Yusuf5/OpenCaselistTMP · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,700	1,176,740	28,878	New Trier---Round 4	2AC	T In the US	Counter-interp---United States means any area the US has jurisdiction.	US Code, 10 (124 Stat. 3024 (2010) Public Law 111-281, 111 Congress Session 2, Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010, Hein Online)	US Code, 10	33,645	81	300
1,701	772,368	18,021	null	CP	2nc a2: no law enforcement trust	The law enforcement education program plank solves violence – it means the police don’t target prostitutes anymore – their evidence doesn’t assume these mandates	Ekberg 4 (Gunilla, degree in Social Work from Lund University and a law degree from the University of British Columbia in Canada, employed at the Ministry of Industry as the Swedish Government's expert on prostitution and trafficking in human beings, “The Swedish Law That Prohibits the Purchase of A Sexual Service: Best Practices for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings” Violence against Women. 2004; 10:1187-1218, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/uncategorized/international_law/ekberg_articlevaw_updated0504271.authcheckdam.pdf)	Ekberg 4	441,571	1	185
1,702	738,755	16,816	null	1AC	Regionalism	Regionalism is possible	Dr. Christian Koch 15 is the Director of the Gulf Research Center Foundation in Ge- neva, Switzerland and Christian-Peter Hanelt is a Senior Expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung on Europe and the Middle East for the “Europe‘s Future” program, "A Gulf Conference Could Bring Peace and Security to the Middle East," 7-12-15, http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/global-wire/a-gulf-conference-for-security-and-cooperation-could-bring-peace-and-greater-security-to-the-middle-east/, DOA: 8-17-2015, y2k	Koch 15	427,784	21	4,438
1,703	623,725	11,475	null	4	null	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,704	738,683	16,814	null	1AC	Regionalism	Regionalism is possible	Dr. Christian Koch 15 is the Director of the Gulf Research Center Foundation in Ge- neva, Switzerland and Christian-Peter Hanelt is a Senior Expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung on Europe and the Middle East for the “Europe‘s Future” program, "A Gulf Conference Could Bring Peace and Security to the Middle East," 7-12-15, http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/global-wire/a-gulf-conference-for-security-and-cooperation-could-bring-peace-and-greater-security-to-the-middle-east/, DOA: 8-17-2015, y2k	Koch 15	427,784	21	4,438
1,705	773,202	18,037	2ac	Hemp	Big Pot	They can’t go for the squo—prohibtion devastates the environment	Juchao, 2014, Drug Policy Alliance(Aaron, “Marijuana Could Lead to a Paradigm Shift in Environmental Stewardship”, http://www.drugpolicy.org/blog/marijuana-could-lead-paradigm-shift-environmental-stewardship)	Juchao, 2014	440,439	6	2,478
1,706	623,904	11,482	null	Case	null	International system resilient – no conflict	Preble 10 (Christopher, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/	Preble 10	97,647	81	1,789
1,707	773,465	18,050	1NC	OFF	1	Nearly all is almost 100 percent	LEE 1985 – JUDGE DISTRICT COURT FOR NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA	LEE 1985 –	71,453	33	957
1,708	738,617	16,812	2NC	Cap	Can’t overcome – 1NC	only an eradication of class differences is capable of solving racism.	Young 06 (Chair @ NYU; Robert, “Putting Materialism Back into the Race Theory: Toward a Transformative Theory of Race”, redcritique.org )	Young 06	72,085	88	1,531
1,709	738,949	16,832	Case	South	SK Not Key	China and India jointly take lead in disaster diplomacy-SK is an irrelevant actor	Anderson and Ayres 15 [Authors: Ashlyn Anderson, Research Associate, India, Pakistan, and South Asia, and Alyssa Ayres, Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia, “Disaster Relief: China and India Come Together”, Council on Foreign relations, October 30, 2015, http://www.cfr.org/nepal/disaster-relief-china-india-come-together/p37199]NG	Anderson and Ayres 15 http://www.cfr.org/nepal/disaster-relief-china-india-come-together/p37199]NG	182,062	3	13,100
1,710	623,986	11,488	null	3	null	Econ decline causes world war – there’s no buffer now	Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, a former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War. February 12, 2019. www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/] KUALA LUMPUR and BERLIN, Feb 12 2019 (IPS) - Economic recovery efforts since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis have mainly depended on unconventional monetary policies. As fears rise of yet another international financial crisis, there are growing concerns about the increased possibility of large-scale military conflict.	Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19	2,125	912	5,397
1,711	3,319,420	109,533	null	2 (2:30)	1	Text: The United States federal government should condition future military aid to Egypt on the implementation of human rights reforms outlined by Holmes 18.	-not immediately stopping support, most of the stuff Holmes advocates could happen immediately and the stuff that wouldn’t Congress would decide to take away aid based on whether Egypt demonstrates progress	null	1,295,809	20	2,093
1,712	774,065	18,060	null	1NC	1	Failure to specify beyond “legalize” makes the plan void for vagueness-it wrecks negative ground and makes policy analysis impossible	Kleiman and Saiger-lecturer public policy Harvard, consultant drug policy Rand-90	Kleiman and Saiger-lecturer public policy Harvard, consultant drug policy Rand-90	439,443	102	2,531
1,713	624,608	11,519	null	null	1NC	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,714	1,177,017	28,811	1NC	OFF	1NC---OFF	Unhinged AI unloads nuclear escalation and infinite suffering.	Toby Ord 20, senior research fellow in philosophy at Oxford University and world-renowned risk-assessment expert who’s advised WHO, the World Bank, the WEF, and the US National Intelligence Council, 3/3/2020, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, pp. 194-196, cc, edited for ableist language	Ord 20	315,268	114	2,832
1,715	774,582	18,062	null	1NR	1NR Link	The public is overwhelmingly against online gambling	Ruddock, Bluff, 14 (Steve, 5-11-14, “Poll Indicates Modest Public Support for Online Gambling,” http://www.bluff.com/news/poll-indicates-modest-public-support-for-online-gambling-54263/, accessed 8-30-14, CMM)	Ruddock, Bluff, 14	440,622	5	683
1,716	624,661	11,521	null	null	1NC	Extinction	Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow	Sandberg, 8	21,354	875	1,575
1,717	775,507	18,078	null	2NC	2NC – No Cyber Attacks	Their military planners empirically overstate risk.	Healey, Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013 (Jason, “No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War”, 3-20, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us, ldg)	Healey, Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013	48,511	253	973
1,718	739,265	16,838	Case	China	No econ decline	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Daniel W. DREZNER, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 14 [“The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession,” World Politics, Vol. 66, No. 1 (January 2014), p. 123-164]	DREZNER 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,719	1,490,782	41,885	AC	null	Advantage 1: Space Debris	Collisions make orbit unusable, causing nuclear war, mass starvation, and economic destruction. Jonson 13	Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12	null	4,780	395	8,218
1,720	739,819	16,963	1NC	1NC OFF CASE	1NC	GOP Majority would cut Obama EPA Regs	The Hill, 9/6	The Hill, 9/6	429,530	6	2,187
1,721	776,629	18,105	2NC	CP	1NC	The plan is hypocritical – undermines US credibility	Reid 14—Melanie, Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln Memorial University-Duncan School of Law, “ARTICLE: THE QUAGMIRE THAT NOBODY IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WANTS TO TALK ABOUT: MARIJUANA,” 44 N.M.L. Rev. 169, lexis	Reid 14	440,130	7	1,914
1,722	777,389	18,166	UGA BR Round 2 KY	1NC	1NC Terror	Unchecked al-Shabaab sparks violent instability and terrorism across the African continent	Spoden 13 (Natalie, Africa intelligence analyst and manager at Max Security Solutions - a geopolitical risk-consulting firm based in Tel Aviv, "East Africa's Emerging Crescent of Militancy," http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/east-africas-emerging-crescent-militancy-9327)	Spoden 13	442,951	7	5,427
1,723	625,135	11,551	1NC	On Case	null	Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling	Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)	Reisner et al. 18	10,501	505	15,842
1,724	777,586	18,171	UGA BR Round 5	1AR DA	Adv 2	The link doesn’t interact with uniqueness – Abe pledge and public opposition will prevent nuclearization even without the umbrella	Reuters 9-9 [“Abe renews pledge of nuclear weapons free Japan at Nagasaki memorial”; 9/9/2015; http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/10/us-ww2-anniversary-nagaskai-abe-idUSKCN0QE04Y20150810]	Reuters 9-9	443,009	2	2,292
1,725	1,168,159	28,634	1NC	Case	1NC---Case	State engagement is good. It’s the only chance we got.	Bayat, Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois, 13	Bayat 13	12,736	296	13,103
1,726	625,232	11,556	null	DA	1NC -- Bioweapons	That causes extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed	2,127	1,722	8,388
1,727	739,953	16,964	2NC	K	2NC Impact Wall	C SUBPOINT - The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.	Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives 33 (2008), 211-232)	Kessler 2008	10,122	905	5,527
1,728	740,299	16,978	1AC	null	Afghanistan Adv.	Nuclear terrorism causes nuclear escalation due to miscalc –it’s rapid and highly likely	Morgan 09	Morgan 09	88,812	112	4,781
1,729	777,724	18,174	Round 3 Miami	1NC	1NC Navy Advantage	Hegemony Can’t Solve Conflict; Unilateralism Fails	Murray and Herrington, 2014: (Russia, Ukraine, And The Testing Of American Hegemony. March 6, 2014. Published By E-International Relations. Robert W. Murray, Ph.D./ Vice-President, Research at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Alberta, a Senior Fellow of Security and Defence Policy at the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, and a Research Fellow at the University of Alberta’s European Union Centre of Excellence. Luke M. Herrington, M.A. In Global And International Studies From The University Of Kansas)	Murray and Herrington, 2014:	419,595	2	3,984
1,730	777,858	18,177	UGA BR 5 Miami	1NC	1NC South	No cyber impact	Healey 13 /Jason Healey is the Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us/	Healey 13	48,511	253	3,239
1,731	625,244	11,557	null	1AC	1AC – Advantage	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,732	1,177,818	28,886	2NC---Glenbrooks---Quarters	Dicta CP	2NC---Court Capital NB---AT: Illegal	It’s legal.	Trevor C. Jones 13, JD at Florida State University, law clerk to the Honorable Vincent G. Torpy, Jr. of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal; Hosea Horneman, JD at the Liberty Law School, law clerk to the Honorable William D. Palmer of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal; Steven M. Blickensderfer, JD at the University of Florida, law clerk to the Honorable Jay P. Cohen of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal, Winter 2013, “A Catch-22 Of Cert Review: How Florida's "Clearly Established Law" Requirement Stifles Caselaw Development, and How Sunbursting Can Help The Sunshine State,” Stetson Law Review 42(2), Stras	Jones 13	568,350	1	2,972
1,733	571,017	8,949	null	1AC - TOC v3	1AC---Adv---Space Law	Debris cascades---nuke war.	Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified]	Johnson 13	4,780	395	8,232
1,734	778,402	18,189	Quarters Navy UGA BR	2NC A2AD	2NC Cyberwar/Cyberterror	No cyber impact	Healey 13 /Jason Healey is the Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us/	Healey 13	48,511	253	3,239
1,735	778,470	18,191	UGA BR 3 NDT	2ac CP – Oil	2ac Low Oil Prices Kill Climate Deal	We just started shipping oil globally THIS YEAR – the US isn’t integrated enough to effect global prices	Egan 16 (Matt Egan, writer for CNN money, January 29, 2016. “After 40-year ban, U.S. starts exporting crude oil.” http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/29/investing/us-oil-exports-begin/) Just weeks after Congress lifted a 40-year ban on exporting oil, the first shipments of the black stuff left U.S. ports for Europe. The first freely-traded shipments of U.S. crude are symbolic of the country's newfound role as a leading producer of oil. America's entry into the world market can also be viewed with relief by those worried about potential supply disruptions. After all, many big oil producers are located in volatile parts of the world susceptible to geopolitical shocks. "The fact that producers have free access to the global market will make it easier for U.S. supply to respond to disruptions around the world," said Jason Borduff, a former energy adviser to President Obama who is currently a professor at Columbia University. America officially banned exports in 1975. It came two years after an OPEC oil embargo that banned oil sales to the U.S. had sent gas prices skyrocketing. Newspaper photographs of long lines of cars outside of gas stations became a common and worrisome image. Fast forward 40 years and the world has changed drastically, with booming U.S. oil production from the shale revolution creating an epic supply glut that recently sent oil prices below $30 a barrel. Some of that American oil is now finding a home overseas. On New Year's Eve ConocoPhillips(COP) and NuStar Energy (NS) announced what they said was the first exports of U.S.-produced light crude oil since the ban was lifted. The companies shipped oil pumped from the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas. Other shipments believed to be containing oil pumped from the U.S. have left for destinations in Europe in recent weeks as well. In the long run, the ability to send U.S. oil overseas will help the energy industry. In the short term, the depressed oil prices are actually expected to slow U.S. oil production in 2016. And given the current backdrop, don't expect U.S. exports to skyrocket any time soon. "Oil oversupply is currently a global issue, and not one confined to the U.S. There is little appetite or need for our oil to flow anywhere else," said Anthony Starkey, manager of energy analysis at Platts Bentek. There's also fierce competition on the global stage, with Russia, Saudi Arabia and producers in North Africa like Nigeria engaging in a battle to maintain market share. Just a year ago American oil would have been a hot seller on the global stage. It was trading about $12 a barrel cheaper than Brent crude, the global standard. That means European buyers would have been willing to front the heavy costs involved with shipping oil across the Atlantic. But that's changed. U.S. oil prices are now just $1 or $2 a barrel cheaper than Brent. "The economics don't entirely work for U.S. crude to be traded everywhere	Egan 16 (Matt Egan, writer for CNN money, January 29, 2016. “After 40-year ban, U.S. starts exporting crude oil.” http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/29/investing/us-oil-exports-begin/)	443,320	1	978
1,736	778,441	18,191	UGA BR 3 NDT	1AC	Contention 1 – Prices	Oil prices have collapsed AND limiting supply can’t solve – makes Saudi, Venezuelan, and Russian instability inevitable	McLaughlin 3-27 (John McLaughlin, former deputy director of the CIA, teaches at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), March 27, 2016. “THE ADDICTION THAT COULD BE THE RUIN OF NATIONS.” http://www.ozy.com/pov/the-addiction-that-could-be-the-ruin-of-nations/68723)	McLaughlin 3-27 (John McLaughlin, former deputy director of the CIA, teaches at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), March 27, 2016. “THE ADDICTION THAT COULD BE THE RUIN OF NATIONS.” http://www.ozy.com/pov/the-addiction-that-could-be-the-ruin-of-nations/68723)	443,308	2	5,645
1,737	256,182	3,206	*TPP DA	null	Links: Health fails under TPP – 2NC	TPP pass leads to downfall for any healthcare plans	Neas 15 (Ralph Neas, CEO Generic Pharmaceutical Association, 7/29/15, The Huffington Post, “TPP Threatens Access to Affordable Medications for People Around the World”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ralph-neas/tpp-threatens-access-to-affordable-medications-for-people_b_7899190.html, date accessed: 7/21/16, BC)	Neas 15	166,484	1	4,698
1,738	1,168,415	28,657	1NR	Cap	1NC---Advantage	The alternative entails constructing a collective ideology against capitalism--- anything else supports the system by giving coherence to the hegemony of individualism	Susana Narotsky 16, Barcelona professor, “On waging the ideological war: Against the hegemony of form”, Anthropological Theory 2016, Vol. 16, 263–284)	Narotsky 16, Barcelona professor, “On waging the ideological war: Against the hegemony of form”, Anthropological Theory 2016, Vol. 16, 263–284)	492,296	12	10,896
1,739	740,812	16,985	1NR	Cartels	Oil Shocks	Diversity cushions shocks	International Oil Daily ‘3	International Oil Daily ‘3	429,999	1	1,054
1,740	740,681	16,991	1NC	null	Off	Bringing outlaw discourse into the open gaze of the academy straight turns the aff – we should leave it to the underground, not bring them into the public – before you vote aff, ask yourself: “what does debate and the ballot actually do to help the Aff’s method?” – you can vote negative on presumption and allow critical outlaw discourses to stay hidden – opacity is necessary for emancipation, the Affimative’s transparency must be rejected unyieldingly	Phillips ’99 (Professor; Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies. Communication and Rhetorical Studies, syracuse)	Phillips ’99	4,251	170	7,460
1,741	1,168,981	28,680	null	null	2AC AT: Ag DA – T/L	The DA is inevitable---global water shortages which deck ag production are coming now, only aff solves.	Lopez et al. 16 – Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Spain. (Nazaret M. Montilla-López, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, and José A. Gómez-Limón. "Water Banks: What Have We Learnt from the International Experience?," MDPI, 10-18-2016, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/10/466/htm, Accessed 6-24-2021, LASA-SC)	Lopez et al. 16	526,973	30	2,763
1,742	625,300	11,559	null	1AC	1AC – Advantage	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,743	779,083	18,210	Round 1 UK	2nc	2nc hemp useless	May not be irreversible, but Solomon concludes the plan doesn’t solve – their ev (read green)	Matthews and Solomon ’13 [H. Damon Matthews - Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, Susan Solomon - Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Irreversible Does Not Mean Unavoidable”, published Science 26 April 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6131 pp. 438-439, accessed 9/24/14, <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6131/438.full>] //pheft	Matthews and Solomon ’13	300,275	10	6,237
1,744	625,392	11,563	null	1AC	1AC – Advantage	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,745	830,396	19,788	2AC	CP	AT Pacifism	Single issue focus is comparatively better than ideological critique – the their pedagogy gets sidelined and perpetuates the status quo	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	16,840	179	3,858
1,746	831,386	19,812	NJDDT R4 KU HW (N) vs UCO CS (A)	1nc	4	PC forces a vote	Zornick 3/16 (George Zornick – prior to joining The Nation, George was Senior Reporter/Blogger for ThinkProgress.org. He worked as a researcher for Michael Moore’s SiCKO and as an Associate Producer on “The Media Project” on the Independent Film Channel, “Obama Picked a Safe SCOTUS Nominee—This Is How It Could Backfire,” 16 March 2016, http://www.thenation.com/article/how-hard-will-the-liberal-grassroots-push-to-confirm-merrick-garland/)	Zornick 3/16	459,986	4	4,965
1,747	625,731	11,579	null	null	1NC – Framing	1] Moral purity is tautological—material focus is key	Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	Bracey 6 Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318	41,912	638	1,683
1,748	831,988	19,826	null	1AC	2	Japanese A2/AD being employed in a limited fashion now---spending is key to full development of naval capabilities---prevents maritime war	Gady 15 - Associate Editor with The Diplomat. He also is a Senior Fellow with the EastWest Institute. M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.	Gady 15	459,966	15	8,738
1,749	779,202	18,216	null	1nc	Econ	No pandemic threat	Ridley 12 [8/17, Matt Ridley, columnist for The Wall Street Journal and author of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/]	Ridley 12	97,826	173	2,855
1,750	625,825	11,590	1NC Typical Formatting	null	null	T And, simply disclosing the document absent accessible formatting beforehand isn’t enough, if opponents want engagement they must take steps to make their arguments accessible. A Dolmage 17*C	Jay Timothy Dolmage (Professor \| Associate Chair, Undergraduate Communication Outcome Initiative (UCOI) .PhD, Miami University of Ohio MA, WindsorBA, British Columbia) Academic Ableism Disability and Higher Education 2017 https://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/ump/mpub9708722 Brackets are Original	Jay Timothy Dolmage (Professor \| Associate Chair, Undergraduate Communication Outcome Initiative (UCOI) .PhD, Miami University of Ohio MA, WindsorBA, British Columbia) Academic Ableism Disability and Higher Education 2017 https://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/ump/mpub9708722 Brackets are Original	376,484	8	4,439
1,751	779,325	18,221	Houston	1nc	Treaties Advantage	Legalization in advance of treaty revision causes treaty withdrawal – only the CP maintains compliance	Donohue et al, 10 – C. Wendell and Edith M. Carlsmith Professor of Law at Stanford (John, “Rethinking America’s Illegal Drug Policy” http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12096)	Donohue et al, 10	430,457	62	1,974
1,752	1,205,461	29,491	Reproductive Justice 1AC	null	Advantage	Failure to prevent the harms of contaminations against these populations creates a modern-day phenomenon of involuntary sterilization, a policy of eugenics that forms the basis for systemic genocide	Miller & Levine 13 (Paul Steven, Rebecca Leah, University of Washington School of Law, Seattle, Washington, USA, “Avoiding genetic genocide: understanding good intentions and eugenics in the complex dialogue between the medical and disability communities”, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 2013, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566260/) JA	Miller & Levine 13	98,130	28	12,055
1,753	626,837	11,642	Lay NC CPS Round 6	Contention 2 is Terror	null	Risk of nuclear terrorism is real and high now – largest threat of extinction	Bunn 14 [Matthew, Professor of Practice at the Harvard Kennedy School, with Martin Malin, Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Nickolas Roth, Research Associate at the Project on Managing the Atom, and William Tobey, Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, March, “Advancing Nuclear Security: Evaluating Progress and Setting New Goals,” The Project on Managing the Atom, pg. 5-9/AKG]	Bunn 14	108,102	49	12,247
1,754	832,419	19,836	null	Israel	No Strikes	No Israel strike---it’s rhetoric	Jean-Luc Renaudie 14, Times of Israel, citing Dr. Emily Landau, senior research associate and director of the Arms Control and Regional Security Project at the Institute for National Security Studies, and Dr. Ephraim Kam, former colonel in the Research Division of IDF Military Intelligence, Senior Research Fellow at INSS, “Israeli strike threat only a ‘diplomatic card’ against Iran,” http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-strike-threat-only-a-diplomatic-card-against-iran/	Renaudie 14	448,977	7	3,013
1,755	779,405	18,230	null	1NC	null	From this altar, we received all sorts of Nietzschean wisdom from the Oracle. For example, turns out priests are haters	Nietzsche 87 [On the Genealogy of Morals, A Polemical Tract By Friedrich Nietzsche, First Essay, Good and Evil, Good and Bad, 1887, http://home.sandiego.edu/~janderso/360/genealogytofc.htm]	Nietzsche 87	443,625	1	1,380
1,756	779,369	18,222	null	1nc	1nc	Legalization in advance of treaty revision causes treaty withdrawal – only the CP maintains compliance	Donohue et al, 10 – C. Wendell and Edith M. Carlsmith Professor of Law at Stanford (John, “Rethinking America’s Illegal Drug Policy” http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12096)	Donohue et al, 10	430,457	62	1,974
1,757	626,971	11,650	null	null	1	That causes extinction	Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)	Millett, 17	2,127	1,722	6,034
1,758	779,646	18,228	UTD	1nr	AT: South China Sea	Chinese leaders won’t let it escalate	Carlson 13 – Associate Professor in the Government Department of Cornell University (Allan, “China Keeps the Peace at Sea” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139024/allen-carlson/china-keeps-the-peace-at-sea) Jacome	Carlson 13	89,910	53	1,773
1,759	779,686	18,242	null	null	1nc legalism	Throw legal thought into a lake – any other orientation folds in upon itself	Schlag 9 [Pierre, Byron R. White Professor of Law and Former Associate Dean for Research, University of Colorado Law School, “Law and Philosophy in the Hyperreal”, ch. 30, On Philosophy in American Law, ed. Francis J. Mootz, Cambridge University Press, Mar 23, 2009, google books, p. 263-4]	Schlag 9	111,413	10	3,733
1,760	832,915	19,847	1nc	C1	Guam	The impacts in Guam will be even worse – no SOFA or political rights	Vine 15 David Vine, PhD, associate professor of anthropology at American University (“Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World”, American Empire Project, 8/25/15, Metropolitan Books, 8/25/15, ISBN: 1627791698, pg. 83-96)	Vine 15 David Vine, PhD, associate professor of anthropology at American University (“Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World”, American Empire Project, 8/25/15, Metropolitan Books, 8/25/15, ISBN: 1627791698, pg. 83-96)	453,892	12	3,735
1,761	832,918	19,847	1nc	C2	Discourse not key	Reps don’t shape reality—specific to securitization	Thierry Balzacq 5, Professor of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context” European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2	Balzacq 5	18,299	492	2,092
1,762	627,251	11,675	null	null	Advantage	The nuclear-industrial complex smooths over the build-up of a security establishment that perpetuates global military exceptionalism – anything the US does becomes acceptable in the name of the bomb	Boggs 17 – (Carl, Professor of Social Sciences @ National University in LA; 2017; Rethinking Security in the Twenty-First Century; Ch 4: The American Nuclear Warfare State; p. 41-58)	Boggs 17	377,256	74	17,753
1,763	833,231	19,855	1NC	GCC Adv	Econ D	No impact to economic decline – prefer new data	Daniel Drezner 14, Professor of IR at Tufts, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,764	1,205,701	29,585	1NR	ECA DA	1nc — advantage	Key to legitimacy.	Olsen 1-25 [Henry Olsen, Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center; "Opinion: Reforming the Electoral Count Act is crucial to our democracy. And it must be done on a bipartisan basis."; Washington Post; 1-25-2022; Accessible Online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/25/reforming-electoral-count-act-is-crucial-our-democracy-it-must-be-done-bipartisan-basis/] KL 1-25-2022	Olsen 1-25	576,251	6	4,048
1,765	779,982	18,259	Round 8—Neg vs Wake MaSt	1NC	1nc china RRE	Pandemics unlikely and no extinction	Ridley 12 [8/17, Matt Ridley, columnist for The Wall Street Journal and author of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/]	Ridley 12	97,826	173	2,855
1,766	750,829	17,324	null	null	AT: W/M	It’s decrim	Jacobson 14 (Brynn, J.D. Candidate. Seattle University School of Law, 2014; B.A., Political Science, University of Washington, 2010. The author would like to thank her husband and family for their unfailing love and support. She also thanks her colleagues at the Seattle University Law Review for their comments, hard work, and dedication., “COMMENT: Addressing the Tension Between the Dual Identities of the American Prostitute: Criminal and Victim; How Problem-Solving Courts Can Help”, Spring, 2014¶ Seattle University Law Review¶ 37 Seattle Univ. L. R. 1023)	Jacobson 14	431,832	4	1,774
1,767	627,415	11,687	null	Nuclear Shift Advantage	1 – NoKo	That causes extinction	Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)	Millett, 17	2,127	1,722	6,034
1,768	780,303	18,273	Round 8—Neg vs UNLV GV	2NC	CP	Building international political support for change can only occur gradually, not abruptly – reaching a common position requires maintaining diplomatic credibility within the existing treaty regime	Bewley-Taylor, 13 - Department of Political and Cultural Studies, College of Arts and Humanities, Swansea University, UK (David, “Towards revision of the UN drug control conventions: Harnessing like-mindedness” International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (2013) 60– 68, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.09.001) LMGs = Like Minded Groups of nations	Bewley-Taylor, 13 - Department of Political and Cultural Studies, College of Arts and Humanities, Swansea University, UK (David, “Towards revision of the UN drug control conventions:	439,859	17	4,093
1,769	833,997	19,875	2ac	K	2ac Balzacq	Reps don’t shape reality	Thierry Balzacq 5, Professor of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context” European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2	Balzacq 5	18,299	492	2,092
1,770	627,605	11,698	null	Gendered testing 1AC	Ad 1 – Psychological damage	Pressure from the structure of standardized testing reinforce tropes of natural and ideal femininity that necessarily excludes womxn that don’t conform to the flexibility that “womxn should reflect” creates psychological damage that gut equality within education	Van Campen, Katee Joy . "Investigating Teachers' Understandings Of Gender Equity And Achievement In Postfeminist Times." Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. June, 2014. <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0372/f5f04ac3874d60a3a777f2a1959fb616e2f6.pdf> .	Van Campen , 2014. .	377,385	6	9,029
1,771	834,612	19,903	null	null	null	Regionalism creates an alternative way to manage resources and Containment is an alternative political economy-that’s key to dismantling security	Lacy, lecturer in International Relations at Lancaster University, 5	Lacy, lecturer in International Relations at Lancaster University, 5	256,750	3	2,022
1,772	778,983	18,210	Round 1 UK	1nc	1nc	Reid is an electoral mastermind --- he is keeping the focus on middle class economic issues. The plan flips the Democrats’ script and causes the election to become nationalized --- allowing the GOP to win.	Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 (Manu & Burgess, “Harry Reid’s plot to keep the Senate,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/09/harry-reid-senate-elections-2014-111115.html?hp=f3, JMP)	Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 , JMP)	443,921	16	8,467
1,773	627,901	11,706	null	null	FL: Fracking Transition (Topshelf)	Fracking causes earthquakes that destroy the environment—also prevents effective natural gas	Kathryn Miles is the author of Quakeland: On the Road To America’s Next Devastating Earthquake (Dutton 2017). "How Man-made Earthquakes Could Cripple the U.S. Economy." POLITICO Magazine, 14 Sep. 2017, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/14/earthquakes-oil-us-economy-fracking-215602.	Miles 2017	373,748	26	12,978
1,774	779,258	18,217	null	2ac	AT: GOP Good	Turn --- plan causes the election to become nationalized, crushing Dems	Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 (Manu & Burgess, “Harry Reid’s plot to keep the Senate,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/09/harry-reid-senate-elections-2014-111115.html?hp=f3, JMP)	Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 , JMP)	443,921	16	2,128
1,775	834,939	19,917	2NC Vs Liberty CS	Marines	Drezner – 2NC	Economic collapse doesn’t cause war	Daniel Drezner 14, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164	Drezner 14	987	1,331	1,554
1,776	1,206,080	29,559	null	null	Solvency	Policy debate is antithetical to politics– this K is our attempt to limit the damage and build the communist future	Graeber, ’04 [David Graeber, anthropologist, author, and philosopher, “Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology,” published in 2004, https://eleuthera.it/files/materiali/David_Graeber_Fragments_%20Anarchist_Anthropology.pdf]	Graeber, ’04	576,360	1	913
1,777	3,020,659	99,157	1NC	Off	Off	Goods are tangible things that are not money	Business Dictionary no date – “good,” http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/good.html	Business Dictionary no date	1,300,853	25	55
1,778	1,180,874	28,876	1AC	null	1AC---Solvency	Biden’s not using his existing PC---he’s left it to congressional leaders.	David Sirota 11/5 columnist for The Guardian, editor of Jacobin, senior advisor to the Bernie Sanders campaign; interviewed by Ryan Grim, bureau chief for The Intercept, bureau chief for HuffPost; 11/5/2021, "Deconstructed: Biden Should Look to Obama’s Mistakes," https://theintercept.com/2021/11/05/deconstructed-biden-build-back-better-obama/, MBA AM	Sirota 11/5	501,178	21	3,586
1,779	836,078	19,936	2AC	Case	AT: State Bad	Single issue focus is comparatively better than ideological critique – the their pedagogy gets sidelined and perpetuates the status quo – flips all of their offence about systemic critique and disproves the veracity of all of their framework and alternative arguments	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	16,840	179	3,858
1,780	1,870,905	55,088	null	off	null	The 1ac is a blatant endorsement of affective management through the architecturial logic of the prison. The alternative endorses insurgent architectures as a form of mobility against the spatial control of criminal justice. The creation of architectural spaces through built designs opens up both zones of livability and incubation for resistance through camouflage from carcerality – that project is a disruption of the carceral state’s smooth spatial bordering	Bedir 2019 (Merve Bedir, designer, researcher, and occasional curator. She studied architecture in Middle East Technical University (Ankara) and Delft University of Technology. She is the founding member of Kitchen (Gaziantep) and Center for Spatial Justice (İstanbul), (“INSURGENT ARCHITECTURES OF MOBILITY IN GAZIANTEP, MELBOURNE, AND BISHAN” in The Funambulist 23 (May-June 2019), https://thefunambulist.net/articles/insurgent-architectures-mobility-gaziantep-melbourne-bishan-merve-bedir, LASA-IZP- DG Recut)	Bedir 19	838,818	11	8,277
1,781	836,522	19,946	1NR - Round 3 - Navy	Deterrence	AT: Presence Not K2 Deterrence	Other assets outside of North Korea cant solve - keeping troops at the border is central to deterrence	Seok-min, 2014 Oh, Yonhap News Agency correspondent, “S. Korea, U.S. exclude joint command, artillery brigade from relocation plan” http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2014/10/23/39/0200000000AEN20141023000300315F.html	Seok-min, 2014 Oh, Yonhap News Agency correspondent, “S. Korea, U.S. exclude joint command, artillery brigade from relocation plan” http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2014/10/23/39/0200000000AEN20141023000300315F.html	461,998	1	3,328
1,782	1,879,428	55,345	1NC r2	Elections	null	Trump re-election guarantees existential climate change, global proliferation, and arms racing – Dem victory averts extinction	Starr 19 [Paul Starr, professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton and a winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, May 2019. “Trump’s Second Term.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/trump-2020-second-term/585994/]	Starr 19	45,170	1,116	13,516
1,783	3,326,771	110,050	null	null	null	2. AND Morality arises from social interaction through shared discourse. Haste: Communitarian[s] thinkers start from a very different psychological tradition. They emphasise the primacy of language and social interaction [is a primary] in the generat[or]ion of meaning. Taylor argues that human life is ‘fundamentally dialogic. We become full human agents, capable of understanding ourselves, and hence defining an identity, through our acquisition of rich human languages of expression.’ (1991 p 32). This aligns the communitarian ontological position with social constructionists like John Shotter (1993) and Rom HarrZ (HarrZ and Gillett, 1994) who argue that the primary human reality is face-to-face conversation. If social interaction is the crucible of meaning, then the child learns about morality through discourse and through social practices, both explicit and implicit. The ‘meaning’ of something – including the meaning of our own identity and our morality – depends on what is comprehensible and recognized within our social community. Social beings create their identity through shared discourse and language (Shotter, 1993). Communities are multiple; we are members of many communities which each offer us identity, and personal meaning, and within each different elements and skills are salient. Cultural narratives, stories and traditions feed directly into our identity, signaling valued attributes and behaviours, and giving an explanation for our past and present. Crucially, we also recognize that these are shared by those whom we thus define as members of our community. A moral obligation can only have meaning within a social context. Richard Shweder describes taboos and practices found amongst rural Hindus in India which are quite morally meaningless to Americans, becaus2e they are associated with beliefs about pollution which are not shared (Shweder et al, 1987). However practices may be widely condemned, but for different reasons – believing that rape is wrong because it defiles the victim’s purity, is very different from seeing it as wrong because treats her as an object rather than a person.	null	defining an identity, through languages of expression.	1,398,921	1	null
1,784	628,720	11,765	null	null	1	So do bioweapons – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed	Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17	2,127	1,722	8,517
1,785	1,879,520	55,344	1AC – Terror + Media	Media Advantage	null	Counter-hegemonic framing is a pedagogically intrinsic good	Al-Kassimi 19 [Khaled Al-Kassimi, Philosophical Doctorate - McMaster University, “Critical terrorism studies (CTS): (State) (sponsored) terrorism identified in the (militarized) pedagogy of (U.S.) law enforcement agencies,” 2019, Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Article 1586813, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311886.2019.1586813, EA]	Al-Kassimi 19	842,163	7	7,704
1,786	868,969	20,803	1NR	counterplan	supply troops	US has plenty of troops	Michael Cohen 14 [(Michael Cohen, ) Despite 'historic' cuts, the US will still have 450,000 active-duty soldiers, Guardian 2-25-2014] AT	Cohen 14	471,152	1	1,082
1,787	868,914	20,803	1NC	1NC	Case – 1	Neither side will escalate – the status quo is a military stalemate	Van Jackson 15, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, 8/24/15, “Preparing for the Next Korean War,” http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/preparing-for-the-next-korean-war/	Jackson 15	86,126	158	1,139
1,788	1,876,425	55,258	null	Case	1NC – General	Private security forces fill in after police reform – Northern Ireland and South Africa prove	Taub 6-11-20, [Amanda Taub is a Former human rights lawyer, now writer for the nytimes "Police the Public, or Protect It? For a U.S. in Crisis, Hard Lessons From Other Countries," New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/world/police-brutality-protests.html] nw	Taub 20	839,290	4	1,936
1,789	628,649	11,762	null	null	1AC---Prolif	1---Cyberattacks cause false flags that are met with intentional launch---old principles of deterrence can’t explain cyber warfare.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,790	3,323,431	109,788	R1 – Aff v RR SG	1AC v1	Underview	There’s always risk of ethical uncertainty – we should prioritize survival to ensure future value.	Bostrom 12 [Nick, faculty of philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. 2012. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html]	Bostrom 12 [Nick, faculty of philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. 2012. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html]	15,765	1,536	961
1,791	869,567	20,832	null	null	3	A comprehensive budget agreement will pass now – that raises the debt ceiling and prevents a shutdown – but radioactive hitchhikers like the plan kill the deal	Niels Lesniewski and Steven Dennis, 9/29/2015, Roll Call, “deal hungry senate eager for boehner’s halloween treats,” http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/boehner-budget-deal-halloween-treats/?dcz=, mm	Lesniewski and Dennis, 9/29	465,598	4	5,642
1,792	1,213,380	29,754	1AC	null	Environment Advantage	1st – infrastructure – line 5 locks us into decades of dependence on fossil fuel by outcompeting renewables due to existing infrastructure	Bill McKibben, 5-12-2019, Author and environmental activist. "Bill McKibben: A Line 5 deal with Enbridge would ignore effects of climate change," https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/05/12/enbridge-whitmer-line-5-mckibben/1164492001/ //Kiefer	McKibben 19	35,360	67	3,354
1,793	628,833	11,766	null	null	1AC – Cyberattacks	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,794	838,165	19,977	null	2ac daoism k	2AC Perm	Third is goals- focusing on specific instances of militarism is key	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8	16,840	179	3,858
1,795	629,200	11,781	null	null	1AC---Prolif	1---Cyberattacks cause false flags that are met with intentional launch---old principles of deterrence can’t explain cyber warfare.	Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter '18	372,334	106	8,683
1,796	390,603	5,045	Impacts	Dems Good	A2: Saudi Prolif Turns	They will eventually support the deal- they can’t prolif now because of internal constraints	Upol 12-2 [Arafat Kabir Upol is an observer of national and global politics, foreign policy and diplomacy. A native from Bangladesh, his works have appeared in the Diplomatic Courier, International Policy Digest, the Diplomat and other publications. He is a multilingual member of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy. 12-2-2013 “Why Reports of Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Ambitions are a Fantasy” http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/12/02/reports-saudi-arabias-nuclear-ambitions-fantasy/]	Upol 12-2	241,831	12	1,155
1,797	870,107	20,847	null	1nc	Adv 2: South	No cyber impact	- Empirics – over 20 yrs of alarmism	null	48,511	253	3,539
1,798	870,121	20,847	null	2nc	Cyber	No cyber impact	- Empirics – over 20 yrs of alarmism	null	48,511	253	3,539
1,799	629,075	11,774	null	null	1AC – Indo Pak	Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.	Futter 18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)	Futter 18	372,334	106	8,683

1,700

1,176,740

28,878

New Trier---Round 4

2AC

T In the US

Counter-interp---United States means any area the US has jurisdiction.

US Code, 10 (124 Stat. 3024 (2010) Public Law 111-281, 111 Congress Session 2, Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010, Hein Online)

US Code, 10

33,645

81

300

1,701

772,368

18,021

null

CP

2nc a2: no law enforcement trust

The law enforcement education program plank solves violence – it means the police don’t target prostitutes anymore – their evidence doesn’t assume these mandates

Ekberg 4 (Gunilla, degree in Social Work from Lund University and a law degree from the University of British Columbia in Canada, employed at the Ministry of Industry as the Swedish Government's expert on prostitution and trafficking in human beings, “The Swedish Law That Prohibits the Purchase of A Sexual Service: Best Practices for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings” Violence against Women. 2004; 10:1187-1218, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/uncategorized/international_law/ekberg_articlevaw_updated0504271.authcheckdam.pdf)

Ekberg 4

441,571

1

185

1,702

738,755

16,816

null

1AC

Regionalism

Regionalism is possible

Dr. Christian Koch 15 is the Director of the Gulf Research Center Foundation in Ge- neva, Switzerland and Christian-Peter Hanelt is a Senior Expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung on Europe and the Middle East for the “Europe‘s Future” program, "A Gulf Conference Could Bring Peace and Security to the Middle East," 7-12-15, http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/global-wire/a-gulf-conference-for-security-and-cooperation-could-bring-peace-and-greater-security-to-the-middle-east/, DOA: 8-17-2015, y2k

Koch 15

427,784

21

4,438

1,703

623,725

11,475

null

4

null

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,704

738,683

16,814

null

1AC

Regionalism

Regionalism is possible

Dr. Christian Koch 15 is the Director of the Gulf Research Center Foundation in Ge- neva, Switzerland and Christian-Peter Hanelt is a Senior Expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung on Europe and the Middle East for the “Europe‘s Future” program, "A Gulf Conference Could Bring Peace and Security to the Middle East," 7-12-15, http://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/global-wire/a-gulf-conference-for-security-and-cooperation-could-bring-peace-and-greater-security-to-the-middle-east/, DOA: 8-17-2015, y2k

Koch 15

427,784

21

4,438

1,705

773,202

18,037

2ac

Hemp

Big Pot

They can’t go for the squo—prohibtion devastates the environment

Juchao, 2014, Drug Policy Alliance(Aaron, “Marijuana Could Lead to a Paradigm Shift in Environmental Stewardship”, http://www.drugpolicy.org/blog/marijuana-could-lead-paradigm-shift-environmental-stewardship)

Juchao, 2014

440,439

6

2,478

1,706

623,904

11,482

null

Case

null

International system resilient – no conflict

Preble 10 (Christopher, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/

Preble 10

97,647

81

1,789

1,707

773,465

18,050

1NC

OFF

1

Nearly all is almost 100 percent

LEE 1985 – JUDGE DISTRICT COURT FOR NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

LEE 1985 –

71,453

33

957

1,708

738,617

16,812

2NC

Cap

Can’t overcome – 1NC

only an eradication of class differences is capable of solving racism.

Young 06 (Chair @ NYU; Robert, “Putting Materialism Back into the Race Theory: Toward a Transformative Theory of Race”, redcritique.org )

Young 06

72,085

88

1,531

1,709

738,949

16,832

Case

South

SK Not Key

China and India jointly take lead in disaster diplomacy-SK is an irrelevant actor

Anderson and Ayres 15 [Authors: Ashlyn Anderson, Research Associate, India, Pakistan, and South Asia, and Alyssa Ayres, Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia, “Disaster Relief: China and India Come Together”, Council on Foreign relations, October 30, 2015, http://www.cfr.org/nepal/disaster-relief-china-india-come-together/p37199]NG

Anderson and Ayres 15 http://www.cfr.org/nepal/disaster-relief-china-india-come-together/p37199]NG

182,062

3

13,100

1,710

623,986

11,488

null

3

null

Econ decline causes world war – there’s no buffer now

Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007. Vladimir Popov, a former senior economics researcher in the Soviet Union, Russia and the United Nations Secretariat, is now Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin. Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War. February 12, 2019. www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/] KUALA LUMPUR and BERLIN, Feb 12 2019 (IPS) - Economic recovery efforts since the 2008-2009 global financial crisis have mainly depended on unconventional monetary policies. As fears rise of yet another international financial crisis, there are growing concerns about the increased possibility of large-scale military conflict.

Sundaram and Popov 2/12/19

2,125

912

5,397

1,711

3,319,420

109,533

null

2 (2:30)

1

Text: The United States federal government should condition future military aid to Egypt on the implementation of human rights reforms outlined by Holmes 18.

-not immediately stopping support, most of the stuff Holmes advocates could happen immediately and the stuff that wouldn’t Congress would decide to take away aid based on whether Egypt demonstrates progress

null

1,295,809

20

2,093

1,712

774,065

18,060

null

1NC

1

Failure to specify beyond “legalize” makes the plan void for vagueness-it wrecks negative ground and makes policy analysis impossible

Kleiman and Saiger-lecturer public policy Harvard, consultant drug policy Rand-90

439,443

102

2,531

1,713

624,608

11,519

null

1NC

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,714

1,177,017

28,811

1NC

OFF

1NC---OFF

Unhinged AI unloads nuclear escalation and infinite suffering.

Toby Ord 20, senior research fellow in philosophy at Oxford University and world-renowned risk-assessment expert who’s advised WHO, the World Bank, the WEF, and the US National Intelligence Council, 3/3/2020, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, pp. 194-196, cc, edited for ableist language

Ord 20

315,268

114

2,832

1,715

774,582

18,062

null

1NR

1NR Link

The public is overwhelmingly against online gambling

Ruddock, Bluff, 14 (Steve, 5-11-14, “Poll Indicates Modest Public Support for Online Gambling,” http://www.bluff.com/news/poll-indicates-modest-public-support-for-online-gambling-54263/, accessed 8-30-14, CMM)

Ruddock, Bluff, 14

440,622

5

683

1,716

624,661

11,521

null

1NC

Extinction

Sandberg, 8 -- Oxford University Future of Humanity Institute research fellow

Sandberg, 8

21,354

875

1,575

1,717

775,507

18,078

null

2NC

2NC – No Cyber Attacks

Their military planners empirically overstate risk.

Healey, Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013 (Jason, “No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War”, 3-20, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us, ldg)

Healey, Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013

48,511

253

973

1,718

739,265

16,838

Case

China

No econ decline

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Daniel W. DREZNER, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 14 [“The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession,” World Politics, Vol. 66, No. 1 (January 2014), p. 123-164]

DREZNER 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,719

1,490,782

41,885

AC

null

Advantage 1: Space Debris

Collisions make orbit unusable, causing nuclear war, mass starvation, and economic destruction. Jonson 13

Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12

null

4,780

395

8,218

1,720

739,819

16,963

1NC

1NC OFF CASE

1NC

GOP Majority would cut Obama EPA Regs

The Hill, 9/6

429,530

6

2,187

1,721

776,629

18,105

2NC

CP

1NC

The plan is hypocritical – undermines US credibility

Reid 14—Melanie, Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln Memorial University-Duncan School of Law, “ARTICLE: THE QUAGMIRE THAT NOBODY IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WANTS TO TALK ABOUT: MARIJUANA,” 44 N.M.L. Rev. 169, lexis

Reid 14

440,130

7

1,914

1,722

777,389

18,166

UGA BR Round 2 KY

1NC

1NC Terror

Unchecked al-Shabaab sparks violent instability and terrorism across the African continent

Spoden 13 (Natalie, Africa intelligence analyst and manager at Max Security Solutions - a geopolitical risk-consulting firm based in Tel Aviv, "East Africa's Emerging Crescent of Militancy," http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/east-africas-emerging-crescent-militancy-9327)

Spoden 13

442,951

7

5,427

1,723

625,135

11,551

1NC

On Case

null

Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

10,501

505

15,842

1,724

777,586

18,171

UGA BR Round 5

1AR DA

Adv 2

The link doesn’t interact with uniqueness – Abe pledge and public opposition will prevent nuclearization even without the umbrella

Reuters 9-9 [“Abe renews pledge of nuclear weapons free Japan at Nagasaki memorial”; 9/9/2015; http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/10/us-ww2-anniversary-nagaskai-abe-idUSKCN0QE04Y20150810]

Reuters 9-9

443,009

2

2,292

1,725

1,168,159

28,634

1NC

Case

1NC---Case

State engagement is good. It’s the only chance we got.

Bayat, Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois, 13

Bayat 13

12,736

296

13,103

1,726

625,232

11,556

null

DA

1NC -- Bioweapons

That causes extinction – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.

Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed

2,127

1,722

8,388

1,727

739,953

16,964

2NC

K

2NC Impact Wall

C SUBPOINT - The PARADOX OF RISK makes this issue NOT resolvable by weighing the plan.

Kessler 2008 (Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” Alternatives 33 (2008), 211-232)

Kessler 2008

10,122

905

5,527

1,728

740,299

16,978

1AC

null

Afghanistan Adv.

Nuclear terrorism causes nuclear escalation due to miscalc –it’s rapid and highly likely

Morgan 09

88,812

112

4,781

1,729

777,724

18,174

Round 3 Miami

1NC

1NC Navy Advantage

Hegemony Can’t Solve Conflict; Unilateralism Fails

Murray and Herrington, 2014: (Russia, Ukraine, And The Testing Of American Hegemony. March 6, 2014. Published By E-International Relations. Robert W. Murray, Ph.D./ Vice-President, Research at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at the University of Alberta, a Senior Fellow of Security and Defence Policy at the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, and a Research Fellow at the University of Alberta’s European Union Centre of Excellence. Luke M. Herrington, M.A. In Global And International Studies From The University Of Kansas)

Murray and Herrington, 2014:

419,595

2

3,984

1,730

777,858

18,177

UGA BR 5 Miami

1NC

1NC South

No cyber impact

Healey 13 /Jason Healey is the Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us/

Healey 13

48,511

253

3,239

1,731

625,244

11,557

null

1AC

1AC – Advantage

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,732

1,177,818

28,886

2NC---Glenbrooks---Quarters

Dicta CP

2NC---Court Capital NB---AT: Illegal

It’s legal.

Trevor C. Jones 13, JD at Florida State University, law clerk to the Honorable Vincent G. Torpy, Jr. of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal; Hosea Horneman, JD at the Liberty Law School, law clerk to the Honorable William D. Palmer of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal; Steven M. Blickensderfer, JD at the University of Florida, law clerk to the Honorable Jay P. Cohen of Florida's Fifth District Court of Appeal, Winter 2013, “A Catch-22 Of Cert Review: How Florida's "Clearly Established Law" Requirement Stifles Caselaw Development, and How Sunbursting Can Help The Sunshine State,” Stetson Law Review 42(2), Stras

Jones 13

568,350

1

2,972

1,733

571,017

8,949

null

1AC - TOC v3

1AC---Adv---Space Law

Debris cascades---nuke war.

Les Johnson 13, Deputy Manager for NASA's Advanced Concepts Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Co-Investigator for the JAXA T-Rex Space Tether Experiment and PI of NASA's ProSEDS Experiment, Master's Degree in Physics from Vanderbilt University, Popular Science Writer, and NASA Technologist, Frequent Contributor to the Journal of the British Interplanetary Sodety and Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Space Society, the World Future Society, and MENSA, Sky Alert!: When Satellites Fail, p. 9-12 [language modified]

Johnson 13

4,780

395

8,232

1,734

778,402

18,189

Quarters Navy UGA BR

2NC A2AD

2NC Cyberwar/Cyberterror

No cyber impact

Healey 13 /Jason Healey is the Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us/

Healey 13

48,511

253

3,239

1,735

778,470

18,191

UGA BR 3 NDT

2ac CP – Oil

2ac Low Oil Prices Kill Climate Deal

We just started shipping oil globally THIS YEAR – the US isn’t integrated enough to effect global prices

Egan 16 (Matt Egan, writer for CNN money, January 29, 2016. “After 40-year ban, U.S. starts exporting crude oil.” http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/29/investing/us-oil-exports-begin/) Just weeks after Congress lifted a 40-year ban on exporting oil, the first shipments of the black stuff left U.S. ports for Europe. The first freely-traded shipments of U.S. crude are symbolic of the country's newfound role as a leading producer of oil. America's entry into the world market can also be viewed with relief by those worried about potential supply disruptions. After all, many big oil producers are located in volatile parts of the world susceptible to geopolitical shocks. "The fact that producers have free access to the global market will make it easier for U.S. supply to respond to disruptions around the world," said Jason Borduff, a former energy adviser to President Obama who is currently a professor at Columbia University. America officially banned exports in 1975. It came two years after an OPEC oil embargo that banned oil sales to the U.S. had sent gas prices skyrocketing. Newspaper photographs of long lines of cars outside of gas stations became a common and worrisome image. Fast forward 40 years and the world has changed drastically, with booming U.S. oil production from the shale revolution creating an epic supply glut that recently sent oil prices below $30 a barrel. Some of that American oil is now finding a home overseas. On New Year's Eve ConocoPhillips(COP) and NuStar Energy (NS) announced what they said was the first exports of U.S.-produced light crude oil since the ban was lifted. The companies shipped oil pumped from the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas. Other shipments believed to be containing oil pumped from the U.S. have left for destinations in Europe in recent weeks as well. In the long run, the ability to send U.S. oil overseas will help the energy industry. In the short term, the depressed oil prices are actually expected to slow U.S. oil production in 2016. And given the current backdrop, don't expect U.S. exports to skyrocket any time soon. "Oil oversupply is currently a global issue, and not one confined to the U.S. There is little appetite or need for our oil to flow anywhere else," said Anthony Starkey, manager of energy analysis at Platts Bentek. There's also fierce competition on the global stage, with Russia, Saudi Arabia and producers in North Africa like Nigeria engaging in a battle to maintain market share. Just a year ago American oil would have been a hot seller on the global stage. It was trading about $12 a barrel cheaper than Brent crude, the global standard. That means European buyers would have been willing to front the heavy costs involved with shipping oil across the Atlantic. But that's changed. U.S. oil prices are now just $1 or $2 a barrel cheaper than Brent. "The economics don't entirely work for U.S. crude to be traded everywhere

Egan 16 (Matt Egan, writer for CNN money, January 29, 2016. “After 40-year ban, U.S. starts exporting crude oil.” http://money.cnn.com/2016/01/29/investing/us-oil-exports-begin/)

443,320

1

978

1,736

778,441

18,191

UGA BR 3 NDT

1AC

Contention 1 – Prices

Oil prices have collapsed AND limiting supply can’t solve – makes Saudi, Venezuelan, and Russian instability inevitable

McLaughlin 3-27 (John McLaughlin, former deputy director of the CIA, teaches at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), March 27, 2016. “THE ADDICTION THAT COULD BE THE RUIN OF NATIONS.” http://www.ozy.com/pov/the-addiction-that-could-be-the-ruin-of-nations/68723)

443,308

2

5,645

1,737

256,182

3,206

*TPP DA

null

Links: Health fails under TPP – 2NC

TPP pass leads to downfall for any healthcare plans

Neas 15 (Ralph Neas, CEO Generic Pharmaceutical Association, 7/29/15, The Huffington Post, “TPP Threatens Access to Affordable Medications for People Around the World”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ralph-neas/tpp-threatens-access-to-affordable-medications-for-people_b_7899190.html, date accessed: 7/21/16, BC)

Neas 15

166,484

1

4,698

1,738

1,168,415

28,657

1NR

Cap

1NC---Advantage

The alternative entails constructing a collective ideology against capitalism--- anything else supports the system by giving coherence to the hegemony of individualism

Susana Narotsky 16, Barcelona professor, “On waging the ideological war: Against the hegemony of form”, Anthropological Theory 2016, Vol. 16, 263–284)

Narotsky 16, Barcelona professor, “On waging the ideological war: Against the hegemony of form”, Anthropological Theory 2016, Vol. 16, 263–284)

492,296

12

10,896

1,739

740,812

16,985

1NR

Cartels

Oil Shocks

Diversity cushions shocks

International Oil Daily ‘3

429,999

1

1,054

1,740

740,681

16,991

1NC

null

Off

Bringing outlaw discourse into the open gaze of the academy straight turns the aff – we should leave it to the underground, not bring them into the public – before you vote aff, ask yourself: “what does debate and the ballot actually do to help the Aff’s method?” – you can vote negative on presumption and allow critical outlaw discourses to stay hidden – opacity is necessary for emancipation, the Affimative’s transparency must be rejected unyieldingly

Phillips ’99 (Professor; Associate Dean of Research and Graduate Studies. Communication and Rhetorical Studies, syracuse)

Phillips ’99

4,251

170

7,460

1,741

1,168,981

28,680

null

2AC AT: Ag DA – T/L

The DA is inevitable---global water shortages which deck ag production are coming now, only aff solves.

Lopez et al. 16 – Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Spain. (Nazaret M. Montilla-López, Carlos Gutiérrez-Martín, and José A. Gómez-Limón. "Water Banks: What Have We Learnt from the International Experience?," MDPI, 10-18-2016, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/10/466/htm, Accessed 6-24-2021, LASA-SC)

Lopez et al. 16

526,973

30

2,763

1,742

625,300

11,559

null

1AC

1AC – Advantage

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,743

779,083

18,210

Round 1 UK

2nc

2nc hemp useless

May not be irreversible, but Solomon concludes the plan doesn’t solve – their ev (read green)

Matthews and Solomon ’13 [H. Damon Matthews - Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University, Susan Solomon - Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Irreversible Does Not Mean Unavoidable”, published Science 26 April 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6131 pp. 438-439, accessed 9/24/14, <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6131/438.full>] //pheft

Matthews and Solomon ’13

300,275

10

6,237

1,744

625,392

11,563

null

1AC

1AC – Advantage

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,745

830,396

19,788

2AC

CP

AT Pacifism

Single issue focus is comparatively better than ideological critique – the their pedagogy gets sidelined and perpetuates the status quo

Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8

16,840

179

3,858

1,746

831,386

19,812

NJDDT R4 KU HW (N) vs UCO CS (A)

1nc

4

PC forces a vote

Zornick 3/16 (George Zornick – prior to joining The Nation, George was Senior Reporter/Blogger for ThinkProgress.org. He worked as a researcher for Michael Moore’s SiCKO and as an Associate Producer on “The Media Project” on the Independent Film Channel, “Obama Picked a Safe SCOTUS Nominee—This Is How It Could Backfire,” 16 March 2016, http://www.thenation.com/article/how-hard-will-the-liberal-grassroots-push-to-confirm-merrick-garland/)

Zornick 3/16

459,986

4

4,965

1,747

625,731

11,579

null

1NC – Framing

1] Moral purity is tautological—material focus is key

Christopher A. Bracey 6, Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

Bracey 6 Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, September, Southern California Law Review, 79 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1231, p. 1318

41,912

638

1,683

1,748

831,988

19,826

null

1AC

2

Japanese A2/AD being employed in a limited fashion now---spending is key to full development of naval capabilities---prevents maritime war

Gady 15 - Associate Editor with The Diplomat. He also is a Senior Fellow with the EastWest Institute. M.A. in Strategic Studies/International Economics from the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.

Gady 15

459,966

15

8,738

1,749

779,202

18,216

null

1nc

Econ

No pandemic threat

Ridley 12 [8/17, Matt Ridley, columnist for The Wall Street Journal and author of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/]

Ridley 12

97,826

173

2,855

1,750

625,825

11,590

1NC Typical Formatting

null

*T And, simply disclosing the document absent accessible formatting beforehand isn’t enough, if opponents want engagement they must take steps to make their arguments accessible. *A Dolmage 17*C

Jay Timothy Dolmage (Professor | Associate Chair, Undergraduate Communication Outcome Initiative (UCOI) .PhD, Miami University of Ohio MA, WindsorBA, British Columbia) Academic Ableism Disability and Higher Education 2017 https://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/ump/mpub9708722 Brackets are Original

376,484

8

4,439

1,751

779,325

18,221

Houston

1nc

Treaties Advantage

Legalization in advance of treaty revision causes treaty withdrawal – only the CP maintains compliance

Donohue et al, 10 – C. Wendell and Edith M. Carlsmith Professor of Law at Stanford (John, “Rethinking America’s Illegal Drug Policy” http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12096)

Donohue et al, 10

430,457

62

1,974

1,752

1,205,461

29,491

Reproductive Justice 1AC

null

Advantage

Failure to prevent the harms of contaminations against these populations creates a modern-day phenomenon of involuntary sterilization, a policy of eugenics that forms the basis for systemic genocide

Miller & Levine 13 (Paul Steven, Rebecca Leah, University of Washington School of Law, Seattle, Washington, USA, “Avoiding genetic genocide: understanding good intentions and eugenics in the complex dialogue between the medical and disability communities”, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, 2013, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566260/) JA

Miller & Levine 13

98,130

28

12,055

1,753

626,837

11,642

Lay NC CPS Round 6

Contention 2 is Terror

null

Risk of nuclear terrorism is real and high now – largest threat of extinction

Bunn 14 [Matthew, Professor of Practice at the Harvard Kennedy School, with Martin Malin, Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Nickolas Roth, Research Associate at the Project on Managing the Atom, and William Tobey, Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, March, “Advancing Nuclear Security: Evaluating Progress and Setting New Goals,” The Project on Managing the Atom, pg. 5-9/AKG]

Bunn 14

108,102

49

12,247

1,754

832,419

19,836

null

Israel

No Strikes

No Israel strike---it’s rhetoric

Jean-Luc Renaudie 14, Times of Israel, citing Dr. Emily Landau, senior research associate and director of the Arms Control and Regional Security Project at the Institute for National Security Studies, and Dr. Ephraim Kam, former colonel in the Research Division of IDF Military Intelligence, Senior Research Fellow at INSS, “Israeli strike threat only a ‘diplomatic card’ against Iran,” http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-strike-threat-only-a-diplomatic-card-against-iran/

Renaudie 14

448,977

7

3,013

1,755

779,405

18,230

null

1NC

null

From this altar, we received all sorts of Nietzschean wisdom from the Oracle. For example, turns out priests are haters

Nietzsche 87 [On the Genealogy of Morals, A Polemical Tract By Friedrich Nietzsche, First Essay, Good and Evil, Good and Bad, 1887, http://home.sandiego.edu/~janderso/360/genealogytofc.htm]

Nietzsche 87

443,625

1

1,380

1,756

779,369

18,222

null

1nc

Legalization in advance of treaty revision causes treaty withdrawal – only the CP maintains compliance

Donohue et al, 10 – C. Wendell and Edith M. Carlsmith Professor of Law at Stanford (John, “Rethinking America’s Illegal Drug Policy” http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12096)

Donohue et al, 10

430,457

62

1,974

1,757

626,971

11,650

null

1

That causes extinction

Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)

Millett, 17

2,127

1,722

6,034

1,758

779,646

18,228

UTD

1nr

AT: South China Sea

Chinese leaders won’t let it escalate

Carlson 13 – Associate Professor in the Government Department of Cornell University (Allan, “China Keeps the Peace at Sea” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139024/allen-carlson/china-keeps-the-peace-at-sea) Jacome

Carlson 13

89,910

53

1,773

1,759

779,686

18,242

null

1nc legalism

Throw legal thought into a lake – any other orientation folds in upon itself

Schlag 9 [Pierre, Byron R. White Professor of Law and Former Associate Dean for Research, University of Colorado Law School, “Law and Philosophy in the Hyperreal”, ch. 30, On Philosophy in American Law, ed. Francis J. Mootz, Cambridge University Press, Mar 23, 2009, google books, p. 263-4]

Schlag 9

111,413

10

3,733

1,760

832,915

19,847

1nc

C1

Guam

The impacts in Guam will be even worse – no SOFA or political rights

Vine 15 David Vine, PhD, associate professor of anthropology at American University (“Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World”, American Empire Project, 8/25/15, Metropolitan Books, 8/25/15, ISBN: 1627791698, pg. 83-96)

453,892

12

3,735

1,761

832,918

19,847

1nc

C2

Discourse not key

Reps don’t shape reality—specific to securitization

Thierry Balzacq 5, Professor of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context” European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2

Balzacq 5

18,299

492

2,092

1,762

627,251

11,675

null

Advantage

The nuclear-industrial complex smooths over the build-up of a security establishment that perpetuates global military exceptionalism – anything the US does becomes acceptable in the name of the bomb

Boggs 17 – (Carl, Professor of Social Sciences @ National University in LA; 2017; Rethinking Security in the Twenty-First Century; Ch 4: The American Nuclear Warfare State; p. 41-58)

Boggs 17

377,256

74

17,753

1,763

833,231

19,855

1NC

GCC Adv

Econ D

No impact to economic decline – prefer new data

Daniel Drezner 14, Professor of IR at Tufts, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,764

1,205,701

29,585

1NR

ECA DA

1nc — advantage

Key to legitimacy.

Olsen 1-25 [Henry Olsen, Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center; "Opinion: Reforming the Electoral Count Act is crucial to our democracy. And it must be done on a bipartisan basis."; Washington Post; 1-25-2022; Accessible Online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/25/reforming-electoral-count-act-is-crucial-our-democracy-it-must-be-done-bipartisan-basis/] KL 1-25-2022

Olsen 1-25

576,251

6

4,048

1,765

779,982

18,259

Round 8—Neg vs Wake MaSt

1NC

1nc china RRE

Pandemics unlikely and no extinction

Ridley 12 [8/17, Matt Ridley, columnist for The Wall Street Journal and author of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, “Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry About End Times,” http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all/]

Ridley 12

97,826

173

2,855

1,766

750,829

17,324

null

AT: W/M

It’s decrim

Jacobson 14 (Brynn, J.D. Candidate. Seattle University School of Law, 2014; B.A., Political Science, University of Washington, 2010. The author would like to thank her husband and family for their unfailing love and support. She also thanks her colleagues at the Seattle University Law Review for their comments, hard work, and dedication., “COMMENT: Addressing the Tension Between the Dual Identities of the American Prostitute: Criminal and Victim; How Problem-Solving Courts Can Help”, Spring, 2014¶ Seattle University Law Review¶ 37 Seattle Univ. L. R. 1023)

Jacobson 14

431,832

4

1,774

1,767

627,415

11,687

null

Nuclear Shift Advantage

1 – NoKo

That causes extinction

Millett, 17 - PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at Oxford (Piers, Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/)

Millett, 17

2,127

1,722

6,034

1,768

780,303

18,273

Round 8—Neg vs UNLV GV

2NC

CP

Building international political support for change can only occur gradually, not abruptly – reaching a common position requires maintaining diplomatic credibility within the existing treaty regime

Bewley-Taylor, 13 - Department of Political and Cultural Studies, College of Arts and Humanities, Swansea University, UK (David, “Towards revision of the UN drug control conventions: Harnessing like-mindedness” International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (2013) 60– 68, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.09.001) LMGs = Like Minded Groups of nations

Bewley-Taylor, 13 - Department of Political and Cultural Studies, College of Arts and Humanities, Swansea University, UK (David, “Towards revision of the UN drug control conventions:

439,859

17

4,093

1,769

833,997

19,875

2ac

K

2ac Balzacq

Reps don’t shape reality

Thierry Balzacq 5, Professor of Political Science and IR @ Namar University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context” European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2

Balzacq 5

18,299

492

2,092

1,770

627,605

11,698

null

Gendered testing 1AC

Ad 1 – Psychological damage

Pressure from the structure of standardized testing reinforce tropes of natural and ideal femininity that necessarily excludes womxn that don’t conform to the flexibility that “womxn should reflect” creates psychological damage that gut equality within education

Van Campen, Katee Joy . "Investigating Teachers' Understandings Of Gender Equity And Achievement In Postfeminist Times." Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. June, 2014. <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0372/f5f04ac3874d60a3a777f2a1959fb616e2f6.pdf> .

Van Campen , 2014. .

377,385

6

9,029

1,771

834,612

19,903

null

Regionalism creates an alternative way to manage resources and Containment is an alternative political economy-that’s key to dismantling security

Lacy, lecturer in International Relations at Lancaster University, 5

256,750

3

2,022

1,772

778,983

18,210

Round 1 UK

1nc

Reid is an electoral mastermind --- he is keeping the focus on middle class economic issues. The plan flips the Democrats’ script and causes the election to become nationalized --- allowing the GOP to win.

Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 (Manu & Burgess, “Harry Reid’s plot to keep the Senate,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/09/harry-reid-senate-elections-2014-111115.html?hp=f3, JMP)

Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 , JMP)

443,921

16

8,467

1,773

627,901

11,706

null

FL: Fracking Transition (Topshelf)

Fracking causes earthquakes that destroy the environment—also prevents effective natural gas

Kathryn Miles is the author of Quakeland: On the Road To America’s Next Devastating Earthquake (Dutton 2017). "How Man-made Earthquakes Could Cripple the U.S. Economy." POLITICO Magazine, 14 Sep. 2017, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/09/14/earthquakes-oil-us-economy-fracking-215602.

Miles 2017

373,748

26

12,978

1,774

779,258

18,217

null

2ac

AT: GOP Good

Turn --- plan causes the election to become nationalized, crushing Dems

Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 (Manu & Burgess, “Harry Reid’s plot to keep the Senate,” http://www.politico.com/story/2014/09/harry-reid-senate-elections-2014-111115.html?hp=f3, JMP)

Raju & Everett, 9/18/14 , JMP)

443,921

16

2,128

1,775

834,939

19,917

2NC Vs Liberty CS

Marines

Drezner – 2NC

Economic collapse doesn’t cause war

Daniel Drezner 14, IR prof at Tufts, The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession, World Politics, Volume 66. Number 1, January 2014, pp. 123-164

Drezner 14

987

1,331

1,554

1,776

1,206,080

29,559

null

Solvency

Policy debate is antithetical to politics– this K is our attempt to limit the damage and build the communist future

Graeber, ’04 [David Graeber, anthropologist, author, and philosopher, “Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology,” published in 2004, https://eleuthera.it/files/materiali/David_Graeber_Fragments_%20Anarchist_Anthropology.pdf]

Graeber, ’04

576,360

1

913

1,777

3,020,659

99,157

1NC

Off

Goods are tangible things that are not money

Business Dictionary no date – “good,” http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/good.html

Business Dictionary no date

1,300,853

25

55

1,778

1,180,874

28,876

1AC

null

1AC---Solvency

Biden’s not using his existing PC---he’s left it to congressional leaders.

David Sirota 11/5 columnist for The Guardian, editor of Jacobin, senior advisor to the Bernie Sanders campaign; interviewed by Ryan Grim, bureau chief for The Intercept, bureau chief for HuffPost; 11/5/2021, "Deconstructed: Biden Should Look to Obama’s Mistakes," https://theintercept.com/2021/11/05/deconstructed-biden-build-back-better-obama/, MBA AM

Sirota 11/5

501,178

21

3,586

1,779

836,078

19,936

2AC

Case

AT: State Bad

Single issue focus is comparatively better than ideological critique – the their pedagogy gets sidelined and perpetuates the status quo – flips all of their offence about systemic critique and disproves the veracity of all of their framework and alternative arguments

Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8

16,840

179

3,858

1,780

1,870,905

55,088

null

off

null

The 1ac is a blatant endorsement of affective management through the architecturial logic of the prison. The alternative endorses insurgent architectures as a form of mobility against the spatial control of criminal justice. The creation of architectural spaces through built designs opens up both zones of livability and incubation for resistance through camouflage from carcerality – that project is a disruption of the carceral state’s smooth spatial bordering

Bedir 2019 (Merve Bedir, designer, researcher, and occasional curator. She studied architecture in Middle East Technical University (Ankara) and Delft University of Technology. She is the founding member of Kitchen (Gaziantep) and Center for Spatial Justice (İstanbul), (“INSURGENT ARCHITECTURES OF MOBILITY IN GAZIANTEP, MELBOURNE, AND BISHAN” in The Funambulist 23 (May-June 2019), https://thefunambulist.net/articles/insurgent-architectures-mobility-gaziantep-melbourne-bishan-merve-bedir, LASA-IZP- DG Recut)

Bedir 19

838,818

11

8,277

1,781

836,522

19,946

1NR - Round 3 - Navy

Deterrence

AT: Presence Not K2 Deterrence

Other assets outside of North Korea cant solve - keeping troops at the border is central to deterrence

Seok-min, 2014 Oh, Yonhap News Agency correspondent, “S. Korea, U.S. exclude joint command, artillery brigade from relocation plan” http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2014/10/23/39/0200000000AEN20141023000300315F.html

461,998

1

3,328

1,782

1,879,428

55,345

1NC r2

Elections

null

Trump re-election guarantees existential climate change, global proliferation, and arms racing – Dem victory averts extinction

Starr 19 [Paul Starr, professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton and a winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, May 2019. “Trump’s Second Term.” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/05/trump-2020-second-term/585994/]

Starr 19

45,170

1,116

13,516

1,783

3,326,771

110,050

null

2. AND Morality arises from social interaction through shared discourse. Haste: Communitarian[s] thinkers start from a very different psychological tradition. They emphasise the primacy of language and social interaction [is a primary] in the generat[or]ion of meaning. Taylor argues that human life is ‘fundamentally dialogic. We become full human agents, capable of understanding ourselves, and hence defining an identity, through our acquisition of rich human languages of expression.’ (1991 p 32). This aligns the communitarian ontological position with social constructionists like John Shotter (1993) and Rom HarrZ (HarrZ and Gillett, 1994) who argue that the primary human reality is face-to-face conversation. If social interaction is the crucible of meaning, then the child learns about morality through discourse and through social practices, both explicit and implicit. The ‘meaning’ of something – including the meaning of our own identity and our morality – depends on what is comprehensible and recognized within our social community. Social beings create their identity through shared discourse and language (Shotter, 1993). Communities are multiple; we are members of many communities which each offer us identity, and personal meaning, and within each different elements and skills are salient. Cultural narratives, stories and traditions feed directly into our identity, signaling valued attributes and behaviours, and giving an explanation for our past and present. Crucially, we also recognize that these are shared by those whom we thus define as members of our community. A moral obligation can only have meaning within a social context. Richard Shweder describes taboos and practices found amongst rural Hindus in India which are quite morally meaningless to Americans, becaus2e they are associated with beliefs about pollution which are not shared (Shweder et al, 1987). However practices may be widely condemned, but for different reasons – believing that rape is wrong because it defiles the victim’s purity, is very different from seeing it as wrong because treats her as an object rather than a person.

null

defining an identity, through languages of expression.

1,398,921

1

null

1,784

628,720

11,765

null

1

So do bioweapons – mathematically outweighs, even if they win mitigation.

Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford; and Snyder-Beattie, M.S., Director of Research, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford. 08-01-2017. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity,” Health Security, 15(4), PubMed

Millett & Snyder-Beattie ‘17

2,127

1,722

8,517

1,785

1,879,520

55,344

1AC – Terror + Media

Media Advantage

null

Counter-hegemonic framing is a pedagogically intrinsic good

Al-Kassimi 19 [Khaled Al-Kassimi, Philosophical Doctorate - McMaster University, “Critical terrorism studies (CTS): (State) (sponsored) terrorism identified in the (militarized) pedagogy of (U.S.) law enforcement agencies,” 2019, Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Article 1586813, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311886.2019.1586813, EA]

Al-Kassimi 19

842,163

7

7,704

1,786

868,969

20,803

1NR

counterplan

supply troops

US has plenty of troops

Michael Cohen 14 [(Michael Cohen, ) Despite 'historic' cuts, the US will still have 450,000 active-duty soldiers, Guardian 2-25-2014] AT

Cohen 14

471,152

1

1,082

1,787

868,914

20,803

1NC

Case – 1

Neither side will escalate – the status quo is a military stalemate

Van Jackson 15, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, 8/24/15, “Preparing for the Next Korean War,” http://thediplomat.com/2015/08/preparing-for-the-next-korean-war/

Jackson 15

86,126

158

1,139

1,788

1,876,425

55,258

null

Case

1NC – General

Private security forces fill in after police reform – Northern Ireland and South Africa prove

Taub 6-11-20, [Amanda Taub is a Former human rights lawyer, now writer for the nytimes "Police the Public, or Protect It? For a U.S. in Crisis, Hard Lessons From Other Countries," New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/world/police-brutality-protests.html] nw

Taub 20

839,290

4

1,936

1,789

628,649

11,762

null

1AC---Prolif

1---Cyberattacks cause false flags that are met with intentional launch---old principles of deterrence can’t explain cyber warfare.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,790

3,323,431

109,788

R1 – Aff v RR SG

1AC v1

Underview

There’s always risk of ethical uncertainty – we should prioritize survival to ensure future value.

Bostrom 12 [Nick, faculty of philosophy and Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. 2012. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” http://www.existential-risk.org/concept.html]

15,765

1,536

961

1,791

869,567

20,832

null

3

A comprehensive budget agreement will pass now – that raises the debt ceiling and prevents a shutdown – but radioactive hitchhikers like the plan kill the deal

Niels Lesniewski and Steven Dennis, 9/29/2015, Roll Call, “deal hungry senate eager for boehner’s halloween treats,” http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/boehner-budget-deal-halloween-treats/?dcz=, mm

Lesniewski and Dennis, 9/29

465,598

4

5,642

1,792

1,213,380

29,754

1AC

null

Environment Advantage

1st – infrastructure – line 5 locks us into decades of dependence on fossil fuel by outcompeting renewables due to existing infrastructure

Bill McKibben, 5-12-2019, Author and environmental activist. "Bill McKibben: A Line 5 deal with Enbridge would ignore effects of climate change," https://www.freep.com/story/opinion/contributors/2019/05/12/enbridge-whitmer-line-5-mckibben/1164492001/ //Kiefer

McKibben 19

35,360

67

3,354

1,793

628,833

11,766

null

1AC – Cyberattacks

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,794

838,165

19,977

null

2ac daoism k

2AC Perm

Third is goals- focusing on specific instances of militarism is key

Lieberfeld, Associate Professor of Public Policy @ McAnulty College, 8

16,840

179

3,858

1,795

629,200

11,781

null

1AC---Prolif

1---Cyberattacks cause false flags that are met with intentional launch---old principles of deterrence can’t explain cyber warfare.

Futter '18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter '18

372,334

106

8,683

1,796

390,603

5,045

Impacts

Dems Good

A2: Saudi Prolif Turns

They will eventually support the deal- they can’t prolif now because of internal constraints

Upol 12-2 [Arafat Kabir Upol is an observer of national and global politics, foreign policy and diplomacy. A native from Bangladesh, his works have appeared in the Diplomatic Courier, International Policy Digest, the Diplomat and other publications. He is a multilingual member of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy. 12-2-2013 “Why Reports of Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Ambitions are a Fantasy” http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/12/02/reports-saudi-arabias-nuclear-ambitions-fantasy/]

Upol 12-2

241,831

12

1,155

1,797

870,107

20,847

null

1nc

Adv 2: South

No cyber impact

- Empirics – over 20 yrs of alarmism

null

48,511

253

3,539

1,798

870,121

20,847

null

2nc

Cyber

No cyber impact

- Empirics – over 20 yrs of alarmism

null

48,511

253

3,539

1,799

629,075

11,774

null

1AC – Indo Pak

Nuclear weapons are sitting ducks in cyberattacks – causes unmanageable escalation.

Futter 18 (Andrew Futter; Andrew Futter is an associate professor in the School of History, Politics, and International Relations at the University of Leicester. He is the author of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons and Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy, the editor of The United Kingdom and the Future of Nuclear Weapons, and co-editor of Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs; Hacking the Bomb: Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons; 2-15-2018; accessed 12-1-2019; JPark)

Futter 18

372,334

106

8,683