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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20bullet
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Plastic bullet
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A plastic bullet or plastic baton round (PBR) is a non-lethal projectile fired from a specialised gun. Although designed as a non-lethal weapon, they have caused a number of deaths when used incorrectly.
Plastic bullets are generally used for riot control. Some plastic bullets are intended to be skip fired, hitting the ground and ricocheting into the intended target; while others were designed to be fired directly into the target.
Plastic bullets were invented in 1973 by British security forces to replace rubber bullets in an attempt to reduce fatalities. They were first deployed against demonstrators in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.
An unrelated small-calibre handgun bullet made of plastic is sometimes used for short-range target practice (see recreational use).
History
The first plastic bullet was the L5 Plastic Baton Round. It was developed by the British security forces for use against demonstrators in Northern Ireland during The Troubles. They were to replace rubber bullets, which had been used in Northern Ireland since 1970. Rubber bullets were meant to be fired below waist level, to reduce the risk of lethal injury. However, they were often fired directly at people from close range, which resulted in three people being killed and many more badly injured. If fired too low, rubber bullets would ricochet uncontrollably from the ground. The plastic bullet could be fired directly at targets. It was intended to be a projectile of similar effect on its target as the rubber bullet, but with less risk of ricochet and less risk of serious injury or death.
The first plastic bullet was made of PVC, was 89 mm (3.5 inches) long and 38 mm (1.5in) in diameter, and weighed approximately . The weight was similar to the rubber bullet but the new projectile had a lower muzzle velocity.
Usages
Use in Israel
In August 1988 the Israeli army introduced the use of plastic bullets for crowd control by the military administration of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In March 1990 an army report - "Uprising Data" - found 128 "local residents" had been killed by plastic bullets. According to the army rules of engagement the use of plastic bullets is permitted in case of a "violent riot", defined as: "a disturbance with the participation of three or more persons, including stone throwing, erection of a barrier or barricade, burning a tire."
Some of the instructions under Rules of Engagement include:
- Plastic bullet only to be fired under order from commanding officer
- Not to be fired at a range of less than 70 metres
- Aimed below knee
- "Avoid aiming fire at children below the age of 14 and at women."
From April to May 1989, during the early stages of the First Intifada, five young people were killed by plastic bullets fired by Israeli soldiers, four of the victims were under 14 years old.
Following a visit to a Nablus Hospital a group of four Israeli doctors reported: "The plastic bullet can penetrate all tissue. Even if the wound caused by the plastic is less severe than that caused by conventional bullets, it is still a very severe wound. The bullet is capable of striking internal organs, and as occurred in cases that were hospitalised in al-Ittihad hospital, the bullet struck the liver, intestines, spleen and blood vessels. It is superfluous to add that such a wound can be fatal."
Use in Northern Ireland
The plastic bullet was first used in 1973 by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), Northern Ireland's police force, and by 1975 it had replaced the rubber bullet. From 1973 to 1981, just over 42,600 plastic bullets were fired in Northern Ireland. By 2005, 125,000 baton rounds had been fired, most of them plastic bullets.
Shortly after their introduction it was discovered they were lethal at certain ranges. Fourteen people were killed by plastic bullet impacts; half of them were children and all but one were from the Catholic community. Most of the deaths were allegedly caused by the British security forces misusing the weapon, firing at close range and at chest or head level rather than targeting below the waist. In 2013 however, Ministry of Defence papers declassified from 1977 indicated in one case that a single round was fired because the lives of the soldiers were believed to be in danger, and for this reason the MoD was not prepared to accept that the soldiers acted wrongly. The first person to be killed by a plastic bullet impact was 10-year-old Stephen Geddis, who died on 30 August 1975, two days after being struck in west Belfast. One of the most high-profile victims was 12-year-old Carol Ann Kelly from west Belfast, who died on 22 May 1981, having been struck by a plastic bullet fired by a member of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. In 1982, the European Parliament called on member states to ban the use of plastic bullets. However, they continued to be used by the British security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1984 the United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets was founded, calling for plastic bullets to be banned in Northern Ireland. One of its founders, Emma Groves, had been permanently blinded in 1971 when a British soldier shot her in the face with a rubber bullet. During rioting in July 1997, a 14-year-old boy was struck in the head by a plastic bullet and spent three days in a coma.
The latest variant of the L5 PBR—the L5A7—was introduced in 1994 along with a new more accurate launcher, the HK L104 riot gun. The L5 was followed by the L21A1 in 2001. The L21 PBR is fired from a rifled weapon which gives greater accuracy when used with an optical sight. The L21 was replaced by the Attenuating Energy Projectile in June 2005.
Use in Jammu and Kashmir
Plastic bullets that can be fired from AK-47 and INSAS rifles have been used by the Indian security forces for Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir in India. They are used along with other riot control agents such as tear gas, chili grenades, and pellet guns (riot shotguns that fire pellet cartridges) by security forces against stone pelting protestors during violent clashes in Jammu and Kashmir. According to CRPF officials, the plastic bullets can only be fired in single shot mode and not in the burst mode. The problem in using the plastic bullets is it can only be used on one person at a time while the pellet guns could cover a larger area with multiple persons. 21,000rounds of plastic bullets were sent to Kashmir in 2018 for riot control. Usage of plastic bullets is based on the list of non-lethal weapons that are approved by the United Nations peacekeeping standards for crowd control.
Use elsewhere
In 1990, Kenyan riot police raided a room at the University of Nairobi beating students with batons. A fleeing female student was shot in the stomach with a plastic bullet. Plastic bullets were used against protesters at a protest against globalization in Quebec in 2001, where one individual reportedly underwent an emergency tracheotomy after being hit in the throat. Plastic bullets were approved for policing in England and Wales in June 2001. Plastic bullets were also authorized for G8 summit protests in Gleneagles, Scotland in July 2005. In September 2004, seven picketing shipbuilders were injured in a tear-gas and plastic bullet assault in Cadiz, Spain. Foam-tipped plastic bullets were employed by U.S. Marines in a trial in the Iraq War but were determined to be ineffectual. A plastic bullet was successfully used to disarm a hostage taker armed with a machete in Dorchester, England in November 2002. Venezuelan police and soldiers fired plastic bullets at student protestors in Caracas in December 2010. Israeli security forces used non-lethal weapons such as plastic bullets in an eviction of Israeli settlers in the West Bank settlement of Havat Gilad.
Design
A typical plastic bullet weighs around . The bullets were originally intended to be effective from .
Recreational use
Speer plastic bullets, the only widely available brand, are hollow based plastic cylinders, and are available in .357/.38/9 mm, .44, and .45 calibers, and are designed for use in handguns, primarily revolvers, as the flat nose of the bullet does not feed well in most magazine fed actions. The propulsion is provided only by the primer, and the slow moving plastic bullets may be captured undamaged and reused numerous times if a suitable backstop is used. For use in revolvers, .38 Special and .44 Special versions also include plastic cases, which can be primed and de-primed by hand with minimal tools. For other calibers, standard brass cases are used.
See also
Airsoft pellets
Eye injuries in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests
Sponge grenade
Wax bullet
Wooden bullet
References
Bullets
Baton rounds
British inventions
Paramilitary cartridges
Riot control weapons
|
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207442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee%20with%20milk%20politics
|
Coffee with milk politics
|
Coffee with milk politics or café com leite politics () was a term that referred to the domination of Brazilian politics under the Old Republic (1889–1930) by the landed gentries of São Paulo (dominated by the coffee industry) and Minas Gerais (dominated by dairy interests), being represented by the Paulista Republican Party (PRP) and the Minas Republican Party (PRM). São Paulo's coffee interests were by far the stronger of the pair.
The name alludes to the popular coffee beverage café com leite, "coffee with milk", referring to the states' respectively dominant industry.
History
Under Brazil's Old Republic, the patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled agrarian oligarchs, especially coffee planters in the dominant state of São Paulo, to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies.
Under the Old Republic, the coffee with milk politics rested on the domination of the republic's politics by the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais — the largest in terms of population and wealth. One can illustrate the extent of that domination by noting that the first presidents of the republic were from São Paulo and thereafter succeeded by an alternation between the outgoing governors of the two leading states in the presidency.
The coffee with milk politics rested on an oligarchic system known as coronelism. Known as the "rule of the colonels", this term referred to the classic boss system under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a "colonel", particularly under Brazil's Old Republic, who would dispense favors in return for loyalty.
Meanwhile, other states resented this grip on the central state by São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The severe drought of 1877 in the Northeast and the ensuing economic collapse — along with the abolition of slavery in the 1880s — propelled the mass labor migration of emancipated slaves and other peasants from Northeast to Southeast, precipitating the decay of established sugar oligarchies of the North. With the concurrent growth of coffee in the Southeast, São Paulo, now emerging as the central state, began to increase in power under the Old Republic. Northeastern landowners bitterly opposed rival oligarchs in São Paulo, explaining their role in the Revolution of 1930.
There were more cases of organized political opposition to the coffee with milk politics before the Revolution of 1930, such as the 1910 presidential election, disputed by Hermes da Fonseca (PRC), supported by Minas Gerais, and Ruy Barbosa (PRP), endorsed by São Paulo by means of the ; the election of Epitácio Pessoa (PRM) in 1919; and the creation of the Liberator Party (PL) in 1928, in Rio Grande do Sul.
In time, growing trade, commerce, and industry in São Paulo would serve to undermine the domination of the republic's politics by the landed gentries of the same state (dominated by the coffee industry) and Minas Gerais (dominated by dairy interests) — known then by observers as the politics of café com leite. Under Getúlio Vargas, ushered into power by the middle class and agrarian oligarchies of peripheral states resentful of the coffee oligarchs, Brazil moved toward a more centralized state structure that has served to regularize and modernize state governments, moving toward more universal suffrage and secret ballots, gradually freeing Brazilian politics from the grips of coronelismo.
However, the legacy of café com leite is still strongly visible. Brazilian politics is still known for being highly patrimonial, oligarchic, and personalistic and São Paulo and Minas Gerais remain the country's dominant states.
See also
Old Republic
Paulista Republican Party
Minas Republican Party
References
Coffee with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
Coffe with milk politics
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page%203
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Page 3
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Page 3, or Page Three, was a British newspaper tradition of publishing a large image of a topless female glamour model (known as a Page 3 girl) on the third page of mainstream red-top tabloids. The Sun introduced the feature, publishing its first topless Page 3 image on 17 November 1970. The Sun's sales doubled in the year following Page 3's introduction, and the feature is partly credited with making the Sun the UK's bestselling newspaper by 1978. In response, competing tabloids including the Daily Mirror, the Sunday People, and the Daily Star also began featuring topless models on their own third pages. The feature propelled a number of its models to stardom, including Linda Lusardi, Samantha Fox, and Katie Price.
Attitudes toward Page 3 varied widely throughout its history. Although some readers regarded the feature as harmless entertainment, cultural conservatives often viewed it as softcore pornography inappropriate for publication in generally circulated national newspapers, while many feminists saw it as a misogynistic tradition that demeaned women and perpetuated sexism. Some politicians, notably Clare Short and Caroline Lucas, campaigned to have topless photographs removed from newspapers, while others, including Nick Clegg and Ed Vaizy, voiced concern that banning the images would interfere with the freedom of the press. Legislation was never enacted against Page 3. However, in 2012, activists launched the No More Page 3 campaign, which pressured newspaper editors and owners to end the feature voluntarily. The campaign won support from 140 MPs as well as a number of universities, trade unions, and charities.
In August 2013, the Sun's Republic of Ireland edition replaced topless Page 3 girls with clothed glamour models. Its UK editions followed suit in January 2015, discontinuing Page 3 after more than 44 years. The Daily Star became the last print daily to drop topless photographs, moving to a clothed glamour format in April 2019. This ended the Page 3 tradition in Britain's mainstream press. As of 2022, the only British tabloid still publishing topless models is the niche Sunday Sport.
History
After Rupert Murdoch relaunched the flagging Sun newspaper in tabloid format on 17 November 1969, editor Larry Lamb began publishing photographs of clothed glamour models on its third page to compete with the Sun's principal rival, the Daily Mirror, which was then printing photos of women in lingerie or bikinis. The Sun's first tabloid edition showed that month's Penthouse Pet, Ulla Lindstrom, wearing a suggestively unbuttoned shirt. Page 3 photographs over the following year were often provocative, but did not feature nudity.
On 17 November 1970, the tabloid celebrated its first anniversary with a photograph of Singapore-born model Stephanie Khan in her "birthday suit" (i.e. in the nude). Sitting in a field, backlit by the sun, with one of her breasts fully visible from the side, Khan was photographed by Beverley Goodway, who became the Suns principal Page 3 photographer until he retired in 2003.
Page 3 was not a daily feature at the beginning of the 1970s, and the Sun only gradually began to feature Page 3 models in more overtly topless poses. Lamb thought Page 3 should feature "nice girls" and made a conscious effort to avoid the sleazy image of top-shelf pornography titles, asking the Sun's female reporters to review Page 3 images before publication to ensure that women would not regard them as "dirty". Regardless, the feature, and the paper's other sexual content, quickly led to some public libraries banning the Sun. A then Conservative-controlled council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire took the first such decision, but reversed it after a series of local stunts organised by the newspaper and a change in the council's political orientation in 1971.
Page 3 is partly credited with boosting the Sun's circulation. In the year following Page 3's introduction, daily sales doubled to over 2.5 million, and the Sun became the UK's bestselling newspaper by 1978. Other tabloids, including the Daily Mirror, the Sunday People, and the Daily Star, began publishing topless models on their own third pages, although the Daily Mirror and the Sunday People discontinued the practice in the 1980s, calling the photographs demeaning to women.
Page 3 reached its heyday in the 1980s, launching the careers of many well-known British glamour models, including Samantha Fox, Maria Whittaker, Debee Ashby, Donna Ewin, Kirsten Imrie, Kathy Lloyd, Gail McKenna, and Suzanne Mizzi. Fox, who appeared on Page 3 between 1983 and 1986, became one of the most-photographed British women of the 1980s, behind only Princess Diana and Margaret Thatcher. In 1986, David Sullivan launched a new tabloid, the Sunday Sport, which took the Page 3 concept to extremes, publishing numerous images of topless models in each edition and even featuring a "nipple count" to highlight how many exposed breasts each edition featured.
The Sun made stylistic changes to Page 3 in the mid-1990s, printing all Page 3 photographs in colour rather than mostly in black and white. Captions to Page 3 photographs, which previously contained sexually suggestive double entendre, were replaced by a listing of models' first names, ages, and hometowns. After polling its readers, the Sun in 1997 ceased featuring models who had undergone breast augmentation. In June 1999, the Sun launched the Page3.com website, which featured the tabloid's daily Page 3 girl in three different poses, including the photograph published in the printed edition. In the latter years of Page 3, the Sun added a "News in Briefs" item that gave the model's thoughts on current affairs.
Beginning in 2002, the Sun ran an annual contest called Page 3 Idol. Amateur models could submit photographs that were voted on by readers, with the winner receiving a cash prize and a Page 3 modeling contract. Notable Page 3 Idol winners included Nicola T, Keeley Hazell, and Lucy Collett.
Alison Webster became the Sun's principal Page 3 photographer from 2005 until the feature was phased out. In 2020, Channel 4 produced an hour-long documentary, Page Three: The Naked Truth, to mark 50 years since the introduction of Page 3.
Publications
The Sun (1970s – January 2015)
The Daily Mirror / Sunday People (1970s – 1980s)
The Daily Star (1970s – April 2019)
The Sunday Sport / Midweek Sport / Weekend Sport (1986 – present)
The Daily Sport (1991 – April 2011)
Activism against Page 3
Page 3 was controversial and divisive throughout its history. Its defenders often represented the feature as an inoffensive aspect of British culture, as when Conservative Party MP Richard Drax in 2013 called it a "national institution" that provided "light and harmless entertainment". Its critics often considered it demeaning to women, or as softcore pornography inappropriate for national newspapers readily available to children. Some politicians, notably Labour Party MPs Clare Short, Harriet Harman, and Stella Creasy, Liberal Democrats MP Lynne Featherstone, and Green Party MP Caroline Lucas, took stances against Page 3 and made efforts to have it removed from newspapers. Meanwhile, the Sun vigorously defended the feature, often responding to criticism with ad hominem attacks. When Short in 1986 tried to introduce a House of Commons bill banning topless models from British newspapers, the Sun ran a "Stop Crazy Clare" campaign, distributing free car stickers, calling Short a "killjoy", printing unflattering images of her, and polling readers on whether they would prefer to see Short's face or the back of a bus.
As a co-founder of Women in Journalism, Rebekah Brooks was reported to be personally offended by Page 3, and was widely expected to terminate it when she became the Sun's first female editor in January 2003. However, upon assuming her editorship, Brooks became a staunch defender of the feature, calling its models "intelligent, vibrant young women who appear in the Sun out of choice and because they enjoy the job". When Short stated in a 2004 interview that she wanted to "take the pornography out of our press", saying "I'd love to ban [Page 3 because it] degrades women and our country", Brooks launched a "Hands Off Page 3" campaign that included printing an image of Short's face superimposed on a topless woman's body, calling her "fat and jealous", and parking a double-decker bus with a delegation of Page 3 models outside her home. The Sun also called Harman a "feminist fanatic" and Featherstone a "battleaxe" because of their stances against Page 3. Brooks later said that she regretted the Sun's "cruel and harsh" attacks on Short, listing them among the mistakes she had made as editor.
In February 2012, the Leveson Inquiry heard arguments for and against Page 3. Women's advocacy groups argued that Page 3 was part of an endemic culture of tabloid sexism, while Sun editor Dominic Mohan defended the feature as an "innocuous British institution" that had become "part of British society". In his report, Lord Justice Leveson stated that complaints of sexism over topless pictures fell outside his remit of investigating media ethics, but merited consideration by any new press regulator. Noting Mohan's "spirited defence" of Page 3, Leveson stated that "many will feel that Page 3 of the Sun raises a taste and decency issue and none other". Short questioned Leveson's finding, stating: "Surely the depiction of half the population in a way that is now illegal on workplace walls and before the watershed in broadcasting, is an issue of media ethics?"
Lucy-Anne Holmes, a writer and actress from Brighton, began campaigning against Page 3 when she noticed during the 2012 Summer Olympics that the largest photograph of a woman in the nation's best-selling newspaper was not of an Olympic athlete but of "a young woman in her knickers". Arguing that Page 3 perpetuated sexism, portrayed women as sex objects, negatively affected girls' and women's body image, and contributed to a culture of sexual violence, she launched the No More Page 3 campaign in August of that year. The campaign gained support at the Liberal Democrats party conference the following month, when Evan Harris proposed a party motion to "[tackle] the projection of women as sex objects to children and adolescents by restricting sexualised images in newspapers and general-circulation magazines to the same rules that apply to pre-watershed broadcast media". Featherstone supported the motion, claiming that Page 3 contributed to domestic violence against women, although the party's then-leader and deputy prime minister Nick Clegg distanced himself from it over concerns about press freedom, stating: "If you don't like it, don't buy it ... you don't want to have a moral policeman or woman in Whitehall telling people what they can and cannot see". The No More Page 3 campaign collected over 240,000 signatures on an online petition and gained support from over 140 MPs, as well as a number of trade unions, universities, charities, and women's advocacy groups. It sponsored two women's soccer teams, Nottingham Forest Women F.C. and Cheltenham Town L.F.C., who played with the "No More Page 3" logo on their shirts.
In June 2013, Lucas defied parliamentary dress code by wearing a "No More Page Three" T-shirt during a House of Commons debate on media sexism, during which she stated "If Page 3 still hasn't been removed from the Sun by the end of this year, I think we should be asking the government to step in and legislate". Culture minister Ed Vaizey responded that the government did not plan to regulate the content of the press, and that adults had the right to choose what they read. Later that month, newly appointed Sun editor David Dinsmore confirmed he would continue printing photographs of topless models, calling it "a good way of selling newspapers". Pointing to a survey showing that two-thirds of Sun readers wished to keep Page 3, Dinsmore argued that most people who wished to ban the feature had never and would never read the Sun.
End of the feature
In February 2013, Rupert Murdoch suggested on Twitter that the Sun could transition to a "halfway house," featuring glamour photographs without showing nudity. In August 2013, Paul Clarkson, editor of the Suns Republic of Ireland edition, replaced topless Page 3 girls with clothed glamour models, citing cultural differences between the UK and Ireland. Thanking Clarkson "for taking the lead in the dismantling of a sexist institution", the No More Page 3 campaign called the decision "a huge step in the right direction" and called on Dinsmore to follow suit with the newspaper's UK editions.
For several days after 16 January 2015, the Sun's third page featured images of women wearing lingerie and bikinis. On 20 January, the Times, another Murdoch title, reported that the tabloid was "quietly dropping one of the most controversial traditions of British journalism". The end of the feature garnered significant media attention. On 22 January, the Sun appeared to change course, publishing an image of a winking model with her breasts fully exposed and the caption: "Further to recent reports in all other media outlets, we would like to clarify that this is Page 3 and this is a picture of Nicole, 22, from Bournemouth. We would like to apologise on behalf of the print and broadcast journalists who have spent the last two days talking and writing about us". This turned out to be a one-off, with clothed glamour replacing topless images on the paper's third page thereafter. However, the feature continued online, with the official Page3.com website continuing to publish topless images.
Longtime campaigners celebrated the decision, with Short calling it "an important public victory for dignity", while Nicky Morgan, then Minister for Women and Equalities, called it "a small but significant step towards improving the media portrayal of women and girls". Although Lucas welcomed the decision to discontinue topless images, she criticized the transition to clothed glamour, saying: "So long as the Sun reserves its right to print the odd topless shot, and reserves its infamous page for girls clad in bikinis, the conversation isn't over". Others defended the feature and the women who posed for it, with model Nicola McLean telling ITV's Good Morning Britain that: "[Page 3 models] are all very strong-minded women that have made our own choice and feel very happy with what we are doing. We certainly don't feel like we have been victimised". In a televised debate with Harman and Germaine Greer, model Chloe Goodman asked: "Why should feminist women tell other women how to live their lives?" Harman responded: "In a hundred years' time, if you look back at the newspapers of this country, and you see women standing in their knickers with their breasts showing, what would you think about women's role in society?" Goodman replied: "All over the world there are [depictions of] bodies in the nude, so I don't understand why it's just Page 3 that's being targeted".
After 29 March 2017, no new images were published on the official Page3.com website. The following year, Page3.com was taken offline and its URL redirected to the Sun's website. The Daily Star became the last mainstream print daily to discontinue its topless glamour feature, when it shifted in April 2019 to publishing clothed glamour images. This ended the tradition in the mainstream British press, with only the niche Sunday Sport continuing to publish topless images in tabloid format as of 2022. The No More Page 3 campaign site, nomorepage3.org, was taken offline in early 2020.
Notable Page 3 models
Born 1991 onwards
Danielle Sharp
Born 1986–1990
Sylvia Barrie
Lucy Collett
Cherry Dee
Amy Diamond
Katie Green
Keeley Hazell
Katia Ivanova
Holly Peers
India Reynolds
Peta Todd
Madison Welch
Chelsea White
Iga Wyrwal
Chloe Goodman
Born 1981–1985
Sam Cooke
Katie Downes
Amii Grove
Sophie Howard
Sarah Maple
Michelle Marsh
Nicola McLean
Natasha Mealey
Lucy Pinder
Lauren Pope
Nicola Tappenden
Born 1971–1980
Jakki Degg
Leilani Dowding
Joanne Guest
Geri Halliwell
Ruth Higham
Jordan
Jodie Marsh
Nell McAndrew
Linsey Dawn McKenzie
Melinda Messenger
Jayne Middlemiss
Rachel Ter Horst
Kelly Brook
Born 1961–1970
Melanie Appleby
Debee Ashby
Marina Baker
Deborah Corrigan
Donna Ewin
Samantha Fox
Kirsten Imrie
Kathy Lloyd
Gail McKenna
Suzanne Mizzi
Corinne Russell
Gail Thackray
Maria Whittaker
Born 1951–1960
Sian Adey-Jones
Nina Carter
Cherri Gilham
Penny Irving
Jilly Johnson
Joanne Latham
Linda Lusardi
Carol Needhamn
Tula
Born 1941–1950
Flanagan
Vicki Hodge
Stephanie Marrian
See also
Page 3 culture
The Sun newspaper
Hot Shots Calendar
Lad culture
Lad mags
References
Bibliography
External links
Page Three girls – the naked truth from the BBC website
1970 introductions
The Sun (United Kingdom)
Sociological terminology
Popular culture language
Journalism terminology
Nude photography
Nudity in print media
no:Side 3-piken
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207447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiaulacidae
|
Plagiaulacidae
|
Plagiaulacidae is a family of fossil mammals within the order Multituberculata. Remains are known from the Upper Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous of North America and Europe. They were among the more derived representatives of the informal suborder of "Plagiaulacida".
The taxon Plagiaulacidae was named by Gill T.N. in 1872. It is also known as Bolodontidae, a name developed by Osborn H.F. in 1887.
References
Gill (1872), "Arrangement of the families of mammals". With analytical tables. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 230, p. 1-98.
Osborn (1887), "On the structure and classification of the British Mesozoic Mammalia". Proc. of the Nat. Academy of Sciences 39, p. 282-292.
Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429.
Much of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS: Plagiaulacidae, Albionbaataridae, Eobaataridae & Arginbaataridae, an Internet directory.
Multituberculates
Tithonian first appearances
Tithonian taxonomic families
Berriasian taxonomic families
Berriasian extinctions
Prehistoric mammal families
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207448
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisonodon
|
Morrisonodon
|
Morrisonodon brentbaatar is an extinct multituberculate mammal from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America.
M. brentbaatar was described by Robert T. Bakker in 1998, who originally placed it in the genus Ctenacodon. The fossil remains consist of a jaw fragment containing two upper premolars and the sockets corresponding to two molars. The remains were found in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in Wyoming. The species name honours the Wyoming paleontologist Brent Breithaupt, while "Baatar" is a Mongolian for "hero".
Bakker assigned his specimens to Ctenacodon with hesitation, noting additional specimens may require a new classification. In a 2001 review of multituberculates, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska and Jørn Hurum did not recognize Bakker's specimen as related to other Ctenacodon species or even belonging to the family Allodontidae, speculating the species might instead belong to the family Plagiaulacidae. In 2004, the species was placed in the newly established genus Morrisonodon.
References
Multituberculates
Morrison mammals
Fossil taxa described in 2004
Prehistoric mammal genera
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829%20in%20literature
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1829 in literature
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1829.
Events
January 26 – The first performance of Douglas Jerrold's comic nautical melodrama Black-Eyed Susan; or, All in the Downs is held at the Surrey Theatre in Lambeth, London. It will run for a new record of well over 150 performances.
January 29 – The first complete performance of Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy (1808), adapted by August Klingemann, in Braunschweig.
September – George Eliot's novel Middlemarch opens (1871–1872).
October 29 – The English actress Fanny Kemble makes her stage debut as Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, at her father's Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London.
December — John Neal published the final issue of The Yankee literary journal.
unknown dates
Louis Braille invents a new alphabet and embossed printing that allows the blind to read.
The Raczyński Library in Poznań is opened to the public.
New books
Fiction
Edward Bulwer-Lytton – Devereux
Honoré de Balzac – Les Chouans
Steen Steensen Blicher – The Rector of Veilbye (Præsten i Vejlbye)
William Nugent Glascock – Sailors and Saints, or Matrimonial Manœuvres
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years, or The Renunciants (Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, oder Die Entsagenden)
Catherine Gore – Romances of Real Life
Gerald Griffin – The Collegians
Victor Hugo – The Last Day of a Condemned Man (Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné)
Washington Irving – Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
George Payne Rainsford James – Richelieu
Julia Pardoe – Lord Morcar of Hereward
Thomas Love Peacock (anonymously) – The Misfortunes of Elphin
Walter Scott (anonymously) – Anne of Geierstein
Children
Frederick Marryat – The Naval Officer, or Scenes in the Life and Adventures of Frank Mildmay
Drama
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Faust (performed)
Victor Hugo – Marion Delorme
Douglas William Jerrold – Black-Eyed Susan
John Augustus Stone – Metamora; or, The Last of the Wampanoags
Poetry
Edgar Allan Poe – Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Other Poems
Alfred Tennyson – Timbuctoo
Henrik Wergeland
Digte, første Ring (Poems, first circle)
Skabelsen, Mennesket og Messias (Creation, Man and the Messiah)
Non-fiction
Hans Christian Andersen – A Journey on Foot from Holmen's Canal to the East Point of Amager (Fodrejse fra Holmens Canal til Østpynten af Amager i Aarene 1828 og 1829)
Thomas Carlyle – Signs of the Times
William Cobbett
The English Gardener
Advice to Young Men
Samuel Taylor Coleridge – On the Constitution of Church and State
Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 1 (1st edition)
Washington Irving – Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
Cornelio Saavedra – Memoria autógrafa
Philip Stanhope, Viscount Mahon – Life of Belisarius
David Walker – Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America
Births
January 1 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian memoirist and actor (died 1915)
January 12 – Rosanna Eleanor Leprohon, née Mullins, Canadian novelist and poet (died 1879)
February 24 – Friedrich Spielhagen, German novelist (died 1911)
April 26 – Eva Brag, Swedish poet, novelist and journalist (died 1913)
March 4 – Samuel Rawson Gardiner, English historian (died 1902)
May 1 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (died 1877)
June 4 – Jane Lippitt Patterson, American writer and editor (died 1919)
June 19 – Helen Vickroy Austin, American essayist, journalist, and horticulturist (died 1921)
October 31 – Emma Tatham, English poet (died 1855)
September 12 – Charles Dudley Warner, American essayist and novelist (died 1900)
September 25 – William Michael Rossetti, English critic (died 1919)
November 21 – Martha Perry Lowe, American writer and activist (died 1902)
December 8 – Henry Timrod, American poet (died 1867)
Deaths
January 6 – Josef Dobrovský, Czech historian (born 1753)
January 11 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel, German poet and critic (born 1772)
January 15 – John Mastin, English memoirist, local historian and cleric (born 1747)
January 29 – István Pauli (Pável) Hungarian Slovene priest and writer (born 1760)
February 11 – Aleksander Griboyedov, Russian dramatist (killed by mob, born 1795)
July 7 – Jacob Friedrich von Abel, German philosopher (born 1751)
July 23 – Wojciech Bogusławski, Polish playwright and director (born 1757)
September 29 – Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont, political writer (born 1759)
October 10 – Maria Elizabetha Jacson, English writer on botany and gardening (born 1755)
Awards
Newdigate prize – Robert Stephen Hawker
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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207450
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828%20in%20literature
|
1828 in literature
|
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1828.
Events
January – Thomas Dale becomes the first university professor of English language and literature, at the new London University.
January 1 – John Neal launches The Yankee literary journal.
January 6 – William Lamb, the future Lord Melbourne, writes to his estranged wife, Lady Caroline Lamb, from Ireland, regretting that official duties make it impossible to visit her immediately. Later in the month, he makes the sea crossing arriving at her bedside shortly before her death.
February 21 – The Cherokee Phœnix, the earliest newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States and in one of their indigenous languages, (Cherokee), is first issued in New Echota.
April 1 – The Athenæum, "London Literary and Critical Journal", is launched by James Silk Buckingham.
December – Nikolai Gogol leaves school and goes to Saint Petersburg.
unknown dates
Sherman Converse publishes Noah Webster's 70,000 word American Dictionary of the English Language.
Elizabeth Caroline Grey's The Skeleton Count, or The Vampire Mistress is published; it is considered by some to be the first vampire story by a woman author.
John Payne Collier produces a script of Punch and Judy.
The Reclam publishing company is established in Leipzig by Anton Philipp Reclam.
Færøernes Amts Bibliotek, the National Library of the Faroe Islands, is established.
New books
Fiction
Steen Steensen Blicher – Sildig Opvaagnen
Anna Eliza Bray – The White Hoods: an Historical Romance
John Benjamin Brookes (published anonymously) – The Lustful Turk
Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton – Pelham
Lady Charlotte Bury (anonymously) – Flirtation
George Croly – Salathiel
Selina Davenport – Italian Vengeance and English Forbearance
Thomas Gaspey – The History of George Godfrey
Léon Gozlan – Les Mémoires d'un apothécaire
Elizabeth Caroline Grey – De Lisle
Gerald Griffin – The Collegians
Ann Hatton – Uncle Peregrine's Heiress
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Fanshawe
Robert Huish – The Red Barn
Bernhard Severin Ingemann – Erik Menveds Barndom (Erik Menved's Childhood)
Jane C. Loudon – The Mummy!
John Neal – Rachel Dyer: a North American Story
T. J. Llewelyn Prichard – The Adventures and Vagaries of Twm Shon Catti, descriptive of life in Wales; interspersed with poems
Susanna Rowson – Lucy Temple
Sir Walter Scott – The Fair Maid of Perth (or St. Valentine's Day; Chronicles of the Canongate, 2nd series)
Rosalia St. Clair – Ulrica of Saxony
Drama
Alfred de Vigny – Roméo et Juliette and Shylock (adaptations from Shakespeare, published)
Franz Grillparzer – Ein Treuer Diener
Johan Ludvig Heiberg – Elves' Hill (Elverhøi)
Henrik Hertz – Flyttedagen
Victor Hugo – Amy Robsart
James Sheridan Knowles – The Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green
Mary Russell Mitford – Rienzi: a tragedy
Richard Brinsley Peake – The Haunted Inn
Jovan Sterija Popović – Miloš Obilić
Émile Souvestre – Siege de Missolonghi
Gotthilf August von Maltitz – Hans Kohlhaas
Poetry
Adam Mickiewicz – Konrad Wallenrod
Non-fiction
August Böckh (editor) – Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (begins publication)
George Combe – The Constitution of Man
Barbara Hofland – Africa Described, in Its Ancient and Present State
Washington Irving – A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Births
January 2 – Frederic Charles Lascelles Wraxall, English writer (died 1865)
January 15 – Mary Jane Katzmann, Canadian writer, editor, and historian (died 1890)
January 22 – Dora d'Istria, Romanian-Albanian writer (died 1888)
February 8 – Jules Verne, French novelist and science fiction writer (died 1905)
February 12 – George Meredith, English novelist and poet (died 1909)
February 14 – Edmond About, French novelist and journalist (died 1885)
February 16 – Julia Colman, American writer, educator, activist, and editor (died 1909)
March 20 – Henrik Johan Ibsen, Norwegian dramatist (died 1906)
April 1 – Lucinda Banister Chandler, American author and reformer (died 1911)
April 1 – George Barbu Știrbei, Romanian journalist, biographer and patron of the arts (died 1925)
April 4 – Margaret Oliphant, Scottish novelist and historical writer (died 1897)
May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and artist (died 1882)
August 9 – Betty Bentley Beaumont, British author and businesswoman (died 1892)
August 24 – Gheorghe Chițu, Romanian classical scholar, publisher and journalist (died 1897)
September 9 – Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist (died 1910)
September 17 – Louise Flodin, Swedish journalist (died 1923)
October 8 – Francisque Sarcey, French journalist and critic (died 1899)
October 10 – Harriet Newell Kneeland Goff, American author and reformer (died 1901)
November 14 – Susannah Valentine Aldrich, American author and hymnwriter (died 1905)
unknown date – Charlotte Chanter, English botanical writer and novelist (died 1882)
Deaths
January 5 – Kobayashi Issa (小林 一茶), Japanese haiku poet (born 1763)
January 16 – Johann Samuel Ersch, German bibliographer (born 1766)
January 26 – Lady Caroline Lamb, English novelist (born 1785)
February 7 – Henry Neele, English poet and scholar (born 1798)
February 29 – Henry Beekman Livingston, American poet (born 1748)
March 16 – Johann Georg August Galletti, German historian (born 1750)
March 28 – Frances Burney, English dramatist (born 1776)
April 7 – Helena Charlotta Åkerhielm, Swedish dramatist and translator (born 1786)
April 25 – François-Benoît Hoffman, French dramatist and critic (born 1760)
May 28 – Anne Seymour Damer, English sculptor and novelist (born 1748)
June 8 – William Coxe, English historian and travel writer (born 1747)
June 11 – Dugald Stewart, Scottish Enlightenment philosopher (born 1753)
June 21 – Leandro Fernández de Moratín, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1760)
August 10 – William Cardell, American grammarian and story writer for boys (born 1780)
October 13 – Vincenzo Monti, Italian poet and dramatist (born 1754)
November 8 – Thomas Bewick, English writer and natural historian (born 1753)
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth%20%28district%29
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Bayreuth (district)
|
Bayreuth () is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds, but does not include the city of Bayreuth. The district is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kulmbach, Hof, Wunsiedel, Tirschenreuth, Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Amberg-Sulzbach, Nürnberger Land, Forchheim and Bamberg.
History
The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Bayreuth and Pegnitz, adding the town Gefrees of the former district of Münchberg and the town of Speichersdorf of the former district of Kemnath.
Geography
The sources of the White Main and the Red Main are both located in the district. The Red Main rises in the very south in the hills of the Frankish Alb, the White Main has its source in the Fichtel Mountains in the east. Both rivers run to the northwest, but do not meet within the district's borders.
The valley of the Red Main separates the two major geographical regions of the district from each other: the hilly countryside of the Franconian Jura and the much higher Fichtel Mountains.
Within the county lies the Veldenstein Forest, one of the largest contiguous areas of woodland in Bavaria.
Coat of arms
The arms display the heraldic eagle of the Hohenzollern dynasty together with the white and blue pattern of Bavaria.
Towns and municipalities
Sights
References
External links
Districts of Bavaria
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furby
|
Furby
|
{{Infobox toy
|name = Furby
|image = Furby picture.jpg
|caption = The 2012 Furby model; depicted is the Voodoo Purple version.
|othernames = Furbee (used in Sweden to avoid confusion with the eponymous place).
|type = Electronic toy
|inventor = David Hampton and Caleb Chung
|country = United States
|company = Tiger Electronics(1998)Hasbro(1998–2001, 2005–2007, 2012–2018)
|from = 1998
|to = 2018
|materials =
|slogan = Let's Have Fun(1998–2001)Your Emoto-Tronic Friend(2005–2007)A mind of its own(2012–2018)
|website = http://www.furby.com
}}
Furby is an American electronic robotic toy that was originally released in 1998 by Tiger Electronics. It resembles a hamster or owllike creature and went through a period of being a "must-have" toy following its holiday season launch, with continual sales until 2000. Over 40 million Furbies were sold during the three years of its original production, with 1.8 million sold in 1998, and 14 million in 1999. Its speaking capabilities were translated into 24 languages.
Furbies were the first successful attempt to produce and sell a domestically-aimed robot. A newly purchased Furby starts out speaking entirely "Furbish", the unique language that all Furbies use, but is programmed to start using English words and phrases in place of Furbish over time. This process is intended to resemble the process of learning English. The updated Emoto-Tronic Furby, with voice recognition and more complex facial movements, was sold by Hasbro between 2005 and 2007. Another updated Furby with LCD eyes and a mobile app was released for the holiday season in 2012.
History
Initial creation
Dave Hampton and Caleb Chung spent nine months creating the Furby (in addition to nine months spent designing the toy). After two attempts at licensing the concept, they invited fellow toy and game inventor Richard C. Levy to join their efforts to sell Furby. Levy brought Furby to Tiger Electronics and Tiger's Roger Shiffman bought the rights to it. Furby's first public appearance was at the American International Toy Fair in 1998.
Furbies originally retailed for about US$35, and upon release, they sold very well. Catapulting demand during the 1998 Christmas period drove the resale price over $100, and sometimes as high as several hundred dollars. Furbies were sold for over $300 in newspapers and in auctions. Nicknames were given to the different aesthetic varieties, and sellers assigned rarity values to them.
The significant aftermarket demand (and price) for the toy resulted in cases of fraud in which customers paid for Furbies that were never delivered. Parental battles, arguments, and fights increased rapidly as supplies dwindled, and when retail supplies ran out, buyers turned to the Internet, where Furbies could be purchased for two, three, or more multiples of their retail price. During one 12-month period, a total of 27 million Furby toys were sold.
2005 revival
2005 saw the reintroduction of Furby with the release of the new Emoto-Tronic Furby.
2012 revival
On April 12, 2012, it was announced that Hasbro would be making a new line of Furbies. The new line was released in September 2012. As of December 2012 there were sixteen colors: Teal, white, black, purple, tangerine-tango, yellow, aqua, navy blue, plum, pink, pink/teal, orange/blue, black/pink, blue/yellow, teal/purple, and gray/teal.
Furbies were one of the eleven toys named the top toys for Christmas 2013 by the Toy Retailers Association at the DreamToys Convention where they unveil their predictions for the most popular holiday toys annually.
Types
Classic Furbies
The main reason for their popularity was because of apparent "intelligence", reflected in their ability to develop language skills.
Furbies can communicate with one another via an infrared port located between their eyes. Furbies start out speaking entirely "Furbish", a language with short words, simple syllables, and various other sounds. They are programmed, however, to speak less and less Furbish and more and more English as they "grow".
There was a common misconception that they repeated words that were said around them. This belief most likely stemmed from the fact that it is possible to have the Furby say certain pre-programmed words or phrases more often by petting it whenever it said these words. As a result of this myth, several intelligence agencies banned them from their offices.
A simple electric motor and a system of cams and gears close the Furby's eyes and mouth, raise its ears, and lift it off the ground in a faux display of mobility.
The originals are popular with many hackers as they can be dissected and made to do interesting things. In particular, their advanced audio capabilities and various sensory interfaces make them popular with the circuit bending community.
Other Furbies
Furby Babies
In 1999, the Furby Babies line was introduced. Furby Babies are smaller than the original, have higher voices, and cannot dance, but they switch to speaking English more quickly. They also have an extended vocabulary and different "Easter eggs" and "games" built into them. Furby Babies come in 24 different colors. All have white eyelashes and one of six different eyecolors.
Furby Friends
Novel Furbies were also released, including an interactive Furby-style "Gizmo", from the film Gremlins'', a Furby-style "Interactive Yoda" based on the Star Wars character, and a Furby-style "Interactive E.T." from the movie of the same name. Another "friend of Furby", called "Shelby", is similar to Furby, but looks like a clam, has vast improvements in memory, and has a different personality; it was released in 2001 and can communicate with the original Furbies and Furby Babies. They also have sensors that can sense loud sounds, can sense being upside down (they say things like "Shiver me timbers" and "Walk the plank" when left upside-down for an extended period of time), and they laugh when "tickled" (their antennae – or "tennies", as they like to call them). They also purr when "petted". They can be fed by sticking a finger in their mouth. Similarly, Shelbies do not have their own names, unlike the classic Furbies. Shelbies are also capable of knowing if it is talking to a Furby or another Shelby, saying phrases such as "Where's Furby?"—though they cannot differentiate between a Furby and a Furby Baby—they just assume it is a Furby. In addition to English, Shelbies also know some Furbish words and also have their own unique language called "Shelbish".
Emoto-Tronic Furbies
This Furby was released in August 2005. Larger than the previous version, the new Furbies have been upgraded with a more emotional face and a voice recognition system, enabling them to communicate with humans. Unlike the Furbies originally released, just one order is necessary to make them 'sleep', and they have an on/off switch. They can communicate with other Emoto-tronic Furbies, though to a lesser extent than the communication between original Furbies, and they cannot themselves communicate with the original Furbies nor Funky Furbies. They also lack light sensors and basic motion sensors and do not respond to loud sounds as the originals do. These Furbies, according to the story they come packed with, are from Furby Island.
Emoto-Tronic Furby Babies
In 2006, a new version of Furby Baby was released, with the most notable features being the new look and a more "babyish" appearance in contrast to the Emoto-Tronic Furby adult. They also have considerably fewer features than the "adult" Furby, with a very limited vocabulary and a lower level of interactivity. Another notable feature of the 2006 Emoto-Tronic Baby Furby is the movable "legs" which unfurl when a Furby Baby is awake. Although they were a European exclusive, they were sold in the US via the Hasbro Toy Shop website.
Emoto-Tronic Funky Furbies
The Funky Furbies were released in August 2006 outside the United States. They are limited to three color combinations (pink and yellow; purple and green; blue and purple), they can sing three new songs and dance. They can be taught dance routines and remember them.
2012 Furbies
A new Furby was released in the fall of 2012. It has more expressive LCD eyes, a wider range of motions, its own iOS and Android app, and the ability to adapt its personality in reaction to user behavior. The on-off switch is replaced with a reset button; the Furby turns itself off after one minute of inactivity.
Furby Party Rockers
A series of toys called Furby Party Rockers was released in addition to the 2012 Furbies.
Those feature pre-programmed personalities that differ between the various models.
Instead of the screens that the full-size Furbies feature, their eyes are made out of transparent plastic with a backing that has a static pattern printed.
The eyes have an LED backlight and the printed image is stereoscopic so that it changes depending on the viewing angle. The Party Rockers don't have any moving parts.
Furby Boom
In summer of 2013, about a year after the 2012 Furby came out, a new Furby was released with new different colors and new Personalities. It has a brand-new iOS and Android app, called Furby BOOM!, with many new features.
Furblings (toy version)
In June 2014, a toy version of the Furblings from the Furby BOOM! app was released along with a Golden limited time one. It can communicate with Furby Booms, and can be used with the app too.
Furby Boom Crystal
The release for Christmas 2014 is called the Furby Boom Crystal series, with a redesign of the ears, face and feet and new bright neon fur. The iOS and Android apps have also been redesigned.
Furby Boom Crystal Furblings
In early 2015, a toy version of the Furby Boom Crystal Furblings from the app was released. Like the other Furblings, it can communicate with Furby Boom Crystals, and be used with the app.
Furbacca
In June 2015, a Furby that resembles Chewbacca from Star Wars was released. It is similar to the Furby Boom because it can hatch Furblings with the same app and more. It is known as the Wookie Furby and the new Furby Friend.
Furby Connect
In 2016 another new Furby with more expressive eyes and movements was released, along with an app containing a whole world of Furblings for it to interact with. The Furby Connect has a translucent plastic joystick on its head which lights up different colors when toggled and is used to control games played with Furblings in the app. Unlike the 2012 Furby and Furby Boom, the Furby Connect does not change personalities. However it can sing songs that it "learns" from the app.
Technology
The original Furby source code was written in assembly language for the 6502 microprocessor.
The first Furby model was based around a 6502-style Sunplus SPC81A microcontroller, which had 80 KiB of ROM and 128 bytes of RAM. Its core differed from the original 6502 in the lack of the Y index register.
The TSP50C04 chip from Texas Instruments, implementing the LPC codec, was used for voice synthesis.
Security concerns
On January 13, 1999, it was reported the National Security Agency of the United States banned Furbies from entering NSA's property due to concerns that they may be used to record and repeat classified information, advising those that see any on NSA property to "contact their Staff Security Officer for guidance."
Roger Shiffman, the owner of Tiger Electronics, stated that "Furby has absolutely no ability to do any recording whatsoever," and that he would have gladly told the NSA this if he was asked by anyone from the spy agency. Additionally, Dave Hampton demonstrated that Furby's microphone can't record any sound at all, and can only hear a single monotonous beep if a loud sound is produced around Furby, and no words or waveforms can be made out at all. He too was never questioned by the NSA. The ban was eventually withdrawn.
Security researchers discovered that the microphone on a Furby Connect can be remotely activated and used to record voice through a Bluetooth connection.
Furbish-English phrases
"Furbish" is the Furbies' language, with simple syllables, short words, and various sounds. A newly- purchased Furby starts out speaking entirely in Furbish. Over time, the Furby gradually replaces Furbish words and phrases with English.
The voice commands the 2005 Furbies respond to include:
wee-tah-kah-loo-loo: Tell me a joke.
wee-tah-kah-wee-loo: Tell me a story.
wee-tee-kah-wah-tee: Sing me a song.
u-nye-loo-lay-doo?: Do you want to play?
u-nye-ay-tay-doo?: Are you hungry?
u-nye-boh-doo?: How are you?
u-nye-way-loh-nee-way: Go to sleep now.
u-nye-noh-lah: Show me a dance.
Furbies may say these Furbish words:
doo?: What? (Furbies say this when called)
doo-dah: Yes. (Furbies say this in response to a command before doing it)
boo: No. (Furbies say this when they do not want to carry out a command)
yoo?: Why will you not play with me today? (This usually means the Furby is upset)
Film adaptation
Bob Weinstein announced in November 2016 that a Furby film adaptation is to be produced by The Weinstein Company (TWC). The film was written by Daniel Persitz and Devon Kliger, and will contain both live action and computer-animated characters. In regards to the film's narrative, Hasbro executive Stephen Davis stated that "we think that this can resonate as a four-quadrant film. It can't just be a 90-minute commercial." TWC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on March 19, 2018. On May 1, 2018, Lantern Capital emerged as the winner of the studio's bankruptcy auction. On July 16, 2018, it was announced that The Weinstein Company had shut down and its assets had been sold to the newly created Lantern Entertainment. It is unclear whether Lantern Entertainment will take over producing the project.
See also
Hatchimals
References
External links
Furby.com (Archive)
1990s fads and trends
Products introduced in 1998
Electronic toys
Entertainment robots
Hasbro products
Stuffed toys
1990s toys
Virtual pets
Doll brands
Toy animals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichtel%20Mountains
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Fichtel Mountains
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The Fichtel Mountains (, ), form a small horseshoe-shaped mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. They extend from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, a few foothills spilling over into the Czech Republic. They continue in a northeasterly direction as the Elster Mountains, and in a southeasterly direction as the Upper Palatine Forest. The Fichtel Mountains contain an important nature park, the Fichtel Mountain Nature Park, with an area of .
Origin of the name
The first person to write about the Fichtel Mountains, Matthias of Kemnath (actually Matthias Widmann, b 23 February 1429 in Kemnath) reported in 1476: Ein bergk, hoch, weitt, wolbekant ligt in Beiern, gnant der Fichtelberg ("A mountain, high, wide and well-known, lies in Bavaria, known as the Fichtelberg"). In descriptions of the border in 1499 and 1536, the mountain that is now called the Ochsenkopf was called Vichtelberg; thereafter the name was extended to the whole mountain region. It is also mentioned in old documents: around 1317 the lords of Hirschberg were enfeoffed inter alia with the walt zu dem Vythenberge. By the 14th century iron ore was being extracted in the St. Veith Pit on the southern foot of the mountain. Vyth → Veit → Fichtel. High-profile local history and name researchers have still not had the last word.
Geography
Together with the Thuringian Forest, Thuringian Highland and Franconian Forest the Fichtel forms a major natural region called the Thuringian-Franconian Highlands (no. D48 and 39).
The Fichtel Mountains lie between the towns of Hof and Weiden. In the west there is a good transport link to the nearby city of Bayreuth, whilst in the east, in the Egerland (capital: Eger, Czech: Cheb), communication is still very limited, a legacy of the Iron Curtain. The Hof–Weiden autobahn provides a good north–south link, however.
The county town in the heart of the Fichtel is Wunsiedel with its famous rock labyrinth. Other main settlements are Marktredwitz, Marktleuthen, Arzberg, Röslau, Weißenstadt, Waldershof, Kirchenlamitz and Tröstau (all on the upper reaches of the Eger and the Röslau),
Further to the southeast and south are Bischofsgrün, Fichtelberg, Mehlmeisel, Nagel, Neusorg, Speichersdorf, Kemnath, Erbendorf, Wiesau and Fuchsmühl, in the west are Weidenberg, Creußen, Bayreuth, Goldkronach, Bindlach and Bad Berneck, in the northwest are Gefrees, Zell im Fichtelgebirge, Weißdorf, Münchberg (Obere Saale), and in the north Selb, Rehau and Hof.
The boundary between the (East) Franconian dialect in the north and west and the (North) Bavarian and Upper Palatine dialects in the east and south runs diagonally through the Fichtel from northeast to southwest. This language border does not coincide with the administrative boundary of Upper Franconia and the Upper Palatinate, but, for example, Bavarian is also spoken in the Upper Franconian district of Wunsiedel.
Moreover, there are descendants of those who, after the Second World War came from Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and East Prussia into the Fichtel Mountains, and who make up a significant percentage of the population.
The highest mountain in the Fichtel is the Schneeberg at . Other major summits are the Ochsenkopf (1,024 m), the Steinwald (Platte 946 m), the Kösseine (939 m), the Großer Waldstein (877 m) and the Großer Kornberg (827 m).
Geomorphologically the Fichtel Mountains are a horseshoe-shaped massif consisting of several linked ridges, hence the term Fichtel Mountain Horseshoe (Fichtelgebirgs-Hufeisen). The most important are the:
High Fichtel with the Schneeberg, Ochsenkopf and Kösseine massif,
Northern ridge of Waldstein including the mountains of Großer Waldstein, Epprechtstein and Kornberg
Southern section with its Steinwald and Reichsforst forests and the Kohlberg mountain
Inner Fichtel Plateau.
To the northeast the Fichtel transitions into the Elster Mountains and the Ore Mountains, to the southeast is the Upper Palatine Forest, the Bohemian Forest and the Bavarian Forest. To the northwest is a clear geological divide with the Franconian and Thuringian Forests. To the southwest it descends to the morphologically very different Franconian fault-block landscape.
In early times the Fichtel was known as the 'navel of Germany' (Nabel Deutschlands) or the 'wellspring of Europe' (Herzbrunnen Europas) because four important rivers rise here and flow in four different directions of the compass:
to the north flows the Saxon Saale
to the east flows the Eger and its tributary, the Röslau
to the south two headstreams of the Naab: the Fichtelnaab in the centre and the Haidenaab to one side
to the west the White Main
Numerous moors and marshes, which are now protected, are valuable water collectors. The European watershed from the North Sea to the Black Sea runs over these mountains.
Mountains and hills
The highest mountain is the Schneeberg at . Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Weißer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Ohře (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab. Major towns on the edge of the mountain region are Bayreuth and Hof.
While the mountains dip gradually away to the north and the south, they form a steep slope in the west where the Red Main forms the boundary of the mountains.
The Ochsenkopf ("Ox Head") is the second highest mountain of the Fichtel range, at . There are two chair-lifts to the summit, one from Bischofsgrün in the north and one from Fleckl in the south. The "Asenturm" (Æsir Tower) is an observation tower on the summit with a restaurant attached.
The following are the highest and best-known mountains in the Fichtel (listed alphabetically with heights in metres (m) above sea level (NN):
Geology
Early mountain building
Geologically the Fichtel massif consists mainly of granite. The history of its orogeny begins in the Precambrian Eon about 750–800 million years ago. From that time only the truncated uplands of the once-towering mountain chain are left.
Subsequently, the area was covered by sea, and rivers transported sediments from the old eroding mountains on the coast. These sediments were deposited as layers of clay, sand and limestone.
At the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 570 million years ago, these beds were folded and raised up to form new mountains. High temperatures and pressure during this mountain folding process, which lasted into the Upper Carboniferous Period, created metamorphic rock. The shale layers were transformed into phyllites and schists, sandstones metamorphosed into quartzite and limestone produced Wunsiedel marble. These mountains, which may have been several kilometres high, were also eroded to sea level again.
Variscan orogeny: mountains from the depths of the sea
In the next phase, great, deep-sea sediments were laid down under the present-day Fichtel Mountains and the Franconian Forest from the Silurian, Devonian and Lower Carboniferous periods; these are especially well recorded in the Franconian Forest, whose rocks were only subject to very low-grade metamorphism (associated with volcanism and ore formation) and which contain easily dated fossils. Finally, in the Upper Carboniferous period 285 million years ago, the Hercynian mountain building phase began and raised the Fichtel Mountains, Franconian Forest and Münchberg gneiss plateau into high mountains – like almost all the fold mountains formed during the Hercynian period.
This mountain building episode was the Variscan orogeny, named after Hof's Latin name (and the tribe of Varisci) of Curia variscorum. At the same time, magma intruded in several phases into the folds, where it solidified under the Earth's surface into the present-day granites. As granite formed, secondary rocks were only affected by slight contact metamorphism. The rest of the molten rock with its ore-containing fluids formed pegmatite, as well as veins of ore and minerals – the basis of the medieval mining industry and early industrialisation of this region.
During the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian (Rotliegendes) large quantities of rock debris were deposited in intramontane basins and onto the foreland of the mountain range. These basins were formed by extensional tectonics which were accompanied by an intermediate to acidic volcanism. The sediments of the Rotliegendes are only exposed in a few places, but have been confirmed across a wide area by drilling beneath the platform southwest of the Franconian Line. Late Variscan volcanic rocks occur in the Fichtel Mountains as layers of rhyolite.
Alpine orogeny creates new pressures
In the neogene (Upper Tertiary beginning 26 million years ago) period, tectonic activity increased again – just as the Alpine orogeny (Alps, Carpathians etc.) slowly came to an end. In that time, parts of this and other older massifs (such as the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands or Bohemian Massif in the Alpine foothills) sometimes ended up underneath younger rock. In the Upper Miocene (10 million years ago), molten basalt broke through in northern Upper Palatinate as the Eger Graben was being formed. Through erosion, the remains of former diatremes have been uncovered and may be seen e.g. on the Rauher Kulm or at Parkstein near Weiden. Basaltic surface layers, i.e. extensive flows of low-viscosity lava, are visible e. g. on the Teichelberg near Pechbrunn. These basaltic nappes should not however be confused with the formation of tectonic layers.
The formation of the present landscape finally took place in the younger Pliocene about 5 million years ago: an earlier-formed Franconian fault line came under pressure again and the Fichtel Mountains, Franconian Forest, the Münchberg Gneiss Massif and the northern Upper Palatine Forest were uplifted along it. This last uplift gave the forces of erosion more to do again and the rivers cut deeply into the already, almost levelled, mountain range. So the present day structure was created from a plateau: a low mountain range which is being gnawed away at on all sides, with a long and varied history. Although often difficult to interpret, it is an 'Eldorado' for geologists from a wide range of specialisms.
Predominant rock types
Granite ( for grain) and its derivatives
make up about 40% of the area – its impact being all the more striking because this very hard, yet hydrous, rock forms the highest peaks in the area. Its stark appearance and the early emergency of industry here have made their mark on landscape and people.
In detail there is:
Porphyritic Granite of the Weißenstadt/Liebenstein massif (including the towns of Marktleuthen/Röslau) and extending into the Czech Republic as far as Haslau. The porphyry contains biotite (dark mica) and phenocrysts of feldspar up to 8 cm across.
Reut Granite near Gefrees is, by contrast, finer with a bluish-grey hue. Selb Granite (found northeast of the upper massif near Schwarzenhammer and running through the Selb Forest and the Czech Republic into Saxony/ Elster Mountains) is fine-grained, but grey again.
Holzmühl Granite occurs in just two small outcrops near Holzmühl, 3 km southeast of Marktleuthen and near Längenau on the Wartberg, east-northeast of Selb; medium-grained with a higher biotite content, unevenly grained microstructure.
Redwitzite is also called Syenite Granite and occurs in the Marktredwitz/Arzberg/Thiersheim triangle; medium- and also fine-grained, its variable mineral composition produces colourations from light grey, dark grey and dark green-grey to almost black.
Rand Granite (Dach Granite) occurs in all the prominent massifs of the Fichtel Mountains (the Ochsenkopf, the southern part of the Schneeberg and the Haberstein, the Platte to the Hohe Matze, the Kösseine and the Großer Kornberg); its groundmass is small-grained with phenocrysts of feldspar, quartz and biotite, sometimes sprinkled with muscovite as well;
Kösseine-Rand Granite occurs on the Kösseine, including the Burgstein, Haberstein and Schauerberg, and the southern part of the Großer Kornberg massif; small- to medium-grained, porphyritic structure weak or missing; low in phenocrysts.
Kern Granite is found in the central Fichtelberg/Ochsenkopf/Nußhardt block and on the eastern perimeter of the Schneeberg; it forms outcrops of in the shape of numerous rock formations; medium- to coarse-grained.
Kösseine and Wolfsgarten Kern Granite. There are numerous pockets of Kösseine Granite containing hornfels, cm-large biotite-rich shreds and nodules of host rock, rounded or round quartz-feldspar rich pockets on the Kösseine massif: narrow band on the north, east and southern edge, small labyrinth, Kleinwendern quarry, Hirschensprung rock formation, Wolfstein, Hohenstein, Ochsenkopf, Hundslohe and Gregnitz valley; on the Kornberg: the Wolfsgarten forest and the south-southwestern part of the Großer Kornberg; relatively coarse, has an unusual appearance due to the blue feldspar, black biotite and richly sprinkled dark foreign bodies; Wolfsgarten Granite is somewhat lighter blue.
Zinn Granite is restricted to the central massif and occurs on the Rudolfstein, on the Drei Brüder almost to the summit of the Schneeberg, western slope of the Seehügel, between Seehügel and Platte, Fuchsbau and Zufurt west of Leupoldsdorf; very even, medium grain; little biotite, a lot of muscovite; lighter, brighter hue.
Rand Granite of the Steinwald massif: in the western part of the Steinwald, e. g. on the Dachsfelsen, and the northwestern part of the Grandfelsen; small-grained.
Steinwald Granite occurs in the centre, including the Weißenstein, Platte, Katzentrögel, Reiseneggerfelsen and Hackelstein; coarse-grained.
Friedenfels Granite is the transitional facies between the Steinwald Granite and the Falkenberg Porphyritic Granite; it forms the basement of the Pechbrunn basalt region and surfaces there at various places between the basalt nappes; porphyritic structure, especially rich in feldspar phenocrysts.
Mining industry
By the Early Middle Ages man had begun to mine in the Fichtel Mountains. The most important products were gold, tin, iron, minerals, earths and rock (basalt, brown coal, diabase, granite, silt, marble, soapstone, clay and peat). In earlier times uranium ore deposits were discovered. The metals were worked in hammer mills (hence the many place names ending with -hammer) on the Fichtel's rivers, in furnaces and at metalsmiths. The forests of the Fichtel Mountains supplied the wood necessary for the manufacture of charcoal. During the Thirty Years' War the mining industry became depressed and the ore deposits were largely exhausted. In the 18th century Alexander von Humboldt tried to revive the mining industry again. Many towns and villages (e. g. Wunsiedel, Weißenstadt, Arzberg, Fichtelberg-Neubau, Goldkronach) owe their emergence to the mining industry.
An insight into the history of mining in the Fichtel Mountains may be gained from:
the visitor mine of Gleissinger Fels near Fichtelberg-Neubau
the Schmutzler gallery near Goldkronach
the gold mining museum in Goldkronach
the mining exhibition in the Fichtelgebirge Museum at Wunsiedel
the mining industry information point at Arzberg
the local heritage and mining museum in Erbendorf
Traditions
The Huguenots introduced the Easter decorations on wells, so-called Osterbrunnen, in the shape of a lily (emblem of the Bourbon kings) (as described e.g. in the April 2007 of the Fränkische Post).
Economy and tourism
Although the mining industry is only of historic interest today, there are many places in the Fichtel Mountains that still produce glassware at competitive prices. The porcelain industry, centred on the town of Selb, is internationally renowned and the foremost in Germany. Local firms such as Rosenthal and Hutschenreuther are of international standing.
Tourism is the main source of income for many places in the Fichtel Mountains today. In some towns such as Bischofsgrün tourism has a long tradition going back to the 1920s. After the Second World War the stream of holidaymakers increased sharply, both in summer for walking and in winter for winter sports. The Fichtel Mountains became the local mountain range (Hausgebirge) for (West-)Berliners who, unable to holiday in East Germany, were able to get there on the transit route of the A 9 motorway. This has changed since German reunification and the opening up of other mountainous holiday areas.
The Fichtel Mountains are a nationally important holiday destination in winter. Several lifts, the longest being two chair lifts on the Ochsenkopf, but also a plethora of cut cross-country trails are the mainstay of this industry.
The Fichtel Mountains attract many tourists throughout the year. In the winter the mountains are a common destination for people seeking outdoor recreational sports like alpine skiing, cross country skiing, and sledding. The warmer summer months find people mountain biking, hiking, and sight seeing amongst the many large rock formations.
Settlements
Arzberg
Bad Berneck
Bindlach
Bischofsgrün
Brand (Oberpfalz)
Ebnath
Erbendorf
Fichtelberg
Gefrees
Goldkronach
Höchstädt
Kemnath
Kirchenlamitz
Marktleugast
Marktleuthen
Marktredwitz
Marktschorgast
Mehlmeisel
Münchberg
Nagel
Neusorg
Rehau
Röslau
Schirnding
Schönbrunn
Schönwald
Selb
Sparneck
Speichersdorf
Thiersheim
Thierstein
Tröstau
Waldershof
Warmensteinach
Weidenberg
Weißdorf
Weißenstadt
Wunsiedel
Zell im Fichtelgebirge
Approaches
Rail: Marktredwitz station has rail services to Eger, Regensburg, Nuremberg, Munich, Hof, Bayreuth, Dresden and Leipzig
Road:
Federal roads (Bundesstraßen): B 303 and B 15
Motorways (Bundesautobahnen): A 93 and A 9
Air: Hof-Plauen Airport
References
Sources
Franz X. Bogner: Das Fichtelgebirge im Luftbildportrait. Ellwanger Verlag, Bayreuth 2009 (twote Auflage). .
Dietmar Herrmann: Vom Bergbau im Fichtelgebirge. Heft 11 und 12 der Schriftenreihe „Beiträge zur Geschichts- und Landeskunde des Fichtelgebirges“, Verlag Buchhandlung Kohler, Wunsiedel
Dietmar Herrmann: "Rund um den Großen Waldstein im Fichtelgebirge", Heft 16/2008 der FGV-Schriftenreihe Das Fichtelgebirge, HG: Fichtelgebirgsverein, Theresienstraße 2, 95632 Wunsiedel
Reinhard Feldrapp, Bernd Häuser: Fichtelgebirge. Streifzüge durch das granitene Hufeisen. Echter Verlag 2003,
Dietmar Herrmann: Lexikon Fichtelgebirge. Ackermann-Verlag, Hof,
Reinhard Müller, Horst Ruhl: Mit Kindern im Fichtelgebirge. Wo Wandern zum Erlebnis wird. Fleischhauer & Spohn Verlag, Bietigheim 1994,
Gerhard Bayerl, Manfred Schultes, Bernhard Settwon: Steinmeer und Siebenstern. Druckhaus Oberpfalz 2000,
Karl-Heinz Mayer: Die Forstgeschichte des Fichtelgebirges. (Dissertationsschrift.) Forstliche Forschungsberichte München, Nr. 167. Frank, München 1998, 297 (VII/XI) S.
Fichtelgebirge, Frankenwald, Coburger Land. Vom Oberen Maintal bis zum Vogtland. HB-Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft 1998 (HB Bildatlas: H.190),
Gernot Messarius: Fichtelgebirge. Steinwald. Bayreuth, Kulmbach, Hof. Goldstadtverlag, Pforzheim 2002 (Goldstadt Reiseführer Bd. 318),
Godehard Schramm, Bernd-Heinz Häuser: Fichtelgebirge-Frankenwald-Steinwald. Die schönsten Ausflugsziele. Rosenheimer Verlagshaus 1992,
Reinhard Feldrapp, Günter Hertel: Das Fichtelgebirge. H. Stürtz, Würzburg 1984,
Friedrich Wilhelm Singer, Georg Pöhlein: Fichtelgebirge. Das granitene Hufeisen. Oberfränkische Verlagsanstalt, Hof 1983,
Dietmar Herrmann: "Der Ochsenkopf im Fichtelgebirge", Heft 17/2009 der FGV-Schriftenreihe Das Fichtelgebirge
Maps
Naturpark Fichtelgebirge and Naturpark Steinwald. Walking map with tourist tips, coloured path marking and car parks for walkers.. Official walking map of the Fichtelgebirge Club and Fichtelgebirge Nature Park 1:50.000 16th edn. Fritsch Landkarten-Verlag Hof (Fritsch Karten: No. 52) o. J.,
External links
The Fichtelgebirge, described by a resident of Franconia
Official Fichtelgebirge tourist portal
Fichtelgebirge holiday country
http://www.fichtelgebirge.net
Homepage of the 'Fichtelgebirgsverein'
http://www.fichtelgebirge-oberfranken.de
www.auf-ins-fichtelgebirge.de – Map, photographs and information about the Fichtelgebirge
Mountain ranges of Bavaria
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] |
207458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Dolphin%20%281821%29
|
USS Dolphin (1821)
|
USS Dolphin, a schooner, was the second ship of the United States Navy named for the aquatic mammal.
Dolphin was launched on 23 June 1821 by the Philadelphia Navy Yard and sent to New York City to be readied for sea. Assigned to duty as one of two vessels making up the newly organized Pacific Squadron, she sailed 8 December 1821 under the command of Lieutenant David Conner, in company with ship-of-the line Franklin.
Dolphin arrived at Valparaíso, Chile, on 6 February 1822, and cruised on the coasts of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile to protect American commerce and the whaling industry. Between 18 August 1825 and 24 August 1826, under the commanded by Lieut. Com. John Percival, she cruised to search for the mutineers of the American whaler Globe, returning to Callao, with the two surviving members of the mutiny. During this cruise she visited Hawaii where she assisted men of the American ship London wrecked there, and helped other American citizens in the islands.
Fate
Dolphin served in the Pacific until 2 December 1835 when the Navy sold her.
References
Schooners of the United States Navy
Ships built in Philadelphia
1821 ships
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch%2C%20Dorset
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Christchurch, Dorset
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Christchurch () is a town and civil parish in Dorset on the south coast of England. The town covers an area of and had a population of 48,368 in 2013. It adjoins Bournemouth to the west, with the New Forest to the east. Part of the historic county of Hampshire, Christchurch was a borough within the administrative county of Dorset from 1974 until 2019, when it became part of the new Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority.
Founded in the seventh century at the confluence of the rivers Avon and Stour which flow into Christchurch Harbour, the town was originally named Twynham but became known as Christchurch following the construction of the priory in 1094. The town developed into an important trading port, and was fortified in the 9th century. Further defences were added in the 12th century with the construction of a castle, which was destroyed during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarian Army. During the 18th and 19th centuries smuggling flourished in Christchurch and became one of the town's most lucrative industries. The town was heavily fortified during the Second World War as a precaution against an expected invasion and in 1940 an Airspeed factory was established on the town's airfield which manufactured aircraft for the Royal Air Force.
The town's harbour, beaches, nature reserves and historically important buildings have made Christchurch a popular tourist destination attracting some 1.5 million visitors a year. Bournemouth Airport, an international airport which handles approximately 800,000 passengers a year is located within the borough boundary at Hurn. The airport's industrial park contains a number of aerospace and engineering businesses and is one of the largest employment sites in Dorset. Christchurch is a popular destination for retirees, and has one of the oldest populations in the country, with 30 per cent of residents aged over 65.
History
Christchurch was founded in approximately AD 650 by missionaries sent to Wessex by St Birinus, the first Bishop of Dorchester (Oxfordshire). They settled on a stretch of raised land between the rivers Avon and Stour which carried people and their wares to and from market settlements such as Blandford and Old Sarum (near modern Salisbury). The harbour became one of the most important in Saxon England as it was easily reached from the continent and boats could travel up the river Avon to Salisbury. The town appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry of 901 as Tweoxneam (Twynham) from Old English betweoxn (between) and ēam (rivers). In around 890 AD, Alfred the Great considered Twynham to be of such strategic importance that, with the threat of invasion by the Danes, he made it a burh and defensive walls were erected around the town. In 1094 a chief minister of King William II, Ranulf Flambard, then Dean of Twynham, began the building of a priory on the site of the original mission church. Soon after the construction of the priory the town became known as Christchurch.
Some time in the early 12th century, a castle was built within the town. Originally a wooden fort built by Richard de Redvers, first cousin to King Henry I, it was rebuilt in stone by Baldwin de Redvers to resist King Stephen during the civil war with the Empress Matilda. The castle again saw action during the Civil War of 1642–1651 when occupied by the Parliamentarians. Christchurch changed hands a number of times: originally under Royalist control, it was captured by Sir William Waller's Parliamentary army in 1644. Lord Goring briefly retook the town in 1645 but was obliged to withdraw and returned with a larger force days later and laid siege to the castle. However, the Parliamentarians withstood the siege and maintained their hold on the town. Fearing such a powerful stronghold might once again fall into Royalist hands, Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed in 1652.
Although the fishing industry thrived in Christchurch, the importance of the harbour declined as it became inaccessible to vessels of a large draught. The harbour entrance was particularly troublesome with constantly shifting sandbars. In 1665 Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, bought the Lordship of the Manor of Christchurch. As part of his plans to improve trade in the town, he attempted to resolve the problems with the harbour entrance by cutting a new one through the sandspit at the foot of Hengistbury Head. However, upon completion the new entrance repeatedly silted up and in 1703 a large storm damaged a groyne which blocked the entrance entirely. Over the following 150 years alternative schemes were proposed but none were ever taken up.
Smuggling was one of Christchurch's most lucrative industries during the 18th and 19th centuries due to easy access to neighbouring towns and the difficult harbour entrance which acted as a barrier to customs cutters. Many townspeople were involved in this illegal trade and large quantities of wealth were accumulated. In 1784 a confrontation between a gang of local smugglers and Customs and Excise officers led to the Battle of Mudeford in which a Royal Navy officer was killed and a smuggler subsequently executed. Another important industry during this period was the manufacture of fusee chains for watches and clocks. In 1790, Robert Cox began to manufacture fusee chains in workshops in the High Street. By 1793 Cox gained a monopoly on chain production in Britain, supplying watch, clock and chronometer makers throughout the country. In 1845 William Hart opened a similar factory in Bargates. However, by 1875 the chains were no longer required due to changes in watch designs and the factories were closed.
The railway came to Christchurch in 1847 although the nearest station, Christchurch Road, was at Holmsley and passengers were taken the rest of the way by omnibus. In 1862 a new station was built in the town close to where it stands today and was served by a branch line from Ringwood. Christchurch joined the mainline in 1883, and a third station had to be built. Christchurch, and in particular Mudeford, had been enjoying a modest tourist trade since King George III had patronised the town in the 1790s but the arrival of the railways made Christchurch accessible to more potential visitors. A power station was built in Christchurch in 1903 to power the public trams. The excess generated was sufficient to light the town, and it was added to the national grid in 1940.
The Fisher Aviation Company began to provide flights from fields at the eastern end of Somerford Road in 1930, and by 1933 the company had flown over 19,000 passengers. In 1934, they obtained permission to establish an aerodrome on the site which became known as Christchurch Airfield. During the Second World War an Airspeed factory was built on the airfield, and began manufacturing aircraft for the RAF; the USAAF Ninth Air Force established a base there in 1944. A second aerodrome opened at Hurn in 1944 which became Bournemouth Airport. In 1940, with the German 6th Army at Cherbourg, Christchurch was fortified against an expected invasion: the construction of pillboxes, gun emplacements and tank traps in and around the town, made Christchurch an "anti-tank island". Between 1941 and 1942 Donald Bailey developed the Bailey bridge at the Military Engineering Experimental Establishment at Christchurch Barracks.
Much development with a large increase in housing occurred from the mid-18th century. In 1873, of common land north of the town known as Portfield was enclosed and built upon and the town's population rapidly expanded. During the 20th century further development has seen the population grown from a little over 11,000 to more than 45,000. In the 1950s a large housing estate was built to the east of the town centre and in 1958 a bypass was constructed which redirected traffic using the town's high street as the main thoroughfare to and from London and Southampton. In 1974 the town was transferred from the county of Hampshire to Dorset following local government reorganisation and was granted borough status by a Royal Charter.
Government and politics
Christchurch falls within the area of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP), a unitary authority created in April 2019. The authority is a merger of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole borough councils; its creation was opposed by Christchurch Council, who unsuccessfully appealed to the High Court. A number of Conservative councillors were suspended from the party as a result, with several standing in 2019 as independents. In 2019, the first elections to BCP Council were held, replacing a shadow authority. Whilst the Conservatives were the largest party in the new authority, the council remained under no overall control, and subsequently a Unity Alliance Administration was formed of other parties.
Christchurch Town Council, the first tier of local government, was created at the same time as the unitary authority, based at Christchurch Town Hall. In existence since at least 1297, Christchurch's Office of Mayor is now mainly a ceremonial role with little power.
Until 2019, Christchurch was a local government district which had borough status. It was the smallest of Dorset County Council's six districts and one of the smallest boroughs in England by population. The district was formed by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Christchurch with part of Ringwood and Fordingbridge Rural District in 1974, and was part of the non-metropolitan county of Dorset. It had some large rural areas including Bournemouth International Airport and the parishes of Burton and Hurn. For local elections the borough was divided into 11 wards electing 24 councillors. Elections took place every four years; the last election took place in 2015, resulting in the Conservatives retaining overall control with 21 seats.
Christchurch is represented by a single parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons. The seat was recreated in 1983 from parts of the Christchurch and Lymington, North Dorset and New Forest constituencies, and was held by Robert Adley (Conservative) from its creation until his death in 1993. At the by-election Diana Maddock (Liberal Democrat) was elected with a swing of 35.4%, one of the largest-ever swings against a sitting party. The seat was retaken by Conservative candidate Christopher Chope in 1997, and retained in 2001 and 2005. In the 2010 general election, Chope retained his seat with a considerable majority of 15,410 and 56.4% of the vote, making Christchurch one of the safest Conservative constituencies in the country. Christchurch was part of the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament.
In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Christchurch voted by 59% to leave.
Geography
Christchurch is the most easterly coastal town of the administrative county of Dorset, and it lies within the historic county of Hampshire. The town abuts Bournemouth to the west and is approximately east of Poole, west of Southampton, south of Salisbury. The town centre lies between the rivers Avon and Stour which flow directly into Christchurch Harbour. The borough boundaries stretched to Hurn Forest in the north encompassing Bournemouth Airport and eastwards along the coast as far as Walkford. The River Stour forms a natural boundary to the west; the estuary and harbour form the southern boundary.
Christchurch Harbour contains large areas of salt marsh and is protected by a sandbar known as Mudeford Spit which has fine sandy beach on both sides of a walkway lined with beach huts. The harbour is protected by a natural headland (Hengistbury Head) at the start of the sandbanks, and is a special site for sand martins which nest annually in the sandy cliffs. The harbour is only accessible to shallow draught boats drawing up to due to the sandbars at the entrance. The entrance, known as the Run, has Mudeford Quay on one side and the spit on the other. Considerable tides flow here: up to during spring tides. The harbour is a protected wildlife refuge and is home to large populations of swans, waders and other bird life. On the south side, the harbour is enclosed by Hengistbury Head which was the site of the earliest settlement here dating back to the Bronze Age. The landward end of the headland has a bank and ditch known as Double Dykes, built in about 700 BC, to protect the ancient settlement.
Stanpit Marsh is a nature reserve situated just below the confluence of the Rivers Avon and Stour. During the 18th century it was notorious for smugglers landing tobacco and rum in the narrow channels of Christchurch Harbour. It contains areas of salt marsh and freshwater marsh with reed beds and is home to grazing horses, rare birds, and 14 species of rare or endangered plants. It was designated as a Local Nature Reserve in 1964, and a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1986.
To the north of Christchurch is St Catherine's Hill, the highest part of the borough at above sea level. This hill is the most southerly of a chain of three hills, some long with area of heathland and coniferous forest. The New Forest, Christchurch Priory, Hengistbury Head, Avon Valley, Christchurch Bay, The Solent and The Needles of the Isle of Wight can be seen from viewpoints on the east side of the Hill. Stour Valley way, Poole Bay and the Isle of Purbeck can be viewed from the south-west side of the Hill. Due to its commanding views, St. Catherine's Hill has been in use since prehistoric times as a look-out area and beacon and in more recent years served as a military training ground. The hill is home to protected and rare wildlife species, including the Dartford warbler, nightjar, and the sand lizard.
The geology of the borough is unremarkable; the bedrock is mainly composed of sand with patches of clay to the east and west, and superficial deposits (drift) of sand and gravel cover the entire area. The extraction of sand and gravel for construction purposes is carried out in the borough, and the opening of more sites is planned.
Climate
Christchurch, like the rest of the country, has a temperate climate with a small variation in daily and annual temperatures. The presence of the Gulf Stream ensures that the British Isles maintain an all-year-round ambient temperature, and, because of its position on the south coast of England, Christchurch has slightly warmer winters and cooler summers than settlements further inland. The warmest months in Christchurch are July and August, which have an average temperature range of , and the coolest months are January and February, which have a range of . The average annual rainfall of is well below the UK average of .
Green belt
Christchurch lies at the centre of a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduce urban sprawl, prevent the towns in the South East Dorset conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.
The area is (2010) in size, and lies mainly to the north of the district, with portions surrounding the fringes of the Christchurch/Highcliffe-on-Sea urban area. Suburbs also excluded are Jumpers Common, the built up area of Burton, as well as Bournemouth Airport, with the rest of the borough including the rural portions and hamlets in the Hurn and Burton parishes being 'washed over' by the green belt.
Landscape features and greenfield facilities within include the rivers Stour, Moors, Avon and their floodplains, Christchurch Priory, Chapel Lane solar farm, Blackwater and St Catherine's hills, Hurn Forest, Stanpit Marsh, Mudeford Spit, and the Adventure Wonderland theme park. The New Forest National Park in Hampshire borders the green belt to the east of the borough in Burton parish.
Demography
Christchurch has a population of 45,080 according to a 2007 census, making it the fourth most populous settlement in Dorset. It lies in the South East Dorset conurbation which is one of the South Coast's major urban areas with a total population of over 400,000. Over the three decades between 1971 and 2001, Christchurch's population increased by 32% from 33,768 to 44,865; and between 1991 and 2001 by 8.5%. This was more than three times the average for England and Wales (2.5%), and it is expected to grow by a further 16% to 52,100 by 2028. Between 1999 and 2006 there was a net gain of 4,200 people from migration alone (i.e. excluding births and deaths). On average 3,100 people enter the borough and 2,500 leave each year, giving a net average gain of 600 migrants. The population density of Christchurch is four times the UK average with 873 people per square kilometre (2,307 per sq mi).
Christchurch has one of the oldest populations in the country with significant proportion of residents wealthy senior citizens. The percentage of the population aged over 65 in Christchurch is 30.4%, almost double the national average of 16.5%. Highcliffe on the borough's eastern boundary possesses the highest percentage of elderly residents in the entire United Kingdom at 69%. The Office for National Statistics predicted that by 2031, the percentage of residents over 65 will rise to 37.9. In 2005, the life expectancy of female residents was 83.4 years and male residents 79.7 years. This was an increase on ten years previous (1995) when the life expectancy was 82.6 years and 77.0 years for females and males respectively.
In common with the rest of Dorset, Christchurch has low numbers of black and minority ethnic groups: the vast majority (96.83%) consider themselves to be White British. Other white groups account for a further 2.09% and those of mixed race 0.44%. Asian and British Asian make up the next largest group with 0.25% of the local population, followed by Chinese, 0.16%, black, 0.13% and 0.11% from other ethnic groups. Over 55% of the economically active population are in full-time employment; a further 22% work on a part-time basis. Of those in employment, over 40% of the borough's residents have a high skill level occupation and 17% have a low level one. Some 28.18% have no formal qualifications but 16.63% have a level 4 qualification or above (first or higher degree, HNC, HND, NVQ levels 4 or 5).
Christchurch contains around 22,800 properties.
In 2005 the average price of a detached house in Christchurch was £323,416. On average property in Christchurch is 24% more expensive than anywhere else in England and Wales. Nearly 80% of residences are owner occupied, 3% are vacant and a further 3% are second homes. The borough has around 25,000 cars: an average of 1.21 per household. Christchurch, in common with the rest of Dorset, has lower crime rates than average for the UK. Reported crime rates per 1,000 of the population in 2006 (with figures for 2001 in brackets) are as follows: violence against the person 10.4 (4.8), sexual offences 0.7 (0.3), robbery 0.2 (0.3), burglary 2.2 (4.0), theft of vehicles 0.9 (2.5), theft from vehicles 3.6 (7.2).
Economy
Between 2000 and 2007 the total Gross Value Added (GVA) of the borough grew by 37% from £552 million to £757 million. The biggest contributor to the local economy through the period 2000–2007 was the transport and communication sector which in 2007 brought in £145 million GVA; £64 million more than in 2000. The sector which saw the largest growth during that period however, was metals and engineering which increased by 140%. The food, textiles and wood industries experienced the largest negative change at −42% whereas the electronics industry experienced the biggest fall with £16.2 million less than seven years previous.
An aircraft manufacturing industry was established in the town with the construction of an Airspeed factory at Christchurch Airfield in 1942. In 1948 the factory became part of de Havilland and manufactured a wide range of aircraft such as the Vampire, Sea Venom and Sea Vixen. In the 1950s, Bournemouth Airport, a former RAF base situated on the outskirts of borough boundaries at Hurn, also became heavily involved in aircraft production after Vickers Armstrong—which later became the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC)—established a factory at the airport.
Although the de Havilland factory closed down in 1962 and aircraft manufacturing at Bournemouth Airport ceased by the late 1970s, the aircraft and engineering industries remained important to the local economy. The BAC works at Bournemouth Airport were converted into a industrial estate which has become one of the largest employment sites in the county with over 140 businesses and a working population of some 2,000 people. The town has a number of smaller trading estates including: Airfield Way Industrial Estate, Sea Vixen Trading Estate, Silver Business Park, Hughes Business Park, Priory Park and Somerford Road, all situated on the old Christchurch Airfield; Fairmile/Avon Trading Park, once the old railway yard; and Groveley Road and Stony Lane.
Bournemouth Airport is among the busiest international airports in the country and is an important economic generator for the region. Owned and operated by Manchester Airports Group, the airport handles 800,000 passengers annually and supports around 900 full-time equivalent jobs which contribute more than £24 million to the local economy. Between 2007 and 2010 the airport underwent a £45 million upgrade which included the construction of a new departure terminal. Other major employers in Christchurch include: BAE Systems, Bournemouth Aviation Services Company (BASCO), Beagle Aerospace, Bournemouth International Airport Ltd, Channel Express, College of Air Traffic Control, Data Track Process Instruments, European Aviation, FR Aviation, Honeywell, Reid Steel, Revvo Castor Company, Sainsbury's, Siemens VAI and SELEX Communications.
The town's High Street contains 48 shops with of retail space. The addition of the Saxon Square shopping precinct in 1982 added a further of shop floor to the town centre—an increase of 67.5%. The combined number of shops and floor space makes Christchurch the fifth largest shopping centre in Dorset.
Christchurch attracts some 837,000 staying visitors and 792,000 day visitors each year and tourism generates £76,000,000 for the local economy.
Although important to the local economy with spending generating over £53,000,000 GVA, Christchurch is not so heavily dependent on tourism as some of its neighbours. Tourism's contribution to the local economy is about 9% compared to 18% for Weymouth and Portland, 15% for Purbeck and 12% for Bournemouth. Visitor accommodation consists of 11 caravan and camping parks and some 900 bed spaces in eight hotels and 75 guest houses and bed and breakfast establishments.
Culture
A weekly market was granted to the town by Baldwin de Redvers and the first market took place in 1149 at the junction of Castle Street and High Street. These weekly markets stopped in 1872 but resumed a century later in a car park next to the town hall, now the site of Saxon Square. When construction of the square began in 1983, the market was moved to a car park in Bank Close. Today it is held every Monday in High Street which is then closed to traffic. Periodically there are food fairs and a French market in the town.
Every year since 2000 the town has held a food and wine festival during May. It includes an international food market with over 100 stalls selling food and drink, and a large marquee with a kitchen area erected in Saxon Square. Here cooking demonstrations are given, sometimes by a celebrity chef: past guests have included Gary Rhodes and Jean-Christophe Novelli. The week-long festival is a community event which aims to educate people in healthy eating as well as the availability of foods. During the festival local chefs are invited into schools to demonstrate recipes; and throughout the weekend the marquee hosts a cookery workshop for 7- to 10-year-olds.
Christchurch holds an annual music festival on the first weekend in July. Originally a folk festival, the event has evolved to cater for a wider variety of tastes: clog and morris dancing groups and salsa and belly dancing exhibitions have featured. Rock bands and soul groups have been included alongside the more traditional types of music. The festival's format changes annually but usually takes place on and around the town quay where a large marquee contains the main stage. Local bars often host smaller bands and dancing and exhibitions take place throughout the town centre.
Another annual event is the regatta which has been held every year since 1909. It takes place around the second week in August and involves rowing competitions on the River Stour and a travelling funfair sited on the adjacent town quay. A carnival procession and large firework display takes place at the weekend. The part of the quay by the priory is known as The Quomps and was conveyed to the town in 1911 by Lord Malmesbury. A 19th-century bandstand situated in the Quomps was an anonymous gift to the town in 1938. During the summer months it is used for free open-air concerts on Saturdays, one of the most popular being "Stompin' on the Quomps", a smooth jazz festival. On Sunday afternoons brass bands often play there.
The town has a museum: the Red House Museum in Quay Road. Once the town's workhouse, the Red House contains permanent and temporary exhibitions pertaining to local history, costume, geology, natural history and archaeology. The museum grounds contain formal and informal gardens. The old power station in Bargates, owned by Scottish and Southern Energy, housed the Museum of Electricity. This is no longer open to the public, although the company is working on new ways to share the museum's collection more widely across the UK.
Religion
Christchurch is home to many churches, most notably Christchurch Priory.
Landmarks
Town centre
Christchurch's town centre encompasses a mixture of traditional public houses, restaurants, coffee shops, antiquated cottages and historic listed buildings. The older part of the town dates from Saxon times and retains its Saxon street layout. The Grade II listed Mayor's Parlour was built as the market hall in 1745 at the far end of the High Street but was moved to its present position in 1849. It was enclosed and extended, and used as the town hall until the civic offices were built in the mid-1970s. It was restored to its former condition circa 1982 when the Saxon Square shopping precinct was built.
High Street contains two Grade II listed public houses: Ye Olde George Inne, once a coach house, and the Ship Inn which has the oldest licence in Christchurch. A known haunt of smugglers, the Ship Inn's history can be traced back to 1688. At the end of High Street is Church Street which contains Church Hatch, a Grade II* listed Georgian residence. Once the home of Sir Owen Tudor Burne, it was saved from demolition in 1929 by public appeal. Ye Olde Eight Bells, a Grade II listed gift shop in Church Street, was once another alehouse frequented by smugglers and central to a number of local legends. Close by in Castle Street is the Perfumery, a 14th-century thatched property often referred to as the old courthouse; although some local historians maintain that this was next door and long gone.
The town centre contains three Grade I listed bridges. The Town Bridge is a 15th-century ashlar stone bridge composed of two portions separated by a narrow strip of land. The eastern portion crosses the narrower of two branches of the River Avon that pass through the town and features five low round-headed arches. The western bridge features two arches and crosses the millstream which runs adjacent to the Avon. To the east of the Town Bridge on the same route from the town centre the Waterloo Bridge spans the larger branch of the Avon. Built circa 1816–1817 in the mediaeval tradition with dressed Portland stone, its design incorporates five wide segmental arches, circular piers and capped cutwaters. On the northern side of the bridge a modern steel pedestrian footbridge is cantilevered to the older structure.
Castle
The Grade I listed Christchurch Castle is of Norman origin and was originally of a motte and bailey construction. The castle once dominated the town but now lies in ruins and only a couple of the keep walls remain. A castle has stood in Christchurch since approximately 924 AD when Edward the Elder fortified the town with a wooden fort on a motte. After the Norman conquest in 1066 the castle's defences were strengthened with a ditch and bailey surrounded by a wooden palisade. The wooden fort was replaced; at first with another wooden structure and then a stone keep which was constructed in the 12th century. Within the curtain wall of the castle stands the Constable's House, a Grade I listed Norman dwelling. Much of the building's stonework remains, including a rare example of a Norman chimney (one of only five in the country) and the privy which extends out across the mill stream. The castle was slighted by the Parliamentary army during the English Civil War to prevent the stronghold from falling into Royalist hands.
Priory
Christchurch town centre and the Harbour are overlooked by the 11th century Grade I listed Christchurch Priory. Once a monastery, it was given to the town for use as a parish church by Henry VIII after the dissolution in 1540. It is the longest parish church in England with a nave over long. The nave and transepts are Norman with heavy columns and round arches, whereas the lady chapel is from the 14th century and more Perpendicular in style. The great choir is even later, having been rebuilt in the 16th century. The Priory is noted for its Miraculous Beam, which attracts pilgrims from all over the world. Within the Priory grounds stands Priory House, a Grade II listed mansion built in 1777 by Gustavus Brander. The Priory is in active use for worship and forms part of the Church of England Diocese of Winchester.
Place Mill
Place Mill is a Grade II* listed Anglo-Saxon watermill located a short distance to the south of the Priory on Christchurch Quay. It is mentioned in the Domesday Book and features a mediaeval stone base underneath red brickwork. The mill belonged to the Priory but stopped working in 1908 and stood derelict until purchased by the council and restored in 1981. It is unique in that it takes water from one river (the Avon) and spills it into a second river (the Stour). A millstream is supplied from the Royalty Fisheries near to the Electricity Museum behind Bargates, and flows for nearly to the mill between the Avon and the Priory grounds before joining the River Stour. A mediaeval Grade II listed bridge known as the Place Mill Bridge crosses the millstream nearby.
Highcliffe Castle
Situated on the cliffs at Highcliffe is Highcliffe Castle, a Grade I listed mansion.> The building was designed by William Donthorne for Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay, and built between 1831 and 1835. It stands on the site of "High Cliff", a demolished Georgian mansion which belonged to Charles Stuart's grandfather John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. An important remaining example of the Gothic Revival architecture, Donothorne's design incorporated French mediaeval stonework, stained glass and 18th-century French panelling. The house was sold in 1950 and was briefly used as a children's home and a Catholic seminary. After a devastating fire and years of neglect the castle was sold to Christchurch Borough Council in 1977 and underwent restoration. Highcliffe Castle is open to the general public throughout the year and is used for weddings, private functions, exhibitions and other public events.
Sports and recreation
The town's football team, Christchurch F.C., play at Hurn Bridge Sports Club situated at the junction of the Avon Causeway and Matchams Lane. Established in 1885 the club was a founding member of the Hampshire Football Association in 1887. Christchurch F.C. were promoted as champions to Hampshire League One in 1938, 1948 and 1986, and in 1970, became the first team to win the Bournemouth Senior Cup three times in succession. The club joined the Wessex League (the ninth tier of the English football league system) in 1988 and are one of the few clubs in the league that maintain amateur status.
Hurn Bridge is also the home of Christchurch Cricket Club who have teams in the Saturday and Sunday Dorset Leagues. In 2009 the first XI won Division 3 having been newly promoted from Division 4. In those two seasons the team lost only four games. Hurn Bridge houses the Dorset Cricket Centre, an indoor training facility run by the Dorset Cricket Board.
Christchurch has a council run leisure centre situated at the end of Stony Lane South. The complex contains a swimming pool, golf course and indoor bowling facility which is home to the East Dorset Indoor Bowls Club. Christchurch has a lawn bowling club, Christchurch Bowling Club, that play on the green adjacent to the castle ruins. The town has two other lawn bowling clubs and golf courses; at Iford and Highcliffe.
Sailing is a popular leisure pursuit in Christchurch and the harbour is home to three sailing clubs: Highcliffe Sailing Club, Mudeford Sailing Club and Christchurch Sailing Club which are situated at Mudeford Quay, Fisherman's Bank and the Town Quay respectively. The other end of the Town Quay is home to the local rowing club.
Transport
Christchurch has some of highway of which are A roads, are B and C roads. The town is served by the A35 road which runs from Devon through to Southampton via Poole, Bournemouth and the New Forest. To the north of the town the A35 connects to the A31, the major trunk road in central southern England which provides access to the M27 motorway at Southampton. The A338 road runs northwards from Bournemouth through Christchurch to Ringwood in Hampshire.
Two bus companies operate within the borough: Wilts & Dorset and Yellow Buses. Together they provide direct routes from Christchurch to: Alderney, Beaulieu, Boscombe, Bournemouth, Burley, Burton, Highcliffe, Lymington, Milford on Sea, Mudeford, New Milton, Parkstone, Poole, Ringwood, and Westbourne. During the summer months, it is possible to travel directly to Chichester, Dorchester, Hedge End, Paultons Park, Portsmouth, Salisbury, Southsea, and Weymouth.
Christchurch railway station is on the South West Main Line from London Waterloo to Weymouth. Services are operated by South Western Railway and depart for London Waterloo twice an hour, Monday to Saturday; and hourly on Sunday. Weymouth, Dorchester, Wareham, Poole, Bournemouth, Brockenhurst, Southampton and its airport, Eastleigh, Winchester, Basingstoke, Farnborough, Woking, Waterloo can be accessed directly from Christchurch station.
Bournemouth Airport is situated in Hurn (a small village within the Christchurch Borough boundary) and is around north-west of Christchurch town centre. Originally an RAF airfield, the airport began commercial services in the late 1950s and now serves around 800,000 passengers annually. Ryanair, EasyJet and Thomson Airways operate from the airport and provide scheduled flights to European destinations.
During the summer months small passenger ferries travel between Tuckton and Mudeford Spit via the town quay. Another ferry crosses the Stour between Wick and the Quay just below Tuckton Bridge. This ferry was running before the bridge was built in 1882 and was then, the only crossing below Iford. Another ferry service operates across the harbour entrance from Mudeford Sandbank to Mudeford Quay. This ferry was operated by rowing boats until the 1960s; payment being at the discretion of the passenger.
Education
Christchurch has two infant schools, two junior schools, five primary schools (combined infant and junior) and three secondary schools. The secondary schools are, in order of size: Twynham School (1,515 pupils), Highcliffe School (1,347 pupils) and the Grange School (637 pupils). The secondary schools share a sixth form with the three sites providing different courses.
From 1 April 2019 schools in Christchurch have fallen under the jurisdiction of the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council. From the 2008 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) results, Dorset was ranked 32nd out of 148 local authorities in England based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least five A* to C grades at GCSE level including maths and English. Twynham was the best performing school in Christchurch in 2009: 67% of pupils gained five or more GCSEs at A* to C grade including maths and English compared to the national average of 49.8%. Highcliffe achieved 62% but the Grange School was less successful: only 40% of pupils achieved five or more A* to C grade results. Twynham was also the best performing school for A-level results with an average score of 727.8 points per student, slightly below the national average of 739.3. Highcliffe School School students averaged 618.4 points and the Grange School 571.9 points.
Notable residents
Christchurch has been the birthplace and home of notable people including Benjamin Ferrey, a renowned architect who was one of the earliest members of the Royal Institute of British Architects, of which he was twice Vice-President, and a Royal Gold Medallist in 1870. Ferrey's works include the restorations of Christchurch Priory and Wells Cathedral. Edmund Lyons was a Royal Navy admiral and diplomat who was born and lived in the parish of Burton. He served in the Crimean War and was elevated to the peerage in 1856 as Baron Lyons, of Christchurch in the County of Southampton.
Gustavus Brander, curator at the British Museum and governor of the Bank of England lived at Priory House which he had built in 1777 in the grounds of Christchurch Priory. Prince Louis Phillipe, the future King of France took refuge there during the Napoleonic Wars. Robert Southey, writer, poet and Poet Laureate; lived in Burton between 1797 and 1799. Many other writers and poets of the day visited him there including his brother in law, poet Samuel Coleridge, and the Scottish novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott.
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister 1762–63, amateur botanist and one of the founders of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; built a mansion, High Cliff House, on his Christchurch estate close to the cliff top in 1773. The area is now known as Highcliffe. Charles Stuart, 1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay, diplomat and grandson of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute; built Highcliffe Castle a grand, romantic style mansion house on the site of his grandfather's house.
Sir George Rose, a Member of Parliament (MP) for Christchurch and close friend and advisor to the Prime Minister William Pitt, built a home, 'Sandhills', at Mudeford. His other great friend, King George III often visited, helping to promote Christchurch as a tourist destination. Sandhills was home to George Rose's two sons: politician and diplomat Sir George Henry Rose, and poet William Rose, who both served as Members of Parliament for Christchurch. Field Marshal Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn, son of Sir George Henry Rose spent time living at the family home.
James Clark (1825–1890), horticulturist and early genetic hybridist who specialised in breeding new potato varieties. He was born in Wick near Tuckton (then a part of Christchurch) and lived his whole life in the Christchurch area. In response to the Great Famine of Ireland he developed the Magnum Bonum potato, which is widely acknowledged as the first disease resistant variety. Magnum Bonum was trialled by entrepreneurial horticulturalist Shirley Hibberd and subsequently sold to Sutton's Seeds, who introduced it in 1876. Clark later developed many other varieties of potato, of which Epicure is still grown.
Sir Donald Bailey, a civil engineer, developed the Bailey bridge while he worked in Christchurch during the Second World War. Bailey lived in Christchurch after he retired in 1966 until his death in 1985. Former England football international and Liverpool player Jamie Redknapp attended Twynham School when his father, Harry Redknapp, managed AFC Bournemouth. Another footballer, retired Arsenal and Scotland goalkeeper Bob Wilson, has a home near the town centre.
Twin towns
Christchurch is twinned with:
Aalen, Germany
Tatabánya, Hungary
Christchurch, New Zealand
Saint-Lô, France
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Christchurch Borough Council website
Official Christchurch Council Tourism website
Towns in Dorset
Civil parishes in Dorset
Non-metropolitan districts of Dorset
Populated places established in the 7th century
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
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] |
207460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Port%20Royal%20%28CG-73%29
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USS Port Royal (CG-73)
|
USS Port Royal (CG-73) is a United States Navy guided missile cruiser, the 27th and final in the class. She is the second U.S. warship to bear the name of two naval battles of Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, of the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War. At the time of her naming, the Navy designated her as "First ship named" by way of a plaque in the Engineering Control Center, but this was in error as there was a previous ship to bear the name.
Construction
The second Port Royal (CG-73) was assigned hull number CG-69 on 9 May 1989, but that number was reassigned to guided missile cruiser and CG-73 to Port Royal on 8 December 1989; was laid down on 18 October 1991, at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, Litton Industries; launched on 20 November 1992; sponsored by Susan G. Baker (wife of James A. Baker III, Chief of Staff to President George H. W. Bush and former Secretary of State); and commissioned at Savannah, Georgia, on 9 July 1994, Captain Nicholas L. Richards Commanding.
Characteristics
Port Royal and are the original cruisers for the navy's Linebacker Program (Milestone Phase I, II and III), which provided theater ballistic missile defense capability, as test platforms to detect, track, cue, intercept, and interact with other national assets to shoot down ICBMs. The vessel's Aegis and Standard Missile Tracking systems have been upgraded with "long range surveillance and track (LRS&T)", and the ships were outfitted to carry the modified SM-2 Block IVA TMD. As of 2009, Port Royal along with Lake Erie and were the only three s to be equipped for the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense Program. Port Royal participated as a tracking ship during operation "Stellar Athena" FTM 12 on 22 June 2007 off Hawaii. Port Royals role has been taken by .
Originally, Port Royal was to be outfitted with the experimental shipboard mounted High Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWEPS). Based on a megawatt-class deuterium/fluorine chemical laser, HELWEPS would have replaced the standard 5-inch forward gun. HELWEPS was to have been used to destroy missiles up to about away, or to burn out electro-optical sensors about away. The outfitting, scheduled to occur in Naval Base Ventura County, Port Hueneme, California in 1994 was cancelled, along with all plans to install HELWEPS on Ticonderoga-class cruisers.
Four (LM2500) gas turbine engines propel Port Royal with at speeds greater than . Two five-bladed controllable reversible pitch propellers ( diameter) and two rudders assist in acceleration and deceleration.
Sensors include:
AN/SPY-1B(V) Multi-Function Radar (Four Mounts)
AN/SPS-49(V)8 Air Search Radar
AN/SPS-55 Surface Search Radar
AN/SPS-64(V)9 Navigation Radar
AN/SPQ-9 Gun Fire Control Radar
AN/SPG-62 Illuminators (Four Mounts)
AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 Sonar Suite
AN/SLQ-32A(V)3 Electronic Warfare Suite
Operations
Port Royal deployed from December 1995 until June 1996, as part of the battle group Carrier Group Seven. The CVBG was participating in Operation Southern Watch, but was deployed to the South China Sea in March 1996, to act as a stabilizing force the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis. During this deployment, Captain Richards transferred command to Captain Gary Roughead on 21 January 1996. Following her first deployment, Port Royal became the first US cruiser to integrate women into the crew.
Port Royal deployed with the Nimitz battle group for participation in Operation Southern Watch from September 1997 until March 1998.
Port Royal deployed with the battle group, participating in Operation Southern Watch. Leaving in January 2000, she returned to Hawaii early after sustaining damage to her port shaft and Hub during pursuit of a vessel suspected of smuggling Iraqi oil in violation of U.N. sanctions. She returned in June and then in August went into drydock for repairs and upgrades.
Port Royal deployed early Pearl Harbor on 17 November 2001, to join the John C. Stennis battle group on deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.
In March 2003, she was assigned to Carrier Group Seven.
Port Royal deployed with Expeditionary Strike Group-One (ESG-1) in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) from 3 September 2003 until 11 March 2004. This was the very first deployment of an Expeditionary Strike Group.
Port Royal deployed with Peleliu Expeditionary Strike Group-Three (ESG-3) in support of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) from 27 February 2006 until 5 August 2006.
On 6 January 2008, the destroyer Hopper, Port Royal and the frigate were entering the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz when five Iranian boats approached them at high speed and in a threatening manner. The U.S. ships had been in the Arabian Sea searching for a sailor who had been missing from Hopper for one day. The US Navy says the Iranian boats made "threatening" moves toward the U.S. vessels, coming as close as . The U.S. Navy allegedly received a radio transmission saying, "I am coming at you. You will explode in a couple of minutes." As the U.S. ships prepared to fire, the Iranians abruptly turned away, the U.S. officials said. Before leaving, the Iranians dropped white boxes into the water in front of the U.S. ships. The U.S. ships did not investigate the boxes. Officials from the two nations differed on the severity of the incident. The Iranians claimed they were conducting normal maneuvers while American officials claimed that an imminent danger to American naval vessels existed.
2009 grounding
On 5 February 2009, at 21:00, Port Royal ran aground about a half-mile south of the Honolulu International Airport's Reef Runway. The ship had just come out of a dry dock after undergoing maintenance and was undergoing her first sea trials. No one was injured in the incident and no fuel was spilled. On 9 February 2009, Port Royal was pulled off the coral reef at around 2:00. No one was injured during the recovery effort, though damage to the reef was extensive, both from the ship's hull and the cables used to drag the ship off the reef. Captain John Carroll was relieved of his duties and, along with the ship's executive officer, commander Steven Okun and three other sailors, subsequently disciplined for dereliction of duty and improperly hazarding a vessel. Carroll had been the commanding officer of Port Royal since 23 October 2008. Rear Admiral Dixon R. Smith, who was aboard the ship, assumed temporary command on that day, and on 9 February, Captain John Lauer III, an official in Smith's Naval Surface Group Middle Pacific, assumed command.
The warship suffered heavy damage to the underwater bow sonar dome and to her propellers and propeller shafts and was dry-docked for repairs. Captain Neil Parrott was assigned to preside over the investigation into the grounding. On 18 February, the ship entered Dry Dock Number 4 at Pearl Harbor. The navy estimated that repairs would cost between $25 and $40 million. The ship left dry dock on 24 September 2009 but needed several more weeks of repair and assessment before returning to duty.
After the grounding and possible Decommissioning
In May 2013, to answer queries made by Congress, Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) reported that the condition of the ship was comparable to certain other cruisers in the same class and that the effects of the grounding might not have been as severe as had been previously thought. A full report on the ship and her condition was anticipated in early August 2013. An April 2014 report by the GAO found that Port Royal was no more expensive to repair than other cruisers slated for retention.
In 2020, a US Navy budget plan proposed putting Port Royal, as well as her sisters , , and , on a path to early decommissioning, as they had not been modernized.
In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that the ship was planned to be placed Out of Commission in Reserve in 2022.
Deployments
24 June 2011 – 13 February 2012 West PAC- Indian Ocean-Persian Gulf After repairs were effected, the cruiser departed on an eight-month deployment to the Western Pacific and Middle East but was forced to stop in Bahrain to have structural cracks repaired. Navy command was said to have lost confidence that the vessel had been restored to seaworthiness and, because of that, the ship was included on a list of seven cruisers slated for early retirement. Decommissioning in anticipation of eventual dismantlement was set for 31 March 2013.
25 August 2016 – 24 March 2017 West Pac-Indian Ocean-Persian Gulf On 24 March 2017, Port Royal returned to Pearl Harbor after a 212-day independent deployment to the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, South China Sea, Western Pacific, and Indian Ocean. During this time the ship conducted joint maritime security exercises with South East Asia partners, theatre anti-submarine operations, joint counterterrorism/smuggling exercises, Pacific presence operations in the South China Sea, 5th Fleet sector air defense, and carrier strike group operations with and . Port Royal also conducted straits transits, providing protection for U.S. and international commerce and projecting sea control in the vicinity of Yemen and Somalia.
November 2020 – 27 April 2021 West LAC – Indian Ocean-Persian Gulf
Awards
Navy Unit Commendation – (Oct 1997 – Apr 1998, Dec 1995 – May 1996, Jan – Dec 1998)
Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation – (Jan 1999 – Sep 2001, Oct 2016 – Jan 2017)
Navy E Ribbon – (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2011)
References
External links
Port Royal (CG 73) homepage
Unofficial Navysite.de USS Port Royal webpage
Video of January 2008 incident in the Strait of Hormuz
'Honolulu Advertiser' breaking news of Port Royal grounding.
Video of Port Royal grounding.
Associated Press Navy frees stuck warship off coast of Honolulu.
1992 ships
Cruisers of the United States
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
Ticonderoga-class cruisers
United States Navy South Carolina-related ships
|
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] |
207462
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Dolphin%20%281836%29
|
USS Dolphin (1836)
|
The third USS Dolphin was the brig in the United States Navy. Her plans were the basis of other brigs of that time. She was named for the aquatic mammal.
She was launched on 17 June, 1836 at New York Navy Yard, and commissioned on 6 September 1836. She sailed on 6 October under the command of Lieutenant W. E. McKenney to join the Brazil Squadron after a short cruise on the coast of Africa. She joined her squadron on 21 February, 1837, and was employed in the waters along the Atlantic coast of South America to protect the rights and property of American citizens. She set sail from Bahia, Brazil on 17 April, 1839, and arrived at New York City on 16 May, where she was decommissioned on 25 May.
Dolphin made two cruises off the coast of Africa to suppress the slave trade from 18 December, 1839 – 14 July, 1840, and again from 5 November, 1840 – 25 May, 1841. On 7 September, she sailed to join the newly organized Home Squadron cruising on the Atlantic coast and in the West Indies. Aside from a repair period at New York from 31 December, 1841 – 4 March, 1842, she served with the Home Squadron until October 1843.
Dolphin lay at Norfolk, Virginia until 13 November, 1845, when she sailed to join the African Squadron, returning to New York on 5 November, 1847. She got underway on 6 May, 1848 to join the East India Squadron, protecting American citizens in Asiatic waters. She called at the Island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean for repairs suffered during a gale and arrived at Whampoa, China in February 1849. Dolphin cruised in Chinese waters until 22 July, 1850, when she sailed for New York by way of the California coast and Cape Horn, arriving on 24 June, 1851.
Out of commission at New York until 10 September 1852, Dolphin put to sea on 30 September on a special cruise to test and perfect discoveries made by Lieutenant M. F. Maury in his investigation of the winds and currents of the ocean, sailing as far as the English Channel. She arrived at Hampton Roads on 12 November, 1853, then returned to New York where she was placed in ordinary during 1854.
Recommissioned at Norfolk on 23 April, 1855, Dolphin put to sea on 8 May for another African cruise. She arrived on station 16 June and patrolled to suppress the slave trade until 28 June, 1857, when she stood out for the United States, arriving at Boston, Massachusetts on 21 July. She went out of commission on 27 July.
Placed back in commission she cruised in the West Indies to intercept slave ships between June and September 1858. On 21 August she captured the slaver Echo with 318 Africans on board and sent her into Charleston, South Carolina. Those thus saved from slavery were later sent back to Africa.
Dolphin sailed from Boston on 16 October, 1858 for duty on the Brazil Station, taking part in the Paraguay expedition to Paraguay to obtain redress for the unprovoked firing upon the American ship and to settle diplomatic difficulties from December 1858 – February 1859. Dolphin returned to Norfolk on 22 December, 1860 and was laid up at the Navy Yard. She was burned there on 21 April, 1861 by Union forces to prevent her falling into Confederate hands.
References
Brigs of the United States Navy
Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Brooklyn
1836 ships
Shipwrecks of the American Civil War
Shipwrecks of the Virginia coast
Ship fires
Maritime incidents in April 1861
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole
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Poole
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Poole () is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is east of Dorchester and adjoins Bournemouth to the east. Since 1 April 2019, the local authority is Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council which is a unitary authority. Poole had an estimated population of 151,500 (mid-2016 census estimates) making it the second-largest town in the ceremonial county of Dorset. Together with Bournemouth and Christchurch, the conurbation has a total population of nearly 400,000.
Human settlement in the area dates back to before the Iron Age. The earliest recorded use of the town's name was in the 12th century when the town began to emerge as an important port, prospering with the introduction of the wool trade. Later, the town had important trade links with North America and, at its peak during the 18th century, it was one of the busiest ports in Britain. In the Second World War, Poole was one of the main departing points for the Normandy landings.
Poole is a tourist resort, attracting visitors with its large natural harbour, history, the Lighthouse arts centre and Blue Flag beaches. The town has a commercial port with cross-Channel freight and passenger ferry services, which connect with the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey, as well as the French port town of Saint-Malo, Brittany.
The headquarters of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) is in Poole, and the Royal Marines have a base in the town's harbour. Despite their names, Poole is the home of The Arts University Bournemouth, the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and a significant part of Bournemouth University.
History
The town's name derives from a corruption of the Celtic word bol and the Old English word pool meaning a place near a pool or creek. Variants include Pool, Pole, Poles, Poll, Polle, Polman, and Poolman. The area around modern Poole has been inhabited for the past 2,500 years. During the 3rd century BC, Celts known as the Durotriges moved from hilltop settlements at Maiden Castle and Badbury Rings to heathland around the River Frome and Poole Harbour. The Romans landed at Poole during their conquest of Britain in the 1st century and took over an Iron Age settlement at Hamworthy, an area just west of the modern town centre. In Anglo-Saxon times, Poole was included in the Kingdom of Wessex. The settlement was used as a base for fishing and the harbour a place for ships to anchor on their way to the River Frome and the important Anglo-Saxon town of Wareham. Poole experienced two large-scale Viking invasions during this era: in 876, Guthrum sailed his fleet through the harbour to attack Wareham, and in 1015, Canute began his conquest of England in Poole Harbour, using it as a base to raid and pillage Wessex.
Following the Norman conquest of England, Poole rapidly grew into a busy port as the importance of Wareham declined. The town was part of the manor of Canford but does not exist as an identifiable entry in the Domesday Book. The earliest written mention of Poole occurred on a document from 1196 describing the newly built St James's Chapel in "La Pole". The Lord of the Manor, Sir William Longspée, sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of Poole in 1248 to raise funds for his participation in the Seventh Crusade. Consequently, Poole gained a small measure of freedom from feudal rule and acquired the right to appoint a mayor and hold a court within the town. Poole's growing importance was recognised in 1433 when it was awarded staple port status by King Henry VI, enabling the port to begin exporting wool and in turn granting a licence for the construction of a town wall. In 1568, Poole gained further autonomy when it was granted legal independence from Dorset and made a county corporate by the Great Charter of Elizabeth I. During the English Civil War, Poole's puritan stance and its merchants' opposition to the ship money tax introduced by King Charles I led to the town declaring for Parliament. Poole escaped any large-scale attack and with the Royalists on the brink of defeat in 1646, the Parliamentary garrison from Poole laid siege to and captured the nearby Royalist stronghold at Corfe Castle.
Poole established successful commerce with the North American colonies in the 16th century, including the important fisheries of Newfoundland. Trade with Newfoundland grew steadily to meet the demand for fish from the Catholic countries of Europe. Poole's share of this trade varied but the most prosperous period started in the early 18th century and lasted until the early 19th century. The trade followed a three-cornered route; ships sailed to Newfoundland with salt and provisions, then carried dried and salted fish to Europe before returning to Poole with wine, olive oil, and salt. By the early 18th century Poole had more ships trading with North America than any other English port and vast wealth was brought to Poole's merchants. This prosperity supported much of the development which now characterises the Old Town where many of the medieval buildings were replaced with Georgian mansions and terraced housing. The end of the Napoleonic Wars and the conclusion of the War of 1812 ended Britain's monopoly over the Newfoundland fisheries and other nations took over services provided by Poole's merchants at a lower cost. Poole's Newfoundland trade rapidly declined and within a decade most merchants had ceased trading.
The town grew rapidly during the industrial revolution as urbanisation took place and the town became an area of mercantile prosperity and overcrowded poverty. At the turn of the 19th century, nine out of ten workers were engaged in harbour activities, but as the century progressed ships became too large for the shallow harbour and the port lost business to the deepwater ports at Liverpool, Southampton and Plymouth. Poole's first railway station opened in Hamworthy in 1847 and later extended to the centre of Poole in 1872, effectively ending the port's busy coastal shipping trade. The beaches and landscape of southern Dorset and south-west Hampshire began to attract tourists during the 19th century and the villages to the east of Poole began to grow and merge until the seaside resort of Bournemouth emerged. Although Poole did not become a resort, like many of its neighbours, it continued to prosper as the rapid expansion of Bournemouth created a large demand for goods manufactured in Poole.
During World War II, Poole was the third-largest embarkation point for D-Day landings of Operation Overlord and afterwards served as a base for supplies to the allied forces in Europe. Eighty-one landing craft containing American troops from the 29th Infantry Division and the US Army Rangers departed Poole Harbour for Omaha Beach. Poole was also an important centre for the development of Combined Operations and the base for a US Coast Guard rescue flotilla of 60 cutters. Much of the town suffered from German bombing during the war and years of neglect in the post-war economic decline. Major redevelopment projects began in the 1950s and 1960s and large areas of slum properties were demolished and replaced with modern public housing and facilities. Many of Poole's historic buildings were demolished during this period, particularly in the Old Town area of Poole. Consequently, a Conservation Area was created in the town centre in 1975 to preserve Poole's most notable buildings.
Governance
Council
On 1 April 1997, the town was made a unitary authority following a review by the Local Government Commission for England Poole Borough Council was created, and the town, once again, became administratively independent from Dorset. The borough reverted to its previous title of the Borough and County of the Town of Poole, which recalled its status as a county corporate before the implementation of the Local Government Act 1888. For local elections, 42 councillors were elected across 16 wards and elections take place every four years. The last elections were held in 2015. The council were based at Poole Civic Centre in Parkstone.
On 1 April 2019, the borough being combined with Bournemouth and Christchurch to form the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority, with the first elections taking place in 2019. Whilst the Conservatives were the largest party, the council remained under no overall control, with a Unity Alliance Administration being formed of other parties. Poole's Sheriff, a position created by the town's charter of 1568 and just one of 16 Sheriffs in England and Wales, is Julie Bagwell.
Parliamentary representation
UK Parliament
Poole is represented by three parliamentary constituencies in the House of Commons; Poole, Mid Dorset and North Poole, and Bournemouth West. The borough constituency of Poole has existed since 1950. Previously the town had been a parliamentary borough, electing two members of parliament from 1455 until 1865 when representation was reduced to one member. In 1885 the constituency was abolished altogether and absorbed into the East Dorset constituency until its reintroduction in 1950. Robert Syms (Conservative) has been the Member of Parliament since 1997. At the 2015 general election, the Conservatives won a majority of 15,789 and 50.1% of the vote. The UKIP won 16.8% of the vote, Labour 12.9% and the Liberal Democrats 11.8%. The county constituency of Mid Dorset and North Poole was created in 1997 and includes the north-east of Poole, Wimborne Minster, Wareham and extends into rural Dorset. At the 2015 general election, the Conservative candidate Michael Tomlinson gained the constituency from the Liberal Democrats with a majority of 10,530 and 50.8% of the vote. The Liberal Democrats won 28.2% of the vote, UKIP 12.2% and Labour 6%. The boundary of the Bournemouth West borough constituency was extended to include the Poole local council wards Branksome East and Alderney in 2010. It is represented by Conor Burns, a Conservative Member of Parliament, who retained the seat with a majority of 12,410 and 48.2% of the vote in 2015.
European Parliament
Between 1979 and 2020, Poole was represented in the European Parliament.
From 1979 to 1984, Poole was part of the Single-member district of Wessex and was represented by Conservative Member of the European Parliament James Spicer.
From 1984 to 1994, Poole was part of the Dorset East and Hampshire West constituency and from 1994 to 1999, Poole was part of the Dorset and East Devon constituency represented by Conservative Bryan Cassidy.
Poole was included in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament from 1999 to 2020.
Coat of arms
The design of the coat of arms originated in a seal from the late 14th century and were recorded by Clarenceux King of Arms during the heraldic visitation of Dorset in 1563. The wavy bars of black and gold represent the sea and the dolphin is a sign of Poole's maritime interests. The scallop shells are the emblem of Saint James and are associated with his shrine at Santiago de Compostela – a popular destination for Christian pilgrims departing from Poole Harbour in the Middle Ages.
The arms were confirmed by the College of Arms on 19 June 1948, and at the same time, the crest (a mermaid supporting an anchor and holding a cannonball) was granted. Following local government reorganisation in 1974, the 1948 arms were transferred to Poole Borough Council. In 1976, the council received the grant of supporters for the coat of arms. The supporters refer to important charters given to the town; to the left is a gold lion holding a long sword representing William Longespee who in 1248 granted the town's first charter; on the right is a dragon derived from the Royal Arms of Elizabeth I who granted Poole county corporate status in 1568. The Latin motto – Ad Morem Villae De Poole, means: According to the Custom of the Town of Poole, and derives from the Great Charter of 1568.
Geography
Poole is a complex shore of the English Channel; it lies on the northern and eastern edges of Poole Harbour, west-southwest of London. The oldest part of the town (including the historic Old Town, Poole Quay and the Dolphin Shopping Centre) lies to the south-east of Holes Bay on a peninsula jutting into the harbour, although much of the land to the east of the peninsula has been reclaimed from the harbour since the mid-20th century. To the west is Upton and Corfe Mullen and across the northern border at the River Stour lies Wimborne Minster. At the eastern edge of Poole, the town abuts Bournemouth and the settlements of Kinson, Winton and Westbourne. To the south of Poole along the coast lies Poole Bay, which has of sandy beaches from Sandbanks in the west to Bournemouth in the east.
Urban areas and districts of the town
Poole is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Poole as the town grew.
Alderney – Bearwood – Branksome – Branksome Park – Broadstone – Canford Cliffs – Canford Heath – Creekmoor – Fleetsbridge – Hamworthy – Lilliput – Longfleet – Merley – Oakley – Newtown – Oakdale – Parkstone – Penn Hill – Sandbanks – Sterte – Talbot Village – Wallisdown – Waterloo – Whitecliff
The natural environment of Poole is characterised by lowland heathland to the north and wooded chines and coastline to the south. The heathland habitat supports the six native British reptile species and provides a home for a range of dragonflies and rare birds. Development has destroyed much of the heath but scattered fragments remain to the north of Poole and have been designated Special Protection Areas. The town lies on unresistant beds of Eocene clays (mainly London Clay and Gault Clay), sands and gravels. The River Frome runs through this weak rock, and its many tributaries have carved out a wide estuary. At the mouth of the estuary sand spits have been deposited, enclosing the estuary to create Poole Harbour.
The harbour is the largest natural harbour in Europe and the second-largest natural harbour in the world after Sydney Harbour. It is an area of international importance for nature conservation and is noted for its ecology, supporting salt marshes, mudflats and an internationally important habitat for several species of migrating bird. It has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), a Special Protection Area and a Ramsar site as well as falling within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The harbour covers an area of and is extremely shallow. The main shipping channels are deep the average depth of the harbour is . It contains several small islands, the largest is Brownsea Island, a nature reserve owned by the National Trust and the birthplace of the Scouting movement and location of the first Scout Camp. Britain's largest onshore oil field operates from Wytch Farm on the south shore of the harbour. The oil reservoirs extend under the harbour and eastwards from Sandbanks and Studland for under the sea to the south of Bournemouth.
Situated directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, Poole is a gateway town to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, which includes of the Dorset and east Devon coast important for its geology, landforms and rich fossil record. The South West Coast Path stretches for from Minehead in Somerset, along the coast of Devon and Cornwall and on to Poole. The path is England's longest national trail.
Climate
Due to its location on the south coast of England, Poole has a temperate climate with a small variation in daily and annual temperatures. The average annual mean temperature from 1971 to 2000 was . The warmest months in Poole are July and August, which have an average temperature range of , and the coolest months are January and February, which have a range of . Mean sea surface temperatures range from in February to in August. The average annual rainfall of is well below the UK average of .
Green belt
Poole lies at the centre of a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduce urban sprawl, prevent the towns in the South East Dorset conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.
Poole has areas of green belt to the north and west of the district, mostly on the fringes of the shared border with the Purbeck and East Dorset districts. These cover landscape features and greenfield facilities including the rivers Stour and Sherford and their floodplains, the Stour Valley Way, Canford Heathland, Dunyeats Hill and Corfe and Barrow Hill nature reserves, Upton Country Park, Pergins Island, and the Wimborne District Society of Model Engineers miniature railway.
The small communities at Merley, Canford Magna, Oakley and Oakley Hill are separated from the main urban area, and while inset, are not covered by green belt. However, the isolated hamlets of Knighton, Merley Hall and Ashington are 'washed over', and development is limited in these locations. A specific function of the restrictions is to prevent further urban encroachment towards Wimborne Minster, to help maintain its historic character and surroundings.
Demography
Poole merges with several other towns to form the South East Dorset conurbation which has a combined population of over 465,000, forming one of the South Coast's major urban areas. In the 2011 census, the population of the borough of Poole was 147,645, an increase from 138,288 in 2001. The town has a built-up area of , giving an approximate population density of in 60,512 dwellings. The population has grown steadily since the 1960s, inward migration has accounted for most of the town's growth and a significant part of this has been for retirement. Housing stock has increased by over 100 per cent in the past 40 years from 30,000 in 1961 to approximately 62,700 in 2004. Compared to the rest of England and Wales, Poole has an above-average number of residents aged over 65 (20.3%), but this is less than the Dorset average of 22.2%. The largest proportion of the population (24.8%) is between the ages of 45 to 64, slightly above the national average of 23.8%. Population projections have predicted a continual growth; a population of 151,481 is estimated by 2016.
The district is overwhelmingly populated by people of a White ethnic background, 95.98% of residents are of White British ethnicity, well above the rest of England at 86.99%. Minority ethnic groups (including those in White ethnic groups who did not classify themselves as British) represent 4.0% of Poole's population. The largest religion in Poole is Christianity, at almost 74.34%, slightly above the United Kingdom average of 71.6%. The next-largest sector is those with no religion, at almost 16.23%, also above the UK average of 15.5%.
The average house price in Poole is high compared to the rest of the UK and the surrounding south-west region. The average price of a property in Poole in 2008 was £274,011; detached houses were on average £374,150, semi-detached and terraced houses were cheaper at £226,465 and £217,128 respectively. An apartment or flat costs on average £216,097, more than any other part of Dorset. The average house prices in Poole are boosted by those in Sandbanks which had the fourth-most expensive house prices in the world in 2000; in 2007 the average house price was £488,761. A study in 2006 by the National Housing Federation reported that Poole was the most unaffordable town in which to live in the UK.
Economy
Poole's economy is more balanced than the rest of Dorset. In the 1960s, prosperity was fuelled by growth in the manufacturing sector, whereas the 1980s and 1990s saw expansion in the service sector as office-based employers relocated to the area. The importance of manufacturing has declined since the 1960s but still employed approximately 17% of the workforce in 2002 and remains more prominent than in the economy of Great Britain as a whole. Sunseeker, the world's largest privately-owned builder of motor yachts and the UK's largest manufacturer, is based in Poole and employs over 1,800 people in its Poole shipyards. Other major employers in the local manufacturing industry include Lush, Siemens and Ryvita. Poole has the largest number of industrial estates in South East Dorset, including the Nuffield Industrial estate, Mannings Heath, Arena Business Park, Poole Trade Park and the Branksome Business Centre.
The service sector is the principal economy of Poole; a large number of employees work for the service economy of residents or for tourists. During the 1970s, Poole's less restrictive regional planning policies attracted businesses wishing to relocate from London. These included employers in the banking and financial sector, such as Barclays Bank (who operate a regional headquarters in Poole), American Express Bank and the corporate trust division of Bank of New York Mellon. Other important service sector employers include the national headquarters and college of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI), the UK headquarters of Fitness First, Bournemouth University and Arts University Bournemouth. Poole is also the headquarters for clothing company Animal, cosmetics manufacturer, Lush, and Merlin Entertainments, the world's second-largest theme park operator after Disney. The Dolphin Shopping Centre is Poole's main retail area and the largest indoor shopping centre in Dorset. It opened in 1969 as an Arndale Centre and underwent three major refurbishments in 1980, 1989 and 2004. The centre provides of retail space with 110 stores and two multi-storey car parks with 1,400 parking spaces. A pedestrianised high street with shops, bars, pubs and restaurants connects the Dolphin Centre with the historic Old Town area and Poole Quay. Tourism is important to the Poole's economy and was worth an estimated £158 million in 2002. Poole's Harbour, Quay and the beaches are some of the main attractions for visitors. Visitor accommodation consists of hotels, guest houses and bed and breakfast rooms located around the town, particularly in Sandbanks and the town centre. Rockley Park, a large caravan site in Hamworthy, is owned and operated by Haven Holidays.
Poole is served by the Port of Poole. Since the 1970s, Poole has become one of Britain's busiest ports. Investment in new port facilities in Hamworthy and the deepening of shipping channels allowed considerable growth in cross-channel freight and passenger traffic. The port is a destination for bulk cargo imports such as steel, timber, bricks, fertiliser, grain, aggregates and palletised traffic. Export cargoes include clay, sand, fragmented steel and grain. Commercial ferry operators run regular passenger and freight services from Poole to Cherbourg, St Malo and the Channel Islands. The Royal Marines operate out of the harbour at RM Poole, established in Hamworthy in 1954. The base is home to special forces unit the Special Boat Service and a detachment of the Royal Marines Reserve. In 2008, 105 fishing boats were registered and licensed to the port and held a permit issued by the Southern Sea Fisheries District Committee (SSFDC) to fish commercially. It is the largest port in terms of licences in the SSFDC district which covers the coastline of Dorset, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, and one of the largest registered fishing fleets in the UK. However, the fleet is gradually declining because of rising fuel costs and restrictive fishing quotas introduced by the European Union. A large number of unlicensed boats also operate charted or private angling excursions.
Landmarks
Poole Quay is a visitor attraction to the south of the town centre lined with a mixture of traditional pubs and listed buildings alongside new bars, redeveloped warehouses and apartment blocks. Once the busy centre of Poole's maritime industry, all port activities moved to Hamworthy in the 1970s as the Quay became increasingly popular with tourists. The Grade II* listed Customs House on the quay-front was built in 1814 and now functions as a restaurant and bar. Nearby the Grade I listed Town Cellars, a medieval warehouse built in the 15th century on the foundations of a 14th-century stone building, houses a local history centre. Scaplen's Court, another Grade I listed building, also dates from the medieval era. Poole Pottery has been redeveloped into an apartment block. Boats regularly depart from the quay during the summer and provide cruises around the harbour and to Brownsea Island, the River Frome and Swanage. Public artworks along the Quay include Sea Music – a large metal sculpture designed by Sir Anthony Caro, and a life-size bronze sculpture of Robert Baden-Powell created to celebrate the founding of the Scout Movement on Brownsea Island. At the western end of the quay, near the mouth of Holes Bay, is Poole Bridge. Built in 1927, it is the third bridge to be located on the site since 1834.
Poole Guildhall has played a varied part in the history of the town. A Grade II* listed building, the Guildhall was built in 1761 at a cost of £2,250. The new building included an open market house on the ground floor and a courtroom and offices for the town council on the first floor and has also been used as a Court of Record, Magistrates' Court, Court of Admiralty and a venue for Quarter Sessions. Between 1819 and 1821 the building was consecrated as a Parish Church while the old St. James Church was pulled down and replaced with the present church. During the Second World War, the building was used as a canteen and meeting room for American soldiers before the invasion of France. The showers and washing facilities installed at this time were later converted into public baths which were used until the 1960s. The building was converted for use as the town museum between 1971 and 1991 but stood empty for the next 16 years. After a renovation project funded by Poole Borough Council, the restored Guildhall opened in June 2007 as a Register Office for weddings, civil partnerships and other civic ceremonies.
Poole has several urban parks – the largest is Poole Park adjacent to Poole Harbour and the town centre. It opened in 1890 and is one of two Victorian parks in Poole. Designated a Conservation Area in 1995 and awarded a Green Flag in 2008, the park comprises of which include the park's man-made lake and ponds. The park contains two children's play areas, a miniature railway, tennis courts, a bowling green, a miniature golf course, an Italian restaurant and an indoor ice rink for children. A cricket field and pavilion at the eastern end are home to Poole Town Cricket Club and water sport activities such as sailing, windsurfing, kayaking and rowing take place on the large lake. A war memorial stands in the centre of the park as a monument to Poole citizens killed during the First and Second World Wars. The park hosts several road races such as the Race for Life and the annual Poole Festival of Running.
Poole's sandy beaches are a popular tourist destination extending along Poole Bay from the Sandbanks peninsular to Branksome Dene Chine at the border with Bournemouth. The beaches are divided into four areas: Sandbanks, Shore Road, Canford Cliffs Chine and Branksome Chine. Poole's beaches have been awarded the European Blue Flag for cleanliness and safety 21 times since 1987, more than any other British seaside resort and in 2000 the Tidy Britain Group resort survey rated Poole's beaches among the top five in the country. Along the seafront, there are seaside cafés, restaurants, beach huts and numerous water-sports facilities. Royal National Lifeboat Institution Beach Rescue lifeguards patrol the coastline in the busy summer season between May and September.
Religious sites
Poole falls within the Church of England Diocese of Salisbury and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth. Poole has many sites of Christian worship including five Grade II* and five Grade II listed churches, but no notable sites of worship for any other major religious groups. The Grade II* St James' Church is a simplified Gothic Revival style Church of England parish church in the Old Town which was rebuilt in 1820. The previous church on the site was first mentioned in documents from 1142 and had been extensively rebuilt in the 16th century, but in 1819 it was deemed structurally unsafe by a surveyors report. The United Reformed Church hall, also in the town centre, is a Grade II* building built in 1777. The other Grade II* churches are: St. Peter's Parish Church in Parkstone which was first built in 1833 and replaced in 1876; St Dunstan of Canterbury Orthodox Church, also in Parkstone, an Antiochian Orthodox church, formerly the Anglican Church of St Osmund, in a Neo-Byzantine style building; and the Parish Church of St. Aldhelm in Branksome, built by the architects Bodley and Garner in 1892 in the Gothic Revival style. Described by English Heritage as "one of Poole's most important landmarks", the Gothic Revival church of St Mary's in Longfleet, built in 1833, is one of Poole's Grade II listed churches. There are also two Christadelphian meeting halls in the town.
Sport and recreation
Poole Harbour and Poole Bay are popular areas for recreational pursuits such as: sailing, windsurfing, surfing, kitesurfing and water skiing. The harbour's large areas of sheltered waters attract windsurfers, particularly around the northern and eastern shores. Water skiing takes place in the harbour in a specially designated area known as the Wareham Channel. The waters around the harbour, Poole Bay and Studland Bay are also popular for recreational angling and diving.
The beaches at Sandbanks are often used for sporting events such as the Sandbanks Beach Volleyball Festival, and the annual British Beach polo Championship.
Since 1999 the town's Rossmore Leisure Centre has hosted the GMPD Poole Gymnastics Competition every October with the Holiday Inn Express hosting some of the competitors as well as previously a Disco on the Saturday evening which has since been scrapped, hundreds of competitors from across the country compete each year, the competition celebrated its 20th Anniversary in 2019. Following a 2 year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic it is hoped it will return in 2022.
Sailing
Poole Harbour is one of the largest centres for sailing in the UK with a number of yacht clubs such as the: East Dorset Sailing Club, Lilliput Sailing Club, Parkstone Yacht Club, Poole Yacht Club, Sandbanks Yacht Company and the Royal Motor Yacht Club.
Parkstone Yacht Club hosted the OK Dinghy World Championships in 2004, the J/24 National Championships in 2006 and the J/24 European Championships in 2007, with the 2020 J24 Worlds hosted here also and are the organisers of Youth Week and Poole Week – two of the largest annual dinghy regattas of their type in the country.
Football
Poole's oldest football team is Poole Town F.C., a semi-professional team who play in the Southern Football League – the seventh tier of the English football league system. Established in 1880, the team has had erratic success at their level; they have never risen above non-League levels but once reached the third round of the FA Cup. They played at Poole Stadium until 1994 and have since settled at Tatnam Farm, sharing the school playing field with Oakdale Junior School. Poole's other football teams are Hamworthy United, formed in 1970, and play in the Wessex Premier League, and the amateur team Poole Borough F.C. who play in the Dorset Premier League. Poole is one of the largest towns in England without a professional football team.
Speedway
Poole's motorcycle speedway team, the Poole Pirates, were established and began racing at Poole Stadium in 1948 in the National League Division Three. The team now races in the top tier of league racing (the Elite League) which they won in 2008, 2011, 2013, and 2014. Poole Stadium is also a venue for greyhound racing; race nights occur three days a week throughout the year.
Scouting
Poole has three of the oldest Scout Association groups in the world, 1st Parkstone Air Scout Group holds records dating back to February 1908 and 1st Hamworthy Scout Group has records dating back to October 1908; both groups were formed out of the original Boys' Brigade units that had members take part in the original Scout Camp in 1907. Broadstone Group has records dating back to December 1908 and was home to the first King's/Queen's Scout.
Nature parks
Working with the Dorset Wildlife Trust, Poole Council has opened two nature parks:
Holes Bay Nature Park, opened in 2015, includes Upton Country Park. The bay is an important feeding and roosting site for wetland birds.
Corfe Barrows Nature Park, opened in 2016, is a group of eight natural sites, including Happy Bottom Nature Reserve, that is being jointly managed for wildlife and people in the north of the borough.
Walking
Poole Tourism has developed and waymarked a number of trails and circular walks, collectively called the Poole Harbour Trails.
Cycling
Poole has over of cycle network, including the Castleman Trailway, the Poole Heritage Cycle Route and the Bourne Valley Greenway.
Culture
The 'Beating of the bounds' is an ancient annual custom first carried out in 1612, which revives the traditional checking of the sea boundaries awarded to Poole by the Cinque Port of Winchelsea in 1364. The Admiral of the Port of Poole (the mayor) and other dignitaries, and members of the public sail from the mouth of the River Frome to Old Harry Rocks to confirm the Mayor's authority over the water boundaries of the harbour and check for any encroachments. As there are no physical landmarks that can be beaten at sea, traditionally children from Poole were encouraged to remember the bounds of their town by taking part in the 'Pins and Points' ceremony involving the beating of a boy and pricking of a girl's hand with a needle. In modern times, the acts have been symbolically carried out.
Poole's Summertime in the South is an annual programme providing various events on Poole Quay and Sandbanks from May until September. During June and July, live music, street entertainment and a large firework display take place on Poole Quay every Thursday evening. In August, the entertainment moves to the beaches at Sandbanks.
Poole's Lighthouse is the largest arts centre complex in the United Kingdom outside London. Built in 1978, the centre contains a cinema, concert hall, studio, theatre, image lab and media suite and galleries featuring exhibitions of contemporary photography and modern digital art. The venue underwent an £8.5 million refurbishment in 2002, paid for by the Arts Council England, the Borough of Poole and private donations. The centre's concert hall has been the residence of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra's main concert series since their former base at the Bournemouth Winter Gardens closed in 1985. Situated in the centre of the Old Town, Poole Museum illustrates the story of the area and its people and the collections reflect the cultural, social and industrial history of Poole. Displays include the Poole Logboat and a detailed history of Poole from the Iron Age to the present day. The museum has a floor devoted to the history of Poole Pottery and some of the company's products are on display. Entrance to the museum is free.
Transport
The A350 road is Poole town centre's main artery, running north along Holes Bay and on to the A35, and as a single carriageway to Bath and Bristol. To the east, the A337 road leads to Lymington and the New Forest. The A35 trunk road runs from Devon to Southampton and connects to the A31 on the outskirts of the town. The A31, the major trunk road in central southern England, connects to the M27 motorway at Southampton. From here the M3 motorway leads to London, and fast access may also be gained via the A34 to the M4 north of Newbury. Poole Bridge, a narrow bascule bridge constructed in 1927, connects the town centre and Hamworthy. Approval for a second bridge was given by the Department for Transport in 2006 and the £37 million Twin Sails bridge was completed in 2012. A road link to Studland and the Isle of Purbeck across the narrow entrance of Poole Harbour is provided by the Sandbanks Ferry. Poole is also home to the Poole Heritage Cycle Route.
Most local bus services are run by morebus who are based at the town's bus station and have served Poole since 1983. morebus operate networks across Poole, Bournemouth, Christchurch and Salisbury, in addition to operations on the Isle of Purbeck and the New Forest. Other services are run by Bournemouth-based Yellow Buses and Damory Coaches. Poole is connected to towns and villages along the Jurassic Coast by the First Hampshire & Dorset X54 service, which runs along a route to Wareham, Wool, Lulworth Cove and Weymouth. Poole is also a calling point for National Express Coaches, which have frequent departures to London Victoria Coach Station. There are also direct services to the Midlands, the North of England and to Heathrow and Gatwick airports.
Poole has four railway stations on the South West Main Line from London Waterloo to Weymouth. From east to west these are Branksome near the border with Bournemouth, Parkstone, Poole railway station in the town centre and Hamworthy. Services are operated by South Western Railway and consist of up to three trains an hour (fast, semi-fast and stopping services) to and from London, and twice an hour to and from Weymouth.
Poole is a cross-Channel port for passengers and freight. Ferry services from Poole Harbour to Cherbourg are provided by Brittany Ferries who operate one round trip per day using the Barfleur The Condor Ferries fast ferry Condor Liberation provides seasonal services to Guernsey, Jersey and St. Malo, Brittany. Bournemouth International Airport in Hurn, on the periphery of Bournemouth, is the nearest airport to Poole – from the town centre. Ryanair, easyJet and TUI Airways operate from the airport and provide scheduled services to destinations in the UK and Europe.
Education
Poole has eleven infant schools, seven junior schools, ten primary schools, nine secondary schools, three special schools, five independent schools and one college of further education. Two of Poole's secondary schools are grammar schools which maintain a selective education system, assessed by the eleven-plus exam. Poole High School is the largest secondary school in Poole with 1,660 pupils. The Bournemouth and Poole College attracts over 16,000 students a year and is one of the largest further education colleges in the country and the leading provider of academic and vocational education in Dorset. It has two centrally located main campuses in Poole and Bournemouth.
From the 2007 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) results, Poole was ranked 18th out of 148 local authorities in England based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least five A* to C grades at GCSE level including English and maths (54.5% compared with the national average of 46.8%). Parkstone Grammar School was the most successful secondary school in Poole for GCSE results in 2007: 100% of pupils gained five or more GCSEs at A* to C grade including English and maths. Canford School also achieved 100% and Poole Grammar School was the next best performing school with 98%. Poole High School achieved 39% and the worst performing school was Rossmore Community College where only 19% of students achieved five or more A* to C grade results. Poole's grammar schools were also the best performing for A-level results. Poole Grammar School was the 60th most successful school/sixth form in the country in 2007: each student achieved on average 1071.4 points compared to the national average of 731.2. Parkstone Grammar School students averaged 1017.9 points.
Bournemouth University was designated as a university in 1992 and despite its name, the university's main campus (the Talbot Campus) and buildings are within the boundaries of Poole Borough; a smaller campus is situated in Bournemouth itself. Media courses are the university's strength, and recent teaching quality assessments have resulted in ratings of 'excellent' for courses in the areas of communication and media, business and management, catering and hospitality, archaeology and nursing and midwifery. The Arts University Bournemouth was designated as a university in 2012 and is located at Wallisdown. It offers undergraduate, foundation degree, postgraduate and further education courses in contemporary arts, design and media.
Public services
Home Office policing is provided by the Poole and Bournemouth Division of Dorset Police which has one police station in Poole on Wimborne Road in the town centre. Dorset Fire and Rescue Service provides statutory emergency fire and rescue services for Poole and are based at Poole Fire Station in Creekmoor which opened in 2008. The former fire station on Wimborne Road was demolished in 2008 and was replaced with a joint fire and police divisional headquarters which opened in 2009.
Poole Hospital is a large acute hospital in Longfleet with 638 beds and is part of University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust. It opened in 1969 as Poole General Hospital, replacing Poole's Cornelia Hospital which had stood on the site since 1907. The hospital is the major trauma centre for East Dorset and provides core services such as child health and maternity for a catchment area including Bournemouth and Christchurch. Specialist services such as neurological care and cancer treatment are also provided for the rest of Dorset. The South Western Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport.
Waste management and recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership with Viridor. Locally produced inert waste is sent to landfill for disposal. Recycle waste is taken to Viridor's Materials Recycling Facility in Crayford for processing. Poole's distribution network operator for electricity is Scottish and Southern Energy. The water supply and sewerage systems are managed by Wessex Water; groundwater sources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 75% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.
Media
Poole has one local newspaper, the Daily Echo, which is owned by Newsquest. Published since 1900, the newspaper features news from Poole, Bournemouth and the surrounding area. Issues are produced Monday through Saturday with an average daily circulation of 13,579. For local television, Poole is served by the BBC South studios based in Southampton, and ITV Meridian from studios in Whiteley. Local radio stations broadcasting to the town include BBC Radio Solent, Wave 105, Heart Solent, Sam FM, Fire Radio and Hot Radio.
Notable people
The town has been the birthplace and home to notable people, of national and international acclaim. Former residents include British radio disc jockey Tony Blackburn, the artist Augustus John, John Lennon's aunt and parental guardian Mimi Smith, and The Lord of the Rings author J. R. R. Tolkien who lived in Poole for four years during his retirement. Alfred Russel Wallace, the 19th-century explorer, naturalist and co-formulator of the theory of evolution by natural selection, moved to Poole in 1902 when he was 78 years old and is buried in Broadstone cemetery.
Notable people born in Poole include the Suede guitarist Richard Oakes,
Greg Lake of the band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, the author John le Carré, the novelist Maggie Gee, stage actor Oswald Yorke, actress Louisa Clein, cellist Natalie Clein, boxer Freddie Mills, the writer and actor David Croft, and James Stephen, the principal lawyer associated with the British abolitionist movement. Edgar Wright, the director of films such as Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz and The World's End was born in Poole and out of the five previous British winners of the Miss World title, two have hailed from Poole: Ann Sydney and Sarah-Jane Hutt. Harry Redknapp, the former Tottenham Hotspur F.C. manager, and his son Jamie Redknapp, a former England national football team player, have owned homes in Sandbanks. Former Blue Peter presenter Katy Hill was also born in Poole. Molly Kingsbury who competed in the 2018 Commonwealth Games was born in Poole. The actress Susannah Fielding featured in This Time with Alan Partridge. Current Arsenal footballer Benjamin White was born in Poole. Current Chelsea footballer Tino Anjorin was born in Poole. Chad Gould currently lives in Poole.
Twin towns
Poole is twinned with:
Cherbourg in France (since 1977)
See also
Compton Acres
List of Dorset Beaches
List of places in Dorset
UK coastline
Notes
References
Bournemouth Local Transport Plan 2006–2011
Bibliography
External links
Borough of Poole website
Seaside resorts in England
Towns in Dorset
Local government in Dorset
Unitary authority districts of England
Populated coastal places in Dorset
Local government districts of South West England
Unparished areas in Dorset
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Port cities and towns in South West England
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207464
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1827%20in%20literature
|
1827 in literature
|
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1827.
Events
January – Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin begins his Irish-language diary, later published as Cín Lae Amhlaoibh.
February – Thomas De Quincey's essay On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts is published in Blackwood's Magazine.
February 23 – Sir Walter Scott's authorship of the Waverley Novels is first publicly acknowledged at an Edinburgh Theatrical Fund dinner.
February 24 – Samuel Griswold Goodrich copyrights the first of the "Peter Parley" juvenile books in the United States, which will continue until 1860.
April 16 – Nathaniel Willis Senior begins publishing a new magazine for children, The Youth's Companion, in Boston, Massachusetts, weekly from June 6. One of the most enduring of its type, the magazine continues until 1929.
June – John Neal returns to the US after two and a half years in England.
September 4 – The Great Fire of Turku (the largest city in Finland at that time) destroys Finnish archives, including practically all material from Finland's Middle Ages. The library of the Royal Academy of Turku was also destroyed.
October 14 – Ludwig Tieck's Potsdam production of A Midsummer Night's Dream is the first to feature the incidental music composed by Felix Mendelssohn.
unknown dates
Thomas Skinner Sturr's anonymous Richmond, or stories in the life of a Bow Street officer, the earliest collection of detective stories, is published in London by Henry Colburn.
The Swedish theatre director Johan Peter Strömberg establishes what will become the Christiania Theatre in Norway.
John James Audubon begins publication of a 10-volume The Birds of America in the United Kingdom.
New books
Fiction
James Fenimore Cooper
The Prairie
The Red Rover
Benjamin Disraeli – Vivian Grey, vol. 2
Thomas Gaspey – Richmond
Émile de Girardin – Émile
Catherine Gore
The Lettre de Cachet
The Reign of Terror
Sarah Josepha Hale – Northwood: Life North and South (U.K. title: A New England Tale)
Wilhelm Hauff
Jud Süß
Phantasien im Bremer Ratskeller (The Wine-Ghosts of Bremen)
Christian Isobel Johnstone – Elizabeth de Bruce
Sir Thomas Dick Lauder – The Wolf of Badenoch
Jane Webb (anonymously) – The Mummy!: Or a Tale of the Twenty-Second Century
Alessandro Manzoni – I Promessi sposi (The Betrothed)
Sydney, Lady Morgan – The O'Briens and The O'Flaherties
Karoline Pichler – Die Schweden in Prag (The Swedes in Prague)
Sir Walter Scott – Chronicles of the Canongate
Catharine Maria Sedgwick – Hope Leslie
Horatio Smith – Reuben Aspley
Children
Agnes Strickland – The Juvenile Forget Me Not; Or, Cabinet of Entertainment and Instruction
Drama
John Baldwin Buckstone – Luke the Labourer
Christian Dietrich Grabbe – Herzog Theodor von Gotland
Richard Brinsley Peake – Comfortable Lodgings
Victor Hugo – Cromwell
Poetry
Fitz-Greene Halleck – Alnwick Castle, with Other Poems
Heinrich Heine – Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs)
John Keble – The Christian Year
Giacomo Leopardi – Operette Morali
Robert Pollok – The Course of Time
Edgar Allan Poe (as A Bostonian) – Tamerlane and Other Poems (his first poetry collection)
Alfred and Charles Tennyson – Poems by Two Brothers
Non-fiction
Elizabeth Beverley – Veluti in speculum (letters on church singing, theater management, elocution etc.)
Franz Bopp – Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der Sanskritsprache (Detailed System of the Sanskrit Language)
Encyclopædia Edinensis
Henry Hallam – The Constitutional History of England
William Macmichael – The Gold-Headed Cane
John Ayrton Paris – Philosophy in Sport made Science in Earnest: Being an Attempt to Implant in the Young Mind the First Principles of Natural Philosophy by the Aid of the Popular Toys and Sports of Youth
Lady Louisa Stuart – Memoir of Lady Mary Coke
Births
February 17 – Rose Terry Cooke, American author and poet (died 1892)
February 22 – Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, Bengali writer and philosopher (died 1894)
March 4 – Henrietta Keddie (Sarah Tytler), Scottish novelist and children's writer (died 1914)
March 25 – Edward Bradley, English novelist and cleric (died 1889)
April 10 – Mary Helen Peck Crane, American activist and writer (died 1891)
April 10 – Lew Wallace, American soldier, politician and novelist (died 1905)
April 16 – Octave Crémazie, pioneering French Canadian poet (died 1879)
June 12 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss children's author (died 1901)
September 13 – Catherine Winkworth, English translator and hymnist (died 1878)
September 18 – John Townsend Trowbridge, American author (died 1916)
probable – Margaret Eleanor Parker, English-born Scottish travel writer, social activist and social reformer (died 1896)
Deaths
February 18 – Joseph Heinrich Aloysius Gügler, Swiss philosopher and theologian (born 1782)
May 28 – William James, English naval historian (born 1780)
July 3 – David Davis (Castellhywel), Welsh minister and poet (born 1745)
July 22 – Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob, German economist (born 1759)
July 27 – Fredrique Eleonore Baptiste, Swedish-Finnish playwright
August 12 – William Blake, English poet and artist (born 1757)
September 15 – Robert Pollok, Scottish poet (born c. 1798)
October 10 – Ugo Foscolo, Greek-born Italian dramatist and poet (born 1778)
November – Alethea Lewis, English novelist (born 1749)
November 18 – Wilhelm Hauff, German poet and novelist (born 1802)
December 15 – Helen Maria Williams, English novelist, poet and translator from French (born 1759)
December 26 – Feliks Jarońskij, Polish philosopher (born 1777)
Awards
Newdigate Prize – Robert Stephen Hawker
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%20in%20literature
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1826 in literature
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1826.
Events
Early months – Aftermath of the Decembrist revolt in the Russian Empire. Michael Lunin, though not involved in the Decembrist conspiracy, is arrested and deported to Siberia, which allows him to begin his work as a philosopher. Adam Mickiewicz, deported from Congress Poland for his involvement with Filaret Association, is moved from Taurida Governorate to Moscow. Here, he publishes his Sonety krymskie (The Crimean Sonnets). Later in the year, he befriends Russian writers, including Yevgeny Baratynsky, Mikhail Pogodin, Alexander Pushkin, and the Lyubomudry. Pushkin, himself returning from political exile, still writes poems discreetly honoring the Decembrists. They include Stansy (Stanzas), as well as odes to Nikolay Mordvinov and Ivan Pushchin.
c. January – Japanese poet Kobayashi Issa, pained by his recent divorce, enters his final creative period with hokku expressing his solitude and, at times, nihilistic thoughts.
January 15 – The French newspaper Le Figaro begins publication in Paris. In this first edition, it is a satirical weekly, reflecting the preoccupation of its two founders, Maurice Alhoy and Étienne Arago.
January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh crashes, ruining Sir Walter Scott as a principal investor. He undertakes to repay his creditors from his writings, although his publisher Archibald Constable also fails. Distress caused by the events contributes to the illness afflicting Scott's wife, Lady Charlotte; she dies in May.
February 4 – In the Mexican Republic, lithographer Claudio Linati inaugurates El Iris, a "pocket sized" bi-weekly. It is in print until August 2, when its popularization of liberal ideas prompts the intervention of state censors; Linati leaves Mexico later in the year, probably for political reasons.
February 6
First printing of James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans. This is Cooper's first book under contract with Philadelphia publishers Mathew Carey and Isaac Lea, following Charles Wiley's near-bankruptcy and death. It endures as "the most popular novel of the 1820s."
Charles L. Force brings printing to the Colony of Liberia and, ten days later, founds the bi-weekly Liberia Herald. Force dies later this year, but his publication is revived in 1830 by John Brown Russwurm.
February 16 (O. S.: February 4) – Hungarian Serbs gather at Pest to set up Matica srpska, a cultural society dedicated to promoting the works of Serb writers. It sponsors Georgije Magarašević's Serbski Letopis, which remained "one of Europe's oldest, regularly published journals."
March – Aged eight, the future orator and memoirist Frederick Douglass is lent by his master to the Aulds of Fell's Point, Baltimore. He will remain their house servant, and later their regular slave, until 1838, when he escapes via the Underground Railroad.
April – Andrés Bello launches his London magazine Repertorio Americano, in which he publishes the final installment of his Las Silvas Americanas, known as Silva a la agricultura de la zona tórrida (Silva for Agriculture in the Torrid Zone). It is sometimes described as a final masterpiece of Neoclassicism in Latin American literature.
April 16 – Thomas Pringle, a founding figure of South African literature, embarks on his return trip to England. His stay in the Cape Colony leads him to join and publicize for the Anti-Slavery Society.
May 18 – At Buda, Habsburg Hungary, Wallachian intellectual Dinicu Golescu receives imprimatur for his Însemnare a călătoriei mele (Accounts of My Travels). This pioneering travelog covers extensive trips in Central and Western Europe, which Golescu had begun in 1824. The author documents his own "amazed 'discovery' of the West [and] acceptance of his country's admitted inferiority." As a "manifesto for the new culture" Însemnare promotes Wallachia's passage into the Age of Enlightenment. For the same purpose Golescu sponsors a school on his estate.
June – Despite having maintained links with the Decembrists, poet Alexander Griboyedov receives a "certificate of loyalism" from the Russian government.
July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five Decembrist leaders, including poet Kondraty Ryleyev, are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg. Pushkin's papers of the time include a drawing of five silhouettes on a scaffold, with the words: "Me too, I could be...".
August 19 – Louis Christophe François Hachette purchases the Brédif bookshop on rue Pierre-Sarrazin, Paris. This becomes the first asset owned by the Hachette publishing company.
September – The first issue of Lydia Maria Child's The Juvenile Miscellany, a magazine for children, is published in Boston. Becoming "so popular that children used to sit on their doorsteps waiting for the mail carrier to deliver it," it lasts until 1834.
October – Tyrone Power gets his break as a principal Irish character actor at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London.
October 17 – Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh marry in Templand.
November
Hungarian philologist Sándor Kőrösi Csoma ends his stay at Teta, on the outskirts of Phugtal Monastery in Ladakh.
The London Missionary Society sets up the first printing press in Madagascar (Merina Kingdom). It survives to 1836, being ultimately shut down for political reasons.
December – At Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Henry Schoolcraft sets up a review called Literary Voyager, or Muzzeniegan. It includes poems and stories by his part-Ojibwe wife, Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, who thus becomes one of the first Native American literary professionals.
December 5 (O. S.: November 23) – From his boarding school in Nezhin, Chernigov Governorate, Nikolai Gogol writes home to his mother, describing a "radical new change" in his poetic style. Only two pieces he wrote during this period have survived for posterity.
c. December 25 – Edgar Allan Poe is forced to renounce his studies at the University of Virginia when his foster parent John Allan refuses to pay for his tuition.
unknown dates
Almeida Garrett issues the poetry anthology Parnaso lusitano (Lusitanian Parnassus), which is both a milestone of Romanticism in Lusophone countries and a cause for debates regarding the emergence of a distinct Brazilian literature. The latter issue is also explored by French historian Jean-Ferdinand Denis, who includes an epilogue on "Brazil's literary history" to his Portuguese literature tract.
Robert Morrison, missionary and Bible translator, returns from Malacca to England "with 10,000 Chinese books."
Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, who puts out the Mélanges Asiatiques collection, publishes his translation of a Chinese classic: Iu-Kiao-Li, ou Les Deux Cousines.
Francesco Vella puts out a translation of Francesco Soave's Trattato elementare dei doveri dell'uomo (Trattat fuk l'Oblighi tal-Bniedem tal-Patri F. Soave), as a textbook for Gozo College Boys' Secondary School. It is one of the first prose works published in the Maltese language.
New books
Fiction
Jicontencal. A Spanish Novel on the Conquest of Mexico
Selina Bunbury – The Pastor's Tales
François-René de Chateaubriand – Les Natchez (published)
James Fenimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans
Benjamin Disraeli (anonymously) – Vivian Grey
Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff – Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts (Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing)
William Nugent Glascock – The Naval Sketch Book, or The Service Afloat and Ashore
Catherine Gore – The Broken Heart
Ann Hatton – Deeds of the Olden Time
Wilhelm Hauff
Die Bettlerin vom Pont des Arts (The True Lover's Fortune; or, the Beggar of the Pont des Arts)
Lichtenstein
Märchen almanach auf das Jahr 1826 (Fairytale Almanac)
Mitteilungen aus den Memoiren des Satan (Memoirs of Beelzebub, first part)
Victor Hugo – Bug-Jargal
Bernhard Severin Ingemann – Valdemar Seier: En historisk Roman (Valdemar the Victorious: An Historical Romance)
Anna Maria Porter – Honor O'Hara
Jane Porter and Anna Maria Porter – Tales Round a Winter Hearth
Ann Radcliffe – Gaston de Blondeville
Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat – Iu-Kiao-Li, ou Les Deux Cousines (translation of Iu-Kiao-Li)
Sir Walter Scott (anonymously) – Woodstock
Mary Shelley (anonymously) – The Last Man
Horace (Horatio) Smith – Brambleyte House, or, Cavaliers and Roundheads
Alfred de Vigny – Cinq-Mars
Children and young people
Wilhelm Hauff – Märchen Almanach auf das Jahr 1826 (Almanac of Fairy Tales from the Year 1826)
Rosalia St. Clair – Obstinacy
Agnes Strickland
The Rival Crusoes, or, The Shipwreck
A Voyage to Norway
The Fisherman's Cottage: Founded on Facts
The Young Emigrant
Drama
Joanna Baillie – Martyr
Timotei Cipariu – Ecloga pastorală (Pastoral Eclogue)
Václav Kliment Klicpera – Veselohra na moste (The Comedy on the Bridge)
Mary Russell Mitford – Foscari
Joseph Isidore Samson – La Belle-Mère et le gendre
Eugène Scribe – Bertrand et Suzette; ou Le Mariage de raison (The Marriage of Reason)
Poetry
Almeida Garrett (editor) – Parnaso lusitano (Lusitanian Parnassus)
Yevgeny Baratynsky – "Eda"
Andrés Bello – Silva a la agricultura de la zona tórrida (Silva for Agriculture in the Torrid Zone)
Alfred de Vigny – Poèmes antiques et modernes (Poems Ancient and Modern)
Ivan Gundulić – Osman (posthumous)
Heinrich Heine – Die Harzreise (The Harz Journey)
Felicia Dorothea Hemans – "Casabianca"
Robert Hetrick – Poems and Songs of Robert Hetrick
Andreas Kalvos – Odes nouvelles (New Odes)
Letitia Elizabeth Landon – "Erinna"
William Leggett – Journals of the Ocean
Adam Mickiewicz – Sonety krymskie (The Crimean Sonnets)
Alexander Pushkin
I. I. Pushchinu (To I. I. Pushchin)
Morvinovu (To Mordvin)
Stansy (Stanzas)
Charles Tompson – Wild Notes, from the Lyre of a Native Minstrel
Samuel Woodworth – "The Hunters of Kentucky"
Non-fiction
Burke's Landed Gentry
Ioan Alexi – Grammatica dacoromana sive valachica (Dacoromanian or Wallachian Grammar)
Elias Boudinot – "An Address to the Whites"
Giacomo Casanova – Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life, posthumous; first authentic edition)
Victor Collot – Voyage dans l'Amérique Septentrionale (A Journey in North America, posthumous)
Jean-Ferdinand Denis – Résumé de l'histoire littéraire du Portugal, suivi du résumé de l'histoire littéraire du Brésil (A Review of Portugal's Literary History, Followed by a Review of Brazil's Literary History)
William Erskine – Memoirs of Babar (translation of Baburnama)
Dinicu Golescu – Însemnare a călătoriei mele (Accounts of My Travel)
Wilhelm Hauff – (Polemical Sermon on H. Clauren)
William Hazlitt – "Of Persons One Would Wish to Have Seen"
Dietrich Georg von Kieser – (System of Tellurism or Animal Magnetism)
Ferenc Kölcsey – Mohács
Robert Morrison – A Parting Memorial, consisting of Miscellaneous Discources
Abigail Mott – Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons of Color
Josiah Priest – The Wonders of Nature
Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová – Domácí kuchařka (A Household Cookery Book)
Pavel Jozef Šafárik – Geschichte der slawischen Sprache und Literatur nach allen Mundarten (History of Slavic Language and Literature in All Vernaculars)
Dovber Schneuri – Toras Chaim
David Strauss, translated by George Eliot – The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
Francesco Vella – Trattat fuk l'Oblighi tal-Bniedem tal-Patri F. Soave (Treaty on the Duties of Man by Father F. Soave)
Births
January–March
January 3 – John White, English-born New Zealand historian and ethnographer (died 1891)
January 5
Helen Louisa Bostwick Bird, American poet and journalist (died 1907)
Morten Eskesen, Danish folklorist and editor (died 1913)
January 6 – Adolf Kirchhoff, German historian and philologist (died 1908)
January 8
J. R. Black, Scottish journalist and publisher (died 1880)
Gabriele Dara, Italian and Albanian poet and journalist (died 1885)
January 14 – Ivan Naumovich, Galician essayist and polemicist (died 1891)
January 17
Adelaïde Ehrnrooth, Finnish novelist, poet and essayist (died 1905)
Wilhelm Lübke, German art historian (died 1893)
January 19 – Gustav Hertzberg, German historian and translator (died 1907)
January 20 – William Bonaparte-Wyse, Irish poet (died 1892)
January 22 – Friedrich Ueberweg, German philosopher and historian (died 1871)
January 23 – Edward Byles Cowell, English philologist and translator (died 1903)
January 24
Ditmar Meidell, Norwegian journalist and editor (died 1900)
William Gifford Palgrave, English scholar and essayist (died 1888)
January 27
Eliza Allen, American memoirist (year of death unknown)
(O.S.: January 15) – Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, Russian satirist, novelist and editor (died 1889)
February 3 – Walter Bagehot, English essayist and journalist (died 1877)
February 6 – Charles Barbier de Meynard, French historian (died 1908)
February 9
Samuel Bowles, American journalist and travel writer (died 1878)
József Borovnyák, Slovenian-Hungarian translator and Catholic theologian (died 1909)
February 10 – Ernest de Bouteiller, French historian and politician (died 1883)
February 12 – Prince George of Prussia, German general, poet and playwright (died 1902)
February 14
George Kingsley, English travel writer, journalist and librarian (died 1892)
Ignacy Żagiell, Polish travel writer (died 1891)
February 15 – Thomas Butler Gunn, English illustrator and journalist (died 1904)
February 16 – Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, German poet and novelist (died 1886)
February 19 – Matija Mesić, Croatian historian (died 1878)
February 21 – Lois Waisbrooker, American essayist and publisher (died 1909)
February 24 – Adolphe Bitard, French biographer and magazine editor (died 1888)
February 26 – Oswald Ottendorfer, Moravian-born American journalist (died 1900)
February 27
Manuel Antonio Matta, Chilean politician, journalist and editor (died 1892)
Samuel Timmins, English literary historian and librarian (died 1902)
Louise Westergaard, Danish journalist and translator (died 1880)
February 28 – Pamfil Yurkevich, Ukrainian-Russian philosopher (died 1874)
March 1 (O.S.: February 17) – Nicolae Popea, Romanian-Hungarian historian (died 1908)
March 4
August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein, German-Russian philologist, historian and newspaper editor (died 1907)
Elme Marie Caro, French philosopher and journalist (died 1887)
March 15 – Adolphe Joseph Carcassonne, French poet and playwright (died 1891)
March 19 – Stanislas d'Escayrac de Lauture, French travel writer and linguist (died 1868)
March 20
Ruggero Bonghi, Italian journalist, historian and polemicist (died 1895)
Carel Vosmaer, Dutch poet and art critic (died 1888)
March 22 – Lewys Glyn Dyfi, Welsh-born American poet and journalist (died 1891)
March 24 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American journalist and editor (died 1898)
March 27 – Johannes Overbeck, German historian (died 1895)
April–June
c. April – Lady Strangford, English travel writer, editor and illustrator (died 1887)
April 1
Paride Suzzara Verdi, Italian revolutionary and journalist (died 1879)
Lady Dorothy Nevill, English memoirist (died 1913)
April 10
Mustafa Celalettin Pasha, Polish-born Ottoman soldier and essayist (died 1876)
Pamelia Sarah Vining, American-born Canadian poet and novelist (died 1897)
April 17 – Vojtěch Náprstek, Czech journalist, lecturer and book collector (died 1894)
April 19 – Franciszek Kostrzewski, Polish illustrator (died 1911)
April 20 – Dinah Craik, née Mulock, English novelist and poet (died 1887)
April 21 – William Hearn, Irish essayist and legal scholar (died 1888)
April 26 – Eduardo Asquerino, Spanish journalist, poet and playwright (died 1881)
April 28
William Brough, English playwright (died 1870)
Frances Irene Burge Griswold, American poet and short story writer (died 1900)
April 29 – Alfred B. Meacham, American playwright, polemicist and historian (died 1882)
April 30 – Julius von Ficker, Prussian-born Austrian historian (died 1902)
May 9 – Gregorio Gutiérrez González, Colombian poet (died 1872)
May 10 – Henrik Krohn, Norwegian poet, journalist and language reformer (died 1879)
May 12 – Alexander Roberts, Scottish philologist and historian (died 1901)
May 13 – Clara Andersen, Danish playwright and novelist (died 1895)
May 15 – Henri Mouhot, French ethnographer and travel writer (died 1861)
May 22
Denys Corbet, Guernsey poet (died 1909)
Kostandin Kristoforidhi, Ottoman-Albanian translator and essayist (died 1895)
Christopher Columbus Langdell, American legal scholar (died 1906)
May 23
Adile Sultan, Ottoman poet (died 1899)
Frances Fuller Victor, American historian and novelist (died 1902)
May 25 – Ralph T. H. Griffith, English philologist and translator (died 1906)
May 26 – Edgar Alfred Bowring, English translator and essayist (died 1911)
May 31 – Gustav Brühl, American poet and journalist (died 1903)
June – Thomas Gardiner, Scottish-born American newspaper publisher (died 1899)
June 1 – Kornélia Prielle, Hungarian actress (died 1906)
June 2 – Richard Holt Hutton, English essayist and journalist (died 1897)
June 5 – Nathaniel Bryceson, English clerk and diarist (died 1911)
June 10 – Bogoboj Atanacković, Serbian-Hungarian novelist and critic (died 1858)
June 15
Bill Arp, American humorist (died 1903)
Luigi Ferri, Italian philosopher (died 1895)
June 18 – Cäsar Rüstow, German military writer (died 1866)
June 21 – Angelo Zottoli, Italian translator and literary historian (died 1902)
June 25 – Émile Acollas, French legal scholar (died 1891)
June 26 – Adolf Bastian, German polymath (died 1905)
June 29 – Charles Ernest Beulé, French historian (died 1874)
July–September
July 1 – Hana Catherine Mullens, Bengali novelist and translator (died 1861)
July 2 – Ernest Hamel, French poet, historian and journalist (died 1898)
July 3 – Rudolf Westphal, German historian and philologist (died 1892)
July 4 – John Morris, English historian and Catholic theologian (died 1893)
Amédée Guillemin, French science writer and journalist (died 1893)
July 8
Friedrich Chrysander, German music historian and critic (died 1901)
Laurindo Rabelo, Brazilian poet (died 1864)
July 12 – William Kirkpatrick Riland Bedford, English historian (died 1905)
July 15 – Emily C. Blackman, American historian and journalist (died 1907)
July 20 – Laura Keene, English actress (died 1873)
July 23 (O.S.: July 11) – Alexander Afanasyev, Russian journalist and folklorist (died 1871)
July 30 – Herbert William Fisher, English historian (died 1903)
August 5
Andreas Aagesen, Danish legal scholar (died 1879)
İbrahim Şinasi, Ottoman journalist and playwright (died 1871)
August 7 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish poet and philologist (died 1889)
August 12
Nikolai Albertini, Russian journalist (died 1890)
Henry Clay Brockmeyer, German-born American poet, novelist, playwright and philosopher (died 1906)
Lucy Ellen Guernsey, American novelist (died 1899)
August 14 – Eusebio Lillo, Chilean poet and journalist (died 1910)
August 28 – Mikhail Stasyulevich, Russian historian and publisher (died 1911)
August 31 – Emma Bedelia Dunham, American poet (died 1910)
September 1 – Herbert Haines, English historian and Anglican theologian (died 1872)
September 4 – Karl Blind, German-born revolutionary, historian and essayist (died 1907)
September 6 – Leopold Ullstein, German newspaper publisher (died 1899)
September 7 – Rajnarayan Basu, Bengali journalist, historian and Brahmoist theologian (died 1899)
September 8 – Addison Peale Russell, American essayist (died 1912)
September 10 – Fernand Desnoyers, French poet, critic and folklorist (died 1869)
September 13 – Leonard Kip, American novelist and travel writer (died 1906)
September 14 – Ljubomir Nenadović, Serbian poet and historian (died 1895)
September 17 – Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, Canadian journalist (died 1866)
October–December
October 8 – Luka Svetec, Slovene-Austrian poet and philologist (died 1921)
October 9 – Agathon Meurman, Finnish journalist and lexicographer (died 1909)
October 19
Manuel Joël, German historian, philosopher and Jewish theologian (died 1890)
Athénaïs Michelet, French science writer and memoirist (died 1899)
October 22 – Pietro Amat di San Filippo, Italian historian (died 1895)
October 23 – Charles-Honoré Laverdière, Canadian historian and editor (died 1873)
October 25 – Frank Key Howard, American journalist and memoirist (died 1872)
October 26 – Dimitri Bakradze, Georgian-Russian historian (died 1890)
October 27 – Marie von Olfers, German short story writer and illustrator (died 1924)
November – Emily Verdery Battey, American journalist (died 1912)
November 2 – William Haines Lytle, American soldier and poet (died 1863)
November 4
Charles Hamilton Aide, French-born English novelist, poet and playwright (died 1906)
Emmanuel Domenech, French travel writer, folklorist and historian (died 1903)
November 8 – Gualtherus Johannes Cornelis Kolff, Dutch East Indian publisher (died 1881)
November 12 – Alejandro Tapia y Rivera, Puerto Rican poet, playwright, essayist and literary historian (died 1882)
November 13 – Jovan Đorđević, Serbian poet, playwright and editor (died 1900)
November 14 – Heinrich Lang, German Reformed theologian and editor (died 1876)
November 19 – Alfred Mézières, French journalist and historian (died 1915)
c. November 23 – T. E. Kebbel, English journalist (died 1917)
November 24
Carlo Collodi, Italian children's author, satirist and newspaper editor (died 1890)
Coates Kinney, American journalist and poet (died 1904)
November 27
Robert Hugh Miller, American journalist and editor (died 1911)
António Augusto Soares de Passos, Portuguese poet (died 1860)
December 6 – Albert Harrison Hoyt, English historian and editor (died 1915)
December 10 – Franz Susemihl, German philologist and literary historian (died 1901)
December 17 – Amédée de Jallais, French playwright and librettist (died 1909)
December 18 – Alexandre Chatrian, French playwright and journalist (died 1890)
December 22 – U. V. Koren, Norwegian-born American Lutheran theologian (died 1910)
December 23 – William Blanchard Jerrold, English journalist and biographer (died 1884)
December 26 – Valerian Kalinka, Polish historian and editor (died 1886)
December 28
Conrad Busken Huet, Dutch pastor, journalist and literary critic (died 1886)
Vladimir Stoyunin, Russian essayist, literary historian and journalist (died 1888)
December 30 – Philippe Baby Casgrain, Canadian historian (died 1917)
Unknown dates
David ben Shimon, Moroccan Jewish theologian (died 1879)
Thomas Chenery, Barbadian-born English scholar and editor (died 1884)
Wali Dewane, Kurdish-Ottoman poet (died 1881)
Liautaud Ethéart, Haitian playwright and essayist (died 1888)
Henry George Keene, English and Indian historian (died 1915)
Mary Eva Kelly, Irish-born Australian poet (died 1910)
Manol Lazarov, Bulgarian essayist and poet (died 1881)
Bedros Magakyan, Ottoman-Armenian actor and theater director (died 1891)
Frank Marryat, English memoirist and travel writer (died 1855)
Augustus Mayhew, English journalist, humorist and theatrical producer (died 1875)
Mishkín-Qalam, Persian calligrapher and Bahá'í mystic (died 1912)
Tasos Neroutsos, Greek-born historian and language reformer (died 1892)
John Sands, Scottish journalist, humorist and travel writer (died 1900)
M. A. Sherring, English ethnologist and historian (died 1880)
Eliza Sproat Turner, American journalist and publisher (died 1903)
Fyodor Stellovsky, Russian publisher and editor (died 1875)
Adèle Toussaint-Samson, French travel writer (died 1911)
Probable year of birth – Selim Aga, Sudanese-Liberian autobiographer and poet (died 1875)
Deaths
January–June
c. January – Alecu Beldiman, Moldavian poet-chronicler and translator (born 1760)
January 3 – Nikolay Rumyantsev, Russian politician and scholar (born 1754)
January 5 – William C. Somerville, American diplomat and historian (born 1790)
January 6 – John Farey Sr., English polymath (born 1766)
January 16 – John Rudolph Sutermeister, Curaçao-born American poet (born 1803)
January 20 – Stanisław Staszic, Polish polymath (stroke, born 1755)
January 24 – Yousab El Abah, Egyptian Coptic theologian (born 1735)
January 31 – Étienne-François de Lantier, French poet and playwright (born 1734)
February 17 – Johann Philipp Gabler, German Protestant theologian (born 1753)
February 3 – Joseph Servières, French playwright (born 1781)
February 20 – Avram Mrazović, Serbian-Austrian translator and textbook writer (born 1756)
March 5 – Charles Paul Landon, French painter and art historian (born 1760)
March 16 – Johann Severin Vater, German theologian and philologist (born 1771)
March 24 – Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, Danish music historian and biographer (born 1761)
March 29 – Johann Heinrich Voss, German poet and translator (born 1751)
April 3 – Reginald Heber, English poet, bishop and travel writer (born 1783)
April 13 – Pierre-François-Joseph Robert, French journalist, jurist and politician (born 1763)
April 20 – Waller Rodwell Wright, English diplomat and poet (born 1775)
April 25 – William Smith Shaw, American librarian (born 1778)
April 27
Elazar Fleckeles, Moravian Jewish Orthodox theologian (born 1754)
Charles Symmons, Welsh poet, playwright and Anglican theologian (born 1749)
May 2 – Antoni Malczewski, Polish poet (born 1793)
May 17 – August Adolph von Hennings, German and Danish essayist and historian (born 1746)
May 19 – Jean Skipwith, American book collector (born c. 1747)
June 3
(O.S.: May 22) – Nikolay Karamzin, Russian poet and historian (born 1766)
William Hamilton Reid, English poet, editor and polemicist (year of birth unknown)
June 9
Johann Kaspar Friedrich Manso, German historian and philologist (born 1760)
Jedidiah Morse, American geographer and textbook writer (born 1761)
June 19 – Elsa Fougt, Swedish editor and publisher (born 1744)
June 26 – Johanna Elisabeth Swaving, Dutch newspaper editor, publisher and actress (born 1754)
June 23 – John Taylor, English poet and songwriter (born 1750)
June 27
Shaykh Ahmad, Arab Shia theologian (born 1753)
Mary Leadbeater, Irish poet and diarist (born 1758)
July–December
July 4 – Thomas Jefferson, American philosopher and politician (born 1743)
July 5
Stamford Raffles, British colonial administrator and historian (stroke, born 1781)
Karl Friedrich Stäudlin, German Protestant theologian (born 1761)
Jane Watts, Scottish painter and travel writer (born 1793)
July 20 – Gamaliel Smethurst, Nova Scotian memoirist (born 1738)
July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (hanged, born 1795)
August 10
Vasily Lyovshin, Russian novelist and essayist (born 1746)
August Schumann, German bookseller and publisher (born 1773)
August 26 – Royall Tyler, American playwright, poet and essayist (cancer, born 1757)
August 31 – John Raithby, English legal scholar and editor (born 1766)
September 22 – Johann Peter Hebel, German short story writer and poet (born 1760)
Before October – Elizabeth Meeke, English popular novelist (born 1761)
October 3
Jens Baggesen, Danish poet and satirist (born 1764)
Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, Belarusian Catholic bishop and historian (born 1731)
October 9 (bur.) – John Williams, Welsh schoolmaster and manuscript collector (born 1760)
October 19 – François-Joseph Talma, French actor (born 1763)
November 1 – William Barnes Rhodes, English poet, translator and book collector (born 1772)
November 26 – John Nichols, English antiquary and printer (born 1745)
December – William Glen, Scottish poet (born 1789)
December 16 – Siegfried August Mahlmann, German poet and editor (born 1771)
December 18 – Iolo Morganwg, Welsh poet and literary forger (born 1747)
December 22
John Haywood, American historian (born 1762)
Michael Massey Robinson, Australian poet (born 1744)
December 28 – Schack von Staffeldt, Danish poet (born 1769)
December 31 – William Gifford, English satirist and editor (born 1756)
Unknown dates
Jacob ben Abraham Kahana, Lithuanian Jewish theologian (year of birth unknown)
Menachem Mendel Lefin, Podolian Jewish theologian, translator and essayist (born 1749)
Caroline Lewenhaupt, Swedish courtier and poet (born 1754)
Mustafa Râkim, Ottoman calligrapher (born 1757)
Léonard Tousez, French actor and playwright (born 1788)
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824%20in%20literature
|
1824 in literature
|
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1824.
Events
January – The British periodicals The Children's Friend and The Child's Companion both publish their first issues.
January 24 – The first issue of a radical quarterly founded by Jeremy Bentham, The Westminster Review, is published in London.
February 9 – Because of dire family financial straits, Charles Dickens, just turned 12, begins work in a blacking factory in London. On February 23 his father, John Dickens, is committed to the Marshalsea prison as a debtor.
February 15 – Lord Byron falls ill at Missolonghi while taking part in the Greek War of Independence. He dies of fever on April 19.
April – The United States Literary Gazette, a semi-monthly, begins publication. It publishes poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and William Cullen Bryant, among many others.
May — "Sketches of the Five American Presidents, and of the Five Presidential Candidates, From the Memoranda of a Traveler," by John Neal, the first work by an American author published in a British literary journal.
May 7 – The première of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (the "Choral") is played at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna. It incorporates a setting of Schiller's "Ode to Joy" (Ode an die Freude, 1785).
May 17 – The publisher John Murray and with five of Lord Byron's friends and executors, decide to destroy the manuscript of Byron's memoirs (which he has been given to publish), because of scandalous details that would damage Byron's reputation. Opposed only by Thomas Moore, the two volumes of memoirs are dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at the John Murray (publisher)'s office, 50 Albemarle Street in London.
June 21 – The Vagrancy Act in England provides for the prosecution of "every Person wilfully exposing to view, in any Street... or public Place, any obscene Print, Picture, or other indecent Exhibition".
unknown date – Julia Catherine Beckwith's St. Ursula's Convent or, The Nun of Canada; Containing Scenes from Real Life becomes the first novel published in Canada by a native-born Canadian (anonymously).
New books
Fiction
William Cardell – The Story of Jack Halyard, the Sailor Boy
Mary Charlton – The Homicide
Lydia Maria Child – Hobomok
James Fenimore Cooper (anonymously) – The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea (published January, dated 1823)
Susan Ferrier – The Inheritance
Catherine Gore – Theresa Marchment, or The Maid of Honour
James Hogg (anonymously) – The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
Washington Irving (as Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.) – Tales of a Traveller
Charles Maturin – The Albigenses
Mary Russell Mitford – Our Village
James Justinian Morier – Hajji Baba of Ispahan
Regina Marie Roche – The Tradition of the Castle
Susanna Rowson – Charlotte's Daughter
Sir Walter Scott (anonymously) – Redgauntlet
Catharine Maria Sedgwick – Redwood
Louisa Stanhope – The Siege of Kenilworth
Children
William Cardell – The Story of Jack Halyard, the Sailor Boy
Agnes Strickland
The Aviary; Or, An Agreeable Visit. Intended for Children
The Use of Sight: Or, I Wish I Were Julia
The Little Tradesman, or, A Peep into English Industry
Drama
Manuel Bretón de los Herreros – Á la vejez viruelas (In Old Age, Chickenpox)
Poetry
Thomas Campbell – Theodric; a domestic tale; and other poems
Letitia Elizabeth Landon – The Improvisatrice, and Other Poems
Giacomo Leopardi – Canzoni and Versi
Alfred de Vigny – Éloa, ou La sœur des anges
Non-fiction
Louisa Gurney Hoare – Friendly Advice on the Management and Education of Children, Addressed to Parents of the Middle and Labouring Classes of Society
Births
January 7 – Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist (died 1877)
January 8 – Wilkie Collins, English mystery novelist (died 1889)
January 15 – Anna Mary Howitt, English writer, painter and feminist (died 1884)
January 26 – Katharine Sarah Macquoid, English novelist and travel writer (died 1917)
March 5 – Lucy Larcom, American author, teacher, and poet (died 1893)
March 19 – George Murray Smith, English publisher, founder of the Dictionary of National Biography (died 1901)
April 27 – Edward Bruce Hamley, English military writer, general and politician (died 1893)
May 19 – William Allingham, Irish poet (died 1889)
June 20 – Rowena Granice Steele, American journalist, author, editor, publisher, and performer (died 1901)
July 11 – Mary Charlotte Ward Granniss Webster Billings, American writer, activist, hymn writer, evangelist, and missionary (died 1904)
July 27 – Alexandre Dumas, fils, French novelist (died 1895)
September 15 – A. D. T. Whitney, American poet and girls' writer (died 1906)
October 18 – Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, Spanish realist novelist (died 1905)
November 8 – Annie Chambers Ketchum (religious name, Sister Amabilis), American author, educator, and lecturer (died 1904)
December 10 – George MacDonald, Scottish author, poet and Christian minister (died 1905)
Deaths
January 28 – John Larpent, English theatre censor (born 1741)
March 2 – Susanna Rowson, American novelist, poet and playwright (born 1762)
April 13 – Jane Taylor, English poet and novelist (born 1783)
April 19 – Lord Byron, English Romantic poet (born 1788)
September 23 – John Cartwright, English political reformer (born 1740)
October 30 – Charles Maturin, Irish playwright, novelist and cleric (born 1782)
November 23 – Matthäus Casimir von Collin, Austrian poet and dramatist (born 1779)
Awards
March – Samuel Taylor Coleridge elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
Chancellor's Gold Medal – Winthrop Mackworth Praed
Newdigate Prize – John Thomas Hope
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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207472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium%20access%20control
|
Medium access control
|
In IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards, the medium access control (MAC, also called media access control) sublayer is the layer that controls the hardware responsible for interaction with the wired, optical or wireless transmission medium. The MAC sublayer and the logical link control (LLC) sublayer together make up the data link layer. Within the data link layer, the LLC provides flow control and multiplexing for the logical link (i.e. EtherType, 802.1Q VLAN tag etc), while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium.
These two sublayers together correspond to layer 2 of the OSI model. For compatibility reasons, LLC is optional for implementations of IEEE 802.3 (the frames are then "raw"), but compulsory for implementations of other IEEE 802 physical layer standards. Within the hierarchy of the OSI model and IEEE 802 standards, the MAC sublayer provides a control abstraction of the physical layer such that the complexities of physical link control are invisible to the LLC and upper layers of the network stack. Thus any LLC sublayer (and higher layers) may be used with any MAC. In turn, the medium access control block is formally connected to the PHY via a media-independent interface. Although the MAC block is today typically integrated with the PHY within the same device package, historically any MAC could be used with any PHY, independent of the transmission medium.
When sending data to another device on the network, the MAC sublayer encapsulates higher-level frames into frames appropriate for the transmission medium (i.e. the MAC adds a syncword preamble and also padding if necessary), adds a frame check sequence to identify transmission errors, and then forwards the data to the physical layer as soon as the appropriate channel access method permits it. For topologies with a collision domain (bus, ring, mesh, point-to-multipoint topologies), controlling when data is sent and when to wait is necessary to avoid collisions. Additionally, the MAC is also responsible for compensating for collisions by initiating retransmission if a jam signal is detected. When receiving data from the physical layer, the MAC block ensures data integrity by verifying the sender's frame check sequences, and strips off the sender's preamble and padding before passing the data up to the higher layers.
Functions performed in the MAC sublayer
According to IEEE Std 802-2001 section 6.2.3 "MAC sublayer", the primary functions performed by the MAC layer are:
Frame delimiting and recognition
Addressing of destination stations (both as individual stations and as groups of stations)
Conveyance of source-station addressing information
Transparent data transfer of LLC PDUs, or of equivalent information in the Ethernet sublayer
Protection against errors, generally by means of generating and checking frame check sequences
Control of access to the physical transmission medium
In the case of Ethernet, the functions required of a MAC are:
receive/transmit normal frames
half-duplex retransmission and backoff functions
append/check FCS (frame check sequence)
interframe gap enforcement
discard malformed frames
prepend(tx)/remove(rx) preamble, SFD (start frame delimiter), and padding
half-duplex compatibility: append(tx)/remove(rx) MAC address
Addressing mechanism
The local network addresses used in IEEE 802 networks and FDDI networks are called media access control addresses; they are based on the addressing scheme that was used in early Ethernet implementations. A MAC address is intended as a unique serial number. MAC addresses are typically assigned to network interface hardware at the time of manufacture. The most significant part of the address identifies the manufacturer, who assigns the remainder of the address, thus provide a potentially unique address. This makes it possible for frames to be delivered on a network link that interconnects hosts by some combination of repeaters, hubs, bridges and switches, but not by network layer routers. Thus, for example, when an IP packet reaches its destination (sub)network, the destination IP address (a layer 3 or network layer concept) is resolved with the Address Resolution Protocol for IPv4, or by Neighbor Discovery Protocol (IPv6) into the MAC address (a layer 2 concept) of the destination host.
Examples of physical networks are Ethernet networks and Wi-Fi networks, both of which are IEEE 802 networks and use IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses.
A MAC layer is not required in full-duplex point-to-point communication, but address fields are included in some point-to-point protocols for compatibility reasons.
Channel access control mechanism
The channel access control mechanisms provided by the MAC layer are also known as a multiple access method. This makes it possible for several stations connected to the same physical medium to share it. Examples of shared physical media are bus networks, ring networks, hub networks, wireless networks and half-duplex point-to-point links. The multiple access method may detect or avoid data packet collisions if a packet mode contention based channel access method is used, or reserve resources to establish a logical channel if a circuit-switched or channelization-based channel access method is used. The channel access control mechanism relies on a physical layer multiplex scheme.
The most widespread multiple access method is the contention-based CSMA/CD used in Ethernet networks. This mechanism is only utilized within a network collision domain, for example an Ethernet bus network or a hub-based star topology network. An Ethernet network may be divided into several collision domains, interconnected by bridges and switches.
A multiple access method is not required in a switched full-duplex network, such as today's switched Ethernet networks, but is often available in the equipment for compatibility reasons.
Channel access control mechanism for concurrent transmission
Use of directional antennas and millimeter-wave communication in a wireless personal area network increases the probability of concurrent scheduling of non‐interfering transmissions in a localized area, which results in an immense increase in network throughput. However, the optimum scheduling of concurrent transmission is an NP-hard problem.
Cellular networks
Cellular networks, such as GSM, UMTS or LTE networks, also use a MAC layer. The MAC protocol in cellular networks is designed to maximize the utilization of the expensive licensed spectrum. The air interface of a cellular network is at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model; at layer 2, it is divided into multiple protocol layers. In UMTS and LTE, those protocols are the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), the Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol, and the MAC protocol. The base station has absolute control over the air interface and schedules the downlink access as well as the uplink access of all devices. The MAC protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.321 for UMTS, TS 36.321 for LTE and TS 38.321 for 5G.
See also
List of channel access methods
Isochronous media access controller
MAC-Forced Forwarding
MACsec (IEEE 802.1AE)
References
Link protocols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1823%20in%20literature
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1823 in literature
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1823.
Events
February 7 – The Bannatyne Club is inaugurated by Sir Walter Scott and others as a text publication society to print by subscription rare texts on the history, literature and traditions of Scotland.
October – Thomas De Quincey's classic essay "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" appears in this month's issue of The London Magazine.
May 23 – Russian writer Alexander Pushkin begins work on his verse novel Eugene Onegin.
December – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, suffering from opium addiction, moves to No. 3, The Grove, Highgate, a house owned by Dr James Gillman.
December 15 – John Neal sails for England where he became the first American author published in British literary journals.
December 23 – Clement Clarke Moore's poem, A Visit from St. Nicholas is published anonymously in the Troy, New York, Sentinel, and introduces the eponym "Santa Claus".
Unknown dates
Discovery of the 1603 First Quarto edition of William Shakespeare's Hamlet (a so-called "bad quarto"), by Sir Henry Bunbury, causes scholarly excitement.
London actor Edmund Kean reinstates in performance the original, tragic ending of Shakespeare's play King Lear, not generally used since 1681, although it is not well received.
The London publisher C. Baldwyn brings out the first English translation of Grimms' Fairy Tales as German Popular Stories. Translated from the Kinder und Haus Märchen collected by MM. Grimm from Oral Tradition. The anonymous translations were made by two lawyers, Edgar Taylor and David Jardine, and the illustrations by George Cruikshank, who is beginning to focus on this medium.
New books
Fiction
Willibald Alexis – Walladmor
James Fenimore Cooper – The Pioneers
Claire de Duras – Ourika
John Galt
The Entail, or The Lairds of Grippy
The Gathering of the West
Ringan Gilhaize, or The Covenanters
The Spaewife: a tale of the Scottish chronicles
Thomas Gaspey – Monks of Leadenhead
Sarah Green – The Nieces
Jane Harvey – Mountalyth
William Hazlitt – Liber Amoris
Victor Hugo – Han d'Islande
Grace Kennedy – Father Clement
Caroline Lamb – Ada Reis
John Gibson Lockhart – Reginald Dalton
Mary Meeke – What Shall Be, Shall Be
John Neal
Logan, a Family History (London edition)
Seventy-Six
Randolph, A Novel
Errata; or, the Works of Will. Adams
James Kirke Paulding – Koningsmarke, the Long Finne
Sir Walter Scott (anonymously)
Peveril of the Peak
Quentin Durward
St. Ronan's Well
Mary Shelley – Valperga
John Wilson – The Trials of Margaret Lyndsay
Children and young people
Mrs Markham (Elizabeth Penrose) – A History of England from the First Invasion by the Romans to the End of the Reign of George III
Drama
Aleksander Griboyedov – Woe from Wit («Горе от ума», written)
Franz Grillparzer – König Ottokars Glück und Ende (The Fortune and Fall of King Ottokar, published)
Mary Russell Mitford – Julian: a tragedy
Richard Brinsley Peake – Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein
Eugène Scribe
L'Héritière (The Heiress, for the Théâtre du Gymnase)
Le Menteur Veridique (The Veritable Liar)
William Tennant – Cardinal Beaton
Poetry
Thomas Campbell – The Last Man
Alphonse de Lamartine – Nouvelles méditations poétiques
Adam Mickiewicz – Grażyna
Henry Neele – Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous
Percy Bysshe Shelley – Posthumous Poems
Non-fiction
Alexandre Bertrand – Traité du somnambulisme
William Buckland – Reliquiæ Diluvianæ, or, Observations on the Organic Remains attesting the Action of a Universal Deluge
Lorenzo Da Ponte – Memorie
Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases – Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène
John Franklin – Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea
Ethan Smith – View of the Hebrews
Births
January 1 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet and revolutionary (died 1849)
February 28 – Ernest Renan, French philosopher and writer (died 1892)
March 20 – Ned Buntline (E. Z. C. Judson), American writer and publisher 1886)
April 6 – Julia Abigail Fletcher Carney, American poet, author, editor, and educator (died 1908)
April 12 – Alexander Ostrovsky, Russian dramatist (died 1886)
April 19 – Anna Laetitia Waring, Welsh poet and hymnist (died 1910)
August 2 – Edward Augustus Freeman, English historian and politician (died 1892)
August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian and journalist (died 1910)
September 23 – Sara Jane Lippincott, American author, poet, correspondent, lecturer, and newspaper founder (died 1904)
September 27 – Augusta Harvey Worthen, American author and educator (died 1910)
October 6 – George Henry Boker, American poet, playwright and diplomat (died 1890)
December 28 – Augusta Theodosia Drane, English religious writer and biographer (died 1894)
Deaths
February 7 – Ann Radcliffe, English novelist (born 1764)
February 21 – Charles Wolfe, Irish poet (born 1791)
April 10 – Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher (born 1757)
April 21 – Peter Collett, Danish judge and writer (born 1767)
May 16 – Ōta Nanpo, Japanese comic poet and painter (born 1749)
June 19 – William Combe, English writer, poet and adventurer (born 1742)
August 19 – Robert Bloomfield, English "ploughboy poet" (born 1766)
August 20 – Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus, German encyclopedia publisher and editor (born 1772)
September 11 – David Ricardo, English political economist (born 1772)
November 9 – Vasily Kapnist, Russian poet and dramatist (born 1758)
Awards
Chancellor's Gold Medal – Winthrop Mackworth Praed
Newdigate Prize – T. S. Salmon
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borth
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Borth
|
Borth (), is a village and seaside resort in Ceredigion, Mid Wales, 7 miles (11 km) north of Aberystwyth on the Ceredigion Coast Path. The community includes the settlement of Ynyslas. The population was 1,399 in 2011. From being largely Welsh-speaking, the village has become anglicised: over 54 per cent of its residents were born in England. According to both the 1991 and 2001 censuses, 43 per cent of the residents of Borth were primarily Welsh-speakers.
Features and history
Borth's sandy beach has helped to promote it as a seaside resort. There is a youth hostel in the village, and caravan and camping sites nearby.
There is an ancient submerged forest visible at low tide along the beach, where stumps of oak, pine, birch, willow and hazel (preserved by the acid anaerobic conditions in the peat) can be seen. Radiocarbon dating suggests the trees date from about 1500 BCE. This submerged forest also ties in with the legend of Cantre'r Gwaelod. The stumps were exposed for a time by Storm Hannah in 2019.
Cors Fochno, a raised peat mire, part of the Dyfi Biosphere, is the only UNESCO Biosphere reserve in Wales. It is located next to the village, together with the Dyfi National Nature Reserve and visitors' centre at Ynyslas. The village is crossed by a long-distance footpath, the Dyfi Valley Way.
On 4 April 1876, the entire Uppingham School in Rutland, England, consisting of 300 boys, 30 masters and their families, moved to Borth for a period of 14 months, taking over the disused Cambrian Hotel and a large number of boarding houses, to avoid a typhoid epidemic.
Amenities and functions
Borth railway station is served by the Cambrian Line. The station building houses Borth Station Museum, which displays community and railway historical artifacts and temporary exhibitions. The museum is run by volunteers. Borth is also the location of the Borth Animalarium and the Borth and Ynyslas Golf Club, which was used for many of the scenes in TV series Hinterland.
The Borth inshore lifeboat (ILB) station was established in 1966 at the southern end of the beach.
The village war memorial above a cliff south of the beach, was struck by lightning on 21 March 1983 and had to be rebuilt.
In 2008 and 2009 Borth hosted The Square Festival.
In 2011 work commenced on the first phase of a £12-million coastal protection scheme along the Borth to Ynyslas coastline, which was finished in 2015. The work was funded by the Welsh Assembly and the EU. An unexpected consequence of the coastal defence work was to reveal the remains of the petrified forest mentioned earlier.
In 2018 Borth was subjected to a media furore over the escape of a wild lynx from its local zoo.
In 2019 Borth hosted a community street production, "Borth Begins".
The village football team, Borth United, resumed playing in the Cambrian Tyres 1st Division in the 2021–22 season.
Governance
An electoral ward named Borth stretches south-east to Geneu'r Glyn. Its total population at the 2011 Census was 2,078. Borth is also the name of a ward in the current Ceredigion County Council, covering the communities of Borth and Llandre.
Local government history
Borth had a representative on Cardiganshire County Council from its formation in 1889. The first councillor elected was Rev. Enoch Watkin James, Brynderwen, a Liberal candidate and Calvinistic Methodist minister. After his election in January 1889, according to a local newspaper, "flags were generally displayed and after nightfall bonfires lighted, fireworks discharged, houses illuminated and hundreds of people paraded the streets up to a late hour. About six o'clock, the rev. gentlemen and friends were drawn in an open carriage through the village and, addressing the assembly, said that the day was rapidly approaching when laws would be made by the people for the people."
Borth was represented on Ceredigion District Council by Tom Raw-Rees, from the 1970s until his death in 2001. He latterly sat also for Borth on Ceredigion County Council. Before 1996, the Borth ward for elections to Dyfed County Council covered Borth, Ceulanamaesmawr and Tirymynach.
In popular culture
The 1976 award-winning children's fantasy novel A String in the Harp, by the American author Nancy Bond, is set in Borth and the surrounding countryside.
Borth, Borth bog, and the Borth railway station form the backdrop to the main storyline in Season 1, Episode 4 ("The Girl in the Water") of Y Gwyll (Hinterland in English), transmitted on S4C in 2013 and BBC1 Wales in January 2014.
Notable residents
Lindsay Ashford (born 1959 in Wolverhampton), crime novelist and journalist, currently lives in Borth.
Frank Bickerton (1889–1954), Antarctic explorer and aviator, died in Borth.
Michael Oliver (1925–2015), cardiology professor, was born in Borth.
Mark Williams (born 1966 in Hertfordshire) was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Ceredigion constituency in 2005–2017.
Image gallery
References
Wards of Dyfed
|
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207479
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822%20in%20literature
|
1822 in literature
|
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1822.
Events
March – The Noctes Ambrosianae, imaginary colloquies, begin to appear in Blackwood's Magazine (Edinburgh).
June 16 – Mary Shelley suffers a miscarriage.
July 18 – The body of English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, is washed up on the beach near Viareggio, ten days after he left Livorno (where he set up The Liberal magazine with Leigh Hunt) for Lerici, where Shelley had been living with his wife Mary; his boat, the Don Juan, had sunk in a storm in the Ligurian Sea. His body is cremated on the beach in the presence of Lord Byron and Edward John Trelawny, who claims to have seized Shelley's heart from the flames.
New books
Fiction
Richard Henry Dana Sr. – Paul Felton
Kenelm Henry Digby – The Broad-Stone of Honour
Sarah Green – Nuptial Discoveries
Jane Harvey – Singularity
Ann Hatton – Guilty or Not Guilty
Washington Irving – Bracebridge Hall
Lady Caroline Lamb – Graham Hamilton
John Neal – Logan, A Family History
Charles Nodier – Trilby, ou le lutin d'Argail
Anna Maria Porter – The Hunters of the Pyrenees
Rosalia St. Clair – Clavering Tower
Sir Walter Scott (as "the author of Waverley")
The Fortunes of Nigel
The Pirate
Catharine Maria Sedgwick – A New England Tale
Children and young people
Hans Christian Andersen – Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave
Charlotte Anley – Influence. A Moral Tale for Young People
Susannah Moodie – Spartacus
Mary Martha Sherwood – The History of Henry Milner
Agnes Strickland – The Moss-House: In Which Many of the Works of Nature Are Rendered a Source of Amusement to Children
Drama
Franz Grillparzer – The Golden Fleece (Das goldene Vlies)
Alessandro Manzoni – Adelchi
Poetry
Lord Byron – The Vision of Judgment
António Feliciano de Castilho – Primavera
Eleanor Anne Porden – Cœur de Lion
Percy Bysshe Shelley – Hellas
Non-fiction
Thomas de Quincey – Confessions of an English Opium-Eater
John Claudius Loudon – An Encyclopaedia of Gardening
Births
February 10 – Eliza Lynn Linton, English novelist and journalist (died 1898)
February 22 – Frances Elizabeth Barrow, American author of children's stories (died 1894)
May 26 – Edmond de Goncourt, French literary critic and publisher (died 1896)
December 24 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (died 1888)
Boleslav Markevich, Russian writer (died 1884)
Deaths
June 25 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German Romantic writer (born 1776)
July 8 – Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet and radical (born 1792)
December 7 – John Aikin, English physician and miscellanist (born 1747)
December 8 – Saul Ascher, German political writer and translator (born 1767)
March 19 – Józef Wybicki, Polish poet (born 1747)
Awards
Chancellor's Gold Medal – John Henry Bright
Newdigate Prize – A. Barber
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Gilmour
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Doug Gilmour
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Douglas Robert Gilmour (born June 25, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for seven different teams. Gilmour was a seventh round selection, 134th overall, of the St. Louis Blues at the 1982 NHL Entry Draft and recorded 1,414 points in 1,474 games in the NHL between 1983 and 2003. A two-time All-Star, he was a member of Calgary's 1989 Stanley Cup championship team and won the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the NHL's best defensive forward in 1992–93. Internationally, he represented Canada three times during his career and was a member of the nation's 1987 Canada Cup championship team.
Gilmour was nicknamed "Killer" by a Blues teammate due to his having the same last name as serial killer Gary Gilmour. (though others have attributed it to his physical style of play despite his small stature). He played three seasons of junior hockey for the Cornwall Royals where he was a member of their Memorial Cup championship team in 1981. In 1982–83, Gilmour was named the most outstanding player in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) after he scored 177 points, one of the highest totals in league history. Gilmour returned to the OHL following his playing career as he joined the Kingston Frontenacs as head coach in 2008 and was promoted to general manager in 2011. Gilmour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2011 and his uniform number 93 is retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs. He also has a division named after him in the FCHL.
Early life
Doug Gilmour was born June 25, 1963, in Kingston, Ontario. He is the younger son of Don and Dolly Gilmour, and has an elder brother, David. Don was a correctional officer who worked at the Kingston Penitentiary for over three decades. He also coached youth baseball and hockey teams in the city. As a youth, Doug looked up to David, who was a professional hockey player drafted by the Vancouver Canucks but never played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The younger Gilmour played in the 1976 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Kingston.
Gilmour's small size – he stood five feet, nine inches tall and weighed 140 pounds in junior hockey – resulted in his being cut from several teams throughout his minor hockey career. Originally a defenceman, Gilmour began his 16-year-old season (1979–80) in Junior B with his hometown Kingston Voyageurs. Given only three minutes of ice time per game, he asked the team for his release so that he could return to Major Midget hockey where he would get more ice time. Instead, he was offered a spot with the Junior A Belleville Bulls, with whom he began as a defenceman but shifted to left wing during the playoffs due to injuries.
Playing career
Junior
The Cornwall Royals of the major junior Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) drafted Gilmour from Belleville, and he joined the team for the 1980–81 season. The Royals were the defending Memorial Cup champions, and Gilmour was not expected to play a significant role with the team. The Royals started him off as an offensive defenceman, but moved him to forward permanently. As national champions, the Royals represented Canada at the 1981 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Gilmour appeared in all five tournament games, though he scored no points, as the team struggled to a seventh-place finish in the eight team tournament. In the QMJHL, Gilmour's season was interrupted by a broken collarbone. He finished the year with 35 points in 51 games. The Royals won the QMJHL championship and earned a berth in the 1981 Memorial Cup. Gilmour recorded seven points in five games at the tournament. Cornwall faced the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s Kitchener Rangers in the championship game. Cornwall won 5–2 to repeat as national champions; Gilmour scored the winning goal midway through the second period.
Though eligible for the 1981 NHL Entry Draft, Gilmour went unselected and returned to Cornwall, who had shifted to the OHL for the 1981–82 season. He played a more significant role with the Royals and led the team offensively; Gilmour's 119 points in 67 games was sixth best in the league. NHL teams continued to dismiss Gilmour due to his size, but the St. Louis Blues gambled on him in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft by selecting him with their seventh round pick, 134th overall. The Blues returned him to Cornwall for the 1982–83 season where he led the OHL in goals (70), assists (107) and points (177). Gilmour won the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy as the leading scorer, was named a league all-star, and was named recipient of the Red Tilson Trophy as the OHL's most outstanding player. His season total of 177 points is the third highest in OHL history, behind Bobby Smith (192) and Wayne Gretzky (182). Gilmour had a 55-game point streak that lasted from October 19, 1982, until February 27, 1983, and which remains an OHL record.
St. Louis Blues
Despite his performance in Cornwall, the Blues did not make signing Gilmour a priority. Unsure if a contract offer would materialize, Gilmour made plans to play in Düsseldorf, West Germany, and had already traveled to Europe when the Blues finally offered him a deal in mid-August 1983. St. Louis coach Jacques Demers believed Gilmour had the potential to be a defensive specialist at forward. He began the 1983–84 season in St. Louis and made his NHL debut on October 4, 1983, against the Pittsburgh Penguins. Gilmour scored his first goal on November 1, in his 12th game, against Eddie Mio of the Detroit Red Wings. He finished the season with 25 goals and 53 points. Teammate Brian Sutter began calling Gilmour "Charlie", after Charles Manson, in reference to both his "mean" style of play and an apparent resemblance to the serial killer; it morphed into "Killer", a nickname Gilmour retained throughout his career.
Gilmour's offensive performances were consistent in his following two seasons. He recorded 57 points in 1984–85 and 53 points in 1985–86. Defensively, Demers matched Gilmour up at centre against the opposition's best players and he played an agitator role. Over time, he gained confidence in his ability to both defend against the opposition and play an offensive role. Gilmour established a role as a top offensive scorer for the Blues in the 1986 Stanley Cup Playoffs as he recorded 21 points in 19 games. He tied with teammate Bernie Federko for the league lead in playoff scoring, despite the fact that the Blues failed to reach the Stanley Cup Final. The Blues were eliminated in the Campbell Conference Final by the Calgary Flames. His offensive breakout continuing into the 1986–87 season, Gilmour led the Blues and finished fifth overall in NHL scoring with 105 points; his 42 goals was the highest single-season total of his career. His performance in the NHL season earned Gilmour an invitation to join Team Canada at the 1987 Canada Cup. He had two goals in the tournament as Canada won the championship.
An 86-point season followed in 1987–88. Gilmour was part of history in a December 19, 1987, game against the Boston Bruins, a 7–5 victory. Two seconds after Ken Linseman scored for Boston, Gilmour replied for St. Louis as the pair combined to set a record for the fastest two goals in league history.
Gilmour became embroiled in a legal conflict. He was sued in August 1988 by the parents of a 14-year-old girl who alleged that Gilmour had sexually assaulted their daughter. His wife Robyne, the Blues organization and the team's president Jack Quinn were also named in the $1 million lawsuit as it was alleged that they "knew or should have known" about the alleged abuse. The Blues were also accused of pretending to negotiate a payment while attempting to trade Gilmour without informing the other team of the allegations. One week later, on September 6, the Blues traded Gilmour to the Flames in a multi-player deal. Gilmour, Mark Hunter, Steve Bozek and Michael Dark were sent to Calgary in exchange for Mike Bullard, Craig Coxe and Tim Corkery. Gilmour expressed disappointment at leaving the Blues, but stated that "from what has happened the past week, on our part and on the St. Louis Blues' part, it was our best solution."
Calgary Flames
Gilmour's legal situation progressed throughout the early part of the 1988–89 NHL season as he began his career with the Flames: He and his wife countersued his accusers for slander and libel in October, and a grand jury was convened to investigate whether criminal charges were warranted. Gilmour denied the allegations and by the end of the year, the grand jury chose not to indict Gilmour. The lawsuit was dropped shortly after, and Gilmour stated that he was moving on from the ordeal.
On the ice, Gilmour tied with Håkan Loob for second in team scoring with 85 points, behind Joe Mullen's 110 as the Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as the top regular season team in the NHL. Gilmour played a pivotal role in the Flames' run to the 1989 Stanley Cup Final; he was particularly effective in Calgary's second round series against the Los Angeles Kings where he scored or assisted on key goals in three of the four games while playing an effective role in preventing the Kings' star Wayne Gretzky from establishing his own offensive game. Gilmour recorded 11 goals and 11 assists in 22 games during the Flames' playoff run. In the sixth game of the final, against the Montreal Canadiens, he scored two goals – including the championship winning tally – in a 4–2 victory that clinched the Flames first Stanley Cup.
Early in the 1989–90 season, Gilmour was again part of goal-scoring history. He scored a shorthanded goal with 15 seconds remaining in regulation time, followed four seconds later by teammate Paul Ranheim. The two goals salvaged an 8–8 tie in the October 17, 1989, contest against the Quebec Nordiques. It tied an NHL record for fastest two goals by one team (since broken), and remains the record for fastest two shorthanded goals. He completed the season as the team's leader in assists with 67, and second in points at 91. The Flames named Gilmour one of the team's captains for the 1990–91 season, a year in which he surpassed 600 games and 600 points for his career. He also became embroiled in a physical melee with Los Angeles Kings assistant coach Tom Webster late in the season. An argument between the two teams escalated into a physical altercation; Gilmour was suspended two games for shoving Webster, while the coach received four for punching Gilmour.
An off-season salary dispute with Flames' general manager Doug Risebrough carried into the 1991–92 season. Gilmour, who was playing the option year of his contract at a salary of US$450,000 was unable to reach a deal with the team on an extension. The dispute went to arbitration where the Flames offered a raise to $550,000 while he asked for $1.2 million and was expecting a settlement worth around $800,000. The arbitrator's decision, made in December 1991, amounted to $750,000 per season for two years, but left Gilmour angry and bitter. He alleged that executives with the team and league had tampered with the process – the arbitrator attended a Flames game with team management on the night before the hearing, while NHL President John Ziegler sent a letter to the arbitrators. Gilmour, who remained active with the Flames throughout the process, had scored 38 points in 38 games. Following the decision, he requested a trade out of Calgary and threatened legal action. Gilmour led the Flames to a 3–2 overtime victory over the Montreal Canadiens with a goal and an assist on New Year's Eve then walked out on the club on January 1, 1992. He later called the choice to walk away from the team to be one of the toughest decisions he had ever made.
The following day, Calgary dealt Gilmour to the Toronto Maple Leafs as part of a ten player swap, the largest trade in NHL history. Calgary sent Gilmour, Jamie Macoun, Ric Nattress, Kent Manderville and Rick Wamsley to Toronto in exchange for Gary Leeman, Craig Berube, Michel Petit, Alexander Godynyuk and Jeff Reese. The deal altered the trajectory of both franchises as Gilmour immediately revitalized the Maple Leafs while the Flames franchise entered a long decline after the deal that was immediately judged to have ended in Toronto's favour.
Toronto Maple Leafs
Within a month of the trade, Gilmour and the Maple Leafs agreed to a new contract that was reported to be worth $4 million over four years. With only 30 wins in 80 games, Toronto was one of the worst teams in the NHL in 1991–92, however recorded 20 of those victories in the second half of the season following the trade. Gilmour scored 49 points for Toronto, and finished the year with 87 points combined between the Flames and Maple Leafs. Upon joining the Maple Leafs, Gilmour switched his number from #39 to #93 which he would wear for the rest of his career.
In his first full season with the Maple Leafs, 1992–93, Gilmour had the finest season of his career. He broke Toronto franchise records for assists (95) and points (127), and on February 13, 1993, tied Babe Pratt's franchise record by assisting on six goals in one game. Gilmour finished seventh overall in NHL scoring, but was also subject to a controversial suspension during the year. The league suspended Gilmour for eight practice days – but no games – after he broke Tomas Sandström's forearm with a slash. The Maple Leafs finished the season with the eighth-best record in the NHL, and posted their first winning season since 1978–79.
In the 1993 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Gilmour broke the team scoring record by scoring 35 points as Toronto reached the Campbell Conference Final. The sixth game of the series, against the Los Angeles Kings, ended in controversy. Toronto led the series three games to two and one additional victory would have put the Maple Leafs into the Stanley Cup Final for the first time since 1967. In the first minute of overtime with the score tied 4–4, Gilmour was cut on his chin for eight stitches after he was struck by Wayne Gretzky's stick. League rules of the time mandated that player who caused an injury via a high-sticking infraction be assessed a five-minute penalty, however referee Kerry Fraser made no call on the play, even after conferring with his linesmen. Instead, Gretzky remained on the ice and scored the game-winning goal seconds later. Gretzky then led Los Angeles to a game seven victory that eliminated Toronto from the playoffs. Toronto fans remain bitter about the non-call two decades after the fact, while Fraser – who explained he did not have a clear view of the play – admitted it was the worst mistake he made in over 2,100 games as an NHL referee.
Individually, Gilmour earned several accolades for his season: He played in the 1993 All-Star Game (his first of two consecutive appearances), was named recipient of the Frank J. Selke Trophy as the NHL's top defensive forward, and finished second to Mario Lemieux in voting for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player. The Maple Leafs agreed to renegotiate Gilmour's contract following the season; the two sides agreed to a five-year, $15 million contract early in the 1993–94 season that included endorsement rights and was expected to allow Gilmour to complete his career in Toronto.
Gilmour recorded his third career 100-point season in 1993–94 as he finished fourth in NHL scoring with 111 points. During the season, Gilmour briefly required police protection after receiving death threats from an unidentified woman. He finished fourth in post-season scoring with 28 points as the Maple Leafs again reached the Campbell Conference Final before losing to the Vancouver Canucks. Gilmour finished fourth in Hart Trophy voting and second in Selke trophy voting.
The Maple Leafs named Gilmour the 15th captain in franchise history on August 18, 1994, as he succeeded Wendel Clark, who was traded to the Quebec Nordiques in the off-season. The 1994–95 season was delayed by a labour dispute. The stoppage prompted several players to sign temporarily with European teams. Gilmour signed in Switzerland and joined the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers in November 1994. He appeared in nine games with the National League A team and scored two goals to go along with 13 assists before returning to Canada. He also attempted to join Wayne Gretzky's exhibition tour of Europe when able. Gilmour returned to the Maple Leafs when the NHL's dispute was resolved; in 44 games with Toronto, he had 10 goals and 23 assists.
Gilmour reached a career milestone during the 1995–96 season as he scored his 1,000th career point on December 23, 1995, in a 6–1 victory over Edmonton.
Gilmour was one of the most popular players on the Leafs during his tenure. He was a spokesman for the NHLPA in community and charity events, and also appeared in a series of "Got Milk?" TV commercials, one which featured his then wife Amy.
Later career
With the Leafs struggling once again, Cliff Fletcher traded Gilmour and defenseman Dave Ellett to the New Jersey Devils in 1997 for centreman Steve Sullivan, prospect Alyn McCauley and defenseman Jason Smith. The Devils during Gilmour's tenure would then suffer early playoff exits.
In the summer of 1998, Doug Gilmour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks. Chicago had fallen on hard times and Gilmour was brought in to help resurrect the franchise. Chicago was situated at the bottom half of the standings during Gilmour's tenure, ultimately culminating with captain Chris Chelios requesting a trade to the Detroit Red Wings, and Gilmour assuming the team captaincy the following season.
Gilmour's Blackhawks played against the Toronto Maple Leafs on February 13, 1999 as the last game in historic Maple Leaf Gardens was played. Gilmour scored in the game and was given a standing ovation by the Toronto fans during the Gardens' closing ceremonies. Gilmour suffered a back injury (herniated disk) late in the season and had to undergo season-ending surgery.
In the spring of 2000, with the Blackhawks once again floundering among the bottom of the NHL, Gilmour was traded to the Buffalo Sabres along with left winger J.P. Dumont for forward Michael Grosek. Gilmour helped the Sabres, which had been Stanley Cup finalists the season before, make the playoffs. However the Sabres were defeated in five games by the Philadelphia Flyers.
In 2000–01, injuries limited Gilmour's regular season stats but had respectable playoff performance as the Sabres defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in the Quarterfinal Round of the NHL playoffs. The Sabres were subsequently upset 4 games to 3 by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round.
Gilmour signed as a free agent in 2001 with the Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens would make the playoffs that season, eventually being beaten by the Carolina Hurricanes.
The Canadiens traded Gilmour to the Maple Leafs for a sixth round draft pick at the 2003 NHL trade deadline. Gilmour's first game with the Leafs turned out to be his last as he and the Calgary Flames Dave Lowry collided inadvertently during Gilmour's second shift, with Gilmour tearing his ACL and missing the remainder of the season. Gilmour officially announced his retirement on September 8, 2003 after John Ferguson, Jr. made a public announcement that the Maple Leafs would not re-sign the veteran centre.
Gilmour scored 450 goals and 964 assists in 1474 games in his NHL career.
On January 31, 2009 Gilmour's number 93 was honoured by the Toronto Maple Leafs as it was raised to the rafters at Air Canada Centre. Gilmour became the seventeenth player to be honoured in such a way by the Maple Leafs. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011. On October 15, 2016, Gilmour's number 93 was retired by the Maple Leafs, along with all other honoured numbers also being retired.
Coaching career
Toronto Maple Leafs/Toronto Marlies (AHL)
On September 15, 2006, the Toronto Maple Leafs announced that Gilmour would become their player development advisor. Gilmour held that position with the Leafs until August 7, 2008, when the Maple Leafs announced that Gilmour would join the Toronto Marlies, the Leafs American Hockey League affiliate, as an assistant coach under Marlies head coach Greg Gilbert. Gilmour held that position for only a few months before leaving the Maple Leafs' organization to become the head coach of the Kingston Frontenacs of the OHL in November 2008.
Kingston Frontenacs
Gilmour was named head coach of the Kingston Frontenacs on November 17, 2008, taking over a rebuilding club that had a 5–13–5 record under Larry Mavety, who had coached Gilmour with the Belleville Bulls when the Bulls were still in the OPJHL. Gilmour finished out the season with Kingston with a 13–27–5 record in their last 45 games and the team failed to make the playoffs.
In his first full season with the club in 2009–10, Gilmour helped guide the team back into the OHL playoffs, as Kingston recorded a 33–30–5 record, earning 71 points, good enough for second place in the OHL's East Division, and fourth place in the OHL's Eastern Conference. The Frontenacs faced the Brampton Battalion in the first round of the playoffs, which Brampton won in seven games. After the season, Gilmour signed to a five-year contract extension with the Frontenacs.
In 2010–11, the Frontenacs slipped under the .500 level during the regular season, going 29–30–9, earning 67 points, but still made the playoffs. In their first round match up against the Oshawa Generals, Kingston struggled and the Generals eliminated them in five games. At the conclusion of the season, Gilmour left the Frontenacs' head coaching position to become the team's general manager, replacing good friend Larry Mavety, who became an advisor to the club. Former Maple Leafs teammate Todd Gill was selected to replace Gilmour behind the Frontenacs bench.
As general manager of the Frontenacs, Gilmour began to rebuild the club, as the club struggled to a 19–41–8 record during the 2011–12 season, finishing in last place in the Eastern Conference, well out of a playoff spot. Kingston saw some improvement during the 2012–13 season, as the team finished with a 27–35–6 record, earning 60 points, good for seventh place in the conference, and a playoff spot. The Frontenacs were swept in the first round against the Barrie Colts. The Frontenacs improved once again in the 2013–14 season, earning a record of 39–23–6, getting 84 points, and third place in the Eastern Conference. Kingston met the Peterborough Petes in the first round of the playoffs, and the team took a 3–0 lead in the best-of-seven series. The Petes made a comeback, winning the final four games of the series, to eliminate the Frontenacs.
He stepped down as general manager and became the president of the Frontenacs in 2017. In 2019, he left the team to become a community representative for the Maple Leafs.
Personal life
Gilmour has been married three times and has four children. His daughter Maddison (now married to hockey player Evan McGrath) is from his first marriage to Robyne Gilmour; sons Jake and Tyson from his second marriage to Amy Gilmour; and daughter Victoria with his current wife, Sonya Gilmour.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Coaching record
Awards and honours
Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011.
Records
See also
List of NHL statistical leaders
References
Career statistics:
External links
1963 births
Living people
Belleville Bulls players
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Chicago Blackhawks captains
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cornwall Royals (OHL) players
Cornwall Royals (QMJHL) players
Frank Selke Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs coaches
Memorial Cup winners
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
New Jersey Devils players
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
St. Louis Blues draft picks
St. Louis Blues players
Sportspeople from Kingston, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
|
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207481
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821%20in%20literature
|
1821 in literature
|
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1821.
Events
May – Percy Bysshe Shelley's Queen Mab: a philosophical poem (1813) is distributed by a pirate publisher in London, leading to prosecution by the Society for the Prevention of Vice.
August 4 – Atkinson & Alexander publish The Saturday Evening Post for the first time as a weekly newspaper in the United States.
unknown dates
James Ballantyne begins publishing his Novelist's Library in Edinburgh edited by Sir Walter Scott.
In the first known obscenity case in the United States, a Massachusetts court outlaws the John Cleland novel Fanny Hill (1748). The publisher, Peter Holmes, is convicted of printing a "lewd and obscene" novel.
Sunthorn Phu is imprisoned and begins his epic poem Phra Aphai Mani.
New books
Fiction
James Fenimore Cooper – The Spy
Pierce Egan – Life in London; Boxiana Vol. III
John Galt
Annals of the Parish
The Ayrshire Legatees
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years (Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre)
Ann Hatton – Lovers and Friends
Hannah Maria Jones – Gretna Green
Charles Nodier – Smarra
Anna Maria Porter – The Village of Mariendorpt
Jane Porter – The Scottish Chiefs
Sir Walter Scott – Kenilworth
Children
Maria Hack – Harry Beaufoy; or the Pupil of Nature
Thomas Love Peacock – Maid Marian
Drama
Lord Byron
Marino Faliero, Doge of Venice (published & performed)
Sardanapalus: a tragedy; The Two Foscari: a tragedy; Cain: a mystery (published together)
Alexandre-Vincent Pineux Duval – Le Faux Bonhomme
Aleksander Fredro – Pan Geldhab (Mr. Gelhab)
Franz Grillparzer – Das goldene Vliess (The Golden Fleece trilogy)
Heinrich von Kleist (died 1811) – The Prince of Homburg (Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin, first performance, in abridged version as Die Schlacht von Fehrbellin; completed 1810)
Poetry
Heinrich Heine – Poems
Alessandro Manzoni – Il Cinque Maggio (May 5th)
Percy Bysshe Shelley – Adonaïs
Non-fiction
James Burney – An Essay, by Way of Lecture, on the Game of Whist
Owen Chase – Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex
William Cobbett – The American Gardener
George Grote – Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform
William Hazlitt – Table-Talk
James Mill – Elements of Political Economy
John Roberton – Kalogynomia, or the Laws of Female Beauty
Robert Southey – Life of Cromwell
Births
March 19 – Richard Francis Burton, English polymath (died 1890)
March 20 – Ned Buntline (Edward Zane Carroll Judson Sr.), American publisher, dime novelist and publicist (died 1886)
March 25 – Isabella Banks, English poet and novelist (died 1897)
April 9 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet (died 1867)
May 8 – Charlotte Maria Tucker, English children's writer (died 1893)
May 11 – Grigore Sturdza, Moldavian and Romanian adventurer, literary sponsor and philosopher (died 1901)
June 30 – William Hepworth Dixon, English historian, traveler and journal editor (died 1879)
October 30 – Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (died 1881)
November 28 – Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Russian poet, writer and critic (died 1877)
September 21 – Aurora Ljungstedt, Swedish horror writer (died 1908)
December 6 – Dora Greenwell, English poet (died 1882)
December 12 – Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (died 1880)
Deaths
January 14 – Jens Zetlitz, Norwegian poet (born 1761)
February 23 – John Keats, English poet (tuberculosis, born 1795)
February 26 – Joseph de Maistre, Savoyard philosopher (born 1753)
March 17 – Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes, French poet (born 1757)
April 16 – Thomas Scott, English cleric and religious writer (born 1747)
May 2 – Hester Thrale (Mrs Piozzi), English diarist and arts patron (born 1741)
May 22 – Johann Georg Heinrich Feder, German philosopher (born 1740)
August 1 – Elizabeth Inchbald, English novelist and dramatist (born 1753)
November 17 – James Burney, English rear-admiral and naval writer (born 1750)
Awards
Chancellor's Gold Medal and Newdigate Prize – George Howard
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820%20in%20literature
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1820 in literature
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This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1820.
Events
January 16 – Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery by "Northamptonshire peasant poet" John Clare is published in England by John Taylor.
April 22 – Walter Scott is created 1st baronet of Abbotsford in the County of Roxburgh in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
September – Poet John Keats, suffering from tuberculosis, leaves London to take up residence in the house on the Spanish Steps in Rome where he will die in 1821.
November 20 – An 80-ton sperm whale attacks the Essex, a whaleship from Nantucket, Massachusetts, 2,000 miles off the western coast of South America. Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick is in part inspired by this story.
unknown dates
More than 20 years after the poet's death, Robert Chambers edits and publishes The Songs of Robert Burns.
Thomas Kendall has the first book printed in the Māori language, A korao no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander's first book; being an attempt to compose some lessons for the instruction of the natives, published in Sydney, Australia.
The first translation of the Old English epic poem Beowulf into a modern language, Danish, Bjovulfs Drape, by N. F. S. Grundtvig, is published.
The Cambridge Apostles, an intellectual discussion group, is established at the University of Cambridge in England.
New books
Fiction
James Fenimore Cooper – Precaution
Thomas Gaspey – Forty Years Ago
Robert Huish – Castle of Nielo
Francis Lathom – Italian Mysteries
Charles Maturin (anonymously) – Melmoth the Wanderer
Regina Marie Roche – The Munster Cottage Boy
Sir Walter Scott
Ivanhoe
The Abbot
The Monastery
Louisa Stanhope – The Crusaders
Rosalia St. Clair – The Highland Castle, and the Lowland Cottage
Children
Maria Hack
English Stories, illustrating some of the most interesting events and characters between the Accession of Alfred and the Death of John
English Stories. Second series, between the Accession of Henry the Third and the Death of Henry the Sixth
Mary Shelley – Maurice, or the Fisher's Cot (written 1820 then lost, published 1997)
Drama
James Sheridan Knowles – Virginius
William Thomas Moncrieff – The Lear of Private Life
Percy Bysshe Shelley – Prometheus Unbound
Poetry
Robert Burns (died 1796) – The Songs of Robert Burns
John Clare – Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery
John Keats
The Eve of St. Agnes
Lamia and Other Poems
Alphonse de Lamartine – Méditations poétiques
Adam Mickiewicz – Ode to Youth (Oda do młodości)
Nguyễn Du – The Tale of Kieu (斷腸新聲, Truyện Kiều)
Aleksandr Pushkin – Ruslan and Ludmila (Руслан и Людмила)
Percy Bysshe Shelley – To a Skylark
Non-fiction
Thomas Brown – Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind
Howard Douglas – A Treatise on Naval Gunnery
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – Elements of the Philosophy of Right
John George Hoffman – Pow-Wows; or, Long Lost Friend
Claude François Lallemand – Recherches anatomico-pathologiques sur l'encéphale et ses dépendances (to 1832)
Charles Lamb – Essays of Elia
Thomas Malthus – Principles of Political Economy
Charles Mills – History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land
Robert Southey – Life of Wesley
Mariana Starke – Travels on the Continent: written for the use and particular information of travellers
Births
January 17 – Anne Brontë, English novelist and poet (died 1849)
January 30 – Concepción Arenal, Spanish feminist writer and activist (died 1893)
February 28 – John Tenniel, English illustrator and cartoonist (died 1914)
March 2 – Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker), Dutch writer (died 1887)
March 17 – Jean Ingelow, English poet and novelist (died 1897)
March 30 – Anna Sewell, English novelist (died 1878)
April 4 – Mkrtich Khrimian, Armenian Catholicos, essayist and poet (died 1907)
April 26 – Alice Cary, American poet and short-story writer (died 1871)
April 27 – Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (died 1903)
June 21 – James Halliwell-Phillipps, English bibliophile (died 1889)
August 13 – Sir George Grove, English writer and lexicographer on music (died 1900)
September 2 – Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (died 1900)
September 17 – Émile Augier, French dramatist (died 1889)
October 14 – John Harris, English poet (died 1884)
November 23 (December 5 N.S.) – Afanasy Fet, Russian lyric poet, essayist and short-story writer (died 1892)
November 28 – Friedrich Engels, German socialist writer (died 1895)
Deaths
February 5 – William Drennan, Irish poet, radical and educationalist (born 1754)
February 23 – Alojzy Feliński, Polish poet (born 1771)
March 20 – Eaton Stannard Barrett, Irish satirical poet and novelist (born 1786)
April 2 – Thomas Brown, Scottish philosopher and poet (born 1778)
May 1 – Richmal Mangnall, English schoolbook writer (born 1769)
July 16 – William Hazlitt Sr., Irish writer, radical and Unitarian minister, father of William Hazlitt (born 1737)
August 23 – Michel de Cubières, French poet, dramatist and historian (born 1752)
September 16 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (born 1766)
October 5 – Augustin Barruel, French Jesuit priest and writer (born 1741)
November 8 – Lavinia Stoddard, American poet and educationist (born 1787)
November 12 – William Hayley, English poet and biographer (born 1745)
References
Years of the 19th century in literature
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkano
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Parkano
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Parkano is a town and municipality in Finland.
It is located north of Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region. The population of Parkano is () and the municipality covers an area of of which is inland water (). The population density is .
The municipality is unilingually Finnish.
People
The most famous person to live in Parkano is probably "the baron of Parkano", Gustav Wrede af Elimä.
Signe Brander (1869–1942)
Yrjö Pulkkinen (1875–1945)
Walto Tuomioja (1888–1931)
Kari Asikainen (born 1939)
Kai Suikkanen (born 1959)
Saija Varjus (born 1965)
Johanna Lehtinen (born 1979)
Toni Rajala (born 1991)
References
External links
Town of Parkano – Official website
Photos Parkano Church
Cities and towns in Finland
Municipalities of Pirkanmaa
Populated places established in 1867
|
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] |
207485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20%28band%29
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ABC (band)
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ABC are an English pop band formed in Sheffield in 1980. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Martin Fry, guitarist and keyboardist Mark White, saxophonist Stephen Singleton and drummer David Palmer.
Developed from an earlier band, Vice Versa, ABC achieved ten UK and five US Top 40 hit singles between 1981 and 1990, and their 1982 debut album, The Lexicon of Love, was a UK number one. Their early-1980s success in the US saw them associated with the Second British Invasion. Now essentially a solo project for Fry, ABC continues to tour and released a ninth studio album, The Lexicon of Love II, in 2016.
History
Formation
ABC has its roots in the band Vice Versa, a Sheffield band formed in 1977 by synthesizer-players Stephen Singleton and Mark White. Their debut gig was as the support to Wire at the Outlook club in Sheffield. They founded their own label, Neutron Records, releasing the EP Music 4. Martin Fry, who wrote the fanzine Modern Drugs, interviewed Vice Versa and shortly afterwards they asked him to join as synthesizer player. Fry accepted and by late 1980 the band had evolved into ABC, with Fry becoming lead singer.
The last performance as Vice Versa was at the Futurama 2 Festival in Leeds in September 1980, from there on it was as ABC; with Singleton playing saxophone and White playing guitars and keyboards. In the new year they were joined by Mark Lickley on bass and David Robinson on drums.
Chart success: 1981–1991
The band's first single, "Tears Are Not Enough", made the UK Top 20 in 1981. Soon afterwards, Robinson left the band and was replaced by David Palmer; Lickley departed shortly thereafter and was not replaced. In 1982, the band released their debut studio album The Lexicon of Love, which reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. Produced by Trevor Horn, it often featured in UK critics' lists of favourite albums: it ranked 42nd in The Observer Music Monthlys "Top 100 British Albums" (June 2004) and 40th in Q magazine's "100 Greatest British Albums" (June 2000). The band had three Top 10 hits during 1982: the singles "Poison Arrow", "The Look of Love" (both of which were recorded whilst Mark Lickley was still a member of the band), and "All of My Heart". Several high-concept music videos were made, including the long-form spy pastiche "Mantrap" by Julien Temple.
Following the culmination of the Lexicon of Love tour, Palmer joined the Yellow Magic Orchestra for a series of tour dates; shortly thereafter Fry, White and Singleton decided to reconvene in order to commence work on their next album, leading Palmer to depart ABC in order to honour his commitments to Yellow Magic Orchestra's tour. The remaining members found it difficult to follow-up on the success of their debut. Their second album, Beauty Stab, was released in November 1983, produced by Gary Langan who was the engineer on The Lexicon of Love. It performed poorly in comparison to its predecessor, peaking at No. 12. The first single from the album, "That Was Then but This Is Now", briefly appeared in the UK Top 20, followed by a Top 40 showing for "SOS". The band eschewed remixes for the project and so the 12" single for "That Was Then but This Is Now" featured the disclaimer "This record is exactly the same as the 7" version. The choice is yours."
Singleton left the band shortly after the release of Beauty Stab as a result of Fry and White's reluctance to spend much time touring the band's material. Fry and White then enlisted the services of Fiona Russell Powell (under the name "Eden") and David Yarritu in the band's new line-up. Russell Powell had been a member of the original line-up of the pre-ABC band, Vice Versa. According to an article s published on 7 March 1997, she 'chickened out' of Vice Versa's first live gig, and the job as frontman went to Fry. The Fry-White-Russell Powell-Yarritu line-up recorded the album How to Be a ... Zillionaire!, released in 1985. The band's chart success dwindled further in the UK with this album, but they did score their first US Top 10 hit with "Be Near Me", which also made the UK Top 30. The album also featured the singles "(How to Be a) Millionaire", "Vanity Kills" and "Ocean Blue". Inspiration for the album's cartoons of the band members was taken from a photo shoot by David Levine whose work featured on many of the sleeves for singles released from this album. Keith LeBlanc from Tackhead programmed much of the beatbox work for the album.
After a hiatus, during which Fry was being treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma, he and White reconvened ABC as a duo, releasing the album Alphabet City in 1987. The album returned them to the UK Top 10 for the first time in five years, peaking at No. 7. It featured "When Smokey Sings", a tribute to Smokey Robinson, which narrowly missed the UK Top 10. The song did give the group their biggest hit in the US, where it peaked at number 5 in September. The album also spawned "The Night You Murdered Love" (UK No. 31) and "King Without a Crown" (UK No. 44) as singles.
In 1989, the duo issued Up, their fifth and final PolyGram studio album. This time experimenting with house music, ABC scored a minor UK hit with the single "One Better World". A second single, "The Real Thing", and the album itself were less successful. During this period, the duo worked on a couple of outside productions aimed at the house music scene. One was Paul Rutherford's (Frankie Goes to Hollywood) solo album and first single release; the other was for Lizzie Tear on the duo's own Neutron label.
In 1990, the band released a greatest hits compilation album, Absolutely. This covered all of ABC's albums up until 1990 and featured most of their singles. The compilation made the UK Top 10. A video package featuring promos was also released. One new song, "The Look of Love '90", was released to promote the package.
The duo moved to the EMI label (and MCA in North America), where they recorded the 1991 album Abracadabra. Two singles, "Love Conquers All" and "Say It", narrowly missed the UK Top 40, though a remix of the latter by the Italian production team Black Box appeared on the US dance charts.
Martin Fry also collaborated with M People in 1991 on their first album, Northern Soul, recording vocals for the song "Life". However, when the album was re-released in 1992, and again in 1995, this track was omitted.
Skyscraping and comeback: 1997–2007
After a six-year hiatus, Fry, now the sole member of ABC, resurrected the band's name in 1997 for the album Skyscraping, an homage to several of his musical heroes, including David Bowie, Roxy Music and the Sex Pistols. With Glenn Gregory of Heaven 17 and Keith Lowndes contributing to the sessions and songwriting, the album was commercially unsuccessful though a single, "Stranger Things", reached No. 57 in the UK. Two other singles, "Rolling Sevens" and "Skyscraping", did not chart.
In 1999, ABC released their first live album, The Lexicon of Live. The album covered most of their major hits. Although Fry was the only member left, he had a backing band and adorned the album cover in his famed gold lamé suit.
Look of Love – The Very Best of ABC was released in 2001. Although essentially a reissue of the 1990 greatest hits compilation Absolutely, the album featured two new songs by Fry, "Peace and Tranquility" and "Blame". A companion DVD, along with a bonus disc of remixes, was also released.
In 2004, the VH1 show Bands Reunited attempted to get the band's classic line-up of Fry, White, Singleton and Palmer together for a reunion concert. Fry and Palmer appeared and played together (with help from Nick Beggs of Kajagoogoo) for the first time in over twenty years. Singleton and White opted not to participate.
Traffic: 2007–2015
Following a tour of the United States in May and June 2006, Fry and Palmer, together with session keyboardist Chuck Kentis, put together a new ABC album, Traffic. It was released on 28 April 2008. Gary Langan, who worked on The Lexicon of Love and Beauty Stab, mixed and produced the album. The first single, "The Very First Time", debuted on BBC Radio 2 in January, was added to the station's "A" playlist for the week beginning 29 March and was released as a music download track on 1 April.
On 1 September 2007, ABC performed a set with other 1980s acts at Retrofest at Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland. This appearance included a rendition of "Addicted to Love", with Tony Hadley of Spandau Ballet and Peter Cox of Go West.
In the summer of 2008, ABC toured the US as part of the 2008 Regeneration Tour, which also featured the Human League, Belinda Carlisle, A Flock of Seagulls and Naked Eyes.
In April 2009, ABC performed The Lexicon of Love album live at the Royal Albert Hall, accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra. Anne Dudley of Art of Noise, who arranged and played keyboards on the original record, conducted the performance. A music review in the 13 April 2009 edition of The Independent newspaper, described the performance as a "glorious night that has placed one of the Eighties' most perfectly constructed albums back near the top of the pop pantheon".
In 2009 ABC toured the US as the headliner of the 2009 'Regeneration Tour', which also featured Terri Nunn of Berlin, Wang Chung and Cutting Crew.
In June, July and August 2011, ABC performed at a few locations around the UK as well as Las Vegas, Nevada. In October 2011, ABC performing dates in Melbourne, Australia.
On 19 July 2012, Fry was made an honorary Doctor of Music at the University of Sheffield for his contribution to music over more than thirty years. The following day his daughter Nancy received her degree from the Department of Sociological Studies from the same university.
On 1 March 2013, ABC appeared in Dubai, UAE, in the '80s Rewind' concert with Rick Astley, Heaven 17, Howard Jones and T'Pau.
In June 2014, it was revealed that a dozen early tapes had been discovered of rare remixes and unheard songs from ABC's first three albums. These were returned to Martin Fry who was delighted, but unsure as to what he would do with them. According to Classic Pop, the rediscovered songs include "a 'That's It Folks!' mix of 'So Hip It Hurts' from Zillionaire. From Beauty Stab, reams of early studio takes have come to light including one song, 'You and Me', that never made the final album. From The Lexicon of Love era, the band's own, pre-Trevor Horn demos of 'All of My Heart' have come to light, along with a reel entitled '4 Ever 2 Gether – The Outtake, Starring Martin Fry as Ken Dodd'".
The Lexicon of Love II: 2016 and beyond
In October 2015, Fry announced that he was working on a new ABC album. "It's going to be a take on The Lexicon of Love, but all these years on. I'm a man in my fifties now with a wealth of experience. It's about how you grow older but you make the same mistakes over and over and over again."
In November 2015, a compilation album entitled 80s Recovered was released, featuring many artists from the 1980s. ABC contributed a cover of Radiohead's "High and Dry", with a regular version and a remix.
In January 2016, Fry said the new ABC album would be entitled The Lexicon of a Lost Ideal and released in the UK in May 2016. Featuring tracks penned by Fry, with contributions by Rob Fusari, Marcus Vere, Matt Rowe and Anne Dudley, the album features orchestration arranged by Anne Dudley, who worked in a similar capacity on The Lexicon of Love. In April 2016, the release of the new album, now entitled The Lexicon of Love II, was announced with lead single "Viva Love" made available via digital platforms. It was A playlisted by BBC Radio 2. The album was released in the UK and the US on 27 May 2016 and entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5, the first time ABC had reached the Top 5 since the original Lexicon of Love album in 1982.
ABC also contributed a new song called "Living Inside My Heart" to Fly: Songs Inspired by the Film Eddie the Eagle, the soundtrack of which was released on 18 March 2016 on CD and digitally.
ABC released their first Christmas song, entitled "A Christmas We Deserve", on 2 December 2016 as part of a 4-track EP. The other three songs are acoustic versions of "The Love Inside the Love, "Viva Love" and "The Look of Love".
In March 2017, just before the band's Royal Albert Hall orchestra show on April 6 (featuring songs from The Lexicon of Love II, greatest hits and the complete Lexicon of Love album) the band announced the November 2017 XYZ tour.
Band members
Current members
Martin Fry – lead vocals (1980–1991, 1997–present); keyboards, synthesizers (2016–present); bass guitar (2016–present); guitar (2016–present); drums, percussion (2016–present); alto and tenor saxophones (2016–present)Former membersStephen Singleton – alto and tenor saxophones (1980–1984)
Mark White – keyboards, guitars (1980–1991)
Mark Lickley – bass guitar (1981–1982)
David Robinson – drums, percussion (1981)
David Palmer – drums, percussion (1981–1983, 2004–2009)
Fiona Russell Powell – vocals (1984–1985)
David Yarritu – vocals (1984–1985)Current touring musicians'''
Matt Backer – guitars (1999–present)
Andy Carr – bass guitar (2008–present)
Rob Hughes – alto and tenor saxophones (2008–present)
Steve Kelly – keyboards (1998–present)
Lily Gonzalez – percussion (1998–present)
Richard Brook – drums, percussion (2009–present)
Line-ups
Timeline
Discography
The Lexicon of Love (1982)
Beauty Stab (1983)
How to Be a ... Zillionaire! (1985)
Alphabet City (1987)
Up (1989)
Abracadabra (1991)
Skyscraping (1997)
Traffic (2008)
The Lexicon of Love II (2016)
Pop culture influence
The track "So Hip It Hurts" from How to Be a ... Zillionaire! featured in the 1986 film Tough Guys.
ABC had three number-one hits on the US Dance Club Songs: "The Look of Love" (18 December 1982), "Be Near Me" (28 September – 5 October 1984) and "When Smokey Sings" / "Chicago" (29 August – 5 September 1987).
ABC was profiled in a 2004 documentary about bands hailing from Sheffield in the late 1970s-to-early 1980s. Original ABC saxophonist, Stephen Singleton, was interviewed for Made in Sheffield'', along with members of the Human League and Heaven 17.
See also
Honeyroot
List of Billboard number-one dance club songs
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
List of synth-pop artists
References
External links
English new wave musical groups
Sophisti-pop musical groups
British synth-pop new wave groups
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups reestablished in 1997
ZTT Records
Parlophone artists
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Addison
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Thomas Addison
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Thomas Addison (April 179329 June 1860) was an English physician and scientist. He is traditionally regarded as one of the "great men" of Guy's Hospital in London.
Among other pathologies, he discovered Addison's disease (a degenerative disease of the adrenal glands) and Addisonian anemia (pernicious anemia), a hematological disorder later found to be caused by failure to absorb vitamin B12.
Early years
Thomas Addison was born in April 1793, but his exact birthdate is not known. He was born in Longbenton, near Newcastle upon Tyne, the son of Sarah and Joseph Addison, a grocer and flour dealer in Long Benton. He attended the local Thomas Rutter school and then went to the Royal Free Grammar School in Newcastle upon Tyne. He learned Latin so well that he made notes in Latin and spoke it fluently.
Addison's father wanted him to become a lawyer, but he entered the University of Edinburgh Medical School in 1812 as a medical student. He became a member of the Royal Medical Society, which still runs today. In 1815, he received the degree of doctor of medicine. His thesis was on Dissertatio medica inauguralis quaedam de syphilide et hydrargyro complectens (Concerning Syphilis and Mercury).
Addison moved from Edinburgh to London the same year and became a house surgeon (a surgical resident) at the Lock Hospital. Addison was also a pupil of Thomas Bateman at the public dispensary. He began a practice in medicine while he was a physician at an open ward reception on Carey Street.
Thanks to his teachers, Addison became fascinated by diseases of the skin (dermatology). This fascination, which lasted the rest of his life, led him to be the first to describe the changes in skin pigmentation typical of what is now called Addison's disease.
Guy's Hospital
Addison's memorable career as a physician and is usually dated to 1817 when he enrolled as a physician pupil at Guy's Hospital. Guy's Medical School recorded his entrance as follows: "Dec. 13, 1817, from Edinburgh, T. Addison, M.D., paid pounds 22-1s to be a perpetual Physician's pupil." Addison obtained his licentiateship in the Royal College of Physicians in 1819 and some years later was elected a fellow of the Royal College.
Addison was promoted to assistant physician on 14 January 1824 and in 1827 he was appointed lecturer of materia medica. In 1835, Addison was joint lecturer with Richard Bright on practical medicine, and in 1837, he became a full physician at Guy's Hospital. When Bright retired from the lectureship in 1840, Addison became sole lecturer. He held this position until about 1854–55. At that time, of lectures, they searched throughout the city for the most attractive teachers. Addison was a brilliant lecturer. He attracted a large number of medical students to his lectures.
Thomas Addison was a superb diagnostician, but rather a shy and taciturn man and had a small practice, at a time when physicians of his position usually had large practices. He was one of the most respected physicians at the Guy's Hospital, where he exerted a great deal of influence, devoting himself almost wholly to his students and patients. He was described as the type of doctor who is always trying to discover the change in a piece of machinery rather than one who, like his contemporary Benjamin Guy Babington, regarded his patients as suffering, sensitive human beings.
Death
Thomas Addison suffered from many episodes of marked depression. It seems certain that depression contributed to his retirement in 1860. He wrote then to his medical students as follows: "A considerable breakdown in my health has scared me from the anxieties, responsibilities, and excitement of my profession; whether temporarily or permanently cannot yet be determined but, whatever may be the issue, be assured that nothing was better calculated to soothe me than the kind interest manifested by the pupils of Guy's Hospital during the many trying years devoted to that institution."
Three months later, on 29 June 1860, he committed suicide. The day after his death, the Brighton Herald recorded that:
He was buried in the churchyard of Lanercost Priory. The hospital had a bust made of him, named a hall of the new part of the hospital for him, and perpetuated his memory with a marble wall table in the chapel.
Diseases Addison described
Addison is known today for describing a remarkably wide range of diseases. His name has entered into the annals of medicine and is part of the name of a number of medical disorders, including:
Addison's disease, sometimes called bronze skin disease, is the progressive destruction of the adrenal glands with the result being deficiency of secretion of adrenocortical hormones. Addison described this condition in his 1855 publication: On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules.
Addisonian crisis (or Addison's crisis) – an acute, life-threatening crisis caused by Addison's disease
Addisonism – a set of symptoms resembling Addison's disease, but not due to Addison's disease, that is, not due to any disease of the adrenal glands
Addisonian anemia or Addison-Biermer disease – now synonymous with pernicious anemia which involves vitamin B12 deficiency, described first in 1849
Addison-Schilder syndrome is a metabolic disorder combining the characteristics of Addison’s disease (bronze skin disease) and cerebral sclerosis, also known as adrenoleukodystrophy.
Addison gave one of the first adequate accounts of appendicitis. In 1829, he published a valuable study of the actions of poisons.
He also made seminal contributions to the recognition and understanding of many other diseases, including;
Alibert's disease I – a skin disease characterized by pinkish patches, bordered by a purplish halo
Allgrove's syndrome – a congenital defect in lacrimation
Rayer's disease – a disorder characterized by depigmented patches of skin, jaundice, and enlargement of the liver and spleen
References
Further reading
External links
Addison's digitized works in the Iowa Digital Library
– includes Biography
Epitaph and gravestone at Lanercost Priory.
1793 births
1860 deaths
British endocrinologists
19th-century English medical doctors
People from Longbenton
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni
Alumni of King's College London
Suicides by jumping in England
Burials in Cumbria
Physicians of Guy's Hospital
1860s suicides
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207487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Amsterdam%20%28CL-101%29
|
USS Amsterdam (CL-101)
|
USS Amsterdam (CL-101) was a United States Navy light cruiser, the last of the class to see action in World War II.
The ship was laid down on 3 March 1943 at Newport News, Virginia, by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, launched on 25 April 1944, sponsored by Mrs. William E. Hasenfuss (the first "Gold Star Mother" of Amsterdam, New York, who had lost her son William E. Hasenfuss, Jr. in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor), and commissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard Portsmouth, Virginia, on 8 January 1945, Captain Andrew P. Lawton in command.
Design
Amsterdam was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to and increased to at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.
The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve /38 caliber dual purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and ten Oerlikon guns in single mounts.
The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was thick. The main battery turrets were protected with faces and sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Amsterdams conning tower had 5-inch sides.
Service history
Amsterdam was built at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia. She was laid down on 3 March 1943 and was launched on 25 March 1944. After completing fitting-out work, the ship was commissioned on 8 January 1945. The ship began her shakedown cruise in Chesapeake Bay on 5 February. Twelve days later, she departed Hampton Roads, Virginia, bound for Trinidad in the British West Indies. There, she conducted further training that lasted until 13 March, when she sailed back north to the US. While en route, she conducted shore bombardment practice off the island of Culebra. The ship arrived in Norfolk, Virginia on 20 March, steamed briefly to Cape May, New Jersey, for additional shooting practice, and then entered the dry dock at the Norfolk Navy Yard for maintenance. After completing that work on 20 April, the ship embarked on another round of training, initially in the Chesapeake and then in the Caribbean Sea off Culebra and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. From there, she got underway to join the US fleet in the Pacific, passing through the Panama Canal on 5 May and arriving in Pearl Harbor on the 18th. She participated in further combat training there.
The ship left Pearl Harbor on 9 June to join the fleet at Leyte in the Philippine Islands. She reached San Pedro Bay on 21 June and joined 3rd Fleet. Rather than join the main elements of Task Force 38 for a major attack on Japan, Amsterdam was assigned to a detachment centered on the aircraft carrier . She formed part of the escort for the carrier, along with the cruisers , , and , and seven destroyers. The unit was sent to carry out a raid on Japanese positions on Wake Island on 18 July. By early August, Amsterdam and Oklahoma City had been transferred to Task Group 38.1. Over the next week, she covered the carriers of Task Force 38 during a series of raids on the Japanese home islands. On 15 August, the fleet received word of Japan's decision to surrender. By late August, Amsterdam had been transferred to TG 38.2. The ship entered Sagami Bay on 27 August with the rest of TF 38 to begin preparations for the formal surrender of Japan, which took place aboard the battleship on 2 September. The ship earned one battle star during her short wartime career.
On 5 September, Amsterdam moved to Tokyo Bay during the initial occupation of Japan; she remained there until 20 September, when she departed to return home. She stopped at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, to take on American personnel who were being sent back to the United States. After passing through Pearl Harbor, she arrived in Portland, Oregon, on 15 October, where she took part in the celebration of Navy Day two weeks later. She left Portland on 29 October for San Pedro, California, arriving on 1 November. While there, the ship underwent maintenance and the crew was given shore leave. Amsterdam got underway again on 19 November to return to Pearl Harbor six days later. She embarked another contingent of men and equipment to transport back to California, departing on 12 December and arriving in San Pedro on the 18th. She remained there into 1946 before departing on 21 January to move to San Francisco, where her crew prepared her to be relegated to the reserve fleet. After this work was completed, the ship was decommissioned on 30 June 1947. She remained in the Navy's inventory until 2 January 1971, when she was stricken from the naval register. She was ultimately sold to the ship breaking firm National Metal and Steel Corporation, Terminal Island, California, on 11 February 1972 and dismantled.
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Cleveland-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
United States Navy New York (state)-related ships
1944 ships
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
|
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] |
207488
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional%20Performing%20Arts%20School
|
Professional Performing Arts School
|
The Professional Performing Arts School, colloquially known as PPAS, is a public middle and high school in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City.
History
PPAS was created in 1990 to meet the needs of two groups of students: those who wanted to pursue professional work in the arts as they earned a junior/senior high school diploma and those who wanted to study the arts as an avocation.
Notable alumni
Eddie Alderson, actor (Daytime Emmy Award nominee for One Life to Live)
Kristen Alderson, actress (Daytime Emmy Award winner for One Life to Live)
Nadia Azzi, pianist
Morena Baccarin, actress (Firefly, Primetime Emmy Award nominee for Homeland)
Andrea Bowen, actress (Desperate Housewives, Les Misérables)
Tru Collins, singer and actor (Trans-Siberian Orchestra)
Lana Condor, actress (To All the Boys I've Loved Before)
Monét X Change, drag queen, singer (Rupaul's Drag Race, RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars)
Billy Crawford, singer, actor and television Host (It's Showtime)
Julia Cumming, singer, songwriter, bassist (Sunflower Bean), model and activist
Claire Danes, actress (My So-Called Life, Primetime Emmy Award winner for Homeland)
Melonie Diaz, actress (Raising Victor Vargas, Fruitvale Station)
Max Ehrich, actor and dancer (Daytime Emmy Award nominee for The Young and the Restless)
Jesse Eisenberg, actor (Academy Award nominee for The Social Network)
Jessica Lee Goldyn, actress and dancer (A Chorus Line)
Sarah Hyland, actress (Modern Family, Lipstick Jungle)
Paul Iacono, actor and director (The Hard Times of RJ Berger, Fame)
Mark Indelicato, actor (Ugly Betty, White Bird in a Blizzard)
Alicia Keys, actress, singer and pianist (multiple Grammy Award winner)
Christy Knowings, actor, musician, writer and dancer (All That, Sesame Street)
Jake Lucas, actor (Broadway production of Newsies, Peter Pan Live!, the 2015 Broadway revival of The King and I)
Gregori Lukas, singer and dancer (Recording Artist, The Nutcracker, New York City Ballet)
Paul McGill, actor and dancer (Bullets Over Broadway, Fame)
Taylor Momsen, actress and singer (Gossip Girl, The Pretty Reckless)
Asher Monroe, actor, dancer and singer (V Factory, Fame)
Christian Navarro, actor (Vinyl, 13 Reasons Why)
Eric Nelsen, actor and dancer (All My Children, 13: The Musical)
Connor Paolo, actor (Gossip Girl, Revenge)
Karina Pasian, singer and pianist (Grammy Award nominee for First Love)
Josh Peck, actor and comedian (Drake & Josh, The Amanda Show)
Justin Peck, dancer and choreographer (New York City Ballet)
Danielle Polanco, dancer and choreographer (Step Up film series)
Victor Rasuk, actor (How to Make it in America, Fifty Shades film series)
Alisa Reyes, actress (All That, The Proud Family)
Elena Satine, actress and singer (Magic City, Revenge)
Max Schneider, singer and actor (How To Rock, Rags)
Britney Spears, singer and dancer (Grammy Award winner)
Rebecca Harrell Tickell, actress, producer and director (Prancer, FUEL, The Big Fix)
Addison Timlin, actress (Derailed, Zero Hour)
Louie Torrellas, actor and comedian (Sponk!, Jumper)
Chris Trousdale, actor and singer (The Biggest Fan, Dream Street)
Daniel Ulbricht, dancer (New York City Ballet)
Jamila Velazquez, actor (Empire, Twisted)
Malina Weissman, actress (A Series of Unfortunate Events)
Jeremy Allen White, actor (Shameless, Twelve)
Lee Thompson Young, actor (The Famous Jett Jackson)
Aubrey Joseph, actor (Cloak and Dagger)
Ben Cook, Broadway actor
Dominique Thorne, actress (If Beale Street Could Talk, Judas and the Black Messiah)
References
Educational institutions established in 1990
Public high schools in Manhattan
Schools of the performing arts in the United States
Public middle schools in Manhattan
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
1990 establishments in New York City
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20wine
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Palm wine
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Palm wine, known by several local names, is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms. It is known by various names in different regions and is common in various parts of Africa, the Caribbean, South America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Micronesia.
Palm wine production by smallholders and individual farmers may promote conservation as palm trees become a source of regular household income that may economically be worth more than the value of timber sold.
Tapping
The sap is extracted and collected by a tapper. Typically the sap is collected from the cut flower of the palm tree. A container is fastened to the flower stump to collect the sap. The white liquid that initially collects tends to be very sweet and non-alcoholic before it is fermented. An alternative method is the felling of the entire tree. Where this is practised, a fire is sometimes lit at the cut end to facilitate the collection of sap.
Palm sap begins fermenting immediately after collection, due to natural yeasts in the air (often spurred by residual yeast left in the collecting container). Within two hours, fermentation yields an aromatic wine of up to 4% alcohol content, mildly intoxicating and sweet. The wine may be allowed to ferment longer, up to a day, to yield a stronger, more sour and acidic taste, which some people prefer. Longer fermentation produces vinegar instead of stronger wine.
Distilled
Palm wine may be distilled to create a stronger drink, which goes by different names depending on the region (e.g., arrack, palm feni (liquor), village gin, charayam, and country whiskey).
Throughout Nigeria, this is commonly called Palm Wine. In some parts of Cameroon, it is known as Emu or "Matango". In parts of southern Ghana, distilled palm wine is called akpeteshi or burukutu. In Togo and Benin, it is called sodabe, while in Tunisia it is called lagmi. In coastal parts of Kenya, it is known as "mnazi". In India it is called "Toddy". In Ivory Coast, it is called "koutoukou".
In the Philippines, the most common distilled palm liquor is lambanog which is made from aged tubâ. It has very high alcohol by volume, at 40 to 45% abv (80 to 90 proof).
Consumption by region
Africa
In Africa, the sap used to create palm wine is most often taken from wild datepalms such as the silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), the palmyra, and the jaggery palm (Caryota urens), or from oil palm such as the African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineense) or from Raffia palms, kithul palms, or nipa palms. In part of central and western Democratic Republic of the Congo, palm wine is called malafu.
Palm wine plays an important role in many ceremonies in parts of Nigeria such as among the Igbo peoples, and elsewhere in Central and Western Africa. Guests at weddings, birth celebrations, and funeral wakes are served generous quantities. Palm wine is often infused with medicinal herbs to remedy a wide variety of physical complaints. As a token of respect to deceased ancestors, many drinking sessions begin with a small amount of palm wine spilled on the ground (Kulosa malafu in Kikongo ya Leta). Palm wine is enjoyed by men and women, although women usually drink it in less public venues.
In parts of southeastern Nigeria, namely Igboland, palm wine is locally referred to as "mmanya ocha" (literally, "white drink"), with "ngwo" and "nkwu" variants. It plays a very important role in traditional Igbo settings. In Urualla, for instance, and other "ideator" towns, it is the drink of choice for traditional weddings. A young man who is going for the first introduction at his in-laws’ house is required to bring palm wine with him. There are varying gallons of palm wine required, depending on the customs of the different regions in Igboland. This culture can be observed in a similar fashion in the neighboring north-western regions of Cameroon. (North West Region).
There are four types of palm wine in the central and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo. From the oil palm comes ngasi, dibondo comes from the raffia palm, cocoti from the coconut palm, and mahusu from a short palm which grows in the savannah areas of western Bandundu and Kasai provinces.
South Asia
In South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka, coconut palms and Palmyra palms such as the Arecaceae and Borassus are preferred. It is mainly produced from the lala palm (Hyphaene coriacea) by cutting the stem and collecting the sap. In some areas of India, palm wine is evaporated to produce the unrefined sugar called jaggery.
In parts of India, the unfermented sap is called neera ( in Tamil Nadu) and is refrigerated, stored and distributed by semi-government agencies. A little lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to the sap to prevent it from fermenting. Neera, similar to fruit-juice products, is relatively rich in potassium.
In India, palm wine or toddy is served as either neera or (a sweet, non-alcoholic beverage derived from fresh sap) or (a sour beverage made from fermented sap, but not as strong as wine). Palm sap contains natural yeasts, which perform the fermentation of glucose to alcohol, as well as acetobacter, which subsequently converts the alcohol to acetic acid (vinegar). Optimal consumption time is one day after tapping when the vinegar content is minimal; beyond this time, it becomes increasingly sour. Some palm wine drinkers prefer their beverage more sour than usual, but fermenting for too long will result in vinegar rather than wine. Refrigeration extends beverage life, as do a variety of spices, which also contribute flavor.
In India, palm wine is usually available at toddy shops (known as in Malayalam, in Tamil, in Tulu, in Telugu, in Kannada). In Tamil Nadu, this beverage is currently banned, though the legality fluctuates with politics. In the absence of legal toddy, moonshine distillers of arrack often sell methanol-contaminated alcohol, which can have lethal consequences. To discourage this practice, authorities have pushed for inexpensive "Indian Made Foreign Liquor" (IMFL).
In states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh (India), toddy is a popular drink in rural parts that is frequently consumed at the end of the day after work.
There are two main types of toddy () in states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, namely (from Toddy Palmyra trees) and (from silver date palms). is very sweet and less intoxicating, whereas is stronger (sweet in the morning, becoming sour to bitter-sour in the evening) and is highly intoxicating. People enjoy right at the trees where it is brought down. They drink out of leaves by holding them to their mouths while the Goud pours the from the (kallu pot). There are different types of toddy according to the season: , , . .
In the Indian state of Kerala, toddy is used in leavening (as a substitute for yeast) a local form of hopper called the . Toddy is mixed with rice dough and left overnight to aid in fermentation and expansion of the dough causing the dough to rise overnight, making the bread soft when prepared.
In Kerala, toddy is sold under a license issued by the excise department and it is an industry having more than 50,000 employees with a welfare board under the labor department. It is also used in the preparation of a soft variety of Sanna, which is famous in the parts of Karnataka and Goa in India.
Indonesia and Malaysia
Tuak, which can refer to both palm wine and rice wine, is imbibed in Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Bali of Indonesia and parts of Malaysia such as Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia. The beverage is a popular drink among the Kadazan-Dusun, Ibans and the Dayaks during the Gawai and Kaamatan festivals, weddings, hosting of guests and other special occasions. The Batak people of North Sumatra also consume palm wine, with the palm sap is mixed with raru bark to make Tuak. The brew is served at stalls along with snacks. The same word is used for other drinks in Indonesia, for example, those made using fermented rice.
Mexico
Mexican tuba made from coconut sap is common in western Mexico, especially in the states of Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Guerrero. Coconuts are not native to the Americas. They were introduced to Mexico from the Philippines via the Manila Galleons to Acapulco, along with tuba manufacturing. Mexican tuba is made in the same way as Filipino tubâ. The traditional sap collectors are known as tuberos (which also means "plumber" in both Mexico and the Philippines). It became so popular that in 1619, Captain Sebastian de Piñeda wrote to King Philip III of Spain complaining of the Filipino "Indio" settlers in Nueva España who were causing significant loss of profits to Iberian alcohol exporters due to tuba.
Mexican tuba is also commonly sold as tuba fresca, a non-alcoholic version made from fresh coconut sap. It is traditionally sold by street vendors in large bottle gourds mixed with coconut milk, ice, and sugar. It is usually topped with peanuts and diced fruit.
Philippines
Palm wines are widely consumed in the Philippines and are part of the traditional palm vinegar industry. They are gathered mostly from coconuts, nipa palms, or kaong palms. Palm wines fermented for a few days to a few weeks are generally referred to as tubâ. There are two notable traditional derivations of tubâ with higher alcohol contents. The first is the lambanog of Luzon island in the northern Philippines that distilled and is milky white to clear in colour. The second, is the bahalina of the Visayas and Mindanao islands which is typically deep brown-orange in colour due to the use of bark extracts from the mangrove Ceriops tagal.
Other types of palm wines indigenous to the islands include subtypes of tubâ like tuhak or tubâ sa hidikup which is made from kaong palm sap, and tunggang which is made from fishtail palm sap.
On the island of Leyte in the central Philippines, the red tubâ is aged with the tanbark for up to six months to two years, until it gets dark red and tapping its glass container gives off a deep hollow sound. This type of tubâ is called bahal (for tubâ aged this way for up to six months) and bahalina (for tubâ aged thus for up to a year or more).
South America
Production of palm wine may have contributed to the endangered status of the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis).
Other areas
In Tuvalu, the process of making toddy can clearly be seen with tapped palm trees that line Funafuti International Airport.
In Kiribati, it is called Karewe and freshly tapped sap from coconut spathe is used as a refreshing drink and the fermented sap is used as an alcoholic beverage. Karewe is boiled to reduce into a thick light brown liquid, called kamwaimwai, used as sweetener and spread.
Consumption by animals
Some small pollinating mammals consume large amounts of fermented palm nectar as part of their diet, especially the southeast Asian pen-tailed treeshrew. The inflorescences of the bertam palm contain populations of yeast which ferment the nectar in the flowers to up to 3.8% alcohol (average: 0.6%). The treeshrews metabolise the alcohol very efficiently and do not appear to become drunk from the fermented nectar.
Megabats have been known to drink from containers of harvested palm sap and then urinate into the containers, leading to the transmission of the Nipah virus.
Names
There are a variety of regional names for Palm wine:
Gallery
In popular culture
The tapping and consumption of palm wine are recurrent motifs in the Chinua Achebe novel Things Fall Apart, and in the Amos Tutuola novel The Palm-Wine Drinkard. It is also mentioned in the 2006 movie Blood Diamond.
See also
Desi daru
Pulque
Arrack, an alcoholic beverage distilled from coconut palm wine in southeast Asia.
Palm-wine music, a West African musical genre.
Coyol wine
Ogogoro
Madurai Veeran, a deity who consumes toddy.
Sree Muthappan, another deity who consumes toddy.
List of Indonesian beverages
References
Notes
External links
Article on Philippine palm wine
Coconut drinks
Fermented drinks
Edible palms
Tropical agriculture
Cambodian drinks
Nigerian cuisine
Igbo cuisine
Philippine cuisine
Malaysian alcoholic drinks
Nigerian alcoholic drinks
Indian alcoholic drinks
Philippine alcoholic drinks
Central African Republic cuisine
Algerian alcoholic drinks
Tunisian cuisine
Togolese cuisine
Tree tapping
Non-timber forest products
Yoruba cuisine
Indonesian alcoholic drinks
Traditional Indian alcoholic beverages
Sri Lankan drinks
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207492
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main-Taunus-Kreis
|
Main-Taunus-Kreis
|
Main-Taunus is a Kreis (district) in the middle of Hessen, Germany and is part of the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region as well as the Frankfurt urban area. Neighboring districts are Hochtaunuskreis, district-free Frankfurt, Groß-Gerau, district-free Wiesbaden, Rheingau-Taunus. It is the second most densely populated rural district in Germany.
History
Before the era of Napoleon, the area was divided into many small bits and pieces of independent states. The most prominent of these were the Archbishopric of Mainz and the territory ruled by the Lords of Eppstein, who were later succeeded by the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1806 the area became united for the first time as part of the Duchy of Nassau, which was annexed to Prussia in 1866. In 1928 the Main-Taunus district was formed when the cities of Wiesbaden and Frankfurt annexed adjoining areas, leaving the remaining unincorporated areas in the former districts of Wiesbaden and Höchst too small to survive on their own. Together with some adjoining area in the north, these bits and pieces were merged into the Main-Taunus district. In 1972 the northern part of the district was transferred to the Hochtaunus district, and in 1977 the westernmost parts became parts of the city Wiesbaden and the newly formed district Rheingau-Taunus. In 1980 the administrative seat was moved from Frankfurt-Höchst to Hofheim.
Geography
The district covers the southern part of the Taunus mountains, with the Main river forming part of the district's border in the south. The district covers the smallest area of any rural district in Germany.
Coat of arms
The upper part of the coat of arms show the wheel of the Archbishopric of Mainz, the bottom part shows the bars of the Lords of Eppstein.
Towns and municipalities
References
External links
Official website (German)
Districts of Prussia
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] |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20crime%20writers
|
List of crime writers
|
This is a list of crime writers with a Wikipedia page. They may include the authors of any subgenre of crime fiction, including detective, mystery or hard-boiled. Some of these may overlap with the List of thriller authors.
Entries need an English Wikipedia page. Abbreviations: A = Australia, B = Belgium, C = Canada, Ch = China, E = England, F = France, G = Germany, Ic = Iceland, In = India, IoM = Isle of Man, Ir = Ireland, Is = Israel, It = Italy, J = Japan, Ma = Malta, Ne = Netherlands, NZ = N Zealand, P = Poland, R = Soviet Union/Russia, SA = S Africa, Sc = Scotland, Sw = Switzerland, T = Turkey, US = United States, W = Wales
A–B
Megan Abbott (born 1971, US)
Susan Wittig Albert (living, US)
Steve Allen (1921–2000, US)
Jirō Akagawa (赤川次郎, born 1948, J)
Boris Akunin (born 1956, R), pseudonym of Grigori Chkhartishvili
Margery Allingham (1904–1966, E)
Eric Ambler (1909–1998, E)
Sarah Andrews (died 2019, US)
Gosho Aoyama (青山剛昌, born 1963, J)
Charlotte Armstrong (1905–1969, US)
Jake Arnott (born 1961, E)
Gianluca Arrighi (born 1972, It)
Taku Ashibe (芦辺拓, born 1958, J)
Isaac Asimov (1920–1992, R/US)
Pieter Aspe (1953–2021, B)
H. C. Asterley (1902–1973, E)
Edward Atiyah (1903–1964, Lebanon)
Edward Attard (born 1947, Ma)
Yukito Ayatsuji (綾辻行人, born 1960, J), pseudonym of Naoyuki Uchida (内田直行)
Desmond Bagley (1923–1983, E)
H. C. Bailey (1878–1961, E)
Deb Baker (born 1953, US)
John Baker (born 1942, E)
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay (1899–1970, In)
Ashok Banker (born 1964, In)
John Franklin Bardin (1916–1981, US)
Michael Bar-Zohar (born 1938, Is)
Burl Barer (born 1947, US)
Robert Barnard (1936–2013, E)
Nevada Barr (born 1952, US)
J. J. Barrie (born 1933, C)
Earle Basinsky (1923–1963, US)
G. D. Baum (living, US)
William Bayer (born 1939, US)
Simon Beckett (born 1960, E)
George Bellairs (1902–1982, E/IoM), pseudonym of Harold Blundell
Robert Leslie Bellem (1902–1968, US)
Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875–1956, E)
Earl Derr Biggers (1884–1933, US)
Mark Billingham (born 1961, E)
Bimal Kar (1921–2003, In)
Robert Bloch (1917–1994, US)
Lawrence Block (born 1938, US)
Deborah Blum (born 1954, US)
Ernest Borneman (1915–1995, G/Austria)
Ernest Bramah (1868–1942, E)
Paolo Brera (1949–2019, It)
Simon Brett (born 1945, E)
P. J. Brooke (living, Sc), pseudonym of Philip James O'Brien
Fredric Brown (1906–1972, US)
Pat Brown (born 1955, US)
Ken Bruen (born 1951, Ir)
John Buchan (1875–1940, Sc)
John Bude (1901–1957, E), pseudonym of Ernest Elmore
James Lee Burke (born 1936, US)
Jan Burke (born 1953, US)
C
James M. Cain (1892–1977, US)
Paul Cain (1902–1966, US), pseudonym of George Caryl Sims
Bernard Capes (1854–1918, E)
John Dickson Carr (1906–1977, US)
Jane Casey (born 1977, Ir/E)
Kathryn Casey (living, US)
Rajorshi Chakraborti (born 1977, In)
Chan Ho-Kei (born 1975, 陳浩基, Hong Kong/Taiwan)
Jessie Chandler (born 1968, US)
Raymond Chandler (1988–1959, US/E)
Vikram Chandra (born 1961, In)
Kate Charles (born 1950, US/E)
Leslie Charteris (1907–1993, Singapore/E)
James Hadley Chase (1906–1985, E/Sw)
G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936, E)
Lee Child (born 1954, E), pseudonym of James Dover Grant
Chin Shunshin (陳舜臣, 1924–2015, Taiwan/J)
Agatha Christie (1890–1976, E)
Carol Higgins Clark (born 1956, US)
Mary Higgins Clark (1927–2020, US)
Paul Cleave (born 1974, NZ)
Brian Cleeve (1921–2003, E/Ir)
Ann Cleeves (born 1954, E)
Harlan Coben (born 1962, US)
Liza Cody (born 1944, E)
Max Allan Collins (born 1948, US)
Michael Collins (1924–2005), pseudonym of Dennis Lynds
Michael Connelly (born 1956, US)
Sheila Connolly (1950–2020, US)
Robin Cook (born 1940, US)
Patricia Cornwell (born 1956, US)
Anthony Berkeley Cox (1893–1971, E)
Chris Culver (living, US)
Philip R. Craig (1933–2007, US)
Robert Crais (born 1953, US)
John Creasey (1908–1973, E)
Michael Crichton (1942–2008, US)
Catherine Crier (born 1954, US)
Edmund Crispin (1921–1978, E), pseudonym of Robert Bruce Montgomery
Freeman Wills Crofts (1879–1957, Ir/E)
Amanda Cross (1926–2003, US), pseudonym of Carolyn Gold Heilbrun
James Crumley (1939–2008, US)
D–F
Jordan Dane (born 1953, US)
Diane Mott Davidson (born 1949, US)
Carol Anne Davis (born 1961, Sc)
Dorothy Salisbury Davis (1916–2014, US)
Janet Dawson (born 1949, US)
Jeffery Deaver (born 1950, US)
Vicki Delany (born 1951, C)
Lester Dent (1904–1959, US)
P. T. Deutermann (born 1941, US)
William Deverell (born 1937, C)
Colin Dexter (1930–2017, E)
Ranj Dhaliwal (born 1976/1977, C)
Michael Dibdin (1947–2007, E)
Eric Jerome Dickey (1961–2021, US)
Peter Dickinson (1927–2015, N Rhodesia/E)
S. S. Van Dine (1888–1939, US), pseudonym of Willard Huntington Wright
Doris Miles Disney (1907–1976, US)
Stacy Dittrich (born 1973, US)
Stephen Dobyns (born 1941, US)
R. B. Dominic (1927–1997 and born 1929, US), pseudonym of Mary Jane Latsis and Martha Henissart
Tim Dorsey (born 1961, US)
John E. Douglas (born 1945, US)
Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930, Sc/E)
John Dunning (1918–1990, US/Luxembourg)
Umberto Eco (1932–2016, It)
Edogawa Rampo (江戸川乱歩, 1894–1965, J), pseudonym of Tarō Hirai (平井太郎)
Martin Edwards (born 1955, E)
Åke Edwardson (born 1953, Sweden)
Mark Ellis (born 1953, W)
James Ellroy (born 1948, US)
Sven Elvestad (1884–1934, Norway)
Loren D. Estleman (born 1952, US)
Janet Evanovich (born 1943, US)
Stanley Evans (born 1931, C)
Diane Fanning (born 1950, US)
Charles Finch (born 1980, US)
Paul Finch (living, E)
Shamini Flint (born 1969, Malaya/Malaysia)
R. Barri Flowers (born 1956, US)
Pascale Fonteneau (born 1963, F/B)
Ron Franscell (born 1957, US)
Dick Francis (1920–2010, W/E)
Antonia Fraser (born 1932, E)
Kinky Friedman (born 1944, US)
Gayleen Froese (born 1972, C)
Jacques Futrelle (1875–1912, US)
G–H
Leighton Gage (1942–2013, US)
Erle Stanley Gardner (1889–1970, US)
Anthony Gilbert (1889–1973, E), pseudonym of Lucy Beatrice Malleson
Michael Gilbert (1912–2006, E)
Kenneth Giles (died 1974, E)
Steven Gore (living, US)
Ed Gorman (1941–2016, US)
Sue Grafton (1940–2017, US)
Caroline Graham (born 1931, E)
Ann Granger (born 1939, E)
Anna Katharine Green (1846–1935, US)
John M. Green (born 1953, A)
Graham Greene (1904–1991, E/Sw)
Bryan Gruley (born 1957, US)
Robert van Gulik (1910–1967, Ne/Dutch E Indies)
Elizabeth Gunn (living, US)
Batya Gur (1947–2005, Is)
Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961, US)
Cyril Hare (1900–1958, E), pseudonym of Alfred Alexander Gordon Clark
Kent Harrington (living, US)
Margie Harris (fl. 1930s, US)
Havank (1904–1964, Ne), pseudonym of Hendrikus Frederikus van der Kallen
Monika Hausammann (1974, CH)
Mo Hayder (1962–2021, E)
J. M. Hayes (living, US)
Elizabeth Haynes (living, E)
Tim Heald (1944–2016, E)
Peter Heck (born 1941, US)
Georgette Heyer (1902–1974, E)
Carl Hiaasen (born 1953, US)
Keigo Higashino (東野圭吾, born 1958, J)
George V. Higgins (1939–1999, US)
Patricia Highsmith (1921–1995, US/Sw)
Reginald Hill (1936–2012, E)
Tony Hillerman (1925–2008, US)
John Buxton Hilton (1921–1986, E)
Chester Himes (1909–1984, US/Spain)
Elisabeth Sanxay Holding (1889–1955, US)
Dorothy B. Hughes (1904–1993, US)
Victoria Houston (living, US)
I–L
Ibn-e-Safi (1928–1980, Pakistan)
Francis Iles (1893–1971, E), pseudonym of Anthony Berkeley Cox
Arnaldur Indriðason (born 1961, Ic)
Michael Innes (1906–1994, Sc), pseudonym of J. I. M. Stewart
Kōtarō Isaka (伊坂幸太郎, born 1971, J)
Ira Ishida (石田衣良, born 1960, J)
Shirley Jackson (1916–1965, US)
P. D. James (1920–2014, E)
Peter James (born 1948, E)
J. A. Jance (born 1944, US)
Quintin Jardine (born 1945, Sc)
Marshall Jevons (fl. 1970s, US), pseudonym of William L. Breit (1933–2011) and Kenneth G. Elzinga (living)
He Jiahong (何家弘, born 1953, Ch)
Alper Kaya (born 1990, T)
H. R. F. Keating (1926–2011, E)
Carolyn Keene (fl. 1970s–1980s, US), syndicate pseudonym
Faye Kellerman (born 1952, US)
Jonathan Kellerman (born 1949, US)
Harry Kemelman (1908–1996, US)
Michael Kenyon (1931–2005, E)
Simon Kernick (born 1967, E)
Kim Young-ha (김영하, born 1968, S Korea)
Laurie R. King (born 1552, US)
Natsuo Kirino (桐野夏生, born 1951, J)
Kenzo Kitakata (北方謙三, born 1947, J)
Kazuhiro Kiuchi (木内一裕, born 1960, J)
Andrew Klavan (born 1954, US)
Ronald Knox (1888–1957, E)
William Kent Krueger (born 1950, US)
Natsuhiko Kyōgoku (born 1963, J)
Lori L. Lake (born 1960, US)
Joe R. Lansdale (born 1951, US)
Shulamit Lapid (born 1934, Is)
Gaylord Larsen (born 1932, US)
Stieg Larsson (1954–2004, Sweden)
David Lassman (living, E)
Emma Lathen (fl. 1960s ff., US), pseudonym of Mary Jane Latsis (1927–1997) and Martha Henissart (born 1929)
Stephen Leather (born 1956, E)
John le Carré (1931–2020, E)
Vanessa Leggett (born 1968, US)
Dennis Lehane (born 1965, US)
Donna Leon (born 1942, US/Sw)
Elmore Leonard (1925–2013, US)
Gaston Leroux (1868–1927, F)
Ira Levin (1929–2007, US)
Paul Levine (born 1948, US)
Ted Lewis (1940–1982, E)
Laura Lippman (born 1959, US)
Steven Long (born 1944, US)
E. C. R. Lorac (1894–1958, E)
Gabrielle Lord (born 1946, A)
Gayle Lynds (living, US)
M
John D. MacDonald (1916–1986, US)
Ross Macdonald (1915–1983, US/C), pseudonym of Kenneth Millar
Shane Maloney (born 1953, A)
Henning Mankell (1948–2015, Sweden)
Petros Markaris (born 1937, T/US)
John Marquand (1893–1960, US)
Ngaio Marsh (1895–1982, NZ)
Faith Martin (living, E), pseudonym of Jacquie Walton
William Marshall (1944–2003, A)
Jan Mårtenson (born 1933, Sweden)
Edward Marston (born 1944, W/E), pseudonym of Keith Miles
Seichō Matsumoto (松本清張, 1909–1992, J)
Peter May (born 1951, Sc)
Ed McBain (1926–2005, US)
James McClure (1939–2006, SA/E)
Val McDermid (born 1955, Sc)
Dennis McDougal (born 1947, US)
Iain McDowall (living, Sc/E)
Michele McPhee (born 1970, US)
Clive Leo McNeir (living, E)
Lee Mellor (born 1982, E/C)
Nicholas Meyer (born 1945, US)
Milton Scott Michel (1916–1992, US)
Margaret Millar (1915–1994, C/US)
Zygmunt Miłoszewski (born 1976, P)
Denise Mina (born 1966, Sc)
Kanae Minato (湊かなえ, born 1973, J)
Dreda Say Mitchell (born 1965, E)
Gladys Mitchell (1901–1983, E)
Miyuki Miyabe (宮部みゆき, born 1960, J)
Gwen Moffat (born 1924, E)
Rick Mofina (living, C)
Christopher G. Moore (born 1952, C)
David Morrell (born 1943, C/US)
Mark Morris (born 1963, E)
John Mortimer (1923–2009, E)
Patricia Moyes (1923–2000, E)
Marcia Muller (born 1944, US)
Clare Munnings (living, US), pseudonym of Jill Ker Conway and Elizabeth Topham Kennan
Margaret Murphy (born 1959, E)
Susan Murphy-Milano (died 2012, US)
N–Q
Magdalen Nabb (1947–2007, E)
Fuminori Nakamura (中村文則, born 1977, J)
Jo Nesbø (born 1960, Norway)
Beverley Nichols (1898–1983, E)
Kyōtarō Nishimura (西村京太郎, born 1930, J)
Asa Nonami (乃南アサ, born 1960, J)
Jamyang Norbu (འཇམ་དབྱངས་ནོར་བུ, born 1949, Tibet/US)
Rintarō Norizuki (法月綸太郎, born 1964, J)
Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938, US)
Rodica Ojog-Brașoveanu (1939–2002, Romania)
Kidō Okamoto (岡本綺堂, 1872–1939, J)
Celil Oker (born 1952, T)
Gō Ōsaka (逢坂剛, born 1943, J)
Arimasa Ōsawa (大沢在昌, born 1956, J)
Otsuichi (乙一, born 1978), pseudonym of Hirotaka Adachi (安達寛高)
Rodrigues Ottolengui (1861–1937, US)
Sara Paretsky (born 1947, US)
Edith Pargeter (1913–1995, E)
Robert B. Parker (1932–2010, US)
Surender Mohan Pathak (born 1940, In)
James Patterson (born 1947, US)
Hayford Peirce (1942–2020, US)
Don Pendleton (1927–1995, US)
Louise Penny (born 1958, C)
Anne Perry (born 1938, E)
Ellis Peters (1913–1995, E)
Mike Phillips (born 1941, British Guiana/E)
Scott Phillips (born 1961, US)
Edgar Allan Poe (1909–1949, US)
Nicholas A. Price (living, US)
Bill Pronzini (born 1943, US)
Lisa Pulitzer (born c. 1962, US)
Ellery Queen (1929 ff., US), pseudonym of Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee
R–S
Melanie Raabe (born 1981, G)
Indra Soundar Rajan (born 1958, In)
Ian Rankin (born 1960, Sc)
Clayton Rawson (1906–1971, US)
Satyajit Ray (1921–1992, In)
Kathy Reichs (born 1948, US)
Ruth Rendell (1930–2015, E)
Osvaldo Reyes (born 1971, Panama)
Craig Rice (1908–1957, US)
Lynda Suzanne Robinson (born 1951, US)
Peter Robinson (born 1950, E/C)
Elliott Roosevelt (1910–1990, US)
Karen Rose (living, US)
Caitlin Rother (born 1962, C/US)
Hemendra Kumar Roy (1888–1963, In)
S. J. Rozan (born 1950, US)
Jane Rubino (living, US)
Ann Rule (1931–2015, US)
Craig Russell (living, Sc)
James Sallis (born 1944, US)
C. J. Sansom (born 1952, Sc)
Joh Sasaki (佐々木譲, born 1950, J)
Robin Sax (born 1972, US)
Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957, E)
Sandra Scoppettone (born 1936, US)
Cathy Scott (born 1950s, US)
Will Scott (1893–1964, E)
Lisa Scottoline (born 1955, US)
Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay, (1899–1970, In)
Sōji Shimada (島田荘司, born 1948, J)
John Silvester (living, A)
Georges Simenon (1903–1989, B)
Roger L. Simon (born 1943, US)
Dorothy Simpson (born 1933, E)
Elizabeth Sims (born 1957, US)
John Sladek (1937–2000, US)
Karin Slaughter (born 1971, US)
Aaron Smith (born 1976, US)
Alexander McCall Smith (born 1948, S Rhodesia/E)
Anthony Neil Smith (living US)
Joan Smith (born 1953, E)
Martin Cruz Smith (born 1942, US)
Teresa Solana (born 1962, Spain)
Mehmet Murat Somer (born 1959, T)
Julia Spencer-Fleming (born 1961, US)
Suzy Spencer (living, US)
Mickey Spillane (1918–2006, US)
Nancy Springer (born 1948, US)
Rex Stout (1886–1975, US)
Linda Stratmann (born 1948, E)
Cecil Street (1884–1964, Gibraltar/E), pseudonym John Rhode
Kalpana Swaminathan (born 1956, In)
Leonie Swann (born 1975, G)
Vikas Swarup (born 1960, In)
Mitzi Szereto (living, E)
T–Z
Akimitsu Takagi (高木彬光, 1920–1995, J)
Katsuhiko Takahashi (高橋克彦, born 1947, J)
Kazuaki Takano (高野和明, born 1964, J)
Tetsuo Takashima (高嶋哲夫, born 1949, J)
Andrew Taylor (born 1951, E)
Josephine Tey (1896–1952, Sc/E), pseudonym of Elizabeth MacKintosh
Johan Theorin (born 1963, Sweden)
Paul and Mabel Thorne (early 20th c., US)
Masako Togawa (戸川昌子, born 1933, J)
M. J. Trow (born 1949, W/E)
Margaret Truman (1924–2008, US)
James Twining (born 1972, E)
Ahmet Ümit (born 1960, T)
Lisa Unger (born 1970, US)
Arthur Upfield (1890–1964, E/A)
Andrew Vachss (born 1942, US)
Edgar Wallace (1875–1932, E/US)
Lew Wallace (1827–1905, US)
Minette Walters (born 1949, E)
Wang Shuo (王朔, born 1958, Ch)
Sarah Ward (living, E)
Hillary Waugh (1920–2008, US)
Betty Webb (living, US)
Charlie Wells (1923–2004, US)
Jeri Westerson (born 1960, US)
Donald E. Westlake (1933–2008, US)
Patricia Wentworth (1877–1961, E)
Janwillem van de Wetering (1931–2008, Ne)
Ethel Lina White (1876–1944, E)
Collin Wilcox (1924–1996, US)
Charles Willeford (1919–1998, US)
Leslie Wolfe (born 1967, US)
Cornell Woolrich (1903–1968, US)
Dornford Yates (1885–1960, E/S Rhodesia), pseudonym of Cecil William Mercer
Seishi Yokomizo (横溝正史, 1902–1981, J)
Hideo Yokoyama (横山秀夫, born 1957, J)
Shuichi Yoshida (吉田修一, born 1968, J)
Yumeno Kyūsaku (夢野久作, 1889–1936, J)
Helen Zahavi (born 1966, E)
See also
List of Australian crime-related books and media
Lists of authors
List of mystery writers
List of thriller authors
List of Asian crime fiction writers
Detective fiction
Crime fiction
Mystery fiction
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time
Whodunit
Crime-related lists
Lists of writers
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou%20Zocchi
|
Lou Zocchi
|
Louis Zocchi is a gaming hobbyist, former game distributor and publisher, and maker and seller of polyhedral game dice. In 1986, he was elected to the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame.
Career
Lou Zocchi was one of the first editors for Avalon Hill's magazine, The General, and a regular contributor during its first 11 years of publication. He also playtested such early wargames as Bismark, Afrika Korps, Jutland, Stalingrad, and a number of titles Avalon Hill did not publish. Zocchi was the first U.S. distributor to sell nothing but adventure games. As a board wargame designer, his credits include Luftwaffe, The Battle of Britain, Alien Space, and Flying Tigers, as well as the 3-, 5-, 14-, 24-, and 100-sided die. Zocchi contributed to the series of books by Guidon Games that began in 1971 with Chainmail. Zocchi produced the superhero RPG Superhero: 2044 in 1977.
In 1975, Zocchi wrote and published a book, How to $ell Your Wargame, to help other designers sell their games.
Zocchi also designed and published a set of miniatures rules called the Star Fleet Battle Manual (1977) that he licensed from Franz Joseph (artist), and Zocchi's old friend Stephen Cole licensed the rights from Joseph to publish the STAR FLEET BATTLES GAME, of his own in 1979. Zocchi distributed the Wee Warriors line. Zocchi helped Judges Guild out of cash-flow problems in the early 1980s by paying them $350 each time in return for the right to reprint out-of-print Judges Guild supplements. Mike Hurdle of Holly Springs Mississippi purchased Zocchi Distribution in February 1998.
Zocchi and his company GameScience have published a number of games over the years (many designed by Zocchi), but are best known for making dice, and inventing the Zocchihedron (100-sided) die. Zocchi is a well-known figure at gaming conventions like Gen Con and Origins Game Fair, where he demonstrates the various inconsistencies in most mass-produced gaming dice.
Zocchi has designed a few games himself, including Hardtack, and Battle Wagon Salvo.
In 1987, Zocchi was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming's Hall of Fame. He was honored as a "famous game designer" by being inducted into the Game Designers Hall of Fame and featured as the king of clubs in Flying Buffalo's 2009 Famous Game Designers Playing Card Deck.
GameScience is still trading, and () Zocchi is still active in the gaming community.
He later joined the AL.S.D.F. force and held the rank of Colonel.
Study of dice
Most dice, according to Zocchi, do not roll accurately because of flawed manufacturing processes. The dice favor certain numbers and are more likely to land on those numbers. Zocchi believes the "superstition" of many gamers who use specific dice to roll high and others to roll low results from the fact that major dice manufacturers smooth out the straight edges of their dice in machines much like rock tumblers. The result is that plastic dice originally molded evenly are unevened and unbalanced, making them more likely to land on some numbers than on others.
Zocchi demonstrates the imperfections of dice with statistical results (showing uneven distribution of rolled die values) and with photographs of uneven die edges, faces and vertices. His demonstrations are sales pitches for his precision edged dice (with sharp edges) manufactured by his company, GameScience. Unlike other gaming dice producers, Zocchi guarantees in a video published on YouTube that his dice roll rightly and never break. However, tests by Jason Mills in 1987 and published in White Dwarf magazine showed that his Zocchihedron had a significantly uneven number distribution. Right after that article came out, Zocchi adjusted the numbering of the Zocchihedron to correct the distribution and claims that the d100 now rolls rightly, whereas the original Zocchihedron had all the mid-range numbers clustered at the equator. The modified layout assigns one number from each tens-cluster to each ring of numbers around the die. Only white dice with black numbers use the older number distribution. Corrected dice are manufactured in other colors. However, while this "correction" will prevent the Zocchihedron from biasing against very high and very low numbers, the distribution of the individual numbers themselves will remain to be proven by tests.
Due to safety concerns, the 4-sided die (or d4) produced by GameScience has truncated points.
Zocchi has invented and produced several "non-standard" dice. These are a 3-sided die, a 5-sided die, a 14-sided die, a 16-sided die, and a 24-sided die. All these except the 7-sided (d7) are available in high-impact translucent plastic. The 7 sided die Zocchi was invented by Bernard Beruter of Canada.
References
External links
GameScience
US patents , and .
Interview with Zocchi discussing his dice: Part 1, Part 2, at YouTube
Ten-thousand roll statistic comparison of Chessex and Lou Zocchi's dice: http://www.awesomedice.com/blog/353/d20-dice-randomness-test-chessex-vs-gamescience/
Living people
American game designers
Board game designers
Dice
United States Air Force airmen
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Anshi
|
Wang Anshi
|
Wang Anshi ; ; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (), was a Chinese economist, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor and attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms known as the New Policies. These reforms constituted the core concepts of the Song-Dynasty Reformists, in contrast to their rivals, the Conservatives, led by the Chancellor Sima Guang.
Wang Anshi's ideas are usually analyzed in terms of the influence the Rites of Zhou or Legalism had on him. His economic reforms included increase currency circulation, breaking up of private monopolies, and early forms of government regulation and social welfare. His military reforms expanded the use of local militias and his government reforms expanded the civil service examination system and attempted to suppress nepotism in government. Although successful for a while, he eventually fell out of favor of the emperor.
Early career
Wang Anshi was born on 8 December 1021, to a family of jinshi degree holders in Linchuan (Fuzhou, Jiangxi province). He placed fourth in the palace exam and obtained a jinshi degree in 1042. He began his career in the Song bureaucracy as a secretary () in the office of the assistant military commissioner () of Huainan (Yangzhou, Jiangsu province). He was then promoted to district magistrate () of Yinxian (Ningbo, Zhejiang province), where he reorganized hydrological projects for irrigation and gave credits to the peasant. Later he was promoted to controller general () of Shezhou (Qianshan, Anhui province). Afterwards, he was sent to Kaifeng as assistant in the herd office () and then prefect () of Changzhou, commissioner for judificial affairs () in Jiangnan East, assistant in the Financial Commission (), and finally editor of imperial edicts ().
New Policies
Background
During his time in the local administration, Wang gained an understanding of the difficulties experienced by local officials and the common people. In 1058, he sent a letter ten thousand characters long (Wanyanshu/Yanshishu/Shang Renzong Huangdi yanshi shu) to Emperor Renzong of Song, in which he suggested reforms to the administration in order to solve financial and organizational problems. In the letter he blamed the downfall of previous dynasties on the refusal of their emperors to deviate from traditional patterns of rule. His letter was ignored for ten years until Emperor Shenzong of Song succeeded the throne. The new emperor faced declining taxes and an increasingly heavy burden of taxation on commoners due to the development of large estates, whose owners managed to evade paying their share of taxes. This led him to seek advice from Wang. Wang was first appointed vice counsellor (), and a year later was made chancellor ().
Objective
The primary objectives of Wang Anshi's New Policies () were to cut government expenditure and strengthen the military in the north. To do this, Wang advocated for policies intended to relieve the peasantry from distress and to prevent the consolidation of large land estates which would deprive small peasants of their livelihood. According to Wang, "good organization of finance was the duty of the government, and the organization of finance was nothing else than to fulfill public duties," and "The state should take the entire management of commerce, industry, and agriculture into its own hands, with a view to succoring the working classes and preventing them from being ground into the dust by the rich."
Implementation
Wang Anshi was promoted to vice counselor in 1069.
He introduced and promulgated a series of reforms, collectively known as the New Policies/New Laws. The reforms had three main components: 1) state finance and trade, 2) defense and social order, and 3) education and improving of governance.
Equal tax law
The equal tax law (), also known as the square field law () was a land registration project meant to reveal hidden land (untaxed land). Fields were divided into squares 1,000 paces in length on each side. The corners of the fields were marked by earth piles or trees. In the autumn, an official was dispatched to supervise the surveying of the land and to place the soil quality in one of five categories. This information was written in a ledger declared legally binding for the purposes of sale and purchase, and the taxation value assessed appropriately. The law was highly unpopular with land owners, who complained that it restricted their freedom of distribution and other purposes (avoiding tax). Although the square field system was only implemented around the region of Kaifeng, the land surveyed made up 54 percent of known arable land in the Song dynasty. The project was discontinued in 1085. Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100–1125) tried to revive it but the implementation was too impractical and gave up after 1120.
The system of taxation for mining products () was a similar project to the equal tax law, except for regulating mining projects.
Green sprouts law
The green sprouts law () was a loan to peasants. The government loaned money to buy seeds, or seeds themselves from state granaries, in two disbursements at an interest rate of 2 percent calculated at an average of ten years. Recollections occurred in the summer and winter. Public officials abused the system by forcing loans on the peasants or extracting more than 2 percent interest.
Hydraulic works law
The hydraulic works law () was meant to improve local organization of irrigation works. Instead of using corvée labor, each circuit was supposed to appoint officials to loan money to the people using the local treasury, so that they could hire laborers. The government also encouraged planting mulberry trees to increase silk production.
Labor recruitment law
The labor recruitment law () aimed at replacing corvée labor as a form of tax service with hired labor. Each prefecture calculated the funds needed for official projects in advance so that the funds could be distributed appropriately. The government also paid a premium of 20 percent in years of crop failures. Effectively, it transformed labor service to the government into a monetary payment, increasing tax revenue. However, people who were previously exempt from corvée labor were forced to pay taxes for labor on official projects, and thus protested the new law. Although officially abolished in 1086, the new labor recruitment system existed in practice until the end of the Northern Song dynasty in 1127.
Balanced delivery law
The balanced delivery law () was meant to curb the prices of commodities purchased by the government and to control the expenditures of the local administration. To do this, circuit level financial institutions in southeast China were made responsible for government purchases and their transport. The central treasury provided funds for the purchase of low cost goods wherever they were available, their storage, and transport to areas where they were expensive. Critics claimed that Wang was waging a price war with merchants.
Market exchange law
The market exchange law (), also called the guild avoidance law (), targeted large trading companies and monopolies. A metropolitan market exchange bureau was set up in Kaifeng and 21 market exchange offices in other cities. They were headed by supervisors and office managers who dealt with merchants, merchant guilds, and brokerage houses. These institutions fixed prices for not only resident merchants but also itinerant traders. Surplus commodities were purchased by the government and stored for later sale at a lower price, disrupting price manipulation by merchant monopolies. Merchant guilds that cooperated with the market exchange bureau were allowed to sell goods to the government and buy commodities from government storehouses using money or credit at an interest rate of 10 percent for six months. Small or mid-sized companies and groups of five merchants could provide guarantee with their assets for credit. After 1085, the market exchange bureau and offices became profit making institutions, and bought cheap goods and sold at higher prices. The system stayed in place until the end of the Northern Song dynasty in 1127.
Baojia law
The baojia system, also known as the village defense law or security group law, was a project to improve local security and relieve local government of administrative duties. It ordered groups of ten, fifty, and five hundred men security groups to be organized. Each was to be led by a headman. Initially each household with more than two male adults had to provide one security guard, but this unrealistic expectation was decreased to one per five households later on. The security groups exercised police powers, organized night watches, and trained in martial arts when no agricultural work was required. Essentially it was a local militia with the main effect being a decrease in government expenditures, since the local population was responsible for its own protection.
General and troops law
The general and troops law (), also known as the creation of commands law () targeted improving the relationship between high officials and common troops. The army was divided into commands units of 2,500 to 3,000 men that incorporated a mixed force of infantry, cavalry, archers, as well as tribal troops, instead of each belonging to their own individual unit. This did not include the metropolitan and palace army. The system continued until the end of the Song dynasty.
Three college law
The three college law (), also called the Three Hall system, regulated the education of future officials in the Taixue (National University). It divided the Taixue into three colleges. Students first attended the Outer College, then the Inner College, and finally the Superior College. One of the aims of the three-colleges was to provide a more balanced education for students and to de-emphasize Confucian learning. Students were taught in only one of the Confucian classics, depending on the college, as well as arithmetics and medicine. Students of the Outer College who passed a public and institutional examination were allowed to enter the Inner College. At the Inner College there were two exams over a two-year period on which the students were graded. Those who achieved the superior grade on both exams were directly appointed to office equal to that of a metropolitan exam graduate. Those who achieved an excellent grade on one exam but slightly worse on the other could still be considered for promotion, and having a good grade in one exam but mediocre in another still awarded merit equal to that of a provincial exam graduate.
In 1104, the prefectural examinations were abolished in favor of the three-colleges system, which required each prefecture to send an annual quota of students to the Taixue. This drew criticism from some officials who claimed that the new system benefited the rich and young, and was less fair because the relatives of officials could enroll without being examined for their skills. In 1121, the local three-college system was abolished but retained at the national level.
Wang’s downfall
Wang Anshi's reforms alienated landowners, high officials, and merchant guilds. In 1074, Wang was forced to resign due to a famine in northern China. The famine stricken farmers owed debts to the government due to loans under Wang's New Policies. The local officials insisted on collecting the debts despite the farmers' hardships, exacerbating the crisis, and Wang was blamed for this. He was reinstated a year later by the emperor, but he found the environment to be highly hostile due to open attacks by the conservatives, and resigned soon after. He spent his remaining years in Jiangning, where he contributed to the local scholarship, and died in 1086. His reforms were ended in the same year when Emperor Zhezong of Song (r. 1085–1100) came to the throne.
Poet
In addition to his political achievements, Wang Anshi was a noted poet. He wrote poems in the form, modeled on those of Du Fu. He was later ranked number seven among the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song (). He was an adherent of the Classical Prose Movement championed by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, first and second of the Eight Masters of the Tang and Song respectively. His poetry often included social themes along with the traditional observations of nature.
Poems
A well-known man-of-letters, Wang Anshi produced many outstanding essays and poems. Lines from one of his most famous pieces:
One of eight famous literati of Tang-Song period, Wang Anshi was known for writing with succinctness and profundity. He laid stress on literature's social function and that writings should serve a purpose. His essays "A Visit to Baochan Mountain" and "In Reply to Official Censor Sima's Letter" are widely read by posterity.
Legacy
Chinese politicians and historians have continued to look back on the reforms of Wang Anshi as either principled and measured or misguided and disastrous.
The twentieth-century Chinese warlord Yan Xishan cited the reforms of Wang Anshi to justify his use of a limited form of local democracy in Shanxi. Yan believed that the focus and intent of Wang's reforms was to strengthen the Song dynasty by persuading ordinary Chinese to give the dynasty their active support, instead of merely serving it. The system of "democratic" government that Yan justified via the philosophy of Wang Anshi was mostly focused on improving Yan's own popularity without holding any real power, and never became an effective alternative to military dictatorship. On the other hand, the popular scholar Lin Yutang cast Wang as the equivalent of communist totalitarian government in his biography of Wang's adversary Su Dongpo.
See also
History of the Song Dynasty
Chancellor of China
Fan Zhongyan
Sima Guang
Qin Hui
Wen Tianxiang
References
Works cited
Gillin, Donald G. Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911–1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967.
Further reading
Anderson, Gregory E., To Change China: A Tale of Three Reformers", Asia Pacific: Perspectives, 1:1 (2001).
External links
1021 births
1086 deaths
11th-century Chinese philosophers
11th-century Chinese poets
11th-century economic history
Chinese political philosophers
Chinese reformers
Cultural critics
Economists from Jiangxi
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of economics
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of social science
Poets from Jiangxi
Politicians from Fuzhou, Jiangxi
Social critics
Social philosophers
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Song dynasty economists
Song dynasty poets
Song dynasty politicians from Jiangxi
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207509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Lebrun
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Albert Lebrun
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Albert François Lebrun (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic. He was a member of the center-right Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD).
Biography
Early life
Born to a farming family in Mercy-le-Haut, Meurthe-et-Moselle, he attended the École Polytechnique and the École des Mines de Paris, graduating from both at the top of his class. He then became a mining engineer in Vesoul and Nancy, but left that profession at the age of 29 to enter politics.
Politics
Lebrun gained a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1900 as a member of the Left Republican Party, later serving on the cabinet as Minister for the Colonies from 1912–1914, Minister of War in 1913 and Minister for Liberated Regions, 1917–1919. Joining the Democratic Alliance, he was elected to the French senate from Meurthe-et-Moselle in 1920, and served as Vice President of the Senate from 1925 through 1929. He was president of that body from 1931–1932.
President
Lebrun was elected President of France following the assassination of President Paul Doumer by Pavel Gurgulov on 6 May 1932. Re-elected in 1939, largely because of his record of accommodating all political sides, he exercised little power as President.
In June 1940, with the military collapse of France imminent, Lebrun wrote "the uselessness of the struggle was demonstrated. An end must be made." With the Cabinet wanting to ask for an armistice, on 17 June 1940 Prime Minister Paul Reynaud resigned, recommending to President Lebrun that he appoint Marechal Philippe Petain in his place, which he did that day. British General Sir Edward Spears, who was present with the French cabinet during this crisis wrote "it is clear that the President had made up his mind that France was free of her obligations to Britain, and was at liberty to ask for an armistice [with Germany] if she deemed it to be in her interests to do so." On 10 July 1940, Lebrun enacted the Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940, which the National Assembly had voted for by 569 votes to 80, allowing Prime Minister Philippe Pétain to promulgate a new constitution. On 11 July, Lebrun was replaced by Pétain as head of state. Lebrun then fled to Vizille (Isère) on 15 July, but was later captured, on 27 August 1943, when the Germans moved into the region and was sent into captivity at the Itter Castle in Tyrol. On 10 October 1943 he was allowed to return to Vizille due to illness, but was kept under constant surveillance.
On 9 August 1944, Lebrun met with Charles de Gaulle and acknowledged the General's leadership, and conveniently forgetting the new Constitutional Law he had enacted in 1940, said that he had not formally resigned as President because the dissolution of the National Assembly had left nobody to accept his resignation. Whether or not de Gaulle accepted this lie is unknown. During the post-war Petain trial "all the available celebrities of the Third Republic testified, including Lebrun, all whitewashing themselves". Lebrun argued again that he had never officially resigned.
Personal life
Lebrun was married to Marguerite Lebrun. Together they had two children: a son Jean and a daughter Marie.
Later life
After the war, Lebrun lived in retirement. He died of pneumonia in Paris on 6 March 1950 after a protracted illness.
References
External links
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1871 births
1950 deaths
20th-century presidents of France
20th-century Princes of Andorra
People from Meurthe-et-Moselle
French Roman Catholics
Politicians from Grand Est
Progressive Republicans (France)
Democratic Republican Alliance politicians
Princes of Andorra
French Ministers of Overseas France
French Ministers of Liberated Regions
French Ministers of War
Government ministers of France
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French Senators of the Third Republic
Senators of Meurthe-et-Moselle
Presidents of the Senate (France)
French people of World War I
French people of World War II
World War II political leaders
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines ParisTech alumni
Corps des mines
Deaths from pneumonia in France
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
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] |
207511
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cities%20in%20Sweden
|
List of cities in Sweden
|
This is a list of cities in modern Sweden that once enjoyed city privileges, thus were entitled to call themselves town (, plural städer). The year indicates the year they were established or when they were granted a royal charter. The list does not include towns in Finland established during Swedish rule.
Overview
Legally and administratively, the term stad is not used in Sweden since the municipal reform of 1971, when the municipality (kommun) became the only existing form of local government. Before the reform there were 132 urban centres (133 to 1966) that had the title of stad.
The urban centres of these municipalities are still called stad in daily speech and 14 of the municipalities have chosen to continue to call themselves stad in marketing situation, although several of them now encompass large rural areas following the merger of Swedish municipalities in the 1970s and 1980s. These 14 are: Borås Municipality, Gothenburg Municipality, Haparanda Municipality, Helsingborg Municipality, Landskrona Municipality, Lidingö Municipality, Malmö Municipality, Mölndal Municipality, Solna Municipality, Stockholm Municipality, Sundbyberg Municipality, Trollhättan Municipality, Vaxholm Municipality and Västerås Municipality.
The decision to call themselves stad has been taken purely for image and marketing reasons. In legal situations the word kommun (municipality) must be included in the municipality's name and governmental authorities will only refer to them by their legal names.
List
Notes
Skanör and Falsterbo were joined together administratively in 1754 by the name Skanör med Falsterbo; they merged into a single urban area in the 1960s, still keeping their separate identities as two towns.
Today
Most of the former towns are today urban centres (tätorter) and seats of their municipalities. Two seats/former towns and municipalities have a different name: Djursholm is the seat of Danderyd Municipality and Visby is the seat of Gotland Municipality.
A number of suburban towns have grown together with neighbours and are nowadays seldom considered as separate towns:
Huskvarna (part of Jönköping)
Mölndal (part of Gothenburg urban area)
Djursholm, Nacka, Solna, Sundbyberg (part of Stockholm urban area)
Lidingö (separated from Stockholm by water, but anyhow often counted to its urban area although according to Statistics Sweden, Lidingö is an urban area of its own)
The following are not seats of their municipalities:
Gränna and Huskvarna (in Jönköping Municipality)
Mariefred (in Strängnäs Municipality)
Marstrand (in Kungälv Municipality)
Sigtuna (in Sigtuna Municipality where the seat is Märsta)
Skanör med Falsterbo (in Vellinge Municipality)
Skänninge (in Mjölby Municipality)
Torshälla (in Eskilstuna Municipality)
Öregrund (in Östhammar Municipality)
See also
Stad (Sweden)
Municipalities of Sweden
List of urban areas in Sweden by population
List of cities
List of cities in Europe
References
External links
Sweden
Cities
Sweden
|
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207515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchanaburi
|
Kanchanaburi
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Kanchanaburi (, ) is a town municipality (thesaban mueang) in the west of Thailand and part of Kanchanaburi Province. In 2006 it had a population of 31,327. That number was reduced to 25,651 in 2017. The town covers tambons Ban Nuea and Ban Tai and parts of Pak Phraek and Tha Makham, all of Mueang Kanchanaburi District, and parts of tambon Tha Lo of Tha Muang District. Kanchanaburi lies 123 km west of Bangkok.
History
In the late-18th century, Kanchanaburi was established by King Rama I as a defensive outpost against possible Burmese attacks in what is now Lat Ya Sub-district. In 1833, the town was moved about 16 km to the southeast along the river to its present site during the reign of King Rama III.
From the Ayutthaya period to the Thonburi and Rattanakosin period, Kanchanaburi was an important outpost to defend against Burmese invasions. The old town was located at Tambon Lat Ya (Khao Chon Kai in the present). In 1831, King Rama III, moved the city to the southeast about 16 kilometers to set at the confluence of the Khwae Yai River and the Khwae Noi River river, which is the location of the town today.
On March 25, 1935, a royal decree was issued for Ban Nuea Subdistrict and Ban Tai Subdistrict, which has an area of approximately 2.08 square kilometers.
Location
Kanchanaburi, where the Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai Rivers converge into the Mae Klong River, spans the northern banks of the river and is a popular spot for travelers. Its location at the edge of a mountain range keeps it much cooler than the other provinces of central Thailand. The city has two major commercial districts: the downtown area consists of a grid of several streets with office buildings, shop fronts, and a shopping mall; and the riverfront area businesses are mostly further west along River Kwai Road. Once a year a carnival comes to town and is set up in the area next to the bridge. At night there is a small pyrotechnics display that re-enacts the wartime bombing of the bridge.
Buddhism
Kanchanaburi is the birthplace of the Buddhist monk Phrabhavanaviriyakhun. It is southeast of the Buddhist temple Wat Tham Phu Wa which features a series of grotto shrines within a large limestone cave system. Each grotto features a statue of the Buddha at a different stage of his life. It is the easiest access point to the nearby Tiger Temple (closed) and is also home to a Vipassana meditation center.
Death railway
In 1942 Kanchanaburi was under Japanese control. It was here that Asian forced labourers and Allied POWs, building the infamous Burma Railway, constructed a bridge, an event fictionalised in the films The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Return from the River Kwai (1989) and The Railway Man (2013). Almost half of the prisoners working on the project died from disease, maltreatment or accidents. There were four POW camps in or near the city, including Tamarkan which was used as a work camp to construct the bridge. After the completion of the railway line, most prisoners were concentrated in the Kanchanaburi area, and often sent on to Japan or French Indo-China.
At Kanchanaburi, there are a memorial and two museums to commemorate the dead. In March 2003, the Thailand–Burma Railway Centre opened and the JEATH (Japanese-English-American-Australian-Thai-Holland) War Museum dedicated to the bridge and the Death Railway. The city is also home to the Kanchanaburi War Cemetery.
The Chungkai War Cemetery is located about from Kanchanaburi.
Climate
Kanchanaburi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Winters are dry and very warm. Temperatures rise until April, which is very hot with the average daily maximum at . The monsoon season runs from May through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm.
See also
Mueang Kanchanaburi District
Beata Mundi Regina
Kanchanaburi Province
Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University
Visuttharangsi School, the provincial secondary school of Kanchanaburi
Siam–Burma Death Railway (film) (film)
Kanchanaburi War Cemetery
References
External links
Populated places in Kanchanaburi province
Cities and towns in Thailand
|
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207521
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo
|
Generalissimo
|
Generalissimo ( ) is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to field marshal and other five-star ranks in the states where they are used.
Usage
The word (), an Italian term, is the absolute superlative of ('general') thus meaning "the highest-ranking of all generals". The superlative suffix itself derives from Latin , meaning "utmost, to the highest grade". Similar cognates in other languages include in Spanish, in Portuguese, in French, and in Latin.
Historically this rank was given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces of a state, usually only subordinate to the sovereign. The military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein in 1632 was the first imperial generalissimo (general of the generals). Other usage of the rank has been for the commander of the united armies of several allied powers and if a senior military officer becomes the head of state or head of government of a nation like Chiang Kai-Shek in China and later in Taiwan, and Francisco Franco in Spain.
The rank generalissimus of the Soviet Union would have been a generalissimo but some sources assert that Joseph Stalin refused to accept the rank. In fact the grade was established by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet which did not need the "approval" of Stalin. The rank of generalissimo for Stalin was used also by Western diplomacy.
List of generalissimos
See also
Admiralissimo
Caudillo
Commander-in-chief
Da yuan shuai
Dai-gensui
Field marshal
General of the Armies
Generalissimus of the Soviet Union
Highest military ranks
Shogun
Six-star rank
Notes
References
Positions of authority
Military ranks
Italian words and phrases
|
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207522
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drudge%20Report
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Drudge Report
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The Drudge Report (stylized as DRUDGE REPORT) is a U.S.-based news aggregation website founded by Matt Drudge, and run with the help of Charles Hurt and Daniel Halper. The site was generally regarded as a conservative publication, though its ownership and political leanings have been questioned following business model changes in mid-to-late 2019. The site consists mainly of links to news stories from other outlets about politics, entertainment, and current events; it also has links to many columnists.
The Drudge Report originated in 1995 as a weekly subscriber-based email dispatch. It was the first news source to break the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal to the public, after Newsweek decided to "kill the story".
Origins
The Drudge Report started in 1995 as a gossip column focusing on Hollywood and Washington, D.C. Matt Drudge began the email-based newsletter from an apartment in Hollywood, California, using his connections with industry and media insiders to break stories, sometimes before they hit the mainstream media. In its early days Drudge maintained the website from his home in Miami Beach, Florida, with help from assistants in story selection and headline writing. His first assistant was Andrew Breitbart. Breitbart, who described himself as "Matt Drudge's bitch", worked the afternoon shift at the Drudge Report, at the same time as running his own website, Breitbart News, which provided a conservative perspective for people in the Los Angeles entertainment industry. John Ziegler has said that Drudge blocked Breitbart from posting content critical of Barack Obama during the 2008 campaign for the US Presidency.
In 2010, Drudge added former Washington Times columnist Joseph Curl to the Drudge Report staff. In 2011, he added to the staff Charles Hurt, most recently the Washington bureau chief of the New York Post and a columnist for The Washington Times. Curl, who served as morning shift editor, left the site in 2014 and, with Drudge's blessing, in January 2015 launched his own aggregator Right Read, for The Washington Times.
Drudge, who began his website in 1997 as a supplement to his $10 per year e-mail newsletter, received national attention in 1996 when he broke the news that Jack Kemp would be Republican Bob Dole's running mate in the 1996 US presidential election. In 1998, Drudge made national waves when he broke the news that Newsweek magazine had information on an inappropriate relationship between "a White House intern" and President Bill Clinton—the Monica Lewinsky scandal—but was withholding publication. After Drudge's report came out, Newsweek published the story.
Content
The Drudge Report site consists mainly of selected hyperlinks to news websites all over the world, each link carrying a headline written by Drudge or his editors. The linked stories are generally hosted on the external websites of mainstream media outlets. It occasionally includes stories written by Drudge himself, usually two or three paragraphs in length. They generally concern a story about to be published in a major magazine or newspaper. Drudge occasionally publishes Nielsen, Arbitron, and BookScan ratings, or early election exit polls which are otherwise not made available to the public.
In April 2009, the Associated Press announced that it would be examining the fair use doctrine, used by sites like Google and the Drudge Report to justify the use of AP content without payment.
On May 4, 2009, the US Attorney General's office issued a warning to employees in Massachusetts not to visit the Drudge Report and other sites because of malicious code contained in some of the advertising on the website. In March 2010, antivirus company Avast! warned that advertising at the Drudge Report, The New York Times, Yahoo, Google, MySpace and other sites carried malware that could infect computers. "The most compromised ad delivery platforms were Yield Manager and Fimserve, but a number of smaller ad systems, including Myspace, were also found to be delivering malware on a lesser scale", said Avast Virus Labs.
Design
The site's design has seen few changes since its debut in 1997. Drudge has experimented with temporary, relatively minor design tweaks, including using all black-and-white pictures for a period in August 2017 and using colored text for holidays instead of the standard black throughout the site's existence; in all cases, the basic layout remained consistent throughout its existence. It remains entirely written in unscripted HTML, with a mostly monochromatic color scheme of black boldface monospaced font text on a plain white background. The Drudge Report has been described by Cheryl Woodard, co-founder of PC, Macworld, PC World and Publish magazines, as "a big, haphazard mishmash of links and photos" and by Dan Rahmel as "popular despite a plain appearance". The Drudge Report website is simple and, according to Paul Armstrong of webwithoutwords.com, retro in feel. Jason Fried of Basecamp called it "one of the best designed sites on the web". It consists of a banner headline and a number of other selected headlines in three columns in monospaced font. Most link to an outside source, usually the online edition of a newspaper, which hosts the story. When no such source is available, either because the story is "developing", with little known details at the time, or is an exclusive scoop, a special page is created on the Drudge Report servers, which contains text and sometimes images.
Stories on the site are ascribed different levels of importance, which Matt Drudge rates at his editorial discretion. The Report almost always holds one major story above the masthead logo, usually just one sentence hyperlinked to the most important story of the day. Other stories surrounding the main headline can be found in the upper left-hand side of the page and link to more specific articles dealing with aspects of the headline story. The standard story, either the headline or links below the logo, is written in black. The majority of stories are laid out in three columns beneath the masthead; at the bottom of each column are various links: newspapers and magazines in the left column, columnists in the middle column, and a collection of wire service links and miscellaneous links to archives, e-mail, site stats, and a box to submit anonymous tips at the right. "Weather Action," a static page of links to weather data; and "Quake Sheet," with earthquake monitoring, each have their own hosted page on the Drudge Report servers. The newest stories and those Drudge considers most important are in red, all under a single major headline in large bold type. For especially important breaking stories, especially if they are still emerging, Drudge places art of a flashing red light on the screen.
Although the site initially featured very few images, it is now usually illustrated with five or six photographs. Generally the images, like the linked headlines, are hotlinked from the servers of other news agencies.
Political leanings
Matt Drudge has said that he is a conservative, but "more of a populist". Some had regarded the Drudge Report as conservative in tone, and it has been referred to in the media as "a conservative news aggregator". In 2008, Richard Siklos, an editor of Fortune magazine, called the Drudge Report a "conservative bullhorn". Peter Wallsten, writing in the Los Angeles Times, labeled Drudge a "well-known conservative warrior"; Saul Hansell, writing in The New York Times, referred to him as a "conservative muckraker"; and Glenn Greenwald was quoted in New York magazine in August 2007 as calling him a "right-wing hack".
Jesse Swick of The New Republic notes that the Drudge Report frequently links to stories that cast doubt upon global warming. "[Drudge] loves a press release from Senator Inhofe almost as much as he loves taking pot shots at Al Gore ... It's like flashing tasty images of popcorn and sodas between frames at movie theaters, only much less subtle." Ben Shapiro wrote, "The American left can't restrict Internet usage or ban talk radio, so it de-legitimizes these news sources. Ripping alternative news sources as illegitimate is the left's only remaining option -- it cannot compete with the right wing in the new media ... They call Matt Drudge a muckraker and a yellow journalist."
A study in 2005 placed the Drudge Report "slightly left of center". "One thing people should keep in mind is that our data for the Drudge Report was based almost entirely on the articles that the Drudge Report lists on other Web sites", said Timothy Groseclose, the head of the study. "Very little was based on the stories that Matt Drudge himself wrote. The fact that the Drudge Report appears left of center is merely a reflection of the overall bias of the media." Professor Mark Liberman critiqued the statistical model used in this study on the basis that model assumed conservative politicians do not care about the ideological position of think tanks they cite, while liberal politicians do. The study was also criticized by media watchdog Spinwatch for its methodology and its authors' ties to conservative think tanks.
In 2015 and 2016, Drudge repeatedly featured pro-Trump headlines during the Republican Party presidential primaries, leading Salon and Politico to describe Drudge as "all in" for Trump. During the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump of 2019, the Drudge Report began aggregating what CNN Business called "an overwhelming amount of negative news for the Trump White House". CNN speculated that this meant there had been a falling out. In 2019, Rasmussen Reports reported that Matt Drudge had sold the site and was no longer involved in its operations, which would also explain the change in editorial direction; however, that reporting was not confirmed. By 2020, some prominent conservatives — including President Donald Trump — had concluded that the Drudge Report had abandoned its conservative ideology, with Fox News primetime host Tucker Carlson stating, "Matt Drudge is now firmly a man of the progressive left."
Business model and viewership decline
Matt Drudge's business entity in Florida is a privately owned limited liability company called Digital, LLC. Drudge applied for and was granted a U.S. Trademark registration for the phrase "Drudge Report" on January 15, 2019, filed on May 15, 2018. The registration excludes the word "Report" from protection outside of the exact two-word phrase use and is for "standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color."
Revenue for the Drudge Report is driven by advertising that was managed for 20 years by Intermarkets, Inc. During the summer of 2019, after many years of being known for "changing nothing" about the website, Drudge advertising shifted to a new company by the name of Granite Cubed. The current ownership, strategy and outlook for the Drudge Report is held close as private information.
In October 2019, the Drudge Report began linking to articles which were increasingly critical of Trump, reportedly the result of Drudge himself becoming "exasperated" by the president. This coincided with a near 30% decrease in traffic metrics for the Drudge website in the last months of 2019—from a 90 day-ago ranking of #637 in global internet engagement as of July to #844 in December. The site's readership briefly rebounded in March 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic escalated, but continued to decline to new record lows as the year went on.
After a Comscore data report showing a year over year decline of 38 percent from August 2019 to August 2020, President Trump tweeted, "Such an honor! Drudge is down 40% plus since he became Fake News. Most importantly, he's bleeding profusely, and is no longer "hot". But others are! Lost ALL Trumpers."
Influence
In 2006, Mark Halperin wrote that "Drudge's coverage affects the media's political coverage", effectively steering it towards what Halperin calls "the most salacious aspects of American politics". In The Way To Win, a book written by Halperin and John Harris, Drudge is called "the Walter Cronkite of his era". Democratic Party strategist Chris Lehane also said in 2006 "phones start ringing" whenever Drudge breaks a story, and Mark McKinnon, a former media advisor to George W. Bush, said that he checked the site 30–40 times per day.
Wallsten analyzed the data derived from a detailed content analysis of print, broadcast and blog discussions during the last five weeks of the 2008 campaign. Rather than the broad impact posited by professional political observers, Wallsten found that, even on issues where the site should be expected to have its largest impact, the stories highlighted on the Drudge Report exert a fairly inconsistent influence over what traditional media outlets chose to cover. Specifically, the time series analysis presented by Wallsten shows evidence of a "Drudge effect" on print and broadcast coverage for only five of the 10 political scandals that received the most attention on the Drudge Report between September 30 and November 3, 2008.
Matt Drudge has been criticized by other media news personalities: Bill O'Reilly twice called Drudge a "threat to democracy" in response to Drudge disclosing his book sales figures, and Keith Olbermann referred to Drudge as "an idiot with a modem".
Drudge, along with his website, was labeled one of the "Top 10 anti-Barack Obama conservatives" by the US editor of The Daily Telegraph in February 2009.
In addition to its media influence, the Drudge Report has influenced design elements on other sites, some with opposing viewpoints and some which use the same format for listing news. A left-leaning parody site called Drudge Retort was founded in 1998 as "a send-up of Mr. Drudge's breathless style". According to online analytics data for April 2010 from the Newspaper Marketing Agency, the Drudge Report was then—now over ten years ago—the number one site referrer for all online UK commercial newspaper websites.
Notable stories
Monica Lewinsky scandal
The Drudge Report originally attained prominence when it was the first to report what came to be known as the Lewinsky scandal. It published the story on January 17, 1998, showing that Newsweek had turned down the story.
Swift Boat Veterans for Truth
During the 2004 US presidential campaign, the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth group made claims about John Kerry's war record, which were mentioned by Drudge and investigated by major newspapers and TV networks. The book Unfit for Command: Swiftboat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry became a best-seller in part due to its promotion in the Drudge Report.
Obama photo
Drudge published a photo of Barack Obama in Somali tribal dress on February 25, 2008, and reported that the photo had been sent to him by a Clinton campaign staffer. The publication of the photograph resulted in a brief war of words between the Clinton and Obama campaign organizations.
Prince Harry in Afghanistan
On February 28, 2008, Drudge published an article noting that Prince Harry was serving with his regiment in Afghanistan. Prince Harry was ten weeks into a front-line deployment in Afghanistan that was subject to a voluntary news blackout by the UK press. The blackout was designed to protect Prince Harry and the men serving with him from being specifically targeted by the Taliban. An Australian weekly women's magazine New Idea had broken the story in January, but it was not followed up at the time. The New Idea editors claimed ignorance of any news blackout. Then a German newspaper Berliner Kurier published a short piece on February 28, also before Drudge.
Drudge subsequently claimed the report as an exclusive. Chief of the General Staff Sir Richard Dannatt, professional head of the British Army, said: "I am very disappointed that foreign websites have decided to run this story without consulting us". The Prince's tour of duty was prematurely ended, since his unit might have been targeted by large-scale suicide attacks intended to kill the Prince.
U.S. Senate problems
On March 9, 2010, The Senate Sergeant-at-Arms claimed that the site was "responsible for the many viruses popping up throughout the Senate...Please avoid using [this] site until the Senate resolves this issue...The Senate has been swamped the last couples days with this issue." The Drudge Report countered stating that "it served more than 29 million pages Monday without an e-mail complaint about 'pop ups,' or the site serving 'viruses'."
Controversial stories, errors and questions about sourcing
Exclusives
Research by the media magazine Brill's Content in 1998 cast doubt on the accuracy of the majority of the "exclusives" claimed by the Drudge Report. Of the 51 stories claimed as exclusives from January to September 1998, the magazine found that 31 (61%) were actually exclusive stories. Of those, 32% were untrue, 36% were true and the remaining 32% were of debatable accuracy.
Sidney Blumenthal lawsuit
In 1997, the Drudge Report reported that incoming White House assistant Sidney Blumenthal beat his wife and was covering it up. Drudge retracted the story the next day and apologized, saying that he was given bad information, but Blumenthal filed a $30 million libel lawsuit against Drudge. After four years Blumenthal dropped his lawsuit, saying that the suit had cost him tens of thousands of dollars in legal fees.
He agreed to pay $2,500 to Drudge's Los Angeles attorney for travel costs, claiming that Drudge was "backed by unlimited funds from political supporters who use a tax-exempt foundation". The Individual Rights Foundation, led by conservative activist David Horowitz, paid Drudge's legal fees in the Blumenthal lawsuit. Judge Paul Friedman, a Bill Clinton appointee, noted in the judgment that Drudge "is not a reporter, a journalist, or a newsgatherer. He is, as he admits himself, simply a purveyor of gossip."
Alleged John Kerry intern scandal
During the 2004 Presidential campaign, Drudge ran a story quoting General Wesley Clark, in which Clark claimed that the John Kerry campaign would implode over an intern affair. Drudge reported that other news outlets were investigating the alleged affair, but removed it from the site shortly afterwards when the other news outlets dropped their investigations.
Alleged Bill Clinton illegitimate child
In 1999, the Drudge Report announced that it had viewed a videotape which was the basis of a Star magazine and Hard Copy story. Under the headline, "Woman Names Bill Clinton Father Of Son In Shocking Video Confession", Drudge reported a videotaped "confession" by a former prostitute who claimed that her son was fathered by Bill Clinton. After a paternity test using a sample of Clinton's DNA found on the dress belonging to Monica Lewinsky, a Star source told Time magazine that "there was no match, not even close." Drudge reported these findings in 1999, but during the 2016 presidential election Drudge revived the story that the child, Danney Williams, then a 30 year old man, really was Clinton's illegitimate son by twisting established facts.
Alleged heckling of Republican Senators by CNN reporter
On April 1, 2007, Drudge cited an unnamed "official" source saying that CNN reporter Michael Ware had "heckled" Republican Senators McCain and Graham during a live press conference. Drudge reported that:
However, a video hosted by Rawstory shows that Ware did not make a sound nor ask any question during the press conference.
Oprah and Sarah Palin
On September 5, 2008, the Drudge Report reported that Oprah staffers were "sharply divided on the merits of booking Sarah Palin". Drudge said that he obtained the information from an anonymous source. Winfrey responded in a written statement to news outlets saying, "The item in today's Drudge Report is categorically untrue. There has been absolutely no discussion about having Sarah Palin on my show. At the beginning of this presidential campaign when I decided that I was going to take my first public stance in support of a candidate, I made the decision not to use my show as a platform for any of the candidates." Oprah Winfrey's public statement came after she had already endorsed Barack Obama for president on Larry King Live in 2007. Drudge was accused by some commentators of planting a false story for political ends.
Ashley Todd attack hoax
On October 23, 2008, Drudge published an unconfirmed exclusive story regarding Ashley Todd, the 20-year-old employee of the College Republican National Committee (CRNC) and John McCain volunteer who had allegedly been attacked by a black male for having a McCain sticker on her car in Pittsburgh. Drudge reported the story without a link but as "developing", titling the headline "Shock: McCain Volunteer Attacked and Mutilated in Pittsburgh – "B" carved into 20 yr old Woman's Face". The story set off a "storm of media attention", being quickly picked up by many conservative bloggers and right-wing talk radio show hosts, all citing the Drudge Report as their source. It was also reported in newspapers and TV both in the US and around the world. The story was confirmed to be a hoax perpetrated by Todd and, according to Talking Points Memo, spread to reporters by McCain's Pennsylvania Communications Director.
Drudge then printed a retraction of the story, including links to the news stories detailing that the attack had been a hoax, and that Ashley Todd had performed a similar "attack" on herself while volunteering in a local Ron Paul grassroots group. She was later asked to leave the group because of the hoax.
Birther conspiracy theories
Drudge Report promoted birther conspiracy theory that President Barack Obama was not a U.S. citizen.
Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign
On August 8, 2016, Drudge Report used a photo of Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton on their website. The photo depicted two men helping Clinton go up the stairs during her campaign in South Carolina on February 27, 2016. Afterwards, several Twitter accounts in support of Republican nominee Donald Trump used the photo on the site, especially with the hashtag #HillaryHealth, which was used prior to the incident. The use of the photo was criticized by several commentators for taking a relatively old photograph out of context as well as misleading their readers.
On October 3, 2016, Drudge Report published an unfounded claim that Bill Clinton had an illegitimate child named Danney Williams, an allegation that Drudge Report itself had reported as debunked in 1999 based on a Time magazine article.
On December 30, 2016, Drudge Report accused the United States federal government of attempting to shut down its website with a denial-of-service attack. Beginning roughly one week earlier, DDoS attacks had repeatedly taken the site offline for extended periods. Cybersecurity analysts speculated that the attack was on the scale of the 2016 Dyn cyberattack and suggested that only a small number of groups would have the ability to take down a highly-trafficked site for extended lengths of time.
Drudge Report promoted the debunked Pizzagate conspiracy theory, as well as conspiracy theories about the murder of Seth Rich.
Conspiracy theories about the 2017 Las Vegas shooting
In October 2017, Drudge Report promoted conspiracy theories about the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.
Immigration
In October 2017, the Drudge Report shared a false Breitbart News story claiming that an undocumented immigrant caused the October 2017 Northern California wildfires. The story was rebutted by the Sonoma County's sheriff department which stated, "This is completely false, bad, wrong information that Breitbart started and is being put out into the public."
In June 2018, the Drudge Report used a misleading headline and photo pairing to suggest that migrant children who had been separated from their parents by the Trump administration were violent criminals. The photo was of a group of Syrian children holding toy guns.
References
External links
Archives:
American news websites
Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
News aggregators
American conservative websites
Internet properties established in 1995
1995 establishments in Florida
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207532
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triominoes
|
Triominoes
|
Triominoes is a variant of dominoes using triangular tiles published in 1965. A popular version of this game is marketed as Tri-Ominos by the Pressman Toy Corp.
Composition
A triomino is in the shape of an equilateral triangle approximately on each side and approximately thick. Each point of the triangle has a number (most often from 0 to 5, as in the Pressman version), and each triomino has a unique combination of numbers (with repetition of a number allowed in the combination). With the 6 possible end values commonly seen, and with the additional condition that the 3 numbers do not decrease clockwise, there are 56 unique combinations, and thus the standard triomino set has 56 tiles. Larger sets are possible; including 6 as a possible end number would result in 84 tiles.
Tiles are most often made from plastic or resin that approximates the feel of stone or ivory, similar to most modern commercial domino sets. Numbers are recessed into the surface and painted black. Some "deluxe" sets include a raised brass tack head in the center, which assists in mixing up or shuffling tiles, as the tack head reduces the surface area of the tile contacting the table, so tiles move more freely.
Playing the game
A valid play of a triomino is similar to that of a domino in that the sides contacting each other must have matching numbers; two numbers must match. A side with a 1 and a 2 will often not match the side the player is attempting to match. Points are scored based on the numbers on the tile played, with high scores when special placements are made.
At the start, all of the tiles are placed face down and shuffled. Players randomly draw their starting pieces. The specific number depends upon the number of players: a two-player game uses nine pieces per player to start, three or four players use seven pieces, and five or six players use six pieces. One player keeps score for all, using columns for each player and cumulative scores.
The player who draws the largest "triple" (all three numbers the same on the tile), begins the game by placing that tile. He scores 10 points plus the total value of the tile. The exception is that if the player with the highest triple tile held also holds a triple zero (or if the triple zero is the only triple held) and the opponent or opponents hold no triples, then that player plays the triple zero and earns 40 points. If no triple is held the player with the highest single tile value plays it and scores its value without the 10 point bonus. When players hold tiles with the same value the next highest counts and so on until there is the highest value tile.
In turn, clockwise, each player places a new tile that lines up with the placed tiles. To place a tile, two of the three numbers must align with the adjacent tile. If the tile is placed such that it would touch two other tiles, then all of the adjacent numbers must match. Where the points of tiles meet the numbers must always be the same; if they are not, someone has been allowed to misplace a tile and the round must be restarted.
If a player cannot place a piece he/she must draw a new piece. Each tile drawn penalizes the player 5 points. Players must continue to draw until a matching tile is found or until they have drawn three tiles. If none of these three tiles can be placed the penalty is 25 points. If one of the three can be placed the score is the value of the tile less the penalty (may be a plus or minus sum).
Point scores
After placing a tile, add each number on the tile to score. (E.g. 5 + 3 + 1 = 9).
When a player can place a tile that completes a hexagonal shape (i.e. the 6th piece & all 3 numbers match), score the tile's points plus a bonus of 50 points, less any penalty if pieces have been drawn. If a player completes two hexagons in one move the player receives 100 points. Bridges are made by matching one side of the tile and the point opposite. Score the tile's points plus a 40-point bonus, less any penalty if pieces have been drawn.
If a player is unable to place a tile when none remain to be drawn he loses 10 points. If there are two tiles left, he may draw them (penalty 10) and if he still cannot play, the end penalty is incurred (total penalty 10 + 10). The round ends when no player can place a tile (whether or not all the face-down tiles have been drawn), or one player runs out of tiles. A player who places his last tile gains 25 bonus points, plus the total of all of the remaining tiles his opponents have yet to play. If the round ends because no one can place a piece, then the player with the lowest tile total value gains the value in excess of his from each other player, but no bonus. (E.g. my tiles’ total value is 15. Other players have tile total value 23 - I get 23 - 15 = 8, value 27 - I get 27 - 15 = 12, and so on).
Further rounds are played until one player reaches a total of 400 points. He is not yet the winner, and may not be: this only signals that this is the last round, even if penalties later reduce his total below 400. The winner is the one who has the most points at the end of this last round.
The game includes only 56 out of 76 possible tiles, omitting those tiles in which the numbers appear in clockwise descending order. Consequently, there are many situations in which no tile completes a bridge or hexagon. This is the case because the play has only one of two stereotypes of those tiles that can have Cis–trans isomerism, i.e. with three different numbers on the tile. In that case, with only one of the stereotypes, there are 21 tiles with one or more of a particular number e.g. there are 21 tiles with one or more "5". There are 6 tiles with any combination of two numbers e.g. there are 6 tiles with one or more 4 and one or more 5. The count to arrive at 56 tiles goes then as follows: 21 with at least one 5, 15 with at least one 4 (and no 5), 10 with at least one 3 (and no 4 or 5), 6 with at least one 2 (and no 3,4 or 5), 3 with at least one 1 (and no 2,3,4, or 5), and finally 1 with at least one 0 (and no 1,2,3,4, or 5). The last one is the triple zero obviously.
Much depends on the luck of the draw, but skill plays a part, even if a small one. Players should be aware that they hold a matching tile or tiles and need to decide whether or not to play them or in which order to play them for their best advantage. They should be aware of potential hexagons or bridges, to avoid misplacing a tile that could be valuable. A player may consider it worthwhile to set up potential hexagons and bridges since this may or may not be to his own benefit; they may even hold the necessary tile to use in his next move. He may feel that placing a tile to which others can be matched is preferable to placing it to form an "impossible" hexagon or bridge.
Mobile application
In 2009, an app for the iPhone was launched which licensed the Tri-ominos brand from Pressman. A new app was launched in 2015, coinciding with Triominos' 50th anniversary.
Variants
Variants manufactured by Pressman have included "Quad-Ominos", with square-shaped tiles, and "Picture Tri-Ominos".
References
External links
Board games introduced in 1965
Game equipment
Tile-based board games
Pressman Toy Corporation games
|
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] |
207540
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatmaking
|
Hatmaking
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Hat-making or millinery is the design, manufacture and sale of hats and other headwear. A person engaged in this trade is called a milliner or hatter.
Historically, milliners, typically women shopkeepers, produced or imported an inventory of garments for men, women, and children and sold these garments in their millinery shop. Many milliners worked as both milliner and fashion designer, such as Rose Bertin, Jeanne Lanvin, and Coco Chanel.
The millinery industry benefited from industrialization during the nineteenth century. In 1889 in London and Paris, over 8,000 women were employed in millinery, and in 1900 in New York, some 83,000 people, mostly women, were employed in millinery. Though the improvements in technology provided benefits to milliners and the whole industry, essential skills, craftsmanship, and creativity are still required. Since the mass-manufacturing of hats began, the term milliner is usually used to describe a person who applies traditional hand-craftsmanship to design, make, sell or trim hats primarily for a mostly female clientele.
The term milliner, originally from "Milener", originally meant someone from Milan, in northern Italy, in the early 16th century. It referred to Milanese merchants who sold fancy bonnets, gloves, jewellery and cutlery. In the 16th to 18th centuries, the meaning of milliner gradually changed from a foreign merchant to a dealer in small articles relating to dress. Although the term originally applied to men, milliner came to mean a woman who makes and sells bonnets and other headgear for women since 1713.
Learning of millinery
Milliners work independently based on job order specifications or their designs, observing the regulations regarding work safety, health protection, environmental protection, and ensuring quality and efficiency. They combine their uniqueness, innovation, and technical skills and use different materials and auxiliary materials. In some cases, they plan and organize their schedules in cooperation with their customers' various needs. They also collaborate with the team or the apprentice to the presentation and sale of the products.
The millinery industry's apprenticeship culture is commonly seen since the 18th century, while milliner was more like a stylist and created hats or bonnets to go with costumes and chose the laces, trims, and accessories to complete an ensemble piece. Millinery apprentices learned hat-making and styling, running the business, and skills to communicate with customers. Nowadays, this apprenticeship is still a standard process for the students who freshly graduated from the millinery schools. Many well-known milliners experienced this stage. For example, Rose Bertin was an apprentice to a successful milliner Mademoiselle Pagelle before her success.
There are many renowned millinery schools located in Europe, especially in London, Paris, and Italy. During the COVID-19, many millinery courses were taught virtually.
Special tools and materials used by milliners
A wooden hat block is an intricately carved wood form shaped by skillful woodworkers. Hat blocks are the tools of the trade for milliners in creating a unique hat crown shape. Some of the hat blocks are ensembles with crown and brimmed, while some are only with crown or brim or designed for fascinators. Milliners always have an extensive collection of different hat blocks because there are specific hat sizes and custom shapes for every hat block. In the blocking process of a hat, milliners used push pins and a hammer to hold the adjustable string along the crown's collar and the brim's edge.
A floral-making iron is a unique iron used by milliners to create different floral petals or leaves as the ornament for hat decoration. In the past, candles were used to heat these irons with various shapes of metal in one set. Nowadays, these irons are electric. A ball-shaped metal heading is commonly used for the curve of floral pastels.
Milliners often use buckram, a stiff cotton (occasionally linen or horse hair) cloth with a loose weave. Millinery buckram is impregnated with a starch which allows it to be softened in water, pulled over a hat block, and left to dry into a hard shape. Millinery buckram comes in many weights, including lightweight or baby buckram (often used for children's and dolls' hats), single-ply buckram, and double buckram (also known as theatrical buckram or crown buckram).
Notable hatters and milliners
This is a partial list of people who have had a significant influence on hat-making and millinery.
Hatters
International Hat Company, an American manufacturer credited with inventing one of America's most popular early 20th century harvest hats for field hands, farmers, and workmen.
Hawley Products Company, an American manufacturer credited with inventing the tropical shaped, pressed fiber sun helmet used from World War II through the Persian Gulf War.
John Cavanagh, an American hatter whose innovations included manufacturing regular, long and wide-oval fitting hats to enable customers to find better-fitting ready-to-wear hats.
James Lock & Co. of London (founded 1676), is credited with the introduction of the bowler hat in 1849.
Teofilo Garcia, recognized as a National Living Treasure in the Philippines for pioneering the tabungaw hat, a headwear made from gourd.
John Batterson Stetson, credited with inventing the classic cowboy hat
Giuseppe Borsalino, with the famous "Borsalino" Fedora hat.
Milliners
Akio Hirata is the most influential milliner in Japan who collaborated with many Japanese famous fashion designers, including Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo. He also created and designed hats for Japanese Empress Michiko since 1966.
Anna Ben-Yusuf wrote The Art of Millinery (1909), one of the first reference books on millinery technique.
Rose Bertin, milliner and modiste to Marie Antoinette, is often described as the world's first celebrity fashion designer.
Coco Chanel, creator of the fashion house Chanel, and of Chanel No.5.
John Boyd was one of London's most respected milliners and is known for the famous pink tricorn hat worn by Diana, Princess of Wales.
Lilly Daché was a famous American milliner of the mid-20th century.
Frederick Fox was an Australian born milliner noted for his designs for the British Royal family.
Mildred Blount is the first African American milliner to design hats for Hollywood films "Gone with the Wind' and 'The Easter Parade.' Her clientele included Joan Crawford, Louise Beavers, Marian Anderson, Gloria Vanderbilt, and other Hollywood stars.
Mr. John was an American milliner considered by some to be the millinery equivalent of Dior in the 1940s and 1950s.
Stephen Jones of London, is considered one of the world's most radical and important milliners of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Simone Mirman was known for her designs for Elizabeth II and other members of the British Royal Family.
Barbara Pauli was the leading fashion milliner and modiste in Sweden during the Gustavian era.
Caroline Reboux was a renowned milliner of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
David Shilling is a renowned milliner, artist and designer based in Monaco.
Justin Smith is a milliner creating bespoke and couture hats under the J Smith Esquire brand.
Philip Treacy Irish-born milliner; first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris haute couture shows.
See also
Draper
Haberdasher
Hat Works
Mad hatter disease
Mad as a hatter
Marchandes de modes
James Lock & Co.
Walter Wright Hats
References
External links
All Sewn Up: Millinery, Dressmaking, Clothing and Costume
18th Century millinery
Popular Science, November 1941, "Pulling Hats Out Of Rabbits" article on modern mass production hat making
Individuality in millinery, a 1923 book on hat-making from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
Millinery guide (UK)
Hats
Fashion occupations
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207541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchanaburi%20province
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Kanchanaburi province
|
Kanchanaburi (, ) is the largest of the western provinces (changwat) of Thailand. The neighboring provinces are (clockwise, from the north) Tak, Uthai Thani, Suphan Buri, Nakhon Pathom, and Ratchaburi. In the west it borders Kayin State, Mon State, and the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar.
Tourists are attracted by the history of its ancient civilization and the World War II Bridge over the River Kwai, originally spelt "Khwae" but officially changed to Kwai to accommodate the expectations of tourists.
Geography
The province is in the west of Thailand, 129 km from Bangkok, and covers a total area of approximately 19,483 km2. It is the country's third largest province, after Nakhon Ratchasima and Chiang Mai. Topographically, it is covered with timber and evergreen forests. The total forest area is or 61.9 percent of provincial area. The district covers the source valleys of the rivers Kwae Yai and Kwae Noi ("River Kwai"), which merge at Kanchanaburi city to form the Mae Klong River.
Bong Ti is a transnational border crossing point, which is expected to gain in importance if the planned Dawei deepwater port project goes ahead, along with a highway and a railway line between Bangkok and the port.
Several national parks are in the mountainous forest areas of the Tenasserim Hills of the province: the Erawan, Sai Yok, Khao Laem, Thong Pha Phum, Khuean Srinagarindra, and Chaloem Rattanakosin National Parks. The Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary is on the UNESCO world heritage list.
History
Kanchanaburi appears in the chronicles that Kanchanaburi was a colony of Suphanburi during the Sukhothai period. Until the Ayutthaya period Kanchanaburi is also an important outpost in the war between Thai and Burmese armies. Until the Thonburi period and Rattanakosin period, the original Kanchanaburi city was originally located at Tambon Lat Ya (At the present at Khao Chon Kai Training Camp).
Kanchanaburi was a battlefield during Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786).
In 1831, King Rama III ordered the construction of the city wall and the fortress at Kanchanaburi, located at Tambon Pak Phraek, which is the place of confluence of the Khwae Yai River and Khwae Noi River. Construction began on March 8, 1831, and completed on May 17, 1832, and has separated from Suphanburi ever since. Later in the reign of King Rama V, when there was a form of government as a county Thesapiban, Kanchanaburi was transferred to Monthon Ratchaburi and later became Kanchanaburi province in 1924.
Not much was historically recorded about Kanchanaburi province before the reign of King Rama I, but some historians believe that the province was of strategic importance during the Ayutthaya period, since it was on the invasion route from Burma. In 1982, many human and elephant skeletons and swords were found in Phanom Thuan District, leading to speculation that this site might even have been the site of the famous battle of King Naresuan against the Burmese crown prince, most commonly assigned to the Don Chedi District in nearby Suphanburi province.
Most foreigners are mainly aware of Kanchanaburi's recent history with the Burma Railway. During Japanese occupation of Thailand in 1942, both allied POWs and Asian labourers were ordered by the Japanese to build a Thailand-Burma railway. Eventually, more than 100,000 people (16,000 allied POWs and 90,000 local Asian labourers) died from horrific working conditions.
Symbols
The seal of the province shows the three stupas on Bantadthong Mountain. They give the name to the mountain pass to Myanmar, called "Three Pagodas Pass".
The provincial flower is the night-flowering jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortristis). The provincial tree is the Moulmein lancewood (Homalium tomentosum).
The provincial slogan is "A province of ancient community, three pagodas pass, precious stones, River Kwae Bridge, minerals and waterfall resources".
Administrative divisions
Provincial government
Kanchanaburi is divided into 13 districts (amphoe). The districts are further divided into 98 subdistricts (tambon) and 887 villages (muban).
Local government
As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Kanchanaburi Provincial Administration Organisation () and 49 municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. Kanchanaburi and Tha Ruea Phra Thaen have town (thesaban mueang) status. Further 47 subdistrict municipalities (thesaban tambon). The non-municipal areas are administered by 72 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO (ongkan borihan suan tambon).
Transport
Kanchanaburi's main station is Kanchanaburi Railway Station.
Economy
Mining
In 1918, alluvial sapphire deposits were discovered near Bo Ploi. It was a major source of sapphires in the 1980s and 1990s.
Kanchanaburi province is the site of Klity Creek, a waterway heavily polluted by the practices of the Lead Concentrate Company. The company was ordered by a Thai court to clean up its environmental damage in 2013. To date (2019) the court ordered clean-up has been halting and ineffectual.
Tourism
Most of the sights in Kanchanaburi itself are directly related to WWII. The museums are dusty and generally not worth it, except for the Thailand-Burma Railway Centre, which gives a good introduction of the Burma Railway and its history. There are also two war cemeteries, the most moving of which is the Kanchanaburi War Cemetery.
National parks
Erawan National Park is a 550 km2 park in western Thailand in the Tenasserim Hills of Kanchanaburi province, Amphoe Si Sawat in tambon Tha Kradan. Founded in 1975, it was Thailand's 12th national park. The major attraction of the park is Erawan Falls, a waterfall named after the erawan, the three-headed white elephant of Hindu mythology. The seven-tiered falls are said to resemble the erawan. There are four caves in the park: Mi, Rua, Wang Bahdan, and Phartat. Rising northeast of the waterfall area there is a breast-shaped hill named Khao Nom Nang.
Thong Pha Phum National Park is a national park. The park has numerous waterfalls and caves. Chok Kradin waterfall descends over a cliff. Another large waterfall is Khao Yai, with three levels. Other park waterfalls include Dip Yai, Bi Teng and Huai Meuang. Khao Noi cave houses Buddha images. Khao Khat viewpoint offers a panoramic view over the park.
Khao Laem National Park is a park of about 1,500 square kilometers in western Thailand, located in the northern area of the Tenasserim Hills, Kanchanaburi province. It is a part of the Western Forest Complex, a system of protected wilderness in the Dawna-Tenasserim Hills area of western Thailand. The park surrounds the Khao Laem Reservoir in Kanchanaburi province about 340 km northwest of Bangkok. It is cut through by Road 323. The vegetation consists of mixed deciduous, hill evergreen and dry evergreen forest. It is adjacent to the Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, which is situated to the northeast of Khao Laem National Park. Large animals of the area include tigers, elephants, gaurs, sambar deer, barking deer and wild boars.
Sai Yok National Park is a national park in Sai Yok District. The park, home to mountains, waterfalls and caves, is part of the Western Forest Complex protected area. The park's major attractions are its waterfalls, including Sai Yok Yai waterfall which flows into the Khwae Noi river. Sai Yok Yai Lek waterfall lies south of Sai Yok Yai along the Khwae Noi. The park also contains numerous caves, the largest of which is Tham Lawa with a length of . This cave complex consists of five large caverns, each containing large stalactites and stalagmites. Another cave system, Tham Daowadueng, is long and was discovered in 1972. Tham Daowadung consists of eight chambers of stalactites and stalagmites.
Human achievement index 2017
Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.
References
External links
Tourist Authority of Thailand
Website of province (Thai only)
Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University Main University in Kanchanaburi
Erawan National Park, Kanchanaburi
Provinces of Thailand
|
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207543
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneirin
|
Aneirin
|
Aneirin or Neirin was an early Medieval Brythonic war poet. He is believed to have been a bard or court poet in one of the Cumbric kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd, probably that of Gododdin at Edinburgh, in modern Scotland. From the 17th century, he was usually known as Aneurin.
Life
Some records indicate that Aneirin was the son of Caunus (or Caw) and brother to Gildas. According to this version of his life, he was born at Dumbarton on the River Clyde. However, some scholars debate this parentage, and contend that these records are of later invention and are erroneous. Whoever his father was, Aneirin's mother, Dwywei is mentioned in Y Gododdin. She may be the same lady who, according to Old Welsh pedigrees, married King Dunod who is generally thought to have ruled in West Yorkshire. He may also be kin to another Brythonic poet, Cian Gwenith Gwawd.
Aneirin's patrons were the noble Urien and his son, Owain. Owain was slain at the Battle of Catraeth, in which Brythonic warriors of Gododdin went up against the Angles of Deira and Bernicia. Nearly all of the Brythonic warriors were slain and their lands were absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Aneirin wrote Y Gododdin after this battle, in remembrance of his fallen patrons and lords, in which he hints that he is likely the sole survivor.
After the fall of Owain, he is said to have been murdered at the hands of an unnamed Cymric lord, whom the poet had offended by reproaching him in his poem Y Gododdin for not coming to the aid of Owain.
Reputation
The Welsh Triads describe Aneirin as "prince of bards" and "of flowing verse". Nennius praises him amongst the earliest Welsh poets or Cynfeirdd, a contemporary of Talhaearn, Taliesin, Bluchbardd and Cian. References to Aneirin are found in the work of the Poets of the Princes (Beirdd y Tywysogion), but his fame declined in the later Middle Ages until the re-assertion of Welsh identity by antiquarian writers of the Tudor period. Today, the reputation of his poetry remains high, though the exact identity of the author is more controversial.
Poetry
The works attributed to Aneirin are preserved in a late-13th-century manuscript known as the Book of Aneirin (or Llyfr Aneirin). The language has been partially modernized into Middle Welsh, but other portions in Old Welsh indicate that at least some of the poetry dates from around Aneirin's time, and its attribution, therefore, may well be genuine. The work would have survived through oral transmission until first written down, perhaps in the 9th century.
Aneirin's best known work is Y Gododdin, a series of elegies for the warriors of the northern Brittonic kingdom of Gododdin who, in about 600, fell against the Angles of Deira and Bernicia at the Battle of Catraeth (probably Catterick, North Yorkshire). The poetry abounds in textual difficulties and consequently interpretations vary. One stanza contains what may possibly be the earliest reference to King Arthur, as a paragon of bravery with whom one fallen warrior is compared – the identification is, however, conjectural. The poem tells us that Aneirin was present at this battle and, having been taken prisoner, was one of only two or four Brittonic survivors; he remained a captive until his ransom was paid by Ceneu ap Llywarch Hen.
Notes
References
External links
Celtic literature Collective: The Book of Aneurin, text and translations
Gathering the Jewels: Llyfr Aneirin, includes full colour images of the entire manuscript
Medieval Welsh poets
Welsh-language poets
Arthurian legend
Britons of the North
6th-century writers
6th-century Scottish people
Scottish poets
Sub-Roman writers
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Knox
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Ronald Knox
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Ronald Arbuthnott Knox (17 February 1888 – 24 August 1957) was an English Roman Catholic priest, theologian, author, and radio broadcaster. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he earned a high reputation as a classicist, Knox was ordained as a priest of the Church of England in 1912. He was a fellow and chaplain of Trinity College, Oxford until he resigned from those positions following his conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1917. Knox became a Catholic priest in 1918, continuing in that capacity his scholarly and literary work.
Knox served as Catholic chaplain at the University of Oxford from 1926 to 1939. He completed the "Knox Bible", a new English translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible that was used in Catholic services during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1951, Pope Pius XII appointed Knox protonotary apostolic ad instar, which entitled Knox to the honorific "monsignor".
Knox published extensively on religious, philosophical, and literary subjects. He also produced several popular works of detective fiction. He is remembered for his "Ten Commandments" for detective stories, which sought to codify a form of crime fiction in which the reader may participate by attempting to find a solution to the mystery before the fictional detective reveals it.
Early life and education
Ronald Knox was born into an Anglican family in Kibworth, Leicestershire, England. His father was the Rev. Edmund Arbuthnott Knox, who later became the Bishop of Manchester in the Church of England, and who was a descendant of the 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott.
Ronald was educated at Eaton House School in London and Summer Fields School in Oxford. He then entered Eton College, where he took the first scholarship in 1900. At age 17, he privately vowed to remain celibate for life.
Ronald proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, where he won the first classics scholarship in 1905. In 1908, he won the Craven, Hertford, and Ireland scholarships, as well as the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse Composition. He won the Chancellor's Prize for Latin Verse Composition in 1910 and was elected fellow of Trinity College, Oxford.
Interested in Anglo-Catholicism, Knox became a key member of Maurice Child's fashionable "set". He would not begin tutorials until 1911, so during his sabbatical, he accepted the job of classics tutor to Harold Macmillan, the brother of a friend from Eton. MacMillan's mother Nellie later dismissed Knox after discovering he was a high-church Anglican.
Church of England
Knox was ordained an Anglican priest in 1912 and was appointed chaplain of Trinity College. During World War I, he served in military intelligence for the British Armed Forces. In 1915, Cyril Alington, the headmaster of Shrewsbury School, invited Knox to join the teaching staff. Knox was long remembered at Shrewsbury as the highly dedicated and entertaining form master of Vb.<ref>The life of Ronald Knox by Evelyn Waugh, 1959 and The History of Shrewsbury School by J. B. Oldham.</ref>
Conversion and ministry
In 1917 Knox converted to Roman Catholicism and resigned as Anglican chaplain, prompting his father to cut Knox out of his will. In 1918, Knox was ordained a Roman Catholic priest and in 1919 joined the staff of St Edmund's College in Ware, Hertfordshire, remaining there until 1926. Knox explained his spiritual journey in A Spiritual Aeneid, published by Longmans in 1918. Knox stated that his conversion was influenced in part by G. K. Chesterton, who was a High Church Anglican at the time, but not yet a Catholic. In 1922, Chesterton converted to Catholicism and said that Knox had influenced his decision.
Knox wrote and broadcast on Christianity and other subjects. While chaplain at the University of Oxford (1926–1939) and after his elevation to a monsignor in 1936, he wrote classic detective stories. In 1929 Knox codified the rules for detective stories into a "decalogue" of ten commandments. He was one of the founding members of the Detection Club and wrote several works of detective fiction, including five novels and a short story featuring Miles Bredon, who is employed as a private investigator by the Indescribable Insurance Company.
In 1936, directed by his religious superiors, Knox started retranslating the Latin Vulgate Bible into English using Hebrew and Greek sources. His works on religious themes include: Some Loose Stones (1913), Reunion All Round (1914), A Spiritual Aeneid (1918), The Belief of Catholics (1927), Caliban in Grub Street (1930), Heaven and Charing Cross (1935), Let Dons Delight (1939) and Captive Flames (1940). When G. K. Chesterton died in 1936, Knox delivered a panegyric for his Requiem Mass in Westminster Cathedral.
An essay in Knox's Essays in Satire (1928), "Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes", was the first of the genre of mock-serious critical writings on Sherlock Holmes and mock-historical studies in which the existence of Holmes, Watson, et al. is assumed. Another of these essays, "The Authorship of In Memoriam", purports to prove that Tennyson's poem was actually written by Queen Victoria. Another satirical essay, "Reunion All Round", mocked Anglican tolerance by appealing to the Anglican Church in Swiftean literary style to absorb Muslims, atheists, and even Catholics who had murdered Irish children.
In 1953 Knox visited Julian and Ann Marie Asquith in Zanzibar and John and Daphne Acton in Rhodesia. While in Africa, Knox began his translation of The Imitation of Christ. After returned to Mells in England, he started translating Thérèse of Lisieux's Autobiography of a Saint. He also began a work of apologetics intended to reach a wider audience than the student one of his The Belief of Catholics (1927). In 1957, Knox suffered a serious illness that curtailed all his work. At the invitation of Harold Macmillan, Knox stayed at 10 Downing Street while consulting a medical specialist in London. The doctor confirmed that Knox had terminal cancer.
Knox died on 24 August 1957, and his body was brought to Westminster Cathedral. Bishop George L. Craven celebrated the Requiem Mass and Father Martin D'Arcy preached the panegyric. Knox was buried in the churchyard of St Andrew's Church in Mells.
Legacy
In 1959, Evelyn Waugh published The Life of Ronald Knox, the first Knox biography. Waugh, an admirer of Knox's works, had obtained his friend's permission for the task.
In 1977 Knox's niece, Penelope Fitzgerald, published a composite biography, The Knox Brothers, about Knox and his three brothers: E. V. Knox, the editor of Punch, Dillwyn Knox, the classical scholar and cryptanalyst, and Wilfred Knox, the New Testament scholar.
The Wine of Certitude: A Literary Biography of Ronald Knox by David Rooney was published in 2009.
This followed two recent studies, Ronald Knox as Apologist: Wit, Laughter and the Popish Creed (2007) and Second Friends: C. S. Lewis and Ronald Knox in Conversation (2008), both by Milton Walsh.
A more recent biography setting Knox in the cultural context of his times is Terry Tastard, Ronald Knox and English Catholicism (2009).
Radio hoax
In January 1926, on BBC Radio, Knox presented Broadcasting the Barricades, a simulated live report of revolution in London. The broadcast reported the lynching of several people, including a government minister. It also mixed what it called band music from the Savoy Hotel with sounds of the hotel's purported destruction by trench mortars. The broadcast also claimed that the Houses of Parliament and the Clock Tower had also been destroyed.
Because the broadcast occurred on a snowy weekend, newspaper delivery was unavailable to much of the United Kingdom for several days. The lack of newspapers caused a minor panic, as people believed that the broadcast events in London were to blame. In May 26, there was considerable public disorder during the General Strike, so people were previous open to the possibility of a revolution.
In an 1980's interview for the biography This is Orson Welles (1992), Orson Welles says that the BBC broadcast gave him the idea for his 1938 broadcast "The War of the Worlds".A 2005 BBC report also suggests that the BBC broadcast may have influenced "The War of the Worlds".
The script of the broadcast is reprinted in Essays in Satire (1928) as "A Forgotten Interlude".
Knox's Ten Rules for Detective Fiction
The majority of novels of Knox's era, coined The Golden Age of Detective Fiction, were "whodunits" with codified rules to allow the reader to attempt to solve the mystery before the detective. According to Knox, a detective storymust have as its main interest the unravelling of a mystery; a mystery whose elements are clearly presented to the reader at an early stage in the proceedings, and whose nature is such as to arouse curiosity, a curiosity which is gratified at the end.He expanded upon this definition by giving ten rules of writing detective fiction:
The criminal must be mentioned in the early part of the story, but must not be anyone whose thoughts the reader has been allowed to know.
All supernatural or preternatural agencies are ruled out as a matter of course.
Not more than one secret room or passage is allowable.
No hitherto undiscovered poisons may be used, nor any appliance which will need a long scientific explanation at the end.
No Chinaman must figure in the story. (Note: This is a reference to common use of heavily stereotyped Asian characters in detective fiction of the time)
No accident must ever help the detective, nor must he ever have an unaccountable intuition which proves to be right.
The detective himself must not commit the crime.
The detective is bound to declare any clues which he may discover.
The "sidekick" of the detective, the Watson, must not conceal from the reader any thoughts which pass through his mind: his intelligence must be slightly, but very slightly, below that of the average reader.
Twin brothers, and doubles generally, must not appear unless we have been duly prepared for them.
Publications
Selected works
Knox Bible, a translation of the Latin VulgateSome Loose Stones: Being a consideration of certain tendencies in modern theology illustrated by reference to the book called "Foundations" (1913)Absolute and Abitofhell (1913). A satire in the manner of Dryden on the latitudinarianism of the authors of Foundations (including William Temple, later Archbishop of Canterbury).The Church in Bondage (1914). SermonsReunion All Round (1914). A satire on the readiness of certain Anglicans to sink doctrinal differences with the Nonconformist sects in the interests of Christian good fellowship.Bread or Stone (1915). Four addresses on impetrative or petitionary prayer.A Spiritual Aeneid: Being an Account of a Journey to the Catholic Faith (1918)Patrick Shaw-Stewart (1920). Biography Patrick Shaw-Stewart, who died on active service in the First World War.Memories of the Future: Being Memories of the Years 1915–1972, Written in the Year of Grace 1988 by Opal, Lady Porstock (1923). Combines a parody of the current autobiographies of women of fashion with a gentle satire on current whims — educational, medical, political and theological.Sanctions: A Frivolity (1924). A fiction in which the guests at a country-house party find all their conversations turning towards the question: what are the ultimate sanctions, social, intellectual, supernatural, which determine man's behaviour and destiny?Other Eyes than Ours (1926). A satirical tale about a hoax played on a circle of spiritualists.An Open-Air Pulpit (1926). Essays.The Belief of Catholics (1927). His survey of Catholic belief, considered a classic of apologetics and a Catholic equivalent to C. S. Lewis's Mere Christianity.Essays in Satire (1928). Contains his Anglican humorous writings, with some subsequent literary essays."The Mystery of the Kingdom and Other Sermons (1928).The Church on Earth (1929).On Getting There (1929). Essays.Caliban in Grub Street (1930). A satire on the religious opinions of some of the chief popular writers of the day (including Arnold Bennett and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle).Broadcast Minds (1932). A criticism of the religious opinions of some of the leading scientific publicists of the time (including Julian Huxley and Bertrand Russell).Difficulties: Being a Correspondence About the Catholic Religion, with Arnold Lunn (1932). An exchange of letters with Lunn about the Catholic Church. Lunn later converted.Heaven and Charing Cross: Sermons on the Holy Eucharist (1935)Barchester Pilgrimage (1935). A sequel to the Chronicles of Barsetshire written in the style of Trollope. It follows the fortunes of the children and grandchildren of Trollope's characters up to the time of writing, with some gentle satire on the social, political and religious changes of the 20th century. It was reprinted in 1990 by the Trollope Society.Let Dons Delight (1939). One of Knox's most famous works, though currently out of print. Taking as its subject the history of Oxford from the Reformation to shortly before World War II, it traces the disintegration of a common culture though the conversations of the dons of Simon Magus, a fictional college, first in 1588, and then by fifty-year intervals until 1938.Captive Flames: a Collection of Panegyrics (1940). Twenty-one homilies on some of Knox's favourite saints, including St Cecilia, St Dominic, St Joan of Arc and St Ignatius of Loyola.In Soft Garments (1942). Addresses to Oxford students on faith in the modern world.God and the Atom (1945). An ethical and philosophical analysis of the shock of the atomic bomb, its use against Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the moral questions arising therefrom.The Mass in Slow Motion (1948). A book of talks for schoolgirls which, with its two successors, became the most popular of all Knox's writings.The Creed in Slow Motion (1949). The second book of his talks for schoolgirls.On Englishing the Bible (1949). Book of 8 essays about re-translating the Bible from the Latin Vulgate, with Hebrew/Greek sources.The Gospel in Slow Motion (1950). The final book of his talks for schoolgirls.St Paul's Gospel (1950). A series of Lenten sermons preached that year by Knox in Westminster Cathedral.Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries (1950). Knox's own favourite book, it is a study of the various movements of Christian men and women who have tried to live a less worldly life than other Christians, claiming the direct guidance of the Holy Spirit, and eventually splitting off into separate sects. Quietism and Jansenism seemed to be the primary foci.Stimuli (1951). A selection of his monthly contributions to The Sunday Times.The Hidden Stream: Mysteries of the Christian Faith (1952). Addresses to Oxford students in which Knox evaluates fundamental dogmas and stumbling blocks of Catholicism.Off the Record (1953). A selection of fifty-one letters addressed to individual inquirers on religious topics of general interest.In soft garments; a collection of Oxford conferences (1953).The Window in the Wall and Other Sermons on the Holy Eucharist (1956)Bridegroom and Bride (1957). Wedding addresses.Lightning Meditations (1959).
Detective fiction
NovelsThe Viaduct Murder (1925)The Three Taps (1927) – features Miles Bredon.The Footsteps at the Lock (1928) – features Miles Bredon.The Body in the Silo (1933) – features Miles Bredon.Still Dead (1934) – features Miles Bredon.Double Cross Purposes (1937) – features Miles Bredon.
Short stories
"Solved by Inspection" (1931) – features Miles Bredon.
"The Motive" (1937)
"The Adventure of the First Class Carriage" (1947) – a Sherlock Holmes pastiche.
Collaborative works by the Detection ClubBehind the Screen (1930) (six contributors including Knox)The Floating Admiral (1931) (fourteen contributors including Knox)Six Against the Yard (1936) (six contributors including Knox)
See also
Golden Age of Detective Fiction
References
Sources
Corbishley, Thomas; Speaight, Robert. Ronald Knox, the priest the writer (1965) online free
Dayras, Solange. "The Knox Version, or the Trials of a Translator: Translation or Transgression?." Translating Religious Texts, edited by David Jasper, 44-59. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1993.
Duhn, Hugo R. A Thematization and Analysis of the Spirituality in the Writings of Ronald A. Knox, 1888-1957, STD dissertation, Studies in Sacred Theology, 2nd Series, No. 284, Catholic University of America, 1981.
Marshall, George. "Two Autobiographical Narratives of Conversion: Robert Hugh Benson and Ronald Knox." British Catholic History 24.2 (1998): 237-253.
Rooney, David M. The Wine of Certitude: A Literary Biography of Ronald Knox (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2009).
Tastard, Terry. Ronald Knox and English Catholicism'' (Leominster: Gracewing, 2009).
External links
The Ronald Knox Society of North America
BBC: Radio 4: The Riot That Never Was (report on Knox's radio hoax)
John Gosling's "War of the Worlds Invasion: the historical perspective": Broadcasting The Barricades (1926) part 1 (article about Knox's radio hoax)
National Portrait Gallery: Ronald Arbuthnott Knox (various portraits)
The Internet Bible Catalog: Ronald A. Knox (his translations of the New Testament and Old Testament)
BibleGateway Knox-Bible (The Complete Knox Bible with his notes)
The Belief of Catholics (the text of one of his most famous works)
The Creed in Slow Motion (the text of his exposition of the Apostles Creed, originally given as a series of sermons to the girls' school of which he was chaplain during World War II)
"Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes" PDF at University of Minnesota Libraries
1888 births
1957 deaths
20th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
20th-century English theologians
20th-century translators
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Anglican priest converts to Roman Catholicism
Anglo-Catholic clergy
Anglo-Catholic writers
Burials in Somerset
Deaths from cancer in England
Christian apologists
English Anglo-Catholics
English crime fiction writers
English mystery writers
English Roman Catholic writers
English science fiction writers
English satirists
English sermon writers
Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford
Members of the Detection Club
People educated at Eton College
People educated at St Edmund's College, Ware
People educated at Summer Fields School
People from Kibworth
The Sunday Times people
Translators of the Bible into English
Presidents of the Oxford Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit%20ibn%20Qurra
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Thābit ibn Qurra
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Al-Ṣābiʾ Thābit ibn Qurrah al-Ḥarrānī (, ; 826 or 836 – February 18, 901) was a Mesopotamian Arab mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Thābit ibn Qurrah made important discoveries in algebra, geometry, and astronomy. In astronomy, Thābit is considered one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.
Biography
Thābit was born in Harran in Upper Mesopotamia, which at the time was part of the Diyar Mudar subdivision of the al-Jazira region of the Abbasid Caliphate. Thābit was a member of a Hellenized Semitic astronomical cult called the Sabians. The city of Harran was never fully Christianized. By the early Muslim conquests, the people of Harran were still adhering to the cult of Sin. Thābit was originally a money changer in a marketplace in Harran, before going to Baghdad.
Thābit and his pupils lived in the midst of the most intellectually vibrant, and probably the largest, city of the time, Baghdad. Thābit came to Baghdad in the first place to work for the Banū Mūsā becoming a part of their circle and helping them translate Greek mathematical texts. What is unknown is how Banū Mūsā and Thābit occupied himself with mathematics, astronomy, astrology, magic, mechanics, medicine, and philosophy. Later in his life, Thābit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892–902), whom he became a court astronomer for. Thābit became the Caliph's personal friend and courtier. Thābit died in Baghdad in 901. His son, Sinan ibn Thabit and grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan would also make contributions to the medicine and science. By the end of his life, Thābit had managed to write 150 works on mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. With all the work done by Thābit, most of his work has not lasted time. There are less than a dozen works by him that have survived.
Translation
Thābit's native language was Syriac, which was the eastern Aramaic variety from Edessa, and he was fluent in both Greek and Arabic. He was the author to multiple treaties. Due to him being trilingual, Thābit was able to have a major role during the Graeco-Arabic translation movement. He would also make a school of translation in Baghdad.
Thābit translated from Greek into Arabic works by Apollonius of Perga, Archimedes, Euclid and Ptolemy. He revised the translation of Euclid's Elements of Hunayn ibn Ishaq. He also rewrote Hunayn's translation of Ptolemy's Almagest and translated Ptolemy's Geography.Thābit's translation of a work by Archimedes which gave a construction of a regular heptagon was discovered in the 20th century, the original having been lost.
Astronomy
Thābit is believed to have been an astronomer of Caliph Al-Mu'tadid. Thābit was able to use his mathematical work on the examination of Ptolemaic astronomy. The medieval astronomical theory of the trepidation of the equinoxes is often attributed to Thābit. But it had already been described by Theon of Alexandria in his comments of the Handy Tables of Ptolemy. According to Copernicus, Thābit determined the length of the sidereal year as 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 12 seconds (an error of 2 seconds). Copernicus based his claim on the Latin text attributed to Thābit. Thābit published his observations of the Sun. In regards to Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses, Thābit examined the problems of the motion of the sun and moon, and the theory of sundials. When looking at Ptolemy's Hypotheses, Thābit ibn Qurra found the Sidereal year which is when looking at the Earth and measuring it against the background of fixed stars, it will have a constant value.
Thābit was also an author and wrote De Anno Solis. This book contained and recorded facts about the evolution in astronomy in the ninth century. Thābit mentioned in the book that Ptolemy and Hipparchus believed that the movement of stars is consistent with the movement commonly found in planets. What Thābit believed is that this idea can be broadened to include the Sun and moon. With that in mind, he also thought that the solar year should be calculated by looking at the sun's return to a given star.
Mathematics
In mathematics, Thābit discovered an equation for determining amicable numbers. He also wrote on the theory of numbers, and extended their use to describe the ratios between geometrical quantities, a step which the Greeks did not take. He would in addition work on Transversal (geometry) theorem.
He is known for having calculated the solution to a chessboard problem involving an exponential series.
He computed the volume of the paraboloid.
He also described a generalization of Pythagoras' theorem. He was able to provide proof of the theorem through dissection. Thābit's contributions included proof of the Pythagoras' theorem and Euclid's fifth postulate. In regards to the Pythagorean Theorem, Thābit used a method reduction and composition to find proof. In regards to Euclid postulates, Thābit believed that geometry should be based on motion and more generally, physics. With that in mind, his argument was that geometry was tied with the equality and differences of magnitudes of such things like lines and angles. He would also write commentary for Archimedes's Liber Assumpta.
Physics
In physics, Thābit rejected the Peripatetic and Aristotelian notions of a "natural place" for each element. He instead proposed a theory of motion in which both the upward and downward motions are caused by weight, and that the order of the universe is a result of two competing attractions (jadhb): one of these being "between the sublunar and celestial elements", and the other being "between all parts of each element separately". and in mechanics he was a founder of statics. In addition, Thābit's Liber Karatonis contained proof of the law of the lever. This work was the result of combining Aristotelian and Archimedean ideas of dynamics and mechanics.
One of Qurra's most important pieces of text is his work with the Kitab fi 'l-qarastun. This text consists of Arabic mechanical tradition. Another piece of important text is Kitab fi sifat alqazn, which discussed concepts of equal-armed balance. Qurra was reportedly one of the first to write about the concept of equal-armed balance or at least to systematize the treatment.
Qurra sought to establish a relationship between forces of motion and the distance traveled by the mobile.
Works
Only a few of Thābit's works are preserved in their original form.
On the Sector-Figure which deals with Menelaus' theorem.
On the Composition of Ratios
Kitab fi 'l-qarastun (Book of the Steelyard)
Kitab fi sifat alwazn (Book on the Description of Weight) - Short text on equal-armed balance
Eponyms
Thabit number
Thebit (crater)
See also
Al-Battani
References
Further reading
Roshdi Rashed (ed.), Thābit ibn Qurra. Science and Philosophy in Ninth-Century Baghdad, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 2009.
Francis J. Carmody: The astronomical works of Thābit b. Qurra. 262 pp. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1960.
Reviews: Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1998) in Isis 89 (1) pp. 112-113; Charles Burnett (1998) in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61 (2) p. 406.
Churton, Tobias. The Golden Builders: Alchemists, Rosicrucians, and the First Freemasons. Barnes and Noble Publishing, 2006.
Hakim S Ayub Ali. Zakhira-i Thābit ibn Qurra (preface by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman), Aligarh, India, 1987.
External links
(PDF version)
Thabit ibn Qurra on Astrology & Magic
9th-century births
901 deaths
9th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century astronomers
9th-century mathematicians
9th-century translators
Scholars of the Abbasid Caliphate
Greek–Arabic translators
Greek–Syriac translators
Medieval Arab astronomers
Medieval Arab mathematicians
Medieval Iraqi astronomers
Medieval Iraqi mathematicians
Medieval physicists
Medieval Syrian astronomers
Medieval Syrian mathematicians
Number theorists
People from Harran
Syriac–Arabic translators
9th-century businesspeople
|
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] |
207548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Cowden%20Clarke
|
Charles Cowden Clarke
|
Charles Cowden Clarke (15 December 1787 – 13 March 1877), English author and Shakespearian scholar, was born in Enfield, Middlesex.
Life
Clarke's father, John Clarke, was a schoolmaster in Clarke's Academy in Enfield Town, among whose pupils was John Keats. Charles Clarke taught Keats his letters and encouraged his love of poetry. He knew Charles and Mary Lamb, and afterwards became acquainted with Shelley, Leigh Hunt, Coleridge, Hazlitt, William Macready, Charles Dickens, Douglas Jerrold, and William Godwin. Clarke became a music publisher in partnership with Alfred Novello, and married in 1828 his partner's sister, Mary Victoria (1809–1898), the eldest daughter of Vincent Novello, who was to become known for her Concordance to Shakespeare, a work that she began in the year following their marriage.
Cowden Clarke published many useful books, and edited the text for John Nichol's edition of the British poets. His most important work consisted of lectures delivered between 1834 and 1856 on Shakespeare and other literary subjects. Some of the more notable series were published, among them being Shakespeare's Characters, chiefly those subordinate (1863), and Molière's Characters (1865). In 1859 he published a volume of original poems, Carmina Minima.
In 1832, the cricketer John Nyren began a collaboration with Clarke, who recorded Nyren's reminiscences of the Hambledon era and published them serially in a periodical called The Town. The following year, the series of articles appeared as The Cricketers of My Time as part of an instructional book entitled The Young Cricketer's Tutor. It became a major source for the history and personalities of Georgian cricket and also came to be regarded as the first classic in cricket's now rich literary history.
For some years after their marriage the Cowden Clarkes lived with the Novellos in London. In 1849 Vincent Novello with his wife moved to Nice, where he was joined by the Cowden Clarkes in 1856. After his death they lived at Genoa at the "Villa Novello." They collaborated in The Shakespeare Key, unlocking the Treasures of his Style ... (1879), and in an edition of Shakespeare for Messrs Cassell, which was issued in weekly parts, and completed in 1868. It was reissued in 1886 as Cassell's Illustrated Shakespeare. Charles Clarke died at Genoa, and his wife survived him until 12 January 1898. Among Mrs Cowden Clarke's other works may be mentioned The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines (3 vols., 1850–1852), and a translation of Hector Berlioz's Treatise upon Modern Instrumentation and Orchestration (1856).
See Recollections of Writers (1878), a joint work by the Clarkes containing letters and reminiscences of their many literary friends; and Mary Cowden Clarke's autobiography, My Long Life (1896). A charming series of letters (1850–1861), addressed by her to an American admirer of her work, Robert Balmanno, was edited by Anne Upton Nettleton as Letters to an Enthusiast (Chicago, 1902).
Notes
References
Richard Altick (1948) The Cowden Clarkes
Attribution:
External links
Archival Material at
1787 births
1877 deaths
Cricket historians and writers
People from Enfield, London
Shakespearean scholars
|
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207550
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Procter
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Bryan Procter
|
Bryan Waller Procter (pseud. Barry Cornwall) (21 November 17875 October 1874) was an English poet who served as a Commissioner in Lunacy.
Life and career
Born at Leeds, Yorkshire, he was educated at Harrow School, where he had for contemporaries Lord Byron and Robert Peel. On leaving school he was placed in the office of a solicitor at Calne, Wiltshire, remaining there until about 1807, when he returned to London to study law. By the death of his father in 1816 he became possessed of a small property, and soon after entered into partnership with a solicitor; but in 1820 the partnership was dissolved, and he began to write under the pseudonym of "Barry Cornwall".
After his marriage in 1824 to Miss Skepper, daughter of Mrs Basil Montague, he returned to his profession as a conveyancer, and was called to the bar in 1831. In the following year he was appointed metropolitan commissioner of lunacy—an appointment annually renewed until his election as one of the Commissioners in Lunacy constituted by the Lunacy Act 1845. He resigned in 1861. Most of his verse was composed between 1815, when he began to contribute to the Literary Gazette, and 1823, or at latest 1832. His daughter, Adelaide Anne, was also a poet.
His principal poetical works were: Dramatic Scenes and other Poems (1819), A Sicilian Story (1820), Marcian Colonna (1820), Mirandola, a tragedy performed at Covent Garden with Macready, Charles Kemble and Miss Foote in the leading parts (1821), The Flood of Thessaly (1823) and English Songs (1832). He was also the author of Effigies poetica (1824), Life of Edmund Kean (1835), Essays and Tales in Prose (1851), Charles Lamb; a Memoir (1866), and of memoirs of Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare for editions of their works. A posthumous autobiographical fragment with notes of his literary friends, of whom he had a wide range from William Lisle Bowles to Robert Browning, was published in 1877, with some additions by Coventry Patmore.
Charles Lamb gave the highest possible praise to his friend's Dramatic Sketches when he said that had he found them as anonymous manuscript in the Garrick Collection he would have had no hesitation about including them in his Dramatic Specimens. He was perhaps not an impartial critic. "Barry Cornwall's" songs have caught some notes from the Elizabethan and Cavalier lyrics, and blended them with others from the leading poets of his own time; and his dramatic fragments show a similar infusion of the early Victorian spirit into pre-Restoration forms and cadences. The results are varied, and lack unity, but they abound in pleasant touches, with here and there the flash of a higher, though casual, inspiration.
Rather unknown outside Britain in his times and largely considered to be imitator of greater romantic authors, Barry Cornwall however inspired Alexander Pushkin to some translations and imitations in 1830. Just hours before his last duel in 1837 Pushkin sent a collection by Cornwall to a fellow author, Mrs. Ishimova, suggesting that she should translate some poems selected by him.
William Makepeace Thackeray dedicated Vanity Fair to B. W. Procter. Wilkie Collins dedicated The Woman In White to B. W. Procter.
Thomas Hardy became acquainted with Procter's widow, their friendship is mentioned several times in The Early Life of Thomas Hardy (1840-1891).
References
External links
"Marcian Colonna: An Italian Tale; with Three Dramatic Scenes, and Other Poems", 1821, at Internet Archive.
"Second only to Byron": an essay on "Barry Cornwall" and Keats from TLS, September 3, 2008.
1787 births
1874 deaths
Writers from Leeds
People educated at Harrow School
English male poets
Commissioners in Lunacy
19th-century English poets
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English lawyers
19th-century pseudonymous writers
|
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207551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20the%20Sexist
|
Sid the Sexist
|
Sid the Sexist (real name Sidney Aloysius Smutt) is a character from the British satirical comic Viz, first appearing in issue 9 in October 1982. The strip was created and mostly drawn by Simon Donald until he left the magazine in 2003, when Paul Palmer took over as artist.
According to Donald, "Sid is a man who is unable to communicate with women. He is desperate to impress them, but is totally lacking in social skills. He thinks he must use foul and offensive chat-up lines on women to impress his friends, but can't see why they don't impress the girls. He tries to soften the blow of his outrageous behaviour with nice, friendly Geordie words. Sid thinks that a few "hinnys" and "pets" thrown liberally into his disgusting conversation will win the hearts of women. He usually ends up in hospital having painful procedures to remove things women have shoved where the sun doesn't shine."
Character
Sid and his mates Baz, Bob and Joe, who are all Geordies, spend much of their time hanging around at the pub, with Sid bragging to them continually about his apparent sexual prowess. Sid "spectacularly fail[s] in the pursuit to which he has single-mindedly committed himself: having sex." He is a coarse and unsophisticated 30-year-old virgin who still lives with his mother, a fact which often poses as a stumbling block to any potential liaison, and is unable or unwilling to use any kind of decorum when approaching women, instead using outrageously crude lines that never succeed in achieving anything beyond rejection or a violent response from the woman in question. In one of his most famous examples from an early issue of Viz, Sid approaches a woman with; "How, pet, my name's Sid. D'ya fancy a fuck?" When answered with a definite "No!", he replies "Well, would you mind lying down while I have one?"
The recurrent format of Sid's adventures is that he believes he has found a new approach to women that will secure him a sexual conquest at long last ('This time... this time! It HAS to be this time!!'). His attempts at trying out these questionable methods invariably end up with his being humiliated, often painfully. He is physically very unfit, has a prominent beer belly, drinks heavily, always has a cigarette in his mouth and is cowardly despite his macho pretensions, always coming off the worse in a fight. He is also in denial: despite the misfortunes that befall him he continues to display a blind faith in his crude attitude towards women and, when rejected, often tries to pass the blame for his failures on to the woman in question or somebody else. His exploits have also unintentionally led to several homosexual encounters.
Sid seems under-educated and knows little of the world outside Newcastle. It is even claimed at one point that he is unable to read. It is not clear what his job is, if indeed he has one at all, although he has been seen doing occasional odd jobs as part of his various schemes to pick up women. In another strip he attempts to pick up a woman by telling her that he works as 'an assistant to a well-established provider of goods to the younger end of the market'; despite being exposed as an elf in Santa's grotto in a local department store by his derisive mates, he still attempts to keep up the pretence that his job brings him success with women - "Y'see lasses fancy summat [something] a bit special". Although Sid's three companions do sometimes succeed with women, they are much like him in their yobbish, misogynistic, homophobic outlook, never marry or expand their stagnant social circle.
Recurring Characters
Bob is a short man with a wide, flat head, a crooked nose and a crew-cut whose outfit of choice is jeans and a hooded sweater. Bob thinks most highly of Sid, is often in awe of him and his alleged power over women, is normally the first to encourage Sid in his disastrous attempts at womanising and usually believes all but the most feeble of Sid's excuses for his failures.
Joe is the tough guy of the group due to his strength, large size and limited intelligence but is a rather peaceful person, often the one who tries to break up the fights and disputes that break out between Sid, Bob and Baz.
Baz is the most successful of Sid's friends, often seen wearing a suit or jacket with parted hair and a moustache. Baz is much more openly sceptical about Sid's abilities with women than Bob and Joe, once referring to Sid as being "all talk and no tackle". He is the only one of Sid's friends who comes close to seeing through his hollow bragging and is not afraid to suggest to Sid's face that he is still a virgin, often resulting in the two falling out or fighting. Baz appears to resemble Adolf Hitler with his hair and moustache.
Animation/Live Action
Five animated episodes were produced and released by Polygram Video in November 1992, with storylines taken from earlier comic strips. These were later reissued on DVD in 2004.
In the autobiography of Simon Donald's brother, the former Viz Editor Chris Donald, reference is made to attempts by actor Jimmy Nail to bring the character to life in a live action sitcom. However the idea went no further than a lunch meeting at Nail's home where it become clear that the plan was a non-starter and was unlikely to find a willing TV station to broadcast the show if it were written in the same style as the comic.
References
Bibliography
Donald, Chris. "Rude Kids: The Unfeasible Story of Viz". HarperCollins, 2004.
1982 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1982
Adult comics
Humor comics
Viz characters
Fictional people from Newcastle upon Tyne
Comics adapted into television series
Comics adapted into animated series
Male characters in comics
Fictional smokers
|
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207555
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%20My%20Father
|
O My Father
|
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = "O My Father" {{nowrap|originally "My Father in Heaven}}"
| type = Hymn
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| text = by Eliza R. Snow
| written =
| melody = set to "My Redeemer" by James McGranahan
| published =
| publisher = Times and Seasons
}}"O My Father" (originally "My Father in Heaven", also "Invocation, or The Eternal Father and Mother'") is a Latter-day Saint hymn written by Eliza R. Snow, who felt inspired to write the lyrics after Joseph Smith had taught her the principle of heavenly parents. Although references to a Heavenly Mother by church leadership have occurred every few years since Smith first taught the doctrine, the hymn is significant in terms of Mormon theology in that it is perhaps the most prominent and well-known reference to a "Heavenly Mother" in materials published by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
After discussing pre-mortal existence and a sense of belonging to "a more exalted sphere" in heaven, stanza three reasons that if there is an eternal Father there must also be an eternal Mother:I had learned to call thee Father, Through thy Spirit from on high,But until the key of knowledge Was restored, I knew not why.In the heavens are parents single? No, the thought makes reason stare!Truth is reason, truth eternal Tells me I've a mother there.Snow wrote "O My Father" as a poem under the title "My Father in Heaven" in October 1845 in the home of Stephen Marcum in Nauvoo, Illinois. The Times and Seasons first published the words on 15 November 1845, more than a year after Smith was killed. The poetry was later set to the music of another Christian hymn, "My Redeemer" by James McGranahan, and included in Latter-day Saint hymnals, including the current one. When a collection of Snow's poems were published in 1856, this work was placed first in the double-volume set and entitled "Invocation, or The Eternal Father and Mother".
See also
Oh, What Songs of the Heart
Notes
External linksHymns of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'', #292, "O My Father" - full text of the hymn
Interactive music player version with hymn typeset as a sheet music
Free MP3 download
Latter Day Saint hymns
1845 poems
Works originally published in Times and Seasons
1845 in Christianity
|
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207560
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry%20%28astronomy%29
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Photometry (astronomy)
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Photometry, from Greek photo- ("light") and -metry ("measure"), is a technique used in astronomy that is concerned with measuring the flux or intensity of light radiated by astronomical objects. This light is measured through a telescope using a photometer, often made using electronic devices such as a CCD photometer or a photoelectric photometer that converts light into an electric current by the photoelectric effect. When calibrated against standard stars (or other light sources) of known intensity and colour, photometers can measure the brightness or apparent magnitude of celestial objects.
The methods used to perform photometry depend on the wavelength regime under study. At its most basic, photometry is conducted by gathering light and passing it through specialized photometric optical bandpass filters, and then capturing and recording the light energy with a photosensitive instrument. Standard sets of passbands (called a photometric system) are defined to allow accurate comparison of observations. A more advanced technique is spectrophotometry that is measured with a spectrophotometer and observes both the amount of radiation and its detailed spectral distribution.
Photometry is also used in the observation of variable stars, by various techniques such as, differential photometry that simultaneously measures the brightness of a target object and nearby stars in the starfield or relative photometry by comparing the brightness of the target object to stars with known fixed magnitudes. Using multiple bandpass filters with relative photometry is termed absolute photometry. A plot of magnitude against time produces a light curve, yielding considerable information about the physical process causing the brightness changes. Precision photoelectric photometers can measure starlight around 0.001 magnitude.
The technique of surface photometry can also be used with extended objects like planets, comets, nebulae or galaxies that measures the apparent magnitude in terms of magnitudes per square arcsecond. Knowing the area of the object and the average intensity of light across the astronomical object determines the surface brightness in terms of magnitudes per square arcsecond, while integrating the total light of the extended object can then calculate brightness in terms of its total magnitude, energy output or luminosity per unit surface area.
Methods
Photometers employ the use of specialised standard passband filters across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Any adopted set of filters with known light transmission properties is called a photometric system, and allows the establishment of particular properties about stars and other types of astronomical objects. Several important systems are regularly used, such as the UBV system (or the extended UBVRI system), near infrared JHK or the Strömgren uvbyβ system.
Historically, photometry in the near-infrared through short-wavelength ultra-violet was done with a photoelectric photometer, an instrument that measured the light intensity of a single object by directing its light onto a photosensitive cell like a photomultiplier tube. These have largely been replaced with CCD cameras that can simultaneously image multiple objects, although photoelectric photometers are still used in special situations, such as where fine time resolution is required.
Magnitudes and colour indices
Modern photometric methods define magnitudes and colours of astronomical objects using electronic photometers viewed through standard coloured bandpass filters. This differs from other expressions of apparent visual magnitude observed by the human eye or obtained by photography: that usually appear in older astronomical texts and catalogues.
Magnitudes measured by photometers in some commonplace photometric systems (UBV, UBVRI or JHK) are expressed with a capital letter. e.g. 'V" (mV), "B" (mB), etc. Other magnitudes estimated by the human eye are expressed using lower case letters. e.g. "v", "b" or "p", etc. e.g. Visual magnitudes as mv, while photographic magnitudes are mph / mp or photovisual magnitudes mp or mpv. Hence, a 6th magnitude star might be stated as 6.0V, 6.0B, 6.0v or 6.0p. Because starlight is measured over a different range of wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum and are affected by different instrumental photometric sensitivities to light, they are not necessarily equivalent in numerical value. For example, apparent magnitude in the UBV system for the solar-like star 51 Pegasi is 5.46V, 6.16B or 6.39U, corresponding to magnitudes observed through each of the visual 'V', blue 'B' or ultraviolet 'U' filters.
Magnitude differences between filters indicate colour differences and are related to temperature. Using B and V filters in the UBV system produces the B–V colour index. For 51 Pegasi, the B–V = 6.16 – 5.46 = +0.70, suggesting a yellow coloured star that agrees with its G2IV spectral type. Knowing the B–V results determines the star's surface temperature, finding an effective surface temperature of 5768±8 K.
Another important application of colour indices is graphically plotting star's apparent magnitude against the B–V colour index. This forms the important relationships found between sets of stars in colour–magnitude diagrams, which for stars is the observed version of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Typically photometric measurements of multiple objects obtained through two filters will show, for example in an open cluster, the comparative stellar evolution between the component stars or to determine the cluster's relative age.
Due to the large number of different photometric systems adopted by astronomers, there are many expressions of magnitudes and their indices. Each of these newer photometric systems, excluding UBV, UBVRI or JHK systems, assigns an upper or lower case letter to the filter used. e.g. Magnitudes used by Gaia are 'G' (with the blue and red photometric filters, GBP and GRP) or the Strömgren photometric system having lower case letters of 'u', 'v', 'b', 'y', and two narrow and wide 'β' (Hydrogen-beta) filters. Some photometric systems also have certain advantages. e,g. Strömgren photometry can be used to measure the effects of reddening and interstellar extinction. Strömgren allows calculation of parameters from the b and y filters (colour index of b − y) without the effects of reddening, as the indices m 1 and c 1.
Applications
There are many astronomical applications used with photometric systems. Photometric measurements can be combined with the inverse-square law to determine the luminosity of an object if its distance can be determined, or its distance if its luminosity is known. Other physical properties of an object, such as its temperature or chemical composition, may also be determined via broad or narrow-band spectrophotometry.
Photometry is also used to study the light variations of objects such as variable stars, minor planets, active galactic nuclei and supernovae, or to detect transiting extrasolar planets. Measurements of these variations can be used, for example, to determine the orbital period and the radii of the members of an eclipsing binary star system, the rotation period of a minor planet or a star, or the total energy output of supernovae.
CCD photometry
A CCD camera is essentially a grid of photometers, simultaneously measuring and recording the photons coming from all the sources in the field of view. Because each CCD image records the photometry of multiple objects at once, various forms of photometric extraction can be performed on the recorded data; typically relative, absolute, and differential. All three will require the extraction of the raw image magnitude of the target object, and a known comparison object.
The observed signal from an object will typically cover many pixels according to the point spread function (PSF) of the system. This broadening is due to both the optics in the telescope and the astronomical seeing. When obtaining photometry from a point source, the flux is measured by summing all the light recorded from the object and subtracting the light due to the sky. The simplest technique, known as aperture photometry, consists of summing the pixel counts within an aperture centered on the object and subtracting the product of the nearby average sky count per pixel and the number of pixels within the aperture. This will result in the raw flux value of the target object. When doing photometry in a very crowded field, such as a globular cluster, where the profiles of stars overlap significantly, one must use de-blending techniques, such as PSF fitting to determine the individual flux values of the overlapping sources.
Calibrations
After determining the flux of an object in counts, the flux is normally converted into instrumental magnitude. Then, the measurement is calibrated in some way. Which calibrations are used will depend in part on what type of photometry is being done. Typically, observations are processed for relative or differential photometry.
Relative photometry is the measurement of the apparent brightness of multiple objects relative to each other. Absolute photometry is the measurement of the apparent brightness of an object on a standard photometric system; these measurements can be compared with other absolute photometric measurements obtained with different telescopes or instruments. Differential photometry is the measurement of the difference in brightness of two objects. In most cases, differential photometry can be done with the highest precision, while absolute photometry is the most difficult to do with high precision. Also, accurate photometry is usually more difficult when the apparent brightness of the object is fainter.
Absolute photometry
To perform absolute photometry one must correct for differences between the effective passband through which an object is observed and the passband used to define the standard photometric system. This is often in addition to all of the other corrections discussed above. Typically this correction is done by observing the object(s) of interest through multiple filters and also observing a number of photometric standard stars. If the standard stars cannot be observed simultaneously with the target(s), this correction must be done under photometric conditions, when the sky is cloudless and the extinction is a simple function of the airmass.
Relative photometry
To perform relative photometry, one compares the instrument magnitude of the object to a known comparison object, and then corrects the measurements for spatial variations in the sensitivity of the instrument and the atmospheric extinction. This is often in addition to correcting for their temporal variations, particularly when the objects being compared are too far apart on the sky to be observed simultaneously. When doing the calibration from an image that contains both the target and comparison objects in close proximity, and using a photometric filter that matches the catalog magnitude of the comparison object most of the measurement variations decrease to null.
Differential photometry
Differential photometry is the simplest of the calibrations and most useful for time series observations. When using CCD photometry, both the target and comparison objects are observed at the same time, with the same filters, using the same instrument, and viewed through the same optical path. Most of the observational variables drop out and the differential magnitude is simply the difference between the instrument magnitude of the target object and the comparison object (∆Mag = C Mag – T Mag). This is very useful when plotting the change in magnitude over time of a target object, and is usually compiled into a light curve.
Surface photometry
For spatially extended objects such as galaxies, it is often of interest to measure the spatial distribution of brightness within the galaxy rather than simply measuring the galaxy's total brightness. An object's surface brightness is its brightness per unit solid angle as seen in projection on the sky, and measurement of surface brightness is known as surface photometry. A common application would be measurement of a galaxy's surface brightness profile, meaning its surface brightness as a function of distance from the galaxy's center. For small solid angles, a useful unit of solid angle is the square arcsecond, and surface brightness is often expressed in magnitudes per square arcsecond.
Software
A number of free computer programs are available for synthetic aperture photometry and PSF-fitting photometry.
SExtractor and
Aperture Photometry Tool are popular examples for aperture photometry. The former is geared towards reduction of large scale galaxy-survey data, and the latter has a graphical user interface (GUI) suitable for studying individual images.
DAOPHOT is recognized as the best software for PSF-fitting photometry.
Organizations
There are a number of organizations, from professional to amateur, that gather and share photometric data and make it available on-line. Some sites gather the data primarily as a resource for other researchers (ex. AAVSO) and some solicit contributions of data for their own research (ex. CBA):
American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO).
Astronomyonline.org
Center for Backyard Astrophysics (CBA).
See also
Albedo
Aperture Photometry Tool - Software
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Hapke parameters
Radiometry
Redshift survey
Spectroscopy
References
External links
Astrophysics
Electromagnetic radiation
Light pollution
Observational astronomy
Photometric systems
Radiometry
|
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] |
207561
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor%20power%20dissipation
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Processor power dissipation
|
Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits.
Power management
Designing CPUs that perform tasks efficiently without overheating is a major consideration of nearly all CPU manufacturers to date. Historically, early CPUs implemented with vacuum tubes consumed power on the order of many kilowatts. Current CPUs in general-purpose personal computers, such as desktops and laptops, consume power in the order of tens to hundreds of watts. Some other CPU implementations use very little power; for example, the CPUs in mobile phones often use just a few watts of electricity, while some microcontrollers used in embedded systems may consume only a few milliwatts or even as little as a few microwatts.
There are a number of engineering reasons for this pattern:
For a given CPU core, energy usage will scale up as its clock rate increases. Reducing the clock rate or undervolting usually reduces energy consumption; it is also possible to undervolt the microprocessor while keeping the clock rate the same.
New features generally require more transistors, each of which uses power. Turning unused areas off saves energy, such as through clock gating.
As a processor model's design matures, smaller transistors, lower-voltage structures, and design experience may reduce energy consumption.
Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU:
typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load (for instance, AMD's average CPU power)
maximum thermal power, which is measured under a worst-case load
For example, the Pentium 4 2.8 GHz has a 68.4 W typical thermal power and 85 W maximum thermal power. When the CPU is idle, it will draw far less than the typical thermal power. Datasheets normally contain the thermal design power (TDP), which is the maximum amount of heat generated by the CPU, which the cooling system in a computer is required to dissipate. Both Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) have defined TDP as the maximum heat generation for thermally significant periods, while running worst-case non-synthetic workloads; thus, TDP is not reflecting the actual maximum power of the processor. This ensures the computer will be able to handle essentially all applications without exceeding its thermal envelope, or requiring a cooling system for the maximum theoretical power (which would cost more but in favor of extra headroom for processing power).
In many applications, the CPU and other components are idle much of the time, so idle power contributes significantly to overall system power usage. When the CPU uses power management features to reduce energy use, other components, such as the motherboard and chipset, take up a larger proportion of the computer's energy. In applications where the computer is often heavily loaded, such as scientific computing, performance per watt (how much computing the CPU does per unit of energy) becomes more significant.
CPUs typically use a significant portion of the power consumed by the computer. Other major uses include fast video cards, which contain graphics processing units, and power supplies. In laptops, the LCD's backlight also uses a significant portion of overall power. While energy-saving features have been instituted in personal computers for when they are idle, the overall consumption of today's high-performance CPUs is considerable. This is in strong contrast with the much lower energy consumption of CPUs designed for low-power devices.
Sources
There are several factors contributing to the CPU power consumption; they include dynamic power consumption, short-circuit power consumption, and power loss due to transistor leakage currents:
The dynamic power consumption originates from the activity of logic gates inside a CPU. When the logic gates toggle, energy is flowing as the capacitors inside them are charged and discharged. The dynamic power consumed by a CPU is approximately proportional to the CPU frequency, and to the square of the CPU voltage:
where is the switched load capacitance, is frequency, is voltage.
When logic gates toggle, some transistors inside may change states. As this takes a finite amount of time, it may happen that for a very brief amount of time some transistors are conducting simultaneously. A direct path between the source and ground then results in some short-circuit power loss (). The magnitude of this power is dependent on the logic gate, and is rather complex to model on a macro level.
Power consumption due to leakage power () emanates at a micro-level in transistors. Small amounts of currents are always flowing between the differently doped parts of the transistor. The magnitude of these currents depend on the state of the transistor, its dimensions, physical properties and sometimes temperature. The total amount of leakage currents tends to inflate for increasing temperature and decreasing transistor sizes.
Both dynamic and short-circuit power consumption are dependent on the clock frequency, while the leakage current is dependent on the CPU supply voltage. It has been shown that the energy consumption of a program shows convex energy behavior, meaning that there exists an optimal CPU frequency at which energy consumption is minimal for the work done.
Reduction
Power consumption can be reduced in several ways, including the following:
Voltage reduction dual-voltage CPUs, dynamic voltage scaling, undervolting, etc.
Frequency reduction underclocking, dynamic frequency scaling, etc.
Capacitance reduction increasingly integrated circuits that replace PCB traces between two chips with relatively lower-capacitance on-chip metal interconnect between two sections of a single integrated chip; low-k dielectric, etc.
Power gating techniques such as clock gating and globally asynchronous locally synchronous, which can be thought of as reducing the capacitance switched on each clock tick, or can be thought of as locally reducing the clock frequency in some sections of the chip.
Various techniques to reduce the switching activity number of transitions the CPU drives into off-chip data buses, such as non-multiplexed address bus, bus encoding such as Gray code addressing, or value cache encoding such as power protocol. Sometimes an "activity factor" (A) is put into the above equation to reflect activity.
Sacrificing transistor density for higher frequencies.
Layering heat-conduction zones within the CPU framework ("Christmassing the Gate").
Recycling at least some of that energy stored in the capacitors (rather than dissipating it as heat in transistors) adiabatic circuit, energy recovery logic, etc.
Optimizing machine code - by implementing compiler optimizations that schedules clusters of instructions using common components, the CPU power used to run an application can be significantly reduced.
Clock frequencies and multi-core chip designs
Historically, processor manufacturers consistently delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification. More recently, in order to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi-core chip designs, thus software needs to be written in a multi-threaded or multi-process manner to take full advantage of such hardware. Many multi-threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed when compared to the number of processors. This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention. This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases.
Recently, IBM has been exploring ways to distribute computing power more efficiently by mimicking the distributional properties of the human brain.
Processor overheating
Processor can be damaged from overheating, but vendors protect processors with operational safeguards such as throttling and automatic shutdown. When a core exceeds the set throttle temperature, processors can reduce power to maintain a safe temperature level and if the processor is unable to maintain a safe operating temperature through throttling actions, it will automatically shut down to prevent permanent damage.
See also
Autonomous peripheral operation
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
Glitch removal
Green computing
IT energy management
List of CPU power dissipation
Low-power electronics
Moore's law
Overclocking
Performance per watt
Power analysis
Power dissipation
PowerTOP
References
Further reading
http://developer.intel.com/design/itanium2/documentation.htm#datasheets
http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm
http://www.intel.com/design/mobile/datashts/24297301.pdf
http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/27331106.pdf
http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/processors/c7-d/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090216190358/http://mbsg.intel.com/mbsg/glossary.aspx
http://download.intel.com/design/Xeon/datashts/25213506.pdf
http://www.intel.com/Assets/en_US/PDF/datasheet/313079.pdf, page 12
http://support.amd.com/us/Processor_TechDocs/43374.pdf, pages 10 and 80.
External links
CPU Reference for all vendors. Process node, die size, speed, power, instruction set, etc.
Processor Electrical Specifications
SizingLounge online calculation tool for server energy costs
For specification on Intel processors
Making x86 Run Cool, 2001-04-15, by Paul DeMone
Central processing unit
Electric power
|
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207567
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA%20Technologies
|
VIA Technologies
|
VIA Technologies Inc. (), is a Taiwanese manufacturer of integrated circuits, mainly motherboard chipsets, CPUs, and memory. It was the world's largest independent manufacturer of motherboard chipsets. As a fabless semiconductor company, VIA conducts research and development of its chipsets in-house, then subcontracts the actual (silicon) manufacturing to third-party merchant foundries, such as TSMC.
History
The company was founded in 1987, in Fremont, California, USA by Cher Wang. In 1992, it was decided to move the headquarters to Taipei, Taiwan in order to establish closer partnerships with the substantial and growing IT manufacturing base in Taiwan and neighbouring China.
In 1999, VIA acquired most of Cyrix, then a division of National Semiconductor. That same year, VIA acquired Centaur Technology from Integrated Device Technology, marking its entry into the x86 microprocessor market. VIA is the maker of the VIA C3, VIA C7 & VIA Nano processors, and the EPIA platform. The Cyrix MediaGX platform remained with National Semiconductor.
In 2001, VIA established the S3 Graphics joint venture.
In January 2005, VIA began the VIA pc-1 Initiative, to develop information and communication technology systems to benefit those with no access to computers or Internet. In February 2005, VIA celebrated production of the 100 millionth VIA AMD chipset.
On 29 August 2008, VIA announced that they would release official 2D accelerated Linux drivers for their chipsets, and would also release 3D accelerated drivers.
In 2013, VIA entered into an agreement with the Shanghai Municipal Government to create a fabless semiconductor company called Zhaoxin. The joint venture is producing x86 compatible CPUs for the Chinese market.
In November 2021, Intel recruited some of the employees of the Centaur Technology division from VIA, a deal worth $125 million, and effectively acquiring the talent and knowhow of the x86 division, it is not clear what will happen with the x86 license held by VIA.
Products
By the mid-1990s, VIA's business focused on integrated chipsets for the PC market. Among PC users then, VIA was best known for its motherboard (core-logic) chipsets. However, VIA's products include audio controllers, network/connectivity controllers, low-power CPUs, and even CD/DVD-writer chipsets. PC and peripheral vendors such as ASUS then bought the chipsets for inclusion into their own product brands.
In the late 1990s, VIA began diversifying its core-logic business, and the company made business acquisitions forming a CPU division, graphics division, and a sound division. As advances in silicon manufacturing continue to increase the level of integration and functionality in chipsets, VIA acquired these divisions at the time to remain competitive in the core-logic market.
VIA has produced multiple x86 compatible CPUs, through its acquisitions of Cyrix and Centaur Technology. VIA produces CPUs through the Zhaoxin joint venture. Many of the CPUs are BGA chips sold pre-soldered onto a motherboard. Some of the VIA x86 processors also contain an undocumented Alternate Instruction Set.
Market trends
By 1996, VIA established itself as an important supplier of PC components with its chipsets for Socket 7 platform. With the Apollo VP3 chipset in 1997 VIA pioneered AGP support for Socket 7 processors. VIA's market position between 1998 and 2000 derived from the success of its Pentium III chipsets. Around 2001 Intel discontinued the development of its SDRAM chipsets, and stated as policy that only RDRAM memory would be supported going forward. Since RDRAM was more expensive and offered few, if any, obvious performance advantages, manufacturers found they could ship performance-equivalent PCs at a lower cost by using VIA chipsets.
In response to increasing market competition, VIA acquired the ailing S3 Graphics business in 2001. While the S3 Savage chipset was not fast enough to survive as a discrete graphics product, its low manufacturing cost made it an ideal for integration with the VIA northbridge. At the time under VIA, the S3 brand generally held about 10% share of the PC graphics market, behind Intel, AMD, and Nvidia. VIA also included the VIA Envy soundcard on its motherboards, which offered 24-bit sound. While its Pentium 4 chipset designs struggled to win market share in the face of legal threats from Intel, the K8T800 chipset for the Athlon 64 was popular.
From 2004 to 2012, VIA continued the development of its VIA C3 and VIA C7 as well as other x86 and x86-64 compatible processors, targeting small, light, low power applications, a market space in which VIA continues to be successful. For example, in January 2008, VIA unveiled the VIA Nano, an 11 mm × 11 mm footprint VM-enabled x86-64 processor, which debuted in May 2008, for ultra-mobile PCs. By 2013 with its Zhaoxin joint-venture, VIA continued to create x86-64 compatible CPU designs derived from their 1999 purchase of Centaur Technologies and integrated-graphics systems, owing to VIA's earlier relationship and eventual 2001 purchase of S3 Graphics.
Legal issues
On the basis of the Integrated Device Technology Centaur Technology acquisition, VIA appeared to have come into possession of at least three patents, which covered key aspects of processor technology used by Intel. On the basis of the negotiating leverage these patents offered, in 2003 VIA arrived at an agreement with Intel that allowed for a ten-year patent cross license, enabling VIA to continue to design and manufacture x86 compatible CPUs. VIA was also granted a three-year grace period in which it could continue to use Intel socket infrastructure.
See also
List of companies of Taiwan
Mini-ITX
Pico-ITX
Nano-ITX
NanoBook
MoMA Eve
List of VIA chipsets
List of VIA microprocessor cores
References
Companies based in New Taipei
Computer companies established in 1987
Electronics companies established in 1987
Semiconductor companies of Taiwan
Fabless semiconductor companies
Motherboard companies
Taiwanese brands
|
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] |
207569
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20legless%20lizard
|
American legless lizard
|
The family Anniellidae, known as American legless lizards, contains six species in a single genus Anniella: A. pulchra, the California legless lizard, the rare A. geronimensis, Baja California legless lizard, and four more discovered in 2013.
Classification
The following species of Anniella are recognized:
Anniella alexanderae Pappenfuss & Parham, 2013 – Temblor legless lizard
Anniella campi Pappenfuss & Parham, 2013 – southern Sierra legless lizard
Anniella geronimensis Shaw, 1940 – Baja California legless lizard
Anniella grinnelli Pappenfuss & Parham, 2013 – Bakersfield legless lizard
Anniella pulchra Gray 1852 – California legless lizard
Anniella stebbinsi Pappenfuss & Parham, 2013 – southern California legless lizard
See also
Glass lizard
References
External links
Anguimorpha
Legless lizards
Lizards of North America
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia
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Antiochia
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Antiochia or Antiocheia or Antiochea or Antiokheia may refer to any of several Hellenistic cities in the Near East which were founded or rebuilt by the several rulers named Antiochus during the Seleucid Empire:
In modern Turkey
Antioch (Antiochia ad Orontem, Syrian Antiochia or Great Antiochia), modern Antakya
Principality of Antiochia, a Crusader state centered on it
Nisibis or Antiochia Mygdonia, in ancient Mesopotamia, now Nusaybin, Mardin Province
Antioch of Pisidia (also Antiochia in Phrygia), near modern Yalvaç, Isparta Province
Aydın, also known as Antiochia, Tralles or Tralleis, modern Aydın, Turkey
Alabanda or Antiochia of the Chrysaorians, Caria, modern Doğanyurt (formerly Araphisar), Aydin Province
Antioch on the Maeander (Antiochia ad Mæandrum), in Caria, formerly Pythopolis, ruins near Kuyucak, Aydin Province
Antiochia (Lydia), precise location unknown
Samosata or Antiochia in Commagene, now Samsat, Adıyaman Province
Cebrene or Antiochia in Troad, Kevrin or Kebrene, now in Canakkale Province, Turkey
Edessa, Mesopotamia or Antiochia on the Callirhoe, former capital of Osroene, later named Justinopolis and Edessa, now Şanlıurfa
Tarsus (city), Antiochia on the Cydnus, or Tarsos, Mersin Province
Antiochia Lamotis (Antiochia in Isauria), now near Erdemli, Mersin Province
Antiochia ad Cragum (Antiochetta, Antiocheta, or Latin: Antiochia Parva), now Güney, Antalya Province
Antiochia ad Euphratem, submerged site in Gaziantep Province
Antiochia ad Pyramum, ruins near Karataş, Adana Province
Adana (Antiochia in Cilicia), now Adana, Adana Province
Antiochia ad Taurum, in Cilicia later in Commagene, probably now Gaziantep (less probably, Aleppo, Syria)
Antiochia Paraliou, location unknown but some identify it with Antiochia ad Cragum; probably in Turkey
Antiochia in Mesopotamia, also Antiochia in Arabia and Antiochia Arabis, and Constantia, now near Viranşehir, Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey
In modern Iran
Nahavand or Antiochia in Persis, also Antiochia in Media and Antiochia of Chosroes, later Laodicea in Media, now Nahavand
In modern Iraq
Charax (Tigris) or Antiochia in Susiana, later Charax, near the confluence of the Tigris and the Choaspes rivers
Antiochia in Sittacene, in ancient Sittacene, between the Tigris and Tornadotus
In modern Israel
Hippos, Antiochia Hippos or Antiochia ad Hippum, in the Decapolis
Antiochia Ptolemais, now Acre, Israel or Akko
In modern Jordan
Umm Qais or Antiochia Semiramis, also called Gadara, now Umm Qais
In modern Syria
Antiochia in Pieria, now Arwad
In modern Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
Antiochia in Margiana, now Merv, Turkmenistan
Antiochia in Scythia, on the Jaxartes (Syr Darya) river, now probably in Uzbekistan
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207571
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Haydon
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Benjamin Haydon
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Benjamin Robert Haydon (; 26 January 178622 June 1846) was a British painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, although he also painted a few contemporary subjects and portraits. His commercial success was damaged by his often tactless dealings with patrons, and by the enormous scale on which he preferred to work. He was troubled by financial problems throughout his life, which led to several periods of imprisonment for debt. He died by suicide in 1846.
He gave lectures on art, and kept extensive diaries that were published after his death.
Life
Early years
Haydon was born in Plymouth, the only son of another Benjamin Robert Haydon, a prosperous printer, stationer and publisher, and his wife Mary, the daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Cobley, rector of Dodbrooke, near Kingsbridge, Devon. At an early age he showed an aptitude for study, which was carefully fostered by his mother. At the age of six he was placed in Plymouth Grammar School, and at twelve in Plympton Grammar School, where Sir Joshua Reynolds had received most of his education. Reading Albinus inspired him with a love for anatomy, and from childhood he wanted to become a painter.
Full of energy and hope, he left home, on 14 May 1804, for London, where he entered the Royal Academy Schools. He was so enthusiastic that Henry Fuseli asked when he found time to eat. In 1807, at the age of 21, Haydon exhibited, for the first time, at the Royal Academy. The painting he entered, The Repose in Egypt, was bought by Thomas Hope a year later for the Egyptian Room at his townhouse in Duchess Street. This was a good start for Haydon, who shortly afterwards received a commission from Lord Mulgrave and an introduction to Sir George Beaumont. In 1809 he finished his picture of Dentatus, which, though it increased his fame, resulted in a lifelong quarrel with the Royal Academy, whose committee hung it in a small side-room instead of in the great hall. That same year, he took on his first pupil, Charles Lock Eastlake, later a leading figure in the British art establishment.
The financial difficulties which were to dog him for the rest of his life began in 1810 when, in response to Haydon having achieved a certain amount of commercial success, his father stopped paying him his annual allowance of £200. He also became involved in disputes with Beaumont, for whom he had painted a picture of Macbeth, and with Richard Payne Knight, who had outraged Haydon by denying both the aesthetic and the financial value of the sculptures from the Parthenon, recently brought to Britain by Lord Elgin. Haydon was fascinated by the "Elgin Marbles", and believed that they provided evidence that ancient Greek artists had studied anatomy. The Judgment of Solomon, his next production, was sold for £700, to two Plymouth bankers, and also brought £100 voted to him by the directors of the British Institution, and the freedom of the borough of Plymouth. The income was not enough to pay off all his debts, but it maintained his credit, allowing him to continue borrowing.
Height of career
At the end of May 1814 Haydon took advantage of the cessation of hostilities with France to visit Paris with his friend David Wilkie, and see the art collections gathered by Napoleon from across Europe at the Louvre. Much of what he saw there disappointed him: he described Raphael's Transfiguration, a painting he had particularly wanted to see, as "small & insignificant". At François Gérard's studio he saw a portrait of Napoleon, and began to develop a fascination with the defeated French leader, although, unlike some of his more radical friends such as William Hazlitt, Haydon never admired him politically.
On returning to England, he produced Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, which was later to form the nucleus of the American Gallery of Painting, erected by his cousin, John Haviland of Philadelphia. While painting another large work, the Resurrection of Lazarus, his financial problems increased, and he was arrested but not imprisoned, the sheriff-officer taking his word for his appearance. In October, 1821, he increased his commitments when he married Mary Hyman, a widow with two young children, whom he had known for some years. In 1823 Haydon spent two months imprisoned for debt in the King's Bench Prison, where he received consoling letters from leading men of the day. While there, he drew up a petition to Parliament in favour of the appointment of "a committee to inquire into the state of encouragement of historical painting", which was presented by Lord Brougham.
During 1825, following an agreement for his financial support with his lawyer, Thomas Kearsey, Haydon turned, rather unwillingly, to portrait painting, and at first had considerable success. His works in the genre were, however, attacked in a savage review in Theodore Hook's weekly newspaper John Bull. Haydon later blamed the article for his loss of clientele, and falling back into unmanageable levels of debt. Following a second period of incarceration at the King's Bench Prison in 1827, he painted the Mock Election inspired by an incident he had witnessed there. The picture was bought by King George IV for £500. Encouraged by this success, he painted a companion picture, Chairing the Member, returning to the prison to make drawings of some of the inmates. A third painting of contemporary life showed the audience at a Punch and Judy show in the New Road at Marylebone. His hopes that the king would buy this work were disappointed, a setback he blamed on the actions of the Keeper of the King's Pictures, William Seguier.
Among Haydon's other pictures were: Eucles (1829); Napoleon at St Helena, for Sir Robert Peel; Xenophon, on his Retreat with the 'Ten Thousand,' first seeing the Sea; and Waiting for the Times, purchased by the Marquis of Stafford (all 1831); and Falstaff and Achilles playing the Lyre (1832). Curtius Leaping into the Gulf, and Uriel and Satan. (1843) As a supporter of parliamentary reform, he had the idea of painting a grand canvas of a meeting on Newhall Hill, addressed by Thomas Attwood, leader of the Birmingham Political Union. Attempts to raise subscriptions to fund the painting failed, and only sketches were ever made, but Haydon did receive a commission from the new Whig prime minister, Lord Grey, for a picture of the Reform Banquet held at the Guildhall. Completed in 1834, the painting contained 597 individual portraits. He also made a painting of the Meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, now in the National Portrait Gallery.
Later years
Haydon became well known as a lecturer on painting, and from 1835 onwards travelled throughout England and Scotland on lecture tours. He campaigned to have the country's public buildings decorated with history paintings showing the glories of the nation's past, and within three days of the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834 he visited the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, in order to impress on him the importance of government patronage of art, especially in relation to the opportunities offered by the rebuilding made necessary by the disaster. Although a scheme along the lines of his suggestions was in fact carried out at the Houses of Parliament, Haydon played no part in it. When, in 1843, an exhibition was held at Westminster Hall, to choose designs for paintings to decorate the Houses of Parliament, he submitted two cartoons – The Curse of Adam and Edward the Black Prince – but the commission charged with choosing artists to carry out the work (which included his former pupil, Eastlake) found neither suitable.
He then painted The Banishment of Aristides, which was exhibited, along with other works, at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, where he had hired a gallery several times over the years. The American dwarf General Tom Thumb was then appearing at the same venue; over the Easter week 12,000 people paid to see him, while only 133 visited Haydon's exhibition. This equates to a hundred fold more visitors for Tom Thumb over Haydon.
Death
The artist's difficulties increased to such an extent that, whilst employed on his last grand effort, Alfred and the Trial by Jury, overcome by debts of over £3,000, disappointment, and ingratitude, he wrote "Stretch me no longer on this rough world," and attempted suicide by shooting himself. The bullet failed to kill him, and he finished the task by cutting his throat. He left a widow and three surviving children, who were generously supported by Haydon's friends, including Sir Robert Peel, the Count d'Orsay, Thomas Talfourd, and Lord Carlisle. A resident of Paddington, he was buried just to the north-west of the grave of Sarah Siddons at St Mary's Church, Paddington, London. The cemetery was converted to a park, St Mary's Gardens, in 1885. Haydon's is one of the few preserved stones. It is modest and eroded but his name is still (2014) just legible.
Writings
In 1839 Haydon began work on an autobiography, drawing on materials from his extensive diaries. Before his death he had completed the story of his life up to the year 1820. It was published in three volumes in 1853, edited by Tom Taylor, with additional material from the diaries, under the title Life of Benjamin Robert Haydon, Historical Painter, from his Autobiography and Journals.
The autobiography was assessed by the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition in this way:
To form a correct estimate of Haydon it is necessary to read his autobiography. This is one of the most natural books ever written, full of various and abundant power, and fascinating to the reader. [...] His love for his art was both a passion and a principle. He found patrons difficult to manage, and, not having the tact to lead them gently, he tried to drive them fiercely. He failed; abused patrons and patronage, and intermingled talk of the noblest independence with acts not always dignified. He was self-willed to perversity, but his perseverance was such as is seldom associated with so much vehemence and passion. [...] To the last he believed in his own powers and in the ultimate triumph of art. [...] He proclaimed himself the apostle and martyr of high art, and, not without some justice, believed himself to have a claim on the sympathy and support of the nation.
Every reader of his autobiography will be struck by the frequency and fervour of the short prayers interspersed throughout the work. Haydon had an overwhelming sense of a personal, overruling and merciful providence, which influenced his relations with his family, and to some extent with the world. [...] His eager and combative character was partly his enemy, but he had other enemies actuated by motives as unworthy as his own were always high-pitched and on abstract grounds laudable.
Haydon's Lectures, published shortly after their delivery, showed that he was as bold a writer as painter. He also wrote the long and elaborate article on "Painting," in the 7th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Critical opinion
Charles Dickens wrote in 1846 that "All his life [Haydon] had utterly mistaken his vocation. No amount of sympathy with him and sorrow for him in his manly pursuit of a wrong idea for so many years — until, by dint of his perseverance and courage it almost began to seem a right one — ought to prevent one from saying that he most unquestionably was a very bad painter, and that his pictures could not be expected to sell or to succeed." Dickens also observed Haydon's art to be "quite marvellous in its badness".
Legacy
Pupils
Haydon had several pupils. These included Charles and Edwin Landseer, William Bewick, John Jackson and Edward Chatfield.
In written works
William Wordsworth addressed a sonnet To B.R. Haydon in 1815.
John Keats named Haydon in several of his works, including Addressed to Haydon (1816), To Haydon, and To Haydon with a Sonnet Written on Seeing the Elgin Marbles (1817).
Lara Kriegel, in her 2007 book Grand Designs: Labor, Empire, and the Museum in Victorian Culture, has examined Haydon's activities as a design reformer, especially his argument that mechanics and artisans should learn to draw from the figure in order to learn principles of taste.
Aldous Huxley’s 1921 short story “The Tillotson Banquet” revolves around the rediscovery of a fictional pupil of Haydon and the character of Lypiatt in Antic Hay is thought by some to be based on Haydon himself.
In drama
In 1977, the British actor Leonard Rossiter played Haydon in a West End play, written by satirist John Wells, titled The Immortal Haydon. It is held to be one of Rossiter's greatest performances. A BBC camera crew from the documentary series Arena filmed his rehearsals for the show. Rossiter had previously (1969) broadcast a monologue adapted by Eric Ewens from the artist's journals.
In 2007, Nunkie Theatre Company premiered Blood, Bone and Genius, a new one-man play based on Haydon's life and diaries, written and performed by Robert Lloyd Parry, in the historic life-drawing classroom of the Royal Academy Schools in London. The first performance took place on 22 June, the 161st anniversary of Haydon's suicide. It was specially written to tie in with "The Body Politic," a display of Haydon's anatomical drawings at the Royal Academy of Art.
In 2008, Vancouver's Touchstone Theatre premiered Influence, written by Janet Munsil and directed by Katrina Dunn. The story centres on John Keats' first visit to see the Elgin Marbles, as the guest of Haydon, where they unexpectedly encounter the Greek gods Athena, Hephaestus, and Apollo. The play is set at a time when Keats was still an unknown, under the mentorship of Haydon. The premiere performance was 6 November 2008.
In the 2014 film Mr. Turner, Haydon is played by Martin Savage. He is portrayed both ranting at the Royal Academy, London, at odds with all other Fellows, and in the context of borrowing a large sum of money from Turner, which rather than accepting graciously, is taken with bitterness, as he wishes the sum to be larger.
Gallery
References and sources
References
Sources
Life of B. R. Haydon, from his Autobiography and Journals, edited and compiled by Tom Taylor (3 vols., 1855)
B. R. Haydon's Correspondence and Table Talk, with a memoir by his son, FW Haydon (2 vols., 1876)
External links
The Immortal Haydon, a 1977 play by Leonard Rossiter
Haydon, An Artist's Life, Persona poems on Haydon by Robert Peters (1989)
Show of Blood, Bone and Genius: Benjamin Robert Haydon, historical painter, in his own words at the Royal Academy of Arts, London
Review of The Body Politic: Anatomical Drawings by Benjamin Robert Haydon, at the Royal Academy of Arts (2007)
Review of A Genius for Failure, a biography of Haydon at The Times (2009)
Archives of Benjamin Haydon held by Queen Mary, University of London
April 4 1812: Haydon begins Judgment of Solomon
Haydon, Benjamin Robert (1786-1846), painter at the National Archives, London
Artists who committed suicide
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
People from Plymouth
Suicides by firearm in England
Suicides in London
1786 births
1846 deaths
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Artist authors
19th-century painters of historical subjects
People imprisoned for debt
1840s suicides
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica%20%28society%29
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Optica (society)
|
Optica (formerly known as The Optical Society (OSA) and before that as the Optical Society of America) is a professional society of individuals and companies with an interest in optics and photonics. It publishes journals and organizes conferences and exhibitions. It currently has about 488,000 customers in 183 countries, including nearly 300 companies.
History
Optica was founded in 1916 as the "Optical Society of America", under the leadership of Perley G. Nutting, with 30 optical scientists and instrument makers based in Rochester, New York. It soon published its first journal of research results and established an annual meeting. The first local section was established in Rochester, New York, in 1916 and the Journal of the Optical Society of America was created in 1918. The first series of joint meetings with the American Physical Society was in 1918. In 2008 it changed its name to The Optical Society (OSA). In September 2021, the organization's name changed to Optica, which references the organization's journal and is geographically neutral in order to reflect the global membership of the society.
Scientific publishing
The society publishes a number of journals and a magazine.
Primary journals
Advances in Optics and Photonics, ; 2009–present - Publishing long review articles and tutorials.
Applied Optics, (print); (online); 1962–present - Covering optical applications-centered research.
Biomedical Optics Express, ; 2010–present - An open access journal covering optics, photonics and imaging in the life sciences.
Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1917–1983, which was split into two journals in 1984:
Journal of the Optical Society of America A, (print); (online); 1984–present - Covering research on optics, image science, and vision.
Journal of the Optical Society of America B, (print); (online); 1984–present - Covering research on optical physics
Optica, ; 2014–present - Rapid dissemination of high-impact results in all areas of optics and photonics.
Optical Materials Express, ; 2011–present - An open access journal covering advances in novel optical materials, their properties, modeling, synthesis and fabrication techniques.
Optics Express, ; 1997–present - An open access journal covering all areas of optics.
Optics Letters, (print); (online); 1977–present - Providing rapid publication of short papers in all fields of optical science and technology.
OSA Continuum, ; 2018–present – An open access journal providing rapid publication of papers in optics and photonics
Partnered journals
Applied Spectroscopy, 1951–present. Published by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy.
Chinese Optics Letters, 2003–present. Published by Chinese Laser Press.
Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 2009–present. Jointly published by OSA and IEEE. Published from 2002 to 2009 as Journal of Optical Networking.
Journal of Display Technology, 2005–2016. Jointly published by OSA and IEEE.
Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1998–present. Jointly published by OSA and IEEE.
Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 1993–present. Published by SAGE Publishing.
Journal of Optical Technology, 1999–present. English translation of Opticheskii Zhurnal published by the S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute.
Journal of Optical Society of Korea, 2007–present. Published by the Optical Society of Korea.
Photonics Research, 2013–present. Jointly published by OSA and Chinese Laser Press.
Magazine
Optics and Photonics News, 1975–present. Distributed to all members.
Recognitions
Optica presents awards and honors, including Optica Fellow, Honorary Membership, and Awards/Medals. Optica's awards and medals program is endowed through the Optica Foundation, and includes more than 20 named awards; among them are the following:
Adolph Lomb Medal
C.E.K. Mees Medal
Charles Hard Townes Award
David Richardson Medal
Edgar D. Tillyer Award
Edwin H. Land Medal
Ellis R. Lippincott Award
Emmett N. Leith Medal
Esther Hoffman Beller Medal
Frederic Ives Medal/Jarus W. Quinn Prize
Herbert Walther Award
John Tyndall Award
Joseph Fraunhofer Award/Robert M. Burley Prize
Max Born Award
Michael Stephen Feld Biophotonics Award
Nick Holonyak Jr. Award
Paul F. Forman Team Engineering Excellence Award
R. W. Wood Prize
Robert E. Hopkins Leadership Award
Sang Soo Lee Award
Stephen D. Fantone Distinguished Service Award
The Joseph W. Goodman Book Writing Award
William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy
Presidents
The following persons are or have been presidents of the society:
See also
American Institute of Physics
American Physical Society
European Photonics Industry Consortium
International Commission for Optics
Optics Classification and Indexing Scheme
Society for Imaging Science and Technology
SPIE
References
External links
The Inter-Society Color Council records at Hagley Museum and Library (contain materials from the Optical Society of America including annual meeting programs, reports issued by the Committee on Colorimetry, and issues of the Society's official publication, the Journal of the Optical Society of America.)
Physics societies
Scientific organizations established in 1916
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Optics institutions
1916 establishments in New York (state)
|
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] |
207578
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nigger
|
The Nigger
|
The Nigger is a play by American playwright Edward Sheldon (1886–1946). It explores the relationship between blacks and whites in the melodrama of a politician faced with a sudden, personal dilemma. The play was first performed on Broadway in New York City at The New Theatre on December 4, 1909. The play was adapted to a novel, and a film adaptation, directed by Edgar Lewis, was made in 1915. Because the title was controversial, the film was released in some markets as The Governor or The New Governor.
References
External links
"The Nigger": An American Play in Three Acts at Google Books
Plays about race and ethnicity
American plays adapted into films
1909 plays
Melodramas
Broadway plays
Plays by Edward Sheldon
|
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207580
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Whately
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Richard Whately
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Richard Whately (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English academic, rhetorician, logician, philosopher, economist, and theologian who also served as a reforming Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. He was a leading Broad Churchman, a prolific and combative author over a wide range of topics, a flamboyant character, and one of the first reviewers to recognise the talents of Jane Austen.
Life and times
He was born in London, the son of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Whately (1730–1797). He was educated at a private school near Bristol, and at Oriel College, Oxford from 1805. He obtained a B.A. in 1808, with double second-class honours, and the prize for the English essay in 1810; in 1811 he was elected Fellow of Oriel, and in 1814 took holy orders. After graduation he acted as a private tutor, in particular to Nassau William Senior who became a close friend, and to Samuel Hinds.
Early married life
After his marriage to writer Elizabeth Whately in 1821, Whately lived in Oxford. He had had to give up his college fellowship, which could not be held by married men, and at this period lived by tutoring and his pen. An uncle, William Plumer, presented him with a living, Halesworth in Suffolk; in August 1822 Whately moved there. Two of his daughters were writer Jane Whately and missionary Mary Louisa Whately. In 1825, he was appointed principal of St. Alban Hall, a position obtained for him by his mentor Edward Copleston, who wanted to raise the notoriously low academic standards at the Hall, which was also a target for expansion by Oriel. Whately returned to Oxford, though giving up only in 1831 the Suffolk living, where he had seen the social effects of unemployment.
A reformer, Whately was initially on friendly terms with John Henry Newman. They fell out over Robert Peel's candidacy for the Oxford University seat in Parliament.
In 1829 Whately was elected as Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford in succession to Nassau William Senior. His tenure of office was cut short by his appointment to the archbishopric of Dublin in 1831. He published only one course of Introductory Lectures in two editions (1831 & 1832).
Archbishop of Dublin
Whately's appointment by Lord Grey to the see of Dublin came as a political surprise. The aged Henry Bathurst had turned the post down. The new Whig administration found Whately, well known at Holland House and effective in a parliamentary committee appearance speaking on tithes, an acceptable option. Behind the scenes Thomas Hyde Villiers had lobbied Denis Le Marchant on his behalf, with the Brougham Whigs. The appointment was challenged in the House of Lords, but without success.
In Ireland, Whately's bluntness and his lack of a conciliatory manner caused opposition from his own clergy, and from the beginning he gave offence by supporting state endowment of the Catholic clergy. He enforced strict discipline in his diocese; and he published a statement of his views on Sabbath (Thoughts on the Sabbath, 1832). He lived in Redesdale House in Kilmacud, just outside Dublin, where he could garden. He was concerned to reform the Church of Ireland and the Irish Poor Laws. He considered tithe commutation essential for the Church.
Irish national education 1831 to 1853
In 1831 Whately attempted to establish a national and non-sectarian system of education in Ireland, on the basis of common instruction for Protestants and Catholics alike in literary and moral subjects, religious instruction being taken apart. In 1841 Catholic archbishops William Crolly and John MacHale debated whether to continue the system, with Crolly who supported Whately gaining papal permission to go on, given some safeguards. In 1852 the scheme broke down, on the opposition of the new Catholic archbishop of Dublin, Paul Cullen. Whately felt himself constrained to withdraw from the Education Board the following year.
Later life
During the famine years of 1846 and 1847 the archbishop and his family tried to alleviate the miseries of the people. On 27 March 1848, Whately became a member of the Canterbury Association. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.
From 1856 onwards symptoms of decline began to manifest themselves in a paralytic affection of Whately's left side. Still he continued his public duties.
Death
In the summer of 1863 Whately was prostrated by an ulcer in the leg, and after several months of acute suffering he died on 8 October 1863.
Works
Whately was a prolific writer, a successful expositor and Protestant apologist in works that ran to many editions and translations. His Elements of Logic (1826) was drawn from an article "Logic" in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana. The companion article on "Rhetoric" provided Elements of Rhetoric (1828). In these two works Whately introduced erotetic logic.
In 1825 Whately published a series of Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion, followed in 1828 by a second series On some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul, and in 1830 by a third On the Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature. In 1837 he wrote his handbook of Christian Evidences, which was translated during his lifetime into more than a dozen languages. In the Irish context, the Christian Evidences was adapted to a form acceptable to Catholic beliefs, with the help of James Carlile.
Selective listing
Whately's works included:
1819 Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte, a jeu d'ésprit directed against excessive scepticism as applied to the Gospel history
1822 On the Use and Abuse of Party Spirit in Matters of Religion (Bampton Lectures)
1825 Essays on Some of the Peculiarities of the Christian Religion
1826 Elements of Logic
1828 Elements of Rhetoric
1828 On some of the Difficulties in the Writings of St Paul
1830 On the Errors of Romanism traced to their Origin in Human Nature
1831 Introductory Lectures on Political Economy, 1st ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Eight lectures.
1832 Introductory Lectures on Political Economy, 2nd ed. (London: B. Fellowes). Nine lectures and appendix.
1832 A view of the Scripture revelations concerning a future state: lectures advancing belief in Christian mortalism.
1832 Thoughts on the Sabbath
1836 Charges and Tracts
1839 Essays on Some of the Dangers to Christian Faith
1841 The Kingdom of Christ
1845 onwards "Easy Lessons": on Reasoning, On Morals, On Mind, and on the British Constitution
(Linked works are from Internet Archive)
Editor
William Wake (1866) Treatises of Predestination,
Francis Bacon (1858) Bacon's Essays with Annotations, See Essays (Francis Bacon)
William Paley: (1837) [1796] A View of the Evidences of Christianity, in three parts
William Paley: Moral Philosophy.
Character
Humphrey Lloyd told Caroline Fox that Whately's eccentric behaviour and body language was exacerbated in Dublin by a sycophantic circle of friends. He was a great talker, a wit, and loved punning. In Oxford his white hat, rough white coat, and huge white dog earned for him the sobriquet of the White Bear, and he exhibited the exploits of his climbing dog in Christ Church Meadow.
Views
A member of the loose group called the Oriel Noetics, Whately supported religious liberty, civil rights, and freedom of speech for dissenters, Roman Catholics, Jews, and even atheists. He took the line that the civil disabilities imposed on non-Anglicans made the state only nominally Christian, and supported disestablishment. He was a follower of Edward Copleston, regarded as the founder of the Noetics taken as apologists for the orthodoxy of the Church of England. A devout Christian, Whately took a practical view of Christianity. He disagreed with the Evangelical party and generally favoured a more intellectual approach to religion. He also disagreed with the later Tractarian emphasis on ritual and church authority. Instead, he emphasised careful reading and understanding of the Bible.
His cardinal principle was that of Chillingworth —‘the Bible, and the Bible alone, is the religion of protestants;’ and his exegesis was directed to determine the general tenor of the scriptures to the exclusion of dogmas based on isolated texts. There is no reason to question his reception of the central doctrines of the faith, though he shrank from theorising or even attempting to formulate them with precision. On election he held, broadly speaking, the Arminian view, and his antipathy to Calvinism was intense. He dwelt more on the life than on the death of Christ, the necessity of which he denied.
Whately took a view of political economy as an essentially logical subject. It proved influential in Oxford. The Noetics were reformers but largely centrist in politics, rather than strong Whigs or Tories. One of Whately's initial acts on going to Dublin was to endow a chair of political economy in Trinity College. Its first holder was Mountifort Longfield. Later, in 1846, he founded the Dublin Statistical Society with William Neilson Hancock.
Whately's view of political economy, and that common to the early holders of the Trinity college professorship, addressed it as a type of natural theology. He belonged to the group of supporters of Thomas Malthus that included Thomas Chalmers, some others of the Noetics, Richard Jones and William Whewell from Cambridge. He saw no inconsistency between science and Christian belief, differing in that way from some Christian critics of Malthus. He differed also from Jones and Whewell, expressing the view that the inductive method was of less use for political economy than the deductive method, properly applied.
In periodicals Whately discussed other public questions. He addressed, for example, the subject of transportation and the "secondary punishments" on those who had been transported; his pamphlet on this topic influenced the politicians Lord John Russell and Henry George Grey.
Legacy
Whately was an important figure in the revival of Aristotelian logic in the early nineteenth century. The Elements of Logic gave an impetus to the study of logic in Britain, and in the United States of America, logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) wrote that his lifelong fascination with logic began when he read Whately's Elements as a 12-year-old boy.
Whately's view of rhetoric as essentially a method for persuasion became an orthodoxy, challenged in mid-century by Henry Noble Day. Elements of Rhetoric is still cited, for thought about presumption, burden of proof, and testimony.
In 1864 Jane Whately, his daughter, published Miscellaneous Remains from his commonplace book and in 1866 his Life and Correspondence in two volumes. The Anecdotal Memoirs of Archbishop Whately, by William John Fitzpatrick, was published in 1864.
Family
Whately married Elizabeth Pope (third daughter of William Pope, born 7 October and baptised 22 December 1795 at Hillingdon, Middlesex) at Cheltenham on 3 July 1821. She later authored some Christian literature herself, dying 25 April 1860. Her younger sister Charlotte married Baden Powell in 1837.
They had four daughters and a son, including:
(Elizabeth) Jane Whately (1822–1893), a religious author;
Edward William Whately, a cleric;
Mary Louisa Whately (1824–1889), a medical missionary in Egypt;
Henrietta, who married in 1848 Charles Brent Wale, a barrister, son of Sir Charles Wale;
The youngest daughter Blanche, friend of Mary Rosse, married George Wale R.N., brother of Charles Brent Wale, in 1859, and died in March 1860.
A programme in the BBC television series Who Do You Think You Are?, broadcast on 2 March 2009, uncovered that Richard Whately was an ancestor of British actor Kevin Whately.
Notes and references
Citations
Sources
Attribution
Further reading
A modern biography is Richard Whately: A Man for All Seasons by Craig Parton . See also Donald Harman Akenson A Protestant in Purgatory: Richard Whately, Archbishop of Dublin (South Bend, Indiana 1981)
Einhorn, Lois J. "Consistency in Richard Whately: The Scope of His Rhetoric." Philosophy & Rhetoric 14 (Spring 1981): 89–99.
Einhorn, Lois J. "Richard Whately's Public Persuasion: The Relationship between His Rhetorical Theory and His Rhetorical Practice." Rhetorica 4 (Winter 1986): 47–65.
Einhorn, Lois J. "Did Napoleon Live? Presumption and Burden of Proof in Richard Whately's Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Boneparte." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 16 (1986): 285–97.
Giustino, David de. "Finding an archbishop: the Whigs and Richard Whately in 1831." Church History 64 (1995): 218–36.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately: Religious Controversialist of the Nineteenth Century." Prose Studies: 1800–1900 2 (1979): 160–87.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Archbishop Whately: Human Nature and Christian Assistance." Church History 50.2 (1981): 166–189.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately on the Nature of Human Knowledge in Relation to the Ideas of his Contemporaries." Journal of the History of Ideas 42.3 (1981): 439–455.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately's Theory of Rhetoric." In Explorations in Rhetoric. ed. R. McKerrow. Glenview IL: Scott, Firesman, & Co., 1982.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Richard Whately and the Revival of Logic in Nineteenth-Century England." Rhetorica 5 (Spring 1987): 163–85.
McKerrow, Ray E. "Whately's Philosophy of Language." The Southern Speech Communication Journal 53 (1988): 211–226.
Poster, Carol. "Richard Whately and the Didactic Sermon." The History of the Sermon: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Robert Ellison. Leiden: Brill, 2010: 59–113.
Poster, Carol. "An Organon for Theology: Whately's Rhetoric and Logic in Religious Context". Rhetorica 24:1 (2006): 37–77.
Sweet, William. "Paley, Whately, and 'enlightenment evidentialism'". International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 45 (1999):143-166.
External links
Works by Richard Whately at Google Books
Introductory Lectures on Political Economy
New School: Richard Whately
1787 births
1863 deaths
English logicians
English economists
19th-century economists
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Principals of St Alban Hall, Oxford
English rhetoricians
Anglican archbishops of Dublin
Burials at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Canterbury Association
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
English philosophers
Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland
Drummond Professors of Political Economy
19th-century English Anglican priests
Anglican philosophers
|
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] |
207581
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil%20McCarthy
|
Wil McCarthy
|
Wil McCarthy (born September 16, 1966 in Princeton, New Jersey) is a science fiction novelist, president and co-founder of RavenBrick (a solar technology company), and the science columnist for Syfy. He currently resides in Colorado.
Wil McCarthy popularized the concept of programmable matter, which he calls wellstone.
Bibliography
Novels
Murder in the Solid State (1996)
Bloom (1998)
Antediluvian (2019)
Rich Man's Sky (2021)
The Waisters
Aggressor Six (1994)
The Fall of Sirius (1996)
The Queendom of Sol
The Collapsium (2000) —Nebula Award nominee.
The Wellstone (2003)
Lost in Transmission (2004)
Short fiction
"Amerikano Hiaika", Aboriginal Science Fiction, May/June 1991.
"Dirtyside Down", Universe 3, 1994.
"The Dream of Houses", Analog, November 1995. Locus recommended reading list.
"The Dream of Castles", Analog, April 1997.
"The Dream of Nations", Analog, October 1998. Locus recommended reading list.
"Once Upon a Matter Crushed", Science Fiction Age, May 1999. Theodore Sturgeon Award Nominee. Locus recommended reading list. Became the first portion of The Collapsium.
"No Job Too Small", Aboriginal Science Fiction, Spring 2001.
"Pavement Birds", Analog, July/August 2002.
"He Died that Day, in Thirty Years", Once Upon a Galaxy, 2002
"Garbage Day", Analog, December 2002. Became part of The Wellstone.
Non-fiction
"Programmable Matter" (AKA "Programmable Matter: A Retrospective"), Nature, October 6, 2000. .
"Ultimate Alchemy", Wired 9.10, October 2001
Hacking Matter (2003),
"This Looks Like a Job for...Superatoms", IEEE Spectrum, August 2005
Other media
Radio plays
I Love Bees, writer
Radio appearances
Coast to Coast AM, "Programmable Matter", April 18, 2003
Coast to Coast AM, "Quantum Dots", April 26, 2004
Notes
References
External links
WilMcCarthy.com
Wil McCarthy U.S. patents
1966 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American male short story writers
American nanotechnologists
Novelists from Colorado
Wired (magazine) people
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside%20Park%20%28Manhattan%29
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Riverside Park (Manhattan)
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Riverside Park is a scenic waterfront public park in the Upper West Side, Morningside Heights, and Hamilton Heights neighborhoods of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The park consists of a strip of land with a width of between , between the Hudson River/Henry Hudson Parkway and the serpentine Riverside Drive.
Riverside Park was established by land condemnation in 1872 and was developed concurrently with Riverside Drive. Originally running between 72nd and 125th Streets, it was extended northward in the first decade of the 20th century. When the park was first laid out, the right-of-way of the New York Central Railroad's West Side Line blocked access to the river. In the 1930s, under parks commissioner Robert Moses's West Side improvement project, the railroad track was covered with an esplanade and several recreational facilities. Few modifications were made to the park until the 1980s, when it was renovated and extended southward as part of the Riverside South development.
Riverside Park is part of the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway, a pedestrian and bicycle route around Manhattan's waterfront. The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation operates and maintains the park, though its operating activities are supported by the Riverside Park Conservancy. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a New York City scenic landmark.
History
Planning
The of land in the original park between 72nd and 125th Streets were once inhabited by the Lenape people, but by the 18th century, European settlers used it for farming. Over the years, several villas were also constructed along the river. The area's two largest settlements were the villages of Bloomingdale and Manhattanville. In 1846, the Hudson River Railroad (later the West Side Line and Hudson Line) was built along the waterfront, connecting New York City to Albany.
By the 1850s, New York City was growing quickly. The construction of Central Park nearby in the 1860s spurred construction in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Similar development in the Upper West Side was slower to come: by 1865, only West 76th and 86th Streets had been completed and opened. By an act of the New York State Legislature passed that year, the Central Park commissioners had the responsibility of executing the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the Manhattan street grid, within Upper Manhattan.
In 1865, Central Park commissioner William R. Martin put forth the first proposal for a riverside park along the Hudson River. An act providing for such was presented to the Legislature by commissioner Andrew Haswell Green in 1866 and approved the same year. In his argument for a riverside park, Green wrote that the only location on the Hudson River waterfront reserved for park space was the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan island. The first segment of Riverside Park was acquired in 1872 by condemning lots for a cost of $7.25 million, or over for each of the in the original park. The park also included the construction of Riverside Avenue, a boulevard lined with trees and overlooking the future park and the waterfront. The avenue was initially laid out in 1868 and was wide for its entire length. The plans for Riverside Park and Avenue brought the attention of William M. Tweed, who bought several lots adjacent to the park in anticipation of its construction.
Construction
Late 19th century
Initially, Riverside Avenue had been planned to run in a straight line, which would have required a retaining wall and extensive fill. However, the area's difficult topography had come to the attention of the Manhattan park commissioners. In 1873, the commissioners selected Frederick Law Olmsted, a park commissioner who had also designed Central Park, to redesign the park and avenue. Olmsted devised a plan that would create a main road extending from 72nd to 123rd Streets, with overpasses at 79th and 96th Streets, as well as "carriage roads" to serve the nearby neighborhood. The park and drive together would vary between wide. Olmsted's plan, which also included designs for Fort Washington Park and Morningside Park, called for these parklands to be designed around the existing landscape. Olmsted wrote in 1873 that Riverside Park "presented great advantages as a park because the river bank had been for a century occupied as the lawns and ornamental gardens in front of the country seats along its banks. Its foliage was fine, and its views magnificent."
Construction on Riverside Park and Avenue started in 1874 or 1876, and Olmsted was ousted as parks superintendent in 1877. Designers such as Calvert Vaux, Samuel Parsons, and Julius Munckwitz laid out the stretch of park and road between 72nd and 125th Streets in a way that made the park look like the Hudson Valley. Riverside Avenue opened in 1880 and quickly became popular, though parts of the road, such as the 96th Street overpass, remained incomplete through the 1900s. There was no single plan that encompassed the entirety of Riverside Park, which meant it would incorporate a number of separate designs. Olmsted wrote in 1886 that "in many important particulars the design has been mangled," saying that the park's terrain was too steep for recreation, and that Riverside Avenue's trees might block views of the river; despite this, Olmsted's offer to work with Vaux to create a unified park design was denied. Furthermore, the railroad cut the park off from the waterfront.
With the park's construction came land purchases in the Upper West Side. However, development in the neighborhood was slow to come since most of the lots were too expensive for the middle class to purchase, and the wealthy preferred to settle on the East Side of Manhattan. Development of low-density residences and small apartment buildings did not come until the 1880s. These residents formed an organization called the West End Avenue Association, which in 1888 published a booklet titled West End Avenue: Riverside Park in the City of New York extolling the park's benefits. At the time, few wealthy families had settled in the area. It would take until the 1900s and 1910s before Riverside Avenue and Park gained its present-day concentration of upscale houses.
The park was not extensively developed, either. A temporary tomb for the late U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant was built at Claremont Hill in 1885, since Grant had said he wanted to be buried in New York City. Additionally, paths between 72nd and 79th Streets were laid out in 1891. However, in an 1893 article, The New York Times mentioned that "but a small portion of the land thus acquired has been improved so as to be capable of public use." At the time, Riverside Park did not include the shorefront. In November 1893, a compromise was reached that would allow for the shore to be used for parkland while still allowing access to docks, and two months later, the park commissioners adopted plans to build docks at 79th and 96th Streets. Under an act of the state legislature, the city condemned an underwater area along the shore, which would allow for land reclamation to expand the park. By 1895, paths had been laid out between 96th and 120th Streets. Notwithstanding the lack of park development, Riverside Park still contained nuisances such as outdoor sewerage, squatters' shacks, and coal emissions from the trains, as well as garbage dumps at 77th and 96th Streets. These conditions persisted through the 1920s.
Early 20th century
Several structures were built in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Two monuments were built in Riverside Park at the turn of the 20th century: a permanent Grant's Tomb at 120th Street in 1897, and the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument at 89th Street in 1902. This would be followed by eight other monuments from the 1900s through 1920s. The construction of these monuments signified a major change in the use of Riverside Park, since the park was no longer being idealized solely as a nature space, though writer Elizabeth Cromley says that the monuments did fit in with the park aesthetic. Another structure built in the park was Columbia University's Gould Boathouse, constructed at 115th Street in 1896. The Gould Boathouse was abandoned by the 1920s and burned down in 1927. Other waterfront projects undertaken in the first decade of the 20th century included a stadium for Columbia University, built along land fill. Another proposal, for a new boathouse for the Motor Boat Club, was vetoed by mayor George B. McClellan Jr. in 1906.
The existence of Manhattan Valley at approximately 125th Street blocked the further development of Riverside Park northward. However, in 1898, construction commenced on an ornate viaduct carrying Riverside Drive across the valley to 135th Street. The viaduct, designed by F. Stuart Williamson, was completed in 1901 and consisted of 26 steel-latticed arches rising above ground level. By 1902, plans were made to extend the park's border north to 155th Street. Williamson also designed the park extension, which contained stone retaining walls as well as grand entrances designed. The first extension of Riverside Park, from 125th/129th to 137th Streets, was completed in 1902. The city acquired land northward to 158th Street in 1903, and with the completion of this park extension in 1908, Riverside Avenue was renamed Riverside Drive.
In 1906, there was an effort to expand Riverside Park by adding the piece of land bounded by Riverside Drive, Claremont Avenue, and 116th and 122nd Streets. This was seen as historically important because it was the site of Battle of Harlem Heights. The city also envisioned 116th Street as a grand gateway to Grant's Tomb. Neither the park extension nor the 116th Street gateway were built, and today, the only remnants of this plan are the wide curves at the intersection of 116th Street and Riverside Drive, where the Colosseum and Paterno apartment buildings sit. The underwater area owned by the city was filled between 1911 and 1912 using rock from the excavation of the Catskill Aqueduct. The landfilling was criticized as it was done without public knowledge. One prominent group to form during this time was the Women's League for the Protection of Riverside Park, formed in 1916 to advocate recreational uses within the park. Many of the club's members were from prominent or wealthy families, and a sizable number of its early members lived close to Riverside Park.
West Side Improvement
Initial plans
Even as there was discussion to expand Riverside Park, the New York Central Railroad continued to expand its facilities. This clashed with the ideals of the City Beautiful movement, which led an increasing segment of the population to view the railroad as a nuisance rather than a part of the park. Even so, the railroad was a crucial part to New York City's commerce, and as such could not be removed. As early as 1909, there were plans to expand the West Side Line to six tracks within Riverside Park, though this was heavily opposed. The crux of the disagreement was a stipulation that would give New York Central the rights to develop the shorefront with commercial enterprises. The area between 59th and 72nd Streets was being planned for development into train yards, which citizens' groups strongly opposed, and the city had no money to condemn that land.
Disputes over the railroad's role within the park continued for several years. At the time, there were other issues that beset the rail line; in particular, the street-level southern section of the line was known as Death Avenue due to the high level of collisions there. In 1913 New York Central presented a proposal for the railroad to be grade-separated, including constructing a new tunnel within Riverside Park. This plan was received favorably by the citizens' groups. By 1917, there was a tentative agreement to enact that proposal. Another initiative that aided the redevelopment of Riverside Park was the closure of one of the garbage dumps in 1923. Despite a citywide growth in realty values in the 1910s and 1920s, such benefits did not translate to the area nearest Riverside Park, and in the section between 69th and 89th Streets, real estate values actually declined slightly. As such, a plan to improve Riverside Park was much anticipated by the local community.
The railroad grade-separation proposal remained stalled until the passage of the Kaufman Act in 1924, which forced the electrification of all railroads in the city. The same year, comptroller Charles L. Craig put forth a plan to create a waterfront parkway in Riverside Drive to alleviate vehicular traffic. The "Craig Plan", the first of four unsuccessful blueprints for the park's reconstruction that were proposed in the 1920s, also called for the inclusion of athletic facilities, a feature that would eventually be included in the park's reconstruction. The proposal included plans for expanding Riverside Park, such as a freshwater swimming pool between 72nd and 75th Streets; a play field from 75th to 77th Streets; and a recreation building with a new boathouse between 77th and 81st Streets. The plans included land reclamation using excavation from the New York City Subway's Eighth Avenue subway line, which created up to of new parkland. Planners thought that the railroad tunnel's utility could be increased as well. While some suggested building the parkway atop the tunnel, others proposed converting the top of the tunnel into parkland and building a waterfront parkway instead.
Disputes about the tunnel roof and parkway delayed the approval of a Riverside Park plan for several years, by which point increasing pollution made the park nearly unusable. The Women's League endorsed a proposal for converting Riverside Drive's bridle trail to a children's playground, though they opposed the scenic parkway in Riverside Park. Other organizations also opposed building the parkway in Riverside Park; for instance, the City Club endorsed building the parkway on the waterfront instead, in order to give more space to recreational uses. The waterfront parkway proposal was supported only by a minority of architects and organizations, and was voted down by the Board of Estimate. In June 1929, the city voted to approve a plan that would build the parkway above the tracks, but not on the waterfront.
Execution
The architecture firm McKim, Mead & White was hired to create plans for the parkway and the grade-separated railroad tunnel (later known as the Freedom Tunnel). In order to meet the requirements of the project, the firm proposed erecting a City Beautiful-style retaining wall with arches, similar to that of a Roman aqueduct, that seemed to support the highway above it. The retaining wall would include parapets and Neoclassical detailing, as well as arches to ventilate the railroad tracks behind the wall. The road would have contained classical flagpoles and lampposts, viewing areas, and resting areas for pedestrians. The plans also called for the reconstruction of the 86th Street marina and the construction of parking lots, playgrounds, and tennis courts.
Work between 72nd and 79th Streets was underway when parks commissioner Robert Moses was appointed in 1934. Moses halted McKim, Mead & White's plan, deriding it as a "visionary scheme," since he thought the highway's construction would make the new parkland inaccessible and contain too many pedestrian tunnels. Furthermore, Moses believed that his alternate plan would be completed more quickly and cheaply. Moses's biographer Robert Caro described Moses surveying the area prior to his project, and seeing:
a wasteland six miles (10 km) long, stretching from where he stood all the way north to 181st street ... The 'park' was nothing but a vast low-lying mass of dirt and mud.... Unpainted, rusting, jagged wire fences along the tracks barred the city from its waterfront ... The engines that pulled trains along the tracks burned coal or oil; from their smokestacks a dense black smog rose toward the apartment houses, coating windowsills with grit ... [a stench] seemed to hang over Riverside Drive endlessly after each passage of a train carrying south to the slaughterhouses in downtown Manhattan carload after carload of cattle and pigs.... [Once, Frances Perkins ] heard Moses exclaim, "Isn't this a temptation to you? Couldn't this waterfront be the most beautiful thing in the world?"
Moses's updated "West Side Improvement" plan, designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, Michael Rapuano, and Clinton Loyd, retained the railroad tunnel under the park, but moved the parkway to the shorefront instead; this would become the Henry Hudson Parkway. As part of the project, the parkway was to connect with the West Side Elevated Highway at the south end of Riverside Park, while the railroad would connect to the High Line viaduct even further south. The parkway was to be built on newly filled land along the shore, requiring the extension of the shoreline by and the dumping of of fill. This resulted in a more contiguous park area, since the roof of the tunnel would then be occupied by parkland. Moses's plan was also more actively focused toward recreation: his plan called for playgrounds, tennis courts, wading and swimming pools, an amphitheater, and docks at 79th and 96th Streets. The roof of the railroad tunnel would host several of these recreation fields, while other parts of the tunnel's roof would be used by a promenade. The cost as submitted to the New York City Board of Estimate was $11 million (equivalent to $ million in ), of which $6 million would go toward the railroad tunnel alone (equivalent to $ million in ).
By mid-1934, Moses was ready to employ about 4,000 workers through the Works Progress Administration. Filling operations were underway by early 1935, requiring the dumping of of dirt per day. The parkway in Riverside Park was approved in June 1935, and was completed in 1937. In addition, plans for a new boat basin at 149th Street were announced in 1939. The West Side Improvement project was completed by 1941. The project was twice as big as the Hoover Dam's construction. In total, the project plan added to the park. Ultimately eight full playgrounds were built, as well as baseball fields and tennis, handball, and basketball courts. Having achieved its goal of rebuilding Riverside Park, the Women's League disbanded in 1937.
Decline
For several decades after the completion of the Moses-era improvements, few changes were made to the park: a memorial grove was added in 1946; a playground at 76th Street was added in 1952; and the 103rd Street playground was restored in 1960. A monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, first proposed in 1947, was never realized due a lack of funding and opposition from city officials. Riverside Park had its own New York City Police Department precinct (the 26th Precinct), but this was abolished in 1954.
By 1962, a new children's playground was proposed between 102nd and 106th Streets, to be dedicated to the philanthropist Adele Rosenwald Levy. The architect Louis Kahn and the artist and landscape architect Isamu Noguchi prepared plans for a $1 million facility to include among other things, a community center, an amphitheater, and play structures. The plan proved to be controversial: advocates claimed the playground would create additional recreational space, while opponents argued that the playground would be excessively expensive and serve essentially as a memorial to a private figure. Despite having redesigned the playground five times, and having the support of Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr., the designers met with much resistance. In 1963, opponents filed suit to prevent construction of the project, and in 1966, the project was cancelled by the new administration of Mayor John Lindsay.
Ultimately during the 1960s, a playground and a comfort station were added at 76th Street, another comfort station was added at 91st Street, and tennis courts were built between 97th and 119th Streets. Otherwise, the park was neglected, and vandalism and dumping were common. In 1970 a writer for The New York Times observed that the northern part of the park, in western Harlem, was in worse condition than the original park near the Upper West Side and Morningside Heights. Around this time, several shafts were installed in Riverside Park as part of a project to reduce sewage outflows into the Hudson River, which forced the temporary closure of part of the park.
In 1971, officials proposed converting the West Side Elevated Highway and Henry Hudson Parkway into Westway, a six-lane interstate highway connecting the George Washington Bridge and the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which would have resulted in the condemnation of portions of Riverside Park. The construction of Westway within Riverside Park was ultimately deemed infeasible due to a state law that prohibited the Henry Hudson Parkway's conversion into an interstate highway. The Westway plan was abandoned altogether by 1984.
Late 20th century
Restoration
By 1979, NYC Parks was restoring retaining walls and making plans to rehabilitate several playgrounds. The failed Westway proposal had inspired a movement to make Riverside Park a designated city landmark, so as to preclude future construction that might take away parkland. Advocates petitioned the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to make the park an official city landmark. They met with success; Riverside Park was designated as a New York City scenic landmark in 1980 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1983.
The Friends of Riverside Park organization was formed in March 1979, initially working to plant new trees and stop deterioration of existing trees. Their projects included the conservation of 500 endangered Dutch elm trees in Riverside Park. The organization soon turned toward preservation-oriented initiatives, successfully working to stop July 4 fireworks shows in the park and plans for a restaurant at the 79th Street Boat Basin. The city indicated in 1983 that it planned to refurbish parts of the park, especially the section between 97th and 110th Streets, at a cost of $910,000. The park's partial renovation was completed in 1984. However, Riverside Park was still in a dilapidated state because of funding shortfalls: it lacked any full-time security, park rangers, or recreation workers, and had a staff of 40 workers for the entire park. Throughout the late 20th century, homeless people and drug users would congregate in the park. By the 1990s, there were estimated to be between 75 and 325 homeless people living within Riverside Park, including the Freedom Tunnel.
In 1987, fourteen area cooperatives combined to create the Riverside Park Fund to raise money for maintenance. The Fund also sponsored a proposal for a continuous $3 million path that would run the length of the park to the George Washington Bridge, though this path would be delayed through the mid-1990s. Starting in 1992, NYC Parks restored the retaining wall within Riverside Park between 98th and 120th Streets. By 1994, the Riverside Park Fund was conducting various projects including landscaping, the installation of new playgrounds, and the restoration of existing facilities. A dog run was proposed for the Morningside Heights section of the park in 1998, but was canceled after opposition.
The North River Wastewater Treatment Plant was constructed between 137th and 144th Streets, alongside Riverside Park's northern section, during the late 1980s. The Riverbank State Park was built atop the plant, opening in 1993.
Riverside Park South
In the 1980s Donald Trump, then the owner of the of land just south of Riverside Park that had been the Penn Central freight rail yard, proposed building a massive development including a huge shopping mall and the world's tallest skyscraper. Facing great opposition and hobbled by his weak financial position, Trump agreed in 1990 to adopt a new plan for the site put forward by six civic groups. The new plan, called Riverside South, included much smaller buildings centered around a new Riverside Park South, stretching between 72nd and 59th Streets with a similar design to the original Riverside Park. In order to expand Riverside Park by , Trump's proposed shopping mall would be eliminated and the elevated West Side Highway would be relocated eastward to grade and buried. A new Riverside Boulevard would curve above the relocated highway, with the park sloping down toward the river. Portions of the former rail yard, such as the New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge, would be incorporated into the new park. As part of the project, Trump and the city agreed to build a new bicycle path connecting Riverside Park with Hudson River Park immediately to the south.
In November 1998, the first phase of the new Riverside Park South started, having been designed by Thomas Balsley & Associates. Phase 1, a section from 72nd to 68th Streets, was opened just over two years later in January 2001. Pier I at 70th Street, part of the railyard, was rebuilt; it maintains its original length of , but is narrower than originally, at . Phase 2, opened in 2003, comprises a waterfront section from 70th Street to 65th Street, including two plazas at 66th and 68th Streets and a jagged waterfront. Phase 3, opened in August 2006, stretches from 65th Street to 62nd Street on the waterfront. Phase 4 opened in 2007 along the waterfront from 62nd to 57th Streets.
The design of Phases 5 and 6, located between the current and future highway alignments, is partially tied to the fate of the highway relocation, the timing of which is still uncertain. However, NYC Parks has approved interim and final designs for those two sections; construction of the interim park started in August 2016. Relocating the highway will require some reconstruction of the park.
21st century
By the Fund's 20th anniversary, much of the park south of 125th Street had been restored, and Upper West Side and Morningside Heights residents had become invested in the park's well-being. The northern section, above 125th Street, still remained deteriorated, with poorly maintained ballfields and a lack of access from nearby neighborhoods. This was attributed to the economic conditions in the neighborhoods adjoining each section: while the Upper West Side was generally wealthy, Harlem was mostly lower-class.
In 2015, after a quarter-century of planning, construction started on a new pedestrian bridge connecting Hamilton Heights to Riverside Park at 151st Street, replacing a tunnel and a long staircase. After some delays, the bridge opened in 2017. Also in 2017, NYC Parks released a master plan for Riverside Park. The plan called for the restoration of the rotunda, Soldiers & Sailors Monument, Cherry Walk, and pedestrian walkways; expansion of the marina; construction of new bicycle paths and a new 111th Street entrance; and construction of new play areas in Morningside Heights and at the north waterfront.
Riverside Park continued to suffer from various problems such as faulty drainage systems and deterioration. In 2019, The New York Times observed that following every rainstorm, water tended to pool on the roof of the Freedom Tunnel and other locations due to the three-tiered topography of the park, and that the tunnel's retaining wall was leaking. In addition, there was visible decay in some of the structures within Riverside Park, such as the 79th Street Rotunda, retaining walls, and various pathways. Other issues included the poor design of Riverside Drive's curbs and the dilapidated condition of the park's trees. A bicycle bypass was proposed in 2016 to reduce frequent congestion and collisions between pedestrians and bicyclists in the park. The first section opened in 2019.
Geography and design
Riverside Park is classified by the Parks Department as a community park covering . The primary section of Riverside Park is the tiered slopes between the Henry Hudson Parkway and Riverside Drive from 72nd Street to 125th Street, designated as both an official New York City landmark and a NRHP site. This section ranges from wide. The eastern border of the park is generally Riverside Drive, a curving avenue with a maximum grade of 1 in 27. Various apartment buildings and religious/educational institutions on Riverside Drive overlook the park. The Henry Hudson Parkway, on the park's western border, contains numerous interchanges that are included as part of the official landmark designation.
The 1930s rebuild was designed by architect Michael Rapuano, a Rome Prize Fellow, who placed London plane trees and Robinia trees atop the Freedom Tunnel. At 74th and 97th Streets, curving stone staircases led from the top of the tunnel to the playgrounds below. During the renovation, much of the original topography was modified in order to conceal the tunnel, and large clusters of trees were installed elsewhere in the park. Most of the initial plantings were removed by the 1980s.
There is also a northern section of the park from 135th Street to 155th Street and adjacent to Riverbank State Park. This area is designed more simply than the rest of the park, as the Henry Hudson Parkway is elevated in the area, and much of the space is occupied by parking lots. It is not protected by either the Landmarks Preservation Commission or the NRHP.
Geographical features
Sources vary on how many tiers are included in Riverside Park. James T. Dowell of the Riverside Park Fund states that there are three tiers: Riverside Drive on top, the promenade above the Freedom Tunnel below, and the parkland beside the Henry Hudson Parkway and waterfront esplanade at the bottom. The city's Landmarks Preservation Commission, as well as the National Park Service's NRHP report for the park, say that there are four "registers": three are similar to those cited by Dowell, while the fourth "register" is the sloping area that connects Riverside Drive and the roof of the Freedom Tunnel. Each of the "registers" serves a specific purpose. The uppermos, which includes Riverside Drive, serves as the border to the park. The central sections, comprising both the sloping region and the plateau above the Freedom Tunnel, contain most of the greenery as well as playgrounds and other recreational facilities. The lowermost register, next to Henry Hudson Parkway, provides a waterfront promenade with views of the Hudson River, as well as the Palisades on the opposite bank.
Before the park existed, poet Edgar Allan Poe was said to have enjoyed sitting on rocky "Mount Tom" at 83rd Street. The rock outcropping still exists and is the only such formation at Riverside Park with a name.
Paths
The park's central "registers" contain various curving pathways amid the greenery. These paths are connected to Riverside Drive and the waterfront level via staircases and ramps.
Riverside Walk, a waterfront walkway, runs the entire length of the park between 72nd and 158th Streets. This walkway includes Cherry Walk, a path between 100th and 125th Streets, which is named for the cherry trees beside it. The grouping of 700 cherry trees was donated in 1909 by the Committee of Japanese Residents.
Riverside Park contains a bicycle lane that runs for most of the park's length, except for a small gap in West Harlem. However, there are multiple locations where the bicycle lane intersects with the pedestrian paths, causing congestion. As such, a bicycle bypass is being built within several sections of Riverside Park.
Extensions and connections
Riverside Park South extends from 72nd to 59th Street on the former Penn Central yard, with an old locomotive on display. Riverside Park South leads to Hudson River Park which leads to Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan. With the addition of Riverside Park South and Hudson River Park, a continuous waterfront right-of-way for pedestrians and bicyclists now stretches nearly the length of Manhattan from north to south.
Paths along the river connect the park to Fort Washington Park to the north. The portion of Fort Washington Park from 181st Street to Dyckman Street includes Inspiration Point, a shelter at 190th Street.
Wildlife
A bird sanctuary exists in Riverside Park between 116th to 124th Streets. New York City Audubon estimates that birdwatchers have seen more than 177 bird species at the sanctuary since the 1980s. About has been reforested and over 3,000 individual plants have been placed in the sanctuary since 1997. More than 80 bird species have been seen at the Bird Drip, a man-made water feature near 120th Street.
Riverside Park contains numerous other species of wildlife. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation states that park visitors can see waterfowl such as Canada geese, mallards, and American black ducks; raptors, such as red-tailed hawks, American kestrels and peregrine falcons; songbirds; raccoons; and reptiles. In addition, a wild turkey named Giuliani was first spotted at Riverside Park in 2003, and several other wild turkeys have since been observed at the park.
Landmarks and structures
Monuments and statues
Riverside Park includes numerous monuments and statues.
Amiable Child Monument
The Amiable Child Monument, at Riverside Drive north of 122nd Street, on the slope north of Grant's Tomb, commemorates the long-ago death of a beloved child, a small boy who died in what was then an area of country homes near New York City. One side of the monument reads: "Erected to the Memory of an Amiable Child, St. Claire Pollock, Died 15 July 1797 in the Fifth Year of His Age." The monument is composed of a granite urn on a granite pedestal inside a wrought iron fence. Originally erected by George Pollock, who was either the boy's father or his uncle, the monument has been replaced twice due to deterioration. It is thought to be the only private, single-person grave on city-owned land in New York City.
Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
The Eleanor Roosevelt Monument is located at 72nd Street and was dedicated in 1996. The landscape architects Bruce Kelly and David Varnell designed the planted, circular monument. The artist Penelope Jencks sculpted the larger-than-life statue of Eleanor Roosevelt, the boulder on which it leans, and the foot-stone on which it rests. The architect Michael Dwyer designed inscriptions in the surrounding granite pavement, including a quotation from Roosevelt's 1958 speech at the United Nations advocating universal human rights, and a bronze tablet, located in the planting bed, summarizing her achievements.
Firemen's Memorial
The Firemen's Memorial, located on the west side of Riverside Drive opposite West 100th Street, was dedicated in 1913. The architect Harold Van Buren Magonigle designed the monument as a sarcophagus in Tennessee marble, with a dedicatory inscription on the east side. The artist Attilio Piccirilli embellished it with allegorical figures on the north and south sides, and a bas-relief bronze plaque on the west side. Approached from the west by a grand staircase, the monument sits on a terrace surrounded by a classical balustrade. A tablet, dedicated to the horses who assisted the firemen with their duties, was embedded in the monument's terrace paving in 1927.
General Franz Sigel statue
The General Franz Sigel memorial, at 106th Street, was designed by the architect William W. Bosworth and dedicated in October 1907. Karl Bitter sculpted the centerpiece, an equestrian statue of Sigel, who attained the rank of general in the Union Army during the Civil War. The larger-than-life bronze figure is located atop a stone pedestal at the top of a staircase. The figure formerly had a sword, but it was removed in 1941. NYC Parks restored the statue in the late 1980s.
Grant's Tomb
The design of Grant's Tomb, located in the median of Riverside Drive at 122nd Street, is loosely based on the design of the ancient Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. The memorial was dedicated in 1897. The architect John Hemenway Duncan designed the building as a cube with blind colonnades on the east, west, and north sides, and a portico of Doric columns leading to the entrance door on the south side. Atop the cube, he placed a cylindrical dome embellished with Ionic columns, topped with a conical cap. Inside, the principal room is a crypt with sarcophagi containing the remains of President Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Dent Grant. The National Park Service has maintained the tomb since 1958 as the General Grant National Memorial. Grant's Tomb is both a New York City landmark and a national monument.
Joan of Arc memorial
The Joan of Arc memorial, located at 93rd Street, was designed by the architect John V. Van Pelt and dedicated in 1915. The artist Anna Hyatt Huntington sculpted the statue, which depicts Joan of Arc on horseback in bronze. The statue was restored in 1939 and 1987.
Louis Kossuth monument
The monument in honor of Hungarian leader Lajos (Louis) Kossuth is located at West 113th Street. It was dedicated in 1928. The artist János Horvay sculpted a bronze statue of Kossuth standing atop a stone pedestal, and two more bronze figures at its base. The pedestal is embellished with an inscription and a denticulated cornice.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument
The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, dedicated in 1902, commemorates Civil War veterans of both the Union Army and Navy. Originally planned for Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, the monument was erected in Riverside Park opposite West 89th Street. The architects Stoughton & Stoughton in collaboration with the architect Paul E. M. DuBoys designed the monument as a circular temple embellished with twelve fluted Corinthian columns atop a rusticated basement, a reinterpretation of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. The architects sited the monument on a series of stepped terraces surrounded by a low classical balustrade. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument is a designated New York City landmark.
Warsaw Ghetto Plaza
Riverside Park almost received a monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, which would have been located between 83rd and 84th Streets. A granite plaque, set in the paving at the end of the Promenade, near 84th Street, on October 19, 1947, is inscribed: "This is the site for the American memorial to the heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto Battle April–May 1943 and to the six million Jews of Europe martyred in the cause of human liberty." Subsequent proposals for larger monuments were made by Jo Davidson, Percival Goodman, Ivan Meštrović, and a partnership between Erich Mendelsohn and Nathan Rapoport; however, none were approved due to a lack of funding and officials' fears that a large monument might distract drivers on the Henry Hudson Parkway. A monument measuring with a height of , to be sculpted by Meštrović, was approved in 1952 but was never built. NYC Parks restored the site in 2001. It is now called the Warsaw Ghetto Memorial Plaza.
Other monuments
There are several other monuments in Riverside Park. These include:
1956 Hungarian Revolution memorial: designed by Tamás Nagy and dedicated in 2017.
Hippopotamus Fountain, at 91st Street: designed by the landscape architect Mark K. Morrison, sculpted by the artist Bob Cassilly, and dedicated in 1993.
General Horace Porter memorial, at 122nd Street (at Grant's Tomb): a flagpole on a pedestal, dedicated in 1939.
John Merven Carrere memorial, at 99th Street: a pink granite terrace designed by the architect Thomas Hastings and dedicated to the architect John Merven Carrère in 1919.
Major General Frederick D. Grant, at 122nd Street (at Grant's Tomb): a flagpole on a pedestal dedicated in 1939.
Robert Ray Hamilton Fountain, at 76th Street: designed by the architects Warren and Wetmore and dedicated in 1906.
Woman's Health Protective Association memorial, at 116th Street: sculpted by Bruno Louis Zimm and composed of a stele, an exedra, and a drinking fountain, it was dedicated in 1910.
Plaques
There are several plaques in Riverside Park that commemorate various events or structures. These include:
Armed Forces Plaque, at 121st Street, dedicated 1953
Battle of Harlem Heights Marker, at 121st Street, dedicated 1961
Chaplains Memorial. at 121st Street, dedicated 1950
Chinese Tablet, at about 124th Street (north of Grant's Tomb), dedicated 1897
Claremont Inn Tablet, at 123rd Street, dedicated 1952
Cyrus Clark relief, at 83rd Street, dedicated 1911
Henry Neufeld Playground Plaque, at 76th Street, dedicated 1991
Marine Heroes Tablet, at 93rd Street, dedicated 1950
Other structures
Riverside Park contains several other physical structures, including a three-story rotunda with a boat basin, a field house, and a building used by Riverside Park Conservancy volunteer operations.
79th Street Boat Basin, Rotunda, and cafe
The 79th Street Boat Basin is one of the boating facilities in Riverside Park. The basin contains 116 slips and is used as a launch site for kayaks, canoes and sailboats. The facility takes in hundreds of thousands of dollars in dock-fee revenues each year. NYC Parks provides fresh water lines and a boat pump-out system for sewage disposal at no additional cost, but all other services, including electricity, telephone, television, and Internet access, are charged to boat owners.
Adjacent to the boat basin, the 79th Street Rotunda, a three-story traffic circle, allows access to the Henry Hudson Parkway and to the park from 79th Street. The rotunda is constructed with reinforced concrete clad with cut stone. An underground parking garage sits below it.
An arcade with vaulted Guastavino tiled ceilings surrounds the rotunda and overlooks the marina. Currently, it is the site of the open-air O’Neals’ West 79th Street Boat Basin Cafe. The internal courtyard and seasonal cafe were added after a design competition.
The designs of the 79th Street Rotunda and Boat Basin have changed little since their construction. The structures were designed to make Riverside Park into a grand "river gate" for marine travelers.
102nd Street Field House
The 102nd Street Field House, adjacent to the Freedom Tunnel structure, was completed in 1937. NYC Parks renovated it in 1964 but it was damaged by fire in the 1970s. NYC Parks renovated the Field House again starting in 2015.
Peter Jay Sharp Volunteer House
The Peter Jay Sharp Volunteer House is located at 107th Street. Built in the late 19th century, the structure was formerly a one-story limestone tool shed that had become dilapidated over the years. In 2003, the architects Murphy Burnham & Buttrick converted the building into an architectural folly, adding a mezzanine and second floor, expanding the floor area from . The Riverside Park Conservancy operates out of the building, with facilities to aid their operation, including: storage space, plant-growing areas, a restroom, a kitchenette, and a meeting room on the second floor.
Activities
Riverside Park's numerous recreation facilities include tennis, volleyball and basketball courts; soccer fields; and a skatepark.
Play areas
Riverside Park contains several playgrounds. All of the following playgrounds are located near the intersection with Riverside Drive unless otherwise stated.
Little Engine Playground, at Riverside Boulevard between 67th and 68th Streets
Classic Playground, at 74th Street
Neufeld Playground, at 76th Street
River Run Playground, at 83rd Street
Hippo Playground, at 91st Street
Dinosaur Playground, at 97th Street
101st St. Soccer Field, at 101st Street
Claremont, at 124th Street
Riverside Park, at 119th Street
Playgrounds that are designated as "Tot Lots" include:
Tot Lot One Hundred Five, at 105th Street
Tot Lot One Hundred And Ten, at 110th–111th Streets
Tot Lot One Hundred And Twelve, at 112th–113th Streets
Tot Lot One Hundred And Sixteen, at 116th–117th Streets
Riverside Park contains three dog runs at 72nd, 87th, and 105th Streets.
In addition, Riverside Park contains Riverside Skatepark at 109th Street. It was the first full-sized public skatepark in Manhattan, designed and built in 1995 by skateboarder and skatepark builder Andy Kessler.
Recreation
Riverside Park contains a number of facilities. There are nine baseball fields in the park, including five standalone fields (four from 104th to 107th Streets and one at 72nd Street), as well as two pairs of baseball fields that each overlap with another sporting field, at 77th and 146th/147th Streets. There are also five sets of basketball courts at 71st, 76th, 102nd, 111th, and 148th Streets. Seven handball courts are located in Riverside Park, five at 111th Street and two at 71st Street, as well as 20 tennis courts, ten each at 96th and 119th Streets. There are also six soccer fields, at 71st, 74th, 77th, 101st, 103rd, and 107th Streets. Volleyball courts are located at 102nd, 105th, and 148th Streets. Most of the facilities were built in the 1930s reconstruction of Riverside Park, except a recreational building near West 91st Street, as well as the Columbia University tennis courts near 119th–121st Streets.
A free season of events, named Summer on the Hudson, takes place throughout Riverside Park between May and October and hosts events for all including movies, concerts, and children's shows. In addition to the 79th Street Boat Basin, there is a kayak launch at 148th Street. During the spring and the summer, a free kayak rental also operates at 72nd Street.
Management
A nonprofit organization called the Riverside Park Conservancy maintains the park. while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities. The Conservancy's responsibilities include maintaining and restoring park areas, as well as providing educational and cultural programs. In the fiscal year ending December 31, 2016, the Conservancy had net assets (own equity) of about $3.80 million and liabilities of $1.04 million, which amounted to total assets of $4.84 million. Net assets increased $1.29 million from the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015.
In the late 1970s, New York City's park system was in bad shape: underfunded and plagued with crime. As a result, the Riverside Park Fund was founded in 1987 as a grassroots community organization formed to reclaim the park by establishing community gardens and improving park maintenance. The Fund was renamed the Riverside Park Conservancy in 2012. the Conservancy's president is Daniel Garodnick. It has 30 staff who focus on park programs and projects, like gardens, playgrounds, sports fields, monuments and landscaping. Cumulatively the Conservancy had received $6.6 million in private donations and had spent 80,000 worker-hours on restoring the park.
Robert M. Morgenthau Citizenship Award
The Robert M. Morgenthau Citizenship Award was created by the Riverside Park Conservancy in 2016, in honor of Robert Morgenthau, the former Manhattan District Attorney. It is granted each year to an honoree chosen for their service to the Park and the community.
Transportation
There are numerous subway stations that are located within two blocks of the park, all on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (). From south to north, they are 72nd Street, 79th Street, 86th Street, 96th Street, 103rd Street, Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, 116th Street–Columbia University, 125th Street, 137th Street–City College, and 145th Street. Direct bus service is provided by the buses along Riverside Drive, as well as numerous crosstown routes such as the . Several other bus routes also stop within a few blocks of the park.
See also
10-Minute Walk
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
Park conservancy
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
New York City Parks and Recreation Dept.
Riverside Park Conservancy
Greenways in New York City
Hamilton Heights, Manhattan
Harlem
Manhattan Waterfront Greenway
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
New York City scenic landmarks
Parks in Manhattan
Parks on the Hudson River
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Robert Moses projects
Skateparks in the United States
Upper West Side
Urban public parks
Washington Heights, Manhattan
West Side Highway
West Side Line
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher%20%28comedian%29
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Gallagher (comedian)
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Leo Anthony Gallagher Jr. (born July 24, 1946), known mononymously as Gallagher, is an American comedian. His trademarks are prop comedy and smashing watermelons as part of his act. He had several popular HBO specials.
Early life
Gallagher was born on Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to a family of Irish and Croatian heritage. Until the age of nine, he lived in Lorain, Ohio, but because of his asthma, the family moved to South Tampa, Florida, where he attended H.B. Plant High School. He went on to graduate from the University of South Florida with a chemical engineering degree in 1970. He minored in English literature.
Career
After college, Gallagher began working as comic/musician Jim Stafford's road manager. Stafford and Gallagher traveled to California in 1969, during which time Gallagher decided to perform himself. He began honing his own comedy act while frequenting both The Comedy Store and The Ice House. He performed twice on The Tonight Show when Johnny Carson was hosting, though Carson disliked prop comedy. He first appeared on the show on Dec. 5, 1975, when he demonstrated his prop, "The Tonight Show Home Game", and again on May 9, 1979. He also performed several times on the show when guest hosts were filling in for Carson.
Gallagher was one of the most popular and recognizable American comedians during the 1980s. He did fourteen comedy specials for Showtime which have been re-broadcast numerous times, notably on Comedy Central.
Running for Governor (as an independent) in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, Gallagher finished 16th out of 135 candidates with 5,466 votes.
Conflict with brother
In the early 1990s, Gallagher's younger brother Ron asked him for permission to perform shows using Gallagher's trademark Sledge-O-Matic routine. Gallagher granted his permission on the condition that Ron, who shared a strong likeness to Leo, and his manager clarified in promotional materials that it was Ron Gallagher, not Leo Gallagher, who was performing. Ron typically performed in venues smaller than those in which Leo Gallagher performed. After several years, Ron began promoting his act as Gallagher Too or Gallagher Two. In some instances, Ron's act was promoted in a way that left unclear the fact that he was not the original Gallagher. This, and also Ron's off-stage troubles, left a stain on Leo's reputation as well.
Gallagher initially responded by requesting only that his brother not use the Sledge-O-Matic routine. Ron nonetheless continued to tour as Gallagher Too using the routine. In August 2000, Gallagher sued his brother for trademark violations and false advertising. The courts ultimately sided with him, and an injunction was granted prohibiting Ron from performing any act that impersonated his brother in small clubs and venues. This injunction also prohibited Ron from intentionally bearing likeness to Leo.
Comedy style
Gallagher's signature sketch is a pitch for the "Sledge-O-Matic," a large wooden mallet that he uses to smash a variety of food items and other objects, culminating with a watermelon. It also features a variety of props, including a large trampoline designed to look like a couch.
While the Sledge-O-Matic act is an example of physical prop comedy, the act itself (and even its name) is a parody of ads for the Ronco Veg-O-Matic, a kitchen appliance that was heavily advertised on American television from the mid-1960s through the 1970s. Gallagher also uses wordplay in his act, pointing out the eccentricities of the English language.
In July 1999 he did a show in Cerritos, California, in which he used stereotypes that were considered offensive towards Mexicans. In January 2011, Gallagher walked out of comedian Marc Maron's WTF podcast when Maron continued to ask Gallagher about the jokes after Gallagher had responded that, out of a two-to-three-hour show, they were only five jokes that he had heard in the street. In a subsequent interview which touched on the incident, Gallagher accused Maron of "taking the other side of everything".
In July 2012, Gallagher was featured in a television commercial for GEICO Insurance, repeating his Sledge-O-Matic routine.
Sledge-O-Matic
Though it varies from performance to performance, Gallagher will usually end each of his shows with his signature sledge-o-matic routine.
It traditionally begins with the following preamble:
"Ladies and gentlemen! I did not come here tonight just to make you laugh. I came here to sell you something and I want you to pay particular attention!
The amazing Master Tool Corporation, a subsidiary of Fly-By-Night Industries, has entrusted who? Me! To show you! The handiest and the dandiest kitchen tool you've ever seen. And don't you wanna know how it works!?
Well first you get out an ordinary apple. You place the apple between the patented pans. Then you reach for the tool that is not a slicer, is not a dicer, is not chopper in a hopper! What in the hell could it possibly be?! The Sledge-O-Matic!"
Gallagher would then produce a large, usually wooden, mallet, roughly the size of a sledgehammer, and smash it down onto the apples, hurling chunks of produce into the audience. People in the first several rows are usually prepared with tarps and raincoats and many comedy clubs also take great measures to cover up and protect their interiors with tarps and plastic sheeting.
Audience injuries
Given the messy nature of his shows, on some occasions audience members have sustained injuries during Gallagher's performances.
At a show at the Coach House in San Juan Capistrano on September 29, 1990, a woman named Robin Vann was in the audience and struck on the head with a heavy plush penguin that had a fire extinguisher inside it. She later sued the comedian for $13,000 in medical bills, $20,000 in lost wages and punitive damages reportedly in excess of $100,000. The case went to trial in 1993 with the jury ultimately siding with Gallagher after a raucous trial where Gallagher himself took the stand and reportedly got as many laughs as he would during one of his shows. The presiding judge William Froeberg would later say "... in seven years on the bench, I've seen a lot of characters, but none so theatrical...It was entertaining. It certainly wasn't boring."
At a show at the Washington County Fair in Hillsboro, Oregon, on July 8, 2010, a woman rushed the stage and slipped on debris and was taken to the hospital for her injuries.
Legacy
In 2004, Comedy Central rated Gallagher the 100th best stand-up comedian of all time. Gallagher was displeased with being ranked so low, and he told The Oregonian, "I looked at the other people and I was trying to find anyone I ever heard of. How could I be behind people I never heard of? ... I made 13 one-hour shows for Showtime, which are available on videotape. I invented the one-man show on cable."
Personal life
Gallagher has claimed that he lost nearly all of his fortune speculating on the stock market, and jokes that he is currently "broke." However, his longtime manager, Craig Marquardo, disputed this as a bit of comedic exaggeration, adding "We all need to be as broke as Leo."
During a performance on March 10, 2011, in Rochester, Minnesota, Gallagher collapsed on stage, clutching his chest. He was rushed to Saint Marys Hospital, where it was determined that he had suffered a minor heart attack.
A year later, on March 14, 2012, just before a performance in Lewisville, Texas, Gallagher began to experience intense chest pains. Gallagher's manager said the comic suffered a "mild to serious" heart attack and was placed in the hospital in a medically induced coma while doctors tried to determine what was wrong with his heart. After replacing two coronary stents, doctors slowly brought him out of the coma on March 18, 2012. He quickly recovered and started talking to his family. His manager, Christine Sherrer, stated that he was breathing on his own, moving, and telling jokes.
Filmography
Comedy specials
An Uncensored Evening (1980)
Mad as Hell & Two Real (1981)
Totally New (1982)
That's Stupid (1982)
Stuck in the Sixties (1983)
The Maddest (1983)
Melon Crazy (1984)
Over Your Head (1984)
The Bookkeeper (1985)
The Messiest (1986); contains clips from previous specials
Overboard (1987)
We Need a Hero (1992)
Smashing Cheeseheads (1997)
Messin' Up Texas (1998)
Sledge-O-Matic.com (2000)
Tropic of Gallagher (2007)
Gotham Comedy Live (2014); episode "Gallagher" recorded on October 9 at the Gotham Club in Chelsea in New York City
Acting performances
Record City (1978)
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1988 TV series); 1 episode
"Nontourage" (2010 short)
The Book of Daniel (2013) as Astrologer-Abib
Other
Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (1983) - Game Show Participant / Celebrity Guest Star
The Eric Andre Show (2013) - Cameo
Celebrity Big Brother 2 (2019) - Guest, performed Sledge-O-Matic routine for a Power of Veto Competition.
References
External links
1946 births
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male comedians
American people of Croatian descent
American people of Irish descent
Henry B. Plant High School alumni
Living people
People from Tampa, Florida
Prop comics
University of South Florida alumni
United Artists Records artists
Liberty Records artists
|
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] |
207586
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking%20Matter
|
Hacking Matter
|
Hacking Matter is a 2003 book by Wil McCarthy. It deals with "programmable matter" (like colloidal films, bulk crystals, and quantum dots) that, he predicts, will someday be able mimic the properties of any natural atom, and ultimately also non-natural atoms. McCarthy predicts that programmable matter will someday change human life profoundly, and that its users will have the ability to program matter itself - to change it, from a computer, from hard to soft, from paper to stone, from fluorescent to super-reflective to invisible. In his science fiction, he calls this technology "Wellstone".
The book includes interviews with researchers who are developing the technology, describes how they are learning to control its electronic, optical, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties, and speculates on its future development.
References
External links
Book home page, includes free PDF version.
Ultimate Alchemy. This article in Wired 9.10 was expanded into this book.
"Beyond the Periodic Table: Artificial Atoms and Programmable Matter", Analog Science Fiction, Jan 2002
2003 non-fiction books
Futurology books
Books by Wil McCarthy
|
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207587
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger%3A%20The%20Strange%20Career%20of%20a%20Troublesome%20Word
|
Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word
|
Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word is a 2002 book by Randall Kennedy of Harvard Law School about the history and sociology of the word nigger.
The book was prominently featured in an episode of Boston Public in which a white teacher, played by Michael Rapaport, attempted to employ the book to teach his students about the history and controversy surrounding the word (season 2, episode 15: "Chapter Thirty-Seven").
Further reading
Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word – online book preview at Google Books. .
External links
PopMatters review by James Withers
"The N-Word as Therapy for Racists" by Martin Kilson
Booknotes interview with Kennedy on Nigger, March 3, 2002.
Not While Racism Exists, by Gary Younge
2002 non-fiction books
African-American culture
Books in semantics
|
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207588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valis%20%28novel%20series%29
|
Valis (novel series)
|
The VALIS trilogy is a set of science fiction/philosophical novels by author Philip K. Dick which include VALIS (1978), The Divine Invasion (1980), and The Transmigration of Timothy Archer (1982). Dick's first novel about the VALIS concept originally titled "VALISystem A" (written 1976), was published as Radio Free Albemuth after Dick's death (March 1982) in 1985.
Background
In February and March 1974, Dick experienced a series of visions and other inexplicable perceptual and cognitive phenomena. For the rest of his life, Dick explored the philosophical implications and hypothesized about the origins of the experience, in a journal which eventually ran to hundreds of thousands of words. This work became known as the Exegesis, selections of which were published as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick.
Dick's leading hypothesis was that he had been contacted by a transcendental, mystical mind he called VALIS (vast active living intelligence system).
In the summer of 1976, Dick completed a novel based on these so-called "2-3-74 experiences," which he titled VALISystem A. The novel was sold to Bantam Books, but after editor Mark Hurst suggested some possible revisions, Dick began contemplating a revision so radical as to constitute a new novel. The original VALISystem A was published posthumously as Radio Free Albemuth.
The new version, titled simply VALIS, was completed late in 1978 and published in 1981 (the plot of the earlier version appears as the plot of a science fiction movie, also called "VALIS," that the characters see). By that time, Dick had completed a second novel, one also filled with his thoughts about religion and philosophy and very indirectly linked to VALIS (the VALIS entity gets but two mentions), which he called VALIS Regained and which was published as The Divine Invasion.
Dick soon began talking (in letters and interviews) about a third novel to complete a "VALIS Trilogy." After Dick's death, several omnibus editions of the "VALIS Trilogy" were published, with his final mainstream novel The Transmigration of Timothy Archer. Timothy Archer does not cite VALIS, yet Dick himself called the three novels a trilogy, saying "the three do form a trilogy constellating around a basic theme."
1978 - VALIS
1980 - The Divine Invasion
1981 - The Transmigration of Timothy Archer
Novels by Philip K. Dick
Science fiction book series
Metaphysical fiction novels
it:Valis
|
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207589
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger%3A%20An%20Autobiography%20by%20Dick%20Gregory
|
Nigger: An Autobiography by Dick Gregory
|
The autobiography of comedian and social activist Dick Gregory, co-authored with Robert Lipsyte, nigger was originally published in September 1964 by E. P. Dutton, and has since 1965 been reprinted numerous times in an edition available through Pocket Books, altogether selling more than one million copies to date. The book has never been out of print since its publication. Gregory continued his life story in two subsequent books, Up From Nigger and Callus On My Soul. Gregory earned a $200,000 advance from the book.
Origins
It was written during the American Civil Rights Movement. Gregory comments on his choice of title in the book's primary dedication, addressing his late mother,
Table of contents
Not Poor, Just Broke
"...and they didn't even have what I wanted."
One Less Door
The book contains photographs of Gregory performing at the Village Gate; he and his brother (1942); his mother, Lucille; Gregory as a drummer at Southern Illinois University (1953); as an SIU sprinter and Outstanding Athlete of the Year (1953); with coach Leland Lingle (1954); with Sammy Davis Jr. at Roberts Show Club, Chicago (1959); in a jail cell in Chicago; performing at the Hungry i, San Francisco (1963, shortly before the murder of Medgar Evers); at a voter registration rally, Greenwood, Mississippi (April 1963), among others.
Quotes
Addressing his maternal ancestors again,
Cover title
The original book cover stylizes the main title, "nigger", in all lower case, cursive writing. The title in its other appearances is otherwise formatted as most other books, either in all uppercase, or with normal book title capitalization.
Reception
The New York Times wrote, in its review,
The book has been the subject of critical commentary, particularly in reference to its use of the pejorative term as the title. It remains one of his best known works.
In 2016, the Dean of Matteo Ricci College at Seattle University was forced to resign after students protested her recommending the book to an African-American student. While the controversy was ongoing, Dick Gregory published an article supporting her against the protesters.
See also
The Nigger Bible, a 1967 analysis of the word, with a preface by Gregory
References
Dick Gregory
1964 non-fiction books
African-American autobiographies
E. P. Dutton books
Pocket Books books
Collaborative autobiographies
|
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207591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Rhodes
|
Nick Rhodes
|
Nick Rhodes (born Nicholas James Bates, 8 June 1962) is an English musician, singer and producer, best known as the founder, keyboardist, and only continuous member of the new wave band Duran Duran. He is also informally monikered as "The Controller", after being introduced as such on stage by bandmate Simon Le Bon during the Astronaut album world tours of 2004–2005.
Rhodes has been involved in several side projects outside of, but related to, Duran Duran: he released albums with Arcadia in 1985 (featuring 3 members of Duran: Rhodes, Simon Le Bon and Roger Taylor), and recorded and performed as The Devils in 2002 with Stephen Duffy, longtime musical friend and the original lead singer of Duran Duran. In March 2013, he released the TV Mania side project with former Duran Duran guitarist, Warren Cuccurullo.
Early history
Nicholas James Bates was the only child of well-off parents who were the owners of a Birmingham toy shop. He attended Woodrush High School in Wythall, north Worcestershire. He and John Taylor (from the nearby village of Hollywood) formed a band called 'RAF'. Bates left school in 1978 at the age of sixteen, and founded Duran Duran with school friends Stephen Duffy (vocals), John Taylor (who then played lead guitar), and Simon Colley (bass). Rhodes reportedly owns the Duran Duran name; this was mentioned in the Andy Warhol diaries. Warhol told his diarist Pat Hackett that Duran Duran had split up (in 1986, Andy Taylor and Roger Taylor left the band, returning in 2001 to reunite and create the Astronaut album) "but Nick owns the name so it's still Duran Duran".
Born Nicholas Bates, he decided to change his name for aesthetic reasons. The decision was finally made during Duran Duran’s first official interview when the journalist asked his name and he made a snap decision based upon options he had been considering, he answered Nick Rhodes and never questioned it again.
As the band coalesced into its final line-up in 1979–80, Duran Duran started playing at a local Birmingham club called "The Rum Runner". The club owners became the band's managers, and Rhodes began working at the club as a disc jockey.
Contributions to Duran Duran
The band achieved rapid success, and Rhodes was a driving force throughout. An unschooled musician, he experimented with the sounds his analogue synthesisers were capable of, but shied away from the "novelty" sounds of some other early synth bands. The distinctive warble of "Save A Prayer", the keyboard stabs of "A View to a Kill", and the string sounds of "Come Undone" and "Ordinary World" are some of his most recognisable creations, as well as the futuristic oscillating synth that characterised Duran Duran's self-titled first album. He popularised the Crumar Performer on the early records.
Rhodes was also quick to recognise the potential of the music video, and pushed the band to put more effort into their early videos than seemed warranted at the time (before the advent of MTV). Barely twenty when the band hit major stardom, he cultivated an androgynous and sometimes flamboyant image, wore heavy makeup, and changed his hair colour at whim. By the late 1990s, Rhodes had begun writing lyrics for Duran Duran, as well as music. His digitally altered voice is heard on the title track to the 1997 album Medazzaland.
In 2001, the original five members of Duran Duran reunited to record new music; see Duran Duran for details.
Record production
Rhodes studied production techniques while in the studio with Duran Duran, eventually helping to mix several tracks on the Rio album, and was a co-producer on many of the band's later albums.
In early 1983, he discovered the band Kajagoogoo and co-produced their debut single Too Shy which became a UK no.1 (prior to any of Duran's singles reaching no.1).
Rhodes and Warren Cuccurullo wrote and produced three tracks for the Blondie reunion album in 1996; the tracks were not used, but one song called "Pop Trash Movie" was later recorded by Duran Duran for the 2000 album Pop Trash.
In 2002, Rhodes co-produced and played additional synthesizers in nine tracks of the album Welcome to the Monkey House by The Dandy Warhols. In 2004 he produced British-based pop group Riviera F for their debut EP International Lover, published on Pop Cult/Tape Modern (Rhodes & Stephen Duffy's label).
Side projects
With Le Bon, Rhodes formed the side project Arcadia while Duran Duran was on hiatus in 1985. The band had a moody, keyboard-heavy sound, far more atmospheric than Duran Duran (or the hard rock of the other Duran splinter group of 1985 [John Taylor, and Andy Taylor], Power Station).
The band scored a major hit with "Election Day" and the band's only album, So Red the Rose, went platinum in the US but was less successful in their native UK. The band never toured and was dissolved when Duran Duran regrouped in 1986. In 1999, Rhodes reunited with Duran Duran's original vocalist, Stephen Duffy, to create new music based on some of the earliest Duran music the two had written together. The result was the album Dark Circles, released under the name The Devils. Also in 1999, Rhodes had a small guest appearance (in voice only) as a Canadian bomber pilot in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut.
In 2006 Rhodes and John Taylor collaborated on the compilation album Only After Dark. In 2011 Rhodes along with Andrew Wyatt and Mark Ronson remixed Depeche Mode's Personal Jesus for the British electronic band's remix compilation Remixes 2: 81-11. Also in 2011, Rhodes wrote the afterword to the award-winning '80s 7-inch vinyl cover art book Put the Needle on the Record.
In March 2013, TV Mania made up of Nick Rhodes and ex-Duran Duran guitarist Warren Cuccurullo, released Bored with Prozac and the Internet?. Throughout the 1990s, Rhodes worked on this side project with Cuccurullo. To support the launch of the project, Rhodes had an exhibition of his photography, BEI INCUBI (Beautiful Nightmares) at The Vinyl Factory in Chelsea, London on 7 March 2013.
And then he did the Astronomia albums with Wendy Bevan in 2021
Personal life
Rhodes met Julie Anne Friedman (heiress to the Iowan Younkers Department Store fortune) at a yacht party while on an American tour in 1982, and married her on 18 August, 1984. They have one daughter together, Tatjana Lee Orchid (born 23 August 1986). After a brief separation and an attempt to reconcile, they filed for divorce in 1992. Rhodes has had several long relationships with various women but has not remarried.
Rhodes, as a former art student, became enamoured of the art world early in his career, making friends with famed pop-art artist Andy Warhol and The Factory crowd, and attending exhibitions worldwide. At the end of 1984, he released his own book of abstract art photographs called Interference. Many of the photos were displayed at an exhibition at the Hamilton Gallery in London. He continues to showcase photography on occasion, including in British magazines such as Tatler and also occasionally appears at the Cannes International Film Festival.
In November 2011, Rhodes received an Honorary Doctorate of Arts degree from the University of Bedfordshire, for his services to the music industry. Rhodes appears in Burke's Peerage under his second cousin's entry for the family of Lindley-Highfield of Ballumbie Castle, being related to the Highfield family through his paternal grandmother, Irene Lavinia Bates (née Highfield).
Rhodes is a long-time vegetarian, occasionally a pescatarian. In a 2012 interview at DuranDuran.com he cited Italian, Lebanese and Indian food as his favourites. He moved to central London two years after Duran Duran's success and continues to reside there.
Discography
with Duran Duran
Duran Duran (1981)
Rio (1982)
Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983)
Notorious (1986)
Big Thing (1988)
Liberty (1990)
Duran Duran (1993)
Thank You (1995)
Medazzaland (1997)
Pop Trash (2000)
Astronaut (2004)
Reportage (unreleased)
Red Carpet Massacre (2007)
All You Need Is Now (2010)
Paper Gods (2015)
Future Past (2021)
with Arcadia
So Red the Rose (1985)
with The Devils
Dark Circles (2002)
with TV Mania
Bored with Prozac and the Internet? (2013)
Compilation albums
Only After Dark with John Taylor (2006)
References
Further reading
External links
Official Site of Duran Duran
1962 births
English keyboardists
Duran Duran members
People from Moseley
English new wave musicians
English record producers
British synth-pop new wave musicians
Living people
Ivor Novello Award winners
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
|
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207593
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Gregory
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Dick Gregory
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Richard Claxton Gregory (October 12, 1932 – August 19, 2017) was an American comedian, civil rights leader and vegetarian activist. His writings were best sellers. Gregory became popular among the African-American communities in the southern United States with his "no-holds-barred" sets, poking fun at the bigotry and racism in the United States. In 1961 he became a staple in the comedy clubs, appeared on television, and released comedy record albums.
Gregory was at the forefront of political activism in the 1960s, when he protested the Vietnam War and racial injustice. He was arrested multiple times and went on many hunger strikes. He later became a speaker and author, primarily promoting spirituality.
Gregory died of heart failure, aged 84, at a Washington, D.C. hospital in August 2017.
Early life
Gregory was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Lucille, a housemaid, and Presley Gregory. At Sumner High School, he was aided by teachers, among them Warren St. James; he also excelled at running, winning the state cross country championship in 1950. Gregory earned a track scholarship to Southern Illinois University (SIU), where he set school records as a half-miler and miler. He was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. In 1954, his college career was interrupted for two years when he was drafted into the United States Army. At the urging of his commanding officer, who had taken notice of his penchant for joking, Gregory got his start in comedy in the Army, where he entered and won several talent shows. In 1956, Gregory briefly returned to SIU after his discharge, but dropped out because he felt that the university "didn't want me to study, they wanted me to run."
In the hopes of becoming a professional comedian, Gregory moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he became part of a new generation of black comedians that included Nipsey Russell, Bill Cosby, and Godfrey Cambridge, all of whom broke with the minstrel tradition that presented stereotypical black characters. Gregory drew on current events, especially racial issues, for much of his material: "Segregation is not all bad. Have you ever heard of a collision where the people in the back of the bus got hurt?"
Comedy career
He started helping his family with the gigs he started to get at a young age. He was always involved in sports and in social groups in high school. He enrolled in Southern Illinois University in 1951. He was named the university's outstanding student athlete of the year in 1953. The same year he left college when he was drafted into The United States Army, where he performed comedy shows hosted by the Army after encouragement by his Commanding Officer. In 1961, Gregory made his New York debut at The Blue Angel nightclub, also recording a live set there, "Dick Gregory at the Blue Angel" for his album East & West. He soon came back to Chicago and finally got his big break at the Playboy Club in Chicago, also in 1961, that was supposed to be one night and ended up being six weeks and earned him a spot in Time and a guest appearance on Jack Paar’s show and other night clubs shows, etc.
Gregory began his career as a comedian while serving in the military in the mid-1950s. He served in the Army for a year and a half at Fort Hood in Texas, Fort Lee in Virginia, and Fort Smith in Arkansas. He was drafted in 1954 while attending Southern Illinois University. After being discharged in 1956, he returned to the university but did not receive a degree. He moved to Chicago with a desire to perform comedy professionally.
In 1958, Gregory opened the Apex Club nightclub in Illinois. The club failed and landed Gregory in financial hardship. In 1959, Gregory landed a job as master of ceremonies at the Roberts Show Club.
While working for the United States Postal Service during the daytime, Gregory performed as a comedian in small, primarily black-patronized nightclubs. In an interview with The Huffington Post, Gregory described the history of black comics as limited: "Blacks could sing and dance in the white night clubs but weren't allowed to stand flat-footed and talk to white folks, which is what a comic does."
In 1961, Gregory was working at the black-owned Roberts Show Bar in Chicago when he was spotted by Hugh Hefner.
Gregory attributed the launch of his career to Hefner. Based on his performance at Roberts Show Bar, Hefner hired Gregory to work at the Chicago Playboy Club as a replacement for comedian "Professor" Irwin Corey.
Gregory's comedy occasioned controversy in some conservative white circles. The administration of the University of Tennessee, for instance, branded Gregory an "extreme racist" whose "appearance would be an outrage and an insult to many citizens of this state", and revoked his invitation by students to speak on campus. The students sued, with noted litigator William Kunstler as their counsel, and in Smith v. University of Tennessee, 300 F. Supp. 777 (E.D. Tenn. 1969), won an order from the court that the university's policy was "too broad and vague". The University of Tennessee then implemented an "open speaker" system, and Gregory subsequently performed in April 1970.
In 1964, Gregory's book, Nigger, was published. Since then, the book has never been out of print. In 2019 a trade paperback was published as well as an audio version.
Post-standup career
Gregory was number 82 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of all time and had his own star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
He was a co-host with radio personality Cathy Hughes, and was a frequent morning guest, on WOL 1450 AM talk radio's The Power, the flagship station of Hughes' Radio One. He also appeared regularly on the nationally syndicated Imus in the Morning program.
Gregory appeared as "Mr. Sun" on the television show Wonder Showzen (the third episode, entitled "Ocean", aired in 2005). As Chauncey, a puppet character, imbibes a hallucinogenic substance, Mr. Sun warns: "Don't get hooked on imagination, Chauncey. It can lead to terrible, horrible things." Gregory also provided guest commentary on the Wonder Showzen Season One DVD. Large segments of his commentary were intentionally bleeped out, including the names of several dairy companies, as he made potentially defamatory remarks concerning ill effects that the consumption of cow milk has on human beings.
Gregory attended and spoke at the funeral of James Brown on December 30, 2006, in Augusta, Georgia.
Gregory was an occasional guest on the Mark Thompson's Make It Plain Sirius Channel 146 Radio Show from 3pm to 6pm PST.
Gregory appeared on The Alex Jones Show on September 14, 2010, March 19, 2012, and April 1, 2014.
Gregory gave the keynote address for Black History Month at Bryn Mawr College on February 28, 2013.
His take-away message to the students was to never accept injustice.
Towards the end of his life, he was featured in a Fantagraphics book by Pat Thomas entitled Listen, Whitey: The Sights and Sounds of Black Power 1965–1975, which uses the political recordings of the Civil Rights era to highlight sociopolitical meanings throughout the movement. Gregory is known for comedic performances that not only made people laugh, but mocked the establishment. According to Thomas, Gregory's monologues reflect a time when entertainment needed to be political to be relevant, which is why he included his standup in the collection. Gregory is featured along with the likes of Malcolm X, Huey P. Newton, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Langston Hughes and Bill Cosby.
Personal life
Gregory met his future wife Lillian Gregory at an African-American club; they married in 1959. They had 11 children (including one son, Richard Jr., who died two months after birth): Michele, Lynne, Pamela, Paula, Xenobia
(Stephanie), Gregory, Christian, Miss, Ayanna, and Yohance. He was criticized for being an absent father. In a 2000 interview with The Boston Globe, Gregory was quoted as saying, "People ask me about being a father and not being there. I say, 'Jack the Ripper had a father. Hitler had a father. Don't talk to me about family.'"
Political career
Gregory began his political career by running against Richard J. Daley for Mayor of Chicago in 1967. Though he did not win, this would not prove to be the end of his participation in electoral politics.
Gregory ran for President of the United States in 1968 as a write-in candidate of the Freedom and Peace Party, which had broken off from the Peace and Freedom Party. He garnered 47,097 votes, including one from Hunter S. Thompson, with fellow activist Mark Lane as his running mate in some states. His running mate in New Jersey was Dr. David Frost of Plainfield, a biologist, Rutgers professor, and Chairman of NJ SANE (Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy). Famed pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock was the running mate in Virginia and Pennsylvania garnering more than the party he had left. The Freedom and Peace Party also ran other candidates, including Beulah Sanders for New York State Senate and Flora Brown for New York State Assembly. His efforts landed him on the master list of Nixon's political opponents.
Gregory then wrote the book Write Me In about his presidential campaign. One anecdote in the book relates the story of a publicity stunt that came out of Operation Breadbasket in Chicago. The campaign had printed one-dollar bills with Gregory's image on them, some of which made it into circulation. The majority of these bills were quickly seized by the federal government, much in part to the bills resembling authentic US currency enough to work in many dollar-cashing machines of the day. Gregory avoided being charged with a federal crime, later joking that the bills could not really be considered United States currency, because "everyone knows a black man will never be on a U.S. bill." On October 15, 1969, Gregory spoke at the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstration in Washington, D.C., where he joked to the crowd: "The President says nothing you kids do will have any effect on him. Well, I suggest he make one long-distance call to the LBJ ranch".
Political activism
Anti-Apartheid
On July 21, 1979, Gregory appeared at the Amandla Festival where Bob Marley, Patti LaBelle, and Eddie Palmieri, among others, performed. Gregory gave a speech before Marley's performance, blaming President Jimmy Carter, and showing his support for the international Anti-Apartheid Movement.
Civil rights movement
Gregory was active in the civil rights movement. On October 7, 1963, he came to Selma, Alabama, and spoke for two hours on a public platform two days before the voter registration drive known as "Freedom Day" (October 7, 1963).
In 1964, Gregory became more involved in civil rights activities, activism against the Vietnam War, economic reform, and anti-drug issues. As a part of his activism, he went on several hunger strikes and campaigns in America and overseas. In the early 1970s, he was banned from Australia, where government officials feared he would "...stir up demonstrations against the Vietnam war."
In 1964, Gregory played a role in the search for three missing civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, who vanished in Philadelphia, Mississippi. After Gregory and members of CORE met with Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence A. Rainey, Gregory became convinced that the Sheriff's office was complicit. With cash provided by Hugh Hefner, Gregory announced a $25,000 reward for information. The FBI, which had been criticized for inaction, eventually followed suit with its own reward, and the rewards worked. The bodies of the three men were found by the FBI 44 days after they disappeared.
At a civil rights rally marking the 40th anniversary of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Gregory criticized the United States, calling it "the most dishonest, ungodly, unspiritual nation that ever existed in the history of the planet. As we talk now, America is 5 percent of the world's population and consumes 96 percent of the world's hard drugs".
Feminism
Gregory was an outspoken feminist, and in 1978 joined Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, Margaret Heckler, Barbara Mikulski, and other suffragists to lead the National ERA March for Ratification and Extension, a march down Pennsylvania Avenue to the United States Capitol. Gregory was invited to join the march by actress and activist Susan Blakely. There were over 100,000 on Women's Equality Day (August 26), 1978, to demonstrate for a ratification deadline extension for the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution, and for the ratification of the ERA. The march was ultimately successful in extending the deadline to June 30, 1982, and Gregory joined other activists to the Senate for celebration and victory speeches by pro-ERA Senators, members of Congress, and activists. The ERA narrowly failed to be ratified by the extended ratification date.
JFK assassination and the Warren Commission
Gregory became an outspoken critic of the findings of the Warren Commission concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lee Harvey Oswald. On February 3, 1975, in Washington, D.C., Gregory introduced photographic forensic investigator Stephen Jaffe and assassination researchers Robert J. Groden and Ralph Schoenman to the members and lawyers for the presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission who gave testimony and presented evidence. A month later, on March 6, 1975, Gregory and researcher Robert J. Groden appeared on Geraldo Rivera's late night ABC talk show Goodnight America. An important historical event happened that night when the famous Zapruder film of JFK's assassination was shown to the public on TV for the first time. The public's response and outrage to its showing led to the forming of the Hart-Schweiker investigation, which contributed to the Church Committee Investigation on Intelligence Activities by the United States, which resulted in the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations investigation.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Gregory and Mark Lane conducted landmark research into the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., helping move the U.S. House Select Assassinations Committee to investigate the murder, along with that of John F. Kennedy. Lane was the author of conspiracy theory books such as Rush to Judgment. The pair wrote the King conspiracy book Code Name Zorro, which postulated that convicted assassin James Earl Ray did not act alone. Gregory also argued that the moon landing was faked and the commonly accepted account of the 9/11 attacks is incorrect, among other conspiracy theories.
In 1998, Gregory spoke at the celebration of the birthday of Dr Martin Luther King Jr., with President Bill Clinton in attendance. Not long after, the President told Gregory's long-time friend and public relations consultant Steve Jaffe, "I love Dick Gregory; he is one of the funniest people on the planet." They spoke of how Gregory had made a comment on Dr. King's birthday that broke everyone into laughter, when he noted that the President made Speaker Newt Gingrich ride "in the back of the plane," on an Air Force One trip overseas.
Native American rights
In 1966, Gregory and his wife were arrested for illegal net fishing alongside of the Nisqually people in Washington state in a protest fish-in. The tribe was protesting against the state laws that ban forms of fishing other than hook-and-line because it barred their rights guaranteed to them through a federal treaty that allowed them to fish in their traditional ways. He was later released from jail in Olympia, Washington after six weeks of fasting to call attention to the violation of Native American treaties by the United States government.
Pollution
In 2008, Gregory stated he believed that air pollution and intentional water contamination with heavy metals such as lead and possibly manganese may be being used against black Americans, especially in urban neighborhoods, and that such factors could be contributing to high levels of violence in black communities.
US Embassy hostage crisis in Iran
Gregory was an outspoken activist during the US Embassy hostage crisis in Iran. In 1980, he traveled to Tehran to attempt to negotiate the hostages' release and engaged in a public hunger strike there, weighing less than 100 pounds (45 kg) when he returned to the United States.
Vegetarianism and animal rights
Gregory became a vegetarian and fasting activist in 1965 "based on the philosophy of nonviolence practiced during the Civil Rights Movement." His 1973 book, Dick Gregory's Natural Diet For Folks Who Eat: Cookin' With Mother Nature, outlined how fasting and going vegetarian led to dramatic weight loss. He developed a diet drink called Bahamian Diet Nutritional Drink and went on TV shows to advocate his diet to help the morbidly obese. He wrote the introduction to Viktoras Kulvinskas' book Survival into the 21st Century. A talk he gave at Amherst College in 1986 inspired Tracye McQuirter to become a vegan activist.
In 1984, he founded Health Enterprises, Inc., a company that distributed weight-loss products. With this company, Gregory made efforts to improve the life expectancy of African Americans, which he believed was being hindered by poor nutrition and drug and alcohol abuse. In 1985, Gregory introduced the Slim-Safe Bahamian Diet, a powdered diet mix. He launched the weight-loss powder at the Whole Life Expo in Boston under the slogan "It's cool to be healthy." The diet mix, if drunk three times a day, was said to provide rapid weight loss. Gregory received a multimillion-dollar distribution contract to retail the diet.
In 1985, the Ethiopian government adopted, to reported success, Gregory's formula to combat malnutrition during a period of famine in the country. Gregory's clients included Muhammad Ali.
In 2003, Gregory and Cornel West wrote letters on behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) to Kentucky Fried Chicken's CEO, asking that the company improve its animal-handling procedures.
Gregory saw civil rights and animal rights as intrinsically linked, once stating, "Because I'm a civil rights activist, I am also an animal rights activist. Animals and humans suffer and die alike. Violence causes the same pain, the same spilling of blood, the same stench of death, the same arrogant, cruel and vicious taking of life. We shouldn't be a part of it."
Death
Health
Gregory was diagnosed with lymphoma in late 1999. He said he was treating the cancer with herbs, vitamins, and exercise, which he believed kept the cancer in remission.
Gregory died from heart failure at a hospital in Washington, D.C., on August 19, 2017, at the age of 84. A week prior to his death, he was hospitalized with a bacterial infection.
Discography
In Living Black and White (1961)
East & West (1961)
Dick Gregory Talks Turkey (1962)
The Two Sides of Dick Gregory (1963)
My Brother's Keeper (1963)
Dick Gregory Running for President (1964)
So You See... We All Have Problems (1964)
Dick Gregory On: (1969)
The Light Side: The Dark Side (1969)
Dick Gregory's Frankenstein (1970)
Live at the Village Gate (1970)
At Kent State (1971)
Caught in the Act (1974)
The Best of Dick Gregory (1997)
21st Century "State of the Union" (2001)
You Don't Know Dick (2016)
Bibliography
Nigger: An Autobiography by Dick Gregory, an autobiography written with Robert Lipsyte, E. P. Dutton, September 1964 (reprinted, Pocket Books, 1965–present)
Write me in!, Bantam, 1968.
From the Back of the Bus
What's Happening?
The Shadow that Scares Me
Dick Gregory's Bible Tales, with Commentary, a book of Bible-based humor.
Dick Gregory's Natural Diet for Folks Who Eat: Cookin' With Mother Nature!.
(with Shelia P. Moses), Callus on My Soul: A Memoir.
Up from Nigger
No More Lies; The Myth and the Reality of American History
Dick Gregory's Political Primer
(with Mark Lane), Murder in Memphis: The FBI and the Assassination of Martin Luther King
(with Mel Watkins), African American Humor: The Best Black Comedy from Slavery to Today (Library of Black America)
Robert Lee Green, Dick Gregory, daring Black leader
African American Humor: The Best Black Comedy from Slavery to Today (editor).
"Not Poor, Just Broke", short story
"Defining Moments in Black History: Reading Between the Lies", 2017.
Filmography
The One and Only Dick Gregory (2021)
The Leisure Seeker (2017)
The History of Comedy (2017)
Ir/Reconcilable (2014)
Steppin: The Movie (2009)
One Bright Shining Moment (2006)
Wonder Showzen (2005)
Reno 911! (2004)
The Hot Chick (2002), as Bathroom Attendant
Children of the Struggle (1999), as Vernon Lee
Panther (1995), as Rev. Slocum
The Glass Shield (1994)
ABC Stage 67 (TV Series) (1967), as Civil Rights Marcher
Sweet Love, Bitter (1967), as Richie 'Eagle' Stokes
Cultural references
Joe Morton played Dick Gregory in 2016 in the play Turn Me Loose at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan.
The American hip-hop duo Run the Jewels included a reference to Gregory's theories in the song "Walking in the Snow" on their album RTJ4, released in 2020. The song was first performed live in an event by Adult Swim coinciding with the lead-up to the 2020 United States Presidential election, broadcast on October 17, 2020. The excerpted lyrics are:
"Dick Gregory told me a couple of secrets before he laid down in his grave
All of us serve the same masters, All of us nothin' but slaves
Never forget in the story of Jesus, the hero was killed by the state."
A documentary film about the life of Dick Gregory entitled The One and Only Dick Gregory written and directed by Andre Gaines made its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 19, 2021, and was released on Showtime television on July 4, 2021. The film was heralded by critics and rated Certified Fresh on Rotten Tomatoes with a 100% critics' score.
See also
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Gregory v. City of Chicago
List of peace activists
List of civil rights leaders
References
External links
SNCC Digital Gateway: Dick Gregory, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out
A short biography from www.dickgregory.com
Dick Gregory's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
1932 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
9/11 conspiracy theorists
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American feminists
African-American stand-up comedians
African-American candidates for President of the United States
American animal rights activists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American autobiographers
American conspiracy theorists
American feminists
American male comedians
American male middle-distance runners
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American religious skeptics
American social commentators
American stand-up comedians
Colpix Records artists
Diet food advocates
Free speech activists
John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists
Male feminists
Military personnel from Missouri
Peace and Freedom Party politicians
Social critics
Southern Illinois Salukis athletes
Sumner High School (St. Louis) alumni
United States Army soldiers
Urban One
Vee-Jay Records artists
Vegetarianism activists
Writers from St. Louis
|
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207594
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Cole
|
Cornelius Cole
|
Cornelius Cole (September 17, 1822 – November 3, 1924) was an American politician who served a single term in the United States House of Representatives as a Republican representing California from 1863 to 1865, and another term in the United States Senate from 1867 to 1873.
Cole, who died at the age of , is the longest-lived U.S. Senator.
Life
He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1847 and was admitted to the New York bar. In his lifetime he practiced law in his adopted state of California first in San Francisco, then in Sacramento. After returning to California following his retirement from national politics he practiced in San Francisco again and finally in Los Angeles with his eldest son Willoughby.
On March 8, 1856 Cole was one of the organizers of the California branch of the Republican Party, acting as secretary and writing the manifesto. The 22 men who signed the organizing document included Edwin B. Crocker, the organizer of the new party, and Collis Huntington. From August 1856 to January 1857, Cole and James McClatchy edited the Sacramento Daily Times, which was printed in the 54 K Street offices of the Central Pacific Railroad. It was short lived lasting only a few months after the 1856 National election.
Additionally, he was nominated on the Republican ticket for Clerk of Sacramento Court, but failed to get elected. In 1858 he was elected as District Attorney of Sacramento County. In 1862 he and his family moved to Santa Cruz located on Monterey Bay. It was from there he went to the US Congress in 1863.
In 1880 he moved to southern California where he owned one of the original Spanish/Mexican landgrants, what is now known as Hollywood, then was dubbed Colegrove after his wife, Olive Colegrove. There are several streets now named after the family; Cole St., Willoughby Ave., Eleanor St. and Seward St.
The eastern California community of Coleville in Mono County is named for Cornelius Cole.
Cole's brother, George W. Cole, was a Union Army officer in the American Civil War who attained the rank of major general by brevet. After the war, George Cole was acquitted of the murder of L. Harris Hiscock, whom he accused of having an affair with Mrs. Cole.
References
Cornelius Cole, "Memoirs" (New York, 1908)
Catherine Coffin Phillips, "Cornelius Cole California Pioneer" (San Francisco, 1929)
Leonard L. Richards, "The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War" (New York 2007)
External links
1822 births
1924 deaths
Wesleyan University alumni
California lawyers
New York (state) lawyers
Editors of California newspapers
United States senators from California
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
People of California in the American Civil War
American centenarians
Men centenarians
California Republicans
People from Lodi, New York
Republican Party United States senators
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American lawyers
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207596
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%20Woolrich
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Cornell Woolrich
|
Cornell George Hopley Woolrich ( ; December 4, 1903 – September 25, 1968) was an American novelist and short story writer. He sometimes used the pseudonyms William Irish and George Hopley.
His biographer, Francis Nevins Jr., rated Woolrich the fourth best crime writer of his day, behind Dashiell Hammett, Erle Stanley Gardner and Raymond Chandler.
Biography
Woolrich was born in New York City; his parents separated when he was young. He lived for a time in Mexico with his father before returning to New York to live with his mother, Claire Attalie Woolrich.
He attended Columbia University but left in 1926 without graduating when his first novel, Cover Charge, was published. As Eddie Duggan observes, "Woolrich enrolled at New York's Columbia University in 1921 where he spent a relatively undistinguished year until he was taken ill and was laid up for some weeks. It was during this illness (a Rear-Window-like confinement involving a gangrenous foot, according to one version of the story) that Woolrich started writing, producing Cover Charge, which was published in 1926." Cover Charge was one of his Jazz Age novels inspired by the work of F. Scott Fitzgerald. A second short story, Children of the Ritz, won Woolrich the first prize of $10,000 the following year in a competition organised by College Humor and First National Pictures; this led to his working as a screenwriter in Hollywood for First National Pictures. While in Hollywood, Woolrich explored his sexuality, apparently engaging in what Frances M. Nevins Jr. describes as "promiscuous and clandestine homosexual activity" and by marrying Violet Virginia Blackton, the 21-year-old daughter of J. Stuart Blackton, one of the founders of the Vitagraph studio. Failing in both his attempt at marriage and at establishing a career as a screenwriter (the unconsummated marriage was annulled in 1933; Woolrich garnered no screen credits), Woolrich sought to resume his life as a novelist:
When he turned to pulp and detective fiction, Woolrich's output was so prolific his work was often published under one of his many pseudonyms. For example, "William Irish" was the byline in Dime Detective Magazine (February 1942) on his 1942 story "It Had to Be Murder", source of the 1954 Alfred Hitchcock movie Rear Window and itself based on H.G. Wells' short story "Through a Window". François Truffaut filmed Woolrich's The Bride Wore Black and Waltz into Darkness in 1968 and 1969, respectively, the latter as Mississippi Mermaid. Ownership of the copyright in Woolrich's original story "It Had to Be Murder" and its use for Rear Window was litigated before the US Supreme Court in Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. 207 (1990).
He returned to New York where he and his mother moved into the Hotel Marseilles (Broadway and West 103rd Street). Eddie Duggan observes that "[a]lthough his writing made him wealthy, Woolrich and his mother lived in a series of seedy hotel rooms, including the squalid Hotel Marseilles apartment building in Harlem, among a group of thieves, prostitutes and lowlifes that would not be out of place in Woolrich's dark fictional world". Woolrich lived there until his mother's death on October 6, 1957, which prompted his move to the Hotel Franconia (20 West 72nd Street). In later years, he socialized on occasion in Manhattan bars with Mystery Writers of America colleagues and younger fans such as writer Ron Goulart, but alcoholism and an amputated leg (caused by an infection from a too-tight shoe which went untreated) left him a recluse. As Duggan writes:
Woolrich did not attend the premiere of Truffaut's film of his novel The Bride Wore Black in 1968, even though it was held in New York City. He died weighing 89 pounds. He is interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.
Woolrich bequeathed his estate of about $850,000 to Columbia University to endow scholarships in his mother's memory for writing students.
Bibliography
Most of Woolrich's books are out of print, and new editions were slow to come out because of estate issues. However, new collections of his short stories were issued in the early 1990s. As of February 3, 2020, the Faded Page has seven titles available as ebooks in the public domain in Canada; these may be still under copyright elsewhere. In 2020 and 2021, Otto Penzler's "American Mystery Classics" series released new editions of Waltz into Darkness and The Bride Wore Black in both hardcover and paperback.
Woolrich died leaving fragments of an unfinished novel, titled The Loser; fragments have been published separately and also collected in Tonight, Somewhere in New York (2005).
Novels
Short story collections
Selected films based on Woolrich stories
Convicted (1938) (story Face Work), directed by Leon Barsha
Street of Chance (1942) (novel The Black Curtain), directed by Jack Hively
The Leopard Man (1943) (novel Black Alibi), directed by Jacques Tourneur
Phantom Lady (1944) (novel), directed by Robert Siodmak
The Mark of the Whistler (1944) (story Dormant Account), directed by William Castle
Deadline at Dawn (1946) (novel), the only film directed by stage director Harold Clurman
Black Angel (1946) (novel), directed by Roy William Neill
The Chase (1946) (novel The Black Path of Fear). directed by Arthur Ripley
Fall Guy (1947) (story Cocaine), directed by Reginald Le Borg
The Guilty (1947) (story He Looked Like Murder), directed by John Reinhardt
Fear in the Night (1947) (story Nightmare), directed by Maxwell Shane
The Return of the Whistler (1948) (story All at Once, No Alice), directed by D. Ross Lederman
I Wouldn't Be in Your Shoes (1948) (story), directed by William Nigh
Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1948) (novel), directed by John Farrow
The Window (1949) (story The Boy Cried Murder), directed by Ted Tetzlaff
No Man of Her Own (1950) (novel I Married a Dead Man), directed by Mitchell Leisen
The Earring (1951) (story The Death Stone), directed by León Klimovsky
The Trace of Some Lips (1952) (story Collared), directed by Juan Bustillo Oro
If I Should Die Before I Wake (1952), directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen
Don't Ever Open That Door (1952) (stories Somebody on the Phone and Humming Bird Comes Home) directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen
Rear Window (1954) (story It Had to Be Murder), directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Obsession (1954) (story Silent as the Grave), directed by Jean Delannoy
The Glass Eye (1956), directed by Antonio Santillán
Nightmare (1956) (story), directed by Maxwell Shane
Escapade (1957) (story Cinderella and the Mob), directed by Ralph Habib
The Boy Cried Murder (1966) (story The Boy Cried Murder), directed by George P. Breakston
The Bride Wore Black (1968) (novel), directed by François Truffaut
Mississippi Mermaid (1969) (novel Waltz into Darkness), directed by François Truffaut
Kati Patang (1970) (novel I Married a Dead Man), directed by Shakti Samanta
Seven Blood-Stained Orchids (1972) (novel Rendezvous in Black), directed by Umberto Lenzi
You'll Never See Me Again (1973), filmed for television, directed by Jeannot Szwarc
Martha (1974) (story For the Rest of Her Life), directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
Gun Moll (1975) (story Collared), directed by Giorgio Capitani
Union City (1980) (story The Corpse Next Door), directed by Marcus Reichert
I Married a Shadow (1983) (novel I Married a Dead Man)
Cloak & Dagger (1984) (story The Boy Who Cried Murder), directed by Richard Franklin
I'm Dangerous Tonight (1990) (story I'm Dangerous Tonight), directed by Tobe Hooper
Mrs. Winterbourne (1996) (novel I Married a Dead Man), directed by Richard Benjamin
Rear Window (1998) (story It Had to Be Murder), directed by Jeff Bleckner
Original Sin (2001) (novel Waltz into Darkness), directed by Michael Cristofer
Four O'Clock (2006) (story Three O'Clock)
References
Sources
Nevins, Francis M. Jr. (1988), First You Dream, Then You Die, Mysterious Press.
Duggan, E. (1999) 'Writing in the darkness: the world of Cornell Woolrich' CrimeTime 2.6 pp. 113–126.
Further reading
Breen, Jon L. "Dark Deeds: The Mystery of Cornell Woolrich." The Weekly Standard (March 8, 2004), 31-33.
Lane, Joel. "Mansions of Fear: The Dark Houses of Cornell Woolrich". Wormwood No 3 (Autumn 2004), 22-32.
Phelps, Donald. "Cinema Gris: Woolrich/Neil's Black Angel." Film Comment Vol. 36 No. 1 (Jan-Feb 2000), 64-69.
Rosenbaum, Jonathan. "Black Window: Cornell Woolrich." Film Comment Vol. 20 No. 5 (Sept-Oct 1984), 36-38.
Thompson, Currie K. "Two Takes on Gender in Argentine Film Noir." Studies in Hispanic Cinemas Vol. 4 No.2 (2007), 121-130. (analyzes Si muero antes de despertar/If I Should Die Before I Wake [1952], based on a Cornell Woolrich story)
External links
Radio adaptations of Cornell Woolrich's stories on the CBS radio show Suspense
Cornell Woolrich Papers at the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York, NY
"Cornell Woolrich and the Tough-Man Tradition of American Crime Fiction" by Christine Photinos (Clues: A Journal of Detection 28.2, 2010)
"The melodrama star as a noir film heroine: The Trace of Some Lips (1952)" by Roberto Carlos Ortiz (article in Spanish about a Mexican adaptation of "Collared", by Cornell Woolrich)
Finding aid to Cornell Woolrich papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
1903 births
1968 deaths
Writers from New York City
American amputees
American male novelists
American mystery writers
Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Edgar Award winners
American LGBT novelists
20th-century American novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
American Noir writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century LGBT people
|
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207598
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Pedro%20Sula
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San Pedro Sula
|
San Pedro Sula () is the capital of Cortés Department, Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country in the Sula Valley, about 50 kilometers (31 miles) south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean Sea. With a population of 671,460 in the central urban area (2020 calculation) and a population of 1,445,598 in its metropolitan area in 2020, it is the nation's primary industrial center and second largest city after the capital Tegucigalpa.
History
Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Sula Valley was home to approximately 50,000 native inhabitants. The area that is home to the modern city served as a local trade hub for the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. The Spanish conquest brought about a demographic collapse from which the native population would never recover.
On 27 June 1536, Don Pedro de Alvarado founded a Spanish town beside the Indian settlement of Choloma, with the name of Villa de Señor San Pedro de Puerto Caballos (modern San Pedro Sula). The new town had 35 Spanish citizens, and Alvarado allocated 200 of his slaves to help build the new town and work the surrounding fields. He sent out expeditions into outlying regions to secure the new town, extend the area of Spanish domination, and commandeer supplies. Alvarado annulled all encomienda rights established in the area under Andres de Cerezeda, and reassigned the villages to the citizens of San Pedro.
The new settlement barely survived the colonial period. In 1601, the Spanish government declared Santo Tomás as the official port for the Central American colonies; this move diverted exports from Puerto Cortés and resulted in an economic decline that would last through the 17th century. Additionally, San Pedro Sula was left exposed to raids by pirates and French, Dutch, and English mercenaries. By the mid-18th century, the Spanish government decided to build a number of coastal fortresses to curb English attacks. One of these fortresses, the Fortaleza de San Fernando, was built in Omoa, less than 50 miles from San Pedro Sula. The subsequent increase in trade supported an increase in population from 70 inhabitants in 1714 to 357 in 1789.
Post-independence San Pedro Sula remained an impoverished village, dependent on trade between Omoa and the country's interior. In 1875, Frank Frye, the American consul in the Bay Islands, reported a population of 1200. The city benefitted from the growth of the banana trade in the 1870s and 1880s and formed a close relationship with US-based shipper and railroad entrepreneur Samuel Zemurray's Cuyamel Fruit Company, and the construction of the Interoceanic Railroad between 1869 and 1874 which connected the city to the coast at Puerto Cortés. Zemurray worked closely with local elites who invested in subsidiary enterprises and thus shaped the way politically for Cuyamel to establish itself and pay very few taxes.
Economy
In 2013, fifteen years after the effects of Hurricane Mitch, Honduras is one of the poorest countries in Latin America; around San Pedro Sula, banana production has not fully recovered, and "manufacturing has all but dried up." The problems are exacerbated by organized gangs, whose rules prevent residents from safely leaving gang-controlled neighborhoods such as Chamelecón for jobs in other parts of town.
In 2000, then-Mayor Roberto Larios Silva said "San Pedro Sula is where the economic development of the country is concentrated via the city's industrial, commercial, and financial development." The then-manager of Hotel Copantl attributed its growth in business-related tourism ...[to] the maquila (apparel
manufacturing) industry.
, San Pedro Sula generated two-thirds of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).
Crime
San Pedro Sula was the "murder capital of the world" until early 2016 when Caracas, Venezuela, surpassed its homicide rate. Since the 2009 Honduran military coup "unemployment and underemployment rates have doubled while the number of people living in extreme poverty has skyrocketed." In 2013, the city had 187 homicides per 100,000 residents. This surpassed Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's rate of 148 killings per 100,000, or an average of about three homicides per day; Ciudad Juarez had previously topped the list for three consecutive years. Both cities are major operational and strategic distribution points in the illegal drug trade, particularly to the United States, and have significant gang activity. In response, authorities launched Operation Lightning, saturating violence hotspots with police and soldiers. Meanwhile, arms trafficking has flooded the country, with just under 70% of all firearms being illegal. 83% of homicides in the city involve firearms.
According to the Los Angeles Times, "the homicide rate is stoked by the rivalry of the brutal street gangs, mostly descendants of gangs formed in Los Angeles and deported to Central America in the 1990s, including Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and the 18th Street gang. Their ranks are fed by the disastrous economy of Honduras, and emboldened more recently by alliances with Mexican drug traffickers moving cocaine through the country."
Crime and economic stress have led to the migration of large numbers of unaccompanied minors to the US border. The latest data from the CBP shows San Pedro Sula as the major source for Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) migrating from Honduras.
Geography
Climate
San Pedro Sula features year-round relatively high temperatures and plentiful rainfall. San Pedro Sula has experienced hurricanes and tropical storms and is prone to them during the hurricane season usually when the storms form in the southern part of the Caribbean or Western Africa.
Administrative divisions
San Pedro Sula, as most cities built under the Spanish colonial period, is divided in quadrants.
Avenues in the city run from north to south and streets run from east to west. First Street and First Avenue mark the "center of the city" and effectively divide it into four major quadrants NW, NE, SW and SE.
Southwest
Barrio El Benque, the business district, is just to the west and south of the center, and other neighborhoods in the suroeste include Barrio Paz Barahona, Barrio La Guardia, Colonia Altamira, Colonia Mesetas, Barrio Río de Piedras, Barrio Suyapa (from 12 Avenida S out to Avenida Circunvalación, from 7 Calle S to 10 Calles S), Colonia Hernandez, Barrio Prado Alto, and Colonia El Chamelecón. The latter includes area from 23 Avenida S west to 27 Avenida S, from 1 Calle (named Bulevar Los Próceres there) south to 5 Calle S0. To the south of Colonia El Chamelecón are Colonia Dubón, Colonia Figueroa, Colonia Trejo (from 10 Calle S to 12 Calle S, from about Avenida Circunvalación to 25 Avenida S, including the Consulate of Nicaragua), Colonia Altamira, and Colonia Altiplano. Colonia Las Mesetas runs from 12 Calle S to 14 Calle S, from 21 Avenida A (S) to past 24 Avenida S.
Northwest
Barrio Guamilito is just to the west and north of the center. Noroeste neighborhoods include Colonia Moderna (from 1 Calle to 5 Calle NO, from Avendia Circunvalación to the river beyond 24 Avenida), Colonia La Mora (from 5 Calle NO to 7 Calle NO, from Avendia Circunvalación to the río beyond 24 Avenida), Colonia Zeron, the Colonia Columbia by the Universidad de San Pedro Sula, Barrio La Cervecería and Barrio Guadalupe. Across the river along which 24 Avenida runs is Colonia Juan Lindo and Colonia Jardines Del Valle.
From the river past 24 Avenida, north to 25 Calle and west to 12 Avenida, is Colonia Universidad. Universidad de San Pedro Sula is to its south, across the river. West of Colonia Universidad is Colonia Country, a small neighborhood including the Academia Americana, and Colonia Villas del Sol, which runs from Boulevard Mackey west to include Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula, and goes north to Río Bermejo but does not cross it.
Just past the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula, and spanning the Río Bermejo, is Colonia El Pedregal, which has residential high-rises.
Further out, north across the Río Bermejo, running to the edge of the city, and with calles (streets) renumbering from 1 up, are Colonia Los Alpes and Rancho El Coco and Residencial Los Cedros and Colonia La Tara.
Far to the north is Colonia Fesitranh.
Northeast
Barrio Las Acacias is just to the north of center. Nor-Este neighborhoods include Barrio San Cristobal, Villa Florencia, Colonia Ideal, Barrio Morazán, Colonia Modelo, and further out Colonia Bográn, Colonia El Carmen, and Colonia Los Laureles.
Southeast
Includes the road to the airport, Aeropuerto Internacional Ramon Villeda Morales and to the city of La Lima. Southeast neighborhoods include Barrio Medina (11 Calle SE to Avenida Juan Pablo II, 4 Avenida SO to 10 Avenida SE), Colonia La Aurora (defined by 7 Calle SE to 10 Calle SE, and 14 Avenida SE to Segundo Anilo (approximately where 18 Avenida would be), Barrio Cabañas, Barrio La Navidad, San Pedro, Barrio Las Palmas, Barrio San Luís, Colonia La Unión, Barrio La Paz. Farther out: Colonia Rivera Hernández, San Cristobal.
Chamelecón
With dateline giving San Pedro Sula as the location, the New York Times in 2014 described the Chamelecón district as a "warren of modest cement-block houses painted in now chipped and fading pastels", subject to pressure of street gangs. This is not the Colonia El Chamelecón neighborhood within San Pedro Sula, but rather it is the Chamelecón that lies outside to the south of San Pedro Sula, on the Chamelecón River.
Various
Colonia Tara
Colonia Jardines del valle
Residencial Etahsa
Residencial El Bordo
Colonia Bellavista
Colonia Cemcol
Barrio el Guamilito
Colonia El Roble
Colonia Juan Lindo
Colonia La Moderna
Colonia Las Torres
Colonia López Arellano
Colonia Victoria
Colonia Montefresco
Barrio Santa Anita
Barrio El Centro
Colonia Las Mercedes
Colonia Los Álamos
Colonia La Veranda
Colonia Los Cedros
Colonia Los Cedritos
Colonia Rodas Alvarado
Barrio Barandillas
Barrio Santa Ana
Barrio Los Andes
Barrio Concepción
Barrio Suncery
Residencial Los Álamos
Residencial Juan Ramón Molina
Colonia Villas del Carmen
Residencial Villas Paraíso
Villas Mackay
Villas Matilda
La Foresta
Los Castaños
Villas del Campo
Merendon Hills
Residencial Casa Maya
Residencial Casa Maya 2
Residencial Casa Maya 3
Residencial Casa Maya 4
Residencial Hebrón
Residencial Canaán
Residencial Fontana de la Arboleda
Residencial Tribeca
Colonia San José de Sula
Colonia San Carlos de Sula
Colonia Satélite
Colonia Felipe Zelaya
Colonia FESITRANH
Colonia El Periodista
Colonia Del Valle
Colonia La Veranda
Colonia COLVISULA
Sports
The Villa Olímpica is a multi-sporting complex that has facilities for most Olympic style games including football, boxing, swimming, baseball, cycling, and multipurpose gymnasiums.
San Pedro Sula is the only city in the country that houses to two football stadiums. The Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano is located in the Villa Olímpica and is the largest in the country with a capacity of 42,000. The Estadio Francisco Morazán is located in the center of the city and holds 23,000 people. The stadiums are home to San Pedro Sula's most popular professional football teams Marathón and Real CD España.
, San Pedro Sula has been the home venue for Honduras national football team matches.
Education
San Pedro Sula is home to several universities, including:
Universidad Catolica de Honduras
Universidad de San Pedro Sula
Universidad Pedagogica Nacional Francisco Morazan
Instituto Tecnologico Sampedrano
Universidad Tecnologica de Honduras (UTH)
Universidad Tecnologica Centroamericana (UNITEC)
Instituto Tecnico de Electricidad y Electronica (ITEE)
Tourism
Cathedral
It has a Roman Catholic Cathedral that was built in 1949. as well as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, Iglesia Ortodoxa de Antioquía San Juan Bautista, built in 1963.
Currusté
This archeological site is two kilometers along the street that goes to Lake Jucutuma. Expeditions from 2006 found multiple pre-Columbian pieces, and ruins of an unknown civilization. The ruins are currently abandoned since 2009, it was reported that during Rodolfo Sunseri administration in 2006–2009 that he pretended to rescue the park with 4 million Lempiras, but the project never started.
See also
References
External links
Honduras Weekly
Universidad de San Pedro Sula
Municipalities of the Cortés Department
Populated places established in 1536
1536 establishments in New Spain
|
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] |
207599
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Hellmuth
|
Phil Hellmuth
|
Phillip Jerome Hellmuth Jr. (born July 16, 1964) is an American professional poker player who has won a record sixteen World Series of Poker bracelets. He is the winner of the Main Event of the 1989 World Series of Poker (WSOP) and the Main Event of the 2012 World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE), and he is a 2007 inductee of the WSOP's Poker Hall of Fame.
Personal life
Hellmuth was born in Madison, Wisconsin, and attended Madison West High School. He had trouble with grades and friends during school and said at the time he was the "ugly duckling" of his family. He then moved on to the University of Wisconsin–Madison for three years, where he dropped out to become a full-time poker player.
Since 1992, he has lived in Palo Alto, California, with his wife, Katherine Sanborn, who is a psychiatrist at Stanford University, and their two sons, Phillip III and Nicholas.
Poker career
He is ranked 19th on the all-time money list. He holds the records for most WSOP cashes (154) and most WSOP final tables (64), overtaking T. J. Cloutier.
Hellmuth is known for usually taking his seat at poker tournaments long after they begin.
As of November 2021, his live tournament winnings exceed $26,000,000.
World Series of Poker
In the 1988 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth had his first in-the-money finish at the $1,500 Seven Card Stud Split, the 6th event. In the 1988 WSOP, he came in 33rd after being eliminated by eventual champion Johnny Chan.
In 1989, the 24-year-old Hellmuth became the youngest player to win the Main Event of the WSOP by defeating the two-time defending champion Johnny Chan in heads-up play; Hellmuth's record was broken by Peter Eastgate (22) in 2008.
As of September 2020, Hellmuth had won over $15,000,000 at the WSOP and ranked fourth on the WSOP All Time Money List, behind Antonio Esfandiari, Daniel Colman, and Daniel Negreanu. Hellmuth also was fifth all time in number of times cashed in the WSOP Main Event. He had eight Main Event cashes (1988, 1989, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2009, and 2015), placing him behind Berry Johnston (10), and Humberto Brenes, Doyle Brunson, and Bobby Baldwin (9).
Thirteen of Hellmuth's 16 bracelets have been in Texas hold'em, though he has had some success in non-hold'em events. As of the start of the 2015 World Series, 22 of Hellmuth's 52 final tables are for a variety of games, including 2-7 Lowball, Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo, Seven Card Razz, and Omaha hold'em (Pot Limit, Limit, and Hi-Lo), as well as mixed games like H.O.R.S.E and the $50,000 Poker Player's Championship; his first-ever WSOP final table (and first-ever WSOP cash) was in Seven Card Stud Hi-Lo in 1988, and his second-ever WSOP final table (and third-ever WSOP cash) was in Pot Limit Omaha hold'em w/Rebuys in 1989. (His third-ever WSOP final table (and fifth-ever WSOP cash) was his Main Event victory in 1989.) Of those 22 events, Hellmuth has finished runner-up six times.
At the 1993 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth became the second player in WSOP history to win three bracelets in one WSOP. (Walter "Puggy" Pearson was the first to do so in 1973; one of those bracelets was for winning the Main Event.) Hellmuth's three victories came in three consecutive days. (Ted Forrest also won three bracelets in three consecutive days at the 1993 WSOP to become the third player to win three bracelets in one WSOP.)
At the 1997 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth won his 5th bracelet of the decade, the most of any player in the 1990s.
At the 2006 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth captured his 10th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $1,000 No Limit Hold'em with rebuys event. At the time, it tied him with Doyle Brunson and Johnny Chan for most bracelets. At the 2007 World Series of Poker, Hellmuth won his record-breaking 11th bracelet in the $1,500 No Limit Hold'em Event.
Hellmuth's sponsor arranged for him to arrive at the 2007 WSOP Main Event in a race car. Hellmuth lost control of the car in the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino parking lot and hit a light fixture. He gave up the car for a limo, arriving at the Main Event two hours late.
At the 2008 WSOP Main Event, Hellmuth verbally abused another player and received a one-round penalty. After a private meeting with WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack, the penalty was overruled, and Hellmuth finished the tournament in 45th place.
In the 2011 World Series of Poker, Phil finished second in three tournaments, in the 2-7 Draw Lowball Championship, the Seven Card Stud Hi-Low Split-8 or Better Championship, and The Poker Player's Championship eight-game mix.
On June 11, 2012, Hellmuth won his 12th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $2,500 Seven-Card Razz event, defeating Don Zewin and earning $182,793. Zewin had finished third to Chan and Hellmuth when Hellmuth won his first bracelet in 1989. This is the first bracelet Hellmuth has won in a non-hold'em event, and made him the first player to win at least one bracelet in each of the last four decades, and only the third player in WSOP history to win a bracelet in four decades (Jay Heimowitz won 6 bracelets, spanning the 1970s through the 2000s, and Billy Baxter won 7 bracelets, also spanning the 1970s through the 2000s). Hellmuth also collected $2,645,333 for his fourth-place finish in the $1,000,000 buy-in "Big One for One Drop" tournament, by far the largest single tournament cash of his career.
On October 4, 2012, Hellmuth won his 13th World Series of Poker bracelet in the €10,450 WSOPE No Limit Hold'em Main Event, earning €1,022,376 ($1,333,841) and becoming the first player to ever win both the WSOP and WSOPE Main Events. This win also made Hellmuth the first player in WSOP history to win multiple bracelets in three decades (1993 (3), 2003 (2), and 2012 (2)). Also, Hellmuth finished runner-up in the WSOP Player of the Year race for a record third time (2006, 2011, and 2012).
On June 8, 2015, Hellmuth won his 14th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $10,000 Seven-Card Razz event, earning $271,105.
On July 11, 2018, Hellmuth won his 15th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $5,000 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $485,082.
On October 17, 2021, Hellmuth won his 16th World Series of Poker bracelet in the $1,500 No-Limit 2-7 Lowball Draw event, earning $84,851.
World Poker Tour
Hellmuth has cashed 18 times and made five final tables on the World Poker Tour. He finished in fourth place in the $3,000 No Limit Hold'em WPT Event at the 49'er Gold Rush Bonanza in 2002, in third place in the $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Event at the World Poker Finals at Foxwoods in 2003, in sixth place at the 2008 L.A. Poker Classic, in third place at the Bay 101 Shooting Star event in 2010, and second place in 2017 at the Bicycle Casino. In 2010 he also was the TV bubble boy finishing seventh at the $25,000 WPT World Championship. As of January 2021, Hellmuth had won $1,576,916 in WPT tournaments.
Other notable tournaments
Hellmuth makes regular appearances on episodes of Poker After Dark on PokerGO both as a player and as a drop-in commentator. Hellmuth won his first Poker After Dark tournament in the first episode of the third season, winning $120,000. Hellmuth returned two weeks later and claimed his second Poker After Dark title, winning another $120,000. Hellmuth is the Season 3 champion of Late Night Poker.
In 2000, he won the Poker EM 7-Card Stud Main Event in Austria, billed the largest 7-Card Stud tournament in the world. Phil defeated 437 other players to win $106,250. In 2005, Hellmuth won the first National Heads-Up Poker Championship. He defeated Men Nguyen, Paul Phillips, Huck Seed, Lyle Berman and Antonio Esfandiari on the way to the final against Chris Ferguson whom he defeated in two out of three games. While trying to repeat in 2006, he lost in the first round to Chip Reese. In 2007, Hellmuth did not play due to the PartyPoker.com Premier League Poker, a British tournament in which he took part. He won four out of his six group matches and eventually finished third in the finals. Hellmuth took part in the 2008 National Heads-Up Poker Championship, losing in the first round to Tom Dwan. In 2013, Hellmuth finished in second place, losing to Mike Matusow in the final round and earning $300,000.
In July 2020, PokerGO announced a new series called High Stakes Duel which would follow a heads-up format of poker with the stakes doubling every round and the loser of the match having the first option to challenge for a rematch. Hellmuth would face Antonio Esfandiari in Round 1 on July 31, 2020, with the buy-in for each player being $50,000. Hellmuth defeated Esfandiari, and Esfandiari immediately declared his intention for a rematch. Round 2 was held on September 24, 2020, and would see each player buy-in for $100,000. Hellmuth again defeated Esfandiari, and Round 3 would be set for October 21, 2020, when Esfandiari immediately challenged for a rematch after the loss. Round 3 saw the buy-in doubled to $200,000, and Hellmuth defeated Esfandiari for the third consecutive time. Following the unique rules of High Stakes Duel, Esfandiari was out of challenges and Hellmuth could cash out his $400,000 in winnings or progress through to Round 4. Hellmuth decided to cash out the $400,000 and announced in his winner's interview that he will be ready for Season 2.
In 2021, Phil Hellmuth challenged Daniel Negreanu in High Stakes Duel II. The two played three rounds, and Hellmuth won all three and cashed out his $400,000. Following that victory, he returned for High Stakes Duel III. In round 1, he faced challenger Nick Wright of Fox Sports and won $100,000. His 7 game winning streak came to an end after Tom Dwan challenged him in round 2 and defeated him for $200,000. As of September 2021, Phil Hellmuth has challenged Tom Dwan to another round, and no date has been set, but it will likely occur during the World Series of Poker 2021. They will be playing for a prize of $400,000, each putting up $200,000 of their own money.
Other activities
Hellmuth appeared in seasons 1, 4, and 6 of GSN's cash game show, High Stakes Poker. He was involved with creating the software for UltimateBet and was formerly a member of Team UB.
Hellmuth has made several instructional poker videos, including his Ultimate White To Black Belt Course and Phil Hellmuth's Million Dollar Poker System. He has written for Cardplayer magazine and authored several poker books including Play Poker like the Pros, Bad Beats and Lucky Draws, The Greatest Poker Hands ever Played, and Poker Brat. In May 2004 he partnered with Oasys Mobile to create a mobile app called Texas Hold'em by Phil Hellmuth. In spring 2006, Hellmuth replaced Phil Gordon as commentator on Bravo's Celebrity Poker Showdown. Hellmuth was a poker coach on Fox Sports Network’s Best Damn Poker Show.
In 2009, Hellmuth's publishing company, Phil's House Publishing, published the Stephen John and Marvin Karlins book Deal Me In: 20 Of The World's Top Poker Players Share The Heartbreaking and Inspiring Stories of How They Turned Pro.
Personality and controversy
Hellmuth is known for his "Poker Brat" personality, especially after taking bad beats. In the first week of Poker After Dark on NBC, Hellmuth asked fellow pros Shawn Sheikhan, Steve Zolotow, Gus Hansen and Huck Seed to stop talking while it was his turn to act on his hand after Annie Duke raised him. They initially complied, but when Hellmuth began to talk, he was mocked by Seed, who said, "please be quiet so I can talk," eliciting laughter from the other players. Hellmuth then threatened never to play on the show again and walked off the set. After the show's producers intervened, Hellmuth returned and was eliminated a few hands later by Sheikhan. Duke remained quiet while the drama played out, though in a later interview, she described Hellmuth's behavior as "one of the biggest overreactions I have ever seen."
On Day 5 of the 2008 WSOP, Hellmuth folded to Cristian Dragomir's bet on a flop of . Asked by the table to show his hand, Dragomir revealed that he had called Hellmuth's pre-flop re-raise with , a much weaker hand. Hellmuth proceeded to call Dragomir an "idiot," among other insults, and was eventually issued a warning by the floorperson for continued berating of another player. Other players, including his friend Mike Matusow, advised him to stop. Nonetheless, he continued to verbally abuse Dragomir until he received a one-round penalty. The penalty was to be carried out at the beginning of play the next day. After Hellmuth had a private meeting with WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack, Pollack overruled the floorperson's penalty.
Bibliography
Phil Hellmuth's Texas Hold 'Em (2005)
Bad Beats and Lucky Draws: Poker Strategies, Winning Hands, and Stories from the Professional Poker Tour (2004)
Play Poker Like the Pros (2003)
References
External links
Official website
Articles by Hellmuth from the Card Player magazine website
Phil Hellmuth interview
1964 births
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
World Series of Poker Main Event winners
World Series of Poker Europe Main Event winners
National Heads-Up Poker Championship winners
Poker After Dark tournament winners
Poker commentators
American gambling writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
Writers from Palo Alto, California
Living people
Poker Hall of Fame inductees
Madison West High School alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera
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Hemiptera
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Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from to around , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. The name "true bugs" is often limited to the suborder Heteroptera. Many insects commonly known as "bugs", especially in American English, belong to other orders; for example, the lovebug is a fly and the May bug and ladybug are beetles.
Most hemipterans feed on plants, using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to extract plant sap. Some are hematophagous, while others are predators that feed on other insects or small invertebrates. They live in a wide variety of habitats, generally terrestrial, though some species are adapted to life in or on the surface of fresh water. Hemipterans are hemimetabolous, with young nymphs that somewhat resemble adults. Many aphids are capable of parthenogenesis, producing young from unfertilised eggs; this helps them to reproduce extremely rapidly in favourable conditions.
Humans have interacted with the Hemiptera for millennia. Some species, including many aphids, are significant agricultural pests, damaging crops by the direct action of sucking sap, but also harming them indirectly by being the vectors of serious viral diseases. Other species have been used for biological control of insect pests. Hemipterans have been cultivated for the extraction of the dyestuff cochineal (also known as carmine) and for shellac. The bed bug is a persistent parasite of humans, and some kissing bugs can transmit Chagas disease. Cicadas have been used as food, and have appeared in literature from the Iliad in Ancient Greece.
Diversity
Hemiptera is the largest order of hemimetabolous insects (not undergoing complete metamorphosis; though some examples such as male scale insects do undergo a form of complete metamorphosis ), containing over 95,000 named species; insect orders with more species all have a pupal stage (i.e. they do undergo complete metamorphosis or "holometabolism"), Coleoptera (>400,000 described species), Lepidoptera (>180,000), Hymenoptera (150,000) and Diptera (125,000). The majority of species are terrestrial, including a number of important agricultural pests, but some are found in freshwater habitats. These include the water boatmen, pond skaters, and giant water bugs.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Hemiptera belong to the insect superorder Paraneoptera, which includes lice (Psocodea), thrips (Thysanoptera), and the true bugs of Hemiptera. Within Paraneoptera, Hemiptera is most closely related to the sister clade Thysanoptera.
The fossil record of hemipterans goes back to the Carboniferous (Moscovian). The oldest fossils are of the Archescytinidae from the Lower Permian and are thought to be basal to the Auchenorrhyncha. Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha appear in the Upper Permian, as do Sternorrhyncha of the Psylloidea and Aleyrodoidea. Aphids and Coccoids appear in the Triassic. The Coleorrhyncha extend back to the Lower Jurassic. The Heteroptera first appeared in the Triassic.
The present members of the order Hemiptera (sometimes referred to as Rhynchota) were historically placed into two orders, the so-called Homoptera and Heteroptera/Hemiptera, based on differences in wing structure and the position of the rostrum. The order is now divided into four suborders, after the "Homoptera" were established as paraphyletic (now the Auchenorrhyncha and the Sternorrhyncha).
The below cladogram shows Hemiptera's placement within Paraneoptera, as well as how Hemiptera's four suborders are related. English names are given in parentheses where possible.
Biology
Mouthparts
The defining feature of hemipterans is their "beak" in which the modified mandibles and maxillae form a "stylet" which is sheathed within a modified labium. The stylet is capable of piercing tissues and sucking liquids, while the labium supports it. The stylet contains a channel for the outward movement of saliva and another for the inward movement of liquid food. A salivary pump drives saliva into the prey; a cibarial pump extracts liquid from the prey. Both pumps are powered by substantial dilator muscles in the head. The beak is usually folded under the body when not in use. The diet is typically plant sap, but some hemipterans such as assassin bugs are blood-suckers, and a few are predators.
Both herbivorous and predatory hemipterans inject enzymes to begin digestion extra-orally (before the food is taken into the body). These enzymes include amylase to hydrolyse starch, polygalacturonase to weaken the tough cell walls of plants, and proteinases to break down proteins.
Although the Hemiptera vary widely in their overall form, their mouthparts form a distinctive "rostrum". Other insect orders with mouthparts modified into anything like the rostrum and stylets of the Hemiptera include some Phthiraptera, but for other reasons they generally are easy to recognize as non-hemipteran. Similarly, the mouthparts of Siphonaptera, some Diptera and Thysanoptera superficially resemble the rostrum of the Hemiptera, but on closer inspection the differences are considerable. Aside from the mouthparts, various other insects can be confused with Hemiptera, but they all have biting mandibles and maxillae instead of the rostrum. Examples include cockroaches and psocids, both of which have longer, many-segmented antennae, and some beetles, but these have fully hardened forewings which do not overlap.
Wing structure
The forewings of Hemiptera are either entirely membranous, as in the Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha, or partially hardened, as in most Heteroptera. The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek (; "half") and (; "wing"), referring to the forewings of many heteropterans which are hardened near the base, but membranous at the ends. Wings modified in this manner are termed hemelytra (singular: hemelytron), by analogy with the completely hardened elytra of beetles, and occur only in the suborder Heteroptera. In all suborders, the hindwings – if present at all – are entirely membranous and usually shorter than the forewings. The forewings may be held "roofwise" over the body (typical of Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha), or held flat on the back, with the ends overlapping (typical of Heteroptera). The antennae in Hemiptera typically consist of four or five segments, although they can still be quite long, and the tarsi of the legs have two or three segments.
Sound production
Many hemipterans can produce sound for communication. The "song" of male cicadas, the loudest of any insect, is produced by tymbal organs on the underside of the abdomen, and is used to attract mates. The tymbals are drumlike disks of cuticle, which are clicked in and out repeatedly, making a sound in the same way as popping the metal lid of a jam jar in and out.
Stridulatory sounds are produced among the aquatic Corixidae and Notonectidae (backswimmers) using tibial combs rubbed across rostral ridges.
Life cycle
Hemipterans are hemimetabolous, meaning that they do not undergo metamorphosis, the complete change of form between a larval phase and an adult phase. Instead, their young are called nymphs, and resemble the adults to a greater or lesser degree. The nymphs moult several times as they grow, and each instar resembles the adult more than the previous one. Wing buds grow in later stage nymphs; the final transformation involves little more than the development of functional wings (if they are present at all) and functioning sexual organs, with no intervening pupal stage as in holometabolous insects.
Parthenogenesis and viviparity
Many aphids are parthenogenetic during part of the life cycle, such that females can produce unfertilized eggs, which are clones of their mother. All such young are females (thelytoky), so 100% of the population at these times can produce more offspring. Many species of aphid are also viviparous: the young are born live rather than laid as eggs. These adaptations enable aphids to reproduce extremely rapidly when conditions are suitable.
Locomotion
Hemipterans make use of a variety of modes of locomotion including swimming, skating on a water surface and jumping, as well as walking and flying like other insects.
Swimming and skating
Several families of Heteroptera are water bugs, adapted to an aquatic lifestyle, such as the water boatmen (Corixidae), water scorpions (Nepidae), and backswimmers (Notonectidae). They are mostly predatory, and have legs adapted as paddles to help the animal move through the water. The pondskaters or water striders (Gerridae) are also associated with water, but use the surface tension of standing water to keep them above the surface; they include the sea skaters in the genus Halobates, the only truly marine group of insects.
Marangoni propulsion
Marangoni effect propulsion exploits the change in surface tension when a soap-like surfactant is released on to a water surface, in the same way that a toy soap boat propels itself. Water bugs in the genus Microvelia (Veliidae) can travel at up to 17 cm/s, twice as fast as they can walk, by this means.
Flight
Flight is well developed in the Hemiptera although mostly used for short distance movement and dispersal. Wing development is sometimes related to environmental conditions. In some groups of Hemiptera, there are variations of winged, short-winged, and wingless forms within a single species. This kind of polymorphism tends to be helpful when habitats are temporary with more energy put into reproduction when food is available and into dispersal through flight when food becomes scarce. In aphids, both winged and wingless forms occur with winged forms produced in greater numbers when food resources are depleted. Aphids and whiteflies can sometimes be transported very long distances by atmospheric updrafts and high altitude winds. Wing-length polymorphism is notably rare in tree-living Hemiptera.
Jumping
Many Auchenorrhyncha including representatives of the cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and froghoppers are adapted for jumping (saltation). Treehoppers, for example, jump by rapidly depressing their hind legs. Before jumping, the hind legs are raised and the femora are pressed tightly into curved indentations in the coxae. Treehoppers can attain a take-off velocity of up to 2.7 metres per second and an acceleration of up to 250 g. The instantaneous power output is much greater than that of normal muscle, implying that energy is stored and released to catapult the insect into the air. Cicadas, which are much larger, extend their hind legs for a jump in under a millisecond, again implying elastic storage of energy for sudden release.
Sedentary
Instead of relying on any form of locomotion, most Sternorrhyncha females are sedentary or completely sessile, attached to their host plants by their thin feeding stylets which cannot be taken out of the plant quickly.
Ecological roles
Feeding modes
Herbivores
Most hemipterans are phytophagous, using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to feed on plant sap. These include cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, froghoppers, aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, and some other groups. Some are monophages, being host specific and only found on one plant taxon, others are oligophages, feeding on a few plant groups, while others again are less discriminating polyphages and feed on many species of plant. The relationship between hemipterans and plants appears to be ancient, with piercing and sucking of plants evident in the Early Devonian period.
Hemipterans can dramatically cut the mass of affected plants, especially in major outbreaks. They sometimes also change the mix of plants by predation on seeds or feeding on roots of certain species. Some sap-suckers move from one host to another at different times of year. Many aphids spend the winter as eggs on a woody host plant and the summer as parthogenetically reproducing females on a herbaceous plant.
Phloem sap, which has a higher concentration of sugars and nitrogen, is under positive pressure unlike the more dilute xylem sap. Most of the Sternorrhyncha and a number of Auchenorrhynchan groups feed on phloem. Phloem feeding is common in the Fulgoromorpha, most Cicadellidae and in the Heteroptera.
The Typhlocybine Cicadellids specialize in feeding on non-vascular mesophyll tissue of leaves, which is more nutritious than the leaf epidermis. Most Heteroptera also feed on mesophyll tissue where they are more likely to encounter defensive secondary plant metabolites which often leads to the evolution of host specificity.
Obligate xylem feeding is a special habit that is found in the Auchenorrhyncha among Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea and in Cicadelline Cicadellids. Some phloem feeders may take to xylem sap facultatively, especially when facing dehydration. Xylem feeders tend to be polyphagous; to overcome the negative pressure of xylem requires a special cibarial pump.
Phloem feeding hemiptera typically have symbiotic micro-organisms in their gut that help to convert amino acids. Phloem feeders produce honeydew from their anus. A variety of organisms that feed on honeydew form symbiotic associations with phloem-feeders. Phloem sap is a sugary liquid low in amino acids, so insects have to process large quantities to meet their nutritional requirements. Xylem sap is even lower in amino acids and contains monosaccharides rather than sucrose, as well as organic acids and minerals. No digestion is required (except for the hydrolysis of sucrose) and 90% of the nutrients in the xylem sap can be utilised. Some phloem sap feeders selectively mix phloem and xylem sap to control the osmotic potential of the liquid consumed.
A striking adaptation to a very dilute diet is found in many hemipterans: a filter chamber, a part of the gut looped back on itself as a countercurrent exchanger, which permits nutrients to be separated from excess water. The residue, mostly water with sugars and amino acids, is quickly excreted as sticky "honey dew", notably from aphids but also from other Auchenorrhycha and Sternorrhyncha.
Some Sternorrhyncha including Psyllids and some aphids are gall formers. These sap-sucking hemipterans inject fluids containing plant hormones into the plant tissues inducing the production of tissue that covers to protects the insect and also act as sinks for nutrition that they feed on. The hackleberry gall psyllid for example, causes a woody gall on the leaf petioles of the hackleberry tree it infests, and the nymph of another psyllid produces a protective lerp out of hardened honeydew.
Predators
Most other hemipterans are predatory, feeding on other insects, or even small vertebrates. This is true of many aquatic species which are predatory, either as nymphs or adults. The predatory shield bug for example stabs caterpillars with its beak and sucks out the body fluids. The saliva of predatory heteropterans contains digestive enzymes such as proteinase and phospholipase, and in some species also amylase. The mouthparts of these insects are adapted for predation. There are toothed stylets on the mandibles able to cut into and abrade tissues of their prey. There are further stylets on the maxillae, adapted as tubular canals to inject saliva and to extract the pre-digested and liquified contents of the prey.
Some species attack pest insects and are used in biological control. One of these is the spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) that sucks body fluids from larvae of the Colorado beetle and the Mexican bean beetle.
Haematophagic "parasites"
A few hemipterans are haematophagic (often described as "parasites"), feeding on the blood of larger animals. These include bedbugs and the triatomine kissing bugs of the assassin bug family Reduviidae, which can transmit the dangerous Chagas disease. The first known hemipteran to feed in this way on vertebrates was the extinct assassin bug Triatoma dominicana found fossilized in amber and dating back about twenty million years. Faecal pellets fossilised beside it show that it transmitted a disease-causing Trypanosoma and the amber included hairs of the likely host, a bat.
As symbionts
Some species of ant protect and farm aphids (Sternorrhyncha) and other sap-sucking hemipterans, gathering and eating the honeydew that these hemipterans secrete. The relationship is mutualistic, as both ant and aphid benefit. Ants such as the yellow anthill ant, Lasius flavus, breed aphids of at least four species, Geoica utricularia, Tetraneura ulmi, Forda marginata and Forda formicaria, taking eggs with them when they found a new colony; in return, these aphids are obligately associated with the ant, breeding mainly or wholly asexually inside anthills. Ants may also protect the plant bugs from their natural enemies, removing the eggs of predatory beetles and preventing access by parasitic wasps.
Some leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) are similarly "milked" by ants. In the Corcovado rain forest of Costa Rica, wasps compete with ants to protect and milk leafhoppers; the leafhoppers preferentially give more honeydew, more often, to the wasps, which are larger and may offer better protection.
As prey: defences against predators and parasites
Hemiptera form prey to predators including vertebrates, such as birds, and other invertebrates such as ladybirds. In response, hemipterans have evolved antipredator adaptations. Ranatra may feign death (thanatosis). Others such as Carpocoris purpureipennis secrete toxic fluids to ward off arthropod predators; some Pentatomidae such as Dolycoris are able to direct these fluids at an attacker. Toxic cardenolide compounds are accumulated by the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus when it consumes milkweeds, while the coreid stinkbug Amorbus rubiginosus acquires 2-hexenal from its food plant, Eucalyptus. Some long-legged bugs mimic twigs, rocking to and fro to simulate the motion of a plant part in the wind. The nymph of the Masked hunter bug camouflages itself with sand grains, using its hind legs and tarsal fan to form a double layer of grains, coarser on the outside. The Amazon rain forest cicada Hemisciera maculipennis displays bright red deimatic flash coloration on its hindwings when threatened; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators, giving the cicada time to escape. The coloured patch on the hindwing is concealed at rest by an olive green patch of the same size on the forewing, enabling the insect to switch rapidly from cryptic to deimatic behaviour.
Some hemipterans such as firebugs have bold aposematic warning coloration, often red and black, which appear to deter passerine birds. Many hemipterans including aphids, scale insects and especially the planthoppers secrete wax to protect themselves from threats such as fungi, parasitoidal insects and predators, as well as abiotic factors like desiccation. Hard waxy coverings are especially important in the sedentary Sternorrhyncha such as scale insects, which have no means of escaping from predators; other Sternorrhyncha evade detection and attack by creating and living inside plant galls. Nymphal Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea have glands attached to the Malpighian tubules in their proximal segment that produce mucopolysaccharides, which form the froth around spittlebugs, offering a measure of protection.
Parental care is found in many species of Hemiptera especially in members of the Membracidae and numerous Heteroptera. In many species of shield bug, females stand guard over their egg clusters to protect them from egg parasitoids and predators. In the aquatic Belostomatidae, females lay their eggs on the back of the male which guards the eggs. Protection provided by ants is common in the Auchenorrhyncha.
Interaction with humans
As pests
Although many species of Hemiptera are significant pests of crops and garden plants, including many species of aphid and scale insects, other species are harmless. The damage done is often not so much the deprivation of the plant of its sap, but the fact that they transmit serious viral diseases between plants. They often produce copious amounts of honeydew which encourages the growth of sooty mould. Significant pests include the cottony cushion scale, a pest of citrus fruit trees, the green peach aphid and other aphids which attack crops worldwide and transmit diseases, and jumping plant lice which are often host plant-specific and transmit diseases.
For pest control
Members of the families Reduviidae, Phymatidae and Nabidae are obligate predators. Some predatory species are used in biological pest control; these include various nabids, and even some members of families that are primarily phytophagous, such as the genus Geocoris in the family Lygaeidae. Other hemipterans are omnivores, alternating between a plant-based and an animal-based diet. For example, Dicyphus hesperus is used to control whitefly on tomatoes but also sucks sap, and if deprived of plant tissues will die even if in the presence of whiteflies.
Insect products
Other hemipterans have positive uses for humans, such as in the production of the dyestuff carmine (cochineal). The FDA has created guidelines for how to declare when it has been added to a product. The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces the brilliant red-coloured carminic acid to deter predators. Up to 100,000 scale insects need to be collected and processed to make a kilogram (2.2 lbs) of cochineal dye. A similar number of lac bugs are needed to make a kilogram of shellac, a brush-on colourant and wood finish. Additional uses of this traditional product include the waxing of citrus fruits to extend their shelf-life, and the coating of pills to moisture-proof them, provide slow-release or mask the taste of bitter ingredients.
As human parasites and disease vectors
Chagas disease is a modern-day tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by kissing bugs, so-called because they suck human blood from around the lips while a person sleeps.
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an external parasite of humans. It lives in bedding and is mainly active at night, feeding on human blood, generally without being noticed. Bed bugs mate by traumatic insemination; the male pierces the female's abdomen and injects his sperm into a secondary genital structure, the spermalege. The sperm travel in the female's blood (haemolymph) to sperm storage structures (seminal conceptacles); they are released from there to fertilise her eggs inside her ovaries.
As food
Some larger hemipterans such as cicadas are used as food in Asian countries such as China, and they are much esteemed in Malawi and other African countries. Insects have a high protein content and good food conversion ratios, but most hemipterans are too small to be a useful component of the human diet. At least nine species of Hemiptera are eaten worldwide.
In art and literature
Cicadas have featured in literature since the time of Homer's Iliad, and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty (1766–1122 B.C.). They are described by Aristotle in his History of Animals and by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History; their mechanism of sound production is mentioned by Hesiod in his poem Works and Days "when the Skolymus flowers, and the tuneful Tettix sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song".
In mythology and folklore
Among the bugs, cicadas in particular have been used as money, in folk medicine, to forecast the weather, to provide song (in China), and in folklore and myths around the world.
Threats
Large-scale cultivation of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis in the Amazon basin damages freshwater habitats and reduces the diversity of aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera. Climate change may be affecting the global migration of hemipterans including the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae. Warming is correlated with the severity of potato leafhopper infestation, so increased warming may worsen infestations in future.
Notes
References
External links
Cladogram of Hemiptera at Tree of Life Project
Insect orders
Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption
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Adsorption
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Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent). Adsorption is a surface phenomenon, while absorption involves the whole volume of the material, although adsorption does often precede absorption. The term sorption encompasses both processes, while desorption is the reverse of it.
Like surface tension, adsorption is a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent or metallic) of the constituent atoms of the material are fulfilled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption process is generally classified as physisorption (characteristic of weak van der Waals forces) or chemisorption (characteristic of covalent bonding). It may also occur due to electrostatic attraction.
Adsorption is present in many natural, physical, biological and chemical systems and is widely used in industrial applications such as heterogeneous catalysts, activated charcoal, capturing and using waste heat to provide cold water for air conditioning and other process requirements (adsorption chillers), synthetic resins, increasing storage capacity of carbide-derived carbons and water purification. Adsorption, ion exchange and chromatography are sorption processes in which certain adsorbates are selectively transferred from the fluid phase to the surface of insoluble, rigid particles suspended in a vessel or packed in a column. Pharmaceutical industry applications, which use adsorption as a means to prolong neurological exposure to specific drugs or parts thereof, are lesser known.
The word "adsorption" was coined in 1881 by German physicist Heinrich Kayser (1853–1940).
Isotherms
The adsorption of gases and solutes is usually described through isotherms, that is, the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure (if gas) or concentration (for liquid phase solutes) at constant temperature. The quantity adsorbed is nearly always normalized by the mass of the adsorbent to allow comparison of different materials. To date, 15 different isotherm models have been developed.
Freundlich
The first mathematical fit to an isotherm was published by Freundlich and Kuster (1906) and is a purely empirical formula for gaseous adsorbates:
where is the mass of adsorbate adsorbed, is the mass of the adsorbent, is the pressure of adsorbate (this can be changed to concentration if investigating solution rather than gas), and and are empirical constants for each adsorbent–adsorbate pair at a given temperature. The function is not adequate at very high pressure because in reality has an asymptotic maximum as pressure increases without bound. As the temperature increases, the constants and change to reflect the empirical observation that the quantity adsorbed rises more slowly and higher pressures are required to saturate the surface.
Langmuir
Irving Langmuir was the first to derive a scientifically based adsorption isotherm in 1918. The model applies to gases adsorbed on solid surfaces. It is a semi-empirical isotherm with a kinetic basis and was derived based on statistical thermodynamics. It is the most common isotherm equation to use due to its simplicity and its ability to fit a variety of adsorption data. It is based on four assumptions:
All of the adsorption sites are equivalent, and each site can only accommodate one molecule.
The surface is energetically homogeneous, and adsorbed molecules do not interact.
There are no phase transitions.
At the maximum adsorption, only a monolayer is formed. Adsorption only occurs on localized sites on the surface, not with other adsorbates.
These four assumptions are seldom all true: there are always imperfections on the surface, adsorbed molecules are not necessarily inert, and the mechanism is clearly not the same for the very first molecules to adsorb to a surface as for the last. The fourth condition is the most troublesome, as frequently more molecules will adsorb to the monolayer; this problem is addressed by the BET isotherm for relatively flat (non-microporous) surfaces. The Langmuir isotherm is nonetheless the first choice for most models of adsorption and has many applications in surface kinetics (usually called Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics) and thermodynamics.
Langmuir suggested that adsorption takes place through this mechanism: , where A is a gas molecule, and S is an adsorption site. The direct and inverse rate constants are k and k−1. If we define surface coverage, , as the fraction of the adsorption sites occupied, in the equilibrium we have:
or
where is the partial pressure of the gas or the molar concentration of the solution.
For very low pressures , and for high pressures .
The value of is difficult to measure experimentally; usually, the adsorbate is a gas and the quantity adsorbed is given in moles, grams, or gas volumes at standard temperature and pressure (STP) per gram of adsorbent. If we call vmon the STP volume of adsorbate required to form a monolayer on the adsorbent (per gram of adsorbent), then , and we obtain an expression for a straight line:
Through its slope and y intercept we can obtain vmon and K, which are constants for each adsorbent–adsorbate pair at a given temperature. vmon is related to the number of adsorption sites through the ideal gas law. If we assume that the number of sites is just the whole area of the solid divided into the cross section of the adsorbate molecules, we can easily calculate the surface area of the adsorbent.
The surface area of an adsorbent depends on its structure: the more pores it has, the greater the area, which has a big influence on reactions on surfaces.
If more than one gas adsorbs on the surface, we define as the fraction of empty sites, and we have:
Also, we can define as the fraction of the sites occupied by the j-th gas:
where i is each one of the gases that adsorb.
Note:
1) To choose between the langmuir and freundlich equations, the enthalpies of adsorption must be investigated. While the langmuir model assumes that the energy of adsorption remains constant with surface occupancy, the Freundlich equation is derived with the assumption that the heat of adsorption continually decrease as the binding sites are occupied. The choice of the model based on best fitting of the data is a common misconception.
2) The use of the linearized form of the langmuir model is no longer common practice. Advances in computational power allowed for nonlinear regression to be performed quickly and with higher confidence since no data transformation is required.
BET
Often molecules do form multilayers, that is, some are adsorbed on already adsorbed molecules, and the Langmuir isotherm is not valid. In 1938 Stephen Brunauer, Paul Emmett, and Edward Teller developed a model isotherm that takes that possibility into account. Their theory is called BET theory, after the initials in their last names. They modified Langmuir's mechanism as follows:
A(g) + S ⇌ AS,
A(g) + AS ⇌ A2S,
A(g) + A2S ⇌ A3S and so on.
The derivation of the formula is more complicated than Langmuir's (see links for complete derivation). We obtain:
where x is the pressure divided by the vapor pressure for the adsorbate at that temperature (usually denoted ), v is the STP volume of adsorbed adsorbate, vmon is the STP volume of the amount of adsorbate required to form a monolayer, and c is the equilibrium constant K we used in Langmuir isotherm multiplied by the vapor pressure of the adsorbate. The key assumption used in deriving the BET equation that the successive heats of adsorption for all layers except the first are equal to the heat of condensation of the adsorbate.
The Langmuir isotherm is usually better for chemisorption, and the BET isotherm works better for physisorption for non-microporous surfaces.
Kisliuk
In other instances, molecular interactions between gas molecules previously adsorbed on a solid surface form significant interactions with gas molecules in the gaseous phases. Hence, adsorption of gas molecules to the surface is more likely to occur around gas molecules that are already present on the solid surface, rendering the Langmuir adsorption isotherm ineffective for the purposes of modelling. This effect was studied in a system where nitrogen was the adsorbate and tungsten was the adsorbent by Paul Kisliuk (1922–2008) in 1957. To compensate for the increased probability of adsorption occurring around molecules present on the substrate surface, Kisliuk developed the precursor state theory, whereby molecules would enter a precursor state at the interface between the solid adsorbent and adsorbate in the gaseous phase. From here, adsorbate molecules would either adsorb to the adsorbent or desorb into the gaseous phase. The probability of adsorption occurring from the precursor state is dependent on the adsorbate's proximity to other adsorbate molecules that have already been adsorbed. If the adsorbate molecule in the precursor state is in close proximity to an adsorbate molecule that has already formed on the surface, it has a sticking probability reflected by the size of the SE constant and will either be adsorbed from the precursor state at a rate of kEC or will desorb into the gaseous phase at a rate of kES. If an adsorbate molecule enters the precursor state at a location that is remote from any other previously adsorbed adsorbate molecules, the sticking probability is reflected by the size of the SD constant.
These factors were included as part of a single constant termed a "sticking coefficient", kE, described below:
As SD is dictated by factors that are taken into account by the Langmuir model, SD can be assumed to be the adsorption rate constant. However, the rate constant for the Kisliuk model (R’) is different from that of the Langmuir model, as R’ is used to represent the impact of diffusion on monolayer formation and is proportional to the square root of the system's diffusion coefficient. The Kisliuk adsorption isotherm is written as follows, where θ(t) is fractional coverage of the adsorbent with adsorbate, and t is immersion time:
Solving for θ(t) yields:
Adsorption enthalpy
Adsorption constants are equilibrium constants, therefore they obey the van 't Hoff equation:
As can be seen in the formula, the variation of K must be isosteric, that is, at constant coverage.
If we start from the BET isotherm and assume that the entropy change is the same for liquefaction and adsorption, we obtain
that is to say, adsorption is more exothermic than liquefaction.
Single-molecule explanation
The adsorption of ensemble molecules on a surface or interface can be divided into two processes: adsorption and desorption. If the adsorption rate wins the desorption rate, the molecules will accumulate over time giving the adsorption curve over time. If the desorption rate is larger, the number of molecules on the surface will decrease over time. The adsorption rate is dependent on the temperature, the diffusion rate of the solute (related to mean free path for pure gas), and the energy barrier between the molecule and the surface. The diffusion and key elements of the adsorption rate can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion and Einstein relation (kinetic theory).
Under ideal conditions, when there is no energy barrier and all molecules that diffuse and collide with the surface get adsorbed, the number of molecules adsorbed at a surface of area on an infinite area surface can be directly integrated from Fick's second law differential equation to be:
where is the surface area (unit m2), is the number concentration of the molecule in the bulk solution (unit #/m3), is the diffusion constant (unit m2/s), and is time (unit s). Further simulations and analysis of this equation show that the square root dependence on the time is originated from the decrease of the concentrations near the surface under ideal adsorption conditions. Also, this equation only works for the beginning of the adsorption when a well-behaved concentration gradient forms near the surface. Correction on the reduction of the adsorption area and slowing down of the concentration gradient evolution have to be considered over a longer time.
Under real experimental conditions, the flow and the small adsorption area always make the adsorption rate faster than what this equation predicted, and the energy barrier will either accelerate this rate by surface attraction or slow it down by surface repulsion. Thus, the prediction from this equation is often a few to several orders of magnitude away from the experimental results. Under special cases, such as a very small adsorption area on a large surface, and under chemical equilibrium when there is no concentration gradience near the surface, this equation becomes useful to predict the adsorption rate with debatable special care to determine a specific value of in a particular measurement.
The desorption of a molecule from the surface depends on the binding energy of the molecule to the surface and the temperature. The typical overall adsorption rate is thus often a combined result of the adsorption and desorption.
Quantum mechanical – thermodynamic modelling for surface area and porosity
Since 1980 two theories were worked on to explain adsorption and obtain equations that work. These two are referred to as the chi hypothesis, the quantum mechanical derivation, and excess surface work (ESW). Both these theories yield the same equation for flat surfaces:
where U is the unit step function. The definitions of the other symbols is as follows:
where "ads" stands for "adsorbed", "m" stands for "monolayer equivalence" and "vap" is reference to the vapor pressure of the liquid adsorptive at the same temperature as the solid sample. The unit function creates the definition of the molar energy of adsorption for the first adsorbed molecule by:
The plot of adsorbed versus is referred to as the chi plot. For flat surfaces, the slope of the chi plot yields the surface area. Empirically, this plot was noticed as being a very good fit to the isotherm by Polanyi and also by deBoer and Zwikker but not pursued. This was due to criticism in the former case by Einstein and in the latter case by Brunauer. This flat surface equation may be used as a "standard curve" in the normal tradition of comparison curves, with the exception that the porous sample's early portion of the plot of versus acts as a self-standard. Ultramicroporous, microporous and mesoporous conditions may be analyzed using this technique. Typical standard deviations for full isotherm fits including porous samples are less than 2%.
Notice that in this description of physical adsorption, the entropy of adsorption is consistent with the Dubinin thermodynamic criterion, that is the entropy of adsorption from the liquid state to the adsorbed state is approximately zero.
Adsorbents
Characteristics and general requirements
Adsorbents are used usually in the form of spherical pellets, rods, moldings, or monoliths with a hydrodynamic radius between 0.25 and 5 mm. They must have high abrasion resistance, high thermal stability and small pore diameters, which results in higher exposed surface area and hence high capacity for adsorption. The adsorbents must also have a distinct pore structure that enables fast transport of the gaseous vapors.
Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of three classes:
Oxygen-containing compounds – Are typically hydrophilic and polar, including materials such as silica gel and zeolites.
Carbon-based compounds – Are typically hydrophobic and non-polar, including materials such as activated carbon and graphite.
Polymer-based compounds – Are polar or non-polar, depending on the functional groups in the polymer matrix.
Silica gel
Silica gel is a chemically inert, non-toxic, polar and dimensionally stable (< ) amorphous form of SiO2. It is prepared by the reaction between sodium silicate and acetic acid, which is followed by a series of after-treatment processes such as aging, pickling, etc. These after-treatment methods results in various pore size distributions.
Silica is used for drying of process air (e.g. oxygen, natural gas) and adsorption of heavy (polar) hydrocarbons from natural gas.
Zeolites
Zeolites are natural or synthetic crystalline aluminosilicates, which have a repeating pore network and release water at high temperature. Zeolites are polar in nature.
They are manufactured by hydrothermal synthesis of sodium aluminosilicate or another silica source in an autoclave followed by ion exchange with certain cations (Na+, Li+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+). The channel diameter of zeolite cages usually ranges from 2 to 9 Å. The ion exchange process is followed by drying of the crystals, which can be pelletized with a binder to form macroporous pellets.
Zeolites are applied in drying of process air, CO2 removal from natural gas, CO removal from reforming gas, air separation, catalytic cracking, and catalytic synthesis and reforming.
Non-polar (siliceous) zeolites are synthesized from aluminum-free silica sources or by dealumination of aluminum-containing zeolites. The dealumination process is done by treating the zeolite with steam at elevated temperatures, typically greater than . This high temperature heat treatment breaks the aluminum-oxygen bonds and the aluminum atom is expelled from the zeolite framework.
Activated carbon
Activated carbon is a highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of microcrystallites with a graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a powder. It is non-polar and cheap. One of its main drawbacks is that it reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures (over 300 °C).
Activated carbon can be manufactured from carbonaceous material, including coal (bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite), peat, wood, or nutshells (e.g., coconut). The manufacturing process consists of two phases, carbonization and activation. The carbonization process includes drying and then heating to separate by-products, including tars and other hydrocarbons from the raw material, as well as to drive off any gases generated. The process is completed by heating the material over in an oxygen-free atmosphere that cannot support combustion. The carbonized particles are then "activated" by exposing them to an oxidizing agent, usually steam or carbon dioxide at high temperature. This agent burns off the pore blocking structures created during the carbonization phase and so, they develop a porous, three-dimensional graphite lattice structure. The size of the pores developed during activation is a function of the time that they spend in this stage. Longer exposure times result in larger pore sizes. The most popular aqueous phase carbons are bituminous based because of their hardness, abrasion resistance, pore size distribution, and low cost, but their effectiveness needs to be tested in each application to determine the optimal product.
Activated carbon is used for adsorption of organic substances and non-polar adsorbates and it is also usually used for waste gas (and waste water) treatment. It is the most widely used adsorbent since most of its chemical (e.g. surface groups) and physical properties (e.g. pore size distribution and surface area) can be tuned according to what is needed. Its usefulness also derives from its large micropore (and sometimes mesopore) volume and the resulting high surface area.
Water adsorption
The adsorption of water at surfaces is of broad importance in chemical engineering, materials science and catalysis. Also termed surface hydration, the presence of physically or chemically adsorbed water at the surfaces of solids plays an important role in governing interface properties, chemical reaction pathways and catalytic performance in a wide range of systems. In the case of physically adsorbed water, surface hydration can be eliminated simply through drying at conditions of temperature and pressure allowing full vaporization of water. For chemically adsorbed water, hydration may be in the form of either dissociative adsorption, where H2O molecules are dissociated into surface adsorbed -H and -OH, or molecular adsorption (associative adsorption) where individual water molecules remain intact
Adsorption solar heating and storage
The low cost ($200/ton) and high cycle rate (2,000 ×) of synthetic zeolites such as Linde 13X with water adsorbate has garnered much academic and commercial interest recently for use for thermal energy storage (TES), specifically of low-grade solar and waste heat. Several pilot projects have been funded in the EU from 2000 to the present (2020). The basic concept is to store solar thermal energy as chemical latent energy in the zeolite. Typically, hot dry air from flat plate solar collectors is made to flow through a bed of zeolite such that any water adsorbate present is driven off. Storage can be diurnal, weekly, monthly, or even seasonal depending on the volume of the zeolite and the area of the solar thermal panels. When heat is called for during the night, or sunless hours, or winter, humidified air flows through the zeolite. As the humidity is adsorbed by the zeolite, heat is released to the air and subsequently to the building space. This form of TES, with specific use of zeolites, was first taught by Guerra in 1978.
Carbon capture and storage
Typical adsorbents proposed for carbon capture and storage are zeolites and MOFs. The customization of adsorbents makes them a potentially attractive alternative to absorption. Because adsorbents can be regenerated by temperature or pressure swing, this step can be less energy intensive than absorption regeneration methods. Major problems that are present with adsorption cost in carbon capture are: regenerating the adsorbent, mass ratio, solvent/MOF, cost of adsorbent, production of the adsorbent, lifetime of adsorbent.
In sorption enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) technology a pre-combustion carbon capture process, based on solid adsorption, is combined with the water gas shift reaction (WGS) in order to produce a high pressure hydrogen stream. The CO2 stream produced can be stored or used for other industrial processes.
Protein and surfactant adsorption
Protein adsorption is a process that has a fundamental role in the field of biomaterials. Indeed, biomaterial surfaces in contact with biological media, such as blood or serum, are immediately coated by proteins. Therefore, living cells do not interact directly with the biomaterial surface, but with the adsorbed proteins layer. This protein layer mediates the interaction between biomaterials and cells, translating biomaterial physical and chemical properties into a "biological language". In fact, cell membrane receptors bind to protein layer bioactive sites and these receptor-protein binding events are transduced, through the cell membrane, in a manner that stimulates specific intracellular processes that then determine cell adhesion, shape, growth and differentiation. Protein adsorption is influenced by many surface properties such as surface wettability, surface chemical composition and surface nanometre-scale morphology.
Surfactant adsorption is a similar phenomenon, but utilising surfactant molecules in the place of proteins.
Adsorption chillers
Combining an adsorbent with a refrigerant, adsorption chillers use heat to provide a cooling effect. This heat, in the form of hot water, may come from any number of industrial sources including waste heat from industrial processes, prime heat from solar thermal installations or from the exhaust or water jacket heat of a piston engine or turbine.
Although there are similarities between adsorption chillers and absorption refrigeration, the former is based on the interaction between gases and solids. The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with a solid material (for example zeolite, silica gel, alumina, active carbon or certain types of metal salts), which in its neutral state has adsorbed the refrigerant. When heated, the solid desorbs (releases) refrigerant vapour, which subsequently is cooled and liquefied. This liquid refrigerant then provides a cooling effect at the evaporator from its enthalpy of vaporization. In the final stage the refrigerant vapour is (re)adsorbed into the solid. As an adsorption chiller requires no compressor, it is relatively quiet.
Portal site mediated adsorption
Portal site mediated adsorption is a model for site-selective activated gas adsorption in metallic catalytic systems that contain a variety of different adsorption sites. In such systems, low-coordination "edge and corner" defect-like sites can exhibit significantly lower adsorption enthalpies than high-coordination (basal plane) sites. As a result, these sites can serve as "portals" for very rapid adsorption to the rest of the surface. The phenomenon relies on the common "spillover" effect (described below), where certain adsorbed species exhibit high mobility on some surfaces. The model explains seemingly inconsistent observations of gas adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics in catalytic systems where surfaces can exist in a range of coordination structures, and it has been successfully applied to bimetallic catalytic systems where synergistic activity is observed.
In contrast to pure spillover, portal site adsorption refers to surface diffusion to adjacent adsorption sites, not to non-adsorptive support surfaces.
The model appears to have been first proposed for carbon monoxide on silica-supported platinum by Brandt et al. (1993). A similar, but independent model was developed by King and co-workers to describe hydrogen adsorption on silica-supported alkali promoted ruthenium, silver-ruthenium and copper-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. The same group applied the model to CO hydrogenation (Fischer–Tropsch synthesis). Zupanc et al. (2002) subsequently confirmed the same model for hydrogen adsorption on magnesia-supported caesium-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. Trens et al. (2009) have similarly described CO surface diffusion on carbon-supported Pt particles of varying morphology.
Adsorption spillover
In the case catalytic or adsorbent systems where a metal species is dispersed upon a support (or carrier) material (often quasi-inert oxides, such as alumina or silica), it is possible for an adsorptive species to indirectly adsorb to the support surface under conditions where such adsorption is thermodynamically unfavorable. The presence of the metal serves as a lower-energy pathway for gaseous species to first adsorb to the metal and then diffuse on the support surface. This is possible because the adsorbed species attains a lower energy state once it has adsorbed to the metal, thus lowering the activation barrier between the gas phase species and the support-adsorbed species.
Hydrogen spillover is the most common example of an adsorptive spillover. In the case of hydrogen, adsorption is most often accompanied with dissociation of molecular hydrogen (H2) to atomic hydrogen (H), followed by spillover of the hydrogen atoms present.
The spillover effect has been used to explain many observations in heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption.
Polymer adsorption
Adsorption of molecules onto polymer surfaces is central to a number of applications, including development of non-stick coatings and in various biomedical devices. Polymers may also be adsorbed to surfaces through polyelectrolyte adsorption.
Adsorption in viruses
Adsorption is the first step in the viral life cycle. The next steps are penetration, uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed, and translation), and release. The virus replication cycle, in this respect, is similar for all types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may or may not be needed if the virus is able to integrate its genomic information in the cell's nucleus, or if the virus can replicate itself directly within the cell's cytoplasm.
In popular culture
The game of Tetris is a puzzle game in which blocks of 4 are adsorbed onto a surface during game play. Scientists have used Tetris blocks "as a proxy for molecules with a complex shape" and their "adsorption on a flat surface" for studying the thermodynamics of nanoparticles.
See also
Adatom
Cryo-adsorption
Dual-polarization interferometry
Fluidized bed concentrator
Kelvin probe force microscope
Micromeritics
Molecular sieve
Polanyi adsorption
Pressure swing adsorption
Random sequential adsorption
References
Further reading
External links
Derivation of Langmuir and BET isotherms, at JHU.edu
Carbon Adsorption, at MEGTEC.com
Surface science
Materials science
Chemical processes
Colloidal chemistry
Catalysis
Gases
Gas technologies
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] |
207611
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Laurent%20of%20Belgium
|
Prince Laurent of Belgium
|
Prince Laurent of Belgium (, ; born 19 October 1963) is the second son and youngest child of King Albert II and Queen Paola, and younger brother of King Philippe.
Laurent's involvement with animal welfare and the environment, together with a relative lack of interest in protocol, has caused him to be dubbed by elements of the popular Belgian press as (the eco-blunderer). Currently, he is 13th in the Belgian line of succession. He had been as high as third in line, but the constitution was amended in 1991 to extend an equal right of succession to women, putting him behind his sister, Princess Astrid, and her descendants.
Early life and education
Born in the near Laeken, Belgium, he was educated at the Royal Cadet High School and at the Royal Military Academy.
Marriage and children
Prince Laurent and Claire Louise Coombs were married in Brussels on 12 April 2003. Coombs was also given the title of Princess of Belgium upon her marriage. The couple have three children: Princess Louise (born 6 February 2004), and twins Prince Nicolas and Prince Aymeric (born 13 December 2005). The brothers are fifteenth and sixteenth line of succession to the throne. The family live in Villa Clementine, in Tervuren.
Prince Laurent is also a godfather to Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, the daughter of Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, a current pretender to the former throne of Two Sicilies and his wife, Princess Camilla, Duchess of Castro.
Alleged corruption scandal
In December 2006, Prince Laurent's name surfaced in a corruption scandal in which funds of the Belgian Navy were spent on his residence (Villa Clémentine) in Tervuren. Although the investigating magistrates denied that Laurent was personally implicated, some of the accused have implicated the prince in the press.
On 5 January 2007, it became known that King Albert II had signed a royal decree, making it possible for Laurent to be called up as a witness in the corruption trial which was to start 8 January. One of the defendants immediately used this to subpoena the prince. During the evening of 8 January, Prince Laurent was interrogated by federal police, appearing in court the following day where he testified at the trial that he had no reason to believe the funding of his renovations could be illegal.
Media reports in March 2007 suggested that Laurent was no longer welcome at the Royal Palace, possibly due to his role in the corruption scandal.
Against this, defenders claim that there is some tradition in the Belgian press and among politicians to focus on shortcomings among members of the Belgian Royal Family. For example, King Philippe has been pursued for what may be no more than lack of dexterity among some of his advisers; and Lilian, Princess of Réthy (1916–2002) had in her younger days been pursued by some deputies who turned parliamentary sessions into debates about her necklines.
In March 2011, the prince visited the former Belgian colony of the Congo without receiving the required permission; the reported purpose of the visit was to promote awareness of deforestation. As a result, on 9 April he accepted conditions laid down by Belgian Prime Minister Yves Leterme regarding his future activities; had he not done so, the matter of his annual appanage would have been in question.
Health
In March 2014, Prince Laurent was hospitalised with pneumonia and depression. He was voluntarily placed in a medically-induced coma on March 25, and was awakened on 27 March. On 4 April, Queen Paola stated in a letter that Laurent's condition was improving, and that she felt he was 'the most vulnerable' of her three children.
Titles, styles and honours
His Royal Highness Prince Laurent of Belgium (1963–present)
Prince Laurent does not hold a personal title as younger princes were previously accustomed to receive in the past (such as Count of Flanders or Prince of Liège).
Honours
National
:
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Foreign
:
Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
:
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
Knight Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
:
Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
:
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Dynastic orders
Two Sicilian Royal Family:
Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
Military ranks
Source : www.monarchie.be, Prince Laurent
Arms
References
External links
Official biography from the Belgian Royal Family website
|-
1963 births
Living people
Royal Military Academy (Belgium) alumni
Members of the Senate (Belgium)
Belgian people of Italian descent
Belgian people of Swedish descent
Belgian Roman Catholics
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)
Knights of Malta
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
Recipients of the Order of Prince Henry
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Order of Civil Merit members
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
House of Belgium
People from Laeken
Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Sons of kings
|
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] |
207612
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%20through%20Walcheren
|
Canal through Walcheren
|
The Canal through Walcheren in the Netherlands crosses the east of Walcheren. It connects the Westerschelde and the Oosterschelde.
Context
In the 15th and 16th century Middelburg, capital of Zeeland was booming. The city was on Walcheren Island, and had a connection to the sea just to the east via the small river Arne. In 1535 the Havenkanaal was opened, and Middelburg continued in prosperity. However, in the 17th and 18th century Middelburg's connections to the sea all silted up.
In 1809 King Louis Bonaparte decided to construct the New Harbor Canal, which connected Middelburg to Veere. After the annexation by France this work was halted. After independence was regained in 1813, work continued. It was made possible by a national subsidy (a loan without interest) of 1,000,000 guilders. Middelburg would repay 25,000 guilders a year. The canal was opened in August 1817, but the prosperity of Middelburg was not restored.
History
In 1871 the Sloedam was constructed for the Roosendaal–Vlissingen railway. The dam connected the islands Walcheren and Zuid-Beveland, and cut off the Sloe, which was the southern approach to Middelburg over water. Therefore, and to profit from the expected benefits of the railway, the new Canal through Walcheren was dug.
On the north side of Middelburg, the Canal through Walcheren follows the bed of the Havenkanaal (New Harbor Canal) of 1817. In Middelburg the canal passed along the fortifications. Here it led to the demolishment of the Vlissingen Gate. In Vlissingen the canal was connected to extensive new harbor works.
The railroad entering Walcheren from the east does not cross this canal, but bends south and runs along it.
References
Notes
Canals in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
Canals opened in 1873
Canals in Zeeland
Transport in Middelburg, Zeeland
Transport in Vlissingen
Veere
Walcheren
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%20Apion
|
Ptolemy Apion
|
Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (; between 150 BC and 145 BC – 96 BC) was the last Greek King of Cyrenaica who separated it from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and in his last will bequeathed his country to Rome. He was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Biography
Ptolemy was the son of the Greek prince, King of Cyrene and future Pharaoh of Egypt Ptolemy VIII Physcon and his third wife, Eirene (Irene). Ptolemy's paternal uncle was the Pharaoh Ptolemy VI Philometor and his paternal aunt was the princess and queen Cleopatra II of Egypt. His paternal grandparents were Pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Queen Cleopatra I of Egypt, who was one the Greek princesses of the Seleucid Empire.
Ptolemy's mother, Eirene (Irene), may actually have been named Ithaca, according to the Roman Jewish historian Josephus. Little is known of Eirene's origins, apart from the fact she came from Cyrenaica. She was a mistress of Physcon's and was among his concubines. Eirene served as Physcon's mistress from 150 BC til 127 BC. Eirene accompanied Physcon in 145 BC to Egypt when he became pharaoh and succeeded his brother Ptolemy VI.
Ptolemy was most probably born in Cyrene, the capital of Cyrenaica, but was raised and educated in his father's court in Egypt. Until 116 BC, he most probably lived in Egypt. Ptolemy never held a royal Egyptian title. In 116 BC, Ptolemy's father had died. From Physcon's will, Ptolemy inherited Cyrenaica and, in that year, ascended the throne without any political opposition.
Little is recorded of Ptolemy's reign of Cyrenaica. Ptolemy died in 96 BC and he implemented the terms of his father's will for Cyrenaica. He never married and had no heirs. In Ptolemy's will, he left Cyrenaica and his ancestral royal estates to the rule of the Roman Republic. Physcon had planned this for Cyrenaica after Ptolemy's death.
Ptolemy's ancestral estates were occupied by locals in the 1st century. The occupiers of the estates needed assistance from the Roman emperor Nero, to legalise the land title through their occupations, thereby vesting ownership in them.
References
Tacitus - Annals of Imperial Rome, Nero and his Helpers (xiv. 14–65)
External links
Kings of Cyrene
Ptolemaic dynasty
2nd-century BC births
96 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
2nd-century BC Greek people
1st-century BC Greek people
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207616
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Doherty
|
Willie Doherty
|
Willie Doherty (born 1959) is an artist from Northern Ireland, who has mainly worked in photography and video. He has twice been a Turner Prize nominee.
Life and work
Doherty was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, and from 1978 to 1981 studied at Ulster Polytechnic in Belfast. As a child he witnessed Bloody Sunday in Derry, and many of his works deal with The Troubles. Some of his pieces take images from the media and adapt them to his own ends.
These works by Doherty explore the multiple meanings that a single image can have. Doherty has suggested that this interest may stem from his witnessing of Bloody Sunday and subsequent knowledge that many photos of the incident did not tell the whole truth. Some of Doherty's earliest works are of maps and similar images accompanied by texts in a manner similar to the land art of Richard Long, except that here the text sometimes seems to contradict the image.
Doherty's video pieces are often projected in a confined space, giving a sense of claustrophobia. The videos themselves sometimes create a mood that has been compared to film noir.
Doherty has acknowledged the importance of the Orchard Gallery in Derry as a venue where he could see modern art in his formative years.
He was a participant in dOCUMENTA (13).
Collections
Doherty's work is held in the following permanent collections:
Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas
Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane, Dublin
De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art, Tilburg
The Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
Museum of Modern Art, New York City
Tate, London
The Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh
The Moderna Museet, Stockholm
Kiasma, Helsinki
De Appel, Amsterdam
Critical reception
Riann Coulter wrote in The Irish Times that "Doherty is arguably the most significant Northern Irish artist of his generation." Aidan Dunne wrote in The Irish Times that Doherty has a "big international reputation" and that his exhibition in June 2013 at Art Basel had been "impressive".
National Museums Northern Ireland's Curator of Fine Art, Anne Stewart, said, "The Ulster Museum has long admired Willie Doherty, in particular the profoundly affecting ways in which his work explores themes of identity, territoriality and surveillance. His work frequently involves the layering of text and image, which creates a sense of ambiguity and plays on the viewer's prejudices and assumptions.”
See also
List of Northern Irish artists
References
External links
Kerlin Gallery: Willie Doherty
Matt's Gallery: Willie Doherty
An interview with Doherty by Tim Maul
Derry-Londonderry City of Culture 2013: Willie Doherty
1959 births
Living people
Artists from Northern Ireland
Video artists from Northern Ireland
Aosdána members
People from Derry (city)
Alumni of Ulster University
|
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207619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical%20galaxy
|
Elliptical galaxy
|
An elliptical galaxy is a type of galaxy with an approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth, nearly featureless image. They are one of the four main classes of galaxy described by Edwin Hubble in his Hubble sequence and 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae, along with spiral and lenticular galaxies.
Elliptical (E) galaxies are, together with lenticular galaxies (S0) with their large-scale disks, and ES galaxies with their intermediate scale disks, a subset of the "early-type" galaxy population.
Most elliptical galaxies are composed of older, low-mass stars, with a sparse interstellar medium and minimal star formation activity, and they tend to be surrounded by large numbers of globular clusters. Elliptical galaxies are believed to make up approximately 10–15% of galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster, and they are not the dominant type of galaxy in the universe overall. They are preferentially found close to the centers of galaxy clusters.
Elliptical galaxies range in size from tens of millions to over one hundred trillion stars. Originally, Edwin Hubble hypothesized that elliptical galaxies evolved into spiral galaxies, which was later discovered to be false, although the accretion of gas and smaller galaxies may build a disk around a pre-existing ellipsoidal structure.
Stars found inside of elliptical galaxies are on average much older than stars found in spiral galaxies.
Examples
3C 244.1
M49
M59
M60 (NGC 4649)
M87 (NGC 4486), whose supermassive black hole is the first black hole to be imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope.
M89
M105 (NGC 3379)
IC 1101, one of the largest galaxies in the observable universe.
Maffei 1, the closest giant elliptical galaxy.
CGCG 049-033, known for having the longest galactic jet discovered.
Centaurus A (NGC 5128), an elliptical/lenticular radio galaxy with peculiar morphology and unusual dust lanes
NeVe 1, the source of the Ophiuchus Supercluster eruption, the most powerful astronomical event known.
General characteristics
Elliptical galaxies are characterized by several properties that make them distinct from other classes of galaxy. They are spherical or ovoid masses of stars, starved of star-making gases. The smallest known elliptical galaxy is about one-tenth the size of the Milky Way. The motion of stars in elliptical galaxies is predominantly radial, unlike the disks of spiral galaxies, which are dominated by rotation. Furthermore, there is very little interstellar matter (neither gas nor dust), which results in low rates of star formation, few open star clusters, and few young stars; rather elliptical galaxies are dominated by old stellar populations, giving them red colors. Large elliptical galaxies typically have an extensive system of globular clusters.
The dynamical properties of elliptical galaxies and the bulges of disk galaxies are similar, suggesting that they may be formed by the same physical processes, although this remains controversial. The luminosity profiles of both elliptical galaxies and bulges are well fit by Sersic's law, and a range of scaling relations between the elliptical galaxies' structural parameters unify the population.
Every massive elliptical galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. Observations of 46 elliptical galaxies, 20 classical bulges, and 22 pseudobulges show that each contain a black hole at the center. The mass of the black hole is tightly correlated with the mass of the galaxy, evidenced through correlations such as the M–sigma relation which relates the velocity dispersion of the surrounding stars to the mass of the black hole at the center.
Elliptical galaxies are preferentially found in galaxy clusters and in compact groups of galaxies.
Unlike flat spiral galaxies with organization and structure, elliptical galaxies are more three-dimensional, without much structure, and their stars are in somewhat random orbits around the center.
Sizes and shapes
Elliptical galaxies vary greatly in both size and mass with diameters ranging from 3,000 light years to more than 700,000 light years, and masses from 105 to nearly 1013 solar masses. This range is much broader for this galaxy type than for any other. The smallest, the dwarf elliptical galaxies, may be no larger than a typical globular cluster, but contain a considerable amount of dark matter not present in clusters. Most of these small galaxies may not be related to other ellipticals.
The Hubble classification of elliptical galaxies contains an integer that describes how elongated the galaxy image is.
The classification is determined by the ratio of the major (a) to the minor (b) axes of the galaxy's isophotes:
Thus for a spherical galaxy with a equal to b, the number
is 0, and the Hubble type is E0. While the limit in the literature is about E7, it has been known since 1966 that the E4 to E7 galaxies are misclassified lenticular galaxies with disks inclined at different angles to our line of sight. This has been confirmed through spectral observations revealing the rotation of their stellar disks.
Hubble recognized that his shape classification depends both on the intrinsic shape of the galaxy, as well as the angle with which the galaxy is observed. Hence, some galaxies with Hubble type E0 are actually elongated.
It is sometimes said that there are two physical types of ellipticals: the giant ellipticals with slightly "boxy"-shaped isophotes, whose shapes result from random motion which is greater in some directions than in others (anisotropic random motion); and the "disky" normal and dwarf ellipticals, which contain disks.
This is, however, an abuse of the nomenclature, as there are two types of early-type galaxy, those with disks and those without. Given the existence of ES galaxies with intermediate-scale disks, it is reasonable to expect that there is a continuity from E to ES, and onto the S0 galaxies with their large-scale stellar disks that dominate the light at large radii.
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies appear to be a distinct class: their properties are more similar to those of irregulars and late spiral-type galaxies.
At the large end of the elliptical spectrum, there is further division, beyond Hubble's classification. Beyond gE giant ellipticals, lies D-galaxies and cD-galaxies. These are similar to their smaller brethren, but more diffuse, with large haloes that may as much belong to the galaxy cluster within which they reside than the centrally-located giant galaxy.
Evolution
It is widely accepted that the merging of large but non-giant galaxies, due to gravitational attraction, plays a major role in shaping the growth and evolution of elliptical galaxies.
Such major galactic mergers are thought to have been more common at early times. The Milky Way galaxy, depending upon an unknown tangential component, is on a four- to five-billion-year collision course with the Andromeda Galaxy. It has been theorized that an elliptical galaxy will result from a merger of the two spirals. (Note that minor galactic mergers involve two galaxies of very different masses; it is well established that minor mergers occur in galaxies that are neither giant nor ellipticals – such as our own Milky Way galaxy.)
It is believed that black holes may play an important role in limiting the growth of elliptical galaxies in the early universe by inhibiting star formation.
Star formation
The of elliptical galaxies paints them as galaxies where star formation finished after an initial burst at high-redshift, leaving them to shine with only their aging stars. Elliptical galaxies typically appear yellow-red, which is in contrast to the distinct blue tinge of most spiral galaxies. In spirals, this blue color emanates largely from the young, hot stars in their spiral arms. Very little star formation is thought to occur in elliptical galaxies, because of their lack of gas compared to spiral or irregular galaxies. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that a reasonable proportion (~25%) of early-type (E, ES and S0) galaxies have residual gas reservoirs
and low level star-formation.
Herschel Space Observatory researchers have speculated that the central black holes in elliptical galaxies keep the gas from cooling enough for star formation.
See also
Firehose instability
Fundamental plane (elliptical galaxies)
Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
Galaxy morphological classification
Hubble sequence
Lenticular galaxy
M–sigma relation
Osipkov–Merritt model
Sersic profile
References
Further reading
External links
Elliptical Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages
Elliptical Galaxies
Galaxy morphological types
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral%20galaxy
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Spiral galaxy
|
Spiral galaxies form a class of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae and, as such, form part of the Hubble sequence. Most spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are often surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters.
Spiral galaxies are named by their spiral structures that extend from the center into the galactic disc. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the surrounding disc because of the young, hot OB stars that inhabit them.
Roughly two-thirds of all spirals are observed to have an additional component in the form of a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge, at the ends of which the spiral arms begin. The proportion of barred spirals relative to barless spirals has likely changed over the history of the universe, with only about 10% containing bars about 8 billion years ago, to roughly a quarter 2.5 billion years ago, until present, where over two-thirds of the galaxies in the visible universe (Hubble volume) have bars.
The Milky Way is a barred spiral, although the bar itself is difficult to observe from Earth's current position within the galactic disc. The most convincing evidence for the stars forming a bar in the galactic center comes from several recent surveys, including the Spitzer Space Telescope.
Together with irregular galaxies, spiral galaxies make up approximately 60% of galaxies in today's universe. They are mostly found in low-density regions and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters.
Structure
Spiral galaxies may consist of several distinct components:
A flat, rotating disc of stars and interstellar matter of which spiral arms are prominent components
A central stellar bulge of mainly older stars, which resembles an elliptical galaxy
A bar-shaped distribution of stars
A near-spherical halo of stars, including many in globular clusters
A supermassive black hole at the very center of the central bulge
A near-spherical dark matter halo
The relative importance, in terms of mass, brightness and size, of the different components varies from galaxy to galaxy.
Spiral arms
Spiral arms are regions of stars that extend from the center of barred and unbarred spiral galaxies. These long, thin regions resemble a spiral and thus give spiral galaxies their name. Naturally, different classifications of spiral galaxies have distinct arm-structures. Sc and SBc galaxies, for instance, have very "loose" arms, whereas Sa and SBa galaxies have tightly wrapped arms (with reference to the Hubble sequence). Either way, spiral arms contain many young, blue stars (due to the high mass density and the high rate of star formation), which make the arms so bright.
Bulge
A bulge is a large, tightly packed group of stars. The term refers to the central group of stars found in most spiral galaxies, often defined as the excess of stellar light above the inward extrapolation of the outer (exponential) disk light.
Using the Hubble classification, the bulge of Sa galaxies is usually composed of Population II stars, which are old, red stars with low metal content. Further, the bulge of Sa and SBa galaxies tends to be large. In contrast, the bulges of Sc and SBc galaxies are much smaller and are composed of young, blue Population I stars. Some bulges have similar properties to those of elliptical galaxies (scaled down to lower mass and luminosity); others simply appear as higher density centers of disks, with properties similar to disk galaxies.
Many bulges are thought to host a supermassive black hole at their centers. In our own galaxy, for instance, the object called Sagittarius A* is believed to be a supermassive black hole. There are many lines of evidence for the existence of black holes in spiral galaxy centers, including the presence of active nuclei in some spiral galaxies, and dynamical measurements that find large compact central masses in galaxies such as Messier 106.
Bar
Bar-shaped elongations of stars are observed in roughly two-thirds of all spiral galaxies. Their presence may be either strong or weak. In edge-on spiral (and lenticular) galaxies, the presence of the bar can sometimes be discerned by the out-of-plane X-shaped or (peanut shell)-shaped structures which typically have a maximum visibility at half the length of the in-plane bar.
Spheroid
The bulk of the stars in a spiral galaxy are located either close to a single plane (the galactic plane) in more or less conventional circular orbits around the center of the galaxy (the Galactic Center), or in a spheroidal galactic bulge around the galactic core.
However, some stars inhabit a spheroidal halo or galactic spheroid, a type of galactic halo. The orbital behaviour of these stars is disputed, but they may exhibit retrograde and/or highly inclined orbits, or not move in regular orbits at all. Halo stars may be acquired from small galaxies which fall into and merge with the spiral galaxy—for example, the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is in the process of merging with the Milky Way and observations show that some stars in the halo of the Milky Way have been acquired from it.
Unlike the galactic disc, the halo seems to be free of dust, and in further contrast, stars in the galactic halo are of Population II, much older and with much lower metallicity than their Population I cousins in the galactic disc (but similar to those in the galactic bulge). The galactic halo also contains many globular clusters.
The motion of halo stars does bring them through the disc on occasion, and a number of small red dwarfs close to the Sun are thought to belong to the galactic halo, for example Kapteyn's Star and Groombridge 1830. Due to their irregular movement around the center of the galaxy, these stars often display unusually high proper motion.
Oldest spiral galaxy
The oldest spiral galaxy on file is BX442. At eleven billion years old, it is more than two billion years older than any previous discovery. Researchers think the galaxy's shape is caused by the gravitational influence of a companion dwarf galaxy. Computer models based on that assumption indicate that BX442's spiral structure will last about 100 million years.
Related
In June 2019, citizen scientists through Galaxy Zoo reported that the usual Hubble classification, particularly concerning spiral galaxies, may not be supported, and may need updating.
Origin of the spiral structure
The pioneer of studies of the rotation of the Galaxy and the formation of the spiral arms was Bertil Lindblad in 1925. He realized that the idea of stars arranged permanently in a spiral shape was untenable. Since the angular speed of rotation of the galactic disk varies with distance from the centre of the galaxy (via a standard solar system type of gravitational model), a radial arm (like a spoke) would quickly become curved as the galaxy rotates. The arm would, after a few galactic rotations, become increasingly curved and wind around the galaxy ever tighter. This is called the winding problem. Measurements in the late 1960s showed that the orbital velocity of stars in spiral galaxies with respect to their distance from the galactic center is indeed higher than expected from Newtonian dynamics but still cannot explain the stability of the spiral structure.
Since the 1970s, there have been two leading hypotheses or models for the spiral structures of galaxies:
star formation caused by density waves in the galactic disk of the galaxy.
the stochastic self-propagating star formation model (SSPSF model) – star formation caused by shock waves in the interstellar medium. The shock waves are caused by the stellar winds and supernovae from recent previous star formation, leading to self-propagating and self-sustaining star formation. Spiral structure then arises from differential rotation of the galaxy's disk.
These different hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, as they may explain different types of spiral arms.
Density wave model
Bertil Lindblad proposed that the arms represent regions of enhanced density (density waves) that rotate more slowly than the galaxy's stars and gas. As gas enters a density wave, it gets squeezed and makes new stars, some of which are short-lived blue stars that light the arms.
Historical theory of Lin and Shu
The first acceptable theory for the spiral structure was devised by C. C. Lin and Frank Shu in 1964, attempting to explain the large-scale structure of spirals in terms of a small-amplitude wave propagating with fixed angular velocity, that revolves around the galaxy at a speed different from that of the galaxy's gas and stars. They suggested that the spiral arms were manifestations of spiral density waves – they assumed that the stars travel in slightly elliptical orbits, and that the orientations of their orbits is correlated i.e. the ellipses vary in their orientation (one to another) in a smooth way with increasing distance from the galactic center. This is illustrated in the diagram to the right. It is clear that the elliptical orbits come close together in certain areas to give the effect of arms. Stars therefore do not remain forever in the position that we now see them in, but pass through the arms as they travel in their orbits.
Star formation caused by density waves
The following hypotheses exist for star formation caused by density waves:
As gas clouds move into the density wave, the local mass density increases. Since the criteria for cloud collapse (the Jeans instability) depends on density, a higher density makes it more likely for clouds to collapse and form stars.
As the compression wave goes through, it triggers star formation on the leading edge of the spiral arms.
As clouds get swept up by the spiral arms, they collide with one another and drive shock waves through the gas, which in turn causes the gas to collapse and form stars.
More young stars in spiral arms
Spiral arms appear visually brighter because they contain both young stars and more massive and luminous stars than the rest of the galaxy. As massive stars evolve far more quickly, their demise tends to leave a darker background of fainter stars immediately behind the density waves. This make the density waves much more prominent.
Spiral arms simply appear to pass through the older established stars as they travel in their galactic orbits, so they also do not necessarily follow the arms. As stars move through an arm, the space velocity of each stellar system is modified by the gravitational force of the local higher density. Also the newly created stars do not remain forever fixed in the position within the spiral arms, where the average space velocity returns to normal after the stars depart on the other side of the arm.
Gravitationally aligned orbits
Charles Francis and Erik Anderson showed from observations of motions of over 20,000 local stars (within 300 parsecs) that stars do move along spiral arms, and described how mutual gravity between stars causes orbits to align on logarithmic spirals. When the theory is applied to gas, collisions between gas clouds generate the molecular clouds in which new stars form, and evolution towards grand-design bisymmetric spirals is explained.
Distribution of stars in spirals
The stars in spirals are distributed in thin disks radial with intensity profiles such that
with being the disk scale-length; is the central value; it is useful to define: as the size of the stellar disk, whose luminosity is
.
The spiral galaxies light profiles, in terms of the coordinate , do not depend on galaxy luminosity.
Spiral nebula
Before it was understood that spiral galaxies existed outside of our Milky Way galaxy, they were often referred to as spiral nebulae. The question of whether such objects were separate galaxies independent of the Milky Way, or a type of nebula existing within our own galaxy, was the subject of the Great Debate of 1920, between Heber Curtis of Lick Observatory and Harlow Shapley of Mt. Wilson Observatory. Beginning in 1923, Edwin Hubble observed Cepheid variables in several spiral nebulae, including the so-called "Andromeda Nebula", proving that they are, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own. The term spiral nebula has since fallen out of use.
Milky Way
The Milky Way was once considered an ordinary spiral galaxy. Astronomers first began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy in the 1960s. Their suspicions were confirmed by Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005, which showed that the Milky Way's central bar is larger than what was previously suspected.
Famous examples
Gallery
See also
Classification
Other
List of galaxies
List of nearest galaxies
List of spiral galaxies
References
External links
Spiral Galaxies @ SEDS Messier pages
SpiralZoom.com, an educational website about Spiral Galaxies and other spiral formations found in nature. For high school & general audience.
Spiral Structure explained
GLIMPSE: the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire
Galaxy morphological types
Spirals
Edwin Hubble
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] |
207621
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular%20galaxy
|
Irregular galaxy
|
An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape, unlike a spiral or an elliptical galaxy. Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the regular classes of the Hubble sequence, and they are often chaotic in appearance, with neither a nuclear bulge nor any trace of spiral arm structure.
Collectively they are thought to make up about a quarter of all galaxies. Some irregular galaxies were once spiral or elliptical galaxies but were deformed by an uneven external gravitational force. Irregular galaxies may contain abundant amounts of gas and dust. This is not necessarily true for dwarf irregulars.
Irregular galaxies are commonly small, about one tenth the mass of the Milky Way galaxy. Due to their small sizes, they are prone to environmental effects like crashing with large galaxies and intergalactic clouds.
Types
There are three major types of irregular galaxies:
An Irr-I galaxy (Irr I) is an irregular galaxy that features some structure but not enough to place it cleanly into the Hubble sequence.
Subtypes with some spiral structure are called Sm galaxies
Subtypes without spiral structure are called Im galaxies.
An Irr-II galaxy (Irr II) is an irregular galaxy that does not appear to feature any structure that can place it into the Hubble sequence.
A dI-galaxy (or dIrr) is a dwarf irregular galaxy. This type of galaxy is now thought to be important to understand the overall evolution of galaxies, as they tend to have a low level of metallicity and relatively high levels of gas, and are thought to be similar to the earliest galaxies that populated the Universe. They may represent a local (and therefore more recent) version of the faint blue galaxies known to exist in deep field galaxy surveys.
Some of the irregular galaxies, especially of the Magellanic type, are small spiral galaxies that are being distorted by the gravity of a larger neighbor.
Magellanic Clouds
The Magellanic Cloud galaxies were once classified as irregular galaxies. The Large Magellanic Cloud has since been re-classified as type SBm (barred Magellanic spiral). The Small Magellanic Cloud remains classified as an irregular galaxy of type Im under current galaxy morphological classification, although it does contain a bar structure.
Gallery
See also
Dwarf galaxy
Dwarf elliptical galaxy
Peculiar galaxy
Galaxy morphological classification
References
External links
Galaxy morphological types
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Scully
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Sean Scully
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Sean Scully (born 30 June 1945) is an Irish-born American-based British artist working as a painter, printmaker, sculptor and photographer. His work is held in museum collections worldwide and he has twice been named a Turner Prize nominee. Moving from London to New York in 1975, Scully helped lead the transition from Minimalism to Emotional abstraction in painting, abandoning the reduced vocabulary of Minimalism in favor of a return to metaphor and spirituality in art.
Scully has also been a lecturer and professor at a number of universities and his writing and teachings are collected in the 2016 book, Inner: The Collected Writings and Selected Interviews of Sean Scully.
Early life
Sean Scully was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1945. Four years later his family moved to London where they lived in a working-class part of south London, moving from lodging to lodging for a number of years. By the age of 9, Scully knew he wanted to become an artist, and from the age of 15 until he was 17, Scully was apprenticed at a commercial printing shop in London as a typesetter, an experience that greatly influenced the art to come.
From the age of 17 until he turned 20, despite working full-time in various jobs including graphic design, and messenger, Scully attended evening classes at the Central School of Art, focused on figurative painting. While working a stint as a plasterer's labourer on the Victoria Station Ballroom, Scully made daily visits to the Tate Milbank to visit Van Gogh's Chair (1888), which made an impression on him. In 1963, at the age of 18, Scully had a job loading trucks with flattened boxes at a cardboard factory. The idea of stacking central to much of his work came from this experience.
Education
In September 1965 Sean Scully, age 20, began to study full-time at Croydon College of Art, London, before moving on to Newcastle University in 1968. At Newcastle University, the University Theatre's production of Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot made a lasting impact on him. Scully was also influenced by a trip to Morocco in 1969, where he became fascinated by the multi-colored stripes locals wove into wool tents and robes. Scully was awarded the Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship in 1972 to attend Harvard University. It was during this first stay in the US that Scully began to experiment with new techniques such as tape and spray paint.
Career
Early career: 1970–1980
Scully's first commercial show, at the Rowan Gallery in London, sold out. During this period Scully taught at the Chelsea College of Art and Design, and Goldsmith's, while continuing to paint in his Elephant Lane studio in Rotherhithe. In 1975, at the age of 30, Scully was awarded a two-year Harkness Fellowship with which he moved to New York.
Once in New York he began to develop important friendships with fellow artists such as Robert Ryman, and others in academic and artistic circles. Scully's response in the 1970s had been to bring the objectives of American Minimalism together with those of Op art, an important current in Europe, creating works using overlays and “supergrids” that bridged these two artistic movements in a new way. Once in New York, Minimalism had a strong influence on his work, and for a few years Scully's palette was reduced to the grey monochrome ‘Black paintings’ series.
Scully began working on the series known as The Catherine Paintings in 1979, while sharing his Duane Street studio with his third wife, the artist Catherine Lee. The idea behind the series was to choose the important painting Scully produced during each year together, that would then become part of a collection named after her. This was the beginning of Sean's own private collection of his work.
Departure from Minimalism: 1980–1982
By 1980 Scully considered himself to be at war with the movement of Minimalism in New York and wanted to bring more human elements into his art. He made multiple trips to Morocco and Mexico during this time, as he considered these trips to have “a direct bearing on what I think art should be doing – which is concentrating on what’s interesting, engaging, perverse, and beautiful about human nature.” He later commented that “I had decided that what had been stripped out of painting—i.e., the ability to make relationships, to be metaphorical and referential, spiritual, poetic, all those things and aspects of human nature—had to be put back in if painting was to go forward.”
In 1981 the first retrospective of Sean Scully's work was held at the Ikon Gallery in Birmingham. This was also the year that Scully's confidence to withdraw from an adherence to Minimalism became apparent, with the return of color and space, and the freehand drawing of stripes and visible brushstrokes, rather than the hard lines of tape. Scully had a breakthrough with the seminal 1981 painting Backs and Fronts, which had a profound impact in the 1982 exhibition ‘Critical Perspectives’ at the PS1 Contemporary Art Center. This was a watershed painting which British conceptual artist Gillian Wearing has said “broke the logjam of American minimalist painting”.
Geometric Abstraction: 1982–present
In 1982 Scully began to work with the gallerist David McKee, an important relationship that lasted for a decade. During the summer of that year, Scully started producing small multi-panel works on found pieces of wood while staying in Montauk at the Edward Albee artist's colony. These works were titled Ridge, Plum, and Bear after the islands that surround Long Island. He also began applying a combination of rigid geometry and expressive texture and color to larger paintings that year. A prime example of this was Heart of Darkness, inspired by the 1899 novella of the same name. Scully began collaborating with Mohammad O. Khalil in 1983, this was the first time he had collaborated with a printmaker and was the start of a career-long commitment to printmaking.
In 1984, the Museum of Modern Art included Scully in their International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture. The following year Scully's first American solo museum exhibition was held at the Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute in 1985, and traveled to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Other major museums also began to acquire Scully's large-scale paintings, despite the dominant trend of the time tending towards Postmodernism. Scully's paintings from this period are heavy and physical in terms of both size and aesthetic, and make use of large-scale stretchers.
By 1987, Scully's work became less complex, flatter and smaller in scale, and began to include lighter color palettes beginning with Pale Fire in 1988. The same year, while experimenting with watercolors on a beach in Mexico, Scully created the first image that would become an extended meditation on architecture and light with the Wall of Light series. In 1989 the Whitechapel Gallery in London held a solo exhibition for Scully, which then traveled to Palacio Velázquez in Madrid and to the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich. These were Scully's first solo exhibitions in mainland Europe. The art critic Robert Hughes' 1989 piece for TIME magazine cemented Scully's increasing reputation.
The painting Why and What (Yellow) in 1988 was the first to incorporate an inset element of steel. By 1991 Scully expanded the use of steel, setting oil on linen insets into large steel panels. He also began the regular use of a checkerboard motif at this time, first hinted at in his Taped and Hidden Drawing paintings of the mid 1970s. In 1992, while teaching at Harvard University, Sean Scully revisited Morocco to film the BBC documentary The Artist's Journey: Sean Scully on Henri Matisse, with Matisse having visited Morocco in 1912 - 1913. 1993 saw the first exhibition of The Catherine Paintings, at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas. In 1994 he opened a second studio in Barcelona, and he returned to Morocco in 1995, to spend more time in the country. Atlas Walls is a portfolio of Scully's photographic works taken during this trip.
In 1995 Scully returned to New York, moving into a large new studio in Chelsea, Manhattan. Chelsea Wall was the first painting to be made there. Scully received a number of invitations to speak at academic institutions, and participated in the Joseph Beuys lectures on the state of contemporary art in Britain, Europe and the US, held by the Ruskin School at Oxford University, England. In 1997, Scully's photography was exhibited for the first time at the Sala de Exposiciones Rekalde in Bilbao, Spain.
Scully participated in a colloquium in conjunction with the exhibition Richard Pousette-Dart at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1998. He visited Santo Domingo in 1999, resulting in the photography portfolio Santa Domingo for Nené. That year, Scully's prints were given a retrospective at the Graphische Sammlung Albertina, in Vienna, Austria, and the Musée du Dessin et de l’Estampe Originale in Gravelines. A catalogue raisonné of his prints from 1969 - 1999 was also published.
2001 - 2013
In 2001, the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth acquired the complete Catherine series, eighteen paintings that each represent a year from the period 1979–1996, which was given a dedicated room for permanent exhibition in the new Museum building opened in 2002. In 2002 Scully was appointed Professor of Painting at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, a position he held through to 2007. A retrospective exhibition opened in 2004 at the Sara Hildén Art Museum in Tampere, Finland, which travelled to Klassik Stiftung Weimar, in Germany, and the National Gallery of Australia. While in Australia, Scully spent time traveling through the red desert interior.
Between 2005 - 2006, Sean Scully's Wall of Light series was displayed at museums around the United States. This began with the exhibition Sean Scully: Wall of Light opened at The Phillips Collection, Washington D.C., and traveled to the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the Cincinnati Art Museum, and finally the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Art to great acclaim. The same year Scully travelled with a group of students from the Art Academy in Munich, to Inisheer, an island off the Irish coast. It was here that the Aran portfolio of photographs were taken. In 2006 the Hugh Lane Gallery opened The Sean Scully Room, a dedicated, permanent installation of the artist's work, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France held an exhibition of his prints. Sean Scully: A Retrospective opened in 2007 at the Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, and travelled to the Musée d'art moderne (Saint-Étienne), and the Museo d’Arte Contemporanea Roma (MACRO) in Rome. The National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. invited Scully to give the Elson Lecture in 2007.
The retrospective exhibition Constantinople or the Sensual Concealed: The Imagery of Sean Scully opened in 2009 at the MKM Museum Küppersmühlefür Moderne Kunst, in Duisburg, Germany, and traveled to the Ulster Museum, Belfast. In 2010 a tour of important early works from the 1980s started at the Centre for Contemporary Arts, Carlow, Ireland, and then traveled to the Leeds Art Gallery, and the Wilhelm-Hack-Museum in Ludwigshafen am Rhein. In 2011 the Chazen Museum of Art opened their new expansion of the museum with a solo exhibition of Scully's eight-part Liliane paintings on aluminum, and other works. Scully opened nine more solo museum exhibitions in 2012, including Notations: Sean Scully at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, as well as exhibitions at museums like MIMA, Kunstmuseum Bern, the Lentos Kunstmuseum in Linz, and IVAM in Valencia, Spain.
Reception in China and new projects: 2014–2017
In 2014, Scully opened a new studio space set in three acres in Tappan, New York, where he continued to extend the Landline series of painting begun in 2000. That same year, Scully opened fourteen solo exhibitions around the world, including the first major retrospective by a western artist in China. The exhibition, entitled Follow the Heart: The Art of Sean Scully, opened in Beijing. The exhibition included China Piled-Up, a new monumental sculpture in corten-steel, and traveled from the Shanghai Himalayas Museum to the CAFA Art Museum in Beijing, to critical acclaim. Another outdoor sculpture Boxes Full of Air was commissioned at Chateau La Coste in France.
Scully participated in the Venice Biennale for the first time, in 2015, with the solo exhibition Land Sea at the Palazzo Falier in Venice. The Museum Liaunig, in Neuhaus, Austria, opened its new building expansion with Sean Scully: Painting as an Imaginative World Appropriation. To honor his long-term friendship with art critic Arthur Danto who died in 2013, Scully published the book Danto on Scully, bringing together the series of five essays Danto had written on the artist over the previous 20 years.
In 2015 Scully completed his restoration of the 10th Church of Santa Cecília de Montserrat in Spain, and opened it to the public. Commissioned by the Museum of Montserrat to make a holistic artistic intervention in the sacred space, Scully not only permanently installed paintings but worked on site-specific frescoes, and the design of the altar and cross. The chapel is now both a working church, and also the Espai d’Art Sean Scully. Scully was awarded the V Congreso Asociacion Protecturi for his contribution to Spanish religious heritage
In 2016 Scully's second major exhibition in China, Sean Scully: Resistance and Persistence, opened at the Art Museum of the Nanjing University of the Arts, and travelled to the Guangdong Museum and the Hubei Museum in Wuhan. In the same year, as well as solo museum exhibitions in Budweis, Czech Republic, and Valencia, Spain, the artist put together two exhibitions of works from specific early periods in his private collection, one of works from the 1970s, in an off-site space in Ridgewood, Queens with Cheim & Read, and another of works from the 1980s with Mnuchin Gallery. Inspired by revisiting his earlier works, Scully began to reemploy techniques such as spray painting, that he first introduced in the late 1960s.
Over the course of 2015 - 2017, Scully's work expanded in two particular directions: sculpture and figuration. During this period, Scully began working on sculptural projects, including the Tower series using various materials such as corten steel, marble, and stainless steel, and the Stack series in both raw and painted steel were introduced. A new series of Block paintings were begun, in which Scully self-referenced his sculpture in paint. This new direction was the focus of the solo exhibition Wall of Light Cubed at Cheim & Read, NY. Scully also revisited his early exploration in figuration from the late 1960s in a series of figurative paintings titled Eleuthera which was completed between 2015 and 2017. The series was inspired by Scully's son Oisin, and was named after the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas and the feminine Greek adjective ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros), meaning "free".
2018
2018 saw Scully have a total of fourteen public exhibitions around the world. This included the installation of the monumental sculpture Boxes of Air in the Cuadra San Cristóbal, in Mexico City, along with paintings installed in the horse stalls of the iconic pink stable block. Other museum shows included: Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow; Hatton and Laing Galleries, Newcastle, UK; De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art, Tilburg, Netherlands; Russian Museum, St Petersburg, Russia; Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, Germany; Yorkshire Sculpture Park, UK, among many others.
In 2019, the exhibition Sean Scully: Sea Star opened at The National Gallery, London, showcasing Scully's work alongside works by J. M. W. Turner. On April 6, 2019 director Nick Willing's documentary film Unstoppable. Sean Scully & The Art of Everything aired nationally in the UK on BBC Two. For the 58th Venice Biennale, Scully presented Sean Scully: Human at the Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore, an exhibition of recent paintings and a new sculpture titled Opulent Ascension under the dome of the High Renaissance church by Palladio.
Critical reception
Arthur Danto wrote that “Sean Scully’s name belongs on the shortest of short lists of the major painters of our time”, continuing that “Scully’s historical importance lies in the way he has brought the great achievement of Abstract Expressionist painting into the contemporary moment - and in a way overcome the terms of the paragon that sent painting into exile.”
Prizes and awards
Scully has been a member of Aosdána since 2001, and the Royal Academy of Arts since 2013. Scully received an Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from both Massachusetts College of Art and the National University of Ireland in 2003, and a Doctor of Letters degree from Newcastle University. He received an Honorary Doctorate from Miguel Hernández University in 2006 and 2008.
Other works
Music
Scully's mother Holly was a Vaudeville singer, and Sean Scully became heavily influenced by rhythm and blues in his adolescence. Scully owned and ran an R&B Club as a teenager in South London, and was briefly in an R&B band with his brother and a friend.
In 2016 the percussionist Billy Martin from the band Medeski Martin & Wood made a performative collaboration with Sean Scully's monumental corten steel sculpture Boxes of Air at Scully's Tappan studio. It culminated in ‘Boxing for Sean’, a 6 movement percussion composition performed live outdoors.
In 2019 the duo Merzouga released a 46' sound-composition "The Language of Light - Music to the Work of Sean Scully" (YLE/DLF 2019) featuring the texts and the voice of Sean Scully. Its premiere broadcast was on Dec 3, 2019 at 9pm local time on Finnish broadcaster Yleisradio. German nationwide broadcaster Deutschlandfunk co-produced the piece, the German broadcast is scheduled for February 2020
Writing
Scully first began writing about art and his own work in the 1980s, although he only truly began to include writing as part of his practice from 1996 onwards. 2016 saw the publication of Inner: the collected writings and selected interviews of Sean Scully, by HatjeCantz
Personal life
Scully became a father at the age of 19, with the birth of his son Paul on May 7, 1965. Paul later died in a car accident in 1983 at the age of 18. While at Newcastle University, Scully met Rosemary Purnell, a fellow student in the Painting Department, they married in 1971 and later divorced. Scully married artist Catherine Lee in 1978, the two divorced in 1998. In 2006, he married artist Liliane Tomasko, his fourth wife. Their son Oisin Scully was born in 2009.
Public Collections
United States and South America
Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC
Albright–Knox Art Gallery – Buffalo, NY
Art Institute of Chicago – Chicago, IL
Art Gallery of Ontario - Ontario, Canada
The Broad Art Foundation, Los Angeles, CA
Carnegie Museum of Art – Pittsburgh, PA
Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University - Stanford, CA
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Centro Cultural de Arte Contemporaneo – Mexico City, Mexico
Chase Manhattan Bank – New York, NY
Chemical Bank – New York, NY
Cincinnati Art Museum – Cincinnati, OH
Cleveland Museum of Art – Cleveland, OH
Contemporary Museum - Honolulu, HI
Corcoran Gallery of Art – Washington, D.C.
Dallas Museum of Art – Dallas, TX
David Winton Bell Gallery, List Art Center, Brown University, Providence, RI
Denver Art Museum – Denver, CO
Des Moines Art Center – Des Moines, IA
De Young Museum - San Francisco, CA
First Bank Minneapolis – Minneapolis, MN
Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University – Cambridge, MA
Ft. Lauderdale Museum of Art - Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Glenstone – Potomac, MD
Guggenheim Museum – New York, NY
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden – Washington, D.C.
High Museum of Art – Atlanta, GA
Hood Museum of Art – Hanover, NH
Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO
Los Angeles County Museum of Art - Los Angeles, CA
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth – Fort Worth, TX
Catherine Series
BNY Mellon Center – Pittsburgh, PA
Metropolitan Museum of Art – New York, NY
Miami Art Museum - Miami, FL
Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South Hadley, MA
Museo de Arte Contemporaneo – Caracas, Venezuela
Museo de Arte Contemporaneo – Monterrey, Mexico
Museo de Arte Moderno - Col. Bosques de Chapultepec, Mexico
Museo de Arte Moderno – Mexico City, Mexico
Museum of Fine Art, Boston - Boston MA
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston– Houston, TX
Museum of Modern Art – New York, NY
National Gallery of Art – Washington, D.C.
8.10.89 (1989)
Orlando Museum of Art – Orlando, FL
Paine Webber Group, Inc. – New York, NY
Philip Morris, Inc. – New York, NY
The Phillips Collection - Washington, D.C.
Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
Santa Barbara Museum of Art – Santa Barbara, CA
Seattle Museum of Art, Seattle, WA
Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery and Sculpture Garden, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, NE
Smith College Museum of Art – Northampton, MA
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC
Works in the SAAM collection
Snite Museum of Art – Notre Dame, IN
San Diego Museum of Art - San Diego, CA
Saint Louis Art Museum – Saint Louis, MO
Van Cliburn Foundation, Fort Worth, TX
Walker Art Center – Minneapolis, MN
Whitney Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
Yale University Art Gallery – New Haven, CT
Europe
Abbot Hall Art Gallery – Kendal, England
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, Germany
Albertina – Vienna, Austria
Arts Council of Great Britain – London, England
AXA Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium
Banque Européenne d’Investissement – Luxembourg
BAWAG, Vienna, Austria
Bavarian State Painting Collections – Munich, Germany
Bibliothèque nationale de France - Paris, France
Birmingham Museum of Art – Birmingham, England
British Council – London, England
Centre national des arts plastiques, Paris, France
Ceolfrith Art Center – Sunderland, England
Château Lynch-Bages - Pauillac, France
Museo Chillida-Leku, - Hernani, Spain
Coleccion Conei, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Consejería de cultura - Santander, Spain
Contemporary Arts Society – London, England
Council of National Academic Awards – London, England
Crawford Art Gallery – Cork, Ireland
East Coast Light I (1973)
Centre de la gravure et de l’image imprimee, La Louvière - Bruxelles, Belgium
Daimler Art Collection – Stuttgart, Germany
Deutsche Bank - London, UK
DZ Bank AG Kunst sammlung / KMMM - Frankfurt, Germany
Eastern Arts Association – Cambridge, England
Ecole d’Arts Plastiques - Châtellerault, France
Espace de l’Art Concret - Mouans-Sartoux, France
EMMA, ESPOO, Museum of Modern Art – Helsinki, Finland
Fitzwilliam Museum – Cambridge, England
La Fondation Edelman – Lausanne, Switzerland
Fondation Urvasco – Vittoria, Spain
Foundation Stiftelsen Focus - Boras, Sweden
CaixaForum Barcelona – Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Fundació Allorda-Derksen, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Fundación Caixa Galicia - La Coruña, Spain
Gallery of Modern Art László Vass Collection - Veszprém, Hungary
Gertsev Collection, Moscow, Russia
Hôtel des Arts - Toulon, France
Hunterian Art Gallery – Glasgow, Scotland
Hugh Lane Gallery – Dublin, Ireland
Works in the Hugh Lane collection
Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM) – València, Spain
Irish Museum of Modern Art (IMMA) – Dublin, Ireland
Kunsthalle Bielefeld – Bielefeld, Germany
Kunstmuseum Lentos Linz, Linz, Austria
Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen – Düsseldorf, Germany
Kunsthaus Zürich – Zürich, Switzerland
Kunst und Museumsverein Wuppertal – Wuppertal, Germany
Laing Art Gallery – Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England
László Vass Collection, Veszprém, Hungary’
Leicestershire Educational Authority – Leicester, England
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art – Humlebaek, Denmark
The Maramotti Collection, Reggio-Emilia, Italy
Manchester Art Gallery– Manchester, England
Museum Folkwang – Essen, Germany
Musée d'Art Contemporain du Val-de-Marne, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
Musée d'art moderne (Saint-Étienne) – Saint-Etienne, France
Musee du Dessin et de l’Estampe Originale – Gravelines, France
Musée Jenisch - Vevey, Switzerland
Musee National d´Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou - Paris, France
Musee de Roland-Garros - Paris, France
Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna (MAMBO), Bologna, Italy
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía – Madrid, Spain
Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art - Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Mumok, Stiftung Ludwig – Vienna, Austria
Museum Pfalzgalerie – Kaiserslautern, Germany
National Museum Cardiff – Cardiff, Wales
Northern Arts Association - Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England
Norwich Castle, Norwich, England
Open Museum, Environmental & Heritage Resource Centre, Leicestershire, England
Pier Arts Centre – Orkney, Scotland
Ruhr University Bochum - Bochum, Germany
Saastamoisen Saatio - Helsinki, Finland
Sala Rekalde - Bilbao, Spain
Sammlung Essl - Vienna, Austria
Sara Hilden Art Museum - Tampere, Finland
Staatsgalerie Stuttgart – Stuggart, Germany
Staatliche Museen Kassel, Neue Galerie - Kassel, Germany
Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München, Munich, Germany
Lenbachhaus – Munich, Germany
Tate Modern – London, England
Works in the Tate collection
The UBS Art Collection – Zurich/Basel, Switzerland
Ulster Museum – Belfast, Northern Ireland
Northumbria University, Newcastle, England
Victoria and Albert Museum – London, England
Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal, Germany
Whitworth Art Gallery – Manchester, England
Willy Michel Collection, Museum Franz Gertsch, Burgdorf, Switzerland
ZKM Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (ZKM) – Karlsruhe, Germany
University of Limerick – Limmerick, Ireland
Australia
Art Gallery of New South Wales – Sydney, Australia
National Gallery of Australia – Canberra, Australia
National Gallery of Victoria – Felton Bequest – Melbourne, Australia
Power Institute of Contemporary Art – Sydney, Australia
Japan
Bridgestone Museum of Art, Ishibashi Foundation - Tokyo, Japan
Nagoya City Art Museum - Nagoya
Tokyo International Forum - Tokyo
Bibliography
Selected works about Scully
Selected works by Sean Scully
Solo & two person exhibition catalogues
Quotes
“Art, especially abstraction: has to be a moral act. If not it’s likely to fall into bed with decoration.”
“Why stripes? Because they can be anything. And they can be anything because they are nothing. To make nothing into something is more interesting that making something into something else. The association with the devil notwithstanding”
“Artistic culture, to me, is like a huge rug that is constantly folded and unfolded by us. Every time it’s turned over, turned out, unfolded: it shows something new or something overlooked that now seems new.”
References
Sources
Dorothy Walker (2002). Scully, Seán in Brian Lalor (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. .
Arthur C. Danto (2007). "Architectural Principles in the Art of Sean Scully", Border Crossings: A Magazine of the Arts, vol. 26(3), August 2007, p. 62–67. ISSN 0831-2559.
Arthur C. Danto. (2005). "Sean Scully". Unnatural Wonders: Essays from the Gap Between Art and Life. NY: Columbia University Press. p. 81. .
Joan Marter (2011). "Sean Scully". Grove Encyclopedia of American Art. Oxford University Press. .
David Carrier (1994). The Aesthete in the : The Philosophy and Practice of American Abstract Painting in the 1980s. Penn State Press. 1994. .
Donald Kuspit (2010). "Sacred Sadness: Sean Scully's Abstractions", Psychodrama: Modern Art as Group Therapy. London: Ziggurat. pp. 449–453. .
David Carrier (2008). A World Art History and Its Objects. Penn State Press. 2008. .
Sean Scully (2016). Inner: The Collected Writings and Selected Interviews of Sean Scully. .
External links
Sean Scully Website
Aosdána biographical note
Santa Cecilia Montserrat Sean Scully Art Space
Sean Scully: 'There are no certainties in my paintings' – video The Guardian, February 2011
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century Irish painters
21st-century Irish painters
Irish male painters
Irish contemporary artists
Abstract artists
Alumni of Newcastle University
Harvard University alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich faculty
Royal Academicians
Aosdána members
People from County Dublin
Living people
1945 births
20th-century American printmakers
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion%20War
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Dominion War
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The Dominion War is an extended plot concept developed in several story arcs of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, an American science-fiction television series produced by Paramount Pictures. In the fictional Star Trek universe, the Dominion War is a conflict between the forces of the Dominion, the Cardassian Union, and, eventually, the Breen Confederacy against the Alpha Quadrant alliance of the United Federation of Planets, the Klingon Empire and, later, the Romulan Star Empire. The war takes place in the final two seasons of the series, but is gradually built up to over the course of the five preceding seasons.
The principal setting of the series is the Starfleet-controlled space station Deep Space Nine, located adjacent to the mouth of a stable wormhole near the planet Bajor. The Bajoran wormhole provides instantaneous travel to the Gamma Quadrant, a region on the other side of the galaxy. During the second season of Deep Space Nine, the Dominion, a powerful empire in the Gamma Quadrant, is introduced; and over the course of the second and third seasons, more information about the Dominion is revealed. Conflict escalates through the fourth and fifth seasons, as the Dominion infiltrates Alpha Quadrant powers and eventually forms an alliance with Cardassia; open warfare begins at the end of the fifth season, when the Dominion briefly occupies Deep Space Nine, and continues until the Dominion is finally defeated in the series finale.
The Dominion War arcs present themes that challenge the values of the characters in a manner not attempted in earlier series of Star Trek, and have received a mixed critical response. Developing the plot of the Dominion War also altered how the series was scripted, shifting the emphasis from an episodic to a serialized narrative format.
Synopsis
In "Emissary", the pilot episode, the United Federation of Planets dispatches Commander Benjamin Sisko to take command of the space station Deep Space Nine. During the episode, it is discovered that the station is located near a stable wormhole connecting the Alpha Quadrant to the Gamma Quadrant of the Milky Way Galaxy, nearly 70,000 light years away. Deep Space Nine is moved from the orbit of the planet Bajor to the Alpha Quadrant terminus of the wormhole to lay claim. Starships begin to enter the wormhole to explore, colonize and trade. The crews on the ships are unaware that they are entering a region of space controlled by the Dominion, a union of planets ordered by force and intimidation.
During the second season, Quark, a Ferengi bartender sent by his government to begin trade negotiations in the Gamma Quadrant, makes contact with the Karemma, a Dominion member race. Some time later, he and Sisko are captured by the Jem'Hadar, the soldiers of the Dominion. They are rescued, but Jem'Hadar destroy the Federation ship USS Odyssey and Bajoran colonies in the Gamma Quadrant as a warning not to re-enter Dominion space. Soon, it is revealed that a race of shapeshifters, known as "Changelings" or "the Founders", are the rulers of the Dominion. The Cardassian and Romulan intelligence agencies, the Obsidian Order and the Tal Shiar, attempt to eradicate the Founders to protect the Alpha Quadrant, but their plans are compromised by Changeling infiltration, and their fleet is ambushed and destroyed.
The Founders initiate a campaign of sabotage and terror against the Alpha Quadrant, which leaves many governments fearful of Changeling infiltrators, who are able to assume any physical form. When Earth is attacked, a band of Starfleet officers illegally attempt to impose martial law at the heart of the Federation. The Klingon Empire invades Cardassia on the incorrect suspicion that the Dominion is influencing its government; this idea turns out to have been planted by a Changeling infiltrator posing as Martok, an influential Klingon general. The invasion of Cardassia leads to a dissolution of the Federation's alliance with the Klingons. The Founders plant false intelligence that it is the Klingon Chancellor, Gowron, who is a Changeling, intended to induce the Federation to assassinate Gowron and further intensify the rift between the Federation and Klingons. The Founders' plan fails when the assassination team, led by Sisko, realize that Martok, not Gowron, was the actual shapeshifter.
The disgraced Cardassian officer Dukat forges an alliance between Cardassia and the Dominion, establishing a Dominion foothold in the Alpha Quadrant, in exchange for being made ruler of Cardassia. Realizing the danger, the Federation and Klingons join forces to slow the Dominion build-up, cooperating to plant a minefield across the entrance to the wormhole to prevent further invasion. Nevertheless, the Dominion begins to advance, and seizes control of Deep Space Nine. After a brief retreat, Sisko executes a successful return to the space station, but the wider conflict continues. More setbacks hinder the Alpha Quadrant alliance as additional races, such as the Breen, offer their support to the Dominion. Questionable tactics are adopted in the search for victory: Sisko uses manufactured intelligence and a murdered senator to convince the Romulans to ally with the Federation; and the Federation's covert-operations agency, Section 31, disseminates an engineered virus among the Founders. Dukat's successor as Cardassian leader, Damar, launches a successful resistance movement against the Dominion; in response, the Dominion attempts genocide against the entire Cardassian race. Eventually, the Dominion is forced back to the planet Cardassia Prime where it is cut off from reinforcements. The Changeling in command informs Odo, a renegade Changeling on the side of the Federation, that they will fight to the end to prevent any counter-attack by the alliance into the Gamma Quadrant. Odo assures her that the Federation would not do that while the other parties would be too weak to. Odo cures her of the disease afflicting her and the other Founders with the antidote he received, and the Dominion agrees to surrender.
Conception
In 2002, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine producer Ira Steven Behr stated that unlike some plots, which originated from a single small idea, the creation of the Dominion villain and story arc was "very much thought out." Behr said that the earliest mention of the Dominion was purposely planted in the comic Season Two Ferengi episode, "Rules of Acquisition", to leave the audience with an impression of "how important could it be?" It was decided that the Gamma Quadrant would need an ambience that would distinguish it from the Alpha Quadrant. The Dominion were mentioned for a second time in the later second-season episode “Sanctuary” but this time giving a hint that they were an aggressive power. The producers wanted to portray the region as something other than "uncharted space", and avoid imitating the adventures of Star Trek: The Next Generation with another series of plots focusing primarily on themes of exploration. After 18 months of Deep Space Nine exposition, the producers decided to characterize The Dominion as "anti-Federation". Writer and script editor Robert Hewitt Wolfe has explained that this move also distinguished Deep Space Nine from its successor series, Star Trek: Voyager, which stars a lost Federation ship traversing the chaotic and divided Delta Quadrant of the Milky Way.
Instead of introducing one alien race, three were introduced simultaneously: the Changelings, the Vorta and the Jem'Hadar. These three were intended to represent the front of an ancient civilization held together by fear, to contrast with the unity of the Federation enabled by bonds of friendship. Behr, Wolfe, writer Peter Allan Fields and Jim Crocker attended meetings to develop the concepts of these species and found general inspiration in Isaac Asimov's Foundation Trilogy novels. Toward the end of Season Two production executive producer Michael Piller suggested the idea that the Founders of the Dominion be the race to which Odo belongs, and discovered that Behr and Wolfe had also discussed this possibility. This character had been introduced with no knowledge of his true origins. Piller asserts that the endeavor to create a new villain was one of the most difficult tasks he undertook in his work on Star Trek. Wolfe perceives similarities between the fictional Founders and the Roman Empire, in that the species first uses diplomacy, deception and cultural imperialism to achieve their aims before ultimately resorting to coercion. Wolfe also characterized the Dominion as a "carrot and stick" empire, with the Vorta offering the carrot and the Jem'Hadar holding the stick.
According to writer Ronald D. Moore, co-creator Rick Berman originally intended the Dominion War to be the focus of three or four episodes, but Behr intended to expand the plotline all along. Moore has stated that Berman sometimes questioned the writing staff about the degree of violence included in some episodes. Berman also expressed concern about the portrayal of long-term consequences for the main characters, such as the loss of a character's leg in Season Seven. The writers argued in favor of the increased violence, asserting that it was justified in view of the plotlines detailing the progression of the Dominion War. Piller supported the idea that the repercussions of past episodes should continue to be felt, and that characters should "learn that actions have consequences", even if such consequences were to lead off in directions Piller had not originally imagined when Deep Space Nine remained in the conceptual stages. Moore has stated that the filming of Star Trek: Voyager occupied more of Berman and Piller's time from Deep Space Nine third season, which allowed Behr to defend his creative decisions more successfully. Following the completion of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the writing staff could dedicate more time to working on scripts for Deep Space Nine. The writers admired the scripting techniques used for Star Trek: The Original Series: Moore cites the episode "Errand of Mercy" (1967) as a strong influence on his treatment of the Dominion War.
Development
The plot of the Dominion War is presented in a succession of shorter story arcs which span Seasons Two through Seven of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and are linked editorially by the decisions of the producers and writers.
Season Two: Introducing the Dominion
After conceptual meetings, the writers began to introduce allusions to the Dominion into episodes of Season Two. The intention was to gradually increase the audience's awareness that there was a large and pervasive polity at work behind apparently innocuous events in the Gamma Quadrant. The Dominion and its methods are revealed across three episodes of the season.
"Rules of Acquisition" marks the first mention of the Dominion, when the Ferengi character Quark hears whispers of a powerful union of civilizations in the Gamma Quadrant with which he may be able to trade. Dialogue that seems inconsequential within the framework of a light-hearted episode was planned to ultimately create major change in the dynamics of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
As Alpha Quadrant races begin to colonize planets in the Gamma Quadrant and their presence becomes known, disturbing reports indicate that what the Dominion cannot attain through trade is forcibly seized. These reports are justified in "Sanctuary", when a large fleet of Skrreea ships appears in the Alpha Quadrant, in search of a new homeworld in light of the conquest of their original planet by Dominion forces. The actions of the Dominion are contrasted with the reactions of the regular characters to the Skrreea refugees. Executive producer Michael Piller has suggested that the plot evoked real-world debate surrounding Proposition 187, a Californian law concerning the rights of illegal aliens.
The finale of Season Two, "The Jem'Hadar", permitted writer Robert Hewitt Wolfe to surprise the audience and challenge their opinions concerning the safety of the Federation and Starfleet, when the USS Odyssey, a Galaxy-class starship similar to the USS Enterprise from Star Trek: The Next Generation, is outfought and destroyed. The Dominion is revealed to be a ruthless empire, using "carrot and stick" methods to control others, with three distinct races performing crucial roles. The Dominion's Jem'Hadar shock troops capture Commander Sisko, Quark, and an alien named Eris, who is later identified as a double agent and one of the Vorta, the Dominion's negotiators and administrators. The Jem'Hadar send a Jem'Hadar representative to Deep Space Nine with the message that no further intrusions into Dominion space will be tolerated and to hand Major Kira Nerys a list of colonies and ships already eliminated for trespassing. The Federation dispatches a rescue team that returns Sisko's group to the station, but, while retreating back to the Alpha Quadrant, a Jem'Hadar ship launches a kamikaze run against the Odyssey, resulting in the destruction of both ships.
Season Three: Introducing the Founders
With the third season, Ronald D. Moore and others started to write regularly for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine following the completion of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Robert Hewitt Wolfe joined Ira Steven Behr in scripting episodes developing the Dominion plotline, beginning with "The Search". Behr became full executive producer at the midpoint of the season, after the departure of Michael Piller.
In the two-part season opener, "The Search", Commander Sisko returns from Starfleet Headquarters on Earth with a Defiant-class prototype starship, the USS Defiant. Executive producer Rick Berman had to be convinced that the introduction of the Defiant would not distract the audience from the main starship of the latest Star Trek production, Star Trek: Voyager. The decision was made on the basis that a ship was needed to provide an avenue for stories set off the Deep Space Nine space station and that such a vessel would need the potential to oppose the Jem'Hadar, who had already been portrayed obliterating large ships. Audience research had also suggested that young male viewers were hoping for more action-oriented episodes with greater jeopardy.
Season Three's Dominion stories explore the connection between Odo and his people, and their conflicting attitudes toward "solid" sentient lifeforms. The Defiant enters the Gamma Quadrant on a peace mission to locate the Founders in "The Search", and it is discovered that the Founders are of the same race as Odo. Despite a burning desire to return to his home, he finds his people's philosophy – that which you can control cannot hurt you – abhorrent, and he asks to return to the Alpha Quadrant. The Founders, led by a character identified only as the "Female Changeling", acquiesce to Odo's request in the hope that he will ultimately rejoin them.
Another facet to the Dominion was evaluated more closely in Season Three – the Jem'Hadar. In "The Abandoned", a juvenile Jem'Hadar is found alone and matures under Odo's guidance. The crew of Deep Space Nine witnesses the Jem'Hadar's difficulty in adjusting to a society with rules different from those of his native culture. Avery Brooks, directing this episode, has emphasized the story as a metaphor for African-American adolescents in the 20th century and their struggles with addiction and violence, their integration into American society, and how their upbringing might contribute to these problems. Brooks ensured that Odo continued to support the maturing Jem'Hadar despite the alien's regression to Dominion custom, as a commentary on how modern society should engage with young people.
"Improbable Cause" initiates a two-part adventure concerning the search for the Founders' homeworld, which concludes in "The Die is Cast". Following first contact with the Founders, the Obsidian Order – a covert Cardassian intelligence force – ally themselves with the Tal Shiar, their Romulan counterpart, and launch a secret, pre-emptive strike to destroy the Founders' homeworld, hoping that the Founders and the rest of the Dominion will collapse. The Dominion successfully lures the fleets of the Tal Shiar and the Obsidian Order into a trap, eliminating both organizations. The plot establishes an atmosphere of suspicion amongst the Alpha Quadrant powers, initiated by the shapeshifters' abilities to assume other identities, which forms the basis of plots for Season Four.
The Season Three finale turned out to differ significantly from the production staff's conceptual vision. Paramount did not favor the idea of a season-end cliffhanger which would have revealed the presence of shapeshifters on Earth. To continue the theme of paranoia about shapeshifters and the Dominion, "The Adversary" was instead scripted to set up a hunt for a Founder aboard the Defiant, incorporating some narrative elements at first intended to commence Season Four, while offering a more self-contained plot and using existing sets to reduce production costs.
Season Four: Founder infiltration and political destabilization
Rick Berman, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and Ira Steven Behr originally expected to open Season Four with a two-part episode, postponed from the end of Season Three, that ultimately became "Homefront" and "Paradise Lost". Paramount determined that the writers needed to come up with a much different opener to satisfy the audience but without giving specific instructions. The production staff decided to begin a plotline based around suspicions between the Federation and the Klingons, finally leading to conflict between the former allies, which was inspired by a line from the Season Three episode "The Die is Cast". With the Klingons set to reappear, Berman suggested the return of a character from Star Trek: The Next Generation – the Klingon Worf – as a permanent officer aboard Deep Space Nine. While both the new plot and character offered interesting possibilities, the producers felt that their vision for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was put off-course for almost one year.
Season Four begins with "The Way of the Warrior", which marks the arrival of Worf. This episode is one of a few in this season to explore themes of suspicion and paranoia and their effect upon societies and relationships, building up to "Homefront" and "Paradise Lost". After the events of "The Die is Cast", fear about the identities of the infiltrator changelings leads the Klingons to suspect Dominion involvement in the new Cardassian civilian government. Their refusal to break off an invasion, even after Dominion involvement has been disproved, results in a military confrontation and diplomatic breakdown, and the Klingons attempt to seize Deep Space Nine. This seems to further the Founders' goal of the destabilization of the Alpha Quadrant as a prelude to their own invasion.
In "Hippocratic Oath", the characters of Dr. Bashir and Chief O'Brien debate curing a group of Jem'Hadar soldiers of an addiction in the hope that they will rebel against the Dominion. There is discussion about the identity of the true enemy, the limits of duty, and whether soldiers are responsible for the actions of their leaders. "To the Death" further investigates the themes of soldier duty and loyalty, and it contrasts the opposing rules of discipline that regulate Starfleet officers and Jem'Hadar troops. In addition, this episode introduced the Vorta representative Weyoun, who would become the most prominent Vorta in the rest of the series.
In "Homefront", the mistrust generated by the shapeshifters continues, with Captain Sisko suspecting his own father and recommending a state of emergency be declared on Earth. In "Paradise Lost", some Starfleet officers go further and attempt to implement a coup d'état against the President of the Federation after it is revealed that shapeshifters have infiltrated Earth and committed a terrorist attack. This leads to an armed conflict between Starfleet vessels for the first time in a century, according to the Star Trek in-universe timeline. Sisko is able to force Admiral Leyton to abandon his efforts to impose martial law by telling him: "You're fighting the wrong war!" Behr's favorite line from the episode is "Paradise never seemed so well-armed", highlighting one of many occasions when Deep Space Nine would point out the practical issues revolving around maintaining the peaceful culture of the Federation and the moral or immoral choices made to achieve this ideal.
Season Five: build-up to all-out war
In the fifth season, the Dominion invasion of the Alpha Quadrant gathers pace, appearing in episodes such as "Apocalypse Rising", "In Purgatory's Shadow", "By Inferno's Light", and "Blaze of Glory". Robert Hewitt Wolfe and Ira Steven Behr were again responsible for the major Season Five episodes concerning the Dominion.
In the Season Five opener, "Apocalypse Rising", Odo discovers that his race is capable of deceiving their own kind, as well as "solids", when he is led to believe that Klingon Chancellor Gowron is a Changeling instead of the General, Martok. This plot was planned to shift the focus of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes back toward the struggle with the Dominion, which had been postponed in earlier production discussions with Paramount in favor of bringing Worf and a Klingon-based plotline into the series.
In "In Purgatory's Shadow", it is discovered that Dr. Bashir has been kidnapped, imprisoned for weeks, and, in the interim, replaced by a Changeling. The shapeshifter double sabotages efforts to close the Wormhole and attempts to destroy the Bajoran sun, leaving the path open for Dominion fleets to enter the Alpha Quadrant. In the following episode, "By Inferno's Light", the Cardassians become a member of the Dominion, and the Federation and Klingon Empire resolve to cast aside their mutual distrust and unite against the common threat. A garrison of Klingon troops is stationed on Deep Space Nine, under the command of the real General Martok, rescued from Dominion incarceration with Bashir. In "Blaze of Glory", the characters confront the issue of ethnic cleansing when the Maquis – a resistance group of former Federation citizens now living in Cardassian space – are hunted down and ask for the assistance of Sisko, who used to criticize their methods.
The Season Five finale, "Call to Arms", sets the scene for the commencement of full-scale war between the Dominion and the Federation during the final two seasons of Deep Space Nine. When the Dominion begins to send ships through the Wormhole, the Alpha Quadrant allies build a minefield at its mouth to cut off the supply line. The plot considers whether it is better for the planet Bajor to stand with their Federation friends or remain neutral in the coming war to protect themselves. Sisko persuades them that neutrality is the favorable course.
Season Six: the war rages
Season Six, charting the turmoil of the Dominion War, faces themes of the moral dilemmas of conflict. New plot elements permitted Star Trek: Deep Space Nine to examine themes in a manner unlike preceding Star Trek productions, as characters are forced to re-evaluate their beliefs. The production staff resolved to start the season with a six-episode arc, the first attempted in the history of the Star Trek franchise.
Rick Berman originally pictured that the Dominion War would last for a limited number of episodes before a prompt resolution. Planning the arc, Ira Steven Behr, Ronald D. Moore, and the writers conceived a longer chain of first five, then six connected episodes, stretching from "A Time to Stand" to "Sacrifice of Angels", as themes increased demands for greater narrative development. No writer had previously contributed to a series involving arcs of such length, and Moore, Behr, and novice scripting partner & supervising producer Hans Beimler have all stated that the writing process changed as a result, with more production collaboration and interaction than for earlier seasons of Deep Space Nine. The potential for serialization that Rick Berman had perceived from the start of Deep Space Nine came to fruition as a result of the multiple plotlines accumulating to form the Dominion War.
The return of Gul Dukat as commander of the Dominion-controlled Deep Space Nine enabled the writers to contrast the space station of the audience's imagination to its incarnation as a former Cardassian mining facility. Former resistance fighter Major Kira is portrayed re-considering her ethical code as she sets out on the path to collaboration in "Rocks and Shoals", but the suicide of a Bajoran monk reminds her of the reality of her situation. Through "Rocks and Shoals", Deep Space Nine also revisits themes of war conduct as Sisko considers the morality of ambushing soldiers whom superiors have forsaken, only for events to force his hand. In "A Time to Stand" and "Behind the Lines", the character of Odo is torn between the trust placed in him by Kira and the Bajorans, and his status as a Founder, when he joins Deep Space Nine's Dominion council and then neglects to help his comrades at a critical moment.
Fortune is reversed again in Season Six as Starfleet re-captures Deep Space Nine in the closing episodes of the opening arc, "Favor the Bold" and "Sacrifice of Angels". The USS Defiant stands alone in an attempt to hold back thousands of Dominion ships entering through the Wormhole. An intervention from the Wormhole Prophets, considered gods by the Bajorans, leads characters to ponder questions of faith and destiny. Writer Hans Beimler wished to include mythological allusions, stating, "It's tragic hero stuff. A hero [Sisko] takes on things for others, but doesn't necessarily find any peace himself in the result." Ira Steven Behr compares Sisko to the Biblical figure Moses, who fails to reach the Promised Land, and to the character of Ethan Edwards from the Western film The Searchers (1956), who neglects to return to his family once his task is complete. It was determined that this facet to Sisko's character justified the use of divine intervention to resolve the Dominion threat: the fleet disappears and the Federation regains control of Deep Space Nine. The defeat costs Dukat his mental health, the life of his daughter, Tora Ziyal, and his status as Cardassian leader. Dukat is the first, but not the only, character in Season Six to face the pain of loss in conflict. Later, in the season six finale "Tears of the Prophets", Worf loses his wife Jadzia Dax when she is killed by Dukat.
Although themes of death are apparent in Deep Space Nine previous seasons, "Far Beyond the Stars" details how Sisko copes with the loss of a friend on a deeper psychological level. Experiencing visions of himself confronting racial discrimination against Black Americans in the 1950s, Sisko interprets useful parallels connected to his life on Deep Space Nine. Sisko's response to the death toll of the Dominion War is re-examined in "In the Pale Moonlight".
Additionally, Season Six introduces Section 31, a secret organization dedicated to preserving the Federation's principles regardless of the cost and legitimacy of its methods. In "Inquisition", the character of Dr. Bashir refuses to join Section 31 and reports its actions, but still ponders its significance: "But what would that say about us? That we're no different than our enemies? That when push comes to shove, we're willing to throw away our principles in order to survive?" Sisko replies, "I wish I had an answer for you."
"In the Pale Moonlight" considers a similar moral dilemma when the Dominion captures an important Federation planet, Betazed, in a surprise attack. The subjugation of a planet familiar to the audience was used to heighten the sense of danger and the stakes for the characters. In this episode, Sisko fuels a conspiracy intended to improve the war situation that ultimately results in the character of Elim Garak committing murder. In the context of the Dominion War, it is resolved to conceal the truth for the greater good. Writer Michael Taylor has suggested, "It showed how Deep Space Nine could really stretch the Star Trek formula. It pushes the boundaries in a realistic way, because the decisions Sisko makes are the kinds of decisions that have to be made in war. They're for the greater good."
Season Seven: end of the war
Season Seven charts further dilemmas of conflict. Following the example of Season Six, the writers considered using an arc to conclude the multiple Dominion War threads in satisfying fashion, deciding that Star Trek: Deep Space Nine could not be concluded in one or two episodes alone. A ten-episode arc was outlined to end Season Seven, the Dominion War, and all of Deep Space Nine, and more alterations were made as scripting progressed.
Characters face issues of genocide: in "Treachery, Faith, and the Great River", Constable Odo learns of the engineered virus that Section 31 has disseminated among the Founders, and in "When It Rains..." that Section 31 has infected him to communicate the disease. While Dr. Bashir supports providing the Founders with a cure, others are unconvinced.
In “Penumbra”, it is revealed that the Dominion is receiving logistical support from the Son'a, who begin production of the Ketracel-white needed for the Jem'Hadar. Another opponent reveals itself when the Breen Confederacy signs a pact with the Dominion in "'Til Death Do Us Part". For "The Changing Face of Evil", writers Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler scripted a second strike against the Federation through a Breen assault on Earth. Later, with the addition of their new Breen allies, the Dominion retake the Chin'toka system, which sees the destruction of a number of Klingon, Romulan and Federation ships including the USS Defiant. Ronald D. Moore has stated: "We wanted to kill the Defiant as a statement on how tough the Breen were. We thought that would rock the characters and the audience." Behr explains that, "... the ship had become a character that had caught on in people's hearts and minds ... when the Defiant went down, that hurt."
The resurgence in the conflict provided opportunities to introduce problems such as post-conflict psychological trauma in "The Siege of AR-558" and injury when the character of Nog undergoes leg amputation in "It's Only a Paper Moon". Moore has said that the plot of this episode was agreed on after an "extended argument" between Behr and Deep Space Nine creator Rick Berman and that such discussions were a common occurrence when war casualties were considered. Michele and Duncan Barrett perceive the allusions made to the traumas of World War I.
The concept of resistance is re-opened in the context of Cardassia rather than Bajor. Legate Damar becomes more and more frustrated with the deadlocked conflict and his situation as a Dominion puppet. As Cardassian military losses mount and Dominion control of Cardassia deepens, he becomes alcoholic and criticizes the Dominion's power. Damar was originally to be revealed as a double agent for the Federation, but Moore then suggested the slave revolt of Spartacus as a model. Damar establishes an underground resistance movement, is branded a rebel, and goes into hiding. Kira, Garak, and Odo are sent as "technical advisors" to help him in "When It Rains...".
The relationship between Cardassians and Bajorans, former enemies turned allies, is charted in "Tacking Into the Wind", in which Damar and Kira's group abandon prejudice and collaborate to seize a Breen weapon. Continuing into "The Dogs of War", Damar is forced to choose between his Cardassian comrades, stubborn in their beliefs, and the support of Kira and others whom he used to consider enemies. As the tide turns against the Dominion, cut off from the Gamma Quadrant and without technological advantage, a last stand is prepared. The Female Changeling orders the destruction of a metropolis, Lakarian City, to coerce the Cardassians back into line, but, instead, the Cardassian fleet defects, passing the advantage to the Alpha Quadrant alliance. Consequently, an attempted extermination results in the deaths of 800 million Cardassians in a Dominion bombardment.
Allusions to genocide contrast with ethical discussion concerning the engineered "Founders disease" and a potential cure. In "Extreme Measures", the characters of Dr. Bashir and Chief O'Brien locate a treatment inside the mind of Section 31 agent Luther Sloan. A moral debate ensues on what constitutes genocide. While Bashir supports offering a cure to the Founders, Sisko determines that the disease should be left to continue crippling the powerful opposition. However, in "The Dogs of War", Odo declares that this amounts to genocide of his species and is handed a treatment by Bashir. In return for the Dominion's peaceful surrender, and the arrest of the Female Changeling on charges of war crimes, the Alpha Quadrant alliance permits Odo to heal the rest of his people.
The Treaty of Bajor is signed aboard Deep Space Nine in the Season Seven finale, "What You Leave Behind, Part II". The conclusion to the Dominion War arc formed the resolution to Deep Space Nine as a series, and a moment for the production staff to settle the destinies of the main characters. Berman and Behr agreed with Paramount that the final episode of the series should concentrate on human drama rather than the endgame of the Dominion War. Moore opines the production staff succeeded in ensuring the Dominion War acted as a means of deepening characterization. Although further plots would have been scripted had Deep Space Nine continued into an eighth season, Behr accepted the resolution of the Dominion War at the end of Season Seven.
Reception
Former cast members and production staff
In a 2007 interview with iF magazine, George Takei, who played Hikaru Sulu in Star Trek: The Original Series and its films, described Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as representing the "polar opposite" of Gene Roddenberry's vision and philosophy of the future. Writer D. C. Fontana has stated in an interview that Roddenberry would have admired the later series for its dark themes, referring to Roddenberry's military service record in World War II.
Roddenberry doubted that a series concentrating on themes aside from space exploration could endure, and voiced displeasure with initial concepts for Deep Space Nine presented to him in 1991. Rick Berman has explained that Roddenberry, although terminally ill, had given him his blessing for its development, but that he had no opportunity to discuss any of the ideas with Roddenberry.
Critical reception
John J. O'Connor, writing for The New York Times in January 1993, noted that pre-release advertisements for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine offered "a new Star Trek era" and added, "Welcome to the Dark Side. The determinedly optimistic Mr. Roddenberry was partial to plots that made uplifting moral points. The new creators and executive producers, Rick Berman and Michael Piller, are shooting, so to speak, for something more ambivalent, less perfect." In September 1996, before the start of Season Four, O'Connor was not sure the series was tackling contemporary themes adequately. He wrote, "Inevitably, though, there is an element of exhaustion seeping through the concept. With the Cold War over, perhaps the Roddenberry optimism seems merely naive as headlines bring news of murderous divisions between Serbs and Muslims, Kurds and Turks, Israelis and Palestinians, Irish Catholics and Protestants, and so on across an increasingly depressing globe. Star Trek offered a vision that leapt 300 years into the future. For too many people today, three years would seem a stretch."
Cynthia Littleton, writing for Variety in 1998, summarized the ratings the series was receiving at the end of its sixth season: "Deep Space Nine may not go out on as high a Nielsen note as Next Generation, which wrapped a hugely successful run in 1994, but DS9 is hardly floundering. The series, which bowed in January 1993, consistently ranks among the top three first-run syndication hours in household and demographic ratings."
In a 1999 edition of the Australian science-fiction magazine Frontier, Anthony Leong suggested that Deep Space Nine had not initially been envisaged to include a war story arc from the beginning. He demonstrated a preference for the how the plot of Babylon 5 had been devised, while acknowledging how the Deep Space Nine writers had developed a continuing plotline: "... it is rare for a series creator to envision how the series will develop over time. Furthermore, the creative process in dramatic television writing tends to be organic, as events in the series will unfold based on the events that preceded it. For example, were the wars with the Klingons and the Dominion on Deep Space Nine foreseen by its creators back in the first season? Of course not ... these events developed over time through the input of its writing staff."
In 2008, Nader Elhefnawy, contributor to The Internet Review of Science Fiction, asserted that, while less appreciated than other science-fiction series of the 1990s, Deep Space Nine had developed an interesting cast of characters, "thanks to the Dominion War, much of the richest and most exciting drama in the Star Trek franchise's history."
Owen Williams, writing for Empire magazine, opines that Star Trek as a whole has been slow to adapt and develop to new trends, while singling out Deep Space Nine for special mention: "... arguably even the ace DS9 only got good in response to Babylon 5 ..." Adam Smith, chief features writer for Empire commented in a 2009 article that, "It's hard to choose the best episodes of DS9 without mentioning the stories involving the Dominion War." He reported "The Search", "In the Pale Moonlight" and "Far Beyond the Stars" as the features staff's favorite episodes for their portrayal of darker themes and creating a change in direction.
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was nominated at the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films for a Saturn Award, from 1997 to 2000, in Best Genre Cable or Syndicated Series. It was nominated in technical and artistic categories at the Emmys in each season. Cinescape columnist Andrew Hershberger remarked in 2003 on the lack of critical success for science-fiction television: "Nobody cool would dare vote for a sci-fi show [for Outstanding Drama Series] that didn't have [Stanley] Kubrick or Chris Carter's name attached to it ... If Deep Space Nine was involved, you'd hear some real complaining on this end."
In 2016, a reviewer at The Washington Post applauded the Dominion War saga for being the "richest narrative in the entire [Star Trek] universe."
Academic perspectives
Academics have noted how the Dominion War plotlines have explored the human psyche as much as outer space. Lincoln Geraghty praises the ending to the story arc and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as a series, and believes this is indicative of how the series manipulates the Star Trek ethos, identifying a theme of ambiguity as part of its continuing narrative. Karin Blair, writing in 1997 at the time of Season Five, felt that the series was reflecting trends for American culture to re-consider its place in the global community. Michele and Duncan Barrett comment on the "declining faith in rationalism that haunts Deep Space Nine" in their book Star Trek: The Human Frontier.
In contrast, Robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrence, authors of The Myth of the American Superhero, argue that the Dominion War plotlines in Deep Space Nine continue Star Trek portrayal of "humanistic militarism", in that conflict is justified for the sake of humanity. Criticism is levelled at Paramount's tie-in merchandising, in particular the slogan for the computer game Deep Space Nine: Dominion Wars, which is considered to emphasize the combat element at the expense of other themes.
While television commentators and fans have noted associations with the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, some academics have noted parallels between the portrayal of the Dominion War and other historical conflicts. Michele and Duncan Barrett identify a number of themes relating to World War I in Star Trek, especially "in the bleak and costly alliances and endless casualty sheets that characterize the protracted Dominion War in DS9."
Tie-in media
A number of tie-in media titles have expanded on the Dominion War well beyond events depicted in the Deep Space Nine television series:
Novels
The Dominion War (1998)
Star Trek: The Dominion War crossover miniseries explores events leading up to the Dominion War. Two novels focus on the crew . A Call to Arms (1998) and Sacrifice of Angels (1998) are based on seven interlinked episodes from Deep Space Nine's fifth and sixth seasons, beginning with "Call to Arms". The Battle for Betazed (2002), by Charlotte Douglas and Susan Kearney, and Tales of the Dominion War (2004), a short story collection edited by Keith DeCandido, tie into to the series.
Millennium (2000)
Star Trek: Deep Space NineMillennium miniseries explores an alternate-timeline accidentally created by the crew of the . The series was partially adapted as The Fallen (2000). An omnibus edition was published in 2002.
Mission Gamma (2002)
Star Trek: Deep Space NineMission Gamma miniseries follows the exploits of the , under the command of Elias Vaughn. These Haunted Seas (2008) collected Twilight and This Gray Spirit.
Worlds of Deep Space Nine (2004–05)
Worlds of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine explores the worlds featured in the Deep Space Nine television series. Characters featured during the Dominion War arc, are peppered throughout the novellas, especially in the third volume. The concept for the series was developed by Marco Palmieri.
Gamma (2017)
Star Trek: Deep Space NineGamma miniseries follows the crew of , under the command of Benjamin Sisko. Only one novel has been published. Not to be confused with the Mission Gamma (2002) miniseries which has a similar premise.
Video games
The Fallen (2000)
Star Trek: Deep Space NineThe Fallen (2000) is a third-person shooter video game loosely based on the Millennium trilogy of novels by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. Characters introduced during the Dominion War story arc appear in the game.
Dominion Wars (2001)
Star Trek: Deep Space NineDominion Wars (2001) is a real-time strategy video game set during the later seasons of Deep Space Nine. The player is tasked with defending Federation assets against attacking Dominion forces.
See also
Bajoran
Changeling
Dominion
Jem'Hadar
Vorta
References
External links
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Fictional wars
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Astrid%20of%20Belgium
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Princess Astrid of Belgium
|
Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este (born 5 June 1962), is the second child and first daughter of King Albert II and Queen Paola, and younger sister to the current Belgian monarch, King Philippe. She is married to Prince Lorenz of Belgium, head of the Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and is fifth in line of succession to the Belgian throne.
Biography
Princess Astrid was born one day before her father's 28th birthday at the Château de Belvédère, near Laeken, and was named after her late paternal grandmother, Astrid of Sweden, the popular first wife of King Leopold III. Her godparents were her uncle Fabrizio, Prince Ruffo di Calabria-Santapau, 7th Duke di Guardia Lombarda, and her aunt Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg.
Marriage and issue
Princess Astrid married Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este, subsequently head of the Archducal House of Austria-Este, on 22 September 1984 at Brussels. Lorenz is the eldest son of Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1915–1996), and his wife Princess Margherita of Savoy-Aosta (1930–2022). Her husband was also created Prince of Belgium by Royal Decree on 27 November 1995.
Princess Astrid and Prince Lorenz have five children:
Prince Amedeo, Born on 21 February 1986 at Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc in Brussels
Princess Maria Laura, born on 26 August 1988 at Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc in Brussels
Prince Joachim, born on 9 December 1991 at Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc in Brussels
Princess Luisa Maria born 11 October 1995 in Clinique St Jean in Brussels
Princess Laetitia Maria born on 23 April 2003 Clinique St Jean in Brussels
Royal role
Astrid was formerly President of the Belgian Red Cross, a position which ended on 31 December 2007. She declined to stand again for election to the role in light of internal struggles in the organisation in reconciling its French-speaking and Flemish branches, each of which seeks greater autonomy. The princess is also a colonel in the Medical Component of the Belgian Armed Forces. Her official residence is the Royal Castle of Laeken on the edge of Brussels.
She is a member of the Honorary Board of the International Paralympic Committee.
In April 2015 the Princess took over the reins of the Prince Albert Fund from her father His Royal Highness King Albert.
Special Envoy
Princess Astrid has been for many years a fierce advocate for landmine survivors rights, participating actively in the work of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, also known as the Ottawa Treaty, since Belgium joined in 1998.
In 2013, the Princess was named Special Envoy of the convention, and has promoted the acceptance of a global ban on landmines and promoted the rights of survivors in various UN meetings.
In 2014, she met with Minister of Foreign Affairs Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdallah, to encourage Oman to join the treaty, which occurred a few months later.
In 2019, she carried out a mission to Lebanon to promote the convention. In Beirut she met with President Michel Aoun, and Minister of National Defense Elias Bou Saab.
Titles, styles and honours
Titles
5 June 1962 – 22 September 1984: Her Royal Highness Princess Astrid of Belgium
22 September 1984 – present: Her Imperial and Royal Highness Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este
Honours
National
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold
Foreign
: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Awards
: Freedom of the City of Lima
Other
2016 : Honorary mayor and The Hidalgo Award of San Antonio, Texas.
Arms
Ranks
Ancestry
Note
References
External links
Official Belgian Monarchy Website – Princess Astrid
Belgian princesses
Belgian expatriates in Switzerland
Members of the Senate (Belgium)
House of Belgium
Austrian princesses
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Nobility from Brussels
1962 births
Living people
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Daughters of kings
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207636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Paola%20of%20Belgium
|
Queen Paola of Belgium
|
Paola (born Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria; born 11 September 1937) is a member of the Belgian royal family, who was Queen of the Belgians from 1993 to 2013, as the wife of the King Albert II.
Early life and family background
Paola Margherita Maria-Antonia Consiglia Ruffo di Calabria was born in Forte dei Marmi, Tuscany, Italy, the seventh and youngest child of Fulco, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda (1884–1946), who was a World War I Italian flying ace. Her mother was Donna Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana e di Sebastiano (1896–1989), a matrilineal descendant of the Marquis de Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution. She is of Italian and French ancestry and was hailed as one of the leading beauties of Europe in her youth.
Queen Paola is fluent in Italian, French, German and English. Less fluent, and the cause of occasional criticism, is her Dutch, the mother tongue of nearly 60 percent of Belgians.
Marriage and family
In 1958, the Prince of Liège went to the Vatican to witness the coronation of Pope John XXIII. At a reception at the Belgian embassy, the Prince met Italian Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria. "We were both shy, so we only talked a little.", Paola said later about their first meeting. Prince Albert later proposed marriage to Paola and she accepted. Their engagement was announced at the Chateau of Laeken in 1959. The couple married at St. Goedele Cathedral in Brussels on 2 July 1959. They have three children together: Philippe of Belgium (b. 15 April 1960), Princess Astrid of Belgium, and Prince Laurent.
Health
In 2015, the court announced Queen Paola was taking "a period of total rest" following doctors' orders. They also announced that she had to cancel a planned visit to the Biennale in Venice. Further communications were kept private. The Queen sent a message to Grosio, where she was expected to visit the residence of her aunt the Marchioness Margherita Pallavicini Mossi. Newspapers believed that the Queen suffered from a stroke during the holiday. The palace later announced she was being treated for a cardiac arrhythmia.
Activities
Apart from her activities in the company of King Albert II, Queen Paola devotes her time to social issues mainly in the social and cultural sphere.
The Queen has demonstrated interest in the contemporary Belgian arts, visiting Venetian Biennale several times. She has acquired works of Jan Fabre, Michael Borremans and others for the Royal collection. The Queen has often met with such artists as Luc Tuymans and Dirk Braeckman.
The Queen takes a keen interest in the protection and preservation of Belgium's heritage. She makes numerous visits to cultural sites, from Beguine convents to early 19th century industrial facilities. Queen Paola is interested in both traditional and contemporary crafts, and takes every opportunity to encourage the exercise and teaching of craft professions.
Queen Paola keeps abreast of contemporary art and regularly supports major exhibitions and artistic performances both in Belgium and abroad. On the initiative of Queen Paola, contemporary artists have had the opportunity to design and make original works within the Royal Palace of Brussels.
In 1992, Queen Paola established the Queen Paola Foundation. The foundation focused on integration and training for young people. The foundation's activities are geared towards social integration, support for teachers at all levels of the education system and schools in socio-economically disadvantaged areas.
Queen Paola is an honorary chairman of the Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel and Missing Children Europe.
Arms
Titles, styles and honours
Titles and styles
11 September 1937 – 2 July 1959: Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria
2 July 1959 – 9 August 1993: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Liège
9 August 1993 – 21 July 2013: Her Majesty The Queen of the Belgians
21 July 2013 – present: Her Majesty Queen Paola of Belgium
Honours
National
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
: Dame Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
: Dame of the Decoration of Honour
: Dame Grand Cross of Obedience of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Foreign
: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, 1st Class
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains
: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose
: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit
: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
: Paulownia Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars
: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange
: Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Princess Beatrix, Princess of Orange and Claus Van Amsberg
: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle
: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
: Recipient of the Commemorative 50th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
Ancestry
See also
Queen Paola Foundation
The Queen's Charities
Note
References
External links
Official Belgian monarchy web site
1937 births
Living people
Belgian queens consort
Italian nobility
People from Forte dei Marmi
Belgian people of Italian descent
Naturalised citizens of Belgium
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)
Belgian princesses
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Dames of Malta
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Grand Crosses of the Order of the House of Orange
Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
People of Calabrian descent
Polissena
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian%20Freud
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Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud (; 8 December 1922 – 20 July 2011) was a British painter and draughtsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century English portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of Jewish architect Ernst L. Freud and the grandson of Sigmund Freud. Freud got his first name "Lucian" from his mother in memory of the ancient writer Lucian of Samosata. His family moved to England in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942 to 1943 he attended Goldsmiths College, London. He served at sea with the British Merchant Navy during the Second World War.
His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark and alienated paintings tended towards realism. Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors and urban landscapes. The works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended and punishing sittings from his models.
Early life and family
Born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie (née Brasch), and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect who was the fourth child of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Lucian, the second of their three boys, was the elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud (thus uncle of Emma and Matthew Freud) and the younger brother of Stephan Gabriel Freud.
The family emigrated to St John's Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon, and later Bryanston School, for a year before being expelled owing to disruptive behaviour.
Early career
Freud briefly studied at the Central School of Art in London, and from 1939 to 1942 with greater success at Cedric Morris' East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing in Dedham, relocated in 1940 to Benton End, a house near Hadleigh, Suffolk. He also attended Goldsmiths' College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942.
In 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the following year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra and a palm tree. Both subjects reappeared in The Painter's Room on display at Freud's first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery. In the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swift's studio. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life.
Freud was one of a number of figurative artists who were later characterised by artist R. B. Kitaj as a group named the "School of London". This group was a loose collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately, and were working in London at the same time in the figurative style. The group was active contemporaneously with the boom years of abstract painting and in contrast to abstract expressionism. Major figures in the group included Freud, Kitaj, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Michael Andrews, Leon Kossoff, Robert Colquhoun, Robert MacBryde, and Reginald Gray. Freud was a visiting tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954.
Mature style
Freud's early paintings, which are mostly very small, are often associated with German Expressionism (an influence he tended to deny) and Surrealism in depicting people, plants and animals in unusual juxtapositions. Some very early works anticipate the varied flesh tones of his mature style, for example Cedric Morris (1940, National Museum of Wales), but after the end of the war he developed a thinly painted very precise linear style with muted colours, best known in his self-portrait Man with Thistle (1946, Tate) and a series of large-eyed portraits of his first wife, Kitty Garman, such as Girl with a Kitten (1947, Tate). These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting.
From the 1950s, he began to focus on portraiture, often nudes (though his first full-length nude was not painted until 1966), to the almost complete exclusion of everything else, and by the middle of the decade developed a much more free style using large hog's-hair brushes, concentrating on the texture and colour of flesh, and much thicker paint, including impasto. Girl with a White Dog, 1951–1952, (Tate) is an example of a transitional work in this process, sharing many characteristics with paintings before and after it, with relatively tight brushwork and a middling size and viewpoint. He would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable. He also started to paint standing up, which continued until old age, when he switched to a high chair. The colours of non-flesh areas in these paintings are typically muted, while the flesh becomes increasingly highly and variably coloured. By about 1960, Freud had established the style that he would use, with some changes, for the rest of his career. The later portraits often use an over life-size scale, but are of mostly relatively small heads or in half-lengths. Later portraits are often much larger. In his late career he often followed a portrait by producing an etching of the subject in a different pose, drawing directly onto the plate, with the sitter in his view.
Freud's portraits often depict only the sitter, sometimes sprawled naked on the floor or on a bed or alternatively juxtaposed with something else, as in Girl With a White Dog (1951–52) and Naked Man With Rat (1977–78). According to Edward Chaney, "The distinctive, recumbent manner in which Freud poses so many of his sitters suggests the conscious or unconscious influence both of his grandfather's psychoanalytical couch and of the Egyptian mummy, his dreaming figures, clothed or nude, staring into space until (if ever) brought back to health and/or consciousness. The particular application of this supine pose to freaks, friends, wives, mistresses, dogs, daughters and mother alike (the latter regularly depicted after her suicide attempt and eventually, literally mummy-like in death), tends to support this hypothesis."
The use of animals in his compositions is widespread, and often he features a pet and its owner. Other examples of portraits with both animals and people in Freud's work include Guy and Speck (1980–81), Eli and David (2005–06) and Double Portrait (1985–86). He had a special passion for horses, having enjoyed riding at school in Dartington, where he sometimes slept in the stables. His portraits solely of horses include Grey Gelding (2003), Skewbald Mare (2004), and Mare Eating Hay (2006). Wilting houseplants feature prominently in some portraits, especially in the 1960s, and Freud also produced a number of paintings purely of plants. Other regular features included mattresses in earlier works, and huge piles of the linen rags with which he used to clean his brushes in later ones. Some portraits, especially in the 1980s, have very carefully painted views of London roofscapes seen through the studio windows.
Freud's subjects, who needed to make a very large and uncertain commitment of their time, were often the people in his life; friends, family, fellow painters, lovers, children. He said, "The subject matter is autobiographical, it's all to do with hope and memory and sensuality and involvement, really." However the titles were mostly anonymous, and the identity of the sitter not always disclosed; the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire had a portrait of one of Freud's daughters as a baby for several years before he mentioned who the model was. In the 1970s Freud spent 4,000 hours on a series of paintings of his mother, about which art historian Lawrence Gowing observed "it is more than 300 years since a painter showed as directly and as visually his relationship with his mother. And that was Rembrandt."
Freud painted from life, and usually spent a great deal of time with each subject, demanding the model's presence even while working on the background of the portrait. Ria, Naked Portrait 2007, a nude completed in 2007, required sixteen months of work, with the model, Ria Kirby, posing all but four evenings during that time. With each session averaging five hours, the painting took approximately 2,400 hours to complete. A rapport with his models was necessary, and while at work, Freud was characterised as "an outstanding raconteur and mimic". Regarding the difficulty in deciding when a painting is completed, Freud said that "he feels he's finished when he gets the impression he's working on somebody else's painting". Paintings were divided into day paintings done in natural light and night paintings done under artificial light, and the sessions, and lighting, were never mixed.
It was Freud's practice to begin a painting by first drawing in charcoal on the canvas. He then applied paint to a small area of the canvas, and gradually worked outward from that point. For a new sitter, he often started with the head as a means of "getting to know" the person, then painted the rest of the figure, eventually returning to the head as his comprehension of the model deepened. A section of canvas was intentionally left bare until the painting was finished. The finished painting is an accumulation of richly worked layers of pigment, as well as months of intense observation.
Later career
Freud painted fellow artists, including Frank Auerbach and Francis Bacon and produced a large number of portraits of the performance artist Leigh Bowery. He also painted Henrietta Moraes, a muse to many Soho artists. A series of huge nude portraits from the mid-1990s depicted the very large Sue Tilley, or "Big Sue", some using her job title of "Benefits Supervisor" in the title of the painting, as in his 1995 portrait Benefits Supervisor Sleeping, which in May 2008 was sold by Christie's in New York for $33.6 million, setting a world record auction price for a living artist.
Freud's most consistent model in his later years was his studio assistant and friend David Dawson, the subject of his final, unfinished work. Towards the end of his life he did a nude portrait of model Kate Moss. Freud was one of the best known British artists working in a representational style, and was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 1989.
His painting After Cézanne, noteworthy because of its unusual shape, was purchased by the National Gallery of Australia for $7.4 million. The top left section of this painting has been 'grafted' on to the main section below, and closer inspection reveals a horizontal line where these two sections were joined.
In 1996, the Abbot Hall Art Gallery in Kendal mounted a major exhibition of 27 paintings and thirteen etchings, covering Freud's output to date. The following year the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art presented "Lucian Freud: Early Works". The exhibition comprised around 30 drawings and paintings done between 1940 and 1945. In 1997 Freud received the Rubens Prize of the city of Siegen. From September 2000 to March 2001, the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt was able to show 50 paintings, drawings and etchings from the late 1940s to 2000 in a larger overview exhibition despite the artist's considerable resentment towards Germany. All print media bore the motif of Freud's outstanding painting Sleeping by the Lion Carpet (1995-1996) depicting the nude Sue Tilley. In addition to some of his most important nude portraits of women, the large-format picture Nude with leg up (Leigh Bowery) from 1992 was also shown in Frankfurt, which was removed in the Metropolitan Museum New York from the exhibition in 1993. The Frankfurt exhibition was realised in a personal dialogue between curator Rolf Lauter and Lucian Freud and is thus the only project Freud authorised in direct cooperation with a German museum. The major retrospective at London's Hayward Gallery in 1988 was the focal point for the BBC Omnibus programme which saw one of the very few conversations with Freud ever recorded, in this case with Omnibus director Jake Auerbach. The conversations with the artist were made possible by Duncan MacGuigan from Acquavella Galleries New York. This was followed by a large retrospective at Tate Britain in 2002. In 2001, Freud completed a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. There was criticism of the portrayal in some sections of the British media. In 2005, a retrospective of Freud's work was held at the Museo Correr in Venice scheduled to coincide with the Biennale. In late 2007, a collection of etchings went on display at the Museum of Modern Art.
Freud died in London on 20 July 2011 and is buried in Highgate Cemetery. Archbishop Rowan Williams officiated at the private funeral.
Art market
In 2008 Benefits Supervisor Sleeping (1995), a portrait of civil servant Sue Tilley, sold for $33.6 million – the highest price ever at the time for a work by a living artist. At a Christie's New York auction in 2015, Benefits Supervisor Resting sold for $56.2 million.
On 13 October 2011, his 1952 Boy's Head, a small portrait of Charlie Lumley, his neighbour, reached $4,998,088 at Sotheby's London contemporary art evening auction, making it one of the highlights of the 2011 auction autumn season.
On November 10, 2015 Freud's 2004 painting The Brigadier, a portrait of Andrew Parker Bowles in his British Royal Army uniform sold for $34.89 million US at Christie's in New York City, beating the $30 million US presale estimate for the work.
Personal life
In the 1940s Freud and fellow artists Adrian Ryan and John Minton were in a homosexual love triangle. After an affair with Lorna Garman, he went on to marry, in 1948, her niece Kitty Garman, daughter of sculptor Jacob Epstein and socialite Kathleen Garman. They had two daughters, Annabel Freud and the poet Annie Freud, before their marriage ended in 1952. Kitty Freud, later known as Kitty Godley (after her marriage in 1955 to economist Wynne Godley), died in 2011.
In late 1952, Freud eloped with Guinness heiress and writer Lady Caroline Blackwood to Paris, where they married in 1953; they divorced in 1959.
Freud is rumoured to have fathered as many as forty children although this number is generally accepted as an exaggeration. Fourteen children have been identified, two from Freud's first marriage and 12 by various mistresses. Writer Esther Freud and fashion designer Bella Freud are his daughters by Bernadine Coverley.
Selected solo exhibitions
1994: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
2000: Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt
2003: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
2004: Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh
2005: Museo Correr, Venice
2006: Acquavella Galleries, New York
2007: Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
2008: Museum of Modern Art, New York
2008: Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague
2010: Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
2012: National Portrait Gallery, London
2012: The Modern, Fort Worth
2013: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien
2016–2021: Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
2019: Royal Academy of Arts
References
Further reading
Lauter, Rolf (2000), Lucian Freud: Naked Portraits. Works from the 1940s to the 1990s, Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 29.09.2000-04.03.2001.
"NPG", National Portrait Gallery, Exhibition booklet for Lucian Freud Portraits, 2012
External links
Lucian Freud exhibition (English), Press release/exhibition booklet, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, 2014
2002 exhibition at Tate Britain including a room guide
Freud at Tate Britain
Essay by Kelly Grovier on Lucian Freud in The Observer 2006
Charles Finch on Lucian Freud – MoMA: Museum of Modern Art, New York City
Lucian Freud – Centre Pompidou, Paris
Lucian Freud: L'Atelier (The Studio) / Centre Pompidou, Paris Video 2010
Channel Four News Interview with Lucian Freud on the campaign to keep Titian paintings in Britain 2008
British contemporary artists
Modern painters
Modern printmakers
1922 births
2011 deaths
Academics of the Slade School of Fine Art
People educated at Dartington Hall School
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design
British illustrators
British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II
British people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Lucian
Jewish painters
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
People from Berlin
People educated at Bryanston School
20th-century British painters
British male painters
21st-century British painters
20th-century British printmakers
German people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabeau%20B.%20Lamar
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Mirabeau B. Lamar
|
Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar (August 16, 1798 – December 25, 1859) was an attorney born in Georgia, who became a Texas politician, poet, diplomat, and soldier. He was a leading Texas political figure during the Texas Republic era. He was elected as the second President of the Republic of Texas after Sam Houston. He was known for waging war against bands of Cherokee and Comanche peoples to push them out of Texas, and for establishing a fund to support public education.
Early life
Lamar was born in 1798 in Louisville, Georgia, and grew up at Fairfield, his father's cotton plantation near Milledgeville, then the state capital. His father's family was descended from French Huguenot Thomas Lamar, who had settled in Maryland in 1660. His parents, John and Rebecca (Lamar) Lamar had allowed his mother's brother to name their sons; he named them after his favorite historical heroes. The elder brother was named for the Roman statesman Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus; the younger, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar for French heroes. The family had connections with other families throughout Georgia and the South. As a child, Lamar loved to read and educated himself through books. Although he was accepted to Princeton University (then called the College of New Jersey), he chose not to attend. He started work as a merchant and then ran a newspaper, but both of those enterprises failed.
In 1823, Lamar's family connections helped him to gain a position as the private secretary to the newly elected Georgia Governor George M. Troup. In this position, Lamar issued press releases and toured the state, giving speeches on behalf of the governor. On one of his trips, he met Tabitha Burwell Jordan, whom he married in 1826. They had a daughter together.
When Troup lost his re-election bid in 1828, Lamar moved with his family to Columbus, Georgia, where he established the Columbus Enquirer. This venture was much more successful than his previous business attempts. In 1830, his wife Tabitha died of tuberculosis. Lamar was deeply affected and took time to recover his drive. He withdrew his name from consideration for re-election to the Georgia Senate, in which he had served one term.
After traveling, Lamar began to study law. He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and ran an unsuccessful campaign for a seat in the U.S. Congress.
Texas Revolution
Lamar's brother Lucius committed suicide in 1834. A grief-stricken Lamar began traveling again to ease his sorrow. In the summer of 1835, he reached Texas, then part of Mexico. He decided to stay, where he was visiting his friend James Fannin. Fannin had recently settled there and was working as a slave trader in Velasco.
After a trip back to Georgia, Lamar returned to Texas. Learning of a battle for independence, he traveled with his horse and sword to join Sam Houston's army in spring 1836, and distinguished himself with bravery at the Battle of San Jacinto. On the eve of the battle, Lamar courageously rescued two surrounded Texans, an act that drew a salute from the Mexican lines. One of those rescued was Thomas Jefferson Rusk, later appointed as Texas Secretary of War. Lamar was promoted that night from private to colonel and given command of the cavalry during the battle the following day.
Houston noted in his battle report: "Our cavalry, 61 in number, commanded by Mirabeau B. Lamar, (whose gallant and daring conduct on the previous day, had attracted the admiration of his comrades and called him to that station), placed on our right, completed our line."
After Texas achieved independence from Mexico, Lamar was appointed as the Secretary of War in the interim Texian government. In 1836, he was elected to the position of Vice President of Texas.
President of Texas
Lamar, the unanimous choice as the nominee of the Democratic Party for the president to succeed Houston, was elected. He was inaugurated on December 1, 1838. Houston talked for three hours in his farewell address, "which so unnerved Lamar that he was unable to read his inaugural speech." It was given by his aide, Algernon P. Thompson. Lamar's vice president was David G. Burnet.
Several weeks later, in his first formal address to the Texas Congress, Lamar urged that the Cherokee and Comanche tribes be driven from their lands in Texas, even if the tribes had to be destroyed. He proposed to create a national bank and to secure a loan from either the United States or Europe. Finally, he stated his opposition to potential annexation to the United States and desire to gain recognition of the Republic of Texas by European nations.
He ordered attacks against the Indian tribes. In 1839, Texian troops drove the Cherokee bands from the state. Houston's friend, Chief Bowles, was killed in battle, and Houston was furious with Lamar. The government conducted a similar campaign against the Comanche. Although losing many lives, the Comanche resisted leaving the area. Lamar believed the "total extinction" of the Indian tribes was necessary to make the lands available to whites. He drove the Indians out at the Battle of the Neches, where 500 Texans attacked 800 American Indians of several different tribes. Of these 800, between 400 and 500 were women, children, and elders. The Texians and Rangers who attacked the tribes were fully armed, while the Indians had an estimated 16–24 rifles and pistols. Before the attack, Duwali, Gatunwali, Big Mush, and other chiefs and leaders asked for time to gather their crops, then they would go in peace, but Lamar would not wait.. Lamar ordered Secretary of War Albert Sidney Johnston and General Thomas J. Rusk to run them out of Texas.
Lamar appointed a commission to select a permanent site for the capital of the Republic. After two months of debate, they recommended the small town of Waterloo, along the Colorado River toward the center of the state. The town was renamed Austin after the pioneer. By October 1839, all of the records and employees were relocated there from Houston. That same year, Lamar founded the Texas State Library (presently known as the Texas State Library and Archives Commission).
During his administration, Lamar sent three separate agents to Mexico to negotiate a peace settlement, all of which failed. Lamar failed to gain official recognition for Texas from Great Britain, France, and Belgium; it always eluded the would-be nation. He did succeed in getting the three nations to send observers, who would provisionally investigate the issue. He did not succeed in getting loans approved from them. To fill the treasury, he authorized issuance of a large amount of Republic of Texas paper money, known as Redbacks. The paper money was virtually worthless. Spending doubled during Lamar's term, and combined with the worthless currency, caused financial difficulties for the government.
Lamar wanted the Rio Grande to be the western boundary of Texas. He wanted to send an expedition to New Mexico to conquer it, and convince the residents, still loyal to Mexico, to join the Republic. The Texas Congress refused to fund the expedition in 1839 and 1840. In June 1841, Lamar took $89,000 from the treasury and sent an expedition on his own initiative. It was questioned on constitutional grounds. Its members were arrested when they reached Santa Fe, and were told they would soon be released. Instead, under guard, they were marched to prison in Mexico City, and many died during the journey.
Lamar has been called "the Father of Texas Education" because of his provisions of land to support it. During his administration, he convinced the legislature to set aside three leagues of land in each county to be devoted to school development. He also allotted 50 leagues of land for the support of two universities, later developed as Texas A&M University (1876), under the Morrill Act, and the University of Texas (1883). Although no facilities were constructed during his term, he provided the base for a statewide public school system. Government gave 18,000 acres of public land for public schools. He wanted education to be a priority to cultivate a knowledgeable citizenry.
In keeping with other slave societies in the South, Texas prohibited free blacks from schools. A public school system was not firmly established until after the American Civil War, when the Reconstruction era legislature created an endowment to finance a school system. In 1869, it passed a law to give the public school fund the proceeds from sale of public lands. The constitution of that year authorized the legislature to establish school districts and appoint directors. Freedmen's children were included in the system, despite much opposition.
When Lamar left office in 1841, Texas was almost $7 million in debt compared to $1.4 million when he was inaugurated in 1838. The majority of the debt was accrued from carrying out his policies.
Later years
Houston was elected again as president after Lamar. The latter returned to service in the army, and distinguished himself in the U.S. Army at the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War. During this time, money was tight in Texas; Lamar borrowed money from his banker cousin Gazaway Bugg Lamar. Some of the letters on this subject between the two still exist. In late 1847, he was assigned as a post commander at Laredo, but disliked the job, as he wanted more action.
Lamar was elected from Eagle Pass in the Texas Legislature for several years after Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845. In 1857, President James Buchanan appointed Lamar as the Minister to Nicaragua, and a few months later to Costa Rica. He served in Managua for 20 months before returning to Texas in October 1859 because of poor health. He died of a heart attack at his Richmond plantation on December 19, 1859.
Lamar's volume of collected poems, Verse Memorials, was published in 1857 (New York, W.P. Fetridge & Co., 224 pages).
Legacy
Lamar County, in northeast Texas, and Lamar, a small unincorporated community in Aransas County on the Texas Gulf Coast, are named for him. Dallas and Houston have a prominent Lamar Street in their downtown areas. Lamar Boulevard, a major thoroughfare in central Austin, also carries his name, as do other streets in many older communities across Texas.
Mirabeau B. Lamar is the namesake of Lamar, Missouri.
Lamar University in Beaumont was named for him in 1932. It is the largest educational facility to be named for the former Texas President, and has an enrollment of over 17,000 students. The campus features a commemorative bust of Lamar.
The defunct Lamar University System named all of its member institutions after him; these included Lamar State College–Port Arthur in Port Arthur, Lamar State College in Orange, and Lamar Institute of Technology in Beaumont.
High schools are named for Lamar in Houston, Arlington, and Rosenberg.
Middle schools are named for Lamar in Temple, Austin, Dallas, Irving, Laredo, and Flower Mound.
Elementary schools are named for Lamar in Amarillo, Corpus Christi, El Paso, San Antonio, Wichita Falls, and The Woodlands, as are numerous other K–12 schools throughout the state.
In 1959 he was inducted into the Georgia Newspaper Hall of Fame for his journalistic work.
In popular culture
Preston Jones's play The Oldest Living Graduate, part of his A Texas Trilogy, features a fictional Lamar Military Academy.
S.C. Gwynne's history of the Comanche people, Empire of the Summer Moon, describes Lamar's directing the Comanche wars in vivid detail in chapter 6, "Blood and Smoke".
References
Further reading
Hendrickson, Kenneth E. (1995), Chief Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr.,
External links
Mirabeau B. Lamar New Georgia Encyclopedia Article
Sketch of Mirabeau Lamar from A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to A.D. 1879, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
U.S. & Texas Jurisdiction Conflict, June 3, 1839, From Texas Tides
Houston's San Jacinto Battle Report
|-
Lamar County, Texas
Lamar University
1798 births
1859 deaths
Georgia (U.S. state) state senators
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Presidents of the Republic of Texas
Vice presidents of the Republic of Texas
People of the Texas Revolution
People from Columbus, Georgia
American newspaper founders
People from Rosenberg, Texas
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina
Ambassadors of the United States to Nicaragua
Ambassadors of the United States to Costa Rica
19th-century American politicians
Journalists from Texas
Texas Democrats
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American diplomats
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wik%20Peoples%20v%20Queensland
|
Wik Peoples v Queensland
|
Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland (commonly known as the Wik decision) is a decision of the High Court of Australia delivered on 23 December 1996 on whether statutory leases extinguish native title rights. The court found that the statutory pastoral leases under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of exclusive possession on the leaseholder. As a result, native title rights could co-exist depending on the terms and nature of the particular pastoral lease. Where there was a conflict of rights, the rights under the pastoral lease would extinguish the remaining native title rights.
The decision provoked a significant debate in Australian politics. It led to intense discussions on the validity of land holdings in Australia. Some political leaders criticised the court for being out of touch and for introducing uncertainty into Australian life. The Howard Government formulated a “10 point plan” to bring certainty to land ownership in Australia. This plan led to the longest debate in the Australian Senate’s history.
Background
In 1992, The High Court held in Mabo that the common law of Australia recognises Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders had a form of 'native title', which reflected the entitlement of indigenous inhabitants to their traditional lands in accordance with their laws or customs. Native title was not defined by the Wik decision. However it is commonly accepted to include rights to perform ceremony, or to gather foods or medicines.
In 1788, Australia’s east coast became Crown Land, land claimed in the name of the English monarch. Officials (Taha.Jamous), justified this with the claim that Australia was terra nullius - Latin for land belonging to no-one - which justified acquisition by British occupation without treat or payment. This effectively denied acknowledgement of Indigenous Australians had a previous occupation and connection to the land.
The Wik peoples
The Wik peoples are a grouping of Aboriginal Australians who reside in north-eastern Australia. They live in an area on western Cape York Peninsula between 11° 40' and 14° 50' south latitude. The group comprises the peoples of Wik-Ompom, Wik-Mungkana, Wik-Paacha, Wik-Thinta, Wik-Ngathara, Wik-Epa, Wik-Me'anha, Wik-Nganthara, Wik-Nganychara, and Wik-Liyanh. Their traditional lands centre around the Archer River and the Edward River. The term Wik actually means “speech” or “language” in the Aboriginal languages of the region.
The Wik people have previously litigated native title type claims. In 1975, part of the Aboriginal reserve at Aurukun created in 1957 had been excised by the Queensland Government for a bauxite mining lease. The lease was granted to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited (Comalco) through a special Act of Parliament called the Aurukun Associates Act 1975 (Qld). There was an initial win in the Supreme Court of Queensland against the lease. However an appeal to the Privy Council in London led to the decision being overturned.<ref>Corporation of the Director of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement v Peikinna (1978) 52 ALJR 286.</ref>
In the 1970s, the then Aboriginal Development Commission attempted to purchase part of a pastoral lease. This lease was over part of traditional lands used by the “Winchanam” clan. The Bjelke-Petersen government refused to allow the purchase of the lease. A challenge in the High Court ensued and the action was won by the corporation. However, the Queensland Government frustrated the decision by declaring the land a national park.
Basis of the Wik claim
The Wik peoples and the Thayorre people claimed to be the holders of native title over two areas of land. The first is known as the “Holroyd River Holding” and the other is known as the "Michellton Pastoral Leases". Their claim before the court was on the basis that their native title was not extinguished by the granting of the various leases over the land. They asserted that their native title rights continued and co-existed with the pastoral lease. The Wik Peoples also claimed declarations which challenged the validity of the Special Bauxite Mining Leases which had been granted by the Queensland Government pursuant to the Commonwealth Aluminium Corporation Pty Limited Agreement Act 1957 (Qld) and the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld). These claims were brought before the commencement of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), came into operation. That law came into being because of the High Court’s decision in Mabo v Queensland (No 2).
The Holroyd River Holding
The Holroyd River Holding is in area. The first Holroyd lease was issued to Marie Stuart Perkins in 1945. It was granted under the Land Act 1910 (Qld). This lease was surrendered in 1973. The first lease was granted for pastoral purposes. A second lease for thirty years was issued under the Land Act 1962 (Qld) in 1975 to John Herbert Broinowski, John Darling, James Maurice Gordon and Ross Farm Pty Ltd. The second lease was not limited to pastoral purposes. The Holroyd land was subject solely to a claim by the Wik people.
The Mitchellton Lease
The Mitchellton Lease was in area. It is located north of Normanton, in far north Queensland. The claim extends from the Mitchell River to the Edward River in the north and west to the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is in the District of Cook which was opened up for occupation in 1866. The first Michellton lease was granted to Alfred Joseph Smith, Thomas Alexander Simpson and Marshall Hanley Woodhouse in 1915 under the Land Act 1910. The lessees did not take up actual possession of the land. The first lease was forfeited for non-payment of rent in 1918. A second lease was granted in 1919. The new lessee also did not take up possession. The lease was surrendered in 1921. Each lease was issued for pastoral purposes. Since 1922 the land had been reserved for the benefit of Aboriginals. Both the Wik people and the Thayorre People made claims over the area.
The mining leases
There were also what were called the Comalco and Aurukun matters. Comalco Aluminium Ltd held several bauxite mining leases issued by the Queensland State Government under the Comalco Act 1957 (Qld). In each of these claims, the Wik peoples alleged that the mining leases were invalid because the Queensland Government owed fiduciary duties as a trustee to the Wik people, and that those duties had been breached by the granting of the mining leases. The Aurukun claim also included an attack on an agreement called the Aurukun Associates Agreement entered into under the Aurukun Associates Agreement Act 1975 (Qld).
The original decision
The Wik peoples lodged their claim on 30 June 1993 in the Federal Court of Australia. The claim was lodged before the commencement of Native Title legislation, introduced into Australia following the decision in the Mabo case. The State of Queensland was the first respondent to the claim. The Commonwealth of Australia was the second respondent. At a later stage, the Thayorre People were also joined as respondents. The Thayorre people also cross-claimed because their claim overlapped the claim of the Wik Peoples.
The matter came on for hearing before Drummond. Five preliminary questions were posed for determination by the Court. Drummond heard the claim between 17 and 26 October and 14 and 15 December 1994. He delivered his decision 29 January 1996 in Brisbane.
On 29 January 1996 Drummond gave judgment on the five preliminary questions that had been identified. He found that the granting of the leases over the two land claims extinguished any native title rights to those lands. In Drummond’s opinion, each lease gave exclusive possession to the lessees. (1997) 20(2) University of New South Wales Law Journal 488. Retrieved 6 September 2008. Drummond did not have to decide whether the Wik people or the Thayorre people actually were the holders of native title rights in respect of the land.
On 22 March 1996 Justice Spender granted the appellants leave to appeal to the Full Court of the Federal Court against the judgment. Subsequent to that grant leave, the High Court made orders that the appeal be removed into the High Court for determination by that court.
The appeal
The appeal was heard by the High Court between 11 and 13 June 1996 with all 7 judges sitting, Gerard Brennan CJ, Daryl Dawson, John Toohey, Mary Gaudron, Michael McHugh, William Gummow and Michael Kirby JJ. The court reserved its decision until 23 December 1996. The Court decided in favour of the Wik people by a four/three majority. Each of the majority judges wrote separate judgments in support of their decision. The majority focused on the meaning of a “lease” as used in Australia at the time. The court focused on the purpose for which the leases were granted at that time in light of the social and economic conditions of the times. The minority judges wrote a single joint judgment. They focused on the leases as well, but concluded that the leases conferred the right to exclusive occupation of the land thereby extinguishing native title.
The majority decision became a proposition for:
A pastoral lease does not confer rights of exclusive possession on the holder of the lease.
The rights and obligations depend on the nature and terms of the lease.
Where the rights of the lease are in conflict with native title rights, then the rights under the lease will prevail to the extent of any inconsistency.
The granting of a lease does not extinguish any remaining native title rights.
Political response to the decision
The decision provoked significant political and public reactions in Australia. Deputy Prime Minister John Anderson said that “country people are concerned with the Wik Native Title problem" Some State Premiers went further and publicly commented that suburban backyards were under threat from native title claims. Queensland Premier Rob Borbidge even commented that some of the High Court judges were "dills about history." Prime Minister John Howard in a press conference held up a map of Australia purporting to show how much of Australia was at risk from native title claims. The Bulletin led with a cover in December 1997 depicting "Land Rights: How Much is Too Much" with the clear implication that all land holdings in Australia were under threat from native title claims as a result of the decision.
Others pointed out that the decision only affected leasehold land and not the overwhelming majority of Australia which is freehold land held under “fee simple”. The High Court had made clear that native title was extinguished in that situation. They emphasised the “shared use” of the land with a theme of "co-existence."
The Wik 10 Point Plan
The Howard Government promised a response to the decision and came up with the “Wik 10 Point Plan”. Howard argued the decision "pushed the pendulum back too far in the Aboriginal direction (and) the 10 Point Plan will return the pendulum to the centre". The Native Title Amendment Bill 1997 (Cth) was drawn up to implement the plan. It was introduced into the Commonwealth Parliament on 4 September 1997. It was passed by the House of Representatives, however, the Senate made 217 amendments to the bill and returned it to the lower house for reconsideration. The House of Representatives agreed to half of the changes but returned the bill to the Senate again. It was eventually passed one year later on 8 July 1998 by the Senate after the longest debate in the history of the Senate. One commentator described the amendments to native title law as using a "legal sledge hammer to crack a political nut".
Legal commentary on the decision
Maureen Tehan describes the Wik decision as the high point in law for native title in Australia. The decision balanced the rights of the pastoralists and the rights of Aboriginals, but placed the primacy of pastoral title over native title. Richard Bartlett argues that the decision placed great significance on the principle of equality at common law. Philip Hunter notes that criticism of the High Court was "totally unjustified". He states that the High Court recognised that native title was in no way destructive of the title of pastoralists. He points out that where native title clashed with pastoral interests, pastoral interests would always override native title.
Frank Brennan has described the approach of the court as taking into account an "incomplete reading of the history". Gim Del Villar goes further and argues that the Wik judgment is "flawed" from a historical perspective. He argues that the court used questionable historical material to reach its conclusion that pastoral leases were not common law leases. He notes that in 1870 the Supreme Court of Queensland held that pastoral leases did confer a right of exclusive possession which reflected a common belief at that time that leases did extinguish native title. Del Villar points to despatches from Earl Grey in which there is the clear implication that native title was not to be respected when granting pastoral leases.
See also
Native title in Australia
Mabo Decision
Wik peoples
Wik languages
Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen''
Notes
References
Speech given to the Sydney Institute, 10 Mar 1997.
(2004) 16 Bond Law Review 29. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
Native title case law in Australia
High Court of Australia cases
1996 in Australian law
1996 in case law
Wik peoples
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%20Games
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X Games
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The X Games are an annual extreme sports event organized, produced and broadcast by ESPN. Coverage is also shown on ESPN's sister network, ABC. The inaugural X Games were held during the summer of 1995 in Providence and Newport, Rhode Island, United States. Participants compete to win bronze, silver, and gold medals, as well as prize money.
The competition often features new tricks such as Tony Hawk's 900 in skateboarding, Shaun White's Double McTwist 1260 in snowboard, Travis Pastrana's Double Backflip in freestyle motocross, Heath Frisby's first snowmobile frontflip, Chuck Carothers's first body varial in Moto X Best Trick, Henrik Harlaut's first nose-butter triple cork in Ski Big Air, Gus Kenworthy's first switch triple rodeo in a ski slopestyle competition and Torstein Horgmo's first landed triple cork in a snowboard competition. Concurrent with competition is the "X Fest" sports and music festival, which offers live music, athlete autograph sessions, and interactive elements.
The X Games gained media exposure due to their big name sponsors, top-tier athletes, and consistent fan attendance. As the Journal of Sport Management (2006) explains, Generation X and Generation Y are the two demographics most highly valued by marketers. This creates a broad approach on marketing towards that certain demographic, which is why the X Games marketing and economic outlook is so "out of the box". According to a 2008 report by ESPN, in 1997, the Winter X Games inaugural year, 38,000 spectators attended the four-day event. In 1998, the attendance dropped to 25,000 spectators. But just two years later, a record attendance of 83,500 people attended the Winter X Games East Coast debut. The X Games and Winter X Games continue to grow with the popularity of action sports and the athletes who compete in them.
As part of the X Games, there have been performances by various rock bands over the years, as well as a DJ being on-site at all events. The X Games have made it a point since its founding to stage an eco-friendly event. Such measures include using biodiesel fuel in their vehicles and organizing recycling campaigns.
The X Games has never carried out drug tests on competitors, a position which has been criticized by the World Anti-Doping Agency director general David Howman and the International Olympic Committee president Thomas Bach.
Winter X Games
The Winter X Games VIII in 2002 was the first time an X Games event was televised live and also had coverage by ESPN's flagship news program, SportsCenter. Viewership across the three networks that carried coverage of the event – ABC Sports, ESPN, and ESPN2 – exceeded 2001's household average by 30% according to Nielsen Media Research. The event also reached record highs in several demographic categories. To accommodate the first-time live coverage, nighttime competitions were added, resulting in record attendance for the Aspen/Snowmass venue in Colorado.
The 2002 Winter X Games was a humongous year for ESPN and the X Games. It was the first year that the games were held in Aspen at Buttermilk Mountain. The Games continued to add new events including the ski slopestyle event, ski superpipe event, snowboarding, skateboarding etc. The most memorable incident of the 2002 Games was when the entire 2002 U.S. Olympic freestyle snowboarding team showed up to compete in the Winter X snowboard superpipe event, just weeks before the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Also in 2002, ESPN announced the establishment of the X Games Global Championship. The Global Championship featured two distinct venues hosting competitions in summer and winter action sports simultaneously. It consisted of six teams of the world's top athletes, grouped together by their region of origin, to compete in the four-day event. The winter sports were held in Whistler Blackcomb Resort in British Columbia, and the events included snowboarding and skiing.
The Winter X Games are mostly held in the United States in January, but can happen in February, while the Summer X Games are usually held in August. The location of the Winter X Games is in Aspen, Colorado, through 2019, while the location for the Summer X Games has been in Los Angeles, changing to Austin, Texas, in June 2014. The X Games also has international competitions and demos around the world that are held at varying times throughout the year. The games are shown live on television.
The Winter X Games are, as described by ESPN (2008), a competition compiled of the greatest winter action sport athletes from around the world competing on an annual basis. The competition has day and evening events including skiing, snowboarding and snowmobiling. The first Winter X Games took place at Snow Summit ski resort in Big Bear Lake, California, in 1997. The following two years, the Games were held at Crested Butte Mountain Resort in Colorado. The two years following that, the Games were held in Mount Snow, Vermont. Since 2002, the Winter X Games have been held at Aspen's Buttermilk Mountain and will continue to be until 2024, according to ESPN.
During 2015's Winter X Games, ESPN used camera drones to capture aerial views of the athlete's runs. This was a first for ESPN.
Global expansion
X Games Asia have been held annually since 1998.
In May 2003, the X Games held the Global Championships, a special event where five continents competed in 11 disciplines. The event was held in two locations: the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, and Whistler, British Columbia. The final team results, in order, were the United States, Europe, Australia, Asia, and South America.
In May 2011, ESPN held a bid to select three host cities in addition to Los Angeles, Aspen, and Tignes, France, to form a six-event calendar for the next three years beginning in 2013. In May 2012, the selected cities were announced: Barcelona, Spain; Munich, Germany; and Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. The two European cities have hosted the Summer Olympic Games in the past, whereas Brazil has provided several X Games competitors. Despite previous plans for a three-year run, ESPN opted to cancel the global expansion after 2013. Since 2010, Winter X Games Europe has been held in Tignes and also began holding events in Norway in 2016. An event in Sydney, Australia was held in 2018 and winter and summer events were also planned for 2019 and 2020 in China and a return trip to Norway in 2020.
Events
Current Summer
Moto X
Moto X Best Whip
Moto X Freestyle
Moto X Quarterpipe
Moto X Best Trick
Moto X 110
Skateboarding
Skateboard Vert
Men's Skateboard Park
Women's Skateboard Park
Street League Skateboarding
SLS Select Series
Women's Skateboard Street
Skateboard Big Air
BMX Freestyle
BMX Vert
BMX Park
BMX Street
BMX Big Air
BMX Dirt
Real Video Series
Real Street
Real BMX
Real Moto
Real MTB
Real Women
Red Bull Phenom
Skateboard Street
BMX Street
Esports
MLG Call of Duty
RLCS Rocket League
MLG Counter Strike: Global Offensive
Current Winter
Skiing
Ski Big Air
Men's Ski Slopestyle
Women's Ski Slopestyle
Men's Ski Superpipe
Women's Ski Superpipe
Snowboarding
Snowboard Big Air
Women's Snowboard Slopestyle
Men's Snowboard Slopestyle
Men's Snowboard Superpipe
Women's Snowboard Superpipe
Knuckle Huck
Real Video Series
Real Snow
Real Snow Backcountry
Real Ski Backcountry
Past Summer
Surfing
Surf
SRF The Game (East vs West)
Real Surf
Big Wave
BMX
BMX Flatland
BMX Downhill
BMX Vert Doubles
BMX Vert Best Trick
Rally & Off-Road Truck
Rallycross Lites Racing
Rallycross SuperCar Racing
Rally Super Special
Gymkhana Grid
Stadium Super Trucks
Mountain Bike
Mountain Bike Slopestyle
Mountain Bike Trials
Mountain Bike Slalom
Mountain Bike Giant Slalom
Red Bull Phenom MTB
Skateboarding
Skateboard Big Air Rail Jam
Downhill Skateboarding
Skateboard Vert Doubles
Women's Skateboard Vert
Skateboard Vert Best Trick
Skateboard Game of SK8
Other
Climbing
Street luge
X-venture race
Windsurfing
Wakeboarding
Skysurfing
Bungee jumping
Barefoot Waterski Jumping
Aggressive inline skating
Vert Skating
Vert Skating Triples
Vert Skating Best Trick
Street Skating
Park Skating
Moto X
Moto X Step Up
Men's Moto X racing
Women's Moto X racing
Moto X speed and style
Moto X adaptive racing
Men's Moto X Endurocross
Women's Moto X Endurocross
Moto X SuperMoto
Moto X Flat Track
Moto X Hooligan Flat Track
Moto X Doubles (intended to be a medal event at X Games Sydney 2018 but was replaced by a demo due to thunderstorms)
Past Winter
Super Modified Snow Shovel Racing
Snow Mountain Bike Racing
Skiboarding
Ice climbing
Ultracross
Snowskating
Hillcross
Snowmobile Best Trick
Men's Skier X
Women's Skier X
Mono Skier X
Men's Snowboard X
Women's Snowboard X
Snowmobile Freestyle
Snowmobile Speed & Style
Snocross
Snocross Adaptive
Snow BikeCross
Snow Bike Best Trick
History
Summarized from ESPN.com
Summer X Games
1995: Extreme Games – Newport, Rhode Island & Providence, Rhode Island
Chris Senn wins the gold medal in Skateboard Street beating Tony Hawk who took the silver and Willy Santos who won Bronze.
Justin Seers wins the gold medal in Barefoot Water Ski Jumping.
After injuring his right leg during qualifying, Bob Pereyra wins the gold in Street Luge.
Jay Miron takes the gold in BMX Dirt.
Tony Hawk takes the gold in Skateboard Vert after Neal Hendrix bails on his final run.
Mat Hoffman takes his first gold medal in BMX Vert.
Robert "Fig" Naughton wins gold in Dual Downhill Mountain bike.
Cheri Elliott wins gold in Dual Downhill Mountain bike.
1996: X Games II – Providence & Newport
Dave Mirra wins his first gold medal in BMX Street.
Rodil de Araujo Jr. takes the gold in Skateboard Street.
Joey Garcia takes the gold medal in BMX Dirt.
Mat Hoffman takes his second gold medal in BMX Vert.
1997: X Games III – Mission Beach, San Diego, California (June 20–28, 1997)
T.J. Lavin takes the gold medal in BMX Dirt, edging out Brian Foster and Ryan Nyquist.
Dave Mirra takes his second gold medal in BMX Street.
In the debut of Skateboard Vert Doubles, Tony Hawk and Andy Macdonald teamed up and took home the gold.
Snowboarding Big-Air makes its debut at the Summer X Games with Peter Line taking the gold for the men and Tina Dixon taking the gold for the women.
In Skateboard Vert, Tony Hawk took home the gold with the first of his many history-making moments at the X Games: the "Perfect Run". His score was a 97.50.
Chris Senn takes home his second gold medal in Skateboard Street.
Trevor Meyer takes the gold in the debut of Flatland BMX.
1998: X Games IV – San Diego (June 1998)
The team of Dennis McCoy and Dave Mirra take the gold in BMX Vert Doubles.
Brian Foster edges out Ryan Nyquist and Joey Garcia to take gold in BMX Dirt.
Dave Mirra takes his third gold medal in BMX Street.
Trevor Meyer claims his second gold medal in Flatland BMX.
Morgan Smith wins the gold in snowboarding men's vert.
Tony Hawk and Andy MacDonald take home their second gold medal in Skateboard Vert Doubles.
Rodil de Araujo Jr. takes his second gold medal in Skateboard Street after missing the '97 games with an injury.
1999: X Games V – Pier 30 & 32, San Francisco (June 25 – July 3, 1999)
Dennis Derammelaere takes the gold in Dual Street Luge.
Dave Mirra wins his fourth gold medal in BMX Street.
Andy MacDonald and Tony Hawk claim their third gold medal in Skateboard Vert Doubles.
First professional sporting event (full event) broadcast live on the Internet.
After eleven failed attempts, skateboarder Tony Hawk finally landed a 900-degree spin (the 900).
Travis Pastrana won the first-ever Moto X Freestyle event at the X Games, after dislocating his spine the previous spring. He also scored the highest run ever (99.00 points).
2000: X Games VI – Pier 30 & 32, San Francisco, California (August 17–22, 2000)
Dave Mirra won BMX Park, landing the first-ever double backflip in competition.
Dennis Derammelaere wins gold in the inaugural 'King of the Hill' Street Luge event.
The name of the street event for BMX and Skateboarding is changed to Skateboard Park and Bike Stunt Park.
Eric Koston wins his first-ever X Games gold medal in Skateboard Park.
Bob Burnquist wins the gold medal in Skateboard Vert Best Trick with a Fakie 5–0 Kickflip out on the grind bar.
Travis Pastrana wins his second gold medal in Moto X Freestyle. He also attempted to pull off a backflip but bailed out and broke his foot upon landing.
Tommy Clowers won the first-ever Moto X Step Up event at a record-breaking height of 35 feet.
Bucky Lasek scored a 98.50 in Skateboard Vert, the highest in X Games history.
2001: X Games VII – South Philadelphia Sports Complex, Philadelphia (August 17–22, 2001)
Bob Burnquist managed an almost perfect Skateboard Vert run with a score of 98.00. This run is consider by many to be the best run ever in the history of skateboard vert, as Burnquist landed several tricks that had never been done before. Tony Hawk, who was commentating, nearly lost his voice while screaming in disbelief.
Taïg Khris won the In-line Vert event, with the first double backflip in Inline skating history.
Stephen Murray lands the first double backflip in Bike Stunt Dirt and wins the gold medal with Ryan Nyquist taking the Silver and T.J. Lavin with the Bronze.
X Games VII filmed for ESPN's Ultimate X: The Movie.
Travis Pastrana wins his third gold medal in Moto X Freestyle.
Tommy Clowers wins his second gold in Moto X Step Up, while Travis Pastrana takes the silver.
Kenny Bartram took gold in the first-ever Moto X Big Air/Best Trick.
Carey Hart is hospitalized after falling off his bike mid-air attempting a backflip.
Danny Harf landed a 900-degree spin in wakeboarding.
Bruce Crisman beats Dave Mirra in BMX Park.
2002: X Games VIII – First Union Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (August 15–19, 2002)
Mat Hoffman landed the no handed 900-degree spin on a BMX.
Mike Metzger landed the first backflip in X Games history. He also pulled off two consecutive flips; one of them over an 80-foot gap, in a competition run for the victory. He became the first person to win the event other than Travis Pastrana.
Mike Metzger wins his first gold of the competition in the Moto X Big Air/Best Trick with a no foot backflip.
Carey Hart takes home the silver, finally landing a backflip.
Pierre-Luc Gagnon won gold in Skateboard Vert Best Trick by landing a Heelflip McTwist.
2003: X Games IX – Staples Center & LA Coliseum, Los Angeles (August 14–17, 2003)
Travis Pastrana returns to reclaim his gold medal in Moto X Freestyle.
Brian Deegan landed the first-ever 360 in Moto X Freestyle, earning him the bronze in Freestyle and gold in Best Trick.
Ryan Sheckler became the youngest X Games gold medalist ever at the age of 13 in Skateboard Park.
Bob Burnquist and Bucky Lasek take the gold medal in Skateboard Vert Doubles.
Tony Hawk wins gold in Skateboard Vert Best Trick by landing the 900 (skateboarding)
In Skateboard Street, Chad Muska wins the gold medal.
2004: X Games X – Staples Center, Home Depot Center, Long Beach Marine Stadium, Los Angeles (August 5–8, 2004)
Nate Adams won and became the first person to defeat Travis Pastrana in the Moto X Freestyle event at the X Games.
Danny Way wins the inaugural Skateboard Big Air.
Jeremy McGrath made his first appearance at the X Games, winning gold in Moto X Step Up and bronze in Supermoto.
Chuck Carothers wins Moto X Best Trick with the first body varial done at X Games.
2005: X Games XI – Staples Center, Los Angeles (August 4–7, 2005)
Removal of inline skating from competition following pressure from the skateboarding industry.
Shaun White failed to land the 1080 in Skate Best Trick after 29 attempts.
Jamie Bestwick landed the first-ever double tailwhip flair in the BMX Vert Best Trick event.
Travis Pastrana won his fifth medal in Moto X Freestyle and became the most decorated athlete in motocross.
ESPN signed a contract to keep the X Games in Los Angeles through 2009.
2006: X Games 12 – Staples Center, Home Depot Center & Long Beach Marine Stadium, Los Angeles (August 3–6, 2006)
Travis Pastrana landed the world's first double backflip on a dirt bike, and won Moto X Best Trick with a score of 98.60, the highest current score in best trick. He also claims gold in the Moto X Freestyle event.
Kevin Robinson landed the double flair for the first time.
Travis Pastrana won the inaugural X Games Rally, beating the former World Rally Champion, Colin McRae by .52 seconds after the latter rolled his car with two corners to go at the Home Depot Center. It is his third gold of the event.
Chad Kagy landed the first flatwhip double tailwhip 540.
Skateboarder Nyjah Huston became the youngest athlete to compete in X Games at 11 years old.
2007: X Games 13 – Staples Center, Home Depot Center & Long Beach Marine Stadium, Los Angeles (August 2–5, 2007)
Adam Jones became the fourth person to win the Moto X Freestyle event at the X Games.
Kyle Loza won on his first gold medal in the Moto X Best Trick competition in his first appearance by performing the "Volt".
Shaun White won the gold medal in skateboard vert beating Pierre Luc-Gagnon (aka PLG) and Bucky Lasek.
Jake Brown was hurt after landing the first 720 in Big Air competition. He fell from 40'+ and landed on his backside and back on the flat. The force of the fall knocked his shoes off. After 8 minutes laying motionless, he walked away with help. He suffered a fractured wrist, bruised lung and liver, whiplash, ruptured spleen and a concussion.
Ricky Carmichael won the first-ever motocross racing circuit.
Mat Hoffman returned to competition in BMX Big Air.
Simon Tabron made an X Games first, doing back-to-back 900s in BMX Vert.
2008: X Games XIV – Los Angeles (July 31 – August 3, 2008)
Danny Way clipped his shins on the lip of the quarterpipe after a 20+ foot freefall during the Big Air competition, which the commentators refer to as the "second worst fall ever at the X Games" (the first being Jake Brown's the year before). After spending a few minutes with paramedics, Way limped back to the ramp and went on to nail the trick he had fallen on, coming in second place, behind Bob Burnquist who scored a 96.00.
Ryan Sheckler won gold in Skateboard Street, his second gold medal at the X Games.
Jeremy Lusk won a gold medal in the Moto X Freestyle event.
Kyle Loza won his second gold medal in the Moto X Best Trick competition in two appearances by performing a never-before-seen move named the "Electric Doom".
The Games were filmed for X Games 3D: The Movie.
Skateboarder Andy Macdonald won his 15th X Games medal, surpassing Tony Hawk as the all-time leader in skateboarding medals.
Rally racer Travis Pastrana reclaimed the gold medal by defeating Tanner Foust in the Rally X final.
Jim DeChamp fell while attempting the first-ever frontflip on a motocross bike.
Tarah Gieger of Puerto Rico won the gold medal in the first-ever women's supercross race.
2009: X Games 15 – Los Angeles (July 30 – August 2, 2009)
Skateboarder Jake Brown won his first gold medal in the Big Air competition.
Danny Way won the inaugural Big Air Rail Jam, a contest which he created.
Paul Rodriguez won Skateboard Street.
Ohio's Anthony Napolitan landed the first-ever double front flip on a bicycle.
Blake Williams became the first non-American rider to win FMX gold.
Kyle Loza became the first person to three-peat gold Moto X Best Trick in controversial fashion by using the same trick he used to win in 2008, the "Electric Doom", especially after the judges had said that "innovation" would win the gold that year.
Ricky Carmichael fell and hurt himself on Moto X Step Up. Due to the circumstances, dual gold medals were awarded to Carmichael and to Ronnie Renner.
Jamie Bestwick wins BMX Vert for the third time.
Pierre-Luc Gagnon won gold in Skateboard Vert for the second consecutive year.
In his first X Games appearance, the retired IndyCar champion Kenny Brack won Rally X gold over the defending gold medalist Travis Pastrana. In a TV first, co-drivers Jen Horsey and Chrissie Beavis commentate live inside the racecars.
Ashley Fiolek, 18, won the Women's Motocross Super X, becoming the Games' first deaf medalist.
2010: X Games 16 – Staples Center, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum & L.A. Live, Los Angeles (July 29 – August 1, 2010)
Travis Pastrana competed in four events after pulling out of Best Trick at the last minute. He came back to freestyle after a 3-year break and took gold, pulling yet another double backflip, the first in Moto X freestyle competition. He had troubles in Rally, costing him gold in Rally Racing and the chance to compete in Super Rally, but came back on the bike and won his first gold in Moto X Speed & Style, beating Nate Adams
Ashley Fiolek won the Women's Motocross Super X for the second year running, becoming the only rider to do so.
Matt Buyten won gold in Moto X Step Up, beating the former champion, Ronnie Renner.
Jamie Bestwick became the first person to 4-peat with a win in BMX Vert.
Pierre-Luc Gagnon became the first athlete to win in Skateboard Vert three times, beating the silver medalist, Shaun White.
Garrett Reynolds became the first athlete to win BMX Street three times.
Cam Sinclair made what some call the greatest comeback in action sports history, winning his first X Games gold medal in Best Trick by pulling a double backflip, the trick that bit him hard in Red Bull X-Fighters only 8 months before, leaving him in a coma for seven days, and having him retrain his body, learning how to walk and, eventually, to ride again.
Ryan Sheckler won the X Games gold medal in Skateboard Street seeking redemption after his X Games XV mishap.
2011: X Games 17 – Los Angeles (July 28–31, 2011)
Nate Adams wins his second gold medal in Moto X Freestyle.
Shaun White earned his second gold medal in Skateboard Vert, breaking Pierre Luc Gagnon's 3-year winning streak.
Liam Doran took gold on his debut in the Rally Car Racing event after beating Marcus Grönholm in the final.
Nyjah Huston came first in the Men's Skateboard Street, his first X Games gold medal since his participation in the event at the X Games XIV.
Travis Pastrana fell while attempting a rodeo 720, or as he called it "The Toilet Paper Roll", in Moto X Best Trick, breaking bones in his foot and ankle. Despite the injury, he competed in RallyCross three days later using hand controls mounted to the steering wheel.
Jackson Strong landed the first frontflip on a dirt bike during Moto X Best Trick, claiming the gold.
2012: X Games 18 – Los Angeles (June 28 – July 1, 2012)
Bob Burnquist won his fourth Big Air gold medal, and his ninth total gold medals.
Ronnie Renner won the gold medal in Moto X Step Up, breaking the previous record height of 37' by 10' making it the highest ever at the X Games with 47'.
Jamie Bestwick 6-peats with a win in BMX Vert.
Garrett Reynolds 5-peats in BMX Street, the only competitor to win BMX Street in its 5-year history at X Games.
Sébastien Loeb (Citroën DS3), by then eight consecutive times World Rally Championship winner since 2004, claimed gold on his debut in the X Games' RallyCross event. He dominated silver medalist and WRC rival Ken Block by about 10 seconds after Block's Ford Fiesta was hampered by a tire puncture during the second half of the main final.
Jagger Eaton becomes the youngest person to compete in the X Games.
2013: X Games Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
Jake Brown lands the first ollie 720 in Skateboard Big Air, earning the bronze.
Mitchie Brusco lands the first body varial 900 in Skateboard Big Air.
Bob Burnquist wins his 3rd consecutive gold medal in Skateboard Big Air earning his 23rd X Games medal, and landing the 1st "Lien Air Rodeo Flip 720".
Jamie Bestwick wins his 7th consecutive gold medal in BMX Vert.
Bryce Hudson wins Moto X Step Up as an X Games rookie.
Laia Sanz wins Women's Moto X Enduro X as a rookie, defeating 2-time defending gold medalist Maria Forsberg.
2013: X Games Barcelona
Mitchie Brusco landed the first 1080 in Skateboard Big Air, earning the silver. He also became the youngest Skateboard Vert medalist (16), earning the bronze.
Bob Burnquist won his 4th consecutive gold medal in Skateboard Big Air, earning his 24th X Games medal.
Alana Smith won silver in Women's Skateboard Park, becoming the youngest X Games medalist (12).
Jamie Bestwick won his 8th consecutive gold medal in BMX Vert.
Chad Kagy lands the first frontflip flair in competition during BMX Vert.
Zack Warden landed a bike-flip backflip to late tailwhip during BMX Big Air, and took his second straight gold.
2013: X Games Munich
Bob Burnquist won his 5th consecutive gold medal in Skateboard Big Air, earning a record 25th medal, landing the 1st switch ollie 540.
Brett Rheeder, won the first gold medal in the inaugural Slopestyle-freeride Mountain bike event.
Chris Cole won his first Street League contest, en route to winning his third X Games gold medal.
2013: X Games Los Angeles 2013
Elliot Sloan won his first gold medal in Skateboard Big Air, defeating Bob Burnquist, who earned his 26th X Games medal (bronze). Tom Schaar took the silver.
Vicki Golden won her third consecutive gold medal in Women's Moto X Racing, defeating Meghan Rutledge, after Rutledge crashed across the gap. She also became the 1st woman to compete in a freestyle moto X competition, earning bronze in Best Whip.
Vince Byron landed the first 540 double tail whip in BMX Big Air, earning the silver. Morgan Wade took the gold.
2014: X Games Austin 2014
Former Formula One and NASCAR driver Scott Speed wins the Gold in RallyCross Supercars and Mitchell DeJong took it in RallyCross Lites.
Jamie Bestwick won his ninth straight gold medal in BMX Vert. One of the tricks Bestwick pulled was a front flip flair (front flip with a 180 degree rotation).
Newcomer Jimmy Wilkins won the gold medal in Skateboard Vert. This was Wilkins first pro competition.
2015: X Games Austin 2015
Colton Satterfield becomes the second person to land a double flair in competition and the first to land it on the Big Air ramp. With this, he took his second straight gold in BMX Big Air.
Thomas Pages won the first-ever Moto X Quarterpipe competition, landing a bike-flip and scoring a 95.
Vince Byron landed the first 540 flair on a vert ramp during the BMX Vert contest and took the gold, defeating nine-time defending champion Jamie Bestwick.
Nicki Minaj and Metallica performed in front of massive crowds.
2016: X Games Austin 2016
Jackson Strong landed a frontflip in Moto X Best Trick and took the gold. Strong had just returned from the hospital after he crash-landed on a double backflip during the Quarterpipe competition about an hour before.
Jamie Bestwick won his tenth gold medal in BMX Vert, landing an Alley-oop 540 Tailwhip (which hadn't been done before).
Scotty Cranmer broke his back when his BMX bike malfunctioned while attempting a backflip double tail whip in BMX Park.
2017: X Games Minneapolis 2017
Bob Burnquist announced his retirement from the X Games, having competed every year since the first X Games in 1995.
2018: X Games Norway 2018
Leticia Bufoni won first place in 2018
2018: X Games Minneapolis 2018
Mitchie Brusco lands his second 1080 and earns his first X Games gold medal.
2019: X Games Minneapolis 2019
X Fest held at U.S. Bank Stadium, coupled with Skateboard and BMX Vert events and live musical performances at The Armory.
Mitchie Brusco lands the first 1260 in Skateboard Big Air, earning a silver medal.
Cocona Hiraki becomes the youngest ever X Games medalist in history, at 10 years of age, earning a silver medal in Women's Skateboard Park.
Skateboarder Gui Khury became the youngest competitor at an X Games and became the youngest person to complete a 900 at an X Games.
2020: X Games Minneapolis 2020
X Games Minneapolis 2020 was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021: X Games Southern California 2021
First Summer X Games to be held at professional training facilities, without an in-person audience, both due to the COVID-19 pandemic and close proximity to the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Events are held at 3 separate facility venues in Riverside, Ramona, and Vista
Gui Khury landed the first ever 1080 in a vert competition, winning best trick.
Winter X Games
1997: Winter X Games 1, Big Bear Lake, California (January 30 – February 2, 1997)
38,000 in attendance
Cheri Elliott wins gold in Snow Mountain Biking Women's Dual Speed
1998: Winter X Games 2, Crested Butte, Colorado
25,000 in attendance
1999: Winter X Games 3, Crested Butte, Colorado
30,000+ in attendance
2000: Winter X Games 4, Mount Snow, Vermont (February 3–6, 2000)
83,500 in attendance
2001: Winter X Games 5, Mount Snow, Vermont
85,100 in attendance
2002: Winter X Games 6, Aspen, Colorado (February 1–5, 2002)
2003: Winter X Games 7, Aspen, Colorado (January 30 – February 5, 2003)
C.R. Johnson wins bronze in Ski Superpipe.
2004: Winter X Games 8, Aspen, Colorado (January 22–25, 2004)
2005: Winter X Games 9, Aspen, Colorado (January 29 – February 1, 2005)
2006: Winter X Games 10, Aspen, Colorado (January 28–31, 2006)
Jeaux Hall landed the 1080 in the half-pipe contest after 17 attempts.
ESPN signed a contract with the Aspen Skiing Company to keep the Winter X Games in Colorado through 2012
2007: Winter X Games 11, Aspen, Colorado (January 25–28, 2007)
Peter Olenick landed the first double-flip (The Whiskey Flip) in halfpipe competition history, starting a revolution and setting a new standard in superpipe tricks.
2008: Winter X Games 12, Aspen, Colorado (January 24–27, 2008)
2009: Winter X Games 13, Aspen, Colorado (January 22–25, 2009)
Levi LaVallee attempted the first double backflip on a snowmobile.
Shaun White won the first back-to-back golds in Snowboard Superpipe.
2010: Winter X Games 14, Aspen, Colorado (January 28–31, 2010)
Eero Ettala won the gold medal in Men's Snowboard Slopestyle. He reached the finals with a staggering 93.33 points. The runner up, Eric Willett, reached only 86.33 points.
2011: Winter X Games 15, Aspen, Colorado (January 27–30, 2011)
Kelly Clark landed the first 1080 by a woman in competition, in Women's Superpipe.
Torstein Horgmo landed the first triple cork in competition, in Men's Snowboard Big Air.
Shaun White became the first to four peat in Snowboard Superpipe in X Games history.
Sebastian Toutant wins gold as a rookie.
During the Snowmobile Best Trick, the brothers Colten and Caleb Moore successfully landed a two-man backflip but were disqualified because judges ruled the event as an individual sport. Daniel Bodin later took gold for the event.
2012: Winter X Games 16, Aspen, Colorado (January 26–29, 2012)
Games dedicated to the renowned freestyle skier Sarah Burke, who died on January 19, 2012.
Shaun White won Snowboard Superpipe for the fifth year in a row all while posting a perfect 100 for the first time in the history of either the winter or summer X Games.
Heath Frisby landed the first-ever front flip of a snowmobile, in Snowmobile Best Trick.
2013: Winter X Games 17, Aspen, Colorado (January 24–27, 2013) Mark McMorris gets a 98.00 which is the highest score in men snowboard slope style event.
Tucker Hibbert became the first Winter X Games athlete to six-peat in any event with his sixth gold medal in Snowmobile SnoCross.
Shaun White won Snowboard Superpipe for the sixth year in a row and in the process shatters the height record out of a halfpipe with a 24'1" or 7.3m backside method air.
Elena Hight became the first snowboarder, male or female, to land a double backside alley-oop rodeo during a halfpipe competition.
The first triple corks were landed in the Ski Big Air competition. Henrik Harlaut earned a perfect score with his nose butter triple cork 1620.
American snowmobiler Caleb Moore became the first X Games participant to die from injuries sustained at the event. He died on January 31, 2013, from complications of injuries suffered in a crash on January 24.
2013: X Games Tignes, France
Iouri Podladtchikov lands the 1st cab double cork 1440 in Men's Snowboard Superpipe.
2014: Winter X Games 18, Aspen, Colorado (January 23–26, 2014)
Tucker Hibbert became the first Winter X Games athlete to seven-peat in any event with his seventh consecutive gold medal in Snowmobile SnoCross.
Max Parrot wins double gold in both Men's Snowboard Slopestyle and Snowboard Big Air.
Yuki Kadono attempts to land the first switch bs triple cork 1620 in Snowboard Big Air.
Max Parrot attempts to land the first cab triple cork 1620 in Snowboard Big Air.
2015: Winter X Games 19, Aspen, Colorado (January 22–25, 2015)
2016: Winter X Games 20, Aspen, Colorado (January 28–31, 2016)
Max Parrot lands the first cab triple cork 1800 in Snowboard Big Air.
2017: Winter X Games 21, Aspen, Colorado (January 26–29, 2017)
Marcus Kleveland lands the first quadruple cork in competition history in Snowboard Big Air.
2018: Winter X Games 22, Aspen, Colorado (January 25–28, 2018)
Mark McMorris earns a bronze in men's snowboard slope style 11 months after waking from a coma.
2019: Winter X Games 23, Aspen, Colorado (January 24–27, 2019)
2020: Winter X Games 24, Aspen, Colorado (January 23–26, 2020)
2020: Winter X Games Norway, Hafjell (March 7–8, 2020)
Mark McMorris earns 19th career medal with a gold in Snowboard Big Air to surpass Shaun White's longstanding record for most winter medals at X Games.
2020: X Games Chongli 2020
X Games Chongli 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021: Winter X Games 25, Aspen, Colorado (January 29–31, 2021)
2022: Winter X Games 26, Aspen, Colorado (January 21–23, 2022)
Alex Hall lands the first ever 2160 in Men's Ski Big Air.
Host
Movies
Two movies were filmed at the X Games. Ultimate X: The Movie was filmed at the 2001 X Games in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and X Games 3D: The Movie was filmed at the 2008 X Games and Winter X Games in Los Angeles, California and Aspen, Colorado.
Other Media
Video Games
ESPN X Games Skateboarding was released for the PlayStation 2 & Game Boy Advance in North America on August 13, 2001, and September 12, 2001. The park course featured in the game was based on the one used at the 2000 X Games in San Francisco, California. The Xbox version of the 2004 video game MTX Mototrax had the 2003 X Games Freestyle Motocross course as one of the Freestyle levels. The Winter X Games level featured in the game ESPN Winter X-Games Snowboarding (released on October 26, 2000, in North America for the PlayStation 2) was based on the courses at Mount Snow, Vermont.
References
External links
X Games Norway
X Games Asia
Multi-sport events
Recurring sporting events established in 1995
Wide World of Sports (American TV series)
Multi-sport events in the United States
Skateboarding competitions
BMX competitions
Skiing competitions in the United States
ABC Sports
ESPN
ESPN2
Freestyle motocross
Snowmobile racing
Inline skating
Rallying
Annual sporting events in the United States
|
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207646
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung
|
Sung
|
Sung may refer to:
Sung, Cambodia, commune in Samlout District, Battambang Province
Singing (past participle of the verb "to sing")
Chinese history
Song (state) (宋) (11th century BC – 286 BC), a state during the Spring and Autumn period, also transliterated as "Sung"
Liu Song Dynasty (宋) (420–479), a dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, also transliterated as "Sung"
Song Dynasty (宋) (960–1279), a dynasty split into 2 eras, Northern Song and Southern Song, also transliterated as "Sung"
Surnames
Song (Chinese name)
Seong (Korean name)
Seung (Korean name)
See also
Song (disambiguation)
Unsung (disambiguation)
|
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] |
207647
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20on%20the%20postage%20stamps%20of%20Australia
|
List of people on the postage stamps of Australia
|
This is a list of people on the postage stamps of Australia.
New South Wales 1850–1912
3rd Baron Carrington (1888)
James Cook (1888)
Arthur Phillip (1888)
Queen Victoria (1851)
Queensland 1860–1912
Queen Victoria (1860)
South Australia 1855–1912
Queen Victoria (1855)
Tasmania 1853–1912
Saint George (1863)
Queen Victoria (1855)
Victoria 1850–1912
King Edward VII (1901)
Queen Victoria (1850)
Western Australia 1854–1912
Queen Victoria (1886)
Australia 1913–
A
Gary Ablett, Jr., Australian rules footballer (2012)
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (1945)
Prue Acton, fashion designer (2005)
Brett Aitken, cyclist (2000) Olympic gold medal
Jenny Armstrong, sailing (2000) Olympic gold medal
B
Lord Baden-Powell, Scout movement founder (1960, 2008)
Suzanne Balogh, trap-shooter (2004) Olympic gold medal
Sir Joseph Banks, naturalist (1970, 1986)
Jenny Bannister, fashion designer (2005)
Ron Barassi, Australian rules footballer (2012)
Sir Edmund Barton, prime minister (1951, 1969, 2001)
George Bass, explorer (1963, 1999)
Ryan Bayley, cyclist (2004) Olympic gold medal
Troy Bayliss, motorcycle Grand Prix rider (2004)
Daryl Beattie, motorcycle Grand Prix rider (2004)
Dale Begg-Smith, skier (2006) Olympic gold medal
Mathew Belcher, sailor (2012) Olympic gold medal
Cate Blanchett, actor (2009)
Gregory Blaxland, explorer (1963, 2012)
Arthur Boyd, artist (1999)
Steven Bradbury, short track speed skater (2002) Olympic gold medal
Sir Donald Bradman, cricketer (1997, 2001)
Lawrence Bragg, Nobel Prize winner (2012) portrait by Sir William Dargie
Scobie Breasley, jockey (2007)
Scott Brennan, rower (2008) Olympic gold medal
Nicholas Brierley, actor The Story of the Kelly Gang (1995)
Torah Bright, Winter Olympics gold medallist (2010)
Sir Norman Brookes, tennis player (1981)
Graeme Brown, cyclist (2004) Olympic gold medal
Viscount Bruce, Prime Minister (1972)
Robert O'Hara Burke, explorer (1983, 2010)
Sir Macfarlane Burnet, medical scientist (1995, 2012), the latter a portrait by Clifton Pugh
Lauren Burns, taekwondo (2000) Olympic gold medal
C
Tom Calma, Aboriginal elder and university chancellor (2017)
Alec Campbell, World War I veteran (2000)
Dame Kate Campbell, paediatrician (2012)
David Campese, rugby union (2012)
Alisa Camplin, Aerial (freestyle) skier (2002) Olympic gold medal
Peter Carey, novelist (2010)
Sara Carrigan, cyclist (2004) Olympic gold medal
Pat Cash, tennis player (2016)
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (2011)
Dr Victor Chang, cardiac surgeon (2012)
Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the Australian thrown (1981)
Charles Chauvel, film director (1989)
Ben Chifley, Prime Minister (1975, 1994)
Caroline Chisholm, social worker and reformer (1968)
Sir Winston Churchill (1965)
Marcus Clarke, writer (1973)
Jacob Clear, canoeist (2012) Olympic gold medal
Con Colleano, circus performer (1997)
David Collins, lieutenant governor (1953)
Percy Collins, ship's stoker (1995)
James Cook, explorer (1963, 1970, 1999)
Sir Joseph Cook, Prime Minister (1972)
Natalie Cook, beach volleyball (2000) Olympic gold medal
Ashley Cooper, tennis player (2016)
Margaret Smith Court (2003)
Bryce Courtenay (2010), literary legend
Eva Cox, advancing women's equality (2011)
Edith Cowan, judge and legislator (1975)
David Crawshay, rower (2008) Olympic gold medal
Russell Crowe, actor (2009, 2010)
Bart Cummings, racehorse trainer (2007)
John Curtin, Prime Minister (1975, 1994)
Betty Cuthbert, runner (1998)
Sir Roden Cutler, recipient of the Victoria Cross (2000)
Members of the Cycling Men's Team Pursuit, Olympic gold medal (2004)
D
William Dampier, explorer (1963,1966, 1985, 1999)
Sir Edgeworth David, geologist (1968)
Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister (1969)
Anne Judith Denman, daughter of Governor-General Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman as recipient of first Australian banknote (2013)
Tom Derrick, recipient of the Victoria Cross (1995)
Michael Diamond, trap-shooter (2000) Olympic gold medal
Diana, Princess of Wales, Australian Royal (1981)
Collette Dinnigan, fashion designer (2005)
Peter C. Doherty, immunologist (2002)
Jason Donovan, television actor Neighbours, (2006)
Mick Doohan, motorcycle Grand Prix rider (2004)
Denise Drysdale, television host (2018)
Sir Edward "Weary" Dunlop, soldier surgeon (1995)
Fanny Durack, swimmer (1996)
Slim Dusty, musician (2001)
E
Sir John Carew Eccles, Nobel Prize winner (2012) portrait by Judy Cassab
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh – see under Philip
Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1947 and many later)
Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), queen consort (1937)
Herb Elliott, runner (1998)
Roy Emerson, tennis player (2016)
Members of the Equestrian three-day event team (2000) Olympic gold medal
Elizabeth Evatt, advancing women's equality (2011)
Dame Edna Everage, character (2006)
Edward John Eyre, explorer (1991)
F
Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister (1975, 1994)
Lady Mary Fairfax, as philanthropist (2008)
Simon Fairweather, archer (2000) Olympic gold medal
William Farrer, plant breeder (1948)
Members of the Field hockey women's team (2000) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Field hockey men's team (2004) Olympic gold medal
Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister (1972)
Walter Drowley Filmer, radiologist (1995)
Edwin Flack, runner (1996)
Matthew Flinders, explorer (1963, 1980, 1999)
Howard Florey, Baron Florey, medical scientist (1995, 2012), the latter a portrait by Allan Gwynne-Jones
Frank Forde, Prime Minister (1994)
Alexander Forrest, explorer (1983)
Sir John Forrest, explorer and politician (1949, 1976)
Mem Fox, writer (2019)
Dawn Fraser, swimmer (1998)
Neale Fraser, tennis player (2016)
Duncan Free, rower (2008) Olympic gold medal
Jacqueline Freney, Paralympian of the year (2012)
Cathy Freeman, athlete (2000, 2003) Olympic gold medal
G
Wayne Gardner, motorcycle Grand Prix rider (2004)
William Gentry, New Zealand military leader; the stamp commemorating the ANZUS treaty (2011)
Saint George, on gold sovereign (1999)
King George III (1986)
King George V (1914)
King George VI (1937)
Adam Gilchrist, cricketer (2007)
Ernest Giles, explorer (1976)
Dame Mary Gilmore, writer (1973)
Drew Ginn, rower (2004, 2008) Olympic gold medal
Morris Gleitzman, writer (2019)
Duke of Gloucester, British royal and Governor-General (1945)
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, British royal, wife of Governor-General (1945)
Stanley Goble, aviator (1994)
Leon Goldsworthy, bomb disposal (1995)
Evonne Goolagong Cawley, tennis player (2016)
William Gosse, explorer (1976)
John Gould, ornithologist (1976)
Dr W. G. Grace, English cricketer (1988)
Vivean Gray, actor Picnic at Hanging Rock, (1995)
Germaine Greer, advancing women's equality (2011)
Walter Burley Griffin, architect (1963)
Sir Samuel Griffith, first Chief justice of the High Court (2003)
H
Grant Hackett, swimmer (2000, 2004) Olympic gold medal
Lawrence Hargrave, aviation pioneer (1965, 1994)
Edward Hargraves gold discoverer (1951)
Dirk Hartog, navigator (1985)
Harry Hawker, aviator (1978)
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1945)
Jodie Henry, swimmer (2004) Olympic gold medal
Lleyton Hewitt, tennis player (2016)
Roy Higgins, jockey (2007)
Bert Hinkler, aviator (1978)
Leigh Hobbs, writer (2019)
Fred Hollows, ophthalmologist (1995, 2012)
Steve Hooker, pole vaulter (2008) Olympic gold medal
William Hovell, explorer (1976)
Sir Neville Howse, recipient of the Victoria Cross (2000)
Billy Hughes, Prime Minister (1972)
Hamilton Hume, explorer (1976)
Barry Humphries, actor (2006)
Captain John Hunter, second governor of New South Wales (1986)
I
Bob Ingham, racehorse owner/breeder (2007)
Sir Isaac Isaacs, Governor-General (1973)
Akira Isogawa, fashion designer (2005)
J
Marjorie Jackson, runner (1998)
Iain Jensen, sailing (2012) Olympic gold medal
Gwoya Jungarai known as One Pound Jimmy, Aboriginal (1950, 1952)
Leisel Jones, swimmer (2008) Olympic gold medal
K
Thomas Keneally, novelist (2010)
Private Edward Kenna, recipient of the Victoria Cross (2000)
Graham Kennedy, television In Melbourne Tonight (2006)
Kerri-Anne Kennerley, television host (2018)
Nicole Kidman, actor (2009)
Phillip Parker King, admiral (1963, 1999) (sic???)
Tom King, sailor (2000) Olympic gold medal
Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, pilot (1958, 1978)
John Simpson Kirkpatrick, war hero (with donkey Murphy Duffy Abdul) (1965)
L
Thomas Laby, nuclear scientist (1976)
Peter Lalor, political activist (2004)
Anne-Louise Lambert, actor Picnic at Hanging Rock (1995)
Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, as Governor of Queensland and Lady Lamington (2009) with the eponymous dessert
Lydia Lassila, Winter Olympics gold medallist (2010)
Rod Laver, tennis player (2003)
Henry Lawson, poet (1949)
Louisa Lawson, writer, journalist, suffragist, publisher (1975)
William Lawson, explorer (1963, 2012)
Ludwig Leichhardt, explorer (1983)
John Lennon, musician (1988)
Alison Lester, writer (2019)
Walter Lindrum, billiards (1981)
Roy Longmore, World War I veteran (2000)
Frank Lowy, philanthropist (2008)
Lottie Lyell, cinema actor The Sentimental Bloke (1983, 1989)
Thomas Ranken Lyle, radiologist (1995)
Dame Enid Lyons, politician (1993)
Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister (1975)
M
Captain John Macarthur, wool pioneer (1934) depicting a merino ram
Garry McCoy, motorcycle Grand Prix rider (2004)
Colleen McCullough, literary legend (2010)
Scott McGrory, cyclist (2000) Olympic gold medal
Ivor McIntyre, aviator (1994)
Jean Macnamara, medical scientist (1995)
David Malouf, writer (2010)
Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa, Nobel Peace Prize (2015)
Joe Marston, soccer (2012)
Ray Martin, television host (2018)
Anna Meares, cyclist (2004, 2012) Olympic gold medal
Dame Nellie Melba, opera singer (1963, 2009, 2011)
Sir Robert Menzies, prime minister (1994)
Paul Mercurio, actor Strictly Ballroom (1995)
Don Metcalf, medical scientist (2002)
Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton, recipient of the Victoria Cross (1995)
Professor Nancy Millis, medical scientist (2002)
Kylie Minogue, as television actor Neighbours (2006)
Matthew Mitcham, diver (2008) Olympic gold medal
Sir Thomas Mitchell (1946)
Sir John Monash, general (1965)
Gladys Moncrieff, singer (1989)
George Moore, jockey (2007)
Tara Morice, actor Strictly Ballroom, (1995)
Russell Morris, singer (1998)
Helen Morse, actor Picnic at Hanging Rock (1995)
Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, explorer (1948, 1996)
Darby Munro, jockey (1981)
Dame Elisabeth Murdoch, philanthropist (2008)
N
Albert Namatjira, artist (1968)
Chantelle Newbery, diver (2004) Olympic gold medal
Neighbours 30th anniversary commemorative series with Ian Smith, Jackie Woodburne, Alan Fletcher, Ryan Moloney and Stefan Dennis and Anne Charleston
John Newcombe, tennis player (2016)
Bert Newton, television host (2018)
Isaac Nichols, first New South Wales Postmaster (1959, 2009)
Florence Nightingale, nurse (1955)
Sidney Nolan, artist (2017)
Sir Gustav Nossal, medical scientist (2002)
O
Professor Chris O'Brien, head and neck surgeon (2012)
Lowitja O'Donoghue, public servant (2017)
Stuart O'Grady, cyclist (2004) Olympic gold medal
Johnny O'Keefe, Rock'n'Roll (1998)
Susie O'Neill, swimmer (2000, 2012) Olympic gold medal
Nathan Outteridge, sailing (2012) Olympic gold medal
John Oxley, explorer (1976)
P
Sir Earle Page, Prime Minister (1975)
Malcolm Page, sailor (2008, 2012) Olympic gold medals
Walter Parker (ANZAC) (1894–2000), World War I veteran (2000)
Sir Henry Parkes, father of federation (1951, 1989)
Sydney Parkinson, Scottish botanical illustrator(1986)
Tessa Parkinson, sailor (2008) Olympic gold medal
Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson, poet, writer (1968)
William Paterson, banker (1953)
Anna Pavlova, ballerina (2009) with the dessert pavlova
Warrant Officer Class II Keith Payne, recipient of the Victoria Cross (2000, 2015)
Sally Pearson, hurdler (2012) Olympic gold medal
George Peppin junior sheep breeder (1997)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1954, 1963)
Arthur Phillip, first governor (1937, 1986)
David Pocock, rugby union (2012)
Ricky Ponting, cricketer (2007)
Kerri Pottharst, beach volleyball (2000) Olympic gold medal
R
Arthur W. Radford, United States military leader; the stamp commemorating the ANZUS treaty (2011)
Chips Rafferty, actor (1989)
Pat Rafter, tennis player (2016)
John Raper, rugby league (2012)
Elise Rechichi, sailor (2008) Olympic gold medal
Sir George Reid, prime minister (1969)
Ethel Florence Richardson, novelist (as "Henry Handel Richardson"; 1975)
Roy Rene, comedian (1989)
Stephanie Rice, swimmer (2008) Olympic gold medal
Gina Riley, television actor Kath & Kim (2006)
Rachel Roberts, actor Picnic at Hanging Rock (1995)
Ben Roberts-Smith, (2015)
Tony Roche, tennis player (2016)
Lionel Rose, boxer (2005) (though only his gloves pictured)
Murray Rose, swimmer (1998)
Ken Rosewall, tennis player (2016)
Normie Rowe, Rock'n'Roll (1998)
Sydney Rowell, military leader; the stamp commemorating the ANZUS treaty (2011)
Geoffrey Rush, actor (2009)
S
Joe Saba, fashion designer (2005)
Santa Claus (1977)
Ellen Savage, army nurse (1995)
Mark Schwarzer, soccer (2012)
Rose Scott, women's rights (1996)
James Scullin, Prime Minister (1975)
Frank Sedgman, tennis player (2016)
William Shakespeare, playwright (1988)
Lieut. John Shortland (1947)
Billy Slater, rugby league (2012)
Father Joseph Patrick Slattery, radiologist, physicist, Catholic priest (1995)
Tom Slingsby, sailing (2012) Olympic gold medal
David Smith, canoeist (2012) Olympic gold medal
Sir Keith Smith, aviator (1994)
Sir Ross Smith, aviator (1994)
Tate Smith, canoeist (2012) Olympic gold medal
Victor and Loti Smorgon, as philanthropists (2008)
Emma Snowsill, triathlete (2008) Olympic gold medal
Daniel Solander, botanist (1970)
Daryl Somers, television in Hey Hey It's Saturday (2018)
Catherine Helen Spence, teacher and journalist (1975)
Sir Baldwin Spencer, anthropologist (1976)
Fiona Stanley, epidemiologist (2002)
Murray Stewart, canoeist (2012) Olympic gold medal
Nellie Stewart, actor (1989)
Dr Jane Stocks Greig, public health specialist (2012)
Fred Stolle, tennis player (2016)
Dr Emma Constance Stone, physician (1975, 1990)
Belinda Stowell, sailing (2000) Olympic gold medal
Graeme "Shirley" Strachan, Rock'n'Roll (1998)
Arthur Streeton, artist (2017)
Shirley Strickland, runner (1998)
Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki, explorer (1983)
John McDouall Stuart, explorer (1962, 2012)
Charles Sturt, explorer (1930)
Anne Summers, advancing women's equality (2011)
Dame Joan Sutherland, opera singer (2004)
The Jolly Swagman, sheep thief – the subject of song "Waltzing Matilda", (1980)
Members of the Swimming Men's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay team, (2000) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team, (2000) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Team, (2004) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay Team, (2012) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Team, (2004) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay Team, (2008) Olympic gold medal
Members of the Swimming Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay Team, (2008) Olympic gold medal
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney, British politician (1986)
T
Shaun Tan, writer (2019)
Dame Dorothy Tangney, politician (1993)
John Tapp, horse race caller (2007)
Abel Tasman, navigator (1963, 1966, 1985, 1999)
Arthur Tauchert, cinema actor The Sentimental Bloke (1983, 1989)
Griffith Taylor, explorer (1976)
Leonard Teale, television actor Homicide (2006)
Mother Teresa Nobel Peace Prize, saint (2015)
Petria Thomas, swimmer (2004) Olympic gold medal
Freda Thompson, aviator (1994)
Billy Thorpe, Rock'n'Roll (1998)
Ian Thorpe, swimmer (2000, 2004) Olympic gold medal
James Tomkins, rower (2004) Olympic gold medal
Libby Trickett, swimmer (2008) Olympic gold medal
Truganini, Tasmanian aborigine (1975)
Victor Trumper, cricketer (1981)
Robert Tudawali, actor Jedda (1995)
Mark Turnbull, sailor (2000) Olympic gold medal
Jane Turner, television actor Kath & Kim (2006)
U
Charles Ulm, aviator (1978)
V
George Vancouver, explorer (1991)
Jessie Vasey, founder War Widows' Guild of Australia (1995)
Queen Victoria (1950, 1953, 1955, 1960, 1999, 2000, 2015)
Willem de Vlamingh, navigator (1996)
W
Ken Wallace, canoeist (2008) Olympic gold medal
Raoul Wallenberg, humanitarian hero, Honorary Citizen of Australia (2015)
Peter Warburton, explorer (1976)
Shane Warne, cricketer (2007)
Members of the Water polo women's team, (2000) Olympic gold medal
Len Waters, fighter pilot (1995)
Chris Watson, Prime Minister (1969)
Mark Webber, Formula One driver, (2009)
Jacki Weaver, actor Picnic at Hanging Rock, (1995)
William Wentworth, explorer, journalist (1963, 1973, 1974, 2012)
Patrick White, writer and Nobel Prize winner (2012) portrait by Brett Whiteley
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (2011)
J. C. Williamson, stage entrepreneur (1989)
William John Wills, explorer (1983, 2010)
Nathan Wilmot, sailor (2008) Olympic gold medal
Margaret Windeyer, women's rights (1996)
Tim Winton, novelist (2010)
May Wirth, circus performer (1997)
Y
Blamire Young, stamp designer (1976)
Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Aboriginal leader (2017)
Z
Carla Zampatti, fashion designer (2005)
2006 Commonwealth Games Gold Medal winners
Lynsey Armitage, lawn bowls
Dina Aspandiyarova, shooting
Suzanne Balogh, shooting
Katherine Bates, cyclist
Nathalie Bates, cyclist
Ryan Bayley, cyclist
Deserie Baynes, shooting
Bree Cole, diver
Matthew Cowdrey, swimmer
Nathan Deakes, walker
Michael Diamond, shooting
Hollie Dykes, gymnast
Sophie Edington, swimmer
Joanna Fargus, swimmer
Sean Finning, cyclist
Jarrod Fletcher, boxer
Heath Francis, athlete
Natalie Grinham, squash
Rachael Grinham, squash
Matthew Hayman, cyclist
Matthew Helm, diver
Steven Hooker, pole vault
Kym Howe, pole vault
Damian Istria, gymnast
Joshua Jefferis, gymnast
Leisel Jones, swimmer
Brad Kahlefeldt, triathlon
Aleksan Karapetyan, weightlifter
Kelvin Kerkow, lawn bowls
Ben Kersten, cyclist
Joe Kneipp, squash
Brooke Krueger-Billett, hammer throw
Libby Trickett, swimmer (as Libby Lenton)
Deborah Lovely, weightlifter
Katie Mactier, cyclist
Lauryn Mark, shooting
Russell Mark, shooting
Scott Martin, discus
Kerryn McCann, marathon athlete
Lisa McIntosh, athlete (as Elizabeth McIntosh)
Anna Meares, cyclist
Danni Miatke, swimmer
David Moore, shooting
Karen Murphy, lawn bowls
Chantelle Newbery, diver
Nathan O'Neill, cyclist
Bradley Pitt, boxer
Jana Pittman, hurdler
Chris Rae, weightlifter
Natalia Rahman, shooting
Stuart Rendell, hammer throw
Daniel Repacholi, shooting
Stephanie Rice, swimmer
Jane Saville, walker
Jessicah Schipper, swimmer
Bruce Scott, shooting
Chloe Sims, gymnast
Emma Snowsill, triathlon
John Steffensen, athlete
Sharleen Stratton, diver
Bronwyn Thompson, long jump
Loudy Tourky, diver
Craig Trembath, shooting
Benjamin Turner, weightlifter
Adam Vella, shooting
Oenone Wood, cyclist
Lalita Yauhleuskaya, shooting
Australian Antarctic Territory
Louis Bernacchi, physicist, astronomer(2001)
Richard Byrd, aviator (1979)
James Cook, navigator (1972)
Edgeworth David, geologist (1959)
John King Davis, explorer (2012)
Frank Debenham, geographer (2001)
Phillip Law, scientist (2011)
Alistair Mackay, polar explorer (1959)
Sir Douglas Mawson, explorer (1959, 1961, 1982, 1999, 2001)
Griffith Taylor, geographer (2001)
Christmas Island 1958–
Admiral Pelham Aldrich (1978)
Charles Andrews, naturalist (1978)
Andrew Clunies Ross, first settler (1977)
George Clunies Ross, phosphate miner (1977)
William Dampier, explorer (1977)
Fam Choo Beng, educator (1977)
Edmond Halley, astronomer (1986)
Richard Hanitsch, biologist (1978)
Sir Rowland Hill, postage stamp pioneer (1979)
J. J. Lister, naturalist – with Arenga listeri (1978)
Vice-Admiral John MacLear (1978)
Sir William May, admiral (1978, 1988)
Sir John Murray, oceanographer (1978, 1989)
Victor Purcell, Sinologist (1978)
Henry Ridley, botanist (1977, 1990)
Captain Joshua Slocum, yachtsman (1978)
Sir Harold Spencer Jones, astronomer (1978)
Queen Victoria (1958)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1963–
Lord Robert Baden-Powell, scout movement founder (1982)
Captain Edward Belcher, explorer (1990)
Charles, Prince of Wales (1980, 1981)
Charles Darwin, naturalist (1981, 1986)
Diana, Princess of Wales, British Royal (1981)
Sir Francis Drake, navigator (1980)
Captain Robert FitzRoy, explorer (1990)
Captain S. Fremantle, navigator (1982, 1990)
Captain William Keeling, navigator (1984, 1990)
Captain P. G. Taylor, aviator (1989)
Queen Victoria (1982)
See also
List of flora on stamps of Australia
List of butterflies on stamps of Australia
List of people who have appeared on Australian currency
Australian Legends
List of people on stamps
References
Australia
Stamps
Postage stamps of Australia
Australia philately-related lists
|
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] |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Club%20%281980%20film%29
|
The Club (1980 film)
|
The Club is a satirical film based on the play of the same name by the Australian playwright and dramatist David Williamson. It follows the fortunes of an Australian rules football club over the course of a season, and explores the clashes of individuals from within the club. It was inspired by the backroom dealings and antics of the Victorian Football League's Collingwood Football Club.
The film was produced in 1980, written by Williamson and directed by Bruce Beresford. It stars John Howard, Jack Thompson, Graham Kennedy and Frank Wilson. The film was described as a "hilarious, sharply observed slice of life".
The film features Mike Brady's 1978 football anthem "Up There Cazaly".
Plot
The club pays a high price for Tasmanian recruit, Geoff Hayward (Howard). Geoff does not play well initially, infuriating the dedicated coach, Laurie Holden (Thompson). With the club playing so badly, Laurie's coaching days may be over soon.
Club president Ted Parker (Kennedy) is forced to resign following an assault on a stripper. The incident could have been kept quiet but for backstabbing from various board members, especially Jock (Frank Wilson) and Gerry (Alan Cassell).
Laurie discovers that the board wants to sack him (arising from a long grudge held against Laurie by Jock), so Laurie inspires Geoff to start playing well. It is later revealed that Jock used to be Laurie's coach when Laurie played for the club. Jock was jealous because Laurie nearly surpassed his club record of 282 games. He also lost a Grand Final by making poor decisions under the influence of alcohol.
Laurie then told the members that Jock was drunk. After being dismissed as coach, he was replaced by Laurie and tried to sabotage the club his best to get back at him. The team start winning and eventually make the grand final, beating Fitzroy. The film ends with Gerry saying, 'Laurie's a great coach', then looking at Jock, 'God knows why some members of the board wanted to get rid of him'.
Differences from the play
The major differences between the play and the film versions include:
In the film, there are some scenes that take place outside The Club's hallowed halls. In the play, all of the scenes are inside The Club and are acted out in real time, whereas the film takes place over a season.
In the play, The Club is never named to be one specific club. In the film, Collingwood's guernsey is used, the entire film was shot on location at Collingwood's then home ground of Victoria Park, the Collingwood theme song is used as a motif, and Collingwood players such as Peter Daicos and Rene Kink, as well as coach Tom Hafey, are featured in speaking and non-speaking roles. Although only commentators refer to Collingwood by name, everyone else in the movie refers to it as 'the club'.
In the film, the incident with the stripper is shown, whereas in the play, she is an unseen character.
The play does not show the club winning the premiership, instead ending after Laurie vows to make the finals and screw the club's board.
Characters
The plot revolves around six central characters:
Geoff Hayward (John Howard) - a new recruit with a huge reputation lured to the club with big money in an attempt to haul the team up the ladder. Hayward resents that the club sees him as a commodity to be bought and sold.
Laurie Holden (Jack Thompson) - the respected and earnest coach of the club whose champion playing career was ended by injury just short of the record number of games played for the club. Holden's credo is honesty and discipline, but the team has struggled to find success under his coaching and he knows that he is under pressure to avoid the sack. Holden is generally regarded as the second best coach in the league behind Hawthorn's "Rostoff", who was also the coach the club's board wish to replace him with.
Ted Parker (Graham Kennedy) - club president and owner of a pie factory named "Parker's Pies". Parker is just a fan with a lot of money that the club want a share of. Although his knowledge of the game's intricacies is limited, he has watched virtually every game played by the club since he was a small boy. When Hayward demands an extra AU$10,000 to join the club, Parker puts up the money himself.
Jock Riley (Frank Wilson) - ex-champion player from an earlier era, the successful coaching predecessor to Laurie and now an influential committeeman. Jock has a finger on the pulse of everything that happens around the club and he regularly meddles when he thinks it necessary. He wants to get rid of Holden so that his most games coached record with the club remains unbeaten. The name Jock is a tribute to long serving Collingwood player and coach Jock McHale.
Gerry Cooper (Alan Cassell) - a new breed administrator recently hired to drag the club into a more professional era. Gerry sees the club as a business, his appointment as merely a job and eschews emotion in his decision making. He is in it more for personal gain than for the benefit of the club.
Danny Rowe (Harold Hopkins) - Player and captain of the team. His career is almost finished and the club consider trading him.
Minor characters
Prominent football commentators such as Fred Cook, Lou Richards, Jack Dyer, Bob Davis and reporters Scot Palmer and Ron Carter have parts in the film, as do Collingwood footballers at the time, Peter Daicos (as himself) and Rene Kink (as Tank O'Donohue). Collingwood's coach at the time, Tom Hafey, features as the assistant coach. Maggie Doyle plays Geoff Hayward's girlfriend.
Setting
In the script, Williamson uses the arrival of Hayward at the club as a device that gets these characters interacting as express their opinions on Hayward's poor early-season form and attitude, thus exploring several themes relevant to the culture of any sporting club. The original play and the movie were created at a time when Australian football was in a state of flux, moving from a semi-professional state (where players were paid "beer" money for their services) to the modern, fully professional, franchised structure that is known today as the Australian Football League. This process began in the late 1970s/early 1980s.
Box office
The Club grossed $899,000 at the box office in Australia, which is equivalent to $3,822,465 in 2017.
Williamson rated the film as one of the best made from his work saying it was "very well done".
See also
Cinema of Australia
Australian rules football in Australian popular culture
South Australian Film Corporation
References
External links
The Club at Oz Movies
The Club at the National Film and Sound Archive
Peter Fitzpatrick study guide for Currency
Kodak/Atlab Cinema Collection
Collingwood Football Club
Murdoch University Reading Room
Digital Term Papers
Australian Film Commission
The New York Times
Australian films
1980 films
Australian comedy films
English-language films
Australian rules football films
Films based on works by David Williamson
Films directed by Bruce Beresford
Films shot in Melbourne
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] |
207650
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20on%20the%20postage%20stamps%20of%20Belgium
|
List of people on the postage stamps of Belgium
|
This is a list of people on stamps of Belgium.
continue with 1965, semi 1936(?)
Pope Adrian VI (1959)
Albert I of Belgium (1912)
Albert of Liège (1935)
Prince Alexander Ferdinand (1952)
Alexandrine de Rye, countess of Taxis (1960)
Edouard Anseele, statesman (1956)
Prince Anselme Francois (1952)
Arnould II, Count of Chiny (1933)
Astrid of Belgium (1935)
Robert Baden-Powell (1957)
René Baeten (1927, 1960)
Baudouin I of Belgium (1935, 1952)
Peter Benoit (1933)
Saint John Berchmans (1965)
John Bolland (1942)
Jules Boulvin, engineer (1964)
Duke of Brabant?? (1933)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1933, 1955)
Prince Charles Anselme (1952)
Charlotte of Luxembourg (1964)
Clara Clairbert (1997, 17BEF)
Adolf Daens (1989) (1998)
Joseph Damien (1964)
Jules Destrée, statesman (1963)
Elisabeth of Belgium (1926)
Prince Eugène Alexander (1952)
Queen Fabiola of Belgium (1960)
H.-J.-W. Frere-Orban (1960)
Adrien de Gerlache (1947)
Alexis-Marie Gochet, geographer, educator (1962)
Zenobe Gramme (1930)
Gerhard Armauer Hansen, doctor (1964)
Victor Horta, architect (1962)
Henri Jaspar, statesman, lawyer (1964)
Josephine-Charlotte, Princess of Belgium (1935)
Juliana of the Netherlands (1964)
Count Lamoral I (1952)
Count Lamoral II (1952)
Joseph Lempoels (1930)
Baron Leonard I (1952)
Count Leonard II (1952)
Leopold I of Belgium (1849)
Leopold II of Belgium (1869)
Leopold III of Belgium (1934)
Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress (1933)
Martin of Tours (1910)
Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (1933)
Mercator, geographer (1962)
Désiré Mercier (1932)
Michael the Archangel (1896)
Auguste Piccard (1932)
Henri Pirenne, historian (1963)
Joseph Plateau (1947)
Nicolaas II Rockox, mayor of Antwerp (1961)
Peter Paul Rubens (1930)
Franz von Taxis (1935, 1952)
Jean-Baptiste von Taxis (1952)
Pierre-Joseph Triest (1962)
Anthony van Dyck (1926)
Henry Van de Velde, architect (1963)
Ferdinand Verbiest (1988)
Andreas Vesalius, anatomist (1964)
Emile Verhaeren, poet (1955)
Jacques de Winne (1930)
Eugène Ysaÿe (1958)
Belgium, List of people on stamps of
Stamps
Stamps
Philately of Belgium
|
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] |
207651
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20on%20the%20postage%20stamps%20of%20Brazil
|
List of people on the postage stamps of Brazil
|
This article lists people who have been featured on the postage stamps of Brazil, including the dates of their stamp appearances. Occasionally a stamp will commemorate a person and not include his/her portrait; in which case the list indicates what is shown on the stamp.
A
Casimiro de Abreu, poet (1989)
Afonso I, King of Portugal (1940)
Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1967)
Albert I, King of Belgium (1920)
, colonial governor (1952)
Aleijadinho, sculptor
Pedro Aleixo, politician (2001)
José de Alencar, novelist (1965)
Benedetto Aloisi Masella, cardinal (1955)
Rodrigues Alves, President of Brazil (1917)
Álvaro Alvim, radiologist (1963)
Jorge Amado, novelist (2002, 2012)
, politician (1943)
Pedro Américo, painter (1943, 1993)
José Américo de Almeida, writer (1987)
Alceu Amoroso Lima, journalist (1993)
José de Anchieta, missionary (1934, 1941, 1980, 1997, 2007)
Hans Christian Andersen writer (2005)
Ribeiro de Andrada, politician (1945)
José Bonifácio de Andrada, politician (1909, 1959, 1963, 1988, 2008)
Mário de Andrade, poet (1993)
Ivo Andrić, writer (2011)
Anthony of Padua (1995)
Osvaldo Aranha, politician (1931, 1994)
Fernando de Azevedo, professor (1994)
B
Robert Baden-Powell, founder of Scouting (1957, 2007)
Manuel Bandeira, poet (1986)
Adoniran Barbosa, musician (1994)
Ruy Barbosa, politician (1925, 1949, 1956, 1960, 1999)
Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, politician (2001)
Lima Barreto, writer (1981)
Tobias Barreto, poet (1989)
João Ribeiro de Barros, aviator (1929)
Ary Barroso, musician (2003)
Francisco Barroso, Baron of Amazonas, military personnel (1954, 1965, 2008)
, poet (1982)
Baudouin, King of Belgium (1965)
Paschal Baylon (1955)
Luis Batlle Berres, President of Uruguay (1948)
Pope Benedict XVI (2007)
Rodolfo Bernardelli, sculptor (1952)
Artur Bernardes, President of Brazil (1967)
Clóvis Beviláqua, jurist (2001)
Olavo Bilac, poet (1967, 1988)
Hermann Blumenau, founder of Blumenau (1969)
, farmer (1956)
Quintino Bocaiuva, politician (1962)
Simón Bolívar, politician (1983)
José Bonifacio, politician (1909, 1959, 1963, 1988, 2008)
Borges de Medeiros, politician (1963)
, politician (1996)
John Bosco (1983)
Francisco Braga, musician (1968)
Rubem Braga, writer (1995)
Louis Braille, inventor of Braille (2009)
Venceslau Brás, President of Brazil (1919, 1968)
Vital Brazil, scientist (1965)
Louis Breguet, physicist (1983)
Amador Bueno, politician (1941)
Maria Bueno, tennis player (1960)
, politician (1958)
C
Pedro Álvares Cabral, explorer (1900, 1968, 1984)
, actor (1951, 1963)
, diplomat (1958)
, journalist (1968)
, politician (1970)
Hélder Câmara, archbishop (2009)
Luís da Câmara Cascudo, anthropologist (1998)
Felipe Camarão, military personnel (1954)
, politician (2000)
Campos Sales, President of Brazil (1906, 1967, 1991)
David Canabarro, military personnel (1945)
, politician (2000)
Guilherme Schüch, Baron of Capanema, engineer (1952)
Capistrano de Abreu, historian (1953, 2003)
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil (2003)
Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1984)
Carlos I, King of Portugal and the Algarves (1908)
J. Carlos, designer (1996)
Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1940)
Eleazar de Carvalho, conductor (2001)
Carlos Castelo Branco, writer (1994)
Castelo Branco, President of Brazil (1968, 1972)
Plácido de Castro, politician (1973, 2002, 2008)
Castro Alves, poet (1947, 1997)
Di Cavalcanti, painter (1997)
Joaquim Arcoverde, archbishop (1950)
Luís de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, politician (1935, 1939, 1944, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1971, 1980, 2003, 2008)
Dorival Caymmi, songwriter (1994)
Cazuza, musician (1991)
Vicente Celestino, musician (1994)
Marcellin Champagnat (1954, 1956)
Camille Chamoun, President of Lebanon (1954)
Assis Chateaubriand, media mogul (1992)
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom(1965)
Clare of Assisi (1994)
Grover Cleveland, President of the United States (1939)
Coelho Neto, writer (1964)
Jaime Luiz Coelho, archbishop (2011)
Lindolfo Collor, politician (1990)
Christopher Columbus, explorer (1984, 1992)
Auguste Comte, philosopher (1957)
Benjamin Constant, politician (1906, 1939, 1954)
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer (1973)
Cora Coralina, writer (1989)
, politician (1978)
, politician (1978)
Afrânio da Costa, sport shooter (1992)
Lucio Costa, architect (2002)
Costa e Silva, President of Brazil (1972)
Costa Lima, entomologist (1966)
Vasco Coutinho, Captain of Espírito Santo, explorer (1935)
Francisco Craveiro Lopes, President of Portugal (1957)
Luís Cruls, astronomer (1992)
Cruz e Sousa, poet (1998, 2012)
Oswaldo Cruz, physician (1950, 1954, 1972, 2000)
Euclides da Cunha, writer (1966)
D
, friar and candidate for sainthood (1998)
Damien of Molokai (1952, 1989–92)
Rubén Darío, poet (1966)
Jean-Baptiste Debret, painter (1968)
Orville A. Derby, geologist (1951)
Henrique Dias, military personnel (1954, 1962)
Fernão Dias Pais, politician (1974)
Carlos Drummond de Andrade, poet (1995, 2002)
Dulce Pontes, nun and candidate for sainthood (1993)
Gaspar Dutra, President of Brazil (1947, 1948)
E
Eça de Queirós, writer (1995)
Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States (1960)
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms (1968)
Josemaría Escrivá (2002)
F
Fabiola, Queen consort of Belgium(1965)
Diogo Antônio Feijó, politician (1952)
Baltasar Fernandes, politician (1954)
, politician and military personnel (1954)
Oscar Lorenzo Fernández, composer (1997)
Adhemar Ferreira da Silva, athlete (triple jump) (2002)
Jackson de Figueiredo, philosopher (1991)
João Figueiredo, President of Brazil (1984)
Pedro Américo, painter (1943, 1993)
Hércules Florence, painter and inventor (1992)
Nísia Floresta, writer and activist (1954)
Deodoro da Fonseca, President of Brazil (1906, 1939)
Hermes da Fonseca, President of Brazil (1913, 1955)
, politician (1952)
, pharmacist (1985)
Tasso Fragoso, President of Brazil (1969)
Francis of Assisi (1976, 1982)
Itamar Franco, President of Brazil (1995)
Gilberto Freyre, sociologist (2000)
, politician (1960)
G
Galvão (1998)
Basílio da Gama, poet (1991)
Mohandas Gandhi, activist (1969)
Anita Garibaldi, activist (1967, 1971)
Giuseppe Garibaldi, politician (2007)
Emílio Médici, President of Brazil (1972)
Charles de Gaulle, President of France (1964)
Ernesto Geisel, President of Brazil (1978)
Khalil Gibran, writer (2009)
Zacarias de Góis, politician (1954)
Antonio Carlos Gomes, composer (1936, 1970, 1978, 1986, 1996)
Eduardo Gomes, military personnel (1982)
Gomes Carneiro, military personnel (1944, 1946)
Bento Gonçalves, politician (1935)
Gonçalves Dias, writer (1965, 1973)
Ademar Gonzaga, film producer (1990)
Chiquinha Gonzaga, musician(1977)
Luiz Gonzaga "Gonzagão", musician (2012)
Tomás Antônio Gonzaga, poet (1994)
González Videla, President of Chile (1947)
Grande Otelo, actor (1998)
Paulo Gracindo, actor (2011)
Giovanni Gronchi, President of Italy (1958)
Ulysses Guimarães, politician (1993)
Guimarães Rosa, novelist (2008)
Alexandre de Gusmão, politician (1954, 1995)
Bartolomeu de Gusmão, priest (1930, 1944, 1985)
H
Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia (1961)
Paul P. Harris, founder of Rotary (1968)
Henrique de Avis, Duke of Viseu, explorer (1994)
Rowland Hill, inventor (1938, 1990)
Samuel Hahnemann, physician (1954)
, painter (1953)
I
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1946, 1996)
Isabella I, Queen of Castile and León (1952)
J
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1965)
, politician (1995)
Clementina de Jesus, musician (1998)
Joana Angélica, nun (1967)
Joel, prophet (1958)
João III, King of Portugal and the Algarves (1932)
João VI, King of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1958, 1959, 2008)
John XXIII (1964)
John Paul II (1980, 1991, 1997, 2005)
Joséphine-Charlotte, Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg (1965)
K
Allan Kardec, founder of Spiritism (1957, 1969, 2004)
Helen Keller, activist (1980)
John F. Kennedy, President of the United States (1964)
Juscelino Kubitshek, President of Brazil (1956, 1986, 2002)
Gustavo Kuerten, tennis player (2001)
L
, journalist (2008)
, industrialist (1982)
Mário Lago, actor (2011)
Chico Landi, F1 driver (2000)
Grigory Langsdorff, explorer (1992)
Alejandro Lanusse, President of Argentina (1972)
Otto Lara Resende, writer (1994)
Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (1951)
Le Corbusier, architect (2009)
Michel Leiris, writer (1998)
Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil (1962)
Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist (2009)
José Lins do Rego, writer (2001)
Clarice Lispector, writer (1998)
Rita Lobato, physician (1967)
, politician (1906)
Adolfo López Mateos, President of Mexico (1960)
Heinrich Lübke, President of West Germany (1964)
Washington Luís, President of Brazil (1968)
Auguste and Louis Lumière, filmmakers (1995)
Peter Wilhelm Lund, paleontologist (2010)
Martin Luther, Protestant reformer (1983)
Adolfo Lutz, physician (1955)
M
Gilka Machado, poet (1993)
Machado de Assis, writer (1940, 1958, 1989)
José Vieira Couto de Magalhães, politician (1938)
Ferdinand Magellan, explorer (1991)
Anita Malfatti, artist (1989)
, military personnel (1968)
Otávio Mangabeira, politician (1986)
Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of radio (1995)
Rodrigo Melo Franco, writer (1998)
Marilyn Monroe, actress (1996)
, military personnel (1966)
Joaquim Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré, politician (1954, 1957, 1997, 2008)
Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre, military personnel (1941)
Carl von Martius, naturalist (1994)
Roberto Burle Marx, architect (1995)
Teresa de Marzo, aviator (2000)
Mascarenhas de Morais, military personnel (1983)
Francisco "Ciccillo" Matarazzo, industrialist (1989)
, founder of Christian rationalism (1960)
Gregório de Mattos, poet (1986)
Irineu de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá, politician (1963, 2010)
Humberto Mauro, filmmaker (1985)
Mazzaropi, actor (1998)
Cecília Meireles, poet (2001)
Murilo Mendes, poet (2001)
Mãe Menininha do Gantois, mãe-de-santo (1994)
, politician (1962)
Michiko, Empress consort of Japan (1967)
Francisco Mignone, musician (1997)
Carmen Miranda, singer and actress (1990, 2009)
Monteiro Lobato, writer (1955, 1973)
Dulcina de Moraes, actress (1998)
Prudente de Moraes, President of Brazil (1906, 1942, 1991)
Vinicius de Moraes, musician and poet (1993)
, writer (1991)
, politician (1998, 2002)
Landell de Moura, priest (2011)
Lauro Müller, politician (1964)
, politician (1954)
N
Joaquim Nabuco, activist (1949, 1999)
Maurice of Nassau, politician (2009)
Severino Neiva, statesman (1963)
Ana Néri, physician (1967)
, friar (1983)
Tancredo Neves, President of Brazil (1985, 2010)
Oscar Niemeyer, architect (2005, 2008)
Manuel da Nóbrega, priest (1949)
Dorina Nowill, philanthropist (2012)
José Maurício Nunes Garcia, musician (1973)
O
Manuel Odría, President of Peru (1953)
Bernardo O'Higgins, President of Chile (1909)
Olav V, King of Norway (1967)
João do Pulo, athlete (long jump, triple jump) (1975)
Francisco de Orellana, explorer (1991)
Oscarito, actor (1990, 1998)
Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval, politician (1958, 1970)
Henrique Oswald, musician (1952)
, politician (2007)
P
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (1965)
Guilherme Paraense, Olympic medalist (1992)
José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco, politician (1913, 1944, 1945, 1969, 1995)
Paschal Baylon (1955)
Louis Pasteur, chemist (1995)
José do Patrocínio, activist (1953)
Paul VI, Pope of the Catholic church (973)
Nilo Peçanha, President of Brazil (1910, 1967)
, cartoonist (1974)
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal and the Algarves (1965, 1972, 1984, 1998, 2008)
Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1866, 1939, 1952, 1966, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991)
Floriano Peixoto, President of Brazil (1906, 1941)
Pelé, footballer (1969, 1970)
Afonso Pena, President of Brazil (1906, 1908)
, politician (1987)
Epitácio Pessoa, President of Brazil (1920, 1965)
Fernando Pessoa, writer (2012)
João Pessoa, politician and namesake for João Pessoa (1931)
Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, friar (1954)
Menotti Del Picchia, poet and painter (1992)
, politician (1957)
Anésia Pinheiro, aviator (2000)
Israel Pinheiro, politician (1996)
, aviator (1951)
Pirajá da Silva, physician (1959)
Pixinguinha, musician (1993, 1997)
Raul Pompeia, writer (1988)
Cândido Portinari, painter (2003, 2004)
Francisco Prestes Maia, politician (1996)
Manuel Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre, military personnel (1941)
Francisco Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro, politician (1966)
Q
Eusébio de Queirós, politician (1952)
, farmer (1998)
Rachel de Queiroz, writer (2011)
Mário Quintana, writer (2005)
R
, explorer (1932, 1953)
Graciliano Ramos, writer (1992)
Elis Regina, musician (1998)
, engineer (1953)
José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco, politician (1913, 1944, 1945, 1969, 1995)
Glauber Rocha, filmmaker (1986, 1998)
Henrique da Rocha Lima, physician (1966)
Rodrigues Alves, President of Brazil (1906)
João Barbosa Rodrigues, botanist (1943)
Nelson Rodrigues, writer (2004)
Joaquim Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí, politician (1953)
Ada Rogato, aviator (2000)
Cícero Batista, priest and candidate for sainthood (1994)
Sílvio Romero, poet (1951)
Cândido Rondon, military personnel and explorer (1958, 1965, 1985)
Wilhelm Röntgen, inventor of X-ray (1995)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (1940, 1949)
Noel Rosa, musician (1977)
Johann Moritz Rugendas, painter (1992)
S
Estácio de Sá, politician (1965)
Salvador de Sá, politician (1940)
Albert Sabin, physician (1994)
Augustin Saint-Hilaire, botanist (1953)
Saldanha da Gama, military personnel (1946)
Vicente do Salvador, religious figure and historian (1967)
, military personnel (1967)
José de San Martín, hero of independence (Argentina, Peru) (1909)
Santa Rita Durão, poet (1981)
Cármen Santos, actress (1990)
, politician (1994)
Santos Dumont, aviator (1929, 1951, 1969, 1973, 1981, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2008)
, politician (2001)
Giuseppe Saragat, President of Italy (1965)
José Antônio Saraiva, politician (1952)
José Sarney, President of Brazil (1990)
Bidu Sayão, opera singer (2006)
Alfredo Scherer, religious figure (2004)
, engineer (1952)
Raul Seixas, musician (1991)
Léopold Sédar Senghor, President of Senegal (1964)
Lasar Segall, artist (1991)
Ayrton Senna, race car driver (1989, 1994, 2000)
Augusto Severo, politician (1929)
Zalman Shazar, President of Israel (1966)
Luís de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, politician (1935, 1939, 1944, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1971, 1980, 2003, 2008)
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2011)
Francisco Manuel da Silva, composer (1945)
José da Silva Lisboa, Viscount of Cairu, politician (1936)
José da Silva Paes, politician (1937)
Tiradentes, hero of independence (Brazil) (1948, 1965, 1992, 2008)
Nise da Silveira, psychiatrist (2005)
, politician (1986)
, politician (1958)
Anastasio Somoza, President of Nicaragua (1953)
Gabriel Soares de Souza, explorer (1987)
Irineu de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá, politician (2010)
Martim Afonso, explorer (1932, 1982)
Betinho, sociologist (1998)
Tomé de Sousa, politician (1949)
Sukarno, President of Indonesia (1959)
Anne Sullivan, activist (1980)
T
Rabindranath Tagore, poet (1961)
Joaquim Lisboa, Marquis of Tamandaré, military personnel (1954, 1957, 1997, 2008)
Adrien Taunay, painter (1992)
Anísio Teixeira, writer (2000)
, religious figure (1969)
Teresa of Ávila (1982)
Mother Teresa, candidate for sainthood (1998)
Thérèse of Lisieux (1973)
Tibiriçá, Amerindian figure (1932)
Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav president (1963)
Tiradentes, hero of independence (Brazil) (1948, 1965, 1992, 2008)
Américo Tomás, President of Portugal (1972)
Harry S. Truman, President of the United States (1947)
V
Fagundes Varela, poet (1991)
Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, military personnel (1966)
Darci Vargas, First Lady of Brazil (1967)
Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1931, 1938, 1958)
Érico Veríssimo, writer (2005)
Amerigo Vespucci, explorer (2010)
, physician (1962)
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms (1990)
António Vieira, religious figure (1940, 1997)
André Vidal de Negreiros, politician (1954)
João Carlos Vilagran Cabrita, military personnel (1955)
Orlando Villas-Bôas, activist (2004)
Heitor Villa-Lobos, musician (1977, 1987)
Ramón Villeda Morales, President of Honduras (1958)
Vincent de Paul (1982)
Eliseu Visconti, painter (1966)
W
, politician (1906)
George Washington, President of the United States (1909, 1939)
X
Chico Xavier, religious figure (2010)
Z
L. L. Zamenhof, creator of Esperanto (1945, 1960)
Zumbi, King of Palmares (1974, 1995, 2008)
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of Brazil
Sources
Scott catalogue
Brazilian Postal Service
Brazil, List of people on stamps of
Stamps
Stamps
Philately of Brazil
|
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] |
207652
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20on%20the%20postage%20stamps%20of%20Bulgaria
|
List of people on the postage stamps of Bulgaria
|
This is a list of people on stamps of Bulgaria.
A
Alexander II of Russia (1921)
B
Georgi Benkovski (1929)
Boris III of Bulgaria (1919)
Hristo Botev (1926)
James David Bourchier (1921)
C
Clement of Ohrid (1929)
D
Hadzhi Dimitar (1935)
Velcho Dzhamiyata (1935)
F
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (1901)
H
Paisiy Hilendarski (1920)
Janos Hunyadi (1935)
I
Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria (1930)
K
Stefan Karadzha (1935)
Lyuben Karavelov (1929)
L
Ladislas III of Poland (1935)
Vasil Levski (1929)
M
G. S. Mamarchev (1935)
Konstantin Miladinov
R
Georgi Sava Rakovski (1929)
S
Simeon I of Bulgaria (1929)
Hristo Smirnenski
V
Ivan Vazov (1920)
Sources
http://www.mtitc.government.bg/page.php?category=144&id=1434
Bulgaria, people on stamps of
Stamps, people on
Philately of Bulgaria
Stamps
|
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207653
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20on%20the%20postage%20stamps%20of%20Gabon
|
List of people on the postage stamps of Gabon
|
Gabon first had its own stamps as a French colony in 1886. During this period, the only identified people to appear on Gabonese stamps were Count Savorgnan de Brazza who first appeared on a postage due stamp of 1930, then on a regular issue stamp in 1932, and his aide Chief Makoko of the Bateke who also appeared on the 1930 postage dues.
Gabon used the stamps of French Equatorial Africa from 1934 until it gained independence on November 28, 1958.
The people listed below have featured on Gabonese stamps since independence. The number following the name shows the year in which that person was first featured.
A
Konrad Adenauer (1968 airmail)
Clément Ader (1973)
Ahmadou Ahidjo (1974)
Andrés Aldama (1980 airmail)
Georges Damas Aleka (1985)
Christian Anfinsen (1995)
Louis Armstrong (1972)
Francis W. Aston (1995)
B
Robert Baden-Powell (1996)
Marco Basalti (1972 airmail)
Émile Baudot (1993)
Sidney Bechet (1972)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1977 airmail)
Alexander Graham Bell (1976)
Giovanni Bellini (1975 airmail)
Maurice Bellonte (1980 airmail)
Jean Remy Bessieux (1976) (or Jean René?)
Hans A. Bethe (1995)
Louis Bleriot (1973)
Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1974)
Napoléon Bonaparte (1968 airmail)
Omar Bongo (1968)
Georges Braque (1982 airmail)
Walter Brattain (1995)
Karl Ferdinand Braun (1995)
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1980)
Michael S. Brown (1995)
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1972 airmail)
Eduard Buchner (1995)
C
Ippolito Caffi (1972 airmail) Canaletto painting wrongly attributed to him
Giovanni Antonio Canaletto (1972 airmail)
Paul Cézanne (1989)
James Chadwick (1995)
Owen Chamberlain (1995)
Octave Chanute (1973)
Claude Chappe (1993)
Winston Churchill (1965 airmail)
André Citroën (1978)
Nat King Cole (1972)
Christopher Columbus (1992 airmail)
Charles Conrad, Jr. (1999)
James Cook (1979 airmail)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1993)
Carl F. Cori (1995)
Gerty T. Cori (1995)
Pierre de Coubertin (1987)
D
David Dacko (1964 airmail)
Nils Dalen (1995)
Jacques-Louis David (1969 airmail)
Leonardo da Vinci (1970 airmail)
Charles Dawes (1995)
Christopher Dean (1984 airmail)
Edgar Degas (1974 airmail)
Charles de Gaulle (1971 airmail)
Deng Xiaoping (1997)
Maurice Denis (1975 airmail)
Diana, Princess of Wales (1998)
Claude Dornier (1970 airmail)
Louis Ducis (1969 airmail)
Albrecht Dürer (1978 airmail)
F
Henri Fabre (1973)
Alexander Fleming (1978)
Gustave Flaubert (1980 airmail)
Anthony Fokker (1970 airmail)
Raoul Follereau (1987)
Werner Forssmann (1995)
Kenichi Fukui (1995)
G
Yuri Gagarin (1981 airmail)
Mohandas Gandhi (1969 airmail)
Erroll Garner (1984)
Paul Gauguin (1978 airmail)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1976 airmail)
Paul Gondjout (1997)
François Marius Granet (1969 airmail)
H
Lionel Hampton (1984)
Armauer G. Hansen (1973)
William Herschel (1981 airmail)
Hermann Hesse (1995)
George de Hevesy (1995)
Rowland Hill (1979)
Félix Houphouët-Boigny (1974 airmail)
I
Jean Ingres (1980 airmail)
J
Eugene Jamot (1979 airmail)
Jeanne d'Aragon (1970 airmail)
Juan Ramon Jimenez (1995)
Saint John the Evangelist (1968 airmail)
Pope John XXIII (1999)
Pope John Paul II (1979 airmail)
Johan Barthold Jongkind (1991 airmail)
Léon Jouhaux (1995)
Hugo Junkers (1970 airmail)
Juste de Gand (1977 airmail)
K
Kipchoge Keino (1972 airmail)
John F. Kennedy (1964 airmail)
Robert F. Kennedy (1969 airmail)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1969 airmail) as "Pasteur Martin Luther King"
R.P. Klaine (1981) (botanist, "R. P." appears to refer to "Révérend Père" rather than to given names.)
Robert Koch (1982)
Julius Korir (1984 airmail)
Władysław Kozakiewicz (1980 airmail)
Karl-Heinz Krüger (1980 airmail)
Aung San Suu Kyi (1995)
L
Lastour (1986 airmail) explorer
Marcel Lefebvre (1996)
Abraham Lincoln (1965)
Charles Lindbergh (1977 airmail)
Fra Filippo Lippi (1975 airmail)
M
Kaarlo Naaminka (1980 airmail)
Nelson Mandela (1995)
Édouard Manet (1982 airmail)
Jacques Marchand (1971 airmail)
Guglielmo Marconi (1995)
George Marshall (1996)
Alphonse Massamba-Débat (1964 airmail)
Juan Mates (1968 airmail)
Ange M'ba (1975)
Léon M'ba (1959)
Jean Mermoz (1980 airmail)
Frédéric Mistral (1995)
Claude Monet (1974 airmail)
Étienne Montgolfier (1973)
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (1973)
Luis de Morales (1968 airmail)
Daniel Morelon (1972 airmail)
Rudolf L. Mossbauer (1995)
H. Moundounga (1996) painter
John Mugabi (1980 airmail)
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1968 airmail)
Alfred de Musset (1982)
N
Marien Ngouabi (1974)
John H. Nothrop (1995)
Charles N'Tchoréré (1962)
Sam Nujoma (1987)
Suleiman Nyambui (1980 airmail)
O
Jacques Offenbach (1980 airmail)
P
Charlie Parker (1984)
Louis Pasteur (1972)
Pope Paul VI (1967)
Henri Philippoteaux (1969 airmail)
Pablo Picasso (1981)
Pope Pius X (1996)
Georges Pompidou (1971 airmail)
Nicolas Poussin (1977 airmail)
R
Ramses II of Egypt (1964 air semi-postal)
Louis Renault (1977)
Auguste Renoir (1974 airmail)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1996)
Pilâtre de Rozier (1983 airmail)
Peter Paul Rubens (1977 airmail)
Martin Ryle (1995)
S
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (1994 airmail)
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1973)
Raffaello Sanzio (1970 airmail)
Albert Schweitzer (1960 airmail)
George Seferis (1995)
Alan B. Shepard (1981 airmail)
Igor Sikorsky (1970 airmail)
Tadeusz Slusarski (1980 airmail)
Mark Spitz (1972 airmail)
George Stephenson (1981 airmail)
T
Mother Teresa (1998)
Saint Theresa of Lisieux (1973)
François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye (1964 airmail)
Jayne Torvill (1984 airmail)
Harry S Truman (1996)
V
Luigi Vanvitelli (1972 airmail)
Jules Verne (1970 airmail)
Victoria of the United Kingdom (1991)
Konstantin Volkov (1980 airmail)
Heinrich von Stephan (1981)
Kazimierz Szczierba (1980 airmail)
W
André Raponda Walker (1981)
Elie Wiesel (1995)
Georg Wittig (1995)
Orville Wright (1978 airmail)
Wilbur Wright (1978 airmail)
Y
Miruts Yifter (1980 airmail)
Gabon, List of people on stamps of
Stamps
History of Gabon
Stamps, people
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral%20Weeks
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Astral Weeks
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Astral Weeks is the second studio album by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison. It was recorded at Century Sound Studios in New York during September and October 1968, and released in November of the same year by Warner Bros. Records.
The album's music blends folk, blues, jazz, and classical styles, signalling a radical departure from the sound of Morrison's previous pop hits, such as "Brown Eyed Girl" (1967). The lyrics and cover art portray the symbolism equating earthly love and heaven that would often feature in the singer's subsequent records. His lyrics have been described as impressionistic, hypnotic, and modernist, while the record has been categorized as a song cycle or concept album.
Astral Weeks did not originally receive promotion from Morrison's record label and was not an immediate success with consumers or critics. Its standing eventually improved greatly, with praise given to Morrison's arrangements and songwriting, and the album has been viewed as one of rock music's greatest and most important records (a reputation the singer himself has dismissed). It was placed on numerous widely circulated lists of the best albums of all time and had an enduring effect on both listeners and musicians.
Forty years after the album's release, Morrison performed all eight of its songs live for the first time at two Hollywood Bowl concerts in November 2008; this performance was later released as Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
Background
At the beginning of 1968, Van Morrison became involved in a contract dispute with Bang Records that kept him away from any recording activity. This occurred after the sudden death of the label's founder Bert Berns. Born with a congenital heart defect, Berns had a fatal heart attack, and was discovered dead in a New York hotel room on 30 December 1967. Prior to Berns's death, he and Morrison had experienced some creative difficulties; Berns had been pushing Morrison in a more pop-oriented direction, while Morrison wanted to explore newer musical terrain. Berns's widow, Ilene Berns, held Morrison and this conflict responsible for her husband's death. Years later she would downplay this scenario, but Morrison's then girlfriend Janet (Planet) Rigsbee has since gone on record describing Ilene Berns's subsequent vindictiveness towards Morrison.
Following Bert Berns's death, Ilene Berns inherited the contracts of Bang Records. Morrison's annual option on his recording contract was also due less than a week after Berns's funeral. Legally bound to Bang Records, Morrison was not only kept out of the studio, but also found himself unable to find performing work in New York as most clubs refrained from booking him, fearing reprisals. (Bert Berns was notorious for his connections to organized crime, and those connections still impacted artists like Morrison and Neil Diamond trying to leave Bang Records, even after Berns's death.) Ilene Berns then discovered that her late husband had previously been remiss in filing the appropriate paperwork to keep Morrison (still a British citizen) in New York, and contacted Immigration and Naturalization Service in an attempt to have Morrison deported. However, Morrison managed to stay in the U.S. when Janet Rigsbee agreed to marry him. Once married, Morrison and Rigsbee moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he found work performing in local clubs. Morrison began performing with a small electric combo doing blues numbers, and songs from Blowin' Your Mind! and from Morrison's Them band days. Two of the musicians soon left but Morrison retained the bassist, Tom Kielbania, a student at the Berklee School of Music. Morrison decided to try an acoustic sound, and he and Kielbania began performing shows in coffee houses in the Boston area as an acoustic duo with Morrison playing guitar and Kielbania on upright bass. Before this, Morrison had primarily recorded and performed with electric musicians. The acoustic medium would provide him "greater vocal improvisation and a freer, folkier feel".
Later, Kielbania heard jazz-trained flautist John Payne for the first time while sitting in on a jam session. He invited Payne to the club where he played with Morrison, hoping Morrison would invite him to join them. After allowing Payne to sit in on one performance, Morrison extended an invitation, which Payne accepted. The trio of Payne, Kielbania, and Morrison continued performing for four months. In the weeks they played at the Catacombs, they began to develop the template for Astral Weeks. It was around this time that Warner Bros. Records approached Morrison, hoping to sign him. Presumably, their interest focused on his prior success with "Brown-Eyed Girl", not on Morrison's current acoustic work. Regardless, their interest allowed Morrison to return to the recording studio.
At the time, Warner Bros. had a deal with Inherit Productions, the production arm of Schwaid-Merenstein, which was founded by manager Bob Schwaid (who worked for Warners Publishing) and producer Lewis Merenstein. Merenstein received a call from Warner Bros. to see Morrison in Boston, and related how eight or nine producers had gone to hear Morrison, thinking they were going to hear "Brown Eyed Girl" only to find that "it was another person with the same voice". Merenstein first heard Morrison play at Ace Recording studio and recalled that when Morrison played the song "Astral Weeks" for him, "I started crying. It just vibrated in my soul, and I knew that I wanted to work with that sound." While Merenstein was visiting Morrison, Schwaid set to work on resolving Morrison's contractual troubles with the help of legendary Warner Bros. executive Joe Smith, who would ultimately sign Morrison to Warner Bros.
Still legally bound to Bang Records, Morrison would yet have more issues with them in the future. For the time being, Schwaid managed to free him from those obligations, under several conditions. First, Morrison had to write and submit to Web IV Music (Bert Berns's publishing company) three original compositions per month over the course of one year. Morrison fulfilled that obligation by recording thirty-six nonsense songs in a single session. Such action risked legal reprisals, but ultimately none transpired. Morrison then had to assign Web IV half of the copyright to any musical composition written and recorded by Morrison and released as a single within one year from 12 September 1968. That demand became a moot point when Warner Bros. refrained from releasing any singles during that time, as no single was released from Astral Weeks. Finally, Morrison had to include two original compositions controlled by Web IV on his next album. Morrison fulfilled that demand with two of his own compositions, "Madame George" and "Beside You", although the versions subsequently released were vastly different musically from the original versions recorded with Bang.
There were still demands that weren't given on paper, which Smith tried to deal with through Don Rickles's manager, Joe Scandore. Scandore, whom Smith described as "connected", set up an unusual arrangement where Smith had to arrive one evening at an abandoned warehouse on 9th Avenue in Manhattan at 6 p.m. with a bag containing $20,000 USD in cash. According to Smith, "I had to walk up three flights of stairs, and they were four guys. Two tall and thin, and two built like buildings. There was no small talk. I got the signed contract and got the hell out of there, because I was afraid somebody would whack me in the head and take back the contract and I'd be out the money." When asked if he ever saw these men again, Smith replied, "No. They weren't in the music business."
Recording sessions
With his legal matters resolved, Morrison now had the freedom to proceed with recording his Warner Bros. debut album, with the recording sessions taking place at the Century Sound Studios in New York on 25 September, 1 and 15 October 1968. The live tracks for the sessions were performed by Morrison on vocals and acoustic guitar in a separate vocal booth with the other musicians playing together on upright bass, lead acoustic guitar, vibes, flute, and drums. The strings and horns constituted the only instruments added subsequently to the initial recording sessions. Morrison said later "They ruined it. They added strings. I didn't want the strings. And they sent it to me, it was all changed. That's not 'Astral Weeks'."
Producer Lewis Merenstein had a background in jazz, and according to Merenstein, Morrison "was not an aficionado of jazz when I met him. R&B and soul, yes; but jazz, no." For the Astral Weeks recording sessions, Merenstein first contacted veteran bassist Richard Davis. Perhaps best known for his work with Eric Dolphy, Davis essentially served as the session leader, and it was through Davis that Merenstein recruited guitarist Jay Berliner, percussionist Warren Smith Jr., and drummer Connie Kay. All of these musicians had strong backgrounds in jazz; Berliner had worked closely with Charles Mingus and Kay was part of the Modern Jazz Quartet. Morrison was still working with Kielbania and Payne but, for these sessions, they were essentially replaced. According to Kielbania, "I got to show all the bass lines to Richard Davis. He embellished a lot of them, but I gave him the feeling."
Davis proved, perhaps, to be the most pivotal instrumentalist during these sessions. "If you listen to the album, every tune is led by Richard and everybody followed Richard and Van's voice", says Merenstein. "I knew if I brought Richard in, he would put the bottom on to support what Van wanted to do vocally, or acoustically. Then you get Jay playing those beautiful counter-lines to Van." Davis was not impressed by Morrison, but not out of disdain or any preconceived notions, but rather because Morrison's professional comportment generally did not meet Davis's expectations. "No prep, no meeting", recalls Davis. "He was remote from us, 'cause he came in and went into a booth ... And that's where he stayed, isolated in a booth. I don't think he ever introduced himself to us, nor we to him ... And he seemed very shy". Drummer Connie Kay later told Rolling Stone that he approached Morrison and asked "what he wanted me to play, and he said to play whatever I felt like playing. We more or less sat there and jammed." Morrison's impression of the sessions was "The songs came together very well in the studio. Some of the tracks were first takes. [But] the musicians were really together. Those type of guys play what you're gonna do before you do it, that's how good they are." He told Ritchie Yorke that only two tracks recorded during the sessions did not make it to the album. "One was about Jesse James and the other about trains. They were both just basic blues numbers. That's why they didn't fit in with the album."
For the Astral Weeks sessions, apparently they did not employ any lead sheets, or at least none were distributed to the musicians. "What stood out in my mind was the fact that he allowed us to stretch out", recalls Berliner. "We were used to playing to charts, but Van just played us the songs on his guitar and then told us to go ahead and play exactly what we felt." Berliner actually had great appreciation for the freedom given to him and the band; something few, if any, of them were used to . "I played a lot of classical guitar on those sessions and it was very unusual to play classical guitar in that context", says Berliner.
The first session, held in the evening on 25 September 1968, produced four recordings that made it to the album. Only three had initially been intended for inclusion: "Cyprus Avenue", "Madame George", and "Beside You". Although not scheduled to play, Payne still attended the first session and listened as another flautist played his parts. To this day, nobody recalls the name of this flautist, nor has he been identified on any of the surviving documentation; he does play flute on the released takes of "Beside You" and "Cyprus Avenue" but is not included in the album credits. When Morrison tried to squeeze in one last tune during the end of that first session, Payne spoke up and pleaded to Merenstein to permit him to participate. Payne was then allowed to play on what became the title track of the album – "Astral Weeks" – the fourth song produced from this initial session. For the remainder of the sessions, John Payne played on every song.
The next session, according to John Payne, occurred early in the morning, but it did not work and nothing from this session worked for the final album. "It just didn't happen" says Payne. "It was the wrong time of day for jazz musicians to create. I think that by the end of that session we all knew that nothing was going to be used. They just said, let's forget it." Jay Berliner was not available, so Barry Kornfeld was recruited to play lead guitar in his place. According to Merenstein, there was tension at this second session and it was stopped after about three hours. Morrison was quoted by Ritchie Yorke as saying the album was recorded in "two eight-hour sessions, plus two overdub sessions. That was the whole album." In his biography, Clinton Heylin gives the date for the second session as 1 October and states that "Only 'As Young Lovers Do' from this session would make the album" contending that this is the reason for the different "lounge-jazz sound" on this track. Other biographers have primarily noted that the early morning first of October session was abandoned without producing any of the songs on the album.
The third and final session, in the evening on 15 October, produced four more recordings that completed the album — "The Way Young Lovers Do" "Sweet Thing", "Ballerina" and "Slim Slow Slider". Davis expressed to Rolling Stone that there was a "certain feel about a seven-to-ten o' clock session" and that "the ambience of that time of day was all through everything we played". Both "Sweet Thing" and "Ballerina" were originally scheduled for the session, but the search for a 'closer' consumed a considerable amount of time. They attempted (and rejected) a number of songs until Morrison suggested "Slim Slow Slider". "I don't think we'd ever done [it] live", recalls Payne. "[Morrison] had a book full of songs ... I don't know why he decided to do it ... And we were first doing it with the drums, with Richard Davis and Connie Kay and the guitar player and the vibe player and me and Van — all of us were playing. Then I started playing soprano sax on the thing, and Lew said, 'OK, I wanna try it again. Start again. And I want just the bass, the soprano sax, and Van. It was a successful take, but it also came with a very long coda, prompting Merenstein to make a large cut during the editing process. Many of the tracks on Astral Weeks would be subjected to edits (mainly to tighten the performances), but the one on "Slim Slow Slider" was easily the most substantial. "I would estimate three, five minutes of instrumental stuff", says Payne. "We went through stages [until] we got to be avant-garde kind of weird, which is what you hear after the splice – all that weird stuff we're playing – but there was a whole progression to that." According to Merenstein, before he cut it, the coda "was a long, long ending that went nowhere, that just carried on from minute to minute ... If it had [some] relativity to the tune itself, I would have left it there."
The recording engineer for the album, Brooks Arthur, remembered the sessions in 2009: "A cloud came along, and it was called the Van Morrison sessions. We all hopped upon that cloud, and the cloud took us away , and we made this album, and we landed when it was done." In a Rolling Stone interview in 1972, Morrison told John Grissim Jr.: "I was really pretty happy with the album. The only complaint I had was that it was rather rushed. But I thought it was closer to the type of music I wanted to put out. And still is, actually."
Music and lyrics
Astral Weeks has poetic, stream-of-consciousness lyrics that evoke emotions and images instead of coherent, intellectual ideas and narratives. According to Guy Raz from NPR, it is a folk rock album, "perhaps the seminal album of the folk-rock genre", while the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame online biography of Morrison said its music is trance-like folk jazz set to "impressionistic, free-flowing" lyrics. AllMusic's William Ruhlmann, on the other hand, viewed the music as an amalgam of folk, blues, jazz, and classical music that is unlike rock.
Although usually described as a song cycle rather than a concept album, the songs do, when considered in their totality, seem to link together as one long song, forming an "intangible narrative of unreachable worlds" and delivered with what one writer calls "a masterpiece of virtuoso singing". According to Charlie Gillett, the album has meditative songs that combine themes of nostalgia, drama, and Morrison's personal mysticism and are performed in a blue-eyed soul style.
The album embraces a form of symbolism that would eventually become a staple of Morrison's songs, equating earthly love and heaven, or as close as a living being can approach it. Morrison and Davis's upright bass can be interpreted as the earth opposing Kay's percussion and the string arrangement representing heaven and with Berliner's lead acoustic guitar residing on a plane in between.
Van Morrison told Ritchie Yorke, one of his biographers, he wrote both of the songs "Madame George" and "Cyprus Avenue" in stream of consciousness: "['Madame George'] just came right out ... The song is just a stream of consciousness thing, as is 'Cyprus Avenue' ...I didn't even think about what I was writing."
In an interview with Paste in 2009, Morrison said the songs on Astral Weeks were written "prior to 1968 over a period of five years". In an NPR review he comments: "It's not about me. It's totally fictional. It's put together of composites, of conversations I heard—you know, things I saw in movies, newspapers, books, whatever. It comes out as stories. That's it. There's no more."
Songs
Side One – In The Beginning
"Astral Weeks"
The song "Astral Weeks" opens the album with the lines "If I ventured in the slipstream, between the viaducts of your dream/ Where immobile steel rims crack, and the ditch in the back roads stop", which according to Erik Hage shows Morrison had "once and for all pulled neck and neck with Dylan as a lyricist". Morrison described it as "one of those songs where you can see the light at the end of the tunnel ... I don't think I can elaborate on it any more than that." The words in the song: "Talkin' to Huddie Ledbetter/Showin' pictures on the wall" appear to be based on Morrison's real life custom of carrying around a poster of Lead Belly and hanging it on the wall wherever he lived. (This was revealed in a Rolling Stone interview in 1978.)
"Beside You"
"Beside You", the second song on the album, has been described as "expressionistic poetry and a scattershot collection of images and scenarios". It begins with the classical guitar of Jay Berliner and Morrison's voice circling each other. Morrison described it as "the kind of song that you'd sing to a kid or somebody that you love. It's basically a love song. It's just a song about being spiritually beside somebody." It was originally recorded for Bang Records in December 1967. That first recording shows the pop music intentions of Bert Berns which give it a different sound from the Astral Weeks recording.
"Sweet Thing"
"Sweet Thing" is the only song on the album to look forward instead of backward. In the words of AllMusic: "Over the endlessly descending, circular progression, Morrison sings positive lyrics about nature and a romantic partner, seemingly beginning in the middle of a thought: 'And I will stroll the merry way. Paul Du Noyer wrote, "Sweet Thing puts the singer in a hazy, pastoral paradise where he wanders in 'gardens wet with rain', or counts the stars in his lover's eyes, and vows to 'never grow so old again' or 'read between the lines'. He pleads with his mind to keep quiet, so his heart can hear itself think. He yearns to obliterate experience and rediscover innocence." It has been a more popular cover song than any of the others on the album and is the only Astral Weeks song that has been included in any of Morrison's compilation albums.
"Cyprus Avenue"
The song "Cyprus Avenue" is a three chord blues composition and served for many years as the closing song for most of Morrison's live shows. Along with "Madame George", it is the centerpiece of the album and both songs are Belfast related and highly impressionistic. The song is told from the point of view of an outsider watching from inside an automobile and getting tongue-tied as the refined school girl he fantasizes about appears and he imagines her a fine lady with "rainbow ribbons in her hair" in a carriage drawn by six white horses and "returning from a fair". Van Morrison described Cyprus Avenue as "a street in Belfast, a place where there's a lot of wealth. It wasn't far from where I was brought up and it was a very different scene. To me it was a very mystical place. It was a whole avenue lined with trees and I found it a place where I could think."
Side Two – Afterwards
"The Way Young Lovers Do"
"The Way Young Lovers Do" is described by Clinton Heylin as a "lounge-jazz" sound that "still sticks out like Spumante at a champagne buffet". In his review for Rolling Stone, Greil Marcus also spoke of the song as a "poor jazz-flavored cut that, is uncomfortably out of place on this record". Brian Hinton describes it as there being "a Sinatra strut to Van's voice, a blues knowingness with Stax brass, and a string section which swirls where previously it drifted." He describes it as "about growing up, an adolescent first kiss".
"Madame George"
Called the other album masterpiece (along with Cyprus Avenue), "Madame George" is almost ten minutes long and tells of the mysterious madame "in a corner playing dominoes in drag", among other things. It also has a setting of Cyprus Avenue in Belfast with impressionistic lyrics that give stream-of-conscious details that are seemingly unrelated. Erik Hage describes the effect of the sensory experience of the lyrics, the instrumentation and Morrison's impassioned vocals on the listener and the album as being "like some kind of twilight state between sleeping and wakefulness", engaging the listener to project themselves into the spell of the song. Rolling Stone album reviewer wrote: "The crowning touch is 'Madame George', a cryptic character study that may or may not be about an aging transvestite but that is certainly as heartbreaking a reverie as you will find in pop music." Morrison has denied that the song is about a transvestite, as others, including Lester Bangs, have believed. The original title of the song is "Madame Joy" and Morrison later changed the title although he actually sings the words "Madame Joy" in the song. An earlier recording for Bang Records with slightly altered lyrics, backing singers, a much swifter tempo and a "bizarrely inappropriate party atmosphere" had a considerably different tone from the 1968 Astral Weeks recording.
"Ballerina"
The oldest composition on Astral Weeks is "Ballerina", which Morrison composed in 1966 while still a member of Them, around the same time he first met his future wife, Janet. Inspired by "a flash about an actress in an opera house appearing in a ballet" (according to Morrison), former Them guitarist Jim Armstrong recalls the band working on the song between engagements. "[Morrison] had all these words", Armstrong says, "we sort of formalized it, 'cause there was no structure to it". Them performed the song one night in Hawaii, but it was not recorded until Astral Weeks. On the full-length version of "Ballerina" which first appeared on the 2015 expanded edition, the left and right audio channels are opposite to those on the originally released edited version.
"Slim Slow Slider"
"Slim Slow Slider" is the only song on the album to not have string overdubs and according to John Payne, Morrison had not played it live before. Like in the song "T.B. Sheets", the singer tells of watching a young girl die, but in "Slim Slow Slider" the girl seems bent on her own self-destruction: "I know you're dying, baby / I know you know it too." The song ends abruptly with the words, "Every time I see you, I just don't know what to do." It has been said to be about a drug addict, but Morrison has only said that it's about someone "who is caught up in a big city like London or maybe is on dope, I'm not sure."
Packaging
According to Steve Turner, one of Van Morrison's biographers, Irish painter Cecil McCartney influenced the titling of Astral Weeks. Morrison related how "A friend of mine had drawings in his flat of astral projection. I was at his house when I was working on a song which began, 'If I venture down the slipstream' and that's why I called it 'Astral Weeks'." "It was a painting", McCartney corrects. "There were several paintings in the studio at the time. Van looked at the painting and it suggested astral travelling to him." The album cover photograph of Van Morrison was taken by Joel Brodsky, best known for his "Young Lions" photoshoot with Jim Morrison. The squared circle in the cover photo is described as portraying "the mystic symbol of the union of opposites; the sacred marriage of heaven and earth".
Reception
Astral Weeks sold poorly when it was first released in 1968. The album became a somewhat popular cult import in the United States, while in the United Kingdom it was largely overlooked by critics. The British magazine Beat Instrumental published a negative review of the record, finding Morrison's songs monotonous and unoriginal. In NME, Nick Logan regarded it as a pale imitation of the guitarist José Feliciano's 1968 Feliciano! album, which was one of the year's best-selling records. With the exception of Astral Weeks title track, Logan felt the compositions were indistinguishable and "suffer from being stuck in the same groove throughout". In the American magazine Stereo Review, editor Peter Reilly panned it as a "free-verse mind bender of an album", plagued by nonsensical lyrics and incoherent singing from Morrison, especially on "Madame George".
In 1969, Greil Marcus reviewed the album positively in Rolling Stone, saying that Morrison's lyrics were thoughtful and deeply intellectual, "in terms of the myths and metaphors that exist within the world of rock and roll". He believed both the music and lyrics captured the spirit of Bob Dylan's 1967 album John Wesley Harding, while calling Astral Weeks a "unique and timeless" record. Rolling Stone later named it the album of the year. Melody Maker also called it one of the year's best records, featuring Morrison's "small harsh voice" backed by an attractive musical combo that "verges on genius" during "Madame George". When his third album Moondance was released in 1970, Warner Bros. ran full-page advertisements remarking on the unavailability of Astral Weeks in record stores, calling it a "damn shame" that it "ended up as what you might call a critically acclaimed but obscure album ... If you want it and can't find it, yell at the store's record buyer. Loud, because you're the customer and you're always right. Undo the veils of potential obscurity."
Legacy and influence
Astral Weeks critical standing improved greatly over time. It became viewed as one of rock's greatest records and a culturally significant work. Many factors afforded the record its strong reputation in rock criticism: its back story as a commercial underachiever and highly personal work for Morrison, its distinction from the rest of his discography, his artistic autonomy, the music's song cycle composition, the enigmatic lyrics and quality of seriousness and originality as perceived by mature rock audiences and writers. According to Rob Sheffield, it was Morrison's "most beautiful and intense album", the foundation for his "legend" and a work that continues to captivate musicians and listeners. Lester Bangs said its anguished feeling resonated with him on first listen, calling it "the rock record with the most significance in my life so far ... a record about people stunned by life, completely overwhelmed, stalled in their skins, their ages and selves, paralyzed by the enormity of what in one moment of vision they can comprehend." Irish musician Glen Hansard said it made him think about life with a greater depth of feeling, "with a greater sense of fear and horror and desire than you ever imagined." Colin Larkin credited Morrison for fully realizing his ambition to "create without pop's constraints" on Astral Weeks, while AllMusic's William Ruhlmann said its reputation among critics was justified because "unlike any record before or since", it "encompasses the passion and tenderness that have always mixed in the best postwar popular music".
Astral Weeks influenced future releases of other musicians such as Bono and Bruce Springsteen. Mike Ragogna with HuffPost wrote that Astral Weeks influenced Springsteen's 1973 first album Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. and two of the songs from his second. Steven Van Zandt, from Springsteen's E Street Band, has said: "Astral Weeks was like a religion to us." According to writer Steve Turner, the album also became popular with travelers of the hippie trail, "from Europe through to Kathmandu and there were even reports of vans painted in psychedelic colours being renamed 'the Van Morrison'." In his 1975 book, Ritchie Yorke wrote "It was almost as if Van Morrison, elusive at any time, had deliberately created an album of music which would indefinitely withstand the vulgarity of music industry image-making. Later they might say that other albums were reminiscent of Astral Weeks, but they could never claim that Astral Weeks was like anything else." According to Greil Marcus, Martin Scorsese said that the first fifteen minutes of his 1976 film Taxi Driver was based on Astral Weeks.
The critical recognition and renown of Astral Weeks came to overshadow Morrison's subsequent work, as well as Morrison himself. According to biographer Johnny Rogan, his recording career was "all too often crystallized in a single moment. Like the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds, Astral Weeks was perceived as a one-off whose critical standing allowed little discussion for other equally fascinating musical forays that followed." Morrison felt annoyed by the retrospective acclaim and claims about the record's significance. In agreement with Logan's original criticism, he later said he should have "changed the arrangements because the arrangements are too samey ... four or five other songs should have had a change of mood." According to Robert Christgau in 1974, "Astral Weeks is still considered unlistenable obscure by many astute observers". Merenstein, on the other hand, still admires the album: "To this day it gives me pain to hear it. Pain is the wrong word—I'm so moved by it." In 2001, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, having shipped 500,000 copies in the US. Music historian Andrew Ford said the album's commercial performance, much like its musical aesthetic, is similar to classical music: "Neither instant nor evanescent: Astral Weeks will sell as many copies this year as it did in 1968 and has every year in between".
Astral Weeks has appeared in all-time best album polls worldwide, and according to Acclaimed Music, it is the fifteenth-most ranked record in critics' all-time lists. In 1978, it was voted the fourth best album of all time in Paul Gambaccini's poll of 50 prominent American and English rock critics. It was also ranked second greatest by Mojo in 1995, and third by The Times. In 2003, it was ranked number 19 by Rolling Stone on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revision and dropping to number 60 in the 2020 reboot of the list. In 1998, it was voted the ninth greatest album of all time in a "Music of the Millennium" poll conducted by HMV, Channel 4 and The Guardian. In 2000, Q placed the record at number six on its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. Time included Astral Weeks in its 2006 list of the "All-Time 100 Albums". When Astral Weeks was voted the best Irish album of all time in 2009, Niall Stokes wrote in Hot Press, "It's an extraordinary work, packed with marvelously evocative songs that are rooted in Belfast but which deliver a powerful and lasting universal poetic resonance." The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. It ranked number 16 in the 2000 third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.
Marcus referred to the impact of the album, calling it a "common language", and related in a 2009 interview that "I was so shocked when I was teaching a seminar at Princeton just a couple years ago, and out of 16 students, four of them said their favorite album was Astral Weeks." Marcus goes on to say, "Now, how did it enter their lives? We're talking about an album that was recorded well before they were born, and yet it spoke to them. They understood its language as soon as they heard it." Elvis Costello described Astral Weeks as "still the most adventurous record made in the rock medium, and there hasn't been a record with that amount of daring made since". Johnny Depp, in a Rolling Stone interview in 2008, recalled how when he was a preteen his older brother (by ten years), tiring of Johnny's favourite music of the time said, Try this.' And he put on Van Morrison's Astral Weeks. And it stirred me. I'd never heard anything like it." Joan Armatrading has said that Astral Weeks was the first album she purchased as a teenager and that it opened her up musically. In August 2010, director and choreographer, Jessica Wallenfels, staged a production in Portland, Oregon, of a rock opera/story ballet of Astral Weeks called Find me Beside You.
Astral Weeks revisited
In November 2008, Van Morrison performed two concerts at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California playing the entire Astral Weeks album. The band featured Jay Berliner who played on the original album. Morrison toured performing the album live throughout most of 2009, with Rolling Stone calling these concerts "some of the most inspired performances of his whole career".
A live album entitled Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl was released by Morrison's record label, Listen to the Lion, on 24 February 2009. It was also issued as a double vinyl LP album released the same date. A DVD featuring the Hollywood Bowl performances and entitled Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl: The Concert Film was released on 19 May 2009.
When asked by Rolling Stone editor, David Wild why he was performing the album again live after forty years, Morrison replied: "It received no promotion, from Warner Bros.—that's why I never got to play the songs live. I had always wanted to play the record live and fully orchestrated—that is what this is all about. I always like live recording and I like listening to live records too. I'm not too fond of being in a studio—it's too contrived and too confining. I like the freedom of live, in-the-moment sound."
As for the songs on the original album, Morrison told Los Angeles Times columnist Randy Lewis: "The songs are poetic stories, so the meaning is the same as always—timeless and unchanging. The songs are works of fiction that will inherently have a different meaning for different people. People take from it whatever their disposition to take from it is."
On 30 October 2015, the album remastered was reissued by Warner Bros. Records with four session bonus tracks, including the full-length versions of both "Ballerina" and "Slim Slow Slider".
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Van Morrison – vocals, acoustic guitar
John Payne – flute; soprano saxophone on "Slim Slow Slider"
Jay Berliner – classical and steel-string acoustic guitars
Richard Davis – double bass
Warren Smith Jr. – percussion, vibraphone
Connie Kay – drums
Larry Fallon – string arrangements and conductor; harpsichord on "Cyprus Avenue"
Unknown – flute on "Beside You" and "Cyprus Avenue"
Barry Kornfeld – acoustic guitar on "The Way Young Lovers Do"
Production
Lewis Merenstein – producer
Brooks Arthur – engineer
Ed Thrasher – art director
Joel Brodsky – photography
Steve Woolard – reissue production
Kevin Gray – reissue remastering
Certifications
References
Sources
Collis, John (1996). Inarticulate Speech of the Heart, Little Brown and Company,
Ford, Andrew (1997). Illegal harmonies: music in the 20th century, Sydney: Hale & Iremonger
Gillett, Charlie et al. (2008). Maria Johnston, ed. High Pop: The Irish Times Column, 1970–1976, Lagan Press
Hage, Erik (2009). The Words and Music of Van Morrison, Praeger Publishers,
Heylin, Clinton (2003). Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography, Chicago Review Press
Hinton, Brian (1997). Celtic Crossroads: The Art of Van Morrison, Sanctuary,
Marcus, Greil (2010). When That Rough God Goes Riding: Listening to Van Morrison, Public Affairs,
Rogan, Johnny (2006). Van Morrison: No Surrender, London:Vintage Books
Turner, Steve (1993). Van Morrison: Too Late to Stop Now, Viking Penguin,
Yorke, Ritchie (1975). Into The Music, London: Charisma Books,
External links
Astral Weeks at Acclaimed Music (list of accolades)
1968 albums
Albums arranged by Larry Fallon
Albums conducted by Larry Fallon
Albums produced by Lewis Merenstein
Albums with cover art by Joel Brodsky
Concept albums
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Van Morrison albums
Warner Records albums
|
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207661
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Rightist%20Campaign
|
Anti-Rightist Campaign
|
The Anti-Rightist Campaign () in the People's Republic of China, which lasted from 1957 to roughly 1959, was a political campaign to purge alleged "Rightists" within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and abroad. The campaign was launched by Chairman Mao Zedong, but Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen also played an important role. The Anti-Rightist Campaign significantly damaged democracy in China and turned the country into a de facto one-party state.
The definition of rightists was not always consistent, sometimes including critics to the left of the government, but officially referred to those intellectuals who appeared to favor capitalism, or were against one-party rule as well as forcible, state-run collectivization. According to China's official statistics published during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period, the anti-rightist campaign resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. Some researchers believe that the actual number of persecuted is between 1 and 2 million or even higher. Deng Xiaoping admitted that there were mistakes during the Anti-Rightist Campaign, and most victims have received rehabilitation since 1959.
History
Background
The Anti-Rightist Campaign was a reaction against the Hundred Flowers Campaign which had promoted pluralism of expression and criticism of the government, even though initiation of both campaigns was controlled by Mao Zedong and were integrally connected. Going perhaps as far back as the Long March there had been resentment against "rightists" inside the CCP, for example, Zhang Bojun.
First wave
The first wave of attacks began immediately following the end of the Hundred Flowers movement in July 1957. By the end of the year, 300,000 people had been labeled as rightists, including the writer Ding Ling. Future premier Zhu Rongji, then working in the State Planning Commission, was purged in 1958. Most of the accused were intellectuals. The penalties included informal criticism, hard labor, and in some cases, execution. For example, Jiabiangou, a notable labor camp in Gansu, held approximately 3,000 political prisoners from 1957 to 1961, of whom about 2,500 died, mostly of starvation.
One main target was the independent legal system. Legal professionals were transferred to other jobs; judicial power was exercised instead by political cadres and the police.
Second wave
The second part of the campaign followed the Lushan Conference of July 2 – August 16, 1959, a meeting of top party leaders. The meeting condemned the PRC's defense minister, General Peng Dehuai, a critic of the Great Leap Forward.
Criticism by Mao
Administering several provinces in the southwest, Deng proved so zealous in liquidating alleged counter-revolutionaries that even the Chairman felt obliged to write to him. Mao urged Deng Xiaoping to slow down the campaign's body count, saying:
Rehabilitation
After Mao's death in 1976, many of the convictions were revoked during the Boluan Fanzheng period. At that time, under leader Deng Xiaoping, the government announced that it needed capitalists' experience to get the country moving economically, and subsequently the guilty verdicts of thousands of counterrevolutionary cases were overturned — affecting many of those accused of rightism and who had been persecuted for that crime the previous twenty two years. This came despite the fact that Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen were among the most enthusiastic prosecutors of the movement during the "First Wave" of 1957.
Censorship in China
In 2009, leading up the 60th anniversary of the PRC's founding, a number of media outlets in China listed the most significant events of 1957 but downplayed or omitted reference to the Anti-Rightist Movement. Websites were reportedly notified by authorities that the topic of the movement was extremely sensitive.
Famous Rightists
Zhang Bojun, China's "number one rightist"
Luo Longji, China's "number two rightist"
Huang Qixiang
Chen Mingshu
Chen Mengjia
Zhu Rongji, later Premier of China
Wu Zuguang, playwright
Qian Weichang
Gu Zhun
Long Yun, former warlord of Yunnan
See also
Great Leap Forward
Cultural Revolution
List of CCP Campaigns
Communist mass killings
Communist terrorism
Boluan Fanzheng
Yan'an Rectification Movement
References
External links
An Overview of Democracy Movements in China
Petitioning for redress over the anti-rightist campaign – Human Rights in China (HRIC), 2005
Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
Political repression in China
Political and cultural purges
Maoist terminology
Maoist China
Cold War history of China
Communist repression
1950s in China
Human rights abuses in China
Persecution of intellectuals
|
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] |
207662
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian%20Gulf
|
Arabian Gulf
|
Arabian Gulf may refer to:
Persian Gulf, also referred to as the “Gulf of Basra”, “Arabian Gulf”, or “The Gulf”
Persian Gulf naming dispute
Arab states of the Persian Gulf, countries of the Arabian Peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf, often referred to as “Arab Gulf states”
Red Sea, historically known as Sinus Arabicus ( Arabian Gulf)
Arab's Gulf, a large bay near Alexandria, Egypt, also known as “Arab Gulf” or “Arabs' Gulf”
See also
Arabian Sea
|
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207664
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thompson
|
John Thompson
|
John Thompson may refer to:
Academics
J. A. Thompson (1913–2002), Australian biblical scholar
John D. Thompson (1917–1992), nurse and professor at the Yale School of Public Health
John G. Thompson (born 1932), American mathematician
John Thompson (business professor), professor of Entrepreneurship, University of Huddersfield
John Thompson (sociologist), professor at Cambridge
John Herd Thompson, Canadian historian
John N. Thompson, American evolutionary biologist
Business
John Thompson (banker) (1802–1891), American banker
John Fairfield Thompson, Inco chairman
John L. Thompson (1869–1930), Iowa journalist and businessman
John Philp Thompson Sr. (1925–2003), American businessman with 7-Eleven
John Thompson (TD banker) (born 1942), non-executive chairman of the board of Toronto-Dominion Bank
John W. Thompson (born 1949), chairman of the board of Microsoft
John Thompson (company), a company based in Wolverhampton
Entertainment
John Thompson (actor) (died 1634), member of the King's Men in the 1621–31 era
John Thompson (engraver) (1785–1866), English wood engraver
John Reuben Thompson (1823–1873), American poet, journalist, editor and publisher
John Edward Thompson (1882–1945), American artist
John Sylvanus Thompson (1889–1963), American pianist
John Thompson (Australian poet) (1907–1968), Australian poet and broadcaster
John Thompson (writer and scholar) (1918–2002), American poet, critic, professor
Johnny Thompson (1934–2019), Las Vegas illusionist
John Thompson (poet) (1938–1976), Canadian poet
John Cargill Thompson (1938–2000), Scottish dramatist
John Douglas Thompson (born 1964), actor
John Dall (John Dall Thompson, 1920–1971), American actor
John Thompson Productions, a German pornographic film studio
Military
John Thompson (Medal of Honor, 1865) (1838–1915), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
John Thompson (Medal of Honor, 1869) (1842–?), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
John T. Thompson (1860–1940), inventor of the Thompson submachine gun
John Marlow Thompson (1914–1994), British Second World War Ace and Battle of Britain pilot
John Thompson (RAF officer) (born 1947), former Royal Air Force officer
John F. Thompson (general), U.S. Air Force general
Politics
United States
John Thompson (Louisiana judge) (died 1810), registrar of lands and judge
John C. Thompson (1790–1831), Vermont lawyer, politician, and judge
John H. Thompson (politician), Lieutenant Governor of Indiana, 1824–1828
John Thompson (1749–1823), US congressman from New York
John Thompson (1809–1890), US congressman from New York
John Burton Thompson (1810–1874), Whig politician from Kentucky
John Martin Thompson (1829–1907), lumberman and civic leader
John McCandless Thompson (1829–1903), US congressman from Pennsylvania
John R. Thompson (1834–1894), founder of the Grange
John E. W. Thompson (1860–1918), American diplomat
John F. Thompson (politician) (1920–1965), Massachusetts state Speaker of the House
John D. Thompson Jr. (1928–1986), member of the Ohio House of Representatives
John Thompson (Minnesota politician), member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Canada
John Hall Thompson (1810–1893), Canadian court commissioner and political figure
John Sparrow David Thompson (1845–1894), Prime Minister of Canada
J. Enoch Thompson (1846–1932), Canadian politician, diplomat, writer, and businessman
John W. Thompson (Manitoba politician) (1858–1914), politician in Manitoba, Canada
John Thompson (Manitoba politician) (1908–1986), Manitoba provincial cabinet minister
John Thompson (Alberta politician) (1924–2016), Alberta provincial politician
United Kingdom
John Thompson, 1st Baron Haversham (c. 1648–1710), English politician
John Thompson (Liberal politician) (1861–1959), British Member of Parliament for East Somerset, 1906–1910
Jack Thompson (politician) (John Thompson, 1928–2011), British Labour MP for Wansbeck
John Thomson (diplomat), former [British ambassador to Angola
Other
John Malbon Thompson (1830–1908), Australian politician, MLA for Queensland
Science
John Vaughan Thompson (1779–1847), British biologist
John Ashburton Thompson (1846–1915), British-Australian physician
John Hannay Thompson (1869 – c. 1940), British harbour engineer
John McLean Thompson (1888-1977), Scottish botanist
J. Eric S. Thompson (John Eric Sidney Thompson, 1898–1975), English archeologist and Mayan scholar
John Edd Thompson, chief meteorologist for WALA-TV in Mobile, Alabama
Sports
American football
John Thompson (American football coach) (born 1955), former defensive coordinator for the Ole Miss football team
John Thompson (tight end) (born 1957), American football player
Association football
John Thompson (footballer, born 1888) (1888–1984), English footballer for Sunderland
Ernie Thompson (footballer, born 1909) (John Ernest Thompson, 1909–1985), Manchester United F.C. player in the 1930s
John Thompson (footballer, born 1932) (1932–2006), English football goalkeeper who played for Newcastle United and Lincoln City
John Thompson (footballer, born 1981), Irish professional footballer
Australian football
John Thompson (Australian footballer, born 1903) (1903–1985), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
John Thompson (Australian footballer, born 1938) (1938–1999), Australian rules footballer for Richmond
Baseball
Jocko Thompson (John Samuel Thompson, 1917–1988), Major League Baseball pitcher
Tug Thompson (John Parkinson Thompson, 1856–1938), Major League Baseball outfielder
Basketball
John Thompson (basketball) (1941–2020), American basketball player and Hall of Fame coach at Georgetown University
John Thompson III (born 1966), his son, also former basketball coach at Georgetown
Cat Thompson (John Ashworth Thompson, 1906–1990), American basketball player
Cricket
John Thompson (cricketer, born 1870) (1870–1945), English cricketer
John Thompson (cricketer, born 1918) (1918–2010), English cricketer
Rugby
John Thompson (rugby union) (c. 1886–c. 1978), rugby union player who represented Australia
John Thompson (rugby league) (born 1959), rugby league footballer of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s
Other sports
John Garcia Thompson (born 1979), British beach volleyball player
John Thompson (boxer) (born 1989), professional boxer
Other
John Thompson (priest) (died 1571), Canon of Windsor
John Thompson (journalist) (1928–2017), British journalist
John Thompson (landscape architect) (1941–2015), British landscape architect for the city of Oxford
Jack Thompson (activist) (John Bruce Thompson, born 1951), Florida lawyer
John H. Thompson (born 1951), American statistician, Census Director
John Thompson (convict), convict of the colony of New South Wales
John Thompson (inventor), inventor of the Lingo programming language
Sir John Thompson (judge), British barrister and judge
John Rosolu Bankole Thompson (1936-2021), Sierra Leonean judge and jurist
Snowshoe Thompson (John Albert Thompson, 1827–1876), mail carrier across the Sierras
John Thompson, exonerated death row inmate, party in United States Supreme Court case Connick v. Thompson
See also
John Thomson (disambiguation)
Jack Thompson (disambiguation)
Jonathan Thompson (disambiguation)
Jon Thompson (disambiguation)
Thompson (disambiguation)
|
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