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70295f48ab70543be1a5d69daaf7ca0e | Can negative thoughts and moods be symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? | You may: Be down on yourself, other people, or the world Feel detached from other people, hopeless, or emotionally numb Changes in emotional and physical reactions. |
b85f7940023303c476c126b8d801423a | What kind of help is available for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression? | Prescription medicines and talk therapy can work well. Some treatments can help with depression and PTSD at the same time. For example, a counselor can help you let go of negative thoughts and habits, and put positive ones in their place. If you feel so low that you think about killing yourself, get help right away. Call a doctor or counselor, or talk to a loved one or minister. If you or someone near you might be in immediate danger, call 911 or a crisis line right away. You can reach the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273- TALK (800-273-8255). |
dd9b7d8da6584e031f43fe5c60e1f7b7 | Can changes in emotional and physical reactions be symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? | You could: Be easily startled or frightened, or you might always be on guard for danger Do self-destructive things, like drinking too much alcohol or driving too fast Have trouble sleeping or concentrating If your symptoms go on for longer than 4 weeks, cause you a lot of distress, or get in the way of your home life or work, you may have posttraumatic stress. |
f84557c0768dc732d824ef3705716016 | Do some people with posttraumatic stress disorder avoid people or things that are linked to their PTSD? | You might: Try to keep from thinking or talking about what happened Stay away from people, places, or activities that remind you of it Negative thoughts and moods. |
88ba2d7951e4af53b1fd2b2e6caa26ce | Can unwanted memories be a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? | You might: Keep remembering what happened, even though that upsets you Have flashbacks, like you're reliving it Have an emotional or physical reaction when something reminds you of it Avoidance. |
85422e3977a018ab447d46cad26736be | Can I prevent acute bronchitis? | Here are some ways to lower your chances of getting bronchitis: Avoid cigarette smoke. Get the flu vaccine, since you might get bronchitis from the flu virus. Make sure your pertussis vaccine is up to date. Wash your hands often. Wear a mask when you're around things that bother your lungs, such as paint fumes. |
db2ffcdab04744937280fde47dad072b | What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis? | You'll definitely have a cough, and you may have various problems with breathing, such as: Chest congestion, where your chest feels full or clogged A cough that may bring up a lot of mucus that's clear, white, yellow, or green Shortness of breath A wheezing or a whistling sound when you breathe You may also: Have body aches and chills Feel âwiped outâ Run a low fever Have a runny, stuffy nose Have a sore throat Even after the other symptoms are gone, the cough can last for a few weeks while your bronchial tubes heal and the swelling goes down. If it goes on much longer than that, the problem might be something else. Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed. |
89df228f1863c8bbd198a14583c55a3c | When should I call my doctor about acute bronchitis? | Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed. Bronchitis can lead to pneumonia, though this is rare. Usually, it doesn't cause any other problems. |
88314a796408a829d701ed2aa6b24540 | What causes acute bronchitis? | Most often, the same viruses that give you a cold or the flu also cause bronchitis. Sometimes, though, bacteria are to blame. In both cases, as your body fights off the germs, your bronchial tubes swell and make more mucus. That means you have smaller openings for air to flow, which can make it harder to breathe. |
a45d51d1c060376eda538aa96ec620f3 | Is the Whipple procedure available for patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer? | The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas. |
ea8f703c8aa8c081d0567477ba928c35 | Who is a candidate for the Whipple procedure? | Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure. Some patients may be eligible for a minimally invasive (laparoscopic) Whipple procedure, which is performed through several small incisions instead of a single large incision. Compared to the classic procedure, the laparoscopic procedure may result in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, and fewer complications. The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas. |
0ee50eb42b84458b1cda4ea11771a2db | How many people survive after the Whipple procedure? | Overall, the five-year survival rate after a Whipple procedure is about 20 to 25%. Even if the procedure successfully removes the visible tumor, it's possible that some cancer cells have already spread elsewhere in the body, where they can form new tumors and eventually cause death. The five-year survival rate is higher in node-negative patients (their cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes) than for node-positive patients. |
9e5cd0da1cc2a2cbbcef1788c2e496db | How long do patients stay in the hospital after a Whipple procedure? | Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications. |
739da6e8e4435dbd25f0795038f78382 | What are other complications after the Whipple procedure? | Other possible complications include: Weight loss. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery. Diabetes. This condition can develop if too many insulin-producing cells are removed from the pancreas. However, patients who have normal blood sugar before surgery are unlikely to develop diabetes, and those who recently developed diabetes before surgery are even likely to improve. |
30524865174388844a89b8a58077287e | What other treatments do patients get after the Whipple procedure? | Regardless of node status, most patients receive chemotherapy, radiation, or both after surgery. However, cancer specialists have differing opinions on the best combination and the best drugs to use. It's not yet known if therapy works better before or after surgery. But some research suggests that therapy could allow a few patients who are initially thought to be ineligible for surgery to eventually undergo the Whipple procedure. Studies are ongoing. |
a94eb6c2914e06bba37e84f1d63bab3e | How long does the Whipple procedure take? | The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts. |
ce5f7f6121a84a84eceedb1303774763 | Where should the Whipple procedure be done? | Because the Whipple procedure continues to be one of the most demanding and risky operations for surgeons and patients, the American Cancer Society says it's best to have the procedure done at a hospital that performs at least 15 to 20 pancreas surgeries per year. The organization also recommends choosing a surgeon who does many such operations. |
c737f3070c5136d7dd25a2f566db2acd | Who should perform the Whipple procedure? | The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts. |
a9daeb63afc48b552b81018b17afdc5b | What is it like for patients after the Whipple procedure? | At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover. |
62ba89296bf4ac287cfc219aa6d18704 | What is the death rate for patients undergoing the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer? | Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons. |
48472df3303d832b36ecb0b479133f2c | What is recovery from the Whipple procedure like? | Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications. At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover. |
0f02343456baee99ed3f5a73eda6f57c | What is the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer? | Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas. |
dfa29231c339ffe13d859c5d332a8753 | Which pancreatic cancer patients can have the Whipple procedure done? | Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure. |
54cff5753c47b8b825094be362fabbc3 | How can you prevent ingrown hair? | To prevent ingrown hairs, try these tips every time you shave: Every day, rub your face in a circular motion using a wet washcloth or an exfoliating scrub to tease out any stubborn ingrown hairs. Shave with a sharp, single-bladed razor. Wet your skin with warm water before shaving and apply a lubricating gel. Shave in the same direction your hair is growing. Use as few strokes of the razor as possible. That lessens the chance of a hair slipping back into your skin. Rinse the blade with water after every stroke. Don't shave too closely to your skin. Leave a little bit of stubble if you can. If you're using an electric razor, hold it slightly above the surface of your skin. Apply a cool washcloth to your skin after you shave to reduce irritation. You can also try other hair removal methods that are less likely to produce ingrown hairs. Those methods include depilatory creams that dissolve the hair, and a laser or electric current (electrolysis) to permanently remove the hair follicle. |
b6a50a2d866acbeb3b15c3f90601f1f8 | What should you know about an ingrown hair? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Ingrown hairs are hairs that have curled around and grown back into your skin instead of rising up from it. Sometimes, dead skin can clog up a hair follicle. That forces the hair inside it to grow sideways under the skin, rather than upward and outward. Sometimes, cutting naturally curly hair too closely will result in the sharpened end of the hair piercing the skin, causing an ingrown hair. Ingrown hairs aren't serious. But they can be irritating and embarrassing. |
92e6ab725073d6a99b8450cd687d993a | What causes ingrown hair? | Anyone can get an ingrown hair. But the problem is more common in people who have very curly or coarse hair. Curly hair is more likely to bend back and re-enter the skin, especially after it's been shaved or cut. Also, people with high levels of certain sex hormones can have excessive hair growth, which makes it more likely to get ingrown hairs, especially after shaving. Many African- Americans, Latinos, and people with thick or curly hair develop a type of ingrown hair called pseudofolliculitis. More commonly known as "razor bumps," this collection of little bumps is common on the beard area after you've shaved, waxed, or tweezed to remove unwanted hair. The hair that grows back has a sharper edge, so it can more easily poke back through the skin and get trapped under the surface. |
1de35fc73141b73244fb00175edf07d5 | How can you treat ingrown hair? | If it doesn't go away, an ingrown hair can become infected, darken the skin, or leave behind a scar, especially if you've been scratching or picking at it. If an ingrown hair is bothering you or has become infected, your doctor can make a small cut in your skin with a sterile needle or scalpel to release it. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine such as: Steroid medicine that you rub on your skin to bring down the swelling and irritation Retinoids ( Retin A) to remove dead skin cells and reduce the skin pigment changes that can occur from ingrown hairs Antibiotic that you take by mouth or rub onto your skin to treat an ingrown hair infection The gold standard for hair removal is laser. The 810 nm diode laser, the intense pulsed light device ( PL), and others are very efficient at hair removal. |
b743a40127e1e33c1ecd4f7d14979437 | What are symptoms of sacroiliac joint dysfunction? | Symptoms Pain is often the main symptom, usually in the lower back and buttock and sometimes the back and upper leg. Aches from SI joint dysfunction usually show up on one side of the body rather than both sides. Low back and leg pain have many possible causes, so you'll need to work with your doctor to figure out if your SI joint is the reason you hurt. |
cb51103cf400d2df84df33b33e3ee8c7 | What causes sacroiliac joint dysfunction? | Causes The most common cause of SI joint dysfunction is injury from a car accident or fall. But it can also happen from: Sports injuries such as a football tackle Stress or injury to the joint over and over, such as from jogging for many years Older age One leg that's shorter than the other A spinal injury Scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine) Spinal surgery, especially operations that fuse the lower part of the spine, called the sacrum Pregnancy. |
64208d21e6b32094e08f31d5c1f12784 | What is congenital valve disease? | This form of valve disease most often affects the aortic or pulmonic valve. Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets, or have leaflets that are not attached correctly. |
0727e310bdd0e72f0b5b31523b9bd5a5 | What diagnostic tests can a doctor order to tell if you have heart valve disease? | After the physical exam, the doctor may order diagnostic tests. These may include: Echocardiography Transesophageal echocardiography Cardiac catheterization (also called an angiogram) By conducting some or all of these tests over time, your doctor can also see the progress of valve disease. This will help him or her make decisions about treatment. |
5f8621299c9cff56f99b8728bfd68830 | How are heart valve diseases diagnosed? | Your heart doctor can tell if you have heart valve disease by talking to you about symptoms, performing a physical exam, and performing other tests. During a physical exam, the doctor will listen to your heart to hear sounds the heart makes as the valves open and close. A murmur is a swishing sound made by blood flowing through a stenotic or leaky valve. A doctor can also tell if the heart is enlarged or if your heart rhythm is irregular. The doctor will listen to the lungs to hear if you are retaining fluid there, which shows the heart is not able to pump as well as it should. By examining your body, the doctor can find clues about circulation and the functioning of other organs. |
c750a9503195f5723bbf9f9048e9ff51 | How many Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year? | The American Heart Association website has a bacterial endocarditis wallet card that you may download; or call your local American Heart Association office or the national office at 1-800- AHA- USA1. |
1db38639228069cd1e9b4e8fd56e763c | What are the types of heart valve disease? | There are several types of heart valve disease: Valvular stenosis. This occurs when a heart valve doesn't fully open due to stiff or fused leaflets. The narrowed opening may make the heart work very hard to pump blood through it. This can lead to heart failure and other symptoms (see below). All four valves can develop stenosis; the conditions are called tricuspid stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic stenosis. Valvular insufficiency. Also called regurgitation, incompetence, or "leaky valve," this occurs when a valve does not close tightly. If the valves do not seal, some blood will leak backwards across the valve. As the leak worsens, the heart has to work harder to make up for the leaky valve, and less blood may flow to the rest of the body. Depending on which valve is affected, the condition is called tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, or aortic regurgitation. |
99a3e7394639898ffa3d7de78d95763d | How is heart valve disease treated? | Heart valve disease treatment depends on the type and severity of disease. There are three goals of treatment for heart valve disease: protecting your valve from further damage; lessening symptoms; and repairing or replacing valves. |
6bec7d658f274c9ca8bbc87b05d30fe2 | What are some other causes of valve disease? | Other causes of valve disease include: coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), syphilis (a sexually transmitted disease), high blood pressure, aortic aneurysms, and connective tissue diseases. Less common causes of valve disease include tumors, some types of drugs, and radiation. |
f95509a10d7783158a9ffe613b96ac8c | What causes heart valve disease? | Heart valve disease can develop before birth (congenital) or can be acquired sometime during one's lifetime. Sometimes, the cause of valve disease is unknown. |
eab67095f6216ab504c9e786598036b7 | What should be included in your action plan for status asthmaticus? | It's important to follow the asthma action plan that you made with your doctor, avoid your triggers, take your medicine, and keep up with your doctor appointments. |
3bcdf265f6ccda611e5cff8acab347b9 | How can your peak flow meter help with preventing status asthmaticus? | Use a peak flow meter several times a day. These devices help to check on how well your lungs are working. Start treatment immediately, according to your asthma action plan, if you notice a lower reading, even if you feel fine. Keep up with your doctor appointments to find out how well your lungs are doing and to make sure your medicines are working well. |
1ab7287137a240f2ad8dff58accc64a5 | What is status asthmaticus? | Status asthmaticus is respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack. If an attack comes on quickly and it doesn't respond to regular treatment, it can lead to status asthmatiscus, If it happens, you may have to go to the hospital to get it treated. |
b11374b6890ca11bff81456c0e3e227e | When will you need immediate medical care for status asthmaticus? | If you have a bad asthma attack and your rescue inhaler or your nebulizer doesn't help, you need medical care right away. If you have a steroid medicine at home (such as prednisone), you can take a dose of it on your way to the emergency room. |
097caeadea1f7c11a2bda0718ffa72ba | What is stage IV breast cancer? | Breast cancer cells have spread far away from the breast and lymph nodes right around it. The most common sites are the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. This stage is described as âmetastatic,â meaning it has spread beyond the region of the body where it was first found. |
c8e2a789f558a3517ab8cc8fe32238e8 | What is stage II breast cancer? | The cancer has grown, spread, or both. IIA means the tumor in the breast is still small, if there's one at all. There may be no cancer in the lymph nodes, or it may have spread to as many as three. A stage IIB breast tumor is bigger -- it may be the size of a walnut or as big as a lime. It may or may not be in any lymph nodes. |
7a44438b9089533188dc9a557be35995 | What is stage I breast cancer? | Starting at this level, breast cancer is called invasive, meaning it has broken free to attack healthy tissue. Stage 1 A means the cancer has spread into the fatty breast tissue. The tumor itself is no larger than a shelled peanut, or there may be no tumor Stage IB means some cancer cells, but just tiny amounts, have been found in a few lymph nodes. |
4a69645e5baa29ff1ad8ca45778b0a6f | Should you use paper goods when someone in your home is sick? | Switch to paper goods. If everyone's sick, use paper towels instead of hand towels in the bathroom. Switch out glasses for paper cups, and toss them after one use. You'll be less likely to swap germs. |
6523e1fe4b56e36ced4897d9cb0304fd | What should you disinfect when someone in your home is sick? | You don't need to spend all day spraying every surface with disinfectant. You may just want to disinfect some heavily touched items -- like doorknobs, remote controls, and phones -- each day. |
9ac6b887ac42e2394da4cb53b4ab3fbd | How do flu shots help you prepare for flu season? | Get your kids to bed on time, too. Get your flu shot. One of the best ways to help keep the flu away from your home is to make sure your whole family gets vaccinated. |
3351d2227272fc45b7216c3bfbe1c52c | What does a breast surgeon do for breast cancer? | A doctor who specializes in the surgical removal of breast tumors and lymph nodes while saving as much of the breast as possible. These doctors may also do biopsies to diagnose or treat the cancer. |
3c305c414fbda17c51d52943937432a2 | What does a plastic surgeon do for breast cancer? | A surgeon who specializes in breast reconstruction. |
7ed207ad00767a0d50afccb29683542a | What does a pathologist for breast cancer do? | A doctor who checks tissue samples under a microscope. They decide whether cancer is present, its size, whether the surgery removed all the cancer, and how many lymph nodes have cancer, if any. |
648c0ca23a01f17600a1d3015cc58076 | What does a surgical oncologist for breast cancer do? | Surgical oncologists perform biopsies and other operations such as removing a lump or a breast. These doctors have completed their general surgery training and have received additional training in surgical oncology. |
b027348ad2c86677ae6aeb8394c9d479 | What does a radiation oncologist for breast cancer do? | A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation. |
76190ae33b6950c4826be7212aa6989b | What other health care professionals may be involved in your breast cancer treatment? | Radiation oncologist. A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation. Other health care professionals may be involved in your breast cancer treatment, including: Oncology nurses who have special skills and pass a certifying test Radiation technologist who helps place you in the correct treatment position and delivers the proper radiation dose to the proper site Radiation physicist who helps plan the radiation dosage and treatment field to make it as safe as possible Your primary care doctor can refer you to a specialist to treat your breast cancer. |
8fd8b7f7a53d94c058a55466dfce913b | Should you look for a board-certified breast cancer specialist? | For example, there is no board certification for breast cancer surgery. Surgeons performing breast cancer surgery should be board-certified in general surgery, which gives them the basic skills needed to perform breast surgery. If doctors practice in specialties that do not have national boards, additional training such as fellowships and years of experience are usually good measures of their qualifications. |
94badd3ac2114d8673725b706931fca3 | What is the role of surgical oncologist in treating breast cancer? | A doctor who specializes in the surgical treatment of cancer. Surgical oncologists perform biopsies and other operations such as removing a lump or a breast. These doctors have completed their general surgery training and have received additional training in surgical oncology. |
f8a90c8e08c9723999d96d9764ca0773 | What is a radiation oncologist? | A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation. |
2403ba73b02d166876c438a2594b15d8 | What breast cancer specialties don't have board certifications? | But some of the specialties that are important in cancer treatment don't have board certifications. Doctors who practice in these specialties are board-certified in a broader field. For example, there is no board certification for breast cancer surgery. Surgeons performing breast cancer surgery should be board-certified in general surgery, which gives them the basic skills needed to perform breast surgery. |
099092ce59b466da3f369e6437021769 | What does a radiologist do if you have breast cancer? | A doctor who is trained in reading X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and other forms of imaging that look into the body. |
c08a3ccb61df0705b8021e955bb160fb | What is a medical oncologist? | A doctor who specializes in the medical treatment of cancer. Medical oncologists have a thorough knowledge of how cancers behave and grow and how to use medication to treat them. They also figure out the risk of the breast cancer coming back, as well as the need for more treatments (such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or radiation therapy). |
3983eee666f093a513ecdc7d8e45fef0 | What does a radiologist do for breast cancer? | A doctor who is trained in reading X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and other forms of imaging that look into the body. |
2cf4fba2bd82de5e0b4873d8429320c8 | What is the role of a pathologist in treating breast cancer? | A doctor who checks tissue samples under a microscope. They decide whether cancer is present, its size, whether the surgery removed all the cancer, and how many lymph nodes have cancer, if any. |
e2d76d6be5b6ee53b255716ce8e73784 | What does a breast surgeon do for someone with breast cancer? | A doctor who specializes in the surgical removal of breast tumors and lymph nodes while saving as much of the breast as possible. These doctors may also do biopsies to diagnose or treat the cancer. |
b7cdcebe7305a78f62a39fca329889b5 | What are breast cancer specialists? | Specialists are doctors who have trained in a specific area of medicine. After finishing the training needed for their specialty, they must pass an exam given by the specialty board. Doctors who pass the national board exams become board-certified specialists. Doctors who have not completed the specialty board exam are "board-eligible" but are not yet specialists. |
6064de323610c585dcfeda3385dfdc0f | What if a doctor's specialty doesn't offer board certification? | If doctors practice in specialties that do not have national boards, additional training such as fellowships and years of experience are usually good measures of their qualifications. Some specialists can subspecialize by completing more training in a particular area. They can sometimes become board-certified in the subspecialty, too. |
bb9e32b879ecfc2fdf70f3623bf88236 | How can you exercise safely if you have heart disease? | Ask about things like pushups and situps. These involve straining muscles against other muscles or a heavy object. You may need to avoid them. Make sure that lifting and pushing heavy objects, and chores like raking, shoveling, mowing, and scrubbing, aren't off-limits. Chores around the house can drain some people. Do only what you can do without getting tired. Some drugs can greatly affect how your body handles exercise. Your doctor can let you know if you need to change your exercise plans because of what you're taking. |
7c04797960c87c30df42bc9621ffacd9 | What should breastfed babies' poop be like? | Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown. |
b25658c121896b575c21fe73de20f4af | What does normal baby poop look like? | Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown. Some babies don't poop for a day or two -- even a week. You don't need to worry as long as your baby is still eating and gaining weight. |
242f0b3f9370cddb5480eb16fd7304dc | What is not normal in a baby's poop? | What's not normal (time to call your doctor): Poop that is filled with mucus, water, or blood could be a sign of an allergy or infection. Solid, hard poop means your baby is probably constipated. |
ec77116f930f1de2a2f517b87bf3d718 | What should formula-fed babies' poop be like? | Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown. |
9c105972117fb4783246996e0bcf87cf | What are symptoms of food intolerance? | Intolerances usually show up as stomach trouble like gas, pain, bloating, or diarrhea -- not the rashes, hives, and watery eyes that are common with allergies. |
31da65c69be8271c7de5df4d57f03122 | What are FODMAPs? | Intolerances are often linked to things in the food, such as: Lactose, a natural sugar found in milk, cheese, and other dairy products Sulfites, for instance in wines, pickled foods, and sodas Gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains Fructose, a natural sugar found in most fruits and also in high-fructose corn syrup, a sweetener used in some soft drinks and some processed foods, like pastries and cereal FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols), carbohydrates that draw water into your intestine during digestion FODMAPs cause gas, bloating, and abdominal pain in some people (usually those with other digestive issues). Many plant foods contain FODMAPs, including apples, honey, garlic, and wheat. |
b815ce2bee8d852b3287ad7b2bc2ca01 | How can a hydrogen breath test help to diagnose a food intolerance? | Your doctor also may recommend a test called a hydrogen breath test, which you can take at her office. Depending on what she thinks your intolerance might be, she'll give you a drink with large amounts of lactose, fructose, sucrose, or glucose. She'll then test your breath every 15 minutes to check the amount of hydrogen or methane. If you have too much of one of these, it indicates your body isn't able to break it down. That likely means you have an intolerance. For this test to work the way it should, you may need to eat a low-carb diet for a few weeks before testing. |
260845441b1ccc473c819efd97a2bd20 | What's the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance? | An intolerance means your body has a hard time digesting a food or an ingredient in it, such as a dye or a chemical. That's different from an allergy. An allergy is when your body's immune system thinks the food is harmful and tries to fight it off. |
06831eef0570e17c12c52eb38a75063d | How do doctors diagnose a food intolerance? | Your doctor will ask about your medical history, the foods you eat, and your symptoms and may suggest some screening tests. You also may need to keep a detailed food and symptoms diary. Your doctor may suggest an exclusion diet: You'll stop eating foods that are the most common intolerance triggers. As these foods are slowly brought back into your eating plan, you and your care provider will keep track of your symptoms so you can see which foods or additives you are sensitive to. |
dbbc7783506a18056ff573042f8b5556 | What foods are often linked to food intolerance? | Intolerances are often linked to things in the food, such as: Lactose, a natural sugar found in milk, cheese, and other dairy products Sulfites, for instance in wines, pickled foods, and sodas Gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains Fructose, a natural sugar found in most fruits and also in high-fructose corn syrup, a sweetener used in some soft drinks and some processed foods, like pastries and cereal FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols), carbohydrates that draw water into your intestine during digestion FODMAPs cause gas, bloating, and abdominal pain in some people (usually those with other digestive issues). |
a14ccbf2e59197f4f992f903b62ce4dc | What is acanthosis nigricans? | Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance. |
30f61b4bf7e52f17b33f2f7654ab27d9 | What causes diabetic blisters? | Diabetic blisters (bullosis diabeticorum): In rare cases, people with diabetes develop skin problems, such as blisters that resemble burn blisters. These blisters can occur on the fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs, or forearms. Diabetic blisters usually are painless and heal on their own. These skin problems often occur in people who have severe diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. Bringing your blood sugar level under control is the medical treatment for this health condition. |
21ad31990a52f572cb5a86c408ffb144 | What is vitiligo? | Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration. With vitiligo, the special cells that make pigment (the substance that controls skin color) are destroyed, resulting in patches of discolored skin. Vitiligo often affects the chest and abdomen, but may be found on the face around the mouth, nostrils, and eyes. Current treatment options for vitiligo include topical steroids and micropigmentation (tattooing). If you have vitiligo, you should use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on the discolored skin. |
d79e2cc2a30c5f23e593d6f1ffc16a1e | How is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin? | Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum ( NLD) is thought to be caused by changes in the collagen and fat content underneath the skin. The overlaying skin area becomes thinned and reddened. Most lesions are found on the lower parts of the legs and can ulcerate if subjected to trauma. Lesions have fairly well defined borders between them and normal skin. Sometimes, NLD is itchy and painful. As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment. |
5f2f541f59c95e3d272a41f756566033 | How does disseminated granuloma annulare show up in diabetics? | Disseminated granuloma annulare: This skin condition causes sharply defined, ring or arc-shaped areas on the skin. These rashes most often occur on the fingers and ears, but they can occur on the chest and abdomen. The rash can be red, red-brown, or skin colored. Medical treatment usually is not required, but sometimes a topical steroid medication, such as hydrocortisone, may help. |
41c6dd11f009fe8302609f758fedcc5c | How is digital sclerosis linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin? | Digital sclerosis: Digital sclerosis is a health condition in which the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands become thick, waxy, and tight. Stiffness of the finger joints also may occur. The medical treatment is to bring your blood sugar level under control. Lotions and moisturizers may help soften the skin. |
b2668f76989e175ecce47d8f9e50fdc2 | How is diabetic dermopathy linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin? | Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary. |
9662886a27058646b4b7feb4b2f654b4 | How is acanthosis nigricans linked to diabetes and insulin resistance? | This is a skin problem that results in the darkening and thickening of certain areas of the skin especially in the skin folds. The skin becomes tan or brown and is sometimes slightly raised and described as velvety. Most often the condition, which typically looks like small warts, appears on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Occasionally the top of the knuckles will have a particularly unusual appearance. Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance. |
273aa132df545ed92a6465ebf97f58d5 | What skin problems do atherosclerosis cause? | When the blood vessels supplying the skin become narrow, changes occur to the skin due to a lack of oxygen, such as hair loss, thinning and shiny skin especially on the shins, thickened and discolored toenails, and cold skin. Because blood carries the white blood cells that help fight infection, legs and feet affected by atherosclerosis heal more slowly when they are injured. |
95741af19aceb68f21a46c2872689636 | What causes rashes and bumps in people with diabetes? | Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin. It is especially important for people with diabetes to check for skin problems, such as rashes or bumps, in the areas where they inject their insulin. |
00ac734a49c7f9bdc01a803d56e556d5 | What is the appearance of eruptive xanthomas? | The bumps -- which are surrounded by red halos and are itchy -- usually are found on the face and buttocks. They also can be seen on the back side of the arms and legs as well as in the creases of the extremities. Treatment for eruptive xanthomatosis consists of controlling the level of fats in your blood. The skin eruptions will resolve over a few weeks. Drugs that control different types of fats in the blood (lipid-lowering drugs) may also be needed. Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin. |
8fe9c8e1a080263f1ec261412f01f968 | What bacterial infections are associated with diabetes? | Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams. |
8bbd3ef03863f30ec9a2250385f78fd8 | What is "candida albicans" and where does it occur in people with diabetes? | Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin. |
c169c6246476569810615de0f61923ef | What is diabetic dermopathy? | Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary. |
9b09068e7e8689fa703c96b119907e0d | How do bacterial infections affect people with diabetes? | Bacterial infections: There are different kinds of bacterial infections commonly affecting the skin of those with diabetes. Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams. |
c1da5fbb79601e169c397417d714f606 | How do fungal infections affect diabetics? | Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin. Three common fungal infections are: jock itch (red, itchy area on the genitals and the inside of the thighs), athlete's foot (affects the skin between the toes), and ringworm (ring-shaped, scaly patches that can itch or blister and appear on the feet, groin, chest and abdomen, scalp, or nails). Medicines that kill the fungus are usually needed to treat these infections. A rare but potentially fatal fungal infection with Mucormycosis is seen in people with diabetes. The infection usually starts in the nasal cavities and can spread to the eyes and brain. |
6a5b94daba7bafddf1e416bff1f563c9 | Does necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum need to be treated? | As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment. |
f9e1f441c42e24da1c8e6b874b38cb01 | What causes itching in people with diabetes? | Itching: Itching skin, also called pruritus, can have many causes, such as a yeast infection, dry skin, or poor blood flow. When itching is caused by poor blood flow, the lower legs and feet are most often affected. Using lotion can help to keep your skin soft and moist, and prevent itching due to dry skin. |
d79913e9c966e5ef37eb7cd7449cf00c | What causes acanthosis nigricans? | Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance. |
f0a14f5e43df34b2edbd3f6d65302bbb | How can people with diabetes prevent skin problems? | Keeping your diabetes under control is the most important factor in preventing these skin problems. Follow your health care provider's advice regarding nutrition, exercise, and medication. Keep your blood sugar level within the range recommended by your doctor. Proper skin care can also help reduce your risk of skin problems with diabetes. |
1717c0f9928e02d5b03b8d2b3760eaba | How is vitiligo linked to diabetes? | Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration. With vitiligo, the special cells that make pigment (the substance that controls skin color) are destroyed, resulting in patches of discolored skin. Vitiligo often affects the chest and abdomen, but may be found on the face around the mouth, nostrils, and eyes. Current treatment options for vitiligo include topical steroids and micropigmentation (tattooing). If you have vitiligo, you should use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on the discolored skin. |
2995253f452b9861e0b5e4851d7cc466 | What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis? | Here are some other symptoms: Clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm No fever, although you might have a low fever at times Tenderness or soreness in your chest when you cough You feel tired all the time Whistling or wheezing while you breath A rattling feeling in your chest Chills If you have symptoms that last longer than 3 months, you might have a chronic case. Some signs include: A stubborn cough with clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm (for at least 3 months of the year, and for more than 2 years in a row) Wheezing Chest discomfort You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of acute bronchitis and also have ongoing lung, heart or other medical problems or are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. |
475213e941da77db047abd31e3a863d1 | When should you call the doctor about bronchitis? | Some signs include: A stubborn cough with clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm (for at least 3 months of the year, and for more than 2 years in a row) Wheezing Chest discomfort You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of acute bronchitis and also have ongoing lung, heart or other medical problems or are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Other times you should call your doctor: Your cough is so ongoing or severe that you can't sleep well or do your daily activities. Your cough keeps you awake at night. You cough up blood or mucus. Your cough lasts longer than a week. In otherwise healthy people, a cough from acute bronchitis can last 3 weeks. Your mucus becomes darker, thicker or increases in volume. Your cough has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak. It comes along with unexplained weight loss. If you have a fever above 100.4 F and a loss of appetite, wheezing or shortness of breath, and general achiness, see your doctor right away. Pneumonia may be the cause of your symptoms. Call 911 if you have chest pain or a hard time breathing. |
86d6436d4ff8d77433f46b94aaa8b36a | What will my doctor do if I was bitten by an animal? | The health care provider will make sure the wound is thoroughly clean and may prescribe antibiotics. The health care provider may numb the wound and look for any deeper damage. If there is any risk of rabies infection, the health care provider will recommend anti-rabies treatment. The person may require stitches, depending on how big the wound is and where it is located. The person may also require a tetanus shot or booster. The health care provider may recommend ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain. |
4e64cca2a6ce678cfde446feba2bc0f9 | When should I call 911 about animal bites? | The person has been seriously wounded. Bleeding can't be stopped after 10 minutes of firm and steady pressure. Bleeding is severe. Blood spurts from the wound. |
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