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[ "Lepton", " Physics", " (", "MOE", ")", " and", " Institute", " of", " Particle", " Physics", ",", "\nCentral", " China", " Normal", " University", ",", " Wuhan", " 430079", ",", " China", "3", " Department", " of", " Physics", ",", " East", " Carolina", " University", ",", "\nGreenville", ",", " North", " Carolina", " 27858", ",", " USA", "4", " School", " of", " Science", ",", " Huzhou", " University", ",", " Huzhou", ",", " Zhejiang", " 313000", ",", " China", "5", " Department", " of", " Physics", " and", " Astronomy", ",", "\nPurdue", " University", ",", " West", " Lafayette", ",", " Indiana", " 47907", ",", " USA", "\n(", "Dated", ":", " April", " 10", ",", " 2018", ")", "Abstract", "We", " study", " the", " charm", " quark", " elliptic", " flow", " (", " v", " 2", " )", " in", " heavy", " ion", " as", " well", " as", " small", " system", " collisions", " by", "\ntracking", " the", " evolution", " history", " of", " quarks", " of", " different", " flavors", " within", " a", " multi", "-", "phase", " transport", " model", ".", "The", " charm", " quark", " v", " 2", " is", " studied", " as", " a", " function", " of", " the", " number", " of", " collisions", " the", " charm", " quark", " suffers", "\nwith", " other", " quarks", " and", " then", " compared", " to", " the", " v", " 2", " of", " lighter", " quarks", ".", "We", " find", " that", " the", " common", " escape", "\nmechanism", " is", " at", " work", " for", " both", " the", " charm", " and", " light", " quark", " v", " 2", " .", "However", ",", " contrary", " to", " the", " naive", "\nexpectation", ",", " the", " hydrodynamics", "-", "type", " flow", " contributes", " much", " more", " to", " the", " charm", " v", " 2", " than", " the", " light", "\nquark", " v", " 2", " .", "This", " could", " be", " explained", " by", " the", " smaller", " average", " deflection", " angle", " the", " heavier", " charm", " quark", "\nundergoes", " in", " each", " collision", ".", "Our", " finding", " thus", " suggests", " that", " the", " charm", " v", " 2", " is", " a", " better", " probe", " for", "\nstudying", " the", " hydrodynamic", " properties", " of", " the", " quark", "-", "gluon", " plasma", ".", "PACS", " numbers", ":", " 25", ".", "75", ".", "-", "q", ",", " 25", ".", "75", ".", "Ld", "1", "\na", " r", "\nX", "\ni", " v", "\n:", "\n1804", "\n.", "\n02681v1", "\n[", " h", "\ne", " p", "\n-", "\nph", "\n]", "\n8", "\nA", "\np", " r", "\n2018", "INTRODUCTION", "One", " of", " the", " primary", " goals", " of", " relativistic", " heavy", " ion", " collisions", " is", " to", " create", " the", " quark", "-", "gluon", "\nplasma", " (", "QGP", ")", " where", " quantum", " chromodynamics", " (", "QCD", ")", " can", " be", " studied", " under", " the", " extreme", "\nconditions", " of", " high", " temperature", " and", " energy", " density", " [", "1", "–", "5", "]", ".", "In", " the", " hydrodynamics", " picture", ",", "\nthe", " high", " pressure", " buildup", " in", " the", " center", " of", " the", " collision", " zone", " drives", " the", " system", " to", " expand", "\nat", " relativistic", " speed", ",", " generating", " a", " large", " collective", " flow", ".", "The", " collectivity", " is", " sensitive", " to", " the", "\npressure", " gradient", " and", " therefore", " regarded", " as", " a", " valuable", " probe", " of", " the", " pressure", " and", " energy", "\ndensity", " of", " the", " transient", " QGP", ".", "Of", " particular", " interest", " are", " non", "-", "central", " collisions", " where", " the", "\noverlap", " collision", " zone", " is", " anisotropic", " in", " the", " transverse", " plane", " perpendicular", " to", " beam", ".", "The", "\npressure", " gradient", " would", " generate", " an", " anisotropic", " expansion", " and", " final", "-", "state", " anisotropic", " flow", "\nin", " momentum", " space", ",", " whose", " leading", " term", " is", " elliptical", " [", "6", "]", ".", "This", " large", " elliptic", " anisotropy", " (", " v", " 2", " )", "\nhas", " been", " observed", " in", " experiments", " and", " is", " regarded", " as", " a", " strong", " evidence", " for", " the", " formation", " of", "\nthe", " QGP", " [", "1", "–", "5", "]", ".", "Both", " hydrodynamics", " and", " transport", " models", " can", " describe", " the", " measured", " large", " v", " 2", " [", "7", "]", ".", "Hy", "-", "\ndrodynamics", " is", " a", " macroscopic", " approach", " to", " describe", " the", " dynamical", " evolution", " of", " a", " heavy", "-", "ion", "\ncollision", " [", "7", "]", "." ]

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[ "analysed", ",", " ellipses", " are", "\nproduced", " that", " represent", " an", " area", " around", " each", " object", " above", "\na", " particular", " sky", " intensity", " for", " that", " particular", " plate", ".", "The", " in", "-", "\ntegrated", " (cid:13)ux", " and", " hence", " the", " isophotal", " magnitude", " is", " calcu", "-", "\nlated", " using", " these", " ellipses", ".", "However", ",", " in", " the", " case", " of", " the", " Super", "-", "\nCOS", " data’s", " ellipses", " (", "hereafter", " SuperCOS", " ellipses", ")", ",", " multiple", "\nellipses", " can", " be", " produced", " for", " a", " single", " object", ",", " especially", " for", "\nextended", " ones", ",", " that", " segment", " the", " area", " and", " result", " in", " incorrect", "\nmagnitudes", ".", "A", " di(cid:11)erent", " image", " analysis", " approach", " is", " needed", ".", "2", ".", "2", "\nOptical", " Image", " Data", "Using", " the", " results", " from", " the", " preliminary", " investigations", " above", ",", "\nthe", " SuperCOS", " image", " is", " optimal", " for", " our", " purposes", ".", "The", "\nscanned", " SuperCOS", " images", " have", " a", " 10", "-", "mm", " (", "0", ".", "67", " arcsec", ")", " res", "-", "\nolution", " (", "Hambly", " et", " al", ".", " 2001b", ")", ".", "Each", " image", " is", " required", " to", "\ncover", " a", " 7", " arcmin", " radius", " centred", " on", " the", " Hicat", " position", " to", "\nallow", " for", " any", " possible", " uncertainties", " in", " the", " original", " coordi", "-", "\nnates", ".", "Using", " the", " original", " positions", " of", " the", " 4315", " HI", " detections", "\nfrom", " Hicat", " ,", " 15", " (cid:2)", " 15", " arcmin", " B", " j", " -", ",", " R", "-", " and", " I", " -", "band", " SuperCOS", "\nimages", ",", " each", " centred", " on", " the", " Hicat", " position", " are", " obtained", ".", "Independent", " analysis", " of", " each", " image", " needs", " to", " overcome", " any", "\nsegmentation", " and", " photometry", " problems", " we", " encounter", " using", "\nthe", " SuperCOS", " ellipses", ".", "The", " SExtractor", " image", " analysis", " package", " (", "Bertin", " &", "\nArnouts", " 1996", ")", " is", " used", " to", " analyse", " each", " SuperCOS", " image", " and", "\nan", " SExtractor", " ellipse", " catalogue", " (", "hereafter", " SEx", " ellipses", ")", "\nis", " produced", " containing", " ellipses", " for", " each", " object", " within", " the", "\nimage", " using", " the", " method", " described", " in", " Section", " 2", ".", "1", ".", "For", " the", "\nmajority", " of", " the", " SuperCOS", " images", ",", " we", " use", " the", " default", " analy", "-", "\nsis", " parameters", " of", " SExtractor", " that", " are", " optimised", " for", " ex", "-", "\ntended", " and", " bright", " objects", " and", " that", " require", " an", " higher", " con", "-", "\ntrast", " to", " detect", " an", " object", ".", "However", ",", " for", " some", " objects", ",", " the", "\nellipse", " also", " includes", " foreground", " stars", ".", "Therefore", " a", " second", " set", "\nof", " SExtractor", " parameters", ",", " that", " are", " more", " likely", " to", " break", "\nup", " detections", " into", " smaller", " objects", " and", " that", " require", " a", " much", "\nlower", " contrast", " to", " detect", " fainter", " objects", ",", " are", " used", ".", "A", " total", " of", "\n91", " images", " using", " the", " second", " set", " of", " parameters", " are", " included", "\nfor", " the", " (cid:12)nal", " SEx", " ellipses", ".", "The", " magnitudes", " included", " in", " our", " catalogue", " are", " based", " on", "\nthe", " mag", " auto", " function", " of", " SExtractor", " ,", " which", " is", " de(cid:12)ned", " as", "\n‘Kron", "-", "like", " elliptical", " aperture", " magnitudes’", " (", "Bertin", " &", " Arnouts", "\n1996", ")", ".", "The", " magnitude", " measurements", " are", " calculated", " from", " the", "\nSEx", " ellipses", " produced", " by", " analysing", " the", " B", " j", " -", "band", " images", " only", "\nand", " are", " uncalibrated", ".", "Our", " calibrations", " of", " the", " SExtractor", "\nB", " j", " ,", " R", " and", " I", " magnitudes", ",", " using", " the", " SuperCOS", " data’s", " zero", "\npoint", " calibration", ",", " are", " described", " in", " Section", " 2", ".", "4", ".", "2", ".", "2", ".", "3", "\nOptical", " spectroscopic", " Data", "Accurately", " matching", " the", " HI", " radio", " detections", " with", " their", "\noptical", " counterparts", " requires", " a", " veri(cid:12)cation", " method", ".", "Us", "-", "\ning", " the", " velocity", " measurements", " from", " Hicat", " is", " one" ]

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[]

[]

[ "There", " were", " numerous", " foamy", "\nhistiocytes", " and", " some", " monomorphonuclear", " leucocytes", "\naccompanying", " the", " mucus", " in", " the", " cavity", " (", "Fig", ".", " 3", ")", ".", "Patient", "\nwas", " examined", " on", " regular", " follow", "-", "up", " basis", ",", " exhibiting", " no", "\nsigns", " of", " recurrence", " for", " the", " last", " 1", " year", ".", "Discussion", "\nAs", " previously", " described", ",", " there", " are", " 3", " distinct", " sets", " of", " oral", "\nminor", " salivary", " glands", " in", " the", " tongue", ":", " the", " glands", " of", " Blan", "-", "\ndin", "-", "Nuhn", ",", " the", " glands", " of", " Weber", " and", " the", " glands", " of", " von", "J", " Clin", " Exp", " Dent", ".", " 2018", ";", "10", "(", "5", ")", ":", "e495", "-", "8", ".", "Mucocele", " of", " the", " dorsal", " surface", " of", " the", " tongue", "\ne497", "\nFig", ".", " 2", ":", " Microphotograph", " exhibiting", " a", " cystic", " cavity", " with", " absence", " of", " epithelial", " lining", ",", " surrounded", " by", " granulation", " tissue", ".", " (", "Haematoxylin", " –", "\neosin", " stain", ",", " original", " magnification", " x", " 100", ")", ".", "Fig", ".", " 3", ":", " In", " the", " lesions’", " periphery", ",", " fibrous", " connective", " tissue", " and", " nu", " -", " merous", " foamy", " histiocytes", " are", " identified", ".", " (", "Haematoxylin", " –", " eosin", "\nstain", ",", " original", " magnification", " x", " 400", ")", ".", "Ebner", ".", " The", " glands", " of", " Blandin", "-", "Nuhn", " are", " composed", " of", "\nsero", "-", "mucous", " acini", ",", " located", " in", " the", " anterior", " ventral", " sur", "-", "\nface", " of", " the", " tongue", ".", "The", " glands", " of", " Weber", " are", " exclusively", "\nmucous", " glands", ",", " located", " close", " to", " the", " lingual", " tonsils", ".", "Fina", " -", "\nlly", ",", " the", " glands", " of", " von", " Ebner", " are", " serous", " salivary", " glands", ",", "\nlocated", " at", " the", " base", " of", " the", " grooves", " that", " surround", " the", " cir", "-", "\ncumvallate", " papillae", " and", " the", " base", " of", " the", " clefts", " between", "\nthe", " foliate", " papillae", ".", "Focusing", " in", " the", " tongue", ",", " as", " an", " anatomic", " structure", ",", " muco", " -", "\nceles", " develop", " usually", " in", " the", " ventral", " surface", " (", "mucoceles", "\nof", " Blandin", "-", "Nuhn", " glands", ")", " (", "6", ")", ".", "Normally", ",", " according", " to", "\nanatomic", " studies", ",", " there", " are", " no", " minor", " salivary", " glands", " on", "\nthe", " dorsal", " surface", " of", " the", " tongue", ".", "However", ",", " to", " the", " best", " of", "\nour", " knowledge", " scarce", " case", " reports", " have", " been", " published", ",", "\ndescribing", " mucoceles", " of", " the", " dorsum", " of", " the", " tongue", ".", "As", "\nan", " effort", " to", " collect", " all", " these", " rare", " cases", ",", " we", " performed", " a", "\ncomprehensive", " search", " of", " the", " English", " language", " literature", "\nusing", " PubMed", "/", "MEDLINE", " electronic", " database", ";", " all", " publi", " -", "\nshed", " mucoceles", " of", " the", " dorsum", " of", " the", " tongue", " were", " re", "-", "\nviewed", ",", " and", " their", " demographic", " /", " clinicopathologic", " data", "\nare", " presented", " in", " table", " 1", ".", "According", " to", " collected", " data", ",", " a", " wide", " age", " range", " of", " patients", "\nranging", " from", " birth", " to", " 74", " years", " old", " was", " recorded", ".", "Mucous", " cysts", " were", " identified", " in", " the", " anterior", " as", " well", " as", "\nin", " the", " posterior", " area", " of", " the", " dorsal", " surface", " of", " the", " tongue", ",", "\nexhibiting", " no", " predilection", ".", "Regarding", " their", " aetiology", ",", " we", " can", " speculate", " that", " lesions", "\nof", " the", " anterior", " dorsal", " tongue", " may", " develop", " from", " Blan", "-", "\ndin", "-", "Nuhn", " glands", " while", " those", " of", " the", " posterior", " area", " may", "\nderive", " from", " Weber", " and", " von", " Ebner", " salivary", " glands", ".", "Wong", "\nChung", " et", " al", ".", " suggested", " that", " a", " mucous", " cyst", " identified", " in", " a", "\nnewborn", " most", " likely", " originated", " from", " an", " anterior", " lingual", "\ngland", " which", " drained", " through", " a", " small" ]

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[ "Gries", " et", " al", ".", ",", " (", "2009", ")", " noted", " that", " financial", " development", " and", "\ntrade", " openness", " do", " not", " appear", " to", " have", " been", " crucial", " preconditions", " of", " economic", " growth", " in", "\n16", " SSA", " countries", ".", "Menyah", " et", " al", ".", ",", " (", "2014", ")", " investigated", " the", " causal", " relationships", " between", "\nfinancial", " development", ",", " trade", " openness", " and", " economic", " growth", " for", " 21", " SSA", " countries", ".", "They", "\nshowed", " limited", " support", " for", " the", " trade", "-", "led", " growth", " hypothesis", ".", "The", " trade", "-", "led", " growth", "\nhypothesis", " holds", " only", " for", " Benin", ",", " Sierra", " Leone", ",", " and", " South", " Africa", ".", "Moreover", ",", " Polat", " et", " al", ".", ",", "\n(", "2015", ")", " confirmed", " the", " existence", " of", " a", " feedback", " effect", " between", " trade", " openness", " and", "\nfinancial", " development", " was", " observed", " in", " South", " Africa", " both", " in", " the", " short", " and", " long", " run", ".", "2", ".", "3", ".", " Trade", " openness", " and", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " link", "The", " impact", " of", " trade", " openness", " on", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " link", " emanates", " from", " the", " effect", " of", "\ntrade", " liberalization", " on", " macroeconomic", " performance", ".", "Therefore", ",", " as", " trade", " openness", " could", "\nhave", " positive", " and", " negative", " effects", " on", " economic", " growth", ",", " it", " could", " also", " have", " contrasting", "\nimpacts", " on", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " nexus", ".", "On", " the", " one", " hand", ",", " Trade", " openness", " may", " lead", " to", "\nenhanced", " macroeconomic", " efficiency", " by", " providing", " access", " to", " new", " products", " and", " inputs", ",", "\nlow", "-", "cost", " intermediate", " goods", ",", " bigger", " markets", " and", " advanced", " technologies", " (", "Yanikkaya", ",", "\n2003", ")", ".", "The", " increased", " efficiency", " -", " both", " at", " the", " firm", " and", " the", " aggregate", " level", " -", " likely", " leads", " to", "\nefficient", " allocation", " of", " funds", " channeled", " through", " domestic", " intermediaries", ".", "Hence", ",", " trade", "\nopenness", " could", " strengthen", " the", " positive", " effect", " of", " financial", " development", " on", " economic", "\ngrowth", ".", "On", " the", " other", " hand", ",", " openness", " might", " weaken", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " link", " stifles", " infant", "\nindustries", " as", " trade", " protectionists", " such", " as", " Young", " (", "1991", ")", " argued", ".", "Trade", " openness", " could", "\nalso", " induce", " macroeconomic", " instability", " (", "Rodrik", ",", " 1992", ")", " and", " raises", " vulnerability", " to", " foreign", "\nshocks", " (", "Yilmazkuday", ",", " 2011", ")", " and", ",", " hence", ",", " could", " negatively", " effect", " on", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", "\nnexus", ".", "Therefore", ",", " the", " possible", " impact", " of", " trade", " openness", " on", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " link", " is", " not", "\nclear", " at", " the", " outset", ".", "Rather", ",", " it", " seems", " to", " depend", " on", " how", " well", " an", " economy", " performs", " in", "\ninternational", " trade", ",", " i", ".", "e", ".", ",", " the", " finance", "-", "growth", " relationship", " is", " likely", " to", " be", " stronger", " in", "\neconomies", " which", " perform", " better", " in", " terms", " of", " international", " trade", ".", "Yilmazkuday", " (", "2011", ")", " considered", " trade", " openness", " as", " a", " possible", " factor", " to", " affect", " the", " finance", "-", "\ngrowth", " relationship", " for", " 84", " countries", ".", "He", " found", " that", " trade", " openness", " strengthens", " the", "\nfinance", "-", "growth", " link", " in", " low", "-", "income", " economies", ",", " but", " its", " effect", " is", " minimal", " in", " high", "-", "income", "\neconomies", ".", "He", " argued", " that", " increased", " access", " to", " low", "-", "cost", " intermediate", " inputs", ",", " large", " and", "\nhigh", "-", "income", " markets", ",", " and", " technologies", " benefits", " open", " low", "-", "income", " economies", ".", "However", ",", "\nthe", " finance", "-", "growth", " link", " in", " high", "-", "income", " economies", " is", " less", " affected", " by", " trade", " openness", " as", "\nthose", " economies", " have", " their", " own", " large", " domestic", " markets", ".", "Instead", "," ]

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[ "Hernquist", " (", "2003", ")", ",", " assumes", " a", " slightly", "\ndifferent", " cosmology", ",", " with", " the", " most", " notable", " differences", "\nbeing", " Ω", " b", " =", " 0", " .", " 04", " and", " σ", " 8", " =", " 0", " .", " 9", ".", "The", " photoionization", "\nand", " recombination", " rates", " used", " in", " this", " study", " are", " from", "\nHui", " &", " Gnedin", " (", "1997", ")", ".", "2", ".", " THE", " He", " i", " FOREST", "In", " photoionization", " equilibrium", ",", " the", " He", " i", " fraction", " is", " de", "-", "\ntermined", " by", " the", " relation", "\nx", " HeI", " ≈", " α", " HeI", " n", " e", " Γ", "\nHeI", " x", " HeII", " .", "\n(", "Photoionization", " equilibrium", " is", " a", " good", " approximation", " be", "-", "\ncause", " the", " timescale", " to", " reach", " equilibrium", " (", "Γ", " −", " 1HeI", " ∼", " Γ", " −", " 1HI", " ≈", "\n3", " ×", " 10", " 4", " yr", " at", " z", " ∼", " 3", ";", " e", ".", "g", ".", ",", " Faucher", "-", "Gigu", "`", "ere", " et", " al", ".", " 2008a", ")", "3", " http", ":", "/", "/", "etc", ".", "stsci", ".", "edu", "/", "webetc", "/", ".", " As", " of", " mid", "-", "January", " 2010", ",", " the", " dark", " current", " for", " the", " COS", " NUV", " gratings", " is", " 5", " times", " higher", " than", "\nspecifications", " (", "and", " than", " what", " is", " assumed", " by", " this", " ETC", ")", ",", " and", ",", " thus", ",", " a", " significantly", " longer", " observation", " is", " required", " unless", " this", " issue", " is", "\nresolved", ".", "3", "\nwas", " much", " shorter", " than", " all", " other", " relevant", " timescales", ".", "Here", ",", " α", " X", " ,", " n", " X", " ,", " x", " X", " ,", " and", " Γ", " X", " ≡", "\nR", "\n∞", " E", " ion", " X", " (", " dE", "/", "E", " )", " σ", " X", " (", " E", " )", " J", " (", " E", " )", "\nare", " respectively", " the", " Case", " A", " recombination", " coefficient", ",", " 4", "\nthe", " number", " density", ",", " the", " ionization", " fraction", ",", " and", " the", " pho", "-", "\ntoionization", " rate", " for", " ion", " X", " (", "or", " subscript", " e", " for", " electrons", ")", ",", "\nand", " E", " ion", " X", " and", " σ", " X", " are", " the", " ionization", " potential", " and", " the", "\nphotoionization", " cross", " section", ".", "Lastly", ",", " J", " (", " E", " )", " is", " the", " inci", "-", "\ndent", " specific", " intensity", " integrated", " over", " solid", " angle", ".", "We", "\nwill", " sometimes", " imprecisely", " write", " x", " HeII", " =", " 1", " for", " a", " gas", " par", "-", "\ncel", " even", " though", " a", " small", " fraction", " (", " ∼", " 10", " −", " 5", " ∆", " b", " )", " of", " the", " he", "-", "\nlium", " is", " in", " x", " HeI", " .", "If", " the", " density", " and", " Γ", " HeI", " are", " known", " (", "since", " n", " e", " is", " ef", "-", "\nfectively", " known", " in", " the", " IGM", " after", " hydrogen", " reioniza", "-", "\ntion", " up", " to", " density", ")", ",", " a", " measurement", " of", " x", " HeI", " can", " be", "\nused", " to", " determine", " x", " HeII", " (", "equation", " 1", ")", ".", "Fortunately", ",", " co", "-", "\neval", " H", " i", " Lyman", "-", "series", " absorption", " provides", " an", " estimate", "\nfor", " the", " density", " of", " a", " He", " i", " absorber", ".", "In", " addition", ",", " the", "\nHe", " i", " photoionization", " rate", " (", "like", " this", " for", " the", " H", " i", " )", " is", " ex", "-", "\npected", " to", " have", " been", " essentially", " spatially", " independent", " ow", "-", "\ning", " to", " the", " long", " mean", " free", " path", " of", " He", " i", " -", "ionizing", " photons", "\n(", " l", " HeI", " )", " and", " the", " large", " number", " of", " sources", " in", " a", " volume", " of", "\n∼", " l", " 3HeI", " .", "It", " is", " estimated", " that", " l", " HeI", " >", " l", " HI", " ∼", " 300", " cMpc", " at", "\nz", " ∼", " 3", " (", "Madau", " et", " al", ".", " 1999", ";", " Faucher" ]

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[ "reduced", " personal", "\naccomplishment", " and", " self", "-", "efficacy", " negatively", " related", " to", " the", " three", " components", " of", " burnout", " strongly", " lent", " support", " to", "\nBakker", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2003", ")", " job", " demand", "-", "resources", " model", ".", "5", ".", " IMPLICATION", " OF", " THE", " STUDY", "This", " study", " has", " made", " theoretical", " and", " practical", " contributions", " to", " existing", " literature", ".", "First", ",", " the", " findings", " of", " this", " present", " study", " revealing", " that", " role", "-", "based", " stress", " positively", " related", " to", " feeling", " of", " reduced", "\npersonal", " accomplishment", " and", " self", "-", "efficacy", " negatively", " related", " to", " the", " three", " components", " of", " burnout", " have", " given", "\ncredence", " to", " the", " contributions", " of", " Bakker", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2003", ")", " job", " demand", "-", "resources", " theory", " to", " the", " understanding", " of", " the", "\nrelationship", " between", " role", "-", "based", " stress", ",", " self", "-", "efficacy", " and", " burnout", " among", " nurses", ".", "International", " Journal", " of", " Social", " and", " Administrative", " Sciences", ",", " 2020", ",", " 5", "(", "2", ")", ":", " 94", "-", "108", "\n105", " ©", " 2020", " AESS", " Publications", ".", " All", " Rights", " Reserved", ".", "Second", ",", " the", " study", " has", " paved", " way", " for", " the", " understanding", " of", " the", " negative", " role", " of", " stress", " emanating", " from", " the", " role", "\nresponsibilities", " of", " nurses", " in", " their", " feeling", " of", " not", " achieving", " much", " despite", " their", " immense", " contributions", " in", " healthcare", "\ndelivery", ".", "Considering", " these", ",", " the", " Nursing", " Council", ",", " Ministry", " of", " Health", " and", " other", " organizations", " saddled", " with", " the", "\nresponsibility", " of", " healthcare", " delivery", " in", " Nigeria", " should", " make", " policies", " that", " will", " reduce", " role", "-", "based", " stress", " and", " enhance", "\nself", "-", "efficacy", " of", " nurses", " in", " order", " reduce", " burnout", ",", " hence", " increasing", " the", " quality", " of", " healthcare", " services", " provided", " by", "\nnurses", ".", "This", " effort", " in", " the", " light", " of", " other", " factors", " will", " contribute", " immensely", " to", " the", " achievement", " of", " sustainable", "\ndevelopment", " goals", ".", "6", ".", " LIMITATIONS", " OF", " THE", " STUDY", "Although", " the", " present", " study", " has", " made", " relevant", " theoretical", " and", " practical", " contributions", ",", " it", " has", " some", " limitations", ".", "First", ",", " since", " the", " sample", " size", " represented", " only", " nurses", " from", " two", " hospitals", " within", " Enugu", " urban", " which", " is", " located", " in", "\nEastern", " Nigeria", ",", " the", " external", " validity", " of", " the", " findings", " is", " limited", ";", " hence", " the", " generalization", " should", " be", " done", " with", "\ncaution", ".", "To", " this", " end", ",", " future", " studies", " in", " this", " area", " should", " cover", " nurses", " in", " the", " other", " states", " of", " Nigeria", " in", " order", " to", " ensure", "\ngeographical", " spread", ".", "The", " use", " of", " cross", "-", "sectional", " survey", " and", " self", " report", " could", " not", " allow", " cause", "-", "effect", " relationship", ".", "Longitudinal", " studies", " and", " experimentation", ",", " therefore", ",", " are", " likely", " to", " provide", " better", " data", " and", " more", " robust", " findings", ".", "7", ".", " CONCLUSION", "Role", "-", "based", " stress", " positively", " related", " to", " feeling", " of", " reduced", " personal", " accomplishment", " component", " of", " burnout", " while", "\nself", "-", "efficacy", " negatively", " related", " to", " all", " the", " components", " of", " burnout", " (", "emotional", " exhaustion", ",", " dehumanization", " and", " feeling", "\nof", " reduced", " personal", " accomplishment", ")", ",", " hence", " the", " need", " to", " create", " work", " conditions", " that", " will", " reduce", " role", "-", "based", " stress", "\nand", " enhance", " self", "-", "efficacy", " in", " order", " to", " prevent", " burnout", " and", " its", " effects", " on", " nurses", ".", "Funding", ":", " This", " study", " received", " no", " specific", " financial", " support", ".", "Competing", " Interests", ":", " The", " authors", " declare", " that", " they", " have", " no", " competing", " interests", ".", "Acknowledgement", ":", " All", " authors", " contributed", " equally", " to", " the", " conception", " and", " design", " of", " the", " study", ".", "REFERENCES", "Aftab" ]

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[ "Eberhart", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2011", ")", " found", " that", " several", "J", " Abnorm", " Child", " Psychol", " (", "2013", ")", " 41", ":", "399", " –", " 410", "maladaptive", " schemas", " (", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", " emotional", " deprivation", ",", " mistrust", ",", "\nand", " failure", ")", " predicted", " interpersonal", " stress", ".", "In", " contrast", ",", " inferential", " style", " as", " predictor", " of", " stress", " has", "\nreceived", " less", " attention", " and", " the", " results", " are", " mixed", ".", "Whereas", "\nsome", " studies", " have", " found", " that", " negative", " inferential", " style", " pre", "-", "\ndicts", " stress", " in", " samples", " of", " adolescents", " (", "Calvete", " 2011b", ")", " and", "\nchildren", " of", " parents", " with", " a", " history", " of", " clinical", " depression", "\n(", "Shih", " et", " al", ".", " 2009", ")", ",", " Gibb", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2006", ")", " failed", " to", " find", " this", "\neffect", ".", "Thus", ",", " overall", ",", " the", " study", " of", " cognitive", " vulnerabilities", "\nas", " generators", " of", " stress", " is", " still", " limited", ",", " particularly", " for", " infer", "-", "\nential", " style", ".", "Consequence", " of", " Depression", " Model", "Lewinsohn", " and", " colleagues", " (", "1981", ")", " proposed", " the", " scar", " hypoth", "-", "\nesis", ",", " which", " states", " that", " experiencing", " depression", " can", " worsen", "\nindividuals", " ’", " depression", " vulnerabilities", ",", " including", " cognitive", "\nrisks", ".", "This", " way", ",", " for", " instance", ",", " an", " adolescent", " who", " experiences", "\ndepression", " may", " develop", " a", " hopeless", " view", " of", " the", " world", " and", "\nhis", "/", "her", " future", ".", "A", " number", " of", " studies", " have", " examined", " the", " scar", "\nhypothesis", " in", " samples", " of", " adolescents", " after", " a", " depressive", "\nepisode", " with", " mixed", " results", ".", "For", " instance", ",", " Rohde", " et", " al", ".", "\n(", "1994", ")", " found", " several", " psychosocial", " scars", " in", " adolescents", " after", "\nthe", " depressive", " episode", " and", " suggested", " that", " early", "-", "onset", " de", "-", "\npression", " may", " impact", " adolescents", " more", " severely", " than", " adults", ".", "In", " contrast", ",", " Beevers", " et", " al", ".", " (", "2007", ")", " failed", " to", " find", " support", " for", "\nthe", " scar", " hypothesis", " with", " other", " variables", " including", " negative", "\nemotionality", ",", " rumination", ",", " and", " self", "-", "esteem", ".", "As", " an", " extension", " of", " the", " scar", " hypothesis", ",", " a", " growing", " number", "\nof", " studies", " have", " found", " that", " depressive", " symptoms", " predict", " a", "\nworsening", " of", " cognitive", " vulnerabilities", " among", " nonreferred", "\nsamples", " of", " adolescents", ",", " including", " negative", " inferences", "\n(", "Calvete", " 2011b", ";", " Garber", " et", " al", ".", " 2002", ";", " McCarty", " et", " al", ".", " 2007", ";", "\nMezulis", " et", " al", ".", " 2010", ";", " Stewart", " et", " al", ".", " 2004", ")", " and", " cognitions", " that", "\ninvolve", " a", " negative", " self", "-", "view", " (", "McCarty", " et", " al", ".", " 2007", ";", " McGrath", "\nand", " Repetti", " 2002", ";", " Shahar", " et", " al", ".", " 2004", ";", " Stewart", " et", " al", ".", " 2004", ";", "\nTilghman", "-", "Osborne", " et", " al", ".", " 2008", ")", ".", "Moreover", ",", " stressful", " circum", "-", "\nstances", " can", " also", " contribute", " to", " the", " deterioration", " of", " individu", "-", "\nals", " ’", " cognitive", " style", " (", "e", ".", "g", ".", ",", " Auerbach", " et", " al", ".", " 2010", ";", " Gibb", " et", " al", ".", "\n2006", ";", " Hankin", " et", " al", ".", " 2008", ")", ".", "These", " studies", " suggest", " that", " neg", "-", "\native", " life", " events", " such", " as", " school", " failure", " or", " peer", " rejection", " can", "\nlead", " to", " a", " negative", " view", " of", " oneself", ".", "Overview", " of", " the", " Present", " Study", "The", " present", " study", " aims", " to", " expand", " the", " extant", " research", " base", "\nby", " examining", " the", " bidirectional", " relationships", " among", " cogni", "-", "\ntive", " vulnerabilities", ",", " stressors", ",", " and", " depressive", " symptoms", " over", "\ntime", ".", "In", " contrast", " with", " the", " majority", " of", " the" ]

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[ "validity", " and", " losses", " to", " follow", "-", "up", ".", "Data", " extraction", "Data", " were", " extracted", " and", " used", " to", " calculate", " relative", " risk", " (", "RR", ")", " and", " 95", "%", " confidence", " intervals", " (", "CI", ")", " for", " remission", ",", "\nimprovement", " and", " drop", "-", "out", " rates", ".", "Mean", " differences", " and", " 95", "%", " confidence", " intervals", " were", " calculated", " for", " differences", " in", "\npost", "-", "treatment", " symptoms", " between", " groups", ".", "It", " appeared", " that", " data", " were", " extracted", " independently", " by", " two", " reviewers", ",", " with", " disagreements", " resolved", " through", " discussion", ".", "Database", " of", " Abstracts", " of", " Reviews", " of", " Effects", " (", "DARE", ")", "Produced", " by", " the", " Centre", " for", " Reviews", " and", " Dissemination", " Copyright", " ©", " 2019", " University", " of", " York", "Page", ":", " 1", " /", " 3", "Methods", " of", " synthesis", "Trials", " were", " grouped", " by", " comparison", " and", " pooled", " relative", " risks", " and", " weighted", " mean", " differences", " (", "WMD", ")", " together", " with", " 95", "%", "\nconfidence", " intervals", " were", " calculated", " using", " a", " random", "-", "effects", " model", ".", "Heterogeneity", " was", " assessed", " using", " the", " χ", " 2", " test", ".", "Some", "\nanalyses", " were", " conducted", " on", " an", " intention", "-", "to", "-", "treat", " (", "ITT", ")", " basis", ".", "Trials", " that", " reported", " lack", " of", " information", " on", " remission", " rates", ",", "\nclinical", " improvement", " or", " drop", "-", "out", " rates", " were", " excluded", " from", " the", " review", ".", "Results", " of", " the", " review", "Twenty", "-", "three", " RCTs", " (", "n", "=", "1", ",", "923", " participants", ")", " were", " included", " in", " the", " review", ".", "Significantly", " higher", " remission", " rates", " were", " reported", " for", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " than", " eye", " movement", " desensitisation", "\nand", " reprocessing", " (", "RR", " 0", ".", "35", ",", " 95", "%", " CI", " 0", ".", "16", " to", " 0", ".", "79", ";", " two", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "54", " participants", ")", " or", " supportive", " therapies", " (", "RR", " 0", ".", "43", ",", " 95", "%", "\nCI", " 0", ".", "25", " to", " 0", ".", "74", ";", " three", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "188", " participants", ")", " for", " participants", " completing", " trials", ".", "Significant", " heterogeneity", " was", "\nreported", " for", " the", " comparison", " of", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " with", " eye", " movement", " desensitisation", " and", " reprocessing", "\n(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "04", ")", ".", "There", " were", " no", " statistically", " significant", " differences", " between", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " versus", " exposure", " therapy", " (", "three", "\nRCTs", ",", " n", "=", "156", " participants", ")", " for", " remission", " rates", ",", " or", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " versus", " cognitive", " therapies", " (", "two", " RCTs", ",", "\nn", "=", "78", " participants", ")", " for", " clinical", " improvement", ".", "There", " were", " no", " statistically", " significant", " differences", " in", " drop", "-", "out", " rates", " between", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " versus", " eye", "\nmovement", " desensitisation", " and", " reprocessing", " (", "two", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "56", " participants", ")", ",", " supportive", " therapies", " (", "six", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "359", "\nparticipants", ")", ",", " exposure", " therapy", " (", "five", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "286", " participants", ")", " or", " cognitive", " therapy", " (", "two", " RCTs", ",", " n", "=", "99", " participants", ")", ".", "Authors", " stated", " that", " heterogeneity", " prevented", " them", " reporting", " data", " on", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", " compared", " with", "\nwaiting", " list", ".", "Authors", "'", " conclusions", "The", " findings", " suggested", " that", " specific", " therapies", " such", " as", " cognitive", " behavioural", " therapy", ",", " exposure", " therapy", " and", " cognitive", "\ntherapy", " were", " equally", " effective", " in", " the", " treatment", " of", " post", "-", "traumatic", " stress", " disorder", ",", " and", " that", " these", " therapies", " were", " more", "\neffective", " than", " supportive", " techniques", ".", "CRD", " commentary", "The", " review", " question", " was", " clear", " and", " supported", " by", " detailed", " inclusion", " criteria", ".", "Several", " relevant", " sources", " were" ]

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[]

[]

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[ "into", " the", " mechanism", " of", "\ndynein", " activation", " for", " cilia", ".", "However", ",", " they", " focus", " on", " (", "9", "+", "2", ")", " cilia", ",", "\nwhich", ",", " different", " from", " the", " nodal", " cilia", ",", " consist", " of", " 9", " outer", "\nmicrotubule", " doublets", " and", " a", " pair", " of", " microtubule", " singlets", " and", "\ncommonly", " present", " planar", " beating", " movements", ".", "Studies", "\nregarding", " the", " dynein", " activation", " patterns", " of", " embryonic", " cilia", " are", "\nstill", " needed", ".", "In", " this", " paper", ",", " we", " present", " a", " computational", " model", " to", "\ninvestigate", " the", " dynein", "-", "microtubule", " system", " of", " embryonic", " cilia", ",", "\nmodelling", " the", " actual", " ciliary", " ultrastructure", " and", " related", " dynein", "\nactivation", " patterns", " resulting", " into", " ciliary", " motion", ".", "By", " applying", "\ndynein", " forces", " between", " adjacent", " doublets", ",", " we", " simulate", " the", "\nprotein", "-", "triggered", " deformation", " of", " the", " cilium", ",", " test", " different", "\nhypotheses", " of", " dynein", " activation", " pattern", ",", " and", " thus", " explore", " the", "\nmechanism", " by", " which", " the", " dynein", " motors", " are", " capable", " to", " induce", "\nthe", " clockwise", " rotation", " of", " motile", " cilia", ".", "The", " explicit", "\nrepresentation", " of", " the", " protein", " motor", " function", " in", " this", " model", "\nfacilitates", " the", " incorporation", " of", " a", " variety", " of", " dynein", " activity", "\ntheories", ",", " deepens", " our", " understanding", " regarding", " the", " internal", "\nmechanics", " of", " embryonic", " cilia", ",", " and", " may", " guide", " and", " inspire", "\nfurther", " experimental", " investigations", " on", " this", " topic", ".", "II", ".", " M", " ETHODOLOGY", "A", ".", " Dynein", "-", "microtubule", " system", "The", " nodal", " cilia", " are", " (", "9", "+", "0", ")", " primary", " cilia", " that", " are", " constituted", "\nby", " two", " main", " components", ":", " the", " mediated", " ciliary", " cytoplasm", ",", " and", "\n9", " microtubule", " doublets", " surrounding", " the", " centre", ".", "In", " our", " model", ",", "\nthe", " abovementioned", " structures", " in", " the", " ciliary", " body", " are", "\nconstructed", " according", " to", " laboratory", " observations", " [", "10", "]", ".", "The", "\nciliary", " body", " is", " modelled", " as", " a", " composite", " of", " a", " cylindrical", " body", "\n(", "5", ".", "8", " (cid:541)", " m", " in", " height", ",", " 0", ".", "2", " (cid:541)", " m", " in", " diameter", ")", " and", " a", " parabolic", " tip", "\n(", "0", ".", "2", " (cid:541)", " m", " in", " height", ")", ".", "It", " encompasses", " 9", " microtubule", " doublets", ",", "\neach", " of", " which", " consists", " of", " a", " complete", " tubule", " A", " and", " an", "\nincomplete", " tubule", " B", " (", "the", " diameter", " of", " tubule", " A", " and", " B", " are", "\n0", ".", "008", " (cid:541)", " m", " and", " 0", ".", "01", " (cid:541)", " m", ",", " respectively", ")", " and", " distributed", " evenly", "\nsurrounding", " the", " centreline", " of", " ciliary", " body", " with", " a", " distance", " of", "\n0", ".", "07", " (cid:541)", " m", " to", " the", " centre", " (", "Fig", ".", "2", ")", ".", "The", " spatial", " resolution", " of", " the", " cilium", " involves", " 650", " points", " in", "\nthe", " vertical", " direction", " (", "1000", " points", " of", " the", " cylindrical", " body", " and", "\n50", " points", " of", " the", " parabolic", " tip", ")", " and", " 110", " points", " around", " the", "\ncircumference", ".", "The", " cytoplasm", " is", " discretized", " using", " an", "\nunstructured", " tetrahedral", " grid", " and", " the", " microtubule", " doublets", " are", "\nextruded", " by", " triangular", " prisms", ".", "The", " grid", " configuration", " consists", "\nof", " a", " total", " of", " 782", ",", "436", " cells", ".", "B", ".", " Properties", " of", " the", " cilia", "There", " are", " no", " direct", " reports", " focusing", " on", " the", " stiffness", " of", "\nmicrotubule", " doublets", " in", " embryonic", " cilia", ".", "A", " number", " of", " studies", "\nhave", " been", " conducted", " concerning", " microtubule", " doublets", " in", " other", "\ntypes", " of", " cilia", ";", " while", ",", " the", " published", " values", " of", " the", " elastic", "\nmodulus", " of", " microtubule", " doublets", " vary", " from", " one", " to", " another", ",", "\nranging", " between", " 0", ".", "05", "~", "5", " GPa", " [", "25", "-", "27" ]

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[ "years", " starting", " from", " financial", " year", " 1999", " -", "2000", " till", "\nthe", " financial", " year", " 2017", " -", "18", ".", "Specifically", ",", " the", " data", " for", " the", " study", "\nwas", " collected", " from", " annual", " reports", " of", " State", " Bank", " of", " India", ".", "The", "\nstudy", " sought", " to", " analyze", " the", " performance", " of", " State", " Bank", " of", "\nIndia", " before", " and", " after", " merger", " based", " on", " profitability", ",", " deposits", "\nmobilized", ",", " advances", " given", " to", " the", " borrowers", ",", " ROA", ",", " Investment", "\nto", " Assets", " Ratio", ",", " Credit", " Deposit", " Ratio", " and", " CAGR", ".", "Among", "\nother", " findings", ",", " performance", " of", " SBI", " in", " terms", " of", " number", " of", "\nbranches", " and", " number", " of", " employees", " showed", " consistent", " growth", "\nfrom", " 1999", " to", " 2018", ".", "Similarly", ",", " performance", " of", " SBI", " in", " terms", " of", "\ndeposits", " and", " advances", " showed", " consistent", " growth", " from", " 1999", " to", "\n2018", " and", " there", " has", " been", " a", " good", " improvement", " of", " these", "\nparameters", " after", " the", " merger", ".", "II", ".", " METHODOLOGY", "Empirical", " Design", " and", " Data", ":", " The", " study", " utilized", " ex", "-", "post", " facto", "\nresearch", " design", ".", "Basic", " analytical", " data", " was", " generated", " from", "\nfourteen", " (", "14", ")", " deposit", " money", " banks", " (", "DMBs", ")", " listed", " on", " the", " floor", "\nof", " the", " Nigerian", " Stock", " Exchange", " over", " the", " sampled", " period", "\n(", "2006", "-", "2017", ")", ".", "For", " ease", " of", " analysis", ",", " the", " 14", " banks", " were", " grouped", "\ninto", " three", " categories", ":", " Banks", " that", " stood", " alone", " (", "5", ")", ";", " merged", "\nbanks", " (", "4", ")", ";", " and", " banks", " that", " acquired", " others", " (", "5", ")", " respectively", ".", "Dependent", " variable", " was", " proxied", " by", " aggregate", " assets", " of", "\nsampled", "\nDMBs", "\n(", "DMBS", "_", "T", "_", "ASSET", ")", "\nwhile", " explanatory", "\nvariables", " were", " total", " asset", " of", " acquired", " banks", " (", "ACQD", "_", "BNKS", ")", ",", "\ntotal", " asset", " of", " merged", " banks", " (", "MRGD", "_", "BNKS", ")", ",", " and", " total", " asset", "\nof", " stand", "-", "alone", " banks", " (", "S", "_", "ALONE", "_", "BNKS", ")", " respectively", ".", "Extracted", " data", " were", " subsequently", " analyzed", " using", " computer", "\nbased", " multivariate", " linear", " regression", " statistics", " aided", " by", " the", "\nEconometric", " View", " (", "E", "-", "view", ")", " computer", " package", ".", "Null", " Hypotheses", ":", " Two", " null", " hypotheses", " were", " formulated", " to", "\nguide", " the", " research", " as", " follows", ":", "H", " 01", " :", "\nMerger", " does", " not", " positively", " and", " significantly", " matter", "\nfor", " banking", " sector", " growth", " in", " Nigeria", "H", " 02", " :", "\nAcquisition", " does", " not", " positively", " and", " significantly", "\nmatter", " for", " banking", " sector", " growth", " in", " Nigeria", "Analytical", " Econometric", " Model", " and", " Justifications", ":", " Deductions", "\nfrom", " the", " reviewed", " empirical", " studies", " have", " shown", " that", " the", "\nanalytical", " framework", " and", " testing", " procedures", " employed", " to", "\nmeasure", " the", " effect", " of", " combination", " on", " bank", " performance", " often", "\ndetermine", " the", " conclusion", " thereof", ".", "The", " previous", " researches", "International", " Journal", " of", " Research", " and", " Scientific", " Innovation", " (", "IJRSI", ")", " |", " Volume", " VI", ",", " Issue", " XII", ",", " December", " 2019", " |", " ISSN", " 2321", "–", "2705", "\nwww", ".", "rsisinternational", ".", "org", "\nPage", " 51", "have", " focused", " attention", " on", " the", " test", " of", " Cobb", " Douglas‟s", " model", " as", "\nmodified", " by", " the", " pooled", " cross", "-", "sectional", " regression", " works", " of", " La", "\nPorta", ",", " Florencio", " and", " Andrei", ",", " (", "2002", ")", ";", " as", " well", " as", " Eleje", " and", "\nOlopade", " (", "2015", ")", ".", "Rather", " than", " replicating", " in", " totality", " the", "\nmethodology", " of", " these", " previous", " researches", ",", " this", " study", " utilized", " a", "\nmore", " recently", " modified", " regression", " model", " employed", " by", " Eleje", ",", "\net", ".", "al", ",", " (", "2017" ]

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"I-SENTENCE", "I-SENTENCE", "I-SENTENCE" ]

[ "since", " no", " improvement", " of", " functional", " hearing", " was", " observed", ",", " the", "\nchild", " became", " a", " candidate", " for", " cochlear", " implantation", ".", "Preoperative", "\nimaging", " evaluation", " included", " computed", " tomography", " (", "CT", ")", " and", "\nmagnetic", " resonance", " imaging", " (", "MRI", ")", ",", " which", " indicated", " that", " the", "\ncochlea", " was", " free", " of", " ossification", " and", " fibrosis", " (", "Fig", ".", " 1", ")", ".", "The", " patient", "\nunderwent", " left", " cochlear", " implantation", " without", " any", " difficulties", ".", "Cochleostomy", " was", " performed", " in", " the", " area", " inferior", " to", " the", " round", "\nwindow", " niche", ",", " and", " a", " Med", "-", "El", " Combi", " electrode", " array", " (", "Medical", "\nElectronics", " Innsbruck", ",", " Austria", ")", " was", " introduced", " easily", ".", "Intraopera", "-", "\ntively", ",", " we", " were", " unable", " to", " obtain", " auditory", " nerve", " response", "\ntelemetry", " (", "ART", ")", " measurements", ",", " but", " no", " rechecking", " was", " carried", "\nout", " since", " there", " was", " no", " doubt", " regarding", " the", " correct", " position", " of", " the", "\nimplant", ".", "The", " child", " did", " not", " experience", " hearing", " upon", " the", " first", " electrical", "\nstimulation", " of", " the", " device", ".", "Electronic", " failure", " of", " the", " device", " was", "\nruled", " out", " after", " performing", " various", " electrical", " tests", " that", " confirmed", "\nimplant", " functionality", ".", "As", " we", " noticed", " poor", " performance", ",", " further", "\nevaluation", " was", " necessary", " to", " assess", " the", " cause", " of", " the", " failure", ".", "Postoperative", " CT", " indicated", " that", " the", " electrode", " array", " had", " been", "\ninserted", " in", " an", " extracochlear", " position", " in", " Hyrtl’s", " fissure", ",", " just", "\nbelow", " the", " level", " of", " the", " cochlear", " aqueduct", ",", " and", " was", " impacted", "\nbetween", " the", " carotid", " canal", " superiorly", " and", " the", " jugular", " fossa", "\ninferiorly", " (", "Fig", ".", " 2", ")", ".", "Revision", " surgery", " was", " performed", ".", "After", " careful", " dissection", " of", "\nfibrosis", ",", " the", " electrode", " array", " was", " safely", " removed", " from", " Hyrtl’s", "\nfissure", ".", "A", " new", " cochleostomy", " was", " made", " anterior", " to", " the", " round", "\nwindow", " and", " slightly", " superior", " to", " the", " original", " one", ".", "The", " same", " implant", "\nInternational", " Journal", " of", " Pediatric", " Otorhinolaryngology", " 75", " (", "2011", ")", " 1459", "–", "1462", "\nA", " R", " T", " I", " C", " L", " E", " I", " N", " F", " O", "\nArticle", " history", ":", " Received", " 9", " June", " 2011", "\nReceived", " in", " revised", " form", " 8", " August", " 2011", " Accepted", " 13", " August", " 2011", "\nAvailable", " online", " 8", " September", " 2011", "\nKeywords", ":", " Hyrtl’s", " fissure", "\nCochlear", " implant", " Misplacement", "\nA", " B", " S", " T", " R", " A", " C", " T", "\nHyrtl’s", " fissure", " is", " a", " cleft", " that", " is", " present", " in", " the", " developing", " fetal", " petrous", " temporal", " bone", " and", " extends", " from", " the", " area", " inferior", " to", " the", " round", " window", " to", " the", " meninges", " of", " the", " posterior", " fossa", ".", "Persistent", " Hyrtl’s", " fissure", ",", "\ndue", " to", " incompleteossification", ",", " is", " considered", " a", " raretemporal", " bone", " malformation", ",", " and", " isa", " known", " cause", " of", " perilabyrinthine", " cerebrospinal", " fluid", " fistula", ".", "Very", " few", " cases", " are", " reported", " as", " being", " at", " risk", " of", " complication", " of", " cochlear", " implant", " surgery", ".", "Here", " we", " report", " the", " case", " of", " an", " 8", "-", "year", "-", "old", " boy", " with", " misplacement", " of", " an", " electrode", " array", " in", " Hyrtl’s", " fissure", ".", "The", "\ndiagnosis", " was", " made", " postoperatively", ",", " since", " cochlear", " implant", " failure", " was", " suspected", " from", " non", "-", "auditory", " responses", ".", "Computed", " tomography", " (", "CT", ")", " revealed", " the", " extracochlear", " location", " of", " the", " electrode", " array", ".", "We", "\nemphasize", " the", " role", " of", " presurgical", " imaging", " CT", " and", " magnetic", " resonance", " imaging", " in", " detecting", " temporal", " bone", " abnormalities", ",", " and", " we", " discuss", " the", " value", " of", " intraoperative", " auditory", " nerve", " response", " telemetry", " and", "\npostoperative", " radiological", " evaluation", " in", " diagnosing", " cochlear", " implant", " misplacement", "." ]

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[ "ac", "-", "\ntivity", " in", " galaxies", ";", "2", ".", " evidence", " for", " jet", "-", "induced", " star", " formation", " in", " radio", " galax", "-", "\nies", " /", " QSOs", " suggests", " that", " radio", " jets", " might", " represent", " such", " a", "\nphysical", " mechanism", ";", "3", ".", " at", " least", " two", " systems", ",", " Minkowski’s", " object", " and", " now", "\nHE0450", " −", " 2958", ",", " might", " be", " representative", " of", " an", " early", " stage", " of", "\nquasar", " induced", " galaxy", " formation", ";", "4", ".", " the", " radio", "-", "optical", " alignment", " of", " some", " QSO", " host", " galaxies", " might", "\nbe", " representative", " of", " a", " later", " stage", " of", " quasar", " induced", " galaxy", "\nformation", ",", " a", " fossil", " memory", " of", " the", " process", " through", " which", " star", "\nformation", " was", " triggered", " inside", " the", " QSO", " host", " galaxy", ";", "5", ".", " extended", " emission", " line", " regions", " (", "EELRs", ")", ",", " often", " found", " around", "\nradio", " quasars", ",", " may", " be", " considered", " as", " the", " candidate", " seeds", " for", "\nfuture", " galaxy", " formation", ";", "6", ".", " several", " distant", " QSOs", " present", " evidence", " for", " an", " associated", " large", "\nmolecular", " gas", " mass", " shifted", " in", " position", " with", " respect", " to", " the", "\nQSO", " itself", ",", " suggesting", " a", " link", " between", " the", " QSO", " and", " CO", " con", "-", "\ncentration", " through", " the", " QSO", " radio", " jets", ";", "7", ".", " finally", ",", " if", " QSOs", " formed", " first", " and", " their", " host", " galaxy", " in", " a", " second", "\nstage", " –", " or", " at", " least", " the", " final", " bulge", " stellar", " mass", " took", " longer", " to", "\nbe", " built", " –", " then", " one", " may", " expect", " to", " measure", " lower", " M", " bulge", " (cid:2)", "\n/", " M", " BH", "\nratios", " in", " distant", " QSOs", ".", "Several", " studies", " discussed", " in", " Sect", ".", " 6", ".", "3", "\nhave", " recently", " claimed", " to", " have", " found", " evidence", " of", " such", " trend", ".", "In", " the", " following", ",", " we", " discuss", " some", " of", " these", " observations", " in", " more", "\ndetail", ".", "The", " first", " four", " points", " of", " the", " list", ",", " concerning", " the", " role", " of", "\nradio", " jets", ",", " are", " discussed", " in", " Sect", ".", " 6", ".", "1", ",", " point", " 5", " was", " discussed", " in", "\nSect", ".", " 3", ".", "3", ",", " point", " 6", " is", " discussed", " in", " Sect", ".", " 6", ".", "2", " and", " point", " 7", " in", " Sect", ".", " 6", ".", "3", ".", "We", " note", " that", " jet", "-", "induced", " star", " formation", " may", " provide", " an", " al", "-", "\nternative", " explanation", " to", " mergers", " for", " the", " very", " short", " star", " formation", "\ntimescale", " of", " bulge", " stars", " (", "e", ".", "g", ".", " Thomas", " et", " al", ".", " 2005", ";", " Pipino", " et", " al", ".", "\n2009", ")", ".", "It", " may", " also", " participate", " to", " the", " origin", " of", " the", " downsizing", "\ne", " ff", " ect", " (", "Cowie", " et", " al", ".", " 1996", ")", ",", " which", " refers", " to", " the", " anticorrelation", " be", "-", "\ntween", " the", " stellar", " mass", " and", " the", " formation", " epoch", " of", " the", " stars", " of", "\ngalaxies", " (", "Cowie", " et", " al", ".", " 1996", ";", " Guzman", " et", " al", ".", " 1997", ";", " Brinchmann", " &", "\nEllis", " 2000", ";", " Kodama", " et", " al", ".", " 2004", ";", " Heavens", " et", " al", ".", " 2004", ";", " Bell", " et", " al", ".", "\n2005", ";", " Bundy", " et", " al", ".", " 2005", ";", " Juneau", " et", " al", ".", " 2005", ";", " Thomas", " et", " al", ".", " 2005", ";", "\nPanter", " et", " al", ".", " 2007", ")", ",", " by", " accelerating", " the", " formation", " of", " massive", "\ngalaxies", " which", " would", " preferentially", " host", " more", " active", " quasars", ".", "Hence", " the", " downsizing", " in", " star", " formation", " would", " be", " a", " consequence", "\nof", " the", " downsizing", " of", " active", " nuclei", " (", "see", " e", ".", "g", ".", " Hasinger", " et", " al", ".", " 2005" ]

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[ "Fig", ".", " 27", ".", " The", " secondary", " flow", " effects", " on", " the", " flow", " mixing", " in", " the", " main", " channel", " [", "34", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 28", ".", " (", "a", ")", " Flow", " distribution", " of", " a", " single", "-", "inlet", "-", "outlet", " configuration", ",", " (", "b", ")", " Flow", " distribution", " of", " a", "\ntwo", "-", "inlet", "-", "outlet", " configuration", " [", "34", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 29", ".", " Average", " surface", " temperature", " of", " straight", " channel", " and", " oblique", " fin", " LCP", " [", "34", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 30", ".", " Overall", " heat", " transfer", " coefficient", " of", " straight", " channel", " and", " oblique", " fin", " LCPs", " [", "34", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 31", ".", " Experimental", " setup", " of", " a", " battery", " cell", " cooled", " by", " heat", " pipe", " [", "36", "]", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 32", ".", " Mesh", " of", " the", " cylindrical", " battery", " cell", " cooled", " by", " PCM", " [", "41", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 33", ".", " Temperature", " variation", " in", " the", " radial", " direction", " with", "\n2", "\n1", " 5", " .", " h", "\nW", " m", " K", " ", "\n", " ", "\nand", " the", " thermal", "\nconductivity", " of", " the", " PCM", "\n1", "\n1", " 3", " .", " PCM", " k", "\nW", " m", " K", " ", "\n", " ", "\n[", "41", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 34", ".", " Single", " (", "a", ")", " and", " double", " PCM", " (", "b", ")", " shells", " configuration", " [", "42", "]", ".", " .", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", ".", "Fig", ".", " 35", ".", " (", "a", ")", " Experimental", " set", " up", " and" ]

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[ "most", " common", "\ntypes", " of", " cheerleading", " injuries", " resulting", " in", " time", " loss", " (", "Hutchinson", " MR", ",", " unpublished", " data", ")", ".", "often", " lift", " a", " partner", ",", " perform", " a", " tumbling", " run", ",", " do", " a", "\ndance", " routine", ",", " and", " balance", " atop", " a", " pyramid", "-", "all", "\nwithin", " the", " span", " of", " a", " few", " minutes", ".", "Injury", " Sites", " and", " Types", "Ankle", " injuries", " are", " the", " most", " common", " injuries", " in", "\ncheerleading", ",", " followed", " by", " knee", " injuries", " (", "table", " 3", ")", ".", "At", " the", " collegiate", " level", ",", " an", " increase", " in", " upper", "-", "ex", "\ntremity", " injuries", " 3", " is", " probably", " related", " to", " the", " in", "-", "\ncrease", " in", " partner", " stunts", " and", " catches", " required", ".", "Head", " and", " neck", " injuries", " make", " up", " only", " 7", "%", " of", " all", "\ncheerleading", " injuries", " but", " can", " be", " the", " most", " severe", ".", "A", " report", " from", " Mueller", " and", " Cantu", "'", " 2·13", " of", " the", " Nation", "\nal", " Center", " for", " Catastrophic", " Sports", " Injury", " Research", "\nshowed", " that", " 20", " head", " and", " neck", " injuries", " occurred", " in", "\ncheerleading", " between", " 1982", " and", " 1992", ",", " and", " 10", " oc", "\ncurred", " during", " pyramid", " stunts", ".", "Eight", " of", " the", " injuries", "\nwere", " permanently", " disabling", ";", " 2", " were", " fatal", ".", "The", " most", " common", " types", " of", " cheerleading", " in", "\njuries", " are", " ligament", " sprains", " and", " muscle", " strains", "\n(", "figure", " 1", ")", ",", " and", " a", " majority", " of", " the", " injuries", " are", " relat", "\ned", " to", " overuse", ".", "Cheerleading", " differs", " from", " many", "\nother", " sports", " because", " it", " is", " a", " year", "-", "round", " activity", "\ncheerleaders", " are", " asked", " to", " perform", " through", " three", "\nseasons", ",", " then", " peak", " for", " national", " competitions", " in", "\nthe", " spring", ".", "This", " constant", " \"", "in", " season", "\"", " state", " does", "\nnot", " allow", " appropriate", " time", " for", " recuperation", " or", "\nconditioning", ",", " which", " in", " turn", " magnifies", " the", " risk", " of", "\noveruse", " injuries", ".", "Causes", " of", " Injury", "The", " sport", " of", " cheerleading", " requires", " the", " athlete", "\nto", " participate", " in", " a", " variety", " of", " activities", ",", " including", "\ndances", ",", " chants", " and", " yells", ",", " gymnastic", " tumbling", "\nruns", ",", " and", " partner", " stunts", ".", "Partner", " stunts", " include", "\nhuman", " pyramids", ",", " lifts", " and", " catches", ",", " and", " human", "\ntosses", " (", "basket", " tosses", ")", ".", "Dancing", ".", "The", " dance", " component", " of", " cheerlead", "\ning", " is", " associated", " with", " injuries", " common", " in", " modem", "\ndance", " and", " ballet", ".", "These", " include", " overuse", " injuries", " of", "\nthe", " legs", " such", " as", " plantar", " fasciitis", ",", " tendinitis", ",", " liga", "\nment", " sprains", " of", " the", " foot", " and", " ankle", ",", " stress", " fractures", ",", "\npatellofemoral", " syndrome", ",", " hip", " strains", ",", " and", " inflam", "\nmation", " along", " the", " iliotibial", " band", ".", "Cheer", " and", " chant", " routines", ".", "While", " chants", " and", "\nyells", " may", " lead", " to", " little", " more", " than", " a", " sore", " throat", ",", "\nthey", " may", " be", " combined", " with", " routines", " that", " involve", "\ninjury", " risk", ".", "We", " have", " seen", " at", " least", " one", " young", "\ncheerleader", " suffer", " an", " anterior", " cruciate", " ligament", "\ninjury", " by", " colliding", " with", " a", " tearnmate", " while", " per", "\nforming", " a", " split", " leap", " during", " a", " simple", " chant", ".", "Gymnastics", " and", " partner", " stunts", ".", "Most", " in", "\njuries", " in", " cheerleading", " occur", " during", " gymnastics", "\nmaneuvers", " and", " partner", " stunts", " (", "see", " \"", "Cheerlead", "\ning", " Injury", " Case", " Reports", ",", "\"", " on", " page", " 90", ")", "-", "and", "\npartner", " stunts", " have", " been", " associated", " with", " the", "\nmost", " catastrophic", " types", " of", " injuries", ".", "Our", " 1993", "\ncontinued", "\n86", "\nVol", " 25", " •", " No", ".", " 9", " •", " September", " 97", " e", " THE", " PHYSICIAN", " AND", " SPOATSMEDICINE", "\nD", " o", " w" ]

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[ "disability", "-", "\nfree", " MS", " group", " with", " an", " EDSS", " score", " less", " than", " 2", ",", " suggest", "-", "\ning", " independence", " of", " cognitive", " deficits", " from", " motor", " im", "-", "\npairment", ".", "Especially", " in", " the", " alertness", " task", " where", " the", "\nemphasis", " exclusively", " lies", " on", " reaction", " time", ",", " deficits", " in", "\nperformance", " might", " be", " attributed", " to", " motor", " impairment", "\neven", " in", " the", " MS", " group", " with", " clinically", " insignificant", " phys", "-", "\nical", " disability", ".", "This", " assumption", " is", " stressed", " by", " significant", "\ncorrelations", " of", " reaction", " times", " in", " the", " attentional", " tasks", "\nand", " EDSS", " score", ".", "Reduced", " accuracy", " in", " the", " divided", " atten", "-", "\ntion", " task", ",", " however", ",", " cannot", " be", " explained", " solely", " by", " motor", "\nimpairment", " which", " in", " turn", " is", " stressed", " by", " absent", " correla", "-", "\ntion", " of", " reaction", " times", " and", " physical", " disability", ".", "This", " might", "\nbe", " interpreted", " in", " terms", " of", " beginning", " cognitive", " impair", "-", "\nment", " in", " mild", " multiple", " sclerosis", ".", "Furthermore", ",", " moderately", " disabled", " patients", " with", "\nEDSS", " less", " than", " 6", " also", " showed", " impairments", " in", " visual", "\nmemory", " tests", ",", " which", " cannot", " be", " explained", " in", " terms", " of", "\nphysical", " disability", " but", " might", " be", " attributed", " to", " changes", " in", "\nthe", " right", " hemisphere", ".", "Memory", " is", " the", " most", " frequently", "\nimpaired", " cognitive", " function", " in", " MS", " patients", ",", " and", " it", " has", "\nbeen", " argued", " that", " deficits", " can", " be", " attributed", " to", " impair", "-", "\nment", " in", " free", " recall", " rather", " than", " to", " impaired", " recognition", "\n(", "see", " [", "43", "]", " for", " a", " review", ")", ".", "In", " the", " present", " study", " MS", " patients", "\nperformed", " poorly", " in", " the", " RFT", " which", " is", " based", " on", " the", "\nrecognition", " of", " pictures", " but", " they", " were", " not", " impaired", " in", "\nthe", " verbal", " memory", " test", ",", " which", " requires", " the", " free", " recall", " of", "\nwords", ".", "This", " result", " points", " out", " the", " special", " benefit", " of", " the", "\nRFT", " in", " the", " detection", " of", " early", " changes", " in", " visual", " memory", ".", "Our", " results", " are", " in", " general", " agreement", " with", " previous", "\nstudies", " addressing", " cognitive", " deficits", " in", " early", " multiple", "\nsclerosis", " [", "46", "]", ".", "In", " longitudinal", " studies", " [", "1", ",", " 24", ",", " 35", ",", " 41", ",", " 51", "]", ",", "\ncognitive", " impairment", " was", " found", " in", " the", " early", " phase", " of", "\nthe", " disease", ",", " with", " an", " increasing", " number", " of", " impaired", " pa", "-", "\ntients", " with", " disease", " progression", " [", "2", ",", " 3", ",", " 28", "]", ".", "Furthermore", ",", "\neven", " in", " the", " early", " phase", ",", " cognitive", " decline", " was", " an", " inde", "-", "\npendent", " predictor", " of", " impairment", " in", " everyday", " life", " [", "2", ",", " 3", "]", ".", "These", " results", " together", " with", " the", " results", " of", " the", " present", "\nstudy", " point", " out", " the", " importance", " of", " early", " neuropsycho", "-", "\nlogical", " examination", ".", "The", " nature", " of", " cognitive", " changes", " in", " multiple", " sclerosis", "\nis", " an", " issue", " that", " is", " still", " controversially", " discussed", ".", "Sug", "-", "\ngested", " mechanisms", " are", " focal", " and", " total", " white", " matter", " le", "-", "\nFig", ".", "2", " Scattergram", " of", " correlation", " of", " VEP", " a", " foveal", " la", "-", " tencies", " with", " overall", " RTs", " in", " the", " alertness", " task", ";", " b", " foveal", "\nlatencies", " with", " number", " of", " correctly", " recalled", " items", " in", " the", " California", " Verbal", " Learning", " Tests", ";", " c", " whole", "-", "field", " la", "-", "\ntencies", " with", " Recognition", " Memory", " Tests", " score", ";", " d", " whole", "-", "field", " latencies", " with", " Test", " of", " Everyday", " Attention", "\n(", "with", " distraction", ")", " score", "\n319", "_", "326", "_", "Treitz", "_", "EAPCN", "_", "565", " 18", ".", "10", ".", "2005", " 11", ":", "08", " Uhr" ]

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