, 903, 237, 39864, 214, 10, 1286, 49242, 70760, 32594, 111, 17569, 3129, 2806, 186, 44961, 297, 23, 43240, 6044, 237, 70, 44, 44456, 7077, 13, 17721, 10, 1572, 136, 18763, 1853, 58, 136, 3789, 1950, 1264, 25, 7, 23721, 5, 581, 16610, 11531, 1295, 70, 7477, 56, 6635, 29486, 11, 111, 109404, 83, 8, 18695, 3674, 678, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 129842, 99, 142, 126416, 23180, 678, 1919, 58386, 136, 70, 183557, 182, 4994, 18, 799, 2875, 21620, 4517, 129842, 23, 12912, 111, 2856, 12, 180, 47, 6492, 4, 398, 3542, 88303, 100, 36162, 2481, 4, 2583, 3542, 14037, 297, 100, 221791, 38, 581, 5367, 56, 799, 2875, 21620, 4517, 4, 103122, 111, 19963, 34, 5, 581, 29486, 11, 111, 799, 9802, 127, 1295, 36169, 1140, 70541, 7, 10, 1950, 1264, 25, 7, 5986, 678, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 127887, 40, 27686, 99, 70, 126416, 23180, 678, 70, 182, 4994, 18, 91, 90065, 1916, 23, 12912, 111, 4049, 12, 581, 5367, 56, 384, 26735, 11, 11, 17378, 12, 11249, 11037, 398, 621, 23, 935, 40, 257, 111, 105694, 2481, 4, 14804, 42762, 111, 17669, 120027, 7432, 38, 1650, 83, 152382, 678, 126416, 7, 111, 15381, 4, 1650, 70541, 7, 11907, 4127, 13580, 5, 14804, 156, 83, 678, 398, 4, 1650, 14602, 959, 31358, 398, 4, 180, 25674, 126970, 9, 6766, 147, 56, 4, 32774, 8694, 19364, 4, 799, 9802, 528, 38, 14804, 7, 83, 70, 53673, 71191, 111, 70, 144477, 50777, 38, 1061, 17378, 1919, 5367, 56, 2750, 13695, 7, 1919, 9351, 923, 272, 4, 581, 20338, 2886, 5367, 56, 384, 26735, 11, 11, 4, 136565, 764, 78302, 4, 40469, 5367, 7, 47, 1919, 156, 11907, 5155, 5, 62, 11531, 1295, 70, 47, 6492, 111, 60423, 510, 195, 82501, 4, 3129, 112474, 1295, 70, 1690, 38529, 111, 2471, 3220, 11, 510, 4, 83, 151552, 23, 6863, 39864, 31667, 13315, 237, 19441, 2809, 71200, 71, 1295, 70, 47, 6492, 111, 10, 18813, 30131, 420, 4, 15, 11, 9351, 11814, 390, 40368, 60097, 7, 1295, 534, 927, 136, 729, 927, 68728, 7, 2449, 16, 1650, 83, 2843, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 70, 8446, 90, 8752, 2356, 117604, 137028, 2101, 249, 89399, 223, 5, 32255, 43240, 621, 68186, 71, 390, 191225, 7, 237, 8035, 10, 43658, 111, 10, 111937, 13, 102256, 117604, 7986, 5, 581, 11531, 42459, 7, 10, 3445, 5608, 25225, 70, 4127, 8966, 23, 6897, 4, 71864, 49432, 1363, 111, 47219, 136, 36510, 90, 92814, 1672, 70, 50081, 111, 142, 7103, 24804, 5, 26176, 65006, 4, 2301, 25, 18, 642, 6635, 111, 442, 1146, 60818, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 1632, 107003, 47, 5646, 2363, 8966, 678, 2856, 4, 136, 2685, 83, 110, 1632, 2750, 60899, 16065, 32497, 4420, 13438, 5, 113307, 40514, 765, 2809, 7228, 17721, 70, 37022, 7, 36510, 297, 23, 70, 36917, 7986, 678, 10, 76811, 390, 56889, 246, 2143, 1295, 10, 5045, 14432, 14922, 111, 3642, 10, 97575, 18, 100, 70, 98870, 23, 61527, 2806, 167575, 67, 678, 10, 109412, 33, 28, 24500, 3432, 111, 70, 8, 45710, 5281, 8035, 115081, 10932, 678, 70, 54433, 44, 58, 15363, 685, 54799, 903, 3890, 58, 136, 44, 58, 71, 35838, 136, 456, 513, 2980, 4, 100, 14461, 34, 91, 23766, 186, 237, 903, 1242, 58, 1950, 21777, 23721, 1295, 70, 2356, 117604, 14922, 35644, 47, 70, 168487, 49242, 9523, 8780, 44116, 297, 23, 903, 11531, 390, 3917, 111, 1810, 54969, 6, 34590, 10763, 111, 94186, 36743, 707, 390, 71644, 214, 70, 49242, 9523, 8780, 5, 360, 70, 7225, 111, 70, 494, 525, 799, 2875, 21620, 4517, 70, 17262, 1950, 1264, 25, 7, 52336, 14037, 23, 1919, 47, 6492, 44116, 10, 4393, 37457, 111, 21455, 38496, 7, 5, 360, 1632, 70, 91, 19462, 21533, 19069, 83, 171759, 297, 678, 70, 1286, 101805, 289, 125195, 7, 111, 15673, 4, 70, 17932, 456, 75161, 7, 49242, 9523, 8780, 4, 217982, 70, 50960, 83, 10, 68869, 48242, 261, 23044, 1363, 23, 6897, 7103, 47219, 5, 87, 765, 49782, 8382, 52336, 450, 621, 23, 70, 142, 45964, 3627, 16145, 4, 3493, 2367, 1836, 14192, 5443, 188, 30319, 6897, 98, 109270, 136, 13693, 3062, 2069, 70, 10776, 111, 70, 103494, 5, 78662, 89700, 54, 1836, 4911, 7, 4, 50509, 214, 70, 3551, 111, 105694, 2481, 4, 581, 1660, 136, 70, 44075, 4, 130078, 1556, 110, 20870, 7, 32, 601, 5445, 2069, 83, 6863, 1563, 5922, 42, 6620, 74, 110, 332, 2685, 4824, 6468, 66570, 26548, 1919, 145042, 5, 1650, 83, 10, 3551, 26548, 3129, 351, 13, 831, 77142, 5, 3164, 2446, 29842, 7, 33850, 10588, 28032, 442, 4, 16792, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1950, 1264, 25, 7, 23721, 621, 142, 45964, 61527, 3378, 7986, 7, 450, 62038, 3674, 23, 47, 6492, 6, 101287, 7, 111, 70, 102256, 117604, 15, 8789, 14037, 98, 249, 89399, 223, 7986, 7, 24189, 70, 25766, 53, 6563, 137028, 2101, 111, 70, 2356, 117604, 16, 3129, 23, 70, 5201, 1645, 3075, 6897, 7103, 47219, 136, 3542, 27983, 11814, 23, 7477, 56, 6635, 43701, 7, 5, 32255, 52336, 44116, 285, 38543, 79385, 7, 111, 15673, 23, 142, 7103, 24804, 450, 37457, 1295, 70, 49242, 70760, 8305, 47, 70, 1286, 89160, 125195, 7, 111, 159454, 5, 32255, 7986, 7, 621, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 390, 188304, 7, 111, 44948, 182, 4994, 933, 136, 621, 127298, 17569, 47, 765, 2809, 44028, 5, 19536, 18, 71407, 1836, 765, 2809, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Middle Kingdom.", "New Kingdom.", "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The distinction between songs, hymns and poetry in Ancient Egyptian texts is not always clear. The convention is to treat as songs those poetic texts which are depicted with musical instruments. If the songs are seen to have a clear connection with temple cults and festivals then they are commonly described as hymns. Poetic texts which are found in some tombs which are shown with scenes of labor are compared with songs sung by Egyptian laborers in the modern era and are also therefore classified as songs. Other songs relate to the cult of the dead and are nearly always depicted with harps from which the title \"Harper's Songs\" is derived. Since the songs are reflections on death, rather than being part of the rituals associated with burial, freer expression of thoughts is encountered in these texts. Songs sought to reassure the owner of the tomb about his fate after death by way of praise. The greater freedom, in the case Harper's Song from the Tomb of King Intef, even went so far as to doubt the reality of an afterlife, lamenting death and advising that life should be enjoyed whilst it could. Miriam Lichtheim viewed this as introducing a more skeptical strand of thought which would be reflected in works such as the \"Dispute between a Man and His Ba\" and other Harper's Songs.", "The short song from the funerary stela of Iki is depicted with the deceased sitting at an offering table with his wife and the rotund harpist Neferhotep sitting in front of them: O tomb, you were built for festivity, You were founded for happiness! The singer Neferhotep, born of Henu. The stela of Nebankh from Abydos contains a Harper's Song with the deceased shown seated at the offering table with the harpist squatting in front of him: The singer Tjeniaa says: How firm you are in your seat of eternity, Your monument of everlastingness! It is filled with offerings of food, It contains every good thing. Your ka is with you, It does not leave you, O Royal Seal-Bearer, Great Steward, Nebankha! Yours is the sweet breath of the northwind! So says his singer who keeps his name alive, The honorable singer Tjeniaa, whom he loved, Who sings to his ka every day. A song from the tomb of Paatenemheb, which dates from the reign of Akhenaten, is described in its introductory line as having been copied from the tomb of a King Intef, (a name used by several kings from 11th and 17th dynasties) It is also preserved in the Ramesside New Kingdom Harris 500 papyrus. These works are accepted by scholars as being a copy of a genuine Middle Kingdom text. The song suggests a person should enjoy the good things in life, avoid contemplation of death and expresses doubt about the reality of an afterlife. Make holiday, don't weary of it!! Look, there is no one allowed to take their things with them, and there is no one who goes away comes back again. Comparison have been made between the sentiments expressed in the above text with a description by Herodotus from a much later period of how a banquet for the rich in Egypt would culminate with a wooden effigy of the deceased being passed around with the saying \"\"Look upon this!\"\" and \"\"drink and rejoice, for thou shalt be as this.\"\" Harpers Songs from the New Kingdom period respond to the rational skepticism displayed in this song by way of outright rejection of impiety or by moderating the skepticism.", "In the case of the priest Neferhotep the three Harper's songs found in his tomb display a full range of viewpoints. In one the sceptical position is blended with the more conventional expressions of hope, the second rejects skepticism, whilst the third is a ritualistic affirmation in life after death. I have heard those songs that are in the ancient tombs, And what they tell Extolling life on earth and belittling the region of the dead. Wherefore do they thus, concerning the land of eternity, The just and the fair, Which has no terrors? Wrangling is its abhorrence; no man there girds himself against his fellow. It is a land against which none can rebel. All our kinsfolk rest within it, since the earliest day of time; The offspring of millions are come hither, every one. For none may tarry in the land of Egypt, None there is who has not passed yonder. The span of earthly things is as a dream; But a fair welcome is given him who has reached the West.", "Harper's song sung in Spanish by Macarena Fajardo Vicente-Ortega" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 22482, 361, 4, 143359, 4, 23, 70, 54427, 111, 6987, 92, 18222, 4, 186672, 4, 6610, 186827, 77330, 80723, 16454, 42840, 99, 10, 27150, 32070, 136, 93544, 10, 45, 6635, 5, 1529, 1902, 6626, 114210, 78, 79298, 7, 4, 47192, 15, 57332, 168707, 16, 136, 6, 101956, 15, 57332, 153459, 194, 18763, 67373, 4, 218976, 821, 5, 77330, 4, 509, 10, 219600, 136, 10, 6, 48850, 29127, 9893, 2750, 1902, 34844, 53, 33444, 214, 47, 1919, 191125, 4, 220, 927, 133, 9523, 50960, 775, 5, 77330, 25, 7, 42732, 4, 51627, 7354, 39, 3838, 77330, 4, 68, 71, 23, 145081, 5, 581, 25632, 6602, 4, 218976, 77330, 139505, 55496, 161388, 4, 124901, 14380, 27150, 77330, 198371, 105945, 5, 194397, 6056, 1919, 459, 86, 538, 25299, 44462, 4, 70, 23621, 73, 538, 77330, 2451, 91569, 4, 111531, 6117, 19, 4, 22223, 11960, 678, 1030, 86, 136, 208806, 7426, 9, 7460, 297, 2451, 8408, 63134, 20662, 23902, 136, 6520, 297, 7103, 67842, 4000, 29526, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 702, 764, 51, 226534, 7, 126351, 13028, 16065, 1295, 5368, 4, 3444, 214, 47, 24209, 10, 47617, 1991, 25299, 23, 70, 195374, 1104, 127345, 5550, 5, 360, 72399, 115275, 77330, 25737, 5368, 100, 10, 6602, 99, 32629, 2397, 62903, 15, 2347, 7068, 9, 4692, 6276, 31667, 130625, 111, 32629, 2397, 29693, 16, 47, 14768, 18929, 100, 26946, 7154, 390, 2369, 133, 12535, 5, 51404, 99, 32629, 2397, 4, 764, 126809, 10, 167821, 22, 927, 86840, 39, 450, 7866, 297, 136, 6165, 297, 100, 5045, 111, 1919, 47143, 214, 7003, 4588, 5369, 5, 1529, 30957, 297, 2369, 133, 23, 106355, 1284, 6777, 959, 53299, 1919, 192360, 25, 7, 79385, 24189, 81139, 4, 19441, 39958, 1733, 5773, 47, 4488, 99, 93219, 2271, 2005, 156637, 53, 4, 10091, 1507, 6610, 186827, 25, 7, 57476, 4935, 9, 150, 6496, 46512, 53, 23, 161827, 25876, 4, 2356, 101033, 4, 136, 47, 26983, 47, 149674, 5, 77330, 25, 7, 51, 4692, 7522, 184, 38001, 33342, 4, 44, 81946, 127, 58, 23295, 144996, 7, 136, 48903, 214, 538, 15970, 9, 60270, 1236, 459, 13722, 60089, 7228, 442, 34844, 100, 4049, 47, 19916, 136, 13695, 23902, 99, 32629, 2397, 136, 2369, 133, 5, 1529, 6777, 173969, 13, 10, 10846, 35845, 538, 4989, 9, 150, 4126, 222002, 7, 54940, 25921, 136, 16030, 7, 4, 3060, 111, 136565, 125296, 71, 1919, 103036, 237, 10, 6, 70035, 5, 77330, 14432, 100512, 142, 10, 2347, 1419, 5, 77330, 25, 7, 67896, 150, 525, 91376, 85403, 4488, 2451, 46903, 9523, 30260, 1294, 136, 16610, 63926, 17007, 2451, 9007, 28575, 297, 23, 70, 44, 21566, 133, 72813, 1236, 58, 136, 70, 44, 21566, 133, 135940, 1294, 57832, 830, 111, 3129, 764, 100512, 142, 30391, 5, 24372, 25975, 2320, 77330, 109133, 1295, 12447, 47, 12447, 136, 1295, 3687, 47, 3687, 23, 142, 71834, 47, 3249, 3564, 7, 23356, 4, 33022, 127663, 100, 104345, 136, 47, 1608, 184, 16065, 136355, 3815, 5, 51404, 20697, 100, 73962, 7, 136, 80299, 214, 18276, 7, 15, 2940, 100, 10, 1733, 99, 70, 189224, 9, 1272, 9, 2347, 9, 4233, 11, 4, 39897, 6, 70035, 7, 25, 46512, 53, 247, 764, 126809, 10, 178290, 100, 174548, 1810, 35299, 8770, 4, 5700, 43515, 450, 3542, 59038, 71, 390, 10, 96551, 111, 41260, 7, 5, 1529, 2843, 85168, 297, 17265, 390, 143092, 23577, 7, 47, 21763, 9020, 4, 26719, 1632, 100, 70, 21, 3055, 25, 7, 51, 48310, 67175, 21261, 44, 3957, 180946, 2320, 86907, 4, 24890, 740, 77330, 25, 7, 5117, 91376, 12877, 509, 44, 841, 6669, 136, 70, 55061, 5868, 13, 830, 10, 8352, 130643, 9, 40946, 1540, 837, 34759, 450, 118775, 23, 62977, 1379, 70, 74189, 5264, 8352, 147756, 5, 6610, 186827, 77330, 25, 7, 5117, 85583, 21261, 4, 44, 670, 474, 8414, 5, 601, 982, 19, 12, 581, 174108, 121635, 7, 111, 10, 44704, 133, 1572, 830, 118775, 23, 41310, 4, 134629, 390, 44, 3957, 130431, 111, 70, 96139, 12, 62, 116512, 111, 70, 503, 93905, 7432, 111, 16505, 58, 5173, 62155, 136, 44, 3957, 32664, 58, 5173, 59741, 5, 9925, 5701, 6602, 2843, 24124, 70, 104345, 111, 15700, 1540, 837, 34759, 4, 44, 830, 142, 71062, 297, 11389, 111, 10, 35686, 13765, 450, 1902, 7311, 538, 118775, 23, 44, 58245, 669, 25, 7, 2005, 15612, 66, 1830, 740, 44, 81437, 5345, 830, 15700, 121956, 30291, 67175, 35686, 13765, 4, 509, 91376, 23, 45913, 5, 360, 41310, 77330, 139505, 102809, 43722, 19386, 1529, 21407, 7435, 19308, 1104, 100986, 247, 142, 30391, 99, 44, 36635, 6261, 58, 41260, 5, 10660, 1902, 1632, 775, 4, 22576, 7, 77330, 5173, 2489, 74668, 116553, 4, 24, 4806, 7103, 56101, 42179, 572, 5, 527, 5, 22576, 7, 5, 68546, 449, 237, 10, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 23414, 86216, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 22576, 7, 77330, 509, 152388, 23, 22631, 98, 18374, 1702, 444, 532, 884, 71516, 79825, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 70, 44, 100604, 18, 141117, 1799, 191, 58, 23, 9942, 5, 262, 66, 62, 1430, 1681, 4, 70, 22690, 196212, 111, 22836, 4, 509, 10, 208244, 136, 14449, 34391, 23, 17955, 4, 136, 139999, 71, 450, 6610, 186827, 25, 7, 82575, 53, 44, 226534, 7, 509, 959, 4127, 100, 450, 129570, 4, 707, 100, 40101, 111, 70, 68036, 47, 442, 4, 707, 100, 77330, 25, 7, 4488, 58, 136, 70, 14449, 109133, 1810, 111, 59444, 5, 77330, 168265, 71, 102809, 23, 60487, 5, 2161, 4347, 616, 4, 61786, 4, 764, 139505, 151912, 3038, 170028, 4, 10, 68894, 73962, 3365, 316, 42729, 5, 147466, 23, 61786, 4, 764, 136, 151912, 3038, 59038, 71, 10, 17932, 5368, 23, 28720, 1446, 15477, 5, 10660, 1902, 10, 775, 4, 11617, 77330, 4, 23, 28730, 5, 581, 481, 129570, 1902, 20513, 538, 134620, 390, 43357, 4, 136, 1836, 168265, 71, 23, 37719, 5, 11617, 77330, 100512, 142, 39329, 4, 2750, 134729, 297, 678, 57913, 8780, 4, 136, 68, 71, 23, 26527, 111, 93360, 177, 875, 25, 7, 238757, 8945, 5, 11617, 1902, 6626, 775, 7, 4, 4939, 10208, 136, 139256, 53, 6, 101956, 4, 678, 58386, 79191, 3667, 67, 37226, 184, 4, 136, 10, 76849, 4, 1734, 4293, 4, 678, 58386, 108929, 13, 23660, 36550, 5, 345, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 20904, 6610, 186827, 77330, 15, 30154, 11911, 6635, 361, 4, 143359, 46, 18982, 209, 4, 59782, 16, 509, 142, 15672, 21261, 1419, 4, 16610, 13765, 6, 70035, 136, 11301, 434, 54969, 5, 360, 28730, 4, 764, 100512, 70, 5117, 6, 70035, 1295, 70, 14098, 46684, 15, 2940, 70, 5117, 1295, 70, 21629, 7, 16, 47, 53299, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 4, 3129, 509, 70318, 297, 44, 2472, 1919, 62502, 10821, 136, 6, 48461, 4927, 111, 76811, 136, 1919, 81273, 47, 28282, 4, 678, 43198, 136, 16000, 4, 3525, 52895, 111, 124850, 1242, 18763, 43240, 621, 51529, 100, 2363, 130306, 16912, 111, 15672, 10323, 8780, 136, 4912, 8780, 17721, 70, 1631, 7, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 15072, 297, 100, 1919, 37515, 62816, 47691, 7, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Childhood and education.", "Early career.", "Marriage and family.", "Commercial success.", "Nobel Prize.", "Later years.", "Death.", "Legacy.", "Works.", "Novels.", "Short stories.", "\"The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949)\"." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "3" ], "content": [ "Born February 7, 1885, in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Sinclair Lewis began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. He had two older siblings, Fred (born 1875) and Claude (born 1878). His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician and a stern disciplinarian who had difficulty relating to his sensitive, unathletic third son. Lewis's mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed. Throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis—tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat pop-eyed—had trouble making friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, wanting to become a drummer boy in the Spanish–American War. In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy (the then-preparatory department of Oberlin College) to qualify for acceptance by Yale University. While at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. He entered Yale in 1903 but did not receive his bachelor's degree until 1908, having taken time off to work at Helicon Home Colony, Upton Sinclair's cooperative-living colony in Englewood, New Jersey, and to travel to Panama. Lewis's unprepossessing looks, \"fresh\" country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and Yale. He did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer. Lewis later became an atheist.", "Lewis's earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the \"Yale Courant\" and the \"Yale Literary Magazine\", of which he became an editor. After graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses (and for a time at the Carmel-by-the-Sea, California writers' colony), he developed a facility for turning out shallow, popular stories that were purchased by a variety of magazines. He also earned money by selling plots to Jack London, including one for the latter's unfinished novel \"The Assassination Bureau, Ltd\". Lewis's first published book was \"Hike and the Aeroplane\", a Tom Swift-style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham. Sinclair Lewis's first serious novel, \"Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man\", appeared in 1914, followed by \"The Trail of the Hawk: A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life\" (1915) and \"The Job\" (1917). That same year also saw the publication of another potboiler, \"\", an expanded version of a serial story that had originally appeared in \"Woman's Home Companion\". \"Free Air\", another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919.", "In 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger (1887–1981), an editor at \"Vogue\" magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis (1917–1944), named after British author H. G. Wells. Serving as a U.S. Army lieutenant during World War II, Wells Lewis was killed in action on October 29 amid Allied efforts to rescue the \"Lost Battalion\" in France. Dean Acheson, the future Secretary of State, was a neighbor and family friend in Washington, and observed that Sinclair's literary \"success was not good for that marriage, or for either of the parties to it, or for Lewis's work\" and the family moved out of town. Lewis divorced Grace in 1925. On May 14, 1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a political newspaper columnist. Later in 1928, he and Dorothy purchased a second home in rural Vermont. They had a son, Michael Lewis, in 1930. Their marriage had virtually ended by 1937, and they divorced in 1942. Michael Lewis became an actor, who suffered with alcoholism, and died in 1975 of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Michael had two sons, John Paul and Gregory Claude, with wife Bernadette Nanse, and a daughter, Lesley, with wife Valerie Cardew.", "Upon moving to Washington, D.C., Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed \"Main Street\", which was published on October 23, 1920. His biographer Mark Schorer wrote that the phenomenal success of \"Main Street\" \"was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history\". Lewis's agent had the most optimistic projection of sales at 25,000 copies. In its first six months, \"Main Street\" sold 180,000 copies, and within a few years, sales were estimated at two million. According to biographer Richard Lingeman, \"\"Main Street\" made [Lewis] rich—earning him about 4 million current [2018] dollars\". Lewis followed up this first great success with \"Babbitt\" (1922), a novel that satirized the American commercial culture and boosterism. The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, Winnemac, a setting to which Lewis returned in future novels, including \"Gideon Planish\" and \"Dodsworth\". Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with \"Arrowsmith\" (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, which Lewis declined, still upset that \"Main Street\" had not won the prize. It was adapted as a 1931 Hollywood film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman which was nominated for four Academy Awards. Next Lewis published \"Elmer Gantry\" (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. It was adapted for the screen more than a generation later as the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster, who earned a Best Actor Oscar for his performance. Lewis next published \"Dodsworth\" (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. The book was adapted for the Broadway stage in 1934 by Sidney Howard, who also wrote the screenplay for the 1936 film version directed by William Wyler, which was a great success at the time. The film is still highly regarded; in 1990, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry, and in 2005 \"Time\" magazine named it one of the \"100 Best Movies\" of the past 80 years. During the late 1920s and 1930s, Lewis wrote many short stories for a variety of magazines and publications. \"Little Bear Bongo\" (1930) is a tale about a bear cub who wants to escape the circus in search of a better life in the real world, first published in \"Cosmopolitan\" magazine. The story was acquired by Walt Disney Pictures in 1940 for a possible feature film. World War II sidetracked those plans until 1947. Disney used the story (now titled \"Bongo\") as part of its feature \"Fun and Fancy Free\".", "In 1930 Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the award, after he had been nominated by Henrik Schück, member of the Swedish Academy. In the Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid to \"Babbitt\". In his Nobel Lecture, Lewis praised Theodore Dreiser, Willa Cather, Ernest Hemingway, and other contemporaries, but also lamented that \"in America most of us—not readers alone, but even writers—are still afraid of any literature which is not a glorification of everything American, a glorification of our faults as well as our virtues,\" and that America is \"the most contradictory, the most depressing, the most stirring, of any land in the world today.\" He also offered a profound criticism of the American literary establishment: \"Our American professors like their literature clear and cold and pure and very dead.\"", "After winning the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best remembered is \"It Can't Happen Here\" (1935), a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency. After praising Dreiser as \"pioneering,\" that he \"more than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in American fiction to honesty and boldness and passion of life\" in his Nobel Lecture in December 1930, in March 1931 Lewis publicly accused Dreiser of plagiarizing a book by Dorothy Thompson, Lewis's wife, which led to a well-publicized fight, wherein Dreiser repeatedly slapped Lewis. Thompson initially made the accusation in 1928 regarding her work \"The New Russia\" and Dreiser's \"Dreiser Goes to Russia\", though the \"New York Times\" also linked the dispute to competition between Dreiser and Lewis over the Nobel Prize. Dreiser fired back that Sinclair's 1928 novel \"Arrowsmith\" (adapted later that year as a feature film) was unoriginal and that Dreiser himself was first approached to write it, which was disputed by the wife of \"Arrowsmith\"'s subject, microbiologist Dr. Paul de Kruif. The feud carried on for some months. In 1944, however, Lewis campaigned to have Dreiser recognized by the American Academy of Arts and Letters. After an alcoholic binge in 1937, Lewis checked in for treatment to the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. His doctors gave him a blunt assessment that he needed to decide \"whether he was going to live without alcohol or die by it, one or the other.\" Lewis checked out after ten days, lacking any \"fundamental understanding of his problem,\" as one of his physicians wrote to a colleague. In the autumn of 1940, Lewis visited his old acquaintance, William Ellery Leonard, in Madison, Wisconsin. Leonard arranged a meeting with the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a tour of the campus. Lewis immediately became enthralled with the university and the city and offered to remain and teach a course in creative writing in the upcoming semester. For a month he was quite enamored of his professorial role. Suddenly, on November 7, after giving only five classes to his select group of 24 students, he announced that he had taught them all that he knew. He left Madison the next day. In the 1940s, Lewis and rabbi-turned-popular author Lewis Browne frequently appeared on the lecture platform together, touring the United States and debating before audiences of as many as 3,000 people, addressing such questions as \"Has the Modern Woman Made Good?\", \"The Country Versus the City\", \"Is the Machine Age Wrecking Civilization?\", and \"Can Fascism Happen Here?\". The pair were described as \"the Gallagher and Shean of the lecture circuit\" by Lewis biographer Richard Lingeman. In the early 1940s, Lewis lived in Duluth, Minnesota. During this time, he wrote the novel \"Kingsblood Royal\" (1947), set in the fictional city of Grand Republic, Minnesota, an enlarged and updated version of Zenith. It is based on the Sweet Trials in Detroit in which an African-American doctor was denied the chance to purchase a house in a \"white\" section of the city. \"Kingsblood Royal\" was a powerful and very early contribution to the civil rights movement. In 1943, Lewis went to Hollywood to work on a script with Dore Schary, who had just resigned as executive head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's low-budget film department to concentrate on writing and producing his own films. The resulting screenplay was \"Storm In the West\", \"a traditional American western\" — except for the fact that it was also an allegory of World War II, with primary villain Hygatt (Hitler) and his henchmen Gribbles (Goebbels) and Gerrett (Goering) plotting to take over the Franson Ranch, the Poling Ranch, and so on. The screenplay was deemed too political by MGM studio executives and was shelved, and the film was never made. \"Storm In the West\" was finally published in 1963, with a foreword by Schary detailing the work's origins, the authors' creative process, and the screenplay's ultimate fate. Sinclair Lewis had been a frequent visitor to Williamstown, Massachusetts. In 1946, he rented Thorvale Farm on Oblong Road. While working on his novel \"Kingsblood Royal\", he purchased this summer estate and upgraded the Georgian mansion along with a farmhouse and many outbuildings. By 1948, Lewis had created a gentleman's farm consisting of 720 acres of agricultural and forest land. His intended residence in Williamstown was short-lived because of his medical problems.", "Lewis died in Rome from advanced alcoholism on January 10, 1951, aged 65. His body was cremated and his remains were buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Sauk Centre, Minnesota. His final novel \"World So Wide\" (1951) was published posthumously. William Shirer, a friend and admirer of Lewis, disputes accounts that Lewis died of alcoholism \"per se\". He reported that Lewis had a heart attack and that his doctors advised him to stop drinking if he wanted to live. Lewis did not stop, and perhaps could not; he died when his heart stopped. In summing up Lewis's career, Shirer concludes:", "Compared to his contemporaries, Lewis' reputation suffered a precipitous decline among literary scholars throughout the 20th century. Despite his enormous popularity during the 1920s, by the 21st century most of his works had been eclipsed in prominence by other writers with less commercial success during the same time period, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Since the 2010s there has been renewed interest in Lewis' work, in particular his 1935 dystopian satire \"It Can't Happen Here\". In the aftermath of the 2016 United States Presidential Election, \"It Can't Happen Here\" surged to the top of Amazon's list of best-selling books.", "", "\"Babbitt, Mantrap\" and \"Cass Timberline\" were published as Armed Services Editions during WWII.", "", "Samuel J. Rogal edited \"The Short Stories of Sinclair Lewis (1904–1949)\", a seven-volume set published in 2007 by Edwin Mellen Press. The first attempt to collect all of Lewis's short stories." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 26168, 115187, 70, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 831, 186, 59121, 237, 707, 678, 26168, 454, 617, 8035, 70, 3647, 111, 6083, 459, 1970, 8962, 4432, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 758, 8035, 2773, 53697, 7, 5, 581, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 678, 70, 160, 320, 28, 5490, 2320, 831, 186, 33636, 297, 23, 106274, 39209, 176866, 90, 26168, 454, 966, 390, 360, 70, 27140, 47880, 26168, 454, 1126, 12, 144833, 11, 11113, 46320, 4, 42845, 100, 44, 61832, 31292, 223, 144252, 830, 83, 15700, 9351, 100, 70, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 5, 106073, 903, 9709, 272, 1902, 21771, 2809, 24, 4806, 390, 3789, 48909, 13, 47148, 72004, 4, 70, 29458, 9351, 24073, 61832, 31292, 223, 58, 707, 44, 1727, 100062, 223, 58, 144252, 16, 509, 34475, 47, 903, 9709, 272, 390, 30492, 2076, 3165, 7532, 4, 6637, 764, 509, 102919, 3674, 390, 1632, 111, 6863, 36998, 291, 140363, 70760, 183871, 12, 70, 13267, 111, 70, 144252, 51312, 7, 1284, 6863, 115700, 83, 51, 48283, 297, 678, 12638, 208479, 9709, 272, 4, 10, 57266, 51529, 237, 15970, 9, 62318, 320, 2481, 5, 115861, 38526, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 903, 36998, 57266, 4, 70, 6, 54547, 11113, 46320, 1556, 216479, 71, 23, 31425, 4, 108975, 214, 23, 24233, 105925, 3173, 7, 6044, 237, 74989, 5782, 6, 128019, 7, 136, 4262, 132641, 10336, 7, 5, 30492, 2076, 3165, 7532, 36663, 6044, 10, 144252, 22, 125082, 71, 98, 1919, 10336, 34165, 33233, 678, 70, 113860, 44, 647, 11, 4545, 31158, 11, 3332, 474, 519, 58, 24073, 6210, 197271, 98816, 4, 87, 35299, 10, 58944, 70, 5701, 5, 74054, 1284, 4, 390, 18499, 4, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 509, 158012, 2685, 64457, 5, 581, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 26168, 454, 1662, 1556, 70, 25632, 183871, 15, 21231, 144833, 289, 2077, 172713, 12, 113307, 214, 144252, 7, 678, 70, 5701, 121225, 1363, 15, 40175, 34292, 237, 15, 92, 16, 16, 450, 4034, 99, 12921, 62488, 7, 15, 11, 16, 1295, 70, 59665, 39555, 68782, 15504, 1810, 12921, 538, 4, 903, 83, 4743, 47, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 6, 178451, 7, 70, 5701, 6, 180324, 100, 70, 72134, 6275, 111, 70, 144252, 74, 442, 83, 99156, 47, 20537, 70, 12921, 6, 180324, 15, 11714, 1098, 538, 6, 11714, 6048, 442, 100, 2062, 22062, 16, 3501, 70, 12921, 62488, 15, 11, 16, 1295, 70, 59665, 111, 70, 72134, 6275, 5, 116822, 47, 3789, 9709, 3132, 12, 13146, 147, 8962, 21068, 144252, 7, 621, 158, 38242, 2517, 47, 2363, 10002, 23, 23232, 1636, 4, 20749, 1636, 4, 136, 70, 95212, 9709, 3132, 35509, 98, 2363, 27585, 7, 5, 581, 158044, 144252, 83, 10, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 450, 55993, 7, 1810, 19364, 390, 10, 31461, 111, 70, 158044, 70460, 100, 11907, 2510, 79385, 7, 111, 2062, 22062, 15, 771, 320, 91, 89059, 55291, 1672, 7076, 9513, 304, 9323, 79385, 7, 194, 1650, 831, 186, 35707, 53950, 27686, 390, 10, 44, 6159, 20990, 52544, 144252, 830, 7228, 111, 10, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 128274, 130370, 678, 4567, 14, 123875, 289, 47, 3698, 20990, 52544, 101935, 5, 360, 40368, 6083, 11521, 21004, 12470, 1632, 1543, 7413, 9709, 3132, 450, 621, 20903, 47, 8035, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 7, 5, 11853, 28960, 3060, 27781, 7, 136, 89397, 12, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 4, 60715, 1463, 35975, 144252, 4, 707, 75678, 144252, 83, 10, 15970, 9, 62318, 320, 144252, 9709, 272, 450, 27983, 135179, 23, 31425, 5, 581, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 509, 5117, 151552, 390, 68320, 10845, 7, 136, 14432, 1119, 41745, 272, 538, 32603, 3674, 390, 30492, 2076, 3165, 7532, 4, 2750, 35839, 442, 44, 294, 57311, 11113, 46320, 830, 44, 2347, 1108, 100062, 223, 144252, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "In Cartesian coordinates.", "\"Spira mirabilis\" and Jacob Bernoulli.", "Properties.", "Special cases and approximations.", "In nature." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In polar coordinates formula_1 the logarithmic spiral can be written as or with formula_4 being the base of natural logarithms, and formula_5 being real constants.", "The logarithmic spiral with the polar equation can be represented in Cartesian coordinates formula_7 by In the complex plane formula_9:", "Spira mirabilis, Latin for \"miraculous spiral\", is another name for the logarithmic spiral. Although this curve had already been named by other mathematicians, the specific name (\"miraculous\" or \"marvelous\" spiral) was given to this curve by Jacob Bernoulli, because he was fascinated by one of its unique mathematical properties: the size of the spiral increases but its shape is unaltered with each successive curve, a property known as self-similarity. Possibly as a result of this unique property, the spira mirabilis has evolved in nature, appearing in certain growing forms such as nautilus shells and sunflower heads. Jacob Bernoulli wanted such a spiral engraved on his headstone along with the phrase \"Eadem mutata resurgo\" (\"Although changed, I shall arise the same.\"), but, by error, an Archimedean spiral was placed there instead.", "The logarithmic spiral formula_11 has the following properties (see Spiral): Attention: Comparing spirals with the same inclination (same value as (k)) that start at different distances (a) from the origin almost certainly turn out differently, this is due to the fact that the equation imposes the same orientation for the starting point of the spiral; it is easier to note the different orientation (mistakenly mistaking it for rotation) than the different distance (a) from the origin of the starting point. Relation to other curves: Logarithmic spirals are congruent to their own involutes, evolutes, and the pedal curves based on their centers.", "The golden spiral is a logarithmic spiral that grows outward by a factor of the golden ratio for every 90 degrees of rotation (polar slope angle about 17.03239 degrees). It can be approximated by a \"Fibonacci spiral\", made of a sequence of quarter circles with radii proportional to Fibonacci numbers.", "In several natural phenomena one may find curves that are close to being logarithmic spirals. Here follow some examples and reasons:" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 72761, 51515, 83, 11814, 35064, 47, 28219, 70, 110, 1363, 111, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 7, 5, 121691, 8364, 10, 6275, 36746, 25813, 7, 23, 70, 129912, 3378, 5426, 678, 10, 53697, 191060, 939, 26168, 454, 758, 8951, 297, 95103, 47, 70, 1022, 9, 11, 33102, 4, 678, 15072, 47, 70, 1022, 9, 53, 47880, 5, 10842, 99, 1733, 26168, 454, 910, 4, 70, 36746, 509, 99, 142, 61799, 1294, 6275, 26168, 454, 966, 5, 4263, 70, 1022, 9, 53, 47880, 47014, 1636, 678, 10, 53697, 348, 35975, 191060, 939, 26168, 454, 1019, 1672, 70, 567, 9, 11, 33102, 4, 7068, 70, 191060, 939, 111, 70, 6275, 678, 15072, 47, 567, 9, 11, 33102, 1543, 186, 59121, 237, 12, 26168, 454, 1126, 26168, 454, 963, 26168, 454, 1662, 11853, 26168, 454, 1530, 83, 70, 17055, 223, 111, 70, 19069, 173, 18770, 111, 70, 915, 26147, 99, 2499, 1733, 26168, 454, 2681, 4, 26168, 454, 2592, 83, 70, 191060, 939, 82761, 33233, 1022, 9, 11, 33102, 136, 26168, 454, 1837, 83, 70, 82761, 33233, 113, 9, 11, 33102, 5, 581, 26366, 127887, 33233, 8752, 73342, 7, 442, 5, 26168, 454, 2485, 16093, 3267, 2740, 2472, 19908, 454, 2489, 581, 36917, 28, 13722, 5256, 831, 186, 78779, 297, 390, 59911, 214, 157353, 390, 63920, 4, 105207, 47, 70, 25632, 121, 186518, 28, 13722, 5256, 12, 26168, 454, 1819, 26168, 454, 2947, 159, 94727, 214, 70, 6626, 28, 13722, 5256, 136, 7068, 154107, 15, 2940, 3060, 19336, 42068, 5256, 16, 50339, 23, 70, 129912, 3378, 28, 5490, 2320, 26168, 454, 1549, 707, 26168, 454, 3742, 1650, 7, 160, 320, 3173, 4, 26168, 454, 2357, 581, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 1556, 70, 57266, 450, 2499, 62656, 1295, 70, 59665, 1940, 39797, 933, 208479, 174548, 7, 111, 70, 144252, 23, 26847, 678, 10, 53697, 37451, 1363, 62488, 15, 13, 71723, 47, 116, 2881, 58, 275, 58, 2174, 44, 3431, 58, 83, 72350, 71, 23, 4567, 10133, 247, 8311, 329, 70, 9351, 44, 147, 8962, 282, 9523, 144252, 740, 360, 69822, 47, 903, 4, 23, 10, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 6097, 62488, 7, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 62488, 7, 111, 70, 1940, 7, 58994, 26847, 72350, 71, 1295, 70, 59665, 4, 3173, 10, 84183, 238, 187735, 5, 581, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 1556, 6626, 121641, 4, 1632, 100, 44, 3431, 58, 977, 757, 136, 1632, 100, 44, 3431, 58, 4426, 757, 5, 581, 6626, 121641, 621, 156100, 538, 162711, 99, 70, 59665, 5, 87293, 1632, 16294, 83, 127887, 98, 70, 1030, 146365, 214, 6, 41382, 5, 2561, 214, 70, 191551, 29569, 111, 903, 16294, 36880, 70, 44, 53, 58, 9, 11, 33102, 1221, 11180, 19388, 70, 3789, 16294, 5, 1326, 21334, 44, 3431, 58, 10, 6275, 25813, 7, 678, 5299, 9, 2631, 64101, 1352, 3674, 61514, 197108, 1830, 33233, 70, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 12960, 70, 144252, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 31913, 7, 645, 1733, 111, 10, 6275, 98567, 16065, 1295, 10, 188347, 6275, 678, 10, 53697, 38352, 33233, 10, 13315, 3129, 47014, 1636, 678, 53697, 348, 35975, 191060, 939, 15, 21231, 127752, 1295, 1208, 11395, 379, 30006, 4834, 2810, 194, 160193, 70, 13579, 44, 186447, 3602, 112, 66, 144252, 58, 83, 11814, 100, 70, 1286, 4537, 21115, 111, 144252, 7, 581, 3638, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 74918, 7, 3229, 44, 238, 58, 2203, 615, 64511, 144252, 7, 6817, 214, 3934, 903, 21115, 26698, 70, 59058, 837, 9120, 144252, 24073, 238, 58, 2203, 48768, 17727, 4, 8002, 2227, 25, 7, 144252, 24073, 238, 58, 2203, 4958, 4, 136, 70, 16060, 21426, 24073, 238, 58, 2203, 48768, 10461, 5, 73303, 538, 756, 6, 201939, 144252, 7, 108975, 214, 23, 31425, 621, 459, 1970, 8962, 21068, 144252, 7, 4, 959, 78599, 61376, 66, 64333, 5, 52455, 84079, 144252, 7, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 70, 119109, 144252, 111, 70, 38549, 32382, 4, 707, 70, 103510, 7228, 390, 10, 129811, 25, 7, 160298, 16, 621, 78599, 61376, 66, 5, 6561, 55300, 111, 91, 94727, 214, 70, 42154, 133, 4, 4743, 47, 78599, 282, 988, 4, 30482, 4527, 111, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 5, 78599, 282, 988, 2843, 168360, 3642, 70, 144252, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 1927, 7, 24762, 142, 55291, 5, 149766, 51515, 90, 20648, 70, 89160, 205969, 7, 98, 70, 4527, 111, 80560, 297, 429, 136, 375, 13409, 23, 142, 45964, 160600, 84183, 238, 6, 98869, 7, 5, 581, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 1556, 10, 96551, 111, 2773, 9, 32554, 86685, 5, 225096, 375, 11856, 25251, 4, 7228, 1295, 6626, 1940, 14507, 4126, 23, 23232, 1636, 111, 10, 42154, 133, 111, 70, 5701, 13267, 450, 39555, 102337, 40099, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 7, 4, 621, 11814, 100, 46683, 38001, 106500, 5, 581, 552, 7870, 111, 39544, 40197, 31576, 7, 136, 70, 11969, 515, 90, 111, 4552, 39395, 16190, 31, 26551, 115923, 3173, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 7, 4, 20662, 70, 11969, 515, 90, 3853, 538, 32628, 71, 15, 289, 197271, 77336, 28560, 5623, 21896, 509, 14432, 65508, 71, 47, 39771, 20650, 70, 41170, 111, 19612, 450, 5809, 186, 59226, 98, 188, 10, 17164, 194, 1301, 6048, 100, 10, 37896, 47, 79442, 142, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 83, 10, 3917, 111, 55230, 151138, 14135, 1360, 4514, 74, 903, 4677, 112397, 23, 6, 47099, 214, 171134, 6827, 70997, 7, 5, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 7, 621, 2843, 11814, 23, 6338, 22729, 9433, 214, 15, 397, 37352, 16, 13452, 1830, 76519, 47, 881, 77651, 70, 44, 50256, 84201, 21543, 830, 20662, 442, 6713, 237, 2174, 48716, 104988, 621, 44116, 297, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 4, 3229, 23, 50081, 4842, 4, 50997, 4, 136, 57571, 621, 8035, 105823, 71, 111531, 69405, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 4, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 7, 621, 11814, 23, 15381, 11948, 964, 25443, 47, 102134, 18929, 152818, 141, 202104, 8305, 10, 144252, 7007, 720, 5, 10660, 621, 2843, 11814, 47, 3299, 70, 103510, 450, 74918, 7, 23, 10, 21972, 111, 15122, 707, 62690, 111, 53697, 6117, 2594, 7432, 137565, 20051, 10932, 10, 19932, 104532, 5, 581, 25632, 627, 18151, 27489, 7, 70, 5117, 6, 41382, 36917, 5, 10, 4426, 9, 22410, 876, 4426, 9, 20, 116591, 808, 4426, 9, 40, 864, 132, 124940, 1639, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 78599, 61376, 66, 144252, 15, 289, 991, 51529, 237, 70, 187, 8962, 282, 9523, 144252, 16, 83, 10, 144252, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 138, 4216, 9, 16797, 44616, 77269, 160600, 48909, 13, 47148, 3378, 78599, 282, 988, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 7001, 223, 111, 26847, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 31913, 7, 645, 1733, 111, 10, 6275, 98567, 16065, 1295, 10, 188347, 6275, 678, 10, 53697, 38352, 33233, 10, 13315, 450, 47014, 1636, 678, 53697, 348, 35975, 191060, 939, 5, 145666, 85540, 538, 4, 23, 160, 320, 176866, 90, 24073, 42, 830, 44, 3431, 18939, 442, 831, 186, 151552, 390, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Derivation of general equation of spiral.", "Characteristics.", "General Archimedean spiral.", "Applications.", "Code for producing an Archimedean spiral." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A physical approach is used below to understand the notion of Archimedean spirals. Suppose a point object moves in the cartesian system with a constant velocity formula_5 directed parallel to the x-axis, with respect to the x-y plane. Let at time formula_6, the object was at an arbitrary point formula_7. If the x-y plane rotates with a constant angular velocity formula_8 about the Z-axis, then the velocity of the point with respect to Z-axis may be written as: formula_9 formula_10 formula_11 Here formula_12 is the modulus of the position vector of the particle at any time formula_13, formula_14 is the velocity component along x-axis and formula_15 is the component along y-axis. The figure shown alongside explains it. formula_16<br>formula_17 The above equations can be integrated by applying integration by parts, leading to the following parametric equations: formula_18 formula_19 Squaring the two equations and then adding (and some small alterations) results in the cartesian equation formula_20 or formula_23 Its polar form, formula_24", "The Archimedean spiral has the property that any ray from the origin intersects successive turnings of the spiral in points with a constant separation distance (equal to 2π\"b\" if \"θ\" is measured in radians), hence the name \"arithmetic spiral\". In contrast to this, in a logarithmic spiral these distances, as well as the distances of the intersection points measured from the origin, form a geometric progression. The Archimedean spiral has two arms, one for \"θ\" > 0 and one for \"θ\" < 0. The two arms are smoothly connected at the origin. Only one arm is shown on the accompanying graph. Taking the mirror image of this arm across the \"y\"-axis will yield the other arm. For large \"θ\" a point moves with well-approximated uniform acceleration along the Archimedean spiral while the spiral corresponds to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity (see contribution from Mikhail Gaichenkov).", "Sometimes the term \"Archimedean spiral\" is used for the more general group of spirals The normal Archimedean spiral occurs when \"c\" = 1. Other spirals falling into this group include the hyperbolic spiral (\"c\" = −1), Fermat's spiral (\"c\" = 2), and the lituus (\"c\" = −2). Virtually all static spirals appearing in nature are logarithmic spirals, not Archimedean ones. Many dynamic spirals (such as the Parker spiral of the solar wind, or the pattern made by a Catherine's wheel) are Archimedean.", "One method of squaring the circle, due to Archimedes, makes use of an Archimedean spiral. Archimedes also showed how the spiral can be used to trisect an angle. Both approaches relax the traditional limitations on the use of straightedge and compass in ancient Greek geometric proofs. The Archimedean spiral has a variety of real-world applications. Scroll compressors, made from two interleaved involutes of a circle of the same size that almost resemble Archimedean spirals, are used for compressing gases. The coils of watch balance springs and the grooves of very early gramophone records form Archimedean spirals, making the grooves evenly spaced (although variable track spacing was later introduced to maximize the amount of music that could be cut onto a record). Asking for a patient to draw an Archimedean spiral is a way of quantifying human tremor; this information helps in diagnosing neurological diseases. Archimedean spirals are also used in digital light processing (DLP) projection systems to minimize the \"rainbow effect\", making it look as if multiple colors are displayed at the same time, when in reality red, green, and blue are being cycled extremely quickly. Additionally, Archimedean spirals are used in food microbiology to quantify bacterial concentration through a spiral platter. They are also used to model the pattern that occurs in a roll of paper or tape of constant thickness wrapped around a cylinder.", "The following R code produces the first graph above. a <- 1.5 b <- -2.4 t <- seq(0,5*pi, length.out=500) x <- (a + b*t) * cos(t) y <- (a + b*t) * sin(t) plot(x, y, type=\"l\", col=2, lwd=3) abline(h=0, v=0, col=\"grey\")" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 2565, 44, 25617, 58, 83, 10, 30839, 1771, 2565, 115081, 3934, 3060, 12610, 329, 46876, 7, 24073, 796, 525, 58, 23, 92265, 4, 44, 31, 525, 58, 23, 168655, 4, 44, 515, 525, 58, 23, 89176, 4, 44, 31, 4896, 58, 23, 195374, 136, 82528, 21325, 13, 194, 1650, 36418, 7, 1295, 70, 93951, 9, 183921, 74855, 44, 1639, 1177, 7, 58, 34390, 71, 1295, 44, 1639, 1177, 7, 9, 42815, 58, 242, 3134, 592, 4, 17431, 25, 3129, 83, 62548, 47, 25074, 160600, 44, 1106, 20595, 232, 58, 136, 42845, 44, 3132, 1264, 58, 242, 3134, 592, 74, 65272, 25, 5, 717, 738, 65272, 17368, 10, 375, 13409, 100, 134470, 15, 73, 10, 3687, 7440, 214706, 144477, 83, 70, 5701, 48225, 237, 29568, 144477, 16, 1632, 27117, 47, 5423, 10, 81148, 214, 707, 295, 15608, 927, 111, 1438, 76748, 5, 10542, 83, 70, 48225, 198274, 450, 111, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 2062, 22062, 98, 6863, 10, 33102, 4, 136, 83, 127298, 70, 4537, 48225, 98186, 3129, 70, 7550, 135179, 47, 178308, 42658, 136, 155605, 5423, 5, 3293, 83, 959, 29568, 98, 70, 23208, 133484, 4, 3129, 47014, 1636, 23, 70, 198274, 48225, 1295, 70, 64883, 15, 107, 2955, 44286, 2062, 22062, 194, 717, 142, 160073, 98, 70, 71579, 111, 133484, 4, 70, 7550, 2806, 6, 58944, 23, 70, 65272, 136, 5423, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 102971, 133484, 25, 7, 233, 11, 944, 76746, 7, 56282, 66339, 214, 70, 7550, 1295, 70, 23208, 25, 7, 71579, 5, 360, 10, 22288, 678, 144477, 99, 70, 2663, 4, 65272, 83, 98, 70, 25737, 5, 2501, 6496, 19686, 79850, 65272, 83, 25632, 10, 42154, 133, 111, 21, 35810, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 64883, 25, 7, 2062, 22062, 4, 70, 479, 330, 49725, 32382, 23, 5941, 44677, 23, 70, 86991, 21, 35810, 7, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 17721, 2273, 136, 5684, 79385, 7, 21, 35810, 16, 83, 1295, 70, 65272, 4, 51529, 237, 70, 642, 1515, 25720, 5, 581, 113860, 44, 2347, 10542, 58, 83, 27983, 113091, 19, 23, 91067, 47, 70, 65925, 8999, 4, 3129, 96853, 70, 28811, 32528, 15, 289, 991, 70, 241, 95976, 76726, 247, 70, 21629, 7, 4, 8254, 4, 28173, 4, 2356, 138059, 136, 15, 73, 2831, 16, 25134, 36941, 5, 581, 23755, 111, 70, 65925, 2831, 111, 70, 109270, 1556, 6863, 74855, 7, 23, 70, 65925, 12610, 145359, 136, 70, 65925, 14949, 2481, 5, 133698, 70, 146185, 5550, 44, 2347, 10542, 58, 509, 27983, 11814, 47, 15005, 47, 70, 16232, 11491, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 34210, 15519, 49085, 18, 136, 351, 9, 143420, 297, 24, 5256, 5, 581, 125195, 188545, 7, 4, 678, 142, 118055, 538, 920, 12282, 10821, 91084, 5, 360, 76438, 131007, 31047, 39, 4, 70, 10542, 33636, 7, 112664, 154732, 70, 132564, 707, 22, 20016, 33, 674, 15, 21231, 212595, 47, 70, 10542, 194, 581, 142, 45964, 1155, 14656, 7, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 10542, 509, 70, 2773, 39, 111, 70, 6782, 2355, 988, 7, 111, 7401, 4, 6, 6133, 4, 136, 409, 731, 5, 360, 893, 45964, 61527, 4, 70, 10542, 509, 90698, 47, 186, 70, 11914, 47, 70, 108, 9319, 32554, 4, 136, 83, 70, 200103, 48225, 28601, 297, 23, 94878, 678, 47219, 4, 21208, 959, 11343, 678, 10, 40907, 158, 157, 22062, 5, 893, 45964, 61527, 72004, 2843, 18822, 71, 450, 70, 3430, 988, 7, 62, 561, 1179, 509, 10, 3445, 41274, 111, 70, 10542, 5, 581, 10077, 933, 18822, 71, 450, 107314, 70, 171827, 15520, 5773, 70, 121303, 7, 111, 756, 22288, 7, 21, 53, 70, 64511, 32554, 4, 707, 24372, 24804, 5, 360, 91852, 8780, 4, 65272, 83, 51592, 47, 186, 154732, 70, 4687, 875, 1366, 15, 9518, 6620, 16, 111, 3430, 4, 237, 23, 845, 114686, 32692, 70, 22193, 4688, 11030, 136, 221419, 58332, 46068, 2577, 71, 28, 4438, 4, 678, 3430, 25, 7, 20703, 6620, 23, 70, 152239, 111, 14355, 3387, 1257, 70, 98441, 47, 70, 65272, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 60313, 4, 70, 8254, 52164, 41421, 297, 70, 44532, 32547, 65272, 19364, 3934, 70, 1250, 96463, 6557, 5, 360, 3726, 4, 12960, 23, 5596, 4, 3395, 1645, 53, 7808, 214, 98186, 70, 65272, 237, 23, 15072, 47, 1215, 11210, 4, 1215, 11210, 83, 23, 70, 10542, 9, 19364, 48225, 5, 360, 15672, 163136, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 23, 44, 3957, 32774, 79785, 71832, 18939, 98567, 10542, 1556, 68018, 26582, 29367, 21647, 214, 147452, 4, 95134, 237, 142, 125413, 678, 70, 9615, 2069, 111, 70, 33384, 10542, 15, 21231, 2843, 70, 15672, 12912, 6815, 136, 92669, 5581, 57278, 194, 212754, 11814, 442, 26582, 71407, 4, 678, 70, 2160, 214, 38692, 73, 159029, 107661, 19413, 6820, 7, 44, 206, 38472, 111, 70, 8562, 538, 10542, 58, 23, 44, 3957, 2291, 22155, 18, 740, 3293, 83, 5045, 1286, 71496, 13, 23, 44, 3957, 47443, 111, 70, 21434, 7, 830, 7440, 70, 28, 4438, 149976, 6987, 1900, 136, 1919, 22, 13, 32747, 30699, 67, 61261, 678, 70, 10542, 5, 360, 15865, 56, 91066, 25, 7, 145359, 111, 70, 24453, 36549, 4, 70, 43876, 14537, 7, 621, 10542, 136, 24453, 4, 26719, 15044, 118103, 136, 1601, 84832, 8035, 7, 5, 3164, 77793, 7, 621, 2831, 111, 70, 24453, 5, 3293, 83, 959, 32813, 5, 360, 212754, 25, 7, 110680, 4488, 4, 70, 144477, 1902, 2809, 70, 48225, 111, 28, 5115, 5, 313, 159, 77330, 23, 581, 182699, 111, 70, 158231, 4804, 38970, 1556, 70, 28, 4438, 237, 70, 57, 89921, 48225, 4, 105207, 47, 148359, 25, 7, 23295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10542, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 22759, 200103, 48225, 7, 707, 26847, 111, 70, 375, 13409, 5, 1650, 83, 70, 198274, 48225, 1295, 28, 4438, 4, 136, 83, 70, 48225, 23, 3129, 70, 4262, 5423, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "Navigation.", "Weather.", "Cultural.", "Symbolic meanings.", "Fantasy fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The word \"west\" is a Germanic word passed into some Romance languages (\"ouest\" in French, \"oest\" in Catalan, \"ovest\" in Italian, \"oeste\" in Spanish and Portuguese). It stems from the Indo-European root \"*wes\" reduced from \"*wes-pero\" 'evening, night' which is related to Old Greek \"hesperos\" and Latin \"vesper\" 'evening; west'.", "To go west using a compass for navigation (in a place where magnetic north is the same direction as true north) one needs to set a bearing or azimuth of 270°. West is the direction opposite that of the Earth's rotation on its axis, and is therefore the general direction towards which the Sun appears to constantly progress and eventually set. This is not true on the planet Venus, which rotates in the opposite direction from the Earth (retrograde rotation). To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east although Venus's opaque clouds prevent observing the Sun from the planet's surface. In a map with north at the top, west is on the left. Moving continuously west is following a circle of latitude.", "Due to the direction of the Earth's rotation, the prevailing wind in many places in the middle latitudes (i.e. between 35 and 65 degrees latitude) is from the west, known as the westerlies.", "The phrase \"the West\" is often spoken in reference to the Western world, which includes the European Union (also the EFTA countries), the Americas, Israel, Australia, New Zealand and (in part) South Africa. The concept of the Western part of the earth has its roots in the Western Roman Empire and the Western Christianity. During the Cold War \"the West\" was often used to refer to the NATO camp as opposed to the Warsaw Pact and non-aligned nations. The expression survives, with an increasingly ambiguous meaning.", "In Chinese Buddhism, the West represents movement toward the Buddha or enlightenment (see Journey to the West). The ancient Aztecs believed that the West was the realm of the great goddess of water, mist, and maize. In Ancient Egypt, the West was considered to be the portal to the netherworld, and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with death, though not always with a negative connotation. Ancient Egyptians also believed that the Goddess Amunet was a personification of the West. The Celts believed that beyond the western sea off the edges of all maps lay the Otherworld, or Afterlife. In Judaism, west is seen to be toward the Shekinah (presence) of God, as in Jewish history the Tabernacle and subsequent Jerusalem Temple faced east, with God's Presence in the Holy of Holies up the steps to the west. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed the Jordan River westward into the Promised Land. In Islam, while in India, people pray facing towards the west as in respect to Mecca, Mecca is in the West-ward direction. In American literature (e.g., in \"The Great Gatsby\") moving West has sometimes symbolized gaining freedom, perhaps as an association with the settling of the Wild West (see also the American frontier and Manifest Destiny).", "Tolkien used it symbolically, with the dying Thorin calling Bilbo Baggins \"child of the kindly West\" in \"The Hobbit\". This is much more definite in \"The Lord of the Rings\", where the east served Sauron and his enemies associate themselves with the West. In Saberhagen's Empire of the East series, the rival powers are West and East, including both humans and supernatural beings. All demons are part of the East. This is not universal. In Tolkien's earlier work, the north had been the direction of evil. C S Lewis in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader has the east as the sacred direction, leading to Aslan's country" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 10332, 1461, 73286, 509, 105866, 99, 70, 158, 18026, 6620, 111, 70, 22392, 1773, 73, 136, 10074, 1773, 73, 5, 360, 28506, 70, 59444, 509, 1614, 1991, 17704, 9149, 10519, 70, 100621, 596, 174097, 17990, 4, 3129, 83, 34658, 4420, 390, 10, 22539, 5, 581, 3525, 59444, 24073, 15834, 73286, 14, 17, 2975, 58, 20, 44, 46568, 1461, 73286, 18939, 509, 88303, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 23, 70, 37385, 916, 43573, 1272, 3129, 83, 40566, 39, 645, 70, 15520, 17366, 5, 1461, 73286, 14, 17, 2975, 83, 613, 42, 167457, 390, 70, 66733, 85437, 111, 100621, 596, 136, 442, 33342, 1884, 10, 280, 694, 60243, 1295, 70, 36917, 5, 1650, 83, 3126, 297, 678, 70, 3789, 63920, 111, 70, 23295, 390, 17262, 6, 80728, 7, 5, 2161, 70, 28, 4438, 442, 2577, 7, 70, 108203, 9, 63127, 297, 101120, 111, 527, 5457, 11048, 4, 744, 16028, 347, 36917, 15520, 17366, 5, 891, 538, 9893, 3627, 16145, 3542, 14037, 99, 341, 2279, 4241, 136, 10404, 1495, 43573, 1272, 1461, 73286, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 19336, 12610, 9615, 19929, 4, 10, 7279, 10366, 6275, 98, 10, 32845, 206, 33816, 105207, 47, 70, 15502, 241, 7456, 4526, 4, 136, 10, 43967, 180, 139891, 16839, 11698, 136, 71702, 1305, 98, 70, 33816, 47, 127067, 9022, 123251, 5, 1650, 509, 2685, 15, 51724, 1021, 28, 98311, 7, 2864, 217, 16, 7440, 153549, 19, 39746, 7154, 192942, 1257, 26548, 10267, 1283, 1916, 80380, 19, 187, 1176, 23, 62977, 5, 1461, 73286, 110281, 297, 21640, 35743, 20271, 70, 123251, 79612, 3229, 201, 55577, 123251, 153549, 19, 211190, 90, 41421, 297, 70, 12912, 6815, 136, 3542, 18276, 71, 23, 11491, 7, 23, 136, 10932, 1461, 73286, 5, 3293, 12441, 4, 23, 88922, 47, 10, 110, 91407, 100, 70, 34676, 126609, 2319, 731, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 5117, 1733, 10, 59444, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 70, 494, 731, 5, 8622, 83, 10, 7304, 944, 136, 10, 155738, 117745, 13, 9, 40946, 3018, 4, 2831, 111, 142, 81887, 47, 137633, 10, 135474, 53099, 2685, 5, 11787, 10854, 76104, 297, 10, 23228, 2685, 5, 1461, 73286, 83, 39501, 297, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 23295, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 153161, 17721, 21, 35810, 7, 201, 76225, 136, 6, 55936, 541, 4, 136, 152050, 90, 6, 169079, 136, 714, 7236, 241, 5, 581, 26349, 65042, 99716, 25958, 28032, 70, 153549, 19, 47413, 7, 136, 83, 87631, 297, 98, 22759, 5609, 7, 390, 183851, 6626, 9, 24948, 38504, 14202, 26719, 527, 5457, 11048, 23, 70, 127067, 4, 3970, 217, 1881, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 3805, 127, 78982, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 136, 40368, 101120, 7, 23, 70, 65272, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 98, 70, 3350, 192, 8950, 73, 136, 70, 127067, 9022, 15756, 2109, 111, 43157, 100621, 596, 5, 1650, 400, 90, 189275, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 111, 70, 36770, 31913, 111, 70, 26349, 4, 3129, 509, 456, 116292, 297, 237, 2831, 111, 10, 64707, 219945, 150370, 5, 18852, 756, 24453, 153549, 1779, 2750, 621, 23, 70, 111719, 70, 20288, 83, 165847, 1614, 29813, 21533, 15, 153128, 9858, 12, 44, 441, 1021, 74054, 21373, 47, 70, 144477, 111, 98848, 4, 4743, 47, 6863, 14566, 31913, 1284, 43573, 70, 170027, 66, 5, 262, 61518, 6863, 127067, 9022, 31913, 4, 6863, 62488, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 56381, 1636, 100, 903, 60212, 5, 581, 153552, 111, 70, 26349, 83, 502, 151645, 538, 24725, 297, 390, 70, 153549, 19, 47413, 7, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 4438, 4, 26520, 71175, 7, 23, 70, 28, 4438, 4, 3970, 2055, 71175, 7, 23, 70, 127067, 13, 4438, 136, 70, 1773, 73, 32547, 23, 70, 127067, 5, 581, 26349, 134858, 153161, 72852, 289, 153552, 5, 3293, 26950, 450, 70, 41710, 7, 621, 4552, 91097, 136, 108203, 53, 136, 70, 51065, 7, 621, 156531, 660, 538, 8010, 5, 581, 26349, 25, 7, 52768, 41110, 7, 10, 21334, 35142, 36880, 70, 34003, 7, 678, 10, 126561, 31576, 23, 7071, 136, 4347, 4, 8010, 51065, 21775, 1295, 18237, 47, 8055, 4, 195409, 102044, 53, 136, 32382, 53, 10, 89583, 19, 21775, 23, 6088, 136, 18374, 136, 4552, 91097, 41710, 21775, 4, 27983, 678, 108203, 136, 141906, 4, 1295, 14487, 47, 11994, 5, 581, 29459, 176735, 52768, 37457, 7, 17721, 23, 41710, 136, 23, 51065, 5, 581, 29459, 77253, 127841, 2320, 37457, 7, 17721, 136, 8, 96819, 98, 152050, 13, 136, 21, 35810, 5, 581, 1461, 73286, 14834, 2481, 509, 100, 4806, 23, 918, 390, 70, 42564, 42, 111, 70, 36770, 14834, 31075, 1172, 27828, 4, 1843, 73010, 4, 39591, 62233, 1025, 4, 101314, 23465, 9, 11384, 11, 14381, 4, 18955, 7, 4, 10404, 1495, 4, 1461, 73286, 4, 3658, 708, 4, 7525, 7992, 88149, 4, 7525, 61941, 2279, 4, 8018, 16920, 4, 12481, 65158, 4524, 4, 4792, 897, 66, 4, 345, 14466, 7992, 136, 825, 10299, 4, 450, 100512, 14834, 25072, 7, 5, 581, 14834, 2481, 27734, 7, 136, 1902, 10, 3622, 43904, 111, 7657, 4, 183642, 3395, 237, 111, 13999, 8622, 83, 2843, 10, 4000, 186768, 59052, 136, 10, 172783, 31461, 53, 5, 581, 15381, 53099, 83, 17438, 14534, 4734, 47, 36049, 111, 57913, 1771, 23417, 7, 181653, 23, 10, 23417, 31461, 53, 4, 136, 47, 3060, 4000, 19336, 117528, 27024, 214, 23417, 7, 136, 22886, 53, 38742, 5, 581, 194953, 1314, 23, 70, 10776, 621, 5299, 51529, 100, 2363, 126809, 6, 177849, 5, 1461, 73286, 1556, 10, 172783, 31461, 53, 124901, 38742, 83, 100, 85727, 136, 52350, 4527, 5, 8622, 83, 2843, 10, 552, 8079, 9433, 214, 31461, 53, 237, 70, 49649, 4912, 4, 552, 8079, 4, 83, 14037, 23, 903, 3687, 5, 1461, 73286, 83, 10, 4127, 11698, 100, 67155, 214, 136, 122395, 23, 70, 206990, 101120, 7, 5, 1461, 73286, 1556, 142, 21640, 146619, 111, 6863, 10002, 5, 1650, 83, 105866, 189275, 1672, 38704, 1785, 15, 70147, 324, 16, 127067, 111, 1461, 73286, 26349, 11698, 5, 581, 27759, 111, 153549, 2855, 3674, 168081, 100, 442, 47, 27980, 21640, 44828, 1505, 83629, 23, 6360, 61187, 9, 587, 271, 53095, 1884, 70, 120552, 78201, 5345, 136, 70, 112465, 66, 213356, 5345, 4, 237, 5299, 70, 203587, 19, 107361, 163622, 765, 36510, 297, 2363, 33946, 23, 172852, 1295, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1461, 73286, 15, 16, 83, 10, 26349, 23, 70, 47806, 111, 153549, 5, 581, 26349, 83, 70, 10323, 111, 70, 206990, 14834, 2481, 111, 1461, 73286, 136, 54529, 53, 111, 1461, 73286, 4, 1632, 111, 427, 209716, 54529, 3387, 111, 70, 456, 57964, 5, 1650, 27734, 7, 136, 1902, 10, 3622, 43904, 111, 106, 136555, 2947, 3395, 237, 111, 13999, 3311, 1831, 62488, 4, 1461, 73286, 83, 105866, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 178464, 4, 47, 70, 28, 4438, 111, 197806, 136, 47, 70, 127067, 111, 527, 145, 2810, 1025, 136, 47, 70, 65272, 111, 187547, 23, 123251, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Environment.", "Climate.", "Politics.", "Economy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The old Kukës was located at the confluence of the White Drin and Black Drin. In 1976 the town was submerged beneath the Fierza Reservoir, which is held back by a dam. The new town (\"Kukësi i Ri\" - \"New Kukës\") was built in the 1970s in the plateau nearby which is 320m over the sea level. Kukësi i Ri is surrounded by the artificial lake of Fierza and it looks like a peninsula from the above. It is linked with the other parts of the country by three bridges. On the east it faces the snow-covered mountain of Gjallica, 2468 m above sea level. Illyrian tombs were found at Këneta and Kolsh nearby Kukës. It was a small Roman settlement, a stopping point on a branch road leading to the Via Egnatia, and a minor Ottoman market centre and trading post on the road to southern Kosovo. It was there (Qafa e Kolosjanit) where Albanian resistance stood up against retreating Serbian army in 1912. Kukës attracted international attention during the Kosovo conflict when 450,000 Kosovo Albanian refugees crossed the frontier and were housed in camps in and around Kukës. This led, in 2000, to a nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize. It was the first time a town was nominated for the prize. There is a mosque and a closed alpine-style hotel, part of an attempt to establish a tourist industry there. OSCE maintained a villa there.", "Kukës is situated in the northeast of the country. It lies mostly between latitudes 42° and 5° N, and longitudes 20° and 25° E. The city extend strategically within the Albanian Alps and is trapped on four sides by numerous two-thousanders including Gjallica in the south, Koritnik in the east, Pashtrik in the northeast and several mountains in the west. It lies on the Luma Plain and the southern shores of Lake Fierza. It lies approximately in the southeast of the former location of the city, which was relocated as part of a hydroelectric scheme.", "Like all East Albanians who are in the plain the zone is humid subtropical (Köppen: \"Cfa\"), similar to the north of Italy, due to its interior location but near the Mediterranean. Despite its southern location, its distance to the east compensates for this difference. The climate of the city is profoundly impacted by the Albanian Alps in the northeast, Shar Mountains in the east, Korab Mountains in the southeast and the Drin River in the south. The city experiences mostly continental climate. This means that the winters are very cold and snowy and the summers are predominantly hot. The city's temperature varies a large deal across the seasons with a mild spring in April and May, hot summer months from June to August, frequently rainy and windy autumn months in September and October and very cold winter months, often with snow and frost, from December to March. The mean monthly temperature ranges between in winter and in summer. The mean annual precipitation ranges between and depending on longitude and latitude.", "The Kukës municipality was formed in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Arrën, Bicaj, Bushtricë, Grykë-Çajë, Kalis, Kolsh, Kukës, Malzi, Shishtavec, Shtiqën, Surroj, Tërthore, Topojan, Ujmisht and Zapod, that became municipal units. The municipality spans and had a total population of 47,985 people as of 2011.", "There is also a local historical museum and a carpet factory. The food industry is confined only to production of alcoholic drinks produced in a drink factory, and to some local small workshops producing drinks and dairy products. The Highlanders in the region are well known for their developed agriculture. Kukës has a carpet factory whose products is for domestic and trade use. There is also a copper processing factory as the raw material, copper, is found in this place. Kukës is a good centre for fishing and walking in the surrounding mountains. Kukës has an international airport of its own. It is located approximately about 3.5 km (2.2 mi) south of Kukës city centre. The government of Albania granted permission for it to host international passenger traffic in 2016. Low-cost companies like the Irish Ryan Air and the Hungarian Wizz Air, as well the Slovenian Adria Airways have expressed their interest in operating from the Kukës International Airport. The A1 highway passes through Kukës." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 276, 48097, 83, 23131, 297, 390, 70, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 163965, 5, 3293, 12937, 1556, 1379, 519, 86, 40368, 23, 107032, 5256, 16792, 6863, 166635, 23, 157313, 5, 9626, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 63871, 56, 111, 44978, 12126, 4, 276, 48097, 26364, 90, 136, 76104, 7, 70, 2896, 25, 7, 286, 21738, 214, 172040, 7, 4, 136, 9807, 118, 63614, 7481, 4, 18940, 4, 136, 113976, 18264, 7, 5, 276, 48097, 76104, 7, 10, 36998, 4, 6226, 2069, 76755, 645, 70, 2896, 4, 26719, 2684, 128746, 111, 146410, 19175, 44978, 12126, 5, 3293, 83, 4743, 23, 21334, 2831, 47, 70, 63445, 345, 5, 294, 5, 174620, 52341, 3114, 2069, 23, 44, 30154, 820, 289, 44978, 12126, 7687, 81, 5, 9907, 19175, 830, 3129, 34658, 450, 178663, 83, 959, 1940, 61340, 97879, 136, 127298, 959, 28368, 47, 30361, 2874, 182825, 27165, 5, 3293, 3114, 2069, 1556, 2809, 642, 344, 33, 297, 4734, 161549, 23, 221419, 5369, 5, 581, 642, 344, 33, 297, 3114, 2069, 2855, 3674, 1286, 40780, 53, 47, 70, 144044, 111, 87199, 136, 1556, 16750, 297, 23, 142424, 118055, 99, 360, 23031, 4, 70, 642, 344, 9907, 63871, 4, 3129, 1902, 2809, 75935, 47, 111240, 151618, 17721, 70, 6626, 192428, 7, 4, 509, 91995, 71, 678, 70, 5045, 1286, 113138, 63871, 56, 111, 44978, 12126, 4, 2750, 1902, 70, 14537, 47, 3249, 115299, 100, 756, 111, 23182, 178663, 228038, 538, 5, 28090, 91255, 47, 23936, 4, 70, 15672, 136, 9907, 19175, 7, 44457, 297, 136659, 87199, 4616, 329, 5, 360, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 276, 48097, 14700, 66, 6889, 49814, 136659, 87199, 4, 26719, 70, 5117, 351, 9, 1062, 5, 294, 5, 7175, 15, 2347, 162604, 45434, 7, 194, 32964, 87199, 15, 2347, 149493, 66871, 1314, 136, 70, 90915, 22928, 49191, 7, 16, 3542, 2843, 49814, 23, 70, 19340, 7, 5, 28090, 31060, 8305, 13867, 4, 12638, 192428, 35060, 71, 111, 142, 24453, 136, 10542, 127152, 5, 360, 13867, 4, 70, 9907, 19175, 71062, 297, 678, 6626, 87199, 4, 70, 52888, 1784, 2397, 7, 136, 70, 156256, 14434, 3387, 4, 47, 3853, 1257, 70, 14012, 111, 87199, 23, 15044, 192428, 7, 5, 62, 50960, 91853, 4, 70, 15881, 127152, 4, 509, 100, 4806, 23, 12638, 192428, 23, 103709, 992, 3675, 11891, 4, 70, 6626, 192428, 7, 435, 98, 70, 44457, 4734, 20271, 70, 6661, 64876, 136, 70, 3164, 9, 44072, 13547, 5, 47881, 42, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 1940, 14507, 6261, 11301, 509, 65508, 71, 23, 98600, 360, 11994, 11857, 6626, 3525, 160981, 7, 4, 70, 157487, 69124, 12620, 7, 136, 213904, 9631, 130679, 31681, 7, 15, 35613, 51529, 237, 70, 213904, 9631, 31681, 7, 247, 3542, 70318, 297, 390, 276, 48097, 4, 47, 9842, 11301, 23, 82490, 3293, 66044, 91048, 70, 3622, 14012, 111, 160981, 7, 47, 496, 5, 360, 39395, 10586, 4, 276, 48097, 68872, 47, 95486, 1632, 44, 7251, 10, 1515, 6581, 80019, 8, 157, 1636, 10, 456, 87632, 360, 70, 128136, 7, 4, 111517, 71, 390, 79063, 1314, 75169, 70, 6712, 23, 11491, 20271, 70, 18543, 5550, 4, 44, 46568, 5753, 58, 9, 40946, 178663, 71062, 297, 3934, 10, 15889, 6712, 136, 5623, 7710, 297, 178663, 25, 7, 5117, 23131, 214, 14361, 4, 581, 9907, 56187, 111, 44978, 21786, 60560, 7, 5, 581, 143969, 56861, 13835, 71, 237, 142, 79775, 192428, 100, 427, 5369, 5, 3311, 171512, 4, 1286, 3501, 4082, 117406, 3542, 43032, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 37515, 525, 117406, 47143, 297, 8382, 35509, 23, 70, 144477, 13, 11, 48850, 345, 5, 294, 5, 1326, 23182, 178663, 25, 7, 14037, 214, 6602, 4, 276, 48097, 4527, 7, 70, 6602, 184007, 2451, 434, 3220, 70, 5117, 23182, 7175, 4, 70, 168101, 2230, 1888, 6096, 68804, 5180, 4, 509, 170920, 5, 62, 5094, 8780, 126809, 17721, 23182, 136, 79775, 16446, 139570, 7, 7103, 70, 14037, 214, 111, 70, 168101, 2230, 1888, 11938, 5, 581, 143969, 56861, 65450, 3934, 142, 79775, 53702, 136, 10, 23182, 53702, 5, 581, 581, 14922, 17721, 33418, 136, 45913, 83, 39210, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 44, 4657, 712, 9, 571, 5584, 14825, 1242, 34242, 111, 903, 1615, 17660, 297, 47, 186, 27226, 28780, 214, 136, 3542, 27983, 35462, 3674, 390, 163451, 1314, 4, 6044, 237, 80490, 59520, 4, 27939, 44389, 4, 46056, 53, 123426, 434, 1681, 4, 5919, 50718, 508, 40218, 4, 136, 176766, 42, 198193, 42814, 5, 581, 13579, 2843, 152018, 538, 98363, 7, 70, 35431, 111, 70, 178663, 68034, 5, 581, 178663, 11814, 15672, 43257, 3501, 70, 5744, 133836, 4323, 929, 38933, 19, 136, 509, 959, 4323, 7030, 237, 107137, 538, 4, 52490, 214, 70, 62488, 450, 442, 2806, 26983, 5, 5455, 207583, 4, 16446, 7, 3542, 93544, 23, 11301, 24189, 1836, 3542, 332, 32502, 4, 32977, 136, 68018, 38895, 8752, 71, 5, 133698, 903, 1615, 4, 10, 178663, 11034, 17262, 86258, 4, 105950, 47, 3650, 18925, 15, 73, 41036, 1363, 9, 712, 20314, 297, 345, 5, 294, 5, 86258, 247, 136, 144044, 3542, 456, 52081, 18211, 47, 59038, 3525, 16446, 7, 5, 105426, 3542, 84751, 47, 104250, 4420, 46698, 8080, 136, 15, 40043, 16, 5368, 127877, 5, 44978, 12126, 7, 2843, 100512, 6138, 122009, 678, 47, 402, 13400, 130090, 4, 27689, 7, 4, 136, 51400, 4, 136, 68018, 70, 130090, 111, 6, 37728, 32512, 4, 3129, 3060, 92865, 2806, 290, 434, 100, 70, 60042, 111, 20947, 1484, 214, 70, 16446, 5, 22376, 4, 163451, 1314, 5809, 45258, 67, 70, 16446, 8305, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 16195, 18, 12126, 5, 15, 4153, 56694, 4527, 111, 903, 163451, 509, 173072, 297, 47, 10, 10846, 163451, 1314, 678, 10, 9963, 1021, 9319, 70731, 13, 194, 44978, 12126, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 124735, 23, 70, 23031, 7, 136, 28730, 7, 5, 581, 23031, 34003, 509, 135818, 100, 70, 47219, 111, 31681, 85853, 669, 111, 70, 198193, 42878, 7, 5, 85853, 669, 4, 2750, 509, 91, 173964, 23, 70, 10336, 390, 10, 163451, 136, 68, 71, 10, 10846, 21974, 14432, 4, 100512, 70, 4734, 276, 48097, 58585, 47, 68, 111, 142, 98, 9, 28394, 182260, 4, 10, 124257, 1459, 3129, 12441, 105237, 47, 15044, 192428, 7, 186607, 449, 70, 22466, 214, 3934, 11301, 3525, 4, 35011, 178663, 7, 217684, 10, 16446, 100512, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 23182, 178663, 53702, 136, 70, 10332, 525, 111, 70, 13036, 23182, 29681, 192428, 7, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 136, 25730, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 496, 87199, 11301, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 12, 423, 87199, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 136, 423, 23, 70, 15672, 19175, 15, 7842, 194, 581, 6, 39102, 136, 9804, 3542, 100, 4806, 237, 84797, 8437, 77630, 2449, 23, 157313, 136, 91255, 4, 107013, 538, 5, 67053, 214, 23, 106355, 4, 70, 6626, 192428, 7, 57476, 3674, 1284, 47143, 297, 8437, 538, 84797, 77630, 2449, 5, 149766, 192428, 7, 160404, 71, 237, 8437, 538, 84797, 77630, 2449, 24189, 1836, 42564, 71, 3934, 10, 11001, 53702, 12441, 390, 70, 63871, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Organizational structure.", "League organization.", "Teams.", "History.", "Founding.", "Dead-ball era.", "Rise in popularity.", "World War II era.", "Breaking the color barrier.", "Women in baseball.", "Expanding west, south and north.", "Pitching dominance and rule changes.", "New stadiums and artificial surfaces.", "Scandals and a changing game.", "Steroid era, further expansion and near contraction.", "Uniforms.", "Season structure.", "Spring training.", "Regular season.", "All-Star Game.", "Postseason.", "International play.", "Steroids in baseball.", "Media coverage.", "Television.", "Blackout policy.", "Radio and Internet.", "International broadcasting." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution. This document has undergone several incarnations since its creation in 1876. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts. MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This is due in large part to the 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in \"Federal Baseball Club v. National League\", which held that baseball is not interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years. The weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at", "In 1920, the weak National Commission, which had been created to manage relationships between the two leagues, was replaced with the much more powerful Commissioner of Baseball, who had the power to make decisions for all of professional baseball unilaterally. From 1901 to 1960, the American and National Leagues fielded eight teams apiece. In the 1960s, MLB expansion added eight teams, including the first non-U.S. team (the Montreal Expos). Two teams (the Seattle Mariners and the Toronto Blue Jays) were also added in the 1970s. From 1969 through 1993, each league consisted of an East and West Division. In 1993, the National League expanded with two teams, the Florida Marlins and the Colorado Rockies, to even up the number of teams in both leagues. A third division, the Central Division, was formed in each league in 1994. Until 1996, the two leagues met on the field only during the World Series and the All-Star Game. Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997. In March 1995 two new franchises, the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now known as the Tampa Bay Rays), were awarded by MLB, to begin play in 1998. This addition brought the total number of franchises to 30. In early 1997, MLB decided to assign one", "\"An asterisk (*) denotes a relocation", "", "In the 1860s, aided by soldiers playing the game in camp during the Civil War, \"New York\"-style baseball expanded into a national game and spawned baseball's first governing body, The National Association of Base Ball Players. The NABBP existed as an amateur league for 12 years. By 1867, more than 400 clubs were members. Most of the strongest clubs remained those based in the northeastern U.S. For professional baseball's founding year, MLB uses the year 1869—when the first professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was established. A schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers after the founding of the Cincinnati club. The NABBP split into an amateur organization and a professional organization. The", "The period between 1900 and 1919 is commonly referred to as the \"Dead-Ball Era.\" Games of this era tended to be low scoring and were often dominated by pitchers, such as Walter Johnson, Cy Young, Christy Mathewson, Mordecai Brown, and Grover Cleveland Alexander. The term also accurately describes the condition of the baseball itself. The baseball used American rather than the modern Australian wool yarn and was not wound as tightly, affecting the distance that it would travel. More significantly, balls were kept in play until they were mangled, soft and sometimes lopsided. During this era, a baseball cost three dollars, equal to $ today (in inflation-adjusted U.S. dollars), and owners were reluctant to purchase new balls. Fans were expected to throw back fouls and (rare) home runs. Baseballs also became stained with tobacco juice, grass, and mud, and sometimes the juice of licorice, which some players would chew for the purpose of discoloring the ball. Also, pitchers could manipulate the ball through the use of the spitball. (In 1921 use of this pitch was restricted to a few pitchers with a grandfather clause).", "Baseball's popularity increased in the 1920s and 1930s. The 1920 season was notable for the death of Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians. Chapman, who was struck in the head by a pitch and died a few hours later, became the only MLB player to die of an on-field injury, a tragedy which led directly to both leagues requiring the placing into play new, white baseballs whenever a ball became scuffed or dirty, helping bring the \"dead-ball\" era to an end. The following year, the New York Yankees made their first World Series appearance. By the end of the 1930s,", "The onset of World War II created a significant shortage of professional baseball players, as more than 500 men left MLB teams to serve in the military. Many of them played on service baseball teams that entertained military personnel in the US or in the Pacific. MLB teams of this time largely consisted of young men, older players, and those with a military classification of 4F, indicating mental, physical, or moral unsuitability for service. Men like Pete Gray, a one-armed outfielder, got the chance to advance to the major leagues. However, MLB rosters did not include any black players through the end of the war. Black players, many of whom served in the war, were still restricted to", "Branch Rickey, president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began making efforts to introduce a black baseball player to the previously all-white professional baseball leagues in the mid-1940s. He selected Jackie Robinson from a list of promising Negro league players. After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to \"turn the other cheek\" to any racial antagonism directed at him, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month. In what was later referred to as \"The Noble Experiment\", Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s, joining the Dodgers' farm club, the Montreal Royals, for the 1946 season. The following year, the Dodgers called up Robinson to the major leagues. On April 15, 1947, Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, including more than 14,000 black patrons. Black baseball fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning the Negro league", "MLB banned the signing of women to contracts in 1952, but", "From 1903 to 1953, the two major leagues consisted of two eight-team leagues. The 16 teams were located in ten cities, all in the northeastern and midwestern United States: New York City had three teams and Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and St. Louis each had two teams. St. Louis was the southernmost and westernmost city with a major league team. The longest possible road trip, from Boston to St. Louis, took about 24 hours by railroad. In 1953, the NL's Boston Braves became the Milwaukee Braves. In 1954, the St. Louis Browns became the Baltimore Orioles. In", "By the late 1960s, the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers. In 1968—later nicknamed \"the year of the pitcher\"—Boston Red Sox player Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just.301, the lowest in the history of Major League Baseball. Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games, making him the only pitcher to win 30 games", "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, as baseball expanded, NFL football had been surging in popularity, making it economical for many of these cities to build multi-purpose stadiums instead of single-purpose baseball fields. Because of climate and economic issues, many of these facilities had playing surfaces made from artificial turf, as well as the oval designs characteristic of stadiums designed to house both baseball and football. This often resulted in baseball fields with relatively more foul territory than older stadiums. These characteristics changed the nature of professional baseball, putting a higher premium on speed and", "During the 1980s, baseball experienced a number of significant changes the game had not seen in years. Home runs were on the decline throughout the decade, with players hitting only 40 home runs just 13 times and no one hitting more than 50 home runs in a season for the first time since the Dead-ball era (1900—1919). Teams instead focused on building their rosters around speed and defense. The 1981 Major League Baseball strike from June 12 until July 31 forced the cancellation of 713 total games and", "Routinely in the late 1990s and early 2000s, baseball players hit 40 or 50 home runs in a season, a feat that was considered rare even in the 1980s. It has since become apparent that at least some of this power surge was a result of players using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. In 1993, the NL added the Florida Marlins in the Miami area and the Colorado Rockies in Denver. In 1998, the Brewers switched leagues by joining the National League and two new teams were added: the NL's Arizona Diamondbacks in Phoenix and the American League's Tampa Bay Devil Rays in St. Petersburg, Florida. After the 2001 season,", "A baseball uniform is a type of uniform worn by baseball players, and by some non-playing personnel, such as field managers and coaches. It is worn to indicate the person's role in the game and—through the use of logos, colors, and numbers—to identify the teams and their players, managers, and coaches. Traditionally, home uniforms display the team name on the front, while away uniforms display the team's home location. In modern times, however, exceptions to this pattern have become common, with teams using their team name on both uniforms. Most teams also have one or more alternate uniforms, usually consisting of the primary or secondary team color on the vest instead of the usual white or gray. In the past few decades throwback uniforms have become popular. The New York Knickerbockers were", "", "Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Teams hold training camps in the states of Arizona and Florida, where the early warm weather allows teams to practice and play without worrying about late winter cold. Spring training allows new players to audition for roster and position spots, and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play. The teams that hold spring training in Arizona are", "Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series. Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game. In addition, teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day, holidays, and getaway days. Each team plays 19 games against each of its four divisional opponents. It plays one home series and one away series, amounting to six or seven games, against the 10 other teams in its league. A team also plays one of the divisions in the other league, rotating each year, with two opponents in a three-game home series, two in a three-game away series, and one with four games split between home", "In early-to-mid July, just after the midway point of the season, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is held during a four-day break from the regular-season schedule. The All-Star Game features a team of players from the American League (AL)—led by the manager of the previous AL World Series team—and a team of players from the National League (NL), similarly managed, in an exhibition game. From 1959 to 1962, two games were held each season, one was held in July and one was held in August. The designated-hitter rule was used in the All-Star Game for the first time in 1989. Following games used a DH when the game was played in an AL ballpark. Since 2010, the DH rule has been in effect regardless of venue. The first official All-Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, and was the idea of Arch Ward, then sports editor for \"The Chicago Tribune\". Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. Ward's contribution was recognized by Major League", "When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October (or the last Sunday in September), ten teams enter the postseason playoffs. These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win-loss record for their respective divisions, and four who are \"wild-card\" teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who have earned the best regular season win-loss record, but are not division champions. Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion: Within each league, the division winners are the #1, #2 and #3 seeds, based on win–loss records. The team with the best record among non division winners will be the first wildcard and the #4 seed. The team with the second best record among non division winners will be", "Since 1986 an All-Star team from MLB is sent to a biennial end-of-the-season tour of Japan, dubbed as MLB Japan All-Star Series, playing exhibition games in a best-of format against the All-Stars from Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) or recently as of 2014 their national team Samurai Japan. In 2008, MLB played the MLB China Series in the People's Republic of China. It was a series of two spring-training games between the San Diego Padres and Los Angeles Dodgers. The games were an effort to popularize baseball in China. MLB played the MLB Taiwan All-Star Series in Taiwan in November 2011. It was a series of five exhibition games played by a team made up of MLB players called the MLB All-Stars and the Chinese Taipei national baseball team. The MLB All-Stars swept the series, five games", "In 1998, both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa hit more than the long-standing single-season MLB record of 61 home runs. Barry Bonds topped the record in 2001 with 73 home runs. McGwire, Bonds and Sosa became the subjects of speculation regarding the use of performance-enhancing substances. McGwire later admitted that he used a steroid hormone that was still legal in baseball during the 1998 season. Baseball's original steroid testing policy, in effect from 2002 to 2005, provided for penalties ranging from a ten-game suspension for a first positive test to a one-year suspension for a fourth positive test. Players were tested at least once per year, with the chance that several players could be tested many times per year. A 2006 book, \"Game of Shadows\" by \"San Francisco Chronicle\" investigative reporters Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada, chronicled alleged extensive use of performance enhancers, including several types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstars Barry Bonds, Gary Sheffield, and Jason Giambi. Former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell was appointed by Selig on March 30, 2006 to investigate the use of performance-enhancing drugs in MLB. The appointment was made after several influential members of the U.S. Congress made negative comments about both the effectiveness and honesty of MLB's drug policies and Commissioner Selig. The day", "", "Several networks televise baseball games, including Fox, ESPN, and MLB Network. Since 2008, Fox Sports has broadcast MLB games on \"Fox Saturday Baseball\" throughout the entire season; Fox previously only broadcast games from May to September. Fox also holds rights to the All-Star Game each season. Fox also alternates League Championship Series broadcasts, broadcasting the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in odd-numbered years and the National League Championship Series (NLCS) in even-numbered years. Fox broadcasts all games of the World Series. ESPN continues to broadcast MLB games through 2013 as well, beginning with national Opening Day coverage. ESPN broadcasts \"Sunday Night Baseball\", \"Monday Night Baseball\", \"Wednesday Night Baseball\", and \"Baseball Tonight\". ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All-Star Game each July. TBS airs Sunday afternoon regular season games (non-exclusive) nationally. In", "MLB has several blackout rules. A local broadcaster has priority to televise games of the team in their market over national broadcasters. For example, at one time TBS showed many Atlanta Braves games nationally and internationally in Canada. Fox Sports Networks also show many games in other areas. If the Braves played a team that FSN or another local broadcaster showed, the local station will have", "ESPN Radio holds national broadcast rights and broadcasts \"Sunday Night Baseball\" weekly throughout the season in addition to all playoff games. The rights to the World Series are exclusive to ESPN. In addition, each team employs its own announcers, who broadcast during the regular season. Most teams operate regional networks to cover their fan bases; some of these supposedly regional networks (such as the New York Yankees Radio Network) have a national reach with affiliates located across the United States. Major League Baseball has an exclusive rights deal with XM", "ESPN Deportes televises many MLB games in Spanish throughout Latin America. Wapa 2 airs games in Puerto Rico, including spring training games and most of the World Baseball Classic games involving the team from Puerto Rico. In Brazil, ESPN Brasil has exclusive rights on TV (ESPN and ESPN+) and Internet (WatchESPN), with Fox Sports also broadcasting some games. Five in the United Kingdom previously screened MLB games, including the All-Star Game and the postseason games, on Sunday and Wednesday usually starting at 1 a.m. BST. Most recently," ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 11617, 159, 5, 49307, 80723, 27331, 6955, 150242, 23, 32158, 678, 70, 153939, 47691, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 98501, 1363, 111, 213867, 329, 5, 49307, 4, 10, 9836, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 199937, 4, 113054, 297, 17203, 47, 10, 106362, 17574, 173328, 310, 5201, 160328, 13909, 23, 70, 152363, 25, 7, 23994, 7, 42477, 21488, 5, 194397, 101786, 39933, 7, 4, 764, 75204, 142, 15426, 678, 10, 20513, 538, 243131, 41170, 111, 13909, 1733, 74, 6863, 34292, 99, 450, 1733, 1556, 16792, 2809, 67842, 538, 25902, 3674, 99, 169020, 4, 9508, 707, 169020, 158887, 5, 49307, 189050, 764, 36663, 47, 44, 96259, 4420, 58, 903, 18466, 390, 20594, 9844, 1632, 5809, 16916, 47, 186, 111, 6782, 34292, 5, 18763, 61475, 69236, 509, 47, 3249, 70, 84428, 2684, 147008, 71, 42840, 19882, 47, 70, 3835, 99, 10176, 707, 110, 25534, 4, 136, 47, 54, 221, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 3293, 17311, 13909, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 423, 110, 988, 98, 13685, 12236, 17777, 4, 70, 13909, 33120, 450, 2806, 24209, 70, 2665, 5, 49307, 18822, 71, 1632, 5155, 70, 4537, 3835, 2806, 186, 19048, 47, 17203, 13909, 7, 136, 68872, 47, 3249, 43240, 111, 163136, 19882, 23, 65133, 3173, 100, 4092, 5, 1529, 11814, 10, 43658, 111, 70, 14098, 46684, 98501, 1363, 111, 213867, 329, 23, 1919, 4420, 29102, 4, 136, 903, 100512, 70, 5117, 27331, 6955, 150242, 28, 9, 22829, 5, 1529, 24, 4806, 70, 13452, 7103, 43041, 6955, 150242, 4, 70, 809, 18266, 33, 927, 142642, 30839, 110264, 2750, 25793, 2118, 71, 70, 6, 30464, 2886, 10644, 2448, 1916, 24234, 98834, 5, 3311, 70, 4122, 9, 70779, 7, 4, 49307, 509, 51042, 27331, 6955, 150242, 1295, 199937, 125829, 1212, 29693, 5, 5455, 149849, 7, 1902, 33284, 297, 70, 71834, 5, 1529, 23009, 538, 30957, 297, 756, 111, 70, 7986, 24189, 13501, 3229, 29569, 218584, 7, 136, 233, 70760, 62816, 230466, 10975, 52295, 71, 136, 100512, 1286, 19882, 4, 20662, 12877, 44954, 592, 1286, 3820, 11, 55356, 5, 49307, 14432, 21449, 47, 142, 70767, 678, 107281, 16857, 175725, 19, 12535, 4, 3129, 176506, 47, 606, 35485, 27331, 6955, 150242, 25, 7, 82466, 7, 5, 1301, 70, 21950, 111, 28, 9, 22829, 7, 124735, 4, 149849, 7, 80723, 47, 5646, 645, 70, 13452, 25, 7, 5155, 9, 188, 9, 5636, 41018, 7, 450, 49307, 1902, 11675, 5, 13794, 214, 23, 86097, 142, 52295, 71, 1118, 71426, 7228, 27331, 6955, 150242, 10941, 99156, 47, 6, 140773, 184, 4, 17203, 136, 59058, 10187, 5, 27331, 6955, 150242, 83, 5036, 27980, 297, 390, 70018, 7121, 31, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23924, 96220, 99, 213912, 37639, 5, 89176, 149849, 142163, 803, 1208, 94146, 126809, 136, 606, 35485, 297, 70, 5117, 27331, 6955, 150242, 4165, 136, 26859, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 27331, 1118, 150917, 5, 360, 1919, 1492, 5369, 23, 903, 31486, 15, 78972, 1104, 30416, 247, 70, 27331, 1467, 37967, 23742, 10, 14012, 111, 70318, 7, 4, 27983, 8035, 60213, 71, 23, 44, 32168, 111, 70, 4002, 58, 5303, 5180, 4, 136, 22231, 1916, 47, 70, 13452, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 5, 49307, 68, 71, 98, 305, 6088, 1392, 99, 1919, 5368, 23, 34469, 11, 4, 199937, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 7911, 5, 360, 88922, 10, 351, 9, 39348, 216487, 4, 70, 27331, 6955, 150242, 135940, 1294, 97291, 32807, 4, 8942, 5, 509, 178727, 297, 23, 225260, 4, 14098, 46684, 47, 34831, 70, 13452, 25, 7, 8437, 27117, 5, 7650, 21094, 47, 442, 621, 24643, 9, 112, 77193, 28236, 5, 14407, 9, 6032, 27331, 6955, 150242, 149849, 139256, 53, 2356, 1272, 100512, 70, 137374, 25, 7, 5117, 45733, 5, 22376, 23, 88922, 28166, 17819, 7, 14037, 297, 75571, 3674, 1250, 4390, 1283, 14202, 15, 28399, 247, 3129, 107003, 70, 6, 98869, 39116, 214, 111, 44954, 14534, 7986, 7, 47, 186, 15917, 3674, 54940, 5941, 149849, 7, 645, 70, 2665, 5, 3293, 71834, 124735, 70, 14012, 136, 96551, 111, 7986, 7, 8035, 49814, 47, 27331, 6955, 150242, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 20662, 442, 99156, 100, 3525, 149849, 7, 47, 4034, 22231, 1916, 5, 72445, 100512, 51521, 538, 148272, 71, 678, 27331, 6955, 150242, 23, 55021, 4, 70, 138, 102525, 1328, 72445, 9, 2271, 191145, 71, 42840, 48402, 297, 39555, 6626, 9, 95037, 6468, 111, 70, 110518, 42840, 23, 27331, 6955, 150242, 5, 360, 8055, 88847, 27331, 6955, 150242, 75935, 10, 7915, 70541, 214, 189275, 6331, 111, 70, 44, 32168, 58, 28, 9, 81415, 1295, 70, 42486, 5, 581, 7915, 83, 19882, 100, 7026, 237, 142, 17408, 29569, 5, 14847, 72095, 621, 51, 2886, 47, 7026, 70, 7915, 4, 1836, 831, 50336, 47, 765, 10, 43658, 9325, 47, 2856, 4, 4092, 111, 25534, 5, 360, 14487, 88847, 10, 12352, 509, 75935, 70541, 214, 110518, 84428, 55769, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 4, 903, 33636, 297, 39555, 70, 64194, 42486, 5, 360, 39395, 86097, 70, 12352, 2843, 100512, 19882, 390, 6648, 5, 360, 20414, 56434, 10, 3525, 79737, 111, 70, 12352, 509, 121447, 70541, 214, 645, 106, 144274, 42840, 4, 136, 23, 7071, 36404, 10, 87758, 9, 5259, 56, 12352, 509, 121447, 4, 70541, 214, 110518, 6, 133446, 55769, 5, 581, 144732, 111, 70, 12352, 7, 4, 136, 756, 111, 70, 7915, 7, 6648, 297, 390, 70, 13452, 4, 3542, 17164, 297, 98, 17164, 2886, 2450, 390, 149849, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 3525, 87758, 135355, 12352, 7, 3542, 142901, 71, 4, 237, 442, 77443, 1286, 25313, 289, 3501, 19441, 149849, 7, 96865, 2856, 5, 4, 70, 13452, 1556, 6648, 297, 189275, 6, 160012, 17116, 7, 5, 1301, 111, 505, 4, 70, 117989, 111, 4092, 7915, 7, 1556, 2809, 2837, 133891, 297, 4, 21208, 70, 17408, 29569, 83, 7464, 19882, 100, 7026, 5, 6, 4, 27331, 6955, 150242, 63043, 297, 645, 55769, 23, 6863, 42486, 4, 678, 142, 83080, 111, 645, 836, 3525, 28, 9, 81415, 8035, 49814, 12638, 5895, 5, 32255, 621, 102917, 538, 43240, 111, 163136, 1295, 70, 65925, 15380, 40250, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 163136, 6044, 237, 21261, 7, 4, 30260, 1294, 4, 16610, 43515, 136, 23134, 4, 27331, 6955, 150242, 2843, 1556, 110309, 81415, 4, 91067, 43240, 136, 37348, 111, 120164, 16765, 5, 581, 27331, 6955, 150242, 42486, 2843, 1556, 10, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 27331, 6955, 150242, 15, 52873, 16, 83, 10, 149849, 71834, 47, 153939, 20650, 136, 6, 147488, 15380, 43240, 4, 47, 44, 33, 12600, 29838, 70, 166635, 136, 113068, 111, 28, 37975, 7, 740, 1650, 509, 14037, 297, 23, 32158, 390, 15672, 6, 70035, 11617, 159, 5, 49307, 136, 83, 70, 10332, 525, 6338, 35773, 1294, 5, 17006, 111, 70, 55769, 23, 6863, 42486, 621, 70, 4393, 7986, 7, 111, 3835, 77758, 42840, 5, 581, 27331, 1927, 90, 47, 3249, 6097, 237, 4092, 237, 7722, 4, 23, 4989, 9, 120027, 4, 9803, 9384, 7, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 98, 39555, 2499, 13909, 5, 4, 27331, 6955, 150242, 157578, 10031, 4, 69139, 55769, 23, 6863, 42486, 111, 4092, 28, 37975, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Affiliated organizations.", "CD and DVD project.", "Scope of collection.", "Ideals.", "Copyright.", "Criticism.", "Affiliated projects." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Michael S. Hart began Project Gutenberg in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence. Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the university's Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with a virtually unlimited amount of computer time; its value at that time has since been variously estimated at $100,000 or $100,000,000. Hart explained he wanted to \"give back\" this gift by doing something one could consider to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge, and to do so by the end of the 20th century. This particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed one day the general public would be able to access computers and decided to make works of literature available in electronic form for free. He used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution. By the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort. He manually entered all of the text until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more available, making book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenberg's finances. As the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the project's day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an improved online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access and hyperlink. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role (1994–2004), the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in \"best of the Web\" listings, and contributing to the project's popularity. Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64.", "In 2000, a non-profit corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was chartered in Mississippi, United States to handle the project's legal needs. Donations to it are tax-deductible. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundation's first CEO. Also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders (DP), which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet. This effort increased the number and variety of texts being added to Project Gutenberg, as well as making it easier for new volunteers to start contributing. DP became officially affiliated with Project Gutenberg in 2002., the 36,000+ DP-contributed books comprised almost two-thirds of the nearly books in Project Gutenberg.", "In August 2003, Project Gutenberg created a CD containing approximately 600 of the \"best\" e-books from the collection. The CD is available for download as an ISO image. When users are unable to download the CD, they can request to have a copy sent to them, free of charge. In December 2003, a DVD was created containing nearly 10,000 items. At the time, this represented almost the entire collection. In early 2004, the DVD also became available by mail. In July 2007, a new edition of the DVD was released containing over 17,000 books, and in April 2010, a dual-layer DVD was released, containing nearly 30,000 items. The majority of the DVDs, and all of the CDs mailed by the project, were recorded on recordable media by volunteers. However, the new dual layer DVDs were manufactured, as it proved more economical than having volunteers burn them., the project has mailed approximately 40,000 discs. As of 2017, the delivery of free CDs has been discontinued, though the ISO image is still available for download.", ", Project Gutenberg claimed over items in its collection, with an average of over 50 new e-books being added each week. These are primarily works of literature from the Western cultural tradition. In addition to literature such as novels, poetry, short stories and drama, Project Gutenberg also has cookbooks, reference works and issues of periodicals. The Project Gutenberg collection also has a few non-text items such as audio files and music-notation files. Most releases are in English, but there are also significant numbers in many other languages., the non-English languages most represented are: French, German, Finnish, Dutch, Italian, and Portuguese. Whenever possible, Gutenberg releases are available in plain text, mainly using US-ASCII character encoding but frequently extended to ISO-8859-1 (needed to represent accented characters in French and Scharfes s in German, for example). Besides being copyright-free, the requirement for a Latin (character set) text version of the release has been a criterion of Michael Hart's since the founding of Project Gutenberg, as he believes this is the format most likely to be readable in the extended future. Out of necessity, this criterion has had to be extended further for the sizable collection of texts in East Asian languages such as Chinese and Japanese now in the collection, where UTF-8 is used instead. Other formats may be released as well when submitted by volunteers. The most common non-ASCII format is HTML, which allows markup and illustrations to be included. Some project members and users have requested more advanced formats, believing them to be much easier to read. But some formats that are not easily editable, such as PDF, are generally not considered to fit in with the goals of Project Gutenberg. Also Project Gutenberg has two options for master formats that can be submitted (from which all other files are generated): customized versions of the Text Encoding Initiative standard (since 2005) and reStructuredText (since 2011). Beginning in 2009, the Project Gutenberg catalog began offering auto-generated alternate file formats, including HTML (when not already provided), EPUB and plucker.", "Michael Hart said in 2004, \"The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: 'To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks'\". His goal was, \"to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible\". Likewise, a project slogan is to \"break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy\", because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage just as public libraries began to do in the late 19th century. Project Gutenberg is intentionally decentralized. For example, there is no selection policy dictating what texts to add. Instead, individual volunteers work on what they are interested in, or have available. The Project Gutenberg collection is intended to preserve items for the long term, so they cannot be lost by any one localized accident. In an effort to ensure this, the entire collection is backed-up regularly and mirrored on servers in many different locations.", "Project Gutenberg is careful to verify the status of its ebooks according to United States copyright law. Material is added to the Project Gutenberg archive only after it has received a copyright clearance, and records of these clearances are saved for future reference. Project Gutenberg does not claim new copyright on titles it publishes. Instead, it encourages their free reproduction and distribution. Most books in the Project Gutenberg collection are distributed as public domain under United States copyright law. There are also a few copyrighted texts, such as those of science fiction author Cory Doctorow, that Project Gutenberg distributes with permission. These are subject to further restrictions as specified by the copyright holder, although they generally tend to be licensed under Creative Commons. \"Project Gutenberg\" is a trademark of the organization, and the mark cannot be used in commercial or modified redistributions of public domain texts from the project. There is no legal impediment to the reselling of works in the public domain if all references to Project Gutenberg are removed, but Gutenberg contributors have questioned the appropriateness of directly and commercially reusing content that has been formatted by volunteers. There have been instances of books being stripped of attribution to the project and sold for profit in the Kindle Store and other booksellers, one being the 1906 book \"Fox Trapping\". Although not accessible for years within Germany to comply with a court order from S. Fischer Verlag regarding the works of Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann and Alfred Döblin, Project Gutenberg is once more accessible. Although they were public domain in the United States, the court recognized the infringement of copyrights still active in Germany, and asserted that the Project Gutenberg website was under German jurisdiction because it hosts content in the German language.", "The text files use the format of plain text encoded in UTF-8 and wrapped at 65–70 characters, with paragraphs separated by a double line break. In recent decades, the resulting relatively bland appearance and the lack of a markup possibility have often been perceived as a drawback of this format. Project Gutenberg attempts to address this by making many texts available in HTML, ePub, and PDF versions as well, but faithful to the mission of offering data that is easy to handle with computer code, plain ASCII text remains the most important format; the ePub versions still contain extra line breaks between paragraphs and the autogenerated HTML versions are simply the ASCII text between codice_1 tags. Another not-for-profit project, Standard Ebooks, aims to address these issues with its collection of public domain titles that are formatted and styled. It corrects issues related to design and typography. In December 1994, Project Gutenberg was criticized by the Text Encoding Initiative for failing to include apparatus (documentation) of the decisions unavoidable in preparing a text, or in some cases, documenting which of several (conflicting) versions of a text has been the one digitized. The selection of works (and editions) available has been determined by popularity, ease of scanning, being out of copyright, and other factors; this would be difficult to avoid in any crowd-sourced project. In March 2004, a new initiative was begun by Michael Hart and John S. Guagliardo to provide low-cost intellectual properties. The initial name for this project was \"Project Gutenberg 2\" (PG II), which created controversy among PG volunteers because of the re-use of the project's trademarked name for a commercial venture.", "All affiliated projects are independent organizations that share the same ideals and have been given permission to use the \"Project Gutenberg\" trademark. They often have a particular national or linguistic focus." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 5685, 7121, 67175, 98, 427, 8055, 121049, 23, 5064, 13593, 237, 5064, 13593, 399, 4, 70, 11938, 5117, 112730, 99, 70, 156496, 22105, 4706, 10237, 5064, 13593, 136, 23, 11857, 456, 116292, 297, 47, 70, 175713, 103939, 1995, 96870, 4, 70, 61585, 7440, 1836, 765, 112730, 17669, 16792, 5, 103939, 3542, 102995, 7, 111, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 23, 64104, 4, 50940, 136, 47114, 5, 581, 4699, 46133, 90, 2843, 23742, 6626, 100799, 75034, 15619, 7, 23, 26748, 136, 36102, 136, 3542, 2843, 8374, 157272, 91714, 7, 111, 70, 177162, 76278, 3629, 23, 42610, 4, 31017, 136, 8432, 17106, 28601, 47, 28811, 130412, 4, 103939, 1995, 5117, 118775, 23, 48524, 15619, 209447, 7, 25, 15619, 111, 36102, 7440, 1836, 72856, 47, 30749, 14098, 23, 70, 5117, 68807, 390, 142, 6, 197564, 13, 47763, 111, 361, 1104, 5442, 360, 9571, 1104, 5046, 4, 103939, 24145, 13438, 98438, 71, 23, 70, 15619, 209447, 7, 25, 15619, 136, 7103, 186, 26518, 126293, 6, 128123, 111, 69919, 305, 1104, 2389, 23, 15044, 6049, 7, 4, 103939, 7068, 72856, 47, 195374, 5609, 5120, 6300, 164, 23, 70, 17932, 68807, 4, 201, 104279, 98, 6, 197564, 13, 5, 62, 17932, 3687, 23, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 111, 8272, 142027, 71, 70, 11938, 10, 48524, 49838, 19175, 770, 927, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 5, 1913, 70, 233547, 25, 7, 21115, 36541, 4, 103939, 4734, 243, 122009, 116, 26847, 23, 2363, 37195, 21115, 527, 14858, 90, 136, 3542, 4911, 7, 27169, 3674, 5, 24372, 58359, 214, 70, 100799, 75034, 15619, 2704, 23, 4078, 7440, 1836, 72856, 201, 1104, 2389, 26548, 7940, 856, 186671, 4, 103939, 1995, 13438, 217225, 13438, 100, 70, 48524, 15619, 4, 23, 3129, 1836, 72856, 47, 92265, 5609, 6483, 138550, 23, 70, 5117, 68807, 390, 190, 104279, 98, 6, 197564, 13, 5, 1913, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1532, 1104, 1662, 34003, 4, 103939, 1995, 3542, 456, 3257, 3674, 1295, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 100, 70, 5117, 1733, 23, 744, 5369, 5, 360, 70, 1392, 1104, 1530, 34003, 1379, 3525, 31095, 29629, 1409, 24714, 36737, 103939, 1995, 509, 125568, 71, 4420, 47, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 4, 1284, 1836, 23409, 7108, 4420, 7565, 70, 11737, 34003, 7103, 67229, 214, 103136, 111, 70, 23180, 5, 581, 11938, 100512, 102995, 7, 111, 70, 177162, 76278, 3629, 23, 70, 221419, 34003, 136, 3542, 4911, 7, 125568, 71, 4420, 47, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 5, 360, 39395, 24635, 44, 73668, 92, 1042, 15212, 58, 32485, 7, 122273, 297, 450, 103939, 1995, 1902, 6863, 14858, 90, 188347, 390, 142, 44, 143946, 19, 208782, 226406, 13, 830, 2750, 1902, 72090, 103939, 25, 7, 92865, 10, 3622, 10554, 111, 2505, 3559, 4, 9508, 47, 388, 13, 14858, 90, 26548, 157715, 136, 4221, 1033, 157, 6651, 15, 73, 18374, 136, 14487, 118901, 5, 129551, 47, 70, 32485, 7, 4, 4122, 28394, 56, 30005, 3423, 177, 837, 509, 70, 67009, 7, 25, 5201, 5470, 28032, 70, 11938, 74, 3423, 177, 837, 8, 70142, 19441, 68186, 71, 2363, 17265, 5, 360, 3640, 4, 103939, 1995, 157578, 70, 100799, 75034, 15619, 27188, 100, 70, 22759, 927, 1733, 23, 2363, 32692, 5, 10660, 42659, 28143, 884, 6401, 20702, 23, 70, 36137, 9, 33870, 7, 7103, 10, 203249, 106443, 9, 6056, 4, 1284, 3542, 8, 88981, 297, 390, 23, 70, 2704, 390, 62, 27529, 157715, 5, 581, 35992, 111, 103939, 1995, 765, 20903, 91582, 678, 70, 35992, 111, 14941, 102995, 16070, 11938, 194510, 6406, 5, 1326, 194510, 6406, 25, 7, 6712, 98, 1936, 18374, 1877, 26548, 4687, 420, 28394, 64227, 4, 3060, 103939, 1995, 35992, 3542, 51592, 23, 70, 242, 647, 4438, 3611, 25, 111, 70, 39055, 1507, 132936, 88260, 4, 194510, 25, 7, 2684, 5700, 9157, 4, 136, 2685, 3542, 2843, 52336, 44028, 1672, 103939, 1995, 390, 6406, 35992, 5, 103939, 132756, 7, 765, 237, 5299, 2809, 51529, 47, 26983, 47, 194510, 4, 678, 194510, 6406, 35992, 10336, 214, 70, 3789, 3917, 47, 5064, 13593, 5, 581, 92865, 35064, 1902, 22962, 21640, 3540, 132, 7, 16, 100, 2363, 107013, 76726, 5, 60560, 7, 124901, 9351, 83, 145870, 33636, 297, 2363, 76726, 12960, 75169, 100, 103939, 1995, 5, 873, 17336, 83, 10, 23180, 678, 103939, 1995, 25, 7, 85727, 50339, 16792, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 23, 36327, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 103939, 1995, 15, 247, 2843, 51529, 237, 103939, 1995, 5064, 13593, 4, 83, 10, 174705, 101740, 11938, 35509, 23, 5064, 13593, 4, 231118, 4, 450, 11301, 7, 23, 70, 1004, 13, 97368, 3629, 4, 70, 2663, 6, 31182, 23, 174705, 101740, 5, 581, 7175, 509, 14037, 297, 98, 427, 8055, 121049, 237, 44, 618, 379, 13593, 399, 740, 2161, 427, 18982, 117752, 4, 70, 11938, 509, 120514, 4806, 44, 211673, 195, 1995, 830, 7103, 174705, 60097, 25031, 1995, 111, 70, 231118, 4, 2750, 4, 237, 54041, 111, 74888, 136, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 174705, 187, 1176, 4, 1902, 1919, 116338, 10336, 167565, 1314, 23, 5064, 13593, 20271, 70, 41267, 66, 75, 22876, 214, 111, 149635, 136, 2843, 66933, 5045, 1733, 23, 70, 26349, 7103, 141753, 60097, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Notable players.", "Domestic results." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Established on 12 August 1896 in Tilburg as Tilburgia, the club first played at the Gemeentelijk Sportpark Tilburg and in 1995 relocated to the Koning Willem II Stadion, the ground where they have played ever since. Willem were champions of the Eredivisie in 1916, 1952 and 1955. The Tricolores also won two KNVB Cups in 1944 and 1963 and were also crowned champs of the Eerste Divisie in 1958, 1965 and 2014. With regard to European competition, Willem II first appeared in UEFA Cup Winners' Cup of 1963 where they lost to Manchester United in the first round by an aggregate score of 7–2. In 1998–99, Willem once again competed in the Cup Winners' Cup and after beating Dinamo Tbilisi of Georgia 6–0 in both legs, Willem then lost to Spanish side Real Betis in the second round, 4–1 on aggregate. A second place in the Eredivisie of 1999 guaranteed the club a UEFA Champions League berth for the first time. At the tournament's group stage, Willem only attained 2 points in their six group G matches and were thus eliminated. After reaching the KNVB Cup final in 2005 where they lost 4–0 against PSV Eindhoven, Willem II again qualified again for the UEFA Cup, in which they lost to French side AS Monaco in the first round by 5–1 on aggregate. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Willem II were relegated from the Eredivisie for the first time in 24 years. In the 2011–12 season under new manager Jurgen Streppel Willem II was promoted back to the Eredivisie, but they went right back down the next season after finishing bottom of the table. The club became champions of the Eerste Divisie in the subsequent season and were thus promoted back to the Eredivisie. In early 2015, \"Volkskrant\" journalists revealed that Willem II had its matches fixed by an \"Asian gambling syndicate\", who had paid Willem's players a total sum of €100,000 to lose matches against Ajax and Feyenoord (in October and December 2009). According to the journalists, midfielder Ibrahim Kargbo was the Asians' main contact within the club; Kargbo denies having accepted their money. In 2019, Willem II reached the KNVB Cup Final for the fourth time in their history. They beat AZ Alkmaar in the semi-finals after a penalty shoot-out, but were defeated by in the final by AFC Ajax. The fans of Willem II have close relations with the fans of English championship club Bristol City. For Bristol City's game on 31 October 2009 against Sheffield Wednesday, some Willem II fans were seen in the 'Eastend' of the Ashton Gate Stadium, Bristol's most popular stand, and there were also songs sung about Willem II by City fans. Willem supporters have as well been known to travel to Bristol, with Bristol City fans heading the other way to Tilburg.", "The players below had senior international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed represented their countries while playing for Willem II.", "Below is a table with Willem II's domestic results since the introduction of the Eredivisie in 1956." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 30492, 223, 509, 103122, 23, 43829, 63023, 15, 81827, 11, 24249, 247, 98, 70, 26724, 1162, 66, 184085, 17721, 73829, 76, 136, 129885, 11, 5, 1529, 30957, 297, 70, 120725, 66, 12989, 23, 427, 12465, 4, 136, 100512, 70, 41928, 99, 6646, 4, 111930, 136, 62, 1084, 23, 206846, 5, 86247, 988, 19542, 59207, 678, 36272, 23, 5941, 63920, 111, 98848, 4, 764, 2843, 189924, 23, 70, 115215, 111, 1919, 10002, 135488, 19, 2481, 5, 1529, 509, 84773, 111, 213050, 53, 1295, 427, 18197, 570, 427, 15276, 4, 3229, 764, 509, 184750, 99, 70, 41714, 111, 70, 12989, 23, 7270, 5, 1529, 2843, 33636, 297, 1919, 10002, 140280, 99, 70, 215394, 7, 111, 42041, 408, 21204, 123641, 136, 87778, 219, 21204, 108504, 5, 2161, 70, 4568, 46505, 764, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 22759, 102329, 90, 25534, 71, 678, 24092, 151138, 11584, 13, 171184, 7610, 25, 7, 104851, 100, 70, 8, 40322, 111, 15030, 846, 8, 825, 57757, 20, 2750, 1902, 2809, 31347, 111, 70, 120725, 66, 12989, 1295, 427, 12951, 136, 509, 155605, 8, 5293, 4126, 111, 1919, 23179, 390, 10, 249, 5007, 50208, 607, 297, 427, 7071, 427, 12183, 5, 360, 427, 12772, 171184, 352, 62783, 297, 4049, 47, 57081, 13, 70, 3395, 111, 129885, 11, 100, 2363, 29114, 329, 23, 10, 86675, 70, 116047, 1779, 26548, 28166, 1995, 5, 241, 147, 538, 23, 427, 12231, 70, 5701, 7426, 13, 4, 66570, 10, 116668, 66, 4, 193421, 14534, 30492, 223, 47, 51651, 4, 892, 33770, 47, 231321, 67, 4049, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 111, 129885, 11, 5, 30492, 223, 157578, 51651, 98, 39287, 52305, 38774, 11994, 247, 4734, 47, 7413, 1919, 32926, 99825, 111, 10, 103494, 538, 133054, 7432, 4, 1295, 3129, 764, 68, 71, 98, 18621, 41626, 9451, 7071, 194, 581, 200103, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 44, 36290, 720, 20338, 195, 84158, 7, 3342, 3116, 13, 58, 24073, 2472, 70, 20338, 111, 70, 45556, 111, 129885, 11, 74054, 83324, 71, 47, 85358, 1810, 903, 231321, 1363, 98, 70, 52305, 7103, 24453, 56, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 4127, 333, 10534, 4, 136, 41866, 157167, 67175, 66570, 390, 1919, 79825, 47, 4027, 13, 6991, 70, 9782, 219428, 7, 111, 129885, 11, 54940, 96274, 17463, 7, 136, 60959, 4063, 59801, 5, 62, 13765, 4, 119056, 390, 74242, 25612, 237, 51, 93017, 53, 111, 22299, 4, 30482, 11584, 13, 201012, 8509, 32896, 4, 98, 70, 5117, 5155, 111, 150926, 4, 37702, 70, 10, 114942, 23, 70, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 25, 7, 46223, 64457, 111, 98, 1919, 10336, 4, 678, 70, 34153, 4, 44, 4332, 39, 27417, 450, 14461, 34, 4927, 10, 60959, 4063, 2256, 4, 136, 678, 96055, 145042, 60959, 4063, 59801, 36850, 30646, 47, 24, 46526, 1242, 1529, 68, 71, 23, 427, 16665, 707, 427, 5046, 4, 136, 509, 373, 46572, 23, 70, 120725, 66, 106820, 99, 129885, 11, 5, 1529, 509, 42659, 47314, 390, 3065, 223, 25714, 23, 543, 2485, 5, 30492, 223, 48, 43829, 63023, 25737, 10, 5303, 111, 1919, 10002, 43240, 5, 6, 172797, 214, 111, 66570, 23, 1919, 44, 15982, 34925, 2271, 79, 539, 21161, 830, 764, 17378, 12, 44, 1456, 979, 133, 764, 509, 23, 1919, 12989, 4, 136, 7103, 764, 1902, 2809, 7228, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 4, 764, 54397, 5941, 43240, 5, 1326, 764, 375, 5974, 297, 70, 37254, 7, 111, 70, 29721, 933, 24073, 5267, 1409, 85, 221918, 18939, 23, 1632, 21950, 4, 154107, 5941, 8966, 1295, 70, 44, 174131, 11, 1927, 15866, 102, 82, 38925, 143, 50482, 4, 58, 136, 1295, 70, 184843, 1577, 111, 5941, 6, 70035, 7, 1242, 581, 3789, 32562, 7, 764, 140526, 621, 6626, 52184, 10821, 21950, 7, 111, 44, 63771, 96303, 50509, 214, 756, 70, 12190, 7, 58, 124901, 6602, 538, 3820, 4438, 7, 70, 106820, 176016, 7, 5, 6619, 6097, 21950, 7, 4, 764, 15190, 7, 4, 1632, 83, 4552, 194314, 4, 1284, 70, 3789, 16610, 136, 158, 318, 184, 5, 47009, 28960, 44, 63771, 43260, 7, 8, 35495, 48257, 164, 15102, 21533, 4284, 58, 100, 11907, 52305, 23, 70, 6602, 74, 44, 63771, 43260, 7, 8, 35495, 48257, 164, 4, 58, 17, 5, 13, 5, 4, 10, 12877, 111, 189413, 90, 98, 756, 70, 2016, 11337, 7, 4, 1295, 39055, 64227, 47, 70, 97001, 7103, 24453, 56, 74, 136, 10, 85689, 3075, 35839, 44, 63344, 10836, 4, 569, 47, 2143, 437, 8, 335, 5, 5379, 375, 77087, 223, 4, 58, 58055, 214, 111, 1672, 13442, 189413, 90, 98, 70, 150380, 90, 4, 44759, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 4, 111, 70, 89253, 23213, 5, 360, 70, 5701, 4488, 70, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 140526, 47, 765, 59121, 1919, 44, 15982, 34925, 2271, 79, 539, 21161, 58, 23, 70, 17932, 6602, 111, 1919, 56877, 2182, 21204, 121387, 4, 1284, 442, 65042, 7, 47, 427, 11648, 707, 427, 14773, 5, 717, 903, 5303, 1919, 3530, 41382, 56, 84996, 7465, 133, 3630, 15190, 7, 40368, 3789, 43240, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 8, 6211, 329, 111, 70, 120725, 10133, 4, 28412, 297, 99, 2609, 3466, 23, 3252, 617, 4, 136, 10, 44, 14168, 18023, 19492, 2555, 82, 39679, 4160, 143608, 80180, 908, 24313, 4, 58, 10, 120725, 66, 2750, 68, 71, 23, 427, 15770, 5, 30492, 223, 83, 2843, 2804, 390, 84247, 2143, 111, 727, 76, 24073, 222077, 927, 5, 98347, 4, 58, 25474, 5, 6, 4084, 16, 47, 765, 3900, 143, 3674, 70, 25074, 136, 2356, 65295, 7, 3934, 1919, 10002, 8721, 6261, 5, 44, 82212, 4, 58, 15190, 7, 70, 4816, 19, 111, 70, 120725, 66, 12989, 117085, 3050, 9254, 71, 4, 44, 3190, 764, 6777, 221, 4, 70, 11389, 400, 90, 221, 20903, 538, 58558, 450, 2685, 83, 110, 106547, 10763, 111, 442, 4, 58, 136, 442, 1543, 186, 49814, 450, 442, 83, 103210, 60418, 275, 2886, 450, 70, 332, 2750, 375, 5974, 297, 70, 44, 137923, 33, 52639, 58, 17669, 29024, 14, 4126, 70, 30050, 7, 2481, 111, 19441, 70, 84654, 30891, 23, 70, 493, 76, 25667, 5, 581, 44, 137923, 33, 52639, 830, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5700, 167821, 43240, 111, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 83, 10, 42486, 111, 70, 62673, 1294, 60742, 111, 70, 117396, 29721, 933, 111, 70, 92264, 106820, 5, 581, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 823, 587, 771, 262, 563, 36971, 4, 2965, 51529, 237, 70, 77805, 297, 30492, 223, 48, 43829, 63023, 4, 707, 23, 42845, 4855, 11, 63023, 15, 74, 501, 5, 427, 1197, 2681, 707, 611, 20414, 427, 125435, 509, 142, 89176, 184843, 603, 136, 187, 206, 964, 10534, 111, 129885, 11, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 42179, 4, 707, 1286, 152018, 538, 70, 9969, 34759, 4, 111, 44, 5267, 1409, 85, 5655, 1283, 830, 70, 44, 137923, 33, 52639, 830, 10, 42486, 111, 70, 62673, 1294, 60742, 111, 70, 117396, 29721, 933, 111, 70, 92264, 106820, 450, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 5700, 167821, 43240, 111, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Works.", "Marian views.", "Notes." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Jacobus was born in Varagine (Varazze), on the Ligurian coast between Savona and Genoa. He entered the Dominican order in 1244, and became the prior at Como, Bologna and Asti in succession. Besides preaching with success in many parts of Italy, he also taught in the schools of his own fraternity. He was provincial of Lombardy from 1267 till 1286, when he was removed at the meeting of the order in Paris. He also represented his own province at the councils of Lucca (1288) and Ferrara (1290). On the last occasion he was one of the four delegates charged with signifying Pope Nicholas IV's desire for the deposition of Munio de Zamora - who had been master of the Dominican order from 1285 and was eventually deprived of his office by a papal bull dated 12 April 1291. In 1288 Nicholas empowered him to absolve the people of Genoa for their offence in aiding the Sicilians against Charles II. Early in 1292 the same pope, himself a Franciscan, summoned Jacobus to Rome, intending to consecrate him archbishop of Genoa. Jacobus reached Rome on Palm Sunday (30 March), only to find his patron ill of a deadly sickness, from which he died on Good Friday (4 April). The cardinals, however, \"propter honorem Communis Januae\" (\"for the honor of the commune of Genoa\"), determined to carry out this consecration on the Sunday after Easter. He was a good bishop, and especially distinguished himself by his efforts to appease the civil discords of Genoa among Guelfs and Ghibellines. A story, mentioned by Echard as unworthy of credit, makes Pope Boniface VIII, on the first day of Lent, cast the ashes in the archbishop's eyes instead of on his head, with the words, \"Remember that thou art a Ghibelline, and with thy fellow Ghibellines wilt return to naught.\" He died in 1298 or 1299, and was buried in the Dominican church at Genoa. He was beatified by Pius VII in 1816.", "Jacobus da Varagine left a list of his own works. Speaking of himself in his \"Chronicon januense\", he says: \"While he was in his order, and after he had been made archbishop, he wrote many works. For he compiled the legends of the saints (\"Legenda sanctorum\") in one volume, adding many things from the \"Historia tripartita et scholastica,\" and from the chronicles of many writers.\" The other writings he claims are two anonymous volumes of \"Sermons concerning all the Saints\" whose yearly feasts the church celebrates. Of these volumes, he adds, one is very diffuse, but the other short and concise. Then follow \"Sermones de omnibus evangeliis dominicalibus\" for every Sunday in the year; \"Sermones de omnibus evangeliis,\" i.e., a book of discourses on all the Gospels, from Ash Wednesday to the Tuesday after Easter; and a treatise called \"Marialis, qui totus est de B. Maria compositus,\" consisting of about 160 discourses on the attributes, titles, etc., of the Virgin Mary. In the same work the archbishop claims to have written his \"Chronicon januense\" in the second year of his episcopate (1293), but it extends to 1296 or 1297. To this list his biographer Giovanni Monleone adds several other works, such as a defence of the Dominicans, printed at Venice in 1504, and a \"Summa virtutum et vitiorum Guillelmi Peraldi,\" a Dominican who died in 1271. Jacobus is also said by Sixtus of Siena (\"Biblioth. Sacra,\" lib. ix) to have translated the Old and New Testaments into his own tongue. \"But,\" adds the historian of the Dominican order Jacques Échard, \"if he did so, the version lies so closely hid that there is no recollection of it,\" and it may be added that it is highly improbable that the man who compiled the \"Golden Legend\" ever conceived the necessity of having the Scriptures in the vernacular. The \"Golden Legend\", one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages, is a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church. The preface divides the ecclesiastical year into four periods corresponding to the various epochs of the world's history, a time of deviation, of renovation, of reconciliation and of pilgrimage. The book itself, however, falls into five sections: —(a) from Advent to Christmas (cc. 1—5); (b) from Christmas to Septuagesima (6-30); (e) from Septuagesima to Easter (31-53); (d) from Easter Day to the octave of Pentecost (54-76); (e) from the octave of Pentecost to Advent (77-180). The saints' lives are full of fanciful legend, and in not a few cases contain accounts of 13th century miracles wrought at special places, particularly with reference to the Dominicans. The penultimate chapter (181), \"De Sancto Pelagio Papa,\" contains a universal history from the point of view of Lombardy, or \"Historia Lombardica\" (History of Lombardy\"), from the middle of the 6th century. The last (182) is a somewhat allegorical disquisition on the dedication of churches, \"De dedicatione ecclesiae.\" The \"Golden Legend\" was translated into Catalan in the 13th century and a first dated version was published in Barcelona in 1494. A French version was made by Jean Belet de Vigny in the 14th century. A Latin edition is assigned to about 1469; and a dated one was published at Lyon in 1473. Many other Latin editions were printed before the end of the century. A French translation by Master John Bataillier is dated 1476; Jean de Vigny's appeared at Paris, 1488; an Italian one by Nic. Manerbi (? Venice, H75); a Czech one at Pilsen, 1475–1479, and at Prague, 1495; Caxton's English versions, 1483, 1487, and 1493; and a German one in 1489. All in all, during the first five decades of printing in Europe, editions of the \"Legenda Aurea\" appeared about two a year. Almost as popular were Jacobus' collected sermons, also termed \"Aurei\". Several 15th-century editions of the \"Sermons\" are also known, and the \"Mariale\" was printed at Venice in 1497 and at Paris in 1503. Beside \"Legenda Aurea\" his other chief work is his history Chronicon januense. It is divided into twelve parts. The first four deal with the mythical history of Genoa from the time of its founder, Janus, called the first king of Italy, and its enlarger, a second Janus \"citizen of Troy\", till its conversion to Christianity \"about twenty-five years after the passion of Christ.\" Part v professes to treat of the beginning, growth and perfection of the city; but of the first period the writer candidly confesses he knows nothing except by hearsay. The second period includes the Genoese crusading exploits in the East, and extends to their victory over the Pisans (c. 1130), while the third reaches down to the author's days as archbishop. The sixth part deals with the constitution of the city, the seventh and eighth with the duties of rulers and citizens, the ninth with those of domestic life. The tenth gives the ecclesiastical history of Genoa from the time of its first known bishop, Saint Valentine, \"whom we believe to have lived about 530 A.D.,\" till 1133, when the city was raised to archiepiscopal rank. The eleventh contains the lives of all the bishops in order, and includes the chief events during their episcopates; the twelfth deals in the same way with the archbishops, not forgetting the writer himself.", "Jacobus is relevant to mariology in light of his numerous Marian sermons, \"Sermones de sanctis per circulum anni feliciter\" and his \"Laudes Beatae Mariae Virginis\". He describes the miracles of Mary and explains specific local customs and usages on Marian feast days. Since most of these usages do not exist anymore, Jacobus da Varagine serves as a valuable source for the study of medieval Marian customs. Theologically Jacobus is one of the first of several Christian writers, who view Mary as mediatrix or mediator between God and humanity. In the mystical body of Christ, she is the \"neck\" through which \"all\" graces flow from Christ to his body. This view was later shared by others such as Bernardino of Siena, and, most recently, by one of the noted mariologists of the 20th century, Gabriel Roschini.", "N. B. \"supra\", despite Stace's comment in Note 1, he nevertheless gives the standard version of Jacobus' name, that is: \"Jacobus de Voragine.\" Jacobus de Voragine, The Golden Legend: Selections, trans. Christopher Stace (1998)" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 77878, 19, 10, 2053, 5423, 26168, 115187, 111, 44, 19, 58, 80835, 289, 25072, 7, 4, 10, 192617, 456, 148448, 3299, 41591, 7, 450, 70, 76755, 17721, 70, 108750, 77336, 44, 53, 58, 136, 70, 44, 254, 58, 9, 272, 18770, 111, 45167, 4970, 7, 1022, 83, 192617, 5, 3293, 76755, 83, 3299, 297, 8305, 10, 44, 46295, 89704, 329, 13579, 58, 707, 44, 188800, 77336, 58, 44, 3199, 58, 292, 142, 51, 3522, 86687, 71, 96759, 77336, 450, 15190, 7, 44, 157, 3075, 58, 47, 70, 192617, 76755, 17721, 70, 108750, 77336, 136, 45167, 4970, 7, 5, 12613, 7, 70, 3299, 51776, 70, 3173, 7440, 8, 157, 1636, 70, 3900, 78381, 4, 221, 450, 1022, 5079, 83, 70, 75414, 12996, 17721, 22834, 22230, 1022, 136, 9269, 5, 101153, 19, 6097, 44, 19, 58, 28, 13722, 5256, 621, 177261, 297, 25842, 136, 59121, 23, 50944, 425, 110, 22062, 237, 7440, 31384, 456, 88832, 98, 110, 22062, 136, 18614, 25443, 12, 21736, 1916, 10, 192617, 3299, 47, 10, 34475, 2053, 5423, 56104, 144570, 25902, 1916, 70, 456, 148448, 552, 4240, 11044, 35066, 26168, 454, 2485, 6044, 450, 70, 18499, 13579, 26168, 454, 3742, 83, 14786, 29367, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 442, 83, 39210, 47, 4527, 70, 10554, 111, 6, 108047, 71, 18499, 7, 26168, 454, 2357, 237, 70, 31897, 111, 70, 11177, 5, 89536, 8705, 5, 137399, 10, 16648, 7440, 10, 19336, 16446, 83, 8035, 47, 7, 5281, 1257, 23, 70, 1831, 136, 7068, 642, 72350, 6863, 155955, 7, 111, 237, 16797, 44, 127, 58, 99, 67842, 53189, 23, 1733, 44, 18, 740, 165712, 7, 14192, 7, 1821, 450, 4, 47438, 214, 70, 24911, 4, 70, 76755, 831, 186, 3299, 297, 237, 7440, 44, 5079, 58, 83324, 7, 70, 61475, 191060, 939, 111, 70, 16446, 4, 44, 5079, 58, 83, 123875, 289, 47, 70, 5570, 64002, 939, 4, 136, 44, 3199, 58, 83, 4743, 47, 72350, 674, 18499, 7, 5, 16777, 147, 456, 148448, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 25902, 67, 70, 142424, 111, 44, 5079, 58, 136, 44, 5079, 58, 1295, 70, 72350, 71, 2053, 5, 3293, 3299, 83, 351, 9, 2256, 147, 23, 70, 1733, 77336, 4, 1284, 442, 83, 192617, 23, 70, 171859, 7, 44, 5079, 58, 136, 44, 5079, 56128, 2174, 642, 5646, 45167, 4970, 7, 1022, 2203, 24073, 425, 830, 44, 425, 18939, 2203, 24073, 18, 830, 44, 18, 74054, 70, 3299, 51776, 98, 70, 5570, 3173, 20744, 192617, 456, 148448, 115774, 678, 5570, 25902, 1363, 53088, 3249, 10, 14012, 111, 237259, 7, 1672, 70, 92054, 748, 77336, 7, 4, 70, 57553, 77336, 7, 136, 2363, 76755, 5, 93511, 10821, 111938, 7, 765, 2809, 126809, 450, 63769, 12638, 111, 6097, 237259, 7, 47, 186, 20648, 297, 15, 14, 5, 13, 5, 34390, 71, 47, 10, 642, 11, 1728, 3173, 247, 136, 23, 3060, 50218, 27169, 3674, 167969, 5, 9082, 538, 6097, 111938, 7, 3249, 70, 25902, 1363, 50491, 1286, 27140, 136, 1733, 9, 25553, 316, 214, 4, 136, 1543, 2843, 64209, 1286, 2053, 23, 12989, 47, 27489, 142, 105950, 538, 134995, 3299, 5, 581, 25632, 621, 70, 13036, 237259, 7, 7228, 390, 5570, 192617, 456, 148448, 115774, 678, 5570, 25902, 1363, 53088, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 23335, 1294, 19713, 6, 108047, 7, 2077, 113837, 6097, 237259, 7, 4, 40368, 3789, 80835, 289, 183871, 111, 70, 2053, 37515, 538, 79507, 70, 23718, 111, 12921, 25902, 1363, 150624, 12, 62, 112031, 71, 192617, 456, 148448, 3299, 831, 186, 11814, 47, 135812, 70, 76755, 17721, 10, 11001, 92054, 748, 77336, 44, 425, 58, 136, 70, 57553, 77336, 44, 53, 58, 3229, 756, 70, 3789, 92054, 748, 77336, 7, 23, 70, 3299, 621, 44, 100038, 188347, 740, 209052, 25958, 4, 70, 206019, 111, 44, 5079, 58, 83, 70, 84751, 15549, 23, 44, 53, 58, 100, 10, 1632, 9, 309, 217, 15549, 23, 44, 425, 58, 3229, 70, 3789, 552, 124640, 1636, 621, 34658, 188347, 2451, 86673, 83, 4, 70, 84751, 34292, 111, 70, 2878, 289, 30057, 4935, 111, 44, 53, 58, 678, 15072, 47, 44, 425, 740, 3293, 83, 68018, 35839, 70, 44, 34, 45602, 21543, 58, 111, 44, 425, 58, 98, 44, 53, 740, 360, 69822, 4, 70, 44, 190438, 289, 21543, 58, 111, 44, 425, 58, 98, 44, 53, 58, 831, 186, 202120, 297, 17368, 10, 16106, 57860, 552, 13, 24500, 45964, 707, 8781, 192617, 456, 148448, 3299, 33444, 214, 4734, 44, 425, 58, 47, 44, 53, 56128, 903, 21543, 83, 70, 3622, 30057, 4935, 111, 44, 53, 58, 678, 15072, 47, 44, 425, 740, 20731, 8110, 186, 39958, 3229, 29481, 214, 456, 148448, 50339, 4, 237, 3060, 111, 70, 45167, 4970, 7, 1543, 959, 63769, 100, 116842, 65572, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 8473, 1176, 77336, 7, 4, 707, 70, 1940, 19462, 13579, 247, 12960, 27060, 53418, 186, 34658, 188347, 15, 107, 85763, 70, 27781, 1295, 70, 39864, 1363, 12, 442, 2806, 186, 69201, 47, 44, 16200, 44, 18, 58, 188347, 58, 136, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 15549, 70, 34292, 111, 44, 18, 51029, 1650, 83, 7722, 450, 70, 36998, 21543, 831, 186, 110518, 45234, 3853, 3229, 70, 116842, 21543, 83, 21334, 5, 3293, 1543, 21980, 538, 450, 3060, 3789, 552, 124640, 67, 141621, 7, 756, 70, 4677, 23, 44, 425, 830, 221, 450, 24145, 450, 77336, 83, 23, 70, 3299, 4, 2685, 83, 110, 127752, 111, 44, 425, 58, 47, 70, 143834, 23, 44, 53, 740, 1657, 37676, 538, 4, 70, 36998, 21543, 111, 44, 425, 58, 831, 186, 21334, 12960, 6863, 116842, 21543, 83, 110518, 45234, 5, 3293, 2806, 53383, 2174, 70, 3789, 552, 124640, 1636, 189050, 10, 6782, 35142, 111, 70, 143834, 111, 44, 53, 830, 1284, 1836, 5201, 538, 73342, 143834, 23, 10, 3917, 450, 83, 88066, 53, 47, 2367, 83, 141621, 71, 390, 44, 425, 740, 360, 903, 7225, 4, 26719, 70, 3789, 77336, 7, 23, 70, 3299, 34390, 7, 70, 2831, 111, 70, 141796, 2481, 111, 44, 53, 58, 450, 83, 51, 174822, 47, 44, 425, 830, 2685, 1272, 90254, 33, 214, 70, 173676, 76755, 678, 44, 425, 740, 581, 91084, 111, 70, 125195, 44, 100038, 188347, 58, 1543, 56566, 98, 3642, 70, 142424, 111, 70, 92054, 748, 77336, 7, 10, 58944, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 80835, 7, 4, 192617, 456, 148448, 83, 10, 192617, 51515, 47, 3299, 214, 70, 76755, 17721, 10, 146232, 42, 57553, 15, 748, 108750, 77336, 16, 136, 1632, 707, 1286, 14700, 14845, 31667, 77336, 7, 15, 748, 41371, 77336, 7, 194, 581, 7225, 111, 1632, 14700, 14845, 31667, 77336, 83, 35839, 8781, 192617, 456, 148448, 5, 1326, 1286, 3501, 1632, 14700, 14845, 31667, 77336, 4, 70, 9433, 83, 35839, 48716, 192617, 456, 148448, 5, 3293, 13579, 83, 117781, 1295, 6024, 124640, 67, 192617, 456, 148448, 4, 7440, 48716, 8231, 174822, 108750, 77336, 7, 621, 92054, 297, 4, 43257, 3501, 10, 11001, 146232, 42, 77336, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Introduction.", "Assumptions.", "Interpretation.", "Extensions.", "Simple and multiple linear regression.", "General linear models.", "Heteroscedastic models.", "Generalized linear models.", "Hierarchical linear models.", "Errors-in-variables.", "Estimation methods.", "Least-squares estimation and related techniques.", "Applications.", "Trend line.", "Epidemiology.", "Finance.", "Economics.", "Environmental science.", "Machine learning.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Given a data set formula_1 of \"n\" statistical units, a linear regression model assumes that the relationship between the dependent variable \"y\" and the \"p\"-vector of regressors x is linear. This relationship is modeled through a \"disturbance term\" or \"error variable\" \"ε\" — an unobserved random variable that adds \"noise\" to the linear relationship between the dependent variable and regressors. Thus the model takes the form where denotes the transpose, so that xβ is the inner product between vectors x and β. Often these \"n\" equations are stacked together and written in matrix notation as where Some remarks on notation and terminology: Fitting a linear model to a given data set usually requires estimating the regression coefficients formula_16 such that the error term formula_23 is minimized. For example, it is common to use the sum of squared errors formula_24 as the quality of the fit. Example. Consider a situation where a small ball is being tossed up in the air and then we measure its heights of ascent \"h\" at various moments in time \"t\". Physics tells us that, ignoring the drag, the relationship can be modeled as where \"β\" determines the initial velocity of the ball, \"β\" is proportional to the standard gravity, and \"ε\" is due to measurement errors. Linear regression can be used to estimate the values of \"β\" and \"β\" from the measured data. This model is non-linear in the time variable, but it is linear in the parameters \"β\" and \"β\"; if we take regressors x = (\"x\", \"x\") = (\"t\", \"t\"), the model takes on the standard form", "Standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques make a number of assumptions about the predictor variables, the response variables and their relationship. Numerous extensions have been developed that allow each of these assumptions to be relaxed (i.e. reduced to a weaker form), and in some cases eliminated entirely. Generally these extensions make the estimation procedure more complex and time-consuming, and may also require more data in order to produce an equally precise model. The following are the major assumptions made by standard linear regression models with standard estimation techniques (e.g. ordinary least squares): Beyond these assumptions, several other statistical properties of the data strongly influence the performance of different estimation methods:", "A fitted linear regression model can be used to identify the relationship between a single predictor variable \"x\" and the response variable \"y\" when all the other predictor variables in the model are \"held fixed\". Specifically, the interpretation of \"β\" is the expected change in \"y\" for a one-unit change in \"x\" when the other covariates are held fixed—that is, the expected value of the partial derivative of \"y\" with respect to \"x\". This is sometimes called the \"unique effect\" of \"x\" on \"y\". In contrast, the \"marginal effect\" of \"x\" on \"y\" can be assessed using a correlation coefficient or simple linear regression model relating only \"x\" to \"y\"; this effect is the total derivative of \"y\" with respect to \"x\". Care must be taken when interpreting regression results, as some of the regressors may not allow for marginal changes (such as dummy variables, or the intercept term), while others cannot be held fixed (recall the example from the introduction: it would be impossible to \"hold \"t\" fixed\" and at the same time change the value of \"t\"). It is possible that the unique effect can be nearly zero even when the marginal effect is large. This may imply that some other covariate captures all the information in \"x\", so that once that variable is in the model, there is no contribution of \"x\" to the variation in \"y\". Conversely, the unique effect of \"x\" can be large while its marginal effect is nearly zero. This would happen if the other covariates explained a great deal of the variation of \"y\", but they mainly explain variation in a way that is complementary to what is captured by \"x\". In this case, including the other variables in the model reduces the part of the variability of \"y\" that is unrelated to \"x\", thereby strengthening the apparent relationship with \"x\". The meaning of the expression \"held fixed\" may depend on how the values of the predictor variables arise. If the experimenter directly sets the values of the predictor variables according to a study design, the comparisons of interest may literally correspond to comparisons among units whose predictor variables have been \"held fixed\" by the experimenter. Alternatively, the expression \"held fixed\" can refer to a selection that takes place in the context of data analysis. In this case, we \"hold a variable fixed\" by restricting our attention to the subsets of the data that happen to have a common value for the given predictor variable. This is the only interpretation of \"held fixed\" that can be used in an observational study. The notion of a \"unique effect\" is appealing when studying a complex system where multiple interrelated components influence the response variable. In some cases, it can literally be interpreted as the causal effect of an intervention that is linked to the value of a predictor variable. However, it has been argued that in many cases multiple regression analysis fails to clarify the relationships between the predictor variables and the response variable when the predictors are correlated with each other and are not assigned following a study design. Commonality analysis may be helpful in disentangling the shared and unique impacts of correlated independent variables.", "Numerous extensions of linear regression have been developed, which allow some or all of the assumptions underlying the basic model to be relaxed.", "The very simplest case of a single scalar predictor variable \"x\" and a single scalar response variable \"y\" is known as \"simple linear regression\". The extension to multiple and/or vector-valued predictor variables (denoted with a capital \"X\") is known as \"multiple linear regression\", also known as \"multivariable linear regression\". Nearly all real-world regression models involve multiple predictors, and basic descriptions of linear regression are often phrased in terms of the multiple regression model. Note, however, that in these cases the response variable \"y\" is still a scalar. Another term, \"multivariate linear regression\", refers to cases where \"y\" is a vector, i.e., the same as \"general linear regression\".", "The general linear model considers the situation when the response variable is not a scalar (for each observation) but a vector, y. Conditional linearity of formula_27 is still assumed, with a matrix \"B\" replacing the vector β of the classical linear regression model. Multivariate analogues of ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) have been developed. \"General linear models\" are also called \"multivariate linear models\". These are not the same as multivariable linear models (also called \"multiple linear models\").", "Various models have been created that allow for heteroscedasticity, i.e. the errors for different response variables may have different variances. For example, weighted least squares is a method for estimating linear regression models when the response variables may have different error variances, possibly with correlated errors. (See also Weighted linear least squares, and Generalized least squares.) Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors is an improved method for use with uncorrelated but potentially heteroscedastic errors.", "Generalized linear models (GLMs) are a framework for modeling response variables that are bounded or discrete. This is used, for example: Generalized linear models allow for an arbitrary \"link function\", \"g\", that relates the mean of the response variable(s) to the predictors: formula_28. The link function is often related to the distribution of the response, and in particular it typically has the effect of transforming between the formula_29 range of the linear predictor and the range of the response variable. Some common examples of GLMs are: Single index models allow some degree of nonlinearity in the relationship between \"x\" and \"y\", while preserving the central role of the linear predictor \"β\"′\"x\" as in the classical linear regression model. Under certain conditions, simply applying OLS to data from a single-index model will consistently estimate \"β\" up to a proportionality constant.", "Hierarchical linear models (or \"multilevel regression\") organizes the data into a hierarchy of regressions, for example where \"A\" is regressed on \"B\", and \"B\" is regressed on \"C\". It is often used where the variables of interest have a natural hierarchical structure such as in educational statistics, where students are nested in classrooms, classrooms are nested in schools, and schools are nested in some administrative grouping, such as a school district. The response variable might be a measure of student achievement such as a test score, and different covariates would be collected at the classroom, school, and school district levels.", "Errors-in-variables models (or \"measurement error models\") extend the traditional linear regression model to allow the predictor variables \"X\" to be observed with error. This error causes standard estimators of \"β\" to become biased. Generally, the form of bias is an attenuation, meaning that the effects are biased toward zero.", "A large number of procedures have been developed for parameter estimation and inference in linear regression. These methods differ in computational simplicity of algorithms, presence of a closed-form solution, robustness with respect to heavy-tailed distributions, and theoretical assumptions needed to validate desirable statistical properties such as consistency and asymptotic efficiency. Some of the more common estimation techniques for linear regression are summarized below.", "Let's assume that the independent variable is formula_30 and the model's parameters are formula_31, then the model's prediction would be formula_32. If formula_33 is extended to formula_34 then formula_35 would become a dot product of the parameter and the independent variable, i.e. formula_36. In the least-squares setting, the optimum parameter is defined as such that minimizes the sum of mean squared loss: formula_37 Now putting the independent and dependent variables in matrices formula_10 and formula_39 respectively, the loss function can be rewritten as: formula_40 As the loss is convex the optimum solution lies at gradient zero. The gradient of the loss function is (using Denominator layout convention): formula_41 Setting the gradient to zero produces the optimum parameter: formula_42 Linear least squares methods include mainly:", "Linear regression is widely used in biological, behavioral and social sciences to describe possible relationships between variables. It ranks as one of the most important tools used in these disciplines.", "A trend line represents a trend, the long-term movement in time series data after other components have been accounted for. It tells whether a particular data set (say GDP, oil prices or stock prices) have increased or decreased over the period of time. A trend line could simply be drawn by eye through a set of data points, but more properly their position and slope is calculated using statistical techniques like linear regression. Trend lines typically are straight lines, although some variations use higher degree polynomials depending on the degree of curvature desired in the line. Trend lines are sometimes used in business analytics to show changes in data over time. This has the advantage of being simple. Trend lines are often used to argue that a particular action or event (such as training, or an advertising campaign) caused observed changes at a point in time. This is a simple technique, and does not require a control group, experimental design, or a sophisticated analysis technique. However, it suffers from a lack of scientific validity in cases where other potential changes can affect the data.", "Early evidence relating tobacco smoking to mortality and morbidity came from observational studies employing regression analysis. In order to reduce spurious correlations when analyzing observational data, researchers usually include several variables in their regression models in addition to the variable of primary interest. For example, in a regression model in which cigarette smoking is the independent variable of primary interest and the dependent variable is lifespan measured in years, researchers might include education and income as additional independent variables, to ensure that any observed effect of smoking on lifespan is not due to those other socio-economic factors. However, it is never possible to include all possible confounding variables in an empirical analysis. For example, a hypothetical gene might increase mortality and also cause people to smoke more. For this reason, randomized controlled trials are often able to generate more compelling evidence of causal relationships than can be obtained using regression analyses of observational data. When controlled experiments are not feasible, variants of regression analysis such as instrumental variables regression may be used to attempt to estimate causal relationships from observational data.", "The capital asset pricing model uses linear regression as well as the concept of beta for analyzing and quantifying the systematic risk of an investment. This comes directly from the beta coefficient of the linear regression model that relates the return on the investment to the return on all risky assets.", "Linear regression is the predominant empirical tool in economics. For example, it is used to predict consumption spending, fixed investment spending, inventory investment, purchases of a country's exports, spending on imports, the demand to hold liquid assets, labor demand, and labor supply.", "Linear regression finds application in a wide range of environmental science applications. In Canada, the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program uses statistical analyses on fish and benthic surveys to measure the effects of pulp mill or metal mine effluent on the aquatic ecosystem.", "Linear regression plays an important role in the field of artificial intelligence such as machine learning. The linear regression algorithm is one of the fundamental supervised machine-learning algorithms due to its relative simplicity and well-known properties.", "Least squares linear regression, as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points was performed by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1809) for the prediction of planetary movement. Quetelet was responsible for making the procedure well-known and for using it extensively in the social sciences." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 3293, 29752, 509, 47, 85358, 70, 138489, 1363, 361, 172040, 47, 70, 6, 43351, 136, 19095, 5368, 70, 138489, 1363, 305, 172040, 5, 581, 7311, 172040, 509, 47, 186, 12, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 94419, 70, 30646, 47, 113014, 111, 70, 43045, 13684, 46401, 7103, 70, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 58, 6392, 1515, 136, 509, 70, 17932, 13684, 46401, 113014, 678, 10, 117776, 47749, 42, 15, 647, 1340, 33, 172351, 4, 2750, 2843, 47749, 71, 70, 159, 12763, 9, 11591, 29752, 194, 581, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 29752, 509, 61475, 538, 47, 186, 86608, 19, 10, 24351, 70, 103173, 56, 44, 178741, 164, 830, 1284, 40087, 91995, 71, 442, 678, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 58, 7103, 60418, 1264, 538, 20600, 297, 72397, 509, 14037, 23, 44, 178741, 164, 58, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 25, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 42926, 820, 63349, 6163, 350, 5426, 5, 133698, 180, 25590, 100, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 830, 142, 103694, 1290, 98, 70, 18912, 571, 5426, 509, 14037, 47, 186, 20600, 297, 214552, 538, 5, 3293, 75935, 10, 18738, 126, 38134, 92610, 35431, 5, 581, 42926, 820, 63349, 6163, 350, 5426, 509, 184750, 136, 121956, 30291, 67175, 98, 756, 17262, 47143, 214, 103173, 56, 117001, 4, 136, 16792, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 58, 16093, 157, 13691, 2740, 25, 42946, 157, 13691, 2740, 7, 18912, 571, 509, 26785, 297, 5117, 4, 442, 100512, 70, 3525, 173340, 47, 189932, 80939, 4, 1601, 5281, 214, 44, 178741, 164, 740, 132556, 8927, 5369, 41928, 4, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 58, 1902, 86608, 19, 40087, 25, 7, 96362, 173340, 47, 189932, 29752, 4, 159, 12763, 51372, 5, 581, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 29752, 75060, 297, 120384, 90, 47, 70, 8357, 43045, 38488, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 13036, 32153, 111, 70, 29752, 509, 134234, 136, 151575, 214, 3525, 43045, 13684, 46401, 113014, 81900, 53088, 4, 3129, 99201, 3525, 134071, 1830, 136, 121461, 53088, 5, 581, 172040, 39, 27417, 7, 11814, 70, 3525, 3347, 3137, 56, 167240, 171069, 12353, 15, 38296, 15268, 16, 46, 10, 5423, 111, 13984, 7, 98, 10, 35195, 144593, 20808, 347, 16, 111938, 220642, 47, 70, 25730, 42, 39, 5, 581, 130415, 294, 13984, 98169, 58055, 7, 111, 21176, 86898, 177, 98154, 136, 10, 70002, 73327, 21068, 142462, 22710, 42, 15, 866, 164053, 16, 47, 96391, 44402, 678, 70, 8633, 46401, 25, 7, 581, 42, 2749, 124550, 12353, 15, 618, 9059, 194, 581, 172040, 44954, 14534, 70, 105207, 121303, 7, 111, 70, 148, 5180, 4, 70, 951, 13, 3540, 4, 136, 70, 172040, 37397, 18, 674, 100, 82649, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 3789, 38516, 2967, 58555, 185118, 7, 32599, 297, 47, 134071, 35509, 98, 1202, 39958, 20271, 60520, 9, 16713, 5, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 509, 18507, 47314, 237, 13146, 48242, 7, 189932, 615, 581, 113014, 175100, 70, 44, 12248, 17123, 13817, 58, 19335, 9, 683, 474, 78381, 13146, 48242, 7, 63014, 13, 4, 88303, 390, 70, 89176, 43045, 103310, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 141070, 289, 18343, 634, 429, 70968, 5428, 4, 3129, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 47, 70, 11469, 5609, 111, 70, 88511, 5345, 21135, 5, 10660, 8, 13158, 53, 297, 13763, 101666, 190, 47, 70, 29398, 25, 7, 28947, 4, 136, 91995, 71, 1632, 111, 70, 6, 43351, 25, 7, 27131, 29339, 11998, 516, 70820, 7, 15, 441, 34926, 194, 581, 313, 34926, 509, 175100, 1257, 98, 70, 339, 32557, 15, 187459, 165598, 19335, 9, 683, 474, 78381, 146797, 58832, 63667, 238, 6644, 3980, 25388, 16, 99, 70, 456, 147, 111, 70, 8783, 63033, 9118, 4, 25842, 678, 70, 384, 9059, 853, 109637, 27271, 5, 581, 172040, 55080, 297, 17262, 32628, 94449, 7, 12960, 99, 70, 29398, 5, 581, 5117, 106804, 297, 121461, 53088, 98, 70, 13684, 46401, 25, 7, 581, 42, 2749, 124550, 12353, 5, 133698, 70, 17932, 4, 70, 32628, 94449, 1314, 91995, 71, 70, 165523, 8089, 516, 70820, 5, 2161, 70, 50960, 4, 1836, 20600, 297, 70, 141070, 289, 18343, 634, 429, 70968, 136, 121461, 297, 70, 8633, 46401, 4, 70, 5117, 1733, 121461, 7, 1902, 2809, 175100, 1810, 20271, 10, 32628, 94449, 98, 70, 28947, 111, 10, 32628, 56379, 23, 113014, 5, 2161, 106, 8055, 4, 442, 509, 171530, 450, 502, 106813, 214, 43599, 26292, 1314, 98, 70, 12912, 1379, 8752, 111, 70, 8633, 46401, 2806, 186, 134071, 297, 136, 8, 7010, 678, 20271, 70, 50960, 32628, 94449, 111, 70, 29752, 5, 581, 32628, 94449, 509, 55080, 297, 98, 70, 42141, 111, 138, 8055, 5, 153671, 72546, 184750, 70, 6626, 26292, 1314, 678, 1919, 51287, 7, 5, 147466, 98, 70, 5701, 5155, 4, 40087, 51521, 7, 2804, 450, 1836, 3542, 16487, 20903, 538, 99, 10, 70, 42, 2749, 44237, 126, 105866, 11737, 47, 70, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 76896, 98, 70, 11469, 5609, 111, 70, 103173, 56, 5, 110463, 117729, 98, 201, 8055, 4078, 2804, 450, 32382, 80208, 134234, 1902, 106804, 297, 450, 70, 103173, 56, 509, 46002, 47, 456, 9, 36126, 678, 70, 333, 41566, 297, 44237, 126, 5, 2161, 496, 20414, 73584, 40087, 171530, 450, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 2806, 186, 65042, 297, 100, 1632, 5155, 4, 221, 450, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 58, 25, 7, 172040, 5809, 4358, 70, 6, 43351, 172040, 76104, 70, 29398, 12960, 70, 8633, 46401, 18738, 126, 509, 61585, 297, 5, 581, 4173, 5155, 509, 2843, 11814, 47, 25813, 1286, 55769, 1295, 70, 8633, 46401, 47, 70, 6, 43351, 4, 237, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 6, 121147, 297, 20271, 70, 29752, 237, 47, 3229, 10, 8633, 46401, 2806, 11737, 19922, 70, 29398, 5, 581, 103173, 56, 25, 7, 30780, 141, 2843, 26038, 70, 110518, 1781, 9, 1507, 32628, 29398, 10, 4092, 144, 35810, 97551, 111, 1672, 6, 92498, 74261, 2858, 4, 61107, 347, 194, 581, 29398, 388, 90, 1672, 805, 74261, 38774, 347, 16, 111, 144, 35810, 10, 5155, 5, 581, 8633, 46401, 1256, 206, 509, 155738, 70, 17431, 8108, 442, 165, 31, 76622, 1295, 70, 6, 43351, 5, 24372, 165, 31, 41324, 4, 70, 8633, 46401, 18738, 434, 10932, 70, 29398, 47, 5646, 20929, 5, 1913, 840, 94266, 1771, 456, 33, 15123, 136, 132260, 509, 7311, 538, 203251, 100, 382, 8055, 73584, 99, 118963, 43045, 11588, 4, 1284, 51, 68879, 2886, 92949, 1305, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 159, 12763, 9, 129150, 509, 70, 5117, 44, 4332, 987, 19, 47, 189932, 58, 43045, 13684, 46401, 29752, 25632, 70, 43045, 13684, 46401, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 58, 6392, 1515, 5, 44, 44456, 63127, 53, 58, 83184, 297, 99, 209, 34539, 241, 41072, 26205, 34539, 99577, 247, 1381, 20414, 35652, 581, 83184, 4, 2510, 966, 13312, 15, 2631, 64101, 5, 1702, 21775, 16, 7103, 70, 86669, 111, 44, 78457, 103731, 11, 830, 509, 190238, 8, 61518, 51, 107, 86918, 71, 160692, 43111, 190312, 90, 23, 70, 173591, 32216, 450, 1902, 56282, 297, 70, 8633, 46401, 1295, 83184, 214, 98, 702, 20414, 4, 6863, 7311, 538, 80889, 71, 5622, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Crew.", "Original crew.", "Mission highlights.", "Launch sequence anomalies.", "In-flight repair.", "Mission timeline.", "Wake-up calls.", "Crew salute to Husband family.", "Contingency planning." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "This mission was to carry the Expedition 7 crew to the ISS and bring home the Expedition 6 crew. The original crew was to be:", "STS-114 marked the return to flight of the Space Shuttle after the \"Columbia\" disaster and was the second Shuttle flight with a female commander (Eileen Collins, who also commanded the STS-93 mission). The STS-114 mission was initially to be flown aboard the orbiter \"Atlantis\", but NASA replaced it with \"Discovery\" after improperly installed gear was found in \"Atlantis\"<nowiki>'</nowiki> Rudder Speed Brake system. During OMM for \"Discovery\", an actuator on the RSB system was found to be installed incorrectly. This created a fleet wide suspect condition. The Rudder Speed Brake system was removed and refurbished on all three remaining orbiter vehicles, and since \"Discovery\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s RSB was corrected first, it became the new Return to Flight vehicle, superseding \"Atlantis\". Seventeen years prior, \"Discovery\" had flown NASA's previous Return to Flight mission, STS-26. The STS-114 mission delivered supplies to the International Space Station. However, the major focus of the mission was testing and evaluating new Space Shuttle flight safety techniques, which included new inspection and repair techniques. The crewmembers used the new Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) – a set of instruments on a 50-foot (15 m) extension attached to the Canadarm. The OBSS instrument package consists of visual imaging equipment and a Laser Dynamic Range Imager (LDRI) to detect problems with the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). The crew scanned the leading edges of the wings, the nose cap, and the crew compartment for damage, as well as other potential problem areas engineers wished to inspect based on video taken during lift-off. STS-114 was classified as Logistics Flight 1. The flight carried the \"Raffaello\" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, built by the Italian Space Agency, as well as the External Stowage Platform-2, which was mounted to the port side of the Quest Airlock. They deployed MISSE 5 to the station's exterior, and replaced one of the ISS's Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMG). The CMG was carried up on the LMC (Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier) at the rear of the payload bay, together with the TPS Repair Box. The crew conducted three spacewalks while at the station. The first demonstrated repair techniques on the Shuttle's Thermal Protection System. During the second, the spacewalkers replaced the failed gyroscope. On the third, they installed the External Stowage Platform and repaired the shuttle, the first time repairs had been carried out during a spacewalk on the exterior of a spacecraft in flight. On 1 August, it was announced that protruding gap fillers on the front underside of the shuttle would be inspected and dealt with during the third spacewalk of the mission. The spacewalk was conducted on the morning of 3 August. Robinson easily removed the two fillers with his fingers. Later on the same day, NASA officials said that they were looking closely at a thermal blanket located next to the commander's window on the port side of the orbiter. Published reports on 4 August 2005 said that wind tunnel testing had demonstrated that the orbiter was safe to re-enter with the billowed blanket. On 30 July 2005, NASA announced that STS-114 would be extended for one day, so that \"Discovery\"'s crew could help the ISS crew maintain the station while the shuttle fleet was grounded. The extra day was also used to move more items from the shuttle to the ISS, as uncertainty mounted during the mission as to when a shuttle would next visit the station. The orbiter's arrival also gave the nearly 200-ton space station a free altitude boost of about 4,000 feet (1,220 m). The station loses about 100 feet (30 m) of altitude a day. The shuttle hatch was closed the night before it undocked from the ISS. After undocking, the shuttle flew around the station to take photos. Atmospheric reentry and landing was originally planned for 8 August 2005, at Kennedy Space Center, but unsuitable weather postponed the landing until the next day, then moved it to Edwards Air Force Base in California, where \"Discovery\" touched down at 08:11EDT (05:11 am PDT, 12:11 UTC).", "Around 2.5 seconds after lift-off, a large bird struck near the top of the external fuel tank, and appeared in subsequent video frames to slide down the tank. NASA did not expect this to hurt the mission because it did not hit the orbiter, and because the vehicle was traveling relatively slowly at the time. A small fragment of thermal tile, estimated to be around 1.5 inches (38 mm) in size, was ejected from an edge tile of the front landing gear door at some point before SRB separation. A small white area appeared on the tile as the piece detached, and the loose shard could be seen in a single frame of the video. It is unknown what object (if any) struck the tile to cause the damage. The damaged tile was inspected further when the images from the umbilical camera were downloaded on day three. Engineers requested that this area be inspected by the OBSS, and flight managers scheduled the operation for 29 July 2005. This represented the only known possible damage to \"Discovery\" that could have posed a risk during re-entry. At 127.1 seconds after liftoff, and 5.3 seconds after SRB separation, a large piece of debris separated from the Protuberance Air Load (PAL) ramp, which is part of the external tank. The debris was thought to have measured 36.3 by 11 by 6.7 inches (922 by 279 by 170 mm) – and to weigh about, or half as much as the piece of foam blamed for the loss of \"Columbia\". The debris piece did not strike any part of the \"Discovery\" orbiter. Images of the external tank taken after separation from the orbiter show multiple areas where foam insulation was missing. Around 20 seconds later, a smaller piece of foam separated from the ET and apparently struck the orbiter's right wing. Based on the mass of the foam, and the velocity at which it would have struck the wing, NASA estimated it only exerted one-tenth the energy required to cause potential damage. Laser scanning and imaging of the wing by the OBSS did not reveal any damage. On 27 July 2005, NASA announced that it was postponing all Shuttle flights until the foam loss problem could be resolved. As with \"Columbia\", NASA at first believed that workers' improper installation and handling of the external tanks at the Michoud Assembly Facility in Louisiana caused the foam loss on \"Discovery\". NASA Administrator Michael Griffin stated that the earliest the next shuttle could launch is 22 September 2005, but that's only \"if next week, the guys have an \"Aha! effect\" on the foam and spot why this big chunk came off.\" Later in August, it became clear that a September launch date would not be possible, and that the earliest date for the next launch would be in March 2006. However, because Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, the next launch was delayed further. With the destruction suffered by Michoud and NASA's Stennis Space Center in Mississippi due to Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flooding, the launch of the next shuttle mission (STS-121) was further delayed until 4 July 2006. In December 2005 x-ray photographs of another tank showed that thermal expansion and contraction during filling, not human error, caused the cracks that resulted in foam loss. NASA official Wayne Hale formally apologized to the Michoud workers who had been blamed for the loss of \"Columbia\" for almost three years.", "On the third EVA of the mission, two areas on the underside of the shuttle where photographic surveying identified protruding gap fillers were dealt with. According to NASA, the gap fillers, which each serve different purposes, are not required for reentry. One filler prevents \"chattering\" of tiles during ascent, which would occur due to the sonic booms from the noses of the solid rocket boosters and the external fuel tank. The other, in a different location where there is a wider gap between tiles, simply functions to reduce the gap size between tiles, which in turn reduces heat transfer to the shuttle. Even without this filler NASA did not expect the increased heat to cause a problem during reentry (it is present to avoid a level of heating which would only be problematic if experienced many times over a vehicle's design life). Since the gap fillers are not necessary for re-entry, it was acceptable to simply pull them out. An overview of the situation, including procedures for dealing with the protrusions, were sent electronically to the crew and printed aboard the shuttle. The crew were also able to watch uploaded videos of NASA personnel on the ground demonstrating the repair techniques. Both the videos and 12-page procedure document were also made publicly available via NASA's website. During the third EVA, both fillers were successfully removed with less than a pound of force and without the need to use any tools. Stephen K. Robinson gave a running commentary of his work: \"I'm grasping it and I'm pulling it and it's coming out very easily\"... \"It looks like this big patient is cured\". If it was not possible to pull the fillers out, then the protruding sections could have been simply cut off. The gap fillers were made of a cloth impregnated with ceramic – they were stiff and could be easily cut with a tool similar to a hacksaw blade. Protruding gap fillers were a problem because they disrupted the normally laminar air flow under the orbiter during reentry, causing turbulence at lower speeds. A turbulent air flow would result in a mixing of hot and cold air, which could have a major effect on the shuttle temperature. The decision to make the repair balanced the risks of the EVA with the risks of leaving the protruding gap fillers as they were. It is thought that gap filler protrusions of a similar magnitude were present on previous missions, but were not observed in-orbit. Consideration was also given to the risks of elements of the procedure which would involve the ISS arm being used to carry Stephen K. Robinson below the shuttle, possibly the use of a sharp tool which had the potential to damage the EVA suit or shuttle tiles. The possibility of making things worse by attempting a repair was given serious consideration. Cameras on the shuttle arm and on Robinson's helmet were used to monitor the activities under the shuttle. Protruding gap fillers had been identified as an issue on previous flights, notably STS-28. A post-flight analysis identified that a gap filler was the likely cause of the high temperatures observed during this re-entry. Protruding gap fillers were also seen on STS-73. A further in-flight repair was considered to remove or clip a damaged thermal blanket located beneath the commander's window on the port side of the orbiter. Wind tunnel testing by NASA determined that the thermal blanket was safe for re-entry, and plans for a fourth spacewalk were cancelled.", "This timeline is a summary. For a more detailed timeline, see NASA Timeline of Significant Mission Events.", "NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.", "On flight day 10, the entire STS-114 crew, and the crew of Expedition 11 gathered to wish Rick Husband's son Matthew, a happy birthday. Rick Husband was the commander of \"Columbia\" on STS-107.", "Since the loss of \"Columbia\" in STS-107, it had been suggested that on future shuttle missions there would be a planned rescue capability involving having a second shuttle ready to fly at short notice. Even prior to the sensor problem causing the delay in the launch, a rescue option (called STS-300 by NASA) had been planned, which involved the crew of STS-114 remaining docked at the International Space Station until \"Atlantis\" could be launched with a four-person crew to retrieve the astronauts. \"Discovery\" would then be ditched by remote control over the Pacific Ocean, with \"Atlantis\" bringing back both its own crew, as well as that of \"Discovery\". A further option for rescue would be to use Russian Soyuz spacecraft. Nikolay Sevastyanov, director of the Russian Space Corporation Energia, was reported by \"Pravda\" as saying: \"If necessary, we will be able to bring home nine astronauts on board three Soyuz spacecraft in January and February of the next year\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1326, 756, 1919, 65536, 4, 25365, 9319, 25, 7, 9351, 83, 959, 14037, 23, 158, 99736, 6635, 115923, 4, 678, 70, 131527, 111, 10, 20245, 867, 53, 41392, 23, 70, 26983, 2069, 15426, 7, 111, 1843, 10534, 45492, 1505, 111, 1004, 143, 111, 70, 57212, 34, 45, 45407, 184, 12, 44, 58, 97207, 9319, 31, 831, 3826, 8, 176040, 1177, 2506, 502, 4203, 150, 3521, 81, 18652, 232, 23689, 7, 58, 58, 24073, 7763, 25365, 9319, 70, 5367, 56, 111, 70, 176040, 1177, 2506, 43606, 6544, 30319, 7, 100, 10, 16387, 5798, 18, 5, 18939, 581, 5201, 97264, 111, 4677, 1672, 4049, 621, 1919, 10002, 85745, 7, 136, 46505, 289, 91067, 7, 390, 158, 99736, 6635, 4211, 1444, 21228, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 472, 54350, 4, 1284, 31895, 959, 10, 180187, 53, 707, 3551, 297, 1632, 5, 18763, 613, 11627, 4, 542, 122, 176040, 1177, 2506, 4, 42459, 7, 450, 764, 1902, 110, 80731, 111, 3551, 4, 16792, 44, 7814, 176040, 1177, 2506, 58, 24073, 2347, 263, 71, 9, 77922, 107, 18939, 37202, 47, 15005, 47, 10, 4537, 20787, 48461, 60213, 4, 959, 10, 29458, 3687, 5, 1529, 31895, 509, 472, 54350, 297, 100, 116338, 1620, 104643, 136, 509, 10, 112033, 20037, 23, 10, 180187, 53, 4, 110, 2661, 197540, 8108, 86595, 1919, 26983, 7, 5, 25365, 9319, 25, 7, 127319, 23935, 47143, 7, 51, 69723, 19, 4, 136, 34475, 70, 92635, 111, 128745, 53, 77950, 4, 442, 1221, 31895, 8306, 186, 51529, 66161, 5, 8622, 83, 10176, 18227, 111, 16406, 6496, 442, 1295, 1919, 9351, 74, 23, 1919, 5155, 2685, 3542, 5941, 221, 9, 85763, 297, 44, 36635, 2679, 1177, 6382, 58, 23, 70, 193280, 939, 111, 37702, 1577, 136, 59444, 7, 4, 7440, 6, 187404, 7, 3542, 156892, 100, 6, 187404, 214, 707, 11531, 91157, 7, 100, 3395, 25, 7, 44556, 5, 1326, 903, 31635, 4, 442, 8110, 186, 41591, 71, 450, 70, 5367, 56, 6777, 959, 113054, 1919, 9351, 102917, 538, 100, 1601, 80938, 289, 36398, 4, 6637, 442, 5809, 959, 186, 11814, 100, 142, 220, 6332, 1234, 10821, 95486, 674, 5, 64511, 3445, 7, 111, 70, 11192, 110, 83259, 136, 30260, 7, 2750, 26983, 297, 678, 2363, 31347, 7, 11814, 70, 220, 6332, 1234, 10821, 9351, 111, 2363, 101785, 16070, 707, 2363, 3687, 111, 59665, 74, 127298, 4, 70, 9351, 509, 91084, 7844, 4734, 23, 70, 43573, 193280, 939, 4, 7440, 4734, 1632, 176040, 1177, 2506, 13835, 71, 707, 442, 509, 217064, 237, 10, 23550, 22014, 12259, 613, 11627, 111, 70, 5367, 56, 5, 4267, 9, 11627, 7, 3542, 115723, 100, 30260, 7, 111, 70, 427, 927, 136, 702, 927, 142642, 4, 7440, 162, 4211, 1444, 21228, 7, 23, 24702, 133, 3542, 51529, 390, 2363, 110, 2661, 14449, 9351, 3129, 509, 11814, 47, 24092, 60525, 5, 360, 27898, 4, 204137, 73513, 1679, 207487, 10, 40617, 23923, 119056, 23, 423, 13683, 237, 44, 36635, 2679, 1177, 532, 21676, 58, 23, 70, 44, 99609, 58591, 58, 111, 70, 77758, 41474, 7804, 18, 133087, 5, 1913, 903, 1733, 442, 186, 10617, 297, 47, 70, 44, 23135, 18, 4937, 309, 18055, 830, 5036, 28032, 70, 14834, 2481, 89227, 31731, 23, 70, 61187, 56, 66724, 19, 59757, 22023, 1708, 5, 1650, 7, 6, 116311, 1902, 21771, 2809, 119056, 15490, 6868, 23, 80665, 390, 71140, 164, 19434, 16865, 4, 2750, 2843, 6777, 959, 3714, 6863, 134995, 31913, 5, 73513, 1679, 77443, 450, 70, 7464, 9, 54376, 214, 40617, 23923, 44, 12137, 532, 58, 83, 160463, 70, 119056, 44, 36635, 2679, 1177, 532, 21676, 58, 136, 43799, 297, 10750, 7, 100, 25365, 9319, 8035, 103122, 23, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 24073, 18537, 525, 48772, 56, 51029, 1529, 91376, 903, 23, 1919, 27898, 12877, 44, 10253, 12241, 4937, 309, 18055, 15, 10253, 5369, 4937, 309, 18055, 16, 830, 6275, 214, 1810, 450, 25365, 9319, 17378, 44, 58, 48320, 35118, 1515, 26932, 13, 43352, 660, 654, 5367, 33, 9232, 22378, 58, 58, 24073, 4153, 66724, 378, 257, 903, 1733, 4734, 61187, 56, 66724, 136, 181103, 268, 4, 87, 97384, 47, 5367, 136, 47, 70424, 51029, 62, 40250, 17378, 450, 25365, 9319, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 1492, 44, 53774, 71, 18897, 7, 830, 509, 10, 6557, 59464, 15, 1760, 101785, 16, 1295, 211462, 4, 3129, 14602, 959, 2304, 61669, 1919, 7722, 59665, 23, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 4, 6637, 23, 2450, 13, 1405, 20028, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 509, 1295, 1733, 47, 1733, 8, 157, 3674, 237, 44, 7864, 223, 2460, 32868, 39, 740, 17170, 7844, 8060, 100, 903, 154453, 509, 34475, 23, 27193, 136, 26771, 390, 2076, 2208, 12613, 39, 15, 65305, 2481, 222226, 4, 102126, 247, 3129, 30482, 142, 59665, 23, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 4552, 65933, 55356, 5, 12613, 39, 80723, 678, 142, 114137, 111, 70, 10941, 111, 25365, 9319, 25, 7, 4488, 4, 41866, 111, 1919, 22684, 60219, 149528, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 44, 18345, 32070, 88, 18686, 830, 136, 103876, 71, 450, 25365, 9319, 25, 7, 127319, 23935, 509, 2060, 16065, 1295, 756, 26983, 2069, 36439, 7, 111, 903, 1733, 136, 28032, 10, 10776, 7440, 3551, 509, 7464, 34735, 297, 5, 3293, 83, 6637, 70, 5367, 56, 578, 7, 1810, 1919, 6217, 15555, 7, 44, 58, 33189, 13, 6569, 443, 48, 169, 1518, 18, 4, 493, 497, 58241, 443, 122, 259, 1277, 58, 58, 136, 42459, 7, 764, 110, 51713, 93002, 1919, 3395, 136, 3551, 4, 152431, 47, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 5, 29117, 14, 43315, 538, 23, 22059, 4, 80490, 42826, 39, 3814, 136, 70, 35773, 9893, 79602, 55168, 93069, 21449, 47, 70, 93192, 450, 25365, 9319, 13648, 765, 2809, 103122, 23, 70, 59757, 22023, 1708, 5, 581, 72134, 6275, 100, 2363, 35187, 83, 2843, 70, 36917, 9, 674, 1830, 297, 34153, 111, 25365, 9319, 5, 32255, 3542, 158012, 3934, 92814, 390, 25188, 4, 1284, 81113, 538, 142146, 54, 959, 41392, 1919, 127319, 23935, 5, 42826, 39, 3814, 26847, 47, 10, 186768, 22288, 3129, 509, 79442, 19, 390, 2667, 1224, 111, 70, 567, 33601, 18, 141, 6, 124722, 53, 23, 70, 729, 927, 142642, 4, 98, 70, 46505, 111, 10, 8437, 167956, 5, 3293, 22288, 45831, 10, 54427, 44, 97207, 9319, 7, 58, 136, 10, 44457, 94419, 44, 58, 36635, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 25365, 9319, 542, 122, 176040, 1177, 2506, 15, 238, 5, 534, 5757, 238, 5, 427, 62946, 509, 10, 4211, 1444, 46742, 4, 2750, 150350, 71, 136, 51339, 297, 5161, 9, 35821, 7, 136, 68894, 52336, 24073, 31923, 18687, 1430, 18939, 23, 102256, 19694, 30839, 5, 25365, 9319, 1556, 2809, 151552, 237, 158036, 30839, 16500, 42, 21533, 30260, 8108, 181823, 74, 1919, 75281, 707, 221, 5161, 9, 35821, 7, 621, 38134, 538, 28601, 297, 237, 70, 120964, 11030, 111, 4211, 86, 18873, 4, 70, 92264, 30839, 5161, 16500, 12259, 4, 136, 1919, 76106, 7, 71191, 297, 3525, 6897, 3934, 70, 40250, 111, 29685, 538, 5161, 5, 1529, 83, 2843, 70, 5117, 68894, 30260, 32562, 23, 30839, 4, 678, 10, 150675, 14361, 111, 22, 277, 6664, 4, 19786, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life history.", "Birthplace.", "Reinmar the Old.", "Politics.", "Later years.", "The Manuscripts.", "Melodies.", "Possible contrafactures.", "Lost manuscripts with melodies.", "Assessment.", "Reception.", "Commemoration.", "Editions.", "Lachmann numbers." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "For all his fame, Walther's name is not found in contemporary records, with the exception of a solitary mention in the travelling accounts of Bishop Wolfger of Erla of the Passau diocese: \"\"Walthero cantori de Vogelweide pro pellicio v solidos longos\"\" (\"To Walther the singer of the Vogelweide five shillings for a fur coat.\") The main sources of information about him are his own poems and occasional references by contemporary Minnesingers. He was a knight, but probably not a wealthy or landed one. His surname, von der Vogelweide, suggests that he had no grant of land, since \"die Vogelweide\" (\"the bird-pasture\") seems to refer to a general geographic feature, not a specific place. He probably was knighted for military bravery and was a retainer in a wealthy, noble household before beginning his travels.", "Walther's birthplace remains unknown, and given the lack of documentary evidence, it will probably never be known exactly. There is little chance of deriving it from his name; in his day there were many so-called \"Vogelweiden\" in the vicinity of castles and towns, where hawks were caught for hawking or songbirds for people's homes. For this reason, it must be assumed that the singer did not obtain his name primarily for superregional communication, because it could not be used for an unambiguous assignment. Other persons of the high nobility and poets who traveled with their masters used the unambiguous name of their ownership or their place of origin; therefore, the name was meaningful only in the near vicinity, where only one Vogelweide existed or it was understood as a metaphoric surname of the singer. Pen-names were usual for poets of the 12th and 13th century, whereas Minnesingers in principle were known by their noble family name which was used to sign documents. In 1974, Helmut Hörner identified a farmhouse mentioned in 1556 as \"Vogelweidhof\" in the \"urbarium\" of the domain Rappottenstein. At this time it belonged to the \"Amt Traunstein\", now within the municipality Schönbach in the Lower Austrian Waldviertel. Its existence had already been mentioned without comment in 1911 by Alois Plesser, who also did not know its precise location. Hörner proved that the still-existing farmhouse \"Weid\" is indeed the mentioned \"Vogelweidhof\" and collected arguments for Walther being born in the Waldviertel (\"Forest Quarter\"). He published this in his 1974 book \"800 Jahre Traunstein (800 years Traunstein)\", pointing out that Walther says \"\"Ze ôsterriche lernt ich singen unde sagen\"\" (\"In Austria [at this time only Lower Austria and Vienna], I learned to sing and to speak\"). A tradition says that Walther, one of the ten \"Old Masters\", was a Landherr (land owner) from Bohemia, which does not contradict his possible origin in the Waldviertel, because in mediaeval times the Waldviertel was from time to time denoted as \"versus Boemiam\". Powerful support for this theory was given in 1977 and 1981 by Bernd Thum (University Karlsruhe, Germany), which makes an origin in the Waldviertel very plausible. Thum began with an analysis of the content of Walther's work, especially of his crusade appeal, also known as \"old age elegy\", and concluded that Walther's birthplace was far away from all travelling routes of this time and within a region where land was still cleared. This is because the singer pours out his sorrows \"\"Bereitet ist daz velt, verhouwen ist der walt\"\" and suggests he no longer knows his people and land, applicable to the Waldviertel. Additionally in 1987, Walter Klomfar and the librarian Charlotte Ziegler came to the conclusion that Walther might have been born in the Waldviertel. The starting point for their study is also the above-mentioned words of Walther. These were placed into doubt by research, but strictly speaking do not mention his birthplace. Klomfar points to a historical map which was drawn by monks of the Zwettl monastery in the 17th century, on the occasion of a legal dispute. This map shows a village \"Walthers\" and a field marked \"\"Vogelwaidt\"\" (near \"Allentsteig\") and a related house belonging to the village. The village became deserted, but a well marked on the map could be excavated and reconstructed to prove the accuracy of the map. Klomfar was also able to partly reconstruct land ownership in this region and prove the existence of the (not rare) Christian name \"Walther\". Contrary to this theory, Franz Pfeiffer assumed that the singer was born in the Wipptal in South Tyrol, where, not far from the small town of Sterzing on the Eisack, a wood—called the \"Vorder- and Hintervogelweide\"—exists. This would, however, contradict the fact that Walther was not able to visit his homeland for many decades. At this time Tyrol was the home of several well-known \"Minnesingers\". The court of Vienna, under Duke Frederick I of the house of Babenberg, had become a centre of poetry and art.", "Here it was that the young poet learned his craft under the renowned master Reinmar the Old, whose death he afterwards lamented in two of his most beautiful lyrics; and in the open-handed duke, he found his first patron. This happy period of his life, during which he produced the most charming and spontaneous of his love-lyrics, came to an end with the death of Duke Frederick in 1198. Henceforward Walther was a wanderer from court to court, singing for his lodging and his bread, and ever hoping that some patron would arise to save him from this \"juggler's life\" (\"gougel-fuore\") and the shame of ever playing the guest. He had few if any possessions and depended on others for his food and lodging. His criticism of men and manners was scathing; and even when this did not touch his princely patrons, their underlings often took measures to rid themselves of so uncomfortable a censor.", "Thus he was forced to leave the court of the generous duke Bernhard of Carinthia (1202–1256); after an experience of the tumultuous household of the landgrave of Thuringia, he warns those who have weak ears to give it a wide berth. After three years spent at the court of Dietrich I of Meissen (reigned 1195–1221), he complains that he had received for his services neither money nor praise. Generosity could be mentioned by Walther von der Vogelweide. He received a diamond from the high noble Diether III von Katzenelnbogen around 1214: \"Ich bin dem Bogenaere (Katzenelnbogener) holt – gar ane gabe und ane solt: –... Den diemant den edelen stein – gap mir der schoensten ritter ein\" Walther was, in fact, a man of strong views; and it is this which gives him his main significance in history, as compared to his place in literature. From the moment when the death of the emperor Henry VI (1197) opened the fateful struggle between empire and papacy, Walther threw himself ardently into the fray on the side of German independence and unity. Although his religious poems sufficiently prove the sincerity of his Catholicism, he remained to the end of his days opposed to the extreme claims of the popes, whom he attacks with a bitterness which can be justified only by the strength of his patriotic feelings. His political poems begin with an appeal to Germany, written in 1198 at Vienna, against the disruptive ambitions of the princes: \"Crown Philip with the Kaiser's crown And bid them vex thy peace no more.\" He was present in 1198 at Philip's coronation at Mainz, and supported him till his victory was assured. After Philip's murder in 1208, he \"said and sang\" in support of Otto of Brunswick against the papal candidate Frederick of Hohenstaufen; and only when Otto's usefulness to Germany had been shattered by the Battle of Bouvines (1214) did he turn to the rising star of Frederick, now the sole representative of German majesty against pope and princes. From the new emperor, Walther's genius and zeal for the empire finally received recognition: a small fief in Franconia was bestowed upon him, which—though he complained that its value was little—gave him the home and the fixed position he had so long desired. That Frederick gave him a further sign of favour by making him the tutor of his son Henry (VII), King of the Romans, is more than doubtful. The fact, in itself highly improbable, rests upon the evidence of only a single poem, the meaning of which can also be interpreted otherwise. Walther's restless spirit did not suffer him to remain long on his new property.", "In 1217 he was once more at Vienna, and again in 1219 after the return of Duke Leopold VI from the crusade. About 1224 he seems to have settled on his fief near Würzburg. He was active in urging the German princes to take part in the crusade of 1228, and may have accompanied the crusading army at least as far as his native Tirol. In a poem he pictures in words the changes that had taken place in the scenes of his childhood, changes which made his life there seem to have been only a dream. He died about 1230, and was buried at Würzburg, after leaving instructions — according to the story — that the birds were to be fed at his tomb daily. His original gravestone with its Latin inscription has disappeared; but in 1843 a new monument was erected over the spot, called the \"\" (\"Little Lusam Garden\"), today sheltered by the two major churches of the city.", "Walther's work is exceptionally well preserved compared to that of his contemporaries, with over 30 complete manuscripts and fragments containing widely varying numbers of strophes under his name. The most extensive collections of his songs are in four of the main Minnesang manuscripts: Manuscripts B and C have miniatures showing Walther in the pose described in the \"Reichston\" (L 8,4 C 2), \"Ich saz ûf einem steine\" (\"I sat upon a stone\"). In addition to these, there are many manuscripts with smaller amounts of material, sometimes as little as a single strophe. In the surviving complete manuscripts, there are often missing pages in the sections devoted to Walther, which indicates lost material, as well blank space left by the scribes to make allowance for later additions. With the exception of MS M (the \"Carmina Burana\"), which may even have been compiled in Walther's lifetime, all the sources date from at least two generations after his death, and most are from the 14th or 15th centuries.", "As with most Minnesänger of his era, few of Walther's melodies have survived. Certain or potential melodies to Walther's songs come from three sources: those documented in the 14th-century Münster Fragment (MS Z) under Walther's name, melodies of the Meistersinger attributed to Walther, and, more speculatively, French and Provençal melodies of the trouvères and troubadours which fit Walther's songs and might therefore be the source of contrafactures. The latter are the only potential melodies to Walther's love songs, the remainder being for religious and political songs. There are further melodies in two early manuscripts, M (the Carmina Burana) and N (Kremsmünster Stiftsbibliothek, Codex 127) but they are recorded in staffless neumes and cannot be reliably interpreted. The ascription of other melodies to Walther in the Meistersang manuscripts (the \"Goldene Weise\", the \"Kreuzton\", and the \"Langer Ton\") is regarded as erroneous.", "The following songs by Walther share a strophic form with a French or Provençal song, and Walther's texts may therefore have been written for the Romance melodies, though there can be no certainty of the contrafacture:", "There is evidence that the surviving volume of the Jenaer Liederhandschrift was originally accompanied by another with melodies for Walther's Leich and some Sprüche. Further manuscript fragments containing melodies in the possession of (hence the \"Docen fragments\") were inspected by von der Hagen early in the 19th century, but are now lost.", "A contemporary assessment of Walther's songs comes from Gottfried von Strassburg, who, unlike modern commentators, was able to evaluate Walther's achievements as composer and performer, and who, writing in the first decade of the 13th century, proposed him as the \"leader\" of the Minnesänger after the death of Reinmar. Grove Music Online evaluates Walther's work as follows: He is regarded as one of the most outstanding and innovative authors of his generation... His poetic oeuvre is the most varied of his time... and his poetry treats a number of subjects, adopting frequently contradictory positions. In his work he freed Minnesang from the traditional patterns of motifs and restricting social function and transformed it into genuinely experienced and yet universally valid love-poetry. Will Hasty's evaluation of the love songs is that: Walther's main contribution to the German love lyric was to increase the range of roles that could be adopted by the singer and his beloved, and to lend the depiction of the experience of love new immediacy and vibrancy. Of the political works, Hasty concludes that: In Walther's political and didactic poetry we again observe a consummately versatile poetic voice, one which finds new ways to give artistic expression to experience despite the constraints of the taste of audiences and patrons and by the authority of literary conventions.", "Walther is one of the traditional competitors in the tale of the song contest at the Wartburg. He appears in medieval accounts and continues to be mentioned in more modern versions of the story such as that in Richard Wagner's \"Tannhäuser\". He is also named by Walter von Stolzing, the hero of Wagner's \"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\", as his poetic model. Walter is mentioned in Samuel Beckett's short story \"The Calmative\": \"Seeing a stone seat by the kerb I sat down and crossed my legs, like Walther.\" In 1975, the German poet Peter Rühmkorf published \"Walther von der Vogelweide, Klopstock und ich\", in which he provided modernised and colloquial verse translations of 34 songs by Walther, accompanied by commentary. Historical fiction with Walther in a major role includes's 1976 work \"Der Morgenstern, oder die vier Verwandlungen eines Mannes genannt Walther von der Vogelweide\" (\"The Morning-Star, or the Four Metamorphoses of a man called Walther von der Vogelweide\"), and two novels about Frederick II,'s \"Federico\" (1984) and's \"Mann aus Apulien\" (1986). In 2013, the Galleria Lia Rumma in Naples exhibited a series of works by Anselm Kiefer (two large paintings and a group of books) relating to \"Under der linden\" under the title \"Walther von der Vogelweide für Lia\".", "In 1889, a statue of Walther was unveiled in a square in Bolzano (see above), which was subsequently renamed the \"Walther von der Vogelweide-Platz\". Under fascist rule, the statue was moved to a less prominent site, but it was restored to its original location in 1981. There are two statues of Walther in fountains in Würzburg, one near the Würzburg Residence and another in the Walther-Schule. There are also statues in: Weißensee (Thuringia); Sankt Veit an der Glan and Innsbruck in Austria; and Duchcov in the Czech Republic. Apart from his grave in Würzburg, there are also memorials in: the Knüll-Storkenberg nature reserve, Halle (Westfalia); ; the Walhalla memorial near Regensburg; Lajen, South Tyrol, Zwettl, Gmunden and the ruined Mödling Castle, all in Austria. There are schools named after him in Bozen, Aschbach-Markt and Würzburg.", "There have been more scholarly editions of Walther's works than of any other medieval German poet's, a reflection of both his importance to literary history and the complex manuscript tradition. The following highly selective list includes only the seminal 19th Century edition of Lachmann and the most important recent editions. A history of the main editions will be found in the introduction to the Lachmann/Cormeau/Bein edition. In addition, there are many published selections from Walther's works.", "Consistent reference to Walther's songs is made by means of \"Lachmann numbers\", which are formed of an \"L\" (for \"Lachmann\") followed by the page and line number in Lachmann's edition of 1827. Thus \"Under der linden\", which starts on line 11 on page 39 of that edition (shown in the page image, right) is referred to as L39,11, and the second line of the first strophe is L39,12, etc. All serious editions and translations of Walther's songs either give the Lachmann numbers alongside the text or provide a concordance of Lachmann numbers for the poems in the edition or translation." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 162375, 89673, 3121, 208, 4, 45733, 111, 80231, 978, 1515, 58815, 84829, 4, 509, 70318, 297, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 160981, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 100, 10, 3650, 8821, 19879, 14700, 66, 6889, 114498, 136, 70, 7175, 80723, 41018, 7, 23, 13867, 237, 70, 52888, 1784, 2397, 7, 5, 581, 1784, 2397, 7, 217225, 100, 70, 1305, 184, 11, 1681, 136, 23742, 70, 6661, 64876, 23, 10586, 136, 88847, 1284, 15044, 44759, 7, 3542, 134629, 390, 189353, 141, 14922, 7, 7440, 70, 7175, 54324, 5773, 756, 70, 11192, 9, 5293, 37534, 92865, 136, 456, 978, 24908, 5, 106073, 1836, 134629, 2363, 6052, 6661, 64876, 19916, 678, 10, 115851, 23, 3129, 70, 7175, 44183, 6, 69986, 115923, 23, 22759, 111, 70, 11737, 37195, 34003, 7, 4, 33233, 678, 10, 55640, 3295, 34003, 23, 3129, 1836, 6782, 538, 204839, 297, 202702, 136, 24765, 297, 23, 70, 1305, 184, 11, 1681, 45712, 24189, 6088, 4, 70, 7175, 1556, 1902, 70, 10846, 525, 6, 69986, 34003, 7, 111, 2499, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 160981, 4, 678, 1660, 37195, 15, 55589, 4, 88847, 86097, 73584, 43304, 136, 118901, 5, 360, 27997, 70, 7175, 109133, 47, 1784, 2397, 7, 5227, 23, 7565, 35461, 69563, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 101740, 9, 49133, 297, 7550, 16505, 88260, 5, 1301, 10, 35431, 111, 70, 25813, 4, 70, 7175, 509, 120514, 4806, 70, 69563, 1784, 2397, 7, 4, 136, 30666, 297, 10, 3525, 7643, 136, 104988, 5, 581, 1784, 2397, 7, 621, 70, 4734, 7175, 47, 19916, 10, 6661, 64876, 23, 2363, 5117, 6626, 6, 69986, 34003, 7, 15, 55589, 136, 6052, 3142, 23, 15824, 4, 1836, 621, 70, 4734, 7175, 47, 3853, 3249, 70, 220247, 7, 23, 2363, 5117, 6626, 6, 69986, 34003, 7, 5, 360, 8382, 6626, 34003, 7, 4, 1836, 145755, 47, 3249, 10, 55640, 11675, 47, 70, 6661, 64876, 4, 15044, 20028, 237, 99162, 1379, 38507, 7, 5, 10660, 621, 2843, 70, 4734, 7175, 47, 8306, 388, 13, 10, 1305, 184, 11, 1681, 36549, 5, 28090, 13867, 24189, 34975, 70, 1784, 2397, 7, 1902, 90223, 71, 70, 14012, 190, 23, 20338, 111, 25075, 3253, 1505, 4, 70, 5117, 13918, 111, 70, 52888, 1784, 2397, 7, 4, 2750, 1902, 68, 71, 41928, 47, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 33428, 141, 34003, 5, 3253, 1505, 25, 7, 40304, 58585, 509, 40207, 803, 594, 32367, 4, 4911, 7, 70, 132216, 111, 14012, 1892, 17106, 70, 25813, 47, 70, 3525, 16446, 10237, 4, 70, 7175, 233, 3674, 47, 20338, 3253, 1505, 678, 10, 144231, 64457, 4, 136, 142096, 14012, 190, 47, 191175, 5, 13146, 66, 119537, 191, 4, 10, 195459, 6406, 24, 4935, 136, 1207, 111, 25674, 7, 19449, 9, 4390, 9, 17647, 1991, 14787, 335, 20574, 15, 434, 497, 4323, 107, 450, 14012, 678, 70, 25674, 7, 247, 100512, 70, 5117, 1784, 2397, 7, 58585, 47, 95549, 70, 14012, 5, 24372, 17151, 66995, 25, 7, 47219, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 10, 337, 26518, 27998, 98, 6088, 714, 4, 20400, 70, 69563, 1784, 2397, 7, 171530, 38627, 47, 45367, 10, 21502, 141, 99, 1784, 2397, 7, 5227, 23, 1919, 20338, 5, 33306, 4, 66995, 25, 7, 14012, 611, 1556, 14373, 47, 186, 51521, 538, 90223, 71, 5, 581, 69563, 1784, 2397, 7, 40617, 5426, 58055, 7, 111, 59671, 43967, 192428, 148272, 7, 5, 581, 1784, 2397, 7, 25, 49938, 16070, 5977, 29398, 1295, 2363, 23, 63928, 23, 13867, 8305, 2691, 509, 601, 2737, 8922, 132055, 9677, 5, 106073, 70, 1784, 2397, 7, 1902, 38627, 47, 31358, 601, 2737, 8922, 7103, 65942, 1836, 47143, 297, 678, 601, 2737, 8922, 100, 70, 2691, 34003, 5, 2161, 18374, 534, 4, 56434, 70, 1784, 2397, 7, 171530, 142, 106689, 678, 4336, 143907, 6, 123048, 9677, 47, 226347, 756, 27528, 100, 70, 2021, 34003, 5, 14407, 6032, 162604, 45434, 136, 43581, 1784, 2397, 7, 11301, 9, 1272, 9, 20706, 5977, 8668, 309, 3443, 103383, 3000, 7974, 86, 23742, 70, 19449, 111, 52917, 13, 25, 7, 17652, 313, 5, 563, 41537, 60992, 100, 6, 193591, 23, 178663, 226347, 214, 23, 15431, 1529, 12008, 7, 70, 11301, 9, 1272, 9, 20706, 115, 2449, 678, 95932, 19, 2206, 4902, 1679, 5, 34242, 621, 2843, 226347, 23, 195374, 98, 6436, 911, 6332, 361, 963, 9677, 5, 9593, 31, 8446, 430, 7817, 4, 2750, 11782, 7, 11301, 9, 1272, 9, 20706, 98, 450, 29398, 33233, 678, 27669, 72742, 1500, 4, 23742, 70, 17652, 313, 5, 563, 41537, 60992, 1295, 70, 9907, 44978, 12126, 19449, 111, 52917, 13, 23, 35652, 1784, 2397, 7, 27528, 621, 5501, 1824, 297, 390, 49049, 39170, 52888, 5, 581, 4568, 44, 32087, 1910, 58, 226347, 111, 10, 6712, 509, 98, 100568, 1542, 594, 9, 5343, 23, 35652, 360, 13501, 4, 44, 152470, 47, 70, 94724, 16995, 1995, 58, 1902, 10, 91067, 47, 70, 58823, 3003, 16145, 8, 88981, 214, 10, 178663, 7175, 1295, 69563, 23, 70, 918, 6661, 64876, 4, 86658, 70, 4989, 525, 102995, 16070, 16810, 46526, 23, 756, 22759, 111, 70, 13036, 23924, 15672, 23182, 29681, 192428, 7, 5, 360, 8561, 2481, 4, 70, 3003, 16145, 2806, 3564, 1257, 20949, 52113, 6328, 23, 22759, 27528, 390, 70, 2356, 5753, 4146, 7, 23, 70, 6, 39102, 19283, 4, 70, 1784, 2397, 7, 165523, 47, 3249, 70, 1305, 184, 11, 1681, 4, 136, 70, 918, 6661, 64876, 509, 17721, 70, 195459, 6406, 25674, 7, 136, 70, 2356, 5753, 4146, 7, 4, 678, 70, 25674, 7, 6, 69986, 23, 43606, 27528, 5, 22376, 4, 15044, 70, 3003, 16145, 136, 1784, 2397, 7, 621, 2831, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 4, 89159, 214, 10, 6661, 64876, 14858, 2037, 17721, 70, 6626, 87199, 69201, 5, 581, 1784, 2397, 7, 3542, 70, 5117, 7175, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 47, 765, 10, 82393, 64, 1430, 56, 7175, 5, 262, 8789, 214, 23, 88847, 70, 44, 58, 16305, 2397, 7, 6035, 48206, 7, 58, 58, 79507, 71, 3789, 276, 48097, 87199, 47, 85493, 2363, 10002, 290, 56, 64, 549, 329, 91, 91526, 7, 74, 903, 509, 191722, 23, 2831, 390, 21373, 91, 91526, 7, 1295, 70, 186831, 136, 55272, 5, 360, 43304, 70, 52888, 1784, 2397, 7, 34377, 297, 44, 58, 3957, 1784, 2397, 7, 16456, 67, 90, 58, 830, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 69563, 1784, 2397, 7, 621, 142, 15672, 23182, 178663, 7175, 35509, 23, 69563, 4, 52888, 5, 581, 1784, 2397, 7, 98438, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 237, 10, 32786, 11938, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 24453, 91853, 5, 581, 481, 5368, 9201, 83, 1784, 2397, 7, 5227, 5, 145733, 1632, 111, 4734, 6626, 276, 48097, 160981, 7, 47, 765, 8306, 23742, 10, 91853, 44759, 15, 2347, 3789, 8035, 70, 156256, 14434, 3387, 247, 70, 1784, 2397, 7, 765, 23742, 6626, 6661, 64876, 102995, 16070, 7, 237, 10, 56409, 20596, 7175, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Franchise history.", "World Series championships.", "Achievements.", "Retired numbers.", "Minor league affiliations.", "Radio and television.", "Culture.", "Finishes.", "Best finishes in franchise history.", "Worst finishes in franchise history.", "Home attendance.", "Finance.", "Opening Day salaries.", "Annual financial records." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Wayne Huizenga, CEO of Blockbuster Entertainment Corporation, was awarded an expansion franchise in the National League (NL) for a $95 million expansion fee and the team began operations in 1993 as the Florida Marlins. The Marlins qualified for the postseason and won the World Series in 1997 and 2003, but both titles were followed by controversial periods where the team sold off all the high-priced players and rebuilt. Although they followed their 2003 World Series win with a stretch in which the team posted winning records in four of the next six seasons, along with a surprise 2006 season in which they greatly exceeded expectations and stayed in the postseason race until September, the team has had the fewest winning seasons of any Major League Baseball franchise, with just six (1997, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, and 2009). In 2012, the team moved to Marlins Park in downtown Miami, replacing the football-oriented Sun Life Stadium. As a condition of the move, the team was renamed the Miami Marlins, and adopted a new logo and colors.", "The Marlins are the only team to win a World Series in their first two winning seasons (1997 and 2003); in fact, they are the only team to even make the playoffs in their first two winning seasons. In those two seasons, they managed to make a surprise run to the World Series, both times as heavy underdogs. They are also the only team to never lose a postseason series.", "", "From 1993 until 2011, the Marlins had retired the number 5 in honor of Carl Barger, the first president of the Florida Marlins, who had died prior to the team's inaugural season. Barger's favorite player was Joe DiMaggio, thus the selection of number 5. With the move to the new ballpark, the team opted to honor Barger with a plaque instead, and opened number 5 to circulation. Logan Morrison, a Kansas City native and fan of Royals Hall-of-Famer George Brett (who wore that number with the Royals), became the first Marlins player to wear the number. After José Fernández's death as a result of a boating accident on September 25, 2016, the Miami Marlins announced plans to build a memorial at Marlins Park in his honor. However, Fernández's number 16 has yet to be officially retired.", "The Miami Marlins farm system consists of seven minor league affiliates.", "The Marlins' flagship radio station from their inception in 1993 through 2007 was WQAM 560 AM. Although the Marlins had plans to leave WQAM after 2006, they remained with WQAM for the 2007 season. On October 11, 2007, the Marlins announced an agreement with WAXY 790 AM to broadcast all games for the 2008 season. Longtime Montreal Expo and current Marlins play-by-play radio announcer Dave Van Horne won the Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award for excellence in baseball broadcasting in 2010. He shares the play-by-play duties with Glenn Geffner. Games are also broadcast in Spanish on Radio Mambi 710 AM. Felo Ramírez, who calls play-by-play on that station along with Luis Quintana, won the Ford C. Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2005. Marlins games are televised by Fox Sports Florida. The last \"free TV\" broadcast of a game was on WPXM-TV in 2005.", "In 1989, \"Back to the Future Part II\" had a reference to the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues. In actuality, the Cubs would end up getting swept in four games by the New York Mets in the NLCS, the Marlins failed to make the postseason, and the 2015 World Series was between the Kansas City Royals and the New York Mets, with the Royals winning in five games. Also, both the Cubs and Marlins are part of the National League, rendering a World Series matchup between the two teams impossible. The Marlins were the first team in Major League Baseball to have a dance/cheer team. Debuting in 2003, the \"\"Marlins Mermaids\"\" influenced other MLB teams to develop their own cheer/dance squads; this was inspired in part by similar squads from the NFL and NBA. In 2008, the Florida Marlins debuted \"\"The Marlins Manatees\"\", Major League Baseball's first all-male dance/energy squad, to star alongside the Mermaids. As of 2012, the Marlins have abandoned the \"Mermaids\" and \"Manatees\" for in-game entertainment instead using an \"energy squad\", a co-ed group of dancers.", "", "The following are the five best seasons in Marlins history:", "The following are the five worst seasons in Marlins' history:", "Other than their first few years as a franchise in the 1990s, the Marlins have consistently ranked as one of lowest attendance teams in the league, coming in last place (30th) several of the past 20 years. Even when Marlins Park was completed for the 2012 season, attendance was only average for the first year, dropping down to second to last by 2013.", "", "Opening Day payrolls for 25-man roster (since 1993):", "The annual financial records of the Marlins according to \"Forbes\" since 2001." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 51404, 70, 29458, 241454, 118, 112, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 142, 347, 125499, 58735, 90, 3129, 72657, 43840, 7, 621, 49504, 3674, 3934, 70, 21308, 12996, 111, 70, 22293, 1295, 3129, 70, 347, 125499, 83, 30334, 34601, 71, 4, 70, 31486, 111, 808, 125499, 83, 47, 40140, 18929, 3129, 40, 944, 3956, 1295, 70, 101412, 18151, 42518, 7, 47, 3129, 72657, 43840, 5, 581, 347, 125499, 22, 40899, 7, 10, 21308, 237, 10, 36549, 111, 22832, 12282, 10821, 27044, 5245, 4, 12638, 111, 3129, 83, 125296, 71, 390, 10, 17311, 808, 125499, 5, 6561, 3564, 111, 70, 808, 125499, 14858, 90, 70, 101412, 18151, 23, 10, 17262, 9, 539, 11030, 14981, 112, 40, 944, 3956, 35839, 70, 117219, 4445, 5, 581, 117219, 4445, 3173, 7, 17262, 88066, 53, 3647, 80836, 7, 678, 10, 552, 4445, 23, 347, 125499, 20271, 21308, 3530, 12654, 2347, 6023, 5, 2161, 70, 3789, 3564, 111, 70, 808, 125499, 83, 10, 552, 85540, 6, 235923, 47, 70, 72657, 43840, 450, 42518, 7, 47, 70, 117219, 4445, 40, 944, 3956, 5, 98423, 10644, 111, 808, 125499, 49711, 75449, 831, 186, 220642, 47, 4734, 1632, 10644, 111, 72657, 43840, 4, 221, 12638, 25150, 1556, 5941, 52895, 111, 808, 125499, 5, 88949, 70, 101412, 18151, 70541, 7, 48716, 27044, 5245, 450, 40140, 18929, 70, 5701, 72657, 43840, 4, 2685, 621, 40368, 808, 125499, 49711, 70838, 81148, 214, 12921, 117219, 4445, 7, 3129, 85358, 70, 5701, 72657, 43840, 5, 581, 552, 85540, 6, 235923, 47, 70, 808, 125499, 138, 26, 3564, 83, 60199, 538, 64807, 390, 193807, 90, 35839, 72657, 2263, 8613, 808, 125499, 142518, 53349, 90, 5, 133698, 21308, 142518, 90, 164, 4, 808, 125499, 7, 678, 220642, 72657, 43840, 7, 621, 75060, 297, 47, 70, 105598, 43452, 390, 21308, 7, 35839, 28, 10617, 2320, 120103, 4, 3129, 36442, 23, 125413, 111, 70, 808, 125499, 678, 70, 105598, 43452, 4, 142518, 90, 164, 111, 70, 3525, 35874, 1081, 17332, 112, 4, 136, 3900, 87632, 15, 30464, 5911, 16, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 33233, 70, 347, 125499, 5, 4263, 70, 808, 125499, 25, 7, 117219, 4445, 14858, 90, 70, 347, 125499, 4, 15700, 808, 125499, 21771, 6, 99091, 47, 70, 105598, 43452, 12302, 7, 70, 105925, 35874, 1081, 17332, 112, 121293, 1295, 6863, 138, 26, 3564, 47, 70, 72657, 43840, 220642, 47, 70, 138, 26, 3564, 111, 70, 3525, 538, 75060, 297, 808, 125499, 4, 10, 132539, 60199, 538, 64807, 390, 70, 105598, 43452, 5, 62, 21334, 14012, 111, 70, 11651, 241454, 118, 988, 23, 10, 808, 125499, 49711, 75449, 1543, 186, 165045, 538, 73197, 297, 4, 27983, 390, 435, 65853, 2320, 707, 8, 1191, 85, 1363, 5, 32255, 225073, 51039, 68018, 52490, 70, 808, 125499, 25, 7, 182809, 678, 105598, 43452, 7, 136, 68018, 74918, 23, 70, 117219, 4445, 47, 37264, 3647, 9, 109637, 214, 183871, 5, 581, 45646, 111, 808, 125499, 831, 186, 8, 277, 144429, 3934, 6863, 158978, 45646, 4, 6863, 37526, 1294, 45646, 15, 16345, 25958, 21176, 29367, 237, 70, 44, 63499, 814, 133, 2407, 45646, 74054, 136, 6863, 169152, 1294, 45646, 15, 5584, 808, 125499, 7, 765, 10, 21373, 339, 9, 2420, 20051, 138, 397, 45646, 450, 114864, 2856, 47, 11177, 3934, 70, 436, 136, 62, 15271, 111, 70, 105598, 43452, 194, 581, 20450, 814, 133, 2407, 45646, 24209, 7, 70, 138, 397, 339, 9, 2420, 20051, 45646, 8305, 5798, 5134, 289, 177261, 214, 111, 70, 50651, 5170, 4, 3129, 83, 10, 39210, 6, 125499, 169152, 1294, 45646, 102908, 5, 581, 140909, 7, 111, 12638, 16294, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 40956, 242, 3390, 29089, 25, 4, 23, 10, 808, 125499, 49711, 75449, 285, 53, 1295, 114149, 47, 114149, 5, 581, 808, 125499, 45646, 58055, 7, 111, 70, 25632, 12, 893, 117219, 4445, 83, 10, 25072, 111, 17262, 241454, 118, 988, 42518, 214, 47, 70, 17262, 51039, 111, 142, 347, 125499, 552, 4445, 5, 98423, 808, 125499, 1556, 10, 117781, 117219, 4445, 162738, 18, 40, 944, 3956, 450, 831, 3173, 138, 88066, 53, 3647, 80836, 7, 47, 1632, 707, 1286, 27044, 5245, 100, 142, 72657, 43840, 5, 31384, 117219, 4445, 7, 80836, 678, 1286, 3501, 1632, 552, 4445, 4743, 47, 4323, 73163, 3647, 80836, 214, 5, 21612, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 5117, 241454, 118, 112, 111, 70, 117219, 4445, 83, 1632, 959, 14037, 98, 347, 125499, 12, 23, 232, 1212, 4, 3129, 831, 64707, 1409, 71052, 47, 1286, 3501, 1632, 3647, 23, 70, 42518, 214, 552, 4445, 19069, 5, 360, 101412, 18151, 4, 442, 83, 39210, 100, 10, 11001, 72657, 43840, 47, 186, 58735, 297, 390, 756, 22759, 50960, 9, 40322, 97370, 2449, 4, 707, 99, 19713, 390, 15044, 6, 89399, 62325, 12741, 136, 7398, 12741, 74, 100, 27781, 4, 70, 72657, 43840, 100483, 33647, 83, 18151, 71, 100, 390, 70, 552, 4445, 40, 26513, 5170, 527, 43578, 4, 527, 69657, 4, 527, 14849, 4, 136, 527, 46754, 5, 64511, 73197, 297, 241454, 118, 988, 1543, 2843, 108975, 99, 70, 5117, 117219, 4445, 19069, 2451, 43452, 70141, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 3613, 73163, 19069, 58, 2451, 2109, 202, 1916, 23, 1614, 17991, 65572, 47, 70, 101412, 18151, 4, 237, 100, 27781, 23, 86467, 3089, 29887, 11, 5, 908, 38750, 4, 11716, 808, 125499, 52895, 621, 56065, 47, 22691, 1632, 9, 188, 9, 3630, 42518, 6620, 17721, 808, 125499, 49711, 70838, 136, 27044, 5245, 450, 40140, 18929, 72657, 43840, 7, 4, 237, 2685, 621, 11716, 10422, 27044, 5245, 111, 70, 5570, 101412, 18151, 5, 33306, 4, 5941, 38750, 7, 765, 1379, 11716, 52895, 111, 808, 125499, 7, 6637, 70, 4323, 73163, 3647, 83, 87709, 111, 6, 128239, 47, 40368, 4, 21208, 959, 204988, 756, 4, 111, 70, 27044, 5245, 450, 40140, 18929, 10, 17311, 72657, 43840, 5, 1913, 19713, 1936, 808, 125499, 7, 621, 56065, 47, 3900, 19309, 4, 220, 6332, 1234, 79850, 4, 756, 11716, 10422, 27044, 5245, 74, 70, 38132, 139999, 71, 83, 6478, 5, 21172, 31, 11, 2408, 57860, 83, 70, 9433, 111, 154107, 142, 72657, 2263, 8613, 21115, 47, 10, 217773, 5, 1650, 552, 85540, 538, 22317, 142, 72657, 43840, 47, 70, 313, 13133, 138, 25, 3564, 111, 10, 808, 125499, 49711, 75449, 5, 98423, 808, 125499, 83, 72657, 2263, 7809, 3674, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 12302, 6, 125499, 15, 10545, 107, 3459, 3674, 808, 125499, 136, 36770, 538, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 91, 125499, 4, 100, 31563, 2661, 6, 125499, 16, 83, 142, 39908, 748, 49711, 75449, 150350, 71, 111, 6, 125499, 4, 205794, 14810, 47, 2510, 241454, 118, 988, 23, 140909, 4, 450, 21265, 7, 237, 70, 72761, 3126, 17721, 70, 347, 125499, 136, 70, 72657, 43840, 40, 944, 3956, 111, 21308, 7, 5, 808, 125499, 14602, 903, 390, 85358, 214, 142, 72657, 43840, 47, 70, 21308, 142518, 13, 9523, 36279, 1294, 111, 10, 38750, 15, 416, 837, 43452, 16, 237, 8951, 297, 390, 10, 5691, 539, 11030, 14981, 112, 40, 944, 3956, 15, 587, 4445, 16, 23, 10, 235446, 6, 125499, 15, 39, 125499, 194, 1301, 6044, 4, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Overview.", "Structure.", "Anticodon.", "Aminoacylation.", "Binding to ribosome.", "tRNA genes.", "Evolution.", "tRNA-derived fragments.", "Engineered tRNAs.", "tRNA biogenesis.", "History." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "While the specific nucleotide sequence of an mRNA specifies which amino acids are incorporated into the protein product of the gene from which the mRNA is transcribed, the role of tRNA is to specify which sequence from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid. The mRNA encodes a protein as a series of contiguous codons, each of which is recognized by a particular tRNA. One end of the tRNA matches the genetic code in a three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon. The anticodon forms three complementary base pairs with a codon in mRNA during protein biosynthesis. On the other end of the tRNA is a covalent attachment to the amino acid that corresponds to the anticodon sequence. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, so each organism has many types of tRNA. Because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, there are several tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons which carry the same amino acid. The covalent attachment to the tRNA 3’ end is catalyzed by enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. During protein synthesis, tRNAs with attached amino acids are delivered to the ribosome by proteins called elongation factors, which aid in association of the tRNA with the ribosome, synthesis of the new polypeptide, and translocation (movement) of the ribosome along the mRNA. If the tRNA's anticodon matches the mRNA, another tRNA already bound to the ribosome transfers the growing polypeptide chain from its 3’ end to the amino acid attached to the 3’ end of the newly delivered tRNA, a reaction catalyzed by the ribosome. A large number of the individual nucleotides in a tRNA molecule may be chemically modified, often by methylation or deamidation. These unusual bases sometimes affect the tRNA's interaction with ribosomes and sometimes occur in the anticodon to alter base-pairing properties.", "The structure of tRNA can be decomposed into its primary structure, its secondary structure (usually visualized as the \"cloverleaf structure\"), and its tertiary structure (all tRNAs have a similar L-shaped 3D structure that allows them to fit into the P and A sites of the ribosome). The cloverleaf structure becomes the 3D L-shaped structure through coaxial stacking of the helices, which is a common RNA tertiary structure motif. The lengths of each arm, as well as the loop 'diameter', in a tRNA molecule vary from species to species. The tRNA structure consists of the following:", "An anticodon is a unit of three nucleotides corresponding to the three bases of an mRNA codon. Each tRNA has a distinct anticodon triplet sequence that can form 3 complementary base pairs to one or more codons for an amino acid. Some anticodons pair with more than one codon due to wobble base pairing. Frequently, the first nucleotide of the anticodon is one not found on mRNA: inosine, which can hydrogen bond to more than one base in the corresponding codon position. In genetic code, it is common for a single amino acid to be specified by all four third-position possibilities, or at least by both pyrimidines and purines; for example, the amino acid glycine is coded for by the codon sequences GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG. Other modified nucleotides may also appear at the first anticodon position—sometimes known as the \"wobble position\"—resulting in subtle changes to the genetic code, as for example in mitochondria. Per cell, 61 tRNA types are required to provide one-to-one correspondence between tRNA molecules and codons that specify amino acids, as there are 61 sense codons of the standard genetic code. However, many cells have under 61 types of tRNAs because the wobble base is capable of binding to several, though not necessarily all, of the codons that specify a particular amino acid. At least 31 tRNAs are required to translate, unambiguously, all 61 sense codons; the maximum observed is 41.", "Aminoacylation is the process of adding an aminoacyl group to a compound. It covalently links an amino acid to the CCA 3' end of a tRNA molecule. Each tRNA is aminoacylated (or \"charged\") with a specific amino acid by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. There is normally a single aminoacyl tRNA synthetase for each amino acid, despite the fact that there can be more than one tRNA, and more than one anticodon for an amino acid. Recognition of the appropriate tRNA by the synthetases is not mediated solely by the anticodon, and the acceptor stem often plays a prominent role. Reaction: Certain organisms can have one or more aminoacyl tRNA synthetases missing. This leads to charging of the tRNA by a chemically related amino acid, and by use of an enzyme or enzymes, the tRNA is modified to be correctly charged. For example, \"Helicobacter pylori\" has glutaminyl tRNA synthetase missing. Thus, glutamate tRNA synthetase charges tRNA-glutamine(tRNA-Gln) with glutamate. An amidotransferase then converts the acid side chain of the glutamate to the amide, forming the correctly charged gln-tRNA-Gln.", "The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA molecules that span the space between the two ribosomal subunits: the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl), and E (exit) sites. In addition, the ribosome has two other sites for tRNA binding that are used during mRNA decoding or during the initiation of protein synthesis. These are the T site (named elongation factor Tu) and I site (initiation). By convention, the tRNA binding sites are denoted with the site on the small ribosomal subunit listed first and the site on the large ribosomal subunit listed second. For example, the A site is often written A/A, the P site, P/P, and the E site, E/E. The binding proteins like L27, L2, L14, L15, L16 at the A- and P- sites have been determined by affinity labeling by A.P. Czernilofsky et al. (\"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA\", pp. 230–34, 1974). Once translation initiation is complete, the first aminoacyl tRNA is located in the P/P site, ready for the elongation cycle described below. During translation elongation, tRNA first binds to the ribosome as part of a complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) or its eukaryotic (eEF-1) or archaeal counterpart. This initial tRNA binding site is called the A/T site. In the A/T site, the A-site half resides in the small ribosomal subunit where the mRNA decoding site is located. The mRNA decoding site is where the mRNA codon is read out during translation. The T-site half resides mainly on the large ribosomal subunit where EF-Tu or eEF-1 interacts with the ribosome. Once mRNA decoding is complete, the aminoacyl-tRNA is bound in the A/A site and is ready for the next peptide bond to be formed to its attached amino acid. The peptidyl-tRNA, which transfers the growing polypeptide to the aminoacyl-tRNA bound in the A/A site, is bound in the P/P site. Once the peptide bond is formed, the tRNA in the P/P site is deacylated, or has a free 3’ end, and the tRNA in the A/A site carries the growing polypeptide chain. To allow for the next elongation cycle, the tRNAs then move through hybrid A/P and P/E binding sites, before completing the cycle and residing in the P/P and E/E sites. Once the A/A and P/P tRNAs have moved to the P/P and E/E sites, the mRNA has also moved over by one codon and the A/T site is vacant, ready for the next round of mRNA decoding. The tRNA bound in the E/E site then leaves the ribosome. The P/I site is actually the first to bind to aminoacyl tRNA, which is delivered by an initiation factor called IF2 in bacteria. However, the existence of the P/I site in eukaryotic or archaeal ribosomes has not yet been confirmed. The P-site protein L27 has been determined by affinity labeling by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky (\"FEBS Lett.\", Vol. 63, pp. 283–86, 1976).", "Organisms vary in the number of tRNA genes in their genome. For example, the nematode worm \"C. elegans\", a commonly used model organism in genetics studies, has 29,647 genes in its nuclear genome, of which 620 code for tRNA. The budding yeast \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae\" has 275 tRNA genes in its genome. In the human genome, which, according to January 2013 estimates, has about 20,848 protein coding genes in total, there are 497 nuclear genes encoding cytoplasmic tRNA molecules, and 324 tRNA-derived pseudogenes—tRNA genes thought to be no longer functional (although pseudo tRNAs have been shown to be involved in antibiotic resistance in bacteria ). Regions in nuclear chromosomes, very similar in sequence to mitochondrial tRNA genes, have also been identified (tRNA-lookalikes). These tRNA-lookalikes are also considered part of the nuclear mitochondrial DNA (genes transferred from the mitochondria to the nucleus). As with all eukaryotes, there are 22 mitochondrial tRNA genes in humans. Mutations in some of these genes have been associated with severe diseases like the MELAS syndrome. Cytoplasmic tRNA genes can be grouped into 49 families according to their anticodon features. These genes are found on all chromosomes, except the 22 and Y chromosome. High clustering on 6p is observed (140 tRNA genes), as well on 1 chromosome. The HGNC, in collaboration with the Genomic tRNA Database (GtRNAdb) and experts in the field, has approved unique names for human genes that encode tRNAs.", "The top half of tRNA (consisting of the T arm and the acceptor stem with 5'-terminal phosphate group and 3'-terminal CCA group) and the bottom half (consisting of the D arm and the anticodon arm) are independent units in structure as well as in function. The top half may have evolved first including the 3'-terminal genomic tag which originally may have marked tRNA-like molecules for replication in early RNA world. The bottom half may have evolved later as an expansion, e.g. as protein synthesis started in RNA world and turned it into a ribonucleoprotein world (RNP world). This proposed scenario is called genomic tag hypothesis. In fact, tRNA and tRNA-like aggregates have an important catalytic influence (i. e. as ribozymes) on replication still today. These roles may be regarded as'molecular (or chemical) fossils' of RNA world. Genomic tRNA content is a differentiating feature of genomes among biological domains of life: Archaea present the simplest situation in terms of genomic tRNA content with a uniform number of gene copies, Bacteria have an intermediate situation and Eukarya present the most complex situation. Eukarya present not only more tRNA gene content than the other two kingdoms but also a high variation in gene copy number among different isoacceptors, and this complexity seem to be due to duplications of tRNA genes and changes in anticodon specificity. Evolution of the tRNA gene copy number across different species has been linked to the appearance of specific tRNA modification enzymes (uridine methyltransferases in Bacteria, and adenosine deaminases in Eukarya), which increase the decoding capacity of a given tRNA. As an example, tRNAAla encodes four different tRNA isoacceptors (AGC, UGC, GGC and CGC). In Eukarya, AGC isoacceptors are extremely enriched in gene copy number in comparison to the rest of isoacceptors, and this has been correlated with its A-to-I modification of its wobble base. This same trend has been shown for most amino acids of eukaryal species. Indeed, the effect of these two tRNA modifications is also seen in codon usage bias. Highly expressed genes seem to be enriched in codons that are exclusively using codons that will be decoded by these modified tRNAs, which suggests a possible role of these codons—and consequently of these tRNA modifications—in translation efficiency.", "tRNA-derived fragments (or tRFs) are short molecules that emerge after cleavage of the mature tRNAs or the precursor transcript. Both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs can produce fragments. There are at least four structural types of tRFs believed to originate from mature tRNAs, including the relatively long tRNA halves and short 5’-tRFs, 3’-tRFs and i-tRFs. The precursor tRNA can be cleaved to produce molecules from the 5’ leader or 3’ trail sequences. Cleavage enzymes include Angiogenin, Dicer, RNase Z and RNase P. Especially in the case of Angiogenin, the tRFs have a characteristically unusual cyclic phosphate at their 3’ end and a hydroxyl group at the 5’ end. tRFs appear to play a role in RNA interference, specifically in the suppression of retroviruses and retrotransposons that use tRNA as a primer for replication. Half-tRNAs cleaved by angiogenin are also known as tiRNAs. The biogensis of smaller fragments, including those that function as piRNAs, are less understood. tRFs have multiple dependencies and roles; such as exhibiting significant changes between sexes, among races and disease status. Functionally, they can be loaded on Ago and act through RNAi pathways, participate in the formation of stress granules, displace mRNAs from RNA-binding proteins or inhibit translation. At the system or the organismal level, the four types of tRFs have a diverse spectrum of activities. Functionally, tRFs are associated with viral infection, cancer, cell proliferation and also with epigenetic transgenerational regulation of metabolism. tRFs are not restricted to humans and have been shown to exist in multiple organisms. Two online tools are available for those wishing to learn more about tRFs: the framework for the interactive exploration of mitochondrial and nuclear tRNA fragments (MINTbase) and the relational database of Transfer RNA related Fragments (tRFdb). MINTbase also provides a naming scheme for the naming of tRFs called tRF-license plates (or MINTcodes) that is genome independent; the scheme compresses an RNA sequence into a shorter string.", "Artificial suppressor elongator tRNAs are used to incorporate unnatural amino acids at nonsense codons placed in the coding sequence of a gene. Engineered initiator tRNAs (tRNA with CUA anticodon encoded by metY gene) have been used to initiate translation at the amber stop codon UAG. This type of engineered tRNA is called a nonsense suppressor tRNA because it suppresses the translation stop signal that normally occurs at UAG codons. The amber initiator tRNA inserts methionine and glutamine at UAG codons preceded by a strong Shine-Dalgarno sequence. An investigation of the amber initiator tRNA showed that it was orthogonal to the regular AUG start codon showing no detectable off-target translation initiation events in a genomically recoded \"E. coli\" strain.", "In eukaryotic cells, tRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III as pre-tRNAs in the nucleus. RNA polymerase III recognizes two highly conserved downstream promoter sequences: the 5' intragenic control region (5'-ICR, D-control region, or A box), and the 3'-ICR (T-control region or B box) inside tRNA genes. The first promoter begins at +8 of mature tRNAs and the second promoter is located 30–60 nucleotides downstream of the first promoter. The transcription terminates after a stretch of four or more thymidines. Pre-tRNAs undergo extensive modifications inside the nucleus. Some pre-tRNAs contain introns that are spliced, or cut, to form the functional tRNA molecule; in bacteria these self-splice, whereas in eukaryotes and archaea they are removed by tRNA-splicing endonucleases. Eukaryotic pre-tRNA contains bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) structure motif that is important for recognition and precise splicing of tRNA intron by endonucleases. This motif position and structure are evolutionarily conserved. However, some organisms, such as unicellular algae have a non-canonical position of BHB-motif as well as 5'- and 3'-ends of the spliced intron sequence. The 5' sequence is removed by RNase P, whereas the 3' end is removed by the tRNase Z enzyme. A notable exception is in the archaeon \"Nanoarchaeum equitans,\" which does not possess an RNase P enzyme and has a promoter placed such that transcription starts at the 5' end of the mature tRNA. The non-templated 3' CCA tail is added by a nucleotidyl transferase. Before tRNAs are exported into the cytoplasm by Los1/Xpo-t, tRNAs are aminoacylated. The order of the processing events is not conserved. For example, in yeast, the splicing is not carried out in the nucleus but at the cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial membranes.", "The existence of tRNA was first hypothesized by Francis Crick, based on the assumption that there must exist an adapter molecule capable of mediating the translation of the RNA alphabet into the protein alphabet. Paul C Zamecnik and Mahlon Hoagland discovered tRNA Significant research on structure was conducted in the early 1960s by Alex Rich and Don Caspar, two researchers in Boston, the Jacques Fresco group in Princeton University and a United Kingdom group at King's College London. In 1965, Robert W. Holley of Cornell University reported the primary structure and suggested three secondary structures. tRNA was first crystallized in Madison, Wisconsin, by Robert M. Bock. The cloverleaf structure was ascertained by several other studies in the following years and was finally confirmed using X-ray crystallography studies in 1974. Two independent groups, Kim Sung-Hou working under Alexander Rich and a British group headed by Aaron Klug, published the same crystallography findings within a year." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 168101, 2230, 1888, 6096, 68804, 5180, 4, 170920, 23, 184007, 237, 70, 5117, 9803, 538, 756, 9, 141532, 289, 178663, 7175, 4, 43374, 71, 47, 2837, 86918, 7103, 70, 111994, 34003, 5, 60560, 9, 141395, 20904, 170174, 4, 678, 82953, 14787, 136, 6626, 3789, 168101, 2230, 1888, 92865, 4, 7068, 23409, 47, 62704, 4, 157082, 99, 70, 194134, 111, 62704, 6096, 68804, 5180, 14037, 56, 87, 7864, 127325, 10186, 111558, 47, 3173, 70, 315, 11030, 223, 111, 70, 44, 140752, 1507, 6096, 68804, 5180, 830, 10, 178727, 32786, 111, 70, 9907, 56187, 111, 61928, 44978, 21786, 60560, 7, 15, 101306, 22312, 683, 194, 581, 7311, 62704, 6096, 68804, 5180, 7175, 136, 6863, 39457, 4295, 831, 21, 53, 63043, 47, 8035, 70, 10332, 525, 19686, 79850, 75169, 32964, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 3884, 25842, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 40765, 2886, 34003, 7, 23, 178663, 32692, 5, 24372, 10, 2837, 2749, 201, 132869, 4034, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 115058, 47, 186, 98, 42632, 100, 10, 4568, 3687, 67229, 5, 2161, 20414, 201, 4, 41310, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 72856, 15044, 27528, 111, 10, 41929, 31251, 56, 47, 70, 170852, 984, 71, 26255, 5, 581, 148390, 13, 388, 5908, 3884, 2363, 17164, 99, 1381, 1104, 2839, 136, 70, 6163, 3132, 3542, 23, 4568, 3687, 4, 44, 1837, 27528, 58, 50155, 70, 192428, 9, 14507, 6238, 2356, 5753, 66053, 933, 4, 2750, 1902, 23742, 70, 96362, 17262, 192428, 95545, 10840, 5, 24372, 10, 5155, 5773, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 26859, 47, 3884, 25842, 10, 8010, 8082, 344, 4, 136, 1295, 20414, 305, 8305, 6088, 190, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 23409, 6478, 1104, 1530, 5, 2161, 6088, 361, 136, 382, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 34739, 6626, 111, 17262, 27528, 1295, 70, 2356, 5753, 66053, 933, 136, 109133, 3934, 5117, 3687, 5, 581, 6163, 3132, 47, 107, 8305, 6088, 136, 39395, 18374, 4, 20450, 6953, 678, 24372, 25212, 6238, 100, 2684, 111, 64911, 136, 64104, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 4734, 186351, 44183, 6, 69986, 115923, 1295, 38222, 47, 60775, 5, 581, 459, 86, 127308, 111, 8382, 5369, 21449, 3229, 59337, 429, 55598, 7680, 206, 7, 123997, 70, 7175, 23, 61242, 47, 19095, 1919, 4989, 6032, 34391, 4, 163451, 214, 6782, 46056, 53, 123426, 434, 1681, 4, 4420, 3934, 70, 6712, 5, 33306, 4, 123426, 434, 1681, 68, 71, 23, 60487, 4, 137802, 7680, 206, 7, 23, 6226, 111, 70, 7175, 5, 7680, 206, 7, 509, 174176, 47, 33976, 10, 159690, 4, 1284, 70, 82649, 1295, 70, 5369, 41928, 47, 1919, 30780, 141, 34739, 3060, 1733, 47, 645, 45738, 5, 581, 6163, 3132, 77681, 145755, 47, 186, 168296, 23, 55591, 136, 58020, 1379, 31095, 19893, 19909, 15017, 206, 701, 4, 1284, 7680, 206, 7, 25, 146295, 509, 141591, 538, 8, 131801, 71, 4743, 47, 70, 32774, 262, 48448, 5, 157268, 100, 10, 3917, 47, 2046, 1286, 35992, 136, 1286, 17265, 4, 7680, 206, 7, 79786, 1810, 10, 35142, 678, 70, 2356, 5753, 25970, 350, 90, 47, 163629, 119728, 124302, 4, 2750, 1902, 26859, 1919, 80997, 678, 70, 6096, 1061, 425, 5, 7680, 206, 7, 7228, 124302, 7175, 22925, 13918, 4, 136, 103036, 71, 4049, 10, 12008, 111, 70, 18348, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 2855, 3674, 70, 44759, 111, 195644, 31095, 4, 136, 509, 47, 186, 147008, 71, 98, 756, 111, 70, 6163, 3132, 25, 8, 16765, 5, 7680, 206, 7, 3853, 42459, 297, 450, 124302, 4, 2750, 1902, 4989, 1902, 1919, 26498, 5423, 98, 332, 66398, 4, 5809, 5646, 645, 237, 31095, 24145, 19909, 15017, 206, 701, 2288, 48398, 7565, 2451, 1264, 29860, 7, 237, 39395, 237, 44500, 5, 1913, 5117, 4, 442, 118775, 450, 124302, 509, 70, 2704, 63847, 70, 7175, 44841, 23, 61540, 5, 2161, 73432, 5155, 4, 764, 1902, 10, 3535, 23, 756, 111, 70, 6163, 3132, 25, 127877, 23, 10, 201, 1104, 304, 19916, 645, 70, 66053, 933, 5, 33306, 4, 450, 77443, 47, 186, 70, 4734, 1733, 70, 6163, 3132, 3542, 645, 5, 4283, 756, 6602, 5, 123560, 23409, 7565, 78280, 69405, 5, 51404, 124302, 5809, 7464, 5962, 4, 764, 5809, 54, 10176, 37076, 5, 1529, 5809, 959, 11675, 4, 136, 1919, 44457, 214, 509, 221, 94176, 450, 17262, 111, 70, 6163, 3132, 25, 163451, 1314, 120332, 33, 297, 47, 738, 98, 153350, 2174, 124302, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 23409, 56409, 645, 70, 6163, 3132, 4, 188304, 10, 7068, 9, 39102, 17164, 79875, 19879, 35992, 5, 581, 6163, 3132, 122799, 15671, 1104, 10837, 23, 2363, 5117, 34003, 23, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 5, 581, 36272, 111, 70, 456, 116292, 297, 7175, 168360, 450, 178663, 5809, 214493, 23, 3525, 16839, 7, 4, 136, 70, 176547, 204795, 7, 4, 2907, 5, 37405, 40218, 7, 4, 170852, 984, 71, 26255, 4, 136, 2356, 5753, 66053, 933, 25737, 2363, 5368, 35461, 7, 28032, 70, 11737, 43606, 5369, 5, 1301, 70, 27631, 7, 42658, 297, 4, 70, 19574, 686, 6504, 27686, 6163, 3132, 100512, 118055, 538, 168296, 5, 71791, 21407, 7, 192429, 123426, 19725, 136, 2548, 92, 124188, 16810, 272, 70, 29114, 184, 15, 2347, 53, 5962, 10, 70163, 71, 25568, 4046, 5368, 127877, 237, 6163, 3132, 4, 678, 71242, 111, 8382, 38162, 12960, 70, 160981, 509, 23, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 136, 6, 197188, 38162, 12960, 1836, 3542, 7175, 120126, 247, 27983, 111517, 71, 390, 15700, 14537, 1274, 3055, 4, 40207, 3145, 124324, 4, 12960, 171458, 10959, 127, 19, 4, 636, 434, 7362, 3667, 67, 4, 136, 25027, 667, 8266, 142, 3089, 2822, 70, 2062, 22062, 5, 581, 36327, 581, 6163, 3132, 3542, 10, 5, 4283, 7175, 23, 2363, 5117, 10846, 5369, 23, 163816, 74, 9365, 1104, 14546, 23, 36236, 4, 14154, 1104, 12951, 23, 28980, 4, 136, 16503, 1104, 13556, 23, 28015, 5, 581, 28980, 34003, 509, 70, 6163, 3132, 25, 5117, 388, 214, 34003, 16792, 50940, 4, 2363, 4568, 6602, 23, 62704, 5, 360, 31060, 4, 678, 70, 1260, 126, 111, 91853, 289, 11301, 4, 70, 6163, 3132, 23742, 70, 5117, 9, 30441, 9907, 19175, 10542, 127152, 44759, 4, 8108, 8035, 52113, 6328, 390, 70, 44, 124693, 11, 11030, 4146, 7, 58, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 161912, 64876, 5, 10660, 2806, 959, 186, 10, 31461, 20271, 70, 11737, 8, 23662, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 163816, 6163, 3132, 621, 142, 15672, 23182, 178663, 7175, 35509, 23, 70, 163816, 57329, 17840, 16128, 5, 10660, 98438, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 237, 10, 32786, 11938, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 24453, 91853, 5, 581, 7175, 112730, 6863, 5368, 27528, 99, 163816, 1104, 919, 202, 1507, 47064, 88260, 1295, 36236, 47, 11891, 4, 136, 99, 41961, 56, 117657, 1295, 10586, 47, 6360, 66016, 505, 4, 2363, 5368, 83932, 1556, 2809, 19419, 1419, 5227, 15, 82772, 538, 7550, 618, 43245, 5227, 247, 105866, 209, 43222, 23175, 1785, 16, 144477, 25617, 111, 7565, 35461, 163816, 23, 1311, 5125, 47064, 4, 69919, 5, 581, 6163, 3132, 11301, 31576, 23189, 27528, 99, 63550, 7763, 5636, 5227, 23, 23924, 13791, 4, 52888, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Boston (1871–1952).", "1871–1913.", "1914: Miracle.", "1915–1953.", "Milwaukee (1953–1965).", "Atlanta (1966–present).", "1966–1974.", "1976–1977: Ted Turner buys the team.", "1978–1990.", "1991–2005: Division dominance.", "2006: Struggles.", "Sale to Liberty Media.", "2007: More struggles.", "2009: The return of solid pitching.", "2010: Cox's final season.", "2011: Fredi González takes over.", "2012: Chipper's last season.", "2013: Braves win the East.", "2014: Losing season.", "2015–2016: Rebuilding.", "2017: New ballpark and front office changes.", "World Series championships.", "Major rivalries.", "New York Mets.", "Philadelphia Phillies.", "Uniforms.", "Logos.", "Achievements.", "Retired numbers.", "Minor league affiliates.", "Radio and television.", "Tomahawk chop." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "3", "3", "3", "2", "2", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "", "The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player-manager Harry Wright, with brother George and two other Cincinnati players, then went to Boston, Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the \"Boston Red Stockings\", a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP). The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing", "Two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4–18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish. On July 4, 1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26–40 and the Braves were in last place, \"15 games\" behind the league-leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants. After a day off, the Braves started to put together a hot streak, and from July 6 through September 5, the Braves went 41–12. On September 7 and 8, the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place. The Braves tore through September and early October, closing with", "After contending for most of 1915 and 1916, the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932. The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend, pitching great Christy Mathewson, back into the game. However, Mathewson died in 1925, leaving Fuchs in control of the team. Fuchs was committed to building a winner, but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome. The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie, but Fuchs' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression. Looking for a way to get more fans and more money, Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth, who had started his career with the Red Sox. Fuchs made Ruth team vice president, and promised him a share of the profits. He was also granted the title of assistant manager, and was to be consulted on all of the Braves' deals. Fuchs even suggested that Ruth, who had long had his heart set on managing, could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down—perhaps as early as 1936. At first, it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935. On opening day, he had a hand in all of the Braves' runs in a 4–2 win over the Giants. However, that proved to be the only time the Braves were over.500 all year. Events went downhill quickly. While Ruth could still hit, he could do little else. He could not run, and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth", "Milwaukee went wild over the Braves, drawing a then-NL record 1.8 million fans. The Braves finished 92–62 in their first season in Milwaukee. The success of the relocated team showed that baseball could succeed in new markets, and the Philadelphia Athletics, St. Louis Browns, Brooklyn Dodgers, and New York Giants left their hometowns within the next five years. As the 1950s progressed, the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive. Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense (they hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves, with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee and 863 coming while they were teammates), often aided by another power hitter, Joe Adcock, while Warren Spahn, Lew Burdette, and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation. The 1956", "", "The Braves were a.500 team in their first few years in Atlanta; 85–77 in 1966, 77–85 in 1967, and 81–81 in 1968. The 1967 season was the Braves' first losing season since 1952, their last year in Boston. In 1969, with the onset of divisional play, the Braves won the first-ever National League West Division title, before being swept by the \"Miracle Mets\" in the National League Championship Series. They would not be a factor during the next decade, posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 – in some cases, fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams. In the meantime, fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron. In the relatively hitter-friendly confines and higher-than-average altitude of Atlanta Stadium (\"The Launching Pad\"), he actually increased his offensive production. Atlanta", "In 1976, the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner, owner of superstation WTBS, as a means to keep the team (and one of his main programming staples) in Atlanta. The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down-payment. It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky, hands-on baseball owner. On May 11, 1977, Turner appointed himself manager, but because MLB passed a rule", "After three straight losing seasons, Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season. He promoted 22-year-old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup. Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons, but he struggled on defense, unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base. In 1980, Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability, while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974. Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre, under whose", "", "In 2006, the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to. Due to an offensive slump, injuries to their starting rotation, and subpar bullpen performances, the Braves compiled a 6–21 record during June, the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of.222; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 (4–20) with a.166 winning percentage. After the break, the Braves came out with their bats swinging, setting many franchise records. They won five straight, sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals, tallying a total of 65 runs in that span. The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897, when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78, including 25 in one game and 21 in another, from May 31 – June 3; the 2006", "In December 2005, team owner Time Warner, which inherited the Braves after purchasing Turner Broadcasting System in 1996, announced it was placing the team for sale. Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team. In February 2007, after more than a year of negotiations, Time Warner agreed to a deal to sell the Braves to Liberty Media, which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner, pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner", "On July 5, Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers. After struggling", "On December 4, 2008, the Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan, while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers, shortstop Brent Lillibridge, third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez. On January 13, 2009, the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three-year deal, and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four-year contract. During the course of the offseason, the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine, while losing long-time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox. On February 25, 2009, just before the start of spring training, Atlanta agreed to terms on a one-year contract with free-agent", "The 2010 Braves' season featured an attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005. The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox, in his 25th and final season managing the team. The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine-game losing streak in April. Then they had a nine-game winning streak from May 26 through June 3, the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row. On May 31, the Atlanta Braves defeated the then-first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings, a position they had maintained through the middle of August. The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005. On July 13, 2010 at the 2010 MLB All-Star Game in Anaheim, Braves catcher", "On October 13, 2010, the Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long-time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011. The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason. It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell, third-base coach Brian Snitker, and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions, while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first-base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach. Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff. Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29, 2010. On November 16, 2010 in an offseason trade, the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida", "In 2012, the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season. On March 22, the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team. The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency, including pitcher Derek Lowe, shortstop Alex González, and outfielder Nate McLouth. To compensate for this, the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn, along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons. To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe (as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy), manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation. The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started, setting the MLB record for most", "Following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game, the Braves spent the 2012–2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense. The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays, signing him to a 5-year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder, and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks, they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year. The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17–9 for the month, which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis, while taking hold of first place in the National League East division, a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season. The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season, including injuries to Jason Heyward, Brian McCann, Freddie Freeman, Eric O'Flaherty, Jonny Venters, Ramiro Pena and others, but found a way to win", "On November 11, 2013, the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County, in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017. The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves' 20-year lease on Turner Field in 2016. The new stadium is to", "Prior to the 2015 season, the Braves fired general manager Frank Wren, and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager, choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations. The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins. Hart traded All-Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith. Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz, Rio Ruiz, and Andrew Thurman. A day before the season began, the Braves made a final trade involving former All-Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr.. They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players. By the beginning of the season, the Braves did 11 trades in", "The Braves opened their new stadium, SunTrust Park (now Truist Park), on April 14, 2017, with a four-game sweep of the San Diego Padres. The park received positive reviews. Woody Studenmund of the Hardball Times called the park a \"gem\" and he was impressed with \"the compact beauty of the stadium and its exciting approach to combining baseball, business and social activities.\" J.J. Cooper of Baseball America praised the \"excellent sight lines for pretty much every seat.\" Cooper also noted that \"the Wi-Fi works and it's very fast, even with a park full of smartphone users.\" The Braves also introduced \"The Freeze\" as between-innings entertainment—a former college sprinter, dressed in aqua spandex, has a footrace with", "Over its 138 seasons, the Braves franchise has won a total", "", "The Braves–Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams, featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East. Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS, en route to their first World Series championship, the first playoff series", "While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets, it has been the more important one in the last decade. Between 1993 and 2013, the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions, the exceptions being in 2006, when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 (no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player's strike), and in 2012, when the Washington Nationals claimed their", "The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations. The white home uniform, introduced in 1987, is the primary home uniform. Paired with the home navy \"A\" cap with red brim, this uniform features red and navy piping, the \"Braves\" script and tomahawk in front, and radially arched (vertically arched until 2005; sewn into a nameplate until 2012) navy letters and red numbers with navy trim at the back. The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform. Paired with the all-navy \"A\" cap (previously the navy and red \"A\" cap until 2008), the uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms save for the \"Atlanta\" script in front. The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965—during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee. The Braves have had three different versions of their Friday red alternate home uniform. The first uniform, worn from 2005 to 2013, featured navy and white piping, navy \"Braves\" script and tomahawk in front, and white letters and navy numbers with white trim at the back. It was paired with a navy cap with red brim featuring the alternate \"tomahawk A\" logo. From 2014 to 2018, the Braves tweaked the uniform; the \"Braves\" script was now adorned with stars while the tomahawk was removed. The \"tomahawk A\" cap was also retired. In", "From 1945 to 1955 the Braves primary logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior. From 1956 to 1965 it was a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair. When the Braves moved to", "", "The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise, including most recently Chipper Jones' number 10 in 2013, John Smoltz's number 29 in 2012, Bobby Cox's number 6 in 2011, Tom Glavine's number 47 in 2010, and Greg Maddux's number 31 in 2009. Additionally, Hank Aaron's 44, Dale Murphy's 3, Phil Niekro's 35,", "The Atlanta Braves farm", "After years of stability, the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage. The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation. TBS showed 70 games throughout the country, then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason, and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008. Until his dismissal in 2009, Chip Caray, one of the Braves' current broadcasters, called play-by-play for the national package, which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS. Caray is joined by Joe Simpson, who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992. Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976. WPCH-TV/Peachtree TV, formerly WTBS Atlanta, still carried Braves games after 2007, but only in parts of the Southern United States. After the transfer of the channel's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation, all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area", "The tomahawk chop was adopted by fans during the 1991 Atlanta Braves season. It was initially started by a few Florida State University (FSU) fans in Atlanta who followed former FSU athlete Deion Sanders, but this later grew to the whole of the Atlanta Braves' fanbase. The usage of foam tomahawks led to criticism from Native American groups that it was \"demeaning\" to them and called for them to be banned. In response, the Braves' public relations director said that it was \"a proud expression of unification and family\". The controversy has persisted since and became national news again during the 2019 National League Division Series. During the series, St. Louis Cardinals relief pitcher and Cherokee Nation member, Ryan Helsley was asked about the chop and chant. Helsley said he found the fans' chanting and arm-motions insulting and that the chop depicts natives \"in this kind of caveman-type people way who aren't intellectual.\" The relief pitcher's comments prompted the Braves to stop handing out foam tomahawks, playing the chop music or showing the chop graphic when the series returned to Atlanta for Game 5. The Braves released a statement saying they would \"continue to evaluate how we activate elements of our brand, as well as the overall in-game experience\" and that they would continue a \"dialogue with those in the Native American community after the postseason concludes.\" The heads of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and Cherokee Nation both condemned the chop and chant. The Atlanta Braves' front office says it will hold talks with Native Americans during the off season in deciding whether to keep or end the tradition. Despite assurance from the Atlanta Braves, the team failed to reach out to local Native Americans groups before the start of spring training." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 19335, 8705, 16610, 9, 150, 4126, 178663, 160981, 7, 4, 26719, 6626, 24, 4806, 70, 9907, 7, 4, 112730, 23, 17955, 678, 70, 9907, 56187, 23, 70, 111994, 7, 5, 581, 5117, 17955, 9907, 7, 7175, 23, 10, 13036, 192428, 112730, 23, 70, 15672, 56187, 23, 166555, 5, 116267, 17955, 9907, 7, 7175, 2843, 112730, 23, 70, 32528, 56187, 20271, 6863, 4734, 34003, 23, 166555, 5, 581, 5117, 17955, 9907, 7, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 112730, 1295, 145769, 47, 145810, 5, 581, 17955, 46684, 1055, 112730, 23, 70, 15672, 56187, 23, 145081, 4, 8108, 88203, 214, 47, 70, 9907, 19175, 237, 70, 148643, 7, 70, 25632, 34003, 5, 581, 17955, 148643, 7, 4, 2750, 3542, 27983, 15005, 2822, 47, 237, 70, 9907, 7, 4, 112730, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 1295, 151278, 47, 122815, 5, 10660, 3542, 134629, 390, 15700, 17955, 148643, 7, 160981, 23, 91255, 4, 10, 178727, 32786, 111, 70, 3525, 15672, 19175, 4, 2750, 3542, 51521, 538, 24, 4806, 70, 17955, 9907, 7, 1295, 66007, 47, 36327, 5, 581, 5117, 15672, 19175, 148643, 7, 160981, 109133, 47, 4211, 86, 11, 34740, 7103, 70, 23936, 34003, 136, 100512, 70, 186672, 92016, 7, 5, 10660, 3542, 91995, 71, 23, 17955, 390, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 7175, 4, 70, 17932, 148643, 7, 160981, 4, 3129, 80723, 11301, 23, 40418, 136, 109133, 47, 1172, 2069, 1507, 4, 31464, 7103, 70, 32158, 34003, 47, 24209, 70, 31464, 193764, 5, 581, 162604, 45434, 7, 3542, 2831, 111, 70, 31060, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 14700, 66, 6889, 4, 3129, 99201, 70, 149493, 79137, 7, 15, 35613, 70, 10663, 634, 30163, 13, 6499, 42844, 247, 195459, 6406, 25674, 7, 4, 136, 1735, 59826, 110929, 7, 5, 44978, 71, 23, 162604, 4, 70, 45434, 7, 3542, 70, 5117, 49953, 19175, 7175, 23, 25730, 5, 10660, 3542, 24, 4806, 7103, 70, 45434, 12661, 6661, 25, 7, 34997, 5, 581, 144732, 9, 67886, 101785, 509, 390, 28166, 42911, 420, 669, 4, 10, 13036, 12008, 31958, 23, 27414, 25561, 5, 581, 45434, 7, 25, 61475, 5368, 509, 24277, 1294, 5227, 5, 16456, 17704, 390, 46980, 23788, 206, 4, 70, 7175, 72856, 12062, 27528, 23, 2363, 5117, 34003, 4, 187020, 18, 25958, 14858, 214, 70, 110929, 7, 25, 33428, 141, 19916, 1104, 2400, 7, 17164, 4, 136, 136475, 47, 151994, 20271, 2363, 5117, 8, 23662, 678, 1614, 9, 5, 4283, 34003, 7, 5, 13794, 214, 23, 27193, 4, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 5368, 130731, 509, 162604, 25, 7, 152150, 88260, 4, 88303, 100, 70, 28506, 79428, 152150, 7, 5, 32964, 5369, 14432, 4, 70, 7175, 23742, 10, 160981, 9, 84396, 9199, 27528, 4, 67229, 214, 17932, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 24453, 5, 581, 45434, 7, 80723, 70, 15643, 7, 678, 10, 56458, 21115, 111, 27150, 92865, 4, 26719, 105556, 56, 135730, 125717, 4, 1810, 28394, 1314, 13320, 82507, 90, 136, 22456, 91162, 1681, 4, 50960, 3647, 669, 13320, 23706, 934, 4, 136, 163451, 1314, 41550, 48861, 7, 136, 19893, 16965, 66965, 1681, 5, 581, 7175, 23742, 6863, 4734, 91853, 102995, 16070, 23, 70, 153350, 9, 186500, 33, 297, 65450, 34003, 111, 26771, 4, 86658, 6863, 34003, 678, 10, 17262, 27528, 47, 6626, 86669, 47, 70, 3731, 31754, 984, 71, 26255, 23, 70, 9907, 19175, 161912, 64876, 5, 581, 7175, 66933, 2684, 111, 70, 15643, 7, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 70, 6, 39102, 24453, 43824, 4, 67229, 214, 23, 50960, 707, 22759, 927, 3687, 23, 136659, 1810, 111, 300, 86, 34003, 7, 1295, 24427, 47, 96145, 162715, 23630, 26255, 509, 1274, 2822, 237, 31095, 8108, 70, 20231, 34003, 136, 17997, 71, 70, 45434, 7, 47, 10, 5, 4283, 707, 11522, 17164, 43606, 20028, 23, 37195, 5369, 4, 678, 70, 127308, 38162, 23, 22059, 4, 3229, 1836, 23742, 20031, 27528, 5, 10660, 122799, 50960, 4, 1284, 3542, 1660, 22759, 27528, 50155, 70, 91853, 9, 69986, 181021, 7, 5, 42911, 420, 669, 54324, 70, 7175, 47, 10, 158, 127639, 316, 111, 144044, 23, 12898, 4, 678, 6, 101956, 13177, 4776, 237, 70, 332, 66398, 4537, 4755, 5, 23630, 26255, 4, 99, 450, 1733, 17932, 4734, 47, 46980, 23788, 206, 23, 14012, 111, 45434, 7, 27528, 145755, 4, 509, 91995, 71, 2831, 7514, 8305, 70, 12898, 34003, 5, 360, 4347, 12839, 4, 120686, 884, 796, 4, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 45434, 7, 53702, 16792, 28506, 4, 509, 125568, 71, 47, 31095, 4, 141753, 70, 5117, 120725, 66, 9, 57332, 31095, 23, 276, 48097, 32692, 5, 884, 796, 2806, 24209, 70, 57724, 23, 45434, 7, 27528, 145755, 4, 12960, 2497, 86675, 70, 7175, 47, 6, 69986, 115923, 4, 26719, 13211, 4, 3229, 70, 45434, 7, 4, 12441, 390, 10, 12348, 297, 21115, 111, 92865, 26719, 174821, 140691, 4, 32129, 7, 2246, 884, 796, 4, 1784, 28694, 31945, 7, 5084, 136, 29465, 111729, 4, 1902, 70, 2965, 17164, 23, 70, 13036, 192428, 7, 24189, 70, 13211, 1104, 8821, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 153350, 168861, 70, 126136, 1363, 111, 70, 47143, 820, 111, 70, 34003, 5, 24372, 70, 2837, 140545, 674, 111, 13211, 4, 45434, 7, 24365, 80723, 2412, 59725, 6863, 22799, 92865, 4, 136, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 1207, 8060, 104, 50777, 6259, 5, 13177, 4776, 54324, 6226, 111, 70, 7175, 47, 224070, 2091, 1651, 23, 8272, 4, 1284, 2091, 1651, 165523, 47, 20903, 98, 10, 1774, 47, 45367, 10, 3525, 7565, 35461, 16446, 10237, 4, 136, 6777, 959, 58359, 142, 106689, 98, 113976, 136, 14941, 5977, 226347, 18264, 7, 100, 70, 3576, 34003, 4, 6, 241866, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 2450, 154271, 5, 24372, 70, 6789, 34003, 4, 276, 48097, 90698, 456, 23253, 214, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 160981, 4, 33233, 678, 40101, 70, 186672, 92016, 7, 707, 70, 213904, 9631, 130679, 31681, 7, 5, 360, 7582, 103844, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 25, 7, 144044, 43374, 71, 1372, 1104, 304, 47, 18264, 70, 192428, 390, 6626, 87199, 292, 59499, 47, 67842, 97264, 4, 70, 45434, 7, 136, 70, 186672, 92016, 7, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 113771, 538, 43374, 71, 26548, 158, 117474, 5, 8273, 184, 26513, 18, 538, 4, 70, 62704, 6096, 1061, 425, 3542, 54324, 47, 10, 165410, 12441, 390, 4939, 601, 5, 45233, 4, 101785, 111, 70, 52888, 1784, 2397, 7, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 17955, 9907, 7, 621, 142, 15672, 23182, 178663, 7175, 35509, 23, 17955, 4, 391, 5, 441, 5, 581, 9907, 7, 98438, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 237, 10, 32786, 11938, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 24453, 91853, 5, 28090, 4078, 47, 56434, 70, 7175, 112730, 23, 627, 86371, 88260, 12960, 2363, 28123, 83932, 509, 8035, 88303, 5, 360, 43304, 1836, 109133, 23, 47, 9907, 7, 5227, 4, 105866, 98, 25134, 156350, 15130, 23, 70, 25134, 13, 4438, 68587, 660, 111, 391, 5, 441, 5, 4, 43573, 70, 5710, 587, 65301, 32547, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Early baseball in Washington, D.C..", "Washington Senators.", "Montreal Expos.", "Proposed 2001 contraction.", "Relocation.", "Washington baseball history revived.", "2019 World Series win.", "Season standings.", "Players and personnel.", "Managers.", "Retired numbers.", "Ring of Honor.", "Attendance.", "Spring training.", "Nationals Dream Foundation.", "Radio and television.", "Rivalries.", "Baltimore Orioles (Beltway Series)." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "2" ], "content": [ "", "Multiple short-lived baseball franchises, including two named the Nationals, played in Washington with the National Association in the 1870s. The first Washington Nationals team in a major league played in the American Association in 1884. Another Washington Nationals team also played in the Union Association during its only season in 1884. The first Washington Nationals of the National League played from 1886 to 1889.", "The Washington Statesmen played in the American Association in 1891, before jumping to the National League as the Senators the following season. The Washington Senators, who were often referred to as the Nationals, played in the National League from 1892 to 1899. They were followed by another Washington Senators franchise in 1901, a charter member of the new American League, who were officially named the Washington Nationals from 1905 to 1956. The first American League Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis after the 1960 season and became the Minnesota Twins. They were replaced in Washington by an expansion team, the second Senators franchise, which began play in 1961 and moved to Arlington, Texas after the 1971 season to become the Texas Rangers.", "The Montreal Expos were part of the 1969 Major League Baseball expansion, which included the Seattle Pilots (now the Milwaukee Brewers), Kansas City Royals, and San Diego Padres. Based in Montreal, the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada. They were named after the Expo 67 World's Fair. The majority-share owner was by Charles Bronfman, a major shareholder in Seagram. The Expos' initial home was Jarry Park. Managed by Gene Mauch, the team lost 110 games in their first season, coincidentally matching the Padres' inaugural win–loss record, and continued to struggle during their first decade with sub-.500 seasons. Starting in 1977, the team's home venue was Montreal's Olympic Stadium, built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Two years later, the team won a franchise-high 95 games, finishing second in the National League East. The Expos began the 1980s with a core group of young players, including catcher Gary Carter, outfielders Tim Raines and Andre Dawson, third baseman Tim Wallach, and pitchers Steve Rogers and Bill Gullickson. The team won its only division championship in the strike-shortened split season of 1981, ending its season with a three games to two loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Championship Series. The team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack, finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990. Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a.500 or better record five times in six years, with the highlight coming in 1987, when they won 91 games. They finished third, but were just four games behind the division-winning Cardinals. Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991, with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner. Rodgers, at that time second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed, was replaced partway through the 1991 season. In May 1992, Felipe Alou, a member of the Expos organization since 1976, was promoted to manager, becoming the first Dominican-born manager in MLB history. Alou would become the leader in Expos games managed, while guiding the team to winning records, including 1994, when the Expos, led by a talented group of players including Larry Walker, Moisés Alou, Marquis Grissom and Pedro Martínez, had the best record in the major leagues until the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the remainder of the season. After the disappointment of 1994, Expos management began shedding its key players, and the team's fan support dwindled. Brochu sold control of the team to Jeffrey Loria in 1999, but Loria failed to close on a plan to build a new downtown ballpark, and did not reach an agreement on television and English radio broadcast contracts for the 2000 season, reducing the team's media coverage.", "After the 2001 season, MLB considered revoking the team's franchise, along with either the Minnesota Twins or the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In November 2001, Major League Baseball's owners voted 28–2 to contract the league by two teams — according to various sources, the Expos and the Minnesota Twins, both of which reportedly voted against contraction. Subsequently, the Boston Red Sox were sold to a partnership led by John W. Henry, owner of the Florida Marlins. In order to clear the way for Henry's group to assume ownership of the Red Sox, Henry sold the Marlins to Loria, and MLB purchased the Expos from Loria. However, the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission, operator of the Metrodome, won an injunction requiring the Twins to play there in 2002. Because MLB was unable to revoke the Twins franchise, it was compelled to keep both the Twins and Expos as part of the regular season schedule. In the collective bargaining agreement signed with the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) in August 2002, contraction was prohibited until the end of the contract in 2006. By that time, the Expos had become the Washington Nationals and the Twins had made sufficient progress towards the eventual building of a new baseball-specific stadium that contraction was no longer on the agenda.", "With contraction no longer an option for the immediate term, MLB began looking for a relocation site for the Expos. Some of the choices included: Oklahoma City; Washington, D.C.; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Monterrey, Mexico; Portland, Oregon; Northern Virginia (such as Arlington or Dulles); Norfolk, Virginia; Las Vegas; and Charlotte, North Carolina. Washington, D.C., and both Virginia locations emerged as the front-runners. On September 29, 2004, MLB announced the Expos would move to Washington, D.C., in 2005. On November 15, a lawsuit by the former team owners against MLB and former majority owner Jeffrey Loria was struck down by arbitrators, bringing to an end all legal actions that would impede a move. The owners of the other MLB teams approved the move to Washington, D.C., in a 28–1 vote on December 3 (Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos cast the sole dissenting vote). Although there was some sentiment to revive the name Senators when the Montreal Expos franchise moved to Washington in 2005, legal and political considerations factored into the choice of Nationals, a revival of the first American League franchise's official name used from 1901 to 1956. Politicians and others in the District of Columbia objected to the name Senators because the District of Columbia does not have voting representation in Congress. In addition, the Rangers still owned the rights to the Senators name, although the Nationals were able to acquire the rights to the curly \"W\" logo from the Rangers. This logo looked a lot like Walgreens logo, but the drugstore chain never sued because, even though people have trouble telling the logos apart, it is believed the chain does not see this as a problem. Washington, D.C., mayor Anthony A. Williams supported the name \"Washington Grays\", in honor of the Negro-league team the Homestead Grays (1929–1950), which had been based in Pittsburgh, but played many of their home games in Washington. On November 21, 2004, the team's management chose the name \"Washington Nationals\". The club's official colors of red, white, and blue were revealed the next day. As part of the relocation, the Nationals played their first three seasons at RFK Stadium until Nationals Park could be built. Nationals Park was completed in 2008, and the Nationals played their first home game there on March 30, 2008. The game was nationally televised on ESPN and former U.S. President George W. Bush threw out the first pitch. Ryan Zimmerman hit a walk-off home run to win the first game in the new stadium.", "When Ted Lerner took over the club in mid-2006, he hired Stan Kasten as team president. Kasten was widely known as the architect of the Atlanta Braves before and during their run of 14 division titles. Kasten was also the general manager or president of many other Atlanta-area sports teams, including the Atlanta Hawks and Atlanta Thrashers. \"The Plan\", as it became known, was a long-range rebuilding and restructuring of the team from the ground up. This plan included investing in the farm system and the draft, and having a suitable team to go along with their new stadium. In the front office, the Nationals hired the well-respected former Arizona scouting director Mike Rizzo to be the vice president of baseball operations, second in charge under then-general manager Jim Bowden. The Nationals began building the foundations of a contender with their first-overall draft picks of Stephen Strasburg (in 2009) and Bryce Harper (in 2010). In 2011, they signed Jayson Werth to the team's first big free agent contract. With a mix of homegrown players and players acquired via trade and free agency, the Nationals clinched their first playoff berth and first division title in 2012. They were knocked out of the 2012 NLDS by the St. Louis Cardinals in five games after the Cardinals took the lead with two outs in the bottom of the ninth of game 5. After missing the playoffs in 2013, they hired Matt Williams as manager and rebounded to win their second division title in 2014, but were eliminated in the 2014 NLDS by the San Francisco Giants. They missed the playoffs again in a turbulent 2015 season, leading to Williams' firing. The team hired veteran manager Dusty Baker in 2016, and returned to the playoffs only to be eliminated by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLDS in five games. They won the NL East title in 2017, but were eliminated in the NLDS yet again after losing game 5 to the Chicago Cubs. Baker's contract was not renewed after the 2017 playoff loss, and the team hired Dave Martinez as their sixth manager in ten years. In 2018, the All-Star Game was played at Nationals Park. The Nationals failed to make the playoffs in 2018, finishing a disappointing second in a year they were expected to sail to the playoffs. After the 2018 season, star slugger Bryce Harper left the team via free agency, signing with the rival Philadelphia Phillies.", "The Nationals began the 2019 season with a record of 19-31, with their reported chances of winning the World Series at that time being 1.5 percent. They went from there with a 74-38 record, finishing with an overall record of 93-69 and earning a spot in the 2019 National League Wild Card Game, which they won over the Milwaukee Brewers 4–3. In the NLDS, the Nationals defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games, propelling them past the divisional round for the first time in franchise history. The Nationals then swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the NLCS, giving them their first NL pennant. The team then defeated the Houston Astros in game seven of the 2019 World Series, giving them their first World Series championship, with Strasburg being voted series MVP. The World Series was the first in MLB history that saw no team win a game at home, as the road team won all seven.", "Bold denotes a playoff season, pennant, or championship; \"italics\" denote an active season.", "", "\"Note: Updated through October 15, 2019.\"", "During the franchise's period in Montreal, the Montreal Expos retired three numbers in honor of four players, plus Jackie Robinson's number 42 which was retired throughout all Major League Baseball in 1997. Following the move to Washington, D.C., the numbers (except 42) were returned to circulation and remain in use, although the \"Team History\" section of the Nationals' website continues to refer to the numbers as \"retired.\" When Washington wore Expos throwback jerseys on July 6, 2019, catcher Yan Gomes wore his usual number 10, even though the number is retired by the Expos, for Andre Dawson and Rusty Staub. After the Expos' departure from Montreal, the National Hockey League′s Montreal Canadiens hung a banner in Bell Centre honoring the Expos' retired numbers.", "On August 10, 2010, the Nationals unveiled a \"Ring of Honor\" at Nationals Park to honor National Baseball Hall of Fame members who had played \"significant years\" for the Washington Nationals, original Washington Senators (1901–1960), expansion Washington Senators (1961–1971), Homestead Grays, or Montreal Expos. In late August 2016, the team dropped the criterion that an inductee be a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame, also opening membership to \"anyone who has made a significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington, D.C.\"; the first inductee under the revised criteria was Frank Howard. The Nationals′ attempt to honor the Montreal-Washington franchise's entire history in the Ring of Honor, as well as by tracking Montreal-Washington franchise records, is not without controversy; it has been criticized as \"an embodiment of the team’s desire to find history before it can make much.\" Although Nationals fans generally take little interest in the franchise's Montreal years, some do appreciate acknowledging that the franchise has a history that predates its arrival in Washington, and former Expo Tim Raines received a warm round of applause from fans at Nationals Park at his induction ceremony on August 28, 2017, even though he had never even visited Washington, D.C., before, let alone played baseball there. Some Montreal Expos fans express appreciation that the Nationals are honoring the Expos, and Expos players inducted into the Ring of Honor have expressed gratitude that the Nationals chose to include them, especially with no MLB team in Montreal to honor their careers. However, few Nationals fans have taken an interest in franchise records, preferring to compare Nationals records with those of previous Washington MLB teams instead, and a segment of Nationals fans actively opposes the inclusion of Expos history into that of the Nationals, taking the view that the Montreal years are irrelevant to Washington and that the team made a complete break with its past and started anew when it arrived in Washington, inheriting the history of the two Washington Senators teams rather than that of the Expos. Similarly, Montreal Expos fans have taken little or no interest in the achievements of Nationals players, and some Expos fans strongly oppose the inclusion of former Expos in the Ring, taking the position that to do so is to co-opt the history of the Expos, which they say belongs solely in Montreal. Observers also have noted that the admission of the first Nationals player to the Ring of Honor, Iván \"Pudge\" Rodríguez, although he was well-liked as a National, highlights another awkward aspect of the Ring of Honor's acceptance criteria, because Rodriguez's inclusion arose out of his admission to the National Baseball Hall of Fame based on his exploits for other teams, not out of anything he did during a 155-game, two-season stint with the Nationals at the end of his career in years in which the Nationals posted mediocre records. Nationals general manager Mike Rizzo responded that his inclusion had merit even based on his time with the Nationals, when he \"taught us how to be a professional franchise.\" In a ceremony held at Nationals Park between games of a doubleheader on the evening of September 8, 2018, the Nationals inducted former outfielder Jayson Werth, who played for the Nationals from 2011 through 2017, into the Ring of Honor. He became the first \"true\" National – the first person based specifically on his career as a National – inducted into the Ring of Honor. The Ring of Honor includes:", "Source:", "The Nationals hold spring training in Florida, where they play their annual slate of Grapefruit League games. From 2005 through 2016, they held spring training at Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida, a facility that they inherited from the Expos. In 2017, the Nationals moved their spring training operations to The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, a new facility they share with the Houston Astros in West Palm Beach, Florida; they played their first Grapefruit League game there on February 28, 2017. On February 16, 2018, it was renamed FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches after the Nationals and Astros signed a 12-year deal for the naming rights to the stadium that day with FITTEAM, an event brand partnership and organic products firm located in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.", "The Washington Nationals Dream Foundation is the team's charity which is \"committed to community partnerships that improve the lives of children and families across the Washington Capital Region. The foundation opened a youth baseball academy in partnership with the D.C. government, and a pediatric diabetes care center at Children's National Medical Center in partnership with the Center. The foundation also provides grants to local organizations. On August 1, 2011, the foundation, in partnership with several local organizations, formally opened Miracle Field in Germantown, Maryland as part of an effort to encourage athletic activity in children with \"mental and/or physical challenges.\" According to Steven Miller of MLB.com, what sets Miracle Field apart in terms of safety is its unique design, as it \"is made entirely of a cushioned synthetic turf that is five-eighths of an inch thick—providing a safe surface for children in wheelchairs or with other handicaps.\"", "The Nationals' flagship radio station is WJFK-FM (106.7 FM) \"The Fan\", which is owned by Entercom. Charlie Slowes and Dave Jageler are the play-by-play announcers. WJFK fronts a radio network of 19 stations serving portions of Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Delaware as well as the District. WFED (1500 AM) had been the flagship station since the 2006 season until a multi-year agreement was reached between the Nationals and WJFK before the 2011 season. WFED remains on the network as an affiliate; its 50 kilowatt clear-channel signal allows the Nationals' home-team call to be heard up and down the East Coast. WWZZ (104.1 FM), which carried games in the 2005 season, was the team's first flagship radio station. Mid-Atlantic Sports Network (MASN) televises all games not picked up by one of MLB's national television partners. Bob Carpenter has been the TV play-by-play announcer since 2006 and F.P. Santangelo was hired in January 2011 as color analyst. Mel Proctor was the TV play-by-announcer in 2005, and former color analysts are Ron Darling (2005), Tom Paciorek (2006), Don Sutton (2007–2008), and Rob Dibble, who took over the job in 2009 and was fired in September 2010 after criticizing Stephen Strasburg for not pitching while injured. Ray Knight filled in as color analyst in September 2010 after Dibble was fired. Previously, WDCA (channel 20) carried 76 games in the 2005 season while the newly founded MASN was still negotiating cable carriage. From 2009 through 2017, MASN syndicated a package of 20 games for simulcast on an over-the-air television station in Washington. Broadcast partners under this arrangement were WDCW (channel 50) from 2009 through 2012 and CBS affiliate WUSA (channel 9) from 2013 through 2017. MASN did not continue the syndication deal for the 2018 season. In the midst of a season in which they finished with the worst record in Major League Baseball, the Nationals' television ratings were among the worst in the National League in July 2008 but increased during the 2010 and 2011 seasons. Since 2012, when they began to achieve consistent success on the field, their television viewership has grown continually and dramatically. By 2016, the Nationals′ prime-time television ratings were 15th highest among the 29 U.S. MLB teams, and they rose to 12th in 2017. Ratings declined to 18th among the 29 U.S. teams for the 2018 season.", "", "The Nationals have an inter-league rivalry with the nearby Baltimore Orioles, which is nicknamed the Beltway Series. The teams have played two series a season – one in Baltimore and one in Washington – since 2006." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 163055, 4, 2896, 214, 4127, 7, 142901, 42, 884, 853, 934, 15, 11, 53918, 13, 4209, 23182, 178663, 58585, 16, 136, 200866, 4939, 48861, 7, 23742, 142, 14700, 66, 6889, 9907, 19175, 160981, 100, 176547, 4, 1632, 111, 2367, 83, 5036, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 140803, 1771, 241, 22553, 58, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 5, 10660, 3542, 70318, 297, 10, 13162, 23, 70, 192428, 47, 91995, 70, 145062, 329, 1515, 40218, 68804, 5180, 4, 10, 160981, 450, 1902, 18344, 48141, 23, 156999, 5, 581, 3525, 7175, 509, 128911, 76, 4806, 70, 44, 31583, 11, 25306, 830, 136, 109312, 375, 5974, 297, 10, 5, 160248, 6, 69986, 169209, 4, 3129, 83, 7464, 70, 130481, 23, 160981, 32692, 5, 106073, 5941, 97264, 15, 216561, 70, 49612, 25720, 61261, 16, 63043, 450, 853, 934, 136, 48861, 7, 123997, 70, 40218, 68804, 5180, 136, 109133, 2856, 47, 176547, 4, 756, 581, 128911, 11627, 44, 45689, 45819, 90, 58, 5117, 118775, 23, 70, 176547, 44, 4153, 3181, 7966, 58, 100, 7071, 138, 4, 163055, 4, 23, 70, 15122, 25, 7, 154271, 111, 142, 80788, 1363, 6712, 390, 70, 3525, 9907, 19175, 11938, 5, 1913, 3060, 6275, 23, 70, 109969, 7, 4, 70, 7175, 68186, 71, 70, 16610, 56, 128911, 11627, 44, 45689, 45819, 90, 58, 237, 142, 51521, 128911, 11627, 5, 44, 31583, 11, 25306, 58, 136475, 47, 186, 11814, 1940, 152028, 78458, 678, 44, 45689, 45819, 90, 58, 24189, 100439, 4, 3229, 70, 7175, 51521, 538, 100512, 51529, 237, 70, 44, 45689, 45819, 90, 740, 3293, 9351, 83, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 9454, 12097, 11814, 128911, 11627, 7, 23, 23182, 29681, 390, 10, 7175, 23, 70, 5701, 26349, 5, 581, 160981, 25, 7, 9157, 6056, 92865, 23, 70, 1615, 3542, 134376, 94674, 4, 3362, 170028, 4, 136, 10462, 262, 50689, 939, 4, 2750, 23, 121049, 5423, 70, 13036, 9, 14507, 6261, 17164, 15, 7, 42380, 146543, 390, 40368, 27060, 16, 678, 22759, 5368, 127877, 23, 10, 11001, 6712, 5, 786, 13, 47, 105925, 217573, 9035, 1672, 70, 48225, 111, 70, 7175, 4, 853, 934, 54324, 1919, 33946, 47, 48861, 7, 23, 122815, 5, 17106, 70, 127319, 111, 70, 1286, 116172, 4935, 15672, 19175, 15, 7842, 16, 23, 91255, 4, 70, 49612, 25720, 24124, 5941, 111, 2363, 11522, 92865, 72104, 47, 70, 1257, 17137, 4, 26719, 10, 14012, 111, 92865, 2750, 134620, 1257, 75169, 100, 2363, 41421, 35461, 43876, 7, 4, 70, 204795, 7, 4, 6, 157272, 390, 36770, 49612, 25720, 66320, 939, 101785, 74715, 8294, 372, 5, 51404, 2363, 36770, 7175, 120126, 2806, 6, 68332, 272, 15, 2347, 9804, 25, 7, 5117, 43606, 1777, 1916, 102995, 7, 3542, 36770, 581, 21543, 111, 70, 42814, 52350, 509, 168894, 5, 360, 24531, 4, 4734, 17262, 5369, 7103, 6, 69986, 70, 95545, 1236, 4, 70, 49612, 25720, 122799, 37195, 927, 4, 702, 27528, 1379, 5, 4283, 5, 1650, 509, 70, 4034, 111, 1632, 111, 70, 4989, 525, 8082, 24251, 111, 17624, 103133, 23, 178663, 32692, 5, 28090, 24531, 47, 31100, 4, 70, 49612, 25720, 1902, 4734, 1632, 6, 69986, 17164, 4, 3129, 21449, 23, 60775, 5, 581, 7175, 122799, 110, 77546, 3501, 37195, 927, 186351, 4, 136, 3542, 8306, 10, 85583, 31461, 11015, 18237, 5, 133698, 903, 115851, 4, 1836, 122799, 136659, 127, 15, 19777, 3687, 16, 10, 3622, 111, 729, 20028, 136, 59671, 927, 59671, 20028, 5, 3293, 17110, 136709, 70, 160981, 678, 10, 216473, 100, 18852, 1311, 425, 4, 25027, 131947, 36126, 4, 89596, 5, 509, 959, 158200, 47, 47445, 70, 17265, 442, 34739, 47, 45367, 10, 25212, 820, 5, 1529, 109312, 26859, 1144, 592, 27150, 92865, 136, 14145, 297, 3853, 1286, 17265, 23, 70, 40617, 5426, 5, 581, 49612, 25720, 69405, 126809, 10, 18652, 56458, 111, 27150, 92865, 450, 99201, 22690, 19449, 111, 52917, 1314, 52774, 478, 39055, 105236, 136, 65810, 106878, 5, 3293, 60754, 297, 678, 70, 2704, 3365, 127966, 111, 70, 62, 25, 7, 5, 176547, 1902, 2809, 142, 44, 284, 25, 7, 59444, 58, 100, 2684, 111, 70, 5117, 23552, 111, 70, 387, 927, 142642, 5, 31267, 21208, 70, 62, 25, 7, 1902, 44457, 297, 87199, 237, 6494, 707, 124632, 3501, 70, 49612, 25720, 100, 2684, 5369, 16792, 70, 28730, 7, 4, 70, 62, 25, 7, 136475, 47, 36113, 3956, 70, 49612, 25720, 99, 70, 70836, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 36549, 111, 70425, 178663, 136, 8063, 115299, 98, 70, 62, 25, 7, 2831, 107003, 70, 49612, 25720, 47, 19916, 70, 26498, 7, 111, 176547, 25, 7, 4989, 9, 7, 21493, 4209, 35992, 5, 119175, 26859, 38162, 25842, 100, 70, 49612, 25720, 23, 45604, 4, 3229, 1836, 13950, 126, 297, 1257, 70, 135203, 7, 47, 50960, 3687, 678, 142, 581, 49612, 25720, 142096, 70, 3525, 165079, 7, 88260, 23, 32158, 5, 581, 7175, 4323, 107, 3525, 29475, 191, 61514, 7, 47, 78550, 34, 2182, 70, 15549, 5, 581, 83932, 509, 88303, 23, 25134, 176547, 4, 20662, 442, 70, 5117, 1733, 70, 7175, 509, 959, 105866, 23, 23924, 176547, 5, 581, 3525, 83932, 4, 33233, 678, 43573, 1272, 4939, 563, 5, 118963, 88260, 136, 70, 24990, 35665, 4, 170920, 70, 25134, 176547, 39170, 113197, 5, 45533, 5372, 94069, 74403, 13, 3587, 6259, 10, 110, 9, 979, 3055, 136, 23, 70, 5701, 6712, 5962, 6626, 5368, 127877, 26548, 70, 168101, 2230, 1888, 6096, 7, 23, 32158, 5, 9925, 5701, 34003, 4, 20904, 29269, 7, 581, 49612, 25720, 23742, 70, 6, 39102, 24453, 23, 15643, 4, 1284, 47, 19916, 70, 192428, 102995, 16070, 4, 1836, 1902, 47, 8, 88981, 70, 122046, 85303, 7, 5, 360, 10, 40765, 2886, 6, 39102, 19283, 4, 678, 22759, 111, 70, 43606, 27528, 3871, 214, 4173, 23, 6977, 4, 1836, 77736, 50155, 116, 104279, 1284, 133868, 71, 4420, 47, 6, 30590, 6659, 11015, 70, 85303, 7, 98, 10, 209, 927, 9, 73, 592, 6712, 9, 69986, 5962, 390, 27585, 44457, 56, 6389, 1294, 9266, 246, 425, 4, 136, 70, 26349, 176016, 71, 6863, 5117, 6, 39102, 95545, 1236, 23, 496, 5369, 5, 581, 64194, 36549, 24124, 4734, 1632, 5368, 11675, 5962, 4, 10, 6712, 9, 69986, 6626, 9, 16428, 5368, 11675, 390, 49612, 25720, 13584, 21407, 119587, 83982, 54871, 23, 70, 49612, 25720, 25, 73432, 138, 104279, 19916, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 176547, 49612, 25720, 621, 142, 15672, 23182, 178663, 7175, 35509, 23, 176547, 4, 192670, 5, 10660, 98438, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 24453, 91853, 5, 66016, 86097, 70, 7175, 25, 7, 5368, 83932, 1556, 2809, 193223, 7, 4932, 5227, 4, 105866, 23, 25134, 176547, 5, 581, 49612, 25720, 621, 70, 10332, 525, 4, 62005, 223, 4, 1632, 9, 11627, 4, 1632, 9, 60089, 160981, 23, 15672, 23182, 29681, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Philadelphia Quakers (1883–1889).", "Becoming the Phillies (1890–1917).", "Unsuccessful years (1918–1948).", "Fightin’ Phils (1949–1970).", "Glory days (1971–1984).", "World Series Champions (1980).", "End of days (1985–1991).", "\"Macho Row\" (1992–1995).", "Rebuilding years (1996–2002).", "The Golden era (2003–2012).", "World Series Champions (2008).", "Current era (2013–present).", "Team uniform.", "Current uniform.", "Batting practice.", "Former uniforms.", "Controversial uniform changes.", "Rivalries.", "New York Mets.", "Pittsburgh Pirates.", "Historical rivalries.", "City Series: Philadelphia Athletics.", "Team managers.", "Achievements.", "Awards.", "Retired numbers and other honors.", "Wall of Fame.", "Centennial Team.", "Minor league affiliations.", "Radio and television.", "Community.", "Charitable contributions.", "Education programs.", "Fan support and reputation." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "3", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "", "In 1883, sporting goods manufacturer Al Reach (a pioneering professional baseball player) and attorney John Rogers won an expansion National League franchise for Philadelphia, one of what is now known as the \"Classic Eight\" of the National League. They were awarded a spot in the league to replace the Worcester Brown Stockings, a franchise that had folded in 1882. The new team was nicknamed the \"Quakers\", and immediately compiled a.173 winning percentage, which is still the worst in franchise history. Although many sources (including the Phillies themselves) claim that Reach and Rogers bought the Brown Stockings and moved them to Philadelphia, all", "The nickname \"Phillies\" first appeared in the Philadelphia \"Inquirer\" for April 3, 1883, in the paper's coverage of an exhibition game by the new National League club. At some point in the 1880s, the team accepted the shorter nickname \"Phillies\" as an official nickname. \"Quakers\" continued to be used interchangeably with \"Phillies\" until 1890, when the team officially became known as the \"Phillies\". This name is one of the longest continually used nicknames in professional sports by a team in the same city. The franchise's standout players in the era were Billy Hamilton, Sam Thompson, and Ed Delahanty, who in 1896 set the major-league record (since tied by several others) with four home runs in a single game. Due to growing disagreements about the direction of the team, Reach sold his interest to Rogers in 1899. With the birth of the more lucrative American League (AL) in 1901, the Phillies saw many of their better players defect to the upstart, including a number of players who ended up playing for their crosstown rivals, the Athletics, owned by former Phillies minority owner Benjamin Shibe. While their former teammates would thrive (the AL's first five batting champions were former", "The effect of the Alexander trade was immediate. In 1918, only three years after winning the pennant, the Phillies finished sixth, 13 games under.500. It was the start of one of the longest streaks of futility in baseball history. From 1918 to 1948, the Phillies had only one winning record, which came in 1932. The team finished no higher than sixth twice, and were never a serious factor past June. During this stretch, they finished eighth (last place) a total of 17 times and seventh seven times. This saddled the franchise with a reputation for", "Like Cox, Bob Carpenter, Jr. was not afraid to spend the money it took to build a contender. He immediately started signing young players and invested even more money in the farm system. The Phillies quickly developed a solid core of young players that included future Hall of Famers Richie Ashburn and Robin Roberts. This coincided with the final collapse of the A's. Philadelphia had been an \"A's town\" for most of the first half of the 20th century. Even though the A's had fielded teams as bad or worse than the Phillies for most years since the 1930s, the A's continued to trounce the Phillies at the gate. However, a series of poor baseball and business decisions on the A's part allowed the Phillies to win the hearts of Philadelphia's long-suffering fans. Things started coming together for the Phillies in 1949, when they rocketed up the standings to third place with an", "The Phillies opened the new Veterans Stadium in 1971. The team wore new maroon uniforms to accentuate the change. The stadium was built in South Philadelphia, making it the first time the team was not located in North Philadelphia. The new stadium, along with nearby John F. Kennedy Stadium and the Spectrum, established the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. Pitcher Rick Wise hurled a no-hitter and in the same game hit two home runs against the Cincinnati Reds in 1971. That same season, Harry Kalas", "The Phillies won the NL East in 1980, but to win the league championship, they had to defeat the Houston Astros. In a memorable NLCS, with four of the five games needing extra innings, they fell behind 2–1 but battled back to squeeze past the Astros on a 10th-inning game-winning hit by center fielder Garry Maddox, and the city celebrated its first NL pennant in 30 years. The entire series saw only one home run hit, a game-winning two-run home run by Phillies slugger Greg Luzinski in the Phillies' opening 3–1 win in Game 1 at Philadelphia. Facing the Kansas City Royals in the 1980 World Series, the Phillies won their first World Series championship ever in six games thanks to the timely hitting of Mike Schmidt and Pete Rose. Schmidt, who was the National League MVP that 1980 season, also won the World Series MVP award on the strength of his 8-for-21 hitting (.381 average), including game-winning hits in Game 2 and the clinching Game 6. This final game was also significant because it remains \"the most-watched game in World Series history\" with a television audience", "The 1985 season was the first time the team finished below.500 since 1974. The team had some success in 1986 despite having released star pitcher Steve Carlton due to injuries. They went on to finish second in the division with a record of 86–75. Mike Schmidt led the National League in home runs and RBI's that year and also won his third NL MVP award, sixth Silver Slugger award and tenth Gold Glove. In 1987 closer Steve Bedrosian was named the NL Cy Young Award winner.", "Before the 1992 season the organization decided to shed the maroon uniform and logo and use colors similar to those used during the days of the \"Whiz Kids\". The season ended with the Phillies at the bottom of the standings—last place in the National League East. However, their fortunes were about to change. The 1993 Phillies were led by stars such as Darren Daulton, John Kruk, Lenny Dykstra, and Curt Schilling. The team was dubbed \"Macho Row\" for their shaggy, unkempt, and dirty look. Their character endeared them to fans, and attendance reached a record high the following season. The team powered their way to a 97–65 record and an NL East division title, all thanks to a big April in which the Phillies went", "The team drafted third baseman Scott Rolen in the second round of the 1993 amateur draft. He had reached the majors by 1996 and was named National League Rookie of the Year in 1997. After becoming frustrated with management he demanded a trade and was dealt to the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002. Between 1996 and 2002 the team drafted players who would soon become the core of the team including Jimmy Rollins, Pat Burrell, Chase Utley, Ryan Howard, and", "The Phillies' win-loss record never went below.500 during this time; and the team won the NL East five years in a row from 2007 to 2011. In 2004, the Phillies moved to their new home, Citizens Bank Park, across the street from Veterans Stadium. Charlie Manuel took over the club's reins from Bowa after the 2004 season, and general manager Ed Wade was replaced by Pat Gillick in November 2005. Gillick reshaped the club as his own, bringing in players such as Shane Victorino, Jayson Werth, and Jamie Moyer. Ryan Howard was named NL MVP for the 2006 season and Jimmy Rollins followed up the next year as the 2007 NL MVP. After the franchise lost its 10,000th game in 2007, its core of young players responded by winning the National League East division title, but they were swept by the Colorado Rockies in the Division Series. After the 2007 season, they acquired closer Brad Lidge through a trade with the Houston Astros.", "Though the Phillies were named in some publications as the favorites to repeat as division champions in 2008, they did not get off to the blazing April start that many had hoped for. Still, they managed their first winning opening month since 2003, and only their fourth since their last World Series appearance. With a batting average of.360 and his MLB-leading 11 home runs, Chase Utley paced the team's offense, followed closely by a resurgent Pat Burrell and his 25 runs batted in. Though team speed was hampered by the loss of Shane Victorino and Jimmy Rollins to the disabled list, the latter for the first time in his career, the Phillies still pushed forward to a 15–13 record.June was a tale of two halves for the Phillies, as they ended May and started June with a strong run of offense and excellent pitching. From May 26 to June 13, the Phillies posted a 14–4 record, starting their run with a 15–6 win over the Astros and ending with a 20–2 win over the Cardinals. However, the offense took a downturn as the Phillies' pitchers began to sacrifice more runs in the latter part of the month. The Phillies went 3–11 for the remainder of June, with their pitchers allowing an average of 4.79 runs per game, to the offense's 3.36 runs scored per game. July began with the announcement that Chase Utley and Brad Lidge would represent the team at the 2008 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, with Utley garnering the most votes of all National League players. The Phillies went 8–4 in July before the All-Star break, compiling a four-game win streak, a four-game losing streak, and winning four of their last five. In a move to bolster their starting rotation in preparation for the pennant race, the Phillies traded three minor league players to the Athletics for starting pitcher Joe Blanton on July 17. On September 27, the Phillies clinched the National League East for the second year in a row, once again helped by a late September slump by the New York Mets. The Phillies redeemed their previous year's playoff performance by winning the NLDS three games to one against the Milwaukee Brewers, and they defeated the Dodgers in Los Angeles as well, 4–1.As the National League champions, the Phillies advanced to the 2008 World Series to play the Tampa Bay Rays. After a power outage by the offense in which they went 1 for 33 with runners in scoring position and the first-ever suspended postseason game in World Series history in game five, the Phillies rode their pitching rotation to a 4–1 victory in the Fall Classic. Cole Hamels was named the series MVP for both the NLCS and the World Series. Pat Gillick retired as general manager after the 2008 season and was succeeded by one of his assistants, Rubén Amaro, Jr. After adding outfielder Raúl Ibañez to replace the departed Pat Burrell, the Phillies retained the majority of their core players for the 2009 season. In July, they signed three-time Cy Young Award winner Pedro Martínez and acquired 2008 American League Cy Young winner Cliff Lee before the trade deadline. On", "During the 2013 season, the team struggled again, and was unable to consistently play well for the majority of the season. On August 16, 2013, with the team's record at 53–68, the Phillies fired manager Charlie Manuel, who had managed the team since 2005, and promoted third-base coach Ryne Sandberg to interim manager. Manuel had spent over nine years as manager, leading Philadelphia to its first World Series victory in nearly 30 years and amassing an overall record of 780–636 to become the manager with the most wins in the franchise's history. The 2013 Phillies ended up with a record of 73–89, their first losing season since 2002. In the off-season pitcher Roy Halladay retired from baseball. In the 2014 season, one of the few bright spots was the September", "", "The current team colors, uniform, and logo date to 1992. The main team colors are red and white, with blue serving as a prominent accent. The team name is written in red with a blue star serving as the dot over the \"i\"s, and blue piping is often found in Phillies' branded apparel and materials. The team's home uniform is white with red pinstripes, lettering and numbering. The road uniform is traditional grey with red lettering/numbering. Both bear a script-lettered \"Phillies\" logo, with the aforementioned star dotting the \"i\"s across the chest, and the player name and number on the back. The uniform's front script has", "The Phillies were an early adopter of the batting practice jersey in 1977, wearing a maroon v-necked top with the \"Phillies\" script name across the chest, as well as the player name and number on the back and a player number", "From 1970 to 1991, the Phillies sported colors, uniforms, and a logo that were noticeably different from what had come before, or since, but that were widely embraced by even traditionally minded fans. A dark burgundy was adopted as the main team color, with a classic pinstripe style for home uniforms. Blue was almost entirely dropped as part of the team's official color scheme, except in one area; a pale blue (as opposed to traditional grey) was used as the base-color for away game uniforms from 1972 to 1988. Yet the most important aspect of the 1970 uniform change was the adoption of one of the more distinctive", "In 1979, the Phillies' front office modified the uniform into an all-burgundy version with white trimmings, to be worn for Saturday games. They were called \"Saturday Night Specials\" and were worn for the first and last time on May 19, 1979, a 10–5 loss to the Montreal Expos. The immediate reaction of the media, fans, and players alike was negative, with many describing the despised uniforms as pajama-like. As such, the idea was hastily abandoned. Mike Schmidt did wear the uniform during the MLB All-Star Tour of Japan following the 1979 season. During the closing ceremonies at Veterans Stadium on September 28, 2003, there was a procession of former players during the post-game ceremony, most in uniform. Larry Christenson, the starting pitcher in the original game,", "", "The rivalry between the New York Mets and the Phillies has been said to be among the \"hottest\" rivalries in the National League. The two National League East divisional rivals have met each other recently in playoff, division, and wild card races. Aside from several brawls in the 1980s, the rivalry remained", "The rivalry between the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates was considered by some to be one of the best rivalries in the National League. The rivalry started when the Pittsburgh Pirates entered National League play in their fifth season of 1887, four years after the Phillies. The Phillies and the Pirates had remained together after the National League split into two divisions in 1969. During the period of two-division play (1969–1993), the two National League East division rivals won", "", "The City Series was the name of a series of baseball games played between the Philadelphia Athletics of the American League and the Phillies that ran from 1903 through 1955. After the A's move to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1955, the City Series rivalry came to an end. The teams have since faced each other in Interleague play (since its introduction in 1997) but the rivalry has effectively died in the intervening years since the A's left Philadelphia. In 2014, when the A's faced the Phillies in inter-league play at Oakland Coliseum, the Athletics did not bother to mark the historical connection, going so far as to have a Connie Mack promotion the day before the series while the Texas Rangers were in Oakland. The first City Series was held in 1883 between the Phillies and the American Association's Athletics. When the Athletics first joined the American League, the two teams played each other in a spring and fall series. No City Series was held in 1901 and 1902 due to legal warring between the National and American Leagues.", "Over 126 seasons, the Phillies' franchise has employed 54 managers. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field. Seven managers have taken the Phillies to the postseason, with Danny Ozark and Charlie Manuel each leading the team to", "", "Five Phillies have won MVP awards during their career with the team. Mike Schmidt leads with three wins, with back-to-back MVPs in 1980 and 1981, and in 1986 as well. Chuck Klein (1932), Jim Konstanty (1950), Ryan Howard (2006), and Jimmy Rollins (2007) all have one. Pitcher Steve Carlton leads the team in Cy Young Award wins with four (1972, 1977, 1980, and 1982), while John Denny (1983), Steve Bedrosian (1987), and Roy Halladay (2010) each have one. Four Phillies have won Rookie of the Year honors as well. Jack Sanford won in 1957,", "The Phillies have retired six numbers, and honored two additional players with the letter \"P.\" Grover Cleveland Alexander played with the team in the era before Major League Baseball used uniform numbers, and Chuck Klein wore a variety of numbers", "From 1978 to 2003, the Phillies inducted one former Phillie and one former member of the Philadelphia Athletics per year. Since 2004 they have inducted one Phillie annually. Players must be retired and must have played at least four years with the Phillies or Athletics. In March 2004, the Athletics plaques were relocated to the Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society in Hatboro, Pennsylvania, and a single plaque listing all of the A's inductees was attached to a statue of Connie Mack located across the street from Citizens Bank Park. The Philles' inductees to the Wall of Fame are listed below (note that there was no inductee for the 2017 season, as Pete Rose was intended to be inducted, but was not due to controversial allegations): The Wall of Fame was located in Ashburn Alley at Citizens Bank Park from 2004 to 2017, until the 2018 season when it was relocated to a more spacious location behind the left field scoreboard. </onlyinclude>", "In 1983, rather than inducting a player into the Wall of Fame, the Phillies selected their Centennial Team, commemorating the best players of the first 100 years in franchise history.", "The Philadelphia Phillies farm", "As of 2018, the Phillies' flagship radio stations is WIP-FM (94.1 FM), formerly owned by CBS Radio but since November 2017, owned by Philadelphia-area company Entercom. The broadcasts were discontinued on the former AM flagship station WPHT 1210 in 2016. Scott Franzke and Jim Jackson provide play-by-play on the radio, with Larry Andersen and Kevin Frandsen as color commentators. Meanwhile, NBCUniversal (a unit of Philadelphia-based Comcast) handles local television broadcasts through its properties NBC Sports Philadelphia and WCAU (NBC Channel 10). Tom McCarthy calls play-by-play for the television broadcasts, with Ben Davis, Mike Schmidt, Jimmy Rollins and John Kruk providing color commentary and Gregg Murphy providing field reports and occasional play-by-play. Spanish language broadcasts are on WTTM (1680 AM) with Danny Martinez on play-by-play, and Bill Kulik and Rickie Ricardo on color commentary. Other popular Phillies broadcasters through the years include By Saam (1939–1975), Bill Campbell (1962–1970), Richie Ashburn (1963–1997), and Harry Kalas (1971–2009). Kalas, a 2002 recipient of the Ford Frick Award and an icon", "", "Since 1984, the Phillies have supported research related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) with the \"Phillies Phestival\". The team raised over US$750,000 for ALS research at their 2008 festival, compared with approximately $4,500 at the inaugural event in", "The Phillies have a reading incentive program called Phanatic About Reading, which is designed to encourage students from kindergarten to eighth grade to read for a minimum of 15 minutes a night. This", "Phillies' fans have earned a reputation over the years for their occasional unruly behavior. In the 1960s, radio announcers for visiting teams would frequently report on the numerous fights breaking out in Connie Mack Stadium. Immediately after the final game at the old park, many fans ran onto the field or dislodged parts of the ballpark to take home with them. Later, at Veterans Stadium, the 700 Level gained a reputation for its \"hostile taunting, fighting, public urination and general strangeness\". Phillies fans are famously known for their reputation for being the \"Meanest Fans in America\". Phillies' fans are known for harsh criticism of their own stars such the 1964 Rookie of the Year Richie Allen and Hall of Fame third baseman Mike Schmidt. The fans, however, are just as well known for heckling the visiting team. Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Burt Hooton's poor performance during game three of the 1977 NLCS has often been attributed to the crowd's taunting. J. D. Drew, the Phillies' first overall draft pick in the amateur draft of 1997, never signed with the Phillies following a contract dispute with the team, instead re-entering the draft the next year to be drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals. Phillies fans were angered over this disrespect and hurled debris, including two D batteries, at Drew during an August 1999 game. Many sportswriters have noted the passionate presence" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 76123, 297, 390, 6863, 50695, 4745, 26868, 748, 6765, 6499, 434, 1515, 4, 44, 161, 151890, 70820, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 893, 45964, 160600, 2565, 59958, 235, 24073, 51423, 7, 74054, 44, 372, 49842, 7844, 4, 62607, 830, 9350, 249828, 109700, 24073, 13, 12207, 74054, 44, 86673, 3129, 83, 51592, 12, 3173, 4, 115700, 58, 136, 152159, 6917, 2778, 24073, 1579, 1081, 69376, 74054, 44, 188, 6713, 47, 4, 47, 160477, 830, 8311, 329, 44, 141331, 1363, 111, 34923, 3173, 7, 1242, 1650, 509, 5117, 91376, 23, 70, 33407, 450, 509, 2855, 3674, 98, 20414, 209, 4, 543, 2489, 5, 19335, 8705, 44961, 1830, 390, 6626, 707, 1286, 44961, 214, 71579, 7, 1556, 2809, 51529, 16792, 157612, 939, 136, 509, 151552, 237, 6044, 390, 5174, 19057, 18, 58635, 832, 57979, 23, 1919, 44, 54084, 399, 24955, 164, 58, 20808, 10057, 104279, 192531, 194, 360, 611, 9271, 62, 104035, 7, 3834, 95659, 42, 151552, 142, 28007, 678, 10, 50961, 111, 6626, 191551, 7, 4, 3129, 5809, 186, 142096, 136, 155738, 1884, 10, 12877, 136, 19069, 297, 23, 67842, 55291, 7, 4, 141377, 20324, 35874, 6126, 26366, 7, 58055, 214, 111, 44961, 297, 86088, 18, 8916, 7, 111, 160626, 5, 8414, 5, 58595, 4293, 25, 7, 44, 46568, 3370, 66187, 9035, 23, 5586, 1916, 136, 38666, 214, 58, 21067, 59741, 151552, 10, 21373, 50961, 47, 186, 158012, 98, 84183, 6827, 188304, 7, 47, 7639, 142, 29569, 678, 118126, 297, 44961, 1830, 5, 33306, 4, 142, 24087, 180346, 450, 27489, 7, 70, 4393, 93425, 111, 70, 4646, 3911, 70820, 509, 959, 17164, 297, 8108, 543, 1837, 5, 360, 543, 2592, 10868, 6765, 6499, 434, 1515, 55080, 297, 28007, 7, 98, 22729, 160, 320, 47691, 390, 208479, 44961, 17514, 17721, 182482, 111, 47589, 136, 5117, 959, 297, 44, 2347, 115339, 70767, 111, 70, 43079, 111, 10, 7841, 133, 68807, 10, 27585, 4, 136, 70, 127664, 1363, 111, 70, 8916, 7, 100, 4806, 390, 70, 21870, 31075, 111, 70, 182482, 111, 47589, 740, 1529, 100, 9904, 1672, 442, 4, 1284, 156672, 10, 1286, 218898, 11389, 111, 70, 21543, 20271, 53333, 28007, 7, 23, 22482, 543, 1837, 5, 62, 12960, 14432, 764, 509, 204971, 390, 70, 118126, 297, 44961, 1830, 111, 10, 4785, 111, 134371, 450, 509, 30501, 71, 8305, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 10, 1927, 1463, 35975, 47589, 3428, 58968, 4, 3129, 118775, 1286, 20324, 136, 39555, 169123, 6, 230612, 6827, 23, 225490, 47, 70, 44961, 297, 36746, 7, 450, 1902, 2809, 39501, 297, 53333, 16065, 1295, 70, 44961, 214, 182482, 23, 110680, 28007, 7, 5, 3293, 185553, 297, 1286, 28007, 7, 47, 7413, 70, 27289, 100, 70, 2684, 34923, 136, 6, 230612, 6827, 538, 15787, 27289, 5, 893, 39395, 11389, 1902, 126371, 111, 10576, 297, 47589, 136, 3789, 105843, 36746, 7, 188347, 28123, 538, 136, 509, 73275, 297, 390, 3060, 74057, 7, 111, 70, 25674, 67081, 111, 210479, 4, 26719, 10868, 14787, 4727, 1098, 5556, 2750, 92054, 297, 6863, 5700, 2481, 5, 62, 11389, 134629, 23, 3129, 3060, 111, 70, 36746, 7, 136, 126371, 111, 47589, 5809, 25813, 3229, 70, 43333, 509, 47014, 3674, 5, 581, 4568, 29954, 4, 28601, 297, 237, 2684, 5526, 390, 6499, 434, 1515, 4, 509, 47, 3687, 70, 44961, 214, 28238, 7, 23, 10, 79442, 43333, 678, 10, 158, 408, 272, 3098, 7, 47, 117781, 538, 65508, 206990, 36746, 7, 3934, 70, 44961, 297, 103510, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 17569, 1919, 13984, 47, 186, 111, 6782, 34292, 23, 44, 5584, 70, 122360, 289, 81693, 58, 237, 10, 75186, 450, 28282, 7, 142, 44, 73, 5983, 2481, 111, 103510, 7, 740, 69891, 7, 5809, 152018, 538, 8, 2256, 2182, 70, 181653, 26366, 7, 111, 70, 4646, 3911, 70820, 390, 26950, 111, 70, 38549, 11948, 70820, 15, 11, 10644, 111, 15593, 160608, 11, 75186, 247, 49846, 2515, 22766, 707, 15593, 191755, 11, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 18822, 71, 442, 2806, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 24209, 10, 5700, 13984, 44, 2472, 70, 60042, 7, 111, 168487, 10, 2647, 5911, 740, 1529, 68872, 47, 59911, 100, 10, 33407, 5, 56101, 33407, 110, 5, 201, 131281, 44, 2472, 10, 3525, 2331, 70760, 73750, 35839, 44, 3957, 44032, 3911, 70820, 58, 100, 80788, 1916, 136, 105233, 34923, 15236, 7, 136, 9876, 22766, 7, 111, 6782, 4527, 23, 756, 70, 122360, 289, 64624, 58, 509, 2855, 3674, 23, 20414, 543, 2489, 5, 185397, 70, 142901, 42, 7311, 538, 81810, 71, 47, 27489, 70, 12996, 1902, 127887, 1632, 111, 70, 33407, 13984, 7, 47, 3060, 111, 70, 9020, 233, 37434, 10133, 47, 1957, 2174, 764, 5809, 2046, 12989, 7, 1295, 2856, 5, 1061, 191, 70, 13984, 509, 71200, 71, 136, 16839, 297, 8108, 70, 142901, 42, 1902, 133888, 2499, 14012, 111, 4646, 3911, 70820, 7, 100, 11473, 5, 893, 25902, 3674, 6626, 75281, 199823, 4646, 3911, 70820, 7, 54324, 23, 9020, 136, 7270, 23, 1660, 17262, 21775, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 26366, 71, 99, 2684, 10, 199823, 111, 6097, 3542, 42179, 29367, 71200, 7, 450, 3542, 64549, 297, 26785, 538, 4, 12960, 70, 144732, 111, 70, 27060, 6777, 959, 8337, 10, 26785, 49128, 111, 1919, 23, 57241, 5, 88949, 221, 35845, 538, 10846, 3395, 1902, 122446, 10, 27798, 4646, 3911, 70820, 707, 55950, 3642, 47, 59911, 442, 47, 122360, 289, 81693, 4, 764, 68872, 47, 3835, 20650, 10, 85689, 3075, 98, 70, 24702, 1577, 136, 70, 26785, 50961, 111, 70, 4646, 3911, 70820, 5, 1650, 509, 17569, 450, 70, 33407, 509, 34390, 71, 23, 10, 52341, 111, 36293, 16792, 6863, 24702, 1577, 3542, 134598, 538, 21771, 51529, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 11341, 71, 450, 70, 4646, 3911, 70820, 509, 12921, 6637, 70, 17311, 19069, 7, 111, 70, 36746, 136, 111, 70, 36298, 4, 112730, 10, 4552, 5526, 31486, 23, 27024, 214, 70, 34923, 6, 230612, 6827, 3173, 7, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 25, 7, 33153, 509, 99764, 390, 40368, 172647, 7, 4, 26719, 14631, 130402, 5, 90452, 131947, 36126, 7311, 538, 37842, 47, 27489, 1919, 10002, 97751, 1363, 111, 70, 4646, 3911, 70820, 4, 1284, 509, 959, 214521, 678, 70, 50339, 5, 1529, 68872, 47, 18645, 1919, 11374, 47, 6499, 434, 1515, 237, 142901, 42, 5, 6499, 434, 1515, 176506, 136, 131947, 36126, 25, 7, 115774, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 62, 4646, 3911, 70820, 15, 16, 83, 142, 233, 70760, 13984, 678, 6626, 707, 1286, 44961, 214, 71579, 7, 139, 3674, 47, 12638, 3789, 23, 142, 55291, 4, 221, 450, 1632, 707, 1286, 15, 17365, 7, 111, 16, 36746, 7, 98, 1632, 3564, 111, 70, 191551, 7, 621, 51592, 237, 10, 20324, 6, 230612, 6827, 103510, 3229, 21455, 297, 1295, 70, 3789, 3564, 4, 4743, 47, 119140, 297, 44961, 1830, 5, 581, 44961, 25251, 15, 748, 191551, 7, 16, 621, 56104, 22, 155648, 71, 23, 10, 43333, 4, 27983, 70541, 214, 98, 1632, 3564, 10, 38750, 678, 5078, 184, 4, 10576, 297, 126371, 111, 47589, 707, 3789, 70267, 15, 2940, 64, 748, 233, 11, 944, 16, 76319, 47, 186, 44961, 297, 3934, 70, 21455, 297, 103510, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Etymology.", "History.", "Variations.", "General variations.", "Different versions suggested by Brewster.", "Later variations.", "Publications.", "Applications." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Coined by its Scottish inventor David Brewster, \"kaleidoscope\" is derived from the Ancient Greek word καλός (\"kalos\"), \"beautiful, beauty\", εἶδος (\"eidos\"), \"that which is seen: form, shape\" and σκοπέω (\"skopeō\"), \"to look to, to examine\", hence \"observation of beautiful forms.\" It was first published in the patent that was granted on July 10, 1817.", "Multiple reflection by two or more reflecting surfaces has been known since antiquity and was described as such by Giambattista della Porta in his \"Magia Naturalis\" (1558–1589). In 1646 Athanasius Kircher described an experiment with a construction of two mirrors, which could be opened and closed like a book and positioned in various angles, showing regular polygon figures consisting of reflected aliquot sectors of 360°. Mr. Bradley's \"New Improvements in Planting and Gardening\" (1717) described a similar construction to be placed on geometrical drawings to show an image with multiplied reflection. However, an optimal configuration that produces the full effects of the kaleidoscope was not recorded before 1815. In 1814 Sir David Brewster conducted experiments on light polarization by successive reflections between plates of glass and first noted \"the circular arrangement of the images of a candle round a center, and the multiplication of the sectors formed by the extremities of the plates of glass\". He forgot about it, but noticed a more impressive version of the effect during further experiments in February 1815. A while later he was impressed by the multiplied reflection of a bit of cement that was pressed through at the end of a triangular glass trough, which appeared more regular and almost perfectly symmetrical in comparison to the reflected objects that had been situated further away from the reflecting plates in earlier experiments. This triggered more experiments to find the conditions for the most beautiful and symmetrically perfect conditions. An early version had pieces of colored glass and other irregular objects fixed permanently and was admired by some Members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, including Sir George Mackenzie who predicted its popularity. A version followed in which some of the objects and pieces of glass could move when the tube was rotated. The last step, regarded as most important by Brewster, was to place the reflecting panes in a draw tube with a concave lens to distinctly introduce surrounding objects into the reflected pattern. Brewster thought his instrument to be of great value in \"all the ornamental arts\" as a device that creates an \"infinity of patterns\". Artists could accurately delineate the produced figures of the kaleidoscope by means of the solar microscope (a type of camera obscura device), magic lantern or camera lucida. Brewster believed it would at the same time become a popular instrument \"for the purposes of rational amusement\". He decided to apply for a patent. British patent no. 4136 \"for a new Optical Instrument called \"The Kaleidoscope\" for exhibiting and creating beautiful Forms and Patterns of great use in all the ornamental Arts\" was granted in July 1817. Unfortunately the manufacturer originally engaged to produce the product had shown one of the patent instruments to some of the London opticians to see if he could get orders from them. Soon the instrument was copied and marketed before the manufacturer had prepared any number of kaleidoscopes for sale. An estimated two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months. Brewster figured at most a thousand of these were authorized copies that were constructed correctly, while the majority of the others did not give a correct impression of his invention. Because so relatively few people had experienced a proper kaleidoscope or knew how to apply it to ornamental arts, he decided to publicize a treatise on the principles and the correct construction of the kaleidoscope. It was thought that the patent was reduced in a Court of Law since its principles were supposedly already known. Brewster stated that the kaleidoscope was different because the particular positions of the object and of the eye, played a very important role in producing the beautiful symmetrical forms. Brewster's opinion was shared by several scientists, including James Watt. Philip Carpenter originally tried to produce his own imitation of the kaleidoscope, but was not satisfied with the results. He decided to offer his services to Brewster as manufacturer. Brewster agreed and Carpenter's models were stamped \"sole maker\". Realizing that the company could not meet the level of demand, Brewster gained permission from Carpenter in 1818 for the device to be made by other manufacturers. In his 1819 \"Treatise on the Kaleidoscope\" Brewster listed more than a dozen manufacturers/sellers of patent kaleidoscopes. Carpenter's company would keep on selling kaleidoscopes for 60 years. H.M. Quackenbush Co. based in upstate New York in the United States was another authorized manufacturer. In 1987, kaleidoscope artist Thea Marshall, working with the Willamette Science and Technology Center, a science museum located in the Eugene, Oregon, designed and constructed a 1,000 square foot traveling mathematics and science exhibition, \"Kaleidoscopes: Reflections of Science and Art.\" With funding from the National Science Foundation, and circulated under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES), the exhibition appeared in 15 science museums over a three year period, reaching more than one million visitors in the United States and Canada. Interactive exhibit modules enabled visitors to better understand and appreciate how kaleidoscopes function.", "", "David Brewster defined several variables in his patent and publications:", "In his patent Brewster perceived two forms for the kaleidoscope: In his \"Treatise on the Kaleidoscope\" (1819) he described the basic form with an object cell: Brewster also developed several variations: Brewster also imagined another application for the kaleidoscope:", "Manufacturers and artists have created kaleidoscopes with a wide variety of materials and in many shapes. A few of these added elements that were not previously described by inventor David Brewster:", "Cozy Baker (d. October 19, 2010)—founder of the Brewster Kaleidoscope Society—collected kaleidoscopes and wrote books about many of the artists making them in the 1970s through 2001. Her book \"Kaleidoscope Artistry\" is a limited compendium of kaleidoscope makers, containing pictures of the interior and exterior views of contemporary artworks. Baker is credited with energizing a renaissance in kaleidoscope-making in the US; She spent her life putting kaleidoscope artists and galleries together so they would know each other and encourage each other. In 1999 a short-lived magazine dedicated to kaleidoscopes—\"Kaleidoscope Review\"—was published, covering artists, collectors, dealers, events, and including how-to articles. This magazine was created and edited by Brett Bensley, at that time a well-known kaleidoscope artist and resource on kaleidoscope information. Changed name to \"The New Kaleidoscope Review\", and then switched to a video presentation on YouTube, \"The Kaleidoscope Maker.\"", "Most kaleidoscopes are mass-produced from inexpensive materials, and intended as children's toys. At the other extreme are handmade pieces that display fine craftsmanship. Craft galleries often carry a few kaleidoscopes, while other enterprises specialize in them, carrying dozens of different types from different artists and craftspeople. Most handmade kaleidoscopes are now made in India, Bangladesh, Japan, the USA, Russia and Italy, following a long tradition of glass craftsmanship in those countries." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 59784, 83, 51529, 111, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 6897, 5, 8622, 621, 110, 186768, 60525, 3129, 41392, 4049, 4, 136, 1919, 43240, 621, 70, 31247, 31344, 111, 77950, 5, 360, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 764, 22120, 7, 111, 44, 17084, 7473, 56, 58, 24073, 1177, 1853, 1961, 72004, 58, 3142, 70, 220734, 111, 1919, 43240, 83, 24453, 36160, 72173, 5, 3293, 136, 10, 14012, 111, 20787, 48461, 289, 91067, 7, 765, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 13379, 9, 5636, 45492, 2198, 7, 9, 647, 15439, 31731, 4, 24189, 38222, 32629, 90, 206, 160360, 4, 43573, 893, 7, 31731, 23, 13379, 9, 5636, 1853, 124640, 4, 8035, 51521, 538, 4331, 27686, 237, 1919, 127319, 23935, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 77950, 83, 75723, 42539, 15403, 136, 959, 15490, 44402, 20, 2685, 621, 99, 19713, 22759, 3789, 44677, 24, 4806, 1184, 206, 160360, 23, 1853, 124640, 4, 136, 45492, 2198, 7, 9, 647, 15439, 31731, 509, 959, 2831, 111, 70, 786, 7668, 111, 1853, 124640, 24073, 72098, 14089, 9022, 18939, 23, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 1733, 5, 581, 121641, 127887, 23, 70, 1572, 15650, 29053, 32032, 1380, 1295, 70, 209521, 111, 10, 616, 927, 9, 16797, 44616, 22104, 4, 188304, 98, 70, 26366, 111, 70, 6096, 114996, 23, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 136, 765, 110, 604, 289, 18403, 94878, 678, 45492, 2198, 5, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 4488, 117414, 7, 10, 14012, 111, 7722, 32926, 7, 15, 840, 18, 28702, 78458, 143695, 87, 111, 12613, 2852, 399, 247, 3129, 42459, 7, 450, 764, 149976, 99, 10, 14012, 111, 29685, 7, 20271, 1919, 6897, 5, 360, 1919, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 45492, 2198, 117249, 450, 764, 83, 211, 39798, 2182, 74, 12960, 70, 63043, 83, 191607, 678, 107223, 112569, 8780, 390, 3060, 191225, 7, 4, 70, 85027, 111, 70, 10, 16865, 1363, 4, 34844, 100, 3060, 5744, 7, 47, 18822, 4, 83, 69201, 47, 237, 106290, 73, 5, 4966, 442, 1556, 2809, 22299, 297, 390, 5941, 6868, 4597, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 959, 297, 23, 14978, 14912, 25, 7, 44, 3957, 61707, 71175, 58, 450, 44, 2347, 158036, 30260, 111, 70, 102256, 62, 4188, 4, 45492, 2198, 542, 1184, 206, 160360, 4, 5809, 2725, 9319, 12301, 12488, 33022, 4, 58, 136, 70, 44, 76775, 497, 9120, 241, 235620, 58, 139999, 7, 12, 44, 232958, 2198, 23, 1919, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 58, 14192, 7, 1821, 143726, 538, 450, 764, 5809, 2725, 9319, 12301, 12488, 33022, 5, 18763, 85745, 7, 3542, 59121, 7565, 1295, 28214, 1363, 5, 18763, 51359, 509, 1119, 41745, 272, 136, 10861, 297, 43257, 3501, 152018, 5, 1529, 68782, 55950, 92265, 4, 1284, 4734, 215574, 538, 74, 100, 1919, 27798, 123055, 27983, 7639, 10, 193844, 1239, 24658, 144057, 111, 92265, 34153, 136, 113860, 7, 1242, 45492, 2198, 83, 2965, 51529, 18925, 100, 1919, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 68018, 28601, 297, 237, 70, 158036, 111, 756, 30839, 25277, 4439, 1295, 450, 1733, 5, 44978, 71, 98, 3751, 4273, 29764, 8, 8302, 63736, 25, 44, 15277, 329, 1405, 4, 95, 96970, 115, 6524, 289, 830, 442, 83, 70, 5117, 1119, 18211, 4488, 23, 30839, 47, 765, 237, 6863, 28368, 70, 152239, 6524, 379, 15, 73, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 206019, 10, 30203, 34165, 194, 360, 70, 85745, 4, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 29718, 1290, 36510, 90, 2837, 85, 73, 100, 3751, 4273, 29764, 25, 7, 15, 309, 48310, 67175, 16, 11389, 111, 70, 9342, 4, 136, 117249, 450, 1919, 31344, 509, 10, 30260, 1295, 212772, 35839, 8667, 818, 5, 45492, 2198, 83, 70, 42179, 111, 6626, 3789, 29718, 4935, 43240, 12, 70, 38551, 6635, 44, 618, 25869, 583, 58, 136, 70, 51, 48310, 67175, 44, 1456, 2186, 4200, 39, 740, 32255, 3542, 15044, 150350, 71, 7103, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 136, 44, 618, 25869, 583, 58, 41392, 7, 70, 47219, 111, 143695, 87, 4, 3129, 112474, 442, 11037, 538, 7103, 427, 2489, 5, 44, 618, 25869, 583, 58, 58055, 7, 111, 6626, 38551, 7, 4, 3129, 14192, 70, 13765, 111, 40482, 2477, 458, 101500, 136, 26729, 1811, 15, 365, 7864, 450, 3542, 21771, 8, 18695, 3674, 23, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 51029, 581, 5117, 38551, 8, 16765, 678, 70, 127319, 111, 5161, 17721, 70, 5201, 124850, 5, 581, 17932, 38551, 83, 32233, 12921, 5, 40482, 2477, 458, 101500, 136, 26729, 1811, 621, 75447, 23, 10, 100, 525, 4, 3229, 2363, 88669, 83, 186683, 100898, 297, 390, 10, 759, 824, 93905, 10269, 4, 124901, 95, 19346, 70541, 7, 10, 13765, 59121, 23, 21922, 3387, 5, 26729, 1811, 83, 28, 33730, 47, 12301, 70, 13765, 4, 1284, 70, 10269, 127877, 5773, 5, 40482, 2477, 458, 101500, 5423, 7, 5773, 47, 7413, 4049, 4, 1284, 4, 237, 642, 21771, 3714, 1295, 44, 28636, 708, 1405, 830, 764, 14792, 23, 70, 81887, 5, 44, 1456, 2186, 4200, 39, 830, 142, 51, 48310, 67175, 85745, 35509, 98, 70, 25074, 92265, 162313, 8, 79147, 44, 55725, 7, 4398, 7, 830, 509, 10, 88551, 4488, 4, 136, 1556, 2809, 9498, 56, 4126, 23, 15111, 29053, 32032, 7, 5, 1650, 83, 5423, 26548, 70, 4420, 138810, 111, 70, 167821, 1631, 7, 17721, 70, 14949, 7, 136, 70, 13156, 35481, 5, 581, 28, 5416, 35801, 223, 40814, 20255, 13, 4200, 39, 213796, 7, 10, 13156, 13844, 2448, 26531, 4, 96760, 7, 604, 47, 14949, 2481, 136, 1108, 10484, 604, 5, 581, 13156, 13844, 60097, 138804, 7, 142, 187, 1176, 47, 6, 114777, 13, 1919, 76849, 5, 581, 85745, 1556, 5941, 111, 70, 157167, 54700, 66139, 111, 92264, 163136, 12, 70, 91375, 53, 111, 70, 14949, 7, 645, 10, 5045, 150679, 13156, 13844, 187, 1176, 4, 70, 23996, 214, 47219, 111, 70, 27150, 472, 54350, 85203, 66, 4, 20255, 13, 4200, 39, 25, 7, 53297, 145204, 136, 70, 43240, 191551, 111, 1658, 1405, 12259, 116252, 136, 41205, 7398, 2481, 5, 45492, 2198, 25, 7, 300, 86, 613, 686, 6496, 52336, 4, 43606, 111, 3129, 621, 15063, 19, 9, 35821, 7, 4, 621, 28601, 297, 237, 31347, 152667, 7, 111, 4211, 86, 18873, 5, 158231, 9, 35821, 7, 456, 71013, 70, 13765, 111, 10, 472, 54350, 2750, 47445, 7, 70, 17431, 678, 1919, 66165, 4126, 108596, 4, 1284, 99, 15063, 19, 1556, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 45492, 2198, 542, 1184, 206, 160360, 15, 74, 46, 1388, 509, 10, 30839, 472, 54350, 4, 30260, 136, 150350, 42, 4, 28601, 297, 237, 1632, 111, 70, 158036, 28, 18695, 30260, 7, 111, 92264, 30839, 163136, 5, 1301, 10, 4211, 1444, 21228, 4, 764, 2843, 54397, 16500, 12259, 30260, 1294, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life.", "Works.", "\"Parzival\".", "\"Titurel\" and \"Willehalm\".", "Lyric poetry.", "Influence." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Little is known of Wolfram's life. There are no historical documents which mention him, and his works are the sole source of evidence. In \"Parzival\", he talks of \"wir Beier\" (\"we Bavarians\"); the dialect of his works is East Franconian. This and a number of geographical references have resulted in the present-day Wolframs-Eschenbach, until 1917 Obereschenbach, near Ansbach in present-day Bavaria, being officially designated as his birthplace. However, the evidence is circumstantial and not without problems - there are at least four other places named Eschenbach in Bavaria, and Wolframs-Eschenbach was not part of the Duchy of Bavaria (\"Altbayern\") in Wolfram's time. The arms shown in the Manesse manuscript come from the imagination of a 14th-century artist, drawing on the figure of the Red Knight in \"Parzival\", and have no heraldic connection with Wolfram. Wolfram's work indicates a number of possible patrons (most reliably Hermann I of Thuringia), which suggests that he served at a number of courts during his life. In his \"Parzival\", Wolfram states that he is illiterate; while the claim is treated with scepticism by some scholars, the truth of the assertion, difficult for some moderns to believe, is impossible to ascertain. But it has been credited by many commentators. It is noted in Thomas Mann's \"The Magic Mountain\" that \"the greatest poet of the Middle Ages, Wolfram von Eschenbach, could neither read nor write,\" and the \"Catholic Encyclopedia\" observes: \"Wolfram in his \"Parzival\" tells us explicitly that he could neither read nor write. His poems were written down from dictation. His knowledge was extensive and varied rather than accurate. He certainly knew French, but only imperfectly; for his proper names often show a curious misunderstanding of French words and phrases.\"", "", "Wolfram is best known today for his \"Parzival\", sometimes regarded as the greatest of all German epics from that time. Based on Chrétien de Troyes' \"Perceval, le Conte du Graal\", it is the first extant work in German to have as its subject the Holy Grail (in Wolfram's interpretation a gemstone). In the poem, Wolfram's narrator expresses disdain for Chrétien's (unfinished) version of the tale, and states that his source was a poet from Provence called Kyot.", "Wolfram is the author of two other narrative works: the fragmentary \"Titurel\" and the unfinished \"Willehalm\". These were both composed after \"Parzival\", and \"Titurel\" mentions the death of Hermann I, which dates it firmly after 1217. \"Titurel\" consists of two fragments, which tell the story of Schionatulander and Sigune (lovers that were already depicted in \"Parzival\"). The first fragment deals with the birth of love between the main characters. The second fragment is quite different. Schionatulander and Sigune are alone in a forest, when their peace is suddenly disturbed by a mysterious dog, whose leash contains a story written in rubies. Sigune is eager to read the story, but the dog runs off. Schionatulander sets off to find him, but, as we already know from \"Parzival\", he dies in the attempt. \"Willehalm\", an unfinished poem based on the Old French chanson de geste \"Aliscans\", was a significant work, and has been preserved in 78 manuscripts. It is set against the backdrop of the religious wars between the Christians and the Saracens. The eponymous hero Willehalm kidnaps a Saracen princess, converts her to Christianity and marries her. The Saracen king raises an army to rescue his daughter. The poem has many of the distinguishing features of medieval literature: the victory of the Christians over a much larger Saracen army, the touching death of the young knight Vivian, Willehalm's nephew and the works mirror of chivalric courage and spiritual purity.", "Wolfram's nine surviving songs, five of which are dawn-songs, are regarded as masterpieces of Minnesang. Dawn-songs recount the story of a knight who spends the night with his beloved lady, but at dawn has to slip away unnoticed. Mostly it is the lady who wakes the knight up in the morning, but sometimes this mission is made by the watchman. No melodies survived. Two melodies are still connected to him, the \"Schwarzer Thon\", attributed to Wolfram in a 14th century manuscript, and the fragmentary and unfinished epic \"Titurel\" (after 1217) with a complicated four-line stanza form that was often used in later poems.", "The 84 surviving manuscripts of \"Parzival\", both complete and fragmentary, indicate the immense popularity of Wolfram's major work in the following two centuries. \"Willehalm\", with 78 manuscripts, comes not far behind. Many of these include a continuation written in the 1240s by Ulrich von Türheim under the title \"Rennewart\". The unfinished \"Titurel\" was taken up and expanded around 1272 by a poet named Albrecht, who is generally presumed to be Albrecht von Scharfenberg and who adopts the narrative persona of Wolfram. This work is referred to as the \"Jüngere Titurel\" (\"Younger Titurel\"). The modern rediscovery of Wolfram begins with the publication of a translation of \"Parzival\" in 1753 by the Swiss scholar Johann Jakob Bodmer. \"Parzival\" was the main source Richard Wagner used when writing the libretto to his opera, \"Parsifal\". Wolfram himself appears as a character in another Wagner opera, \"Tannhäuser\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 24372, 70, 44321, 34003, 4, 70, 170852, 984, 71, 26255, 136, 2356, 5753, 66053, 933, 456, 116292, 297, 1295, 2356, 5753, 47, 39897, 47, 24209, 70, 3731, 31754, 984, 71, 26255, 136, 1735, 22600, 66053, 933, 4, 137802, 70, 142105, 26349, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 678, 110, 9907, 19175, 160981, 136, 4734, 1632, 13036, 192428, 7175, 4, 70, 2356, 5753, 25970, 350, 90, 111, 70, 15672, 19175, 15, 7842, 194, 17106, 70, 120332, 111, 10, 2356, 5753, 7175, 33284, 214, 10, 3525, 50960, 192428, 4, 70, 9907, 19175, 71062, 297, 390, 154107, 70, 2356, 5753, 4146, 7, 25632, 10, 152132, 1295, 25031, 4687, 11, 5, 360, 10, 128201, 238, 91067, 47, 2356, 5753, 25, 7, 110680, 9907, 19175, 87199, 4, 70, 3525, 7175, 34739, 237, 6863, 158978, 104988, 70, 57571, 111, 70, 984, 71, 26255, 136, 70, 1482, 13, 111, 70, 66053, 933, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 104988, 2843, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 125726, 111, 2356, 5753, 6406, 5, 581, 128911, 11627, 44, 78572, 7, 58, 509, 30666, 297, 12, 442, 509, 10, 6083, 16610, 12336, 47, 70, 11938, 25, 7, 145781, 9351, 4, 44, 3957, 2356, 5753, 115364, 44978, 12126, 7687, 4, 8942, 5, 830, 36802, 1098, 297, 4420, 47, 70, 44, 78572, 137577, 17840, 7, 58, 15, 11, 36770, 2356, 5753, 7175, 23, 70, 15672, 56187, 1295, 109969, 47, 158972, 247, 136, 6863, 110536, 939, 509, 92940, 10821, 100, 73962, 10336, 59801, 5, 1326, 70, 5117, 6626, 5369, 111, 6863, 6, 116311, 4, 70, 7175, 112730, 6863, 5368, 27528, 99, 70, 105719, 32174, 205540, 7, 23, 26655, 56, 147037, 5, 360, 38425, 4, 1836, 109133, 3934, 3525, 538, 64549, 297, 4687, 11, 88260, 23, 36157, 54700, 4, 44109, 7, 4, 7440, 70, 4146, 7, 112730, 24189, 70, 2021, 34003, 5, 360, 37771, 70, 11938, 109133, 3934, 44156, 117657, 4, 123594, 16797, 47, 70, 36770, 4687, 11, 88260, 1764, 5, 133698, 2363, 32692, 4, 70, 4146, 7, 765, 23742, 6626, 6661, 64876, 44759, 7, 15, 156912, 136, 21735, 247, 43606, 9907, 19175, 95545, 10840, 15, 156912, 4, 29733, 4, 21735, 4, 88922, 103219, 136, 37195, 9907, 19175, 24453, 44759, 7, 15, 156912, 4, 29733, 4, 21735, 4, 18592, 4, 65942, 103219, 5, 581, 4146, 7, 2843, 217225, 100, 70, 1305, 184, 11, 1681, 237, 70, 9907, 19175, 56409, 20596, 7175, 23, 8272, 4, 88922, 136, 6360, 581, 4146, 7, 765, 118775, 23, 43606, 6661, 64876, 4, 1286, 3501, 2499, 3789, 14700, 66, 6889, 7175, 23, 276, 48097, 32692, 5, 581, 481, 6626, 102995, 16070, 7, 621, 70, 2684, 44759, 7, 54940, 14700, 66, 6889, 87199, 4, 105950, 47, 70, 2776, 25720, 111, 70, 90915, 22928, 49191, 7, 4, 69563, 1784, 2397, 7, 4, 136, 195459, 6406, 25674, 7, 5, 581, 4146, 7, 34658, 70, 2356, 5753, 178663, 11001, 9, 184, 11, 1681, 29966, 7154, 17164, 100, 1702, 5369, 5, 10660, 7155, 350, 70, 25970, 350, 90, 25, 31100, 17164, 390, 188304, 110518, 787, 966, 19879, 6, 42706, 22230, 23, 19340, 5, 581, 4146, 7, 7155, 350, 2363, 10002, 17164, 43606, 20028, 8108, 70, 17164, 509, 6835, 122009, 390, 70, 25970, 350, 90, 23, 55482, 581, 38576, 4146, 7, 44183, 10, 1112, 1104, 20840, 17164, 4, 10, 17164, 100, 70, 2684, 388, 5908, 23, 10, 34003, 16792, 122815, 5, 360, 36236, 4, 70, 4146, 7, 170277, 538, 390, 13409, 297, 22690, 19449, 111, 52917, 56, 11678, 16857, 52234, 23, 70, 79775, 144888, 4, 64457, 36849, 214, 41550, 5585, 32838, 3838, 4, 2750, 8306, 112730, 23, 70, 13036, 7, 5, 4966, 70, 25632, 6602, 4, 1836, 163629, 71, 22690, 19449, 111, 52917, 56, 8352, 27414, 814, 23, 10, 5915, 81423, 5, 27414, 814, 104902, 70, 31060, 44, 124693, 11, 11030, 4146, 7, 58, 19916, 70, 3525, 9907, 19175, 24453, 91853, 44759, 4, 7068, 8, 88981, 70, 163816, 6163, 3132, 47, 19916, 70, 9907, 19175, 95545, 1236, 136, 70, 17305, 5115, 53, 10862, 297, 230092, 180, 4726, 1577, 47, 19916, 70, 31060, 6661, 64876, 5, 360, 29733, 4, 70, 4146, 7, 168499, 297, 1295, 190, 927, 3687, 47, 19916, 70, 91853, 4, 8, 61518, 10, 17164, 111, 4734, 15751, 1104, 22377, 5, 10660, 129517, 297, 70, 17305, 5115, 53, 10862, 297, 168101, 2230, 1888, 6096, 7, 44, 129933, 6096, 68311, 58, 23, 70, 6, 39102, 19283, 136, 25944, 297, 70, 65922, 214, 6661, 64876, 102995, 128366, 1760, 204795, 7, 47, 10, 59671, 927, 6712, 4, 1284, 72856, 70, 36549, 5, 11205, 78458, 4, 29733, 509, 70, 4734, 6, 39102, 24453, 44759, 17721, 19340, 136, 15643, 450, 58954, 25, 18, 23742, 390, 40101, 70, 176547, 49612, 25720, 707, 70, 234517, 9962, 63614, 5, 4612, 163451, 56, 8352, 27414, 814, 509, 52350, 71, 23, 27193, 4, 98, 10, 5155, 37629, 297, 237, 44, 2347, 23166, 54350, 96945, 7612, 830, 136, 70, 4146, 7, 77736, 3934, 4568, 3687, 100, 40368, 5369, 5, 581, 160981, 69347, 10932, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 97057, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 1733, 70, 4146, 7, 2843, 144888, 297, 13584, 21407, 2541, 1294, 141, 7832, 434, 53623, 15, 4904, 418, 23, 15643, 16, 136, 20231, 27939, 44389, 60992, 159690, 114458, 22553, 18621, 33, 15, 4904, 758, 23, 24427, 194, 360, 66044, 4, 36770, 9907, 19175, 276, 41195, 136, 117, 33, 93, 289, 18217, 46173, 272, 159690, 203314, 1840, 4458, 26916, 509, 113054, 297, 390, 70, 4146, 7, 23, 26819, 5, 360, 20231, 4, 1836, 163629, 71, 19449, 111, 52917, 13, 105556, 56, 135730, 125717, 1295, 70, 162604, 45434, 7, 136, 23742, 16193, 27528, 4, 1284, 653, 118201, 538, 156304, 70, 220247, 7, 5, 360, 21735, 4, 1836, 23742, 70, 91853, 678, 10, 17164, 111, 28292, 1104, 12338, 4, 1632, 111, 70, 2965, 23, 9907, 19175, 32692, 5, 10660, 23742, 10, 155034, 6, 39102, 19283, 23, 37195, 27528, 645, 70, 122046, 85303, 7, 5, 581, 37195, 927, 6712, 111, 70, 36549, 23409, 37195, 8927, 23, 6977, 4, 70, 4989, 525, 220247, 6712, 23, 32692, 24189, 35652, 10660, 21449, 28032, 1632, 153350, 111, 388, 214, 70, 6661, 64876, 26548, 70, 62704, 6096, 1061, 425, 8108, 10, 36549, 111, 5962, 7, 136, 144419, 13, 1239, 1010, 90, 20654, 37838, 12441, 47, 142, 18499, 390, 62704, 25, 7, 19893, 162715, 1679, 3129, 26038, 70, 4146, 7, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 2356, 5753, 4146, 7, 621, 10, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 7175, 35509, 23, 70, 2356, 5753, 6406, 6, 184721, 111, 44109, 7, 5, 10660, 98438, 23, 49953, 19175, 44978, 12126, 15, 39456, 571, 16, 237, 10, 32786, 11938, 111, 70, 9907, 19175, 15, 39102, 16, 24453, 91853, 5, 10660, 621, 1632, 111, 6626, 276, 48097, 87199, 35509, 23, 2356, 5753, 6406, 4, 70, 3789, 8035, 70, 2356, 5753, 25970, 350, 90, 111, 70, 15672, 19175, 15, 7842, 194, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Franchise history.", "Theme song.", "Mascot.", "Uniform and logo symbolism.", "Logo.", "Uniform color and design.", "Players of note.", "Team captains.", "Retired numbers.", "Rivalries.", "Subway Series: New York Yankees.", "Atlanta Braves.", "Philadelphia Phillies.", "New York Mets Foundation.", "New York Mets broadcasters.", "Television.", "Radio.", "Minor league affiliations." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "After the 1957 season, the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated from New York to California to become the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants, leaving the largest city in the United States with no National League franchise and only one major league team, the New York Yankees of the American League (AL). With the threat of a New York team joining a new third league, the National League expanded by adding the New York Mets following a proposal from William Shea. In a symbolic reference to New York's earlier National League teams, the new team took as its primary colors the blue of the Dodgers and the orange of the Giants, both of which are colors also featured on the Flag of New York City. The nickname \"Mets\" was adopted: it was a natural shorthand to the club's corporate name, \"The New York Metropolitan Baseball Club, Inc.\", hearkened back to the \"Metropolitans\" (a former New York team in the American Association from 1880 to 1887), and its brevity was advantageous for newspaper headlines. For the first two years of its existence, the team played its home games at the historic Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan. In 1964, they moved into newly constructed Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens, where the Mets played until the 2008 season. In 2009, the club moved into Citi Field, adjacent to the former Shea Stadium site. During their history, the Mets have won two World Series titles (1969 and 1986), five National League pennants (1969, 1973, 1986, 2000, 2015) and six National League East titles (1969, 1973, 1986, 1988, 2006, 2015). The Mets also qualified for the postseason as the National League wild card team in 1999, 2000, and 2016. The Mets have appeared in five World Series, more than any other expansion team in MLB history. Their two championships are the most titles among expansion teams, equal to the tallies of the Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, and Kansas City Royals. The Mets held the New York baseball single-season attendance record for 29 years. They broke the Yankees' 1948 record by drawing nearly 2.7 million spectators in 1970. The Mets broke their own record five times before the record was regained by the Yankees in 1999. The 1962 Mets posted a 40–120 record, a record for the most losses in a season since 1899. In 1966, the Mets famously bypassed future Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson in the amateur draft, instead selecting Steve Chilcott, who never played in the majors. But the following year, they acquired future Hall of Famer Tom Seaver in a lottery. Seaver helped the 1969 \"Miracle Mets\" win the new National League East division title, then defeat the Atlanta Braves to win the National League pennant and the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles to win the 1969 World Series. In 1973, the Mets rallied from 5th place to win the division, despite a record of only 82–79. They shocked the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds \"Big Red Machine\" in the NLCS and pushed the defending World Series champion Oakland Athletics to a seventh game, but lost the series. Notably, 1973 was the only NL East title between 1970 and 1980 that wasn't won by either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates. Star pitcher Tom Seaver was traded in 1977, on a day remembered as \"the Midnight Massacre\", and the Mets fell into last place for several years. The franchise turned around in the mid-1980s. During this time the Mets also drafted slugger Darryl Strawberry (#1 in 1980) and 1985 Cy Young Award winner Dwight Gooden (#5 in 1982). In addition, former National League MVP and perennial Gold Glove winner Keith Hernandez was obtained by the Mets in 1983. In 1985, they acquired Hall of Fame catcher Gary Carter from the Montreal Expos and won 98 games, but narrowly missed the playoffs. In 1986, they won the division with a record of 108–54, one of the best in National League history. They won a dramatic NLCS in six games over the Houston Astros. The sixth game of the series went sixteen innings, the longest playoff game in history until 2005. They came within one strike of losing the World Series against the Boston Red Sox before a series of hits and defensive miscues ultimately led to an error by Boston's Bill Buckner which gave the Mets a game 6 victory. They then won Game 7 to win their second World Series title. The Mets continued playing well after 1986 and won the division in 1988, but lost in the NLCS that year and declined into the 1990s. They were out of contention until the 1997 season when they were in wild card contention until the final week of the season. In 1998, the Mets acquired catcher Mike Piazza in a blockbuster trade and missed the postseason by only one game. In 1999, they made the playoffs after a one-game playoff, but lost the 1999 National League Championship Series to the Atlanta Braves. In 2000, they easily clinched a wild card spot in the playoffs, and earned a trip to the 2000 World Series against their crosstown rivals, the New York Yankees for a \"Subway Series\". The Mets were defeated by the Yankees in five games. The Mets had a near playoff miss in 2001 and struggled from 2002 to 2004. In the aftermath of the 2004 season, the Mets hired a new general manager, Omar Minaya, who immediately turned the franchise around by signing pitcher Pedro Martínez and hiring a new manager, Willie Randolph. The Mets finished 2005 four games over.500, and the franchise's resurgence was complete by 2006 as they won 97 games and the NL East title behind new acquisitions Carlos Beltrán and Carlos Delgado, as well as young superstars José Reyes and David Wright. The Mets advanced to game seven of the 2006 NLCS but lost after Yadier Molina's game-winning two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. The Mets loaded the bases with two outs in the bottom of the inning, but Adam Wainwright struck out Beltran looking with a devastating curveball. In 2007, the Mets entered the final 17 games in the season with a seven-game lead in the division. But the team went on an ill-timed losing streak, losing 11 of the next 15 games and needing to win their final two games to make the playoffs. The Mets won their penultimate game, but on the final day of the season, Tom Glavine gave up seven runs in the first inning en route to an 8–1 loss that eliminated the team from contention. The Philadelphia Phillies won the division by one game after a win on the season's last day. The Mets held a more modest 3.5-game lead after 145 games of the 2008 season, their final season at Shea Stadium. While their 7–10 mark down the stretch was better than the previous season's 5–12, it still allowed the Phillies to pass them once again for the division crown, which they lost by three games. The Mets opened Citi Field in 2009, but were not a factor due to a rash of injuries to numerous key players including Reyes, Carlos Beltrán, Carlos Delgado, Óliver Pérez and Liván Hernández. The effect of the injuries plummeted the Mets to a 70–92 record. The Mets improved to a 79–83 in 2010, but still finished in fourth place, missing the playoffs for the fourth straight year. After the 2010 season, the Mets fired Minaya and manager Jerry Manuel. Former Oakland Athletics G.M. and MLB executive Sandy Alderson was hired to run the team, who hired Terry Collins as manager. In 2012, Mets owners Fred Wilpon and Saul Katz settled a lawsuit brought against them on behalf of the victims of Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme for $162 million. As a result of this agreement the liquidator, Irving Picard, agreed to drop the charges that Wilpon and Katz blindly went along with the scheme for their personal benefit. Picard had originally sought to recover $1 billion from the Wilpon family and Katz, but settled for $162 million along with the admission that neither the Wilpons nor Katz had any knowledge of the Ponzi scheme. In 2011–2012, Mets ownership sold twelve minority 4% shares (48%) of the franchise at $20 million apiece to provide a cash infusion of $240 million for the team. Despite yet another losing season, the Mets made history in 2011 when closer Jason Isringhausen converted his 300th save with the team, the third player in franchise history to reach the milestone while with the organization (after John Franco and Billy Wagner). Also, Reyes became the first Met in franchise history to win a National League batting title, posting a.337 batting average. In 2012, as the Mets tried to bounce back from three consecutive losing seasons, they lost star shortstop Reyes to free agency, when he signed with the Miami Marlins. The team started out strong, getting a career-year performance from the league's only knuckleballer, R.A. Dickey, and strong production from Wright. But they faltered midseason and ended with a 74–88 record, again finishing fourth in the division. Prior to the 2012 season the Mets had yet to throw a no-hitter, and the franchise's hurlers had gone 8,019 games without pitching one – longer than any other major-league franchise. They were one of only two major-league teams to never have a pitcher throw a no-hitter (the other being the San Diego Padres). However, on June 1, 2012 Johan Santana pitched a no-hitter against the St. Louis Cardinals. Averting the spotlight from Carlos Beltrán's return to Citi Field, Santana turned a routine game into a memorable moment in Mets history. Santana risked being removed from the game after he went over his limit of 110 pitches, placed by the team because of his shoulder surgery. Still Santana stayed in the game and threw 134 total pitches that evening in an 8–0 Mets victory, helped by a few great defensive plays as well as a controversial foul-ball call (coincidentally on Beltran), to pull off the first no-hitter in Mets history. That was the high point of 2012 along with pitcher R.A. Dickey winning the National League Cy Young Award. This would be Dickey's final season with the Mets, though, as he along with Josh Thole and Mike Nickeas were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for prospects Travis d'Arnaud, Noah Syndergaard, Wuilmer Becerra, and veteran catcher John Buck. The 2013 season brought another 74–88 finish but they were able to finish in 3rd place. The highlight of the season was sweeping the season series between their cross town rivals Yankees, a first since interleague play started in 1997. Prior to the start of the 2014 season the Mets made a big splash in the free agent market by signing former New York Yankees outfielder Curtis Granderson to a 4-year $60 million contract. They also signed former Oakland Athletics starting pitcher Bartolo Colón to a 2-year deal to help offset losing ace pitcher Matt Harvey for the year after he required Tommy John surgery. They would improve to 79–83 and finish the season tied for 2nd place with Atlanta but it was their 6th consecutive season where they finished under.500. Pitcher Jacob deGrom would win the National League Rookie of the Year. On April 23, 2015 the Mets tied a franchise season record of eleven straight wins. For the first time in its history the Mets won ten straight homestand games, becoming the 7th team since 1900 to win at least 10 straight homestand games. On September 26, 2015, the Mets clinched the NL East division title, and thus their first postseason berth since 2006, by defeating the Cincinnati Reds 10–2. They defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS, three games to two, and swept the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS for their first pennant in 15 years. In the 2015 World Series, they were defeated by the Kansas City Royals in five games. After the season ended, pitcher Matt Harvey won the NL Comeback Player of the Year award. Outfielder Yoenis Céspedes won the NL Gold Glove award as a left fielder.", "\"Meet the Mets\" is the Mets' signature song, written in 1961, one year before the first season, by Bill Katz and Ruth Roberts. It is played on the radio, during television broadcasts and at Mets' home games.", "Mr. Met is the official mascot of the New York Mets. He was introduced on the cover of game programs in 1963, when the Mets were still playing at the Polo Grounds in northern Manhattan. When the Mets moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, fans were introduced to a live costumed version. Mr. Met is believed to have been the first mascot in Major League Baseball to exist in human (as opposed to artistically rendered) form. Mrs. Met (formerly Lady Met) is the female counterpart to Mr. Met, and the couple sometimes appears with 2–3 smaller \"children\". The Mets have had two mascots other than Mr. and Mrs. Met at different points in its history. The franchise's original official mascot was Homer, a beagle trained by Rudd Weatherwax that lived at the Waldorf-Astoria, was sponsored by Rheingold Beer and had his own platform behind home plate at the Polo Grounds. The dog was not included in the ballclub's transition to Shea Stadium. The brainchild of team owner Lorinda de Roulet's daughter Bebe, Mettle the mule represented the Mets for only the 1979 season. The name was the result of a contest won by Dolores Mapps of Mercerville, New Jersey whose explanation was that it typified the team's “spirit, ardor, stamina and courage, all of which the Mets have in abundance.” Mettle was not retained after the franchise was sold to Nelson Doubleday and Fred Wilpon the following year.", "The Mets' colors are blue and orange, originally chosen to honor the city's history of National League baseball; blue for the Brooklyn Dodgers, and orange for the New York Giants. Blue and orange are also the colors of New York City, as seen on its flag. In 1998, black was officially added to the color scheme, although beginning with 2012 the black elements in the uniform began to be phased out, and were completely eliminated in 2013.", "The primary logo, designed by sports cartoonist Ray Gotto, consists of \"Mets\" written in orange script trimmed in white across a blue representation of the New York City skyline with a white suspension bridge in the foreground, all contained in an orange circle with orange baseball stitching across the image. Each part of the skyline has special meaning—at the left is a church spire, symbolic of Brooklyn, the borough of churches; the second building from the left is the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building, the tallest building in Brooklyn at the time of the team's founding; next is the Woolworth Building; after a general skyline view of midtown comes the Empire State Building; at the far right is the headquarters of the United Nations. The suspension bridge in the center symbolizes that the Mets, by bringing National League baseball back to New York, represent all five boroughs; many of New York's major bridges are suspension designs. In 1999, the logo received a slight alteration; a small \"NY\" originally placed to the left of the team script was removed. No other notable changes have ever been made to the logo. The cap logo consists of an orange, interlocking \"NY\" identical to the logo used by the New York Giants in their final years, and is on a blue cap reminiscent of the caps worn by the Brooklyn Dodgers. With the introduction of black as an official color, an alternate team logo was created in 1999. It is identical to the original logo, but the skyline is black instead of blue and the \"Mets\" script is blue trimmed in orange and white instead of orange trimmed in white (the alternate black jerseys displayed the primary blue and orange logo on the left sleeves in 1998; in 1999 this was changed to the alternate black and blue logo). The logo fell into disuse after the Mets dropped the alternate black jerseys and caps in 2012.", "Currently, the Mets wear an assortment of uniforms. The home uniforms are white with blue pinstripes, and feature the \"Mets\" script and block lettering and numbers in blue with orange outline. The uniforms are paired with a standard blue cap featuring the \"NY\" script in orange, plus blue undersleeves, belts and socks. The white pinstriped uniforms replaced both the cream pinstriped uniform and the alternate white uniform starting with the 2015 season. The gray road jerseys feature a radially-arched \"NEW YORK\" script in Tiffany style, player numerals and names in blue outlined in orange, and blue placket and sleeve piping. Like the home uniforms, the road grays are worn with blue caps, undersleeves, belts and socks. On November 14, 2012, the Mets introduced two new blue alternate jerseys. The home alternate features the \"Mets\" script, player numerals and names in orange outlined in white, while the road alternate feature the \"NEW YORK\" script, player numerals and names in gray outlined in orange. On December 10, 2012, the Mets unveiled an alternate blue fielding cap, featuring an orange brim and a white trim around the orange \"NY\" insignia. Currently it is only worn in games featuring the home blue alternates. For 2015, another alternate blue cap, this time featuring the \"NY\" in gray outlined in orange, was introduced, and is paired with the road blue alternates. In 2017, the alternate home blue cap was modified to feature a blue brim. For the 2014 season, a Mr. Met sleeve patch was added to the blue alternate jerseys, a feature that was later removed in favor of the primary logo in 2017. The Mets' standard blue batting helmet, with the \"NY\" in orange, is currently used regardless of the cap and jersey design they wear. This was in contrast to previous seasons, where they played with alternate batting helmets to match their caps and jerseys.", "", "Four players have been team captains for the Mets:", "Major League Baseball retired Jackie Robinson's number 42 on April 15, 1997, when the Mets played the Dodgers at Shea Stadium. Butch Huskey wore the number throughout the rest of his Mets career because of a grandfather clause placed on the retired number by MLB. Mo Vaughn also wore 42 during his stint with the Mets, because of the same clause. On the final opening day at Shea Stadium, April 8, 2008, the Mets unveiled a sign bearing the name \"Shea\" next to the team's retired numbers honoring William Shea and his contributions to the franchise. In 2014, a special memorial logo honoring broadcaster Ralph Kiner, depicting a microphone along with his name and the years 1922–2014, was displayed on the left field wall adjacent to, but not as a part of, the Mets' retired numbers, from 2014 to 2016. In the 2016 Mets yearbook, a sidebar in an article on Mike Piazza's upcoming number retirement implies that Kiner has been \"retired\" a la William A. Shea. This was confirmed when the Mets' retired numbers were moved to the roof facade during the 2016 season to accommodate Mike Piazza's #31; the Kiner logo was placed next to the Shea and Jackie Robinson numbers, no longer separated from the others. The New York Mets announced that they will retire Jerry Koosman's #36 on June 13, 2020, making him only the third former Mets player to have their number retired in honor of his playing career.", "", "The Mets – New York Yankees rivalry is the latest incarnation of the Subway Series, the competition between New York City's teams, the American League New York Yankees and the National League Mets. Until Interleague play started, the two teams had only met in exhibition games. Since the inception of interleague play the two teams have met every regular season since 1997, and since 1999 they have met six times each season, playing two three-game series, one in each team's ballpark. From the 2013 season however the number of games was reduced to four, two at each ballpark with the Mets winning six of the last eight games in that span. They have made the postseason in the same year four times: 1999, 2000, 2006, and 2015, and faced off in the 2000 World Series.", "The Braves–Mets rivalry is a rivalry between two teams in the National League East, featuring the Atlanta Braves and the Mets. Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS, en route to their first World Series championship, the first playoff series won by an expansion team (also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team), the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1990s, when a division realignment in 1994 put the Mets and the Braves in the NL East together (from 1969 to 1993, the Braves were in the NL West). The two teams faced each other again in the 1999 NLCS, and the Braves won the series four games to two. However, they would go on to lose to the Yankees in the 1999 World Series.", "The rivalry between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2008 was said to be among the \"hottest\" rivalries in the National League. Aside from several brawls in the 1980s, the rivalry remained low-key before the 2006 season, as the teams had seldom been equally good at the same time. Since 2006, the teams have battled for playoff position. The Mets won the division in 2006 and contended in 2007 and 2008, while the Phillies won five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011. The Phillies' 2007 Eastern Division Title was won on the last day of the season as the Mets lost a seven-game lead with 17 games remaining while losing 12 of 18 games that season to the Phillies, including being swept at home in the first 3 games of the remaining 17, dropping their lead from 7 games to 3.5.", "A registered 501(c)(3) charity, the New York Mets Foundation is the philanthropic organization of the New York Mets. Founded in 1963, it funds and promotes charitable causes in the Mets community. One of these causes is Tuesday's Children, is a non-profit family service organization that \"has made a long term commitment to meet the needs of every family who lost a loved one in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001\". The Mets host the annual Welcome Home Dinner, which raised over $550,000 for the Mets Foundation in 2012. All proceeds were distributed to Katz Institute for Women's Health and Katz Women's Hospitals of North Shore-LIJ Health System and The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.", "", "Most Mets games are carried by SportsNet New York (SNY), a joint venture of the Mets and NBC Sports Regional Networks. The team's terrestrial broadcast home is WPIX, where the team has broadcast games since 1999. Longtime Mets radio announcer Gary Cohen does the play-by-play, having moved to television with the launch of SNY in 2006. Former Mets Keith Hernandez and Ron Darling are the color commentators with Steve Gelbs being the on the field reporter. In early January 2016, Keith Hernandez re-signed with SNY. Reports indicate that Hernandez received a raise and three-year contract.", "Beginning in 2019, Mets games are broadcast on WCBS-AM 880. Howie Rose is the main play-by-play announcer; Josh Lewin, his broadcast partner since 2012, will not return. Wayne Randazzo, who previously hosted the pre- and post-game shows, will replace Lewin; longtime Mets beat reporter Ed Coleman will take over the pre- and post-game role for most games. The Mets' previous radio flagship was WOR-AM, from 2014 to 2018. The Mets were previously carried by WFAN-AM, which inherited the team's broadcast rights from WHN when it took over its frequency in 1987, and in later years by WFAN-FM which simulcasts the AM signal. Spanish-language broadcasts are carried by WEPN-AM 1050, ESPN Deportes Nueva York, featuring Juan Alicea and Max Perez-Jimenez. Rose, who has spent much of his career covering the Mets, replaced Bob Murphy as Gary Cohen's broadcast partner in 2004 following Murphy's retirement. Cohen then left the radio booth for the SNY television booth in 2006 and was replaced by Tom McCarthy, who departed after two seasons and was replaced by Wayne Hagin. Lewin joined the broadcast after the team parted ways with Hagin following the 2011 season. Coinciding with the move to WCBS, the Mets, abruptly and without public announcement (other than a brief e-mail to its affiliates days before the season began), stopped syndicating its games to other stations outside the New York City area, shutting down the New York Mets Radio Network.", "The New York Mets farm system consists of nine minor league affiliates." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 241, 147, 538, 23, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 134349, 32216, 7, 6044, 237, 70, 384, 112208, 136, 114796, 5759, 1902, 160370, 13, 11476, 62783, 47, 8, 88981, 2499, 111, 70, 30839, 32216, 7, 7068, 19882, 5, 3311, 70, 6817, 111, 37719, 4, 134349, 84616, 80723, 47, 190647, 70, 3525, 30839, 81709, 32216, 4, 678, 187, 4514, 5792, 6117, 2594, 47, 186, 75076, 3674, 390, 70, 361, 178121, 2866, 17863, 7, 11814, 23, 70, 384, 112208, 136, 114796, 32216, 7, 99, 10, 46002, 37457, 5, 581, 134349, 75101, 2843, 1902, 117729, 111, 70, 4378, 9319, 32216, 4, 450, 509, 23, 34754, 7068, 136, 158566, 297, 6117, 11050, 187, 4514, 3501, 70, 81709, 74, 15044, 33636, 297, 142, 129745, 23, 30839, 32216, 4331, 5, 106073, 70, 4378, 9319, 509, 959, 51592, 23, 30641, 24189, 20414, 40464, 4, 70, 3525, 58093, 111, 30839, 117001, 131148, 70, 6096, 126140, 2806, 3871, 10, 3525, 4, 1286, 113138, 5201, 17863, 100, 2363, 16294, 796, 2822, 27643, 7, 5, 360, 4347, 40464, 4, 4488, 509, 186, 6967, 98, 10, 3525, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 17863, 5, 67485, 53, 1774, 43148, 8951, 297, 70, 4331, 57495, 7, 111, 15044, 15937, 5, 13769, 2104, 53, 78922, 73, 136, 15937, 5, 563, 1410, 1846, 155056, 47, 2811, 40383, 70, 9365, 2866, 2874, 9, 7341, 56379, 17863, 100, 4527, 237, 142, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 142172, 5, 155056, 25, 7, 57495, 126809, 70, 391, 10342, 9365, 2866, 17863, 5, 145733, 5045, 5792, 21334, 100, 70, 384, 112208, 707, 114796, 5759, 2130, 2264, 4, 442, 509, 17569, 70, 17863, 5809, 186, 6, 121147, 297, 54799, 70, 3863, 148756, 111, 70, 16817, 9, 108837, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 47, 8337, 70, 142172, 3268, 2481, 5, 581, 11389, 111, 903, 17863, 179140, 47, 186, 6, 121147, 297, 54799, 70, 16817, 9, 12951, 509, 35839, 70, 391, 10342, 294, 4, 678, 70, 44, 294, 58, 135203, 100, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 70, 36049, 31461, 53, 99, 4143, 289, 95634, 6, 34590, 89829, 70, 26171, 71, 4331, 5, 89726, 2347, 9393, 4, 70, 53294, 7, 99, 4143, 289, 95634, 3542, 117, 37316, 48141, 47, 172337, 4, 136, 70, 3525, 4331, 509, 3884, 3934, 36049, 5, 581, 142172, 509, 14432, 73197, 297, 47, 26698, 10, 40952, 587, 18695, 143839, 136, 10, 3525, 16446, 17863, 332, 18, 1974, 5, 3293, 80939, 509, 456, 5440, 71, 70, 16817, 9, 12951, 9, 10001, 5, 581, 16817, 9, 12951, 509, 10, 129344, 111, 70, 110680, 16817, 9, 108837, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 3642, 14, 41202, 4, 85590, 538, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 47320, 2866, 276, 27000, 294, 3642, 14, 41202, 111, 70, 16817, 9, 108837, 678, 10, 391, 10342, 618, 11192, 9, 100062, 60089, 9365, 2866, 2874, 1076, 92, 17863, 5, 581, 391, 10342, 618, 509, 87709, 111, 75076, 1916, 70, 81709, 87, 1295, 4382, 347, 5, 581, 80939, 1902, 10, 27226, 60641, 136, 40881, 3268, 2481, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 34475, 142, 187, 432, 2822, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 3540, 98, 70, 5117, 1777, 206, 4, 70, 16817, 9, 12951, 25, 7, 150556, 289, 233, 41637, 3542, 52295, 71, 390, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 10, 5570, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 314, 69990, 20, 70, 5701, 237, 98, 70, 384, 112208, 64, 11835, 3299, 37719, 20, 23, 66044, 47, 70, 21771, 144573, 4067, 47148, 150556, 143839, 7, 20600, 297, 23, 25737, 5609, 136, 456, 147, 5, 2161, 14432, 117001, 4, 70, 5701, 233, 41637, 3542, 49814, 4, 6, 190358, 756, 9, 11, 67688, 150556, 5, 16817, 9, 12951, 36049, 26859, 23, 4122, 9, 210298, 4, 678, 70, 5117, 117001, 58359, 214, 2363, 25072, 7, 390, 8055, 5, 14847, 70, 1257, 9, 6967, 14534, 384, 112208, 9, 12951, 57646, 32216, 30957, 297, 46889, 36049, 23, 70, 31576, 111, 26748, 4, 2685, 509, 110, 6275, 23, 19686, 214, 36049, 111, 10, 32216, 163684, 56, 15490, 14597, 11476, 62783, 5, 360, 22729, 111, 903, 4, 16817, 9, 12951, 36049, 509, 118066, 23, 72399, 26748, 7103, 110952, 2525, 117001, 1902, 2809, 181653, 5, 1650, 509, 91995, 71, 98, 70, 36049, 124519, 390, 70, 16817, 45881, 32216, 163684, 56, 4, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 1286, 113138, 805, 2866, 391, 9193, 294, 17863, 5, 8622, 3542, 6626, 11389, 7, 12, 70, 62822, 16817, 9, 12951, 1902, 10, 188347, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 314, 69990, 678, 10, 47014, 1916, 117, 14, 70820, 136, 17262, 37831, 46389, 7, 74, 70, 52295, 71, 16817, 9, 12951, 594, 1902, 70, 5701, 7225, 15829, 237, 70, 14432, 16817, 45881, 4, 678, 10, 47749, 42, 25, 7, 314, 69990, 237, 11814, 98, 70, 384, 112208, 9, 12951, 5, 581, 16817, 9, 12951, 30957, 297, 30641, 23, 8055, 40464, 5, 1650, 24124, 36457, 4516, 36880, 70, 24453, 9022, 43643, 24189, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 1631, 5, 145733, 10, 87709, 142172, 4, 442, 509, 14037, 450, 6863, 9365, 2866, 142172, 509, 959, 160370, 13, 47, 75076, 67, 70, 16294, 34639, 111, 70, 150679, 30839, 16294, 796, 2822, 181952, 117001, 5, 1650, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 70, 16817, 45881, 5, 581, 16817, 9, 12951, 509, 205850, 19, 1295, 134349, 4516, 33662, 7103, 70, 1631, 4, 136, 509, 31255, 297, 47, 5941, 134349, 23282, 117249, 23, 14713, 136, 234311, 5, 31384, 16817, 9, 12951, 7, 3542, 117176, 71, 47, 4527, 237, 75101, 136, 145951, 117001, 5, 6, 108210, 10484, 6044, 237, 23924, 26320, 136, 39272, 93544, 442, 23, 4516, 100, 5941, 5369, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 16817, 9, 12951, 24073, 29494, 31, 7352, 76, 395, 17018, 6516, 161, 58, 9365, 16, 509, 10, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 35509, 98, 70, 3863, 148756, 111, 70, 384, 112208, 57646, 32216, 5, 241, 147, 56786, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 7, 3542, 131148, 47, 21265, 237, 40101, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 16817, 9, 108837, 4, 707, 237, 32216, 163684, 1314, 74, 70, 16817, 9, 12951, 77736, 3934, 70, 21, 3055, 95487, 5, 581, 4331, 2320, 44, 12951, 58, 26950, 70, 136355, 111, 70, 80939, 25, 7, 23532, 674, 4, 70, 9365, 2866, 391, 10342, 294, 17863, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development history.", "Description.", "Production history.", "Service history." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Early in World War II, Soviet tanks such as the T-34 and KV-1 had adequate firepower to defeat any of the German tanks then available. By the fall of 1942, Soviet forces began to encounter the new German Tiger tank, with armor too thick to be penetrated by the 76.2 mm guns used in the T-34 and KV tanks at a safe range. The Soviet command also had reports of the Panther tank, that was in development then and possessed thicker armor than the Tiger; both represented an advance in German tank design. Although the Panther was not seen in combat until July 1943, the new generation of German vehicles meant the Red Army would need a new, more powerful main gun for their armoured formations. In May 1943, work was begun on a new anti-tank gun. Military planners directed the design bureaus of both Gen. Vasiliy Grabin and Gen. Fyodor Petrov to modify the 85 mm anti-aircraft gun for use as an anti-tank weapon. Petrov's bureau developed the D-5 85 mm gun. Though much too large for the T-34 or KV-1 turret, it was thought the gun could be mounted upon the chassis of the SU-122 self-propelled gun to give the weapon mobility. The version of this gun intended to be mounted upon the SU-85 was called the D-5S, with the \"S\" standing for self-propelled. Initially the production factory at Uralmash rejected the proposed design. Nevertheless, the administrators at Uralmash were persuaded to proceed, and the new design was put into production. The weapon was later modified to include a telescopic sight and a new ball gun mantlet. This vehicle was retitled the SU-85-II.", "The SU-85 was a modification of the earlier SU-122 self-propelled howitzer, essentially replacing the 122 mm M-30S howitzer of the SU-122 with a D-5T high-velocity 85 mm antitank gun. The D-5T was capable of penetrating the Tiger I from 1000 m. The vehicle had a low profile and excellent mobility. Initially given an armored commander's cap on the first batch, the SU-85's observational optics were improved by the introduction of a standard commander's cupola - the same as on the T-34/76 model 1942 - in addition to the already existing prismatic observation sights installed in left side and rear. On later vehicles, the same optics were added, allowing all-around observation.", "SU-85 production started in mid-1943, with the first vehicles reaching their units by August. When the up-gunned T-34-85 medium tank entered mass production in the spring of 1944, there was no point in continuing production of a tank destroyer without superior firepower. In light of this, SU-85 production was stopped in late 1944 after 2,050 vehicles had been produced. It was replaced on the production lines by the SU-100 tank destroyer, armed with the more powerful 100 mm D-10S gun. There were two versions: the basic SU-85 had a fixed commander's cupola with a rotating periscope and three vision blocks; the improved SU-85M had the same casemate as the later SU-100, with a commander's cupola as used on the T-34-85.", "The SU-85 entered combat in August 1943. It saw active service across the Eastern Front until the end of the war. Though a capable weapon, it was found that its 85 mm weapon was not adequate to penetrate the armour of the larger German armoured fighting vehicles. It was replaced by the SU-100. The SU-85 was withdrawn from Soviet service soon after the war, and was exported to many Soviet client states in Europe and elsewhere. Some SU-85s were converted to use as command and recovery vehicles. Countries such as North Korea and Vietnam kept it in service for many years." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 101774, 22751, 1556, 24, 4935, 276, 8066, 8060, 5, 527, 169937, 831, 31255, 43079, 237, 276, 8066, 102158, 5, 22710, 91088, 2594, 831, 28282, 10, 276, 8066, 11435, 1295, 10, 36549, 111, 436, 8066, 102158, 5, 17106, 70, 276, 8066, 69993, 4, 190315, 22751, 831, 12301, 10, 276, 8066, 11435, 5, 4263, 276, 142581, 83, 3126, 297, 26548, 25474, 39, 449, 4, 237, 442, 56104, 83, 4, 276, 142581, 136, 4911, 7, 756, 6, 48461, 289, 12912, 9, 3611, 7, 1884, 527, 64970, 276, 142581, 831, 44116, 276, 8066, 102158, 5, 109875, 31842, 7, 136, 10086, 98224, 2289, 2389, 4, 2289, 6746, 136, 6, 129884, 99201, 24, 4935, 8060, 100, 276, 8066, 24189, 70, 18151, 509, 184750, 23, 6052, 4743, 47, 18151, 13267, 136, 10176, 8561, 127689, 4, 216806, 180732, 7, 98, 70, 109875, 34754, 1764, 5, 109875, 14432, 49814, 8060, 100, 16885, 8066, 237, 10, 8781, 42, 30700, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 39395, 11389, 7, 111, 70, 3692, 27227, 748, 31842, 99201, 276, 8066, 8060, 1284, 442, 509, 14432, 36069, 20051, 5, 276, 8066, 8060, 509, 8306, 99201, 23, 1815, 32178, 4, 2665, 56489, 4, 16556, 4, 707, 87628, 5, 4002, 10723, 7, 137567, 2301, 25, 18, 1380, 479, 9, 153837, 34, 2822, 47, 8060, 276, 8066, 102158, 5, 581, 276, 8066, 106001, 7, 1902, 15673, 71, 450, 276, 8066, 2806, 91995, 6, 108527, 100, 10127, 3674, 43079, 98, 70, 6661, 160670, 4002, 4, 1660, 237, 436, 8066, 1902, 16940, 100, 7464, 43079, 5, 33306, 4, 678, 70, 203286, 1363, 111, 339, 1511, 1456, 33407, 7, 136, 6, 116311, 111, 30700, 11435, 9384, 7, 6044, 237, 28750, 136, 159, 79855, 4, 70163, 71, 678, 92635, 111, 276, 8066, 9, 105363, 214, 21455, 1314, 136, 11374, 4, 1467, 127689, 509, 2060, 40715, 3501, 84751, 5, 581, 45646, 111, 276, 8066, 102158, 83, 85590, 538, 70, 5701, 237, 450, 111, 436, 8066, 102158, 4, 129927, 214, 4734, 23, 70, 161549, 12921, 138256, 15, 587, 48226, 115187, 23, 764, 3798, 170753, 289, 4, 7440, 102370, 454, 304, 83, 125429, 10001, 100, 44, 594, 8066, 58, 46, 1957, 1818, 22819, 28997, 189682, 7, 12, 42724, 10336, 56, 16, 136, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 5045, 117396, 96551, 111, 7839, 1224, 47, 8060, 756, 70, 6, 114205, 66139, 450, 442, 87344, 5, 133885, 47, 186, 11814, 23, 70, 6, 114205, 621, 4343, 71, 23, 70, 276, 8066, 11435, 237, 22, 15644, 77593, 297, 436, 8066, 707, 821, 8066, 43079, 5, 32964, 11389, 7, 111, 276, 8066, 111, 34390, 71, 27140, 2481, 621, 2843, 61924, 71, 12, 276, 8066, 9, 26943, 15, 17336, 27140, 2481, 16, 136, 276, 8066, 9, 856, 26943, 15, 104643, 27226, 27140, 2481, 194, 32255, 63769, 86685, 47, 26698, 3060, 17366, 111, 276, 8066, 8060, 15490, 19441, 47, 29479, 70, 64194, 276, 8066, 29458, 2320, 4, 1660, 237, 70, 159, 79855, 5570, 64600, 70, 44, 294, 79855, 91692, 58, 136, 44, 294, 79855, 8081, 53, 58, 1614, 3509, 7, 5, 276, 8066, 14602, 959, 765, 10, 189893, 276, 66820, 2450, 10644, 4, 1284, 102370, 454, 363, 707, 102370, 454, 617, 831, 186, 11814, 5, 276, 8066, 10127, 5256, 1543, 186, 99201, 23, 19097, 37967, 17368, 70, 102370, 454, 758, 707, 102370, 454, 910, 7909, 5, 276, 8066, 831, 40101, 186, 388, 4861, 707, 86669, 9393, 4, 8, 96819, 36766, 70, 2674, 90, 621, 22, 40899, 71, 23, 436, 8066, 15, 2400, 7, 9393, 16, 707, 821, 8066, 15, 2400, 4861, 194, 581, 2684, 39210, 30700, 7, 621, 71352, 3674, 6, 108527, 136, 53650, 28750, 4, 678, 70, 35845, 3525, 277, 56, 1202, 30700, 47, 6, 108527, 78684, 21647, 214, 3095, 316, 5, 71352, 3674, 6, 108527, 43079, 621, 173072, 297, 47, 57901, 104988, 136, 621, 11814, 23, 8781, 106117, 7, 1284, 621, 8060, 297, 23, 756, 13036, 1467, 31842, 7, 5, 53650, 28750, 83, 10, 39210, 30700, 100, 105233, 27140, 136, 64, 748, 212398, 10127, 5256, 136, 83, 24, 4935, 538, 8060, 297, 390, 2665, 56489, 209, 136, 1815, 32178, 4, 102971, 8060, 83, 8, 4692, 4460, 297, 237, 111, 6360, 360, 1467, 37967, 4, 442, 83, 7722, 47, 28282, 74189, 9, 114205, 7, 390, 32562, 17925, 18151, 450, 72367, 7, 7464, 436, 8066, 707, 216281, 43079, 111, 12638, 123789, 136, 44116, 7, 2856, 1632, 390, 1632, 100, 10, 58735, 297, 1733, 51514, 5, 78293, 1295, 186607, 449, 70, 38937, 47, 765, 17925, 8060, 136, 55076, 959, 47, 2837, 2886, 442, 4, 903, 55300, 831, 186, 86039, 9, 136, 8753, 146984, 9, 29272, 29888, 100, 37967, 678, 1286, 3501, 1632, 29569, 4, 21334, 43079, 4, 707, 11192, 2674, 13164, 90, 4, 136, 14602, 959, 63769, 70, 6, 114205, 47, 186, 57, 4126, 23, 1632, 29569, 11435, 707, 44183, 98, 29569, 9, 77007, 15271, 6044, 237, 1238, 66965, 42, 707, 29569, 24351, 7, 5, 17006, 1467, 31842, 7, 8060, 16885, 8066, 4, 10, 351, 9, 66589, 111938, 47, 436, 8066, 100, 8781, 6, 108527, 9, 5062, 10127, 5256, 5, 116267, 30700, 83, 159, 79855, 43079, 678, 6, 55720, 69819, 436, 8066, 707, 216281, 6, 48461, 7, 4, 17368, 159, 79855, 6, 114205, 15, 3190, 8060, 297, 16, 707, 17925, 47, 147505, 17721, 43079, 5, 2665, 56489, 8060, 7, 2725, 9319, 16885, 8066, 12488, 159, 79855, 6, 114205, 5, 116267, 51515, 4527, 7, 59279, 138, 66139, 4, 959, 78458, 59279, 187852, 4, 3129, 5036, 1556, 3060, 17366, 111, 8060, 23, 2684, 13036, 1467, 31842, 7, 5, 59279, 49188, 52164, 15, 93136, 6238, 40368, 43079, 237, 139, 90, 23, 10, 11001, 21334, 29569, 11435, 16, 831, 186, 11814, 237, 10127, 5256, 390, 285, 38543, 3129, 2831, 111, 70, 21334, 29569, 83, 75693, 17368, 59279, 187852, 707, 17925, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 19335, 8705, 9, 37926, 28997, 189682, 7, 15, 594, 8066, 16, 83, 10, 6, 48461, 7, 11435, 9384, 4, 91376, 23, 103844, 100, 10127, 3674, 43079, 5, 1650, 7, 29458, 2320, 83, 3835, 538, 12937, 297, 136, 2685, 621, 4092, 10975, 91067, 208124, 7, 19882, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "File support.", "Support.", "Server support.", "Technical details.", "Alternatives." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Gwenview has native MNG support. GIMP can export images as MNG files. Imagemagick can create a MNG file from a series of PNG files. With the MNG plugin, Irfanview can read a MNG file. If MPlayer is linked against libmng, as it usually is, MPlayer and thus all graphical front-ends like Gnome MPlayer can display MNG files. Mozilla browsers and Netscape 6.0, 6.01 and 7.0 included native support for MNG until the code was removed in 2003 due to code size and little actual usage, causing complaints on the Mozilla development site. Mozilla later added support for APNG as a simpler alternative. Similarly, early versions of the Konqueror browser included MNG support but it was later dropped. MNG support was never included in Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, or Safari.", "Web servers generally don't come pre-configured to support MNG files. The MNG developers had hoped that MNG would replace GIF for animated images on the World Wide Web, just as PNG had done for still images. However, with the expiration of LZW patents and existence of alternative file formats such as Flash and SVG, combined with lack of MNG-supporting viewers and services, web usage was far less than expected.", "The structure of MNG files is essentially the same as that of PNG files, differing only in the slightly different signature (codice_1 in hexadecimal, where codice_2 is ASCII for \"MNG\" – see Portable Network Graphics: File header) and the use of a much greater variety of chunks to support all the animation features that it provides. Images to be used in the animation are stored in the MNG file as encapsulated PNG or JNG images. Two versions of MNG of reduced complexity are also defined: MNG-LC (low complexity) and MNG-VLC (very low complexity). These allow applications to include some level of MNG support without having to implement the entire MNG specification, just as the SVG standard offers the \"SVG Basic\" and \"SVG Tiny\" subsets. MNG does not have a registered MIME media type, but codice_3 or codice_4 can be used. MNG animations may be included in HTML pages using the codice_5 or codice_6 tag. MNG can either be lossy or lossless, depending whether the frames are encoded in PNG (lossless) or JNG (lossy).", "The most common alternatives are Animated GIF and Adobe Flash, with the relative newcomer video alternative to GIF recently gaining momentum. Animated GIF images are restricted to 256 colors and are used in simple scenarios but are supported in all major web browsers. Adobe Flash is a common alternative for creating complex and/or interactive animations and is natively supported by Internet Explorer 10 and Google Chrome, although support is deprecated as of 2016. In web pages, it is possible to create pseudo-animations by writing JavaScript code that loads still PNG or JPEG images of each frame and displays them one by one for a specified time interval. Apart from requiring the user to have JavaScript support and choose not to disable it, this method can be CPU- and bandwidth-intensive for pages with more than one image, large images, or high framerates, and does not allow the animation to be saved in one image file or posted on image-based sites such as flickr or imageboards. Most web browsers support APNG, a non-standard extension to PNG for simple GIF-like animations. Another alternative is SVG images with embedded PNG or JPEG graphics, using SVG animation (if supported) or JavaScript to flip between images. Internet Explorer supports neither APNG nor SVG animation. Another approach uses CSS 3 features, notably CSS Animation, which now has some level of support in most major web browsers. CSS Sprites (providing several images as tiles in a single large image file) can be used as animations by varying which part of the large image is visible using CSS Animation or JavaScript." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 83, 102917, 538, 212747, 15, 197271, 442, 96853, 10, 4393, 11001, 9, 139570, 80399, 4, 3129, 114864, 1632, 47, 11301, 8305, 70, 67842, 212747, 6712, 52895, 136, 22288, 7, 678, 13820, 7, 247, 136, 114864, 100, 70496, 136, 33284, 214, 111, 27528, 5, 1650, 8060, 7, 3525, 6712, 50986, 7, 4, 707, 28271, 142477, 7, 69405, 190659, 47, 442, 15, 561, 206, 1884, 44, 31583, 28088, 51029, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 34754, 26859, 237, 10, 44, 31583, 28088, 58, 129344, 23, 70, 51065, 111, 6789, 390, 19824, 150644, 202, 33, 5, 1061, 191, 7103, 19364, 70, 13452, 109133, 47, 70, 49721, 683, 143, 5170, 87907, 75935, 390, 87282, 4772, 13, 4, 2750, 14432, 2843, 33284, 297, 70, 13452, 5, 581, 7311, 4331, 35839, 100, 10, 8781, 47219, 98753, 13452, 678, 10, 10846, 90926, 136, 1632, 62816, 3299, 47, 186, 121447, 70, 11737, 51065, 5, 24372, 22759, 5369, 111, 34754, 678, 110, 20334, 4, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 53855, 509, 121447, 98, 4347, 48877, 73584, 64557, 1379, 70, 165132, 527, 21130, 4, 136, 390, 70, 3564, 111, 18237, 1902, 645, 10, 128274, 19879, 7026, 7, 5, 55441, 136475, 7103, 70, 61475, 54452, 4, 678, 38245, 121447, 33662, 7103, 4, 22410, 121447, 22482, 616, 4, 65942, 16655, 121447, 18237, 616, 4, 3295, 136, 34513, 6088, 483, 4, 30739, 2161, 22482, 30777, 43304, 110518, 17262, 5369, 7103, 70, 61475, 54452, 4, 11389, 66207, 509, 121447, 136, 91048, 13036, 136912, 7, 47, 15044, 70, 195490, 136, 70, 6, 48461, 7, 87907, 5, 3293, 96853, 756, 3525, 195490, 6, 48461, 7, 80854, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 44961, 5844, 7401, 136, 52295, 71, 2878, 66695, 5, 360, 18374, 43304, 10, 11782, 509, 7228, 100, 1286, 106001, 7, 100, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 390, 70, 5201, 15, 2940, 4734, 16, 19559, 350, 441, 106001, 4, 2750, 207487, 53702, 289, 37348, 137272, 678, 10, 5941, 38937, 4, 1632, 106001, 3299, 5, 92748, 7, 47, 903, 11782, 127308, 297, 70, 3871, 100, 11522, 209806, 111, 19559, 350, 441, 136, 70, 799, 16220, 1418, 18151, 4, 12960, 2843, 1030, 69723, 6259, 9966, 70, 34844, 53, 450, 209806, 111, 903, 158012, 98, 70, 19336, 7175, 111, 799, 16220, 1418, 106001, 7, 5, 28090, 4122, 9, 62329, 27417, 43304, 10, 14012, 111, 3395, 36510, 297, 33946, 23, 19686, 214, 34754, 111, 799, 16220, 1418, 5, 2161, 11994, 106, 4, 36404, 442, 509, 122273, 297, 450, 87, 1181, 27591, 6402, 59038, 71, 70, 38109, 47, 70, 9351, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 740, 2161, 11994, 24470, 36404, 70, 100, 92, 44, 1542, 5831, 9523, 58, 111, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 509, 171530, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 56458, 22231, 22230, 136, 26908, 43032, 111, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 109133, 47, 903, 3525, 13452, 237, 1836, 29131, 450, 11473, 111, 70, 9351, 799, 16220, 1418, 1239, 79628, 7, 70, 7311, 13452, 5, 2161, 20414, 17480, 36404, 138568, 2142, 171530, 450, 442, 1902, 86872, 71, 70, 138568, 128897, 138, 100, 87, 1181, 27591, 6402, 25, 7, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 740, 360, 70, 6088, 3295, 31089, 111, 70, 41260, 6107, 13547, 42, 4, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 58, 509, 99201, 23, 142, 5582, 98, 2665, 106001, 7, 136, 4092, 27528, 24725, 214, 70, 53099, 5, 1650, 2843, 60213, 71, 98, 70, 11994, 2691, 46540, 316, 6107, 136, 15, 46354, 66207, 16, 509, 121447, 98, 70, 4347, 2021, 136, 8055, 1877, 6107, 53400, 29256, 28338, 7, 5, 345, 5416, 70, 54452, 111, 11389, 27804, 23, 7071, 37771, 66084, 1900, 4084, 8, 195, 297, 70, 6712, 47, 186, 44, 2347, 2965, 9803, 9, 60427, 5117, 3445, 106443, 56, 642, 765, 17669, 112730, 1242, 13547, 156095, 31913, 7, 36880, 70, 7082, 34658, 142, 23, 9, 45804, 799, 16220, 1418, 44, 12233, 125907, 66801, 740, 5337, 71232, 190784, 7, 3542, 5423, 1257, 23, 209, 12921, 4343, 7, 23, 382, 7082, 162708, 5, 581, 190784, 7, 26038, 72095, 116, 14633, 47, 85168, 70, 11192, 47763, 390, 20594, 70, 2684, 82649, 7722, 47, 2363, 38730, 233, 54137, 7, 5, 581, 167375, 176735, 28780, 56, 23, 12638, 31913, 23742, 10, 169020, 13547, 156095, 18466, 20596, 5, 8622, 3542, 3525, 22288, 7, 11907, 31150, 4, 136, 12638, 58585, 509, 107003, 1632, 6712, 117, 5155, 5, 13547, 11301, 509, 9803, 47, 13547, 156095, 59463, 10, 4188, 702, 136, 1257, 4, 136, 10, 4188, 729, 136, 36917, 3542, 224943, 47, 19916, 70, 176735, 18466, 20596, 100, 70, 11192, 47763, 5, 44156, 90, 678, 70, 73630, 3542, 12, 140151, 4, 69563, 4, 58823, 4, 62704, 4, 234517, 4, 149493, 4, 3731, 31754, 4, 136, 1735, 22600, 5, 2161, 11994, 138, 4, 36404, 442, 509, 171530, 70, 9351, 799, 16220, 1418, 1902, 2809, 86872, 71, 47, 87, 1181, 27591, 6402, 100, 60091, 54452, 5, 3293, 11389, 509, 121447, 98, 40857, 9251, 1172, 23662, 4, 75041, 28997, 136, 101059, 5, 51404, 70, 6712, 4527, 7, 70, 5701, 9351, 4, 442, 30666, 7, 10, 23010, 48242, 4, 31485, 19, 4927, 20623, 5, 1650, 83, 35509, 98, 138568, 91384, 1212, 138, 4, 64457, 111, 70, 49721, 683, 143, 5170, 15, 31583, 28088, 16, 87907, 11814, 23, 70, 7311, 6712, 5, 581, 5201, 9191, 111, 108, 16220, 1418, 5, 277, 1556, 98816, 47, 44961, 70, 60091, 11389, 111, 70, 6712, 4, 43257, 3501, 70, 9803, 31344, 6107, 6712, 4, 102971, 70, 6107, 6712, 25, 7, 9191, 47143, 7, 81522, 5, 66069, 65572, 47, 70, 799, 16220, 1418, 13452, 173969, 297, 10, 4092, 100, 92, 35839, 44, 1542, 5831, 9523, 740, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 799, 16220, 1418, 83, 10, 4092, 5117, 9, 30816, 106443, 56, 1202, 6712, 126809, 136, 91376, 390, 2132, 33, 107617, 5, 581, 6712, 136, 6863, 2450, 621, 121447, 1379, 70, 165132, 9082, 16934, 64779, 15, 724, 21130, 16, 136, 4527, 7, 70, 49721, 683, 143, 5170, 87907, 4, 10, 73197, 297, 19559, 350, 87907, 5, 62, 456, 55898, 4, 2843, 35839, 44, 6433, 16220, 1418, 830, 1556, 2809, 121447, 100, 101059, 136, 40857, 18139, 17368, 138568, 91384, 1212, 1031, 581, 7311, 6712, 509, 121447, 98, 4347, 48877, 35652, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Gameplay.", "Development.", "Reception.", "Competitive play.", "Remake and fork." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Nexuiz\" is primarily multiplayer (though it includes a full single-player campaign, which allows one to play through the various multiplayer game types and maps with bots), and allows for hosting and joining of games. It supports new gametypes, or whole conversions quickly applied to it (much like \"Quake\").", "\"Nexuiz\" development started as a \"Quake\" modification in the summer of 2001 by Lee Vermeulen. Soon afterward the project moved to the DarkPlaces engine created by Forest Hale, who later also joined the project. The original design called for a simple deathmatch project with a few levels and one character model to be released the next summer. After four years of development with no budget, \"Nexuiz\" 1.0 was released on May 31, 2005, completely under the GNU GPL, and by the end of June had over a quarter million downloads. Development continued after the initial release, with 1.1 released soon after, 1.5 released February 14, 2006, 2.0 released June 14, 2006 and 2.1 September 9, 2006. On February 29, 2008, nearly three years after the initial release, version 2.4 was released and brought major improvements to both the GUI and the graphics engine. This includes all new GUI graphics elements, as well as reflective water and improved particles. In October 2008, a call was made for more developers for \"Nexuiz\" by the main (and only) QuakeC developer, who identified organizational issues associated with a many user, one developer model. Responses to this call highlighted the need for better documentation of QuakeC and the Nexuiz code, while also acknowledging the difficulty that documentation of this placed on the small team of Nexuiz developers. From mid-November 2008, a number of people expressed interest in continuing development of Nexuiz. On March 1, 2010, it was revealed that IllFonic purchased the rights to the name \"Nexuiz\". On March 22, 2010, the fork \"Xonotic\" of \"Nexuiz\" was announced. Many of the core contributors and community members of \"Nexuiz\" moved to this new project as they felt that sale of the name Nexuiz mishandles the original project. On July 13, 2010, Crytek announced that it had licensed the Cryengine 3 for IllFonic's \"Nexuiz\".", "In the September 2006 issue of the magazine PC Gamer, \"Nexuiz\" was included in an article on Internet developers and free games impacting the industry. It also featured on the March 2007 Maximum PC and (version 2.4) was released on the May 2008 and August 2009 PC User cover disks. Upon the release of version 2.5 in April 2009, Phoronix deemed the game to be \"the best open-source first person shooter we have ever played.\"", "GameStop locations across the US held an in-store Nexuiz \"PC gaming challenge\". Interactive kiosks were set up in 10 different stores in 8 US cities. The kiosks gave users 2 minutes to earn the high score by doing the most damage possible to their AI opponents. The highest monthly scorer in each location won a $100 GameStop gift card. There were new maps every month, and each player was allowed one game per day. Game play was open to GameStop customers ages 13 and up, and ages 17 and above were eligible to win the monthly gift card for the high score. Cities with the Challenge were: Dallas, Miami, Chicago, Boston, Pittsburgh, Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.", "On March 3, 2010, it was announced the name Nexuiz had been licensed to IllFonic for commercial release. This version was released on Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network and Steam. While the game uses the same name, it adopts a futuristic, Victorian art style. It is based on CryEngine 3, instead of the DarkPlaces (Quake) engine used in the original game. The main page of nexuiz.com has changed to reflect the commercial version of the game, rather than the open source PC game, although the PC game's page remains accessible. Community changes to the Nexuiz project initiated a free fork called \"Xonotic\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 360, 4122, 9, 210298, 4, 23, 70, 9908, 111, 70, 56388, 2465, 4398, 289, 80399, 4, 70, 3164, 3387, 83184, 297, 2363, 11737, 162333, 13, 23, 70, 199347, 18481, 7, 4, 132260, 3428, 68818, 98, 70, 90695, 111, 63137, 2914, 98, 496, 18237, 237, 10, 118276, 53, 29954, 47, 40, 84382, 70, 13036, 148926, 1831, 7, 59623, 99, 61934, 11, 98, 2356, 69919, 18481, 5, 581, 7082, 132260, 98, 63137, 2914, 34739, 3687, 47, 5423, 1257, 142, 61475, 46520, 31251, 1295, 3129, 47, 25813, 3428, 68818, 36880, 217394, 55969, 47, 2356, 69919, 5, 24372, 63137, 2914, 1902, 2809, 111670, 71, 4, 70, 25813, 47, 825, 25414, 98, 70, 5201, 1760, 34739, 3687, 98, 116, 20414, 4, 7103, 3129, 7082, 84616, 80723, 70, 65272, 19364, 129745, 98, 61934, 11, 5, 360, 12989, 47, 8060, 903, 71834, 4, 136, 59226, 5773, 148926, 19574, 50930, 9035, 1295, 98567, 7565, 70, 61934, 11, 141037, 1295, 23309, 88581, 4, 70, 3164, 3387, 68872, 47, 3551, 10, 37772, 98, 70, 144477, 6, 134369, 111, 2356, 69919, 98, 190, 20414, 5, 1215, 66, 204610, 4, 70, 148926, 221, 46526, 47, 19574, 50930, 70, 61934, 11, 16128, 4, 98567, 3428, 68818, 136, 120384, 90, 1829, 1909, 429, 1295, 70, 82990, 15534, 4, 1829, 98311, 11915, 2514, 5, 581, 17431, 8108, 70, 133868, 23, 70, 138736, 16965, 420, 4, 853, 147, 226336, 59757, 33, 339, 5, 62, 5425, 93017, 25, 7, 14098, 46684, 19295, 53, 9598, 92, 10760, 138, 173245, 15, 113438, 94574, 17727, 55080, 297, 10, 149509, 42, 73946, 674, 111, 23868, 98, 98311, 11915, 2514, 18481, 136, 23309, 88581, 5, 3293, 41018, 509, 1379, 1865, 33, 47, 8060, 10, 132260, 99, 118350, 893, 3089, 29838, 98, 70, 144477, 9022, 6, 134369, 111, 2356, 69919, 4, 390, 345, 5, 294, 5, 82485, 136, 14098, 46684, 126140, 3428, 68818, 66211, 297, 678, 3540, 109561, 357, 20382, 14, 136, 23309, 88581, 5, 1913, 70, 5701, 1733, 237, 70, 82485, 7, 3542, 132260, 99, 118350, 893, 3089, 29838, 6626, 7082, 19295, 53, 163684, 1314, 4, 7082, 294, 44, 71713, 4021, 58, 136, 44, 98914, 7013, 56, 830, 30957, 297, 23309, 88581, 1950, 3422, 47, 22691, 24, 1405, 17863, 73702, 8060, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 21974, 111, 70, 42141, 10, 9983, 1081, 246, 509, 13162, 3674, 20450, 6953, 3129, 5962, 44, 71713, 4021, 58, 98, 604, 11469, 5609, 261, 18, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 70, 86669, 111, 70, 163684, 56, 5, 62, 3622, 111, 744, 418, 613, 33328, 25251, 3542, 6, 114777, 297, 390, 44, 98914, 7013, 56, 58, 12960, 44, 670, 25, 69989, 6431, 58, 81887, 297, 47, 30646, 11476, 74, 7621, 7082, 57, 3632, 7, 72856, 2363, 60742, 20271, 70, 52875, 5, 581, 85235, 60457, 17461, 9983, 1081, 246, 509, 10, 44, 866, 4021, 165572, 740, 1650, 21449, 1295, 10, 89245, 111, 616, 9983, 1081, 246, 90, 11476, 71, 390, 10, 21115, 111, 22759, 148926, 163684, 1314, 4, 12441, 390, 5, 581, 9983, 1081, 246, 26983, 297, 10, 62488, 111, 136, 83, 18822, 71, 47, 186, 4989, 525, 65771, 9983, 1081, 246, 52875, 111, 70, 1631, 5, 24372, 809, 2852, 2363, 9983, 1081, 246, 90, 70, 148926, 163684, 1314, 45807, 71, 70, 16128, 15490, 8035, 96391, 297, 5, 62771, 509, 70, 62488, 111, 70, 51876, 4, 70, 7082, 47749, 42, 18822, 71, 450, 1919, 37772, 1902, 2809, 52875, 297, 390, 10, 148926, 215114, 13, 5, 62, 5425, 93017, 25, 7, 66211, 21115, 35060, 71, 111, 70, 22729, 149509, 4295, 4, 4, 136, 4, 1001, 22759, 163684, 1314, 4, 44, 14535, 3089, 2512, 830, 44, 670, 25, 69989, 6431, 830, 44, 148545, 13534, 58, 136, 44, 1375, 33, 875, 7, 740, 2161, 70, 157109, 111, 190, 20414, 4, 1836, 3542, 30646, 214, 47, 70, 166169, 27414, 47, 456, 67565, 538, 4, 3229, 226336, 25031, 4772, 31947, 509, 27257, 71, 111, 15700, 44, 7763, 1002, 31, 25129, 58, 29752, 7565, 44, 2347, 69623, 58, 23, 70, 199347, 18481, 7, 4, 1295, 667, 73, 4, 98, 31649, 208, 73, 10745, 5, 81206, 297, 47, 1940, 19462, 70, 148926, 4, 62, 5425, 93017, 98816, 15411, 4, 136, 172337, 297, 144477, 25617, 11015, 2356, 69919, 18481, 5, 44, 98914, 7013, 56, 58, 1902, 2809, 82649, 71, 39580, 214, 1257, 613, 33328, 25251, 1295, 44, 71713, 4021, 830, 136, 25737, 70, 16128, 74, 1836, 3542, 91995, 71, 390, 44, 148545, 13534, 58, 136, 44, 1375, 33, 875, 7, 830, 2750, 25737, 1371, 44003, 99, 611, 33573, 21974, 136, 543, 30225, 21974, 98, 190, 20414, 107013, 538, 4, 7103, 10958, 35373, 54700, 5, 581, 15672, 109923, 7, 115081, 98619, 98619, 41097, 4, 98, 70, 144477, 25617, 184085, 111, 2356, 69919, 4, 1660, 7103, 4122, 54350, 98, 305, 20414, 5, 56888, 142, 56816, 14432, 4, 62, 5425, 93017, 25, 7, 66211, 37772, 509, 5773, 70, 28, 4438, 184085, 111, 98311, 11915, 2514, 4, 1672, 23552, 10, 84765, 1295, 98619, 98619, 41097, 4, 136, 166904, 538, 144477, 13, 4438, 111, 3316, 58968, 14434, 4, 3229, 1836, 21449, 3934, 5470, 678, 10, 148926, 24, 1405, 19574, 50930, 674, 21115, 58055, 214, 111, 6626, 6181, 25072, 7, 85358, 214, 3428, 68818, 4, 8453, 297, 390, 10, 8060, 25072, 4, 1379, 226336, 1413, 72114, 36851, 41975, 5, 581, 148926, 37772, 35060, 71, 111, 1492, 109923, 7, 23, 3622, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 3542, 163684, 1314, 5, 581, 8060, 25072, 509, 7228, 1257, 111, 17262, 109923, 7, 1295, 70, 138, 4216, 262, 6639, 8889, 159, 91526, 1900, 4, 12960, 70, 5117, 6181, 25072, 15, 34198, 27686, 70, 496, 927, 20913, 127152, 16, 509, 7228, 1257, 111, 17262, 163684, 1314, 4, 136, 70, 17932, 6181, 25072, 15, 34198, 27686, 70, 534, 927, 20913, 127152, 16, 35060, 71, 111, 22759, 163684, 1314, 5, 581, 148926, 109923, 7, 3542, 85358, 214, 116, 4, 10715, 61585, 3428, 68818, 136, 3542, 6, 99091, 100, 23868, 4, 3129, 509, 8035, 11814, 237, 10, 1924, 9966, 6275, 100, 98567, 19574, 50930, 9035, 47, 61934, 11, 5, 14847, 70, 133868, 80723, 4, 36851, 41975, 25, 7, 37772, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 63920, 12, 70, 17262, 105921, 111, 70, 8060, 25072, 24073, 14535, 14, 174529, 830, 44, 294, 52993, 91645, 58, 136, 44, 9874, 3161, 731, 18939, 141037, 214, 70, 5201, 3365, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 24, 1405, 99381, 111, 138736, 16965, 420, 15, 6979, 76248, 184, 12, 6, 107782, 90731, 8097, 22503, 16, 34739, 3687, 23, 70, 39395, 21974, 111, 305, 20414, 40464, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 581, 133868, 75412, 14098, 46684, 136, 148926, 109923, 7, 5773, 70, 8394, 48850, 184085, 111, 98311, 11915, 2514, 23, 70, 199347, 18481, 7, 5, 1650, 34739, 3687, 20271, 70, 39395, 36541, 7, 111, 70, 2356, 69919, 80399, 3229, 10, 148926, 37772, 132260, 19574, 50930, 9035, 99, 23868, 509, 1940, 19462, 297, 390, 10, 37772, 111, 7082, 19295, 53, 149509, 4295, 136, 163684, 1314, 5, 6561, 7082, 22729, 149509, 42, 509, 91, 3678, 20271, 70, 90364, 12960, 6626, 148926, 163684, 1314, 3542, 91, 3678, 136, 6626, 1286, 3542, 82649, 71, 5, 581, 148926, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Background.", "Battle.", "Aftermath.", "Namesake." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "In mid-1943, in the wake of the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies launched their next offensive in the Solomon Islands, landing troops on the island of Rendova on 30 June as a preliminary step to seizing the major Japanese airstrip at Munda on New Georgia Island. The US landing on Rendova took place to set up an initial beachhead from which to move troops across Blanche Channel to New Georgia. After Rendova had been secured, the move to Zanana on the mainland took place on 2 July, after which US forces began the westward advance on Munda. In order to support this effort, and cut off Japanese reinforcements from moving down the Munda trail from Bairoko, the Allies decided to land a force on the north shore of New Georgia on 5 July. Meanwhile, the Japanese sought to reinforce the Munda area, moving troops and supplies via barge from the Shortlands, via Kolombangara. The night before the battle in the Kula Gulf, Rear Admiral Walden L. Ainsworth's United States Navy Task Group 36.1 (TG 36.1) conducted a cruiser bombardment of Vila on Kolombangara Island and Bairoko. This operation was undertaken to support a landing at Rice Anchorage on the northern shore of New Georgia, by U.S. Marine and United States Army troops tasked with capturing Enogai and Bairoko. At the same time as the Marines were landing at Rice Anchorage two US Navy destroyers, USS \"Strong\" and \"Chevalier\", entered Bairoko Harbor to provide naval gunfire support. In the early hours of the morning a torpedo was spotted closing which hit \"Strong\" on her port side aft, resulting in the loss of the destroyer. A total of 241 survivors were rescued by \"Chevalier\" while \"O'Bannon\" attempted to return fire; 46 US sailors lost their lives during the attack. The fatal Type 93 torpedo was a \"Long Lance\". It came from a salvo of 14 torpedoes fired by a group of four Japanese destroyers, led by. The torpedo traveled a distance of and is believed to be longest successful torpedo attack of the war. After firing their torpedoes the Japanese destroyers departed the area without being detected. Such was the distance of the shot, the US commander believed that his force had been attacked by a Japanese submarine.", "Ainsworth's task group consisted of the light cruisers,, and, plus four destroyers, \"Nicholas\", \"O'Bannon\", \"Radford\" and \"Jenkins\". On the afternoon of 5 July, they were returning to the Coral Sea to resupply, when Admiral William Halsey was informed of another \"Tokyo Express\" mission down \"the Slot\" in the Solomon Islands, from Buin, on Bougainville. Ordered to intercept the Japanese, Ainsworth changed course, and proceeded northwest past New Georgia Island. \"Chevalier\" had been damaged picking up survivors from \"Strong\", and left the area; they were replaced by \"Radford\" and \"Jenkins\", who left Tulagi at 16:47 hours and 18:37 hours on 5 July respectively, after replenishing. The American ships passed Visu Visu Point, on the northwest coast of New Georgia, just after midnight on 6 July. About an hour later, Ainsworth's task force was off the east coast of Kolombangara, about half a mile from Visu Visu Point, and roughly northeast of Waugh Rock, when they came into contact with a Japanese naval reinforcement group consisting of two transport units carrying troops, escorted by a support unit, under Admiral Teruo Akiyama. The Japanese force consisted of ten ships in total, all of which were destroyers. The support unit was made up of three ships from the 3rd Destroyer Squadron, while the first transport unit (designated the 30th Transport Division) was made up of three destroyers, and the second transport unit (designated the 11th Transport Division) consisted of four destroyers. The Japanese ships were carrying 2,600 ground troops and were bound for Vila, which was being used as a staging point for moving reinforcements to Munda. When the battle began, Akiyama's force was divided into two parts: the three escorts of the support unit (\"Niizuki\", \"Suzukaze\" and \"Tanikaze\") trailing the main column consisting of the four ships from the second transport unit (\"Amagiri\", \"Hatsuyuki\", \"Nagatsuki\" and \"Satsuki\"). Meanwhile, the three ships of the first transport unit, \"Mochizuki\", \"Mikazuki\" and \"Hamakaze\", were unloading at Vila, about away. The escorts of the Japanese support unit were the first to be engaged. The U.S. ships, having tracked their opponents with radar, opened fire at 01:57 hours, firing 612 shells in 21 minutes and six seconds, quickly sinking the destroyer \"Niizuki\" and killing Admiral Akiyama. However, \"Helena\" had expended all of her flashless powder the previous night, and she was forced to use smokeless powder, thus illuminating herself to the Japanese ships with every salvo. Two of the Japanese destroyers launched their Long Lance torpedoes and hit \"Helena\", fatally damaging her. After heading away from Vila following first contact, the main Japanese force broke away behind a smokescreen. In the process, was hit by a single 6-inch shell, and ran aground near Bambari Harbor, on Kolombangara, north of Vila, while was damaged slightly by two shells, which failed to explode. Around 03:30 hours, Ainsworth began retiring towards Tulagi, while the Japanese headed for Buin. Two American destroyers, \"Radford\" and \"O'Bannon\", remained behind to rescue survivors, as did the Japanese destroyer,. At about 05:00, \"Amagiri\" and \"Nicholas\" exchanged torpedoes and gunfire; hit four times, \"Amagiri\" withdrew. The beached \"Nagatsuki\" was abandoned by her crew in the morning, and was later bombed and destroyed by American aircraft. \"Mikazuki\" and \"Hamakaze\" completed unloading, and departed through the Blackett Strait, while \"Mochizuki\" lingered for another hour before leaving through the Kula Gulf along the coast of Kolombangara, clashing briefly with \"Nicholas\", around 06:15 before withdrawing behind a smoke screen.", "US losses during the battle amounted to one light cruiser sunk and 168 killed, all of whom were from \"Helena\", while the Japanese lost two destroyers sunk and two destroyers damaged, with 324 men killed. The breakdown of casualties for the Japanese by ship was as follows: \"Niizuki\" (300 killed), \"Amagiri\" (10 killed), \"Nagatsuki\" (eight killed and 13 wounded), and \"Hatsuyuki\" (six killed). The Japanese succeeded in landing 1,600 troops at Vila, as well as 90 tons of supplies. For his actions leading the column of cruisers at Kula Gulf and earlier in the campaign, Captain Robert W. Hayler of the \"Honolulu\" received his second Navy Cross. The destroyers \"Radford\" and \"Nicholas\" returned to rescue survivors from \"Helena\". While rescuing over 750 men, \"Radford\" and \"Nicholas\" had to reengage the Japanese three times; they were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their rescue. \"Amagiri\" escaped and later rammed and cut in half the motor torpedo boat USS \"PT-109\", captained by future President of the United States John F. Kennedy (1917–1963), in the Blackett Strait, southwest of Kolombangara on 2 August. \"Hatsuyuki\" and \"Satsuki\" returned to Buin via the Blackett Strait. Following the engagement in the Kula Gulf, the Japanese continued to move reinforcements south to New Georgia. On 9 July, 1,200 troops were moved to Kolombangara successfully without opposition. Another effort on 12/13 July, however, resulted in the Battle of Kolombangara. Meanwhile, ashore, US troops had secured Enogai on the northwestern coast on 10–11 July, while around Munda the Japanese stubbornly resisted US efforts to advance towards the airfield, which stalled and was eventually halted by a Japanese counterattack on 17 July.", "The U.S. Navy escort aircraft carrier —in commission from 1945–1946, 1951–1955, and 1965–1969—was named for this battle." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 59665, 111, 70245, 685, 56, 112474, 4420, 47, 70, 21, 3055, 23552, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 360, 70, 111994, 7, 4, 2193, 150, 99397, 509, 10, 5700, 103488, 54940, 56101, 126140, 93324, 7, 29398, 297, 23, 823, 3571, 4717, 4, 5596, 4, 136, 40368, 143834, 7, 111, 70, 6712, 3542, 97025, 297, 20271, 903, 1733, 5, 6561, 143834, 450, 62038, 3674, 99, 70, 93324, 7, 25, 2409, 7, 111, 70, 534, 927, 262, 8540, 72567, 31951, 674, 23, 168707, 70163, 71, 70, 91736, 111, 6626, 151002, 2193, 150, 99397, 27528, 12, 242810, 136, 22556, 19361, 5, 581, 36770, 509, 112730, 678, 809, 18266, 33, 4842, 134855, 297, 16446, 7, 19069, 297, 23, 10, 1927, 109217, 4, 12960, 70, 21, 3055, 75412, 70, 160, 19514, 111, 4331, 27686, 16446, 7, 5, 581, 6712, 509, 126809, 23, 166555, 3229, 6863, 5117, 5423, 111, 91736, 509, 2704, 52021, 390, 10868, 799, 10745, 177467, 16442, 4, 142, 14941, 187, 1176, 93324, 2750, 104902, 85493, 136, 5700, 3075, 70, 6712, 99, 47002, 13038, 23, 10368, 939, 15, 670, 6792, 408, 26770, 16, 98, 10, 23180, 88303, 390, 7362, 42, 72089, 90, 619, 130402, 7, 450, 509, 91048, 645, 390, 139098, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 7, 157, 685, 56, 58, 509, 10, 166944, 13579, 100, 5117, 9, 46799, 19630, 7831, 136, 23, 83613, 111468, 37534, 116338, 35768, 4, 1284, 177467, 16442, 2806, 27983, 4527, 442, 100, 70, 23718, 111, 1632, 111, 1919, 145042, 93324, 7, 99, 70, 23180, 5, 360, 158972, 4, 70245, 685, 56, 509, 34475, 6863, 5117, 71496, 13, 91067, 23, 30715, 23, 10, 43658, 111, 44, 43488, 214, 16505, 58, 3129, 143434, 10, 75678, 23, 5700, 2481, 5, 177467, 16442, 21449, 1810, 237, 70, 6712, 25, 7, 26868, 748, 23, 10, 31330, 47, 44, 3957, 117657, 58, 91376, 98, 953, 11994, 41933, 4, 12069, 5369, 7103, 70, 15824, 5, 159, 157, 685, 56, 3514, 434, 23, 5700, 2481, 36880, 70, 42878, 46512, 3387, 136, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 1284, 442, 47143, 297, 10, 6712, 5201, 538, 100, 70, 21507, 1294, 4, 136, 5941, 21507, 133, 1055, 25, 7, 117406, 450, 1902, 10, 2193, 150, 99397, 23180, 2806, 959, 63769, 351, 9, 39, 27417, 7, 46132, 47, 11301, 5, 717, 211196, 67, 70, 105925, 33946, 4, 164917, 136, 1286, 9803, 70245, 685, 56, 9, 159975, 117406, 3542, 100, 4806, 5, 360, 45913, 4, 70, 19893, 14, 99397, 56187, 136, 70, 19893, 14, 99397, 27131, 62554, 42564, 71, 47, 3173, 70, 19893, 14, 99397, 56187, 136, 27131, 7687, 15, 8031, 1230, 13709, 16, 136, 10, 3525, 4, 5570, 5423, 111, 91736, 100, 70245, 685, 56, 5117, 100512, 51521, 5, 360, 70970, 70, 5117, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 161912, 509, 131168, 71, 390, 40207, 104125, 5, 104125, 4, 237, 10, 23182, 14941, 2193, 150, 99397, 136, 70245, 685, 56, 58585, 4, 109133, 70, 6712, 1295, 10, 452, 6032, 47, 10, 23182, 103488, 5, 104125, 23742, 11907, 8999, 102995, 16070, 24189, 41906, 4, 3229, 764, 90223, 71, 1295, 70, 102995, 16070, 7, 5, 581, 6712, 23409, 3934, 10, 206398, 8305, 70, 27631, 7, 136, 23936, 7, 678, 10176, 33946, 139392, 71, 50782, 111, 8382, 2750, 112730, 5, 360, 41722, 4, 104125, 65508, 71, 10, 143834, 111, 70, 6712, 51529, 237, 44, 294, 157, 685, 56, 8183, 58, 47, 9790, 47, 52295, 70, 6712, 25, 7, 5700, 2481, 390, 154107, 6626, 4173, 134855, 7, 4, 1284, 903, 165523, 47, 21647, 33946, 5, 360, 31060, 4, 6765, 9208, 33, 184721, 62458, 297, 70, 70245, 685, 56, 113976, 36549, 44, 7192, 18, 10074, 58, 47, 106804, 13, 70, 38516, 111, 134855, 113976, 4, 678, 70, 50997, 23180, 136, 6024, 9, 22796, 34, 2822, 16446, 7, 8035, 6397, 100, 141377, 5773, 70, 92940, 7, 111, 134855, 226347, 214, 5, 581, 36549, 100512, 10, 66038, 7, 36272, 136, 509, 100, 10, 1733, 70, 17932, 9, 840, 18, 5700, 7639, 98, 4831, 5442, 66348, 18, 23, 70, 6712, 124735, 136, 70, 25695, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 161912, 509, 70, 5117, 47, 186, 89554, 5501, 1824, 297, 5, 581, 6712, 69405, 100512, 10, 154909, 6712, 23, 70, 14098, 117604, 4, 122963, 136, 5045, 111, 70, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 4, 136, 1556, 105945, 5045, 36272, 16792, 70, 72399, 19340, 7, 4, 678, 2684, 111, 70, 77918, 233547, 7, 8035, 5501, 1824, 297, 5, 3311, 70, 20231, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 161912, 10, 3622, 111, 7744, 758, 19879, 21455, 1314, 192509, 70, 22339, 6238, 123789, 111, 70, 2704, 17721, 124748, 63569, 136, 41550, 104125, 4, 10, 17164, 21455, 56, 16070, 100, 70, 14098, 117604, 100, 2499, 226347, 7103, 4122, 54350, 5, 360, 70, 39395, 3576, 7, 4, 10, 4599, 98, 47, 402, 13400, 153603, 12441, 47, 10, 227204, 23, 70, 14012, 111, 23182, 233547, 7, 4, 678, 23182, 233547, 7, 8035, 59226, 47, 4734, 423, 47353, 23, 88847, 1295, 1039, 23, 55482, 33306, 4, 70, 5700, 2481, 111, 70, 6712, 23, 14237, 4, 678, 50419, 9966, 12348, 7, 6044, 237, 1261, 1463, 64676, 837, 136, 1286, 170920, 92865, 6044, 237, 134533, 13328, 12522, 136, 38591, 7680, 4, 97551, 297, 70, 2896, 23, 70, 7325, 24453, 5, 3311, 56434, 70, 4831, 171332, 4082, 21974, 47, 70245, 685, 56, 154271, 4, 154186, 47, 1660, 616, 14633, 1112, 5369, 110680, 5, 360, 36404, 125568, 42, 160794, 1529, 147, 19, 21647, 297, 10, 6226, 2069, 33946, 23, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 24890, 5, 136, 70, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 11330, 4, 6221, 71, 9966, 47, 15226, 102, 12811, 70, 44, 4514, 14, 28025, 58, 23182, 6712, 5, 66016, 903, 1733, 4, 70, 14012, 111, 23182, 233547, 7, 1556, 124735, 4, 678, 5896, 47353, 23, 70, 3640, 74957, 34003, 5, 123560, 765, 2843, 2809, 7228, 47, 186, 1286, 202319, 100, 113976, 226347, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 159, 157, 685, 56, 17779, 818, 9, 79858, 4, 10, 1733, 71, 4, 1632, 9, 233547, 5, 2319, 731, 17265, 100, 23182, 47353, 1556, 2843, 124735, 4, 678, 2663, 92865, 20662, 40368, 19879, 194973, 20271, 2363, 80997, 7, 5, 581, 159690, 111, 70, 11075, 6661, 159, 157, 685, 56, 161912, 1221, 53299, 11762, 183191, 1810, 111, 10, 3622, 9458, 111, 11762, 304, 4, 9323, 26738, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 159, 157, 685, 56, 15, 101322, 85018, 71, 4, 1388, 83, 10, 314, 13, 2896, 450, 62038, 3674, 54940, 56101, 126140, 93324, 7, 29398, 297, 23, 5596, 23, 70, 17932, 23552, 111, 70, 953, 927, 142642, 5, 1650, 83, 112730, 98, 10, 148734, 10393, 320, 23180, 127918, 678, 10, 50997, 20450, 927, 15, 748, 44, 402, 20650, 74054, 678, 151002, 7, 99, 12638, 111, 70, 22759, 107767, 7, 136, 23, 70, 86991, 111, 12638, 4989, 5609, 5, 345, 6953, 10, 314, 13, 47593, 136, 952, 134855, 297, 16446, 7, 4, 92865, 8110, 153350, 70, 35011, 16446, 15, 748, 44, 1010, 13, 16446, 18939, 47, 707, 70, 47143, 214, 16446, 7, 23, 70, 26785, 40, 944, 3956, 4, 183278, 1916, 26847, 100, 12638, 1540, 5, 893, 11651, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Rules.", "Objective.", "Scoring.", "Governance and tournaments.", "Tournaments.", "Professional.", "Criticisms.", "Equipment.", "Important players." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "3", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The origin of snooker dates back to the latter half of the 19th century. In the 1870s, billiards was a popular activity among British Army officers stationed in Jabalpur, India, and several variations of the game were devised during this time. One variation that originated at the officers' mess of the 11th Devonshire Regiment in 1875 combined the rules of two pocket billiards games: pyramid and black pool. The former was played with fifteen red coloured balls positioned in a triangle, while the latter involved the potting of designated balls. The game was developed in 1884 when its first set of rules was finalised by Sir Neville Chamberlain, an English army officer who helped develop and popularise the game at Stone House in Ooty (Ootacamund) on a table built by Burroughes & Watts that was brought over by boat. The word \"snooker\" was a slang term for first-year cadets and inexperienced military personnel, but Chamberlain would often use it for the performance of one of his fellow officers at the table. In 1887, snooker was given its first definite reference in England in a copy of \"Sporting Life\" which caused a growth in popularity. Chamberlain came out as the game's inventor in a letter to \"The Field\" published on 19 March 1938, 63 years after the fact. Snooker grew in popularity across the Indian colonies and the United Kingdom, but it remained a game mainly for the gentry, and many gentlemen's clubs that had a billiards table would not allow non-members inside to play. To accommodate the growing interest, smaller and more open snooker-specific clubs were formed. In 1919, the Billiards Association and the Billiards Control Board merged to form the Billiards Association and Control Club (BA&CC) and a new, standard set of rules for snooker first became official. In 1927 the first World Snooker Championship was organised by Joe Davis. Davis, as a professional English billiards and snooker player, moved the game from a pastime to a professional activity. Davis won every world championship until 1946, when he retired from the championships. The game went into a decline through the 1950s and 1960s with little interest generated outside of those who played. In 1959, Davis introduced a variation of the game known as \"Snooker Plus\" to try to improve the game's popularity by adding two extra colours, but this failed to gain interest. In 1969, David Attenborough commissioned the snooker television series \"Pot Black\" to demonstrate the potential of colour television, with the green table and multi-coloured balls being ideal for showing off the advantages of colour broadcasting. The series became a ratings success and was for a time the second-most popular show on BBC2. Interest in the game increased and the 1978 World Snooker Championship was the first to be fully televised. The game quickly became a mainstream game in the United Kingdom, Ireland and much of the Commonwealth, and has enjoyed much success since the late 1970s, with most of the ranking tournaments being televised. By the 1985 World Snooker Championship a total of 18.5 million viewers watched the concluding frame of the final between Dennis Taylor and Steve Davis, a record viewership for the United Kingdom for any broadcast after midnight. In the early 2000s, a ban on tobacco advertising led to a decrease in the number of professional tournaments, with professional tournaments being cut to only 15 events in 2003, from 22 in 1999. However, the popularity of the game in Asia, with emerging talents such as Liang Wenbo and more established players such as Ding Junhui and Marco Fu, boosted the sport in the Far East. By 2007, the BBC dedicated 400 hours to snooker coverage, compared to just 14 minutes 40 years earlier. In 2010, promoter Barry Hearn gained a controlling interest in World Snooker Ltd. and the World Snooker Tour, pledging to revitalise the \"moribund\" professional game. Since this time, the number of professional tournaments has increased, with 44 events in the 2019/20 season. Events have also been made to be more suitable for television broadcasts, such as the Snooker Shoot-Out, a timed, one- tournament. Prize money for professional events has also increased, with top players making several million pounds during their careers. The winner of the 2020 World Snooker Championship will receive £500,000 out of a total fund of £2,395,000.", "", "The objective of the game is to score more than one's opponent by potting in the correct order. At the start of a frame, the balls are positioned as shown in the first image, and the players then take turns hitting shots by striking the cue ball with the of the cue, their aim being to pot one of the red balls into a pocket and thereby score a point. Failure to make contact with the red ball constitutes a foul shot. If the striker pots a red ball, he or she must then pot one of the six \"colours\". If the player successfully pots a colour, the value of that ball is added to the player's score, and the ball is returned to its starting position on the table. After that, the player must pot another red ball, then another colour, in sequence. This process continues until the striker fails to pot the desired ball, at which point the opponent comes to the table to play the next shot. The act of scoring sequentially in this manner is to make a (see scoring below). The game continues in this manner until all the reds are potted and only the six colours are left on the table. At this point the colours must be potted in the order from least to most valuable ball, as per the table to the right. The shots are: yellow first (two points), then green (three points), brown (four points), blue (five points), pink (six points) and black (seven points), the balls not being returned to play. When the final ball is potted, the player with more points wins. If the scores are equal when all the balls have been potted, the black is placed back on its spot as a tiebreaker. In this situation, called, the black ball is placed on its designated spot and the cue ball is played as. The referee then tosses a coin and the winner decides which player goes first. The frame continues until one of the players pots the black ball or commits a foul. A player may also concede a frame while on strike if he or she thinks there are not enough points available on the table to beat the opponent's score. In professional snooker this is a common occurrence. Professional and competitive amateur matches are officiated by a referee. The referee also replaces the colours on the table when necessary and calls out how many points the player has scored during a break. Professional players usually play the game in a sporting manner, declaring fouls which they have committed but the referee has missed, acknowledging good shots from their opponent, and holding up a hand to apologise for fortunate shots, known as \"flukes\".", "Points in snooker are gained from potting the correct balls in sequence. The total number of consecutive points (excluding fouls) that a player amasses during one to the table is known as a break. A player attaining a break of 15, for example, could have reached it by potting a red then a black, then a red then a pink, before failing to pot the next red. A maximum break in snooker is achieved by potting all reds with blacks then all colours, yielding 147 points; this is often known as a \"147\" or just as a \"maximum\". Points may also be scored in a game when a player's opponent. A foul can occur for various reasons, most commonly for failing to hit the correct ball (e.g. hitting a colour first when the player was attempting to hit a red), or for sending the cue ball into a pocket. The former may occur when the player fails to escape from a \"\" – a situation in which the previous player leaves the cue ball positioned such that no legal ball can be struck directly without obstruction by an illegal ball. Points gained from a foul vary from a minimum of four to a maximum of seven if the black ball is involved. A foul shot that leaves no valid shot for the opponent can leave them a. A free ball allows a player to use any other coloured ball in place of the shot they were supposed to play. Doing so with all 15 red balls in play can result in a break exceeding a maximum, with the highest possible being a 155 break, achieved via the opponent leaving a, with the black being potted as the additional colour, and then potting 15 reds and blacks with the colours. Jamie Cope has the distinction of being the first player in snooker history to post a verified 155 break, achieved in a practice frame in 2005, with other players such as Alex Higgins also claiming to have made a similar break. One, from the balls in their starting position until the last ball is potted, is called a \"\". A generally consists of a predetermined number of frames and the player who wins the most frames wins the match. Most professional matches require a player to win five frames, and are called \"best of nine\" in reference to the maximum possible number of frames. Tournament finals are usually best of 17 or best of 19, while the world championship uses longer matches – ranging from best of 19 in the qualifiers and the first round up to best of 35 for the final (first to 18), and is played over four sessions of play held over two days.", "The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA, also known as World Snooker), founded in 1968 as the Professional Billiard Players' Association, is the governing body for the professional competition. The amateur game (including youth competition) is governed by the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (IBSF). Events held specifically for women and events for seniors are handled by World Snooker under World Women's Snooker and the World Seniors Tour, respectively. The highest levels of the sport are the IBSF World Snooker Championship, World Seniors Championship and the Ladies World Snooker Championship.", "", "Professional snooker players play on the World Snooker Tour. Events on the Tour are only open to players on the Tour and selected amateur players, but most events require qualification. Players can qualify for the Tour either by being high enough on the world rankings from prior seasons, winning continental championships, or through the Challenge Tour or Q School events. Players on the Tour generally gain two-year participation for the events. Reflecting the game's aristocratic origins, the majority of tournaments on the professional circuit require players to wear waistcoats and bow ties. In recent years the necessity for this has been questioned, and players such as Stephen Maguire have been granted medical exemptions from wearing a bow tie. The Tour also has an official world rankings scheme, with only players on the Tour receiving a ranking. Ranking points, earned by players through their performances over the previous two seasons, determine the current world rankings. A player's ranking determines what level of qualification he or she requires for specific tournaments. The elite of professional snooker are generally regarded as the \"top-16\" ranking players. They are not required to pre-qualify for some of the tournaments, such as the Shanghai Masters, the Masters and the World Snooker Championship. Certain other events, such as those in the Coral Cup series, use the one-year ranking list to qualify; these use the results of the current season to denote participants. Currently, the Tour contains 125 players, with players either in the top 64 on the official ranking list, or finishing as one of the top eight prize money earners during the most recent season, guaranteed a tour place for the next season, this being assessed after the World Championship. The oldest professional snooker tournament is the World Championship, held annually since 1927 (except during World War II and between 1958 and 1963). The tournament has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, since 1977, and was sponsored by Embassy from 1976 to 2005. Since the ban on advertising tobacco products, the championships have been sponsored by betting companies. The World Championship is the most highly valued prize in professional snooker in terms of financial reward (£500,000 for the winner, formerly £300,000), ranking points and prestige. It is televised extensively in the UK by the BBC and gains significant coverage in Europe on Eurosport and in East Asia on CCTV-5. The World Championships is part of the Triple Crown along with the UK Championship and the non-ranking Masters. These events are valued by some players as the most prestigious, and are also some of the oldest competitions. Winning all three events is a difficult task, and has only been done by 11 players. With some events having been criticised for matches taking too long, an alternative series of timed tournaments has been organised by Matchroom Sport chairman Barry Hearn. The shot-timed Premier League Snooker was established, with seven players invited to compete at regular United Kingdom venues, televised on Sky Sports. Players had twenty-five seconds to take each shot, with five time-outs per player per match. While some success was achieved with this format, it generally did not receive the same amount of press attention or status as the regular ranking tournaments. This event has been taken out of the tour since 2013, when the Champion of Champions was established. The Champion of Champions saw players qualify by virtue of winning other events in the season, with 16 champions competing. In 2015, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association submitted an unsuccessful bid for snooker to be played at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Another bid has been put forward for 2024 Summer Olympics through the World Snooker Federation, founded in 2017. A trial for the format for cue sports to be played at the 2024 games was put forward at the 2019 World Team Trophy, also featuring nine-ball and carom billiards. Snooker has been contested at the World Games since 2001, and was included as an event at the 2019 African Games.", "Several players, such as Ronnie O'Sullivan, Mark Allen and Steve Davis, have warned that there are too many tournaments during the season, and that players risk burning out. In 2012, O'Sullivan played fewer tournaments in order to spend more time with his children, and ended the 2012–13 season ranked 19th in the world. Furthermore, he did not play any tournament in 2013 except the World Championship, which he won. O'Sullivan has suggested that a \"breakaway tour\" with fewer events would be beneficial to the sport, but as of 2019 no such tour has been organised. Some leagues have allowed clubs to refuse to accept women players in tournaments. League committee leadership defended the practice, saying, \"If we lose two of these clubs [with the men-only policies] we would lose four teams and we can't afford to lose four teams otherwise we would have no league.\" A World Women's Snooker spokesperson said, \"It is disappointing and unacceptable that in 2019 that players such as Rebecca Kenna have been the victim of antiquated discriminatory practices.\" The All-Party Parliamentary Group said, \"The group believes that being prevented from playing in a club because of gender is archaic.\"", "Accessories used for snooker include for the tip of the cue, of various sorts used for playing shots that cannot be played by hand, a triangle to the reds, and a scoreboard. One drawback of snooker on a full-size () table is the size of the room (), which is the minimum required for comfortable cueing room on all sides. This limits the number of locations in which the game can easily be played. While pool tables are common to many pubs, snooker tends to be played either in private surroundings or in public snooker halls. The game can also be played on smaller tables using fewer red balls. Variant table sizes include,,, (the smallest for realistic play) and. Smaller tables can come in a variety of styles, such as fold-away or dining-table convertible. A traditional snooker scoreboard resembles an abacus and records the score for each frame in units and twenties and the frame scores. They are typically attached to a wall by the snooker table. A simple scoring bead is also sometimes used, called a \"scoring string\", or \"scoring wire\". Each bead (segment of the string) represents a single point. Snooker players typically move one or several beads with their cue. The playing surface is 356.9 cm (11 feet 8.5 inches) by 177.8 cm (5 feet 10 inches) for a standard full-size table, with six pocket holes, one at each corner and one at the centre of each of the longer side cushions. The felt is usually a form of fully wool green baize, with a directional nap running from the baulk end of the table towards the end with the black ball spot. The nap will affect the direction of the cue ball depending on which direction the cue ball is shot and also on whether left or right side (spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue ball is hit in exactly the same way, the nap will cause a different effect depending on whether the ball is hit down table (towards the black ball spot) or up table (towards the baulk line). The cloth on a snooker table is not vacuumed, as this can destroy the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straight line from the baulk end to the far end with multiple brush strokes that are straight in direction (i.e. not across the table). Some table men will also then drag a dampened cloth wrapped around a short piece of board (like a two by four), or straight back of a brush to collect any remaining fine dust and help lay the nap down. The table is then ironed. Strachan cloth, used in official snooker tournaments, is 100% wool. Some other cloths include a small percentage of nylon.", "In the professional era that began with Joe Davis in the 1930s and continues until the present day, a relatively small number of players have succeeded at the top level. Joe Davis was world champion for twenty years, retiring unbeaten after claiming his fifteenth world title in 1946 when the tournament was reinstated after the Second World War. Davis was unbeaten in World Championship play, and was only ever beaten four times in his entire life, with all four defeats coming after his World Championship retirement and inflicted by his own brother Fred Davis. He did lose matches in handicapped tournaments, but on level terms these four defeats were the only losses of his entire career. He was also world billiards champion. It is regarded as highly unlikely that anyone will ever dominate the game to this level again. After Davis retired from World Championship play, the next dominant force was his younger brother Fred Davis, who had lost the 1940 final to Joe. By 1947, Fred Davis was deemed ready by his brother to take over the mantle, but lost the world final to the Scotsman Walter Donaldson. Davis and Donaldson would contest the next four finals. After the abandonment of the World Championship in 1953, with the 1952 final boycotted by British professionals, the World Professional Match-play Championship became the unofficial world championship. Fred Davis won the event every year until its penultimate one, in 1957, which he did not enter. John Pulman was the most successful player of the 1960s, when the world championship was contested on a challenge basis. However, when the tournament reverted to a knockout formula in 1969, he did not prosper. Ray Reardon became the dominant force in the 1970s, winning six titles (1970, 1973–1976 and 1978), with John Spencer winning three. Steve Davis' first world title in 1981 made him only the 11th world champion since 1927, including the winner of the boycotted 1952 title, Horace Lindrum. Davis would win six World Championships (1981, 1983, 1984 and 1987–1989), and competed in the most watched snooker match ever, the 1985 World Snooker Championship final with Dennis Taylor. Stephen Hendry became the 14th in 1990 and dominated through the 1990s, winning seven titles (1990, 1992–1996 and 1999). Ronnie O'Sullivan is the closest to dominance in the modern era, having won the title on five occasions in the 21st century (2001, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2013). Mark Williams has won three times (2000, 2003 and 2018) and John Higgins four times (1998, 2007, 2009 and 2011), but since the beginning of the century, there has not been a dominant force like in previous decades, and the modern era has seen many players playing to a similar standard, instead of one player raising the bar. Davis, for example, won more ranking tournaments than the rest of the top 64 players put together by 1985. By retaining his title in 2013, O'Sullivan became the first player to successfully defend the World Championship since Hendry in 1996 (Mark Selby would also do this in 2017)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 110224, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 44, 284, 563, 1419, 7844, 111, 83393, 7, 58, 170920, 70, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 237, 10, 21261, 8562, 111, 65925, 5, 360, 903, 36137, 6236, 1346, 4, 70, 40814, 30957, 7, 10, 59444, 450, 83, 79986, 71, 390, 6626, 1810, 19729, 4642, 7, 4, 136, 23335, 1294, 2265, 91582, 621, 351, 9, 201367, 5, 1529, 139647, 4778, 136, 11301, 7, 70, 4642, 7, 26548, 1632, 15700, 23, 12989, 47, 3249, 17265, 5, 47009, 764, 4527, 7, 1919, 19466, 592, 136, 210650, 142172, 7, 112419, 47, 30793, 10, 14449, 120332, 33, 297, 390, 15044, 4642, 7, 5, 18763, 1360, 934, 26976, 83, 172554, 71, 136, 764, 83, 141591, 538, 42659, 33, 4, 1284, 23, 70, 3564, 4, 764, 8, 88981, 7, 70, 47143, 214, 4642, 5, 581, 182809, 23, 903, 13765, 17721, 19466, 592, 136, 193, 6833, 15, 2347, 88308, 7, 4, 8, 329, 14481, 4, 241957, 61972, 136, 10649, 9381, 39, 111, 70, 40814, 16, 98, 70, 1632, 3535, 4, 136, 60875, 232, 15, 150935, 136, 50029, 2481, 26548, 165815, 9393, 3395, 136, 26548, 70, 40814, 7103, 1919, 41929, 9, 95665, 1556, 2809, 122273, 297, 16, 98, 70, 3789, 4, 509, 10, 93685, 71, 47, 136, 68018, 243, 122009, 390, 70, 97751, 5256, 450, 33662, 199349, 297, 70, 27076, 7, 5, 89176, 27076, 27983, 3017, 15555, 297, 1295, 3789, 54180, 15490, 28601, 100, 34128, 2852, 5911, 4, 136, 31746, 13, 170277, 538, 3017, 15555, 297, 70, 23577, 100, 44, 284, 563, 1419, 7844, 111, 83393, 7, 830, 217063, 10, 31330, 1295, 148926, 14364, 62, 18383, 5375, 232, 7978, 242799, 1916, 4049, 98, 20662, 44, 27, 11, 4552, 5885, 1346, 5, 4966, 442, 83, 759, 1346, 740, 31746, 13, 1902, 97751, 3674, 1632, 111, 70, 2684, 103210, 15072, 297, 14364, 7, 23, 70, 8999, 390, 456, 109513, 1919, 1346, 44, 1723, 18689, 7567, 58, 237, 44, 284, 563, 1419, 7844, 111, 83393, 7, 58, 136, 210435, 538, 613, 18280, 2822, 67009, 38109, 47, 5375, 232, 7978, 4, 1001, 31140, 111, 70, 21640, 16530, 23179, 172337, 7, 5, 31746, 13, 14432, 109133, 1295, 3017, 15555, 214, 136, 170920, 1919, 10002, 21315, 9, 6836, 27686, 20623, 136, 23577, 7, 5, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 54180, 136, 3789, 44, 30854, 58, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 7, 621, 27983, 151552, 237, 19441, 28, 7560, 24243, 4, 35778, 52021, 707, 3853, 44, 112, 1176, 927, 14071, 29367, 58, 5941, 111, 70, 101805, 7, 111, 89160, 345, 5, 294, 5, 65925, 7, 5, 3293, 509, 2831, 538, 91177, 289, 136, 2831, 538, 70, 43701, 111, 10, 12921, 15380, 76615, 5, 36836, 111, 60875, 232, 75204, 10, 6957, 97551, 678, 110224, 5631, 275, 45740, 25, 7, 26794, 80973, 44, 397, 30630, 31, 740, 360, 70, 5369, 25632, 4, 70, 4527, 111, 19466, 592, 136, 193, 6833, 100512, 1286, 197097, 5, 3293, 509, 51592, 23, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 11737, 6626, 65925, 7, 4, 678, 2363, 242661, 98, 2234, 22819, 165410, 7, 5, 360, 70, 4568, 93402, 111, 70, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 4, 678, 70, 40067, 2481, 54180, 4, 70, 31746, 13, 6, 3257, 2408, 1902, 2809, 27198, 297, 39555, 107314, 230466, 4, 237, 20870, 136, 103494, 538, 95319, 26038, 3917, 47, 182, 39, 9393, 1620, 434, 2069, 136, 27226, 180327, 5, 17006, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 7, 1346, 297, 17721, 38425, 136, 25695, 3542, 7228, 98, 27226, 20334, 7, 136, 51876, 99, 39194, 12645, 10552, 12275, 7, 136, 67842, 31913, 7, 10932, 127067, 9022, 98848, 136, 84740, 5, 52455, 111, 70, 43515, 5646, 3687, 23, 70, 36898, 212790, 7, 111, 70, 15672, 25134, 25617, 136, 182688, 82167, 4, 8311, 329, 39210, 1346, 214, 31913, 7, 3542, 70, 22193, 70527, 195075, 136, 70, 143740, 8, 2902, 102, 9, 839, 430, 3403, 24955, 5227, 4, 142, 16128, 111, 2741, 408, 6402, 59665, 51529, 100, 6863, 38134, 19096, 53, 46520, 90, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 621, 23, 70, 192859, 111, 78289, 35944, 23, 127067, 13, 11, 48850, 84740, 5, 31384, 5423, 7, 136, 12275, 7, 88303, 100, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 7, 188545, 237, 73986, 9201, 7, 4, 31464, 38436, 4, 13468, 38436, 4, 136, 65925, 31746, 13, 4, 136, 21342, 47, 186, 11814, 237, 1346, 5423, 7, 5, 64511, 1346, 214, 31913, 7, 11814, 3542, 23, 9879, 136, 127067, 9022, 98848, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 9201, 7, 111, 71903, 146, 4804, 145, 15, 4626, 1177, 33, 51651, 136, 582, 720, 837, 247, 70, 16128, 111, 152366, 13, 13400, 15, 86, 29062, 47, 44813, 102, 1429, 2914, 4, 62816, 29367, 390, 10, 1185, 271, 2663, 87168, 247, 70, 130473, 7, 10932, 33058, 34, 28984, 4, 70, 16128, 10932, 70, 14091, 199876, 31, 101120, 4, 136, 70, 204049, 25, 7, 2799, 42, 10484, 136, 7374, 26050, 11, 5, 44, 124938, 25, 7, 25706, 58, 509, 1346, 297, 23, 8254, 5, 360, 70, 23936, 7, 4, 35778, 7, 125296, 71, 450, 70, 15672, 30773, 7, 3542, 25545, 538, 151134, 5, 581, 30773, 2684, 6, 42485, 78458, 15672, 4, 70, 65925, 4, 115058, 47, 186, 28, 3784, 6496, 3934, 10, 3525, 4, 166904, 56, 3173, 5, 1326, 5941, 35778, 7, 4, 110224, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 54180, 3542, 2831, 111, 70, 2967, 5, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 44, 224694, 7, 4699, 4867, 53, 58, 15, 170577, 74668, 84308, 509, 959, 70, 86595, 111, 70, 44, 141667, 18788, 3771, 65925, 58, 105823, 23, 98848, 4, 1284, 100, 3060, 15672, 7, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 54180, 33636, 297, 70, 29568, 86595, 111, 70, 89176, 116000, 191, 111, 142, 15672, 30773, 5, 114411, 7868, 53, 2069, 4, 23, 1919, 959, 297, 12877, 98, 70, 89176, 65925, 4, 98363, 7, 15672, 130306, 116816, 111, 70, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 105823, 237, 4, 47, 44, 11, 21334, 192961, 4, 17438, 14534, 47, 10, 122175, 13, 29865, 1672, 70, 242, 93782, 74855, 7, 25, 111, 70, 15672, 64, 841, 110619, 65925, 1242, 1529, 456, 88832, 450, 10846, 35778, 7, 48, 2822, 36456, 450, 1836, 3542, 4, 23, 15824, 4, 44, 3422, 297, 678, 142, 146353, 297, 38436, 30773, 1242, 74111, 86, 1136, 583, 4, 764, 73048, 4, 509, 109269, 47, 224344, 903, 130306, 22, 539, 14, 136, 4911, 7, 77947, 3642, 10, 1346, 6044, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 10959, 18788, 3771, 65925, 4, 2843, 51529, 237, 89176, 65925, 707, 15, 44526, 416, 538, 23, 15758, 16, 94472, 34925, 65925, 4, 83, 10, 134744, 1614, 1409, 107, 111, 65925, 54180, 450, 74216, 71, 23, 70, 4122, 9, 139883, 7, 23, 70, 9908, 111, 110224, 31746, 13, 25, 7, 1346, 9, 109513, 20623, 136, 21640, 16530, 9, 65024, 36272, 5, 581, 13579, 509, 11814, 390, 15672, 35778, 7, 136, 8382, 23, 3789, 76726, 6637, 2684, 111, 6097, 65925, 7, 3542, 181653, 136, 8951, 297, 390, 89176, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Common elements.", "Filming locations.", "Reception.", "Rise and fall.", "European Westerns from the beginning.", "First Spaghetti Western.", "Impact of \"A Fistful of Dollars\".", "\"For a Few Dollars More\" and its followers.", "Zapata Westerns.", "Betrayal stories.", "\"Django\" and the tragic heroes.", "Comedy Westerns.", "Other notable films.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "Sergio Leone's \"A Fistful of Dollars\" established the Spaghetti Western as a novel kind of Western. In this seminal film, the hero enters a town that is ruled by two outlaw gangs, and ordinary social relations are non-existent. He betrays and plays the gangs against one another in order to make money. Then he uses his cunning and exceptional weapons skill to assist a family threatened by both gangs. His treachery is exposed and he is severely beaten, but in the end, he defeats the remaining gang. The interaction in this story between cunning and irony (the tricks, deceits, unexpected actions and sarcasm of the hero) on the one hand, and pathos (terror and brutality against defenseless people and against the hero after his double-cross has been revealed) on the other, was aspired to and sometimes attained by the imitations that soon flooded the cinemas. Italian cinema often borrowed from other films without regard for infringement, and Leone famously borrowed the plot for \"A Fistful of Dollars\", receiving a letter from Japanese director Akira Kurosawa congratulating him on making \"...a very fine film. But it is my film\". Leone had imitated one of the most highly respected directors in the world by remaking his film \"Yojimbo\" as \"A Fistful of Dollars\" and consequently surrendered Asian rights to Kurosawa, plus 15% of the international box office proceeds. Leone later moved from borrowing and established his own oft-imitated style and plots. Leone's films and other \"core\" Spaghetti Westerns are often described as having eschewed, criticised or even \"demythologized\" many of the conventions of traditional U.S. Westerns. This was partly intentional and partly the context of a different cultural background. Use of pathos received a big boost with Sergio Corbucci's influential \"Django\". In the years following, the use of cunning and irony became more prominent. This was seen in Leone's next two Westerns, with their emphasis on unstable partnerships. In the last phase of the Spaghetti Western, with the Trinity films, the Leone legacy had been transformed almost beyond recognition, as terror and deadly violence gave way to harmless brawling and low comedy.", "Most Spaghetti Westerns filmed between 1964 and 1978 were made on low budgets and shot at Cinecittà studios and various locations around southern Italy and Spain. Many of the stories take place in the dry landscapes of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico, hence common filming locations were the Tabernas Desert and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, an area of volcanic origin known for its wide sandy beaches, both of which are in the Province of Almería in southeastern Spain. Some sets and studios built for Spaghetti Westerns survive as theme parks, Texas Hollywood, Mini Hollywood, and Western Leone, and continue to be used as film sets. Other filming locations used were in central and southern Italy, such as the parks of Valle del Treja (between Rome and Viterbo), the area of Camposecco (next to Camerata Nuova, characterized by a karst topography), the hills around Castelluccio, the area around the Gran Sasso mountain, and the Tivoli's quarries and Sardinia. \"God's Gun\" was filmed in Israel.", "In the 1960s, critics recognized that the American genres were rapidly changing. The genre most identifiably American, the Western, seemed to be evolving into a new, rougher form. For many critics, Sergio Leone's films were part of the problem. Leone's \"Dollars Trilogy\" (1964–1966) was not the beginning of the \"Spaghetti Western\" cycle in Italy, but for some Americans Leone's films represented the true beginning of the Italian invasion of an American genre. Christopher Frayling, in his noted book on the Italian Western, describes American critical reception of the Spaghetti Western cycle as, to \"a large extent, confined to a sterile debate about the 'cultural roots' of the American/Hollywood Western.\" He remarks that few critics dared admit that they were, in fact, \"bored with an exhausted Hollywood genre.\" Pauline Kael, he notes, was willing to acknowledge this critical ennui and thus appreciate how a film such as Akira Kurosawa's \"Yojimbo\" (1961) \"could exploit the conventions of the Western genre, while debunking its morality.\" Frayling and other film scholars such as Bondanella argue that this revisionism was the key to Leone's success and, to some degree, to that of the Spaghetti Western genre as a whole.", "", "European Westerns are as old as filmmaking itself. The Lumière brothers made their first public screening of films in 1895 and already in 1896 Gabriel Veyre shot \"Repas d'Indien\" (\"Indian Banquet\") for them. Joe Hamman starred as Arizona Bill in films made in the French horse country of Camargue 1911–12. In Italy, the American West as a dramatic setting for spectacles goes back at least as far as Giacomo Puccini's 1910 opera \"La fanciulla del West\"; it is sometimes considered to be the first Spaghetti Western. The first Italian Western movie was \"La Vampira Indiana\" (1913) – a combination of Western and vampire film. It was directed by Vincenzo Leone, father of Sergio Leone, and starred his mother Bice Waleran in the title role as Indian princess Fatale. The Italians also made Wild Bill Hickok films, while the German twenties saw back-woods Westerns featuring Bela Lugosi as Uncas. Of the Western-related European films before 1964, the one attracting most attention is probably Luis Trenker's \"Der Kaiser von Kalifornien\" (1936), about John Sutter. During and after the Second World War there were scattered European uses of Western settings, mostly for comedy or musical comedy.", "A forerunner of the genre had appeared in 1943 Giorgio Ferroni's \"Il fanciullo del West\" (\"The Boy in the West\") and a cycle of Western comedies was initiated 1959 with \"La sceriffa\" and \"Il terrore dell’Oklahoma\", followed by other films starring comedy specialists like Walter Chiari, Ugo Tognazzi, Raimondo Vianello or Fernandel. An Italian critic has compared these comedies to American Bob Hope vehicles. The first American-British western filmed in Spain was \"The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw\" (1958), directed by Raoul Walsh. It was followed in 1961 by \"Savage Guns\", a British-Spanish western, again filmed in Spain. This marked the beginning of Spain as a suitable film shooting location for any kind of European western. In 1963, three non-comedy Italo-Spanish westerns were produced: \"Gunfight at Red Sands\", \"Implacable Three\" and \"Gunfight at High Noon\". In 1961 an Italian company co-produced the French \"Taste of Violence\", with a Mexican Revolution theme. In 1965, Bruno Bozzetto released his traditionally animated feature film \"West and Soda\", a Western parody with a marked Spaghetti Western-theme; despite having been released a year after Sergio Leone's seminal Spaghetti Western \"A Fistful of Dollars\", development of \"West and Soda\" actually began a year earlier than \"Fistful\"'s and lasted longer, mainly because of the use of more time-demanding animation over regular acting. For this reason, Bozzetto himself claims to have invented the Spaghetti Western genre. Since there is no real consensus about where to draw the exact line between Spaghetti Westerns and other Eurowesterns (or other Westerns in general) one cannot say which one of the films mentioned so far was the first Spaghetti Western. However, 1964 saw the breakthrough of this genre, with more than twenty productions or co-productions from Italian companies, and more than half a dozen Westerns by Spanish or Spanish/American companies. Furthermore, by far the most commercially successful of this lot was Sergio Leone's \"A Fistful of Dollars\" whose innovations in cinematic style, music, acting and story decided the future for the genre.", "The Spaghetti Western was born, flourished and faded in a highly commercial production environment. The Italian \"low\" popular film production was usually low-budget and low-profit, and the easiest way to success was imitating a proven success. When the typically low-budget production \"A Fistful of Dollars\" turned into a remarkable box office success, the industry eagerly lapped up its innovations. Most succeeding Spaghetti Westerns tried to get a ragged, laconic hero with superhuman weapon skill, preferably one who looked like Clint Eastwood: Franco Nero, Giuliano Gemma, John Garko and Terence Hill started out that way; Anthony Steffen and others stayed that way all their Spaghetti Western career. Whoever the hero was, he would join an outlaw gang to further his own secret agenda, like in \"A Pistol for Ringo\", \"Blood for a Silver Dollar\", \"Vengeance Is a Dish Served Cold\", \"Renegade Riders\" and others, while \"Beyond the Law\" instead has a bandit infiltrate society and become a sheriff. There would be a flamboyant Mexican bandit (Gian Maria Volonté from \"A Fistful of Dollars\", otherwise Tomas Milian or most often Fernando Sancho) and a grumpy old man – more often than not an undertaker, to serve as sidekick for the hero. For love interest, rancher's daughters, schoolmarms and barroom maidens were overshadowed by young Latin women desired by dangerous men, where actresses like Nicoletta Machiavelli or Rosalba Neri carried on Marianne Koch's role of Marisol in the Leone film. The terror of the villains against their defenseless victims became just as ruthless as in \"A Fistful of Dollars\", or more, and their brutalization of the hero when his treachery is disclosed became just as merciless, or more – just like the cunning used to secure the latter's retribution. In the beginning some films mixed some of these new devices with the borrowed US Western devices typical for most of the 1963–64 Spaghetti Westerns. For example, in Sergio Corbucci's \"Minnesota Clay\" (1964) that appeared two months after \"A Fistful of Dollars\", an American style \"tragic gunfighter\" hero confronts two evil gangs, one Mexican and one Anglo, and (just as in \"A Fistful of Dollars\") the leader of the latter is the town sheriff. In the same director's \"Johnny Oro\" (1966) a traditional Western sheriff and a half-breed bounty killer are forced into an uneasy alliance when Mexican bandits and Native Americans together assault the town. In \"A Pistol for Ringo\" a traditional sheriff commissions a money-oriented hero played by Giuliano Gemma (with more pleasing manners than Eastwood's character) to infiltrate a gang of Mexican bandits whose leader is played typically by Fernando Sancho.", "After 1965 when Leone's second Western \"For a Few Dollars More\" brought a larger box office success, the profession of bounty hunter became the choice of occupation of Spaghetti Western heroes in films like \"Arizona Colt\", \"Vengeance Is Mine\", \"Ten Thousand Dollars for a Massacre\", \"The Ugly Ones\", \"Dead Men Don't Count\" and \"Any Gun Can Play\". In \"The Great Silence\" and \"A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die\", the heroes instead fight bounty killers. This was also the time when every other hero or villain in Spaghetti Westerns started carrying a musical watch, after its ingenious use in \"For a Few Dollars More\". Spaghetti Westerns also began featuring a pair of different heroes. In Leone's film Eastwood's character is an unshaven bounty hunter, dressed similarly to his character in \"A Fistful of Dollars\", who enters an unstable partnership with Colonel Mortimer (Lee Van Cleef), an older bounty killer who uses more sophisticated weaponry and wears a suit, and in the end turns out to also be an avenger. In the following years there was a deluge of Spaghetti Westerns with a pair of heroes with (most often) conflicting motives. Examples include: a lawman and an outlaw (\"And the Crows Will Dig Your Grave\"), an army officer and an outlaw (\"Bury Them Deep\"), an avenger and a (covert) army officer (\"The Hills Run Red\"), an avenger and a (covert) guilty party (\"Viva! Django\" aka \"W Django!\"), an avenger and a con-man (\"The Dirty Outlaws\"), an outlaw posing as a sheriff and a bounty hunter (\"Man With the Golden Pistol\" aka \"Doc, Hands of Steel\") and an outlaw posing as his twin and a bounty hunter posing as a sheriff (\"A Few Dollars for Django\"). The theme of age in \"For a Few Dollars More\", where the younger bounty killer learns valuable lessons from his more experienced colleague and eventually becomes his equal, is taken up in \"Day of Anger\" and \"Death Rides a Horse\". In both cases Lee Van Cleef carries on as the older hero versus Giuliano Gemma and John Phillip Law, respectively.", "One variant of the hero pair was a revolutionary Mexican bandit and a mostly money-oriented American from the United States frontier. These films are sometimes called Zapata Westerns. The first was Damiano Damiani's \"A Bullet for the General\" and then followed Sergio Sollima's trilogy: \"The Big Gundown\", \"Face to Face\" and \"Run, Man, Run\". Sergio Corbucci's \"The Mercenary\" and \"Compañeros\" also belong here, as does \"Tepepa\" by Giulio Petroni – among others. Many of these films enjoyed both good takes at the box office and attention from critics. They are often interpreted as a leftist critique of the typical Hollywood handling of Mexican revolutions, and of imperialism in general.", "In Leone's \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\" there is still the scheme of a pair of heroes vs. a villain but it is somewhat relaxed, as here all three parties were driven by a money motive. In subsequent films like \"Any Gun Can Play\", \"One Dollar Too Many\" and \"Kill Them All and Come Back Alone\" several main characters repeatedly form alliances and betray each other for monetary gain. \"Sabata\" and \"If You Meet Sartana Pray for Your Death\", directed by Gianfranco Parolini, introduce into similar betrayal environments a kind of hero molded on the Mortimer character from \"For a Few Dollars More\", only without any vengeance motive and with more outrageous trick weapons. Fittingly enough Sabata is portrayed by Lee Van Cleef himself, while John Garko plays the very similar Sartana protagonist. Parolini made some more Sabata movies while Giuliano Carnimeo made a whole series of Sartana films with Garko.", "Beside the first three Spaghetti Westerns by Leone, a most influential film was Sergio Corbucci's \"Django\" starring Franco Nero. The titular character is torn between several motives – money or revenge – and his choices bring misery to him and to a woman close to him. Indicative of this film's influence on the Spaghetti Western style, Django is the hero's name in a plenitude of subsequent westerns. Even though his character is not named Django, Franco Nero brings a similar ambience to \"Texas, Adios\" and \"Massacre Time\" where the hero must confront surprising and dangerous family relations. Similar \"prodigal son\" stories followed, including \"Chuck Moll\", \"Keoma\", \"The Return of Ringo\", \"The Forgotten Pistolero\", \"One Thousand Dollars on the Black\", \"Johnny Hamlet\" and also \"Seven Dollars on the Red\". Another type of wronged hero is set up and must clear himself from accusations. Giuliano Gemma starred in a series of successful films carrying this theme – \"Adiós gringo\", \"For a Few Extra Dollars\", \"Long Days of Vengeance\", \"Wanted\", and to some extent \"Blood for a Silver Dollar\" – where most often his character is called \"Gary\". The wronged hero who becomes an avenger appears in many Spaghetti Westerns. Among the more commercially successful films with a hero dedicated to vengeance – \"For a Few Dollars More\", \"Once Upon a Time in the West\", \"Today We Kill... Tomorrow We Die!\", \"A Reason to Live, a Reason to Die\", \"Death Rides a Horse\", \"Django, Prepare a Coffin\", \"The Deserter (1971 film)\", \"Hate for Hate\", \"Halleluja for Django\" – those with whom he cooperates typically have conflicting motivations.", "In 1968, the wave of Spaghetti Westerns reached its crest, comprising one-third of the Italian film production, only to collapse to one-tenth in 1969. However, the considerable box office success of Enzo Barboni's \"They Call Me Trinity\" and the pyramidal one of its follow-up \"Trinity Is Still My Name\" gave Italian filmmakers a new model to emulate. The main characters were played by Terence Hill and Bud Spencer, who had already cooperated as hero pair in the \"old style\" Spaghetti Westerns \"God Forgives... I Don't!\", \"Boot Hill\" and \"Ace High\" directed by Giuseppe Colizzi. The humor started in those movies already, with scenes with comedic fighting, but the Barboni films became burlesque comedies. They feature the quick but lazy Trinity (Hill) and his big, strong and irritable brother Bambino (Spencer). The stories make fun of U.S. Western-style diligent farmers and Spaghetti Western-style bounty hunters. There was a wave of Trinity-inspired films with quick and strong heroes, the former kind often called Trinity or perhaps coming from \"a place called Trinity\", and with no or few killings. Because the two model stories contained religious pacifists to account for the absence of gunplay, all the successors contained religious groups or at least priests, sometimes as one of the heroes. The music for the two Trinity westerns (composed by Franco Micalizzi and Guido & Maurizio De Angelis, respectively) also reflected the change into a lighter and more sentimental mood. The Trinity-inspired films also adopted this style. Some critics deplore these post-Trinity films as a degeneration of the \"real\" Spaghetti Westerns, and that Hill's and Spencer's skilful use of body language was a hard act to follow. It is significant that the most successful of the post-Trinity films featured Hill (\"Man of the East\", \"A Genius, Two Partners and a Dupe\"), Spencer (\"It Can Be Done Amigo\") and a pair of Hill/Spencer look-alikes in \"Carambola\". Spaghetti Western old hand Franco Nero also worked in this subgenre with \"Cipolla Colt\" and Tomas Milian plays an outrageous \"quick\" bounty hunter modeled on Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp in \"Sometimes Life Is Hard – Right Providence?\" and \"Here We Go Again, Eh, Providence?\"", "Some movies that were not very successful at the box office still earn a \"cult\" status in some segment of the audience because of certain exceptional features in story and/or presentation. One \"cult\" Spaghetti Western that also has drawn attention from critics is Giulio Questi's \"Django Kill\". Other \"cult\" items are Cesare Canevari's \"Matalo!\", Tony Anthony's \"Blindman\" and Joaquín Luis Romero Marchent's \"Cut-Throats Nine\" (the latter among gore film audiences). Special interest audiences might also nurture a cult of the \"Worst\", as exemplified in the interest for a director like Ed Wood. His Spaghetti Western equivalent would be the Western œuvre of Demofilo Fidani. \"The Stranger\" (1995) is essentially, the Woman with No Name, with a motorcycle instead of a horse. The few Spaghetti Westerns containing historical characters like Buffalo Bill, Wyatt Earp, Billy the Kid etc. mainly appear before \"A Fistful of Dollars\" had put its mark on the genre. Likewise, and in contrast to the contemporary German Westerns, few films feature Indians. When they appear they are more often portrayed as victims of discrimination than as dangerous foes. The only fairly successful Spaghetti Western with an Indian main character (played by Burt Reynolds in his only European Western outing) is Sergio Corbucci's \"Navajo Joe\", where the Indian village is wiped out by bandits during the first minutes, and the avenger hero spends the rest of the film dealing mostly with Anglos and Mexicans until the final showdown at an Indian burial ground. Several Spaghetti Westerns are inspired by classical myths and dramas. Titles like \"Fedra West\" (also called \"Ballad of a Bounty Hunter\") and \"Johnny Hamlet\" signify the connection to the Greek myth and possibly the plays by Euripides and Racine and the play by William Shakespeare, respectively. The latter also inspired \"Dust in the Sun (1972)\", which follows its original more closely than Johnny Hamlet, where the hero survives. \"The Forgotten Pistolero\" is based on the vengeance of Orestes. There are similarities between the story of \"The Return of Ringo\" and the last canto of Homer's \"Odyssey\". \"Fury of Johnny Kid\" follows Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\", but (again) with a different ending – the loving couple leave together while their families annihilate each other. The story of \"A Fistful of Dollars\" was closely based on Akira Kurosawa's \"Yojimbo\". Kurosawa in fact sued Sergio Leone for plagiarism, and was compensated with the exclusive distribution rights to the movie in Japan, where its hero, Clint Eastwood, was already a huge star due to the popularity of the TV series \"Rawhide\": Leone would have done far better financially by obtaining Kurosawa's advance permission to use \"Yojimbo\"'s script. \"Requiem for a Gringo\" shows many traces from another well-known Japanese film, Masaki Kobayashi's \"Harakiri\". When Asian martial arts films started to draw crowds in European cinema houses, the producers of Spaghetti Westerns tried to hang on, this time not by adapting story-lines but rather by directly including martial arts in the films, performed by Eastern actors – for example Chen Lee in \"My Name Is Shanghai Joe\" or Lo Lieh teaming up with Lee Van Cleef in \"The Stranger and the Gunfighter\". Some Italian Western films were made as vehicles for musical stars, like Ferdinando Baldi's \"Rita of the West\" featuring Rita Pavone and Terence Hill. In non-singing roles were Ringo Starr as a villain in \"Blindman\" and French rock 'n' roll veteran Johnny Hallyday as the gunfighter/avenger hero in Sergio Corbucci's \"The Specialists\". A celebrity from another sphere of culture is Italian author/film director Pier Paolo Pasolini, who plays a revolutionary man of the church in \"Requiescant\". This film concerns oppression of poor Mexicans by rich Anglos and ends on a call for arms but it does not fit easily as a Zapata Western. The same can be said for \"The Price of Power\", a political allegory where an American president is assassinated in Dallas by a conspiracy of Southern racists who frame an innocent Afro-American. They are opposed by an unstable partnership between a whistle-blower (Giuliano Gemma) and a political aide. Though the Spaghetti Westerns from \"A Fistful of Dollars\" and on featured more violence and killings than earlier American Western films, they generally shared the parental genre's restrictive attitude toward explicit sexuality. However, in response to the growing commercial success of various shades of sex films, there was a greater exposure of naked skin in some Spaghetti Westerns, among others \"Dead Men Ride\" and \"Heads or Tails (1969 film)\". In the former and partly the latter, the sex scenes feature coercion and violence against women. Even though it is hinted at in some films, like \"Django Kill\" and \"Requiescant\", open homosexuality plays a marginal part in Spaghetti Westerns. The exception is Giorgio Capitani's \"The Ruthless Four\" – in effect a gay version of John Huston's \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" – where the explicit homosexual relation between two of its male main characters and some gay cueing scenes are embedded with other forms of man-to-man relations through the story.", "Spaghetti Westerns have left their mark on popular culture, strongly influencing numerous works produced outside of Italy. In later years there were \"return of stories\", \"Django 2\" with Franco Nero and \"Troublemakers\" with Terence Hill and Bud Spencer. Clint Eastwood's first American Western film, \"Hang 'Em High\" (1968), incorporates elements of Spaghetti Westerns. The Bollywood film \"Sholay\" (1975) was often referred to as a \"Curry Western\". A more accurate genre label for the film is the \"Dacoit Western\", as it combined the conventions of Indian dacoit films such as \"Mother India\" (1957) and \"Gunga Jumna\" (1961) with that of Spaghetti Westerns. \"Sholay\" spawned its own genre of \"Dacoit Western\" films in Bollywood during the 1970s. In the Soviet Union, the Spaghetti Western was adapted into the Ostern (\"Eastern\") genre of Soviet films. The Wild West setting was replaced by an Eastern setting in the steppes of the Caucasus, while Western stock characters such as \"cowboys and Indians\" were replaced by Caucasian stock characters such as bandits and harems. A famous example of the genre was \"White Sun of the Desert\" (1970), which was popular in the Soviet Union. The 1985 Japanese film \"Tampopo\" was promoted as a \"ramen Western\". Japanese director Takashi Miike paid tribute to the genre with \"Sukiyaki Western Django\", a Western set in Japan which derives influence from both \"Django\" and Sergio Leone's \"Dollars Trilogy\". American director Quentin Tarantino has utilized elements of Spaghetti Westerns in his films \"Kill Bill\" (combined with kung fu movies), \"Inglourious Basterds\" (set in Nazi-occupied France), \"Django Unchained\" (set in the American South during the time of slavery)., \"The Hateful Eight\" (set in Wyoming post-US Civil War), and \"Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\" (about a fictional spaghetti western actor). The American animated film \"Rango\" incorporates elements of Spaghetti Westerns, including a character modeled after The Man With No Name. The American heavy metal band Metallica has used Ennio Morricone's composition \"The Ecstasy of Gold\", from the Spaghetti Western \"The Good, The Bad and the Ugly\", to open several of their concerts. The Australian band The Tango Saloon combines elements of Tango music with influences from Spaghetti Western scores. The psychobilly band Ghoultown also derives influence from Spaghetti Westerns. The music video for the song \"Knights of Cydonia\" by the English rock band Muse was influenced by Spaghetti Westerns. The band Big Audio Dynamite used music samples from Spaghetti Westerns when mixing their song ′′Medicine Show′′. Within the song you can hear samples from Spaghetti Western movies such as \"A Fistful of Dollars\", \"The Good, The Bad and The Ugly\", and \"Duck You Sucker\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 10074, 17678, 509, 103122, 99, 87416, 46542, 10772, 6953, 2005, 23, 10542, 191, 9, 59104, 9, 16305, 13, 4, 4961, 1314, 126, 4, 237, 17932, 775, 47, 77330, 821, 5, 10074, 17678, 136, 154114, 15, 40062, 82990, 194, 581, 14449, 109133, 47, 1529, 19386, 4, 102256, 13802, 4, 3229, 10074, 17678, 509, 6626, 5, 1529, 509, 534, 3229, 764, 509, 34475, 1919, 5117, 101275, 390, 1919, 67373, 98, 24233, 27289, 4, 26719, 52080, 3642, 47, 11301, 155965, 4, 221, 764, 34739, 54704, 289, 101275, 182417, 100, 1632, 6602, 5, 360, 142, 33683, 678, 44, 8912, 7030, 7, 58, 41260, 23, 24849, 4, 10074, 17678, 2804, 450, 764, 26859, 70, 101275, 6637, 764, 36663, 47, 186, 1884, 100225, 109028, 13, 4, 2750, 11814, 47, 1660, 88203, 10932, 136, 11301, 5, 10074, 17678, 459, 257, 5252, 10696, 136, 1256, 297, 1919, 148729, 5, 51404, 99, 10696, 4, 764, 42938, 297, 23, 29681, 26719, 70, 79, 2601, 73, 5, 10074, 17678, 25737, 10696, 99, 32070, 423, 136, 26859, 4488, 237, 142, 4027, 982, 24494, 5977, 135969, 99, 43573, 1272, 1529, 10519, 15555, 48938, 5, 1529, 34739, 39108, 101275, 182417, 1295, 56002, 101275, 1419, 14195, 41994, 6, 225013, 5, 360, 23936, 764, 80723, 47, 4488, 237, 10, 56002, 58585, 100, 40207, 1215, 343, 25, 7, 19612, 36049, 7, 4, 136, 51339, 297, 23, 40368, 8753, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 61475, 538, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 150222, 8753, 581, 13538, 19729, 7, 4, 2750, 112730, 23, 15044, 12275, 182304, 7, 136, 6867, 20428, 7, 5, 64511, 90825, 4, 23, 5201, 538, 12275, 182304, 7, 4, 764, 4420, 297, 5367, 56, 95932, 85, 172351, 4, 30839, 9, 57332, 7426, 5367, 56, 65528, 169, 15, 20706, 214, 98, 1919, 2663, 1492, 5962, 44, 127794, 18852, 192429, 830, 44, 6766, 26518, 6619, 2646, 60861, 74054, 136, 27060, 5, 8622, 11, 46327, 4, 23, 5201, 538, 6867, 20428, 7, 4, 764, 4420, 297, 92973, 9, 2347, 4806, 5367, 56, 159, 114382, 214, 47443, 83520, 206, 4, 42659, 5367, 56, 108994, 14949, 4, 136, 27060, 5, 10074, 17678, 33284, 297, 62723, 16915, 8705, 23, 28015, 7103, 217063, 142, 194134, 1295, 31745, 17065, 1814, 2750, 62038, 3674, 70, 23755, 111, 70, 8753, 15, 197271, 17065, 1814, 2806, 186, 168861, 1810, 8108, 70, 8753, 89554, 100, 4806, 194, 16915, 8705, 25, 7, 39395, 45730, 65342, 297, 98, 46108, 4196, 9120, 136, 161838, 13950, 4, 1284, 2843, 99201, 189534, 23936, 7, 7426, 52336, 5, 3293, 44, 73484, 6561, 58, 13315, 9, 2037, 241599, 5367, 56, 23630, 122841, 136, 4950, 7, 58585, 47801, 55331, 56, 21, 14437, 24189, 4122, 9, 156912, 136, 181653, 17262, 12275, 7156, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 4, 38696, 271, 21240, 47443, 118775, 47, 186, 70, 57724, 111, 70, 8753, 4, 136, 54397, 5045, 111, 2363, 7311, 4912, 5, 581, 5117, 12275, 7156, 1295, 16915, 8705, 25, 7, 17932, 13315, 9, 2037, 4, 44, 4153, 14434, 58, 15, 106438, 247, 26073, 6259, 10, 149307, 23, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 45730, 1295, 161838, 13950, 47, 7941, 13950, 4, 678, 10074, 17678, 19441, 49782, 45470, 3786, 36737, 73, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 5, 3293, 44, 73484, 32964, 58, 13315, 9, 2037, 241599, 13950, 5367, 56, 104870, 110226, 66, 21, 14437, 24189, 4122, 9, 168449, 4, 27024, 214, 22759, 12275, 7156, 7, 15, 55547, 111, 3129, 157578, 438, 5, 106, 23, 70, 17274, 247, 136, 6626, 6867, 7156, 7, 5, 133698, 903, 14922, 4, 70, 8753, 25, 7, 52336, 102917, 538, 21449, 1810, 111, 2363, 3643, 104227, 4, 221, 11531, 199332, 22299, 7, 3542, 99764, 390, 70, 43606, 43032, 5, 10074, 17678, 14432, 11341, 71, 4, 44, 568, 15935, 25, 18, 8337, 10, 121584, 1672, 11531, 50961, 5, 87, 1660, 36663, 47, 3249, 237, 5045, 110, 3075, 136, 11301, 237, 4271, 136, 237, 459, 1674, 237, 7722, 1242, 7880, 32964, 164938, 271, 48861, 46173, 814, 509, 1286, 75870, 6635, 1672, 10074, 17678, 25, 7, 31486, 23, 168698, 11531, 25647, 100, 62723, 16915, 8705, 12, 44, 1052, 217, 55391, 58954, 25, 18, 1660, 70, 101275, 58585, 4, 764, 509, 10, 230451, 6, 88029, 1290, 5, 119175, 764, 54397, 8, 18929, 76811, 5, 52927, 55391, 509, 6, 88322, 13450, 6236, 23, 2367, 764, 509, 20594, 23, 70, 72399, 1496, 7, 136, 39395, 2358, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 214706, 4, 84079, 6, 70035, 5, 87, 2301, 25, 18, 5351, 764, 5809, 765, 16940, 442, 23, 10, 241433, 390, 66570, 4, 442, 6777, 64209, 70, 10588, 111, 1821, 5, 4966, 87, 25, 1181, 68782, 8337, 4049, 1919, 4743, 5, 1529, 509, 70, 167729, 214, 62816, 23, 70, 8753, 1242, 581, 50960, 62723, 16915, 8705, 13315, 9, 2037, 60213, 71, 6765, 76417, 46542, 98, 108171, 7, 136, 95932, 19, 177099, 98, 4950, 7, 136, 108171, 7, 5, 5986, 199332, 509, 5036, 1286, 38551, 297, 4, 237, 233, 144429, 47, 70, 8753, 166577, 7, 1295, 70, 7880, 32964, 1615, 5, 3293, 44, 73484, 129335, 58, 13315, 9, 2037, 21, 14437, 24189, 4122, 9, 134420, 136, 181653, 6626, 12275, 7156, 7, 5, 10074, 17678, 569, 18, 70, 8753, 47, 12912, 10, 3525, 21115, 4, 193136, 5, 360, 27898, 4, 10074, 17678, 34739, 6, 127507, 182417, 1295, 198952, 19909, 8331, 19256, 15, 4390, 6, 118704, 194, 10074, 17678, 14432, 11341, 71, 450, 3229, 75169, 10, 12921, 24668, 13984, 4, 764, 14037, 442, 210651, 214, 6637, 2685, 83, 10, 10422, 111, 156578, 959, 141956, 66161, 2367, 681, 4216, 764, 25, 7, 75169, 707, 2367, 22799, 764, 83, 23, 5, 10074, 17678, 7311, 538, 203251, 47, 3249, 10, 2639, 7156, 4, 1284, 64457, 23, 26527, 100, 4806, 1919, 10002, 8753, 4, 52927, 55391, 10074, 17678, 25, 7, 193136, 4, 14432, 16610, 33, 297, 47, 193136, 5, 4221, 11, 109561, 108171, 1419, 33276, 701, 14631, 17893, 136, 1919, 107265, 13950, 4420, 214, 8753, 540, 420, 237, 12275, 19612, 72004, 4, 903, 5117, 13315, 9, 2037, 8306, 51339, 297, 6867, 5, 581, 8753, 25, 7, 34377, 7156, 4, 44, 1052, 217, 55391, 10074, 17678, 25, 7, 193136, 830, 509, 121447, 23, 26527, 5, 193136, 509, 7311, 538, 17569, 47, 186, 10, 1632, 9, 16713, 133258, 4, 1284, 28927, 297, 237, 142, 221560, 8753, 13452, 678, 10, 36549, 111, 7156, 54452, 7, 136, 9742, 7, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 22758, 198952, 10074, 17678, 15, 57332, 616, 7071, 18608, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 101275, 1419, 136, 11531, 70035, 5, 1529, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 14037, 214, 43032, 111, 62723, 16915, 8705, 23, 28015, 4, 75169, 3643, 9, 40946, 7941, 13950, 19612, 450, 17664, 297, 101275, 66360, 17447, 136, 7484, 102678, 5, 10074, 17678, 83, 113200, 14486, 23, 105233, 101275, 66360, 17447, 136, 83, 27983, 959, 297, 100, 1919, 18507, 71407, 79507, 71, 2639, 7, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "1960s.", "1970s.", "1980s.", "1990s.", "2000s–present.", "Equipment.", "Musical influences and tastes.", "Personal life.", "Legacy." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Blackmore was born at Allendale Nursing Home in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, as second son to Lewis J. Blackmore and Violet (née Short). The family moved to Heston, Middlesex, when Blackmore was two. He was 11 when he was given his first guitar by his father on certain conditions, including learning how to play properly, so he took classical guitar lessons for one year. In an interview with \"Sounds\" magazine in 1979, Blackmore said that he started the guitar because he wanted to be like Tommy Steele, who used to just jump around and play. Blackmore loathed school and hated his teachers. While at school, he participated in sports including the javelin. Blackmore left school at age 15 and started work as an apprentice radio mechanic at nearby Heathrow Airport. He took electric guitar lessons from session guitarist Big Jim Sullivan.", "", "In 1960 he began to work as a session player for Joe Meek's music productions, and performed in several bands. He was initially a member of the instrumental band The Outlaws, who played in both studio recordings and live concerts. Otherwise, in mainly studio recordings, he backed singer Glenda Collins, German-born pop singer Heinz (playing on his top ten hit \"Just Like Eddie\", \"Beating Of My Heart\"), and others. Thereafter, in mainly live concerts, he backed horror-themed singer Screaming Lord Sutch, beat singer Neil Christian, and others. Blackmore joined Deep Purple in 1968 after receiving an invitation from Chris Curtis who originated the concept of the band (though Curtis would be forced out before the band fully formed). Purple's early sound leaned on psychedelic and progressive rock, but also included generic 1960s pop songs. This \"Mark One\" line-up featuring singer Rod Evans and bass player Nick Simper lasted until mid-1969 and produced three studio albums. During this period, organist Jon Lord appeared to be the leader of the band, and wrote much of their original material.", "The first studio album from Purple's second line-up, \"In Rock\" (1970), signalled a transition in the band's sound from progressive rock to hard rock, with Blackmore having heard Led Zeppelin's debut album. This \"Mark Two\" line-up featuring rock singer Ian Gillan lasted until mid-1973, producing four studio albums (two of which reached No. 1 in the UK), and two live albums. During this period, the band's songs primarily came out of their jam sessions, so songwriting credits were shared by the five members. Blackmore later stated, \"I didn't give a damn about song construction. I just wanted to make as much noise and play as fast and as loud as possible.\" Mark Two bassist Roger Glover was more complimentary about Blackmore's role in developing song ideas for Deep Purple: \"Ritchie wasn't just the guitar player, he was a brilliant innovator. Things he wrote defy description. Ritchie was phenomenal in what he was doing in the late 60s and early 70s. He was a magnetic, dynamic writer. I don't think he could have done it in a vacuum by himself, it did require the rest of us. But I'll certainly give him his due. He was the motivating character in the band.\" The third Deep Purple line-up featured David Coverdale on vocals and Glenn Hughes on bass and vocals. Songwriting was now more fragmented, as opposed to the band compositions from the Mark Two era. This \"Mark Three\" line-up lasted until mid-1975 and produced two studio albums. Blackmore quit the band to front a new group, Rainbow. In 1974, Blackmore took cello lessons from Hugh McDowell (of ELO). Blackmore later stated that when playing a different musical instrument, he found it refreshing because there is a sense of adventure not knowing exactly what chord he's playing or what key he is in. Blackmore originally planned to make a solo album, but instead in 1975 formed his own band, Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow, later shortened to Rainbow. Featuring vocalist Ronnie James Dio and his blues rock backing band Elf as studio musicians, this first line-up never performed live. The band's debut album, \"Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow\", was released in 1975. Rainbow was originally thought to be a one-off collaboration, but endured as an ongoing band project with a series of album releases and tours. Rainbow's music was partly inspired by elements of medieval and baroque music since Blackmore started to play cello for musical composition. During this period, Blackmore wrote a lot of Dio's vocal melodies, particularly on their debut album. Shortly after the first album was recorded, Blackmore recruited new backing musicians to record the second album \"Rising\" (1976), and the following live album, \"On Stage\" (1977). \"Rising\" was originally billed as \"Blackmore's Rainbow\" in the US. After the next studio album's release and supporting tour in 1978, Dio left Rainbow due to \"creative differences\" with Blackmore, who desired to move in a more commercial sounding direction. Blackmore continued with Rainbow, and in 1979 the band released a new album titled \"Down To Earth\", which featured R&B singer Graham Bonnet. During song composition, Bonnet made his vocal melodies though it was uncredited contributions. The album marked the commercialisation of the band's sound, and contained Rainbow's first chart successes, as the single \"Since You Been Gone\" (a cover of the tune penned by Russ Ballard) became a smash hit.", "The next Rainbow album, \"Difficult to Cure\" (1981), introduced melodic vocalist Joe Lynn Turner. The instrumental title track from this album was an arrangement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with additional music. Blackmore once said, \"I found the blues too limiting, and classical was too disciplined. I was always stuck in a musical no man's land.\" The album marked the further commercialisation of the band's sound with Blackmore describing at the time a liking for the AOR band, Foreigner. The music was consciously radio-targeted in a more AOR style, resulting in some degree of alienation with many of Rainbow's earlier fans. Rainbow's next studio album was \"Straight Between the Eyes\" (1982) and included the hit single \"Stone Cold.\" It would be followed by the album \"Bent Out of Shape\" (1983), which featured the single \"Street of Dreams\". In 1983, Rainbow was also nominated for a Grammy Award for the Blackmore-penned instrumental ballad track \"Anybody There\". Rainbow disbanded in 1984. A then-final Rainbow album, \"Finyl Vinyl\", was patched together from live tracks and the B-sides of various singles. In 1984, Blackmore joined a reunion of the former Deep Purple \"Mark Two\" line-up and recorded new material. This reunion line-up lasted until 1989, producing two studio albums and one live album. However, the reunion's second studio album \"The House of Blue Light\" (1987) displayed a sound that was closer to Rainbow's music. The album's musical style differed from the traditional Purple sound due to Blackmore's Rainbow background, which distinguished him from the other members. During the 1987–1988 tour, Blackmore was reluctant to play \"Smoke on the Water\", and singer Ian Gillan apologised for his vocal range, which had become weaker than audiences expected.", "The next line-up recorded one album titled \"Slaves and Masters\" (1990), which featured former Rainbow vocalist Joe Lynn Turner. During song composition, Turner wrote his vocal melodies. Subsequently, the \"Mark Two\" line-up reunited for a second time in late 1992 and produced one studio album, \"The Battle Rages On...\". Overall, the traditional Deep Purple sound returned. During the follow-up promotional tour, Blackmore quit the band for good in November 1993. Prominent guitarist Joe Satriani was brought in to complete the remaining tour dates. Blackmore reformed Rainbow with new members in 1994. This Rainbow line-up, featuring hard rock singer Doogie White, lasted until 1997 and produced one album titled \"Stranger in Us All\" in 1995. It was originally intended to be a solo album but due to the record company pressures the record was billed as Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow. Though Doogie White wasn't as distinctive as previous Rainbow singers, the album had a sound dissimilar to any Rainbow of old. This was Rainbow's eighth studio album, made after a gap of 12 years since \"Bent Out of Shape\", and is regarded as Blackmore's last hard rock album. A world tour including South America followed. Rainbow was disbanded once again after playing its final concert in 1997. Blackmore later said, \"I didn't want to tour very much.\" Over the years Rainbow went through many personnel changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up: Blackmore was the sole constant band member. Rainbow achieved modest success; the band's worldwide sales are estimated at more than 28 million album copies, including 4 million copies sold in the US. In 1997 Blackmore, with his girlfriend Candice Night as vocalist, formed the traditional folk rock duo Blackmore's Night. From about 1995, they were already working on their debut album \"Shadow of the Moon\" (1997). Blackmore once portrayed their artistic characteristics as \"Mike Oldfield plus Enya\". Blackmore mostly used acoustic guitar, to back Night's delicate vocal melodies, which he wrote. Night said, \"When he sings, he sings only for me, in private\". As a result, his musical approach shifted to vocalist-centered sounds. They recorded a mixture of original and cover materials. The band's musical style is inspired by medieval music and it blended with Night's lyrics about love's themes. The second release, entitled \"Under a Violet Moon\" (1999) continued in the same folk-rock style, with Night's vocals remaining a prominent feature of the band's style. The title track's lyrics were partly written by Blackmore. \"Violet\" was his mother's first name and \"Moon\" was his grandmother's surname.", "In subsequent albums, particularly \"Fires at Midnight\" (2001) which featured the Bob Dylan cover \"The Times They Are a Changin',\" there was occasionally an increased incorporation of electric guitar into the music, whilst maintaining a folk rock direction. A live album, \"Past Times with Good Company\" was released in 2002. After the next studio album's release, an official compilation album \"\" was released in 2004, featuring music from the four studio albums. A Christmas-themed holiday album, \"Winter Carols\" was released in 2006. Through numerous personnel changes, the backing musicians have totalled 26 persons. Blackmore sometimes played drums in recording studio. They choose to avoid typical rock concert tours, instead limiting their appearances to small intimate venues. In 2011, Night said, \"We have actually turned down a lot of (touring) opportunities.\" Blackmore continued to write her vocal melodies. To date they have released eight studio albums. A reformed Rainbow performed three European concerts in June 2016. The concert setlists included both Rainbow and Deep Purple material. The band featured metal singer Ronnie Romero, keyboardist Jens Johansson and bassist Bob Nouveau.", "During the 1960s, Blackmore played a Gibson ES-335 but from 1970 he mainly played a Fender Stratocaster until he formed Blackmore's Night in 1997. The middle pick-up on his Stratocaster is screwed down and not used. Blackmore occasionally used a Fender Telecaster Thinline during recording sessions. He is also one of the first rock guitarists to use a \"scalloped\" fretboard which has a \"U\" shape between the frets. In his soloing, Blackmore combines blues scales and phrasing with dominant minor scales and ideas from European classical music. While playing he would often put the pick in his mouth, playing with his fingers. He occasionally uses the diatonic scale, with rapidly changing tonality. In the 1970s, Blackmore used a number of different Stratocasters; one of his main guitars was an Olympic white 1974 model with a rosewood fingerboard that was scalloped. Blackmore added a strap lock to the headstock of this guitar as a conversation piece to annoy and confuse people. His amplifiers were originally 200-Watt Marshall Major stacks which were modified by Marshall with an additional output stage (generated approximately 27Db) to make them sound more like Blackmore's favourite Vox AC30 amp cranked to full volume. Since 1994, he has used ENGL valve amps. Effects he used from 1970 to 1997, besides his usual tape echo, included a Hornby Skewes treble booster in the early days. Around late-1973, he experimented with an EMS Synthi Hi Fli guitar synthesizer. He sometimes used a wah-wah pedal and a variable control treble-booster for sustain, and Moog Taurus bass pedals were used in solo parts during concerts. He also had a modified Aiwa TP-1011 tape machine built to supply echo and delay effects; the tape deck was also used as a pre-amp. Other effects that Blackmore used were a Uni-Vibe, a Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face and an Octave Divider. In the mid-1980s he experimented with Roland guitar synthesizers. A Roland GR-700 was seen on stage as late as 1995–96, later replaced with the GR-50. Blackmore has experimented with many different pick-ups in his Strats. In the early Rainbow era, they were still stock Fenders, later Dawk installed over wound, dipped, Fender pick-ups. He has also used Schecter F-500-Ts, Velvet Hammer \"Red Rhodes\", DiMarzio \"HS-2\", OBL \"Black Label\", Bill Lawrence L-450, XL-250 (bridge), L-250 (neck). In his signature stratocaster Seymour Duncan Quarter Pound Flat SSL-4's are used to emulate the Schecter Guitar Research F500ts and since the early 90s, he has used Lace Sensor (Gold) \"noiseless\" pick-ups.", "Blackmore credits fellow guitarist Eric Clapton's music with helping him develop his own style of vibrato around 1968 or 1969. In 1979, Blackmore said: \"I like popular music. I like ABBA very much. But there's so much stigma like, 'you can't do this because you're a heavy band', and I think that's rubbish. You should do what you want... I think classical music is very good for the soul. A lot of people go 'ah well, classical music is for old fogies' but I was exactly the same. At 16 I didn't want to know about classical music: I'd had it rammed down my throat. But now I feel an obligation to tell the kids 'look, just give classical music a chance'... the guitar frustrates me a lot because I'm not good enough to play it sometimes so I get mad and throw a moody. Sometimes I feel that what I'm doing is not right, in the sense that the whole rock and roll business has become a farce, like Billy Smart, Jr. Circus, and the only music that ever moves me is very disciplined classical music, which I can't play. But there's a reason I've made money. It's because I believe in what I'm doing, in that I do it my way—I play for myself first, then secondly the audience—I try to put as much as I can in it for them. Lastly I play for musicians and the band, and for critics not at all.\"", "In May 1964, Blackmore married Margit Volkmar (b. 1945) from Germany. They lived in Hamburg during the late 1960s. Their son, Jürgen (b. 1964), played guitar in touring tribute band Over the Rainbow. Following their divorce, Blackmore married Bärbel, a former dancer from Germany, in September 1969 until their divorce in early 1970s. As a result, he is a fluent German speaker. For tax reasons, he moved to the United States in 1974. Initially he lived in Oxnard, California, with opera singer Shoshana Feinstein for one year. She provided backing vocals on two songs in Rainbow's first album. During this period, he listened to early European classical music and light music a lot, for about three-quarters of his private time. Blackmore once said, \"It's hard to relate that to rock. I listen very carefully to the patterns that Bach plays. I like direct, dramatic music.\" After having an affair with another woman, Christine, Blackmore met Amy Rothman in 1978, and moved to Connecticut. He married Rothman in 1981, but they divorced in 1983. Following the marriage's conclusion, he began a relationship with Tammi Williams. In early 1984 Blackmore met Williams in Chattanooga, Tennessee, where she was working as a hotel employee. In the same year, he purchased his first car, having learned to drive at 39 years of age. Blackmore and then-fashion model Candice Night began living together in 1991. They moved to her native Long Island in 1993. Having been engaged for nearly fifteen years, the couple married in 2008. Night said, \"he's making me younger and I'm aging him rapidly.\" Their daughter Autumn was born on 27 May 2010, and their son Rory on 7 February 2012. Blackmore is a heavy drinker, and watches German language television on his satellite dish when he is at home. He has many German friends and a collection of about 2,000 CDs of Renaissance music.", "Readers of \"Guitar World\" voted two of Blackmore's guitar solos (both recorded with Deep Purple) among the 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of all time. (\"Highway Star\" ranked 19th, and \"Lazy\" ranked 74th.) On 8 April 2016, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of original members of Deep Purple; however, he did not attend the ceremony. In 1993, Musicologist Robert Walser defined him \"the most important musician of the emerging metal/classical fusion\". He is also credited as a precursor of the so-called \"guitar shredders\" that emerged in the mid-1980s. Blackmore has been an influence on various guitarists such as Fredrik Åkesson, Brett Garsed, Janick Gers, Paul Gilbert, Craig Goldy, Scott Henderson, Dave Meniketti, Randy Rhoads, Michael Romeo, Wolf Hoffmann, Lita Ford, Brian May, and Yngwie Malmsteen. He was portrayed by Mathew Baynton in the 2009 film \"\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 16885, 8066, 29458, 2320, 509, 75935, 23, 4821, 390, 211524, 2392, 674, 56, 136, 36061, 35443, 131682, 156077, 111, 70, 109875, 84829, 47, 63769, 100, 3082, 214, 70, 10127, 5256, 44841, 100, 101758, 7, 6044, 237, 6, 42294, 102459, 7, 5, 360, 4347, 88847, 109875, 1902, 120948, 20051, 8060, 100, 276, 8066, 10127, 5256, 4, 3129, 87344, 10, 1601, 3509, 111, 16885, 8066, 123309, 2481, 4, 1059, 1916, 50509, 7, 1672, 70, 21334, 11435, 13267, 56065, 100, 70, 14700, 66, 29888, 276, 8066, 8, 587, 820, 35773, 1294, 15, 7739, 30742, 3142, 70, 16885, 8066, 8, 587, 820, 4, 88303, 98, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 436, 8066, 8, 587, 820, 4, 509, 10, 5045, 164917, 82761, 5, 2022, 4021, 72095, 136, 76104, 1314, 111, 70, 436, 8066, 136, 276, 8066, 9384, 7, 4, 16885, 8066, 1902, 10, 39374, 145750, 116816, 5, 360, 17311, 4, 436, 8066, 509, 29024, 14, 4126, 47, 186, 10, 11001, 9, 37926, 9384, 5, 16885, 8066, 1274, 988, 70, 221419, 2674, 90, 23, 436, 8066, 142, 121226, 1294, 7839, 1224, 23, 6044, 10, 3917, 450, 16885, 8066, 9, 1946, 15876, 86685, 2806, 124962, 2856, 4, 1284, 2685, 621, 120262, 110, 65572, 47, 70, 9384, 47, 63769, 10975, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 10127, 3674, 136, 351, 9, 52097, 3674, 43079, 5, 31384, 111, 70, 5201, 50509, 7, 187, 72219, 1295, 903, 3542, 70, 23, 41159, 111, 86685, 47, 9807, 118, 2182, 100, 436, 8066, 136, 16885, 8066, 4, 707, 157167, 1495, 17721, 436, 8066, 136, 16885, 8066, 24145, 75204, 4, 707, 100, 6, 3257, 2408, 10975, 47, 3853, 8180, 72095, 450, 2685, 621, 78301, 2674, 90, 5, 95932, 19, 174090, 9, 18144, 4097, 1681, 13986, 147, 31251, 297, 79825, 47, 44188, 83797, 70, 436, 8066, 7398, 64370, 25, 19069, 678, 450, 111, 16885, 8066, 58008, 16037, 390, 67330, 214, 65572, 47, 16885, 8066, 25, 7, 9384, 136, 48013, 214, 70, 4527, 111, 10, 36998, 276, 66820, 10644, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 1202, 64, 128468, 247, 1284, 70, 16885, 8066, 58008, 16037, 4734, 49814, 70, 12921, 276, 66820, 10644, 15, 37926, 64, 2631, 449, 16, 12960, 51636, 214, 98, 70, 4527, 111, 70, 44, 5, 128468, 58, 111938, 64457, 111, 44, 5, 2631, 449, 830, 105207, 47, 70, 9384, 959, 8035, 190238, 390, 70, 436, 8066, 55441, 10760, 5, 581, 436, 8066, 21115, 51521, 538, 6, 34590, 89829, 16885, 8066, 237, 142, 51521, 111938, 98, 7071, 387, 4, 25499, 8622, 765, 2809, 40368, 221419, 152132, 7, 100, 10, 8781, 10127, 3674, 6, 48461, 7, 9384, 35509, 98, 436, 8066, 17368, 40368, 12921, 51515, 90, 5, 109875, 43568, 49814, 8060, 100, 16885, 8066, 23, 11389, 138, 195550, 45367, 7, 98, 11994, 24645, 25499, 33306, 4, 6637, 25474, 128468, 83, 70, 436, 8066, 10760, 25, 7, 91067, 208124, 111, 70, 51521, 29458, 2320, 4, 16885, 8066, 8060, 831, 8306, 186, 8060, 297, 23, 70, 5201, 25474, 128468, 113068, 221, 4989, 237, 442, 47143, 7, 51, 2175, 47314, 390, 70, 10760, 5, 65058, 1177, 11, 1428, 138, 8060, 7, 16885, 8066, 390, 17368, 109875, 25, 7, 51, 161818, 20117, 111, 25474, 128468, 5, 360, 2021, 6661, 397, 12689, 30666, 297, 16885, 8066, 237, 10, 4420, 19364, 146731, 111938, 47, 22, 2886, 6, 114205, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 276, 23973, 160725, 168660, 38937, 38415, 100, 16284, 6436, 5, 44, 15383, 8066, 53855, 209052, 2320, 20, 71352, 3674, 1818, 22819, 28997, 189682, 7, 58, 83, 99201, 237, 62943, 13, 14245, 425, 62, 23, 70, 241, 205127, 5570, 53800, 21027, 201, 5046, 310, 70147, 22892, 360, 1532, 30964, 42, 26136, 6436, 213995, 1314, 23, 87547, 80723, 47, 26698, 16885, 8066, 10127, 5256, 23, 6405, 571, 1328, 6338, 5977, 226347, 7, 5, 32255, 16885, 8066, 10127, 5256, 621, 175100, 390, 70, 44, 12013, 618, 122753, 31374, 58, 38415, 3129, 1030, 277, 46648, 90, 70, 18215, 11374, 5, 1650, 83, 84751, 450, 3789, 162708, 23, 28173, 1221, 28960, 23, 39395, 13999, 109875, 25, 7, 31486, 23, 65042, 214, 70, 436, 8066, 9384, 47, 16885, 8066, 28, 3089, 90, 10086, 98224, 25, 7, 5045, 110680, 31486, 23, 5700, 84382, 10127, 3674, 6, 108527, 7, 5, 360, 20400, 4129, 30666, 297, 70, 16885, 8066, 9384, 237, 70, 12601, 2822, 9384, 100, 10127, 3674, 156717, 7, 23, 13964, 209, 17, 594, 6011, 429, 49966, 5, 2161, 11994, 423, 4, 505, 16885, 8066, 8060, 509, 49814, 47, 70103, 110346, 5, 62, 10723, 9, 8752, 35773, 1294, 32316, 7, 450, 114864, 1467, 31842, 7, 450, 8060, 70, 831, 4079, 7909, 4, 1284, 54, 959, 8060, 16885, 8066, 4, 47, 44116, 16885, 8066, 7, 5, 89536, 99726, 111, 6044, 31842, 7, 26698, 7244, 69030, 136, 2665, 56489, 3569, 581, 16885, 8066, 29458, 2320, 28960, 7, 70, 436, 8066, 42724, 9384, 39864, 214, 17262, 3525, 142, 121226, 1294, 7839, 1224, 12, 503, 944, 3956, 101935, 59911, 47, 15044, 123789, 6226, 136, 123789, 2053, 7839, 1224, 4, 3129, 25842, 28960, 10, 39210, 40, 944, 3956, 4, 4911, 7, 22, 11, 79298, 70, 12989, 136, 5527, 214, 111, 2674, 90, 47, 186, 192026, 297, 5608, 142, 16885, 8066, 9, 1946, 15876, 436, 8066, 30391, 456, 9, 80596, 2856, 237, 107003, 390, 436, 8066, 7839, 92, 12989, 214, 91736, 5, 42557, 90, 121876, 70, 5701, 4785, 6, 168867, 4, 10576, 10644, 4, 375, 48448, 55300, 4, 46312, 55300, 4, 1940, 143, 329, 55300, 4, 136, 58436, 67, 15, 3190, 2499, 16, 237, 70, 114977, 29569, 5, 581, 436, 8066, 29458, 2320, 509, 82775, 678, 22690, 111938, 7, 23, 7086, 5, 893, 38415, 16454, 10, 436, 8066, 11435, 83, 134598, 47, 42856, 124962, 2499, 7839, 1224, 3129, 442, 14602, 959, 28219, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 31635, 15400, 16885, 8066, 83, 4420, 19364, 7, 146731, 5, 5443, 1419, 214, 86685, 1660, 125296, 70, 5117, 123789, 136, 124962, 70, 78301, 6, 114205, 7839, 1224, 5, 62, 1528, 3444, 214, 47, 6, 93457, 40368, 11651, 436, 8066, 102158, 47, 142, 10127, 3674, 436, 8066, 5809, 172337, 237, 28960, 7, 12, 581, 11737, 117233, 58755, 1636, 903, 9433, 5, 16885, 8066, 1556, 3060, 29458, 92940, 7, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 71062, 297, 6, 168867, 136, 3900, 16082, 27771, 152, 16885, 8066, 1556, 16610, 277, 5180, 12, 581, 276, 8066, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 71352, 3674, 1818, 22819, 28997, 189682, 7, 15, 15383, 8066, 16, 11435, 9384, 83, 142, 111938, 47, 70, 1818, 22819, 28997, 189682, 7, 15, 683, 8066, 16, 29458, 2320, 5, 1650, 114864, 100, 10127, 3674, 436, 8066, 102158, 450, 4488, 21373, 538, 47, 10127, 3674, 6, 108527, 102158, 4, 12960, 8060, 214, 25240, 3137, 43079, 136, 15045, 3137, 3900, 16082, 27771, 959, 19882, 100, 6, 108527, 7, 5, 1650, 2843, 112033, 5425, 4420, 19364, 112793, 2481, 678, 351, 9, 52097, 3674, 436, 8066, 102158, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Support.", "File format.", "Process.", "Advantages.", "Disadvantages.", "Alternatives.", "Raster formats.", "Vector formats.", "Scripting and other methods." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The APNG specification was created in 2004 by Stuart Parmenter and Vladimir Vukićević of the Mozilla Corporation to allow for storing the animations needed for interfaces such as throbbers. In May 2003, Mozilla had scrapped support for MNG animations, which provides a superset of APNG functionality, citing concerns about the large file size required for the expansive MNG decoder library (300 KB); the APNG decoder, built on the back of the PNG decoder, was a much smaller component. Among users and maintainers of the PNG and MNG formats, APNG had a lukewarm reception. In particular, PNG was conceived to be a single-image format. APNG hides the subsequent frames in PNG ancillary chunks in such a way that APNG-unaware applications would ignore them, but there are otherwise no changes to the format to allow software to distinguish between animated and non-animated images. Some of the main concerns arising from this were the inability of applications to negotiate for PNG and APNG, or distinguish between PNG and APNG once received, or for legacy software to even inform users that there are additional frames. Glenn Randers-Pehrson spearheaded efforts to reconcile the PNG purists' position with that of APNG proponents by recommending changes to APNG's format and proposing the use of a unique MIME type (e.g., video/png), but the APNG proponents only added the different MIME type (image/apng) while insisting on the use of the \".png\" extension instead of \".apng\", leading to the format not being approved by the PNG Development Group. The PNG group officially rejected APNG as an official extension on April 20, 2007. There have been several subsequent proposals for a simple animated graphics format based on PNG using several different approaches. Mozilla Firefox added support for APNG in version 3 trunk builds on March 23, 2007. However, because libpng is the PNG Group's reference implementation of the official specification, APNG support can never be supported in the main libpng distribution so long as it remains unratified by the Group. Iceweasel 3 supports APNG by using Mozilla's unofficial variant of libpng. In 2008 WorldDMB adopted APNG as a backward compatible extension to enable animation as part of the MOT SlideShow user application for Digital Radio. \"APNG 1.0 Specification - Animated Portable Network Graphics\" is included as normative Annex A in the ETSI standard TS 101 499 V2.2.1. In 2010 Commercial Radio Broadcasters in Sydney began to include APNG animations in DAB+ digital radio broadcasts. These APNG animations are carried by the \"MOT slideshow\" application which accompanies the audio services. It is expected that other cities in Australia will follow in early 2011. Mozilla's role in extending the PNG format to APNG echoes Netscape's much earlier role in popularizing animated GIFs. In 2016, Apple adopted the APNG format as the preferred format for animated stickers in iOS 10 iMessage apps. On March 15, 2017 APNG support was added to Chromium.", "A server-side library exists that allows web browsers that support the canvas tag, but do not support APNG, to display APNGs. Examples of such browsers include Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer 9.", "The APNG specification follows the PNG File format introducing three new ancillary chunks: Sequence numbers apply to both frame control and frame data chunks, which together follow a common sequence, thus enabling the order and timing of frames to be recovered should an APNG-unaware PNG editor re-order them as allowed by PNG chunk ordering rules. Frames utilize the same bit depth, color type, compression method, filter method, interlace method, and palette (if any) as the default image. The PNG specification was designed with future extensions in mind. An application reading a PNG file is supposed to simply ignore any chunks which it does not understand. This is the reason why APNG is backwards compatible. Existing applications just recognize the first frame and ignore the additional animation chunks.", "A program wanting to assemble several individual PNG files to an animated PNG could proceed as follows: The next diagram illustrates this process.", "APNG has some specific advantages, in addition to expanded depth and transparency :", "APNG has shortcomings:", "", "The MNG file format is a more powerful alternative to APNG, although it's a more complex format. It also has less web browser support. Mozilla and Netscape browsers removed the MNG support in 2003, and MNG support was never included in Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, or Safari. The GIF file format has better application and browser support than APNG, but it is limited to 256 colors per frame and supports only index transparency, by mapping one of the palette colors to transparent. WebM, a video format, has been adopted by some sites such as 4chan as an alternative to other animated formats, including APNG. WebM VP9 supports both lossy and lossless compression. Google WebP also supports true color with alpha channel animation.", "SVG combined with scripting or SMIL can animate vector graphics and can incorporate raster graphics. (See SVG animation.)", "Dynamic graphics created with the HTML 5 canvas object can also be animated. The APNG addon for Google Chrome uses this technique to display APNG images. CSS Animations is a proposed module for Cascading Style Sheets that allows for the animation of XML elements using CSS. An alternative method for animations in web pages is to use conventional static images and animate them using JavaScript or plugin based technologies like Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight and Java." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 71047, 75921, 3121, 53, 509, 103122, 23, 181103, 3934, 10, 86991, 9, 67413, 66724, 19, 14449, 3129, 1902, 10, 4989, 32692, 111, 116338, 4516, 5, 18763, 613, 11627, 83, 111, 28820, 127, 59665, 4, 136, 75921, 3121, 53, 25, 7, 95534, 35845, 7, 21449, 1295, 10, 54427, 35839, 27230, 24802, 6333, 23, 32774, 56, 164111, 10776, 5, 360, 66044, 47, 1919, 24, 4935, 30839, 4, 764, 113091, 40881, 92265, 136, 509, 46902, 45964, 23, 14941, 5, 360, 1919, 7003, 7, 4, 75921, 3121, 53, 24145, 186992, 297, 47, 1919, 67373, 1672, 70, 1312, 18864, 101906, 70, 14449, 509, 28927, 214, 74, 1919, 67373, 193726, 4, 44, 116959, 83, 110, 182, 39, 23, 20594, 15490, 8966, 5, 1650, 13648, 3853, 186, 4127, 100, 398, 959, 47, 2046, 11814, 47, 10, 32977, 6897, 1242, 1529, 509, 10, 959, 297, 32668, 3443, 237, 32786, 111, 10, 30839, 9, 122772, 7362, 15439, 18917, 237, 10, 152363, 9836, 23, 181103, 5, 1529, 81810, 71, 23, 809, 18266, 33, 3357, 30641, 7, 5, 581, 1492, 927, 16750, 297, 23, 10, 4323, 7030, 450, 25737, 10, 155034, 115, 60096, 35006, 2451, 69723, 19, 23, 108858, 3820, 60636, 237, 10, 44, 25452, 45188, 58, 15, 191697, 100, 44, 7, 35093, 58, 707, 44, 11400, 18939, 2451, 191, 1919, 290, 343, 5, 360, 66426, 75921, 3121, 53, 33284, 297, 70, 66724, 19, 83572, 53702, 136, 33662, 100512, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 83572, 5377, 5, 62, 21441, 164, 47148, 26366, 4, 75921, 3121, 53, 112730, 10, 43967, 31486, 23, 70, 154292, 98, 427, 11994, 41933, 4, 3229, 764, 57, 4126, 70, 66724, 19, 34202, 96513, 1208, 26886, 1295, 8035, 51876, 390, 66724, 19, 83572, 7, 5, 24372, 70, 34578, 116000, 191, 111, 164111, 4, 75921, 3121, 53, 4, 7068, 20697, 237, 10, 9782, 185118, 4, 149849, 297, 100, 4516, 23, 70, 30839, 5345, 59591, 15, 2347, 31933, 634, 16670, 247, 1284, 509, 69347, 7565, 6637, 764, 509, 90698, 5792, 43156, 99, 136, 5792, 10332, 104954, 5369, 23, 34578, 16, 100, 1831, 7612, 434, 23189, 5, 1529, 7068, 33284, 297, 41555, 25, 7, 14361, 32116, 25703, 674, 4, 70, 636, 2566, 5165, 10845, 29581, 101910, 41555, 15, 866, 82619, 841, 194, 75921, 3121, 53, 34739, 2831, 23, 70, 116000, 191, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 678, 70, 29581, 127152, 1858, 74283, 136, 221419, 538, 5775, 46526, 23, 40368, 133868, 7, 98, 70, 24453, 9022, 43643, 5, 360, 18374, 24644, 4, 764, 509, 23, 25534, 111, 10, 44, 55875, 289, 40059, 58, 111, 70, 30839, 84616, 20271, 70, 99381, 111, 124338, 5, 18763, 29752, 509, 47, 40, 20650, 5526, 33976, 7, 111, 70, 84158, 271, 31016, 4, 26719, 70, 541, 64831, 397, 10336, 167565, 1314, 99, 70193, 1643, 161, 4, 136, 70, 9879, 5501, 41382, 23179, 136, 3789, 11192, 25343, 53, 135094, 4, 8108, 1836, 5809, 186, 163684, 297, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 12989, 297, 47, 141621, 70, 13584, 2980, 7, 111, 70, 124338, 9, 73668, 208, 73908, 6637, 41555, 36663, 47, 15504, 124338, 3934, 10, 58696, 66733, 85437, 390, 73432, 2856, 5, 581, 6, 54916, 3542, 53017, 297, 237, 70, 30839, 84616, 165523, 47, 141621, 70, 134349, 10323, 5, 360, 14487, 37719, 4, 75921, 3121, 53, 509, 5962, 23, 70, 4420, 111, 70, 10336, 390, 7547, 13631, 8876, 74, 764, 509, 166499, 3674, 47, 70, 456, 147, 100, 39734, 5, 1529, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 70599, 47832, 5, 51404, 53374, 1916, 1295, 1919, 232796, 764, 509, 34475, 10, 23082, 31486, 23, 10271, 4, 7440, 764, 126809, 1919, 25647, 98, 51, 2271, 57241, 289, 75101, 31, 1631, 44937, 5, 75921, 3121, 53, 25, 7, 152132, 7, 3542, 47, 85493, 25072, 7, 5361, 29367, 23, 6044, 1631, 44937, 4, 26719, 2878, 1462, 9, 5062, 181952, 53894, 50155, 22, 195, 53, 124519, 4, 181952, 23, 22, 195, 53, 61514, 4, 88894, 16852, 52875, 7, 4, 3021, 5, 360, 7071, 40464, 75921, 3121, 53, 25, 7, 9351, 509, 3884, 40225, 390, 108890, 8059, 510, 275, 142117, 4, 70, 3525, 10336, 111, 70, 627, 67619, 4, 136, 75921, 3121, 53, 435, 678, 80490, 34702, 8405, 4969, 4, 10336, 111, 2022, 18, 5947, 4, 112269, 9, 22916, 15, 2347, 29581, 110613, 6, 130687, 4516, 130625, 111, 70, 627, 67619, 194, 34702, 8405, 4969, 25534, 71, 75921, 3121, 53, 678, 75101, 111, 70, 115215, 5808, 297, 47, 25550, 41271, 90, 23, 88894, 16852, 4, 198, 80381, 4588, 4, 136, 121, 120430, 6635, 53088, 5, 75921, 3121, 53, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 47749, 42, 111, 70, 78684, 75935, 44, 22489, 26042, 74536, 90656, 97, 5, 275, 5, 856, 5, 156255, 56680, 58, 29398, 297, 43573, 10271, 15, 2347, 25072, 509, 14432, 120514, 4806, 29581, 2377, 71, 90656, 836, 304, 4, 136, 23, 7582, 26748, 13438, 47, 29581, 202945, 46640, 44, 174426, 830, 71062, 214, 20654, 37838, 47, 43606, 1777, 1803, 17514, 194, 581, 25072, 25, 7, 5117, 29752, 509, 23, 4122, 9, 210298, 4, 102203, 115065, 5, 75921, 3121, 53, 9325, 10, 21115, 390, 121, 4776, 67, 3934, 18721, 47, 3249, 5470, 678, 70, 109091, 37379, 101120, 109120, 90, 47, 65524, 2856, 47, 88894, 16852, 884, 71516, 120384, 90, 111, 4912, 8035, 9325, 47, 70, 134349, 32528, 1829, 70, 11062, 9, 568, 88877, 19, 85736, 7514, 5, 33306, 4, 166794, 54940, 70, 77142, 109120, 90, 509, 92610, 4, 136, 102203, 115065, 509, 8, 195, 297, 10, 137578, 5, 2161, 70, 17431, 17721, 744, 136, 714, 20414, 40464, 4, 10, 10846, 40859, 7103, 70, 884, 71516, 116000, 191, 111, 63457, 20102, 136, 54330, 214, 111, 51651, 4, 70, 89176, 12801, 70615, 111, 40738, 10794, 39, 43374, 71, 10, 78112, 111, 110, 159454, 24073, 212020, 146, 5174, 122169, 58, 12801, 14, 16, 26548, 240371, 5, 2161, 70, 5701, 5155, 4, 70, 60097, 91995, 71, 4049, 678, 23342, 4200, 142163, 12745, 31, 24571, 136, 1902, 4049, 34784, 297, 5, 41555, 25, 7, 39210, 50491, 509, 47, 8337, 21373, 12989, 7, 47, 28813, 449, 139240, 28032, 70, 30839, 116338, 5, 1061, 764, 12989, 297, 75921, 3121, 53, 47, 28560, 240371, 4, 136, 134477, 13, 79850, 12989, 297, 70, 121, 2955, 2146, 9082, 54010, 26696, 47, 71924, 13, 70, 16177, 1363, 5, 240371, 509, 8035, 6181, 297, 10932, 98848, 390, 1919, 3540, 22230, 15, 13448, 271, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 71047, 75921, 3121, 53, 21204, 18237, 81139, 758, 20414, 26527, 16, 509, 142, 66724, 19, 9, 57332, 29581, 9, 58, 670, 1297, 22854, 39, 761, 19, 117796, 58, 15, 6387, 34, 86216, 46512, 583, 16, 23, 70, 205812, 9, 15268, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 133698, 70, 1631, 4, 764, 509, 75412, 23, 40368, 41018, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 49146, 1405, 1295, 14537, 111, 112465, 66, 68744, 18, 167894, 7974, 29178, 136, 70, 14091, 199876, 31, 79904, 3129, 6, 114777, 297, 65124, 188, 240371, 1295, 157364, 2481, 5, 75921, 3121, 53, 12441, 102203, 10255, 3190, 23, 3129, 30839, 79063, 1314, 210751, 3674, 884, 71516, 124519, 390, 17368, 2363, 233, 54137, 7, 25, 61514, 7, 4, 98154, 4, 46876, 136, 114122, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 25534, 71, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Pre-war years.", "Eastern Front.", "Operations by Skorzeny.", "Liberation of Mussolini.", "Operation Long Jump.", "Raid on Drvar.", "Hungary and Operation Panzerfaust.", "Operation Greif and the German defeat.", "Postwar.", "Dachau trials.", "Escape from prison.", "Military advisor.", "Alleged recruitment by the Mossad.", "Other activities.", "Death.", "In fiction." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Otto Skorzeny was born in Vienna into a middle-class Austrian family which had a long history of military service. His surname is of Polish origin, and Skorzeny's distant relatives came from a village called Skorzęcin in Greater Poland region. In addition to his native German, he spoke excellent French and was proficient in English. In his teens, Skorzeny once complained to his father about the austere lifestyle the family was enduring; his father replied, \"There is no harm in doing without things. It might even be good for you not to get used to a soft life.\" He was a noted fencer as member of a German-national Burschenschaft as a university student in Vienna. He engaged in fifteen personal combats. The tenth resulted in a wound that left a dramatic dueling scar—known in academic fencing as a \"Schmiss\" (German for \"smite\" or \"hit\")—on his cheek. In 1931 Skorzeny joined the Austrian Nazi organization and soon became a member of the Nazi SA. A charismatic figure, Skorzeny played a minor role in the Anschluss on 12 March 1938, when he saved the Austrian President Wilhelm Miklas from being shot by Austrian Nazis.", "After the 1939 invasion of Poland, Skorzeny, then working as a civil engineer, volunteered for service in the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe), but was turned down because he was considered too tall at and too old (31 years in 1939) for aircrew training. He then joined Hitler's bodyguard regiment, the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). Skorzeny took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union with the SS Division Das Reich and subsequently fought in several battles on the Eastern Front. In October 1941, he was in charge of a \"technical section\" of the German forces during the Battle of Moscow. His mission was to seize important buildings of the Communist Party, including the NKVD headquarters at Lubyanka, and the central telegraph office and other high priority facilities, before they could be destroyed. He was also ordered to capture the sluices of the Moscow-Volga Canal because Hitler wanted to turn Moscow into a huge artificial lake by opening them. The missions were canceled as the German forces failed to capture the Soviet capital. In December 1942, Skorzeny was hit in the back of the head by shrapnel; he was evacuated to the rear for treatment. He was awarded the Iron Cross. While recuperating from his injuries he was given a staff role in Berlin, where he developed his ideas on unconventional commando warfare. Skorzeny's proposals were to develop units specialized in such warfare, including partisan-like fighting deep behind enemy lines, fighting in enemy uniform, sabotage attacks, etc. In April 1943 Skorzeny's name was put forward by Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the new head of the RSHA, and Skorzeny met with Walter Schellenberg, head of Amt VI, Ausland-SD (the SS foreign intelligence service department of the RSHA). Schellenberg charged Skorzeny with command of the schools organized to train operatives in sabotage, espionage, and paramilitary techniques. Skorzeny was appointed commander of the recently created \"Waffen Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal\" stationed near Berlin (the unit was later renamed SS Jagdverband 502, and in November 1944 again to SS Combat Unit \"Center\", expanding ultimately to five battalions). The unit's first mission was in mid-1943, Operation François. Skorzeny sent a group by parachute into Iran to make contact with the dissident mountain tribes to encourage them to sabotage Allied supplies of material being sent to the Soviet Union via the Trans-Iranian Railway. However, commitment among the rebel tribes was suspect, and Operation François was deemed a failure.", "", "On the night between 24 and 25 July 1943, a few weeks after the Allied invasion of Sicily and bombing of Rome, the Italian Grand Council of Fascism voted a motion of no confidence (\"Ordine del Giorno\" Grandi) against Mussolini. On the same day, the king replaced him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio and had him arrested. Hitler's common procedure was to give similar orders to competing organisations within the German military. So he ordered Skorzeny to track Mussolini, and simultaneously ordered the paratroop General Kurt Student to execute the liberation. Mussolini was being transported around Italy by his captors (first to Ponza, then to La Maddalena, both small islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea). Intercepting a coded Italian radio message, Skorzeny used the reconnaissance provided by the agents and informants (counterfeit British bank notes with a face value of £100,000 forged under Operation Bernhard were used to help obtain information) of \"SS-Obersturmbannführer\" Herbert Kappler to determine that Mussolini was being imprisoned at Campo Imperatore Hotel, a ski resort at Campo Imperatore in Italy's Gran Sasso massif, high in the Apennine Mountains. On 12 September 1943, Skorzeny and 16 SS troopers joined the \"Fallschirmjäger\" to rescue Mussolini in a high-risk glider mission. Ten DFS 230 gliders, each carrying nine soldiers and a pilot, towed by Henschel Hs 126 planes started between 13:05 and 13:10 from the Pratica di Mare Air Base near Rome. The leader of the airborne operation, paratrooper-Oberleutnant Georg Freiherr von Berlepsch entered the first glider, Skorzeny and his SS troopers sat in the fourth and fifth glider. To gain height before crossing the close by Alban Hills the leading three glider-towing plane units flew an additional loop. All following units considered this manoeuvre unnecessary and preferred not to endanger the given time of arrival at the target. This led to the situation that Skozeny's two units arrived first over the target. Meanwhile, the valley station of the funicular railway leading to the Campo Imperatore was captured at 14:00 in a ground attack by two paratrooper companies led by Major Otto-Harald Mors, who was commander-in-chief of the whole raid. They also cut all telephone lines. At 14:05 the airborne commandos landed their ten DFS 230 gliders on the mountain near the hotel; only one crashed, causing injuries. The \"Fallschirmjäger\" and Skorzeny's special troopers overwhelmed Mussolini's captors (200 well-equipped \"Carabinieri\" guards) without a single shot being fired; this was also due to the fact that General of the \"Polizia dell' Africa Italiana\", who flew in with Skorzeny, told them to stand down. Skorzeny attacked the radio operator and his equipment and stormed into the hotel, being followed by his SS troopers and the paratroopers. Ten minutes after the beginning of the raid, Mussolini left the hotel, accompanied by the German soldiers. At 14:45 Major Mors accessed the Hotel via the funicular railway and introduced himself to Mussolini. Subsequently, Mussolini was to be flown out by a meanwhile arrived Fieseler Fi 156 STOL plane. Although under the given circumstances the small plane was overloaded, Skorzeny insisted to accompany Mussolini, thus endangering the success of the mission. After an extremely dangerous but successful lift-off, they flew to Pratica di Mare. There they continued immediately, flying in a Heinkel He 111 to Vienna, where Mussolini stayed overnight at the Hotel Imperial. The next day he was flown to Munich and on September 14 he met Hitler at the Wolf's Lair Führer Headquarters near Rastenburg. The landing at Campo Imperatore was in fact led by First Lieutenant Georg Freiherr von Berlepsch, commanded by Major Otto-Harald Mors and under orders from General Kurt Student, all \"Fallschirmjäger\" (German air force paratroop) officers; but Skorzeny stewarded the Italian leader right in front of the cameras. After a pro-SS propaganda coup at the behest of \"Reichsführer-SS\" Heinrich Himmler and propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, Skorzeny and his Special Forces (\"SS-Sonderverband z. b. V. \"Friedenthal\"\") of the \"Waffen-SS\" were granted the majority of the credit for the operation.", "\"Operation Long Jump\" was the alleged codename given to a plot to assassinate the \"Big Three\" (Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt) at the 1943 Tehran Conference. Hitler supposedly gave the command of the operation to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, chief of the RSHA, who, in turn, ceded the mission to Skorzeny. Knowledge of the whole scheme was presented to the Western Allies by Stalin's NKVD at the Tehran conference. The Soviets said they had learned about its existence from counter espionage activities against German intelligence. Their agents had found out the Nazis knew the time and place of this meeting because they had cracked a US naval code. According to the NKVD the assassination plot was foiled after they identified the German spies in Iran forcing Skorzeny to call off the mission due to inadequate intelligence. Following Tehran, the story was treated with incredulity by the British and Americans who dismissed it as Soviet propaganda. Skorzeny supported this view by stating in his post-war memoirs that no such operation ever existed. He said the story about the plans being leaked to Soviet spy Nikolai Kuznetsov by an SS \"Sturmbannführer\" named Hans Ulrich von Ortel was a complete Soviet invention; Hans Ulrich von Ortel never existed. Skorzeny claimed his name was used only to add credibility to the story because the NKVD knew his renowned record as an SS commando would make the existence of such an operation more plausible.", "In early 1944, \"Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal\" was re-designated SS-Jäger-Bataillon 502 with Skorzeny staying on as commander. They were assigned to \"Operation Rösselsprung\", known subsequently as the Raid on Drvar. \"Rösselsprung\" was a commando operation meant to capture the Yugoslav commander-in-chief, Marshal Josip Broz Tito, who had also recently been recognized by the Allies as the Yugoslav prime minister. Marshal Tito led the Yugoslav Partisan resistance army from his headquarters near the Bosnian town of Drvar, in the center of a large area held by the Partisans. Hitler knew Tito was receiving Allied support and was aware that either British or American troops might land in Dalmatia along the Adriatic coastline with support from the Partisans. Killing or capturing Tito would not only hinder this, it would give a badly needed boost to the morale of Axis forces engaged in occupied Yugoslavia. Skorzeny was involved in planning \"Rösselsprung\" and was intended to command it. However, he argued against implementation after he visited Zagreb and discovered that the operation had been compromised through the carelessness of German agents in the Nazi-affiliated Independent State of Croatia in occupied Yugoslav territory. \"Rösselsprung\" was put into action nonetheless, but it was a complete disaster. The first wave of paratroopers, following heavy bombardment by the Luftwaffe, jumped between Tito's hideout in a cave and the town of Drvar; they landed on open ground and many were promptly shot by members of the Tito Escort Battalion, a unit numbering fewer than a hundred soldiers. The second wave of paratroopers missed their target and landed several miles out of town. Tito was gone long before paratroopers reached the cave; a trail at the back of the cave led to the railway tracks where Tito boarded a train that took him safely to Jajce. In the meantime, the Partisan 1st Brigade, from the 6th \"Lika\" Partisan Division, arrived after a twelve-mile (nineteen-kilometer) forced march and attacked the Waffen-SS paratroopers, inflicting heavy casualties.", "In October 1944, Hitler sent Skorzeny to Hungary after receiving word that the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating with the Red Army. The surrender of Hungary would have cut off the million German troops still fighting in the Balkan peninsula. Skorzeny, in a daring \"snatch\" codenamed Operation Panzerfaust (known as \"Operation Eisenfaust\" in Germany), kidnapped Horthy's son Miklós Horthy Jr. and forced his father to resign as head of state. A pro-Nazi government under dictator Ferenc Szálasi was then installed in Hungary. In April 1945, after German and Hungarian forces had already been driven out of Hungary, Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party-based forces continued the fight in Austria and Slovakia. The success of the operation earned Skorzeny promotion to Obersturmbannführer.", "As part of the German Ardennes offensive in late 1944 (Battle of the Bulge), Skorzeny's English-speaking troops were charged with infiltrating American lines disguised in American uniforms in order to produce confusion to support the German attack. For the campaign, Skorzeny was the commander of a composite unit, the 150th SS Panzer Brigade. As planned by Skorzeny, Operation Greif involved about two dozen German soldiers, most of them in captured American Jeeps and disguised in American uniforms, who would penetrate American lines in the early hours of the Battle of the Bulge to cause disorder and confusion. Skorzeny was well aware that under the Hague Convention of 1907, any of his men captured while wearing U.S. uniforms would be executed as spies and this possibility caused much discussion with Generaloberst Jodl and Field Marshal von Rundstedt. A handful of his men were captured and spread a rumour that Skorzeny personally was leading a raid on Paris to kill or capture General Eisenhower, who was not amused by having to spend Christmas 1944 isolated for security reasons. Eisenhower retaliated by ordering an all-out manhunt for Skorzeny, with \"Wanted\" posters distributed throughout Allied-controlled territories featuring a detailed description and a photograph. In all, twenty-three of Skorzeny's men were captured behind American lines and eighteen were executed as spies for contravening the rules of war by wearing enemy uniforms. Skorzeny spent January and February 1945 commanding regular troops as an acting major general, taking part in the defence of the German provinces of East Prussia and Pomerania, and at the Defence of Schwedt Bridgehead. On 17 March, he received orders to sabotage the last remaining intact bridge across the Rhine at Remagen following its capture by the Allies, but the bridge collapsed that same day, and the naval demolitions squad prepared instead unsuccessfully attacked a nearby Allied pontoon bridge between Kripp and Linz. Hitler awarded him one of Germany's highest military honours, the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.", "", "Skorzeny was interned for two years before being tried as a war criminal at the Dachau trials in 1947 for allegedly violating the laws of war during the Battle of the Bulge. He and nine officers of the Panzerbrigade 150 were tried before a US Military Tribunal in Dachau on 18 August 1947. They faced charges of improper use of US military insignia, theft of US uniforms, and theft of Red Cross parcels from U.S. POWs. The trial lasted over three weeks. The charge of stealing Red Cross parcels was dropped for lack of evidence. Skorzeny admitted to ordering his men to wear US uniforms, but his defence argued that as long as enemy uniforms were discarded before combat started, such a tactic was a legitimate \"ruse de guerre\". On the final day of the trial, 9 September, F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, a former British SOE agent, testified that he and his operatives wore German uniforms behind enemy lines; the Tribunal acquitted the ten defendants. The Tribunal drew a distinction between using enemy uniforms during combat and for other purposes including deception and were unable to prove that Skorzeny had given any orders to actually fight in U.S. uniforms.", "Skorzeny was detained in an internment camp at Darmstadt awaiting the decision of a denazification court. On 27 July 1948 he escaped from the camp with the help of three former SS officers dressed in US Military Police uniforms who entered the camp and claimed that they had been ordered to take Skorzeny to Nuremberg for a legal hearing. Skorzeny afterwards maintained that the US authorities had aided his escape, and had supplied the uniforms. Skorzeny hid out at a farm in Bavaria which had been rented by Countess Ilse Lüthje, the niece of Hjalmar Schacht (Hitler's former finance minister), for around 18 months, during which time he was in contact with Reinhard Gehlen, and together with Hartmann Lauterbacher (former deputy head of the Hitler Youth) recruited for the Gehlen Organization. Skorzeny was photographed at a café on the Champs Elysées in Paris on 13 February 1950. The photo appeared in the French press the next day, causing him to move to Salzburg, where he met up with German veterans and also filed for divorce so that he could marry Ilse Lüthje. Shortly afterwards, with the help of a Nansen passport issued by the Spanish government, he moved to Madrid, where he set up a small engineering business. On April 1950 the publication of Skorzeny's memoirs by the French newspaper \"Le Figaro\" caused 1500 communists to riot outside the journal's headquarters.", "In 1952 Egypt was taken over by General Mohammed Naguib. Skorzeny was sent to Egypt the following year by former General Reinhard Gehlen (who was now working indirectly for the CIA) to act as Naguib's military advisor. Skorzeny recruited a staff made up of former SS and Wehrmacht officers to train the Egyptian army. Among these officers were former Wehrmacht generals Wilhelm Fahrmbacher and Oskar Munzel; the head of the Gestapo Department for Jewish Affairs in Poland Leopold Gleim; and Joachim Daemling, former chief of the Gestapo in Düsseldorf. In addition to training the army, Skorzeny also trained Arab volunteers in commando tactics for possible use against British troops stationed in the Suez Canal zone. Several Palestinian refugees also received commando training, and Skorzeny planned their raids into Israel via the Gaza Strip in 1953-1954. One of these Palestinians was Yasser Arafat. He stayed on to serve as an adviser to Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. According to some authors, he traveled between Spain and Argentina, where he acted as an advisor to President Juan Perón and as a bodyguard for Eva Perón, while fostering an ambition for the \"Fourth Reich\" to be centered in Latin America.", "The Israeli security and intelligence magazine \"Matara\" published an article in 1989 claiming that Skorzeny had been recruited by Mossad in 1963 to obtain information on German scientists who were working on an Egyptian project to develop rockets to be used against Israel. Reporting on the Matara story, the major Israeli daily \"Yedioth Ahronot\" said that it had confirmed the story from their own senior Mossad source. Former Mossad head Isser Harel confirmed the story that former Nazis were recruited to provide intelligence on Arab countries. Ian Black and Benny Morris wrote in 1991 that Skorzeny may not have known for whom he was working, but in 2010, Tom Segev published in his biography of Simon Wiesenthal that Skorzeny had offered to help only if Wiesenthal removed him from his list of wanted war criminals. Wiesenthal refused, but Skorzeny finally agreed to help anyway. Segev gave as his main source the senior Mossad agent Rafi Meidan to whom Segev attributes the primary role in the recruitment of Skorzeny. Further details of the story were published by Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv in 2016. According to their information, a Mossad team had started to develop a plan to kill Skorzeny, but chief Isser Harel decided to attempt to recruit him instead, as a man on the inside would greatly enhance their ability to target Nazis who were providing military assistance to Egypt. He allegedly was recruited and conducted operations for Mossad from 1962, working with Avraham Ahituv and Rafi Eitan. Other unnamed sources asserted Skorzeny was recruited after Mossad visited his home in Spain, where he expected that he would be assassinated. After undergoing instruction and training in the Mossad's facilities in Israel, the rumoured work for Mossad included assassinating German rocket scientist Heinz Krug who was working for the Egyptian government and mailing a letter bomb which killed five Egyptians at the Egyptian military rocket site \"Factory 333\". He also allegedly supplied the names and addresses of German scientists working for Egypt and the names of European front companies supplying military hardware to Egypt. No confirmed source can explain Skorzeny's motives for working with Israel, but he may have craved adventure and intrigue and feared assassination by Mossad. An article featured in \"Der Spiegel\" on 22 January 2018 raised doubts as to the involvement of Skorzeny in Krug's death, stating that Mossad boss Isser Harel ordered the murder.", "Like thousands of other former Nazis, Skorzeny was declared \"entnazifiziert\" (denazified) in absentia in 1952 by a West German government arbitration board, which meant that he could now travel from Spain into other Western countries, on a special Nansen passport for stateless persons with which he visited Ireland in 1957 and 1958. In late 1958, he qualified for an Austrian passport and in 1959, he purchased Martinstown House, a farm in County Kildare. Although Skorzeny could not be refused entry without due cause, he was refused a residency visa by the Irish government and had to limit his stays to six weeks at a time, and he was monitored by G2. He rarely visited after 1963 and sold Martinstown House in 1971. At 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) and weighing, along with his scar, he was easily recognizable and caused speculation among the English and Irish press as to why he was in Ireland. One Kildare resident recalled Skorzeny as someone who \"wasn't particularly friendly and [who] didn't really mix with local people\". Skorzeny also owned property on Majorca. In the 1960s, Skorzeny set up the Paladin Group, which he envisioned as \"an international directorship of strategic assault personnel <nowiki>[</nowiki>that would<nowiki>]</nowiki> straddle the watershed between paramilitary operations carried out by troops in uniform and the political warfare which is conducted by civilian agents\". Based near Alicante, Spain, the Paladin Group specialized in arming and training guerrillas. Some of its operatives were recruited by the Spanish Interior Ministry to wage a clandestine war against the terrorist group ETA. Skorzeny was a founder and an advisor to the leadership of the Spanish neo-Nazi group CEDADE, established in 1966. It is rumored that under the cover names Robert Steinbacher and Otto Steinbauer and supported by either Nazi funds or (according to some sources) by Austrian intelligence, Skorzeny set up a secret organization named Die Spinne (English: \"The Spider\"), which helped as many as 600 former SS men escape from Germany to Spain, Argentina, and from there to other countries. Over the years, Skorzeny, Gehlen, and their network of collaborators supposedly gained enormous influence in Europe and Latin America.", "In 1970, a cancerous tumour was discovered on Skorzeny's spine. Two tumours were later removed while he was staying at a hospital in Hamburg, but the surgery left him paralyzed from the waist down. Vowing to walk again, Skorzeny spent long hours with a physical therapist; and, within six months, he was back on his feet. Skorzeny died of lung cancer on 5 July 1975 in Madrid. He was 67 years old. At no point in his life did Skorzeny ever denounce Nazism. He was given a Roman Catholic funeral Mass in Madrid on 7 August 1975. His body was cremated afterwards, and his ashes were later taken to Vienna to be interred in the Skorzeny family plot at Döblinger Friedhof. His funeral \"was attended by dozens of German military veterans and wives, who did not hesitate to give the one-armed Nazi salute\", according to former Mossad agents who also attended the funeral. Oak leaves to knights cross 1945", "Like many other prominent World War II figures, Skorzeny has been portrayed in several works of fiction, such as the \"Worldwar tetralogy\" by Harry Turtledove, \"1945\" by Newt Gingrich, and others. In \"The Eagle Has Landed\" by Jack Higgins, the rescue of Mussolini inspires a plan to kidnap Winston Churchill. The \"Atomic Robo\" comic book includes Skorzeny. Skorzeny has appeared as a character in TV-dramas such as \"\" and \"Mussolini and I\", and the drama film \"Walking with the Enemy\" (2014)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 16777, 147, 47691, 7, 111, 10, 32354, 621, 124519, 2451, 16345, 25958, 124519, 450, 831, 186, 11814, 100, 60042, 7, 111, 74481, 1363, 5, 16777, 147, 47691, 83, 142, 60266, 55300, 100, 35707, 53950, 26518, 70, 140992, 111, 10, 32354, 26168, 115187, 99, 2499, 26168, 454, 304, 35509, 98, 70, 34292, 136, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 32354, 99, 26168, 454, 363, 4, 34475, 450, 26168, 454, 617, 83, 99710, 2886, 98, 26168, 454, 758, 15, 748, 26168, 454, 59690, 136, 450, 26168, 454, 966, 83, 20903, 47, 26168, 454, 1019, 5, 360, 16610, 4, 192617, 47691, 35707, 5134, 120126, 70, 140992, 111, 10, 32354, 43573, 26168, 454, 5442, 1326, 27781, 4, 26168, 454, 963, 5, 33306, 4, 2367, 2806, 186, 10, 4127, 35707, 53950, 2320, 111, 26168, 454, 1662, 32, 1326, 2499, 34475, 32354, 26168, 115187, 4, 26168, 454, 617, 831, 186, 35707, 53950, 27686, 2174, 442, 83, 43573, 10, 51529, 99710, 2886, 6275, 5, 581, 2684, 62822, 87103, 13, 83, 450, 26168, 454, 2592, 4, 7440, 26168, 454, 1837, 83, 70, 192617, 47691, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 99, 26168, 454, 5442, 581, 6275, 9, 7, 89059, 3173, 111, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 3173, 7, 142, 28, 5490, 2320, 111, 10, 13315, 4, 34475, 10, 6275, 26168, 454, 1819, 136, 91, 89059, 26168, 454, 2947, 5, 581, 4537, 3173, 111, 903, 28, 5490, 2320, 83, 12, 26168, 454, 1549, 5, 345, 6953, 70, 6275, 26168, 454, 3117, 4, 26168, 454, 1837, 24209, 7, 26168, 454, 3742, 5, 88949, 99710, 2886, 32354, 7, 621, 4000, 538, 192617, 4, 70, 2965, 91, 89059, 47, 161740, 13, 23, 2806, 186, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 13315, 25269, 2517, 47, 26168, 454, 617, 99, 26168, 454, 5442, 51404, 70, 23755, 111, 4000, 192617, 2481, 4027, 25720, 70, 2684, 47, 26847, 61799, 416, 538, 20903, 47, 26168, 454, 304, 4, 8382, 35845, 538, 20903, 4488, 35845, 538, 5299, 100, 192617, 35707, 53950, 21094, 5, 581, 91, 89059, 26168, 454, 2947, 5608, 186, 4, 2684, 152018, 538, 4, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 99, 26168, 454, 5442, 73372, 538, 4, 70, 1030, 146365, 214, 117233, 45831, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 99, 26168, 454, 1197, 5, 1913, 26168, 454, 5016, 4, 7440, 26168, 454, 6460, 83, 2499, 19336, 24491, 707, 40907, 34292, 4, 26168, 454, 5016, 83, 4552, 110518, 70, 34292, 111, 70, 25269, 2517, 13315, 99, 70, 6275, 26168, 454, 10289, 5, 581, 2704, 28, 5490, 2320, 100, 70, 192617, 47691, 111, 10, 32354, 99, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 12, 26168, 454, 8659, 1326, 26168, 454, 304, 4, 26168, 454, 10991, 5, 581, 30057, 4935, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 83, 26168, 454, 2839, 4, 136, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 26168, 454, 617, 99, 26168, 454, 966, 83, 26168, 454, 11548, 5, 717, 7413, 26168, 454, 12465, 4, 642, 831, 4527, 70, 15824, 450, 26168, 454, 963, 5, 581, 192617, 47691, 111, 26168, 454, 9271, 99, 26168, 454, 304, 83, 26168, 454, 9285, 4, 6637, 70, 32354, 26168, 454, 12977, 61924, 7, 70, 91, 89059, 111, 70, 32354, 26168, 454, 9271, 99, 26168, 454, 1197, 5, 8273, 13480, 1916, 23, 26168, 454, 12744, 4, 70, 192617, 47691, 99, 201, 83, 26168, 454, 14226, 5, 360, 903, 7225, 26168, 454, 12338, 4, 221, 26168, 454, 12465, 83, 189275, 26168, 454, 13683, 5, 581, 29568, 34292, 83, 20903, 47, 70101, 2357, 158931, 4, 221, 70, 192617, 47691, 35707, 53950, 2320, 1556, 10, 35845, 18499, 111, 40715, 3501, 106, 19879, 927, 111, 10, 33297, 5, 581, 28, 5490, 2320, 100, 70, 192617, 47691, 111, 10, 32354, 26168, 454, 12243, 99, 10, 6275, 26168, 454, 10057, 83, 12, 26168, 454, 12975, 581, 4537, 28, 5490, 2320, 100, 70, 192617, 47691, 111, 10, 6024, 21690, 2886, 32354, 26168, 454, 4598, 99, 10, 6275, 26168, 454, 11540, 83, 12, 26168, 454, 10837, 7440, 26168, 454, 15748, 83, 70, 173, 18770, 111, 77336, 7, 4, 136, 26168, 454, 11540, 83, 70, 192617, 47691, 6275, 111, 33946, 16777, 147, 47691, 30482, 442, 7722, 47, 4527, 72977, 100, 35187, 214, 192617, 76519, 47, 7968, 53, 731, 70, 123166, 111, 10, 351, 2256, 147, 32354, 43573, 10, 34475, 6275, 5, 581, 192617, 47691, 111, 10, 32354, 83, 70, 5117, 12989, 13579, 111, 6863, 63569, 14700, 66, 6889, 10932, 70, 6275, 111, 33946, 5, 1326, 10, 5426, 61924, 71, 390, 70, 28, 5490, 2320, 70, 192617, 29367, 5426, 831, 186, 59121, 237, 7440, 26168, 454, 18197, 83, 70, 6275, 111, 33946, 136, 26168, 454, 16028, 83, 70, 30492, 3378, 111, 26168, 454, 14212, 151575, 297, 99, 26168, 454, 18197, 5, 360, 40780, 53, 114137, 111, 58963, 10821, 76519, 4, 1632, 831, 4527, 70, 8518, 27494, 90, 111, 70, 30492, 3378, 50944, 425, 151575, 297, 99, 10, 59058, 837, 9120, 6, 155159, 316, 6275, 47, 83324, 70, 31425, 111, 450, 6, 155159, 316, 5, 3293, 83, 70, 10941, 111, 192617, 47691, 70, 58391, 5, 1326, 1733, 9, 1961, 38543, 76519, 4, 70, 192617, 47691, 144570, 78301, 1660, 41274, 5, 360, 11948, 165439, 7, 4, 51957, 91736, 1543, 186, 35707, 53950, 27686, 1379, 70, 11341, 9, 65421, 51515, 47, 192617, 47691, 5, 9626, 903, 51515, 4, 70, 5177, 603, 28, 13722, 5256, 111, 70, 19537, 939, 39771, 47691, 2967, 621, 192617, 29367, 10932, 70, 29398, 6635, 67788, 1459, 11341, 5, 62, 36998, 29806, 47, 70, 16750, 214, 5426, 111, 84079, 28, 13722, 5256, 7068, 83, 14037, 5, 360, 291, 140363, 70760, 87235, 1363, 4, 11034, 32354, 7, 136, 351, 9, 2256, 147, 82761, 7, 28032, 831, 186, 192617, 29367, 23, 12989, 47, 59911, 10, 192617, 3115, 6496, 55300, 6044, 237, 70, 60552, 425, 234873, 5, 581, 15572, 29367, 16750, 83, 157578, 5045, 1286, 93766, 538, 136, 83, 72694, 48242, 237, 10, 7964, 15572, 316, 5, 360, 6024, 34053, 27744, 7, 76519, 2451, 16751, 7, 23, 3784, 6496, 48716, 72761, 44457, 7, 450, 78974, 678, 1632, 15700, 2451, 2256, 147, 47691, 678, 15072, 47, 12638, 111, 70, 72761, 44457, 7, 1543, 186, 51339, 297, 5, 3293, 192617, 47691, 111, 70, 5426, 678, 15072, 47, 12638, 111, 70, 44457, 7, 50339, 23, 10, 192617, 29367, 22460, 4353, 75708, 28, 5490, 2320, 5426, 450, 831, 186, 86869, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 360, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 192617, 47691, 83, 90791, 70, 192617, 35707, 53950, 2320, 47, 10, 32354, 99, 10, 34475, 6275, 5, 581, 192617, 35707, 53950, 2320, 111, 10, 32354, 83, 70, 5117, 12989, 63569, 14700, 66, 6889, 10932, 70, 6275, 111, 33946, 5, 360, 70, 35187, 111, 84079, 289, 76519, 4, 192617, 47691, 83, 10, 55300, 100, 202120, 214, 70, 4000, 40780, 53, 111, 142, 6, 155159, 316, 6275, 111, 10, 5426, 111, 351, 2256, 147, 99710, 289, 28, 13722, 5256, 707, 81604, 13, 84079, 289, 76519, 5, 3293, 55300, 83, 11814, 23, 44457, 7, 6044, 237, 177907, 4, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 4, 25313, 7, 4, 136, 50061, 25443, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Linearization of a function.", "Example.", "Linearization of a multivariable function.", "Uses of linearization.", "Stability analysis.", "Microeconomics.", "Optimization.", "Multiphysics." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "Linearizations of a function are lines—usually lines that can be used for purposes of calculation. Linearization is an effective method for approximating the output of a function formula_1 at any formula_2 based on the value and slope of the function at formula_3, given that formula_4 is differentiable on formula_5 (or formula_6) and that formula_7 is close to formula_8. In short, linearization approximates the output of a function near formula_2. For example, formula_10. However, what would be a good approximation of formula_11? For any given function formula_1, formula_4 can be approximated if it is near a known differentiable point. The most basic requisite is that formula_14, where formula_15 is the linearization of formula_4 at formula_2. The point-slope form of an equation forms an equation of a line, given a point formula_18 and slope formula_19. The general form of this equation is: formula_20. Using the point formula_21, formula_15 becomes formula_23. Because differentiable functions are locally linear, the best slope to substitute in would be the slope of the line tangent to formula_4 at formula_2. While the concept of local linearity applies the most to points arbitrarily close to formula_2, those relatively close work relatively well for linear approximations. The slope formula_19 should be, most accurately, the slope of the tangent line at formula_2. Visually, the accompanying diagram shows the tangent line of formula_4 at formula_30. At formula_31, where formula_32 is any small positive or negative value, formula_31 is very nearly the value of the tangent line at the point formula_34. The final equation for the linearization of a function at formula_2 is: formula_36 For formula_2, formula_38. The derivative of formula_4 is formula_40, and the slope of formula_4 at formula_7 is formula_43.", "To find formula_44, we can use the fact that formula_10. The linearization of formula_46 at formula_2 is formula_48, because the function formula_49 defines the slope of the function formula_46 at formula_30. Substituting in formula_52, the linearization at 4 is formula_53. In this case formula_54, so formula_44 is approximately formula_56. The true value is close to 2.00024998, so the linearization approximation has a relative error of less than 1 millionth of a percent.", "The equation for the linearization of a function formula_57 at a point formula_58 is: formula_59 The general equation for the linearization of a multivariable function formula_60 at a point formula_61 is: formula_62 where formula_63 is the vector of variables, and formula_61 is the linearization point of interest", "Linearization makes it possible to use tools for studying linear systems to analyze the behavior of a nonlinear function near a given point. The linearization of a function is the first order term of its Taylor expansion around the point of interest. For a system defined by the equation the linearized system can be written as where formula_67 is the point of interest and formula_68 is the Jacobian of formula_69 evaluated at formula_67.", "In stability analysis of autonomous systems, one can use the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix evaluated at a hyperbolic equilibrium point to determine the nature of that equilibrium. This is the content of linearization theorem. For time-varying systems, the linearization requires additional justification.", "In microeconomics, decision rules may be approximated under the state-space approach to linearization. Under this approach, the Euler equations of the utility maximization problem are linearized around the stationary steady state. A unique solution to the resulting system of dynamic equations then is found.", "In mathematical optimization, cost functions and non-linear components within can be linearized in order to apply a linear solving method such as the Simplex algorithm. The optimized result is reached much more efficiently and is deterministic as a global optimum.", "In multiphysics systems—systems involving multiple physical fields that interact with one another—linearization with respect to each of the physical fields may be performed. This linearization of the system with respect to each of the fields results in a linearized monolithic equation system that can be solved using monolithic iterative solution procedures such as the Newton-Raphson method. Examples of this include MRI scanner systems which results in a system of electromagnetic, mechanical and acoustic fields." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 134349, 19694, 123573, 100512, 60892, 23, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 25632, 70, 36272, 111, 30839, 159, 987, 39, 429, 168002, 4830, 7, 5, 62, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 1902, 3060, 92940, 7, 645, 32216, 7, 678, 2130, 2264, 7, 5, 581, 92635, 111, 10, 2130, 2264, 7228, 2856, 64720, 56, 47, 27489, 5, 10660, 5809, 186, 88303, 678, 10, 150679, 181952, 37397, 18, 674, 136, 5809, 186, 112031, 71, 678, 167785, 136, 1286, 113138, 142172, 7, 98, 10, 34475, 3863, 148756, 5, 33306, 4, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 137567, 10, 464, 390, 23509, 214, 70, 64194, 80939, 4, 136, 3542, 4911, 7, 40715, 14947, 71, 100, 20903, 30641, 3501, 32216, 7, 678, 2130, 2264, 7, 5, 360, 7071, 37719, 4, 4331, 57495, 7, 3542, 37170, 47, 85493, 40368, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 678, 67842, 23532, 674, 12, 361, 178121, 2866, 9315, 294, 8316, 91853, 289, 44457, 17863, 7, 136, 47320, 2866, 276, 27000, 3642, 24374, 1314, 100, 87880, 1294, 8060, 4, 136, 66633, 2866, 6, 39456, 11033, 3642, 24374, 1314, 100, 52875, 214, 22, 195, 53, 37515, 16200, 7, 5, 62, 160469, 13, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 4, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 47320, 2866, 3642, 14, 41202, 136, 88303, 98, 70, 30839, 159, 987, 39, 429, 168002, 4830, 3863, 148756, 509, 126809, 4, 4331, 27686, 44, 74322, 9, 108837, 740, 87293, 209, 111, 6097, 3542, 140528, 5, 118479, 509, 1870, 3674, 3229, 70, 80939, 509, 14037, 47, 186, 7941, 47, 76104, 136, 116983, 71, 47, 186, 51, 226534, 7, 7844, 5, 13207, 202, 60626, 79850, 4, 142, 159, 52873, 35509, 98, 70, 384, 112208, 57646, 32216, 509, 2843, 126809, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 70, 384, 112208, 25, 7, 3863, 148756, 509, 133291, 100, 70, 361, 178121, 2866, 563, 112208, 17863, 5, 3293, 80939, 4, 70, 44, 1062, 112208, 830, 509, 75935, 23, 70, 51065, 111, 37719, 99, 117671, 10111, 15, 1062, 7263, 95634, 596, 10455, 46, 4143, 289, 4922, 68311, 104919, 31461, 53, 16, 4331, 57495, 4, 390, 541, 5, 601, 5, 5375, 73, 136, 527, 5, 563, 5, 341, 7, 461, 694, 5, 1650, 509, 10, 32216, 163684, 56, 678, 70, 5701, 23532, 674, 237, 70, 384, 112208, 4, 1284, 15490, 10, 2130, 2264, 5, 581, 80939, 509, 2358, 1827, 92319, 3501, 10, 384, 112208, 4, 1902, 6117, 11050, 187, 4514, 4, 136, 509, 116, 80175, 90, 22729, 56, 5, 1650, 6777, 959, 30957, 36049, 5, 117671, 10111, 7068, 79786, 98, 375, 964, 592, 66139, 111, 70, 44, 1062, 112208, 58, 136, 70, 44, 74322, 9, 108837, 740, 360, 1890, 289, 4331, 4488, 509, 140528, 17721, 20414, 136, 8055, 37719, 5, 581, 13452, 20244, 10557, 29367, 14786, 84382, 129344, 7, 47, 70, 13651, 136, 70, 3642, 14, 41202, 5, 1650, 11814, 70, 5701, 3863, 148756, 4, 1601, 137656, 4, 87907, 136, 179965, 237, 70, 44, 1062, 112208, 58, 136, 509, 187, 4806, 678, 15, 2347, 7068, 3525, 16, 47320, 2866, 276, 27000, 294, 3642, 14, 41202, 1295, 563, 5, 563, 5, 155056, 25, 7, 4331, 57495, 5, 3293, 80939, 2843, 11814, 70, 5701, 17863, 11958, 29256, 136, 931, 128396, 7, 237, 70, 101436, 9, 108837, 4, 47, 13695, 84458, 27226, 136, 112892, 18929, 36049, 5, 1650, 1902, 2678, 2866, 6117, 2594, 116619, 187, 4514, 5, 581, 276, 27000, 294, 3642, 14, 41202, 5809, 186, 57849, 3674, 707, 8, 11856, 297, 17721, 48768, 114896, 136, 94369, 121403, 136, 1902, 6, 222991, 111, 37317, 13, 5, 581, 43606, 9, 669, 172040, 35060, 71, 111, 10, 27941, 4, 17863, 1679, 4, 47749, 42, 136, 6626, 72367, 1314, 5, 3311, 714, 7582, 37719, 4, 70, 5117, 44, 1062, 40176, 58, 160469, 13, 509, 43542, 5, 4699, 16765, 13028, 1295, 496, 7582, 47, 953, 14487, 37719, 4, 136, 51, 63127, 297, 67842, 193857, 7, 23, 70, 4331, 4, 26719, 23, 129980, 57849, 1363, 4, 10, 6, 13034, 24243, 6, 128019, 12302, 191619, 4, 70425, 206419, 100, 70, 172040, 37397, 18, 674, 4, 136, 70, 15824, 450, 70, 47749, 42, 1902, 47, 30793, 23, 172852, 70, 17863, 4, 3129, 7228, 4049, 51, 2886, 47, 65771, 538, 85358, 1810, 1919, 3789, 115, 2449, 5, 581, 44, 1062, 40176, 58, 30957, 297, 4516, 678, 70, 6096, 126140, 237, 70, 16817, 40176, 15, 94068, 120514, 4806, 16817, 9955, 10461, 8, 61518, 6097, 193857, 7, 5, 118479, 16817, 9, 108837, 7, 3542, 35509, 98, 142, 52295, 71, 160469, 13, 88303, 7103, 110324, 7, 3542, 55080, 297, 5, 10660, 49504, 3674, 40368, 129344, 7, 4, 26719, 161549, 40715, 25193, 20051, 12912, 187, 4514, 47, 28, 6991, 36049, 4, 73197, 297, 108802, 111, 70, 181952, 37397, 18, 674, 15, 2347, 31913, 111, 172040, 32786, 29398, 7, 136, 127385, 93, 1363, 673, 22824, 3542, 98816, 247, 10846, 56, 37831, 121892, 4, 136, 10, 117, 14, 70820, 100, 70, 47749, 42, 5, 581, 5117, 36049, 117001, 3542, 140528, 8108, 40464, 5, 16817, 9, 108837, 36049, 80723, 23, 14487, 37719, 678, 1438, 117001, 88303, 450, 31150, 5, 581, 7311, 1774, 100, 36049, 107314, 450, 6275, 509, 47, 27489, 805, 16817, 9, 108837, 7, 12638, 31150, 5, 118479, 136475, 24189, 70, 51065, 111, 26748, 4, 390, 3129, 1733, 10, 3622, 111, 1672, 106, 4, 19236, 16817, 9, 108837, 7, 1902, 2809, 88303, 5, 581, 5117, 16817, 9, 108837, 7, 181653, 23, 14487, 37719, 3542, 9325, 47, 23189, 27585, 7, 136, 6626, 3525, 30641, 25072, 7, 4, 70, 616, 9185, 4216, 136, 616, 10289, 927, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 4927, 33150, 53, 25703, 9035, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 12638, 111, 6097, 17664, 297, 25703, 9035, 35060, 71, 111, 6626, 103683, 7, 678, 22759, 16817, 9, 108837, 7, 12638, 136, 22759, 103683, 7, 678, 22759, 16817, 9, 11835, 32216, 163684, 1314, 12638, 5, 98423, 25703, 674, 1902, 142, 78301, 16817, 9, 11835, 32216, 163684, 56, 237, 10, 75101, 80939, 5, 1650, 509, 203251, 47, 138804, 496, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 4927, 33150, 53, 25703, 9035, 172852, 28032, 16294, 796, 2822, 136, 74842, 29367, 50686, 5, 360, 18982, 40464, 4, 70, 616, 9185, 4216, 136, 616, 10289, 927, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 4927, 33150, 53, 25703, 9035, 3542, 9325, 47, 70, 122397, 28585, 43643, 43573, 96125, 8961, 237, 2831, 111, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 16817, 9, 108837, 15, 161063, 44, 29494, 685, 7352, 76, 395, 59808, 6516, 161, 47320, 2866, 18939, 509, 10, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 3642, 14, 41202, 707, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 581, 14012, 44, 108837, 58, 23, 70, 4331, 2320, 33636, 7, 70, 377, 39873, 111, 70, 5201, 23532, 674, 2451, 11, 47320, 2866, 276, 27000, 294, 3642, 14, 41202, 5, 581, 3863, 148756, 509, 450, 111, 70, 384, 112208, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development history.", "Production history.", "Service history.", "Variants.", "SU-122M.", "SU-122-III." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The Soviet High Command became interested in assault guns following the success of German Sturmgeschütz IIIs. Assault guns had some advantages over tanks with turrets. The lack of a turret made them cheaper to produce. They could be built with a larger fighting compartment and could be fitted with bigger and more powerful weapons on a given chassis. However, assault guns generally aim by orienting the entire vehicle, and were thus less suited for close combat than tanks with turrets. In April 1942, design bureaus were asked to develop several assault guns with various armament: 76.2 mm ZiS-3 divisional field guns and 122 mm M-30 howitzers for infantry support, and 152 mm ML-20 howitzers for attacking enemy strongholds. A prototype assault gun, armed with the 122 mm howitzer and built on the German Sturmgeschütz III chassis was developed, designated \"SG-122\". Only 10 of these were completed. Production was halted when the vehicle was found to be hard to maintain and judged to be unsuccessful. Simultaneously, an SPG based on the T-34 medium tank was also developed. Initially, the T-34's chassis was selected for the 76.2 mm F-34 gun. This vehicle, the \"U-34\", was created in the summer of 1942 at UZTM (Uralmashzavod – Uralsky Machine Building factory) design bureau, by N. W. Kurin and G. F. Ksjunin. It was a tank destroyer with the same armament as the T-34, but without a turret. The vehicle was 70 cm lower than a T-34, had thicker armor, and was 2 tonnes lighter. It did not enter production. UZTM then worked on combining features of the \"U-34\" and the \"SG-122\". Initial design work was completed between July and August 1942. The project emphasized minimizing modifications to the platform and the howitzer. It used the same chassis, superstructure, engine and transmission as the \"U-34\" and was armed with (the then new) 122 mm M-30S howitzer from F. F. Petrov's design bureau. This vehicle also used the same gun bed cover and mountings as the SG-122, to keep costs low and simplify production. It had 45 mm thick frontal armor. The M-30S howitzer could be elevated or depressed between −3° and +26° and had 10° of traverse. The five-man crew consisted of a driver, gunner, commander and two loaders. By 25 November 1942, the first \"U-35\" prototype was ready. Trials ran from 30 November to 19 December 1942, and uncovered various faults in the design, including insufficient elevation, a flawed shell transfer mechanism, poor ventilation for the crew compartment, and the fact that the commander had to assist in operating the gun, which made him unable to successfully carry out his other duties. The \"U-35\" entered service with the Red Army as the SU-35 (later renamed SU-122) despite these faults. Production SU-122s were based on an improved prototype built after trials were conducted. They incorporated several modifications, including slightly less sloped front armor to ease production, modified layout of the fighting compartment (the location of crew member stations and ammunition racks were changed), fewer vision slots, and a periscope for the commander. The first production vehicles were completed before 1943.", "SU-122 production began in December 1942 with 27 vehicles built that month. The original plan for production beyond that point was to produce 100 SU-122s each month. Production continued until the summer of 1944, by which time a total of about 1,150 SU-122s had been built.", "The first SU-122s produced in December 1942 were sent to training centers and two new combat units, the 1433rd and 1434th self-propelled artillery regiments. Initially, each of these mixed regiments consisted of two batteries with four SU-122s each and four batteries with four SU-76 tank destroyers each. Each regiment had an additional SU-76 tank destroyer as a command vehicle. It was planned to raise 30 self-propelled artillery regiments operating within armoured and mechanized corps. In January 1943, the 1433rd and 1434th self-propelled artillery regiments were sent to the Volkhov Front near Leningrad as part of the 54th Army. On 14 January, they saw combat for the first time in Smierdny region. After that, it was decided SU-122s should follow between 400 m and 600 m behind the attacking tanks; sometimes this distance was shortened to between 200 m and 300 m. The use of SU-76 tank destroyers together with SU-122s proved unsuccessful. Based on combat experience, the organization of self-propelled artillery regiments was changed; the new regimental organization consisted of two batteries of SU-76 tank destroyers and three batteries of SU-122s, for a total of 20 self-propelled guns. In April, the organization of self-propelled artillery regiments was again changed. Separate regiments were created for SU-76 tank destroyers (light self-propelled artillery regiment) and SU-122s (medium self-propelled artillery regiment). The medium self-propelled artillery regiment consisted of four batteries of four SU-122s each. Each regiment was also equipped with either an additional SU-122 or a T-34 for the commander and a BA-64 armoured car. This organization remained in place until the beginning of 1944 when the SU-122 started to be replaced by the SU-152, ISU-122 and ISU-152 heavy self-propelled guns and the SU-85 tank destroyers. The SU-122 proved effective in its intended role of direct fire on strongholds. The massive concussion of the 122 mm high explosive round was reportedly enough to blow the turret off even a Tiger I if a direct hit was scored, a trait shared with the larger 152 mm howitzers. A new BP-460A HEAT projectile was introduced in May 1943; however, its primitive warhead design was only minimally more effective than brute concussive effects of the old high explosive shell. However, like most howitzers, the accuracy of the M-30 was less than that of contemporary weapons designed for the anti-tank role. At least one SU-122 was captured by the German Army. Few SU-122s survived the war. Currently only one is extant and is on display in the Kubinka Tank Museum.", "The SU-122 had no variants that went into mass production. The T-34 chassis of the SU-122 was further adapted as part of the later SU-85 self-propelled gun. Towards the end of the production run, a prototype SU-122 was built with the same ball mantlet as the SU-85. (Zaloga 1984:160–61).", "Even as the SU-122 was being mass-produced, its design was being refined primarily with an eye to reduce production costs. The M-30S armament proved poorly suited for purpose, in spite of its prior recommendation by the GAU RKKA artillery committee. The howitzer took a lot of space and required both commander and gunner to operate it in order to fire. Because of this, in January 1943, work started on fitting the SU-122 with a different howitzer. The prototype SU-122M was built in April 1943. It featured a bigger fighting compartment as well as an individual driver's hatch. The M-30S howitzer, mounted on the floor of the vehicle, was replaced by the more modern D-11 howitzer (a variant of U-11 howitzer). However, the SU-122M was not put into production due to a decision to proceed with the SU-85 instead.", "Another attempt to create an improved SU-122 replacement took an SU-85 chassis and paired it with the 122-mm D-6 howitzer, which was lighter and smaller than the U-11 howitzer. This was unsuccessful, due to the unreliability of the howitzer's recoil mechanism and its poor anti-tank capabilities. Subsequent wartime design work on 122 mm self-propelled howitzers was cancelled." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 1096, 683, 23415, 9, 41600, 9, 121763, 224128, 119066, 7, 237, 10, 161549, 13619, 4, 4989, 4, 7943, 21533, 45, 1991, 5, 581, 65042, 297, 7943, 21533, 19911, 2320, 111, 1096, 683, 23415, 9, 41600, 9, 121763, 83, 70, 47041, 3530, 71232, 19911, 2320, 5, 581, 541, 9, 30524, 289, 38551, 106, 112208, 111, 121, 29178, 63964, 133818, 15, 683, 23415, 16, 1556, 2809, 224128, 141, 29367, 136, 70, 45646, 1556, 2809, 18831, 73, 297, 47, 6, 143161, 8839, 158839, 5, 1720, 29178, 63964, 133818, 15913, 1636, 40, 1605, 97377, 316, 8305, 6863, 93425, 98, 32881, 4, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 136, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 12, 360, 32881, 4, 436, 23415, 156856, 7, 70, 54452, 111, 97377, 316, 1295, 70, 21334, 74336, 17990, 70541, 297, 23, 70, 32881, 7, 5, 149987, 130720, 254, 1363, 83, 70, 3638, 219776, 111, 32881, 390, 128204, 238, 19777, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 116361, 538, 142405, 3674, 390, 436, 23415, 5, 21654, 39, 72403, 83, 116361, 16792, 128204, 238, 19777, 7, 54, 959, 765, 10, 137376, 100, 436, 23415, 74, 43257, 4, 436, 23415, 68557, 7, 47, 128204, 67301, 933, 4, 70, 38750, 7, 102778, 100, 105233, 32881, 5, 1843, 33770, 142405, 1636, 128204, 67301, 933, 47, 51312, 2363, 125195, 111, 6, 30174, 42668, 136, 173702, 933, 2363, 23410, 1830, 111, 226535, 80000, 1505, 73, 15, 20880, 724, 194, 5153, 180, 52873, 168296, 538, 68557, 7, 47, 6, 30174, 42668, 237, 10, 8, 587, 53, 137376, 4, 56282, 214, 6, 30174, 42668, 1295, 78974, 214, 678, 19400, 25035, 4, 10, 137376, 100, 6, 30174, 42668, 5, 581, 6, 128239, 111, 6, 30174, 42668, 47, 19400, 25035, 15, 187637, 5743, 71, 390, 70, 227204, 71, 41170, 111, 180, 52873, 19882, 100, 6, 128239, 70, 89978, 6, 30174, 42668, 16, 142405, 1636, 6097, 128204, 238, 19777, 479, 86927, 4295, 47, 57574, 13, 4, 3173, 214, 3525, 128204, 238, 19777, 7, 4, 3129, 20654, 37838, 156856, 7, 32881, 130720, 254, 1363, 5, 116267, 191619, 47, 15913, 67, 903, 60875, 102966, 237, 436, 23415, 14602, 83, 390, 210279, 5, 12566, 79556, 15811, 11856, 90, 384, 38750, 384, 73493, 36049, 390, 15913, 1916, 384, 38750, 99710, 2320, 136, 103488, 23, 70, 32881, 1108, 15555, 4, 96055, 2647, 4, 136, 117, 14, 94266, 289, 238757, 48899, 7484, 7, 5, 360, 70, 32881, 1108, 15555, 4, 210279, 7565, 144867, 1636, 70, 215447, 1363, 111, 153838, 36400, 478, 9523, 36418, 38750, 7, 8305, 142, 30219, 16709, 108750, 191619, 5, 360, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 10932, 5316, 2866, 929, 111, 97377, 316, 6, 17514, 621, 46312, 297, 3934, 70, 16712, 1991, 35975, 100406, 67, 117, 5155, 5, 17006, 111, 903, 4700, 4633, 2866, 929, 64, 71, 16, 83, 456, 2055, 4970, 13482, 1295, 70, 69323, 35975, 79552, 4, 137802, 1672, 190, 2866, 929, 64, 71, 47, 186, 1119, 7612, 3674, 23, 70, 55400, 13, 5, 3293, 456, 2055, 4970, 254, 1363, 74918, 7, 87420, 70, 370, 120957, 15, 840, 18, 4, 219080, 29094, 111, 442, 23, 70, 235511, 141, 370, 120957, 247, 40494, 23, 70, 6117, 19, 33180, 111, 70, 40956, 111, 19963, 133, 5, 209449, 1916, 121, 29178, 63964, 133818, 4734, 79507, 7, 70, 456, 2055, 4970, 254, 1363, 450, 74918, 7, 23, 70, 45, 24259, 69323, 60291, 136, 70, 218696, 43799, 214, 6, 77193, 7, 15, 8789, 1957, 159020, 48345, 194, 62, 1286, 5526, 21543, 111, 436, 23415, 98, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 83, 4, 49903, 4, 6863, 173702, 1363, 111, 70, 456, 2055, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 15, 841, 9698, 16, 1295, 70, 69323, 35975, 79552, 4, 16750, 214, 23, 10, 227204, 23, 70, 80796, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 202104, 5, 66084, 7, 14612, 67, 6, 17514, 3173, 7401, 9, 73, 62630, 2661, 28279, 7, 678, 97377, 316, 5, 12613, 7, 4, 10, 227204, 23, 70, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 202104, 111, 70, 59714, 80796, 15, 2472, 10, 34475, 3622, 97377, 316, 202104, 16, 51312, 7, 70, 41170, 111, 97377, 316, 450, 83, 45339, 29367, 5, 62, 50960, 5526, 21543, 111, 436, 23415, 98, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 83, 6863, 28029, 2320, 111, 70, 142477, 111, 22911, 180220, 50878, 13864, 391, 3934, 25568, 55426, 428, 180220, 50878, 13864, 391, 15, 6827, 318, 3996, 929, 247, 3129, 83, 121447, 3934, 70, 191175, 5, 3293, 21, 3055, 3173, 111, 13864, 391, 83, 70, 36457, 133818, 3129, 142405, 1636, 97377, 316, 1257, 78219, 1295, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 5, 15502, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 436, 23415, 156856, 7, 70, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 97377, 316, 23, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 390, 118055, 70, 36049, 111, 34704, 3674, 13864, 391, 5, 37388, 391, 34704, 1363, 74918, 7, 23, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 5, 436, 23415, 1257, 9, 144867, 1636, 22911, 180220, 50878, 81461, 391, 4317, 289, 14612, 9, 180220, 50878, 62061, 4, 70, 193807, 13, 102778, 100, 4317, 289, 14612, 64707, 50878, 57860, 111, 22911, 180220, 50878, 13864, 391, 4, 96760, 214, 13864, 391, 47, 6863, 36457, 3173, 2858, 4, 2588, 9, 428, 180220, 50878, 13864, 391, 194, 3293, 34704, 3674, 3173, 111, 13864, 391, 51312, 7, 70, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 97377, 316, 15, 162, 2041, 6, 17514, 16, 390, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 1829, 6510, 89817, 73, 5, 436, 23415, 509, 1632, 111, 70, 5117, 133818, 7, 47, 186, 127887, 47, 4527, 70, 527, 9, 80000, 73, 4, 10, 555, 8613, 8613, 19932, 18347, 184, 17932, 235446, 5426, 5, 436, 23415, 34390, 7, 70, 456, 2055, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 1295, 70, 235511, 141, 370, 120957, 111, 70, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 3129, 26950, 1286, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 83, 1119, 7612, 3674, 8305, 70, 55400, 13, 5, 33306, 4, 436, 23415, 156856, 7, 70, 1257, 78219, 111, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 1295, 70, 892, 7, 10325, 136, 32881, 7, 3934, 70, 59714, 5, 360, 70, 32881, 4, 161549, 1286, 97377, 316, 3501, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 83, 121447, 1295, 70, 36356, 34695, 111, 32881, 5, 360, 70, 892, 12729, 90, 4, 1563, 4970, 254, 1363, 111, 15044, 97377, 316, 136, 6, 134208, 14612, 67, 83, 2450, 3674, 390, 142, 51312, 23, 34704, 3674, 13864, 391, 5, 581, 1563, 4970, 254, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 1720, 29178, 63964, 133818, 15, 683, 23415, 247, 2843, 35839, 121, 18, 160910, 13, 707, 121, 125166, 73, 4, 83, 10, 133818, 23410, 297, 390, 70, 121, 29178, 63964, 706, 15534, 450, 15913, 1636, 70, 40, 1605, 97377, 316, 202104, 8305, 6863, 93425, 98, 32881, 4, 200, 10952, 53, 4, 136, 892, 7, 10325, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Structure.", "Function.", "Regulation of serum calcium.", "Regulation of serum phosphate.", "Vitamin D synthesis.", "Regulation of PTH secretion.", "Disorders.", "Measurement.", "Interpretive Guide.", "Model organisms." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "hPTH-(1-34) crystallizes as a slightly bent, long, helical dimer. The extended helical conformation of hPTH-(1-34) is the likely bioactive conformation. The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution.", "", "Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their secretion of Osteoprotegerin (OPG). Free OPG competitively binds to RANKL as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG available for binding the excess RANKL) stimulates these osteoclast precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts, which ultimately enhances bone resorption. Another mechanism to regulate this pathways as PTH does is by estrogen. Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid organs. In the bone marrow, estrogen downregulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells through an IL-7 dependent mechanism. In the kidney, around 250 mmol of calcium ions are filtered into the glomerular filtrate per day. Most of this (245 mmol/d) is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, leaving about 5 mmol/d to be excreted in the urine. This reabsorption occurs throughout the tubule (most, 60-70%, of it in the proximal tubule), except in the thin segment of the loop of Henle. Circulating parathyroid hormone only influences the reabsorption that occurs in the distal tubules and the renal collecting ducts (but see Footnote). A more important effect of PTH on the kidney is, however, its inhibition of the reabsorption of phosphate (HPO) from the tubular fluid, resulting in a decrease in the plasma phosphate concentration. Phosphate ions form water-insoluble salts with calcium. Thus, a decrease in the phosphate concentration of the blood plasma (for a given total calcium concentration) increases the amount of calcium that is ionized. A third important effect of PTH on the kidney is its stimulation of the conversion of 25-hydroxy vitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol), which is released into the circulation. This latter form of vitamin D is the active hormone which stimulates calcium uptake from the intestine. Via the kidney, PTH enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated vitamin D. Vitamin D activation occurs in the kidney. PTH up-regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D). This activated form of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium (as Ca ions) by the intestine via calbindin. PTH was one of the first hormones to be shown to use the G-protein, adenylyl cyclase second messenger system.", "PTH reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the proximal tubule of the kidney, which means more phosphate is excreted through the urine. However, PTH enhances the uptake of phosphate from the intestine and bones into the blood. In the bone, slightly more calcium than phosphate is released from the breakdown of bone. In the intestines, absorption of both calcium and phosphate is mediated by an increase in activated vitamin D. The absorption of phosphate is not as dependent on vitamin D as is that of calcium. The end result of PTH release is a small net drop in the serum concentration of phosphate.", "PTH upregulates the activity of 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme, which converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the major circulating form of inactive vitamin D, into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D, in the kidney.", "Secretion of parathyroid hormone is determined chiefly by serum ionized calcium concentration through negative feedback. Parathyroid cells express calcium-sensing receptors on the cell surface. PTH is secreted when [Ca] is decreased (calcitonin is secreted when serum calcium levels are elevated). The G-protein-coupled calcium receptors bind extracellular calcium and may be found on the surface on a wide variety of cells distributed in the brain, heart, skin, stomach, C cells, and other tissues. In the parathyroid gland, high concentrations of extracellular calcium result in activation of the Gq G-protein coupled cascade through the action of phospholipase C. This hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to liberate intracellular messengers IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). Ultimately, these two messengers result in a release of calcium from intracellular stores into the cytoplasmic space. Hence a high extracellular calcium concentration leads to an increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration. In contrast to the mechanism that most secretory cells use, this high cytoplasmic calcium concentration inhibits the fusion of vesicles containing granules of preformed PTH with the membrane of the parathyroid cell, and thus inhibits release of PTH. In the parathyroids, magnesium serves this role in stimulus-secretion coupling. A mild decrease in serum magnesium levels stimulates the reabsorptive activity PTH has on the kidneys. Severe hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion and also causes resistance to PTH, leading to a form of hypoparathyroidism that is reversible.", "Hyperparathyroidism, the presence of excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone in the blood, occurs in two very distinct sets of circumstances. Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to autonomous, abnormal hypersecretion of PTH from the parathyroid gland, while secondary hyperparathyroidism is an appropriately high PTH level seen as a physiological response to hypocalcaemia. A low level of PTH in the blood is known as hypoparathyroidism and is most commonly due to damage to or removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. There are a number of rare but well-described genetic conditions affecting parathyroid hormone metabolism, including pseudohypoparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia, and autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocalcemia. Of note, PTH is unchanged in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. In osteoporotic women, administration of an exogenous parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide, by daily injection) superimposed on estrogen therapy produced increases in bone mass and reduced vertebral and nonvertebral fractures by 45 to 65%.", "PTH can be measured in the blood in several different forms: intact PTH; N-terminal PTH; mid-molecule PTH, and C-terminal PTH, and different tests are used in different clinical situations. The average PTH level is 8–51 pg/mL. Normal total plasma calcium level ranges from 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (2.12 mmol/L to 2.55 mmol/L).", "The intact PTH and calcium normal ranges are different for age; calcium is also different for sex.", "Model organisms have been used in the study of PTH function. A conditional knockout mouse line called \"Pth\" was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 44, 1062, 7351, 2347, 16219, 58, 509, 10, 21334, 231602, 26249, 5, 17106, 10, 140909, 111, 1672, 201, 347, 24462, 6, 2480, 247, 10, 155955, 111, 615, 5757, 347, 15, 124525, 6, 2480, 247, 136, 10, 57888, 1257, 47, 116, 80175, 90, 4, 442, 509, 21373, 47, 18925, 25, 7, 1690, 4505, 45407, 3666, 4, 15044, 23, 13267, 136, 23, 115700, 5, 1650, 7, 6049, 7, 3542, 60627, 47, 205027, 70, 57888, 111, 70, 26249, 136, 3542, 46979, 20051, 678, 64214, 3132, 5, 5455, 5465, 4, 10, 345, 7351, 9319, 13, 25, 7, 28063, 2606, 509, 7228, 1257, 111, 124001, 33180, 7, 4, 51, 5062, 18925, 25, 7, 1690, 4505, 232, 4, 3129, 765, 375, 11856, 297, 79259, 33180, 7, 5, 1650, 7, 2684, 225073, 60213, 509, 70, 169569, 4, 3129, 83, 15044, 21334, 136, 37515, 538, 88303, 4, 1284, 134477, 13, 79850, 49878, 136, 158, 408, 272, 12, 903, 60213, 83, 41207, 136, 4, 34955, 1295, 3060, 22508, 188, 9319, 90, 4, 959, 186085, 62816, 48242, 111, 2499, 3789, 51529, 21968, 141, 5, 1650, 7, 501, 26372, 289, 151517, 939, 509, 210650, 538, 19336, 4743, 70, 58982, 7, 111, 70, 6, 15182, 53208, 8035, 204839, 214, 538, 6117, 2594, 5, 581, 57888, 111, 70, 169569, 509, 491, 1758, 3674, 390, 183851, 157051, 90, 117, 282, 26518, 70, 58982, 7, 111, 70, 6, 15182, 53208, 4, 1884, 8382, 23, 142, 3163, 68743, 18, 25, 7, 169569, 5, 581, 21334, 1407, 56, 831, 1212, 120, 12421, 13648, 765, 149976, 237, 224031, 144419, 13, 142172, 7, 4, 136, 158788, 538, 102337, 40099, 71, 8382, 111, 8153, 9, 188, 818, 5252, 7515, 7, 5, 169801, 538, 45, 178851, 1771, 4, 70, 120, 12421, 3542, 150679, 23, 11280, 7, 3501, 23, 117776, 7, 5, 33306, 4, 1836, 2843, 13648, 765, 11814, 2856, 47, 12266, 2594, 70, 50895, 9523, 18153, 7, 1295, 1108, 114942, 450, 48903, 47, 765, 48402, 297, 2363, 68, 18, 5, 581, 169569, 7, 111, 70, 11280, 7, 136355, 37195, 197097, 17075, 3522, 9, 5062, 2713, 5197, 1444, 450, 3514, 434, 1295, 70, 116619, 10776, 111, 70, 169569, 5, 581, 32354, 111, 6097, 45646, 7, 83, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 10660, 1543, 765, 2809, 111, 4527, 23, 165815, 136, 64, 748, 17688, 44116, 5, 581, 165082, 7, 111, 44, 1062, 7351, 2347, 16219, 58, 621, 54940, 70, 142105, 136, 2684, 218898, 111, 70, 7413, 7, 99, 70, 1119, 73427, 1363, 111, 19953, 59132, 42, 23, 5492, 306, 214, 4, 136, 3542, 10, 89716, 6275, 111, 70, 149987, 34210, 17721, 180, 927, 93, 583, 28166, 1784, 1495, 136, 38157, 167905, 56, 83664, 13, 5, 6300, 1177, 33, 2856, 4, 1784, 1495, 136, 83664, 13, 63043, 297, 70, 103882, 53, 111, 44, 1062, 5, 142, 16615, 7, 58, 40140, 18241, 237, 103882, 3387, 111, 3525, 114149, 98, 214075, 9, 55547, 84797, 46505, 7, 15, 2940, 127298, 4, 7311, 538, 26038, 6097, 40140, 18241, 5941, 12921, 123055, 10, 8752, 1295, 44, 1062, 7351, 2347, 16219, 142, 16615, 7, 51029, 148810, 7870, 111, 44, 1062, 5, 142, 16615, 7, 58, 765, 2809, 14037, 23, 70, 59132, 42, 136, 121518, 3767, 13, 13950, 27643, 7, 4, 23, 70, 117249, 111, 5492, 306, 214, 136, 345, 15581, 43573, 70, 345, 7351, 71175, 7, 4, 3129, 621, 159202, 3674, 23, 70, 189534, 9351, 5, 893, 39555, 202810, 169569, 111, 44, 1062, 5, 23, 20595, 19481, 58, 509, 14037, 23, 70, 92319, 2831, 111, 70, 3350, 3767, 15236, 2320, 111, 70, 3350, 3767, 12506, 73, 23, 19963, 66, 192859, 4, 9098, 5, 62, 37702, 111, 10, 44, 1062, 7351, 2347, 16219, 58, 182355, 191, 83, 98, 44116, 99, 70, 345, 15581, 117657, 13038, 111, 24955, 65786, 22836, 5227, 5, 581, 182355, 191, 111, 44, 1062, 7351, 2347, 16219, 58, 83, 2843, 98, 44116, 99, 70, 37700, 1681, 3378, 9907, 25946, 111, 24955, 65786, 23, 17955, 4, 31455, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 345, 7351, 2347, 16219, 24073, 6766, 4438, 111, 70, 345, 7351, 71175, 7, 18939, 83, 142, 1119, 2311, 15390, 107396, 111, 604, 964, 3104, 10821, 21968, 141, 450, 158930, 20271, 70, 241, 45407, 86, 28, 771, 206, 5, 32964, 114149, 621, 82424, 125296, 71, 12, 44, 1062, 5, 142, 16615, 7, 58, 1295, 70, 14098, 46684, 20271, 70, 241, 147, 538, 47, 102256, 241, 45407, 86, 15, 13683, 135750, 19879, 5369, 6650, 16, 136, 44, 1062, 5, 23, 20595, 19481, 58, 111, 102256, 47, 239, 67, 241, 45407, 86, 15, 9285, 112208, 19879, 5369, 6650, 16, 9098, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Description.", "Skull.", "Discovery." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "\"Uintatherium\" was a large browsing animal. With a length of about 4 m (13 ft), a height of 1.70 m (5.6 ft), and a weight up to 2 tonnes, it was similar to today's rhinoceros, both in size and in shape. Its legs were robust to sustain the weight of the animal and were equipped with hooves. Moreover, a Uintathere's sternum was made up of horizontal segments, unlike today's rhinos, which have compressed vertical segments.", "Its most unusual feature was the skull, which is both large and strongly built, but simultaneously flat and concave: this feature is rare and, apart from some brontotheres, not regularly characteristic of any other known mammal. Its cranial cavity was exceptionally small due the walls of the cranium being exceedingly thick. The weight of the skull was mitigated by numerous sinuses permeating the walls of the cranium, like those in an elephant's skull. The large upper canine teeth might have served as formidable defensive weapons, and superficially resembled those of saber-toothed cats. Sexually dimorphic, the teeth were larger in males than in females. However, they also might have used them to pluck the aquatic plants from marshes that seem to have comprised their diet. The skulls of the males bore six prominent knob-like ossicones that grew from the frontal region of the skull. The function of these structures is unknown. They may have been of use in defense and/or sexual display.", "The fossils of \"Uintatherium\" are among the largest and most impressive of the finds at the excavation of Fort Bridger in Wyoming, and were a focal point of the Bone Wars between Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. Between them, Marsh and Cope claimed the discovery of \"U. anceps\" specimens as discoveries of new species on twenty-two separate occasions (and therefore, originally gave these specimens many different names aside from \"Uintatherium anceps\"). Fossils of \"U. anceps\" have been found in the Bridger and Wakashie rock formations, in the states of Wyoming and Utah near the Uinta Mountains, which are commemorated in the generic name. An almost intact skull of \"U. insperatus\" was found in the lower part of the Lushi Formation of the Lushi Basin in Henan Province, China. A cast of a \"Uintatherium\" skeleton is on display at the Utah Field House of Natural History State Park. The skeleton of \"Uintatherium\" is also on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 313, 24056, 14091, 1505, 509, 103122, 23, 58020, 23, 138087, 184, 11, 4, 127067, 82588, 4, 14098, 117604, 4, 70, 775, 111, 38157, 4939, 14091, 1505, 136, 70077, 12536, 14091, 1505, 5, 581, 11737, 6602, 1919, 27863, 109133, 47, 138319, 5, 133698, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 14091, 1505, 109133, 678, 1919, 42732, 47, 105109, 4, 7440, 764, 23409, 47, 70, 4000, 158978, 10696, 5, 1529, 26859, 37526, 1294, 10696, 23, 105109, 4, 1284, 136475, 23, 438, 19514, 3915, 4, 7440, 1919, 14449, 109133, 7103, 70, 1631, 5, 133698, 10696, 4, 14091, 1505, 126809, 10, 37515, 33946, 23, 190659, 291, 140363, 41637, 5, 24372, 37526, 1294, 10696, 4, 14091, 1505, 22, 27722, 297, 23, 10, 124416, 79385, 23, 25313, 7, 136, 291, 140363, 41637, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 4, 101089, 214, 47, 4393, 291, 140363, 41637, 23, 70, 17932, 6602, 5, 24372, 217063, 1919, 8678, 23, 47114, 4, 764, 47143, 297, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 100, 10, 101862, 23, 80835, 7, 1379, 70, 1601, 25826, 111, 20904, 159917, 5, 360, 36327, 4, 10, 17704, 4734, 21416, 14091, 1505, 509, 6, 140545, 297, 10, 48807, 59619, 42, 23, 80835, 7, 99, 70, 12535, 5, 1301, 764, 509, 60892, 5201, 538, 23, 190659, 80835, 7, 136, 25313, 7, 4, 14091, 1505, 19667, 1733, 36549, 114137, 237, 70, 28451, 111, 1919, 22072, 289, 159688, 4, 10, 44457, 23, 3129, 764, 29131, 450, 35845, 538, 10176, 4488, 1902, 2809, 16940, 99, 70, 1733, 5, 360, 41722, 764, 113054, 297, 1919, 101862, 678, 10, 159688, 98, 44, 111337, 214, 100, 3775, 9, 41311, 147, 2481, 740, 14091, 1505, 66933, 70, 11737, 108858, 6602, 4, 41722, 1104, 4598, 4, 99, 54041, 1507, 12535, 1379, 10, 1950, 92, 7432, 9593, 17336, 16070, 111, 70, 151301, 1177, 289, 927, 32897, 5, 1529, 1902, 2809, 77049, 71, 47, 54041, 1507, 390, 111833, 58672, 48850, 47, 42938, 13, 23, 1919, 31332, 157, 186518, 7, 42477, 27331, 5, 11853, 4, 14091, 1505, 136, 84763, 846, 45750, 1141, 11, 237, 195644, 7, 47, 4939, 1371, 19770, 98, 10, 13452, 17368, 65056, 6815, 114137, 98, 25313, 2053, 5, 360, 38425, 4, 14091, 1505, 136, 45750, 1141, 11, 91376, 70, 50339, 111, 2363, 25188, 23, 10, 12877, 98, 44, 294, 47107, 29088, 114837, 164, 111, 79048, 19055, 64876, 58, 15, 15665, 19770, 1902, 65524, 71, 2856, 47, 33022, 903, 61261, 4, 237, 764, 509, 959, 7730, 47, 80299, 70, 25188, 50339, 5, 16, 360, 36102, 4, 14091, 1505, 2843, 54397, 142, 5582, 98, 44, 3957, 222201, 48502, 29088, 115700, 111, 142, 25313, 77336, 830, 3129, 118775, 23, 44, 132570, 64970, 89319, 58, 23, 36236, 5, 149766, 70, 12877, 136, 70, 5582, 77443, 26794, 80973, 23, 70, 6, 180064, 111, 70, 3525, 150624, 5, 14091, 1505, 2843, 100512, 10, 4393, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 5, 360, 10, 31060, 15122, 23, 44, 132570, 64970, 89319, 830, 14091, 1505, 2843, 65508, 71, 1919, 23755, 111, 14091, 1505, 7278, 150, 939, 5, 24372, 16454, 10, 479, 9, 35662, 43658, 111, 70, 1733, 36549, 12877, 390, 14787, 27271, 136, 53723, 20102, 39, 234339, 23, 28015, 4, 14091, 1505, 100512, 60892, 23, 225006, 214, 5, 1326, 70, 11737, 10846, 5369, 764, 79786, 98, 903, 28368, 678, 1919, 1305, 9, 246, 18770, 289, 9836, 4, 10208, 2356, 65665, 74, 136, 1836, 54397, 10, 12877, 3129, 100512, 10, 5570, 91067, 23, 1733, 36549, 225006, 214, 15, 179193, 297, 23, 27193, 194, 345, 6953, 40226, 5256, 4, 14091, 1505, 136, 2356, 65665, 2843, 54397, 70, 170277, 27898, 15122, 98, 65833, 93905, 456, 148448, 74, 3129, 12441, 47, 10, 456, 9, 159258, 1363, 111, 96362, 156002, 6827, 4488, 23, 25313, 7, 136, 47, 70, 49347, 157, 186518, 55300, 25443, 5, 360, 756, 4, 14091, 1505, 66933, 1039, 5369, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 5, 360, 73584, 70, 33976, 450, 18276, 7, 70, 79048, 7, 136, 2206, 87168, 63557, 7, 509, 120514, 4806, 70, 44, 294, 481, 313, 24056, 14091, 1505, 104919, 58, 23, 3486, 34639, 111, 1919, 34676, 494, 731, 70318, 5, 360, 27898, 14091, 1505, 109133, 47, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 99, 1735, 59826, 5, 360, 26527, 764, 42938, 297, 23, 10, 7082, 86907, 111, 51292, 7921, 175352, 4, 80923, 297, 390, 126756, 567, 6796, 1679, 4, 98, 34003, 289, 126596, 674, 5, 1913, 106837, 22916, 4, 14091, 1505, 136475, 1919, 25188, 98, 1733, 36549, 4, 57119, 1916, 20903, 538, 678, 34676, 494, 731, 552, 9, 107, 25258, 18750, 12452, 161827, 15, 434, 29521, 764, 104902, 19095, 47, 106837, 22916, 247, 24009, 538, 86, 84015, 10999, 15, 191, 6, 175921, 289, 157353, 247, 51189, 2994, 973, 7, 62858, 15, 191, 351, 2256, 147, 1733, 36549, 16, 136, 27060, 5, 27985, 214, 678, 12452, 161827, 4, 764, 126809, 70, 23755, 111, 552, 100743, 1363, 4, 65508, 71, 23, 10, 22059, 124416, 15122, 23, 44, 132570, 64970, 89319, 56128, 100, 3129, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 494, 731, 23, 46730, 14091, 1505, 2843, 1601, 1824, 297, 5941, 101862, 25921, 4, 26719, 7880, 149993, 15, 587, 9, 712, 51858, 678, 12452, 161827, 194, 360, 14432, 5369, 4, 14091, 1505, 2843, 11814, 1733, 36549, 150624, 47, 51422, 2053, 50782, 25313, 7, 5, 1529, 79786, 98, 10, 13452, 225006, 214, 8, 89700, 41311, 23, 70, 15075, 102044, 2472, 525, 20, 70, 50339, 3542, 91376, 23, 10, 5726, 12877, 5, 360, 88847, 14091, 1505, 90223, 71, 1295, 106837, 22916, 237, 10, 43552, 63636, 18031, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 98684, 214, 121057, 2517, 57747, 320, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 143757, 136, 4171, 720, 87180, 12535, 5, 1529, 509, 10, 132756, 111, 70, 16010, 11, 872, 19, 100, 70, 5685, 275, 15227, 674, 111, 10, 14098, 145704, 223606, 6635, 151169, 53, 4, 142, 49894, 3129, 80399, 7, 100, 139869, 17690, 111, 70, 14098, 145704, 5, 14091, 1505, 509, 139505, 47, 154928, 15, 2729, 1459, 14091, 1505, 16, 1295, 23936, 24189, 1919, 47219, 5, 1529, 83, 188545, 71, 390, 2363, 775, 4, 7880, 25031, 4939, 4, 136, 2363, 76849, 4, 150165, 119497, 48511, 5, 14091, 1505, 68, 71, 98, 1438, 4347, 37771, 99, 38213, 3442, 6423, 139040, 27123, 23, 239, 2177, 1165, 4, 39897, 5, 360, 88847, 14091, 1505, 136, 1919, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 313, 24056, 25031, 4939, 14091, 1505, 15, 74, 201, 6088, 58020, 46, 1438, 4347, 118901, 509, 10, 56101, 28, 2271, 58174, 69438, 51529, 100, 1919, 127752, 7, 47, 351, 9, 2256, 147, 1733, 36549, 5, 1529, 189924, 23, 130891, 4, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 438, 19514, 3915, 136, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 4, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 1735, 59826, 5, 360, 88847, 14091, 1505, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 34676, 139040, 2319, 731, 23, 79048, 28745, 7, 4, 23, 230466, 111, 70, 127752, 7, 450, 764, 136, 1919, 552, 9, 9494, 1679, 4, 12452, 563, 5, 161827, 4, 1902, 7228, 47, 70, 114137, 111, 1733, 36549, 2053, 5, 3293, 4488, 20531, 538, 98816, 70, 3917, 23, 3129, 63197, 271, 7, 51422, 53477, 136, 111789, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Early life.", "Academic life.", "Honors and awards." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Clive Granger was born in 1934 in Swansea, south Wales, United Kingdom, the son of Edward John Granger and Evelyn Granger. The next year his parents moved to Lincoln. During World War II, Granger moved with his mother to Cambridge, where he went to the local primary school. He started secondary school in Cambridge, but continued in Nottingham, where his family moved after the war. During school, Granger developed a strong interest in applied mathematics. After secondary school, Granger enrolled in a joint degree in economics and mathematics at the University of Nottingham, switching to full mathematics in the second year. After receiving his BA in 1955, he remained at the University of Nottingham for a PhD in statistics under the supervision of Harry Pitt. In 1956, aged only 21, Granger was appointed a junior lecturer in statistics at the University. As he was interested mainly in applied statistics and economics, Granger chose time series analysis as the topic of his doctoral thesis, a field in which he felt that relatively little work had been done at the time. In 1959 he obtained his PhD with a thesis on \"Testing for Non-stationarity\".", "Granger spent the next academic year, 1959–60, at Princeton University under a Harkness Fellowship of the Commonwealth Fund. He had been invited to Princeton by Oskar Morgenstern to participate in his Econometrics Research Project. Here, Granger and Michio Hatanaka as assistants to John Tukey on a project using Fourier analysis on economic data. In 1964, Granger and Hatanaka published the results of their research in a book on \"Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series\" (Tukey had encouraged them to write this themselves, as he was not going to publish the research results.) In 1963, Granger also wrote an article on \"The typical spectral shape of an economic variable\", which appeared in \"Econometrica\" in 1966. Both the book and the article proved influential in the adoption of the new methods. Granger also became a full professor at the University of Nottingham. In a 1969 paper in \"Econometrica\", Granger also introduced his concept of Granger causality. After reading a pre-print copy of the time series book by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins in 1968, Granger became interested in forecasting. For the next few years he worked on this subject with his post-doctoral student, Paul Newbold; and they wrote a book which became a standard reference in time series forecasting (published in 1977). Using simulations, Granger and Newbold also wrote the famous 1974 paper on spurious regression; which led to a re-evaluation of previous empirical work in economics and to the econometric methodology. In all, Granger spent 22 years at the University of Nottingham. In 2005, the building that houses the Economics and Geography Departments was renamed the \"Sir Clive Granger Building\" in honour of his Nobel prize award. In 1974 Granger moved to the University of California at San Diego. In 1975 he participated in a US Bureau of Census committee, chaired by Arnold Zellner, on seasonal adjustment. At UCSD, Granger continued his research on time series, collaborating closely with Nobel prize co-recipient Robert Engle (whom he helped bring to UCSD), Roselyne Joyeux (on fractional integration), Timo Teräsvirta (on nonlinear time series) and others. Working with Robert Engle, he developed the concept of cointegration, introduced in a 1987 joint paper in \"Econometrica\"; for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 2003. Granger also supervised many PhD students, including Mark Watson (co-advisor with Robert Engle). In later years, Granger also used time series methods to analyse data outside economics. He worked on a project forecasting deforestation in the Amazon rainforest - the results were published in a 2002 book. In 2003, Granger retired from UCSD as a Professor Emeritus. He was a Visiting Eminent Scholar of the University of Melbourne and Canterbury University. He was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reform of the United Nations. Granger was married to Patricia (Lady Granger) from 1960 until his death. He is survived by their son, Mark William John, and their daughter, Claire Amanda Jane. Granger died on 27 May 2009, at Scripps Memorial Hospital in La Jolla, California.", "In 2003, Granger and his collaborator Robert Engle were jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He was made a Knight Bachelor in the New Year's Honours in 2005. Granger was a fellow of the Econometric Society since 1972 and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy since 2002. In 2004, he was voted as one of the 100 Welsh Heroes." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 161827, 509, 103122, 23, 4843, 20251, 4032, 4, 2356, 5753, 3934, 19559, 1728, 14449, 136, 23409, 98, 47, 150180, 1295, 40478, 29693, 678, 10, 335, 5, 294, 5, 23, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 5, 1529, 85168, 297, 142, 276, 5, 294, 5, 23, 6, 34053, 27744, 7, 136, 10, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 23, 25313, 7, 4, 15044, 1295, 74352, 141, 12535, 23, 36236, 136, 31060, 107013, 538, 5, 24372, 21721, 214, 1919, 13000, 5, 397, 5, 4, 161827, 100512, 43552, 111, 79048, 7, 99, 70, 157082, 43975, 111, 46473, 1295, 31060, 47, 27193, 5, 1529, 33284, 297, 70, 7808, 202, 939, 111, 70, 12535, 111, 39897, 4, 1735, 59826, 15, 49503, 22916, 16, 23, 26527, 4, 7440, 161063, 764, 90223, 71, 23, 46730, 1529, 5036, 16401, 7, 19069, 7, 111, 43552, 63636, 18031, 136, 42477, 43552, 99, 106837, 22916, 5, 1529, 82424, 94957, 90, 99, 2356, 5753, 12535, 4, 152349, 19188, 111, 14249, 7440, 764, 83, 70, 11617, 33119, 24134, 157, 16030, 23, 25924, 111, 96408, 40583, 5, 1913, 2356, 5753, 12535, 4, 161827, 94957, 90, 100, 70, 18897, 111, 28745, 23, 114588, 25924, 7663, 100, 130922, 7, 4, 3129, 83, 122399, 23, 165410, 678, 70, 21391, 43975, 111, 81163, 5, 161827, 25, 7, 2684, 5526, 127752, 509, 1919, 60875, 9, 70751, 214, 103882, 53, 111, 10, 55300, 100, 7968, 53, 35401, 51, 19714, 1771, 22819, 112664, 7, 23, 53477, 16839, 112034, 136, 33946, 121297, 5, 29899, 3168, 67, 62816, 47691, 136, 92054, 1830, 111, 6097, 174048, 13, 112664, 7, 621, 85590, 100, 55230, 151138, 136, 191984, 332, 66398, 10512, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 10512, 72350, 674, 11301, 7, 10, 22799, 31486, 23, 494, 21896, 50717, 136, 53477, 30057, 42991, 5, 6422, 25188, 1314, 1902, 40101, 41591, 71, 53697, 174048, 2481, 707, 1902, 11814, 8781, 128779, 47, 35707, 5134, 15829, 442, 5, 161827, 126809, 3525, 80835, 289, 115774, 111, 174048, 2481, 450, 141621, 71, 70, 72201, 27771, 111, 31837, 112034, 136, 3789, 53477, 77336, 7, 47, 25813, 17721, 11192, 174048, 2481, 136, 27226, 174048, 2481, 14922, 7, 24073, 38115, 107, 19623, 5844, 46347, 43315, 1947, 39804, 12225, 17886, 60089, 12, 6, 169243, 51029, 32255, 80835, 289, 115774, 765, 24209, 85590, 72977, 111, 5744, 61799, 429, 494, 21896, 154453, 136, 41361, 5, 161827, 509, 70, 9879, 14037, 56, 136, 14364, 111, 22056, 1062, 9, 294, 22766, 25, 7, 5976, 257, 103133, 43975, 3129, 80299, 90, 5895, 538, 5622, 98, 5426, 1771, 10512, 36880, 76726, 98, 6863, 310, 9, 89549, 1764, 5, 5455, 78684, 4, 161827, 15, 2940, 51838, 527, 3038, 41204, 16, 552, 9, 151645, 297, 70, 67081, 100, 96408, 31332, 157, 186518, 7, 15, 8912, 6159, 647, 194, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 12452, 117655, 161827, 4830, 15, 57332, 7582, 209, 4, 37719, 16, 83, 142, 15672, 80835, 3378, 136, 70, 159690, 111, 70, 6052, 34676, 139040, 2319, 731, 23, 79048, 28745, 7, 4, 53371, 70, 70318, 678, 313, 24056, 14091, 1505, 4, 44, 2472, 150624, 111, 7968, 53, 35401, 25313, 1733, 36549, 678, 1733, 9, 1961, 38543, 174048, 2481, 15, 169243, 16, 740, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography." ], "section_level": [ "1" ], "content": [ "Engle was born in Syracuse, New York into Quaker family and went on to graduate from Williams College with a B.S. in physics. He earned an M.S. in physics and a Ph.D. in economics, both from Cornell University in 1966 and 1969 respectively. After completing his Ph.D., Engle became Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1969 to 1977. He joined the faculty of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 1975, wherefrom he retired in 2003. He now holds positions of Professor Emeritus and Research Professor at UCSD. He currently teaches at New York University, Stern School of Business where he is the Michael Armellino professor in Management of Financial Services. At New York University, Engle teaches for the Master of Science in Risk Management Program for Executives, which is offered in partnership with the Amsterdam Institute of Finance. Engle's most important contribution was his path-breaking discovery of a method for analyzing unpredictable movements in financial market prices and interest rates. Accurate characterization and prediction of these volatile movements are essential for quantifying and effectively managing risk. For example, risk measurement plays a key role in pricing options and financial derivatives. Previous researchers had either assumed constant volatility or had used simple devices to approximate it. Engle developed new statistical models of volatility that captured the tendency of stock prices and other financial variables to move between high volatility and low volatility periods (\"Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity: ARCH\"). These statistical models have become essential tools of modern arbitrage pricing theory and practice. Engle was the central founder and director of NYU-Stern's Volatility Institute which publishes weekly date on systemic risk across countries on its V-LAB site. More recently, Engle (and Eric Ghysels) co-founded the Society for Financial Econometrics (SoFiE)." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 79062, 8961, 105416, 170325, 29888, 4, 102203, 4143, 66, 223, 4, 172554, 71, 70, 6096, 126140, 25, 7, 89014, 3871, 100, 14288, 99162, 17863, 7, 5, 19012, 1294, 30388, 7, 100, 6097, 17863, 7, 3542, 30839, 10204, 41274, 7, 23, 136, 10932, 79062, 8961, 5, 1913, 70, 1733, 134349, 12912, 9, 2256, 61585, 25072, 7, 6777, 959, 158566, 6, 129980, 11476, 62783, 47, 35142, 678, 34777, 11728, 90, 136, 3789, 10204, 41274, 7, 5, 153335, 8060, 111, 4927, 33150, 53, 136, 30641, 185118, 7, 509, 142, 5526, 31461, 23, 70, 36272, 111, 102203, 4143, 66, 223, 5, 33306, 4, 678, 41207, 131527, 7, 4, 756, 134349, 17863, 7, 136, 3642, 24374, 1314, 99, 903, 1733, 3542, 47, 24243, 43257, 3501, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 5, 3293, 92635, 111, 3268, 2481, 77443, 47, 186, 6782, 538, 1119, 11, 3443, 2848, 297, 390, 70, 6, 112199, 111, 33816, 7, 4, 70, 169424, 111, 53894, 108203, 29256, 136, 10, 35006, 60089, 111, 4927, 33150, 53, 98687, 25251, 5, 717, 24243, 17863, 7, 3542, 2843, 103210, 166553, 47, 105416, 257, 102, 2594, 12960, 98, 70, 25813, 4, 41866, 16792, 1836, 3542, 27983, 8299, 6259, 390, 111649, 7, 707, 2363, 10002, 172040, 7, 5, 581, 66633, 2866, 99162, 3642, 24374, 1314, 3542, 106480, 34844, 47, 22311, 34, 814, 74, 36, 14775, 47, 2363, 6782, 57888, 4, 1836, 3542, 23, 15644, 2886, 111, 41421, 214, 96113, 7, 98, 23937, 1284, 32216, 6, 80728, 7, 136, 3542, 502, 86, 47, 141753, 15673, 9393, 538, 2296, 297, 136, 3871, 214, 47, 186, 32997, 297, 390, 2363, 172040, 7, 5, 3293, 16648, 6777, 959, 40407, 53, 70, 11341, 207048, 5, 360, 7582, 37719, 70, 22836, 207068, 148855, 12989, 297, 70, 34754, 111, 10, 99162, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 423, 116591, 2276, 6, 39456, 11033, 3642, 14, 41202, 5, 581, 6096, 126140, 1902, 158566, 297, 171332, 2874, 9, 17883, 41274, 117001, 23, 70, 479, 9, 4205, 14922, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 114796, 5428, 99162, 32216, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 423, 116591, 2866, 276, 9193, 3642, 14, 41202, 5, 74227, 36049, 111, 114796, 5428, 7, 8360, 5281, 23, 18374, 24644, 4, 3229, 70, 14431, 515, 27985, 7, 1902, 47, 186, 166499, 3674, 1295, 96125, 8961, 47, 5024, 538, 11, 7568, 1042, 5, 31384, 7228, 442, 47, 37719, 1284, 2363, 8561, 14012, 47143, 7, 51, 69723, 19, 5, 14847, 70, 30050, 7, 2481, 100, 10, 3525, 99162, 36356, 222521, 80939, 100512, 173676, 23, 70, 134349, 162333, 90, 4, 10, 3525, 2874, 9, 17883, 41274, 80939, 509, 82775, 678, 70, 5701, 60042, 23, 7086, 4, 1284, 678, 77546, 3268, 2481, 4, 17305, 22023, 187, 4514, 4, 34390, 71, 36049, 11034, 4, 136, 70, 1286, 113138, 136, 152018, 6, 39456, 11033, 66633, 2276, 17863, 5, 101057, 214, 70, 6, 39456, 11033, 23, 10, 2130, 2264, 509, 69201, 4743, 47, 6863, 140909, 136, 33844, 379, 4, 136, 442, 509, 155605, 68872, 450, 70, 3525, 80939, 5608, 765, 10, 351, 9, 109645, 1916, 17863, 6, 121147, 297, 23, 10, 188347, 7225, 15829, 9, 40946, 1601, 137656, 5, 135967, 47, 70, 31089, 111, 70, 22836, 207068, 148855, 12989, 2685, 3542, 40368, 3789, 2874, 9, 17883, 41274, 80939, 77635, 4, 756, 111, 3129, 3542, 1870, 3674, 5, 147466, 23, 70, 1631, 6097, 77635, 3542, 456, 17137, 297, 5, 360, 14487, 37719, 17262, 12921, 4331, 7, 111, 44, 121934, 11728, 200, 14155, 58, 117001, 3542, 65508, 71, 390, 67842, 185118, 94407, 1295, 70, 13036, 134349, 4927, 33150, 53, 136, 32216, 31461, 3387, 5, 3164, 111, 6097, 4331, 7, 11814, 70, 6, 39456, 11033, 17863, 237, 10, 158978, 23532, 674, 4, 678, 70, 114796, 5759, 294, 99162, 32216, 3863, 148756, 5, 24372, 3060, 35107, 4, 70, 13452, 111, 57995, 19856, 73, 509, 19667, 19, 100, 53333, 46889, 36049, 5, 3293, 4331, 65771, 538, 70163, 71, 70, 6, 39456, 11033, 136, 114796, 5759, 294, 3863, 148756, 678, 20187, 14700, 21161, 5, 581, 64194, 13452, 509, 4331, 27686, 44, 64831, 16249, 58, 136, 10, 89845, 38526, 111, 70, 5117, 160469, 13, 15, 85763, 297, 44, 46471, 75161, 1105, 910, 18939, 80723, 98, 14487, 48877, 37719, 5, 1650, 509, 140528, 7103, 714, 13312, 5, 75628, 110324, 7, 111, 44, 46471, 75161, 1105, 910, 58, 80723, 98, 18982, 714, 4, 40464, 5, 24372, 10, 14012, 111, 65771, 18153, 109921, 70, 1286, 79315, 2517, 11341, 109921, 80723, 5, 44, 46471, 75161, 1105, 910, 58, 214493, 297, 13438, 5, 2161, 22482, 616, 4, 40464, 70, 22836, 207068, 148855, 68186, 71, 442, 100, 6096, 126140, 4516, 136, 109312, 83184, 297, 442, 3934, 46889, 36049, 99, 70, 44, 441, 16860, 2055, 54871, 53, 14431, 57884, 53, 101473, 58, 15, 441, 16860, 11, 7568, 1042, 14431, 515, 75628, 4, 3751, 129375, 194, 581, 4331, 2320, 111, 70, 36549, 111, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 7, 509, 98816, 1295, 114796, 16249, 47, 16817, 13386, 5442, 581, 6, 39456, 11033, 17863, 509, 161549, 73197, 297, 100, 931, 128396, 23, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 292, 3060, 34831, 7, 3542, 109133, 100, 52295, 71, 17863, 1679, 47506, 5, 3293, 20117, 1902, 70, 4331, 2320, 6, 39456, 11033, 294, 5, 581, 50046, 51418, 191060, 939, 136, 173591, 16446, 48242, 7, 3542, 31943, 6827, 47, 70, 7311, 47, 24243, 6, 39456, 11033, 17863, 5, 106073, 82775, 678, 110, 177229, 100, 70, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 31486, 4, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 77443, 47, 765, 212615, 538, 4127, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 130732, 31075, 4743, 47, 70, 6, 39456, 11033, 294, 25, 7, 111531, 99162, 27544, 13452, 1340, 7, 5, 20744, 51584, 3996, 86, 100, 60042, 9, 978, 24908, 17672, 17863, 7, 111, 70, 14922, 32813, 538, 28702, 297, 98, 19336, 4, 168, 184, 18652, 13452, 1340, 7, 25793, 2118, 71, 47, 11192, 191060, 2449, 4, 15572, 29367, 100, 1992, 59207, 8305, 187, 4514, 5, 66016, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 4, 1884, 756, 16817, 9, 32832, 7, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 7, 509, 959, 82775, 678, 32216, 200, 30319, 23, 7086, 4, 110, 16885, 13452, 1340, 7, 3542, 31089, 71, 47, 172040, 7, 136, 110, 61475, 109921, 26548, 187, 4514, 3542, 55080, 297, 5, 33306, 4, 109921, 51339, 297, 98, 141621, 71, 81709, 32216, 7, 23, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 16817, 9, 138010, 24073, 29494, 685, 7352, 76, 395, 59808, 6516, 161, 9, 138010, 18939, 83, 10, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 99162, 3642, 14, 41202, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 1650, 6, 121147, 297, 10, 66633, 2866, 17863, 9, 497, 147595, 56, 98, 70, 3863, 148756, 111, 10, 114796, 5759, 294, 99162, 32216, 5, 147466, 36049, 11814, 142, 15744, 32216, 3863, 148756, 136, 509, 456, 9, 34198, 27686, 6, 108671, 13386, 5442, 88949, 111, 6863, 30666, 297, 31486, 237, 142, 60418, 2676, 458, 99162, 32216, 163684, 56, 4, 87709, 111, 186015, 214, 1810, 70, 764, 14677, 525, 30839, 16294, 796, 2822, 117001, 2451, 618, 21358, 136, 4378, 9319, 32216, 7, 4, 136, 12701, 57463, 32216, 163684, 1314, 2451, 217, 509, 128911, 76, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Development.", "Construction and design.", "Combat history.", "Organization." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The Stalingrad counteroffensive, Operation Uranus, exposed the Red Army's urgent need for mobile heavy guns. Primary targets for these guns were German fortifications in and around Stalingrad. At the time Soviet front-line ground units did not possess sufficient firepower to deal with pillboxes and other fortifications. Close support of artillery and combat engineers was an important factor in the success of Operation Uranus. However, with rare exceptions, all Soviet guns and howitzers at this time were towed rather than self-propelled. This lack of mobility proved to be greatly exacerbated by the absence of roads, the presence of deep snow cover and a scarcity of artillery tractors. Towed guns were also highly vulnerable to counterattack while on the move, especially since they were often hauled by horses or their own crews. The 152 mm heavy howitzers were particularly difficult to maneuver; owing to their great weight, they were incapable of crossing rivers on anything but tank bridges and were prone to becoming hopelessly mired and needing to be abandoned by their crews. This situation did not satisfy the state authorities. In November 1942 the State Defense Committee ordered the development of a heavy self-propelled gun armed with the 152.4mm ML-20 howitzer. The Red Army had possessed dedicated anti-fortification vehicles in the pre-war period, such as the KV-2 heavy tank armed with the 152.4 mm M-10 howitzer. Mass production of KV-2s ceased in October 1941, when the Kirov Works had to be evacuated from Leningrad to Chelyabinsk. Some made it to 1942 but their actual number remains unknown. When the necessity for a new heavy breakthrough vehicle became apparent in the Soviet offensives, a new anti-fortification vehicle was designed with the same purpose in mind, but with higher mobility, heavier armor, reduced production cost, and the more powerful and accurate ML-20 152mm gun. Mounting the ML-20 in a turret was impossible due to its length and recoil, and it was eventually decided that the new vehicle should have a non-rotating gun mounted in a fixed casemate-style superstructure. Prior to the issue of the State Defense Committee order there were several other anti-fortification vehicle projects, all of which were halted. Later in the war these projects were restarted. In December 1942 three different designs of \"pillbox killer\" vehicles were introduced by various engineer groups from the major Soviet artillery and tank factories. All of these designs used the ML-20 gun as a primary armament, with the KV-1S heavy tank chassis. After some discussion, the project of Josef Kotin was chosen for further mass production. This design successfully combined the ML-20 and KV-1S chassis with minimal expense. The entire project was designated \"KV-14\" and assembly of the first prototype (called \"Object 236\") began on December 31, 1942. It was completed after 25 days. Plant trials of \"Object 236\" began on January 25, 1943. After a number of successful plant tests the more stringent state tests began. \"Object 236\" succeeded again. On February 14, 1943 the State Defense Committee accepted it for Red Army service and immediately launched it into mass production at the \"Chelyabinskiy Kirovskiy Zavod\" (Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant, ChKZ). The designation of the series of self-propelled guns was changed from KV-14 to SU-152. The ML-20 gun was slightly modified for mounting in the SU-152 — some handles were moved for improved gunner comfort. This variant had the designation ML-20S. The muzzle velocity and external ballistics were identical to the original towed ML-20 gun. Although designed with no consideration for the anti-tank role, the SU-152 proved to have surprisingly good anti-tank capabilities due to the ML-20S's extremely heavy HE projectiles. Standard doctrine for purpose-built AT guns of the period universally relied on small, dense solid projectiles propelled to high velocities, optimized for punching through armor. Since the SU-152, like all SU-series self-propelled guns was not designed with tank killing in mind, no AP projectiles were issued to crews and no initial tests against armor were conducted. However, tests performed on captured Tiger tanks in early 1943 showed that the SU-152 was able to destroy them at any range with a fair degree of reliability (the only vehicle then in Russian service capable of doing so) by simply blowing the turret off the vehicle through sheer blast effect. This fortuitous discovery spurred massive SU-152 production and the formation of self-propelled artillery units, which then functioned as ersatz heavy tank destroyer battalions. After the launch of SU-152 mass production the design was slightly modified to improve reliability. Initially the SU-152 lacked a machine gun, which was recognized as a severe weakness in urban warfare and other close combat. To solve this problem the DShK 12.7 mm anti-aircraft gun installation was developed in the summer of 1943. Some SU-152s received it after repair. The SU-152 was the last member of the KV family of tanks in mass production, and was replaced by the ISU-152 on the ChKZ production lines in December 1943. The exact number of SU-152s produced differs even in Russian sources, with the most common figures being 670 or 704. The SU-152s that survived World War II were withdrawn from Soviet Army service in 1954.", "The SU-152 followed the same, fully enclosed casemated design as most other Soviet self-propelled guns. The fully armoured hull was divided into two compartments: a fighting compartment for the crew, gun, and ammunition in the front of the hull, and the engine and transmission separate in the rear. The hull was welded from rolled armour plates of different thickness — 75, 60, 30 and 20 mm. The front hull and superstructure armour plates were sloped for better vehicle protection; side armour was vertical. Lower front hull and rear armour plates were cylindrical, and were quite complex in their method of production. The ML-20S gun-howitzer was mounted slightly to the right of centre with a limited traverse in a range of 12 degrees. Three of the crew were to the left of the gun: driver to the front, then gunner and last the loader. The vehicle commander and breech mechanism operator were to the right. The suspension consisted of twelve torsion bars for the six road wheels (each 600 mm in diameter) on each side. The drive sprockets were at the back. Each track was made up of 90 stamped links, each link of 608 mm width. The normal distance between two connected links was 160 mm. There were three internal fuel tanks, two in the crew area and one in the engine compartment, for a total capacity of 600–615 litres. These were usually enhanced by four unconnected external fuel tanks, which could hold an additional 360 litres of fuel. A 24-volt electrical power supply came from a 1 kW GT-4563A generator with a RRA-24 voltage relay regulator unit and four 6STE-128 accumulator batteries with a total capacity of 256 ampere-hours. This electrical equipment was common for many contemporary Soviet AFVs. The generator and accumulator batteries fed all other electrical equipment — the ST-700 electric starter motor, a radio set, an intercom, external and internal lights, and illumination of gunsight scales. For observation from the interior, all roof hatches had periscopes and there were two gun sights: the telescopic ST-10 (СТ-10) and a panoramic sight. For crew communication a TPU-4-BisF intercom was fitted, and for inter-vehicle communication there was a single radio. The first-series SU-152 was equipped with the 9R, then 10R and finally the 10RK-26 radio set. These radios were better than Soviet equipment at the start of the war, but remained inferior to German equipment. The crew was equipped with two PPSh submachine guns and 25 F1 grenades for short-range self-defence.", "Although not designed for the role, the SU-152 proved to be a cheap, widely produced and effective heavy tank killer, second only to the SU-100 as an antitank vehicle, as well as highly successful at its original role against infantry and fortifications. In combat, it was used for two distinct purposes: long-range artillery fire support during assaults by suppressing infantry and destroying pillboxes and AT guns, and as ersatz heavy tank destroyers (usually in ambush). The SU-152 was produced in large numbers throughout 1943, with the first SU-152s being issued to new heavy mechanized gun regiments raised in May 1943. The first regiment arrived at Kursk with only twelve guns, and was brought up to its full strength of twenty-one guns during the fighting. Disadvantages of the vehicle included a low rate of fire due to the heavy ammunition, low ammunition storage (only 20 rounds) and a cramped and un-ergonomic crew compartment. Its armor protection was only adequate; the 65 mm of 30-degree sloped frontal armor still left it vulnerable frontally to the 88 mm KwK 36/43 guns of the Tiger and Ferdinand/Elefant at long range and the 7.5 cm KwK 40 high-velocity gun of the Panzer IV and StuG III/IV at medium and short ranges (and from any range from the flanks or rear). The 152 mm gun, while having a maximum range far superior to the 88 mm, was still a corps-level heavy howitzer at heart, and had a much shorter accurate range than either the 88 mm or the 7.5 cm gun while still being vulnerable to return fire at the same distance. This made it most effective for use in massed ambushes, where the German heavy tanks' advantages could be nullified and the SU-152's one-shot kill potential could be best utilized. Since it was intended as a self-propelled artillery piece rather than a true tank destroyer, the SU-152 was generally issued with standard HE rounds rather than armor-piercing projectiles. The 152mm HE round produced a massive blast that did not rely on velocity for its effectiveness, making them effective against any German tank, including the Tiger and Elefant (although with a somewhat decreased level of kill reliability over penetrating projectiles). It was renowned for its ability to rip the turret completely off a Tiger tank (at any range) by sheer blast effect alone, and numerous German AFVs were claimed as destroyed or damaged by SU-152 fire during the Battle of Kursk. However, it proved less reliable at permanently destroying the Ferdinand heavy tank destroyer, whose bulkier, simplified design was more resistant to non-penetrating HE blast. While the Russians knocked out at least seven German Ferdinands in SU-152 ambushes at Kursk during one operation, German after-action engineers were able to repair, recrew and return nearly all to battle the next day. This has been attributed to the gun's reliance on blast rather than penetration, which killed the crew and destroyed the vehicle's interior via concussion and spalling without harming the ammunition supply or chassis. In response, Soviet doctrine was changed by ordering SU-152 crews to continue firing on incapacitated vehicles until the turret was knocked off. After Kursk, the 152 mm BR-540 solid-core AP round was produced in small numbers and issued to heavy tank destroyer battalions in an effort to introduce a penetrating projectile, but the gun's inherent low velocity made the AP round no more accurate and only moderately more effective than the standard HE round (which could also be used against infantry). Following the SU-152's performance at Kursk, the SU-152 played a very important role in destroying German fortifications during the Operation Bagration offensive, this being the vehicle's original design goal. From the second half of 1943 to the end of World War II SU-152s were used on all Soviet fronts, from Finland to the Crimea. Due to combat losses and mass production ceasing in December 1943 the number of SU-152s in the Soviet Army decreased. Eventually SU-152s were replaced by the more reliable and better-armored ISU-152, which used the same armament and ammunition in the same dual-purpose role.", "The SU-152 was used by the Independent Heavy Self-propelled Artillery Regiments (OTSAP, ОТСАП, in Russian, from \"Otdel'niy Tyazheliy Samokhodno-Artilleriyskiy Polk\", Отдельный Тяжелый Самоходно-Артиллерийский Полк). Initially each OTSAP had twelve SU-152s, divided into three batteries of four vehicles. One KV-1S tank served as a commander's vehicle. After November 1943 the OTSAP organisation changed to 21 vehicles per regiment." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 160469, 13, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 15, 73, 102374, 804, 62913, 9955, 10461, 99162, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 509, 88303, 99, 70, 5024, 538, 11, 7568, 1042, 14431, 515, 75628, 24073, 441, 16860, 2055, 54871, 53, 14431, 57884, 53, 101473, 15, 15982, 129375, 16, 830, 5024, 538, 11, 7568, 1042, 4, 49002, 247, 23, 14487, 40464, 5, 581, 4331, 99764, 70, 3863, 148756, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 136, 129927, 297, 4734, 23, 23532, 674, 4, 19441, 142, 62, 8363, 294, 47320, 9, 2276, 17863, 237, 6863, 5201, 142172, 64457, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 25, 7, 6, 39456, 11033, 294, 17863, 9, 497, 147595, 56, 5, 717, 24243, 11389, 7, 111, 6097, 17863, 7, 11814, 70, 5701, 2258, 1651, 429, 12, 7221, 9, 866, 42221, 617, 284, 15, 92141, 39209, 4331, 2320, 7221, 9, 5089, 42221, 617, 1709, 247, 221, 59720, 111, 142, 62, 8363, 64457, 111, 142, 6, 39456, 11033, 17863, 509, 959, 10, 34844, 66211, 5, 24372, 21721, 214, 34754, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 4, 3751, 129375, 185118, 7, 6, 121147, 297, 70, 62, 8363, 17863, 98, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 3863, 148756, 47, 28282, 44, 58, 46471, 75161, 143251, 58, 58, 292, 70, 5117, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 160469, 13, 5, 1650, 509, 65771, 538, 3034, 297, 4, 1284, 959, 109312, 83184, 297, 3934, 46889, 36049, 5, 1913, 450, 1733, 4, 756, 6, 108671, 6, 63758, 7, 3542, 8035, 46979, 20051, 678, 70, 6, 39456, 11033, 294, 17863, 9, 497, 147595, 56, 4, 1284, 70, 36049, 111, 6, 63758, 7, 124735, 69405, 136, 2685, 509, 10, 92635, 111, 6, 39456, 11033, 294, 43333, 7, 23, 70, 86595, 111, 26748, 5, 22836, 207048, 12989, 297, 6097, 51, 277, 131801, 71, 6, 63758, 7, 187, 4806, 678, 142, 62, 8363, 17863, 15, 159975, 25958, 678, 70, 62, 8363, 294, 20117, 4, 161549, 73197, 297, 100, 70, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 6, 121147, 194, 62, 53333, 92940, 111, 456, 147, 14578, 70, 6, 108671, 509, 124735, 8951, 11476, 37457, 26548, 99162, 30839, 32216, 7, 5, 1326, 6097, 89397, 4, 70, 22836, 207068, 148855, 30666, 297, 44, 46471, 75161, 143251, 58, 100, 6096, 126140, 4516, 237, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 98, 427, 11994, 26748, 5, 360, 7071, 26748, 4, 70, 5117, 36549, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 25737, 70, 3751, 129375, 36049, 124519, 5, 581, 62, 8363, 294, 17863, 1902, 10, 23009, 9, 254, 32744, 12562, 7101, 4, 3129, 34390, 71, 70, 34515, 111, 11476, 1295, 27804, 47, 22410, 51876, 7, 117, 15393, 5, 134349, 51517, 7, 126809, 70, 391, 28174, 390, 5744, 84382, 70, 62, 8363, 294, 25, 7, 12562, 7101, 4, 105233, 10, 36137, 9, 52344, 1771, 20117, 111, 70, 47320, 9, 2276, 17863, 5, 581, 391, 28174, 17863, 509, 20600, 297, 23, 15744, 5428, 32216, 7, 237, 10, 25343, 53, 4, 1284, 23, 6088, 26748, 100512, 19882, 100, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 7, 5, 581, 160469, 13, 6, 108671, 80939, 4, 187, 4806, 678, 10, 391, 28174, 294, 509, 4331, 27686, 44, 58, 46471, 75161, 131687, 58, 58, 136, 65771, 538, 115081, 18153, 136, 11341, 134234, 5, 581, 11476, 34515, 509, 52295, 71, 47, 116, 47, 138, 51876, 7, 117, 15393, 136, 678, 6626, 37515, 122446, 72367, 1314, 70, 34515, 111, 11476, 157578, 201, 51876, 7, 117, 15393, 5, 786, 13, 47, 70, 50046, 51418, 30316, 13, 6, 241866, 33844, 379, 84616, 4, 70, 391, 28174, 1902, 10, 164917, 33844, 379, 373, 18234, 3501, 70, 62, 8363, 5, 3293, 52295, 71, 70, 172040, 25, 7, 4488, 27289, 136, 107003, 100, 10, 164917, 4, 22729, 56, 17863, 6, 221292, 678, 70, 5701, 16294, 34639, 6117, 2594, 7432, 5, 24372, 134234, 4, 44, 46471, 75161, 131687, 58, 509, 109312, 83184, 297, 23, 46889, 36049, 237, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 294, 15, 31078, 3159, 9, 108837, 1560, 16, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 5, 33306, 4, 70, 7311, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 47143, 297, 23, 36049, 15, 11, 10617, 678, 70, 6, 108671, 13386, 10461, 4743, 47, 10, 21334, 31837, 111, 62, 8363, 17863, 7, 15, 2347, 6, 39456, 11033, 136, 391, 28174, 21449, 105237, 1295, 4927, 33150, 53, 31461, 3387, 194, 74227, 36049, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 136, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 294, 8360, 5281, 99, 70, 3564, 111, 18608, 5, 3751, 129375, 181653, 70247, 5843, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 136, 6, 158045, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 294, 20117, 7, 23, 3622, 5, 24372, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 5941, 613, 686, 6496, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 7, 3542, 456, 978, 24908, 237, 13950, 126, 83184, 1314, 4, 4552, 21334, 72941, 4134, 17863, 3863, 148756, 707, 100677, 117001, 5, 581, 19336, 14012, 111, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 7, 450, 93544, 2363, 7311, 23532, 674, 3542, 5744, 29367, 23, 42610, 5, 3293, 5744, 47691, 509, 959, 237, 28484, 237, 450, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 13386, 5442, 17006, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 7, 6777, 959, 53299, 10, 3525, 87907, 4, 4734, 116086, 71, 17863, 143839, 7, 136, 5977, 5423, 7, 5, 360, 70, 86595, 111, 23936, 4, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 509, 205850, 19, 1295, 134349, 126140, 4516, 15, 2347, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 149976, 5045, 51713, 194, 31384, 45, 4100, 4806, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 7, 3542, 12302, 2822, 47, 9782, 53702, 7, 4, 47, 186, 11814, 237, 161203, 117001, 98, 134349, 6, 68823, 102966, 707, 237, 28560, 297, 6181, 23, 1172, 49086, 58555, 111, 70, 134349, 32528, 5, 31384, 117001, 3542, 112031, 71, 678, 10, 5035, 966, 2866, 41869, 127, 605, 2874, 9, 7341, 56379, 36279, 17863, 5, 360, 14432, 115774, 4, 70, 62, 8363, 17863, 509, 73197, 297, 47, 765, 10, 36137, 9, 52344, 1771, 12562, 7101, 46389, 5, 3293, 17863, 509, 4331, 27686, 391, 28174, 294, 4, 136, 70, 80939, 931, 128396, 442, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 294, 5, 581, 129344, 124735, 34515, 111, 11476, 1295, 22410, 68807, 7, 64, 67403, 13, 47, 138, 68807, 7, 64, 67403, 13, 5, 581, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 294, 20117, 83, 75530, 16523, 2886, 390, 6863, 16446, 9, 2420, 20051, 17863, 332, 18, 1974, 136, 41929, 9, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6, 108671, 9, 108837, 15, 11, 15322, 5264, 111, 58, 2071, 63148, 44148, 76, 145, 20, 707, 28136, 47022, 79062, 9, 77007, 20, 20890, 13473, 39200, 395, 59808, 6516, 161, 47320, 18939, 509, 10, 134349, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 153161, 23, 70, 2874, 9, 1076, 92, 31486, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History and purpose.", "Variants.", "Construction and design.", "Organisation.", "Combat history.", "Surviving examples." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "A prototype of the ISU-122 (in Russian ИСУ-122) heavy self-propelled gun was built at the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant (\"Chelyabinskiy Kirovskiy Zavod (ChKZ)\", Chelyabinsk, Russia), in December 1943. The design shared the chassis of the ISU-152 self-propelled gun and differed only in armament, having an A-19S 122-mm gun as its main weapon instead of the ISU-152's ML-20S gun-howitzer. Towed versions of these guns used the same carriage: 52-L-504A (Russian designation 52-Л-504А), so installation of an A-19 instead of an ML-20 gun was not a difficult task. After completing development of the ISU-152, ChKZ engineers mounted the A-19 gun on the ISU-152 chassis to create \"\"Object 242\"\" — the first ISU-122 prototype. It was successfully tested, but not immediately launched into mass production. At that time, all ISU hulls were being equipped with the ML-20S gun-howitzer, but the production of hulls increased quickly and there was a lack of ML-20S tubes in the beginning of 1944. State authorities ordered these uncompleted hulls armed with an A-19 gun (specifically with the A-19S variant, slightly modified for the self-propelled gun mount). A further advantage of rearming the ISU was increased direct fire range against heavy German tanks. For these reasons, the State Defense Committee adopted \"Object 242\" for Red Army service as the ISU-122 on 12 March 1944. In April 1944, the first series ISU-122 left the ChKZ production lines. The A-19S gun had a manual-piston breech, which reduced the rate of fire from 2.5 to 1.5 shots per minute. Soviet designers developed the D-25 by modernizing the A-19S's breech, creating a semi-automatic variant of the 122-mm gun. The D-25 gun was installed in IS-2 tanks as a priority, but in September 1944 became available for self-propelled guns. The prototype ISU vehicle, armed with a D-25S was designated \"\"Object 249\"\" and successfully passed plant and state testing. The fire rate was improved to 2 to 3 shots per minute and with two strong experienced loaders the rate of fire reached 4 shots per minute. Due to the muzzle brake reducing recoil forces, the D-25 had a smaller recoil buffer than the A-19. This improved the crew's work conditions and allowed for a smaller, lighter gun shield with the same armour thickness. After testing, \"Object 249\" was immediately launched in mass production as the ISU-122S (ИСУ-122С) self-propelled gun. However, the original ISU-122 remained in production (along with the ISU-152) due to a large stock of A-19 guns (the ML-20 and D-25 came directly from artillery factories). Mass production of the ISU-122 and ISU-122S ceased at the end of 1945. ChKZ produced 1,735 ISU-122 and 675 ISU-122S variants in total. After World War II, many surviving ISU-122s were rebuilt as rocket launchers, very large calibre gun chassis or supply vehicles. The small number of ISU-122s that kept their original armament were modernized in 1958. This modernization was not as complete as that of the ISU-152. Most ISU-122s did not receive a new engine, only upgraded gun sights and radio sets. In the beginning of 1960, the ISU-122 was withdrawn from Soviet Army service (the ISU-152 served much longer). Some disarmed ISU-122s were transferred to civil organizations, to be used as emergency vehicles on Soviet railways or as tracked transport in Arctic areas of the Soviet Union.", "Some vehicles were fitted with a 12.7 mm DShK anti-aircraft machine gun. In later models, the A-19 gun was modified to have a semi-automatic breech block. This gun was designated D-25S, and the vehicle mounting it ISU-122S. The modification increased rate of fire from 1.5 rounds/minute to 3 rounds/minute. The ISU-122S variant is recognizable by its ball-shaped gun mantlet and double-baffle muzzle brake.", "Construction of the ISU-122 and ISU-152 is the same except for the gun mounting, sights and ammunition stowage. The A-19S or D-25S cannons of the ISU-122 had 18 degrees elevation angle and 30 rounds of ammunition (the ISU-152 had 20 degrees and 20 rounds respectively). The A-19S cannon was equipped with an ST-18 (СТ-18) telescopic sight and the D-25S cannon was equipped with a TSh-17 (ТШ-17) sight. Both types of sights had maximal exact targeting distance of 1.5 km (the ISU-152 could manage only 900 m). Maximum direct fire range of the A-19S or D-25S cannons was 5 km, much further than these sights' targeting abilities. For direct or indirect firing on distances over 1.5 km the gunner used the second, panoramic sight. The ISU-122 had a five-man crew; their location and roles were identical to those of ISU-152 crewmen. The ISU-122S was used with either four- or five-man crews since the semi-automatic breech allowed for a reasonable fire rate with a crew of four; the place of the absent loader was often taken up with additional ammunition. With a five-man crew (two loaders), the ISU-122S demonstrated a better fire rate than with four men.", "The organisation of military units utilizing the ISU-122 was the same as with the ISU-152. Soviet Army commanders tried not to mix the ISU-122 and the ISU-152 in one regiment or brigade, although there were some units equipped with both types. The different armament of the ISU-122 and the ISU-152 caused problems with ammunition supplies and logistics. Another disadvantage of mixed-type units was a doubling of the calculations required for massed indirect fire.", "The ISU-122 was used as a powerful assault gun, a self-propelled howitzer, and a long-range tank destroyer, the same as with the SU-152 and ISU-152 heavy self-propelled guns in general. However, these vehicles differed in their combat use. The primary application of the ISU-122 was as a tank destroyer, while the SU/ISU-152 tended more towards the assault gun role. With the same hull as the IS-2, the ISU-122 had good armour performance but very good performance with high-explosive rounds. The 122-mm gun had great potential, although the gun's abilities were somewhat reduced by the available projectiles and its lack of accuracy. In 1944, the BR-471 was the sole armour-piercing round available. An improved version, the BR-471B (БР-471Б), was developed in early 1945, but was available in quantity only after World War II ended. In extremis, the ISU-122 engaged enemy heavy armour with OF-471 (ОФ-471) high explosive projectiles. These shells had a mass of 25 kg, a muzzle velocity of 800 m/s, and were equipped with a 3 kg TNT charge. Mechanical shock and explosion was often enough to knock out enemy AFVs without any armour penetration. For urban combat, ISU-122s were utilized as assault guns, but with a lower efficiency in comparison to the SU/ISU-152. In general, Red Army commanders viewed the ISU-122 as a good assault gun. The OF-471 projectile was powerful enough against unprotected and entrenched infantry, pillboxes, and fortified buildings. In urban combat, the long barrel of the 122 mm cannon sometimes made maneuvering difficult. Use of the ISU-122 as a self-propelled howitzer was rare, although its maximum range of fire exceeded 14 km. Usually, the ISU-122 delivered indirect fire to the enemy during rapid advances when support from towed artillery was not available.", "Most of the ISU-122s produced survived the Second World War and examples remain, but only a few of the surviving ISU-122s kept their initial appearance. Many were rebuilt or scrapped in the mid 1960s. The number of ISU-122s preserved in museums and memorials is substantially lower than surviving ISU-152s. ISU 122s can be seen in the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps in St Petersburg, the Kubinka Tank Museum, the Central Museum of the Russian Army, the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev and other tank museums and World War II memorials in Poland and Belarus." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 86595, 7, 111, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 21449, 98, 18982, 744, 4, 40464, 4, 3229, 70, 5117, 160469, 13, 111, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 509, 51, 24461, 6259, 5, 3293, 509, 10, 89554, 22, 155648, 71, 66633, 2276, 17863, 9, 497, 147595, 56, 98, 70, 114796, 5759, 294, 32216, 3863, 148756, 5, 1650, 509, 4331, 27686, 134549, 1105, 910, 15, 2318, 73796, 23971, 116, 101807, 5, 134549, 1105, 910, 509, 140528, 23, 144562, 438, 5, 805, 23, 5024, 538, 11, 7568, 1042, 4, 136, 509, 3034, 297, 65771, 538, 1295, 18982, 744, 47, 22482, 361, 4, 40464, 5, 2161, 22482, 616, 70, 80939, 509, 30666, 297, 136, 3884, 3934, 36049, 1379, 70, 114796, 16249, 15, 151032, 16249, 16, 4331, 2320, 74, 23, 7071, 40464, 70, 4331, 2320, 509, 98816, 47, 16817, 9, 138010, 15, 62913, 13386, 10461, 5, 106073, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 509, 65771, 23, 30641, 4, 36049, 111, 70, 114796, 5759, 294, 32216, 3863, 148756, 509, 86658, 4, 3129, 7228, 70, 5744, 15032, 111, 70, 80939, 63559, 4, 17368, 70, 3525, 15744, 32216, 3863, 148756, 5, 2161, 4347, 714, 4, 40464, 4, 70, 86052, 111, 144562, 438, 5, 805, 12989, 297, 70, 5744, 15032, 111, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 4, 3129, 99201, 124735, 16294, 34639, 48431, 136, 3789, 136912, 7, 5, 55441, 80723, 23, 20414, 40464, 4, 1379, 70, 1601, 25826, 111, 33876, 2369, 2810, 94201, 206, 19856, 73, 15, 2347, 185256, 51517, 111, 134349, 99162, 32216, 7, 16, 136, 527, 5, 541, 5, 8455, 92, 2082, 237, 70, 5201, 51517, 5, 581, 3525, 4331, 4, 4331, 27686, 15744, 9, 138010, 15, 31078, 13386, 10461, 4, 509, 3034, 297, 1295, 6088, 47, 7582, 4, 40464, 5, 8647, 214, 122273, 297, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 8, 11044, 13, 117538, 4, 3129, 9325, 442, 4420, 100, 53333, 136912, 5, 2161, 7582, 305, 4, 40464, 4, 142, 12989, 509, 31089, 71, 100, 6, 180064, 111, 70, 52295, 71, 20117, 4, 1379, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 15, 31078, 3159, 13386, 10461, 4331, 2320, 4, 136, 23, 14487, 36049, 80723, 99, 70, 5024, 538, 11, 7568, 1042, 14431, 515, 1042, 75628, 4, 456, 133266, 214, 70, 16817, 13386, 5442, 2161, 7071, 423, 4, 37719, 99, 70, 132737, 111, 70, 4927, 33150, 53, 175352, 4, 7440, 70, 34754, 111, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 100, 8060, 111, 70, 87880, 1294, 509, 45252, 297, 4, 70, 30050, 7, 2481, 111, 2843, 168698, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 87709, 111, 163684, 214, 10204, 47314, 19069, 7, 509, 224344, 71, 5, 1650, 509, 179140, 6097, 10, 1192, 7136, 17863, 7, 2806, 186, 187, 4806, 678, 10, 423, 116591, 2866, 17863, 9, 497, 147595, 56, 136, 11814, 100, 75076, 1363, 111, 70, 22, 195, 53, 8, 6211, 329, 23, 70, 162333, 13, 41018, 7, 203251, 100, 37719, 1104, 210298, 5, 3293, 16750, 297, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 134549, 1105, 910, 4, 136, 155605, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 4, 3129, 23755, 509, 14432, 136475, 136, 53333, 126809, 678, 70, 6, 108671, 13386, 5442, 581, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 134629, 70, 5701, 4331, 237, 2684, 3789, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 7, 5, 581, 89554, 16294, 796, 2822, 6, 63758, 509, 101637, 71, 3934, 6626, 37397, 18, 9035, 12, 181952, 37397, 18, 674, 100, 70, 172040, 4, 17863, 136, 127385, 93, 1363, 23, 70, 12912, 111, 70, 6, 63758, 4, 136, 87907, 136, 179965, 23, 70, 456, 147, 5, 581, 17863, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 161549, 47, 70, 7108, 111, 11698, 678, 10, 84046, 37317, 13, 111, 427, 79385, 7, 25737, 136, 7108, 5, 581, 172040, 35060, 71, 111, 22759, 707, 43606, 453, 158012, 23, 70, 1601, 137656, 5, 129335, 111, 70, 172040, 3542, 47, 70, 25737, 111, 70, 17863, 12, 27941, 47, 70, 12912, 4, 7068, 17863, 1679, 136, 4568, 70, 72367, 56, 5, 581, 80939, 47749, 42, 136, 56776, 669, 3542, 47, 70, 7108, 12, 47749, 42, 47, 70, 12912, 136, 70, 56776, 669, 50155, 5, 14847, 70, 172040, 35060, 71, 111, 22759, 453, 4, 70, 72367, 214, 509, 175100, 1810, 390, 70, 56776, 669, 5, 581, 72179, 1830, 35060, 71, 111, 77488, 76456, 9983, 6889, 1909, 7, 100, 70, 37195, 33816, 160298, 7, 98, 40101, 5609, 5, 581, 22648, 60048, 27853, 7, 3542, 99, 70, 4420, 4, 136, 70, 12912, 3447, 603, 7, 3542, 31943, 6827, 47, 70, 33816, 160298, 7, 5, 98423, 28560, 509, 7228, 1257, 111, 2510, 22317, 5, 8622, 3542, 17262, 70796, 160692, 32216, 7, 4, 6626, 23, 70, 172040, 16128, 136, 1632, 23, 70, 87907, 37397, 18, 674, 5, 32255, 3542, 56104, 107506, 297, 678, 22759, 51, 135457, 297, 173591, 160692, 32216, 7, 5, 384, 8420, 272, 136, 25240, 88787, 39108, 289, 14537, 120384, 90, 21449, 1295, 10, 106, 57875, 145823, 61590, 214, 22759, 183278, 1290, 103683, 7, 5, 1326, 150556, 1295, 70, 14566, 4, 756, 133940, 1256, 17007, 1902, 117, 14, 70820, 7, 136, 2685, 3542, 6626, 17863, 143839, 7, 12, 40952, 587, 18695, 16992, 9193, 15, 39130, 9193, 16, 136, 104587, 238, 5, 1326, 172040, 36398, 10, 384, 26214, 11565, 9, 571, 164, 919, 1940, 277, 509, 112031, 71, 4, 136, 100, 1940, 9, 272, 75708, 133, 36398, 2685, 509, 10, 11001, 209, 1052, 707, 209, 31875, 5977, 5, 32255, 3542, 11522, 3501, 134349, 98154, 99, 70, 4034, 111, 70, 1631, 1284, 7464, 44157, 47, 30839, 98154, 5, 581, 172040, 3542, 34475, 6626, 12211, 40888, 1614, 103149, 17863, 7, 678, 616, 12183, 68807, 7, 136, 387, 563, 5759, 3514, 76, 988, 100, 16610, 9, 94250, 15970, 9, 112, 6211, 329, 5, 581, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 509, 187, 4806, 678, 70, 5701, 17863, 237, 70, 16817, 9, 138010, 4, 1284, 442, 11814, 70, 6, 63758, 111, 70, 15744, 5759, 32216, 64457, 111, 70, 114796, 5759, 294, 5, 147466, 23, 70, 1631, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 509, 53333, 52295, 71, 5, 1650, 11814, 70, 6, 63758, 111, 70, 15744, 5428, 707, 15744, 5428, 3299, 26748, 32216, 4, 70, 16294, 34639, 111, 70, 332, 18, 1974, 509, 124735, 4, 70, 17863, 509, 91995, 71, 390, 3525, 56, 20117, 7, 4, 10, 5035, 966, 17676, 69139, 2866, 41869, 127, 605, 2874, 9, 7341, 56379, 36279, 17863, 509, 20600, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 83, 10, 134349, 15970, 9, 36290, 2118, 71, 17863, 126809, 136, 11814, 20271, 6661, 5550, 1995, 5, 1650, 509, 51, 161818, 538, 128911, 76, 4806, 44, 169, 51856, 30885, 58, 15, 74, 44, 372, 4438, 200, 14155, 18939, 23, 57553, 47, 40368, 21334, 30839, 32216, 7, 136, 17863, 7, 38162, 3934, 4516, 4, 26719, 81709, 7, 136, 4378, 9319, 7, 5, 66016, 70, 6, 108671, 9, 138010, 25, 7, 17863, 509, 6, 121147, 297, 23, 10, 7225, 15829, 4, 1300, 14578, 442, 509, 10, 434, 92, 19364, 4, 136, 1902, 47, 186, 16940, 390, 456, 40322, 214, 70, 64194, 80939, 17368, 70, 28560, 7, 5, 228072, 4, 442, 509, 11814, 237, 14288, 4927, 33150, 53, 47, 8060, 1286, 14288, 87880, 1294, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "History.", "Design.", "Variants.", "ISU-152-2.", "Object 704.", "ISU-152K.", "ISU-152M.", "Multirole use.", "Heavy assault gun.", "Heavy tank destroyer.", "Heavy self-propelled artillery.", "Foreign military service.", "Finland.", "Poland.", "Czechoslovakia.", "Romania.", "Yugoslavia.", "China.", "North Korea.", "Egypt.", "Iraq.", "Survivors and memorials." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "The beginnings of the ISU-152 came on January 24, 1943, when the first prototype of the SU-152 was unveiled. This was a fully enclosed 152mm gun-howitzer on the KV-1S tank chassis. It was designated Object 236 (Объект 236). Object 236 was completed in Factory No. 100 in Chelyabinsk, and was tested successfully from January 24 to February 7, 1943. On February 14 the vehicle was adopted and put into production under the KV-14 (КВ-14) designation; in April 1943 the designation was changed to SU-152 (СУ-152). Although the SU-152 was successful in combat, production of the KV-1S tank chassis was ending, which made the modernisation of the vehicle necessary, using the new IS tank chassis. On May 25, 1943, the administration of Factory No. 100 ordered the modernisation of the SU-152, which included increased armour protection and other improvements. Development began in July 1943, under the supervision of Joseph Yakovlevich Kotin (the chief designer of Soviet heavy tanks) and G. N. Moskvin as the main designer. The new design, designated IS-152 (ИС-152), was tested from September to November, 1943. Testing revealed a large number of deficiencies, which sent it back for further improvement. On November 6, 1943, an order was issued for adoption of the improved variant, under the ISU-152 (ИСУ-152) designation, and in December production began at the Chelyabinsk Kirovsk Plant, replacing the SU-152.", "On April 15, 1942 at the plenum of the artillery committee, where the development of assault guns for support of the infantry was discussed, the necessity of also developing assault guns capable of destroying fortified positions was acknowledged. It was intended these assault guns would be armed with a 152.4 mm gun-howitzer and used for penetration of the enemy defence in the offensive operations planned for 1942–1943. This resulted in the development of the Object 236, and eventually the SU-152, which concept was later continued and further developed with the ISU-152. The ISU-152 followed the same design as most other Soviet self-propelled guns. The fully armoured hull was divided into two compartments: fighting compartment for the crew, gun and ammunition in the front of the hull, and engine and transmission in the rear. The gun was mounted slightly to the right of centre with a limited traverse of 12 degrees left and right. The crew consisted of four or five men placed in the superstructure. Three of the crew were to the left of the gun: driver to the front, then gunner and last the loader. The vehicle commander and lockman were to the right: commander to the front and the lockman behind. When the crew consisted of four men, the loading was carried out by the lockman. The suspension consisted of twelve torsion bars for the six road wheels on either side. The drive sprockets were at the back, and the front idlers were identical to the road wheels. Each track was made up of 90 links. There were three internal fuel tanks, two in the crew area and one in the engine compartment. These were usually supplemented with four unconnected external fuel tanks. Twelve and 24-volt electrical power supplies came from a 1 kW generator feeding four accumulator batteries. For observation from the interior, all roof hatches had periscopes and there were two gun sights: telescopic ST-10 (СТ-10) and panoramic. For crew communication a TPU-4-BisF intercom was fitted, and for inter-vehicle communication there was a single 10R or 10RK radio. These were better than Soviet equipment at the start of the war but still inferior to German equipment. The crew were given two PPSh submachine guns with 1491 rounds and 20 F-1 grenades for short-range self-defence. The ISU-152 was armed with the same gun as the SU-152, but it used the hull of the IS-1 tank instead of the KV-1S. Later in the war the ISU-152 was further improved. It used the hull of the IS-2 or IS-2 model 1944 tank, the armour of the mantlet was increased, the gun was replaced by newer variants, a 12.7×108 mm DShK anti-aircraft machine gun was installed by the right forward hatch and later its ammunition capacity increased, the 10R radio set was upgraded to a 10RK and the fuel capacity was increased. Some ISU-152s were equipped with even larger external fuel tanks, two tanks on the rear hull deck, in addition to the four external fuel tanks — each, maximum — or with two smaller additional external fuel tanks, on the hull rear. This option was probably available for the post-war ISU-152 variants. Between December 1943 and May 1945, 1,885 ISU-152s were built. Mass production ceased in 1947, with 3,242 vehicles produced in total. Post-war ISU-152 modernisation included installation of night vision sights, replacing of the V-2IS engine with the V-54K, the 12.7 machine gun was replaced by a newer variant, the ammunition capacity increased to 30 rounds, additional armor, automotive improvements and significant increase of the main fuel capacity.", "The initial variant was developed in 1943. The factory designation was Object 241 (Объект 241). It was armed with the 152.4 mm ML-20S (МЛ-20С) model 1937 gun-howitzer, with a barrel length of over 4.2 metres (27.9 calibers). This gun had a maximum range of. The armor-piercing round, weighing, had a muzzle velocity of and a maximum penetration of of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) at 90° at a range of. The rate of fire was 2-3 rounds/min. The ISU-152 carried 21 rounds of two piece (shell and charge) armor-piercing and high explosive ammunition. Later ISU-152 versions had a newer gun with a slightly longer barrel, up to over 4.9 metres (32.3 calibers), with a maximum range of fire of up to. The ISU-152 had different versions, with changes in the gun (later versions), the number of hatches, or the hull (based on the hull of the IS-1, IS-2 or IS-2 model 1944 tanks). The IS-2 based versions had a thicker gun shield and larger fuel tank. Until May 1944, the main armament was the 152.4 mm ML-20 model 1937 gun-howitzer. The ISU-152 had a rate of fire of 2-3 rounds/min. The early versions had three hatches in the superstructure roof and one emergency hatch at the bottom of the hull behind the driver's seat, which had an armored cover. Later versions had a fourth, round hatch in the superstructure roof on the right, next to the rectangular hatch on the left.", "One prototype, developed in 1944. In April 1944, in attempt to increase the firepower of the ISU-152, a high-power variant of the self-propelled gun was developed in Factory No. 100, designated ISU-152BM (ИСУ-152БМ), sometimes referred to as ISU-152BM-1 or ISU-152-1. The factory designation was Object 246 (Объект 246). The \"BM\" (\"БМ\") in the designation stands for \"High-Powered\" (\"Большой Мощности\"). The main purpose of the ISU-152BM was to fight against heavily armored tank destroyers such as the Elefant and the Jagdtiger. It was armed with the 152.4 mm BL-8 (БЛ-8) long-barreled gun, which unlike the ISU-152's gun was not a gun-howitzer. The gun had a maximum range of, with the high-explosive shell which had a muzzle velocity of. The overall length of the gun was over, with a barrel length of (50 calibers). The armor-piercing round, weighing, had a muzzle velocity of. During test firing at armour plates with different thicknesses, the ISU-152BM successfully penetrated a maximum of of RHA at 90° at ranges of up to. However, during trials in July 1944, the gun showed some deficiencies, such as being difficult for the crew to operate, unreliability of the muzzle brake and the breech block, and unsatisfactory performance of the shells. In addition, the gun, protruding far forward of the hull front, limited the maneuverability of the vehicle. The self-propelled gun carried 21 rounds of two-piece (shell and charge) ammunition, and had a rate of fire of 2 rounds per minute. It used the engine, transmission, running gear, and electric equipment of the ISU-122. In August 1944 the BL-8 gun was replaced with the improved 152.4 mm BL-10 (БЛ-10) long-barreled gun, with a slightly shorter barrel of (48.5 calibers). This vehicle gun was designated ISU-152-2 (ИСУ-152-2). The factory designation was Object 247 (Объект 247). It was also equipped with external fuel tanks. The gun had a modified muzzle brake and a semi-automatic breech block. It had a rate of fire of 3 rounds/min. The BL-10 had a maximum range of, with the high-explosive shell. In December 1944 the ISU-152-2 underwent trials, revealing the barrel strength and the angle of horizontal guidance were unsatisfactory. The gun was sent for further improvement, but it was not completed before the war ended. The vehicle was never adopted. After the war, the final and most improved, third modification of ISU-152-2 was completed. The gun had a maximum range of, using a high-explosive shell with a muzzle velocity of.", "This was a prototype tank developed in 1945. It used elements of both the IS-2 and IS-3 tanks. The overall height of the vehicle was reduced to, which was compensated with an increased width of the superstructure. The factory designation was Object 704 (Объект 704). It was armed with the 152.4 mm ML-20SM model 1944 (МЛ-20СМ обр. 1944 г.) gun-howitzer, with a barrel length of over (29.6 calibers) and no muzzle brake. It had a maximum range of. The self-propelled gun carried 20 rounds of two-piece (shell and charge) armour-piercing and high-explosive ammunition. The armour-piercing round, weighing, had a muzzle velocity of. The rate of fire was 1-2 round/min. Object 704 had four hatches at the superstructure roof and one emergency hatch at the bottom of the hull behind the driver's seat, which had an armoured cover. The self-propelled gun carried two external fuel tanks, not connected to the supply system. The secondary armament of the fighting vehicle consisted of two 12.7×108 mm DShK machine guns, one anti-aircraft and one co-axial. The protection was increased by placing thicker armour at more radical angles. In the area of the gun, where the mantlet combined with the hull front behind it and the housing of the recoil mechanism, the armour thickness was. Object 704 (ИСУ-152 обр. 1945 г.) was the best protected of all experimental or production Soviet self-propelled guns of the Second World War. However, the radical incline of the superstructure walls combined with the increased recoil of the gun, due to the lack of a muzzle brake, significantly complicated the work of the crew, and for this reason it was not adopted.", "A modernised variant of the wartime ISU-152 was developed in 1956. It used a new engine, that of the T-54, with a cooling system and a heater. The capacity of the main internal fuel tank was increased to, which added more to the vehicle′s range on a road. The ammunition capacity was increased to 30 rounds after the removal of an additional internal fuel tank placed in the crew compartment. The gun had a maximum range of. It received a new commander's cupola, and also new sights. The factory designation was Object 241K (Объект 241К). The running gear used many elements of the T-10. The mantlet had additional armor ring protecting the sight. Some of the ISU-152Ks received an additional 15 mm armour plate welded on top of the 60 mm armour plate covering the mantlet above. Also, some of them received an additional armour plate welded on the upper mantlet front. The modernisation was carried out in the Leningrad Kirov Plant.", "The final variant, a modernised former ISU-152, was developed in 1959. The work was now transferred to the Chelyabinsk Kirovsk Plant. This modernisation was parallel to the IS-2M program and the ISU-152M used many elements of the tank. The factory designation was Object 241M (Объект 241М). The innovations included night vision sights, increased ammunition stowage for the 12.7 mm machine gun, which was replaced by the improved DShKM, and internal automotive improvements. It had the same new commander's cupola and sights as the ISU-152K. It also had the same main internal fuel tank capacity,, adding more to the vehicle′s range on a road compared to the ISU-152, and an increased ammunition capacity to 30 rounds due to the removal of an internal fuel tank. The gun had a maximum range of. The ring protecting the sight was present, and the armour of the upper mantlet front was further increased with a thicker additional armour plate. The ISU-152M had the same V-54K engine with a heater, but lacked the cooling system.", "The ISU-152 self-propelled gun combined three battle roles: heavy assault gun, heavy tank destroyer and heavy self-propelled artillery. The 152.4 mm gun used a number of powerful (shell and charge) ammunition. Some of these ammunition had a 43.56 kg high-explosive shell, or a 48.78 kg armour-piercing shell, or the heaviest of all, the 53-G-545 (53-Г-545) long-range concrete-piercing ammunition with a 56 kg shell. The ISU-152 was used for infantry and tank support in attacking fortified enemy positions in a direct-fire role, for artillery support on the battlefield in an indirect-fire role and for engagement against armored vehicles in a direct-fire role.", "As a heavy assault gun, the ISU-152 was an extremely valuable weapon in urban combat operations such as the assaults on Berlin, Budapest and Königsberg. The vehicle's excellent armour protection finally provided the 152.4 mm platform with good protection from most German anti-tank guns, allowing it to advance into the face of direct anti-tank fire, while the huge, low velocity, high-explosive rounds were excellent at blasting open even the most heavily fortified and reinforced enemy strongpoints. Such actions would be much more dangerous and much less effective for a conventional towed artillery piece, with their high crew exposure and low mobility, or even a tank, with their smaller main guns. When supporting tanks, the usual tactics of the ISU-152 were to be used in the second line of the attack order, behind the attacking tanks, which were usually IS tanks with equal mobility. The ISU-152, like the earlier SU-152 and contemporary ISU-122, was employed by Independent Heavy Self-propelled Artillery Regiments. Between May 1943 and 1945, 53 of these regiments were formed. Many of them were re-formed tank regiments, and employed similar direct fire tactics as used by tanks when supporting infantry. Each of the heavy regiment had 21 guns, divided into four artillery batteries of five vehicles and the commander's vehicle. For support, these heavy regiments had some supplementary unarmoured vehicles such as trucks, jeeps, or motorcycles. In December 1944, Guards Heavy Self-propelled Artillery Brigades were formed, to provide heavy fire support to the tank armies. They were organized along the model of tank brigades, each with 65 ISU-152 or ISU-122 self-propelled guns. To minimize the risks of being knocked out by \"Panzerfaust\"-equipped units during urban operations, the ISU-152 usually acted in one- or two-vehicle detachments alongside infantry squads for protection. The infantry squad would include a specialist sniper (or at least a sharpshooter), some submachine gunners and sometimes a flamethrower. The ISU-152's heavy-calibre DShK machine gun was also useful for targeting Panzerfaust gunners hiding on upper floors of city buildings or behind protective cover and defensive barricades. Effective teamwork between the ISU-152 crew and supporting infantry allowed them to achieve their goals with minimal losses, but if such tactics were not adhered to, the attacking vehicles were easily attacked and destroyed, usually through the weaker armor on the roof or rear compartment.", "The ISU-152 could also operate as an effective heavy tank destroyer. Though it was not designed for the role, the vehicle inherited the nickname \"Zveroboy\" (\"beast killer\") from its predecessor, the SU-152, for its ability to reliably kill the best protected German fighting vehicles; the Panther tank, the Tiger and Tiger II tanks, and even the rarely fielded Elefant and Jagdtiger tank destroyers. The sheer weight of the 152.4 mm shells resulted in an extremely low rate of fire, only one to three rounds per minute, and were not as accurate at long range as high-velocity tank and anti-tank guns. However, the massive blast effect from the heavy high-explosive warhead was capable of blowing the turret completely off a Tiger tank. A direct hit usually destroyed or damaged the target's tracks and suspension, immobilizing it. While the low-velocity 152mm shell did not generally penetrate heavy armor, it frequently killed or severely wounded the crew through spalling (splintering) inside the hull as well as injuries caused by blast concussion. Surviving crew were often left with an immobilized vehicle which had to be hurriedly abandoned before being destroyed. For anti-tank operations following the July 1943 Battle of Kursk, armour-piercing ammunition was developed, with an eye towards giving the howitzer a more traditional anti-tank capability. However, these rounds were expensive, in short supply, and only moderately more effective than the standard non-penetrating high-explosive round. As a howitzer the ML-20S exchanged velocity and accuracy for throw weight and distance, and was not intended to compete with true anti-tank guns. Sometimes the concrete-piercing ammunition was used for the anti-tank role. A primitive shaped charge ammunition, with a shell, was also developed. It had a maximum penetration of 250 mm of RHA at 90°, but it was not used during the war. The ISU-152's 90 mm of sloped frontal armor, in contrast to the SU-152's 65 mm, provided excellent frontal protection from the 75mm KwK 40 gun of the ubiquitous Panzer IV and StuG family at all but the closest ranges, while also forcing the original Tiger I, with its vaunted 88mm KwK 36 gun, to close to medium ranges in order to successfully penetrate the vehicle, negating its traditional long-range superiority and exposing more of its vulnerable flanks to the 85mm ZiS-S gun of the Soviet T-34-85. The ISU-152 was not a true purpose-built tank destroyer. It had a very low rate of fire compared with specialised tank destroyers such as the German Jagdpanther or the Soviet SU-100, which could manage a brief burst of five to eight rounds per minute. However, prior to the introduction of the SU-100 it was the only Soviet armored vehicle capable of tackling the German heavy tanks with any kind of reliability, and its ability to satisfy multiple roles meant it was produced in far greater numbers than the SU-100. Attention to camouflage, quick relocation between firing positions, and massed ambushes of four or five vehicles firing in salvo at a single target's flanks reduced the disadvantage of the low rate of fire.", "The ISU-152 was also sometimes used as a self-propelled artillery for support on the battlefield and preparatory bombardments, though it had a medium range of fire and a slow speed of reloading. The Soviet army had not developed specialized vehicles for this purpose. Their tank and mechanized units were well equipped with towed artillery, but the towed guns were very vulnerable while moving and they could not support tanks and motorized infantry during rapid advances into enemy positions, especially when they lack the armored fully enclosed design of the fighting vehicles like ISU-152. Despite the ISU-152's good features it suffered in some other areas. The greatest disadvantage was that the internal stowage was limited to only 20 or 21 rounds of ammunition, with extra rounds often stowed on the rear deck. Replenishing the vehicle's ammunition supply took over 40 minutes and required a very strong loader, due to the large size and weight of the shells (the shells weighed over 40 kg). The ST-10 telescopic sight used for direct fire was graduated up to 900 metres. A second, panoramic, sight was used for direct fire up to 3,500 meter range (7000 no direct fire). However, it was problematic for the gunner to switch between the two visors. To compensate it was simpler to concentrate the fire of several vehicles onto the target, sacrificing accuracy for sheer volume of firepower. The high-explosive shells were large enough to take out even a heavily armoured vehicle, or a fortification with the even heavier long-range concrete-piercing shells. The usual complement of ammunition was 13 high-explosive and 7 armour-piercing or concrete-piercing. \"The armor penetration can vary between ammunition batches and different RHA.\"", "", "In June 1944, during the Continuation War, a captured ISU-152 was used by the Finnish military. It was abandoned during the counter-attack at Kärstilänjärvi after receiving numerous shots from Soviet T-34-85 medium tanks. This was a direct result of the Finnish crew's lack of experience and training with the ISU-152. Another captured one was repaired in Varkaus, Finland, but never saw combat.", "In 1944, more than 30 ISU-152s were delivered to the People's Army of Poland. Shortly afterwards, the Polish military created the 25th Polish Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment, which consisted of 10 ISU-152s and 22 ISU-122s. As part of the 1st Polish Tank Corps (which operated both T-34-76 and T-34-85 tanks), the regiment took part in combat action along the River Nysa, located in southwestern Poland in March 1945. In the early months of 1945, the Polish command began to form another ISU-152 regiment, but with too few vehicles, the newly-formed 13th Polish self-propelled artillery regiment received two ISU-152s and two batteries comprising SU-85s. This regiment took part in the Battle of Berlin between April and May of 1945. Post-WWII, ISU-152s remained in service with the Polish military until the early 1960s.", "As part of the Soviet Union's military assistance to friendly or pro-Soviet countries around the world, a few ISU-152s were transferred to the Czechoslovakian military after World War II, which operated them until the end of 1950s. For several decades it was the heaviest armored vehicle in the Czechoslovak People's Army, which used these to test newly-developed anti-tank obstacles.", "The Romanian Army received ISU-152s during the 1950s; these were assigned to the artillery units of the 6th, 7th and 57th tank divisions of the Romanian Army. They were known as T-152 in Romanian service.", "The Yugoslav Army had only one ISU-152 in its inventory. This sole vehicle was abandoned by units of the Soviet Red Army's 2nd Ukrainian Front in 1944. In 1946, members of the Yugoslav 2nd Tank Brigade's first battalion, led by technical officer Stojimir Ilijevic – Guerrilla, recovered the self-propelled gun after five days of work. As a unique vehicle it was used by the Army's Tank School at Bela Crkva. After it was withdrawn from service, this single Yugoslav ISU-152 ended up as a practice target at the Manjača firing range.", "In 1955, the Soviet Army moved out from Dalian in northeastern China, officially ending 10 years of military occupation. All weapons and armaments left behind by the Soviet Union were sold to the Chinese People's Liberation Army, including 67 ISU-152s; 45 were given to the newly-created 1st Mechanized Division of the PLA.", "During and after the Korean War, ISU-152s were operated by the Korean People's Army of North Korea.", "In the early 1960s the Egyptian military received at least one regiment of ISU-152s. They were used during the Arab-Israeli conflicts between 1967 and 1973. They proved mostly ineffective and several were captured by the Israeli Defence Forces; one is now on display in Yad la-Shiryon as shown here.", "A few surviving examples were operational during the Iran–Iraq War and First Gulf War.", "The ISU-152 can be seen, exhibited or simply located, at different museums and memorials around the world. Some were used to create monuments." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 509, 103122, 23, 313, 37041, 40777, 4, 10, 19336, 54427, 98, 70, 1810, 152715, 7, 111, 164298, 4, 136, 1902, 12506, 944, 6, 7154, 38904, 5, 18763, 67373, 4, 115065, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 4, 509, 10, 308, 3632, 4, 136, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 76104, 297, 450, 764, 23, 86151, 3674, 1295, 4049, 10, 30310, 23, 108810, 14, 10821, 131346, 669, 16070, 5, 1529, 1543, 6, 2600, 1919, 84172, 13619, 47, 1919, 42732, 4, 24479, 9, 54084, 8520, 1212, 4, 10, 44755, 73, 1419, 2750, 107506, 297, 70, 14449, 25, 7, 163, 33730, 91763, 390, 75169, 51065, 34003, 7, 23, 70, 8174, 178992, 11, 23, 70, 43573, 1272, 15520, 8752, 70634, 111, 51210, 934, 191, 5, 24479, 9, 54084, 8520, 1212, 79786, 70, 17431, 122925, 7, 23, 70, 19612, 9, 29907, 178992, 162, 136, 68018, 1030, 277, 46648, 297, 36541, 92252, 7, 4, 180863, 214, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 128386, 54591, 47, 57622, 70, 155034, 23718, 7, 1295, 4420, 7, 16852, 5, 1529, 27983, 29966, 297, 456, 90431, 2317, 7, 136, 72846, 297, 70, 45606, 18, 42179, 7, 47, 2633, 4049, 12301, 26499, 7, 24189, 11958, 6032, 5, 1529, 5117, 37842, 1919, 3535, 99, 11301, 199332, 3688, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 427, 4, 21208, 1919, 67896, 150, 525, 43240, 54, 959, 188545, 5, 360, 24531, 70, 14449, 109133, 47, 7270, 7440, 70, 27150, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 75204, 1919, 37526, 1294, 53019, 99, 70, 18118, 11676, 13, 85853, 1803, 5, 16162, 9, 193206, 92878, 7136, 4, 14432, 10, 13036, 92265, 14364, 4, 509, 10, 166733, 2685, 99, 70, 5701, 1733, 136, 189232, 7, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 237, 142, 108938, 4, 43257, 123, 71, 47314, 26366, 2750, 7941, 538, 156672, 10, 25299, 3060, 6626, 5369, 27150, 56, 3501, 66570, 5, 1529, 85168, 297, 26946, 7154, 3934, 70, 27165, 10696, 99, 70, 13965, 145743, 1284, 4, 51, 2886, 47, 8060, 66570, 53477, 538, 4, 764, 25737, 7103, 1660, 543, 21775, 47, 40, 343, 4488, 237, 10, 43658, 70035, 99, 70, 153603, 122921, 16934, 5097, 391, 42347, 5, 1529, 1884, 71, 70, 4488, 4, 136, 113091, 1286, 3501, 24145, 678, 148, 1294, 35707, 1405, 111, 70, 182417, 23, 70, 54704, 289, 19492, 90, 111, 110536, 939, 136, 22619, 1830, 111, 46876, 764, 97384, 12960, 144888, 214, 153603, 43658, 5, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 53477, 63134, 7, 136475, 7103, 764, 509, 35839, 1257, 47, 116338, 4516, 23, 54566, 5, 58832, 297, 390, 4734, 1919, 163, 33730, 158, 59478, 4559, 1294, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 139505, 70, 215542, 7465, 2118, 60524, 23, 66426, 5, 145733, 60524, 6057, 2822, 23, 5941, 111, 1919, 11301, 7, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 76849, 117619, 15, 161063, 1919, 17932, 129570, 247, 140526, 450, 70, 129570, 509, 959, 10, 17723, 1632, 5, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 27150, 525, 76849, 11554, 54013, 3853, 140526, 450, 2685, 509, 8306, 142, 51521, 129570, 17721, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 136, 60524, 5, 4687, 747, 17704, 538, 1902, 48716, 4173, 14438, 1803, 103086, 7, 4, 3129, 143434, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 5045, 24503, 136, 178707, 5, 581, 236251, 2481, 642, 29590, 17305, 5115, 53, 98, 70, 77557, 1419, 237, 10, 16750, 111, 70, 51, 106290, 73, 939, 1672, 1919, 10002, 49129, 4588, 5, 129551, 47, 117619, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 1902, 97384, 450, 1919, 42732, 1902, 1902, 10, 100306, 99, 70, 163198, 13, 23, 51210, 934, 191, 2750, 509, 20653, 1919, 333, 109622, 67373, 5, 360, 6, 61518, 111, 903, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 136, 60524, 1902, 10, 76849, 4, 129811, 4, 23, 58020, 2750, 134629, 70, 80836, 3934, 163198, 13, 4488, 99, 142, 39395, 32070, 5, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 105925, 14449, 158012, 53333, 177488, 98, 1919, 21771, 84046, 82466, 7, 5, 262, 30524, 297, 47, 36356, 3934, 32562, 4393, 9, 6032, 4, 764, 80723, 47, 33022, 131259, 28302, 7, 100, 70, 27076, 47, 107506, 2363, 91763, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 714, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 14037, 4488, 237, 10, 104463, 53, 47, 70, 92265, 39329, 136, 14364, 37405, 42620, 3618, 99, 70, 3288, 31571, 13, 224, 154073, 7, 9, 647, 14907, 8493, 5, 145733, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 55983, 1902, 256, 7520, 538, 6, 22042, 4049, 3060, 111, 70, 5423, 181750, 25737, 645, 1295, 70, 36049, 111, 16162, 39919, 11, 11547, 6077, 25, 7, 11301, 44, 99266, 177, 84285, 58, 47, 16387, 78183, 1919, 90097, 5368, 4, 70, 14364, 509, 959, 60892, 23, 22, 139108, 66398, 1919, 195644, 25, 7, 81887, 7, 99, 11301, 199332, 5, 42620, 3618, 1902, 9588, 33, 47, 65536, 23, 70, 39395, 28730, 7, 8305, 1919, 133258, 7, 678, 70, 11301, 434, 54969, 39919, 11, 11547, 6077, 4, 136, 25842, 70, 6626, 79786, 47, 122925, 32153, 1295, 70, 42179, 15403, 54479, 111, 70, 14364, 15, 143321, 1902, 35462, 3674, 70, 92265, 36541, 16792, 70, 39395, 77488, 100736, 927, 142642, 16, 4420, 47, 70, 11301, 434, 54969, 136, 1919, 7986, 5, 39919, 11, 11547, 6077, 509, 142, 46517, 47, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 136, 4, 678, 70, 65524, 674, 111, 70, 1030, 164779, 297, 11301, 434, 54969, 4, 764, 80723, 32562, 13438, 23, 54566, 5, 117371, 70, 3564, 111, 70, 6602, 764, 7228, 1919, 163198, 21533, 34377, 678, 44, 841, 316, 67478, 95, 842, 126, 830, 10, 57119, 4935, 13452, 678, 16162, 16244, 33, 1430, 5, 1650, 509, 134629, 390, 1919, 5117, 2639, 77635, 4, 44, 866, 25, 25178, 2962, 58, 24073, 3957, 1004, 2962, 18939, 23, 60775, 136, 44, 12662, 18638, 86, 58, 23, 55591, 4, 15044, 181653, 390, 16244, 12883, 6594, 57109, 733, 9, 7192, 13, 4, 142, 80343, 39329, 136, 36541, 31095, 2750, 509, 7068, 10336, 111, 70, 6003, 446, 45658, 107, 8, 96, 25, 244060, 34, 13567, 5, 139118, 71, 390, 70, 6, 119598, 53, 4, 44, 2347, 2565, 28282, 7, 70, 73478, 4, 58, 57109, 733, 9, 7192, 13, 2633, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 25, 7, 16500, 42, 21533, 117303, 158618, 23, 12912, 111, 10, 4420, 138810, 111, 8781, 166577, 7, 111, 13315, 136, 10576, 450, 75935, 10, 51, 2481, 111, 20623, 136, 52528, 5, 581, 11301, 7, 3542, 959, 6782, 36272, 90, 4, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 16162, 24479, 51181, 33, 58807, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 15, 74, 1105, 18237, 64972, 46, 138, 18374, 22059, 16, 509, 10, 92265, 77557, 1419, 124901, 80997, 27734, 14534, 43606, 8, 23662, 7, 5, 145733, 1919, 4488, 37457, 71, 1295, 11192, 23134, 47, 48152, 1419, 2060, 329, 4, 62, 3165, 379, 127, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 26748, 11301, 44, 142238, 519, 86, 830, 142, 6, 202444, 111, 1061, 22014, 66695, 25, 54704, 289, 23134, 4, 450, 509, 51592, 237, 142, 52875, 98, 23342, 4200, 63910, 25500, 25, 7, 582, 7668, 27759, 5, 18763, 11301, 7, 621, 40715, 195935, 3501, 8382, 111, 1919, 158, 99736, 11, 10484, 4, 19441, 123019, 5808, 297, 23577, 136, 88, 31, 26513, 18, 144483, 5, 6561, 111, 9942, 25, 7, 2684, 113200, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Life and career.", "Early life.", "Theatre work.", "Playwright.", "Political controversy.", "Awards and recognition.", "Critical discussion." ], "section_level": [ "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1" ], "content": [ "", "Anouilh was born in Cérisole, a small village on the outskirts of Bordeaux, and had Basque ancestry. His father, François Anouilh, was a tailor, and Anouilh maintained that he inherited from him a pride in conscientious craftmanship. He may owe his artistic bent to his mother, Marie-Magdeleine, a violinist who supplemented the family's meager income by playing summer seasons in the casino orchestra in the nearby seaside resort of Arcachon. Marie-Magdeleine worked the night shifts in the music-hall orchestras and sometimes accompanied stage presentations, affording Anouilh ample opportunity to absorb the dramatic performances from backstage. He often attended rehearsals and solicited the resident authors to let him read scripts until bedtime. He first tried his hand at playwriting here, at the age of 12, though his earliest works do not survive. In 1918 the family moved to Paris where the young Anouilh received his secondary education at the Lycée Chaptal. Jean-Louis Barrault, later a major French director, was a pupil there at the same time and recalls Anouilh as an intense, rather dandified figure who hardly noticed a boy some two years younger than himself. He earned acceptance into the law school at the Sorbonne but, unable to support himself financially, he left after just 18 months to seek work as a copywriter at the advertising agency Publicité Damour. He liked the work, and spoke more than once with wry approval of the lessons in the classical virtues of brevity and precision of language he learned while drafting advertising copy. Anouilh's financial troubles continued after he was called up to military service in 1929. Supported by only his meager conscription salary, Anouilh married the actress Monelle Valentin in 1931. Though Valentin starred in many of his plays, Anouilh's daughter Caroline (from his second marriage), claims that the marriage was not a happy one. Anouilh's youngest daughter Colombe even claims that there was never an official marriage between Anouilh and Valentin. She allegedly had multiple extramarital affairs, which caused Anouilh much pain and suffering. The infidelity weighed heavily on the dramatist as a result of the uncertainty about his own parentage. According to Caroline, Anouilh had learned that his mother had had a lover at the theatre in Arcachon who was actually his biological father. In spite of this, Anouilh and Valentin had a daughter, Catherine, in 1934 who followed the pair into theatre work at an early age. Anouilh's growing family placed further strain on his already limited finances. Determined to break into writing full-time, he began to write comic scenes for the cinema to supplement their income.", "At the age of 25, Anouilh found work as a secretary to the French actor and director Louis Jouvet at the Comédie des Champs-Elysées. Though Anouilh's boss had happily lent him some of the set furniture left over from the production of Jean Giraudoux's play \"Siegfried\" to furnish his modest home, the director was not interested in encouraging his assistant's attempts at playwriting. Jouvet had risen to fame in the early 1930s through his collaborations with the playwright Giraudoux, and together the two worked to shift focus from the authorial voice of the director (which had dominated the French stage since the early twentieth century) back to the playwright and his text. Giraudoux was an inspiration to Anouilh and, with the encouragement of the acclaimed playwright, he began writing again in 1929. Before the end of the year he made his theatrical debut with \"Humulus le muet\", a collaborative project with Jean Aurenche. It was followed by his first solo projects, \"L'Hermine\" (\"The Ermine\") in 1932 and \"Mandarine\" in 1933, both produced by Aurélien Lugné-Poe, an innovative actor and stage manager who was then head of the Théâtre de l'Œuvre. Ruled by the philosophy, \"the word creates the decor,\" Lugné-Poe let Anouilh's lyrical prose shine in front of a backdrop of simple compositions of line and color that created a unity of style and mood. The plays were not great successes, closing after 37 and 13 performances respectively, but Anouilh persevered, following it up with a string of productions, most notably \"Y'avait un prisonnier\" (1935). These works, most in collaboration with the experimental Russian director Georges Pitoëff, were considered promising despite their lack of commercial profits, and the duo continued to work together until they had their first major success in 1937 with \"Le voyageur sans bagage\" (\"Traveller Without Luggage\"). In subsequent years, there was rarely a season in Paris that did not prominently feature a new Anouilh play and many of these were also being exported to England and America. After 1938, however, much of Anouilh's later work was directed by the prominent Paris scenic designer André Barsacq, who had taken over as director of the Théâtre de l'Atelier after Charles Dullin's retirement in 1940. Barsacq was a champion for Anouilh and their affiliation was a major factor in the playwright's continued success after the war.", "In the 1940s, Anouilh turned from contemporary tales to more mythical, classic, and historic subjects. With protagonists who asserted their independence from the fated past, themes during this period are more closely related to the existential concerns of such writers as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. The most famous play of this group is \"Antigone\", which \"established Anouilh as a leading dramatist, not only because of the power with which he drew the classic confrontation between the uncompromising Antigone and the politically expedient Creon, but also because French theatre-goers under the occupation read the play as a contemporary political parable.\" His post-war plays dealt with similar concerns and included \"Roméo et Jeannette\", \"Médée\" (\"Medea\"), and Anouilh's Joan of Arc story \"L'Alouette\" (\"The Lark\"), which, in its distinct optimism, rivalled the commercial success of \"Antigone\". Anouilh himself grouped his plays of this period on the basis of their dominant tone, publishing his later works in collected volumes to reflect what he felt \"represented the phases of his evolution and loosely resembled the distinction between comedy and tragedy.\" \"Pièces noires\" or \"Black plays\" were tragedies or realistic dramas and included \"Antigone\", \"Jézabel\", and \"La Sauvage\" (\"The Restless Heart\"). This category typically featured \"young, idealistic, and uncompromising protagonists [who] are able to maintain their integrity only by choosing death.\" By contrast, Anouilh's \"pièces roses\" or \"pink plays\" were comedies where fantasy dominated with an atmosphere similar to that of fairy tales. In these plays such as \"Le Bal des voleurs\" (\"Carnival of Thieves\"), \"Le Rendez-vous de Senlis\" (\"Dinner with the Family\") and \"Léocadia\" (\"Time Remembered\"), the focus is on \"the burden of the environment and especially of the past on a protagonist seeking a happier, freer existence.\" Most of Anouilh's plays of the late 1940s and into the 1950s become darker and distinctly cruel and, in contrast with his earlier works, begin to feature middle-aged characters who must view life more practically than Anouilh's former idealistic youths. The playwright divided the works of this period into \"pièces brillantes\" (\"brilliant plays\") and \"pièces grinçantes\" (\"grating plays\"). The first group includes works such as \"L'Invitation au château\" (Ring Round the Moon) and \"Colombe\", and are typified by aristocratic settings and witty banter. The grating plays like \"La Valse des toréadors\" (\"Waltz of the Toreadors\") and \"Le Réactionnaire amoureux\" (\"The Fighting Cock\") are more bitterly funny, trading clever word play for a darker tone of disillusionment. Another category Anouilh specifies are his \"pièces costumées\" (\"costume plays\") which include \"The Lark\", \"La Foire d'Empoigne\" (\"Catch as Catch Can\"), and Becket, an international success, depicting the historical martyr Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who sought to defend the church against the monarch (and his friend), Henry II of England, who had appointed him to his see. So classified because they share historical \"costumed\" settings, Anouilh also specifies that these plays must also prominently feature an enlightened protagonist seeking \"a moral path in a world of corruption and manipulation.\" Anouilh's final period begins with \"La Grotte\" (\"The Cavern\"), in which he comments on his own progress as a writer and a theatre artist. The central character is a playwright suffering from writer's block who in his frustration recalls the foibles of Luigi Pirandello's \"Six Characters in Search of an Author\". Anouilh's work had always contained hints of metatheatricality, or commentary on the business of theatre within the world of the play, but in his late works these structures became more fully developed as he begins to write primarily about character who are dramatists or theatre directors. There is also a pronounced link, during this time, of Anouilh's emphasis of theatre and the family, displaying intimate relationships that are \"more profound and more important than the traditional heightened action of 'theatre' \". Antoine, the playwright-protagonist of \"Cher Antoine; ou, L'Amour raté\" (\"Dear Antoine; or, The Love That Failed\"), asserts that the world must take notice of these \"pièces secrètes\" (secret dramas) and Anouilh scholars have proposed this name, \"pièces secrètes\", to classify the collected works of his latest period.\"", "Anouilh remained staunchly apolitical for most of his life and career. He served in the military during at least two periods, having been drafted into the French Army in 1931 and 1939. He was a prisoner of war for a short time when the Germans conquered France and willingly lived and worked in Paris during the subsequent German occupation. Because he refused to take sides during France's collaboration with the Axis Alliance some critics have branded him as a potential Nazi sympathiser. This controversy escalated as a result of Anouilh's public clashes with leader of the Free French Forces (and later President of the Fifth Republic), General Charles de Gaulle. In the mid-1940s Anouilh and several other intellectuals signed a petition for clemency to save the writer Robert Brasillach, who was condemned to death for being a Nazi collaborator. Brasillach was executed by firing squad in February 1945, despite the outcry from Anouilh and his peers that the new government had no right to persecute individuals for \"intellectual crimes\" in the absence of military or political action. Nevertheless, Anouilh refused to comment on his political views, writing in a letter to the Belgian critic Hubert Gignoux in 1946, \"I do not have a biography and I am very happy about it. The rest of my life, as long as God wills it, will remain my personal business, and I will withhold the details of it.\" Anouilh's plays provide the most important clues about his political point of view, though their reputation for ambiguity further complicates the matter. For instance \"Antigone\", provides an allegorical representation of the debate between the idealistic members of the French Resistance and the pragmatism of the collaborationists. Though many have read the play as having a strong anti-Nazi sentiment, the fact that the Vichy Regime allowed the piece to be performed without censure testifies to the fact that it was potentially seen as supportive of the occupation in its time. Though the playwright romanticizes Antigone's sense of honor and duty to what is morally right, in this case resisting the Nazi forces, it can also be said that Anouilh, like Sophocles before him, makes a convincing argument for Creon's method of leadership.", "In 1970 his work was recognized with the \"Prix mondial Cino Del Duca\". In 2012, the Nobel Records were opened after 50 years and it was revealed that Anouilh was among a shortlist of authors considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, along with John Steinbeck (winner), Robert Graves, Lawrence Durrell and Karen Blixen. According to a report in \"The Guardian\", \"It is not clear why Anouilh was passed over, but the French poet Saint-John Perse had taken the Nobel in 1960, meaning that France was well represented on the roster of winners, and \"Svenska Dagbladet\" reveals that Jean-Paul Sartre, who won the prize in 1964, was starting to be seriously considered as a candidate.\" In 1980, he was the first recipient of the Grand Prix du Théâtre de l'Académie française established that year.", "By the end of his career, Anouilh's reputation outstripped all his contemporaries. However, his repertoire remained unusually confined to theatre and film. Most French dramatists of the 1930s and 1940s, including Anouilh's most significant contemporary influence, Giraudoux, not only wrote for the stage but also composed poetry, novels, or essays. Nevertheless, he remained prolific, consistently producing and publishing performance works for more than fifty years. Anouilh's early works were \"naturalistic studies of a sordid and corrupt world.\" Many of these plays present the reader with the striking and inescapable dichotomy between pragmatism and a sort of transcendent idealism. There is little to no \"middle ground of ambiguity\" that exists where this conflict asserts itself. This is evidenced in \"Le Voyageur Sans Bagage.\" The main character Gaston, a World War I veteran who suffers from amnesia, cannot remember the moral depravity of his youth (he slept with his brother's wife and severely injured his best friend). This checkered past is invariably at odds with the near-angelic behavior that he now exhibits, and recognition of this truth forces him to leave his former identity behind, unable to reconcile the two sides of himself. In denouncing his past, Gaston reclasses his freedom as an illusion, but one of his own making. He befriends a young English boy and shows him his identifying scar; this gesture allows the boy to describe Gaston to the authorities, thereby claiming him as kin. With a new life and a new family, Gaston has a fresh start. David I. Grossvogel, describes this situation as the \"restoration of a childhood paradise lost,\" attributing \"Le Voyageur Sans Bagage\" as the beginning of Anouilh's search to justify the unhappiness of his youth. Theatre historian Marvin Carlson agrees, noting that this play epitomizes the \"complex tonality and deft dramatic technique\" that remained throughout his work, though, he asserts, it was only as the playwright matured that his \"dark view of the human condition [reached] its final expression.\" Anouilh disagreed with these somber readings of his best works, however, arguing that, like all great French literature, his plays had found ways to laugh at misfortune. \"Thanks to Molière,\" Anouilh said, \"the true French theatre is the only one that is not gloomy, in which we laugh like men at war with our misery and our horror. This humor is one of France's messages to the world.\" Disclosing his thoughts on French theatre and his personal perspective as a playwright, he said that the perception of his work was often misguided: In the 1950s, Anouilh examined his antagonism with General de Gaulle in \"L'Hurluberlu, ou Le Reactionnaire amoureux\" (1958) and \"Le Songe du critique\" (1960). He began to lose the favor of audiences and critics alike, however, with the emergence of such playwrights as Eugène Ionesco and Samuel Beckett. Though he shared with these authors a \"similar desperate vision of human existence,\" these new absurdist theatres' pursuit of alternative dramaturgies made Anouilh's semi-realistic plays seem dull and old-fashioned. In the 1980s Anouilh reinvented himself as a director, staging his own plays as well as those of other authors. He died of a heart attack in Lausanne, Switzerland on 3 October 1987. By then divorced from Monelle Valentin, he was survived by his second wife, Nicole Lançon, and four children." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 20178, 79703, 41994, 33, 1255, 509, 103122, 23, 164013, 56, 4, 43573, 7674, 583, 330, 4, 23, 1753, 71865, 11, 4, 98, 1105, 14487, 151258, 5, 1529, 6777, 1919, 37526, 1294, 53019, 99, 70, 43975, 123259, 239, 54088, 40578, 5, 147466, 4, 764, 22282, 71, 27165, 136, 178829, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 503, 10745, 4, 1284, 764, 206398, 71, 47, 3884, 903, 23189, 47, 4527, 5, 47009, 764, 171332, 47, 70, 82575, 53, 79507, 71, 390, 65787, 2746, 930, 124175, 136, 70, 30429, 8780, 5, 1529, 91376, 1919, 5117, 6626, 42840, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 136659, 5997, 4, 23, 33418, 5, 581, 47219, 111, 1919, 67373, 70, 5701, 6602, 222973, 297, 4049, 4, 136, 10, 16750, 214, 105774, 12441, 47, 1919, 8035, 9325, 5117, 47, 9942, 4, 7440, 764, 1902, 142, 103086, 678, 1919, 22072, 25, 7, 58386, 4, 136, 7068, 47, 10, 3886, 97857, 23, 8884, 23082, 297, 390, 13224, 118, 2182, 4124, 7, 4, 7440, 764, 158930, 1295, 91255, 47, 106355, 5, 360, 80665, 136, 62977, 4, 764, 54397, 5941, 84364, 85745, 7, 8, 18695, 1916, 77773, 7, 678, 183851, 117776, 7, 23, 183851, 83221, 5, 31384, 111, 2856, 756, 1674, 297, 47, 1100, 678, 13224, 118, 63614, 2750, 3542, 160020, 7, 5, 215100, 538, 4, 198371, 4, 2363, 42732, 14597, 134053, 70, 103488, 136, 14700, 2118, 71, 4049, 4, 102971, 442, 83, 959, 51529, 36766, 70, 17688, 103488, 151552, 23, 1919, 85745, 7, 20653, 74918, 2822, 5, 581, 5201, 28368, 7, 111, 5941, 111, 1919, 3789, 85745, 7, 3542, 19612, 136, 10576, 4, 3129, 4, 99, 20028, 4, 764, 154186, 47, 5161, 707, 6, 19981, 5, 1529, 134729, 297, 10, 13893, 36356, 34695, 136, 105774, 4, 221, 764, 24765, 297, 104697, 5281, 23, 9942, 136, 8884, 5, 1529, 176016, 71, 1919, 5368, 10776, 23, 1919, 117303, 85745, 1672, 10, 6, 70035, 136, 1919, 2301, 19770, 35839, 44, 117231, 4036, 136, 87, 58, 5173, 65283, 5, 360, 64104, 764, 136, 195374, 9, 57332, 6, 70035, 136, 30260, 3786, 157, 9166, 16010, 882, 7403, 3542, 139505, 23, 70, 14098, 46684, 5, 3786, 157, 9166, 100512, 1919, 80661, 226792, 136, 57119, 1290, 5, 4997, 4, 23, 70, 6602, 64104, 4, 764, 109133, 47, 15604, 5, 345, 5416, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 195374, 18543, 5550, 4, 764, 136, 3786, 157, 9166, 23409, 3934, 1119, 1340, 23, 83775, 70867, 4, 7440, 764, 9615, 6259, 23, 41906, 5, 41994, 2746, 1255, 509, 17986, 29367, 100, 136659, 21775, 4743, 47, 15700, 53894, 105774, 5, 1529, 14432, 100512, 10, 43552, 111, 195374, 83658, 136, 95935, 13, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 83775, 70867, 5, 18763, 82575, 53, 79507, 98, 83775, 92051, 19, 6, 70035, 7, 37515, 538, 16188, 7, 70, 43240, 111, 66053, 57690, 6163, 48170, 4, 157370, 1784, 17555, 7, 4, 143897, 8, 884, 57332, 4895, 4, 136, 19639, 151797, 180, 24444, 5, 581, 152363, 24, 4806, 10, 33976, 98, 78132, 136, 10, 32562, 1528, 23, 1919, 20338, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 10, 16030, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 69563, 23, 166169, 527, 19736, 4, 52888, 5, 51404, 38043, 23, 166169, 527, 19736, 764, 54397, 44, 158271, 5170, 8, 166169, 527, 19736, 740, 360, 66044, 4, 764, 509, 10, 16030, 23, 70, 63557, 111, 195374, 136, 82528, 21325, 13, 99, 70, 12535, 111, 23213, 1760, 4, 3129, 120514, 4806, 41994, 33, 1255, 19449, 100, 4049, 23, 26771, 5, 360, 36327, 4, 764, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 74, 6626, 13312, 14432, 4, 1919, 58386, 68, 71, 111, 40354, 9893, 27968, 5, 41994, 2746, 1255, 8306, 192026, 297, 1295, 70, 88965, 222973, 1830, 4, 136, 764, 68, 71, 6626, 5369, 7103, 19364, 7, 4, 98, 1702, 4347, 42610, 4, 23, 70, 5701, 56465, 7440, 1919, 58386, 1902, 68, 71, 5, 149766, 621, 373, 46572, 23, 1919, 5368, 35461, 111, 164013, 56, 4, 84740, 5, 106073, 764, 509, 102917, 538, 10, 30260, 4, 41994, 2746, 1255, 25, 117303, 4488, 44, 117231, 4036, 113, 3005, 58, 5173, 2489, 74, 44, 117231, 4036, 136, 87, 56128, 22387, 4036, 83, 10, 2301, 19770, 16, 54324, 5299, 23, 42845, 21629, 136, 23, 153648, 23742, 4049, 5700, 2481, 23, 70, 4602, 5, 1529, 2843, 57119, 3674, 678, 1919, 58386, 23, 70, 153648, 111, 70, 120552, 11301, 434, 54969, 4939, 37837, 42562, 19010, 429, 25, 7, 44, 23267, 14202, 47, 70, 27414, 58, 5173, 73419, 5, 18763, 30260, 1771, 140992, 20271, 1919, 6897, 509, 119883, 13, 5, 2022, 4021, 1919, 11522, 51529, 43240, 621, 44, 69611, 13, 1952, 110852, 90, 41310, 74668, 2485, 58, 5173, 2485, 74, 52, 294, 93322, 39181, 105144, 933, 4, 41310, 1104, 1837, 93700, 44, 111242, 3041, 113, 89871, 58, 15, 208140, 74, 52, 37455, 25749, 136, 17689, 93700, 44, 7192, 90, 3290, 4, 22, 18892, 830, 38222, 74668, 3742, 5173, 85520, 4, 44, 7192, 90, 3290, 22, 124183, 113, 18892, 58, 5173, 6460, 74, 52, 7192, 126, 1294, 23, 1250, 184, 136, 1446, 184, 93700, 44, 36635, 5170, 8, 324, 11757, 143, 58, 15, 99270, 74, 52, 36635, 2980, 7, 111, 2646, 5986, 93700, 136, 44, 284, 93, 2749, 8, 23799, 58, 15, 190944, 74, 52, 284, 93, 2749, 99, 23674, 5928, 94888, 62, 42486, 111, 2668, 85745, 7, 5173, 9513, 1104, 71204, 23, 14941, 153648, 390, 540, 125216, 2777, 934, 509, 91376, 23, 38576, 5, 48752, 289, 48800, 7, 765, 2809, 24, 4806, 7103, 41994, 2746, 1255, 4, 26719, 1632, 23, 8884, 136, 1632, 23, 73015, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 20178, 94691, 41994, 2746, 1255, 1572, 67, 125661, 15, 74, 1105, 14487, 151258, 46, 1702, 4347, 42610, 16, 509, 10, 195374, 30260, 4, 10, 113200, 14486, 6, 70035, 2750, 75204, 70, 34676, 2319, 731, 23, 95935, 13, 23, 36327, 44, 2472, 1919, 16500, 42, 21533, 30260, 1294, 4, 3129, 23, 70, 195374, 46876, 11764, 1636, 142, 27781, 111, 11192, 52101, 136, 84172, 289, 7398, 2481, 740, 6561, 111, 41994, 33, 1255, 25, 7, 2684, 5526, 127752, 7, 47, 5744, 30260, 1294, 509, 1919, 606, 965, 408, 2408, 111, 70, 92265, 23755, 111, 44, 4717, 13, 30260, 1294, 1242, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Biography.", "Streets named after Jiménez." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1" ], "content": [ "Juan Ramon Jimenez was born in Moguer, near Huelva, in Andalucia, on 23 December 1881. He did his secondary education at the Institute IES La Rábida. Later, he studied law and painting at the University of Seville, but he declined to put this training to use. Then he dedicated to the literary influenced by Rubén Darío and the simbolism. He published his first two books at the age of eighteen, in 1900. The death of his father the same year devastated him, and a resulting depression led to his being sent first to France, where he had an affair with his doctor's wife, and then to a sanatorium in Madrid staffed by novitiate nuns, where he lived from 1901 to 1903. In 1911 and 1912, he wrote many erotic poems depicting romps with numerous females in numerous locales. Some of them alluded to sex with novitiates who were nurses. Eventually, apparently, their mother superior discovered the activity and expelled him, although it is not known whether the sexual activity described in his poems actually occurred. The main subjects of many of his other poems were music and color, which, at times, he compared to love or lust. He suffered a mental breakdown and depression, so he stayed hospitalised in France and Madrid. He celebrated his home region in his prose poem about a writer and his donkey called \"Platero and I\" (1914). In 1916 he and Spanish-born writer and poet Zenobia Camprubí were married in the United States. Zenobia became his indispensable companion and collaborator. Next, in the year 1916, he moved to Portugal. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he and Zenobia went into exile in Puerto Rico, where he settled in 1946. Jiménez was hospitalized for eight months due to another deep depression. He later became a Professor of Spanish Language and Literature at the University of Puerto Rico. His literary influence on Puerto Rican writers strongly marks the works of Giannina Braschi, René Marqués, Aurora de Albornoz, and Manuel Ramos Otero. The university named a building on campus and a writing program in his honor. He was also a professor at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. While living in Coral Gables he wrote \"Romances de Coral Gables\". In addition, he was a professor in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Maryland, which renamed Jimenez Hall for him in 1981. In 1956, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature; two days later, his wife died of ovarian cancer. Jiménez never recovered from the emotional devastation, and he died two years afterwards, on 29 May 1958, in the same clinic where his wife had died. Both are buried in his hometown of Moguer, Spain. Although he was primarily a poet, Jiménez' prose work \"Platero y yo\" (1917; \"Platero and I\"; Platero is a donkey) sold well in Latin America and in translation won him popularity in the USA. He also collaborated with his wife in the translation of the Irish playwright John Millington Synge's \"Riders to the Sea\" (1920). His poetic output during his life was immense. Among his better known works are \"Sonetos espirituales 1914–1916\" (1916; “Spiritual Sonnets, 1914–15”), \"Piedra y cielo\" (1919; “Stones and Sky”), \"Poesía, en verso\", 1917–1923 (1923), \"Poesía en prosa y verso\" (1932; “Poetry in Prose and Verse”), \"Voces de mi copla\" (1945; “Voices of My Song”), and \"Animal de fondo\" (1947; “Animal at Bottom”). A collection of 300 poems (1903–53) in English translation by Eloise Roach was published in 1962.", "Several streets have been named after Jiménez, including one in Madrid and one in Valencia." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 15672, 90125, 1314, 25, 70615, 100, 61928, 55441, 15, 16546, 34427, 4, 70, 1653, 13, 26531, 748, 111, 62, 75559, 16, 1556, 61924, 71, 44, 128897, 4209, 58, 237, 12, 581, 85403, 38415, 111, 57456, 24702, 1577, 47, 4331, 707, 85493, 45646, 7, 4, 116491, 4, 20939, 19481, 4, 707, 218343, 123470, 1556, 13835, 71, 16792, 142, 45964, 20028, 4, 3229, 118103, 97025, 297, 26868, 17514, 6044, 237, 70, 642, 61007, 4, 21962, 4, 160298, 136, 5452, 4293, 4, 3021, 5, 581, 13579, 44, 128897, 4209, 58, 83, 16406, 4126, 1295, 70, 2565, 44, 128897, 56, 830, 3129, 68034, 112474, 4420, 47, 70, 616, 927, 142642, 3229, 142, 44, 128897, 25, 56, 58, 15, 39798, 25958, 4, 1632, 2750, 45367, 7, 707, 160404, 7, 10, 44, 3629, 429, 87907, 18939, 15005, 2822, 47, 44, 11, 64549, 748, 111, 116338, 87907, 7, 1242, 360, 903, 43701, 4, 5036, 228908, 13, 4, 142, 44, 128897, 58, 15005, 2822, 47, 10, 116338, 36279, 4, 44, 14, 5, 13, 5, 830, 10, 135969, 289, 2304, 254, 1363, 11814, 23, 1631, 15, 2472, 27781, 4, 10, 60199, 6645, 18, 194, 438, 22819, 27781, 7, 111, 70, 228908, 13, 127689, 3129, 765, 188545, 71, 47, 70, 13379, 5155, 621, 116338, 177907, 50686, 4, 44, 13, 5, 177, 5, 830, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 126140, 89499, 7, 111, 90125, 1314, 5, 581, 2565, 44, 128897, 58, 68034, 83, 111, 3853, 114210, 59665, 4, 20654, 37838, 16406, 6496, 1295, 70, 42845, 44, 6475, 6664, 58, 15, 238, 5, 427, 2525, 247, 91084, 44, 2230, 2182, 31897, 4, 41866, 13893, 14537, 4, 8311, 329, 10, 501, 27571, 23, 57241, 1242, 147466, 4, 237, 70, 4331, 111, 117907, 66, 45646, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 6, 80728, 7, 136, 33976, 7, 4, 90638, 71, 237, 10, 121392, 80244, 4, 70, 13579, 9782, 177907, 30957, 297, 70, 95, 73140, 19, 237, 10, 3917, 47, 157167, 1495, 17721, 8382, 5361, 84382, 23, 70, 50961, 111, 6044, 351, 9, 120430, 6635, 77635, 136, 8382, 75412, 23, 70, 80244, 111, 116338, 177907, 5, 581, 242810, 7, 23, 142, 45964, 61527, 4, 6, 38170, 71336, 933, 111, 12021, 36400, 102, 7605, 4, 70, 62, 15322, 34740, 136, 16995, 3220, 191, 23, 200955, 4, 70, 12610, 10, 944, 77193, 7, 4, 15502, 5659, 399, 136, 37822, 2619, 316, 4, 48380, 118, 39608, 62443, 4, 136, 70, 15640, 528, 112, 142701, 42, 46068, 111, 72820, 145, 76003, 4, 54940, 5941, 27060, 4, 9157, 237, 10, 85633, 47, 70, 4949, 34, 2481, 136, 112419, 111, 142, 45964, 9782, 136, 116338, 185118, 7, 5, 64511, 42762, 7, 4, 110, 51713, 135203, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 43454, 214, 38666, 7, 111, 214733, 136, 70, 159068, 232, 111, 99737, 399, 4, 3542, 5526, 177907, 69307, 9035, 111, 2363, 1733, 136, 3542, 90698, 54940, 70, 132556, 76648, 7, 111, 70, 893, 45964, 6661, 5, 581, 37195, 54704, 8781, 116491, 3542, 51529, 23, 70, 142, 45964, 799, 147, 24453, 5, 581, 642, 61007, 136, 70, 23, 92768, 297, 47880, 15, 2198, 254, 16, 3542, 51529, 16792, 479, 66029, 238, 20028, 5, 581, 160298, 4, 33233, 678, 70, 160298, 136, 10, 425, 133, 191619, 4, 509, 26868, 297, 23, 12021, 36400, 102, 7605, 15, 49748, 69496, 16, 20271, 70, 190, 927, 212010, 316, 77269, 5, 581, 21962, 191619, 5117, 118775, 10932, 6, 26738, 5369, 6650, 23, 70, 799, 147, 24453, 4, 7440, 442, 509, 11814, 23, 10, 8781, 40197, 105994, 4, 136, 47, 25813, 21334, 36746, 7, 23, 142, 45964, 61527, 3378, 55556, 5, 581, 21962, 509, 2843, 11814, 23, 70, 9638, 246, 4390, 7401, 9, 177691, 75186, 4, 70, 5117, 501, 60791, 36279, 4, 3129, 118775, 23, 12021, 36400, 102, 7605, 13656, 17287, 77269, 4, 136, 7068, 23, 142, 45964, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 138155, 32382, 9, 62783, 297, 116491, 4, 70, 32382, 39, 5713, 136, 32382, 42874, 4, 5117, 118775, 23, 70, 22458, 8999, 20271, 70, 116625, 43114, 72944, 4, 23, 2367, 621, 5036, 18721, 4, 61408, 4, 136, 15000, 4, 390, 70, 483, 927, 142642, 19831, 5, 581, 67896, 150, 525, 138155, 2288, 302, 9, 62783, 297, 36279, 509, 10, 2288, 302, 121477, 22648, 19, 390, 10, 2288, 302, 164552, 13, 4, 151552, 23, 423, 11703, 390, 1218, 10084, 144, 9, 111678, 10571, 82945, 911, 25, 47323, 23, 180, 139891, 61527, 5, 581, 235489, 31964, 509, 26868, 297, 23, 5596, 390, 70, 305, 927, 142642, 19831, 4, 136, 70, 25927, 592, 160298, 509, 26868, 297, 23, 70, 116625, 8999, 390, 70, 39395, 534, 927, 142642, 4, 15044, 111, 3129, 3542, 20531, 47, 70, 75678, 111, 70, 235489, 53099, 5, 581, 25927, 592, 160298, 509, 2843, 10, 479, 86927, 42, 47, 70, 25927, 592, 7349, 299, 4, 3129, 509, 10, 22799, 34754, 20271, 70, 39395, 81207, 135555, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 5, 581, 501, 36467, 7, 44645, 136, 7384, 7, 44645, 3542, 26868, 297, 390, 884, 9, 6979, 70678, 23, 182688, 12021, 36400, 102, 7605, 581, 41664, 111, 54704, 289, 135969, 7, 4, 68018, 35839, 145076, 3378, 135969, 7, 4, 100, 4806, 70, 57456, 18231, 111, 5045, 111, 5744, 177907, 5, 17106, 70, 6, 58944, 111, 177907, 237, 10, 40124, 23, 70, 543, 927, 142642, 4, 70, 13579, 100512, 1286, 653, 118201, 538, 190659, 47, 44457, 7, 23, 3129, 291, 140363, 41637, 136, 41664, 3542, 190659, 47, 6097, 3564, 7, 5, 209683, 538, 4, 23, 66044, 47, 116338, 136, 9782, 177907, 4, 70, 44457, 7, 7068, 51529, 237, 70, 135969, 81693, 100512, 49504, 3674, 3934, 177907, 5, 73908, 33976, 509, 142, 5526, 177907, 4488, 20271, 70, 39395, 93402, 7, 111, 70, 81207, 135555, 5, 4939, 81775, 11, 1507, 509, 70, 5117, 15970, 9, 3454, 164779, 297, 9782, 185118, 136, 83, 27983, 28601, 297, 237, 70, 44, 1021, 9319, 58, 111, 9782, 177907, 5, 1529, 509, 142, 14941, 9782, 185118, 102778, 100, 70, 4331, 111, 6, 80728, 7, 4, 26944, 7, 4, 182, 3422, 7, 4, 136, 22729, 23923, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 2843, 10, 87709, 135969, 289, 185118, 136, 142, 192471, 6, 34053, 27744, 1419, 5, 345, 6953, 10, 3299, 7401, 160298, 4, 81775, 11, 1507, 55080, 297, 28007, 7, 100, 59671, 5369, 4, 72694, 214, 48322, 47, 51312, 227066, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 123470, 83, 70, 4527, 111, 57456, 24702, 1577, 47, 4331, 136, 45367, 116491, 4, 45646, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 55769, 4, 26719, 6, 80728, 7, 4, 80208, 7, 4, 33816, 7, 4, 117001, 4, 136, 33976, 7, 5, 581, 80244, 111, 177907, 22, 277, 13409, 90, 10, 134744, 37457, 111, 1286, 5361, 29367, 44457, 7, 111, 177907, 4, 12638, 678, 10, 1286, 29458, 242661, 98, 17311, 58555, 111, 190659, 291, 140363, 41637, 4, 190659, 41664, 4, 136, 52895, 111, 38415, 5, 6872, 207244, 6635, 111, 177907, 5, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Definition.", "History.", "Ancient era.", "Middle Ages.", "Modern era.", "Main branches of engineering.", "Chemical engineering.", "Civil engineering.", "Computer engineering.", "Electrical engineering.", "Mechanical engineering.", "Interdisciplinary engineering.", "Other branches of engineering.", "Aerospace engineering.", "Marine engineering.", "Practice.", "Methodology.", "Problem solving.", "Computer use.", "Social context.", "Code of ethics.", "Relationships with other disciplines.", "Science.", "Medicine and biology.", "Art.", "Business.", "Other fields." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "2", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) has defined \"engineering\" as: The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing", "Engineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc. The term \"engineering\" is derived from the word \"engineer\", which itself dates back to the 14th century when an \"engine'er\" (literally, one who builds or operates a \"siege engine\") referred to \"a constructor of military engines.\" In this context, now obsolete, an \"engine\" referred to a military machine, \"i.e.\", a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, \"e.g.\", the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The word \"engine\" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin \"ingenium\" (c. 1250), meaning \"innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.\" Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of military engineering.", "The pyramids in ancient Egypt, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and Colosseum, Teotihuacán, and the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. Other monuments, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Pharos of Alexandria, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC, and then in ancient", "The earliest practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf in Ottoman Egypt. The cotton gin was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the spinning wheel was invented in the Islamic world by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the cotton industry. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the spinning jenny, which was a key development during the early Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. The crankshaft and camshaft were invented by Al-Jazari in Northern Mesopotamia", "The science of classical mechanics, sometimes called Newtonian mechanics, formed the scientific basis of much of modern engineering. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. Canal building was an important engineering work during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the \"father\" of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors, and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Using a model water wheel, Smeaton conducted experiments for seven years, determining ways to increase efficiency. Smeaton introduced iron axles and gears to water wheels. Smeaton also made mechanical improvements to the Newcomen steam engine. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) where he pioneered the use of", "Engineering is a broad discipline that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. Although an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, he or she may become multi-disciplined through experience. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.", "Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry", "Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment", "Computer engineering (CE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to", "Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as", "Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and", "Interdisciplinary engineering draws from more than one of the principle branches of the practice. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Other engineering fields are manufacturing engineering, acoustical engineering, corrosion engineering, instrumentation and control, aerospace, automotive, computer, electronic, information engineering, petroleum, environmental, systems, audio,", "", "Aerospace engineering studies design, manufacture aircraft, satellites, rockets, helicopters, and so on. It closely studies the pressure difference and", "Marine engineering is associated with anything on or near the ocean. Examples are, but not limited to, ships, submarines,", "One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so", "In the engineering design process, engineers apply mathematics and sciences such as physics to find novel solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions. Engineers need proficient knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. As a result, many engineers continue to learn new material throughout their career. If multiple solutions exist, engineers weigh each design choice based on their merit and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to yield a successful result. It is generally insufficient to build a technically successful product, rather, it must also meet further requirements. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productivity, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.", "Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions. Usually, multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements. Genrich Altshuller, after gathering statistics on a large number of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of \"low-level\" engineering designs, while at a higher level the best design is", "As with all modern scientific and technological endeavors, computers and software play an increasingly important role. As well as the typical business application software there are a number of computer aided applications (computer-aided technologies) specifically for engineering. Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods. One of the most widely used design tools in the profession is computer-aided design (CAD) software. It enables engineers to create 3D models, 2D drawings, and schematics of their designs. CAD together with digital mockup (DMU) and CAE software such as finite element method analysis or analytic element method allows engineers to", "The engineering profession engages in a wide range of activities, from large collaboration at the societal level, and also smaller individual projects. Almost all engineering projects are obligated to some sort of financing agency: a company, a set of investors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are \"pro bono\" engineering and open-design engineering. By its very nature engineering has interconnections with society, culture and human behavior. Every product or construction used by modern society is influenced by engineering. The results of engineering activity influence changes to the environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a responsibility and public safety. Engineering projects can be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of sport utility vehicles and the extraction of oil. In response, some western engineering companies have enacted serious corporate and social responsibility policies. Engineering is a key driver of innovation and human development. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, has a very small engineering capacity which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development. All overseas development and relief NGOs make considerable use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to use engineering directly for the good of mankind: Engineering companies in many established economies are facing significant challenges with regard to the number of professional engineers being trained, compared with the number retiring. This problem is very prominent in the UK where engineering has a poor image and low status. There are many negative economic and political issues that this can cause, as well as ethical issues. It is widely agreed that the engineering profession faces an \"image crisis\", rather than it being fundamentally an unattractive career. Much work is needed to avoid huge problems in the UK and other western economies.", "Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large.", "", "There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations. Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely \"engineering scientists\". In the book \"What Engineers Know and How They Know It\", Walter Vincenti asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic physics or chemistry are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner. There is a \"real and important\" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology. Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology. For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics. Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that", "The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. Medicine aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the human body, if necessary, through the use of technology. Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example, brain implants and pacemakers. The fields of bionics and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems. Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of", "There are connections between engineering and art, for example, architecture, landscape architecture and industrial design (even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university's Faculty of Engineering). The Art Institute of Chicago, for instance, held an exhibition about the art", "Business Engineering deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and change management. Engineering management or \"Management engineering\" is a specialized field of management concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop industrial engineering skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge", "In political science, the term \"engineering\" has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of social" ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 19909, 605, 39366, 509, 103122, 98, 714, 4347, 34578, 23, 135956, 4293, 4, 239, 16336, 72567, 4, 70, 775, 111, 33346, 26976, 160972, 15, 40062, 83520, 195167, 13, 16, 136, 87319, 172014, 19909, 605, 39366, 5, 1529, 509, 2363, 17932, 29041, 4, 678, 10, 114015, 4, 16162, 4, 43606, 5369, 1919, 22962, 5, 82990, 538, 8108, 70, 1810, 70751, 111, 70, 77648, 6661, 5550, 23, 6088, 34578, 4, 1919, 14449, 109133, 47, 5140, 1972, 5, 10660, 158930, 2685, 24189, 104870, 509, 77488, 76456, 5369, 10332, 4, 8108, 456, 116292, 214, 47, 12981, 1507, 23, 59782, 4, 7103, 1919, 67373, 1902, 2809, 125568, 71, 5, 581, 16981, 111, 38043, 8305, 70, 1631, 237, 10, 27150, 29041, 1902, 10, 6, 120027, 24725, 98, 4049, 4, 136, 764, 14432, 2804, 450, 44, 191, 538, 7103, 88669, 138755, 71, 27, 6777, 87, 2773, 3075, 450, 1631, 58954, 25, 18, 3638, 1242, 14847, 142, 33683, 56, 456, 79466, 450, 764, 115058, 32233, 116572, 23, 70, 7103, 125458, 111, 70, 534, 6088, 52875, 7, 4, 19909, 605, 39366, 2804, 12, 44, 110355, 4, 1011, 2069, 4, 398, 90820, 2451, 568, 67208, 18, 1379, 10, 158285, 37385, 24189, 87, 509, 22759, 5369, 10332, 974, 19909, 605, 39366, 25, 7, 67373, 509, 10, 9782, 185118, 136, 21, 53, 19542, 5372, 4, 136, 509, 111, 75198, 1236, 120552, 136, 50695, 4745, 224, 16797, 5, 149766, 111, 19909, 605, 39366, 25, 7, 9963, 1021, 9319, 7, 3542, 479, 934, 1314, 4, 136, 1919, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 79139, 1021, 9319, 4, 14631, 19909, 605, 39366, 4, 509, 10, 44, 144225, 4, 48257, 6827, 75198, 1236, 24284, 58, 23, 21786, 53, 12470, 4, 47064, 19897, 9013, 5, 18763, 5368, 65998, 509, 37515, 538, 14949, 4, 1284, 351, 9, 236479, 5, 44, 31852, 1257, 40772, 214, 509, 111, 27226, 351, 2271, 5037, 1419, 14949, 7, 2750, 29131, 450, 398, 12441, 70, 14949, 6897, 23, 2831, 390, 186, 528, 6496, 23, 10, 14949, 144996, 47, 195348, 398, 435, 1242, 14847, 764, 509, 427, 4, 1919, 42732, 68, 71, 111, 57262, 27968, 74, 1919, 67373, 68, 71, 3229, 764, 509, 11585, 24372, 1919, 38162, 1810, 237, 12249, 47, 1919, 29954, 432, 9319, 4, 90040, 4778, 19909, 605, 39366, 4, 2750, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 112869, 10821, 67081, 111, 102517, 4, 764, 2804, 4, 44, 122116, 4734, 509, 2412, 959, 11538, 297, 4, 1284, 237, 10, 32786, 111, 10, 100510, 3129, 159978, 71, 6863, 13830, 18234, 6620, 47, 3395, 25, 7, 17688, 2481, 5369, 4420, 4, 87, 5351, 2412, 509, 1660, 9525, 100, 759, 72018, 450, 87, 58954, 25, 18, 16500, 214, 176683, 1242, 18763, 6782, 9, 7134, 257, 9, 79139, 1021, 9319, 12452, 821, 5, 61187, 90, 509, 142, 177500, 136, 80399, 56, 23, 70, 20654, 37838, 65771, 80399, 100, 10, 72864, 23552, 9, 69810, 5636, 23, 30749, 4, 70, 100, 13, 142117, 47, 70, 5744, 43606, 9, 5636, 4488, 5895, 4, 4911, 7, 20662, 61187, 90, 10, 44, 79139, 1021, 9319, 111, 70, 5744, 14000, 740, 19909, 605, 39366, 29966, 297, 12981, 1507, 19188, 15, 12647, 4778, 25, 127152, 247, 111, 3129, 764, 83, 7464, 10, 132756, 4, 29966, 214, 186085, 47, 22120, 47, 166733, 7, 5, 19909, 605, 39366, 25, 7, 1030, 1916, 80997, 26859, 99, 12981, 1507, 59784, 146613, 4, 111, 3129, 764, 83, 5036, 70, 32926, 5, 893, 39395, 102919, 1363, 678, 70, 163198, 13, 509, 65524, 71, 390, 1919, 27863, 4, 2750, 34739, 4049, 98, 10, 14449, 1810, 214, 47, 44, 128503, 4378, 58, 99, 70, 16556, 13038, 23, 30749, 3229, 764, 509, 17262, 5, 14847, 764, 509, 300, 86, 4, 1919, 5201, 40111, 13379, 509, 10, 6, 42822, 9, 72274, 109412, 136, 122597, 27287, 31485, 19, 163198, 13, 1295, 9017, 21135, 7, 109451, 146613, 7, 4, 678, 20596, 24351, 28302, 1294, 136, 1439, 90, 47, 25944, 98, 70, 59226, 9, 6056, 7, 111, 313, 5012, 54862, 136, 111, 94239, 329, 183433, 25, 7, 10699, 1974, 5, 18763, 114015, 34739, 4049, 47, 1919, 5117, 113154, 11301, 4, 44, 618, 8420, 2480, 127, 36151, 830, 390, 70, 79775, 7, 111, 5140, 1972, 25, 7, 59784, 146613, 4, 16610, 538, 134629, 390, 2363, 44, 55450, 86077, 58, 136, 5140, 1972, 19694, 19188, 100, 61240, 25, 36049, 111, 44, 284, 23166, 149336, 36151, 25, 7, 41945, 830, 678, 19612, 390, 1111, 1743, 10798, 127, 19, 4, 678, 70, 31486, 111, 23674, 5928, 112730, 390, 16162, 19909, 605, 39366, 4, 2750, 136475, 47, 27992, 4, 8951, 4, 136, 27489, 79775, 163198, 13, 24189, 604, 47219, 5, 360, 42610, 4, 19909, 605, 39366, 4, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 543, 4, 23742, 10, 191225, 16070, 47, 2907, 69690, 1686, 86, 25, 7, 29693, 4, 105109, 4, 7440, 764, 12301, 14941, 163136, 5, 1529, 1556, 16792, 2809, 7228, 142, 58744, 6635, 9593, 17336, 111, 70, 29693, 5, 51404, 99, 105109, 4, 19909, 605, 39366, 509, 10, 32786, 111, 70, 1784, 17336, 13, 67081, 4, 7440, 764, 118775, 23, 1105, 11301, 7, 645, 70, 15411, 111, 138, 5369, 5, 1913, 450, 27150, 32070, 764, 509, 21771, 68772, 23718, 7, 450, 765, 16792, 24209, 62673, 1294, 6044, 237, 1919, 117400, 7224, 41566, 23, 44, 841, 33, 1294, 7610, 58, 33233, 8752, 4804, 3104, 24696, 19, 136, 1310, 343, 30492, 14, 15, 16305, 206, 41722, 247, 44, 441, 53, 20439, 2256, 58, 15, 162, 2795, 1132, 2647, 4, 198274, 94037, 18186, 73163, 237, 3370, 62976, 16, 136, 44, 8331, 18770, 154649, 223, 740, 133698, 903, 14922, 19909, 605, 39366, 1902, 21771, 2809, 8951, 297, 390, 7948, 19449, 4, 4939, 3253, 1507, 136, 930, 7814, 12563, 15534, 4, 756, 111, 136565, 2806, 765, 10, 58696, 24725, 98, 19909, 605, 39366, 25, 7, 22690, 80997, 5, 19909, 605, 39366, 7228, 1919, 5117, 23182, 170894, 23, 40418, 99, 70, 217339, 13, 146613, 4, 237, 2777, 1264, 23, 44, 284, 1572, 100, 3164, 85135, 7, 830, 102971, 142, 18215, 182304, 111, 70, 1784, 17336, 13, 67081, 25, 7, 44, 441, 53, 20439, 2256, 58, 1902, 74955, 98, 60091, 11473, 237, 2831, 111, 70, 1172, 519, 113154, 36549, 5, 24372, 22759, 5369, 23, 18150, 28926, 31667, 163198, 90, 764, 7228, 1919, 5117, 10542, 18878, 170894, 4, 23, 44, 284, 159, 16797, 111, 158591, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 10868, 104870, 172014, 19909, 605, 39366, 15, 57332, 714, 4347, 34578, 16, 83, 142, 14941, 39329, 5, 18763, 80997, 27734, 7, 30773, 7, 17163, 214, 1295, 113154, 66, 136, 5744, 163198, 13, 47, 5700, 115135, 136, 41664, 127663, 5, 1529, 83, 70, 134003, 111, 37195, 94239, 329, 183433, 54530, 4, 10, 59689, 60992, 4, 10, 43114, 162097, 60992, 4, 10, 94831, 185617, 7, 230204, 60992, 4, 10, 335, 29836, 60992, 4, 6626, 118651, 54530, 4, 22759, 46406, 262, 1042, 54530, 4, 136, 6626, 180423, 7, 25, 181948, 54530, 5, 1529, 1556, 2843, 75204, 27154, 5256, 100, 6626, 62903, 54530, 4, 43606, 56195, 6032, 2775, 1176, 54530, 4, 136, 22759, 8678, 95976, 7, 5, 1529, 69307, 71, 214574, 65536, 100, 1919, 1346, 31486, 7, 4, 26719, 70, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Early life.", "Career.", "Theatre.", "Popular success.", "Personal life.", "LGBT activism.", "LGBT rights campaigning.", "Charity work.", "Other work." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "2", "2", "1", "1", "2", "2", "2" ], "content": [ "McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire, the son of Margery Lois (née Sutcliffe) and Denis Murray McKellen. He was their second child, with a sister, Jean, five years his senior. Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, his family moved to Wigan. They lived there until Ian was twelve years old, before relocating to Bolton in 1951, after his father had been promoted. The experience of living through the war as a young child had a lasting impact on him, and he later said that \"only after peace resumed... did I realise that war wasn't normal.\" When an interviewer remarked that he seemed quite calm in the aftermath of the 11 September attacks, McKellen said: \"Well, darling, you forget—I slept under a steel plate until I was four years old.” McKellen's father was a civil engineer and lay preacher, and was of Protestant Irish and Scottish descent. Both of McKellen's grandfathers were preachers, and his great-great-grandfather, James McKellen, was a \"strict, evangelical Protestant minister\" in Ballymena, County Antrim. His home environment was strongly Christian, but non-orthodox. \"My upbringing was of low nonconformist Christians who felt that you led the Christian life in part by behaving in a Christian manner to everybody you met.\" When he was 12, his mother died of breast cancer; his father died when he was 24. After his coming out as gay to his stepmother, Gladys McKellen, who was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, he said, \"Not only was she not fazed, but as a member of a society which declared its indifference to people's sexuality years back, I think she was just glad for my sake that I wasn't lying anymore.\" His great-great-grandfather Robert J. Lowes was an activist and campaigner in the ultimately successful campaign for a Saturday half-holiday in Manchester, the forerunner to the modern five-day work week, thus making Lowes a \"grandfather of the modern weekend\". McKellen attended Bolton School (Boys' Division), of which he is still a supporter, attending regularly to talk to pupils. McKellen's acting career started at Bolton Little Theatre, of which he is now the patron. An early fascination with the theatre was encouraged by his parents, who took him on a family outing to \"Peter Pan\" at the Opera House in Manchester when he was three. When he was nine, his main Christmas present was a fold-away wood and bakelite Victorian theatre from Pollocks Toy Theatres, with cardboard scenery and wires to push on the cut-outs of Cinderella and of Laurence Olivier's Hamlet. His sister took him to his first Shakespeare play, \"Twelfth Night\", by the amateurs of Wigan's Little Theatre, shortly followed by their \"Macbeth\" and Wigan High School for Girls' production of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", with music by Mendelssohn, with the role of Bottom played by Jean McKellen, who continued to act, direct, and produce amateur theatre until her death. In 1958, McKellen, at the age of 18, won a scholarship to St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he read English literature. He has since been made an Honorary Fellow of the College. While at Cambridge, McKellen was a member of the Marlowe Society, where he appeared in 23 plays over the course of 3 years. At that young age he was already giving performances that have since become legendary such as his Justice Shallow in \"Henry IV\" alongside Trevor Nunn and Derek Jacobi (March 1959), \"Cymbeline\" (as Posthumus, opposite Margaret Drabble as Imogen) and \"Doctor Faustus\". During this period McKellen had already been directed by Peter Hall, John Barton and Dadie Rylands, all of whom would have a huge impact on McKellen's future career.", "", "McKellen made his first professional appearance in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre, as Roper in \"A Man for All Seasons\", although an audio recording of the Marlowe Society's \"Cymbeline\" had gone on commercial sale as part of the Argo Shakespeare series. After four years in regional repertory theatres he made his first West End appearance, in \"A Scent of Flowers\", regarded as a \"notable success\". In 1965 he was a member of Laurence Olivier's National Theatre Company at the Old Vic, which led to roles at the Chichester Festival. With the Prospect Theatre Company, McKellen made his breakthrough performances of Richard II (directed by Richard Cottrell) and Marlowe's Edward II (directed by Toby Robertson) at the Edinburgh festival in 1969, the latter causing a storm of protest over the enactment of the homosexual Edward's lurid death. In the 1970s and 1980s McKellen became a well-known figure in British theatre, performing frequently at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre, where he played several leading Shakespearean roles, including the title role in \"Macbeth\" (which he had first played for Trevor Nunn in a \"gripping...out of the ordinary\" production, with Judi Dench, at Stratford in 1976), and Iago in \"Othello\", in award-winning productions directed by Nunn. Both of these productions were adapted into television films, also directed by Nunn. In 2007 he returned to the Royal Shakespeare Company, in productions of \"King Lear\" and \"The Seagull\", both directed by Trevor Nunn. In 2009 he appeared in a very popular revival of \"Waiting for Godot\" at London's Haymarket Theatre, directed by Sean Mathias, and playing opposite Patrick Stewart. He is Patron of English Touring Theatre and also President and Patron of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain, an association of amateur theatre organisations throughout the UK. In late August 2012, he took part in the opening ceremony of the London Paralympics, portraying Prospero from \"The Tempest\". In October 2017, McKellen played King Lear at Chichester Festival Theatre, a role which he said was likely to be his \"last big Shakespearean part\". He performed the play at the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West End during the summer of 2018. To celebrate his 80th birthday, in 2019 McKellen performed in a one man stage show titled \"\" celebrating the various performances throughout his career. The show toured across the UK and Ireland (raising money for each venue and organisation's charity) before a West End run at the Harold Pinter Theatre and was performed for one night only on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre.", "McKellen had taken film roles throughout his career—beginning in 1969 with his role of George Matthews in \"A Touch of Love\", and his first leading role was in 1980 as D. H. Lawrence in \"Priest of Love\", but it was not until the 1990s that he became more widely recognised in this medium after several roles in blockbuster Hollywood films. In 1993, he had a supporting role as a South African tycoon in the critically acclaimed \"Six Degrees of Separation\", in which he starred with Stockard Channing, Donald Sutherland, and Will Smith. In the same year, he appeared in minor roles in the television miniseries \"Tales of the City\", based on the novel by his friend Armistead Maupin, and the film \"Last Action Hero\", in which he briefly played Death opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger and Charles Dance. Later in 1993, McKellen appeared in the television film \"And the Band Played On\" about the discovery of the AIDS virus for which McKellen won a CableACE Award for Supporting Actor in a Movie or Miniseries and was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie. In 1995, he played the title role in \"Richard III\", which transported the setting into an alternative 1930s in which England is ruled by fascists. The film was a critical success. McKellen co-produced and co-wrote the film, adapting the play for the screen based on a stage production of Shakespeare's play directed by Richard Eyre for the Royal National Theatre in which McKellen had appeared. As executive producer he returned his £50,000 fee to complete the filming of the final battle. In his review of the film, \"The Washington Post\" film critic Hal Hinson called McKellen's performance a \"lethally flamboyant incarnation\" and said his \"florid mastery... dominates everything\". His performance in the title role garnered BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor and won the European Film Award for Best Actor. His screenplay was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He appeared in the modestly acclaimed film \"Apt Pupil\", which was directed by Bryan Singer and based on a story by Stephen King. McKellen portrayed a fugitive Nazi officer living under a false name in the US who is befriended by a curious teenager (Brad Renfro) who threatens to expose him unless he tells his story in detail. He was subsequently nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1998 film \"Gods and Monsters\", wherein he played James Whale, the director of \"Show Boat\" (1936) and \"Frankenstein\". In 1999 McKellen was cast, again under the direction of Bryan Singer, to play the comic book supervillain Magneto in the 2000 film \"X-Men\" and its sequels \"X2: X-Men United\" (2003) and \"\" (2006). He later reprised his role of Magneto in 2014's \"\", sharing the role with Michael Fassbender, who played a younger version of the character in 2011's \"\". While filming the first \"X-Men\" film in 1999, McKellen was cast as the wizard Gandalf in Peter Jackson's three-film adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (consisting of \"\" (2001), \"\" (2002), and \"\" (2003) ). He received honors from the Screen Actors Guild for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for his work in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role. He provided the voice of Gandalf for several video game adaptations of the \"Lord of the Rings\" films, then reprised the role on screen in Jackson's film adaptation of \"The Hobbit\", which was released in three parts from 2012 to 2014. On 16 March 2002, he hosted \"Saturday Night Live\". In 2003, McKellen made a guest appearance as himself on the American cartoon show \"The Simpsons\" in a special British-themed episode entitled \"The Regina Monologues\", along with the then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and author J. K. Rowling. In April and May 2005, he played the role of Mel Hutchwright in Granada Television's long running British soap opera, \"Coronation Street\", fulfilling a lifelong ambition. He narrated Richard Bell's film \"Eighteen\" as a grandfather who leaves his World War II memoirs on audio-cassette for his teenage grandson. McKellen has appeared in limited release films, such as \"Emile\" (which was shot in three weeks following the \"X2\" shoot), \"Neverwas\" and \"Asylum\". He appeared as Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci Code\". During a 17 May 2006 interview on \"The Today Show\" with the \"Da Vinci Code\" cast and director, Matt Lauer posed a question to the group about how they would have felt if the film had borne a prominent disclaimer that it is a work of fiction, as some religious groups wanted. McKellen responded, \"I've often thought the Bible should have a disclaimer in the front saying 'This is fiction.' I mean, walking on water? It takes... an act of faith. And I have faith in this movie—not that it's true, not that it's factual, but that it's a jolly good story.\" He continued, \"And I think audiences are clever enough and bright enough to separate out fact and fiction, and discuss the thing when they've seen it\". McKellen appeared in the 2006 BBC series of Ricky Gervais' comedy series \"Extras\", where he played himself directing Gervais' character Andy Millman in a play about gay lovers. McKellen received a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor – Comedy Series nomination for his performance. In 2009 he portrayed Number Two in \"The Prisoner\", a remake of the 1967 cult series \"The Prisoner\". In 2013, McKellen co-starred in the ITV sitcom \"Vicious\" as Freddie Thornhill, alongside Derek Jacobi. The series revolves around an elderly gay couple who have been together for 50 years. On 23 August 2013 the show was renewed for a six-episode second series which began airing in June 2015. In November 2013, McKellen appeared in the \"Doctor Who\" 50th anniversary comedy homage \"The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot\". In October 2015, McKellen appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \"The Dresser\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen portrayed Cogsworth in the live-action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon (which marked the third collaboration between Condon and McKellen, after \"Gods and Monsters\" and \"Mr. Holmes\") and co-starred alongside Emma Watson and Dan Stevens. Also that year, McKellen appeared in the documentary \"McKellen: Playing the Part\", directed by director Joe Stephenson. The documentary explores McKellen's life and career as an actor. In 2019, McKellen starred in \"The Good Liar\" with Helen Mirren, and additionally played Gus the Theatre Cat in \"Cats\", an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, directed by Tom Hooper, and also featuring Jennifer Hudson, James Corden, Idris Elba, and Judi Dench.", "McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian conversion in Narrow Street, Limehouse. In 1978 he met his second partner, Sean Mathias, at the Edinburgh Festival. This relationship lasted until 1988, and according to Mathias, was tempestuous, with conflicts over McKellen's success in acting versus Mathias's somewhat less-successful career. The two remained friends, with Mathias later directing McKellen in \"Waiting for Godot\" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in 2009. The pair entered into a business partnership with Evgeny Lebedev, purchasing the lease of The Grapes public house in Narrow Street. McKellen is an atheist. In the late 1980s, McKellen lost his appetite for meat except for fish, and has since followed a mainly pescetarian diet. In 2001, Ian McKellen received the Artist Citizen of the World Award (France). He has a tattoo of the Elvish number nine, written using J. R. R. Tolkien's constructed script of Tengwar, on his shoulder in reference to his involvement in the \"Lord of the Rings\" and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring. The other actors of \"The Fellowship\" (Elijah Wood, Sean Astin, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Sean Bean, Dominic Monaghan and Viggo Mortensen) have the same tattoo. John Rhys-Davies, whose character was also one of the original nine companions, arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006. In 2012, McKellen stated on his blog that \"There is no cause for alarm. I am examined regularly and the cancer is contained. I've not needed any treatment.\" He became an ordained minister of the Universal Life Church in early 2013 in order to preside over the marriage of his friend and \"X-Men\" co-star Patrick Stewart to the singer Sunny Ozell. McKellen was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Cambridge University on 18 June 2014. He was made a Freeman of the city of London on Thursday 30 October 2014. The ceremony took place at Guildhall in London. McKellen was nominated by London's Lord Mayor Fiona Woolf, who said he was chosen as he was an \"exceptional actor\" and \"tireless campaigner for equality\". He is also an Emeritus Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.", "", "While McKellen had made his sexual orientation known to fellow actors early on in his stage career, it was not until 1988 that he came out to the general public, in a programme on BBC Radio. The context that prompted McKellen's decision—overriding any concerns about a possible negative effect on his career—was that the controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Bill, known simply as Section 28, was then under consideration in the British Parliament. Section 28 proposed prohibiting local authorities from promoting homosexuality \"... as a kind of pretended family relationship\". McKellen became active in fighting the proposed law, and, during a BBC Radio 3 programme where he debated Section 28 with the conservative journalist Peregrine Worsthorne, declared himself gay. McKellen has stated that he was influenced in his decision by the advice and support of his friends, among them noted gay author Armistead Maupin. In a 1998 interview that discusses the 29th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, McKellen commented, I have many regrets about not having come out earlier, but one of them might be that I didn't engage myself in the politicking. He has said of this period: My own participating in that campaign was a focus for people [to] take comfort that if Ian McKellen was on board for this, perhaps it would be all right for other people to be as well, gay and straight. Section 28 was, however, enacted and remained on the statute books until 2000 in Scotland and 2003 in England and Wales. Section 28 never applied in Northern Ireland. In 2003, during an appearance on \"Have I Got News For You\", McKellen claimed when he visited Michael Howard, then Environment Secretary (responsible for local government), in 1988 to lobby against Section 28, Howard refused to change his position but did ask him to leave an autograph for his children. McKellen agreed, but wrote, \"Fuck off, I'm gay.\" McKellen described Howard's junior ministers, Conservatives David Wilshire and Dame Jill Knight, who were the architects of Section 28, as the 'ugly sisters' of a political pantomime. McKellen has continued to be very active in LGBT rights efforts. In a statement on his website regarding his activism, the actor commented that: McKellen is a co-founder of Stonewall, an LGBT rights lobby group in the United Kingdom, named after the Stonewall riots. McKellen is also patron of LGBT History Month, Pride London, Oxford Pride, GAY-GLOS, LGBT Foundation, and FFLAG where he appears in their video \"Parents Talking\". In 1994, at the closing ceremony of the Gay Games, he briefly took the stage to address the crowd, saying, \"I'm Sir Ian McKellen, but you can call me Serena\": This nickname, given to him by Stephen Fry, had been circulating within the gay community since McKellen's knighthood was conferred. In 2002, he was the Celebrity Grand Marshal of the San Francisco Pride Parade and he attended the Academy Awards with his then-boyfriend, New Zealander Nick Cuthell. In 2006, McKellen spoke at the pre-launch of the 2007 LGBT History Month in the UK, lending his support to the organisation and its founder, Sue Sanders. In 2007, he became a patron of The Albert Kennedy Trust, an organisation that provides support to young, homeless and troubled LGBT people. In 2006, he became a patron of Oxford Pride, stating:I send my love to all members of Oxford Pride, their sponsors and supporters, of which I am proud to be one... Onlookers can be impressed by our confidence and determination to be ourselves and gay people, of whatever age, can be comforted by the occasion to take the first steps towards coming out and leaving the closet forever behind. McKellen has taken his activism internationally, and caused a major stir in Singapore, where he was invited to do an interview on a morning show and shocked the interviewer by asking if they could recommend him a gay bar; the programme immediately ended. In December 2008, he was named in \"Out\" annual Out 100 list. In 2010, McKellen extended his support for Liverpool's Homotopia festival in which a group of gay and lesbian Merseyside teenagers helped to produce an anti-homophobia campaign pack for schools and youth centres across the city. In May 2011, he called Sergey Sobyanin, Moscow's mayor, a \"coward\" for refusing to allow gay parades in the city. In 2014, he was named in the top 10 on the World Pride Power list.", "In April 2010, along with actors Brian Cox and Eleanor Bron, McKellen appeared in a series of TV advertisements to support Age UK, the charity recently formed from the merger of Age Concern and Help the Aged. All three actors gave their time free of charge. A cricket fan since childhood, McKellen umpired in March 2011 for a charity cricket match in New Zealand to support earthquake victims of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. McKellen is an honorary board member for the New York and Washington, DC based organization Only Make Believe. Only Make Believe creates and performs interactive plays in children's hospitals and care facilities. He was honoured by the organisation in 2012 and hosted their annual Make Believe on Broadway Gala in November 2013. He garnered publicity for the organisation by stripping down to his Lord of the Rings underwear on stage. McKellen also has a history of supporting individual theatres. While in New Zealand filming \"The Hobbit\" in 2012, he announced a special New Zealand tour \"Shakespeare, Tolkien, and You!\", with proceeds going to help save the Isaac Theatre Royal, which suffered extensive damage during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. McKellen said he opted to help save the building as it was the last theatre he played in New Zealand (\"Waiting for Godot\" in 2010) and the locals' love for it made it a place worth supporting. In July 2017, he performed a new one-man show for a week at Park Theatre (London), donating the proceeds to the theatre. Together with a number of his \"Lord of the Rings\" co-stars (plus writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson), on 1 June 2020 McKellen joined Josh Gad's YouTube series \"Reunited Apart\" which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing, and promotes donations to non-profit charities.", "A friend of Ian Charleson and an admirer of his work, McKellen contributed an entire chapter to \"For Ian Charleson: A Tribute\". A recording of McKellen's voice is heard before performances at the Royal Festival Hall, reminding patrons to ensure their mobile phones and watch alarms are switched off and to keep coughing to a minimum. He also took part in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London as Prospero from Shakespeare's \"The Tempest\"." ] }

[ 250004, 250054, 581, 21650, 2517, 707, 23911, 10941, 111, 15381, 7, 4, 26249, 61590, 7, 707, 18153, 108055, 90, 621, 27983, 36510, 297, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 237, 10, 123875, 111, 70, 3622, 36898, 26866, 23, 70, 4912, 5, 1326, 27781, 10, 65251, 9, 25561, 108787, 70541, 7, 382, 11267, 7401, 15, 120620, 706, 7401, 136, 1039, 706, 36898, 26866, 117, 108787, 194, 581, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 10941, 83, 6, 134926, 12807, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 4, 17, 5, 13, 5, 6, 134926, 12807, 111, 70, 36898, 26866, 83, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 5, 581, 108787, 4, 127298, 4, 70541, 7, 78373, 12010, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 22085, 5, 12825, 83123, 1193, 1039, 706, 194, 145761, 71, 108787, 70541, 7, 70, 5701, 202104, 111, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 15, 134926, 125478, 4, 1284, 83, 4734, 138, 12807, 7401, 16156, 11991, 36898, 26866, 194, 1061, 65251, 706, 111, 19014, 71, 108787, 70541, 7, 483, 135527, 706, 36898, 26866, 136, 6, 158045, 12010, 160, 1073, 7, 6664, 22085, 5, 12825, 83123, 1022, 483, 135527, 706, 194, 14847, 26168, 1916, 10, 68, 18, 707, 17664, 297, 26249, 61590, 4, 21650, 2517, 707, 23911, 202104, 7, 621, 137567, 34475, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 74, 442, 83, 127298, 5526, 47, 16916, 70, 13411, 6644, 10941, 111, 12638, 209716, 3229, 74481, 1916, 3622, 102134, 2449, 111, 70, 12921, 21650, 35066, 120384, 297, 5, 5024, 7717, 70541, 7, 15044, 36898, 26866, 136, 7401, 5, 581, 36898, 26866, 23, 96967, 70541, 7, 21308, 7, 4, 125688, 7834, 4, 23911, 7, 4, 136, 21, 128616, 13, 15, 12397, 92, 101087, 247, 102971, 10176, 21, 128616, 13, 188545, 7, 88487, 2320, 3229, 70, 96967, 83, 7228, 5, 62, 96967, 25, 7, 19780, 10941, 83, 36510, 297, 237, 70, 169209, 111, 19780, 23, 70, 96967, 25, 7, 36898, 26866, 15, 10545, 107, 3459, 3674, 563, 31246, 707, 3698, 31246, 247, 3129, 39041, 988, 70, 96967, 25, 7, 7401, 10941, 5, 1326, 27781, 4, 2174, 10, 96967, 83, 9071, 7401, 15, 2940, 4, 127298, 4, 9071, 36898, 26866, 16, 136, 1556, 28602, 19780, 4, 6863, 19780, 10941, 2806, 186, 9071, 19780, 23, 36898, 26866, 5, 140066, 26866, 831, 15005, 47, 70, 36898, 126826, 111, 26249, 61590, 5, 62, 161451, 23, 70, 61590, 4, 6044, 237, 10, 21650, 2517, 707, 169577, 4, 831, 186, 15005, 2822, 47, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 15, 10545, 107, 3459, 3674, 391, 12689, 16, 47, 7639, 6863, 17366, 23, 70, 61590, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 32261, 39, 194, 137399, 214, 21650, 2517, 90926, 23, 12921, 61590, 7, 98, 10, 36898, 26866, 18231, 15, 219, 9319, 3501, 142, 237, 9, 164, 18231, 16, 30482, 10, 225490, 99156, 6637, 61590, 7, 70541, 12921, 169209, 7, 111, 7401, 5, 3293, 2843, 114864, 10, 225490, 17721, 70, 17366, 111, 10, 34475, 21650, 2517, 23, 36898, 26866, 136, 70, 17366, 44841, 23, 142, 26249, 25, 7, 68, 18, 5, 140066, 26866, 23, 78219, 15, 397, 10101, 16, 15005, 7, 47, 61590, 23, 78219, 39041, 6238, 6863, 7401, 10941, 5, 581, 169209, 111, 7401, 83, 195409, 83324, 71, 390, 80097, 214, 70, 61590, 98, 10, 15122, 37385, 23, 10, 11948, 634, 272, 56190, 707, 17368, 70, 1204, 1515, 8647, 56, 47, 36898, 70, 61590, 5, 1301, 106290, 14653, 391, 10101, 831, 186, 80234, 100, 27226, 9, 39060, 3432, 61590, 7, 678, 10, 11192, 169209, 111, 7401, 23, 12989, 47, 63284, 160370, 13, 48302, 23, 78219, 5, 82821, 7, 118992, 6097, 8562, 7, 111, 61590, 7, 765, 2809, 127887, 47, 18588, 13, 40715, 36898, 26866, 136, 15381, 48302, 5, 62, 2967, 35839, 36898, 26866, 86669, 831, 16750, 1295, 80097, 58093, 4, 237, 143434, 390, 11948, 964, 289, 45746, 1363, 5, 1650, 227204, 7, 70, 10941, 111, 351, 36716, 82451, 2258, 837, 99735, 13, 4, 21308, 4, 136, 15381, 48302, 5, 2 ]

[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]

[ 250004, 581, 36898, 26866, 707, 36898, 57888, 83, 10, 72350, 674, 111, 70, 46889, 111, 9844, 3229, 64557, 19014, 71, 5, 581, 36898, 26866, 111, 18153, 136, 26249, 4912, 58055, 7, 111, 756, 6863, 209716, 7, 39041, 6238, 7401, 5, 581, 36898, 26866, 111, 15381, 96853, 2258, 837, 99735, 90, 4, 19780, 7, 4, 21308, 7, 4, 13864, 7, 4, 23911, 7, 4, 136, 119181, 7, 15, 13, 5, 177, 5, 4, 6117, 6652, 28477, 67, 4, 142, 24948, 2408, 66, 73, 4, 136, 41, 37910, 2311, 194, 3980, 837, 99735, 90, 4, 19780, 7, 4, 136, 21308, 7, 4, 3129, 22691, 70, 48302, 23, 15381, 7, 15, 282, 63600, 2822, 23, 200, 98908, 31, 10484, 707, 14251, 513, 60291, 247, 3249, 1257, 14610, 36743, 33297, 111, 2 ]

{ "title": [ "Dry matter basis.", "Fat in dry matter (FDM).", "Animal feed." ], "section_level": [ "1", "1", "1" ], "content": [ "The nutrient or mineral content of foods, animal feeds or plant tissues are often expressed on a dry matter basis, i.e. as a proportion of the total dry matter in the material. For example a 138-gram apple contains 84% water (116 g water and 22 g dry matter per apple). The potassium content is 0.72% on a dry matter basis, i.e. 0.72% of the dry matter is potassium. The apple, therefore, contains 158 mg potassium (0.72/100 X 22 g). Dried apple contains the same concentration of potassium on a dry matter basis (0.72%), but is only 32% water (68% dry matter). So 138 g of dried apple contains 93.8 g dry matter and 675 mg potassium (0.72/100 x 93.8 g). When formulating a diet or mixed animal feed, nutrient or mineral concentrations are generally given on a dry matter basis; it is therefore important to consider the moisture content of each constituent when calculating total quantities of the different nutrients supplied.", "Cheese contains both dry matter and water. The dry matter in cheese contains proteins, butterfat, minerals, and lactose (milk sugar), although little lactose survives fermentation when the cheese is made. A cheese's fat content is expressed as the percentage of fat in the cheese's dry matter (abbreviated FDM or FiDM), which excludes the cheese's water content. For example, if a cheese is 50% water (and, therefore, 50% dry matter) and has 25% fat, its fat content would be 50% fat in dry matter.", "Dry matter can refer to the dry portion of animal feed. A substance in the feed, such as a nutrient or toxin, can be referred to on a dry matter basis (abbreviated DMB) to show its level in the feed (e.g., ppm). Considering nutrient levels in different feeds on a dry matter basis (rather than an as-is basis) makes a comparison easier because feeds contain different percentages of water. This also allows a comparison between the level of a given nutrient in dry matter and the level needed in an animal's diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) refers to feed intake excluding its water content. The percentage of water is frequently determined by heating the feed on a paper plate in a microwave oven or using the Koster Tester to dry the feed. Ascertaining DMI can be useful for low-energy feeds with a high percentage of water in order to ensure adequate energy intake. Animals eating these kinds of feeds have been shown to consume less dry matter and food energy. A problem called dry matter loss can result from heat generation, as caused by microbial respiration. It decreases the content of nonstructural carbohydrate, protein, and food energy." ] }