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a869aef968f139a18b7f473ec98d7a58 | How effective is spinal decompression therapy? | Doctors have used nonsurgical spinal decompression in an attempt to treat: Back or neck pain or sciatica, which is pain, weakness, or tingling that extends down the leg Bulging or herniated disks or degenerative disk disease Worn spinal joints (called posterior facet syndrome) Injured or diseased spinal nerve roots More research is needed to establish the safety and effectiveness of nonsurgical spinal decompression. To know how effective it really is, researchers need to compare spinal decompression with other alternatives to surgery. These include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Physical therapy Exercise Limited rest Steroid injections Bracing Chiropractic Acupuncture You are fully clothed during spinal decompression therapy. |
81b4ebba3ecb511998f0c90d24172065 | When should you seek medical care for macular degeneration? | Other symptoms include: Dark, blurry areas or whiteout that appears in the center of your vision In rare cases, you may have a change in your perception of color For age-related macular degeneration, you should see a doctor called an ophthalmologist. They specialize in eye care and surgery. In general, if you're older than 45 you should get a complete eye exam and then follow-up exams every 2 to 4 years. If you have age-related macular degeneration, check your vision every day and let your doctor know if you notice any changes. Keep in mind that vision problems could also be signs of another condition besides macular degeneration. Work with your doctor to get the right treatment for you. |
e12053defc79e483b57b0b533b397e70 | What are the symptoms of age-related macular degeneration? | This may gradually turn into a dramatic loss of your central vision. Other symptoms include: Dark, blurry areas or whiteout that appears in the center of your vision In rare cases, you may have a change in your perception of color For age-related macular degeneration, you should see a doctor called an ophthalmologist. |
da88b27f197e530fc8d62e4e67902c09 | When should I see a doctor about age-related macular degeneration? | In general, if you're older than 45 you should get a complete eye exam and then follow-up exams every 2 to 4 years. If you have age-related macular degeneration, check your vision every day and let your doctor know if you notice any changes. Keep in mind that vision problems could also be signs of another condition besides macular degeneration. |
88f09c224a6f261d3318eb1d628ec012 | How does autologous (AUTO) stem cell transplant work to treat cancer? | In an autologous ( AUTO) transplant, doctors take healthy stem cells from your bone marrow or blood. They're frozen and carefully stored. Since they're outside your body, they aren't harmed during the chemotherapy or radiation treatments you'll need to get rid of your cancer cells. After your treatment ends, your thawed stem cells are returned to your bloodstream through an IV. They'll find their way back to your bone marrow. Once there, they help your body make healthy blood cells again. |
1c38ac10c6604ac257edade43a8b3992 | How can stem cell treatments for cancer be harder for older patients? | Still, if you're older, it can be harder for you to manage side effects. Also, it's more likely you'll have another health condition like high blood pressure or diabetes. Your doctor may want you to have a reduced-intensity, or âmini,â stem cell transplant. |
40c947749933f4dae7eaabbae9bc6bf8 | What are stem cells? | They grow inside your marrow, the soft tissue of your bones. They're also in your blood, as well as blood from umbilical cords. As they mature, blood stem cells change into three types of cells your body needs: Platelets that help your blood clot Red blood cells that give your body oxygen White blood cells that fight off illness There are two types of transplants. |
3f6af71eb48d8bd6659aebbf8c65ee1a | How will my cancer treatment change before I get stem cell treatment? | You'll start out with a lower dose of chemo and radiation before you get the stem cells. It's less taxing on your body, and new cells can still grow and fight your cancer. |
fbf7f5b1017b8f075c043e23222ea71d | What if my doctor can't find a donor for allogeneic transplant? | If your doctor can't find a donor, he may use cells from donated umbilical cord blood. After a baby is born, blood rich in stem cells remains in the discarded cord and placenta. It can be frozen and stored in a cord blood bank until its stem cells are needed. Cord blood is tested before it's banked. This lets doctors quickly check to see if there's a match for you. |
fc470c05cf4ec94873606fc8148b63d5 | What are cancer stem cells? | They're cells that advance cancer. Experts used to think all cancer cells were the same. Now, there's reason to believe that special, fast-growing cancer stem cells keep your disease alive by reproducing. If that's true, in the next few years, the focus of treatments could shift from trying to shrink tumors to trying to kill this type of cell. |
1e275cdf30895fb5d2871581e3d23c7b | What are some medication tips for vaginal yeast infections? | Use all the pills or creams, even if your symptoms go away before you run out of the medicine. Keep in mind that vaginal creams, vaginal tablets, and suppositories may be made with oil, which can damage condoms and diaphragms. So you'll need to use another birth control method or not have sex during treatment if you don't want to get pregnant. Never take any medication --- or even use a nonprescription vaginal cream --- while you're pregnant unless you've to your doctor first. |
d3da19dc8b3263f961aaebaa89a736aa | How are antifungal vaginal creams used for vaginal yeast infections? | For severe yeast infections, your doctor may prescribe an antifungal vaginal cream. These usually come packaged with an applicator that helps you measure the right dose. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } You can get a range of similar yeast infection medications without a prescription, too. Some are creams you apply inside the vagina. Others are suppositories or vaginal tablets you place in your vagina and let dissolve. |
b66d9a1e57dd02b3a791cd63269561a5 | What is a rebound headache? | If you take headache medicine too often, it can backfire. Your pain can come on stronger and more often. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache. |
dbd1ad0746808b4eff14558f681bc2c4 | What are the side effects of a migraine, aside from head pain? | Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells. You may have "auras," which means you have blurred vision or see spots, dots, or wavy lines. You may also have nausea and fatigue. |
e714602984d6ffa93938741ac6696bb3 | What is the treatment for a rebound headache? | You'll need to work with your doctor to find the right treatment. Often, you just have to cut back on the medicine you take. |
10b7fe8974969279617c9bea98c1a90d | What are the triggers of a migraine headache? | Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells. |
000f1b533a988a6df3a38d66f2f96bb2 | What are the triggers of a tension headache? | Triggers can include: Stress Trouble sleeping Neck pain Hunger Alcohol Caffeine Jaw or dental problems These headaches aren't typically made worse by physical activity, light, smells, or sounds. And they usually don't come with nausea and vomiting. |
d77141aad4a15080c892fdd9df7832a3 | What should someone do if they want to stop their headache pain? | To find the fix that works for you, you first need to know what type of headache you have. |
5ca810a85f3adf61abdb9fbe27bfabdf | What are rebound or medication overuse headaches? | If you take headache medicine too often, it can backfire. Your pain can come on stronger and more often. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache. You'll need to work with your doctor to find the right treatment. Often, you just have to cut back on the medicine you take. |
7f1653305b6b6d148d9761a4b6fa94d2 | How often does someone get tension headaches? | Triggers can include: Stress Trouble sleeping Neck pain Hunger Alcohol Caffeine Jaw or dental problems These headaches aren't typically made worse by physical activity, light, smells, or sounds. And they usually don't come with nausea and vomiting. Yours are "episodic" if you get them fewer than 15 days a month. They're "chronic" if you get them more often than that. |
e9c83cce94e65f96f881c2e488d772ef | What triggers migraines? | Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells. You may have "auras," which means you have blurred vision or see spots, dots, or wavy lines. You may also have nausea and fatigue. |
05a30a265a2b4f624bfb92ca7909711e | What causes a sinus headache? | These result from sinus congestion and inflammation, typically from a cold, the flu, or allergies such as hay fever. |
16f5117814511f3e82f6095182c63ab6 | What equipment is put on the body during a sleep study or polysomnogram (PSG), and what do they do? | Sticky surface electrodes will be put on your face, scalp, chest and limbs. They'll send electrical signals, which are generated by your brain and muscle activity, to the measuring equipment. While you sleep these signals are recorded digitally. These sensors record your brain activity, heart rate, heart rhythm and blood pressure. |
19b744c4ea31cb0b737e1dfd53b66013 | As far as a sleep study, what happens in 2-night evaluation polysomnogram (PSG) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration? | On the first night, you'll have general monitoring and diagnostic evaluation. If sleep apnea is discovered, you'll come back for a second night to determine the right air pressure for CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) treatment. It delivers air into your airways through a specially designed nasal mask. |
fd1200ce48752f491ba9a45e4495461d | What can you expect during a sleep study or polysomnogram (PSG)? | On the night of your sleep study, you'll be assigned to a private bedroom in a sleep center or hospital. Near the bedroom will be a central monitoring area, where technicians watch and check on you while you sleep. You'll be hooked up to equipment that may look uncomfortable. However, most people fall asleep with little difficulty. |
e44d1fcd9e9bfe27d7a3e06d7c6fc68e | What kind of a sleep study is a diagnostic overnight polysomnogram (PSG)? | Diagnostic overnight PSG is general monitoring of sleep and a variety of body functions during sleep, including breathing patterns, oxygen levels in the blood, heart rhythms, and limb movements Diagnostic daytime multiple sleep latency test ( MSLT) is used to diagnose narcolepsy and to measure the degree of daytime sleepiness. |
9fe3d318b256530dcb346988644308af | How can radionuclide scanning help diagnose diseases of the digestive system? | In addition to showing the structure of an organ, radionuclide scanning allows the doctor to see how the organ is functioning. A diseased or poorly working organ will appear differently on the scan than will a healthy organ. The information from this test is valuable in diagnosing many diseases, including cancer. Because this test shows internal areas that are not visible on standard X-rays, radionuclide scanning can also help identify problems very early in the progression of a disease. |
3e05185cd4badc1598d17cfa927ab871 | What do upper GI tests diagnose? | This upper GI test is used to diagnose: Hiatal hernias Ulcers Tumors Esophageal varices Obstruction or narrowing of the upper GI tract Lower GI tests or barium enemas are used to examine the large intestine and the rectum. |
f296cce510e76b7819d0bf97127facdd | What does an upper GI test do, and how does it work? | Upper and Lower GI Tests Upper GI tests use X-rays to examine the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). For these tests, you need to drink a chalky liquid called barium. As the barium passes through the digestive tract, it fills and coats the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine making them more visible with X-ray. Then a fluoroscope machine is held over the part of the body being examined and transmits continuous images to a video monitor. |
ba1210abf09ae41cd1664b34aaa0c9e6 | How safe is radionuclide scanning? | Although radiation is used in this scanning technique, the test is very safe. The actual dose of radiation you receive is quite low and stays in your body only for a short time. Drinking plenty of fluids after your scan will help to eliminate any radioactive material from your system. |
6dd9ae4866b996685e59ef9b66715c11 | How can a virtual colonoscopy diagnose diseases of the digestive system? | New technology has made it possible for a computer to take CT images of the colon and reconstruct a three-dimensional model of your colon -- called a virtual colonoscopy. The inside of this model can be inspected, obviously without causing any pain to you, while searching for abnormalities. However, if an abnormality is found, a scoping test, either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, will be needed to get a tissue sample. |
f0d22d1678f385836dbdd5962da59406 | What does an abdominal ultrasound machine do, and how does it work? | The lower GI test is used to detect: Colon polyps Tumors Diverticular disease Gastroenteritis Strictures or sites of narrowing and obstruction Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease Other causes of abdominal pain or blood, mucus, or pus in the stool Abdominal ultrasound The ultrasound machine sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off body structures, sending them to a computer that creates a picture of organs and structures in the abdomen. This is done with a handheld probe, called a transducer, which is moved over the abdomen. There is no exposure to radiation with this test. |
4e766885ee0b5a98a68a4ee40fddd743 | What does a lower GI test do, and how does it work? | This upper GI test is used to diagnose: Hiatal hernias Ulcers Tumors Esophageal varices Obstruction or narrowing of the upper GI tract Lower GI tests or barium enemas are used to examine the large intestine and the rectum. For this test, barium or an iodine-containing liquid is introduced gradually into the colon through a tube inserted into the rectum. As the barium passes through the lower intestines, it fills the colon, allowing the radiologist to see growths or polyps and areas that are narrowed. The fluoroscope machine is held over the part of the body being examined and transmits continuous images to the video monitor. |
470438e9bc74d6845712d1ad8aa0e6d2 | What is radionuclide scanning? | Also called nuclear scanning, radionuclide scanning is a test in which the patient either swallows, inhales, or is injected with a small amount of radioactive material. A special camera is used to detect the radioactivity, producing images of organs and areas of the body that can't be seen well with standard X-rays. Many abnormal tissue growths, or tumors, are particularly visible using radionuclide scanning. |
2397b303d3edd5c0afa952be5b664b9d | How can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnose diseases of the digestive system? | MRI produces very clear pictures of the human body without the use of X-rays. MRI uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce these images. The MRI examination poses no risk to the average person if appropriate safety guidelines are followed. |
dca91997724adac27890d24d135e3c95 | What can upper GI tests find? | The lower GI test is used to detect: Colon polyps Tumors Diverticular disease Gastroenteritis Strictures or sites of narrowing and obstruction Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease Other causes of abdominal pain or blood, mucus, or pus in the stool Abdominal ultrasound The ultrasound machine sends out high-frequency sound waves that reflect off body structures, sending them to a computer that creates a picture of organs and structures in the abdomen. |
c07fc62a055bfc0c3564dc49a39b5ab5 | How does an abdominal X-ray work? | Abdominal X-ray A small amount of radiation is used to take a picture that is recorded on film or a computer. |
6ce7e1b1efcb4743d504808b091d9c71 | Where can I find an endocrinologist? | An endocrinologist can work in: A medical practice with other endocrinologists A group with different kinds of doctors Hospitals You can search for one on the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists website. |
a10775d925ab8735082a7caa8a98bc63 | How often should I see my endocrinologist if I have diabetes? | If you take insulin, you should probably see your diabetes doctor every 3 or 4 months. Otherwise, you can go a little longer between visits, every 4 to 6 months. You may have to go more often when your diabetes isn't under control, you have complications, or you have new symptoms or they get worse. |
f81b873e4ac04fd74e146a992779ca12 | What do endocrinologists do? | They cover a lot of ground, diagnosing and treating conditions that affect your: Adrenals, glands that sit on top of your kidneys and help to control things like your blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and sex hormones Bone metabolism, like osteoporosis Cholesterol Hypothalamus, the part of your brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst Pancreas, which makes insulin and other substances for digestion Parathyroids, small glands in your neck that control the calcium in your blood Pituitary, a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain that keeps your hormones balanced Reproductive glands (gonads): ovaries in women, testes in men Thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that controls your metabolism, energy, and brain growth and development Endocrinologists are licensed internal medicine doctors who have passed an additional certification exam. |
73042f7293ccf171dc3571846d8436df | What is a pediatric endocrinologist? | They may work with adults or kids. When they specialize in treating children, they're called pediatric endocrinologists. |
e0d1cf3d7e5134ff26768758ee09d866 | When should someone see an endocrinologist for diabetes? | You take a lot of shots or use an insulin pump. Your diabetes has gotten tough to manage, or your treatment isn't working. You have complications from diabetes. You can always ask to go to an endocrinologist, too, even though your doctor doesn't suggest it first. When you see one, you'll still need to visit your primary doctor as well. They'll work together. Your endocrinologist will ask you about how you feel, what you're doing to manage your diabetes, and any trouble you're having. |
de3923bb3c6de5036c6cbba142ecf0f6 | What will the endocrinologist want to know about a diabetes patient? | Symptoms Eating differently Working out more or less Been sick lately Started taking any medicines, vitamins, or supplements Chances are they'll want to check your blood pressure and your feet and test your blood glucose, urine, and cholesterol. |
ac43e181db79debc7fedda96ead005e4 | How can laser ablation help with treating cervical cancer? | In this procedure, a laser beam is applied to either specific areas of cervical tissue or a whole layer of tissue at the surface of the cervix. The laser destroys these cells, leaving healthy cells in their place. |
927d8de49fc83ea9834300b6388b4a4f | What are cervical cancer exams and tests? | As with all cancers, an early diagnosis of cervical cancer is key to successful treatment and cure. Treating precancerous changes that affect only the surface of a small part of the cervix is much more likely to be successful than treating invasive cancer that affects a large portion of the cervix and has spread to other tissues. The most important progress that has been made in early detection of cervical cancer is widespread use of the Papanicolaou test ( Pap smear) and high-risk HPV testing. A Pap smear is done as part of a regular exam. During the procedure, cells from the surface of the cervix are collected and examined for abnormalities. Diagnosis of cervical cancer requires that a sample of cervical tissue (called a biopsy) be taken and analyzed under a microscope. |
9d8da4c1769b8764bdbcce8871ff1c9d | Can cervical cancer be cured? | Health care providers who treat cancer often use the term "remission" rather than "cure." Although many women with cervical cancer recover completely, medical professionals sometimes avoid the word "cure," because the disease can recur. |
acdb3a787aadc1e96d7b744d405c65ed | What is the survival rate for cervical cancer? | The prognosis for invasive cervical cancer depends on the stage of the cancer when it is found. |
dbc5c02a6bf4f9793742308e10d644a1 | How can loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) help in the diagnosis of cervical cancer? | The loop electrosurgical excision procedure ( LEEP) technique uses an electrified loop of wire to take a sample of tissue from the cervix. This procedure can often be performed in your gynecologist's office. |
9e34539a863b11b2af5b7e1130d4d010 | How is cervical cancer staged? | By finding out how far it has spread, your health care providers can make a reasonable guess about your prognosis and the kind of treatment you will need. Cervical cancer is staged from stage 0 (least severe) to stage IV (metastatic disease, the most severe). Staging is based on size and depth of the cancerous lesion, as well as degree of spread. |
ea9c35d8885045133551e5142cc71b16 | How can human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer? | Forms of HPV, a virus whose different types cause skin warts, genital warts, and other abnormal skin disorders, have been shown to lead to many of the changes in cervical cells that may eventually lead to cancer. Certain types of HPV have also been linked to cancers involving the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, tongue, and tonsils. Genetic material that comes from certain forms of HPV (high-risk subtypes) has been found in cervical tissues that show cancerous or precancerous changes. |
8657f359fcbb834d590e02b0638265ff | What vaccines are approved to protect women from cervical cancer? | It protects against two strains of HPV (types 16 and 18) that account for the development of 70% of cervical cancers and over 50% of precancerous lesions of the cervix, vulva, and vagina. Gardasil protects against the types of HPV (6 and 11) which are associated with over 90% of the cases of genital warts. Gardasil 9 can also be used in males and females ages 9 to-26. It prevents infection by the same HPV types as Gardasil plus HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58. Collectively, these types are implicated in 90% of cervical cancers. |
284ed14fad3a6c2d60d0fbfa136427a2 | What is high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL) in the cervix? | High-grade SIL ( HGSIL): A large number of precancerous cells, which look very different from normal cells, constitute a high-grade lesion. Like low-grade SIL, these precancerous changes involve only cells on the surface of the cervix. These lesions are also called moderate or severe dysplasia, CIN 2 or 3, or carcinoma in situ. They develop most often in women ages 30 to 40 years, but can occur at any age. Precancerous cells, even high-grade lesions, usually do not become cancerous and invade deeper layers of the cervix for many months, perhaps years. |
2dffa612d4c04c7100bcca5991eef38f | How can cryocautery help with treating cervical cancer? | In this procedure, a steel instrument is cooled to subzero temperatures by immersion in liquid nitrogen or a similar liquid. This ultracooled instrument is then applied to the surface of the cervix, freezing cells. They eventually die and are sloughed off, to be replaced by new cervical cells. |
84dedc6fd46d038df1cb7c6e53d3e4ef | How can chemotherapy treat cervical cancer? | Chemotherapy is the use of powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. In cervical cancer, it is used most often when the cancer is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body. Just one drug or a combination of drugs may be given. Anticancer drugs used to treat cervical cancer may be given via an IV line or by mouth. Either way, chemotherapy is systemic treatment, meaning that the drugs flow through the body in the bloodstream. They can kill cancer cells anywhere in the body. |
1b3bfeaa20888e8e647e60b45d978cf9 | How can maintaining good nutrition help with treating cervical cancer? | Maintaining good nutrition is one of the best things you can do. You may lose your appetite during treatment for cervical cancer. Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, and sores inside the mouth. However, if you take in enough calories and protein, you will maintain your strength and energy and better tolerate the side effects of treatment. Your cancer specialist (oncologist) or gynecologist may be able to recommend a nutritionist who can provide suggestions for keeping up your calorie and protein intake. |
2a6929612443d456582c14dcf1212f17 | What are stages of cervical cancer? | The stage of a cancer is a measure of how far it has progressed, namely, what other organs or tissues have been invaded. For the earliest stage of cervical cancerâstage 0 â more than 90% of women survive at least five years after diagnosis Stage I cervical cancer patients have a five-year survival rate of 80 â 93%. Women with stage II cervical cancer have a five-year survival rate of 58 â 63%. The survival rate for women with stage III cervical cancer is anywhere from 32 â 35% Sixteen percent or fewer women with stage IV cervical cancer survive five years. |
bb2824bc72113b5de970d7d4ec2448cb | When should I get chemotherapy as a treatment for cervical cancer? | Chemotherapy is given in cycles: each cycle comprises a period of intensive treatment followed by a recovery period. Treatment usually consists of several cycles. Most patients have chemotherapy as an outpatient (in an outpatient clinic at the hospital, at the doctor's office, or at home). Depending on which drugs are given and your general health, however, you may need to stay in the hospital during treatment. |
c6b9270ee6c622a6dc04170392972380 | When do I need to get surgery for cervical cancer? | If a biopsy shows that cancerous cells have invaded through a layer called the basement membrane, which separates the surface layers of the cervix from other underlying layers, surgery is usually required. The extent of the surgery varies, depending on the stage of the cancer. In cervical cancer, surgery removes cancerous tissue in or near the cervix. |
49c28cb6d732755ebdab85b1ada89f94 | What can your prostate-specific antigen levels show? | If you choose a watchful waiting approach to treatment, your PSA level can tell your doctor if the disease is progressing. If so, you'll need to think about active treatment. During hormone therapy, the PSA level can show how well the treatment is working and when it's time to try another treatment. |
dd815e162e5d80c116f882a40455d890 | What is a urine PCA3 test? | This urine test looks for a mix of genes that shows up in 50% of PSA-tested men with prostate cancer. It's another tool to decide if you need a biopsy. |
93b32b2521aa8b4afdb5eefaa2c3f765 | Are there alternatives to prostate-specific antigen testing? | Newer PSA tests may help the doctor decide if you need a biopsy. But know that doctors don't always agree on how to use or understand the results of these tests. |
3effd559c760ca8cd72787e7247fb598 | What can affect your prostate-specific antigen levels? | Other things can affect your PSA level: Age. Your PSA will normally go up slowly as you get older, even if you have no prostate problems. Medications . Some drugs may affect blood PSA levels. Tell your doctor if you're taking dutasteride ( Avodart) or finasteride ( Propecia or Proscar). These drugs may falsely lower PSA levels by half of what they should be. |
c7f0a1a775e458b1cbf44f84d0163748 | What is a prostate-specific antigen velocity test? | The PSA velocity isn't a separate test. Instead, it's a measure of the change in your PSA levels over time. Even when the total PSA value isn't higher than 4, a high PSA velocity (a rise of more than 0.75 ng/m L in 1 year) means you might have cancer and should consider a biopsy. |
464b2f3989a96fa7b5298665f8291187 | What is flesh-eating bacteria? | Necrotizing fasciitis is commonly caused by group A Streptococcus ( GAS) bacteria. That's the same type of bacteria that causes strep throat. However, several types of bacteria, such as staphylococcus and others, have also been associated with the disease. Necrotizing fasciitis occurs when such bacteria infect the superficial fascia, a layer of connective tissue below the skin. |
b855f86e5bfb5557593117ab427f465e | How can getting vaccinated help prevent autism? | Make sure you get the German measles (rubella) vaccine before you get pregnant. |
fb22ad5a057f86859b10a6efd26af062 | Iâm a senior on a fixed income and can't afford regular dental care. Can I get financial aid? | If you are a senior on a limited or fixed income and can't afford regular dental care, many dentists offer their services at reduced fees through dental society-sponsored assistance programs. Since aid varies from one community to another, call your local dental society for information about where you can find the nearest assistance programs and low-cost care locations (such as public health clinics and dental school clinics). Also, check your local phone book, the internet, or your local dental society. |
879cb2ffc7d3d165be993624641cae35 | What things will a dentist check during a dental exam for a senior? | Questions asked during a dental history should include: The approximate date of your last dental visit and reason for the visit If you have noticed any recent changes in your mouth If you have noticed any loose or sensitive teeth If you have noticed any difficulty tasting, chewing, or swallowing If you have any pain, discomfort, sores, or bleeding in your mouth If you have noticed any lumps, bumps, or swellings in your mouth During an oral exam, your dentist will check the following: your face and neck (for skin discoloration, moles, sores); your bite (for any problems in how the teeth come together while opening and closing your mouth); your jaw (for signs of clicking and popping in the temporomandibular joint); your lymph nodes and salivary glands (for any sign of swelling or lumps); your inner cheeks (for infections, ulcers, traumatic injuries); your tongue and other interior surfaces -- floor of the mouth, soft and hard palate, gum tissue (for signs of infection or oral cancer); and your teeth (for decay, condition of fillings, and cracks). |
bd0a3a8285b8637891b55b4c029b31e6 | Besides age, what things can affect seniorsâ dental health? | However, certain medical conditions, such as arthritis in the hands and fingers, may make brushing or flossing teeth difficult to impossible to perform. Drugs can also affect oral health and may make a change in your dental treatment necessary. |
b73da5ec8a2cd060a520f69063ddafbe | What things will a dentist ask seniors during a dental exam? | If you're a senior headed for a check up, your dentist should conduct a thorough history and dental exam. Questions asked during a dental history should include: The approximate date of your last dental visit and reason for the visit If you have noticed any recent changes in your mouth If you have noticed any loose or sensitive teeth If you have noticed any difficulty tasting, chewing, or swallowing If you have any pain, discomfort, sores, or bleeding in your mouth If you have noticed any lumps, bumps, or swellings in your mouth During an oral exam, your dentist will check the following: your face and neck (for skin discoloration, moles, sores); your bite (for any problems in how the teeth come together while opening and closing your mouth); your jaw (for signs of clicking and popping in the temporomandibular joint); your lymph nodes and salivary glands (for any sign of swelling or lumps); your inner cheeks (for infections, ulcers, traumatic injuries); your tongue and other interior surfaces -- floor of the mouth, soft and hard palate, gum tissue (for signs of infection or oral cancer); and your teeth (for decay, condition of fillings, and cracks). If you wear dentures or other appliances, your dentist will ask a few questions about when you wear your dentures and when you take them out (if removable). |
224941b291de2aa9b56bc65c6033aeb5 | How can bullectomy surgery help with treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | If other treatments don't work and your COPD is severe, you might need one of these surgeries to treat it: Bullectomy. Air sacs are the tiny pouches in your lungs where oxygen travels into your blood vessels. COPD destroys the walls of these air sacs. When the walls come down, they create large spaces in your lungs, called bullae. These bullae make it hard to breathe. Bullectomy is surgery to remove the air spaces and improve the flow of air in your lungs. |
43451785633bb8a086af991ba6d57883 | How can a dietitian help with treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | See what he says about your eating plan. You might need to eat smaller meals more often or take supplements to get the nutrients you need. |
5b2350ca835f4f65b1e083b0695355bf | What is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | Cigarette smoke is the leading cause of COPD, and it can make the disease worse. It may not be easy for you to quit, but there are many ways to get help. Ask your doctor about nicotine replacement, medicine, and counseling. |
ab736351bec6d22b78fde5e93f94d6bd | What will a pulmonary rehab program teach you about managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | During this program, you'll learn how to: Keep your lungs healthy. |
e18509cca00c6e56ae496caf01cd6079 | What are examples of inhaled steroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | Examples of inhaled steroids are: Budesonide ( Entocort, Pulmicort, Uceris) Fluticasone ( Cutivate, Flovent HFA) Some medicines combine a bronchodilator and inhaled steroid. |
5d0e8277b668cfa231f58a83d2a95b96 | What is the basis for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? | Your diagnosis is based on the symptoms you have, how and when they flare up or improve, which of your body's functions give you trouble, and your test results. There's no way to predict how your condition will change throughout your life. It may take time, but as your doctor gets more clues about the type of MS you have, you can have a clearer idea of how it will affect you in the coming years. |
be0b957aae5e6f220780e7f25a016ba3 | What is a plaque in the brain and how is it involved in multiple sclerosis? | A plaque in the brain or spinal cord changes the electrical signals that zip up and down nerves. They can get slower, distorted, or stop altogether. Those signal changes cause the symptoms of MS. One example of an MS flare is optic neuritis, inflammation of the nerve that connects the eye and the brain, which makes it harder to see. Flares can be mild and not cause major problems, or they can severely affect your day-to-day life. They usually last from a few days to several weeks, though some can stick around for months. |
0bfc682b534d99afc4538cb75ccf90ad | What causes a multiple sclerosis relapse? | An MS relapse starts when nerves in the brain and spinal cord get inflamed (swollen or irritated). Then, those nerves lose the coating, called myelin, that surrounds and protects them. A plaque forms around them instead. |
5337468de52d57ecc2e8827eb8348c7e | What causes the symptoms of multiple sclerosis? | A plaque in the brain or spinal cord changes the electrical signals that zip up and down nerves. They can get slower, distorted, or stop altogether. Those signal changes cause the symptoms of MS. One example of an MS flare is optic neuritis, inflammation of the nerve that connects the eye and the brain, which makes it harder to see. |
09fc8ba3f819da42815df42fbd10a259 | What are the three different types of multiple sclerosis? | The way the disease changes and gets worse is different for each of the three types of MS: Relapsing-remitting MS: People with this type have attacks when their symptoms get worse, called relapses, followed by full, partial, or no recovery. These flares seem to change over several days to weeks. Recovery from an attack takes weeks, sometimes months, but symptoms don't get worse during this time. Most people have this type when they're first diagnosed with MS. Secondary-progressive MS: People who get this type usually start with relapsing-remitting MS. Over time, symptoms stop coming and going and begin getting steadily worse. The change may happen shortly after MS symptoms appear, or it may take years or decades. Primary-progressive MS: In this type, symptoms gradually get worse without any obvious relapses or remissions. About 15% of all people with MS have this form, but it's most common type for people diagnosed after age 40. |
40dbcd7b778e810366cdae9d26657470 | Can my multiple sclerosis affect my day-to-day life? | Flares can be mild and not cause major problems, or they can severely affect your day-to-day life. |
bab5580e6c5a4551f9a4380a31f363d7 | What is a pseudo-relapse in multiple sclerosis? | Sometimes a symptom flare has nothing to do with the course of your disease, but happens because something has aggravated your condition, like a fever, infection, or hot weather. It's called a pseudo-relapse or a pseudoexacerbation. For example, some people's symptoms get worse during or after times of intense stress. |
54eb78b06d8661896d51bed3969ad1a0 | What is primary-progressive multiple sclerosis? | Primary-progressive MS: In this type, symptoms gradually get worse without any obvious relapses or remissions. About 15% of all people with MS have this form, but it's most common type for people diagnosed after age 40. |
bc7fe982ad9143e87bcd8c4bc46d357b | How can my multiple sclerosis change throughout my life? | There's no way to predict how your condition will change throughout your life. It may take time, but as your doctor gets more clues about the type of MS you have, you can have a clearer idea of how it will affect you in the coming years. |
fcf96b638190beb518ac6bb910502d92 | How do you remove a tick? | If the tick is attached to the person's skin, remove it immediately: Wearing gloves, grasp the tick with clean tweezers as close to the skin as possible to remove the head and mouthparts. If some mouthparts remain, do not try to remove them, as your body will expel them naturally. Pull the tick straight out gently and steadily. Do not twist. Do not try to remove tick with a hot match or petroleum jelly. This could cause the tick to regurgitate infected fluids into the wound. Save the tick in a container of alcohol to show the doctor. |
a293a923e10ca4a94821c56c27f671a3 | What is nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia (NPD)? | This disorder is sometimes marked by seizure-like episodes during non- REM sleep. Most evidence points to NPD being a form of epilepsy. |
2afab7e424e5fd19b4b7877479b15bdb | What is rhythmic movement disorder? | A child may lie flat, lift the head or upper body, and then forcefully hit his or her head on the pillow. Rhythmic movement disorder, which also has been called "head banging," also can involve movements such as rocking on hands and knees. |
07dd62c3d5888c54d59d5968385e5a82 | Is sleepwalking dangerous? | The sleepwalker simply may be confused or disoriented for a short time upon awakening. Although waking a sleepwalker is not dangerous, sleepwalking itself can be dangerous, because the person is unaware of his or her surroundings and can bump into objects or fall down. |
32e54b00b453e3d91142729c3d042391 | What is parasomnia? | Parasomnias are disruptive sleep disorders that can occur during arousals from REM sleep or partial arousals from non- REM sleep. Parasomnias include nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and many others. |
d0d55b1d8e328e3905008c14739bbff7 | Which drugs can help treat sleep-related painful erections? | The treatment of sleep-related painful erections may involve drugs that suppress REM sleep (some antidepressants, for example). |
7680ee67979902263246f78b5e5a33fa | What are nocturnal leg cramps? | Nocturnal leg cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions most commonly of the calf muscles during the night or periods of rest. The cramping sensation may last from a few seconds to 10 minutes, but the pain from the cramps may linger for a longer period. |
82b668c23168b452bdc454aad6c22113 | When should you get medical help for a black eye? | Call a health care provider immediately if: The person's vision is blurred, double, or lost in either eye. The person is in severe pain. You suspect a serious eye injury. There is drainage or bleeding on the white part of the eye or drainage from the eye. The eyeball or pupil looks abnormal. Skin around the eye is split or there is a cut on the eyelid. |
e68fcb2c5b246a170a79c41d1f338bfa | What is the follow-up for a black eye? | Continue icing the area several times a day for 1 or 2 days. After 1 or 2 days, apply warm compresses to the bruised area instead. Depending on the injury, the provider may prescribe eye drops and recommend follow up with an eye doctor. |
84cf78ee10009ec9f478463dc54b62fb | How should I treat my black eye? | Don't press on the eye. For pain, give acetaminophen ( Tylenol). Don't give aspirin or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), because they can increase bleeding. |
c6c3751038c5d0b8ae5a507f80817c10 | What should you eat to help you manage acute myeloid leukemia? | Get it from sources like fish, poultry, eggs, beans, peas, soy, and lean red meat. Carbohydrates for energy. Complex carbohydrates -- such as whole grains, vegetables, and beans -- are the healthiest sources. â Goodâ fats to help you use energy and to carry certain vitamins around your body. Good sources include vegetable oil (olive, canola, safflower, sunflower) and avocadoes. |
f4630acddc641105ec0515ae70047837 | Should you ask for a therapist or counselor if you have acute myeloid leukemia? | If your cancer and its treatment feel overwhelming, get help. Ask your doctor to recommend a therapist or counselor who can talk you through the issues you're having. |
76f1680c51a68996fd2482638d01f418 | How can staying active help you manage acute myeloid leukemia? | But staying as active as possible will give you more energy and fight fatigue. Ask your doctor how to exercise safely with AML. A physical therapist can help you design a fitness program that matches your strength and energy levels. Start slowly. At first, you might only be able to walk for a few minutes at a time. Gradually increase the length and intensity of your workouts once you feel ready. Your goal is to do 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise on most days of the week. |
b45e76e1e9c474e1b1edd155b525861f | How can you manage stress if you have acute myeloid leukemia? | Read a book, take a warm bath, plant flowers in your garden, or watch a funny movie. Socialize. Go out for dinner or to a movie with friends. Get plenty of rest. Do something creative to express your emotions. Paint or write in a journal. Try a relaxation technique such as yoga, meditation, or deep breathing. |
c970e71f71c32b7a864e017ba1665c4f | What are some side effects of acute myeloid leukemia treatments? | Even if you eat a well-rounded diet, it can be harder to get the nutrients you need because of treatment side effects like these: Loss of appetite Nausea Changes in tastes Mouth sores Diarrhea or constipation If you can't eat large amounts of food at once, have a few small meals during the day instead of three big ones. |
18edfa4ca8803ec9d09473516440658d | How can the people around you help you manage acute myeloid leukemia? | Everyone is different, but you might have times when you feel scared, stressed, angry, anxious, or a combination of these feelings. Remember that you don't have to go through this process alone. Lean on the people around you -- your friends, family members, co-workers, or members of your community. Or join a support group of people with AML. |
3fae717116fb0d8698ddd6e02a4729d0 | What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } All the blood in the body flows through the kidneys hundreds of times each day. The kidneys push the liquid part of blood through tiny filters (called nephrons), then reabsorb most of the fluid back into the blood. The fluid and waste products that the kidneys don't reabsorb are excreted as urine. The rate of blood flow through the kidneys is the glomerular filtration rate, or GFR. ( The glomeruli are microscopic bundles of blood vessels inside nephrons, and are crucial parts of the filtering system.) The glomerular filtration rate can't be measured directly -- that's where measuring creatinine and creatinine clearance comes in. |
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