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1,300 | 703,618 | 15,268 | null | Part 3 is Framing | Part 1 is Inequality | You should evaluate the most probable impacts first – any other metric for evaluating risk will inevitably collapse in on itself because they rely on the “magnitude times probability” framing | Kessler 08 (Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; Alternatives, Vol. 33, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” p. 211-232) | Kessler 08 | 10,122 | 905 | 5,412 |
1,301 | 683,348 | 14,345 | Fullerton 4 | 1ar | AT: Ontological | Structuralist accounts of race are ahistorical and ineffectual | Johnson 16 - author of Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics and editor of The Neoliberal Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, Late Capitalism and the Remaking of New Orleans. He is also a representative for UIC United Faculty Local 6456 (Cedric Johnson, An Open Letter to Ta-Nehisi Coates and the Liberals Who Love Him, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/02/ta-nehisi-coates-case-for-reparations-bernie-sanders-racism/?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=facebook&utm_source=socialnetwork) | Johnson 16 | 99,080 | 79 | 6,436 |
1,302 | 703,516 | 15,263 | null | Util | null | 2. Extinction must matter under any framework. Traditional ethics must be abandoned in the face of extinction in order to ensure that deliberation over the alternatives can continue. | Bostrom ’11
Nick Bostrom ‘11, “The Concept of Existential Risk”, 2011, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford Martin School & Faculty of Philosophy http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html | Bostrom ’11 | 15,765 | 1,536 | 1,276 |
1,303 | 684,620 | 14,373 | null | 1NR | Overview | Extinction | Sandberg & Ćirković 8—Research Fellow for the Future of Humanity Institute @ Oxford University & senior research associate @ Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade [Anders Sandberg (PhD in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University) & Milan M. Ćirković (Professor of physics @ University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro), “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, 9/9/2008, http://tinyurl.com/p4gjozx] | Sandberg & Ćirković 8 | 21,354 | 875 | 1,272 |
1,304 | 703,718 | 15,275 | null | AC | Advantage | Moral uncertainty means any risk of extinction outweighs – you can never be 100% sure about any ethical framework, so you must keep people alive to make future, improved ethical determinations | Bostrom 12 [Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. 2012. www.existential-risk.org/concept.html] | Bostrom 12 | 15,765 | 1,536 | 961 |
1,305 | 703,837 | 15,281 | null | Militarism AC | null | Only through formative education can students act on civic commitments but that requires a change in how they currently engage in dialogue—try or die for the aff | Giroux 13 (Henry, American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, “Public Intellectuals Against the Neoliberal University,” 29 October 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/19654-public-intellectuals-against-the-neoliberal-university) | Giroux 13 | 414,995 | 1 | 51 |
1,306 | 703,782 | 15,279 | 1AC—Stanford—Policy | null | null | Moral uncertainty means any risk of extinction outweighs – you can never be 100% sure about any ethical framework, so you must keep people alive to make future, improved ethical determinations | Bostrom 12 [Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. 2012. www.existential-risk.org/concept.html] | Bostrom 12 | 15,765 | 1,536 | 961 |
1,307 | 1,659,917 | 49,562 | 1AC | 1AC | Russia Adv---1AC | The plan solves: | null | null | 779,075 | 1 | null |
1,308 | 528,480 | 7,143 | Case | Trusts | Readiness DA | Disease can’t cause extinction | Ord 20 – Dr. Toby, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford. “The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity,”, Hachette Books, pg. 124-126, 03-03-2020 | Ord 20 | 996 | 728 | 4,210 |
1,309 | 684,728 | 14,383 | 2AC Framework | Targets | null | You must eval consequences of proposals | Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318 | Bracey 6 | 41,912 | 638 | 1,683 |
1,310 | 684,750 | 14,383 | Perms | Targets | null | Only the perm solves—proposing alternative non-capitalist economics out of nowhere is of zero value. Environmental reform of capitalism is key. | John BARRY, Director of the Institute of Governance, Public Policy and Social Research and Co-Director of the Centre for Sustainability and Environmental Governance at Queen’s University Belfast, ‘7 [“Towards a model of green political economy: from ecological modernisation to economic security,” Int. J. Green Economics, Vol. 1, No. 3/4, 2007 p. 446-464, http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1504/IJGE.2007.013071] | BARRY ‘7 | 139,742 | 80 | 3,962 |
1,311 | 528,756 | 7,157 | Open Source – Kentucky – Octas | 1AC | null | AI can be comrades – legal personhood for the purposes of capitalist AI is coming now but needs to be reframed as communist | Dyer-Witherford et al. 19 – *Associate Professor at the University of Western Ontario in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies, **Atle Mikkola Kjosen is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario ***James Steinhoff in PhD Candidate in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario [Nick, Inhuman Power: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Capitalism, DKP]
In Marx’s theoretical framework, the doubly-free worker is one of the logical and historical preconditions for production based on capital; it is likewise for a capitalist mode of production based on intelligent machines. The doubly-free worker explains how perfect machines would lose their character of being machines by shedding their appearance as fixed capital and transforming into variable capital. By this logic, the nineteenth-century abolition of slavery in the United States is the historical precedent for the possibility that generally intelligent machines could become productive of value. Despite performing human labour, black slaves did not create value because the mode of their existence not only violently denied them their humanity, but reduced them to living labour machines, thus having the same status and social function as an animal or machine in production. But after emancipation, the former black slaves (fixed capital) that did not acquire land to realize their own labour-power, became legally free to dispose of their labour-power and engage in wage-labour (variable capital) (Kolchin 1993: 216–20). | Dyer-Witherford et al. 19 | 314,456 | 5 | 2,590 |
1,312 | 196,529 | 2,519 | Affirmative Answers | Impact Answers | No War – SCS | China won’t go to war – threats are a diplomatic bargaining tool. | Kelly 13 (Michael Kelly, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for International Programs @ Creighton School of Law, “Why China Doesn't Really Want the Senkaku Islands”, JURIST - Forum, December 7, 2013, http://jurist.org/forum/2013/12/michael-kelly-china-senkaku.php) | Kelly 13 | 128,731 | 8 | 1,622 |
1,313 | 530,105 | 7,210 | 2AC | Patents Advantage | 1AC — Solvency | Participation in AI ecosystem controls global balance of power---failure causes catastrophic shifts and cause global tensions | Philippe Lorenz 22, Project Director of the AI Governance project at Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV), Analyzing Global AI Dependencies through Intellectual Property Rights Understanding trade secrets, patents, and copyrights for artificial intelligence, https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/snv_analyzing_global_ai_dependencies_through_intellectual_property_rights.pdf | Lorenz 22 https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/snv_analyzing_global_ai_dependencies_through_intellectual_property_rights.pdf | 314,043 | 7 | 840 |
1,314 | 704,259 | 15,304 | null | null | Framing | Moral uncertainty proves extinction outweighs – if you aren’t 100% sure their arg is true, keep future generations alive to figure things out | Bostrom 12 [Nick Bostrom, Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority. 2012. www.existential-risk.org/concept.html] | Bostrom 12 | 15,765 | 1,536 | 961 |
1,315 | 684,932 | 14,388 | 1AC | null | 1AC - PTD Advantage | North American marine biodiversity is uniquely key to taxonomic diversity. | Walsh, et al., 09 (Stephen J., Ph.D., research biologists with the U.S. Geological Survey and co-chairs of the American Fisheries Society’s Endangered Species Committee, Howard L. Jelks, M.Sc., and Noel M. Burkhead, M.Sc., “The Decline of North American Freshwater Fishes”, June 2009, http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/walsh.html#fullbio) | Walsh, et al., 09 | 34,301 | 92 | 14,910 |
1,316 | 530,361 | 7,221 | null | 1AC --- Inventorship v1 | Patents---1AC | Participation in AI ecosystem controls global balance of power---failure causes catastrophic shifts and cause global tensions | Philippe Lorenz 22, Project Director of the AI Governance project at Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV), Analyzing Global AI Dependencies through Intellectual Property Rights Understanding trade secrets, patents, and copyrights for artificial intelligence, https://www.stiftung-nv.de/sites/default/files/snv_analyzing_global_ai_dependencies_through_intellectual_property_rights.pdf | Lorenz 22 | 314,043 | 7 | 840 |
1,317 | 530,580 | 7,232 | 2AC | T | 2AC – “Resolved” | Colon means we’re hailed by the rez | AKE ’19 [Academic Kids Encyclopedia. “Colon (Puncuation).” DOA: 9-22-22. https://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Colon_%28punctuation%29 //shree] | AKE ’19 | 321,976 | 10 | 489 |
1,318 | 3,018,027 | 99,086 | 2NC | ESR CP | Ban Treaty | Sends a signal – influences operations | Sagan 9 - Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University Scott D. Sagan, June 2009.. “The Case for No First Use,” Survival 51.3, Informaworld. | Sagan 9 | 1,301,422 | 11 | 1,401 |
1,319 | 530,910 | 7,248 | 1NC | 1 | 1NC --- DA | RoN ensures bans on LNG extraction succeed – decks the industry | Fitz-Henry 18
September 2018, Dr. Erin Fitz-Henry is a Senior Lecturer in Anthropology and the Development Studies in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne., “Challenging Corporate “Personhood”: Energy Companies and the “Rights” of Non-Humans “, PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, Vol. 41, Number S1, pp. 85–102. --- ECM | Fitz-Henry 18 | 322,725 | 3 | 4,978 |
1,320 | 704,744 | 15,330 | null | 1AC | Contention 3 is Prolif and Soft Power | Only eliminating ICBMs can prevent prolif, accidents, nuclear aggression, nuke terror, and boost US prestige – 400 billion in savings solves every existential threat. | Doyle, PhD, 16 | Doyle, PhD, 16 | 415,397 | 70 | 40,497 |
1,321 | 704,793 | 15,333 | NC | T | null | 1. Interpretation: affirmatives must eliminate all fossil fuel subsidies. | Minnesota District Court 10 | null | 374,669 | 366 | 1,009 |
1,322 | 704,817 | 15,334 | 1nc | T-Eliminate | null | 1. affirmatives must eliminate all fossil fuel subsidies. | Minnesota District Court 10 | null | 374,669 | 366 | 1,009 |
1,323 | 309,697 | 3,957 | “Nationalism” PIC | Thesis-Level | NB extension cards | Black Nationalism reinforces patriarchal norms and fails to escape racism — it can’t escape the Eurocentric nation state. | Dunning 09 — Stefanie Dunning, Associate Professor of Black World Studies at Miami University, Ph.D. in Gender Studies from the University of California, Riverside, B.A. in Race Studies from Spelman College, 2009 (“No Tender Mercy,” Queer in Black and White: Interraciality, Same Sex Desire, and Contemporary African American Culture, Published by Indiana University Press, ISBN:9780253221094, pgs. 46-47)
Importantly, the link between Eurocentric and black nationalisms can be further exposed through an examination of the patriarchal nature of both discourses. Sharon P. Holland has noted that in hip-hop the black male functions as the authentic site of suffering. The same is true of black nationalism, to which hip-hop is indebted in important aspects. Black Nationalism is invested in the production of a patriarchal hegemony, where the black male body is the legitimate space of suffering and where the ultimate reproductive aim of the nation is to reproduce not only blackness, but maleness. Black feminists have critiqued its repressive gender politics while not always recognizing that the sexual and racial politics of Black Nationalism are as deeply flawed as those of Eurocentric nationalism. Perhaps, Black Nationalism seduces because it offers the promise of homogeneity, even though this is a false solution to the iniquitous burdens of racism. So while Black Nationalism originally conceived of itself as opposing the agenda of Eurocentric nationalism, it actually reproduced it in a new context. | Dunning 09 , Published by Indiana University Press, ISBN:9780253221094, pgs. 46-47) | 197,505 | 1 | 916 |
1,324 | 705,714 | 15,374 | null | T | null | Interpretation- the affirmative must defend eliminating all fossil fuel subsidies | 1. Eliminate means complete removal | 1. Eliminate means complete removal | 374,669 | 366 | 1,037 |
1,325 | 705,749 | 15,374 | null | Case | null | Extinction first | Nick Bostrom, Existential Risk Prevention as a Global Priority, 2012. NS | null | 15,765 | 1,536 | 821 |
1,326 | 705,874 | 15,379 | null | Case | Solvency | Test-taking evaluation is inevitable- it’s built into scholarship decisions and the college ranking system | SRF 18 | SRF 18 | 412,770 | 22 | 2,679 |
1,327 | 530,852 | 7,246 | 2NC | ADV --- 1 | AT: Disease | Disease can’t cause extinction. | Ord 2020 | Ord 2020 | 996 | 728 | 3,094 |
1,328 | 686,183 | 14,413 | null | 1NC | 1NC | It solves environmental justice and warming | Kustin 10/4/16 (Mary, master of science degree in sustainable development and conservation biology & master’s in public policy, focusing on environmental policy, from the University of Maryland, Director of Policy for the Public Lands team at the Center for American Progress, “A Market-Based Fix for the Federal Coal Program”, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/03113126/FedCoalProg.pdf)
Recommendations: A 5-year plan with coal leasing limits, credit auctions, and bidder integrity standards | Kustin 10/4/16 (Mary, master of science degree in sustainable development and conservation biology & master’s in public policy, focusing on environmental policy, from the University of Maryland, Director of Policy for the Public Lands team at the Center for American Progress, “A Market-Based Fix for the Federal Coal Program”, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/03113126/FedCoalProg.pdf) | 407,827 | 1 | 9,315 |
1,329 | 531,916 | 7,271 | 1AC | 1AC---Third Canon | 1AC---Treaties | US pipeline dependence leads to existential oil spills. | McKibben ’19 — [Bill McKibben (the Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College and leader of the climate campaign group 350.org.); Published 12 May 2019; “Bill McKibben: A Line 5 deal with Enbridge would ignore effects of climate change;” Detroit Free Press; Accessed 26 September 2022 @ https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/05/12/enbridge-whitmer-line-5-mckibben/1164492001/] //AM | McKibben ’19 | 35,360 | 67 | 2,167 |
1,330 | 531,744 | 7,267 | 1AC | 1AC---Third Canon | 1AC---Treaties | US pipeline dependence leads to existential oil spills. | McKibben ’19 — [Bill McKibben (the Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College and leader of the climate campaign group 350.org.); Published 12 May 2019; “Bill McKibben: A Line 5 deal with Enbridge would ignore effects of climate change;” Detroit Free Press; Accessed 26 September 2022 @ https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/05/12/enbridge-whitmer-line-5-mckibben/1164492001/] //AM | McKibben ’19 | 35,360 | 67 | 2,167 |
1,331 | 149,049 | 2,005 | Case | K of social death / case turns! | time is linear | Disengagement from the politics of slavery ignores key components of human rights discourse | Brown 09 (Vincent Brown is Professor of History and of African and African-American Studies at Harvard University, “Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery,” American Historical Review, December 2009, https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/vbrown/files/brown-socialdeath.pdf)//KA | Brown 09 | 197,864 | 26 | 6,546 |
1,332 | 1,868,222 | 54,988 | null | 1AC | null | Animal suffering has a quantifiably greater magnitude than any other impact | Hobbhahn, 20 | null | 837,523 | 9 | 13,965 |
1,333 | 1,191,521 | 29,147 | 1NC---Maine East R4---Northside | 1NC---Case | 1NC---Innovation | Renewable’s cause warming | Ralph A. Winter 12 (Ralph A. Winter ha a BSc (UBC), and a MA, PhD (Berkeley), is the Canada Research Chair in Business Economics and Policy and a Professor in the Strategy and Business Economics Division at Sauder, 5/15/12, accessed 11/18/21, “Innovation and the Dynamics of Global Warming”, https://are.berkeley.edu/documents/seminar/WinterPaper.pdf)AGabay | Winter 12 | 36,027 | 42 | 3,488 |
1,334 | 707,617 | 15,474 | Nuclear Renaissance AC | null | Part 3 is the Advocacy | Nuclear and renewables directly trade off – nuclear caps progress on renewables. Main 15 JD | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | 416,967 | 13 | 5,539 |
1,335 | 531,741 | 7,267 | 1AC | 1AC---Third Canon | 1AC---Treaties | Droughts cause water wars that enflame every global hotspot and draws in great powers. | Engelke ’15 [Peter and Russell Sticklor; September 2015; Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC; Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?” https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842?page=3%2C1; kp] | Engelke ’15 | 11,460 | 251 | 7,044 |
1,336 | 531,913 | 7,271 | 1AC | 1AC---Third Canon | 1AC---Treaties | Droughts cause water wars that enflame every global hotspot and draws in great powers. | Engelke ’15 [Peter and Russell Sticklor; September 2015; Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC; Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?” https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842?page=3%2C1; kp] | Engelke ’15 | 11,460 | 251 | 7,044 |
1,337 | 3,315,059 | 109,367 | T - Reporters | null | null | The project of serious gaming is premised on the confusion of production and play via simulated government omnipotence with the end goal of the virtualization of all empathy. | Hoofd 7(Ingrid M. Hoofd, National University of Singapore, “The Neoliberal Consolidation of Play and Speed: Ethical Issues in Serious Gaming” in “CRITICAL LITERACY: Theories and Practices Volume 1: 2, December 2007,” p. 6-14, 2007)
Serious games are a fascinating next stage in the continuous exploitation of digital media technologies over the last decades for training, learning, and education. As formal education and training always involves the transmission and repetition of certain culturally and socially specific sets of skills and moral values, it would be of paramount importance to ensure that developments within the serious gaming industry are in step with the effects of the good intentions of nurturing people within a social framework that emphasises a fair, culturally diverse, and blooming society. In this light, it is interesting that from the very advent of the information society, digital technologies have been depicted as central to the development of a more just and equal society by harbouring the promise of bridging gaps between classes, races, and genders locally as well as globally. Driven by the vision of this utopian potential of new technologies, the education industry and larger policy organisations have been exploring the pedagogical possibilities of these technologies both in- and outside the traditional classroom for the last twenty-five years. Indeed, the implementation of increasingly more sophisticatedand technologically mediated methods and tools for learning and education, takes as its starting point the techno-utopian assumption that (new) interactive technologies themselves are the primary harbingers of a fair and blooming society through facilitating (student) empowerment. This paper takes issue with this widespread techno-utopian perspective by seeking to shed light on the larger ethical implications of serious gaming. It will do so through foregrounding the relationship between global injustices, and the aesthetic properties and discourses of serious gaming. So while reframing serious games themselves in a new ethical perspective constitutes the main objective of this paper, it is equally important to situate serious games within a larger political discourse on the teaching of new skills. Firstly then, policy papers and academic studies on serious games all display an assumption of the inherent neutrality of gaming technologies, as if these technologies were mere tools equally suitable for all. What also becomes apparent in the language used in these studies and proposals, is how this instrumentalist vision of gaming technologies for learninggoes hand in hand with a particular neo-liberal assumption of what constitutes a fit individual, and by extension of what the hallmarks of a ‘healthy’ society may be. For instance, in the European Union study “Serious Gaming – a fundamental building block to drive the knowledge work society” by Manuel Oliveira on the merits of serious games for education, justification runs along the lines of gaming ‘encouraging risk-taking and a winning attitude’ and creating a ‘performance-oriented individual.’ Similarly, Michael Guerena from the US Orange County Department of Education proposes in one of the Department’s web-casts that serious games instil “twenty-first century skills” like risk-taking, adaptability, self-direction, interactive communication, and ‘planning and managing for results’ in the students through the “channelling of fun.” Likewise, the UK-based Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association last year published their white paper Unlimited learning - Computer and video games in the learning landscape, in which they argue that serious games will “create an engaged, knowledgeable, critical and enthusiastic citizenry” whose “work practices will be geared towards networked communication and distributed collaboration” (49). Concerns around the ethical implications of serious games regarding their entanglements with larger social (gendered, classed, and raced) inequalities have until now largely been coined in terms of game content or representation. In a recent case in Singapore, the government’s proposition of using the RPG Granado Espada in secondary school history classes was followed by an outcry from various local academics condemning the stereotypical characters and simplistic representation of medieval Europe in the game. Likewise, various authors have critiqued current serious games not only because of simplistic representation of characters and surroundings, but especially because simulations generally tend to oversimplify complex social problems and situations. Gibson, Aldrich, and Prensky’s Games and Simulations in Online Learning (vi - xiv) for instance discuss these demerits of serious games. While such a critical analysis of how game content contributes to the reproduction of dominant discourses is definitely helpful, I would argue that the aesthetics of serious games involve much more than mere content. Instead, this paper will argue thatthe formal quest for instantaneity that research around digital media has displayed through the development of interactive technologies for education is already itself by no means a neutral affair. This is because the discourses that inform this quest and that accompany this search for instantaneity arguably enforce the hegemony of a militaristic, masculinist, humanist, and of what I will call a ‘speed-elitist’ individual. Moreover, I suggest that the propensity of current games to have sexist or racist content, is merely symptomatic of gaming technology’s larger problematic in terms of the aesthetic of instantaneity. In short, (serious) computergames have become archives of the discursive and actual violence carried out in the name of the utopia of technological progress and instantaneity under neo-liberal globalisation. This archival function is possible exactly because cybernetic technologies promise the containment and control of such supposedly accidental violence, while in fact exacerbating these forms of violence. This leads me to conclude that such violence is in fact structural to new serious gaming technologies, rather than accidental. I will elaborate this hypothesis by looking at various theorists who seek to understand this structural imperative of new technologies, and their relationship to the neo-liberalisation of learning and education. In turn, I will look at how this problematic structural logic informs the two popular serious games Real Lives and Global Warming Interactive. Secondly, the advent of serious gaming interestingly runs parallel with the contemporary dissemination and virtualisation of traditional learning institutions into cyberspace. While the existence of learning tools in other areas of society besides actual learning institutions has been a fact since the advent of schools, the shift of methods of learning into online and digital tools is symptomatic of the decentralisation of power from ‘old’ educational institutions and its usurpation into instantaneous neo-liberal modes of production. I am summarising the work of Bill Readings on the university here, because it sheds light on the shift in education tout court towards virtualisation, and its relationship to the ‘new hegemony of instantaneity.’ In The University in Ruins, Readings argues that the shift from the state-run university of reason and culture to the present-day global knowledge enterprise must mean that the centre of power in effect has shifted elsewhere. More important, says Readings, is that the function of the new ‘university of excellence,’ one that successfully transforms it into yet another trans-national corporation, relies on the fantasy thatthe university is still that transcendental university of culture in service of the state and its citizens. So the invocation of the fantasy of an ‘originary’ university of reason and progress, that produces unbiased knowledge for the good of all, facilitates the doubling of the production of information into other spaces outside the university walls proper. While Readings surely discusses only higher education institutions in The University in Ruins, I would argue that the logic of a shifting centre of power from the state into the technocratic networks and nodes of speed operates quite similarly in the case of primary, secondary, and other types of formal education. Indeed, the current virtualisation of learning and the emphasis on lifelong learning marks a dispersal of traditional learning institutions into online spaces. This dispersal works increasingly in service of the ‘speed-elite’ rather than simply in service of the nation-state. The heralding of serious games for education can therefore be read as a symptom of the intensified reach of the imperatives of neo-liberal globalisation, in which consumption enters the lives of locally bound as well as more mobile cosmopolitan citizens of all ages through harping on the technological possibility of the confusion of production and play. Through the imperative of play then, production increasingly and diffusely colonises all niche times and -spaces of neo-liberal society. In other words, (the emphasis on) play allows not only a potential increase in production and consumption through the citizen-consumer after her or his formal education of ‘skills’, but starkly intensifies flows of production and consumption already at the very moment of learning. | Hoofd 7(Ingrid M. Hoofd, National University of Singapore, “The Neoliberal Consolidation of Play and Speed: Ethical Issues in Serious Gaming” in “CRITICAL LITERACY: Theories and Practices Volume 1: 2, December 2007,” p. 6-14, 2007) | 40,177 | 108 | 2,341 |
1,338 | 532,089 | 7,278 | 1NC v Dartmouth BC | Case | 1NC – Turn | The plan is a declaratory win that neither materially protects manoomin nor stops Line 3. | Huneeus, 22 | Huneeus, 22 | 314,989 | 9 | 2,685 |
1,339 | 138,776 | 1,880 | INFRAPOLITICS | null | null | This debilitation of less developed, less white countries is perpetuated through the right to maim. Extracting value from non white populations using dangerous systems causes the mass debilitation of those populations and puts those who are exploited as a result of the sale of whiteness in a constant cycle of failure. | Puar, 17 (Jasbir K., Professor and Graduate Director of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University, “The Right To Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability” Date accessed: July 20 2019, https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/PubMaterials/978-0-8223-6918-9_601.pdf) // radronning | Puar, 17 ) // radronning | 92,151 | 20 | 1,758 |
1,340 | 686,751 | 14,428 | 2ac | null | 2AC - Econ DA | Warming turns growth and creates new poverty traps—extreme weather, sea level rise, damage to crop production collapse the economy. | Worland 15 (Justin, Writer for TIME “Climate Change Could Wreck the Global Economy”. http://time.com/4082328/climate-change-economic-impact/) | Worland 15 | 72,008 | 41 | 1,992 |
1,341 | 532,447 | 7,292 | Cards read – 2AC | CP | null | Water wars enflame every global hotspot and draws in great powers – defense doesn’t the growing rate of water insecurity. | Engelke ’15 [Peter and Russell Sticklor; September 2015; Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC; Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?” https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842?page=3%2C1; kp] | Engelke ’15 | 11,460 | 251 | 7,044 |
1,342 | 707,687 | 15,478 | Nuclear Renaissance AC | null | Part 3 is the Advocacy | Nuclear and renewables directly trade off – nuclear caps progress on renewables. Main 15 JD | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | 416,967 | 13 | 5,539 |
1,343 | 3,960,591 | 133,901 | 2AC | FTC | FTC OS – Facebook – 2AC | Breakup and collapse inevitable – whole government pressure, scandals, collapsing users, competitors | Liss 8-29 [Daniel Liss is the founder and CEO of Dispo, the digital disposable camera social network. 8-29-2021 https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/29/move-fast-and-break-facebook-a-bull-case-for-antitrust-enforcement/] | Liss 8-29 | 495,640 | 6 | 4,383 |
1,344 | 708,111 | 15,511 | Nuclear Renaissance AC | 1AC | Part 3 is the Advocacy | Nuclear and renewables directly trade off – nuclear caps progress on renewables. Main 15 JD | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | Ivy Main JD 11/12/15 [Sierra Club, Power for the People VA: The Virginia Energy Blog, Ivy Main Freelance] “Nuking clean energy: how nuclear power makes wind and solar harder” | 416,967 | 13 | 5,539 |
1,345 | 1,146,002 | 28,204 | 1NC | Case | 1NC---PTD ADV | Atmospheric trust fails – judges will ignore its weak precedent | Cress, J.D. candidate at UNC, 13 | Cress 13 | 556,095 | 7 | 1,289 |
1,346 | 2,622,893 | 83,482 | 2nc | k | 2NC – AT: Perm | This is all proven by their Dickens and Omrod evidence. | Dickens and Ormrod 15 (“Globalization of Space: From the global to the Galatic”, published in The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization Studies, Second Edition. Pages 546-547. December 17th, 2015. Peter Dickens is a senior research associate at the University of Cambridge. James S. Ormrod is a Principal Lecturer at the School of Applied Social Science and Centre for Spatial, Environmental, and Cultural Politics as the University of Brighton.) // tanz | Dickens and Ormrod 15 | 1,127,898 | 7 | 6,508 |
1,347 | 197,935 | 2,525 | ***Answers*** | UQ | UQ – Popularity Down | Base support down – Paris | Baker 6/1 (Peter, staff @ NYT, “In Rejecting Popular Paris Accord, Trump Bets on His Base”, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/climate/paris-accord-trump-conservative-base.html) | Baker 6/1 | 129,822 | 1 | 1,270 |
1,348 | 198,010 | 2,532 | Cali Cap & Trade – Aff | Links | Link - Teacher Reform | The plan sparks political backlash – that causes ineffective implementation of the plan | San Francisco Chronicle 16 (“California Legislature fights education reform the state needs,” San Francisco Chronicle, http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/California-Legislature-fights-education-reform-8325996.php) JZ | San Francisco Chronicle 16 | 129,881 | 6 | 1,208 |
1,349 | 532,671 | 7,306 | 1ac | 1ac---3rd canon---uk | 1ac---treaties | US pipeline dependence leads to existential oil spills. | McKibben ’19 — [Bill McKibben (the Schumann Distinguished Scholar at Middlebury College and leader of the climate campaign group 350.org.); Published 12 May 2019; “Bill McKibben: A Line 5 deal with Enbridge would ignore effects of climate change;” Detroit Free Press; Accessed 26 September 2022 @ https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/05/12/enbridge-whitmer-line-5-mckibben/1164492001/] //AM | McKibben ’19 | 35,360 | 67 | 2,167 |
1,350 | 708,782 | 15,572 | null | Generic | 1NC Util | Extinction justifies moral loopholes | Bok, 1988 (Sissela Bok, Professor of Philosophy, Brandeis, Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory, Ed. David Rosenthal and Fudlou Shehadi, 1988) | null | 84,753 | 174 | 1,184 |
1,351 | 310,511 | 3,968 | Ext: Tyranny/Democracy | Contention Four – the plan solves | Insert presidential powers bad impacts | War powers justification threatens civil liberties indefinitely | Barnett 2015 | Barnett 2015 | 198,046 | 1 | 6,251 |
1,352 | 709,127 | 15,590 | null | 3 - Econ DA | null | Russian economic instability creates political instability in the chain of command, increasing the likelihood of nuclear weapons usage. Rademaker 99 | Russian Nuclear Threat and Economic Causality; Will Rademaker; August 18, 1999; War & Peace: The Atomic Age: War, Peace, Power?; EDGE (Ethics of Development in a Global Environment); http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/atomic/hrussiannuclear.html | null | 417,340 | 1 | 6,996 |
1,353 | 532,769 | 7,308 | 1ac | 1ac---3rd canon---uk | 1ac---treaties | Droughts cause water wars that enflame every global hotspot and draws in great powers. | Engelke ’15 [Peter and Russell Sticklor; September 2015; Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC; Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?” https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842?page=3%2C1; kp] | Engelke ’15 | 11,460 | 251 | 7,044 |
1,354 | 687,277 | 14,448 | 2AC | Symbolic Exchange Death Kritik | null | Their thesis overly generalizes the completeness of illusion and hyper-reality – since it is impossible to verify whether or not there has been a total break from all past forms of social relations, we should discount their claims that our representations are meaningless. | Timothy W. LUKE, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 91 [“Power and politics in hyperreality: The critical project of Jean Baudrillard,” Social Science Journal, 1991, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Accessed Online through Emory Libraries] | LUKE 91 , 1991, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Accessed Online through Emory Libraries] | 99,060 | 83 | 6,483 |
1,355 | 653,199 | 12,883 | null | NC | Contention | That negates – banning military aid inhibits the sale of military equipment to authoritarian regimes. That’s a form of restricting the free economic choices of individuals i.e. to set and pursue the end of exchanging goods. | Richman 12 (Sheldon Richman. Sheldon Richman is executive editor of The Libertarian Institute and chairman of the board of trustees of the Center for a Stateless Society. “The Free Market Doesn’t Need Government Regulation”. 8-5-2012. Reason. https://reason.com/archives/2012/08/05/the-free-market-doesnt-need-government-r) //TruLe | Richman 12 //TruLe | 327,472 | 193 | 729 |
1,356 | 709,287 | 15,603 | null | null | null | France has declared a state of economic emergency – threatens EU recession Zeronian 16 | Zeronian, Sarkis. "France Declares State of Economic Emergency." Breitbart News. January 20, 2016. Accessed August 30, 2016. http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/01/20/france-adds-state-of-economic-emergency-to-security-situation/. JD | null | 416,392 | 5 | 2,051 |
1,357 | 1,868,426 | 54,996 | Death Penalty 1AC | International Human Rights | null | 5. The U.S. must recognize the unfortunate influence it has in the global death-penalty practice --- helps sustain it in Africa, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia AND it undermines international human rights law --- reversal by the Court is necessary to reinvigorate global abolition
Caplan, senior research scholar at Yale Law School, 16 (12/31/16, Lincoln, “The Growing Gap Between the U.S. and the International Anti-Death-Penalty Consensus,” https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-growing-gap-between-the-u-s-and-the-international-anti-death-penalty-consensus, accessed on 4/25/2020, JMP) | null | Caplan, senior research scholar at Yale Law School, 16 | 837,863 | 1 | null |
1,358 | 687,541 | 14,454 | 1nc | null | 5 | Climate regulations increase electricity prices – causes grid collapse and massive energy poverty | Charles K. Ebinger and John P. Banks, 11/8/2013. *Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Energy Security and Climate Initiative, the Brookings Institute. Nonresident Senior Fellow - Foreign Policy, Energy Security and Climate Initiative, the Brookings Institute. “The Electricity Revolution,” The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-electricity-revolution/ | Ebinger and Banks 2013 | 377,190 | 51 | 9,085 |
1,359 | 709,965 | 15,648 | null | null | 1NC – FW | 1. First, we should preserve our future ability to find moral truths. Bostrom 12 | Nick Bostrom, Existential Risk Prevention as a Global Priority, 2012. NS | Nick Bostrom, Existential Risk Prevention as a Global Priority, 2012. NS | 15,765 | 1,536 | 821 |
1,360 | 711,230 | 15,753 | Claremont AC: Oppression | Contention 1: Oppression (0:35) | null | Speech restrictions are on the rise on college campuses. | Maloney 16
Maloney, Jr., Cliff. "Colleges Have No Right To Limit Students’ Free Speech." TIME. October 13, 2016. Web. December 07, 2016. <http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speechzone/>. | Maloney 16 | 418,095 | 6 | 928 |
1,361 | 712,174 | 15,838 | null | 1AC | null | A killjoy kills the joy of oppressive institutions and refuses the requirements of happiness that are forced upon them. This disorients the subconscious orientation of the institution – calling out sexism at debate tournaments kills the joy of the white male debaters; the Zapatista movement congregated around a Brown Mestiza identity to kill the joy of white supremacy; it is an internal rejection of the paradigm of complicity in happiness – embracing an orientation outside of the institution. | null | null | 419,023 | 1 | null |
1,362 | 653,226 | 12,882 | 1AC – Saudi Arabia | 1AC | Method | Reps focus distracts us from material violence. | Tuathail 96. Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct) | Tuathail 96. | 30,049 | 246 | 3,252 |
1,363 | 653,364 | 12,886 | null | Case | Contention | However, recent research has shed light on how ignorant many journalists are of the risks of compromising their source confidentiality. They are even unaware of whether recently legislated shield laws offer them any protection in the states or territories where they work. The survey of 154 journalists by Curtin University’s Joseph Fernandezfound that while almost all journalists expressed unreserved commitment to the confidentiality of their sources, three-quarters were uncertain about the extent to which shield laws might cover them. Almost half expressed no alarm at official surveillance of their communications. The price of a detected link can be high. Many whistleblowers have paid with their liberty or careers. They include Chelsea Manning, who is serving what is likely to be the rest of her life in a US military prison for releasing information to WikiLeaks. In Australia, the list of discovered sources include former customs officer Allan Kessing, Victorian detective Simon Artz and design college part-timer Freya Newman. If journalists are to have any hope of protecting confidential sources into the future it will require a multi-faceted approach. Posetti’s study proposes an ambitious 11-point framework for enhancing free expression, strengthening legislative and policy shields for journalists and whistleblowers, and training reporters. The fundamental question facing journalists is whether the very act of promising confidentiality to a source – particularly a government whistleblower – is unethical, given the likelihood that agencies have the power, will and technology to detect and identify sources. | null | null | 392,486 | 1 | null |
1,364 | 653,732 | 12,906 | null | 1AC | Method | Reps focus distracts us from material violence. | Tuathail 96. Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct) | Tuathail 96. | 30,049 | 246 | 3,252 |
1,365 | 654,416 | 12,941 | null | null | Part 3 is the Solution | Only a federal shield law solves – state laws, court rulings, and DOJ are insufficient protections. | Rosenbaum 14 (Kathryn A. Rosenbaum Candidate for Juris Doctor, Notre Dame Law School, Class of 2014; Bachelor of Arts, Communication Arts, Xavier University, Class of 2010. I thank Professor Randy Kozel for his guidance and insight throughout this process., “Protecting More than the Front Page: Codifying a Reporter’s Privilege for Digital and Citizen Journalists”, 2014, Notre Dame Law Review, Volume 89 Issue 3 Article 10, https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1792&context=ndlr, Date Accessed: 9/14/18) // AZ | Rosenbaum 14 | 392,592 | 10 | 5,176 |
1,366 | 713,123 | 15,903 | 1NC | null | 1NC Tech | No chance of war from economic decline---best and most recent data | Daniel Drezner 14, Professor of IR at Tufts, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 | Drezner 14 | 987 | 1,331 | 1,554 |
1,367 | 687,739 | 14,458 | null | 1NC | framing | Imaging catastrophic outcomes creates a safe space to craft hypothetical solutions—they’re stopped by their fear of fear | Kathryn Yusoff and, researcher at the Environment Center of the University of Lancaster, Jennifer Gabrys 11, professor of design at the University of London, “Climate change and the imagination”, http://www.marymattingly.com/images/press/WIREs_ClimateChange.pdf | Yusoff and Gabrys 11, | 408,286 | 6 | 6,216 |
1,368 | 713,269 | 15,911 | 1AC | null | 1AC Framing | Simulation and institutional deliberation are valuable and motivate effective responses to climate risks | Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf) | Marx et al 7 | 94,208 | 61 | 3,786 |
1,369 | 713,495 | 15,917 | null | null | 1NC Tech | No chance of war from economic decline---best and most recent data | Daniel Drezner 14, Professor of IR at Tufts, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 | Drezner 14 | 987 | 1,331 | 1,554 |
1,370 | 654,829 | 12,969 | Case | null | null | Academia is a cancer, sucking the life from all who attend and partake | Occupied UC Berkeley 9 | Occupied UC Berkeley 9 | 1,058 | 306 | 4,683 |
1,371 | 687,537 | 14,452 | 2nc | null | case | proposing alternative non-capitalist economics out of nowhere is of zero value. Environmental reform is key. | John BARRY, Director of the Institute of Governance, Public Policy and Social Research and Co-Director of the Centre for Sustainability and Environmental Governance at Queen’s University Belfast, ‘7 [“Towards a model of green political economy: from ecological modernisation to economic security,” Int. J. Green Economics, Vol. 1, No. 3/4, 2007 p. 446-464, http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1504/IJGE.2007.013071] | BARRY ‘7 | 139,742 | 80 | 3,964 |
1,372 | 654,908 | 12,978 | null | 3 | null | Eliminating nuclear weapons encourages states to acquire chemical and biological weapons,these weapons are diseases or poison gas-this not only means more states will have it but so will terorrists | Neil Narang 15, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science @ UCSB, Ph.D., UC San Diego in 2012, “All Together Now? Questioning WMDs as a Useful Analytical Unit for Understanding Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation”, Nonproliferation Review, 22:3-4, 457-468, DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2016.1153184 //CBHS HL | Narang 15 | 21,632 | 528 | 2,681 |
1,373 | 713,326 | 15,913 | null | 1AC | 1AC Cyberterror | Backdoors allow hackers into the system -- looking for vulnerabilities now | Smith 14 -- writer for Newsweek, expert in technology and security, graduate from MIT, cites the head of the NSA (Amelia Smith, November 21, 2014, “China Could Shut Down U.S. Power Grid With Cyber Attack, Says NSA Chief,” http://europe.newsweek.com/china-could-shut-down-us-power-grid-cyber-attack-says-nsa-chief-286119), acui | Smith 14 | 218,312 | 34 | 3,537 |
1,374 | 713,808 | 15,923 | 1NC | null | 1NC Tech | No chance of war from economic decline---best and most recent data | Daniel Drezner 14, Professor of IR at Tufts, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164 | Drezner 14 | 987 | 1,331 | 1,554 |
1,375 | 714,183 | 15,927 | Politics | OW | Turns Ethics | Human trafficking and slavery White House 14 [Administration “ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP” https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/tpp_and_human_rights_factsheet.pdf](sakin)
Malaysia. We have sustained extensive engagement with the Malaysian government and stakeholders in the international community to fight trafficking in persons. In Malaysia, human trafficking often takes the form of foreign workers subjected to forced labor, with some in situations of debt bondage. TPP is on track to require signatory countries to address forced labor through enforceable labor provisions. Further, we are working with Malaysia to encourage specific actions to prevent trafficking, protect victims, and prosecute and convict traffickers and overall help ensure that Malaysia can meet this commitment. | null | forced labor | 419,688 | 1 | null |
1,376 | 687,962 | 14,460 | null | 2nc | prices | Boosts Energy Prices – pass onto consumer | SCHRIDER 11 Heritage Foundation Energy Staff [William Schrider, Feed-in Tariffs: Just Another Renewable Energy Subsidy, http://blog.heritage.org/2011/12/08/feed-in-tariffs-just-another-renewable-energy-subsidy/] | SCHRIDER 11 Heritage Foundation Energy Staff | 408,346 | 1 | 1,866 |
1,377 | 714,505 | 15,934 | null | 2AC | 2AC Fiat Double Bind [Caddo] | Pragmatic warming policy is effective and key to prevent extinction | Simpson 10 (Francis, College of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, “Environmental Pragmatism and its Application to Climate Change The Moral Obligations of Developed and Developing Nations to Avert Climate Change as viewed through Technological Pragmatism”, Spring 2010 | Volume 6 | Number 1) | Simpson 10 | 259,032 | 54 | 4,964 |
1,378 | 3,317,184 | 109,246 | null | null | Solvency | 5. US is a model for global transparency | Stiglitz, PhD/Nobel Prize Winner, 99 | Stiglitz, PhD/Nobel Prize Winner, 99 | 1,390,555 | 13 | 790 |
1,379 | 655,258 | 12,993 | 1AC v1 | Contention 1 is No First Use | null | BUT, even if China says no---dialogue alone solves the impact by creating reliable channels for crisis communication. | Dr. Jeffrey Lewis 09. Director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, affiliate with the Center for Security and International Cooperation at Stanford University, founding publisher of Arms Control Wonk.com, former Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, Ph.D. International Security and Economic Policy, University of Maryland, B.A. Philosophy and Political Science, Augustana College, “Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization,” in Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, eds. Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter, Occasional Paper No. 15, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 2009, http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ESDP/98894/ichaptersection_singledocument/bc5ffea7-2859-4c5b-992b-7597cbfa85fb/en/Chapter%203.pdf | Lewis 09 | 166,625 | 27 | 2,778 |
1,380 | 688,691 | 14,513 | 1NC | t – substantial increase | null | Increase means to become larger or greater in quantity | Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006. ("Increase." <http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741>.) | Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006. ("Increase." <http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741>.) | 2,902 | 57 | 313 |
1,381 | 688,815 | 14,514 | 1NR | ov | at tillerson inevitable | Rubio is the key swing vote on Tillerson | King, 16 | King, 16 | 408,711 | 6 | 2,730 |
1,382 | 655,037 | 12,985 | null | null | Contention 1 is No First Use | BUT, even if China says no---dialogue alone solves the impact by creating reliable channels for crisis communication. | Dr. Jeffrey Lewis 09. Director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, affiliate with the Center for Security and International Cooperation at Stanford University, founding publisher of Arms Control Wonk.com, former Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, Ph.D. International Security and Economic Policy, University of Maryland, B.A. Philosophy and Political Science, Augustana College, “Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization,” in Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, eds. Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter, Occasional Paper No. 15, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 2009, http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ESDP/98894/ichaptersection_singledocument/bc5ffea7-2859-4c5b-992b-7597cbfa85fb/en/Chapter%203.pdf | Lewis 09 | 166,625 | 27 | 2,778 |
1,383 | 655,082 | 12,987 | Case | 2 | 1.Reject All Spikes | Reading spikes and not delineating is a voting issue. It excludes debaters with learning disabilities such as dyslexia and dysgraphia. | Thompson 15 | Thompson 15 | 346,314 | 106 | 2,098 |
1,384 | 655,131 | 12,989 | null | 2 | null | This encourages global aggression and diversionary wars — turns their offense. | Monteiro 12 — Nuno P. Monteiro, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, Winer 2012(“Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,” published in the International Security Journal, Avaialbe Online at Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40) | Monteiro 12 ) | 37,091 | 67 | 4,918 |
1,385 | 714,351 | 15,933 | null | null | 1NC Economy | 6. if that doesn’t solve then there are cultural and competitive alt causes to private relations | Germano, Senior Fellow and Adjunct Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, 14
Judith H., "Cybersecurity Partnerships: A New Era of Public-Private Collaboration", Oct 2014, The Center on Law and Security, NYU School of Law, www.lawandsecurity.org/Portals/0/Documents/Cybersecurity.Partnerships.pdf | Germano, Senior Fellow and Adjunct Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, 14 | 216,884 | 8 | 1,201 |
1,386 | 714,525 | 15,934 | null | 2AC | 2AC Warming Reps | Apocalyptic representations of global warming are necessary to motivate change–serves as a key cite for coalition-building | Buell ‘10 | Buell ‘10 | 57,807 | 17 | 4,370 |
1,387 | 714,508 | 15,934 | null | 2AC | 2AC Fiat Double Bind [Caddo] | Simulation and institutional deliberation are valuable and motivate effective responses to climate risks | Marx et al 7 (Sabine M, Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) @ Columbia University, Elke U. Weber, Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Benjamin S. Orlovea, Department of Environmental Science and Policy @ University of California Davis, Anthony Leiserowitz, Decision Research, David H. Krantz, Department of Psychology @ Columbia University, Carla Roncolia, South East Climate Consortium (SECC), Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering @ University of Georgia and Jennifer Phillips, Bard Centre for Environmental Policy @ Bard College, “Communication and mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information”, 2007, http://climate.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Marx_GEC_2007.pdf) | Marx et al 7 | 94,208 | 61 | 3,786 |
1,388 | 1,191,930 | 29,173 | 1AR---PTD---Pinecrest---GBS KK | 2AC---OFF | 2AC---AT: PQD DA | China is beating the US across the board | Robert Atkinson 19. Founder and president of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. "The US needs to copy China’s tech strategy to remain the top economy in the world". Business Insider. 11-16-2019. https://www.businessinsider.com/us-copy-china-tech-strategy-remain-top-world-economy-2019-11 | Atkinson 19 | 570,797 | 6 | 1,513 |
1,389 | 714,780 | 15,962 | null | Case | null | Turn case- you move the blame on the wrong group. Lawsuits on police don’t lead to any change and just prevent any real reform. Gilles 2k | Gilles, Myriam "In defense of making Government pay: the deterrent effect of constitutional tort remedies." | null | 419,892 | 1 | 2,499 |
1,390 | 294,794 | 3,725 | Case | Transnational Crime | Impact—Transnational Crime | The Illegal wildlife trade is a driving force of major transnational crimes—leads to terrorism, drug rings and a host of impacts | Hellyer 06/06/2016 (Peter Hellyer Is A Consultant Specialising In The Uae’S History and Culture, 6-6-2016, "More needs to be done to stop illegal wildlife trade," No Publication, http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/more-needs-to-be-done-to-stop-illegal-wildlife-trade) – Coronado LS | Hellyer 06/06/2016 | 188,952 | 2 | 3,682 |
1,391 | 690,073 | 14,594 | 1nc | off | null | GHGs are 6 gases | Dernbach 4 - Professor, Widener University Law School | Dernbach 4 | 405,151 | 161 | 3,832 |
1,392 | 655,285 | 12,994 | null | 3 | Offense | This encourages global aggression and diversionary wars which increases nuke prolif — turns their offense. | Monteiro 12 — Nuno P. Monteiro, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, Winer 2012(“Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful,” published in the International Security Journal, Avaialbe Online at Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40) | Monteiro 12 ) | 37,091 | 67 | 4,918 |
1,393 | 714,836 | 15,966 | 1-off | null | null | Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks. | Bostrom 13 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013] | Bostrom 13 | 15,765 | 1,536 | 953 |
1,394 | 690,105 | 14,596 | 1nc | off | null | GHGs are 6 gases | Dernbach 4 - Professor, Widener University Law School | Dernbach 4 | 405,151 | 161 | 3,832 |
1,395 | 715,029 | 15,977 | null | 1AC – SV | Part 4: Underview | 3. Reject low probability impacts. | Kessler & Daase 08 [Oliver Kessler and Christopher Daase, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Department of Political Science, University of Munich, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 33, No. 2, The Social Construction and Control of Danger in Counterterrorism (Apr.-June 2008), pp. 211-232] | Kessler & Daase 08 | 10,122 | 905 | 5,449 |
1,396 | 690,110 | 14,597 | 1nc | off | null | GHGs are 6 gases | Dernbach 4 - Professor, Widener University Law School | Dernbach 4 | 405,151 | 161 | 3,832 |
1,397 | 1,186,094 | 29,097 | Southern Bell---Quarters | 1AC---SDGs | Investment---1AC | Poor water management dooms the green energy transition. | Andrew Hodgkinson 21, Manager of Process and Treatment Technology and Global Technology Leader at Worley, an Australian-based engineering company, Master’s Degree from Monash University, 12/9/2021, “Why water is critical to the energy transition,” https://www.advisian.com/en/global-perspectives/why-water-is-critical-to-the-energy-transition, RMax | Hodgkinson 21 | 553,313 | 22 | 8,288 |
1,398 | 690,459 | 14,607 | 1nc | case | null | Evaluating immanent consequences to their advocacy is good – key to understand political responsibility and how commitments interact in a globalized world | Chandler, Professor of International Relations and Director of the Centre for the Study of Democracy at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, ‘14 | Chandler ‘14 | 32,582 | 223 | 11,275 |
1,399 | 2,623,633 | 83,607 | New | null | 1NC – Japan DA | The plan is a space shock that causes Japanese re-arm and space mil | Cheng 9 (Dean B. Cheng, bachelor's degree in politics from Princeton University in 1986 and studied for a doctorate at MIT, Heritage Foundation Research Fellow on Chinese Political & Security affairs, Fmr. senior analyst with Science Applications International Corp & the Center for Naval Analyses Chinese Division. <KEN> “Reflections on Sino-US Space Cooperation,” Volume 2. Number 3. Winter 2009. DOA: 8/22/19. https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Space_and_Defense_2_3.pdf) | Cheng 9 | 165,110 | 475 | 2,145 |
Subsets and Splits