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Tamazight NLP 24

A negative control is known to give a negative result.

ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴼ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ.

"Most often the value of the negative control is treated as a ""background"" value to subtract from the test sample results."

‘’ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵕⵉⵟⵟ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ’’ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ’’ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ’’.

Students might be given a fluid sample containing an unknown (to the student) amount of protein.

ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ (ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ).

Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard.

ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ.

The assay is a colorimetric assay in which a spectrophotometer can measure the amount of protein in samples by detecting a colored complex formed by the interaction of protein molecules and molecules of an added dye.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼⵏ.

In this case, the experiment begins by creating two or more sample groups that are probabilistically equivalent, which means that measurements of traits should be similar among the groups and that the groups should respond in the same manner if given the same treatment.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖ, ⴰⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵎⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵯⵓ.

Once equivalent groups have been formed, the experimenter tries to treat them identically except for the one variable that he or she wishes to isolate.

ⵅⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵢ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ.

This ensures that any effects on the volunteer are due to the treatment itself and are not a response to the knowledge that he is being treated.

ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵅⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ.

These hypotheses suggest reasons to explain a phenomenon, or predict the results of an action.

ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ.

The null hypothesis is that there is no explanation or predictive power of the phenomenon through the reasoning that is being investigated.

ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ.

To the degree possible, they attempt to collect data for the system in such a way that contribution from all variables can be determined, and where the effects of variation in certain variables remain approximately constant so that the effects of other variables can be discerned.

ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⵕⵕⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

Usually, however, there is some correlation between these variables, which reduces the reliability of natural experiments relative to what could be concluded if a controlled experiment were performed.

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴰⴹⵏ.

"For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis ""Stars are collapsed clouds of hydrogen"", to start out with a giant cloud of hydrogen, and then perform the experiment of waiting a few billion years for it to form a star."

‘’ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴹⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴹⵀⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵎ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ‘’ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⵏⵡ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ’’, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵢ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ’’.

For this reason, field experiments are sometimes seen as having higher external validity than laboratory experiments.

ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙ.

In these situations, observational studies have value because they often suggest hypotheses that can be tested with randomized experiments or by collecting fresh data.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ.

In addition, observational studies (e.g., in biological or social systems) often involve variables that are difficult to quantify or control.

ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵉ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵉⵙ.

Without a statistical model that reflects an objective randomization, the statistical analysis relies on a subjective model.

ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ.

For example, epidemiological studies of colon cancer consistently show beneficial correlations with broccoli consumption, while experiments find no benefit.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴹⵀⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ.

For any randomized trial, some variation from the mean is expected, of course, but the randomization ensures that the experimental groups have mean values that are close, due to the central limit theorem and Markov's inequality.

ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵅⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⴼ.

To avoid conditions that render an experiment far less useful, physicians conducting medical trials—say for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval—quantify and randomize the covariates that can be identified.

ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ -ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ- ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ.

It is also generally unethical (and often illegal) to conduct randomized experiments on the effects of substandard or harmful treatments, such as the effects of ingesting arsenic on human health.

ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ (ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ) ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵉⵔⵏⵉⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⴷⵉⵎ, ⴳ ⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵢⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

Scientists in other fields will use still other types of laboratories.

ⵇⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ.

"Despite the underlying notion of the lab as a confined space for experts, the term ""laboratory"" is also increasingly applied to workshop spaces such as Living Labs, Fab Labs, or Hackerspaces, in which people meet to work on societal problems or make prototypes, working collaboratively or sharing resources."

‘’ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ‘’ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ’’ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴰⵢⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⴽⵔⵙⴱⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⴱⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ.

This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵕⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.

A 16th century underground alchemical laboratory was accidentally discovered in the year 2002.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⵓⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 16 ⵙ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002.

Laboratory hazards might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage.

ⵇⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵀⵉⴷⴷⵊ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵔⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵖⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵣⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵟⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories.

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏ.

In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵎⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⵏⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ.

"Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an objective ""outside view"" which provides a fresh look at areas and problems that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit."

‘’ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴱⴰⵕ ‘’ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ’’ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ’’.

Training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ.

For example, one research group has a schedule where they conduct research on their own topic of interest for one day of the week, but for the rest they work on a given group project.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵜⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is, based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member.

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ.

Through ethnographic studies, one finding is that, among the personnel, each class (researchers, administrators...) has a different degree of entitlement, which varies per laboratory.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵏ) ⴷⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ.

By looking at the various interactions among staff members, we can determine their social position in the organization.

ⴳ ⵓⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ.

So a consequence of this social hierarchy is that the Locator discloses various degrees of information, based on the staff member and their rights.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵢ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

Social hierarchy is also related to attitudes towards technologies.

ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ.

For example, a receptionist would view the badge as useful, as it would help them locate members of staff during the day.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⴷⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ.

Staff members feel ill at ease when changing patterns of entitlement, obligation, respect, informal and formal hierarchy, and more.

ⴰⵔ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⵡⵣ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

"Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, material world or universe. """

‘’ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ.

Although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then, especially for Heraclitus), and has steadily gained currency ever since.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ (φύσις) ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ (ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ), ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ.

However, a vitalist vision of nature, closer to the presocratic one, got reborn at the same time, especially after Charles Darwin.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵍⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ.

"It is often taken to mean the ""natural environment"" or wilderness—wild animals, rocks, forest, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention."

‘’ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ‘’ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ’’ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ-ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.

ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⴰ.

The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ.

The interior remains active, with a thick layer of plastic mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field.

ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⴹ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⴽⵯⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ.

Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrude into the overlying rock.

ⴰⵔ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵓⵍⵍⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.

ⵉⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ.

Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a supercontinent.

ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏⵏ ⴱⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⵡ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.

During the Neoproterozoic era, freezing temperatures covered much of the Earth in glaciers and ice sheets.

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵢⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵔⵓⵣⵓⵎⵉ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵛⵎⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ.

The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.

ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 66 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵢⵣⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵁⵎⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵊⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵟⵟⴷⵏ.

The subsequent advent of human life, and the development of agriculture and further civilization allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate.

ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.

The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity.

ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ.

The ozone layer plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface.

ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵣⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵉⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵊⵏⵏⴰ.

Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ.

Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be much hotter, and the polar regions much colder.

ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴱⵓⵏⵏ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather, and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect, both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food.

ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵥⵥⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

Based on historical records, the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past, including ice ages.

ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ.

There are a number of such regions, ranging from the tropical climate at the equator to the polar climate in the northern and southern extremes.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙⵏ.

This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵅⴰⵍⴰⴼ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.

ⴷⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 71% ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays and other names.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⵉⵊⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds.

ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵛⵜⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ.

A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation, fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴼⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ.

Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river.

ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵔⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ, ⵍⵅⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵔⵔⵉⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵔⵔⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵍⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ.

The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ.

Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⵓⴳⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.

Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms.

ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵔⵅⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.

However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵏ.

From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air).

ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵢⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵉⵢ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ,ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ.

More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date, and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50 million.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 2 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.

Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct.

ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⴽⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.

When basic forms of plant life developed the process of photosynthesis the sun's energy could be harvested to create conditions which allowed for more complex life forms.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

Microorganisms are single-celled organisms that are generally microscopic, and smaller than the human eye can see.

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴱⵖⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵥⵕ.

Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse.

ⴷ ⵜⵍⵉⵙⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ.

Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⵟⴰ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵍⴰⵃ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ, ⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.

Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional floras, which, depending on the purpose of study, can also include fossil flora, remnants of plant life from a previous era.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵣⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.

"Some types of ""native flora"" actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another, and become an integral part of the native, or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced."

''ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ''ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ''ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ''.

Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things.

ⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ.

They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls.

ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵎⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ.

There is also typically an internal digestive chamber.

ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⵙ.

A 2020 study published in Nature found that anthropogenic mass (human-made materials) outweighs all living biomass on earth, with plastic alone exceeding the mass of all land and marine animals combined.

ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020 ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ (ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ) ⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

In spite of this progress, however, the fate of human civilization remains closely linked to changes in the environment.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ.

Humans have contributed to the extinction of many plants and animals, with roughly 1 million species threatened with extinction within decades.

ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰⵔ 1 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ.

This distorts market pricing of natural resources and at the same time leads to underinvestment in our natural assets.

ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎⵏ.

Governments have not prevented these economic externalities.

ⵓⵔ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.

Some activities, such as hunting and fishing, are used for both sustenance and leisure, often by different people.

ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵊⴱⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊ.

That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry, and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⴼⵓⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴹⵀⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ.

Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

Although natural wonders are celebrated in the Psalms and the Book of Job, wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s, especially in the works of the Romantic movement.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵙⴰⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷⵡⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ 1800, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵜ.

"For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be ""physics""—the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the ""study of nature""."

''ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ''ⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ''- ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ''ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ''.

The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass.

ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ 9.4% ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

The behaviour of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined physical laws.

ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.

There is no discrete boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude.

ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴼⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ.

There is also some gas, plasma and dust, and small meteors.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⴹⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ.

Although Earth is the only body within the solar system known to support life, evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵔⵔⵉⵅ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist.

ⵎⴽ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵍⵎⵔⵔⵉⵅ, ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵏ.

Observation is the active acquisition of information from a primary source.

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ.

The use of measurement developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places, by different people.

ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.