Yusuf5/OpenCaselistTMP · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,400	715,096	15,982	null	1AC	Part 1: Framework:	2. Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks.	Bostrom 13 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013] JW	Bostrom 13	15,765	1,536	953
1,401	715,346	15,996	Case	Court Salary	Framing	If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.	Bostrom 12 [Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)]	Bostrom 12	15,765	1,536	962
1,402	715,273	15,992	null	1AC	Part 1: Framework:	2. Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks.	Bostrom 13 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013] JW	Bostrom 13	15,765	1,536	953
1,403	690,566	14,610	1ac	courts	null	Squo environmental federalism law is indeterminate – lack of a clear model leads to erratic and escalating coercion-based challenges – that undermines current and future regulation	Buzbee, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, ‘16	Buzbee ‘16	408,950	10	19,872
1,404	715,394	16,000	K	null	null	The affirmative’s radical knowledge will only be funneled into the increasing legitimacy of the contemporary university and capitalist society– that makes regimes of social death inevitable	Occupied UC Berkeley 10 (anonymous graduate student in philosophy, “The University, Social Death and the Inside Joke,” http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20100220181610620)	Occupied UC Berkeley 10	3,953	249	7,652
1,405	715,403	16,001	null	null	Part 1: Case	The pacific islands and southwestern regions of the United States are plagued by nuclear colonialism- the ways in which we talk about nuclear power and testing cause dramatic harms.	Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.	Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.	376,406	10	4,710
1,406	1,169,460	28,649	1AC	1AC	1AC — Modeling	US leadership is key. Empirics aren’t predictive — future demand gaps will be worse, making inefficient global sharing institutions untenable.	Engelke and Sticklor 15 — Engelke is a Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC. Sticklor is a Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC. (Peter and Russell; Published: September 15, 2015; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?”; National Interest; Accessed: August 14, 2021; https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842)//CYang	Engelke and Sticklor 15	11,460	251	12,269
1,407	741,821	17,062	null	1nc	a1	Forward deployment doesn’t solve conflict.	Fettweis, Political Science – Tulane, 10 [Christopher J., fifth year doctoral student in the University of Maryland's Department of Government and Politics. His primary interests include US foreign and national security policies. His dissertation, currently titled The Geopolitics of Energy and the Obsolescence of Major War, focuses on the relationship between oil and conflict. Mr. Fettweis has a BA in History from the University of Notre Dame, Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy, April 2010 Survival, 52:2, 59 - 82]	Fettweis, Political Science – Tulane, 10	67,081	48	2,009
1,408	741,913	17,063	null	1nr	Link	Religious opposition	Bowden 13 Jackie Bowden, 2013 J.D. graduate from St. Thomas University School of Law. Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 2013 8 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 451 ARTICLE: FEELING EMPTY? ORGAN TRAFFICKING & TRADE: THE BLACK MARKET FOR HUMAN ORGANS lexis	Bowden 13	430,492	1	1,457
1,409	741,860	17,064	null	Contention 4 is risk calculus	Contention 3 Solvency	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,410	690,691	14,648	1NC	null	3	Bioterror leads to extinction	Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. Ćirković, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction	Sandberg 8	21,354	875	1,272
1,411	742,113	17,070	null	null	Contention 1 – Organ sales will save lives	The shortage means many die	Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy	Beard 8	430,247	16	5,967
1,412	1,193,664	29,214	null	1NR	Infra	Any change requires tremendous political capital.	Quintanilla '13 [David Ryan; 2013; J.D. Candidate at St. Mary’s University School of Law; "A Bitter Policy Shoved down Our Throats: How a Once Admirable and Necessary Agricultural Program Has Resulted in Major Profits for Big Business and Major Frustration for Others," https://core.ac.uk/display/47210083]	Quintanilla '13	35,709	18	2,419
1,413	690,868	14,654	1NC	null	DA	Trump presidency causes mass global terror attack and increases terror recruitment.	Bremmer 6/3/2016 Ian Bremmer is president of Eurasia Group and a global research professor at New York University. “Trump and the World: What Could Actually Go Wrong.” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/2016-donald-trump-international-foreign-policy-global-risk-security-guide-213936	Bremmer 6/3/2016	179,870	7	974
1,414	1,193,735	29,206	2AC---New Trier---R5	2AC---OFF	2AC---AT: Bizcon DA	The AFF creates a balancing mechanism to solve conflicts from competing industries---solves BizCon	Alexandra B Klass 12. Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, and Solly Robins Distinguished Research Fellow, University of Minnesota Law School. "Renewable Energy and the Public Trust Doctrine." UC Davis Law Review, vol. 45, no. 3, February 2012, p. 1036. HeinOnline. //EM	Klass 12	526,979	65	3,000
1,415	742,163	17,070	null	Contention 4 is risk calculus	Contention 3 The Plan solves	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,416	690,664	14,646	This means util, we believe we may sacrifice part of our welfare in order to maximize our future good. If our future selves are no more related to us than any other self, then consistency demands we accept that some must sacrifice themselves for others. Given that we have no difficulty comparing benefits to ourselves in the future to benefits to ourselves in the present, comparisons of goodness across multiple people is also no more problematic.	2 - CBW	null	Bioweapons causes extinction – access and modifications	Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17	Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17	2,127	1,722	7,871
1,417	742,267	17,078	null	null	1NC Version 2 – Undercommons	There can be no radical or critical pedagogy that is practiced within the power structures of the academy – turns case because academia is a site of social death	Occupied UC Berkeley 09 “The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/	Occupied UC Berkeley 09	1,058	306	2,386
1,418	742,410	17,075	null	Contention 4 is risk calculus	Contention 3 The Plan solves	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,419	3,960,075	133,890	2ac	t	2ac – t-per se	Overlimits	Hovenkamp 18 --- Herbert J. Hovenkamp University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, “THE RULE OF REASON”, 2018, https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2780&context=faculty_scholarship	Hovenkamp 18	486,268	7	688
1,420	715,525	16,011	null	1AC	Part 1: Case	The pacific islands and southwestern regions of the United States are plagued by nuclear colonialism- the resolution’s focus on countries relationship to nuclear power paves over those whose land an lives have been irreparably changed by nuclear energy. We much attune our discourse to those areas that are constantly asked to be forgotten	Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.	Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.	376,406	10	4,713
1,421	715,577	16,018	1AC	Advantage 2: Paramilitary Oppression	null	UNIQUENESS: U.S. money and support assists Colombian officials with known paramilitary ties	Soa Watch, 16. Soa Watch. "Colombian Paramilitary Leader Confirms Collusion with U.S. Trained Colombian Generals." No Publication. Web. 8-3-2016. Accessed. 8-3-2016. < http://www.soaw.org/news/news-alerts/3283 >. SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas., . Phops Washington, DC – Salvatore Mancuso, the former Commander of the right wing United	Soa Watch, 16. Soa Watch. "Colombian Paramilitary Leader Confirms Collusion with U.S. Trained Colombian Generals." No Publication. Web. 8-3-2016. Accessed. 8-3-2016. < http://www.soaw.org/news/news-alerts/3283 >. SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas., .	420,289	1	76
1,422	715,624	16,021	null	Adv 2) International Relations	null	USSOUTHCOM seeks to check “global competitors” in Latin America now. The major focus of USSOUTHCOM is to counter Russia and China.	USSOUTHCOM Posture Statement, Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Admiral US Navy and Commander of United States Southern Command, “Posture State of Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Commander, United States Southern Command before the 114th Congress”, Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2016, p. 8-10.	USSOUTHCOM Posture Statement, Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Admiral US Navy and Commander of United States Southern Command, “Posture State of Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Commander, United States Southern Command before the 114th Congress”, Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2016,	420,330	1	179
1,423	716,287	16,055	null	Col K	Restrict	No war impact	Levy ’89 (Jack S. Levy is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975, “Domestic Politics and War”, The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Published 1989) There are numerous critiques of the theoretical coherence and historical validity of the Marxist-	Levy ’89 The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Published 1989)	420,729	1	109
1,424	716,378	16,059	1AC	null	Solvency	Congressional acceptance of Obama closure plan is sufficient to close Gitmo – leads to prisoner transfer	Andy Worthington, 1-11-2016 "Plea Deals in Federal Court Mooted for Guantánamo Prisoners in Next Year's National Defense Authorization Act" No Publication http://www.closeguantanamo.org/Articles/212-Plea-Deals-in-Federal-Court-Mooted-for-Guantanamo-Prisoners-in-Next-Years-National-Defense-Authorization-Act (ermo/sms)	Worthington 16	420,515	11	2,617
1,425	690,973	14,656	null	1NC	Bioweapons DA	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,426	691,247	14,672	1NC Jack Howe – Round	null	3	Not evaluating standardized testing makes objectively and effectively admitting international students impossible.	Bhatia 19, Avvalzameer , 3-5-19, “Standardized test scores are a necessary assessment to equalize UC admissions”, https://dailybruin.com/2019/03/05/standardized-test-scores-are-a-necessary-assessment-to-equalize-uc-admissions/	Bhatia 19	376,414	34	5,627
1,427	716,271	16,054	Case	Terror	A2 Border Terrorism	Cartels don’t have ties with terrorist groups	Sullivan and Beittel 13 (Mark and June. Mark Sullivan is a Specialist in Latin American Affairs. June Beittel is an Analyst in Latin American Affairs. “Latin America: Terrorism Issues” http://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RS21049.pdf) 6/27/14 RK	Sullivan and Beittel 13	311,588	17	4,332
1,428	742,777	17,092	null	null	Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives	The shortage means many die	Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy	Beard 8	430,247	16	5,967
1,429	742,781	17,092	null	null	Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives	Some have suggested that a market for organs would discourage altruistic donations, but the core study on which these claims are based has proven untrue	Economist 11 The Economist Feb 16th 2011 Blood, not money http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/02/volunteering_and_profiteering	Economist 11	430,253	7	1,117
1,430	691,314	14,678	Racism Aff Case MA20	Therefore, in order to combat these heinous actions, the value criterion is opposing racial oppression.	Taking that into account, the value for this round is procedural justice.	Elijah Smith writes ‘13,	https://www.vbriefly.com/2013/09/06/20139a-conversation-in-ruins-race-and-black-participation-in-lincoln-douglas-debate/ SY	SY	325,841	184	7,238
1,431	716,358	16,058	1ac	null	Solvency	Congressional acceptance of Obama closure plan is sufficient to close Gitmo – leads to prisoner transfer	Andy Worthington, 1-11-2016 "Plea Deals in Federal Court Mooted for Guantánamo Prisoners in Next Year's National Defense Authorization Act" No Publication http://www.closeguantanamo.org/Articles/212-Plea-Deals-in-Federal-Court-Mooted-for-Guantanamo-Prisoners-in-Next-Years-National-Defense-Authorization-Act (ermo/sms)	Worthington 16	420,515	11	2,617
1,432	716,638	16,085	Drones Aff	1AC	Cont. 1 is the Status Quo	U.S. justifications regarding UAV use set international precedents – a continuation of the status quo locks in a future of blurred ethical lines making conflict inevitable	Crosston 14 (Matthew Crosston is a member of the International Security and Intelligence Studies Department at Bellevue University, “Pandora’s Presumption: Drones and the Problematic Ethics of Techno-War”, Journal of Strategic Security, Volume 7 Number 4 Special Issue Winter 2014: Future Challenges in Drone Geopolitics, Winter 2014) Slim Shady	Crosston 14	420,917	2	173
1,433	692,386	14,725	1NC	LIHEAP DA	null	Rising economic inequality and poverty leads to world war	Sudanarm & Popov 19 (Jomo and Vladimir, editors and economisits, Inter Press Service News Agency, February 12, 2019 http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/ ) JD	Sudanarm & Popov 19	2,125	912	1,657
1,434	716,875	16,100	null	null	HADR SOFT PWR DA	4. SOUTHCOM engagement provides climate change resiliency in Latin America – partnerships underpin broader efforts	Colonel Jason A. Kirk, US Army War College Press, 2015, Master of Strategic Studies degree from the U.S. Army War College. Before attending the War College, Kirk served for three years at the Army’s National Training Center, as Deputy Commander of Operations Group and earlier as the Senior Maneuver Support/Engineer Observer Coach/Trainer. From 2009-2011, Kirk commanded the Charleston District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, leading the district in executing a broad program that included civil works, military construction for Fort Jackson and Joint Base Charleston, and support to interagency customers such as Department of Energy and Department of State. Before commanding the Charleston District, Kirk served in Army engineer leadership and staff positions with three mechanized brigade combat teams - 1993 graduate of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in environmental engineering. ["CLIMATE CHANGE: CONSIDERATIONS FOR GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMANDS ", http://pksoi.army.mil/default/assets/File/Kirk%20paper.pdf] bcr 8-16-2016	Colonel Jason A. Kirk, US Army War College Press, 2015,	421,069	1	1,573
1,435	742,807	17,091	Neg vs Harvard ad	1NC	Adv	Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact	BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)	BOSTROM 2011	93,995	268	3,812
1,436	742,847	17,093	Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives	null	null	The shortage means many die	Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy	Beard 8	430,247	16	5,967
1,437	692,460	14,731	null	Economy DA	null	Economic collapse leads to inevitable world war	Sudanarm & Popov 19 (Jomo and Vladimir, editors and economisits, Inter Press Service News Agency, February 12, 2019 http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/ ) JD	Sudanarm & Popov 19	2,125	912	1,657
1,438	716,957	16,102	NC V Evans MOSTATE	DA	HADR RUSSIA DA	2. Ending military ties to Colombia decks HA/DR – their assets are key to deployment and cooperation builds capacity	Master Sgt. Kelly Ogden, US Air Force, August 13 2014, Air Forces Southern Public Affairs 9A project of the Center for International Policy) ["Joint force defends Panama Canal during exercise", http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/494152/joint-force-defends-panama-canal-during-exercise.aspx] bcr 8-9-2016	Master Sgt. Kelly Ogden, US Air Force, August 13 2014,	421,131	1	1,774
1,439	618,481	11,201	Adv	null	Solvency	Nuclear disarmament is an essential step towards eliminating a colonialist and anti-black world. Weapon testing, uranium mining, and investments in modernization all have disparate impacts, and the threat of conflict is disproportionate as well. The plan is linked to a theory that connects global and local struggles for liberation.	Intondi 15 (Vincent J. Intondi, Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.)	Intondi 15	411,146	99	4,949
1,440	742,998	17,096	Neg vs cornell KR	1nc	prisons	Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact	BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)	BOSTROM 2011	93,995	268	3,812
1,441	619,071	11,228	null	null	1AC Deterrence	Nuclear disarmament is an essential step towards eliminating a colonialist and anti-black world. Weapon testing, uranium mining, and investments in modernization all have disparate impacts, and the threat of conflict is disproportionate as well. The plan is linked to a theory that connects global and local struggles for liberation.	Intondi 15 (Vincent J. Intondi, Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.)	Intondi 15	411,146	99	6,108
1,442	743,377	17,106	1nc	null	4	2. nearly all is close to 100%	Foley 98 JACK FOLEY, Mercury News Staff Writer September 21, 1998 San Jose Mercury News	Foley 98	430,510	11	1,115
1,443	718,174	16,181	1NC	Off Case	Off	Hegemony is a new name for the white man’s burden – decline is inevitable due to free-riding and it relies on circular logic and ignores its racialized foundation	---Read yellow!	null	12,536	9	18,794
1,444	693,621	14,801	We Get to Fiat Global Peace – ETOC	1AC	UV	The violence of nuclear weapons is both global and local --- anti-nuclear activism is part of a legacy of liberation movements that connects the ways that modernity has produced racist institutions with the threat of nuke war --- that propels movements for global equality.	Vincent J. Intondi, 2015. Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.	Intondi 2015	411,146	99	12,093
1,445	718,313	16,190	1NR	Afropessimism	2NC Perm	The coalitions this card attempts to form recreates antiblacknesss	Sexton 14 – prof @ UC Irvine	Sexton 14	57,236	58	10,117
1,446	718,574	16,206	1NC	Approval	1NC War	No impact to the economy	Daniel Drezner 14, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,447	743,662	17,112	null	1nc	Prisons	Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact	BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)	BOSTROM 2011	93,995	268	3,812
1,448	743,593	17,109	null	1nc	4	2. Nearly all is close to 100%	Foley 98 JACK FOLEY, Mercury News Staff Writer September 21, 1998 San Jose Mercury News	Foley 98	430,510	11	1,115
1,449	743,604	17,114	null	null	Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives	The shortage means many die	Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy	Beard 8	430,247	16	5,967
1,450	693,641	14,803	null	1AC	The advantage is Nuclear War	10. All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.	Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]	Edwards 17	44,421	1,095	2,434
1,451	743,685	17,112	null	2nc	Corporate	“Local buy-in” is a DA to the plan- Tax law 280E would force businesses to reorganize as 501-c-4s which have to focus on social welfare activities – the aff takes out this tax law and causes backlash from local governments which hurts the industry- 501c4 structure gets them on board- ONLY the CP solves	Leff 2014 (Ben, Associate Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law, Tax Planning for Marijuana Dealers, 99 Iowa L. Rev. 523, lexis)	Leff 2014	430,932	5	6,802
1,452	718,842	16,224	null	null	Advantage 1 is China	Independently, China will adopt launch-on-warning posture in response to ASB	Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/	Giacometti 14	422,080	26	2,587
1,453	3,317,516	109,426	null	null	DA	Pressure will spark backlash – threatens prolif, war, and terror – also turns case.	Felbab-Brown ’18 Felbab-Brown, Vanda (Senior Fellow at Foreign Policy's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence). “Why Pakistan supports terrorist groups, and why the US finds it so hard to induce change.” Brookings. 5 January 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/01/05/why-pakistan-supports-terrorist-groups-and-why-the-us-finds-it-so-hard-to-induce-change. [Premier]	Felbab-Brown ’18 . [Premier]	401,066	4	1,585
1,454	694,200	14,840	null	null	2	Doesn’t require any folks held hostage—can just strike satellites.	South et al 19 [Blast from the past: The Pentagon’s updated war plan for tactical nukes By: Todd South , Stephen Losey , and Kristine Froeba. July 10, 2019. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/07/10/blast-from-the-past-the-pentagons-updated-war-plan-for-tactical-nukes/ // ishan] *don’t endose ableist lang A nuclear weapon unleashes an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, that could completely disable electronic equipment, crippling communications and platforms, said Bryan Clark, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, former nuclear submariner and previous special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations.	South et al 19	411,372	4	412
1,455	694,299	14,846	null	null	1AC Miscalc	10. All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.	Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]	Edwards 17	44,421	1,095	2,434
1,456	248,471	3,121	Aff – BMD – CNDI 2016	Modernization Advantage	2AC AO – MIRV	BMD forces Chinese MIRV development as a counter-measure – ensures nuclear war	Zhao 15 [3/24/15, Tong Zhao is an associate at the Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy., “What if China develops MIRVs?”, thebulletin.org/what-if-china-develops-mirvs8133]	Zhao 15	71,137	60	6,136
1,457	744,064	17,122	2NC	Case: Cartels	Biowepaons D	No tech, it’s hype	Keller ‘13 -- Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)	Keller ‘13	48,560	187	12,381
1,458	694,345	14,850	null	1	null	Bioweapons causes extinction – access and modifications – outweighs on future generations.	Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17	Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17	2,127	1,722	7,871
1,459	744,265	17,132	2NC	CP	2NC – Perm	Obviously words have no absolute meaning, but it’s possible to assign meaning – evaluate language situationally	Knops 07 – Sociology – University of Birmingham (Andrew, “Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe's Theory of Democracy,” Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, March)	Knops 07 –	431,320	14	9,075
1,460	720,505	16,277	null	1NC	Econ	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,461	694,407	14,853	null	null	Case	1] Nuclear weapons deter cyberattacks, conventional weapons fail to prevent great power wars. Cal 18	[“Nuclear Weapons’ New Purpose.” 2018. 03/19/2018. Modern War Institute, https://mwi.usma.edu/nuclear-weapons-new-purpose-deterring-cyber-attacks/. //ghs-az]	null	373,542	17	1,262
1,462	720,454	16,275	null	null	Regionalism	The environment is resilient and tipping point theory is wrong.	Brook 13 Barry Brook, Professor at the University of Adelaide, leading environmental scientist, holding the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and is also Director of Climate Science at the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute, author of 3 books and over 250 scholarly articles, Corey Bradshaw is an Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a joint appointee at the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Brave New Climate, March 4, 2013, "Worrying about global tipping points distracts from real planetary threats", http://bravenewclimate.com/2013/03/04/ecological-tipping-points/	Brook 13	35,507	326	6,517
1,463	721,116	16,297	null	1NC	1NC Gulf	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,464	744,521	17,146	null	null	Contention One is Organs	The illegal market created in search for organs is an independent reason to vote affirmative	TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]	TAYLOR 06	431,249	19	13,942
1,465	744,539	17,147	null	null	Contention Two is Impact Calculus	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,466	123,450	1,723	Militarism K	Links	AT: Perm	First, the perm severs	null	null	83,374	1	null
1,467	694,558	14,861	null	null	1AC Miscalc	All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.	Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]	Edwards 17	44,421	1,095	2,434
1,468	1,869,467	55,019	null	null	Case	Grid attacks aren’t a threat – resiliency and constant updates prevent attack	Spring, ’17, (Tom, Editor-in-Chief, “Squirrels, Not Hackers, Pose Biggest Threat to Electric Grid,” Threat Post, February 17, 2017, https://threatpost.com/squirrels-not-hackers-pose-biggest-threat-to-electric-grid/123788/)	Spring, ’17,	376,278	24	4,354
1,469	694,487	14,857	null	null	1AC Miscalc	All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.	Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]	Edwards 17	44,421	1,095	2,434
1,470	113,347	1,632	Defense Industrial Base DA	Impacts	Heg---Turns Economy	US heg structures sustainable and peaceful global economy – absent U.S. leadership, it collapses	Stephen Brooks et al., 12, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth 2012 “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment” http://www.carlanorrlof.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DontComeHomeAmerica.pdf, Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.	Brooks et al., 12	2,521	405	10,642
1,471	744,813	17,156	1ac	null	Contention One is Organs	The illegal market created in search for organs is an independent reason to vote affirmative	TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]	TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey	431,249	19	13,942
1,472	745,132	17,166	null	1nc	1nc Xeno	Extinction inevitable without advancing agricultural biotech	Trewavas 00 [Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, Anthony, “GM Is the Best Option We Have,” 6/5/2000, www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html]	Trewavas 00	33,703	108	2,460
1,473	694,398	14,853	null	null	1	TNWs used to strike satelites	South et al 19 [Blast from the past: The Pentagon’s updated war plan for tactical nukes By: Todd South , Stephen Losey , and Kristine Froeba. July 10, 2019. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/07/10/blast-from-the-past-the-pentagons-updated-war-plan-for-tactical-nukes/ // ishan] *don’t endose ableist lang A nuclear weapon unleashes an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, that could completely disable electronic equipment, crippling communications and platforms, said Bryan Clark, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, former nuclear submariner and previous special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations.	South et al 19	411,372	4	412
1,474	694,532	14,859	null	null	Case	Terrorism is not a threat – global levels of terrorist attacks have been at a consecutive and all-time low	Hervey 2-21 – Political economic and journalist, and co-found of Future Crunch. (Angus, “The Decline of Terrorism.” Future Crunch. February 2, 2019. https://medium.com/future-crunch/the-decline-of-terrorism-247f3657b50a)//MG	Hervey 2-21 – Political economic and journalist, and co-found of Future Crunch. (Angus, “The Decline of Terrorism.” Future Crunch. February 2, 2019. https://medium.com/future-crunch/the-decline-of-terrorism-247f3657b50a)//MG	394,865	4	5,109
1,475	694,767	14,877	null	1AC	1AC Miscalc	All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.	Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]	null	44,421	1,095	2,434
1,476	745,080	17,161	null	null	ADV 2	No bioterror impact	Keller 3/7 -- Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)	Keller 3/7	48,560	187	12,381
1,477	1,170,260	28,666	1AC	1AC---Mexico	1AC---Management ADV	Treaty changes begin as unilateral actions.	Dr. Stephen Mumme 2, Ph.D., professor of political science at Colorado State University, Summer 2002, “The Case for Adding an Ecology Minute to the 1944 United States-Mexico Water Treaty,” Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 15(2), Water Use Symposium, pp. 239-256, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43292625.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Af9c97dd1f7d946dba17a42304a7a8ab4	Mumme 2	531,114	72	794
1,478	113,929	1,638	Russia Fill-In DA	Impact	Turns case: Global Econ	US heg structures sustainable and peaceful global economy – absent U.S. leadership, it collapses	Stephen Brooks et al., 12, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth 2012 “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment” http://www.carlanorrlof.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DontComeHomeAmerica.pdf, Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.	Brooks et al., 12	2,521	405	10,642
1,479	723,271	16,371	null	A2	SCS	Withdrawal in Asia leads to nuclear prolif and great power war	Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, and G. John Ikenberry, Government Professors at Dartmouth and Princeton, Winter 12, International Security Vol. 37 No. 2, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v037/37.3.brooks.html	Brooks Wohlforth, and Ikenberry 12	2,521	405	4,380
1,480	694,854	14,889	null	1AC Round 3	Advantage 2: Cyberattacks	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,481	723,349	16,372	case	piracy	1NC No Econ War	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,482	723,688	16,381	null	null	1NC No Econ War	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,483	1,170,309	28,785	2AC---Michigan---Round 5	2AC	FON DA	Turn---accession is critical to FoN and naval power. LOST reduces the uncertainty of CIL and gives the US crucial diplomatic tools.	James Brousseau 15, legal fellow for the Committee on the Judiciary in the House, former fellow for the Department of Homeland Security, 4/15/2015, “Frozen In Time: Fresh Look At The Law Of The Sea And Why The United States Continues To Fight Against It,” Southern University Law Review, 42(1), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2667035, RMax	Brousseau 15	562,083	4	4,394
1,484	695,617	14,919	null	null	5	Here’s more evidence that renewables are bad for the environment.	Benjamin Zycher 17 [PhD Economics, Senior Fellow @ Pacific Research Institute, Resident Scholar @ AEI], "Other People's Money: The Immorality Of The Fossil-Fuel Divestment Campaign," American Enterprise Institute, 6-21-2017 https://www.aei.org/articles/other-peoples-money-the-immorality-of-the-fossil-fuel-divestment-campaign/	Zycher 17	412,093	1	936
1,485	745,589	17,185	null	1ac Texas – Core	Contention Two is Impact Calculus	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,486	723,821	16,384	null	1NR	A2 v2l	Life self-affirms its value	Bernstein ‘2 (Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, “Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)	Bernstein ‘2	92,494	198	16,402
1,487	695,635	14,921	null	Off	1 – Energy Prices DA	Econ decline causes world war and extinction– there’s no buffer now	Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, a former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War. February 12, 2019. www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/] KUALA LUMPUR and BERLIN, Feb 12 2019 (IPS) - Economic recovery efforts since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis have mainly depended on unconventional monetary policies. As fears rise of yet another international financial crisis, there are growing concerns about the increased possibility of large-scale military conflict.	Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19	2,125	912	5,397
1,488	723,901	16,386	null	2AC	Impact	Squo is structurally improving---war, health, environment and equality	Bjorn Lomborg 10/16, Adjunct Professor at the Copenhagen Business School, "A Better World Is Here", 2013, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/on-the-declining-costs-of-global-problems-by-bj-rn-lomborg	Lomborg 10/16	220,236	15	5,774
1,489	745,638	17,181	null	Adv 2	Afghanistan	No nuclear terror – operation, cohesion and coordination	Mueller and Stewart 12 [John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “The Terrorism Delusion”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan]	Mueller and Stewart 12	49,533	95	2,928
1,490	745,854	17,196	null	1AC	Contention Two is Impact Calculus	Low probability impacts should not be evaluated	Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)	Rescher 03	44,134	44	2,046
1,491	745,790	17,197	null	1AC	Contention One is Organs	We solve the organ black market – that’s an independent reason to vote affirmative	TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]	TAYLOR 06	431,249	19	13,942
1,492	695,785	14,928	1NC R2	Off	Shift DA	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,493	724,308	16,397	null	1NC	1NC	“The United States” is a collective term referring to the FG	Edited by John Bilyeu OAKLEY, Professor of Law at the University of California, Davis, AND Vikram D. AMAR, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of the School of Law of the University of California at Davis, ‘9 [American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts, Kluwer Law International, 2009, page 19	OAKLEY AND AMAR ‘9	90,989	104	1,096
1,494	695,741	14,925	1NC Round 3	Off	Deterrence DA	Causes extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,495	725,081	16,428	Politics	null	null	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Daniel W. DREZNER, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 14 [“The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession,” World Politics, Vol. 66, No. 1 (January 2014), p. 123-164]	DREZNER 14	987	1,331	1,555
1,496	745,934	17,200	null	1NC	Commerce Clause	No nuclear terror – operation, cohesion and coordination	Mueller and Stewart 12 [John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “The Terrorism Delusion”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan]	Mueller and Stewart 12	49,533	95	2,928
1,497	746,174	17,202	null	1NR	China	Existing agreements solve Chinese aggression	PDI 08 (3/13, "SPRATLYS DEAL NOTHING TO WORRY ABOUT FVR", L/N)	PDI 08	432,163	2	810
1,498	696,186	14,951	null	null	BioShift DA <1:15	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,499	696,697	14,973	1AC	1AC – Policy	Solvency	Earthquakes that decimate key oil tanks and pipelines thump econ disads	Miles 17 Kathryn Miles is the author of Quakeland: On the Road To America’s Next Devastating Earthquake (Dutton 2017). "How Man-made Earthquakes Could Cripple the U.S. Economy." POLITICO Magazine, 14 Sep. 2017, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/14/earthquakes-oil-us-economy-fracking-215602.	Miles 17	373,748	26	12,978

1,400

715,096

15,982

null

1AC

Part 1: Framework:

2. Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks.

Bostrom 13 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013] JW

Bostrom 13

15,765

1,536

953

1,401

715,346

15,996

Case

Court Salary

Framing

If there’s even a risk of ethical uncertainty, we should always prioritize the survival of the human race to ensure future value.

Bostrom 12 [Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy (2012)]

Bostrom 12

15,765

1,536

962

1,402

715,273

15,992

null

1AC

Part 1: Framework:

2. Ethical uncertainty means we prioritize existential risks.

Bostrom 13 [Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy @ University of Oxford, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy Vol. 4 Issue 1, February 2013] JW

Bostrom 13

15,765

1,536

953

1,403

690,566

14,610

1ac

courts

null

Squo environmental federalism law is indeterminate – lack of a clear model leads to erratic and escalating coercion-based challenges – that undermines current and future regulation

Buzbee, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, ‘16

Buzbee ‘16

408,950

10

19,872

1,404

715,394

16,000

K

null

The affirmative’s radical knowledge will only be funneled into the increasing legitimacy of the contemporary university and capitalist society– that makes regimes of social death inevitable

Occupied UC Berkeley 10 (anonymous graduate student in philosophy, “The University, Social Death and the Inside Joke,” http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20100220181610620)

Occupied UC Berkeley 10

3,953

249

7,652

1,405

715,403

16,001

null

Part 1: Case

The pacific islands and southwestern regions of the United States are plagued by nuclear colonialism- the ways in which we talk about nuclear power and testing cause dramatic harms.

Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.

376,406

10

4,710

1,406

1,169,460

28,649

1AC

1AC — Modeling

US leadership is key. Empirics aren’t predictive — future demand gaps will be worse, making inefficient global sharing institutions untenable.

Engelke and Sticklor 15 — Engelke is a Resident Senior Fellow with the Strategic Foresight Initiative at the Atlantic Council in Washington, DC. Sticklor is a Non-Resident Research Fellow with the Stimson Environmental Security Program in Washington, DC. (Peter and Russell; Published: September 15, 2015; “Water Wars: The Next Great Driver of Global Conflict?”; National Interest; Accessed: August 14, 2021; https://nationalinterest.org/feature/water-wars-the-next-great-driver-global-conflict-13842)//CYang

Engelke and Sticklor 15

11,460

251

12,269

1,407

741,821

17,062

null

1nc

a1

Forward deployment doesn’t solve conflict.

Fettweis, Political Science – Tulane, 10 [Christopher J., fifth year doctoral student in the University of Maryland's Department of Government and Politics. His primary interests include US foreign and national security policies. His dissertation, currently titled The Geopolitics of Energy and the Obsolescence of Major War, focuses on the relationship between oil and conflict. Mr. Fettweis has a BA in History from the University of Notre Dame, Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy, April 2010 Survival, 52:2, 59 - 82]

Fettweis, Political Science – Tulane, 10

67,081

48

2,009

1,408

741,913

17,063

null

1nr

Link

Religious opposition

Bowden 13 Jackie Bowden, 2013 J.D. graduate from St. Thomas University School of Law. Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 2013 8 Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 451 ARTICLE: FEELING EMPTY? ORGAN TRAFFICKING & TRADE: THE BLACK MARKET FOR HUMAN ORGANS lexis

Bowden 13

430,492

1

1,457

1,409

741,860

17,064

null

Contention 4 is risk calculus

Contention 3 Solvency

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,410

690,691

14,648

1NC

null

3

Bioterror leads to extinction

Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. Ćirković, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction

Sandberg 8

21,354

875

1,272

1,411

742,113

17,070

null

Contention 1 – Organ sales will save lives

The shortage means many die

Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy

Beard 8

430,247

16

5,967

1,412

1,193,664

29,214

null

1NR

Infra

Any change requires tremendous political capital.

Quintanilla '13 [David Ryan; 2013; J.D. Candidate at St. Mary’s University School of Law; "A Bitter Policy Shoved down Our Throats: How a Once Admirable and Necessary Agricultural Program Has Resulted in Major Profits for Big Business and Major Frustration for Others," https://core.ac.uk/display/47210083]

Quintanilla '13

35,709

18

2,419

1,413

690,868

14,654

1NC

null

DA

Trump presidency causes mass global terror attack and increases terror recruitment.

Bremmer 6/3/2016 Ian Bremmer is president of Eurasia Group and a global research professor at New York University. “Trump and the World: What Could Actually Go Wrong.” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/2016-donald-trump-international-foreign-policy-global-risk-security-guide-213936

Bremmer 6/3/2016

179,870

7

974

1,414

1,193,735

29,206

2AC---New Trier---R5

2AC---OFF

2AC---AT: Bizcon DA

The AFF creates a balancing mechanism to solve conflicts from competing industries---solves BizCon

Alexandra B Klass 12. Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, and Solly Robins Distinguished Research Fellow, University of Minnesota Law School. "Renewable Energy and the Public Trust Doctrine." UC Davis Law Review, vol. 45, no. 3, February 2012, p. 1036. HeinOnline. //EM

Klass 12

526,979

65

3,000

1,415

742,163

17,070

null

Contention 4 is risk calculus

Contention 3 The Plan solves

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,416

690,664

14,646

This means util, we believe we may sacrifice part of our welfare in order to maximize our future good. If our future selves are no more related to us than any other self, then consistency demands we accept that some must sacrifice themselves for others. Given that we have no difficulty comparing benefits to ourselves in the future to benefits to ourselves in the present, comparisons of goodness across multiple people is also no more problematic.

2 - CBW

null

Bioweapons causes extinction – access and modifications

Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17

2,127

1,722

7,871

1,417

742,267

17,078

null

1NC Version 2 – Undercommons

There can be no radical or critical pedagogy that is practiced within the power structures of the academy – turns case because academia is a site of social death

Occupied UC Berkeley 09 “The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/

Occupied UC Berkeley 09

1,058

306

2,386

1,418

742,410

17,075

null

Contention 4 is risk calculus

Contention 3 The Plan solves

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated-- even if there’s some risk, policy decisions can’t be justified by vanishingly small probabilities

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,419

3,960,075

133,890

2ac

t

2ac – t-per se

Overlimits

Hovenkamp 18 --- Herbert J. Hovenkamp University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, “THE RULE OF REASON”, 2018, https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2780&context=faculty_scholarship

Hovenkamp 18

486,268

7

688

1,420

715,525

16,011

null

1AC

Part 1: Case

The pacific islands and southwestern regions of the United States are plagued by nuclear colonialism- the resolution’s focus on countries relationship to nuclear power paves over those whose land an lives have been irreparably changed by nuclear energy. We much attune our discourse to those areas that are constantly asked to be forgotten

Hsu, Hsuan. "Nuclear Colonialism." Environment and Society Portal. Virtual Exhibitions, n.d. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2016.

376,406

10

4,713

1,421

715,577

16,018

1AC

Advantage 2: Paramilitary Oppression

null

UNIQUENESS: U.S. money and support assists Colombian officials with known paramilitary ties

Soa Watch, 16. Soa Watch. "Colombian Paramilitary Leader Confirms Collusion with U.S. Trained Colombian Generals." No Publication. Web. 8-3-2016. Accessed. 8-3-2016. < http://www.soaw.org/news/news-alerts/3283 >. SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas., . Phops Washington, DC – Salvatore Mancuso, the former Commander of the right wing United

Soa Watch, 16. Soa Watch. "Colombian Paramilitary Leader Confirms Collusion with U.S. Trained Colombian Generals." No Publication. Web. 8-3-2016. Accessed. 8-3-2016. < http://www.soaw.org/news/news-alerts/3283 >. SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas., .

420,289

1

76

1,422

715,624

16,021

null

Adv 2) International Relations

null

USSOUTHCOM seeks to check “global competitors” in Latin America now. The major focus of USSOUTHCOM is to counter Russia and China.

USSOUTHCOM Posture Statement, Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Admiral US Navy and Commander of United States Southern Command, “Posture State of Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Commander, United States Southern Command before the 114th Congress”, Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2016, p. 8-10.

USSOUTHCOM Posture Statement, Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Admiral US Navy and Commander of United States Southern Command, “Posture State of Admiral Kurt W. Tidd, Commander, United States Southern Command before the 114th Congress”, Senate Armed Services Committee, March 10, 2016,

420,330

1

179

1,423

716,287

16,055

null

Col K

Restrict

No war impact

Levy ’89 (Jack S. Levy is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975, “Domestic Politics and War”, The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Published 1989) There are numerous critiques of the theoretical coherence and historical validity of the Marxist-

Levy ’89 The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Published 1989)

420,729

1

109

1,424

716,378

16,059

1AC

null

Solvency

Congressional acceptance of Obama closure plan is sufficient to close Gitmo – leads to prisoner transfer

Andy Worthington, 1-11-2016 "Plea Deals in Federal Court Mooted for Guantánamo Prisoners in Next Year's National Defense Authorization Act" No Publication http://www.closeguantanamo.org/Articles/212-Plea-Deals-in-Federal-Court-Mooted-for-Guantanamo-Prisoners-in-Next-Years-National-Defense-Authorization-Act (ermo/sms)

Worthington 16

420,515

11

2,617

1,425

690,973

14,656

null

1NC

Bioweapons DA

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,426

691,247

14,672

1NC Jack Howe – Round

null

3

Not evaluating standardized testing makes objectively and effectively admitting international students impossible.

Bhatia 19, Avvalzameer , 3-5-19, “Standardized test scores are a necessary assessment to equalize UC admissions”, https://dailybruin.com/2019/03/05/standardized-test-scores-are-a-necessary-assessment-to-equalize-uc-admissions/

Bhatia 19

376,414

34

5,627

1,427

716,271

16,054

Case

Terror

A2 Border Terrorism

Cartels don’t have ties with terrorist groups

Sullivan and Beittel 13 (Mark and June. Mark Sullivan is a Specialist in Latin American Affairs. June Beittel is an Analyst in Latin American Affairs. “Latin America: Terrorism Issues” http://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RS21049.pdf) 6/27/14 RK

Sullivan and Beittel 13

311,588

17

4,332

1,428

742,777

17,092

null

Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives

The shortage means many die

Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy

Beard 8

430,247

16

5,967

1,429

742,781

17,092

null

Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives

Some have suggested that a market for organs would discourage altruistic donations, but the core study on which these claims are based has proven untrue

Economist 11 The Economist Feb 16th 2011 Blood, not money http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/02/volunteering_and_profiteering

Economist 11

430,253

7

1,117

1,430

691,314

14,678

Racism Aff Case MA20

Therefore, in order to combat these heinous actions, the value criterion is opposing racial oppression.

Taking that into account, the value for this round is procedural justice.

Elijah Smith writes ‘13,

https://www.vbriefly.com/2013/09/06/20139a-conversation-in-ruins-race-and-black-participation-in-lincoln-douglas-debate/ SY

SY

325,841

184

7,238

1,431

716,358

16,058

1ac

null

Solvency

Congressional acceptance of Obama closure plan is sufficient to close Gitmo – leads to prisoner transfer

Andy Worthington, 1-11-2016 "Plea Deals in Federal Court Mooted for Guantánamo Prisoners in Next Year's National Defense Authorization Act" No Publication http://www.closeguantanamo.org/Articles/212-Plea-Deals-in-Federal-Court-Mooted-for-Guantanamo-Prisoners-in-Next-Years-National-Defense-Authorization-Act (ermo/sms)

Worthington 16

420,515

11

2,617

1,432

716,638

16,085

Drones Aff

1AC

Cont. 1 is the Status Quo

U.S. justifications regarding UAV use set international precedents – a continuation of the status quo locks in a future of blurred ethical lines making conflict inevitable

Crosston 14 (Matthew Crosston is a member of the International Security and Intelligence Studies Department at Bellevue University, “Pandora’s Presumption: Drones and the Problematic Ethics of Techno-War”, Journal of Strategic Security, Volume 7 Number 4 Special Issue Winter 2014: Future Challenges in Drone Geopolitics, Winter 2014) Slim Shady

Crosston 14

420,917

2

173

1,433

692,386

14,725

1NC

LIHEAP DA

null

Rising economic inequality and poverty leads to world war

Sudanarm & Popov 19 (Jomo and Vladimir, editors and economisits, Inter Press Service News Agency, February 12, 2019 http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/ ) JD

Sudanarm & Popov 19

2,125

912

1,657

1,434

716,875

16,100

null

HADR SOFT PWR DA

4. SOUTHCOM engagement provides climate change resiliency in Latin America – partnerships underpin broader efforts

Colonel Jason A. Kirk, US Army War College Press, 2015, Master of Strategic Studies degree from the U.S. Army War College. Before attending the War College, Kirk served for three years at the Army’s National Training Center, as Deputy Commander of Operations Group and earlier as the Senior Maneuver Support/Engineer Observer Coach/Trainer. From 2009-2011, Kirk commanded the Charleston District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, leading the district in executing a broad program that included civil works, military construction for Fort Jackson and Joint Base Charleston, and support to interagency customers such as Department of Energy and Department of State. Before commanding the Charleston District, Kirk served in Army engineer leadership and staff positions with three mechanized brigade combat teams - 1993 graduate of the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in environmental engineering. ["CLIMATE CHANGE: CONSIDERATIONS FOR GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMANDS ", http://pksoi.army.mil/default/assets/File/Kirk%20paper.pdf] bcr 8-16-2016

Colonel Jason A. Kirk, US Army War College Press, 2015,

421,069

1

1,573

1,435

742,807

17,091

Neg vs Harvard ad

1NC

Adv

Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact

BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)

BOSTROM 2011

93,995

268

3,812

1,436

742,847

17,093

Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives

null

The shortage means many die

Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy

Beard 8

430,247

16

5,967

1,437

692,460

14,731

null

Economy DA

null

Economic collapse leads to inevitable world war

Sudanarm & Popov 19 (Jomo and Vladimir, editors and economisits, Inter Press Service News Agency, February 12, 2019 http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/ ) JD

Sudanarm & Popov 19

2,125

912

1,657

1,438

716,957

16,102

NC V Evans MOSTATE

DA

HADR RUSSIA DA

2. Ending military ties to Colombia decks HA/DR – their assets are key to deployment and cooperation builds capacity

Master Sgt. Kelly Ogden, US Air Force, August 13 2014, Air Forces Southern Public Affairs 9A project of the Center for International Policy) ["Joint force defends Panama Canal during exercise", http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/494152/joint-force-defends-panama-canal-during-exercise.aspx] bcr 8-9-2016

Master Sgt. Kelly Ogden, US Air Force, August 13 2014,

421,131

1

1,774

1,439

618,481

11,201

Adv

null

Solvency

Nuclear disarmament is an essential step towards eliminating a colonialist and anti-black world. Weapon testing, uranium mining, and investments in modernization all have disparate impacts, and the threat of conflict is disproportionate as well. The plan is linked to a theory that connects global and local struggles for liberation.

Intondi 15 (Vincent J. Intondi, Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.)

Intondi 15

411,146

99

4,949

1,440

742,998

17,096

Neg vs cornell KR

1nc

prisons

Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact

BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)

BOSTROM 2011

93,995

268

3,812

1,441

619,071

11,228

null

1AC Deterrence

Nuclear disarmament is an essential step towards eliminating a colonialist and anti-black world. Weapon testing, uranium mining, and investments in modernization all have disparate impacts, and the threat of conflict is disproportionate as well. The plan is linked to a theory that connects global and local struggles for liberation.

Intondi 15 (Vincent J. Intondi, Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.)

Intondi 15

411,146

99

6,108

1,442

743,377

17,106

1nc

null

4

2. nearly all is close to 100%

Foley 98 JACK FOLEY, Mercury News Staff Writer September 21, 1998 San Jose Mercury News

Foley 98

430,510

11

1,115

1,443

718,174

16,181

1NC

Off Case

Off

Hegemony is a new name for the white man’s burden – decline is inevitable due to free-riding and it relies on circular logic and ignores its racialized foundation

---Read yellow!

null

12,536

9

18,794

1,444

693,621

14,801

We Get to Fiat Global Peace – ETOC

1AC

UV

The violence of nuclear weapons is both global and local --- anti-nuclear activism is part of a legacy of liberation movements that connects the ways that modernity has produced racist institutions with the threat of nuke war --- that propels movements for global equality.

Vincent J. Intondi, 2015. Associate Professor of History, Director of the Institute for Race, Justice & Community Engagement, and Coordinator for History and Political Science at Montgomery College. African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement. Stanford University Press. 1-5.

Intondi 2015

411,146

99

12,093

1,445

718,313

16,190

1NR

Afropessimism

2NC Perm

The coalitions this card attempts to form recreates antiblacknesss

Sexton 14 – prof @ UC Irvine

Sexton 14

57,236

58

10,117

1,446

718,574

16,206

1NC

Approval

1NC War

No impact to the economy

Daniel Drezner 14, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,447

743,662

17,112

null

1nc

Prisons

Human extinction outweighs and turns their impact

BOSTROM 2011 (Nick, Prof. of Philosophy at Oxford, The Concept of Existential Risk (Draft), http://www.existentialrisk.com/concept.html)

BOSTROM 2011

93,995

268

3,812

1,448

743,593

17,109

null

1nc

4

2. Nearly all is close to 100%

Foley 98 JACK FOLEY, Mercury News Staff Writer September 21, 1998 San Jose Mercury News

Foley 98

430,510

11

1,115

1,449

743,604

17,114

null

Contention 1 – organ sales will save lives

The shortage means many die

Beard 8 T.RANDOLPH BEARD, JOHN D. JACKSON , AND DAVID L. KASERMAN, profs of economics, Auburn University Winter 2008 Regulation The Failure of US 'Organ Procurement Policy

Beard 8

430,247

16

5,967

1,450

693,641

14,803

null

1AC

The advantage is Nuclear War

10. All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.

Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]

Edwards 17

44,421

1,095

2,434

1,451

743,685

17,112

null

2nc

Corporate

“Local buy-in” is a DA to the plan- Tax law 280E would force businesses to reorganize as 501-c-4s which have to focus on social welfare activities – the aff takes out this tax law and causes backlash from local governments which hurts the industry- 501c4 structure gets them on board- ONLY the CP solves

Leff 2014 (Ben, Associate Professor of Law, American University Washington College of Law, Tax Planning for Marijuana Dealers, 99 Iowa L. Rev. 523, lexis)

Leff 2014

430,932

5

6,802

1,452

718,842

16,224

null

Advantage 1 is China

Independently, China will adopt launch-on-warning posture in response to ASB

Nicolas Giacometti 14 is a specialist in nuclear issues and missile defense. He is a consultant for the Office of the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment at NATO. “Could China’s Nuclear Strategy Evolve?” Oct. 16, http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/could-chinas-nuclear-strategy-evolve/

Giacometti 14

422,080

26

2,587

1,453

3,317,516

109,426

null

DA

Pressure will spark backlash – threatens prolif, war, and terror – also turns case.

Felbab-Brown ’18 Felbab-Brown, Vanda (Senior Fellow at Foreign Policy's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence). “Why Pakistan supports terrorist groups, and why the US finds it so hard to induce change.” Brookings. 5 January 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/01/05/why-pakistan-supports-terrorist-groups-and-why-the-us-finds-it-so-hard-to-induce-change. [Premier]

Felbab-Brown ’18 . [Premier]

401,066

4

1,585

1,454

694,200

14,840

null

2

Doesn’t require any folks held hostage—can just strike satellites.

South et al 19 [Blast from the past: The Pentagon’s updated war plan for tactical nukes By: Todd South , Stephen Losey , and Kristine Froeba. July 10, 2019. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/07/10/blast-from-the-past-the-pentagons-updated-war-plan-for-tactical-nukes/ // ishan] *don’t endose ableist lang A nuclear weapon unleashes an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, that could completely disable electronic equipment, crippling communications and platforms, said Bryan Clark, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, former nuclear submariner and previous special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations.

South et al 19

411,372

4

412

1,455

694,299

14,846

null

1AC Miscalc

10. All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.

Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]

Edwards 17

44,421

1,095

2,434

1,456

248,471

3,121

Aff – BMD – CNDI 2016

Modernization Advantage

2AC AO – MIRV

BMD forces Chinese MIRV development as a counter-measure – ensures nuclear war

Zhao 15 [3/24/15, Tong Zhao is an associate at the Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy., “What if China develops MIRVs?”, thebulletin.org/what-if-china-develops-mirvs8133]

Zhao 15

71,137

60

6,136

1,457

744,064

17,122

2NC

Case: Cartels

Biowepaons D

No tech, it’s hype

Keller ‘13 -- Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)

Keller ‘13

48,560

187

12,381

1,458

694,345

14,850

null

1

null

Bioweapons causes extinction – access and modifications – outweighs on future generations.

Millet, PhD, and Snyder-Beattie, MS, 17

2,127

1,722

7,871

1,459

744,265

17,132

2NC

CP

2NC – Perm

Obviously words have no absolute meaning, but it’s possible to assign meaning – evaluate language situationally

Knops 07 – Sociology – University of Birmingham (Andrew, “Debate: Agonism as Deliberation – On Mouffe's Theory of Democracy,” Journal of Political Philosophy, Vol. 15, Iss. 1, March)

Knops 07 –

431,320

14

9,075

1,460

720,505

16,277

null

1NC

Econ

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,461

694,407

14,853

null

Case

1] Nuclear weapons deter cyberattacks, conventional weapons fail to prevent great power wars. Cal 18

[“Nuclear Weapons’ New Purpose.” 2018. 03/19/2018. Modern War Institute, https://mwi.usma.edu/nuclear-weapons-new-purpose-deterring-cyber-attacks/. //ghs-az]

null

373,542

17

1,262

1,462

720,454

16,275

null

Regionalism

The environment is resilient and tipping point theory is wrong.

Brook 13 Barry Brook, Professor at the University of Adelaide, leading environmental scientist, holding the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and is also Director of Climate Science at the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute, author of 3 books and over 250 scholarly articles, Corey Bradshaw is an Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a joint appointee at the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Brave New Climate, March 4, 2013, "Worrying about global tipping points distracts from real planetary threats", http://bravenewclimate.com/2013/03/04/ecological-tipping-points/

Brook 13

35,507

326

6,517

1,463

721,116

16,297

null

1NC

1NC Gulf

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,464

744,521

17,146

null

Contention One is Organs

The illegal market created in search for organs is an independent reason to vote affirmative

TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]

TAYLOR 06

431,249

19

13,942

1,465

744,539

17,147

null

Contention Two is Impact Calculus

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,466

123,450

1,723

** Militarism K**

Links

AT: Perm

First, the perm severs

null

83,374

1

null

1,467

694,558

14,861

null

1AC Miscalc

All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.

Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]

Edwards 17

44,421

1,095

2,434

1,468

1,869,467

55,019

null

Case

Grid attacks aren’t a threat – resiliency and constant updates prevent attack

Spring, ’17, (Tom, Editor-in-Chief, “Squirrels, Not Hackers, Pose Biggest Threat to Electric Grid,” Threat Post, February 17, 2017, https://threatpost.com/squirrels-not-hackers-pose-biggest-threat-to-electric-grid/123788/)

Spring, ’17,

376,278

24

4,354

1,469

694,487

14,857

null

1AC Miscalc

All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.

Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]

Edwards 17

44,421

1,095

2,434

1,470

113,347

1,632

Defense Industrial Base DA

Impacts

Heg---Turns Economy

US heg structures sustainable and peaceful global economy – absent U.S. leadership, it collapses

Stephen Brooks et al., 12, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth 2012 “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment” http://www.carlanorrlof.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DontComeHomeAmerica.pdf, Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.

Brooks et al., 12

2,521

405

10,642

1,471

744,813

17,156

1ac

null

Contention One is Organs

The illegal market created in search for organs is an independent reason to vote affirmative

TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]

TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey

431,249

19

13,942

1,472

745,132

17,166

null

1nc

1nc Xeno

Extinction inevitable without advancing agricultural biotech

Trewavas 00 [Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh, Anthony, “GM Is the Best Option We Have,” 6/5/2000, www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/best_option.html]

Trewavas 00

33,703

108

2,460

1,473

694,398

14,853

null

1

TNWs used to strike satelites

South et al 19 [Blast from the past: The Pentagon’s updated war plan for tactical nukes By: Todd South , Stephen Losey , and Kristine Froeba. July 10, 2019. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/07/10/blast-from-the-past-the-pentagons-updated-war-plan-for-tactical-nukes/ // ishan] *don’t endose ableist lang A nuclear weapon unleashes an electromagnetic pulse, or EMP, that could completely disable electronic equipment, crippling communications and platforms, said Bryan Clark, senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, former nuclear submariner and previous special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations.

South et al 19

411,372

4

412

1,474

694,532

14,859

null

Case

Terrorism is not a threat – global levels of terrorist attacks have been at a consecutive and all-time low

Hervey 2-21 – Political economic and journalist, and co-found of Future Crunch. (Angus, “The Decline of Terrorism.” Future Crunch. February 2, 2019. https://medium.com/future-crunch/the-decline-of-terrorism-247f3657b50a)//MG

394,865

4

5,109

1,475

694,767

14,877

null

1AC

1AC Miscalc

All of that stuff causes extinction, dinosaur-style.

Edwards 17 [Paul, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies “How nuclear war would affect the world climate and human health” The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is Stanford’s premier research institute for international affairs. August 29, 2017 // ishan]

null

44,421

1,095

2,434

1,476

745,080

17,161

null

ADV 2

No bioterror impact

Keller 3/7 -- Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)

Keller 3/7

48,560

187

12,381

1,477

1,170,260

28,666

1AC

1AC---Mexico

1AC---Management ADV

Treaty changes begin as unilateral actions.

Dr. Stephen Mumme 2, Ph.D., professor of political science at Colorado State University, Summer 2002, “The Case for Adding an Ecology Minute to the 1944 United States-Mexico Water Treaty,” Tulane Environmental Law Journal, 15(2), Water Use Symposium, pp. 239-256, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43292625.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Af9c97dd1f7d946dba17a42304a7a8ab4

Mumme 2

531,114

72

794

1,478

113,929

1,638

Russia Fill-In DA

Impact

Turns case: Global Econ

US heg structures sustainable and peaceful global economy – absent U.S. leadership, it collapses

Stephen Brooks et al., 12, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth 2012 “Don’t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment” http://www.carlanorrlof.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DontComeHomeAmerica.pdf, Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth. He received his Ph.D. from Yale University. Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. He is also a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.

Brooks et al., 12

2,521

405

10,642

1,479

723,271

16,371

null

A2

SCS

Withdrawal in Asia leads to nuclear prolif and great power war

Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth, and G. John Ikenberry, Government Professors at Dartmouth and Princeton, Winter 12, International Security Vol. 37 No. 2, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v037/37.3.brooks.html

Brooks Wohlforth, and Ikenberry 12

2,521

405

4,380

1,480

694,854

14,889

null

1AC Round 3

Advantage 2: Cyberattacks

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,481

723,349

16,372

case

piracy

1NC No Econ War

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,482

723,688

16,381

null

1NC No Econ War

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Drezner 14 Daniel, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,483

1,170,309

28,785

2AC---Michigan---Round 5

2AC

FON DA

Turn---accession is critical to FoN and naval power. LOST reduces the uncertainty of CIL and gives the US crucial diplomatic tools.

James Brousseau 15, legal fellow for the Committee on the Judiciary in the House, former fellow for the Department of Homeland Security, 4/15/2015, “Frozen In Time: Fresh Look At The Law Of The Sea And Why The United States Continues To Fight Against It,” Southern University Law Review, 42(1), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2667035, RMax

Brousseau 15

562,083

4

4,394

1,484

695,617

14,919

null

5

Here’s more evidence that renewables are bad for the environment.

Benjamin Zycher 17 [PhD Economics, Senior Fellow @ Pacific Research Institute, Resident Scholar @ AEI], "Other People's Money: The Immorality Of The Fossil-Fuel Divestment Campaign," American Enterprise Institute, 6-21-2017 https://www.aei.org/articles/other-peoples-money-the-immorality-of-the-fossil-fuel-divestment-campaign/

Zycher 17

412,093

1

936

1,485

745,589

17,185

null

1ac Texas – Core

Contention Two is Impact Calculus

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,486

723,821

16,384

null

1NR

A2 v2l

Life self-affirms its value

Bernstein ‘2 (Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, “Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation”, p. 188-192)

Bernstein ‘2

92,494

198

16,402

1,487

695,635

14,921

null

Off

1 – Energy Prices DA

Econ decline causes world war and extinction– there’s no buffer now

Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, a former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War. February 12, 2019. www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/] KUALA LUMPUR and BERLIN, Feb 12 2019 (IPS) - Economic recovery efforts since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis have mainly depended on unconventional monetary policies. As fears rise of yet another international financial crisis, there are growing concerns about the increased possibility of large-scale military conflict.

Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19

2,125

912

5,397

1,488

723,901

16,386

null

2AC

Impact

Squo is structurally improving---war, health, environment and equality

Bjorn Lomborg 10/16, Adjunct Professor at the Copenhagen Business School, "A Better World Is Here", 2013, www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/on-the-declining-costs-of-global-problems-by-bj-rn-lomborg

Lomborg 10/16

220,236

15

5,774

1,489

745,638

17,181

null

Adv 2

Afghanistan

No nuclear terror – operation, cohesion and coordination

Mueller and Stewart 12 [John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “The Terrorism Delusion”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan]

Mueller and Stewart 12

49,533

95

2,928

1,490

745,854

17,196

null

1AC

Contention Two is Impact Calculus

Low probability impacts should not be evaluated

Rescher 03 (Nicholas, Prof of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Sensible Decisions: Issues of Rational Decision in Personal Choice and Public Policy, p. 49-50)

Rescher 03

44,134

44

2,046

1,491

745,790

17,197

null

1AC

Contention One is Organs

We solve the organ black market – that’s an independent reason to vote affirmative

TAYLOR 06 Prof of Philosophy @ The College of New Jersey [James Stacey Taylor, Why the ‘Black Market’ arguments against legalizing organ sales fail, Res Publica (2006) 12: 163–178]

TAYLOR 06

431,249

19

13,942

1,492

695,785

14,928

1NC R2

Off

Shift DA

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,493

724,308

16,397

null

1NC

“The United States” is a collective term referring to the FG

Edited by John Bilyeu OAKLEY, Professor of Law at the University of California, Davis, AND Vikram D. AMAR, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of the School of Law of the University of California at Davis, ‘9 [American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts, Kluwer Law International, 2009, page 19

OAKLEY AND AMAR ‘9

90,989

104

1,096

1,494

695,741

14,925

1NC Round 3

Off

Deterrence DA

Causes extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,495

725,081

16,428

Politics

null

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Daniel W. DREZNER, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 14 [“The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession,” World Politics, Vol. 66, No. 1 (January 2014), p. 123-164]

DREZNER 14

987

1,331

1,555

1,496

745,934

17,200

null

1NC

Commerce Clause

No nuclear terror – operation, cohesion and coordination

Mueller and Stewart 12 [John Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington, D.C. Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia, “The Terrorism Delusion”, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 81–110, Chetan]

Mueller and Stewart 12

49,533

95

2,928

1,497

746,174

17,202

null

1NR

China

Existing agreements solve Chinese aggression

PDI 08 (3/13, "SPRATLYS DEAL NOTHING TO WORRY ABOUT FVR", L/N)

PDI 08

432,163

2

810

1,498

696,186

14,951

null

BioShift DA <1:15

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,499

696,697

14,973

1AC

1AC – Policy

Solvency

Earthquakes that decimate key oil tanks and pipelines thump econ disads

Miles 17 Kathryn Miles is the author of Quakeland: On the Road To America’s Next Devastating Earthquake (Dutton 2017). "How Man-made Earthquakes Could Cripple the U.S. Economy." POLITICO Magazine, 14 Sep. 2017, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/14/earthquakes-oil-us-economy-fracking-215602.

Miles 17

373,748

26

12,978