Datasets:
allenai
/
sci-sentences-10k

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
sentences
sequence
tags
sequence
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[ "Notably", ",", " there", " have", " been", " efforts", " to", " incorporate", " space", "-", "time", " curvature", " into", " the", " equation", " [", "2", "]", ",", "and", ",", " to", " enhance", " the", " equation", " for", " spin", "-", "1", " particles", " such", " as", " the", " photon", ",", " and", " to", " map", " the", " Maxwell", " equations", " onto", " Dirac", "-", "\ntype", " equations", " [", "3", "]", ".", "Here", ",", " we", " follow", " a", " different", " route", " and", " analyze", " whether", " it", " is", " meaningful", " and", " consistent", " to", " modify", " the", "\nmass", " term", " in", " the", " free", " Dirac", " equation", " so", " that", " the", " energy", "-", "momentum", " dispersion", " relation", " changes", " from", " E", " 2", " =", " ~", "p", " 2", " +", " m", " 2", "\nto", " E", " 2", " =", " ~", "p", " 2", " −", " m", " 2", " .", "The", " latter", " dispersion", " relation", " would", " be", " relevant", " for", " superluminal", " particles", ",", " which", " travel", " faster", " than", "\nthe", " speed", " of", " light", ".", "The", " tachyonic", " spin", "–", "1", " /", " 2", " equation", " reads", "\n(", "i", " γ", " µ", " ∂", " µ", " −", " γ", " 5", " m", " )", " ψ", " (", " x", " )", " =", " 0", " ,", "\n(", "1", ")", "\nwhere", " the", " γ", " µ", " are", " the", " Dirac", " matrices", ",", " ∂", " µ", " =", " ∂", "/", "∂x", " µ", " is", " the", " derivative", " with", " respect", " to", " space", "-", "time", " coordinates", ",", " and", "\nγ", " 5", " =", " i", " γ", " 0", " γ", " 1", " γ", " 2", " γ", " 3", " is", " the", " fifth", " current", " [", "here", ",", " x", " =", " (", " t", ",", "~", "r", " )", " denotes", " a", " space", "-", "time", " four", " vector", "]", ".", "Because", " of", " the", " occurrence", " of", "\nthe", " Dirac", " matrices", ",", " we", " propose", " the", " name", " ‘tachyonic", " Dirac", " equation’", ".", "The", " corresponding", " Lagrangian", " density", " reads", "\nL", " =", "\ni", "\n2", " ψ", " γ", " 5", " ←→", " ✁", " ∂", " ψ", " −", " m", " ψ", " ψ", " =", " i", " 2", "\n(cid:0)", "\nψ", " γ", " 5", " γ", " µ", " (", " ∂", " µ", " ψ", " )", " −", " (", " ∂", " µ", " ψ", " )", " γ", " 5", " γ", " µ", " ψ", "\n(cid:1)", "\n−", " m", " ψ", " ψ", " ,", "\n(", "2", ")", "\nwhere", " ψ", " =", " ψ", " +", " γ", " 0", " is", " the", " Dirac", " adjoint", ".", "It", " is", " perhaps", " not", " immediately", " obvious", " that", " the", " γ", " 5", " matrix", " has", " to", " be", " placed", "\nwith", " the", " current", " matrix", " γ", " µ", " in", " the", " Lagrangian", ";", " otherwise", " an", " inconsistent", " equation", " is", " obtained", " for", " ψ", " upon", " variation", "\nwith", " respect", " to", " ψ", " .", "Indeed", ",", " the", " tachyonic", " Dirac", " equation", " has", " been", " indicated", " by", " Chodos", ",", " Hauser", " and", " Kostelecky", " in", " Refs", ".", " [", "4", "]", " in", " the", "\nequivalent", " form", " (", "i", " γ", " 5", " γ", " µ", " ∂", " µ", " −", " m", " )", " ψ", " =", " 0", ",", " where", " the", " current", " is", " modified", " instead", " of", " the", " mass", " term", " (", "see", " also", " Refs", ".", " [", "5", ",", " 6", "]", ")", ".", "More", "\nrecently", ",", " the", " noncovariant", " (", "Hamiltonian", ")", " form", " of", " the", " equation", " has", " been", " indicated", " in", " Refs", ".", " [", "7", ",", " 8", "]", ",", " with", " a", " preliminary", "\nansatz", " for", " its", " solution", ".", "Very", " recently", ",", " the", " equation", " has", " been", " used", " in", " the", " context", " of", " the", " Gross", "-", "Neveu", " model", " in", " Ref", ".", " [", "9", "]", ".", "However", ",", " neither", " the", " complete", " set", " of", " solutions", ",", " nor", " the", " spectrum", ",", " nor", " the", " symmetries", " of", " the", " equation", " have", " been", " fully", "\ninvestigated", " in", " the", " literature", " to", " the", " best", " of", " our", " knowledge", ".", "An", " important", " observation", " made", " in", " the" ]
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[ "question", " their", " sub", "-", "\nordinate", " status", ".", "They", " wrote", " books", ",", " published", "\njournals", ",", " formed", " associations", ",", " launched", " protest", "1", ".", " Duygu", " Asena", " was", " one", " of", " the", " most", " prominant", " figures", " in", " the", " Turkish", " feminist", " movement", ".", "She", " was", " the", " editor", " of", " Kadinca", " and", " other", " women’s", " magazines", " and", " the", " author", " of", " the", " best", " selling", " book", ":", " Kadinin", " Adi", " Yok", " [", "Woman", " Does", " Not", " Have", " A", " Name", "]", "\n(", "1987", ")", ".", "She", " propagated", " feminist", " ideas", " among", " millons", " of", " middle", "-", "class", " women", ".", "She", " died", " of", " cancer", " on", " 31st", " July", " 2006", ",", " when", " she", " was", " just", " 60", " years", " old", ".", "2", ".", " Cf", ".", " Article", " in", " English", " based", " on", " this", " book", " in", " Nermin", " Abadan", "-", "Unat", " (", "ed", ".", ")", ",", " Women", " in", " Turkish", " Society", ",", " Leiden", ",", " Brill", ",", " 1981", ".", "120", "\nThe", " Turkish", " Women", "'", "s", " Movement", ":", " A", " Brief", " History", " of", " Success", "\nSirin", " Tekeli", "\nQuaderns", " de", " la", " Mediterrània", " 14", ",", " 2010", ":", " 119", "-", "123", " 121", "\nactions", " and", " engaged", " in", " heated", " debate", " with", " both", "\nthe", " traditionalist", " and", " reformist", " men", " of", " the", "\nera", ".", "The", " most", " important", " issues", " for", " them", " were", "\n“polygamy”", " and", " “repudiation”", ",", " rights", " given", " to", "\nmen", " by", " sharia", ",", " the", " Islamic", " law", ".", "At", " the", " turn", " of", " the", " last", " century", ",", " the", " battle", "\nbecame", " more", " vigorous", " and", " women’s", " experience", "\nin", " the", " Balkan", " Wars", " and", " the", " First", " World", " War", "\npoliticised", " the", " movement", ".", "It", " was", " during", " the", "\nwar", " years", " that", " women", " obtained", " some", " of", " the", "\nrights", " they", " had", " fought", " for", ":", " they", " were", " admitted", "\nto", " universities", " in", " 1914", ";", " they", " were", " allowed", " to", "\nwork", " in", " factories", " and", " the", " public", " service", " in", " 1915", ";", "\nand", " in", " 1917", ",", " the", " “family", " act”", " recognised", " the", "\nright", " to", " limit", " polygamy", " to", " Muslim", " women", ",", " as", "\nwell", " as", " women", " of", " other", " religions", " of", " the", " Empire", ".", "Though", " this", " act", " was", " never", " applied", " because", " of", "\nthe", " war", " conditions", ",", " it", " was", " very", " important", " as", "\nit", " was", " the", " first", " step", " in", " the", " Islamic", " world", ".", "In", "\n1919", ",", " suffrage", " became", " “the”", " issue", " on", " which", "\nwomen", " launched", " a", " campaign", ".", "Hence", " it", " is", " no", "\nexaggeration", " to", " say", " that", " the", " Ottoman", " women", "\nwere", " in", " step", " with", " their", " Western", " sisters", ",", " with", "\nwhom", " they", " were", " in", " contact", ",", " carefully", " following", "\nwhat", " they", " were", " doing", ".", "The", " women’s", " revolution", " accomplished", " by", "\nthe", " young", " Turkish", " Republic", " was", " in", " fact", "\nthe", " result", " of", " these", " 50", " years", " of", " activism", " by", "\nOttoman", " women", "It", " is", " not", " erroneous", ",", " therefore", ",", " to", " claim", " that", "\nthe", " women’s", " revolution", " accomplished", " by", " the", "\nyoung", " Turkish", " Republic", " was", " in", " fact", " the", " result", " of", "\nthese", " 50", " years", " of", " activism", " by", " Ottoman", " women", ".", "The", " most", " important", " reforms", " of", " the", " Republic", "\nconcerning", " women’s", " status", " were", " the", " adoption", "\nof", " the", " Civil", " Law", " in", " 1926", ",", " and", " the", " recognition", " of", "\nthe", " rights", " of", " voting", " and", " eligibility", " for", " women", "\nin", " 1934", ".", "The", " new", " Civil", " Law", ",", " a", " translation", " of", "\nthe", " Swiss", " Civil", " Code", ",", " was", " a", " secular", " text", " and", "\nresolved", " the", " problem", " of", " polygamy", " once", " and", " for", "\nall", ".", "Women", " became", " the", " most", " fervent", " supporters", "\nof", " secularism", " in", " Turkey", " as", " a" ]
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[ "or", "\nsome", " general", " inability", " to", " detach", " from", " one’s", " world", " of", " work", " psychologically", ".", "Though", " stress", " could", "\nalso", " be", " self", "-", "inflicted", ",", " it", " is", " the", " postulation", " of", " this", " paper", " that", " a", " concentration", " on", " thorough", "\nmanagement", " of", " stress", " within", " the", " working", " environment", " may", " provide", " solutions", " to", " reduce", " the", "\nspread", " of", " its", " negative", " outcomes", " that", " distort", " people’s", " non", "-", "working", " roles", ".", "This", " existing", " review", "\nagrees", " with", " extant", " literature", " on", " occupational", " stress", " that", " recommends", " that", " examination", " and", "\nevaluation", " of", " the", " effectiveness", " of", " organisational", " stress", " management", " interventions", " is", " the", " best", "\ndirection", " to", " move", " research", " on", " workplace", " stress", " forward", " (", "Kelloway", " et", " al", ".", ",", " 2008", ")", ".", "Stress", " Cure", "This", " final", " section", " examines", " various", " debates", " on", " stress", " management", " interventions", ".", "Le", " Ferve", " et", " al", ".", "\n(", "2006", ",", " p", ".", " 548", ")", " broadly", " define", " stress", " management", " interventions", " (", "SMIs", ")", " as", " “any", " purposeful", " action", "\ntaken", " to", " reduce", " or", " alleviate", " the", " stress", " experience", " by", " [", "organisational", "]", " citizens", " in", " the", " execution", " of", "\ntheir", " work", " functions”", ".", "In", " establishing", " the", " different", " frames", " of", " intervention", ",", " DeFrank", " &", " Cooper", "\n(", "1987", ")", " were", " among", " the", " first", " scholars", " to", " conceptualise", " that", " most", " stress", " interventions", " are", " often", "\nfocused", " to", " separately", " benefit", " the", " individual", ",", " the", " organisation", " and", " then", " both", " individual", "-", "\norganisational", " interfaces", ".", "These", " various", " levels", " of", " interventions", " have", " been", " popularly", " theorised", " as", "\nprimary", ",", " secondary", " and", " tertiary", " SMIs", ".", "Primary", " interventions", " are", " defined", " as", " organisational", " best", "\npractices", " aimed", " at", " reducing", ",", " modifying", " or", " eliminating", " tensioned", " work", " demands", " that", " impair", "\nhealth", " and", " performance", " (", "Lamontagne", " et", " al", ".", ",", " 2007", ")", ".", "Examples", " of", " these", " actions", " are", " job", " redesign", "\nthat", " eliminates", " stress", " factors", ",", " labour", " flexibility", " practices", " and", " organisational", " culture", " that", " prioritise", "\nemployee’s", " wellness", ".", "Secondary", " interventions", " are", " framed", " to", " assist", " employees", " to", " cope", " with", " work", "\nstress", " and", " examples", " here", " include", " wellness", " programs", ",", " planned", " social", " events", ",", " provision", " of", "\nrecreational", " facilities", ",", " stress", " management", " training", " and", " development", ".", "Tertiary", " interventions", " are", "\nhowever", " therapeutic", " in", " nature", " and", " aimed", " at", " helping", " employees", " who", " already", " have", " formed", " signs", "\nand", " symptoms", " of", " illness", " and", " other", " adversarial", " outcomes", " from", " work", " stress", ".", "Remedial", " actions", "\nsuch", " as", " counselling", ",", " employee", " assistance", " programs", ",", " rehabilitation", " sessions", " and", " payments", " on", "\ninjury", " claims", " fit", " into", " this", " category", ".", "However", ",", " concerns", " articulated", " by", " various", " SMIs", " reviewers", "\nare", " often", " geared", " towards", " criticising", " the", " extent", " to", " which", " secondary", " and", " tertiary", " interventions", " are", "\nstill", " the", " most", " popularly", " adopted", " stress", " reductionist", " approaches", " by", " employers", " (", "Ackfeldt", " &", "\nMalhotra", ",", " 2013", ")", ".", "The", " approach", " was", " challenged", " by", " Cousin", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2004", ")", " in", " their", " arguments", " for", "\nmore", " broadly", " based", " primary", " interventions", " given", " priority", " and", " made", " intervention", " of", " ‘first", " choice’", "\nby", " employers", " (", "Le", " Ferve", " et", " al", ".", ",", " 2006", ")", ".", "The", " obvious", " reason", " for", " prioritising", " proactive", " interventions", "\nis", " that", " health", " risk", " management", " that", " focuses", " on", " removal", " or", " elimination", " of", " job", " stress", " is", " far", " more", "\nrewarding", " than", " minimising", " or", " treating", " manifested", " health", " damage", ".", "Furthermore", ",", " Biron", " (", "2012", ")", "\nemphasized", " that", " the", " negative", " cost", " associated", " with", " reduced", " performance", ",", " absenteeism", ",", " sickness", "\nand", " turnovers", " are", " substantially" ]
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[ "H", " −", " spec", " poly", " (", " U", " +", " [", " w", " ]", ")", ",", " Θ", " 7→", " P", " Θ", " is", " injective", ".", "By", " Lemma", " 3", ".", "14", " and", " (", "1", ")", " we", " conclude", " that", "\n{", " P", " Θ", " |", " Θ", " ∈", " T", " w", " }", " =", " {", " P", " +", " (", " y", " )", " |", " y", " ∈", " W", " w", " }", " .", " (", "3", ".", "30", ")", "To", " prove", " (", "2", ")", " it", " hence", " suffices", " to", " show", " that", " E", " β", " /", " ∈", " P", " +", " (", " w", " Θ", " )", " for", " all", " Θ", " ∈", " T", " w", " and", "\nβ", " ∈", " Θ", ".", "Let", " Θ", " ∈", " T", " w", " and", " β", " ∈", " Θ", ".", "Then", " w", " Θ", " ≤", " s", " β", " w", " by", " Lemma", " 3", ".", "8", " and", " hence", "\nP", " +", " (", " w", " Θ", " )", " ⊆", " P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", ".", "Thus", " we", " only", " need", " to", " show", " that", " E", " β", " /", " ∈", " P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", ".", "To", " this", " end", "\nrecall", " that", " by", " definition", " P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " =", " ω", " (", " φ", " w", " (", " Q", " (", " s", " β", " w", ",", " w", " )", " w", " )", ")", ".", "Hence", " ω", " (", " φ", " w", " (", " c", " −", " λw", " c", " λs", " β", " w", " )", ")", " /", " ∈", "\nP", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " by", " Corollary", " 3", ".", "12", ".", "By", " definition", " of", " φ", " w", " (", "cf", ".", " [", "Yak09", ",", " Theorem", " 3", ".", "7", "]", ")", " the", "\nelement", " ω", " (", " φ", " w", " (", " c", " −", " λw", " c", " λs", " β", " w", " )", ")", " belongs", " to", " the", " weight", " space", " of", " weight", " mβ", " of", " U", " +", " [", " w", " ]", " for", "\nsome", " m", " ∈", " N", " 0", " .", "We", " may", " assume", " m", " 6", " =", " 0", " by", " choosing", " λ", " ∈", " Λ", " +", " regular", ".", "Hence", "\nU", " +", " [", " w", " ]", " /", "P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " contains", " an", " element", " of", " weight", " mβ", " for", " some", " positive", " integer", " m", " .", "On", " the", " other", " hand", " it", " follows", " from", " (", "1", ")", " and", " Equation", " (", "3", ".", "30", ")", " that", " P", " +", " (", " w", " )", " =", " P", " ∅", "\nand", " that", " P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " =", " P", " {", " γ", " }", " for", " some", " γ", " ∈", " Φ", " +", " w", " with", " {", " γ", " }", " ∈", " T", " w", " .", "Proposition", " 3", ".", "9", " hence", "\nimplies", " that", " U", " +", " [", " w", " ]", " /", "P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " is", " a", " polynomial", " ring", " in", " E", " γ", " .", "Therefore", " β", " =", " γ", " and", "\nE", " β", " /", " ∈", " P", " +", " (", " s", " β", " w", " )", " which", " completes", " the", " proof", " of", " (", "2", ")", ".", "Property", " (", "3", ")", " follows", " immediately", "\nfrom", " (", "2", ")", " and", " Proposition", " 3", ".", "9", ".", "(cid:3)", "With", " the", " above", " corollary", " we", " have", " all", " the", " information", " necessary", " to", " give", " an", " explicit", "\ndescription", " of", " the", " characters", " of", " U", " +", " [", " w", " ]", ".", "For", " any", " two", " sets", " A", ",", " B", " let", " Map", "(", " A", ",", " B", " )", " denote", "\nthe", " set", " of", " maps", " from", " A", " to", " B", " .", "As", " before", ",", " let", " k", " ×", " =", " k", " \\", " {", " 0", " }", " .", "Recall", " also", " the", " definition", "\nof", " κ" ]
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[ "Regulation", " of", " species", "-", " and", "\ntissue", "-", "specific", " expression", " of", "\nN", "-", "glycolylneuraminic", " acid", ".", "J", ".", " Biol", ".", " Chem", ".", "\n270", ",", " 16458", "-", "16463", "28", ".", " Higashi", ",", " H", ".", ",", " Hirabayashi", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Fukui", ",", " Y", ".", ",", "\nNaiki", ",", " M", ".", ",", " Matsumoto", ",", " M", ".", ",", " Ueda", ",", " S", ".", ",", " and", "\nKato", ",", " S", ".", " (", "1985", ")", " Characterization", " of", "\nN", "-", "glycolylneuraminic", " acid", "-", "containing", "\ngangliosides", " as", " tumor", "-", "associated", "\nHanganutziu", "-", "Deicher", " antigen", " in", " human", "\ncolon", " cancer", ".", "Cancer", " Res", ".", " 45", ",", " 3796", "-", "3802", "29", ".", " Irie", ",", " A", ".", ",", " Koyama", ",", " S", ".", ",", " Kozutsumi", ",", " Y", ".", ",", "\nKawasaki", ",", " T", ".", ",", " and", " Suzuki", ",", " A", ".", "(", "1998", ")", " The", "\nmolecular", " basis", " for", " the", " absence", " of", "\nN", "-", "glycolylneuraminic", " acid", " in", " humans", ".", "J", ".", "\nBiol", ".", " Chem", ".", " 273", ",", " 15866", "-", "15871", "30", ".", " Chou", ",", " H", ".", " H", ".", ",", " Takematsu", ",", " H", ".", ",", " Diaz", ",", " S", ".", ",", " Iber", ",", "\nJ", ".", ",", " Nickerson", ",", " E", ".", ",", " Wright", ",", " K", ".", " L", ".", ",", " Muchmore", ",", "\nE", ".", " A", ".", ",", " Nelson", ",", " D", ".", " L", ".", ",", " Warren", ",", " S", ".", " T", ".", ",", " and", "\nVarki", ",", " A", ".", " (", "1998", ")", " A", " mutation", " in", " human", "\nCMP", "-", "sialic", " acid", " hydroxylase", " occurred", "\nafter", " the", " Homo", "-", "Pan", " divergence", ".", "Proc", ".", "\nNatl", ".", " Acad", ".", " Sci", ".", " USA", ".", " 95", ",", " 11751", "-", "11756", "31", ".", " Hayakawa", ",", " T", ".", ",", " Satta", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Gagneux", ",", " P", ".", ",", " Varki", ",", "\nA", ".", ",", " and", " Takahata", ",", " N", ".", " (", "2001", ")", " Alu", "-", "mediated", "\ninactivation", " of", " the", " human", " CMP", "-", "\nN", "-", "acetylneuraminic", " acid", " hydroxylase", "\ngene", ".", "Proc", ".", " Natl", ".", " Acad", ".", " Sci", ".", " USA", ",", " 98", ",", "\n11399", "-", "11404", "32", ".", " Chou", ",", " H", ".", " H", ".", ",", " Hayakawa", ",", " T", ".", ",", " Diaz", ",", " S", ".", ",", "\nKrings", ",", " M", ".", ",", " Indriati", ",", " E", ".", ",", " Leakey", ",", " M", ".", ",", " Paabo", ",", "\nS", ".", ",", " Satta", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Takahata", ",", " N", ".", ",", " and", " Varki", ",", " A", ".", "\n(", "2002", ")", " Inactivation", " of", "\nCMP", "-", "N", "-", "acetylneuraminic", " acid", "\nhydroxylase", " occurred", " prior", " to", " brain", "\nexpansion", " during", " human", " evolution", ".", "Proc", ".", "\nNatl", ".", " Acad", ".", " Sci", ".", " USA", " 99", ",", " 11736", "-", "11741", "33", ".", " Naito", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Takematsu", ",", " H", ".", ",", " Koyama", ",", " S", ".", ",", "\nMiyake", ",", " S", ".", ",", " Yamamoto", ",", " H", ".", ",", " Fujinawa", ",", " R", ".", ",", "\nSugai", ",", " M", ".", ",", " Okuno", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Tsujimoto", ",", " G", ".", ",", "\nYamaji", ",", " T", ".", ",", " Hashimoto", ",", " Y", ".", ",", " Itohara", ",", " S", ".", ",", "\nKawasaki", ",", " T", ".", ",", " Suzuki", ",", " A", ".", ",", " and", " Kozutsumi", ",", " Y", ".", "\n(", "2007", ")", " Germinal", " center", " marker", " GL7", "\nprobes", " activation", "-", "dependent", " repression", "\nof", " N", "-", "glycolylneuraminic", " acid", ",", " a", " sialic", "\nacid", " species", " involved" ]
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[ "P", " (", " x", " )", " ≤", " 1", " for", " all", " x", " ∈", " R", " d", " ,", " ω", " P", " (", " x", " )", " =", " 0", "when", " x", " /", " ∈", " P", " ,", " and", " ω", " P", " (", " x", " )", " =", " 1", " when", " x", " ∈", " int", "(", " P", " )", ".", "When", " x", " lies", " on", " a", " codimension", "-", "two", "\nface", " of", " P", " ,", " for", " example", ",", " then", " ω", " P", " (", " x", " )", " is", " the", " fractional", " dihedral", " angle", " subtended", " by", "\nP", " at", " x", " .", "Macdonald", " defined", ",", " for", " each", " positive", " integer", " t", " ,", " the", " finite", " sum", "\n(", "1", ")", "\nA", " P", " (", " t", " )", " :", "=", " (cid:88)", "\nx", " ∈", " Z", " d", "\nω", " tP", " (", " x", " )", " ,", "\nwhere", " tP", " is", " the", " t", " ’th", " dilation", " of", " the", " polytope", " P", " .", "Using", " purely", " combinatorial", " meth", "-", "\nods", ",", " Macdonald", " showed", " that", " for", " any", " integer", " polytope", " P", " ,", " and", " for", " positive", " integer", "\nvalues", " of", " t", " ,", "\n(", "2", ")", "\nA", " P", " (", " t", " )", " =", " (", "vol", " P", " )", " t", " d", " +", " a", " d", " −", " 2", " t", " d", " −", " 2", " +", " a", " d", " −", " 4", " t", " d", " −", " 4", " +", " ·", " ·", " ·", " +", "\n(cid:40)", " a", " 1", " t", "\nif", " dim", " P", " is", " odd", " ,", "\na", " 2", " t", " 2", "\nif", " dim", " P", " is", " even", " ,", "\nhence", " of", " course", " it", " is", " a", " polynomial", " function", " of", " t", " [", "36", ",", " 37", "]", ".", "It", " is", " important", " to", " realize", "\nthat", " in", " (", "2", ")", ",", " t", " is", " restricted", " to", " integer", " values", ".", "This", " discrete", " approximation", " to", " the", "\nvolume", " for", " tP", " ,", " also", " called", " the", " solid", " angle", " sum", " ,", " resembles", " the", " Ehrhart", " polynomial", "\nfor", " P", " ,", " the", " latter", " being", " defined", " by", " |", " tP", " ∩", " Z", " d", " |", " .", "There", " are", " some", " elementary", " and", "\nsometimes", " useful", " relations", " between", " the", " two", " polynomials", ",", " which", " are", " given", " in", " section", "\n10", ".", "One", " interesting", " feature", " of", " the", " theory", " developed", " here", " is", " that", " our", " main", " result", "\noffers", " a", " geometric", " description", " for", " each", " of", " the", " quasi", "-", "coefficients", " a", " j", " (", " t", " )", ".", "For", " example", ",", "\nit", " turns", " out", " (", "from", " Theorem", " 2", ")", " that", " the", " codimension", "-", "2", " term", " a", " d", " −", " 2", " in", " (", "2", ")", " is", " described", "\nprecisely", " by", " considering", " all", " the", " chains", " in", " the", " face", " poset", " of", " P", " that", " terminate", " in", "\na", " codimension", "-", "2", " face", " of", " P", " ,", " together", " with", " certain", " explicit", " 2", "-", "dimensional", " lattice", "\nsums", " (", "see", " (", "14", ")", ")", " that", " are", " performed", " on", " the", " orthogonal", " 2", "-", "dimensional", " lattice", " to", "\neach", " codimension", "-", "2", " face", ".", "Our", " objective", " is", " to", " extend", " Macdonald’s", " results", " to", " all", " real", " values", " of", " the", " dilation", "\nparameter", " t", " ,", " and", " obtain", " some", " explicit", " formulas", " for", " any", " coefficient", " of", " the", " solid", "\nangle", " sum", " A", " P", " (", " t", " )", " in", " this", " more", " general", " setting", ".", "We", " should", " also", " remark", " that", " our", " new", "\nformulations", " for", " the", " quasi", "-", "coefficients", " can", " sometimes", " be", " computationally", " intensive", ",", "\ndepending", " on", " the", " geometry", " of", " P", " .", "We", " first", " outline", " an", " intuitive", " approach", " that", " glosses", " over", " the", " technical", " details", ".", "The", " Poisson", " Summation", " Formula", " asserts", " that", ",", " for", " any", " rapidly", " decreasing", " function", "\nf", " on", " R", " d" ]
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[ "during", " training", ".", "It", " compares", " the", " model’s", "\npredictions", " to", " the", " ground", " truth", " labels", " and", " calculates", " a", " loss", "\nvalue", " that", " represents", " how", " far", " off", " the", " predictions", " are", " from", " the", "\nground", " truth", ".", "The", " goal", " during", " training", " is", " to", " minimize", " this", " loss", "\nvalue", ".", "YOLOv8", " has", " a", " new", " loss", " function", " that", " can", " improve", " its", "\nperformance", " during", " training", " [", "17", "]", ".", "B", ".", " YOLOV8", " COCO", " Accuracy", "The", " YOLOv8", " has", " made", " considerable", " advancements", " in", "\nterms", " of", " its", " speed", ",", " precision", " and", " overall", " structure", " when", "\ncompared", " to", " other", " versions", " as", " shown", " in", " figure", " 4", ".", "Using", " a", "\nmetric", " that", " measures", " the", " average", " precision", " across", " different", "\nrecall", " levels", ",", " it", " has", " achieved", " a", " score", " of", " 53", ".", "7", " on", " single", "-", "model", "\nsingle", "-", "scale", " on", " COCO", " val2017", " dataset", " for", " a", " detection", ".", "This", "\nsurpasses", " its", " predecessor", " YOLOv7", " and", " other", " YOLO", " models", "\nin", " both", " speed", " and", " accuracy", " [", " 15", "]", ".", "Fig", ".", " 4", ".", " Comparative", " analysis", " of", " the", " efficiency", " of", " various", " models", " [", "15", "]", "From", " the", " above", " research", ",", " it", " can", " be", " concluded", " that", " waste", "\ntreatment", " plants", " have", " predominantly", " relied", " on", " manual", "\nmethods", " for", " waste", " sorting", " in", " recent", " years", ".", "These", " approaches", "\nare", " labour", "-", "intensive", " and", " pose", " risks", " to", " workers", ",", " resulting", " in", "\ninadequate", " waste", " segregation", ".", "Several", " techniques", " have", " been", "\nproposed", " to", " address", " these", " challenges", ",", " including", " imaging", "\ntechniques", ",", "\nthermal", "\nanalysis", ",", "\nand", "\nmachine", "\nlearning", "\nalgorithms", ".", "However", ",", " these", " techniques", " have", " their", " limitations", ".", "The", " proposed", " objective", " of", " this", " paper", " is", " to", " evaluate", " the", "\neffectiveness", " of", " YOLOv8", ",", " the", " latest", " version", " of", " the", " YOLO", "\nseries", " of", " object", " detection", " models", ",", " for", " automated", " waste", " sorting", ".", "The", " aim", " is", " to", " increase", " efficiency", " and", " safety", " in", " waste", " treatment", "\nprocesses", " by", " using", " YOLOv8", " for", " automated", " waste", " sorting", ".", "III", ".", " EXPERIMENT", " AND", " RESULTS", "A", ".", " Dataset", "For", " the", " detection", " and", " classification", " of", " solid", " waste", ",", " we", "\nopted", " for", " the", " YOLOv8", " model", ".", "Our", " training", " and", " testing", " dataset", "\nwas", " obtained", " from", " Roboflow", ",", " a", " platform", " that", " offers", " enhanced", "\ndata", " pre", "-", "processing", " and", " model", " training", " techniques", ".", "The", "\ndataset", ",", " entitled", " “Classification", " Model", " for", " Waste", " Materials", " in", "\nResidential", " Areas", " Detection", " API", ",", "”", " encompasses", " a", " variety", " of", "\nwaste", " types", " such", " as", " tin", " cans", ",", " batteries", ",", " food", " waste", ",", " soft", "\nplastics", ",", " bottles", ",", " and", " cardboard", ".", "The", " waste", " dataset", " consists", " of", "\n9800", " images", " in", " total", ",", " with", " 78", "%", " allocated", " to", " training", ",", " 9", "%", " to", "\ntesting", " and", " 14", "%", " to", " validation", ".", "B", ".", " Environment", "This", " study", " utilizes", " the", " YOLOv8", " model", ",", " obtained", " from", " the", "\nofficial", " website", ",", " to", " conduct", " a", " research", " on", " the", " detection", " of", "\nwaste", " objects", ".", "The", " PyTorch", " Build", " Stable", " (", "2", ".", "0", ".", "0", ")", " enabled", " with", "\nCUDA", " 11", ".", "8", " as", " the", " environment", " for", " this", " experiment", ".", "The", "\nmodel", " has", " been", " trained", " and", " tested", " on", " an", " NVIDIA", " RTX", " A4000", "\nGPU", " with", " an", " 11th", " Gen", " Intel®", " Core™", " i7", "-", "11700K", "\nCPU", "@", "3", ".", "60GHz", ".", "Proceedings", " of", " the", " International", " Conference", " on", " Sustainable", " Computing", " and", " Smart", " Systems", " (", "ICSCSS", " 2023", ")", " IEEE", " Xplore", " Part", " Number", ":" ]
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[ "One", " interesting", " case", " is", " SNP", "\nrs231518", " in", " an", " L1", " element", ".", "There", " are", " six", " ESTs", " and", " cDNAs", " with", "\nthe", " 5", " 9", " splice", " site", " sequence", " AT", ",", " but", " the", " SNP", " rs231518", " has", " a", "\ncanonical", " 5", " 9", " splice", " site", " GT", ".", "The", " two", " alleles", " have", " an", " intriguing", "\nevolutionary", " history", ".", "There", " is", " a", " G", " at", " the", " 5", " 9", " splice", " site", " in", " chimp", " and", "\norangutan", " and", " an", " A", " in", " rhesus", ".", "The", " sequences", " of", " chimp", ",", "\norangutan", ",", " and", " rhesus", " were", " extracted", " from", " published", " sequences", "\nand", " the", " multi", "-", "species", " alignment", " of", " the", " SNP", " location", " was", "\ndownloaded", " from", " UCSC", " genome", " browser", " [", "46", "]", ".", "We", " cannot", "\nexclude", " the", " possibility", " that", " A", "/", "G", " polymorphisms", " also", " exist", " within", "\nchimp", ",", " orangutan", ",", " and", " rhesus", " based", " on", " available", " data", ".", "The", " SNP", "\nrs231518", " with", " the", " canonical", " dinucleotide", " 5", " 9", " splice", " site", " GT", " is", " the", "\nmost", " frequent", " allele", " in", " all", " human", " populations", " (", "G", " allele", " frequency", "\nof", " 0", ".", "792", " in", " the", " CEU", " population", ",", " 1", " in", " the", " HCB", " and", " JPT", "\npopulation", " and", " 0", ".", "937", " in", " the", " YRI", " population", ",", " see", " supplementary", "\ndata", " Table", " S2", ")", ".", "TE", " exons", " that", " depend", " on", " editing", " for", " their", " exonization", "\nHow", " new", " exons", " are", " created", " and", " established", " is", " an", " intriguing", "\nissue", ".", "Recently", ",", " Lev", "-", "Maor", " et", " al", ".", " [", "47", "]", " demonstrated", " that", " exoniza", "-", "\ntion", " of", " an", " Alu", " exon", " in", " the", " NARF", " gene", " depends", " on", " an", " RNA", " editing", "\nmechanism", ".", "In", " this", " case", ",", " editing", " from", " AA", " to", " AI", " activated", " the", " 3", " 9", "\nsplice", " site", ";", " inosine", " is", " recognized", " as", " G", " by", " the", " splicing", " machinery", "\n[", "48", "]", ".", "We", " searched", " for", " additional", " cases", " in", " which", " the", " 3", " 9", " splice", " site", " of", "\nthe", " exonized", " Alu", " s", " is", " AA", " or", " the", " 5", " 9", " splice", " site", " is", " AT", ",", " such", " that", " RNA", "\nediting", " to", " AG", " or", " GT", ",", " respectively", ",", " would", " produce", " a", " canonical", "\nsplice", " site", ".", "We", " did", " not", " find", " any", " evidence", " for", " editing", " in", " 5", " 9", " splice", "\nsites", " of", " Alu", " -", "derived", " exons", ".", "However", ",", " we", " found", " six", " cases", " of", " Alu", "\nexonization", " in", " which", " the", " 3", " 9", " splice", " site", " contains", " an", " AA", " at", " the", "\ngenomic", " level", " and", " EST", " sequences", " support", " exonization", " (", "Table", " 5", ")", ".", "Two", " of", " these", " cases", " were", " found", " in", " ESTs", " generated", " from", " brain", "\ntissues", " and", " another", " two", " were", " from", " immune", " system", " tissues", ",", " tissues", "\nthat", " have", " high", " levels", " of", " RNA", " editing", " [", "49", ",", "50", ",", "51", ",", "52", "]", ".", "Two", " other", "\ncases", " were", " found", " in", " cancerous", " tissues", " and", " in", " kidney", ".", "The", " most", "\nconvincing", " evidence", " of", " exonization", " of", " an", " Alu", " element", " resulting", "\nfrom", " RNA", " editing", " is", " found", " within", " a", " non", "-", "coding", " brain", "-", "specific", "\ngene", " NR", "_", "024561", ".", "This", " exonization", " is", " supported", " by", " a", " validated", "\nRefseq", " sequence", " and", " three", " additional", " cDNA", " and", " ESTs", " (", "all", " from", "\nbrain", " tissues", ")", ".", "Moreover", ",", " transcripts", " containing", " this", " exon", " have", "\nthree", " additional", " A", "-", "to", "-", "I", " editing", " sites", " within", " the", " Alu", " -", "derived", " exon", ".", "Several", " potential", " editing", " sites", " are", " usually", " observed", " within", " a", " region", "\nthat", " contains", " two" ]
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[ "00", " l", " )", " reflections", " of", "\nMnBi", " 4", " Te", " 7", " with", " c", " =", " 23", ".", "811", "(", "2", ")", " Å", ",", " which", " is", " consistent", " with", " the", " previous", " results", " [", "36", "]", ".", "The", "\nmagnetic", " susceptibility", " ", " (", " T", " )", " in", " Fig", ".", " 5", "(", "b", ")", " with", " H", " /", "/", " c", " shows", " a", " cusp", " at", " 12", ".", "6", " K", ",", " which", " is", " an", "\nindication", " of", " an", " AF", " transition", " consistent", " with", " the", " previous", " studies", " [", "28", ",", "29", ",", "43", "]", ".", "The", "\nisothermal", " magnetization", " M", " (", " H", " )", " with", " H", " /", "/", " c", " at", " 2", " K", " in", " Fig", ".", " 5", "(", "c", ")", " exhibits", " a", " spin", "-", "flip", "\ntransition", ",", " indicating", " that", " the", " magnetic", " moments", " are", " along", " the", " c", " axis", " in", " the", " AF", " phase", ".", "Figures", " 5", "(", "d", ")", "-", "5", "(", "f", ")", " show", " a", " Dirac", "-", "like", " band", " crossing", " at", " -", "0", ".", "28", " eV", " at", " the", " Γ̅", " point", " within", "\nthe", " bulk", " band", " gap", ".", "In", " Figs", ".", " 5", "(", "g", ")", " and", " 5", "(", "h", ")", ",", " one", " can", " hardly", " recognize", " a", " gap", " at", " the", " Dirac", "\npoint", ".", "The", " EDCs", " at", " Γ̅", " in", " Fig", ".", " 5", "(", "i", ")", " and", " their", " second", "-", "derivative", " spectra", " in", " Fig", ".", " 5", "(", "j", ")", " appear", "9", "\na", " single", "-", "peak", " structure", ".", "This", " indicates", " that", " the", " gap", " is", " dramatically", " reduced", " from", "\nMnBi", " 2", " Te", " 4", " to", " MnBi", " 4", " Te", " 7", " .", "A", " comparative", " study", " of", " them", " may", " help", " to", " clarify", " the", " origin", " of", "\nthe", " gap", " in", " the", " PM", " phase", ".", "The", " AF", " ordering", " in", " MnBi", " 4", " Te", " 7", " (", " T", " N", " =", " 12", ".", "6", " K", ")", " has", " little", " effect", "\non", " the", " Dirac", " SS", ",", " indicating", " weak", " coupling", " between", " the", " magnetic", " Mn", " 3", " d", " states", " and", " the", "\ntopological", " electronic", " states", ",", " which", " is", " similar", " to", " the", " case", " in", " MnBi", " 2", " Te", " 4", " .", "It", " is", " expected", " on", " the", " (", "001", ")", " cleaved", " surface", " of", " MnBi", " 4", " Te", " 7", " that", " there", " should", " be", " two", "\nkinds", " of", " terminations", " [", "MnBi", " 2", " Te", " 4", " ]", " and", " [", "Bi", " 2", " Te", " 3", " ]", ",", " which", " have", " different", " band", " dispersions", "\nof", " the", " surface", " states", ".", "However", ",", " we", " only", " observe", " one", " set", " of", " Dirac", " bands", " in", " the", " bulk", " band", "\ngap", " using", " the", " 7", "-", "eV", " laser", ".", "Our", " scanning", " tunneling", " microscopy", " measurements", " (", "not", " shown", ")", "\nconfirm", " the", " existence", " of", " two", " different", " terminations", " on", " one", " cleaved", " surface", ".", "The", " sizes", "\nof", " each", " termination", " are", " typically", " less", " than", " 1", " ", " 1", " ", " m", " 2", " ,", " which", " are", " much", " smaller", " than", " the", "\nspot", " size", " of", " the", " laser", " (", "~", " 50", " ", " 50", " ", " m", " 2", " )", ".", "The", " absence", " of", " the", " other", " set", " of", " surface", " Dirac", " bands", "\nin", " our", " data", " is", " probably", " due", " to", " the", " matrix", " element", " effects", ".", "Systematic", " photon", "-", "energy", "-", "\ndependent", " measurements", " may", " reveal", " the", " other", " set", " of", " surface", " Dirac", " bands", ".", "We", " have", " observed", " the", " Dirac", " SSs", " across", " the", " bulk", " band", " gap", " of", " EuSn", " 2", " As", " 2", " and", "\nMnBi", " 2", " n", " Te", " 3", " n", " +", "1", " (", " n", " =", " 1" ]
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[ "follow", "-", "up", " time", " of", " patients", " who", "\nunderwent", " bilateral", " mastectomy", " with", " immediate", " breast", "\nreconstruction", " was", " 6", " months", " and", " 18", " days", ".", "The", " patient", "\nage", " ranged", " from", " 32", " to", " 66", " years", " (", "mean", " age", ",", " 44", " years", " and", "There", " were", " no", " major", " complications", " that", " required", "\nreoperation", ".", "There", " was", " 1", " case", " of", " cellulitis", " that", " required", "\ntreatment", " with", " antibiotics", ",", " and", " this", " same", " patient", " had", "\npartial", " necrosis", " of", " the", " NAC", " both", " in", " the", " breast", " with", "\ncancer", " and", " in", " the", " contralateral", " breast", ".", "One", " patient", "\nrequired", " drainage", " of", " hematoma", " in", " the", " ipsilateral", " breast", "\n8", " days", " postoperatively", " and", " developed", " a", " small", " seroma", "\nafter", " 20", " days", ",", " which", " was", " properly", " aspirated", ".", "Moreover", ",", " partial", " necrosis", " of", " the", " NAC", " was", "\nobserved", " in", " 1", " patient", " and", " partial", " necrosis", " of", " the", "\ncontralateral", " NAC", " was", " observed", " in", " 2", " other", " patients", "\n(", "Figure", " 3", ")", ".", "Therefore", ",", " we", " observed", " only", " minor", " complications", "\nwithout", " a", " need", " for", " reoperation", " in", " 4", " of", " the", " 13", " patients", "Figure", " 1", ".", " A", " 33", "-", "year", "-", "old", " patient", " who", " underwent", " left", " skin", "-", "sparing", " mastectomy", " for", " invasive", " ductal", " carcinoma", " and", " prophylactic", " contralateral", " mastectomy", "\nwith", " nipple", "-", "areola", " complex", " sparing", ".", "Bilateral", " reconstruction", " with", " anatomical", " prosthesis", ".", "Profile", ",", " height", ",", " and", " high", " projection", ",", " 375", " mL", ".", "Preoperative", " and", " 8", "\nmonths", " postoperative", " photographs", ".", "Breast", " reconstruction", " after", " prophylactic", " contralateral", " mastectomy", "\n296", " Rev", ".", " Bras", ".", " Cir", ".", " Plást", ".", " 2018", ";", "33", "(", "3", ")", ":", "293", "-", "298", "option", " (", " p", " <", " 0", ".", "0001", ")", " 6", " .", "This", " is", " especially", " true", " for", " women", "\nyounger", " than", " 40", " years", ",", " as", " two", "-", "thirds", " of", " them", " opt", " for", "\ntherapeutic", " surgery", " and", " PCM", " 5", ",", "6", " .", "All", " of", " our", " patients", " underwent", " breast", "\nreconstruction", " with", " a", " prosthesis", " or", " expander", ",", " which", " is", "\nundoubtedly", " the", " prevailing", " method", " in", " most", " services", "\n(", "71", "-", "96", "%", ")", " 6", ",", "9", ",", "11", ",", "12", " .", "Discussions", " with", " patients", " reveal", " that", " factors", " such", "\nas", " fear", " of", " developing", " contralateral", " breast", " disease", ",", " fear", "\nof", " maintaining", " frequent", " imaging", " follow", "-", "up", ",", " and", " even", "\ninfluence", " of", " media", " (", "such", " as", " the", " “Angelina", " Jolie", " effect”", ")", "\nhighly", " affect", " their", " decision", " 6", " ,", " whereas", " some", " patients", "\noverestimate", " the", " risk", " of", " the", " procedure", " or", " misinterpret", "\nthe", " benefit", " of", " bilateral", " mastectomy", " versus", " conservative", "\nsurgery", " 4", "-", "6", " .", "Among", " our", " group", " of", " patients", ",", " only", " 4", " (", "30", "%", ")", " were", "\nindicated", " for", " PCM", " owing", " to", " a", " high", " risk", " for", " contralateral", "\ndisease", " (", "strong", " family", " history", ")", ";", " however", ",", " all", " of", " them", "\nreported", " 1", " or", " more", " reasons", " (", "symmetry", ",", " anxiety", ",", " age", "-", "\nrelated", " risk", ")", " for", " their", " decision", " to", " choose", " PCM", ".", "Studies", "\nsuggest", " that", ",", " currently", ",", " 60", "-", "70", "%", " of", " PCMs", " are", " performed", "\nin", " patients", " without", " high", "-", "risk", " indications", ".", "There", " is", " a", "\nconsensus", " that", " the", " indication", " for", " PCM", " has", " increased", "\ndespite", " its", " lack", " of", " cancer", " benefit", ",", " which", " constitutes", " a", "\n“cancer", " paradox”", " 1", ",", "2", ",", "5", ",", "6", ",", "9", "-", "11", " .", "The", " consensus", " of", " the", " American", " College", " of", "\nSurgeons", " suggests", " that", " PCM" ]
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[ "retain", " the", " position", " of", " a", " market", "\nleader", ";", "\n-", "it", " is", " necessary", " to", " deviate", " from", " logically", " rational", " trivial", "\ndecisions", ",", " as", " they", " are", " easily", " predicted", " by", " competitors", ",", "\nnon", "-", "traditional", " decisions", " are", " necessary", ";", "\n-", "the", " strategy", ",", " in", " principle", ",", " should", " be", " short", "-", "term", ",", " as", " the", "\nconditions", " of", " management", " are", " changing", " rapidly", " and", "\nthese", " trends", " are", " increasing", ",", " requiring", " a", " constant", " review", "\nof", " strategic", " decisions", ".", "Robert", " S", ".", " Kaplan", " and", " David", " P", ".", " Norton", " (", "2004", ")", " point", "\nout", " that", " in", " 70", "%", " of", " the", " enterprise", " there", " are", " problems", " that", "\nare", " not", " associated", " with", " a", " bad", " strategy", ",", " but", " with", " a", " failure", "\nto", " implement", " it", ".", "That", " is", " why", " not", " only", " the", " formation", "\nprocess", " but", " also", " the", " management", " of", " the", " strategy", "\nimplementation", ",", " is", " very", " important", ".", "Of", " particular", " importance", " is", " strategic", " management", "\nfor", " innovation", ",", " which", " determines", " the", " formation", " of", "\nan", " innovation", " strategy", ",", " which", " is", " a", " part", " of", " the", " general", "\nstrategy", " of", " the", " enterprise", ".", "There", " are", " different", " approaches", " to", " determining", " the", "\nessence", " of", " innovation", " strategy", ".", "According", " to", " I", ".", "V", ".", " Fedulova", "\n(", "2008", ")", ",", " the", " innovation", " strategy", " is", " a", " systemic", " concept", "\nthat", " links", " and", " directs", " the", " development", " of", " the", " innovation", "\nactivity", " of", " the", " subject", " of", " the", " economy", " with", " the", " system", "\nof", " long", "-", "term", " goals", " of", " innovation", " activity", ",", " as", " well", " as", "\nthe", " method", " (", "choice", " of", " the", " most", " effective", " ways", ")", " for", "\nachieving", " and", " implementing", " the", " target", " innovative", " level", "\nof", " development", ",", " which", " includes", " the", " nature", " of", " resource", "\nallocation", " between", " alternative", " paths", " of", " innovation", "\ndevelopment", " and", " a", " type", " of", " behaviour", ".", "Innovation", " strategy", " is", " also", " considered", " as", " the", " leading", "\nfunctional", " strategy", " of", " a", " high", "-", "tech", " industrial", " enterprise", ",", "\nwhich", " involves", " the", " formation", " of", " a", " complex", " of", " measures", "\nfor", " technological", " improvement", " of", " production", ",", " changes", "\nin", " the", " organizational", " structure", " of", " the", " enterprise", ",", " the", "\nintroduction", " of", " modern", " management", " technologies", "\n(", "Poreckova", ",", " 2013", ")", ".", "According", " to", " T", ".", "M", ".", " Yankovets", " (", "2010", ")", ",", " an", " innovative", "\nstrategy", " is", " any", " new", " means", " of", " achieving", " the", " strategic", " goal", "\nof", " the", " enterprise", ",", " whereas", " according", " to", " S", ".", " M", ".", " Iliashenko", "\n(", "2010", ")", ",", " it", " is", " as", " an", " interconnected", " set", " of", " actions", " for", " ensuring", "\nthe", " conditions", " of", " long", "-", "term", " survival", " and", " development", " of", "\nthe", " enterprise", " in", " the", " market", " on", " the", " basis", " of", " creation", " and", "\nintroduction", " of", " innovations", ".", "A", " similar", " view", " is", " maintained", "\nby", " N", ".", "M", ".", " Poliova", " and", " V", ".", "O", ".", " Shpyliova", " (", "2009", ")", ",", " who", " believe", "\nthat", " the", " strategy", " of", " innovation", " activity", " in", " the", " enterprise", "\nincludes", " a", " number", " of", " interrelated", " elements", " and", " procedures", ":", "\nthe", " definition", " of", " goals", " and", " objectives", ",", " the", " formation", " of", "\npriorities", " of", " innovation", " and", " the", " development", " of", " an", " optimal", "\nportfolio", " of", " innovations", " that", " are", " of", " paramount", " importance", "\nfor", " successful", " business", " activity", ",", " as", " well", " as", " the", " assessment", " and", "\nanalysis", " of", " the", " impact", " of", " innovations", " on", " the", " prospects", " for", "\nenterprise", " development", ".", "Antonyuk", " L", ".", "L", ".", ",", " Poruchnik", " A", ".", "M", ".", ",", "\nSavchuk", " V", ".", "S", "." ]
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[ "FSANZ’s", " Food", " Allergy", " and", " Intolerance", " Scientific", " Advisory", "\nGroup", " (", "FAISAG", ")", " has", " advised", " FSANZ", " that", " mollusc", " allergy", " is", " of", " clinical", " significance", " in", " the", " two", "\ncountries", ".", "There", " is", " some", " evidence", " of", " cross", "-", "reactivity", " or", " co", "-", "sensitisation", " between", " molluscs", " and", " crustaceans", "\nbased", " on", " serological", " testing", ",", " self", "-", "reporting", " and", " clinically", " diagnosed", " allergy", ".", "However", " based", " on", "\navailable", " data", " the", " extent", " of", " clinically", " relevant", " cross", "-", "reactivity", " is", " likely", " to", " be", " relatively", " low", ".", "FAISAG", " previously", " advised", " FSANZ", " that", " nine", " tree", " nuts", " are", " important", "Clinically", "\ndefined", " food", " allergy", ",", " clinical", " cases", " or", " positive", " responses", " to", " oral", " food", " challenges", " in", " Australia", " and", "/", "or", "\nNew", " Zealand", " have", " been", " reported", " for", " all", " of", " these", " tree", " nuts", ".", "Clinical", " responses", " to", " more", " than", " one", "\ntree", " nut", " have", " also", " been", " reported", " to", " occur", " in", " up", " to", " a", " third", " of", " allergic", " individuals", ",", " and", " the", " incidence", "\nof", " reactions", " to", " multiple", " nuts", " may", " be", " even", " higher", " based", " on", " the", " advice", " of", " FAISAG", ".", "There", " is", " little", " evidence", " relating", " to", " the", " allergenicity", " of", " less", " commonly", " consumed", " tree", " nuts", ",", " and", "\nFAISAG", " considered", " that", " the", " available", " information", " did", " not", " indicate", " a", " need", " to", " amend", " its", " previous", "\nadvice", " on", " significant", " tree", " nut", " allergens", ".", "However", " these", " nuts", " are", " currently", " unlikely", " to", " be", " widely", "\nused", " in", " processed", " foods", " and", " may", " only", " be", " consumed", " by", " small", " numbers", " of", " individuals", ".", "Therefore", "\nthis", " conclusion", " may", " need", " to", " be", " revised", " if", " use", " patterns", " change", " significantly", ".", "Food", " allergy", " to", " barley", ",", " rye", " and", " oats", " is", " IgE", "-", "mediated", " and", " distinct", " from", " gluten", " intolerance", ".", "Several", "\nstudies", " have", " reported", " positive", " allergic", " responses", " to", " food", " challenges", " with", " barley", ",", " rye", " and", "/", "or", " oats", " in", "\nchildren", " or", " adults", ",", " and", " in", " most", " of", " these", " studies", " individuals", " were", " confirmed", " as", " not", " having", " coexisting", "\ncoeliac", " disease", ".", "Gluten", " and", " non", "-", "gluten", " proteins", " have", " been", " identified", " as", " allergens", " in", " barley", ".", "There", " is", " little", " data", " on", " the", " prevalence", " of", " allergy", " to", " these", " cereals", " in", " Australia", " and", " New", " Zealand", ".", "The", "\nFAISAG", " advised", " FSANZ", " that", " they", " do", " see", " cases", " of", " rye", " and", " barley", " allergy", ",", " but", " these", " are", " not", "\ncommon", ".", "Oat", " allergy", " is", " very", " rare", " and", " problems", " are", " usually", " due", " to", " cross", "-", "contamination", " with", " other", "\ncereals", ".", "References", "1", ".", "\nAalberse", " RC", " (", "2007", ")", " Assessment", " of", " allergen", " cross", "-", "reactivity", ".", " Clinical", " and", " Molecular", " Allergy", " 5", ":", "2", ".", "2", ".", "\nArchila", " LD", ",", " Chow", " IT", ",", " McGinty", " JW", ",", " Renand", " A", ",", " Jeong", " D", ",", " Robinson", " D", ",", " Farrington", " ML", ",", " Kwok", " WW", " (", "2016", ")", "\nAna", " o", " 1", " and", " Ana", " o", " 2", " cashew", " allergens", " share", " cross", "-", "reactive", " CD4", "(", "+", ")", " T", " cell", " epitopes", " with", " other", " tree", "\nnuts", ".", " Clinical", " and", " Experimental", " Allergy", " 46", "(", "6", ")", ":", "871", "-", "83", ".", "3", ".", "\nArmentia", " A", ",", " Rodríguez", " R", ",", " Callejo", " A", ",", " Martín", "-", "Esteban", " M", ",", " Martín", "-", "Santos", " JM", ",", " Salcedo", " G", ",", " Pascual", " C" ]
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[ "b", ")", "\n(", "c", ")", "Figure", " 1", ".", " (", "a", ")", " Colonies", " of", " R", ".", " areola", " developed", " on", " V8", " juice", "-", "agar", ",", " 28", " days", " after", " isolation", " made", " directly", " from", " the", " sporulating", "\nlesion", " on", " infected", " cotton", " leaf", ";", " (", "b", ")", " Multiplication", " of", " R", ".", " areola", " on", " V8", " Juice", "-", "agar", " by", " streaking", ";", " (", "c", ")", " Spores", " of", " R", ".", " areola", " showing", "\nvariable", " size", " and", " shape", ".", "streaking", " procedure", " was", " the", " same", " as", " normally", " practiced", " for", " bacterial", " cultures", ".", "The", " Petri", " plates", " were", " then", " kept", " on", "\nthe", " laboratory", " bench", " at", " about", " 24˚C", " for", " 12", " -", " 15", " days", " after", " which", " large", " quantities", " of", " typical", " spores", " were", " obtained", ".", "Such", " sporulating", " cultures", " were", " used", " for", " screening", " germplasm", " for", " resistance", " to", " R", ".", " areola", " ,", " or", " else", " dried", " at", " room", "\ntemperature", " with", " lid", " on", ",", " and", " then", " stored", " at", " 5˚C", " for", " further", " use", ".", "For", " inoculation", ",", " the", " dried", " culture", " discs", " are", "\nflooded", " with", " distilled", " water", ",", " spores", " are", " scraped", " with", " a", " soft", " paint", " brush", " and", " the", " inoculum", " is", " prepared", " as", " stated", "J", ".", " Volponi", "\net", " al", ".", "\n2416", "\nbefore", ".", "Alternatively", ",", " severely", " infected", " leaves", " collected", " from", " the", " glasshouse", " inoculations", " are", " blotter", " paper", " dried", "\nfor", " 48", " h", " and", " stored", " at", " 5˚C", " for", " reisolation", " and", " production", " of", " fresh", " inoculum", ".", "3", ".", " Results", " and", " Discussion", "The", " asexual", " stage", " of", " the", " pathogen", " is", " Ramularia", " areola", " Atk", ".", "The", " sexual", " stage", " belonging", " to", " Mycosphaerella", "\nareola", " Ehrlich", " and", " Wolf", " [", "9", "]", " [", "10", "]", ",", " has", " not", " been", " reported", " from", " Brazil", ".", "The", " pinkish", "-", "white", " colonies", " of", " both", " isolates", "\nproduced", " typical", ",", " oblong", " to", " cylindrical", ",", " sometimes", " spindle", " shaped", ",", " 0", " -", " 3", " septate", ",", " rarely", " 4", " -", " 5", " septate", " spores", ",", "\npointed", " at", " both", " ends", ",", " measuring", " between", " 3", ".", "55", " ×", " 7", ".", "28", " and", " 34", ".", "71", " ×", " 62", ".", "21", " µ", ".", "After", " repeated", " subculturing", " the", " colo", "-", "\nnies", " of", " isolate", " No", ".", " 58", ".", "4", " gradually", " transformed", " into", " off", "-", "white", " colonies", " having", " single", " celled", ",", " oval", " to", " round", " bodies", "\nprobably", " due", " to", " budding", " of", " the", " typical", " spores", ".", "Budding", " is", " a", " continuous", " process", " as", " observed", " in", " both", " the", " isolates", "\non", " V8", " juice", "-", "agar", ".", "According", " to", " Rathaiah", ",", " [", "11", "]", " [", "12", "]", " and", " Curvelo", " et", " al", ".", " [", "13", "]", ",", " conidia", " germinate", " from", " epical", " and", "\nbasal", " cells", ".", "In", " our", " isolates", " other", " than", " germination", " from", " epical", " and", " basal", " cells", ",", " budding", " occurs", " from", " several", " cells", "\nof", " the", " spores", ".", "Budding", " of", " spores", " results", " in", " the", " formation", " of", " single", " celled", ",", " rarely", " one", " septate", ",", " oblong", " to", " round", ",", "\nand", " sometimes", " spindle", " shaped", " bodies", ",", " and", " could", " be", " designated", " as", " “microconidia”", ".", "Presence", " of", " up", " to", " five", " septa", "\nand", " the", " continuous", " budding", " of", " spores", " make", " our", " isolates", " different", " from", " those", " reported", " earlier", " for", " R", ".", " areola", " of", "\ncotton", " [", "9", "]", ".", "We", " did", " not", " study", " the", " effect", " of", " different", " culture", " media", " on", " sporulation", ".", "Depending", " upon", " the", " repeated", "\nsubcluturing", " and", " the", " culture", " media", " it", " is", " possible", " that", " the", " fungus", " undergoes", " changes", " in" ]
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[ "is", " a", " collective", " term", " for", " shorter", " fragments", " (", "SRIF", "-", "28", ",", "\nSRIF", "-", "25", ",", " and", " SRIF", "-", "14", ")", " cleaved", " by", " tissue", "-", "specific", " enzymes", " from", " pre", "-", "\nprosomatostatin", " (", "116", " amino", " acids", ")", " and", " prosomatostatin", " (", "92", " amino", "\nacids", ")", ".", "11", " Somatostatin", " was", " identified", " in", " 1973", ",", " during", " the", " search", " for", "\ngrowth", " hormone", " releasing", " factor", ".", "6", " In", " addition", " to", " its", " effects", " on", " growth", "\nhormone", " and", " insulin", " secretion", ",", " somatostatin", " has", " far", "-", "reaching", " effects", "\nas", " a", " central", " nervous", " system", " (", "CNS", ")", " neurotransmitter", " and", " as", " a", " modula", "-", "\ntor", " of", " hormonal", " release", ".", "32", ",", " 40", " The", " importance", " of", " somatostatin", " on", " insulin", "\nsecretion", " led", " to", " the", " need", " to", " create", " an", " analog", " as", " a", " therapeutic", " tool", " as", "\nsomatostatin", " is", " limited", " because", " of", " its", " short", " duration", " of", " action", ".", "Octreotide", " was", " synthesized", " in", " 1982", " in", " an", " effort", " to", " develop", " a", " longer", "-", "\nacting", " analog", " of", " somatostatin", ".", "5", " Octreotide", " is", " currently", " FDA", " approved", "\nfor", " the", " treatment", " of", " acromegaly", ",", " carcinoid", " tumors", " and", " vasoactive", " intes", "-", "\ntinal", " peptide", " tumors", ".", "It", " is", " also", " used", " therapeutically", " for", " the", " treatment", " of", "\npituitary", " adenomas", ",", " pancreatic", " islet", " cell", " tumors", ",", " portal", " hypertension", ",", "\nesophageal", " varices", ",", " and", " secretory", " diarrhea", ".", "32", " Octreotide", " is", " being", " inves", "-", "\ntigated", " for", " its", " inhibitory", " effects", " on", " tumor", " cell", " proliferation", " through", "\nstimulation", " of", " apoptosis", ",", " antiangiogenesis", ",", " immunomodulatory", "\neffects", ",", " and", " the", " suppression", " of", " tumor", "-", "stimulating", " growth", " factors", ".", "31", ",", " 32", ",", " 41", "\nLanreotide", " and", " vapreotide", " are", " other", " long", "-", "acting", " somatostatin", " analogs", "\nthat", " are", " FDA", " approved", ".", "RECEPTOR", " AFFINITY", "The", " effects", " of", " somatostatin", " are", " mediated", " by", " high", "-", "affinity", " binding", " to", "\nmembrane", " receptors", " on", " target", " tissues", ".", "Five", " different", " somatostatin", "\nreceptor", " subtypes", " that", " belong", " to", " a", " superfamily", " of", " G", "-", "protein", "–", "coupled", "\nreceptors", " have", " been", " identified", " and", " assigned", " numbers", " (", "SSTR1", "–", "SSTR5", ")", "\naccording", " to", " their", " order", " of", " discovery", ".", "11", " Octreotide", ",", " lanreotide", ",", " and", " vap", "-", "\nreotide", " have", " high", " binding", " affinity", " for", " subtype", " SSTR2", ",", " a", " lower", " affinity", "\nfor", " SSTR5", " and", " SSTR3", ",", " and", " almost", " no", " affinity", " for", " SSTR1", " and", " SSTR4", ".", "32", "\nThe", " pancreas", " contains", " all", " 5", " subtypes", " but", " SSTR5", " and", " SSTR1", " are", " more", "\nprevalent", " in", " the", " beta", " cells", " and", " SSTR2", " is", " more", " prevalent", " in", " the", " alpha", "\ncells", ".", "49", " SSTR5", " is", " found", " in", " many", " tissues", " including", " the", " brain", ",", " pituitary", ",", "\nstomach", ",", " intestine", ",", " thyroid", ",", " and", " adrenal", " gland", ";", " SSTR2", " is", " found", " in", " the", "\nbrain", ",", " pituitary", ",", " stomach", ",", " liver", ",", " kidney", ",", " lung", ",", " intestine", ",", " spleen", ",", " thymus", ",", "\nuterus", ",", " prostate", ",", " and", " adrenal", " gland", ".", "32", ",", " 36", ",", " 43", ",", " 49", " A", " variety", " of", " pituitary", " and", "\ngastroenteropancreatic", " tumors", " contain", " varying", " percentages", " of", " the", "\nSSTR", " subtypes", ".", "EFFECTS", " ON", " INSULIN", " SECRETION", "\nAND", " OTHER", " HORMONES", "Experiments", " in", " both", " healthy", " human", " volunteers", " and", " an", " isolated", " per", "-", "\nfused", " canine", " pancreas", " model", " demonstrate", " the", " ability", " of", " somatostatin", "\nto", " inhibit", " glucose", "-", "stimulated", " insulin", " release", ".", "1", ",", " 19", " Experiments", " using", "\na", " whole", "-", "cell", " patch", " clamp", " technique", " on", " a", " hamster", " β", " -", "cell" ]
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[ "download", " an", " entire", " issue", " of", " a", " journal", " or", " multiple", " copies", " of", " articles", ",", " and", " you", "\nmay", " use", " content", " in", " the", " JSTOR", " archive", " only", " for", " your", " personal", ",", " non", "-", "commercial", " use", ".", "Please", " contact", " the", " publisher", " regarding", " any", " further", " use", " of", " this", " work", ".", "Publisher", " contact", " information", " may", " be", " obtained", " at", "\nhttp", ":", "/", "/", "www", ".", "jstor", ".", "org", "/", "action", "/", "showPublisher", "?", "publisherCode", "=", "apsa", ".", "Each", " copy", " of", " any", " part", " of", " a", " JSTOR", " transmission", " must", " contain", " the", " same", " copyright", " notice", " that", " appears", " on", " the", " screen", " or", " printed", "\npage", " of", " such", " transmission", ".", "JSTOR", " is", " a", " not", "-", "for", "-", "profit", " organization", " founded", " in", " 1995", " to", " build", " trusted", " digital", " archives", " for", " scholarship", ".", "We", " work", " with", " the", "\nscholarly", " community", " to", " preserve", " their", " work", " and", " the", " materials", " they", " rely", " upon", ",", " and", " to", " build", " a", " common", " research", " platform", " that", "\npromotes", " the", " discovery", " and", " use", " of", " these", " resources", ".", "For", " more", " information", " about", " JSTOR", ",", " please", " contact", " support", "@", "jstor", ".", "org", ".", "American", " Political", " Science", " Review", "Vol", ".", " 88", ",", " No", ".", " 1", "March", " 1994", "SHORTCUTS", " VERSUS", " ENCYCLOPEDIAS", ":", " INFORMATION", " AND", " VOTING", "\nBEHAVIOR", " IN", " CALIFORNIA", " INSURANCE", " REFORM", " ELECTIONS", "ARTHUR", "\nLUPIA", "University", " of", " California", ",", " San", " Diego", "V", " 70ters", " in", " mass", " elections", " are", " notorious", " for", " their", " apparent", " lack", " of", " information", " about", " relevant", "\npolitical", " matters", ".", "While", " some", " scholars", " argue", " that", " an", " electorate", " of", " well", "-", "informed", " voters", " is", "\nnecessary", " for", " the", " production", " of", " responsive", " electoral", " outcomes", ",", " others", " argue", " that", " apparently", "\nignorant", " voters", " will", " suffice", " because", " they", " can", " adapt", " their", " behavior", " to", " the", " complexity", " of", " electoral", " choice", ".", "To", " evaluate", " the", " validity", " of", " these", " arguments", ",", " I", " develop", " and", " analyze", " a", " survey", " of", " California", " voters", " who", "\nfaced", " five", " complicated", " insurance", " reform", " ballot", " initiatives", ".", "I", " find", " that", " access", " to", " a", " particular", " class", " of", "\nwidely", " available", " information", " shortcuts", " allowed", " badly", " informed", " voters", " to", " emulate", " the", " behavior", " of", "\nrelatively", " well", " informed", " voters", ".", "This", " finding", " is", " suggestive", " of", " the", " conditions", " under", " which", " voters", " who", "\nlack", " encyclopedic", " information", " about", " the", " content", " of", " electoral", " debates", " can", " nevertheless", " use", " information", "\nshortcuts", " to", " vote", " as", " though", " they", " were", " well", " informed", ".", "D", "\necades", " of", " survey", " research", " have", " provided", " us", "\nwith", " countless", " examples", " of", " voter", " ignorance", ".", "While", " the", " existence", " of", " the", " badly", " informed", "\nvoter", " is", " now", " a", " central", " part", " of", " political", " science", "'", "s", "\nintellectual", " heritage", ",", " the", " implications", " of", " voter", " igno", "-", "\nrance", " continue", " to", " be", " vigorously", " debated", ".", "Many", " schol", "-", "\nars", " and", " pundits", " argue", " that", " widespread", " voter", " igno", "-", "\nrance", " leads", " to", " voting", " behavior", " and", " electoral", " outcomes", "\nthat", " are", " meaningless", " representations", " of", " voter", " inter", "-", "\nests", ".", "'", "Other", " political", " observers", " argue", " that", " voters", "\nfind", " ways", " to", " adapt", " to", " their", " apparent", " lack", " of", " informa", "-", "\ntion", ".", "These", " scholars", " conclude", " that", " voting", " behavior", "\nand", " electoral", " outcomes", " provide", " valuable", " measures", " of", "\nvoter", " interests", ".", "2", "To", " understand", " whether", " or", " not", " voters", " can", " success", "-", "\nfully", " overcome", " their", " lack", " of", " information", ",", " it", " is", " instruc", "-", "\ntive", " to", " consider", " briefly", " how", " voters", " can", " obtain", " infor", "-", "\nmation", " about", " the", " personal", " consequences", " of", " electoral", "\noutcomes" ]
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[ "Convertir", " 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎", " ←", " 𝐴", ".", "𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ", " +", " 𝐵", ".", "𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ", " −", " (", "2", " ∗", " 𝑙𝑐𝑡𝑠", " )", "return", " 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎", "\n𝐶", " [", " 𝜏", ",", "𝜏", " ′", " ]", " 𝑖", ",", "Si", " 𝜏", " ⩽", " 𝑏", " 𝑗", " −", " 𝑎", " 𝑖", " ⩽", " 𝜏", " ′", "1", " +", " 𝑚𝑖𝑛", " (", " 𝐶", " [", " 𝜏", ",", "𝜏", " ′", " ]", " 𝑖", " −", " 1", " ,", "𝑗", " ,", " 𝐶", " [", " 𝜏", ",", "𝜏", " ′", " ]", " 𝑖", ",", "𝑗", " −", " 1", " )", " Sino", "\n(", "En", " la", " Figura", " 2", " se", " muestra", " el", " ´arbol", " binario", " que", " genera", " el", "\nalgoritmo", " Branch", " and", " Bound", " para", " calcular", " LCTS", " entre", " las", "\ncadenas", ":", "Suponiendo", " que", " el", " algoritmo", " recibe", " el", " rango", " de", " transposi", "-", "\nciones", " inicial", " de", " [", "-", "50", ",", "50", "]", " .", " La", " longitud", " (", "LCTS", ")", " que", " obtiene", " el", "\nalgoritmo", " para", " este", " ejemplo", " es", " de", " 8", " ,", " al", " convertir", " dicha", " longitud", "2016", " IEEE", " International", " Autumn", " Meeting", " on", " Power", ",", " Electronics", " and", " Computing", " (", "ROPEC", " 2016", ")", ".", " Ixtapa", ",", " Mexico", "a", " distancia", " como", " en", " el", " Algoriimo", " 1", " obtenemos", " un", " resultado", "\nde", " 24", " .", "Figura", " 2", ".", " Ejemplo", " de", " ´Arbol", " Binario", " con", " Soluci´on", ".", " [", "13", "]", "IV", ".", "D", " ESCRIPCI", " ´", " ON", " DEL", " S", " ISTEMA", " DE", " E", " VALUACI", " ´", " ON", "\nA", " UTOMATICA", "Para", " evaluar", " a", " un", " estudiante", " de", " m´usica", ",", " el", " alumno", " toca", "\nuna", " melod´ıa", " con", " un", " teclado", " musical", " conectado", " a", " a", " una", "\ncomputadora", " a", " trav´es", " del", " puerto", " MIDI", ".", " El", " alumno", " selecciona", "\nen", " la", " computadora", " la", " melod´ıa", " que", " va", " a", " tocar", ",", " luego", " realiza", "\nsu", " ejecuci´on", " y", " cuando", " termina", " el", " sistema", " le", " muestra", " su", "\ncalificaci´on", ".", " El", " sistema", " tiene", " dos", " m´odulos", ",", " el", " m´odulo", " de", "\nextracci´on", " de", " datos", " simb´olicos", " del", " archivo", " de", " audio", " y", " el", "\nm´odulo", " de", " evaluaci´on", ".", "IV", "-", "A", ".", " M´odulo", " Extracci´on", " de", " Datos", " Simb´olicos", "Este", " m´odulo", " extrae", " la", " informaci´on", " del", " archivo", " MIDI", " gen", "-", "\nerado", " por", " el", " estudiante", ",", " de", " este", " archivo", " extraemos", " el", " tono", ",", " la", "\nvelocidad", ",", " y", " el", " n´umero", " de", " ticks" ]
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[ "with", " the", " cost", " of", " hiring", " employees", " year", " round", " to", " answer", " the", " phone", ",", " to", " determine", "\nwhether", " the", " service", " feature", " is", " warranted", ".", "Household", " characteristics", " were", " not", " entered", " into", " the", " model", ".", "The", " primary", " reasons", " to", " enter", "\ndemographics", " are", " for", " the", " design", " of", " different", " levels", " of", " service", " for", " different", " demographic", "\ngroups", ",", " to", " estimate", " equity", " impacts", " across", " demographic", " groups", " (", "such", " as", " income", " classes", ")", ",", "\nand", "/", "or", " for", " forecasting", " the", " impact", " of", " changes", " in", " demographics", ".", "None", " of", " these", " tasks", " was", " a", "\ngoal", " of", " the", " project", ".", "The", " water", " utility", " is", " not", " able", " to", " offer", " different", " service", " levels", " to", "\ndifferent", " demographic", " groups", ",", " and", " the", " purpose", " of", " the", " study", " was", " to", " determine", " the", " current", "\ndistribution", " of", " willingness", " to", " pay", " for", " service", " attributes", " for", " the", " population", " of", " customers", " as", "\na", " whole", ".", "The", " estimated", " distribution", " of", " random", " coefficients", " in", " the", " model", " includes", "\ndifferences", " that", " relate", " to", " demographics", " as", " well", " as", " those", " that", " do", " not", ".", "If", " demographics", "\nwere", " included", ",", " the", " variance", " of", " random", " coefficients", " would", " decrease", " since", " some", " of", " the", "\nvariance", " would", " be", " captured", " explicitly", " by", " the", " variation", " in", " demographics", ".", "It", " is", " possible", "\nthat", " including", " demographics", " would", " result", " in", " more", " accurate", " distributions", " of", " willingness", " to", "\npay", ",", " since", " the", " specification", " of", " the", " distribution", " of", " random", " terms", " would", " be", " applicable", " to", " a", "\nsmaller", " share", " of", " the", " overall", " distribution", ",", " such", " that", " the", " impact", " of", " specification", " error", " would", "\nperhaps", " be", " less", ".", "Generally", ",", " however", ",", " larger", " samples", " are", " needed", " when", " differentiating", "\nresults", " by", " groups", " than", " when", " not", ",", " or", ",", " stated", " equivalently", ",", " differentiated", " results", " tend", "We", " did", " not", " investigate", " this", " trade", "-", "off", " but", " consider", " it", " a", "\nuseful", " topic", " for", " future", " work", ".", "Wastewater", " Service", "Table", " 3", " gives", " the", " model", " that", " was", " estimated", " on", " the", " respondents’", " choices", " among", "\nwastewater", " service", " options", ".", "Price", " enters", " as", " a", " share", " of", " current", " annual", " bill", " (", "as", " for", " the", " water", "\nservice", " model", ")", ";", " the", " number", " of", " overflows", " and", " time", " to", " fix", " the", " overflows", " enter", " in", " log", " form", ",", "\nsince", " these", " specifications", " fit", " the", " data", " better", " than", " the", " alternatives", ".", "Table", " 4", " gives", " statistics", "\nfor", " the", " estimated", " distribution", " of", " MWTP", " to", " reduce", " the", " frequency", " of", " overflows", ".", "The", "\nMWTP", " depends", " on", " the", " number", " of", " overflows", " that", " the", " customer", " experiences", " each", " year", ",", "\nreflecting", ",", " as", " for", " water", " service", " interruptions", ",", " a", " form", " of", " adaptation", " to", " overflows", ".", "For", "\nexample", ",", " the", " average", " MWTP", " to", " reduce", " the", " number", " of", " overflows", " is", " A", "$", "116", ".", "77", " when", "\ncustomers", " face", " only", " one", " overflow", " per", " year", " but", " drops", " to", " A", "$", "77", ".", "85", " when", " customers", " face", "\ntwo", " overflows", " per", " year", ".", "If", " the", " customer", " currently", " experiences", " one", " overflow", " in", " ten", " years", "\n(", "which", " is", " close", " to", " the", " current", " situation", ")", ",", " then", " the", " average", " MWTP", " to", " reduce", " the", " frequency", "\nby", " half", ",", " to", " one", " overflow", " in", " twenty", " years", ",", " is", " approximately", " A", "$", "16", " (", "one", " twentieth", " of", "\n$", "212", ".", "32", ")", ".", "Table", " 3", ":", " Model", " of", " Residential", " Customers", " Choice", " among" ]
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