id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
224069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Price%20of%20Milk | The Price of Milk | The Price of Milk is a 2000–2001 New Zealand romantic fantasy film. It was directed by New Zealand actor and director Harry Sinclair.
Plot
In rural New Zealand, a farmer, Rob (Karl Urban), gets engaged to his love, Lucinda (Danielle Cormack). However, Lucinda is worried about their relationship losing its spark and she continues pushing him away to try to keep the spark alive.
A string of quilt thefts have been occurring around town and when Lucinda finds hers, she is curious and reckless when she trades Rob's cows, worth NZ$400,000, for it. Rob is beyond words in his rage and loses his voice as he drives away, leaving Lucinda to worry for days before their planned wedding.
References
External links
iofilm.co.uk – a review of The Price of Milk.
2000 films
2001 films
2000s romantic drama films
Australian fantasy films
Australian films
New Zealand films
New Zealand fantasy films
American films
American fantasy films
Films set in New Zealand
Films set in 1969
2000 drama films
2001 drama films | [
-0.037748344242572784,
0.47561338543891907,
-0.4662628471851349,
0.046058233827352524,
0.045231983065605164,
0.5020917654037476,
-0.022304443642497063,
0.2845538258552551,
-0.05370283126831055,
0.18985781073570251,
0.27589431405067444,
0.9022262096405029,
0.20747485756874084,
0.5888014435768127,
0.12229423969984055,
0.11470096558332443,
0.22917400300502777,
0.657950758934021,
0.2579565942287445,
-0.38741472363471985,
-0.7620043754577637,
-0.4204551875591278,
0.34230121970176697,
-0.33710503578186035,
-0.34270042181015015,
0.3811153471469879,
0.030947396531701088,
0.17016136646270752,
-0.00637355912476778,
0.12420030683279037,
0.05313536897301674,
0.45377954840660095,
0.13600778579711914,
0.10624342411756516,
-0.39696595072746277,
0.3420565724372864,
0.15950675308704376,
-0.2187497317790985,
-0.3093375861644745,
-0.47889548540115356,
-0.29094967246055603,
0.037316884845495224,
0.3588080108165741,
0.4904301166534424,
-0.21487700939178467,
-0.20070433616638184,
-1.6293909549713135,
-0.13764415681362152,
-0.7836354374885559,
-0.27590206265449524,
0.2630159854888916,
0.9287056922912598,
0.10736137628555298,
-0.08792779594659805,
0.021340366452932358,
0.8211202621459961,
-0.3797818124294281,
0.360903263092041,
-0.26342400908470154,
-0.7407252192497253,
0.5252090692520142,
0.09969497472047806,
0.2874963581562042,
-0.021359728649258614,
-0.356624573469162,
-0.22712495923042297,
0.13724613189697266,
0.6057162880897522,
0.10044153034687042,
-0.44212377071380615,
-0.18724285066127777,
-0.33982908725738525,
-0.23894593119621277,
0.12235749512910843,
-0.03546271473169327,
0.04298524931073189,
-0.11850709468126297,
0.2365184873342514,
0.18659554421901703,
-0.43936461210250854,
-0.45417237281799316,
-0.03592444583773613,
0.3497473895549774,
-0.14156419038772583,
0.4552716910839081,
0.12595349550247192,
0.9291293025016785,
0.6669259667396545,
-0.038078341633081436,
0.572319746017456,
-0.2681821286678314,
0.06882434338331223,
0.19002729654312134,
0.1601072996854782,
-0.36394059658050537,
-0.6737055778503418,
0.38140514492988586,
-0.30244410037994385,
0.36855003237724304,
-0.0374937541782856,
0.5309619903564453,
-0.010542964562773705,
0.6983521580696106,
-0.3403783142566681,
-0.5844019651412964,
-0.37748733162879944,
-0.18925710022449493,
-0.09872740507125854,
0.32650133967399597,
0.05308733507990837,
-0.2230585813522339,
0.15051709115505219,
-0.24443499743938446,
0.49347516894340515,
-0.16337153315544128,
0.03392171487212181,
-0.19739428162574768,
-0.041470400989055634,
-0.588955283164978,
0.02657943405210972,
-0.15851864218711853,
-0.6138656735420227,
-0.12090733647346497,
0.36589759588241577,
0.2481869012117386,
0.36395251750946045,
-0.0841420516371727,
0.3324829041957855,
0.06904713809490204,
0.3174901604652405,
0.5910046696662903,
-0.1545085608959198,
0.04079630598425865,
-0.25503993034362793,
-0.22836710512638092,
-0.361131876707077,
0.49937325716018677,
-0.6519899964332581,
0.23066794872283936,
-0.034564483910799026,
-0.5876079797744751,
0.028690077364444733,
-0.5157603025436401,
-0.276702880859375,
0.5164339542388916,
-0.3786706030368805,
-0.22932572662830353,
-0.4408504366874695,
-0.2597774863243103,
-0.2222023904323578,
0.3119093179702759,
0.7061640024185181,
0.5539288520812988,
-0.12872576713562012,
0.16643653810024261,
0.42889559268951416,
-0.41057902574539185,
-0.20632654428482056,
-0.32267507910728455,
0.5116299390792847,
-0.0359770767390728,
0.18020719289779663,
0.1341133415699005,
-0.4114440679550171,
0.18962208926677704,
-0.7489431500434875,
0.620337963104248,
0.3659103810787201,
-0.12677358090877533,
-0.03987107798457146,
-0.7618131637573242,
0.6060839891433716,
0.3240128755569458,
0.07266353815793991,
-0.1476026177406311,
-0.2164609283208847,
0.18582399189472198,
0.7558602094650269,
0.836323082447052,
0.07105927914381027,
-0.5837866067886353,
0.4656681716442108,
0.17383964359760284,
-0.34889379143714905,
0.21271799504756927,
-0.35549524426460266,
0.2528156042098999,
-0.36618664860725403,
-0.4017549455165863,
-0.1540255844593048,
-1.0931751728057861,
-0.664856493473053,
0.5144768953323364,
-0.0666484460234642,
1.104056477546692,
-0.2360718995332718,
-0.7737938761711121,
0.0801231861114502,
-0.09014957398176193,
0.019468680024147034,
-0.7050214409828186,
-0.03513188660144806,
0.6251351833343506,
0.028703240677714348,
-0.594194233417511,
0.28062984347343445,
0.031881727278232574,
-0.05598527193069458,
0.4830767512321472,
0.6976382732391357,
-0.37398579716682434,
-0.457255482673645,
0.1871291995048523,
0.09529939293861389,
-0.006117155309766531,
-0.06326300650835037,
-0.22166921198368073,
0.814999520778656,
0.22006461024284363,
-0.16219857335090637,
-0.08555686473846436,
0.16371558606624603,
-0.46668317914009094,
0.17599257826805115,
0.011204849928617477,
0.29832541942596436,
0.7167921662330627,
0.3480393588542938,
0.18056635558605194,
-0.19765231013298035,
-0.019168667495250702,
1.1314547061920166,
0.31238240003585815,
-0.32665708661079407,
0.24607469141483307,
-0.07861338555812836,
0.11029932647943497,
-0.05185411125421524,
0.108747199177742,
-0.07599446922540665,
0.21221019327640533,
0.14807289838790894,
-0.14210885763168335,
0.49531278014183044,
-0.137576624751091,
0.3320569396018982,
-0.008990632370114326,
0.38460177183151245,
-0.8280723690986633,
0.0118376724421978,
-0.12409503757953644,
0.574317991733551,
0.403521329164505,
0.32908716797828674,
-0.1350325644016266,
-0.28207388520240784,
-0.19546188414096832,
-0.3710964620113373,
0.4813706874847412,
0.4172283113002777,
-0.023668034002184868,
0.5040479302406311,
0.46016520261764526,
-0.08036087453365326,
-0.010334597900509834,
-0.2611662745475769,
-0.7681962251663208,
-0.4493974447250366,
-0.2667132318019867,
0.10844848304986954,
0.47262176871299744,
-0.3768080770969391,
-0.5618906617164612,
0.11574483662843704,
0.3346231281757355,
-0.17082150280475616,
0.2311318814754486,
0.01791227050125599,
-0.5023083686828613,
-0.09564555436372757,
0.43877294659614563,
0.5963542461395264,
0.30928558111190796,
-0.1410289704799652,
0.20703910291194916,
-0.15017685294151306,
-0.10572178661823273,
-0.7042484283447266,
0.24649907648563385,
-0.4808555245399475,
-0.03814306482672691,
0.25908297300338745,
-0.2959061861038208,
-0.41659390926361084,
-0.022988148033618927,
-0.21214044094085693,
-0.18814410269260406,
0.04140578582882881,
0.646955668926239,
0.048824723809957504,
0.3498597741127014,
0.05047508329153061,
-0.033326998353004456,
0.10985201597213745,
0.2029532939195633,
-0.1356532871723175,
0.055859487503767014,
-0.606353223323822,
-5.76503324508667,
-0.18219709396362305,
0.2878296673297882,
-0.33592963218688965,
0.8203728199005127,
-0.49967247247695923,
0.8389762043952942,
-0.5055433511734009,
0.1899518519639969,
0.05730222910642624,
-0.024059511721134186,
-0.29276591539382935,
-0.36488956212997437,
0.09351421892642975,
0.45801419019699097,
-0.3480784296989441,
0.9572795629501343,
0.06177716329693794,
0.3480644226074219,
0.6242282390594482,
-0.22840674221515656,
0.0330059640109539,
-0.13004633784294128,
0.5709168910980225,
-0.4207172989845276,
0.9728565812110901,
-0.04144573211669922,
0.04553515464067459,
-0.6298571228981018,
0.09265507012605667,
-0.5295830965042114,
-0.24228480458259583,
0.11715608090162277,
-0.36982113122940063,
0.31903505325317383,
-0.1730850338935852,
-0.0775221586227417,
0.17414210736751556,
0.662263810634613,
0.24367891252040863,
-0.8394960165023804,
0.35020458698272705,
-0.0025571640580892563,
-0.43869367241859436,
0.7081807255744934,
-0.09374576807022095,
-0.1827947199344635,
-0.5040123462677002,
-0.399360716342926,
0.6107579469680786,
0.28689682483673096,
0.019664201885461807,
0.4953601658344269,
-0.27690762281417847,
0.17395275831222534,
-0.03511035814881325,
0.31404703855514526,
0.08608096092939377,
-0.12283486872911453,
0.08779729902744293,
-0.10898441076278687,
-0.35696908831596375,
0.16229549050331116,
0.14775261282920837,
-0.22582559287548065,
-0.20023088157176971,
0.25919950008392334,
0.03551049530506134,
-0.09365595877170563,
0.20845192670822144,
-0.35676202178001404,
-0.11506681889295578,
0.2795560657978058,
-1.1434450149536133,
0.17494821548461914,
-0.22834724187850952,
-0.38395845890045166,
0.275322288274765,
-0.16453216969966888,
0.15149423480033875,
0.052637144923210144,
-0.33700451254844666,
0.264999657869339,
0.07251068949699402,
0.14494194090366364,
-0.8774639964103699,
-0.20397035777568817,
0.004968572873622179,
-0.0969645157456398,
-0.4645238220691681,
-0.1372043341398239,
-0.2622973620891571,
-0.11638884991407394,
0.16376934945583344,
0.13409721851348877,
0.5070242881774902,
0.4302805960178375,
0.16834448277950287,
-0.19459295272827148,
-0.3303280174732208,
-0.05873654782772064,
-0.5007122159004211,
0.04269159957766533,
-0.33849433064460754,
-0.3434162139892578,
-0.25495684146881104,
0.5802977085113525,
0.8487834930419922,
0.2055273801088333,
-0.540934145450592,
-0.04227836802601814,
0.05022398754954338,
-0.544556200504303,
-0.38633471727371216,
0.11941121518611908,
0.15040884912014008,
-0.7232730984687805,
0.4235009551048279,
0.20240074396133423,
0.31218573451042175,
-0.08596936613321304,
0.1264525055885315,
-0.7850581407546997,
-0.4535878300666809,
-0.5319086909294128,
-0.11767928302288055,
0.526178777217865,
0.00429453793913126,
0.21211548149585724,
0.3866340219974518,
-0.010682009160518646,
-0.15374627709388733,
0.2644082009792328,
-0.09409011900424957,
-0.1950487494468689,
-0.03618108481168747,
-0.27275046706199646,
0.35448694229125977,
-0.27162742614746094,
0.1087573990225792,
0.16353769600391388,
-0.04224478825926781,
-0.23656535148620605,
0.25215375423431396,
0.10800537467002869,
-0.030034562572836876,
-0.23941576480865479,
-0.322884738445282,
0.4246896505355835,
-0.2295413762331009,
-0.15492087602615356,
0.3306048810482025,
0.4319697320461273,
-0.21293717622756958,
0.021872086450457573,
-0.2793726921081543,
0.11979805678129196,
-0.09252147376537323,
-0.5848780274391174,
-0.6166864633560181,
0.19049954414367676,
-0.4766526520252228,
-1.7636791467666626,
-0.3093768358230591,
-0.10302980989217758,
0.416910320520401,
0.023402610793709755,
-0.30270707607269287,
0.38537442684173584,
0.46773025393486023,
0.33482757210731506,
-0.3247881233692169,
0.3192591667175293,
0.49954497814178467,
0.008502507582306862,
-0.11388671398162842,
0.28807470202445984,
-0.43534910678863525,
0.13206623494625092,
0.18565337359905243,
0.18650037050247192,
0.3023505210876465,
-0.32995525002479553,
-0.3854639232158661,
0.1164969801902771,
-0.7591975927352905,
-0.5263447761535645,
0.3751958906650543,
-0.03143803030252457,
0.4593724310398102,
-0.23887769877910614,
0.26317498087882996,
0.8165881633758545,
-0.07302425056695938,
-0.4592157304286957,
-0.32079753279685974,
-0.06025087088346481,
0.2790863811969757,
0.05959220603108406,
-0.46387407183647156,
0.21512694656848907,
0.7649651765823364,
-0.27889928221702576,
-0.02211860381066799,
0.42047643661499023,
-0.6091685891151428,
0.0722554475069046,
0.6616430282592773,
-0.9193658828735352,
0.4005688726902008,
-0.3212507665157318,
-0.4025188386440277,
-0.6590356826782227,
0.38255879282951355,
-0.31983494758605957,
-0.380685031414032,
0.1269959807395935,
-0.029882289469242096,
0.4189111590385437,
-0.38309040665626526,
0.12931886315345764,
-0.4518626630306244,
-1.150580644607544,
-0.21827085316181183,
-0.6263965368270874,
0.02196228690445423,
0.9335410594940186,
-1.1385657787322998,
0.19635482132434845,
-0.21816198527812958,
0.14217090606689453,
-0.0432719886302948,
0.21359612047672272,
0.7724165320396423,
-0.037600427865982056,
0.4450276792049408,
0.0673316940665245,
0.3629763126373291,
0.14224424958229065,
-0.023144321516156197,
-0.610657811164856,
0.7728303074836731,
0.5900517702102661,
-0.24395941197872162,
0.42139244079589844,
0.9133689999580383,
-0.3214900493621826,
-0.567574143409729,
-0.24411709606647491,
0.40222224593162537,
-0.1527717113494873,
-0.3655039072036743,
-0.34121087193489075,
-0.18343502283096313,
0.0989144816994667,
-0.9097100496292114,
0.4248085021972656,
-0.04275639355182648,
-0.14332929253578186,
0.21359696984291077,
-0.2383125126361847,
0.6096619963645935,
-0.28531092405319214,
0.4201439917087555,
0.3851892352104187,
0.5228536128997803,
0.26956382393836975,
-0.34896135330200195,
0.6689147353172302,
0.2363182008266449,
0.2585112750530243,
-0.4521339535713196,
0.07318691909313202,
0.6399052739143372,
0.6457154750823975,
-0.14655566215515137,
-0.7661917209625244,
-0.9676752090454102,
0.21878422796726227,
-0.025754442438483238,
0.09548749774694443,
-0.18237482011318207,
0.10474079847335815,
-0.5899906754493713,
0.057345204055309296,
-0.7195900678634644,
0.24704265594482422,
-0.43283820152282715,
-0.20946581661701202,
0.17027617990970612,
-0.4805201292037964,
-0.13761006295681,
0.05237571522593498,
-0.4788641035556793,
0.1348303109407425,
0.2766496241092682,
0.13246402144432068,
-0.04545239359140396,
-0.8061677813529968,
-0.6239785552024841,
-0.19157782196998596,
0.1899997889995575,
0.09394358843564987,
0.26136675477027893,
0.24726355075836182,
0.07525820285081863,
-0.5864617824554443,
-0.49760425090789795,
-0.24142403900623322,
-0.10450926423072815,
0.055852409452199936,
-0.17122429609298706,
-0.08460015058517456,
0.6643033623695374,
-0.13627608120441437,
0.07836701720952988,
0.6882534027099609,
-0.41107630729675293,
-0.03075687773525715,
0.5415871739387512,
0.14589978754520416,
-0.17192822694778442,
0.46775779128074646,
-0.23017476499080658,
-0.034639623016119,
0.06543753296136856,
0.11638403683900833,
0.08542780578136444,
0.19074290990829468,
0.03862447291612625,
0.02341427654027939,
0.4683854877948761,
-0.49666717648506165,
0.10347013175487518,
-0.38943421840667725,
0.08670029044151306,
0.6121943593025208,
-0.7388564348220825,
-0.008046147413551807,
0.6915877461433411,
0.38426148891448975,
-0.4338129460811615,
0.14550526440143585,
-0.028542909771203995,
0.2937280535697937,
0.4183153808116913,
0.4238296449184418,
-0.575114905834198,
0.3464425802230835,
0.42740651965141296,
0.6787563562393188,
-0.17088735103607178,
0.18879102170467377,
-0.40050211548805237,
0.4657902717590332,
0.21926356852054596,
0.2591235637664795,
-0.13955986499786377,
-0.15918663144111633,
-0.08183702826499939,
-0.7088519930839539,
-0.3604993224143982,
0.2803802490234375,
0.4581620693206787,
0.28629717230796814,
0.424337774515152,
-0.10387907922267914,
-0.45425301790237427,
0.07994669675827026,
0.13613392412662506,
-0.250088095664978,
-0.15031667053699493,
0.11437007039785385,
0.0017039977246895432,
1.0003823041915894,
0.7122339606285095,
-0.4201414883136749,
0.3299080431461334,
-0.1408420354127884,
0.30336490273475647,
-0.7283895611763,
-0.2924146354198456,
-0.6840965151786804,
-0.35214167833328247,
0.05952376127243042,
0.49220216274261475,
-0.38251301646232605,
-0.08657971024513245,
-0.23589849472045898,
-0.2736302614212036,
0.4281844198703766,
-0.21159762144088745,
-0.14380820095539093,
0.22638726234436035,
-0.8710692524909973,
-0.28338783979415894,
-0.42940840125083923,
0.41747453808784485,
-0.0018391382182016969,
-0.18444165587425232,
-0.09992709755897522,
0.07037026435136795,
-0.32829955220222473,
0.5415055751800537,
-0.327864408493042,
-0.013326779007911682,
-0.6663203835487366,
0.35467082262039185,
-0.8188766837120056,
-0.1320975124835968,
0.44953545928001404,
-0.3136224150657654,
0.18309231102466583,
0.23050816357135773,
-0.36943918466567993,
-0.2456342577934265,
0.8515663146972656,
0.28754904866218567,
0.46373653411865234,
-0.022916177287697792,
-0.607075035572052,
-0.23569487035274506,
0.02524642087519169,
-0.09634561091661453,
0.19918592274188995,
0.13466055691242218,
0.2828739583492279,
0.06952894479036331,
-0.8183847069740295,
0.21096612513065338,
-0.6628650426864624,
0.6280043721199036,
-0.11322546005249023,
0.3090640902519226,
0.20554256439208984,
0.08728941529989243,
1.1800141334533691,
0.5816963911056519,
0.4753565490245819,
-0.2684902548789978,
-0.004932373762130737,
-0.27179792523384094,
0.16832268238067627,
-0.1937374323606491,
-0.5911434292793274,
-0.5089026093482971,
0.2760799527168274,
-0.35120177268981934,
0.4358052909374237,
0.43750712275505066,
-0.3485510051250458,
-0.47381216287612915,
-0.3196759521961212,
-0.5249933004379272,
-0.40935608744621277,
-0.29556065797805786,
0.2528458535671234,
-0.3526597023010254,
0.6557421088218689,
0.010457643307745457
] |
224070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary%20position | Missionary position | The missionary position or man-on-top position is a sex position in which, generally, a woman lies on her back and a man lies on top of her while they face each other and engage in vaginal intercourse. The position may also be used for other sexual activity, such as anal sex. It is commonly associated with heterosexual sexual activity, but is also used by same-sex couples.
The missionary position is the most common sex position, but is not universally regarded as the most favoured one. It may involve sexual penetration or non-penetrative sex (for example, intercrural sex), and its penile-vaginal aspect is an example of ventro-ventral (front-to-front) reproductive activity. Variations of the position allow varying degrees of clitoral stimulation, depth of penetration, participation on the part of the woman, and the likelihood and speed of orgasm.
The missionary position is often preferred by couples who enjoy the romantic aspects of ample skin-to-skin contact and opportunities to look into each other's eyes and kiss and caress each other. The position is also believed to be a good position for reproduction. During sexual activity, the missionary position allows the man to control the rhythm and depth of pelvic thrusting. It is also possible for the woman to thrust against him by moving her hips or pushing her feet against the bed, or squeeze him closer with her arms or legs. The position is less suitable for late stages of pregnancy, or when it is desired for the woman to have greater control over rhythm and depth of penetration.
Etymology and other usage
It is commonly believed that the term 'missionary position' arose in connection with English-speaking Christian missionaries, who supposedly encouraged the sexual position in new converts in the colonial era. However, the term probably originated from Alfred Kinsey's Sexual Behavior in the Human Male through a confluence of misunderstandings and misinterpretations of historical documents. The French refer to it as the 'classical' position. Tuscans refer to the position as 'the Angelic position', while some Arabic-speaking groups call it 'the manner of serpents.'
Before the release of Kinsey's work, the missionary position was known by several names, including 'the matrimonial', 'the Mama-Papa position', 'the English-American position', and 'the male superior position'. In 1948, Kinsey published the male volume of the Kinsey Reports, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. He described the American preference for the position and called it "the English-American position". Discussing Malinowski's The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, Kinsey wrote, "It will be recalled that Malinowski (1929) records the nearly universal use of a totally different position among the Trobrianders ... [and] ... that caricatures of the English-American position are performed around ... campfires, to the great amusement of the natives who refer to the position as the 'missionary position.'" To date, lexicographers and sexologists have not found use of the term 'missionary position' before Kinsey.
In 2001, Robert Priest examined the origins of the term and concluded that Kinsey had confused several factors in accidentally coining the term. First, according to Malinowski, Trobrianders played and sang mocking songs under the full moon, and not around a campfire. In Sexual Behaviors, Kinsey wrote that the Trobrianders mocked face-to-face man-on-top woman-below intercourse, but does not give context. He mentioned that the position was learned from "white traders, planters, or officials", but does not discuss missionaries. Kinsey also recalled that the medieval Catholic Church taught the position, and upon seeing the natives mocking it, assumed that missionaries had taught it to them. Finally, Malinowski wrote that he saw an engaged Trobriand couple holding hands and leaning against each other, which the natives described as — the 'missionary fashion'. Upon accidentally combining these similar facts, Kinsey invented a new phrase despite believing that he was reporting an old one.
From then on, the story of the name's origin may have been retold until it became largely accepted, with its connection to Kinsey and Malinowski having faded. Writers began using the expression for sexual intercourse in the late 1960s, and as Alex Comfort's bestseller The Joy of Sex (1972) and the Oxford English Dictionary (1976) spread the term 'missionary position', it gradually replaced older names. By the 1990s, it had spread to other languages: (German), (Spanish), (Dutch) and (French).
Variations
Though there are a number of variations and adoptions of the missionary position, the classic missionary position involves a man and a woman, with the woman lying on her back and the man on top. Variations in the positions may vary the angle and depth of penile penetration.
Basic position
In the missionary position, a woman lies on her back on a bed or other surface with her legs comfortably spread with the soles of the feet resting. The penetrating partner positions himself between the woman's spread legs, and either uses his arms to hold himself up, or lets his weight rest on her. When the woman's vagina is sufficiently lubricated, which may involve fingering her vulva or clitoris in particular, the man will introduce his erect penis in her vagina for penetration, and may use fingers to open the woman's labia and guide the penis in.
With the penis inside the woman's vagina, the man can control the force, depth, and rhythm of thrusts, and can also control to some extent the female partner's movements. Subject to the man's weight and position, the woman may have some control by pushing her feet and legs against the mattress and by side movements in her pelvis as well as by clutching onto and moving with her partner. A woman can increase the force of a man's thrust by moving against the man's rhythm.
The man may straddle the woman, taking the woman's legs between his. This restricts and further controls the woman's movements, and the man can increase the tightness on the penis by pressing the woman's thighs together. However, this increases vaginal friction and makes thrusting more difficult.
During sexual intercourse, most women experience involuntary vaginal contractions. The contraction causes the pelvic muscles to tighten around the penis, which increases the level of her partner's arousal and sexual frenzy and results in the man increasing the pace and force of thrusts as he approaches orgasm, which in turn further increases the woman's vaginal contraction. After a man has achieved orgasm, he will normally collapse onto the woman and will normally not be capable of further thrusting. Some men try to control their orgasm until their female partner also orgasms, but this is not always achieved. At times, a woman can achieve orgasm after the man has ceased thrusting by contracting her vaginal muscles and with pelvic movements, or the couple may change to another position that enables the woman to continue thrusting until she has reached orgasm, such as a woman on top position.
During sexual intercourse in the missionary position, the penis is in preferential contact with the anterior wall of the vagina and the tip of the penis reaches the anterior fornix, while in the rear-entry position it is in preferential contact with the posterior wall of the vagina and probably reaches the posterior fornix.
Position of legs
A receiving woman's legs and arms are generally free to move about, though her position and movement may be constrained by the penetrating partner's weight and in some other way. A woman can adjust the position of her legs for comfort, variety and to control the angle and depth of penetration. Generally, the higher a woman's legs, the deeper is the penetration. When the legs are raised in any way, the woman has less control of the rhythm of thrusts. Also, raising the legs raises the woman's pelvis, reduces the angle of penetration, and lowers the level of clitoral stimulation.
A woman's legs can remain flat or raised toward her chest, or wrapped around the penetrating partner at various heights: at the back of the legs, at the buttocks or back or over the shoulders, in a position called the Wiener Auster or Viennese oyster. In the higher leg positions the woman's legs may need some support, which may be achieved by crossing the ankles behind the partner or resting on his shoulders. She may also hold them with her hands or cross her arms around them at the knees. Some are flexible enough to cross the legs behind their heads. Alternatively, her partner may hold her legs up.
A pillow or sex pillow can be used, to alter the depth and angle of penetration. A wedge- or ramp-shaped pillow can relieve pressure on the top person's hands and arms. Placing a pillow under the woman's buttocks can lift her pelvis—a Playboy article suggested placing it under her hips to increase pressure on the clitoris. Each of these methods can increase the depth of penetration. Using a pillow can also help the woman arch her back.
In one variant, the woman may lift and slightly bend her legs, resting her feet flat on the bed. This shortens the distance between the vagina and cervix, and may apply more friction to the area termed the G-Spot. The woman may find this variant more comfortable, and it can allow her to push against the man's thrust, giving her some control over the rhythm.
Placing the woman's legs on or over the man's shoulders provides the deepest possible penetration. This variant is sometimes called the anvil. This position aims the head of the penis at the vaginal fornix (posterior fornix). When the legs are held mid-level in this way, the penis can achieve significant depth while attempting to stimulate the G-Spot and achieving more friction on the top of its shaft.
Viennese oyster position
The Viennese oyster position requires great flexibility from the woman to perform. The female lies on her back and moves her legs behind her head, with the groin area being completely exposed. The male partner penetrates the vagina from the top. This is a deep penetrating position and may not be suitable for men with larger than average penis size. However, in most cases, the female will not be flexible enough to achieve this position fully, and will need to stop well before the legs are behind the head. If that is the case, the male partner can help hold the legs in a comfortable position and continue on with intercourse.
Butterfly position
In the butterfly position, the woman can lie on her back with her hips on the edge of a platform such as a bed, table, kitchen bench, desk, etc. while the man penetrates her while standing. The woman can move her body freely. She can dangle her legs over the edge or raise them to any height or manner mentioned above. The woman can rest her legs on the man or he can hold them or separate them. The woman has a greater ability to move her pelvis and to arch her back, and the man can raise, support or restrict the movement of her pelvis. The woman is not weighed down by the man's weight. This position adds variety to the angle and depth of penetration and generally enables the man to withdraw and then fully thrust the penis, with faster and more forceful thrusts. The downside of this position is that the angle of penetration results in reduced clitoral stimulation, and the woman may need direct clitoral fingering, either by herself or by the man, to achieve orgasm. Alternatively, the woman may either arch her back or raise her torso onto her elbows or arms to reduce the angle and enhance clitoral stimulation. Also, prior to and after the man's orgasm, the man may need to lie down on the woman.
Riding high
In the riding high missionary variant, the man enters the woman and then shifts his body up and forward toward her head. He then rocks back and forth, stimulating her clitoris with his pelvic bone, or base of his penis. This results in more consistent clitoral stimulation at the cost of a man's deep thrusting; accordingly, some men prefer to use it during only part of sex.
Anal sex, tribadism and other aspects
Penetrative anal sex may be performed on a partner in the missionary position. The legs may be raised high, with the knees drawn towards their chest, and with some sort of support (such as a pillow) under the receiver's hips for comfort and to raise the receiver's buttocks. The penetrating partner positions himself between the receiver's legs and aligns his penis with the anus for anal penetration. Instead of penetration, an active partner may perform anilingus on the partner with raised legs.
Tribadism between women may be performed in the missionary position. The practice involves women rubbing their vulvas against each other. Female couples may also engage in the missionary position while one or both partners use their fingers or sex toys for stimulation of the clitoris, other parts of the vulva, or vagina.
Perceived advantages and disadvantages
Psychological
There are many appealing psychological aspects of the missionary position. It is often regarded as a romantic position because the two partners face each other and may maintain eye contact; there is potentially a greater amount of skin-to-skin contact than in any other position; and the couple can hold each other in their arms, which can easily segue into cuddling when sex is over. Partners may engage in other intimate contact, such as kissing, or guiding each other's hips with their hands.
At the same time, the woman needs a high level of trust in the man on top who is in a dominant position vis-a-vis the woman below. The trust is demonstrated by the woman spreading her legs in an implicit invitation for the man on top to enter the most sexually sensitive part of her body. This, as well as her lack of control, the social expectation of passivity of the woman and the possibility of pregnancy, heightens her feeling of vulnerability. Her lack of control is accentuated because once the man is in place, he is very difficult to dislodge without his co-operation. With the man's weight on the woman, especially on her pelvis, the man has control of the rhythm and depth of his thrusts, as well as the duration and intensity of the sexual activity, which may continue after the woman has orgasmed.
Physical
The missionary position is commonly used the first time a couple has sex. Thomas Stuttaford notes that it may be more comfortable to do so: "The discomfort of early penetrative sex, if there is any, is usually related to tension in the pelvic or thigh muscles and/or anxiety that has prevented the usual vaginal lubrication. Muscles of the pelvic floor are more relaxed if, initially, the missionary position is chosen and a couple of pillows are arranged under the woman's bottom so her hips are tilted upwards." The Lovers' Guide states that missionary lends itself well to sex with a new partner as it is "a romantic yet fairly unadventurous sex position" that is "non-threatening and loving" and "lays neither partner open to strangeness, anxiety and unfamiliarity."
On the other hand, Sacha Tarkovsky advises women to not use the missionary position when having sex for the first time, stating, "You are not in control, and it will be more painful and you cannot do anything but lay there and take it." Tarkovsky recommends positions such as woman on top that allow the woman to control the speed and pressure at which she loses her hymen. However, it may not be necessary to completely forgo missionary the first time; Alphonso Sirtle suggests starting with woman on top until the hymen is torn, and then possibly switching to missionary or whatever other position is preferred.
The missionary position allows easy entry into the vagina. The man can use force and gravity to help himself in, and the position allows the woman to relax her vaginal muscles and help her partner guide his penis gently in with her hand. Suzi Godson said, "In an observational study carried out in The Netherlands, magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the male and female genitals during coitus. The images illustrate the very natural fit of the male and female genitals in [the missionary] position. The penis has the shape of a boomerang—one third of its length consists of the root of the penis—and the vaginal walls wrap snugly around it."
According to Sexual Health Resource, "The man-on-top sex positions are very good for couples who are trying to have a baby, because penetration can be very deep. If the woman holds on to her legs behind her knees and draws her thighs right back, sperm can be deposited deep in the vagina—at the neck of the womb. This provided the best chance of conception occurring." Francoeur states that "male-above sex promotes fertility by keeping the opening of the vagina higher than the seminal pool, which, in turn, helps sperm get into the womb and find the egg." However, according to BabyCenter, "There is no evidence that any particular sexual position is more likely to lead to conception." Donnica Moore agrees, stating that while there are no scientific studies regarding the best sexual positions for reproduction, the missionary (man on top) position is typically considered optimal for conception.
Pregnancy Info states that the missionary position may become increasingly awkward for pregnant women as their belly begins to grow. The March of Dimes notes, "Positions that work before pregnancy and early in pregnancy can be uncomfortable or even unsafe at later stages of the baby's development. For example, a woman should avoid lying flat on her back after the fourth month of pregnancy, because the weight of the growing uterus puts pressure on major blood vessels." David Port states, "Beginning early in the second trimester, doctors tend to discourage pregnant women from supine exercise. And the missionary position is exactly that kind of exercise, at least if the activity lasts more than a few fleeting moments."
The deep penetration and large hip thrusts of the missionary position can cause the man to reach orgasm quickly compared to other positions, which can be problematic if the couple seeks to reach simultaneous orgasm. The male reaching orgasm first can be disruptive to sex, as 50% of penile erection is lost immediately after ejaculation, making him more likely to inadvertently slip out of the vagina, especially during the strong pelvic contractions of female orgasm. In addition to the standard methods for treating premature ejaculation, Zachary Veilleux notes that this problem can be overcome by workarounds such as changing positions frequently (which studies have shown delays male orgasm by a factor of 2-3), using lubrication to reduce friction (friction stimulates the male but is not as important in female orgasm), or switching to cunnilingus for a while when close to ejaculation, and then switching back when ejaculation is no longer imminent.
The missionary position is sometimes mocked as a plain vanilla sex position. Archer stated, "To all the sex gymnasts, this kind of banal preference looks lazy, unimaginative and uninformed," but she rebuts this by pointing out the existence of variations: "Missionary is kind of like tofu: You have to add your own flavor." Perhaps due to the ubiquity of this position, its typical role as the first position used by couples, its tendency to put the man in control of speed, tempo and depth, its ability to cause him to quickly reach orgasm, and the fact that it is literally a "male-superior" position with the man on top, missionary is sometimes associated with men who are dominating and uncreative and selfish about sex. According to Gina Ogden, "the cultural missionary position—man on top" is not conducive to romance since "If a relationship is based on authoritarian control, keeping one person on top and the other underneath, it gets old pretty fast—for both partners, really". In Women Who Love Sex, Ogden writes, "Think what will happen to the missionary position when women, en masse, opt for pleasures that stir body and soul instead of continuing to do good-girl intercourse by the book." In Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, the main character ridicules the idea of women making decisions by saying that one might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the baby.
The missionary position has potential for clitoral stimulation in several ways. Christakos assures, "This position can give the woman plenty of clitoral stimulation if the man leans forward thus rubbing his pelvic bone against her clitoris." Emily Queenie Chung notes, "Also, this position is the easiest for a woman to stimulate her clitoris manually." Sexual Health Resource notes that also "the man can reach under and stimulate his partner using his fingers on her clitoris" although "the man has limited use of his hands" (presumably this would depend on the variant of the position used and whether the man's hands are occupied holding himself up).
Since in women the movements of the penis in and out do not stimulate the clitoral glans continuously, women have discovered the "rocking" movement technique. A study of over 3000 American women found that 76% of women use the technique because they find it sexually arousing, while the penis is in their vagina and barely moving, to rub their clitoris against the base of the penis. Rocking is among the techniques that allow a man to mitigate the rise of his arousal, because the penis receives little friction. Unless he suffers from premature ejaculation, he can thus prevent the orgasm in himself while promoting arousal in the woman. This technique is known as the coital alignment technique.
Sexual activity in the missionary position, as a form of physical exercise, may be slightly more vigorous for the man than in other positions. A study conducted by Bohlen et al. found that "man-on-top coitus required more metabolic expenditure than woman-on-top coitus" and that the heart rate during man-on-top sex was higher than in self-stimulation, partner stimulation, or woman-on-top. In contrast, one study showed that there was no difference in heart rate or blood pressure when comparing these two basic positions, while another showed only a minor decrease in oxygen consumption or exertion with the 'man-on-bottom' technique during orgasm.
History
The position has been used at least for millennia if not longer since it is also used by the great apes, as well as other primates. Robert Francoeur notes that evidence of the missionary position's use appears in ancient pottery and art in the Fertile Crescent as well as in the art of Early Greeks, Romans, Peruvians, Indians, Chinese and Japanese. The majority of the positions described in the Kama Sutra involve the woman lying on her back with her legs in a variety of positions. According to Canongate, ancient art shows missionary as being less popular than woman-on-top positions in Ur, Greece, Rome, Peru, India, China and Japan. But Francoeur states that the ancient Chinese preferred male-on-top because of their belief that males are born face down and women face up. Kagaba natives in Colombia preferred missionary because of the stability it offers; they believed that if the woman moved during intercourse, the earth would slip off the shoulders of the four giants who held it up above the waters. Some Kerala tribes believe that the male-on-top position is the only way to conceive warriors.
In ancient Greece, the missionary position was originally an unpopular position. Beds existed, yet not as we know them today, and men married girls 14 or 15 years of age, which created a height differential. These factors made the rear-entry standing position more convenient. However, circa the second century, Artemidos popularized the missionary position among Greco-Roman Stoics, declaring it "the only proper and natural" position due to the flow of semen.
Although the Bible does not mention sexual positions, from the 6th to 16th centuries, some Church authorities taught that intercourse should be face-to-face, man-on-top, primarily because they believed that semen flows with gravity, leading to conception. Exceptions were made for couples dealing with illness, obesity, or pregnancy. According to John Bancroft's Human Sexuality and Its Problems, Thomas Aquinas believed that crimes against nature included intercourse in "unnatural" ways. Protestants did not communicate proper sex positions, and the Catholic Church eventually abandoned its discourse on the topic. Simon Hardy wrote that the missionary position was used to distinguish "bestial and civilized sex."
Others who held that missionary was the only permitted position included Alexander of Hales and the author of De secretis mulierum, who suggested that nonstandard positions might result in birth defects. Ruth Mazo Karras states that William Peraldus' treatise Summa de virtutibus et vitiis distinguished between sins against nature that were "according to the substance" (intercourse other than vaginal) and "according to the manner, as when a woman mounts." Nicholas Venette's 1770s-era sex manual praised the missionary position as the "common posture...which is most allowable and most voluptuous." Numerous sources have reported that in the United States, some states had outlawed positions other than missionary between husband and wife, or will grant a divorce to a woman whose husband makes love to her in another position. While many states formerly outlawed oral sex, anal sex, buggery, or other "unnatural" acts, no US law has banned dorso-ventral heterosexual sex, or specified which partner needed to be on top.
D'Emilio and Freedman, who are historians of sexuality, note that historical use of the missionary position in the US is marked by social class as well as ethnicity. In the 19th century, white settlers and Protestant missionaries who moved West attempted to assimilate Native American, Mexican, and immigrant peoples into the sexual values held by the middle classes in the American north. These authors also note that the Kinsey studies revealed social class influences, with working class men preferring to use the missionary position over other sexual positions.
Popularity
Among humans, the missionary position is the most commonly used sex position. In his seminal study Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), which focused on American women, researcher Alfred Kinsey stated that 91% of married women surveyed reported using this position most often, whereas 9% reported using it exclusively. A The Journal of Sexual Medicine study entitled What Kind of Erotic Film Clips Should We Use in Female Sex Research? An Exploratory Study selected 18 film clips out of a sample of 90 that were found by the women studied to be particularly mentally appealing and visually arousing. 21% of the original 90 involved the missionary position, but 33% of the final 18 involved missionary. Fewer than 10% of sexually active persons rarely or never use the missionary position. According to Francoeur, the Brazilian Bororo Indians eschew missionary, finding it insulting for either partner to be above the other during sex. Balinese shun the man-on-top position in favor of what they call "the Oceanic position" due to their perception of the former as being impractical and clumsy. The Cashinahua people use the missionary position to stay stable when they have sex in a forest stream to avoid insect bites. The inhabitants of Inis Beag practice the missionary position exclusively, with very limited foreplay. In addition to humans, the missionary position has also been used by certain other species, including bonobos, gorillas, and armadillos.
See also
Human sexuality
References
External links
The How and Why of Coital Alignment Technique
Easier Orgasms for Women in the Missionary Position
Sex positions | [
0.16160595417022705,
-0.026808448135852814,
-0.19009608030319214,
0.12909956276416779,
-0.03496338427066803,
0.3257303237915039,
0.14726118743419647,
-0.18326309323310852,
-0.5374662280082703,
-0.5213013887405396,
-0.40136781334877014,
0.7052597999572754,
-0.06059296429157257,
0.0029447826091200113,
-0.42814019322395325,
0.816473126411438,
0.7820926904678345,
0.0501997210085392,
-0.34635570645332336,
-0.6483243703842163,
-0.08096028119325638,
-0.5011388659477234,
-0.46326279640197754,
-0.4426913857460022,
0.2503046989440918,
-0.24092543125152588,
-0.005919204093515873,
-0.12277745455503464,
0.1917322427034378,
-0.3100626468658447,
0.05168420821428299,
-0.1326133757829666,
0.36440423130989075,
0.14952586591243744,
0.13756345212459564,
-0.5967848896980286,
0.5987536311149597,
-0.3957822024822235,
-0.2655210494995117,
-0.4803330600261688,
0.07963063567876816,
-0.43086302280426025,
0.8086968660354614,
0.042330820113420486,
0.01144231017678976,
-0.5966621041297913,
-0.607900857925415,
0.45270413160324097,
-0.34048259258270264,
0.09956306219100952,
-0.5983755588531494,
0.4272881746292114,
0.06850462406873703,
0.5011577606201172,
-0.04631601274013519,
0.5935627818107605,
-0.0669296607375145,
0.7280402779579163,
-0.1302187293767929,
-0.7919454574584961,
0.258178174495697,
0.42899253964424133,
0.7801296710968018,
-0.15128512680530548,
0.2116590440273285,
-0.18192145228385925,
-0.24966339766979218,
-0.17396827042102814,
-0.2035830318927765,
-0.5439797639846802,
-0.694697916507721,
-0.25234541296958923,
-0.08198247104883194,
-0.26752492785453796,
-0.46089044213294983,
-0.0022419472225010395,
-0.0962102860212326,
0.06621848791837692,
0.416333943605423,
0.11121080070734024,
-0.5696086883544922,
0.3689756691455841,
-0.26484212279319763,
0.29185667634010315,
0.4742003381252289,
0.46103811264038086,
-0.30987584590911865,
0.2719748914241791,
0.2757026255130768,
0.48386910557746887,
0.27487561106681824,
0.1058407798409462,
0.06993062049150467,
0.1875169426202774,
-0.03565794229507446,
-0.17297454178333282,
0.509273886680603,
0.3083939850330353,
0.16094417870044708,
-0.7635713815689087,
-0.05481279641389847,
-0.029768329113721848,
0.4276202917098999,
-0.19805607199668884,
-0.2075881063938141,
-0.634640097618103,
0.060898005962371826,
-0.33273282647132874,
-0.3138393461704254,
-0.021093282848596573,
-0.5290969014167786,
-0.1105479970574379,
0.36439767479896545,
0.20277880132198334,
-0.38548144698143005,
0.2594524621963501,
-0.24026544392108917,
-0.2914813756942749,
-0.6016891598701477,
-0.3942495584487915,
-0.23464332520961761,
0.12625078856945038,
0.59263676404953,
0.2487972229719162,
0.054853152483701706,
-0.0281671229749918,
0.512495756149292,
0.45983070135116577,
-0.5421538352966309,
0.163080096244812,
0.4452074468135834,
0.19539843499660492,
0.15365710854530334,
0.7331374287605286,
-0.020740417763590813,
0.486848384141922,
0.6322553753852844,
0.05980192497372627,
1.0090084075927734,
0.7699888348579407,
-0.7860950827598572,
-0.185646653175354,
-0.17223727703094482,
-0.27818360924720764,
0.2791033983230591,
-0.24117299914360046,
-0.13731074333190918,
-0.14404577016830444,
-0.9631868004798889,
0.1237156093120575,
0.19049105048179626,
0.06294682621955872,
0.3319431245326996,
-0.5353312492370605,
-0.0999811664223671,
0.21873575448989868,
0.5819146633148193,
-0.31146344542503357,
0.33455726504325867,
-0.0281815342605114,
-0.014490996487438679,
0.25314319133758545,
-0.6292890906333923,
0.18795906007289886,
0.4113636910915375,
-0.16855457425117493,
0.46831026673316956,
0.25594690442085266,
-0.24883301556110382,
0.47409847378730774,
-0.10083621740341187,
0.3818915784358978,
-0.23186327517032623,
0.09220536798238754,
-0.6372654438018799,
0.34959569573402405,
0.7596651315689087,
0.31750601530075073,
0.5126004815101624,
-0.25293850898742676,
-0.6573902368545532,
-0.07967899739742279,
0.5513309836387634,
-0.4442060887813568,
-0.09441375732421875,
-0.2059575766324997,
0.23559477925300598,
-0.06117364764213562,
-0.5648409724235535,
0.1133299395442009,
-0.7167563438415527,
-1.0049434900283813,
-0.40746474266052246,
-0.14253880083560944,
0.9683371186256409,
-0.21328821778297424,
-0.4247281849384308,
0.7379416227340698,
0.20749486982822418,
-0.36620891094207764,
-0.2535092532634735,
0.29656165838241577,
-0.2470264434814453,
-0.018407557159662247,
-0.810020387172699,
0.5198007225990295,
0.10725533217191696,
0.19576309621334076,
0.16925416886806488,
-0.18820920586585999,
-0.10507290810346603,
0.01968831568956375,
-0.029055071994662285,
0.020812854170799255,
-0.22309881448745728,
0.3018645942211151,
-0.3818047046661377,
0.3031716048717499,
0.5159140229225159,
-0.364173024892807,
0.6241111159324646,
-0.09100472927093506,
0.07295671105384827,
0.39914175868034363,
0.0757116973400116,
0.4173658788204193,
-0.11718421429395676,
0.6811626553535461,
0.01642508991062641,
0.1119169369339943,
-0.23416255414485931,
-0.25627630949020386,
0.4412032961845398,
-0.24842709302902222,
-0.700964629650116,
0.42176371812820435,
0.024726903066039085,
-0.19586427509784698,
0.0939849466085434,
-0.28108057379722595,
0.06635944545269012,
0.6671757102012634,
0.05273030698299408,
0.09449801594018936,
0.08654409646987915,
-0.2986682653427124,
-0.39367803931236267,
0.5807220935821533,
-0.33157697319984436,
0.3460506200790405,
-0.19863903522491455,
0.46979206800460815,
-0.15536153316497803,
-0.15508641302585602,
-0.013830084353685379,
-0.37660256028175354,
-0.43643665313720703,
0.2673473358154297,
0.2559072971343994,
-0.06075480952858925,
0.23199111223220825,
0.12434565275907516,
-0.24909017980098724,
0.1253298670053482,
-0.08629034459590912,
0.07829135656356812,
-0.19666238129138947,
0.05549294874072075,
0.3071134686470032,
0.37764787673950195,
0.3475274443626404,
0.4278338849544525,
-0.5036541819572449,
0.1282910704612732,
-0.2736413776874542,
-0.4502221941947937,
0.43599361181259155,
0.03738325834274292,
0.045107435435056686,
-0.8831425905227661,
0.3417259752750397,
-0.27943214774131775,
0.8975757360458374,
-0.29833176732063293,
0.038441769778728485,
-0.29781943559646606,
0.2116936296224594,
0.1976131796836853,
-0.3394838571548462,
-0.5660735964775085,
-0.08877691626548767,
0.48774105310440063,
0.2539690434932709,
-0.29288968443870544,
0.004457149188965559,
0.9319784641265869,
0.0825575590133667,
0.41901636123657227,
0.8366861343383789,
-0.15860481560230255,
-0.2056918740272522,
-0.40801796317100525,
0.6092631816864014,
-0.3262177109718323,
0.39624398946762085,
-0.36333006620407104,
0.36872297525405884,
0.2042696326971054,
-5.777162551879883,
-0.42721474170684814,
0.05211811140179634,
-0.2720882296562195,
0.23126277327537537,
0.10783367604017258,
0.49749627709388733,
-0.5302709937095642,
-0.22299478948116302,
0.2031075358390808,
-0.062271349132061005,
0.26352134346961975,
0.3191400468349457,
-0.21641254425048828,
0.48748281598091125,
0.8963403105735779,
0.7041434645652771,
-0.37381237745285034,
0.4343668222427368,
-0.3038153648376465,
-0.3148839473724365,
0.21374648809432983,
0.35015612840652466,
0.09044654667377472,
0.1038394644856453,
0.5040445923805237,
-0.21875473856925964,
-0.12014729529619217,
0.23404893279075623,
-0.4163226783275604,
0.610898494720459,
0.0016269816551357508,
0.4916953444480896,
0.3451555669307709,
-0.028736934065818787,
0.16178710758686066,
0.30353879928588867,
0.017006171867251396,
0.4770668148994446,
0.2404525727033615,
-0.03670869395136833,
0.4629608392715454,
0.11382321268320084,
0.010993232019245625,
0.30003786087036133,
-0.6160496473312378,
-0.4353891909122467,
-0.1134292483329773,
0.22999204695224762,
0.8298484683036804,
-0.005027544219046831,
0.01801999658346176,
0.24546992778778076,
-0.3215752840042114,
0.5716636180877686,
0.022321082651615143,
0.2192670851945877,
0.34582820534706116,
-0.27255111932754517,
-0.36473754048347473,
-0.3006109297275543,
-1.0900673866271973,
-0.4989866614341736,
-0.8521307110786438,
0.8034650683403015,
-0.2809848487377167,
-0.774630069732666,
0.3274135887622833,
0.16905583441257477,
0.47741150856018066,
-0.09182362258434296,
-0.013037247583270073,
0.6096531748771667,
-0.9151275157928467,
-0.13302044570446014,
-1.3824650049209595,
-0.43556737899780273,
-0.3765706419944763,
0.01865767315030098,
-0.4443972110748291,
-0.1631866842508316,
0.06732890754938126,
-0.08637688308954239,
0.2966967523097992,
0.3091113269329071,
-0.6418930888175964,
0.162151038646698,
-0.3360317349433899,
0.014607135206460953,
0.12195204198360443,
0.0037284549325704575,
-0.017968619242310524,
-0.09503243118524551,
0.5901166796684265,
0.29758936166763306,
0.7370282411575317,
-0.08604201674461365,
0.24061931669712067,
0.40275630354881287,
-0.7051827311515808,
0.25683480501174927,
-0.4508010745048523,
-0.12886834144592285,
0.2510547935962677,
0.06087510660290718,
0.5062421560287476,
-0.1435706615447998,
-0.06483868509531021,
0.8344600200653076,
0.21995846927165985,
0.21130666136741638,
0.6910659670829773,
-0.36015433073043823,
-0.35224321484565735,
0.1609325259923935,
0.22001324594020844,
-0.913210928440094,
0.04047024995088577,
0.43653348088264465,
-0.21995656192302704,
0.46509382128715515,
-0.4985842704772949,
-0.11919252574443817,
0.03721751645207405,
0.28005895018577576,
0.032362617552280426,
0.15695784986019135,
-0.32287585735321045,
-0.0885746106505394,
0.2350376695394516,
0.8055461049079895,
-0.05572517216205597,
0.10816065967082977,
-0.3822980523109436,
0.15721914172172546,
0.2508397102355957,
0.11158321797847748,
0.04836788401007652,
-0.18192432820796967,
0.10506295412778854,
-0.7646940350532532,
0.14144931733608246,
-0.8711575865745544,
0.48183122277259827,
-0.012241838499903679,
0.29018542170524597,
-0.619749128818512,
-0.0874275490641594,
0.04583285376429558,
0.7328059673309326,
-0.13883529603481293,
-0.26948752999305725,
0.04097104072570801,
-0.33812618255615234,
0.3465913236141205,
-0.32646751403808594,
-0.05334146320819855,
0.1852489411830902,
-0.4839911162853241,
-0.4584648013114929,
0.0059319110587239265,
-0.3773280680179596,
-1.168026328086853,
-0.013595000840723515,
0.03538762032985687,
-0.08373785763978958,
-0.5901575684547424,
-0.5912359356880188,
-0.33484601974487305,
0.24376411736011505,
0.1519644856452942,
-0.7813834547996521,
-0.643103301525116,
-0.3251204788684845,
0.22433581948280334,
0.291126549243927,
0.1130719780921936,
0.3687696158885956,
-0.10707879066467285,
-0.5383090376853943,
-0.016395017504692078,
-0.20366282761096954,
0.4706305265426636,
0.3481459617614746,
0.07861886918544769,
-0.18326658010482788,
-0.7193678617477417,
-0.14412921667099,
-0.285846084356308,
0.4546108543872833,
-0.26270267367362976,
0.055142030119895935,
0.49771082401275635,
0.45830246806144714,
-0.16695280373096466,
0.1752946823835373,
-0.6654152870178223,
-0.22612176835536957,
-0.022254249081015587,
-0.5938847661018372,
-0.3613954484462738,
0.21859869360923767,
-0.7227421998977661,
0.3521789610385895,
-0.05343269929289818,
-0.3123198449611664,
0.8705620169639587,
-0.07145721465349197,
-0.4615231454372406,
0.19893299043178558,
-0.595461905002594,
-0.2620958387851715,
0.10493163019418716,
0.518328845500946,
-0.4524868130683899,
-0.11896100640296936,
-0.18954628705978394,
-0.7376725673675537,
-0.02973201498389244,
-0.24898219108581543,
0.49091580510139465,
-0.20728488266468048,
-0.4643016755580902,
0.3618866205215454,
0.26991745829582214,
-0.35824480652809143,
-0.14417216181755066,
-0.715890645980835,
0.9340922236442566,
-0.21169857680797577,
0.2438424825668335,
-0.5031947493553162,
-0.24719633162021637,
-0.4162296950817108,
0.007871155627071857,
-0.37253496050834656,
0.3148449659347534,
-0.11494981497526169,
0.22840352356433868,
-0.06378371268510818,
0.6153576374053955,
0.9249011278152466,
-0.3326140344142914,
-0.7833486795425415,
-0.3683117926120758,
0.27616024017333984,
0.18727238476276398,
-1.2300795316696167,
-0.3776777982711792,
0.14422406256198883,
0.8325772881507874,
-0.7612250447273254,
-0.4390204846858978,
-0.04067520424723625,
0.3828342854976654,
0.2520338296890259,
-0.7311620116233826,
-0.09377946704626083,
-0.03834111616015434,
0.7272993326187134,
0.5795082449913025,
-0.24113333225250244,
-0.7154409289360046,
0.17354707419872284,
0.30990132689476013,
0.1501353681087494,
0.20279179513454437,
0.04721519723534584,
-0.7910891175270081,
-0.19001515209674835,
0.014844359830021858,
-0.10479578375816345,
0.2342802882194519,
-0.16311043500900269,
0.764154314994812,
0.054951418191194534,
0.05887766182422638,
-0.3297070562839508,
0.3300589621067047,
-0.04671734943985939,
-0.4794839918613434,
-0.17321710288524628,
0.17549972236156464,
-0.07423330098390579,
-0.1543293595314026,
-0.32959261536598206,
0.006966058164834976,
-0.4808460474014282,
-0.5235644578933716,
-0.3448215126991272,
-0.06397084891796112,
-0.7836349606513977,
-0.043098293244838715,
0.4822511374950409,
0.44923484325408936,
0.3206563889980316,
0.2609257400035858,
-0.4857918620109558,
-0.025020349770784378,
-0.09983095526695251,
-0.4768936038017273,
0.806138813495636,
0.23397986590862274,
-0.1011914536356926,
0.5713720321655273,
-0.17217393219470978,
-0.13066469132900238,
-0.8593112230300903,
-0.20744915306568146,
-0.015036086551845074,
0.38892024755477905,
0.32231077551841736,
0.26264217495918274,
0.2207331508398056,
-0.4527895450592041,
-0.3929041624069214,
0.2940942049026489,
0.23350901901721954,
-0.3656553030014038,
0.33347827196121216,
0.10707647353410721,
0.22761213779449463,
0.7016646862030029,
0.3670496344566345,
0.28597381711006165,
-0.17786414921283722,
-0.059879083186388016,
-0.17939016222953796,
0.49323299527168274,
0.804286539554596,
0.31513649225234985,
0.23761141300201416,
0.22330041229724884,
0.2691602408885956,
-0.23945486545562744,
-0.22329653799533844,
-0.44823822379112244,
-0.3673935830593109,
-0.48865076899528503,
0.683067262172699,
0.14247116446495056,
0.4922112226486206,
0.06331310421228409,
0.17239722609519958,
0.01282079890370369,
-0.07443449646234512,
0.31221747398376465,
-0.27945321798324585,
-0.3266828954219818,
-0.023175552487373352,
0.4006258249282837,
-0.14868228137493134,
0.35792702436447144,
-0.11841962486505508,
0.03413115069270134,
0.40293166041374207,
1.1999050378799438,
-0.18493710458278656,
-0.7618846893310547,
-0.19368885457515717,
-0.050361763685941696,
0.19009706377983093,
0.6672939658164978,
-0.27671822905540466,
0.2805037796497345,
-0.3751934766769409,
0.11077547818422318,
-0.5494981408119202,
0.17816531658172607,
0.13536880910396576,
0.6309700012207031,
0.5016301274299622,
-0.16996194422245026,
0.04256834089756012,
0.20198628306388855,
0.1840224713087082,
0.3890068531036377,
0.5833038091659546,
0.30237752199172974,
0.04999242350459099,
-0.04492434859275818,
-0.4996753931045532,
-0.3540719449520111,
-0.6830278635025024,
-0.22826933860778809,
0.18687020242214203,
0.22347453236579895,
0.3822729289531708,
-0.1131838783621788,
0.14550767838954926,
0.2654282748699188,
-0.43755996227264404,
0.2982199788093567,
-0.2897835075855255,
-0.22365573048591614,
0.17556864023208618,
0.7916790246963501,
0.5905674695968628,
0.4880470931529999,
0.3986634612083435,
-0.3139486014842987,
0.5943613052368164,
-0.1747587025165558,
-0.26373177766799927,
-0.19548316299915314,
-0.10872594267129898,
-0.21516571938991547,
0.051024179905653,
-0.4947657883167267,
-0.4221571981906891,
0.05062214657664299,
-0.19239912927150726,
0.2472941130399704,
-0.005616272799670696,
-0.06559823453426361,
0.10878004878759384,
0.4360004961490631,
-0.6001028418540955,
0.5462369322776794,
-0.22948847711086273,
-0.48455703258514404,
-0.14508113265037537,
-0.0794437974691391,
0.2676045894622803,
-0.5059567093849182,
0.2662470042705536,
0.4289044439792633,
0.25312408804893494,
-0.3541972041130066,
0.6228763461112976,
-0.23284509778022766,
0.062150415033102036,
-0.728557288646698,
0.08384194225072861,
-0.011901426129043102,
-0.11000129580497742,
-0.0521247498691082,
0.5373285412788391,
0.3198089301586151,
-0.8628882169723511,
0.26213130354881287,
-0.3243701457977295,
-0.5064371824264526,
0.1633022129535675,
-0.45076459646224976,
-0.1785159409046173,
-0.39342087507247925,
0.08217369019985199,
-0.28134384751319885,
0.04360491409897804,
-0.16638189554214478,
-0.49454161524772644,
0.5206179022789001,
-0.935228705406189,
-0.2081259787082672,
0.0963057354092598,
0.5535721778869629,
-0.572400689125061,
-0.0017344476655125618,
0.5208092927932739
] |
224071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%20on%20top | Woman on top | Woman on top is any sex position in which the woman is on top of her sexual partner during sexual activity. The position most commonly associated with the woman on top is often called the cowgirl or riding position, which derives its name from the image of the woman "riding" the man as a cowgirl rides a bucking horse. In that position, a man typically lies on his back with his legs closed, while the female partner straddles him, usually in a kneeling position facing either forward or back, and either the man or woman inserts the man's erect penis into the woman's vagina or anus. The cowgirl position is commonly cited as one of the more popular sex positions, especially by women, because it gives them control over the rhythm and pace of vaginal stimulation and the extent and duration of penetration and because of its ability to adequately stimulate the clitoris. There are other positions in which the woman may be on top, including the 69 position and the pompoir sex position.
In any of the woman on top positions, the woman is usually the active partner during sexual activity, and in addition to satisfying herself can stimulate or massage the man's scrotum, especially if his legs are spread. The woman may take the position in the course of sexual activity, especially if the man has attained orgasm while she has not; and in this position she or her partner may perform fingering for her to achieve orgasm.
Variations
Initially, the man typically lies on his back with his legs together, while the female partner straddles him in a kneeling position. With the woman's legs open, either the man or woman would insert the man's erect penis into the woman's vagina. Once the woman has attained sufficient vaginal lubrication, she feels comfortable in thrusting up and down the penis and is in a position to vary her position for variety and enhanced pleasure. She can, for example, tilt her body forward toward a full lying position or backwards, or rock sideways. The woman has control over the rhythm and speed of her thrusting. She can also spread the man's legs and position herself between them. In this position, she can tighten her legs at will, to increase the pressure on the man's penis and on her crotch, and the man can also tighten his legs to increase the pressure. In this position, the man's legs are free to raise, as high as the Amazon position, with his legs rolled up towards her chest, but this also should be done with care. These changes can alter the depth and angle of penetration.
The woman can sit backwards on the man and alter her position similarly.
The woman may also be on top in a precursor to the lateral coital position. In this position, the woman will usually prefer to kneel, as a squat will usually place a significantly greater stress on her legs.
Cowgirl position
In the cowgirl position, the man lies on his back or sits, with the woman straddling him across his pelvis facing forward, either in a kneeling or squatting position. The woman will align her vagina with the man's erect penis, and lower herself onto the penis with either the man or the woman guiding the penis into the woman's vagina for penetration. With the erect penis inside the woman, the woman can glide up and down the man's penis, controlling the rhythm and pace of vaginal stimulation and the extent and duration of penetration. The woman is free to change her position; possibilities range from leaning back to stretching out on her partner's chest to rocking from side to side or in a circular motion. Each of those changes would alter the angle and depth of penetration and which part of the vaginal area and sex organs are stimulated. The man's hands are free to reach and touch the woman's breasts, clitoris, buttocks, face etc., and the partners can maintain eye contact. With the woman in the sitting or leaning back positions, the man may also stimulate her nipples and clitoris with his fingers, or suck on her nipples if she inclines towards him or he raises his torso towards her.
In this position, a woman can continue with the up and down motion after the man has achieved orgasm until she reaches orgasm. Afterwards, she may collapse onto the man's chest, with her vagina being very sensitive to further stimulation. On the other hand, if the woman reaches orgasm before the man, the woman may raise her pelvis to enable the man to actively thrust upwards or the couple may change to a position which enables the man to continue thrusting, such as the missionary position.
Reverse missionary position
When the woman lies on her partner's chest, this is also called the reverse missionary position. Stretching out with her legs on the man puts more pressure on the woman's mons pubis and clitoris. If the man separates his legs, the woman can put her legs between his. In this position, she can increase the tightness on the man's penis by pressing her thighs together, or the man may press the woman's thighs together. This increases vaginal friction, but she can still control the pace and rhythm of her thrusts. As most women approach orgasm, they experience acute vaginal contractions, which also increases the man's sexual stimulation by increasing tightness on his penis.
Reverse cowgirl position
In the reverse cowgirl position, the woman straddles the man facing the man's feet in a kneeling or squatting position. After either she or the man has guided the penis into the woman's vagina, the woman can keep her torso upright, or she can lean forward or back to lie on the man's chest or move sideways at will. The man's legs can be flat on the bed or arched. The woman also has control over the pace, rhythm, depth, and duration of penetration. By changing her position and thrusts, the woman can change the level of stimulation for the man, while simultaneously stimulating her clitoris or an area termed "the G-spot".
Advantage
An advantage of the woman-on-top positions is that the man's weight is not on the woman. These positions are ideal during pregnancy as there is no pressure on the woman's abdomen, and it is easy for her to control the depth and speed of penetration. They are also useful if the man is recovering from a serious illness or surgery or if the woman has recently given birth.
Gallery
Sex with the woman on top has been known in most cultures in all times, and has been depicted in art:
Sitting on lap
Among adults, a female sitting on the lap of another person usually indicates an intimate or romantic relationship between the two, or may be regarded as flirtatious. In public, such behaviour may be regarded as a public display of affection. In private, sitting on a man's lap or being pulled by the man onto his lap, especially if she straddles his legs or waist, when accompanied with a smile, kiss or other flirtatious gesture, may be regarded as showing either's interest in sexual activity or as foreplay. It is rare for a man to sit on a woman's lap, though not for him to lay his head there.
The erotic significance in sitting on a lap is a factor in the erotic activity in strip clubs such as a lap dance, where one person (usually a woman) straddles the lap of the other and gyrates their lower extremities in a provocative manner.
See also
Doggy style
Pompoir
References
Sex positions
Kneeling
Squatting position
ca:Postures del coit#La dona dominant | [
-0.03336387500166893,
-0.18012665212154388,
-0.18637913465499878,
0.3218529224395752,
-0.13300055265426636,
0.022426163777709007,
0.1423877328634262,
0.05452878773212433,
-0.8077959418296814,
0.08550050109624863,
-0.26004645228385925,
0.6942079663276672,
-0.2555764615535736,
-0.21578332781791687,
-0.19502893090248108,
0.6632462739944458,
0.48079806566238403,
0.4939174950122833,
-0.10794233530759811,
-0.5798460245132446,
0.12943093478679657,
-0.51340651512146,
-0.1094413548707962,
-0.40299174189567566,
0.5131263136863708,
-0.36673226952552795,
-0.10607887804508209,
0.03295805677771568,
0.07183205336332321,
-0.07819010317325592,
-0.45529940724372864,
-0.3311479687690735,
0.050030842423439026,
0.12269428372383118,
0.03954990208148956,
-0.47194424271583557,
0.43908584117889404,
-0.21166574954986572,
-0.22873853147029877,
-0.5605757236480713,
-0.04817133769392967,
-0.356393963098526,
0.4614170491695404,
0.516610324382782,
-0.27086201310157776,
-0.4073100984096527,
-0.8828431963920593,
0.2638527750968933,
-0.5217380523681641,
0.17587178945541382,
-0.3588915467262268,
0.842883825302124,
0.18019093573093414,
0.6088845133781433,
0.18551014363765717,
0.4983818233013153,
-0.21673375368118286,
0.6525484323501587,
-0.5694958567619324,
-0.7973357439041138,
0.5176596641540527,
0.4677355885505676,
0.636576235294342,
-0.39068248867988586,
0.6602382063865662,
-0.059782132506370544,
-0.4224426746368408,
-0.062002670019865036,
-0.23262639343738556,
-0.04197217896580696,
-0.7793379426002502,
-0.4609982669353485,
0.1775219887495041,
-0.30770763754844666,
-0.7454568147659302,
0.026654507964849472,
0.052439335733652115,
0.0633765310049057,
0.4437309503555298,
0.12531310319900513,
-0.3215772211551666,
0.5722202658653259,
-0.0636848658323288,
0.2608005106449127,
0.46672555804252625,
0.6036776304244995,
-0.15428225696086884,
0.23091155290603638,
0.14324817061424255,
0.5729787349700928,
0.01943420246243477,
0.15029628574848175,
0.3151378035545349,
0.045684896409511566,
-0.0417252779006958,
-0.0047898124903440475,
0.3890819251537323,
0.25888174772262573,
0.07582301646471024,
-0.6933873295783997,
0.19775034487247467,
-0.2606636583805084,
0.3451917767524719,
-0.48930537700653076,
-0.2405230849981308,
-0.549925684928894,
0.10191423445940018,
-0.05715487152338028,
0.2826717495918274,
-0.0530356802046299,
-0.11573786288499832,
0.03260146826505661,
0.2040831446647644,
0.12271548807621002,
-0.2726581394672394,
0.6856003403663635,
0.1386115849018097,
0.41729146242141724,
-0.2351457178592682,
-0.414989173412323,
-0.12090614438056946,
-0.11303440481424332,
0.27605533599853516,
0.21551655232906342,
0.11373274028301239,
0.06188656762242317,
0.4752381443977356,
0.7369369864463806,
-0.29208818078041077,
0.13880079984664917,
0.35232430696487427,
0.13889265060424805,
-0.15788738429546356,
0.25914984941482544,
0.05099384859204292,
0.20811419188976288,
0.6713876128196716,
0.14485479891300201,
1.007482886314392,
0.5741530060768127,
-1.0762755870819092,
-0.41797953844070435,
-0.6901035308837891,
-0.3378641605377197,
0.5812253355979919,
-0.15012012422084808,
0.1331223100423813,
-0.33210843801498413,
-0.5871900916099548,
0.31751617789268494,
0.42980846762657166,
0.11689553409814835,
0.19440017640590668,
-0.29727622866630554,
-0.06432992219924927,
-0.15987594425678253,
0.33671247959136963,
-0.477395236492157,
0.15738728642463684,
-0.028871411457657814,
0.03723917901515961,
-0.21685168147087097,
-0.6139644384384155,
0.2514303922653198,
0.0920194610953331,
-0.41826462745666504,
0.5643784403800964,
0.24996823072433472,
-0.4409469962120056,
0.35692453384399414,
-0.1773553490638733,
0.48098015785217285,
-0.1276496946811676,
0.5190406441688538,
-0.6340359449386597,
0.5439606308937073,
0.4093165695667267,
0.6367688775062561,
0.2831885516643524,
-0.044978056102991104,
-0.5169419050216675,
0.16785062849521637,
0.7712592482566833,
-0.5645542144775391,
0.21620486676692963,
-0.18138165771961212,
0.4564538300037384,
0.020122826099395752,
-0.626681923866272,
-0.18770688772201538,
-0.27515313029289246,
-0.34066328406333923,
-0.27399569749832153,
-0.3731743395328522,
0.9383599758148193,
-0.01720575802028179,
-0.5482720732688904,
0.48354899883270264,
-0.18942546844482422,
-0.10298570990562439,
-0.11490429192781448,
0.39655521512031555,
0.21404272317886353,
-0.46878471970558167,
-0.8836932182312012,
0.6780617237091064,
0.1466265171766281,
0.004065480083227158,
0.41349169611930847,
-0.2455589771270752,
-0.44632580876350403,
0.3168281316757202,
0.23276151716709137,
-0.47596123814582825,
-0.23965243995189667,
0.13245229423046112,
-0.30359193682670593,
0.540241539478302,
0.38114482164382935,
-0.30486196279525757,
0.8680071830749512,
-0.09616018086671829,
-0.06475553661584854,
-0.02839384414255619,
-0.12015963345766068,
0.6975106596946716,
-0.09911702573299408,
0.16970187425613403,
-0.23817579448223114,
-0.15076054632663727,
-0.279522180557251,
0.3090304136276245,
0.5548880696296692,
-0.05029601603746414,
-0.651207447052002,
0.2636859118938446,
0.2900297939777374,
0.019978879019618034,
0.23704670369625092,
-0.4203256666660309,
-0.12123540788888931,
0.9379419684410095,
-0.04348072037100792,
0.14530391991138458,
0.15125532448291779,
-0.3122209310531616,
-0.155227929353714,
0.7222486734390259,
-0.6962393522262573,
0.03890092298388481,
-0.14437679946422577,
0.1900816708803177,
0.002497612265869975,
-0.2961711585521698,
0.08520326018333435,
-0.4482854902744293,
-0.46260085701942444,
0.2541983425617218,
0.5011195540428162,
0.005004260689020157,
0.29523345828056335,
0.02789323776960373,
-0.25328314304351807,
0.3142252266407013,
-0.2453937828540802,
0.1709822565317154,
-0.3653601408004761,
-0.12162040174007416,
0.39595016837120056,
0.3228698670864105,
0.630751371383667,
0.3834289312362671,
-0.37091851234436035,
-0.28574731945991516,
0.2277805358171463,
-0.2697581350803375,
0.4648153781890869,
-0.0786140114068985,
0.1628178358078003,
-1.0630728006362915,
0.6699208617210388,
-0.0796814039349556,
0.9142873883247375,
-0.416258841753006,
0.11992395669221878,
-0.3544616103172302,
0.1895633190870285,
0.3195192217826843,
-0.1781681776046753,
-0.5253185033798218,
-0.10270143300294876,
-0.0779789462685585,
-0.18242479860782623,
-0.5817781090736389,
0.6429904699325562,
0.9761910438537598,
-0.26279160380363464,
0.9266844391822815,
0.8514975905418396,
-0.23479653894901276,
-0.13082271814346313,
-0.23511794209480286,
-0.1908150166273117,
-0.2858560383319855,
0.29756268858909607,
-0.2372361272573471,
0.17845770716667175,
0.11379525810480118,
-5.734517574310303,
-0.23872080445289612,
0.016855884343385696,
-0.33560115098953247,
0.12928374111652374,
-0.3330690562725067,
0.19704777002334595,
-0.2913318872451782,
-0.33638906478881836,
0.34703516960144043,
0.22577118873596191,
0.12332206964492798,
0.05325138568878174,
0.014266645535826683,
0.46133953332901,
0.8609968423843384,
0.8340790271759033,
-0.2018095999956131,
0.18517079949378967,
-0.026972763240337372,
0.01903240568935871,
0.29922088980674744,
0.019181745126843452,
-0.3112678825855255,
0.2088555246591568,
0.3471580743789673,
-0.17869001626968384,
-0.3917407691478729,
0.119723841547966,
-0.523234486579895,
0.14110668003559113,
0.11386797577142715,
0.27018657326698303,
-0.2769244313240051,
0.5108476281166077,
0.14033472537994385,
0.355081170797348,
0.10165691375732422,
0.1778520941734314,
0.21179711818695068,
-0.15407410264015198,
0.6118946075439453,
0.07009925693273544,
0.24159373342990875,
0.9886806011199951,
-0.36604398488998413,
-0.308317631483078,
-0.5606560111045837,
0.4082077145576477,
0.4283570349216461,
0.11061838269233704,
-0.11262096464633942,
0.5228075385093689,
-0.5748755931854248,
0.47676295042037964,
0.15587836503982544,
0.6185646057128906,
0.548160195350647,
-0.15251524746418,
0.01647825539112091,
-0.4188164472579956,
-1.0632812976837158,
0.29826819896698,
-0.5251662731170654,
0.6584677696228027,
-0.2794645130634308,
-0.35936546325683594,
0.40472981333732605,
0.05557271093130112,
0.35583826899528503,
0.33862948417663574,
0.08747459948062897,
0.6678220629692078,
-0.7728173732757568,
-0.1264095902442932,
-0.887866735458374,
-0.32519248127937317,
0.0016513433074578643,
0.15811987221240997,
-0.6092023253440857,
-0.18780823051929474,
-0.030534015968441963,
-0.45063838362693787,
-0.034218866378068924,
0.034573476761579514,
-0.5386372208595276,
0.42685815691947937,
0.08553482592105865,
-0.3096645176410675,
0.44459205865859985,
0.0035532445181161165,
0.0459163524210453,
0.1884097009897232,
0.7268948554992676,
0.4123574197292328,
0.5425247550010681,
0.006118915509432554,
0.05771967023611069,
0.22453457117080688,
-0.6881577968597412,
-0.46205100417137146,
-0.7672846913337708,
0.10868585109710693,
0.2635436952114105,
-0.2157839685678482,
0.07283208519220352,
-0.12610767781734467,
-0.0190054289996624,
1.027519702911377,
0.04405810311436653,
0.38006383180618286,
0.5009235739707947,
-0.48259270191192627,
-0.3455756604671478,
0.3742985129356384,
0.24967443943023682,
-0.9573153257369995,
0.5831270813941956,
0.7036716341972351,
-0.20823991298675537,
0.40092185139656067,
-0.15279902517795563,
-0.03351489454507828,
-0.17042681574821472,
-0.19075870513916016,
-0.0747511014342308,
0.36379581689834595,
-0.12703660130500793,
-0.1828547567129135,
0.05839810147881508,
0.4023342728614807,
0.26320984959602356,
0.2824770510196686,
-0.09457679092884064,
0.2758415639400482,
0.37201040983200073,
0.29141566157341003,
0.08322157710790634,
-0.09209265559911728,
-0.028936535120010376,
-0.7368841171264648,
0.2944549024105072,
-0.8827769756317139,
0.36332783102989197,
-0.23247528076171875,
0.5832031965255737,
-0.7446593046188354,
-0.010701484978199005,
0.13053332269191742,
0.7774128913879395,
-0.20935404300689697,
-0.3336934447288513,
0.2811047434806824,
-0.804796040058136,
0.5425402522087097,
-0.4296976625919342,
0.11561362445354462,
0.31449058651924133,
-0.38718706369400024,
-0.7856802940368652,
0.15544234216213226,
-0.4534091353416443,
-1.3456265926361084,
0.16165657341480255,
0.20012378692626953,
-0.3148190975189209,
-0.6618066430091858,
-0.5555586814880371,
-0.46201077103614807,
0.4840017855167389,
0.40304362773895264,
-0.2674008905887604,
-0.32074564695358276,
-0.445568323135376,
0.2754008173942566,
0.027310753241181374,
0.033387210220098495,
0.5942728519439697,
0.26986852288246155,
-0.6230977177619934,
0.18477268517017365,
-0.24794796109199524,
0.5206111669540405,
0.10601022839546204,
0.30919909477233887,
0.07472789287567139,
-0.4730990529060364,
0.39299631118774414,
-0.2662647068500519,
0.21522198617458344,
-0.47726836800575256,
0.0626627504825592,
0.5120345950126648,
0.07965980470180511,
-0.3856671154499054,
0.1440463364124298,
-0.32353585958480835,
-0.08575544506311417,
-0.133096843957901,
-0.4444723129272461,
-0.30355024337768555,
0.20292192697525024,
-0.5799769759178162,
0.2978767156600952,
-0.01147084403783083,
-0.5008460879325867,
0.7987159490585327,
-0.04763411730527878,
-0.6660568118095398,
0.4640606641769409,
-0.6173535585403442,
-0.18304796516895294,
-0.2915131747722626,
0.6140261888504028,
-0.39092642068862915,
0.09440626949071884,
0.260054349899292,
-0.336794912815094,
-0.14784444868564606,
-0.1775340586900711,
0.7098592519760132,
0.06788010895252228,
-0.5666784048080444,
0.1769782453775406,
0.24928933382034302,
-0.40334072709083557,
0.2947729229927063,
-0.4392271041870117,
1.0596145391464233,
-0.5596520304679871,
0.05720965936779976,
-0.0760902464389801,
-0.2542475163936615,
-0.29908856749534607,
-0.06195347383618355,
-0.21015387773513794,
0.6872982978820801,
0.1283237338066101,
0.4094151556491852,
-0.1878977119922638,
0.364050030708313,
0.9328178763389587,
-0.20044074952602386,
-0.5728870034217834,
-0.06133625656366348,
0.11190147697925568,
-0.1207977756857872,
-1.0490649938583374,
-0.3565479815006256,
-0.10051723569631577,
0.61708664894104,
-0.8696157336235046,
-0.7352423667907715,
0.23956820368766785,
-0.03650170937180519,
-0.07166998088359833,
-0.4667181372642517,
-0.19266286492347717,
-0.12596550583839417,
0.0966692864894867,
0.11158712953329086,
0.0552901066839695,
-0.45921388268470764,
0.09199746698141098,
0.22140958905220032,
0.2891952693462372,
-0.2858639359474182,
0.3617870807647705,
-0.7202782034873962,
-0.3769611120223999,
0.2012244164943695,
0.07299965620040894,
-0.03234563022851944,
-0.0637904554605484,
0.3372509777545929,
0.12175104022026062,
0.10406406223773956,
-0.4366534650325775,
0.35727593302726746,
0.12484657019376755,
-0.4667598605155945,
-0.09672876447439194,
0.09623558819293976,
-0.44842782616615295,
0.032838672399520874,
-0.2768568694591522,
0.07014191150665283,
-0.41717416048049927,
-0.8227372169494629,
-0.1019788533449173,
-0.12781009078025818,
-0.3428654670715332,
0.05487997457385063,
0.044523660093545914,
0.5686030983924866,
-0.3992330729961395,
0.1258600652217865,
-0.5300933718681335,
0.19476039707660675,
-0.30456703901290894,
-0.7206257581710815,
0.24664247035980225,
0.030592303723096848,
-0.018179770559072495,
0.46378520131111145,
0.06488320231437683,
-0.27088502049446106,
-1.1262195110321045,
-0.21937203407287598,
-0.14431177079677582,
0.04602106288075447,
-0.038525231182575226,
0.2579916715621948,
0.35183262825012207,
-0.8046577572822571,
-0.44502174854278564,
0.5922573208808899,
0.11176681518554688,
0.09227525442838669,
0.4204714894294739,
0.2617053687572479,
-0.6445415019989014,
0.7648881077766418,
0.5778324604034424,
0.43310025334358215,
0.1659405380487442,
-0.06440044194459915,
-0.23212787508964539,
0.2246302217245102,
0.43844351172447205,
0.5979939699172974,
0.36737820506095886,
0.17742136120796204,
0.42518383264541626,
-0.23457498848438263,
-0.5073153972625732,
0.07895193248987198,
-0.2551968991756439,
-0.4860396087169647,
0.5882661938667297,
0.32532963156700134,
0.03607809543609619,
-0.06178750470280647,
0.20689094066619873,
-0.11773695796728134,
0.17496097087860107,
0.1049371212720871,
-0.3416646420955658,
-0.5824304223060608,
-0.04337528347969055,
0.3926715552806854,
-0.12125484645366669,
0.12965872883796692,
-0.5332940220832825,
0.3435688316822052,
0.073333241045475,
1.2302052974700928,
-0.36973562836647034,
-0.4738369286060333,
-0.19830171763896942,
0.05168851464986801,
0.309476375579834,
0.4700794816017151,
-0.1685331016778946,
-0.04419848322868347,
-0.14059405028820038,
0.10525218397378922,
0.1869133710861206,
-0.22886072099208832,
0.0010962079977616668,
0.4925876259803772,
0.5316761136054993,
-0.7675936818122864,
-0.1539698988199234,
0.09492132067680359,
0.31589892506599426,
0.3278418183326721,
0.227181077003479,
0.253408819437027,
-0.20344571769237518,
-0.17765448987483978,
0.0706016793847084,
-0.17543019354343414,
-0.389541357755661,
-0.41985398530960083,
0.048362426459789276,
0.2154579907655716,
0.4067184627056122,
-0.21610432863235474,
0.12140867114067078,
-0.013182352297008038,
-0.020672988146543503,
0.003084528027102351,
-0.1441032588481903,
-0.3677290081977844,
-0.16802610456943512,
0.3169344663619995,
0.6983811855316162,
0.3608785569667816,
0.3524937033653259,
-0.20877517759799957,
0.5144604444503784,
-0.6705768704414368,
0.05202324315905571,
-0.19086018204689026,
0.08154469728469849,
-0.4029214680194855,
-0.2982408404350281,
-0.3710939884185791,
-0.21987666189670563,
0.04228514805436134,
-0.5194146037101746,
0.15781040489673615,
0.06354209035634995,
-0.03132181987166405,
-0.029850268736481667,
0.6958374381065369,
-0.63413405418396,
0.49191799759864807,
-0.1234215497970581,
-0.5821331143379211,
-0.39422619342803955,
-0.08554541319608688,
0.2672801613807678,
-0.35505738854408264,
0.1619430035352707,
0.25407305359840393,
0.05087297037243843,
-0.24652442336082458,
0.18935994803905487,
-0.5360977649688721,
0.18512487411499023,
-0.6708955764770508,
-0.16500146687030792,
0.16719114780426025,
-0.3504798710346222,
0.0843682512640953,
0.10668640583753586,
0.49748384952545166,
-0.7425106763839722,
-0.0040690703317523,
0.15242746472358704,
-0.3478853702545166,
-0.12853407859802246,
-1.4966944456100464,
-0.016714977100491524,
-0.11422720551490784,
0.11916526407003403,
-0.041315484791994095,
-0.09273161739110947,
-0.42693454027175903,
-0.597072958946228,
0.5966806411743164,
-0.8477053046226501,
-0.39889946579933167,
0.14038808643817902,
0.6805160641670227,
-0.9684094190597534,
-0.017963998019695282,
0.23493464291095734
] |
224076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggy%20style | Doggy style | Doggy style is a sex position in which a person bends over, crouches on all fours (usually on hands and knees), or lies on their abdomen, for sexual intercourse, other forms of sexual penetration or other sexual activity. Doggy style is a form of a rear-entry position, others being with the receiving partner lying on the side in the spoons sex position or the reverse cowgirl sex position. Non-penetrative sex in this position may also be regarded as doggy style.
Although it is not the most commonly used sex position, it is regarded as the favoured position by men, while the reverse cowgirl position is favoured by women. Between sex partners, the person in the doggy style position is usually passive, while the other partner is active (although sometimes it can be the other way around if the person in doggy position backs up into their partner behind them). Either partner may be the dominant partner or the submissive partner. The submissive partner in the doggy position is open to a variety of additional sexual activities, with the active partner being able to penetrate the vagina, the anus during anal sex, or being in a position to perform oral sex (cunnilingus, fellatio or anilingus), or simply massage the whole body.
History and etymology
In ancient Rome, this practice was known as coitus more ferarum, Latin for "sexual intercourse in the manner of wild beasts". The specific origin of the term doggy style is not known, but is presumably a reference to the initial position assumed by dogs when mating. It is described in the Kama Sutra as the cow position or the congress of a cow, and is listed in The Perfumed Garden.
Practices
The posture adopted by the receiving partner resembles lordosis behaviour – a physical posture seen in many female mammals, often when they are ready for sex/mating, the primary characteristic of which is a ventral arching of the spine. During vaginal penetration from behind, the penis may penetrate deeper into the vagina, reaching preferential contact with the posterior wall of the vagina and probably reaching the posterior fornix; while in the missionary position, it is in preferential contact with the anterior wall of the vagina and the tip of the penis can reach the anterior fornix.
In this position, the receiving partner implicitly gives the active partner a carte blanche over their body. Besides other potential sex acts, the active partner may also massage or stimulate the receiving partner's erogenous zones, such as the genitals, nipples, buttocks, administer a spanking, or introduce a sex toy, such as a dildo or vibrator, into the vagina or anus. The doggy position may be erotic or sexually provocative for participants.
Advantages and disadvantages
Doggy style is a less physically demanding sex position and may be a preferred sex position if either partner has back issues or some other medical conditions. During doggy style, the scrotum sometimes provides friction to the clitoris, thus possibly producing an orgasm or sexual stimulation in the woman. For some women, doggy style sex helps to stimulate an area that may be termed "the G-spot". However, this position may offer only minimal stimulation of the clitoris; so some women may require manual stimulation to achieve orgasm. Some men may, however, be able to stimulate the clitoris simultaneously with the penis and the scrotum respectively during doggy style sex.
Doggy style offers benefits as a sex position in group sex, such as during a threesome. Doggy style allows the passive partner to perform fellatio on male participant (termed "spitroast") or to perform cunnilingus on a female participant.
Some women may feel vulnerable in this position, as it requires and implies a level of trust and a surrender of control by the receiving to the active partner. However, some women find this transfer of control to the partner arousing. According to the book Sexual Pleasure by Barbara Keesling, many established couples find doggy style relationship-affirming.
Some consider doggy style to be unromantic. The position is considered by some to be less intimate because eye contact and kissing are more difficult.
As a theme in art
Doggy style has been known in most cultures in all times, and has been depicted in art:
See also
Animal roleplay
Pegging
References
External links
Sex positions
Pornography terminology | [
0.5209445357322693,
-0.110904261469841,
-0.2200419157743454,
-0.30479082465171814,
-0.012828684411942959,
-0.06881881505250931,
0.28453367948532104,
0.29460540413856506,
-0.383721262216568,
-0.45097216963768005,
-0.5606731176376343,
0.2752215266227722,
-0.2929217219352722,
-0.21051634848117828,
-0.6135218739509583,
0.848203718662262,
0.4577074348926544,
0.08043354749679565,
0.0879601240158081,
-0.2613198459148407,
-0.09008648246526718,
-0.7181158065795898,
-0.45162445306777954,
-0.6112982630729675,
0.5296326875686646,
0.10417379438877106,
0.08711393177509308,
-0.13995446264743805,
-0.018881816416978836,
-0.23021429777145386,
0.39944782853126526,
0.06394144147634506,
0.42284899950027466,
-0.139085054397583,
0.07997128367424011,
-0.47023487091064453,
0.3189195692539215,
-0.20079627633094788,
-0.22429053485393524,
-0.6277507543563843,
-0.03172030299901962,
-0.2694043815135956,
0.5618149042129517,
-0.0720129981637001,
0.02701207809150219,
-0.9400134682655334,
-0.7122171521186829,
0.8022356033325195,
-0.39961302280426025,
0.014532003551721573,
0.02141614630818367,
0.05419360473752022,
-0.0876222625374794,
0.5649876594543457,
-0.0041460562497377396,
0.4725274443626404,
-0.3058806359767914,
0.15508534014225006,
0.04074346274137497,
-0.309871643781662,
0.40290823578834534,
0.33924490213394165,
0.7007958292961121,
-0.030255168676376343,
-0.02346252091228962,
0.46363404393196106,
-0.7542421817779541,
0.11770237237215042,
0.03372327238321304,
-0.36606860160827637,
-0.3390338718891144,
-0.13710874319076538,
-0.12338494509458542,
-0.06189805641770363,
-0.22385255992412567,
-0.09906180948019028,
-0.09177424013614655,
0.3434285819530487,
0.5356399416923523,
0.4237658381462097,
0.11667343974113464,
0.37429702281951904,
-0.2767083942890167,
0.8033943176269531,
0.5960689187049866,
0.47113701701164246,
-0.39242830872535706,
0.04457545280456543,
0.11254501342773438,
0.43845051527023315,
0.41893914341926575,
0.19937871396541595,
0.09675035625696182,
-0.002288726856932044,
-0.0450468584895134,
-0.2464963048696518,
0.4041031301021576,
0.12702485918998718,
0.33411189913749695,
-0.6487635970115662,
-0.21045686304569244,
0.016175005584955215,
0.43537893891334534,
-0.15851111710071564,
-0.4617249667644501,
-0.3438522219657898,
-0.03915318101644516,
-0.4261396825313568,
0.24623918533325195,
-0.20866982638835907,
-0.4591714143753052,
0.16350193321704865,
0.8054854273796082,
-0.005835030227899551,
-0.31089386343955994,
0.41300690174102783,
-0.185188427567482,
-0.3280235826969147,
-0.3162137269973755,
-0.24212244153022766,
-0.604030966758728,
0.1291113644838333,
0.39286866784095764,
0.2585655450820923,
0.09591014683246613,
-0.1976037174463272,
0.1772594302892685,
0.5495906472206116,
-0.5115498304367065,
0.09497768431901932,
0.5779484510421753,
0.430643767118454,
0.17814338207244873,
0.29676222801208496,
-0.29656583070755005,
0.2081068903207779,
0.9909842014312744,
0.2942074239253998,
0.8398773074150085,
0.44621023535728455,
-0.6773760318756104,
-0.5452846884727478,
-0.31366392970085144,
-0.10766961425542831,
0.3762528896331787,
-0.24880646169185638,
0.3525131046772003,
-0.20374365150928497,
-0.7042315602302551,
-0.22948279976844788,
0.0947154238820076,
-0.25832998752593994,
0.3379702568054199,
-0.3934674859046936,
-0.20549140870571136,
0.10257042199373245,
0.2629915177822113,
-0.6395339965820312,
0.5802464485168457,
-0.29431670904159546,
-0.3496456444263458,
0.23338253796100616,
-0.8110277056694031,
-0.2672942578792572,
0.5313727259635925,
-0.7133663892745972,
0.10318873077630997,
0.648373007774353,
-0.8676683306694031,
0.856278121471405,
-0.21039119362831116,
0.46298789978027344,
0.16658563911914825,
-0.1708638221025467,
0.01683475263416767,
0.4367457628250122,
0.3329908549785614,
0.17488905787467957,
0.35821354389190674,
-0.0654754638671875,
-0.4765442907810211,
0.3904690444469452,
0.4939723312854767,
-0.2885449230670929,
-0.08279751986265182,
-0.24220921099185944,
0.3101941645145416,
-0.31909292936325073,
-0.19479873776435852,
0.059742193669080734,
-0.5995051264762878,
-0.7540186643600464,
-0.053235843777656555,
0.2558145225048065,
0.9289209246635437,
-0.3363327085971832,
-0.09630890935659409,
0.8032183051109314,
0.012834131717681885,
0.2339104264974594,
-0.25991180539131165,
-0.2475355714559555,
0.32532817125320435,
-0.08210809528827667,
-0.6782169342041016,
0.36795875430107117,
0.26389965415000916,
-0.09337898343801498,
0.4707256853580475,
-0.0811937004327774,
0.19738778471946716,
-0.22855214774608612,
-0.2132495790719986,
-0.3845776319503784,
-0.27130991220474243,
0.3481641113758087,
0.0008572067599743605,
0.4320951998233795,
0.012382347136735916,
-0.5207673907279968,
0.36598581075668335,
-0.1610357165336609,
-0.47181960940361023,
0.24512439966201782,
0.09925834089517593,
0.4839932918548584,
0.08899705111980438,
0.5801162123680115,
0.16697627305984497,
-0.21637889742851257,
0.0159534253180027,
-0.2029752880334854,
0.11291589587926865,
0.03617558628320694,
-0.7080501914024353,
-0.05985618382692337,
0.5467740297317505,
-0.5315107703208923,
0.2345123291015625,
-0.4287080764770508,
-0.0723973885178566,
0.6334824562072754,
-0.0870896577835083,
-0.22626353800296783,
-0.008485186845064163,
-0.40621745586395264,
-0.6166008710861206,
1.0600087642669678,
-0.5889154672622681,
0.20068815350532532,
0.2926018536090851,
0.8183037042617798,
-0.004350883420556784,
-0.2771245241165161,
0.09344460070133209,
0.07205412536859512,
-0.3563654124736786,
0.1763284057378769,
0.07640323042869568,
-0.3290514647960663,
-0.3073684275150299,
0.30804380774497986,
0.1792040318250656,
0.0012389513431116939,
-0.03938773646950722,
0.10420722514390945,
-0.7300402522087097,
-0.24182848632335663,
0.2731725871562958,
0.21356821060180664,
0.41033515334129333,
0.7657979726791382,
-0.8353197574615479,
0.1385795772075653,
-0.3247256875038147,
-0.6061081290245056,
0.7581002116203308,
-0.0006354865035973489,
-0.07361229509115219,
-0.9925954937934875,
-0.11972835659980774,
0.043503329157829285,
0.7523871660232544,
-0.556331992149353,
-0.10447588562965393,
-0.3769291937351227,
0.11648674309253693,
0.03287118673324585,
-0.29592669010162354,
-0.25353941321372986,
0.07453092932701111,
0.6346958875656128,
-0.215560182929039,
0.009754965081810951,
0.16759206354618073,
0.648820698261261,
0.1027490496635437,
0.6303550601005554,
0.8792223334312439,
-0.04060247167944908,
0.3165954053401947,
-0.22894223034381866,
0.3449232280254364,
-0.30507609248161316,
0.4158705770969391,
0.011369902640581131,
-0.11489906907081604,
0.2509726285934448,
-5.86064338684082,
-0.14140434563159943,
-0.04807685315608978,
0.278437077999115,
0.44331851601600647,
0.2540540397167206,
0.4242263734340668,
-0.3112477958202362,
-0.6340674161911011,
0.5176239609718323,
-0.2519722580909729,
0.21356795728206635,
0.48955777287483215,
-0.3284955620765686,
0.3774787485599518,
0.5030845403671265,
-0.0336790531873703,
-0.020071320235729218,
0.17646925151348114,
0.032709285616874695,
-0.24075061082839966,
0.2294921725988388,
0.13939444720745087,
0.17591136693954468,
0.06937293708324432,
0.4589039087295532,
-0.2652050852775574,
-0.11280155926942825,
-0.05976078659296036,
-0.33459317684173584,
0.5329535007476807,
-0.3300820589065552,
0.24948273599147797,
0.2682798504829407,
0.025406494736671448,
0.09460045397281647,
0.47828251123428345,
-0.022189192473888397,
0.4587172567844391,
0.5029705166816711,
0.05153927579522133,
0.48689427971839905,
0.18749834597110748,
-0.07723172754049301,
0.4734698534011841,
-0.31713607907295227,
-0.15057002007961273,
-0.3368793725967407,
0.14466482400894165,
0.11891135573387146,
0.055942341685295105,
-0.1312309205532074,
0.009860477410256863,
0.30278071761131287,
0.5950573682785034,
-0.10776438564062119,
0.2616634666919708,
0.09166893362998962,
0.10517985373735428,
-0.6801634430885315,
0.14874401688575745,
-1.0918387174606323,
-0.3699857294559479,
-0.6927713751792908,
0.9253188967704773,
-0.22940433025360107,
-0.4094754755496979,
-0.13887958228588104,
0.5216056704521179,
0.5431839227676392,
0.11050596088171005,
-0.2208086997270584,
0.8581618070602417,
-0.8214356899261475,
0.2770311236381531,
-0.8399123549461365,
-0.5033045411109924,
-0.2930070757865906,
-0.03376074880361557,
-0.4833676517009735,
0.18895356357097626,
-0.1382809728384018,
-0.509253978729248,
0.36426079273223877,
-0.13833554089069366,
-0.9341815710067749,
0.06067289412021637,
-0.336575984954834,
-0.1790517121553421,
0.15586666762828827,
0.2898191809654236,
-0.21454328298568726,
-0.4202093780040741,
0.0544721893966198,
0.14852583408355713,
0.5112303495407104,
-0.10927925258874893,
0.13663238286972046,
0.3272946774959564,
-0.2909736931324005,
0.7634099721908569,
-0.41651880741119385,
-0.3418821096420288,
0.11155356466770172,
-0.14778263866901398,
0.1116219237446785,
0.0904393196105957,
0.16396506130695343,
0.8935102820396423,
-0.1581920087337494,
-0.20955143868923187,
-0.014209123328328133,
-0.5254437327384949,
-0.12432301044464111,
0.1262880563735962,
0.30174100399017334,
-0.9050137996673584,
-0.19544591009616852,
0.4118439257144928,
0.2235173135995865,
0.4558824598789215,
0.062269821763038635,
-0.45627903938293457,
0.19624119997024536,
0.25257086753845215,
-0.18834049999713898,
0.0032715892884880304,
-0.5767660140991211,
-0.0811811164021492,
0.14664113521575928,
0.4884795844554901,
-0.292477011680603,
0.2483699768781662,
-0.2316303253173828,
-0.11169108748435974,
0.33681267499923706,
-0.0004167451988905668,
-0.015226134099066257,
-0.3610139787197113,
-0.474276602268219,
-0.6317108869552612,
-0.06545912474393845,
-0.2558453381061554,
0.6219921112060547,
0.0673123151063919,
0.3543241024017334,
0.051681097596883774,
-0.3302682042121887,
-0.1694953739643097,
0.8951357007026672,
-0.010387381538748741,
-0.3112729787826538,
0.13473768532276154,
-0.31246456503868103,
0.0012208919506520033,
-0.12469229102134705,
-0.04796628654003143,
0.3465331196784973,
-0.1336582452058792,
-0.2822421193122864,
-0.03342447802424431,
-0.42286232113838196,
-1.1308832168579102,
0.0558350533246994,
-0.3236781060695648,
-0.06798626482486725,
-0.335591197013855,
-0.7264807224273682,
-0.5186870694160461,
0.12476828694343567,
-0.19582900404930115,
-0.49796512722969055,
-0.41191914677619934,
-0.042145874351263046,
-0.2429012507200241,
0.22145548462867737,
-0.12623484432697296,
0.4097185432910919,
-0.003558336291462183,
-0.015753749758005142,
-0.17362970113754272,
-0.2838364243507385,
0.39942580461502075,
0.6723023056983948,
0.20100681483745575,
-0.4363687038421631,
-0.32962584495544434,
0.4418492913246155,
-0.3852677047252655,
0.29125237464904785,
-0.02769799716770649,
0.2622162699699402,
0.8227116465568542,
0.10740829259157181,
-0.0878254696726799,
-0.010200987569987774,
-0.39993029832839966,
-0.17387619614601135,
-0.21208497881889343,
-0.3342668116092682,
0.26440203189849854,
0.6808995008468628,
-0.22325026988983154,
0.34309959411621094,
0.11866707354784012,
-0.2505233585834503,
0.7181655764579773,
-0.43030086159706116,
-0.3638252317905426,
0.17048855125904083,
-0.48890167474746704,
-1.0134634971618652,
-0.046993549913167953,
0.38590991497039795,
-0.6718551516532898,
0.2776220142841339,
0.02909236028790474,
-0.48488086462020874,
-0.018017923459410667,
-0.3767073154449463,
0.2667023241519928,
-0.5113146901130676,
-0.8900549411773682,
0.3667202591896057,
-0.14538922905921936,
-0.04849758744239807,
-0.24938757717609406,
-0.7987131476402283,
0.9185020327568054,
-0.16423802077770233,
0.12529519200325012,
-0.3400931656360626,
0.03959006816148758,
0.017186323180794716,
-0.4340573251247406,
-0.2743123769760132,
0.3368090093135834,
0.29066523909568787,
0.3554215729236603,
0.17713019251823425,
0.6252390146255493,
0.9710291624069214,
-0.11052572727203369,
-0.3185730278491974,
-0.4501596987247467,
0.4770745038986206,
0.24093647301197052,
-0.874885082244873,
-0.4777311384677887,
0.19070139527320862,
0.8535758256912231,
-0.7185031175613403,
-0.31847667694091797,
0.0207306370139122,
0.2741146385669708,
-0.1453251838684082,
-0.5232807993888855,
-0.20310699939727783,
0.24084261059761047,
0.609494149684906,
0.3322570323944092,
0.3067700266838074,
-0.6004078984260559,
0.09070068597793579,
0.06640493869781494,
-0.1722753793001175,
-0.23489369451999664,
0.15124985575675964,
-0.27533018589019775,
-0.2360718697309494,
-0.2501594126224518,
-0.19332773983478546,
0.7953817844390869,
0.3005658984184265,
0.660381555557251,
-0.21563148498535156,
0.0034774462692439556,
-0.733091413974762,
0.1368495672941208,
-0.28810834884643555,
-0.193715438246727,
-0.0901707261800766,
-0.34081903100013733,
-0.11077076196670532,
-0.30503466725349426,
-0.5462958216667175,
-0.07373970001935959,
-0.31108883023262024,
-0.5269518494606018,
-0.3050846755504608,
-0.6060457229614258,
-0.3298823833465576,
0.18793831765651703,
0.548426628112793,
0.18123981356620789,
0.4384192228317261,
0.2615130543708801,
-0.18830977380275726,
0.2247360795736313,
-0.5867519378662109,
-0.49827978014945984,
0.676903247833252,
0.4440264403820038,
-0.0764245018362999,
0.7390006184577942,
-0.08575181663036346,
0.028586408123373985,
-1.058794617652893,
0.36079058051109314,
-0.0715886726975441,
0.3652397096157074,
0.21071958541870117,
-0.09674316644668579,
0.6659222841262817,
-0.12171635776758194,
-0.18716666102409363,
0.016635822132229805,
-0.03455383703112602,
-0.2721714377403259,
0.6867364645004272,
0.3912449777126312,
-0.041748058050870895,
0.9117246270179749,
0.0644625723361969,
0.17734496295452118,
-0.34879136085510254,
-0.027579737827181816,
-0.26872628927230835,
0.8369991183280945,
0.7987959980964661,
0.38259097933769226,
-0.045590780675411224,
0.23439785838127136,
-0.0723714753985405,
0.19851185381412506,
0.023877454921603203,
-0.21483460068702698,
-0.13229598104953766,
-0.4454682767391205,
0.4581170976161957,
0.060414813458919525,
0.016246525570750237,
-0.2868928909301758,
0.2275133728981018,
-0.21565307676792145,
-0.07171258330345154,
0.3622632920742035,
-0.4454355835914612,
0.10072435438632965,
-0.1869579404592514,
-0.0000037166373658692464,
0.025567829608917236,
0.02093420922756195,
-0.1102214828133583,
0.18992578983306885,
-0.06989270448684692,
0.6141831874847412,
-0.5613621473312378,
-0.7597951889038086,
-0.38234639167785645,
0.34972354769706726,
0.25615769624710083,
0.19562600553035736,
-0.8558250069618225,
0.3958643078804016,
-0.04696572199463844,
-0.27113863825798035,
-0.7704890966415405,
-0.09863806515932083,
0.4069576859474182,
0.307364821434021,
0.48565953969955444,
-0.4375644624233246,
0.12360287457704544,
0.22914622724056244,
0.4756855368614197,
0.5001612901687622,
0.7197801470756531,
-0.1784300059080124,
0.22646424174308777,
0.13603180646896362,
-0.466959685087204,
-0.34431153535842896,
-0.1822480857372284,
0.15590769052505493,
-0.03541608899831772,
-0.07978738844394684,
0.1340189427137375,
-0.27187347412109375,
0.15421128273010254,
-0.09505682438611984,
-0.47990870475769043,
0.41347309947013855,
-0.19915780425071716,
0.29221951961517334,
0.10696446150541306,
0.49491462111473083,
0.8564524054527283,
0.5632868409156799,
0.08488619327545166,
-0.11460711061954498,
0.33262038230895996,
-0.2588302791118622,
-0.2987140119075775,
-0.15254144370555878,
0.04605506360530853,
-0.27970078587532043,
0.016802335157990456,
-0.2340557873249054,
0.11749105155467987,
0.2628743350505829,
-0.28765106201171875,
0.2726685404777527,
-0.0717872828245163,
-0.07702601701021194,
-0.07559417933225632,
0.21087732911109924,
-1.3882023096084595,
-0.09482601284980774,
-0.4029024541378021,
0.01665731705725193,
0.2461792528629303,
-0.16357848048210144,
0.29732659459114075,
-0.37326326966285706,
0.059032268822193146,
0.7848929166793823,
-0.04865454137325287,
-0.5744225382804871,
0.6541739702224731,
-0.6042150259017944,
0.24583671987056732,
-0.3692425787448883,
-0.16097679734230042,
-0.24797138571739197,
-0.02866438776254654,
0.261535108089447,
0.5237724184989929,
0.4008527100086212,
-0.39147496223449707,
0.6357413530349731,
-0.34358248114585876,
-0.3114818334579468,
0.038177117705345154,
-0.3107653856277466,
-0.08420927822589874,
-0.06584904342889786,
0.1421198695898056,
-0.6934594511985779,
0.16845154762268066,
-0.0436210036277771,
-0.23330403864383698,
0.4944569170475006,
-0.41592514514923096,
0.04046621918678284,
0.17483049631118774,
0.07104378938674927,
-0.5533137321472168,
0.08795979619026184,
0.45226240158081055
] |
224079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakama | Hakama | are a type of traditional Japanese clothing. Originally stemming from (), the trousers worn by members of the Chinese imperial court in the Sui and Tang dynasties, this style was adopted by the Japanese in the form of in the 6th century. are tied at the waist and fall approximately to the ankles. They are worn over a kimono specially adapted for wearing , known as a .
There are two types of : divided and undivided . The type have divided legs, similar to trousers. Both of these types appear similar. A "mountain" or "field" type of was traditionally worn by field or forest workers. They are looser in the waist and narrower in the leg.
are secured by four straps (): two longer attached on either side of the front of the garment, and two shorter attached on either side of the rear. The rear of the garment may have a rigid trapezoidal section, called a . Below that on the inside, there may be a (a spoon-shaped component sometimes referred to as a ) which is tucked into the or at the rear, and helps to keep the in place.
, especially those for martial arts, may have seven deep pleats, two on the back and five on the front. Although they appear balanced, the arrangement of the front pleats (three to the right, two to the left) is asymmetrical, and as such is an example of asymmetry in Japanese aesthetics.
Historically, a boy would start wearing his first pair of from the age of five, as commemorated in ; a similar practice to this, called "breeching", was seen in Europe up until the Victorian age, where boys would from then on start to wear breeches instead of dresses, as a recognition of coming of age.
Men's
While used to be a required part of men's wear, nowadays typical Japanese men usually wear only on extremely formal occasions and at tea ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. are also regularly worn by practitioners of a variety of martial arts, such as kendo, iaido, taidō, aikido, jōdō, ryū-te, and kyūdō. Sumo wrestlers, who do not wear in the context of their sport, are, however, required to wear traditional Japanese dress whenever they appear in public. As are one of the most important parts of traditional male formal dress, sumo wrestlers are often seen wearing when attending appropriately formal functions.
In addition to martial artists, are also part of the everyday wear of Shinto , priests who maintain and perform services at shrines.
are worn with any type of kimono except (light cotton summer kimono generally worn for relaxing, for sleeping or at festivals or summer outings). While glossy black-and-white striped are usually worn with formal kimono, stripes in colours other than black, grey and white are worn with less formal wear. Solid and graduated (ombré) colours are also common. For casual wear, men sometimes wear (kimono with just a and no ) or (kimono alone, as for ).
The most formal type of men's , , are made of stiff, striped silk, usually black and white, or black and navy blue. These are worn with black kimono (kimono with one, three, or five family crests on the back, chest, and shoulders), white (divided-toe socks), white (under-kimono) and various types of footwear. In cooler weather, a (long jacket) with a white (-fastener) completes the outfit.
Traditionally made of silk, are sometimes made with blends. is woven with a dense warp. Traditionally, the weft is woven wet, and beaten firmly into place to make it denser. The silk strands are not twisted, and are treated in lye. These techniques makes the cloth glossy and the pattern very small-scale and precise.
Both and are simultaneously worn with the courtly attire of . The are red under-pants, with closed crotch, tied off on the wearer's left. The , white and with an open fly, is then worn over the , tied off on the right. These hakama designs can be traced to the Nara period.
and
traditionally formed part of a complete outfit called a . Worn by samurai and courtiers during the Edo period, the outfit included a formal kimono, hakama, and a sleeveless jacket with exaggerated shoulders called a .
Samurai visiting the and other high-ranking at court were sometimes required to wear very long called ("long "). These resemble normal in every way except their remarkable length in both the back and front, forming a train one or two feet long and impeding the ability to walk normally, thus helping to prevent a surprise attack or assassination attempt. are now only worn particularly in Noh plays (including ), kabuki plays and Shinto rituals.
Some during the Sengoku period had the hems made narrower than the body in imitation of the ballooning trousers worn by the Portuguese. This style carried on into the Edo period and became called . In addition to the taper, they had a secured band of cloth—looking rather like a pants cuff—sewn around each leg's hem, so the ballooning fabric would not open out like regular . This variety of was also commonly known as .
, also called , are a type of that are meant to be worn blousing over the leg and exposing the foot. To accomplish this, they are somewhat longer than normal , and a cord is run through the hem and drawn tight, creating a "ballooning" effect. To allow for the body required, more formal featured six panels rather than four. Technically, this cord around the ankle makes a type of (tied) . The earliest form of were cut like normal (albeit a bit longer) and have a cord running through the hem of each leg. These cords were pulled tight and tied off at the ankle. This was the form commonly worn during the Heian period. were worn by court nobles with various types of leisure or semi-formal wear.
(armored trousers) had small armor plates or mail armor sewn to the cloth of the . They were worn by samurai warriors.
Women's
Women's differ from men's in a variety of ways, most notably fabric design and method of tying.
While men's can be worn on both formal and informal occasions, women rarely wear , except at graduation ceremonies and for traditional Japanese sports such as kyūdō, some branches of aikido and kendo. Women do not wear at tea ceremony. The image of women in kimono and are culturally associated with school teachers. Just as university professors in Western countries don their academic caps and gowns when their students graduate, many female school teachers in Japan attend annual graduation ceremonies in traditional kimono with .
are worn by or shrine maidens who assist in maintenance and ceremonies. A 's uniform consists of a plain white kimono with a bright red , sometimes a red during formal ceremonies. This look stems from the attire worn by high-ranked aristocratic woman in the Heian era, as well as court performers such as .
While formal men's are made of striped fabric, women's formal are either a solid color or dyed with graduating hues. for young women are sometimes sparsely decorated with embroidered flowers such as cherry blossoms. Women typically wear just below the bust line, while men wear them at the waist.
Dress reform and scholastic use
have traditionally been worn as school wear. Before the advent of school uniforms in Japan, students wore everyday clothes, which included for men. In the Meiji period (1868-1912) and Taishō period (1912-1926), Western-style wear was adopted for school uniforms, initially for both male and female uniforms. However, at the time, Western women's dress was fairly cumbersome.
Utako Shimoda (1854-1936), a women's activist, educator and dress reformer, found traditional kimono to be too restrictive, preventing women and girls from moving and taking part in physical activities, harming their health. While Western dress was being adopted at the time, she also believed corsets to be restrictive and harmful to women's health. Shimoda had worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871-1879. She adapted the clothing worn by ladies-in-waiting at the Japanese imperial court to make a uniform for her Jissen Women's School. During the Meiji period and Taishō period, other women's schools also adopted the . It became standard wear for high schools in Japan, and is still worn for graduation ceremonies.
The image of women in is also culturally associated with school teachers. Just as university professors in Western countries don their academic caps and gowns when their students graduate, many female school teachers in Japan attend annual graduation ceremonies in traditional kimono with .
Tying
There are many ways for men to tie . First, the is tied in a special knot (an "under- knot") at the rear. Starting with the front, the ties are brought around the waist and crossed over the top of the knot of the . The ties are brought to the front and crossed below the waist, then tied at the back, under the knot of the . The is then tucked behind the , the is adjusted, and the rear ties brought to the front and tied in a variety of ways. The most formal method results in a knot that resembles two bow-ties in a cross shape.
The method of tying the ties is also different, with women's being tied in a simpler knot or a bow. As with men's , the front ties are first brought to the back, then to the front, then tied at the back in a knot. Then the back are brought around to the front. At this point, they may be tied with a bow at the left hip, just in front of the opening, with the ends of the ties at equal lengths. For more secure fastening, the ties may be wrapped once at center front, then tied inside at the back.
Folding
Like all types of traditional Japanese clothing, it is important to fold and store correctly to prevent damage and prolong the life of the garment, especially those made of silk. With this is particularly important, since have so many pleats which can easily lose their creases; re-creasing the pleats may require specialist attention in extreme cases.
are often considered particularly challenging to learn to fold properly, in part because of their pleats and in part because their long ties must be correctly smoothed and gathered before being tied in specific patterns.
Various martial arts traditions in which practitioners wear them have prescribed methods of folding the . This is often considered an important part of etiquette.
In some martial arts it is also an old tradition that the highest ranking student has the responsibility to fold the teacher's as a token of respect.
See also
Harem pants
Bloomers
References
Further reading
How to fold the Hakama, Southern California Naginata Federation.
How to tie a Hakama, Bu Jin Design Corporation.
How to wash a Hakama, Kendo America.
External links
Japanese clothing
Keikogi
Shinto religious clothing
Skirts
History of Asian clothing
Samurai clothing
Articles containing video clips
Japanese words and phrases | [
0.47552862763404846,
-0.15004335343837738,
-0.4440542757511139,
-0.030545471236109734,
-0.3724991977214813,
0.4697093963623047,
0.7252195477485657,
0.03523886576294899,
-0.02389741688966751,
-0.38298481702804565,
-0.34981685876846313,
0.4868473708629608,
-0.36291468143463135,
0.12352088838815689,
-0.46255823969841003,
0.07768187671899796,
0.09052684903144836,
0.36838412284851074,
-0.08131762593984604,
-0.10873600840568542,
-0.21999281644821167,
-0.8406434655189514,
-0.20798872411251068,
-0.6896233558654785,
0.9243912696838379,
-0.16050325334072113,
0.47451645135879517,
0.6866824626922607,
-0.03950465843081474,
-0.2207808941602707,
0.04228905215859413,
0.848604679107666,
0.3818148374557495,
-0.14884594082832336,
0.3269941806793213,
-0.2122555524110794,
0.295613169670105,
-0.33066433668136597,
-0.07513230293989182,
-0.3520207405090332,
-0.1731480062007904,
-0.21365109086036682,
0.4879474639892578,
0.6110085844993591,
-0.04695642367005348,
-0.6661819815635681,
-1.2665876150131226,
0.835748553276062,
-0.865929365158081,
0.03508146107196808,
-0.3768616020679474,
0.11918984353542328,
0.2318175882101059,
0.3242983818054199,
0.11107470840215683,
0.9836190938949585,
0.1861841231584549,
0.16627691686153412,
-0.2745371460914612,
-0.6339336633682251,
0.3584647476673126,
-0.21718624234199524,
0.6626619100570679,
-0.036263398826122284,
-0.0317576564848423,
0.3722291886806488,
-0.07978726923465729,
0.05601915717124939,
0.05972345173358917,
-0.6280393004417419,
0.5372730493545532,
0.06891674548387527,
-0.00031606515403836966,
0.19374814629554749,
-0.060100581496953964,
-0.5579541325569153,
-0.11510860174894333,
-0.25969839096069336,
-0.020119579508900642,
0.31163936853408813,
-0.41850948333740234,
-0.21375057101249695,
0.28826215863227844,
0.5276603698730469,
0.3661783039569855,
0.44845855236053467,
-0.5515508055686951,
-0.07810498774051666,
-0.300018846988678,
0.9365257620811462,
0.2775540351867676,
0.11634964495897293,
0.6133442521095276,
0.1210462749004364,
0.1182587668299675,
-0.04837684705853462,
-0.2986485958099365,
0.3158245384693146,
0.5887078046798706,
-0.31672587990760803,
-0.4039943218231201,
-0.1381862610578537,
0.22641320526599884,
-0.02019524946808815,
-0.903882622718811,
-0.38705766201019287,
0.034361831843853,
-0.032658468931913376,
0.02758164145052433,
-0.300584077835083,
-0.09466036409139633,
0.2259141355752945,
0.2961789667606354,
0.1423257738351822,
-0.11183362454175949,
0.7338724732398987,
0.012453715316951275,
0.3745596408843994,
-0.2881845235824585,
0.08572830259799957,
0.18843619525432587,
0.39547091722488403,
0.38059815764427185,
-0.05339871719479561,
0.17100507020950317,
-0.1503138691186905,
0.7496736645698547,
0.2328929454088211,
-0.34495413303375244,
-0.5321295261383057,
0.2957947254180908,
0.6845920085906982,
-0.38981765508651733,
0.24730254709720612,
-0.09209558367729187,
-0.6079296469688416,
0.2546912431716919,
0.3833342492580414,
0.8263874650001526,
0.3044837713241577,
-0.8971851468086243,
0.42121875286102295,
-0.9162483811378479,
-0.28623315691947937,
-0.1255161315202713,
0.026060624048113823,
-0.7065825462341309,
-0.49267444014549255,
-0.8924250602722168,
-0.28487297892570496,
-0.012641704641282558,
0.43002620339393616,
0.5496238470077515,
0.7896170616149902,
0.05809810385107994,
0.09865188598632812,
0.07286300510168076,
0.21708402037620544,
0.02830730378627777,
-0.29488322138786316,
-0.3158726394176483,
-0.06211595982313156,
-0.2898554801940918,
0.4056660830974579,
0.4039720594882965,
-0.00635205814614892,
0.27653250098228455,
0.7170349955558777,
-0.2638159990310669,
0.1667388677597046,
0.5973566770553589,
-0.47290563583374023,
-0.28530025482177734,
-0.22295500338077545,
0.18882878124713898,
0.11239692568778992,
0.08937735855579376,
0.062191110104322433,
0.5757075548171997,
0.10070198029279709,
-0.5494335293769836,
-0.09613273292779922,
0.17619436979293823,
-0.1996297538280487,
-0.13495123386383057,
0.3436487019062042,
-0.036875952035188675,
0.3417903780937195,
0.3473670482635498,
0.279607355594635,
-0.4043269157409668,
0.3380970060825348,
0.11266782134771347,
-0.3541311025619507,
0.4258298873901367,
0.5355224609375,
-0.2419290691614151,
0.7756608724594116,
0.005964004434645176,
0.30403631925582886,
0.4671834111213684,
0.32858049869537354,
0.20223544538021088,
-0.5714391469955444,
-0.40889331698417664,
0.39860013127326965,
-0.15727362036705017,
0.5288512110710144,
0.34973251819610596,
-0.24796047806739807,
0.4176872968673706,
0.14952784776687622,
0.4131847620010376,
-0.36063188314437866,
0.04808220639824867,
-0.05630985274910927,
-0.08497107774019241,
0.18754617869853973,
0.631118893623352,
-0.42591509222984314,
0.7540363669395447,
-0.18043851852416992,
-0.46882495284080505,
-0.0399174727499485,
0.05978468433022499,
0.8851165175437927,
0.5296907424926758,
-0.08551006764173508,
0.3981415629386902,
-0.7156094312667847,
0.17228470742702484,
-0.23860427737236023,
-0.20292414724826813,
-0.05799001082777977,
-0.6177858114242554,
-0.018315285444259644,
0.6912285089492798,
0.02481740154325962,
0.4425205886363983,
-0.513865053653717,
0.007296673487871885,
0.2700168490409851,
0.09716793149709702,
-0.2287779003381729,
0.4020873010158539,
-0.6055039763450623,
-0.15761803090572357,
0.48650094866752625,
-0.09365609288215637,
-0.41631168127059937,
0.03501235321164131,
0.2325342297554016,
0.3126879930496216,
0.1451282650232315,
0.3107145130634308,
-0.34714141488075256,
0.01239116583019495,
-0.04319004714488983,
-0.1796455830335617,
0.4070192277431488,
-0.3634520173072815,
-0.03608287125825882,
0.36915692687034607,
-0.41846123337745667,
-0.5389112234115601,
-0.4171518385410309,
0.5518442392349243,
-0.29524993896484375,
0.4581603407859802,
0.3805982768535614,
-0.004816425498574972,
-0.09742345660924911,
-0.3165152966976166,
-0.9046822786331177,
-0.13950926065444946,
-1.1160106658935547,
0.8827944397926331,
0.6680073142051697,
-0.5931013226509094,
-0.18694479763507843,
0.06181899458169937,
0.6380448341369629,
0.37665507197380066,
-0.5667769908905029,
-0.267117977142334,
-0.34918269515037537,
0.2401866763830185,
-0.49279218912124634,
-0.15730492770671844,
0.6868386268615723,
-0.12793397903442383,
0.5510688424110413,
-0.6637499928474426,
-0.5576134324073792,
-0.006550006568431854,
0.01188433077186346,
-0.4841684401035309,
0.39918455481529236,
0.12439468502998352,
-0.18874147534370422,
-0.5392232537269592,
-0.355779230594635,
0.2830789089202881,
0.260452538728714,
-0.2122267335653305,
0.37241747975349426,
-0.1557181477546692,
-0.40760454535484314,
-5.756911277770996,
-0.2315184623003006,
-0.029725536704063416,
-0.2657412588596344,
0.1172352060675621,
0.345452219247818,
0.6438323855400085,
0.02141849510371685,
0.8951015472412109,
-0.14557360112667084,
0.05188217759132385,
0.14902864396572113,
0.2326834350824356,
0.11785297840833664,
-0.5536624193191528,
0.14543797075748444,
-0.23400935530662537,
-0.006595139857381582,
0.15422232449054718,
-0.6403393745422363,
-0.6097704768180847,
-0.002059756778180599,
-0.02367117628455162,
0.7991847395896912,
-0.5966055393218994,
0.4151906669139862,
-0.8438433408737183,
-0.11563985049724579,
-0.4899955987930298,
-0.11807332932949066,
-0.23034551739692688,
-0.3371422588825226,
0.290240079164505,
-0.1772255152463913,
-0.4396449625492096,
0.039408523589372635,
0.027704918757081032,
-0.1034514382481575,
-0.40931999683380127,
-0.0534156933426857,
0.28776803612709045,
0.264282763004303,
-0.3545137643814087,
-0.13129428029060364,
0.5195356011390686,
-0.2962283492088318,
-0.24795399606227875,
-0.41231292486190796,
0.359390527009964,
0.2620704472064972,
0.5115585923194885,
-0.13584943115711212,
0.4461439847946167,
-0.15645068883895874,
0.3720153570175171,
0.40167295932769775,
0.4242171347141266,
0.5033048391342163,
0.16438917815685272,
-0.5787500739097595,
-0.12966610491275787,
-0.24281251430511475,
-0.1736810952425003,
-0.6280701756477356,
-0.06336657702922821,
-0.25241217017173767,
-0.09807410091161728,
0.38574284315109253,
0.48664090037345886,
0.5548803210258484,
-0.8649341464042664,
0.10284942388534546,
0.35992541909217834,
-0.778150737285614,
0.5939787030220032,
-0.28025004267692566,
0.23806698620319366,
-0.27180683612823486,
-0.04586195573210716,
-0.40876302123069763,
-0.39926809072494507,
-0.7185824513435364,
0.319268137216568,
-0.3985566198825836,
0.07128977030515671,
-0.5471809506416321,
0.31423652172088623,
-0.21038071811199188,
-0.18394415080547333,
0.45478159189224243,
1.1757639646530151,
0.11158017814159393,
-0.26271378993988037,
0.12962210178375244,
1.0883547067642212,
0.2938268482685089,
0.4546637535095215,
-0.12984998524188995,
0.39804548025131226,
-0.2962985336780548,
0.24225857853889465,
0.14011885225772858,
0.14362499117851257,
0.19060540199279785,
-0.18154463171958923,
0.0778777152299881,
-0.3889141082763672,
0.091291144490242,
1.4040279388427734,
0.15080492198467255,
0.11366042494773865,
-0.2487923949956894,
-0.11137997359037399,
-0.2102552056312561,
0.13949054479599,
0.4793025851249695,
0.265110045671463,
0.14864370226860046,
0.30992451310157776,
0.07715234160423279,
0.3739094138145447,
0.26121076941490173,
-0.9438361525535583,
-0.9119934439659119,
0.2710217237472534,
0.21605433523654938,
-0.17937548458576202,
0.07263149321079254,
-0.05093160644173622,
0.3159429728984833,
0.3345632255077362,
-0.30962803959846497,
-0.21899592876434326,
-0.3048975467681885,
0.321187824010849,
0.010873827151954174,
-0.6922327280044556,
-0.2236861139535904,
-0.3838352859020233,
-0.5850918889045715,
-0.06587282568216324,
-0.45629459619522095,
-0.07387599349021912,
0.42330726981163025,
-0.04337170720100403,
0.7544767260551453,
-0.48997190594673157,
-0.6915891170501709,
-0.23749655485153198,
0.21259687840938568,
0.3533494472503662,
-0.8235397934913635,
-0.25516313314437866,
-0.27967968583106995,
-0.2976095676422119,
0.18151713907718658,
0.021797487512230873,
0.559685468673706,
-0.34746530652046204,
0.03490939363837242,
-0.1126076877117157,
-0.4914259612560272,
-1.4685115814208984,
0.14760282635688782,
-0.47810667753219604,
-0.7069200873374939,
-0.2500115633010864,
0.11513572931289673,
-0.07233383506536484,
-0.18378591537475586,
-0.23272386193275452,
-0.12500815093517303,
-0.6337147355079651,
-0.1990821659564972,
0.17666521668434143,
0.4184889793395996,
0.384740948677063,
0.5740678906440735,
-0.13439860939979553,
-0.33106568455696106,
0.4609621465206146,
-0.016714638099074364,
0.27266159653663635,
-0.0031470488756895065,
0.04741987958550453,
-0.782761812210083,
-0.0018880930729210377,
-0.054816946387290955,
-0.5592505931854248,
0.32380491495132446,
0.31417110562324524,
-0.44331252574920654,
0.5970413088798523,
0.25049951672554016,
-0.7119729518890381,
-0.34669020771980286,
0.15686078369617462,
0.007608226500451565,
0.3437701165676117,
-0.22844380140304565,
-0.05016198754310608,
-0.027048291638493538,
-0.7550229430198669,
0.31107568740844727,
-0.3775458037853241,
-0.3931554853916168,
0.25863590836524963,
0.06066474691033363,
0.3901490569114685,
-0.7969058752059937,
-0.6617878675460815,
-0.3997552692890167,
0.28272899985313416,
0.06514502316713333,
-0.6133448481559753,
-0.3863663375377655,
-0.17105574905872345,
0.020860454067587852,
0.33111560344696045,
-0.5955538153648376,
0.502332329750061,
0.02854039892554283,
-0.36407819390296936,
-0.06881643086671829,
-0.0022044768556952477,
0.15458796918392181,
0.6201703548431396,
-0.5286494493484497,
0.0015618967590853572,
-0.8218968510627747,
0.3957812190055847,
-0.07485513389110565,
-0.43249812722206116,
0.13740941882133484,
0.12366530299186707,
-0.1519661843776703,
-0.13074052333831787,
-0.2903590500354767,
1.1235103607177734,
0.876579761505127,
0.3144676089286804,
0.7437618374824524,
-0.23557624220848083,
0.475350022315979,
-0.6539785861968994,
0.8403351902961731,
-0.4615573585033417,
-0.49528947472572327,
-0.3503180742263794,
0.6376383900642395,
-0.19101306796073914,
0.224387064576149,
-0.13351723551750183,
-0.18246540427207947,
0.5693600177764893,
-0.06902232766151428,
0.09235534816980362,
0.38283395767211914,
-0.4139396548271179,
0.05881164222955704,
0.06264615803956985,
0.16558408737182617,
0.06644760072231293,
-0.18354573845863342,
-0.49905821681022644,
0.31730422377586365,
-0.8364791870117188,
0.022855794057250023,
-0.06108317896723747,
-0.2029855102300644,
-0.1378648430109024,
0.10620420426130295,
0.45332473516464233,
0.3768070936203003,
0.5359753370285034,
0.026319807395339012,
-0.37252292037010193,
-0.10855207592248917,
-0.2574501037597656,
-0.03059166856110096,
-0.3675572872161865,
-0.21799734234809875,
0.21457190811634064,
0.22099310159683228,
0.4118170738220215,
-0.4293229281902313,
0.7127074599266052,
0.21818795800209045,
-0.6874174475669861,
-0.5023881793022156,
-0.4131724536418915,
0.3027794361114502,
0.13479094207286835,
-0.10578411817550659,
-0.27607908844947815,
0.022138778120279312,
0.6431905031204224,
-0.15119551122188568,
-0.48998191952705383,
0.29446300864219666,
-0.022245977073907852,
0.09532550722360611,
0.34972602128982544,
0.4217630922794342,
0.6541182994842529,
-0.08437225222587585,
-0.06898494064807892,
-0.6780446767807007,
-0.07981251925230026,
0.33973559737205505,
0.39039042592048645,
-0.2366969883441925,
0.28137558698654175,
0.42455577850341797,
-0.07577869296073914,
0.07790344208478928,
-0.346683144569397,
-0.4506477415561676,
0.4463653266429901,
0.012702840380370617,
0.4654531478881836,
-0.2692796587944031,
0.15059489011764526,
0.3743537962436676,
0.35200655460357666,
0.3353371024131775,
0.5331636071205139,
-0.16297586262226105,
-0.4975968897342682,
0.2788790762424469,
0.5581333637237549,
0.32754313945770264,
-0.007920626550912857,
-0.3067420721054077,
-0.05909062549471855,
-0.13442394137382507,
-0.14000259339809418,
-0.25962895154953003,
-0.0909997820854187,
0.37864434719085693,
0.9226363897323608,
-0.0659361258149147,
0.05814492329955101,
-0.27075621485710144,
0.5089969038963318,
-0.03212609142065048,
0.18110372126102448,
-0.5020239353179932,
0.28226324915885925,
-0.13963864743709564,
0.4398558437824249,
0.29628515243530273,
0.6395521759986877,
0.06523722410202026,
0.2378271371126175,
0.4039122462272644,
0.2777550220489502,
-0.4191100597381592,
-0.03466416150331497,
-0.297059029340744,
0.016580669209361076,
0.01143189612776041,
-0.3071155250072479,
-0.06408511847257614,
-0.05930250510573387,
0.049211665987968445,
-0.8126703500747681,
-0.6500934362411499,
-0.584420919418335,
0.2894458770751953,
-0.1406671106815338,
0.45461371541023254,
-0.41548359394073486,
0.3597298860549927,
0.17030733823776245,
0.1979854255914688,
0.09202772378921509,
0.4442501664161682,
0.24782156944274902,
0.021847357973456383,
-0.12609127163887024,
-0.05593611299991608,
-0.5271230340003967,
-0.4508030414581299,
-0.04559128358960152,
0.5165984630584717,
-0.402492493391037,
0.19809968769550323,
-0.5970708727836609,
-0.07697290927171707,
-0.4860297441482544,
-0.1696077585220337,
0.07709971070289612,
0.771540641784668,
-0.28183668851852417,
0.28124356269836426,
0.125852569937706,
0.6270832419395447,
-0.01849617063999176,
0.2757606506347656,
0.020270302891731262,
0.19341960549354553,
-0.5623183846473694,
0.32715904712677,
-0.9313599467277527,
0.07164372503757477,
-0.23927362263202667,
0.2640560567378998,
-0.047178540378808975,
-0.15870696306228638,
0.011835547164082527,
0.10598442703485489,
0.053233370184898376,
-0.08513060957193375,
0.06519424915313721,
-0.18885496258735657,
0.13759639859199524,
-0.08686014264822006,
0.2953648269176483,
-0.6775404214859009,
0.06282516568899155,
-0.4425905644893646,
0.0869099423289299,
0.4080870449542999,
-0.24352562427520752,
-0.24526824057102203,
0.42436903715133667,
-0.013057948090136051,
-0.3006759285926819,
0.5820901989936829,
-0.04372067376971245,
0.21830123662948608,
-0.5763397216796875,
-0.08100159466266632,
-0.007408021483570337,
0.08061198890209198,
-0.09083759039640427,
0.07995611429214478,
0.5536518692970276,
0.019519735127687454,
0.3709232211112976,
-0.7413395047187805,
-0.11031163483858109,
-0.06519867479801178,
-1.1442477703094482,
0.4347827732563019,
-0.140028178691864,
0.15209455788135529,
-0.41302943229675293,
-0.03903360664844513,
-0.35253793001174927,
-1.2351239919662476,
0.2035146951675415,
-0.10504251718521118,
-0.04013761505484581,
-0.4610086679458618,
0.6136140823364258,
-0.17677153646945953,
0.047587573528289795,
-0.3115333020687103
] |
224080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Cochrane%2C%2010th%20Earl%20of%20Dundonald | Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald | Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquess of Maranhão (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval flag officer of the Royal Navy, mercenary and Radical politician. He was a successful captain of the Napoleonic Wars, leading Napoleon to nickname him . He was successful in virtually all of his naval actions.
He was dismissed from the Royal Navy in 1814 after a controversial conviction for fraud on the Stock Exchange. He helped organise and lead the rebel navies of Chile and Brazil during their respective successful wars of independence through the 1820s. While in charge of the Chilean Navy, Cochrane also contributed to Peruvian independence through the Freedom Expedition of Perú. He was also hired to help the Greek Navy, but did not have much impact.
In 1832, he was pardoned by the Crown and reinstated in the Royal Navy with the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue. After several more promotions, he died in 1860 with the rank of Admiral of the Red, and the honorary title of Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.
His life and exploits inspired the naval fiction of 19th- and 20th-century novelists, particularly the fictional characters Horatio Hornblower and Patrick O'Brian's Jack Aubrey.
Family
Thomas Cochrane was born at Annsfield, near Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was the son of Archibald, Lord Cochrane (1748-1831), who later became, in October 1778, The 9th Earl of Dundonald, and his wife, Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter of Captain James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major John Roberton, 16th Laird of Earnock.
Thomas, Lord Cochrane, as he himself became in October 1778, had six brothers. Two served with distinction in the military: William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th Dragoons , who served under Sir John Moore in the Peninsular War and reached the rank of major; and Archibald Cochrane, who became a captain in the Navy.
Lord Cochrane was descended from lines of Scottish aristocracy and military service on both sides of his family. Through his uncle, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, the sixth son of The 8th Earl of Dundonald, Cochrane was cousin to his namesake, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Thomas John Cochrane (1789-1872). Sir Thomas J. Cochrane also had a naval career and was appointed as Governor of Newfoundland and later Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom. By 1793 the family fortune had been spent, and the family estate was sold to cover debts.
Early life
Lord Cochrane spent much of his early life in Culross, Fife, where his family had an estate.
Through the influence of his uncle Alexander Cochrane, he was listed as a member of the crew on the books of four Royal Navy ships starting when he was five years old. This common (though unlawful) practice called false muster was a means of acquiring the years of service required for promotion, if and when he joined the Navy. His father secured him a commission in the British Army at an early age, but Cochrane preferred the Navy. He joined it in 1793 upon the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Service in the Royal Navy
French Revolutionary wars
On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane joined the navy as a midshipman, spending his first months at Sheerness in the 28-gun sixth-rate frigate commanded by his uncle Captain Alexander Cochrane. He transferred to the 38-gun fifth rate , also under his uncle's command. While aboard Thetis, he visited Norway and next served on the North America Station. In 1795, he was appointed acting lieutenant. The following year on 27 May 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant after passing the examination. After several transfers in North America and a return home in 1798, he was assigned as 8th Lieutenant on Lord Keith's flagship in the Mediterranean.
During his service on Barfleur, Cochrane was court-martialled for showing disrespect to Philip Beaver, the ship's first lieutenant. The board reprimanded him for flippancy. This was the first public manifestation of a pattern of Cochrane being unable to get along with many of his superiors, subordinates, employers, and colleagues in several navies and Parliament, even those with whom he had much in common and who should have been natural allies. His behaviour led to a long enmity with Admiral of the Fleet The 1st Earl of St Vincent.
In February 1800, Cochrane commanded the prize crew taking the captured French vessel to the British base at Mahón. The ship was almost lost in a storm, with Cochrane and his brother Archibald going aloft in place of crew who were mostly ill. Cochrane was promoted to commander and took command of the brig sloop on 28 March 1800. Later that year, a Spanish warship disguised as a merchant ship almost captured him. He escaped by flying a Danish flag and fending off a boarding by claiming that his ship was plague-ridden. On another occasion, he was being chased by an enemy frigate and knew that it would follow him in the night by any glimmer of light from Speedy, so he placed a lantern on a barrel and let it float away. The enemy frigate followed the light and Speedy escaped.
In February 1801 at Malta, Cochrane got into an argument with a French Royalist officer at a fancy dress ball. He had come dressed as a common sailor, and the Royalist mistook him for one. This argument led to Cochrane's only duel. Cochrane wounded the French officer with a pistol shot and was himself unharmed.
One of his most notable exploits was the capture of the Spanish xebec frigate on 6 May 1801. El Gamo carried 32 guns and 319 men, compared with Speedys 14 guns and 54 men. Cochrane flew an American flag and approached so closely to El Gamo that her guns could not depress to fire on Speedys hull. The Spanish tried to board and take over the ship but, whenever they were about to board, Cochrane pulled away briefly and fired on the concentrated boarding parties with his ship's guns. Eventually, Cochrane boarded El Gamo and captured her, despite being outnumbered about six to one.
In Speedys 13-month cruise, Cochrane captured, burned, or drove ashore 53 ships before three French ships of the line under Admiral Charles-Alexandre Linois captured him on 3 July 1801. While Cochrane was held as a prisoner, Linois often asked him for advice. In his autobiography, Cochrane recounted how courteous and polite the French officer had been. A few days later, he was exchanged for the second captain of another French ship. On 8 August 1801, he was promoted to the rank of post-captain.
Napoleonic Wars
After the Peace of Amiens, Cochrane attended the University of Edinburgh. Upon the resumption of war in 1803, St Vincent assigned him in October 1803 to command the sixth-rate 22-gun . Cochrane alleged that the vessel handled poorly, colliding with Royal Navy ships on two occasions (Bloodhound and Abundance). In his autobiography, he compared Arab to a collier. He wrote that his first thoughts on seeing Arab being repaired at Plymouth were that she would "sail like a haystack". Despite this, he intercepted and boarded the American merchant ship Chatham. This created an international incident, as Britain was not at war with the United States. Arab and her commander were assigned to protect Britain's important whaling fleet beyond Orkney in the North Sea.
In 1804, Lord St Vincent stood aside for the incoming new government led by William Pitt the Younger, and The 1st Viscount Melville took office. In December of that year, Cochrane was appointed to command of the new 32-gun frigate . He undertook a series of notable exploits over the following eighteen months one of which was a cruise in the vicinity of the Azores. Here Pallas captured three Spanish merchant ships and a Spanish 14-gun privateer.
In August 1806, he took command of the 38-gun frigate , formerly the Spanish frigate Medea. One of his midshipmen was Frederick Marryat, who later wrote fictionalised accounts of his adventures with Cochrane.
In Imperieuse, Cochrane raided the Mediterranean coast of France during the continuing Napoleonic Wars. In 1808, Cochrane and a Spanish guerrilla force captured the fortress of Mongat, which straddled the road between Gerona and Barcelona. This delayed General Duhesme's French army for a month. On another raid, Cochrane copied code books from a signal station, leaving behind the originals so that the French would believe them uncompromised. When Imperieuse ran short of water, she sailed up the estuary of the Rhone to replenish. A French army marched into Catalonia and besieged Rosas, and Cochrane took part in the defence of the town. He occupied and defended Fort Trinidad (Castell de la Trinitat) for a number of weeks before the fall of the city forced him to leave; Cochrane was one of the last two men to quit the fort.
While captain of Speedy, Pallas, and Imperieuse, Cochrane became an effective practitioner of coastal warfare during the period. He attacked shore installations such as the Martello tower at Son Bou on Menorca, and he captured enemy ships in harbour by leading his men in boats in "cutting out" operations. He was a meticulous planner of every operation, which limited casualties among his men and maximised the chances of success.
In 1809, Cochrane commanded the attack by a flotilla of fire ships on Rochefort, as part of the Battle of the Basque Roads. The attack did considerable damage, but Cochrane blamed fleet commander Admiral Gambier for missing the opportunity to destroy the French fleet, accusations that resulted in the Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier. Cochrane claimed that, as a result of expressing his opinion publicly, the admiralty denied him the opportunity to serve afloat. But documentation shows that he was focussed on politics at this time and, indeed, refused a number of offers of command.
Political career
In June 1806, Lord Cochrane stood for the House of Commons on a ticket of parliamentary reform (a movement which later brought about the Reform Acts) for the potwalloper borough of Honiton in Devon. This was exactly the kind of borough which Cochrane proposed to abolish; votes were mostly sold to the highest bidder. Cochrane offered nothing and lost the election. In October 1806, he ran for Parliament in Honiton and won. Cochrane initially denied that he paid any bribes, but he revealed in a Parliamentary debate ten years later that he had paid ten guineas (£10 10s) per voter through Mr. Townshend, local headman and banker.
In May 1807, Cochrane was elected by Westminster in a more democratic election. He had campaigned for parliamentary reform, allied with such Radicals as William Cobbett, Sir Francis Burdett, and Henry Hunt. His outspoken criticism of the conduct of the war and the corruption in the navy made him powerful enemies in the government. His criticism of Admiral Gambier's conduct at the Battle of the Basque Roads was so severe that Gambier demanded a court-martial to clear his name. Cochrane made important enemies in the Admiralty during this period.
In 1810, Sir Francis Burdett, a member of parliament and political ally, had barricaded himself in his home at Piccadilly, London, resisting arrest by the House of Commons. Cochrane went to assist Burdett's defence of the house. His approach was similar to what he used in the navy and would have led to numerous deaths amongst the arresting officers and at least partial destruction of Burdett's house, along with much of Piccadilly. On realising what Cochrane planned, Burdett and his allies took steps to end the siege.
Cochrane was popular with the public but was unable to get along with his colleagues in the House of Commons or within the government. He usually had little success in promoting his causes. An exception was his successful confrontation of a prize court in 1814.
His conviction in the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814 resulted in Parliament expelling him on 5 July 1814. However, his constituents in the seat of Westminster re-elected him at the resulting by-election on 16 July. He held this seat until 1818. In 1818, Cochrane's last speech in Parliament advocated parliamentary reform.
In 1830, Cochrane initially expressed interest in running for Parliament but then declined. Lord Brougham's brother had decided to run for the seat, and Cochrane also thought that it would look bad for him to be publicly supporting a government from which he sought pardon for his fraud conviction.
In 1831, his father died and Cochrane became the 10th Earl of Dundonald. As such, he was no longer entitled to sit in the Commons.
While serving as the Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station, Cochrane became acquainted with geologist and physicist Abraham Gesner in Halifax. The pair planned a commercial venture that would supply Halifax with lamp oil and mine bitumen deposits in Trinidad and Albert Country, New Brunswick. By 1850, Cochrane had purchased all the land surrounding Trinidad's pitch lake in support of the endeavour. Ultimately, the enterprise did not come into fruition, and Cochrane returned to England after his term of service expired in April 1851.
Marriage and children
In 1812, Cochrane married Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barnes, a beautiful orphan who was about twenty years his junior. They met through Cochrane's cousin Nathaniel Day Cochrane. This was an elopement and a civil ceremony, due to the opposition of his wealthy uncle Basil Cochrane, who disinherited his nephew as a result. Cochrane called Katherine "Kate," "Kitty," or "Mouse" in letters to her; she often accompanied her husband on his extended campaigns in South America and Greece.
Cochrane and Katherine remarried in the Anglican Church in 1818, and in the Church of Scotland in 1825. They had six children:
Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Earl of Dundonald, b. 18 April 1814, m. Louisa Harriett McKinnon.
William Horatio Bernardo Cochrane, officer, 92nd Gordon Highlanders, b. 8 March 1818 m. Jacobina Frances Nicholson d. 6 February 1900.
Elizabeth Katharine Cochrane, died close to her first birthday.
Katharine Elizabeth Cochrane, d. 25 August 1869, m. John Willis Fleming.
Admiral Sir Arthur Auckland Leopold Pedro Cochrane KCB (Commander of ), b. 24 September 1824, d. 20 August 1905.
Captain Ernest Gray Lambton Cochrane RN (High Sheriff of Donegal) b. 4 June 1834, d. 2 February 1911 m. 1. Adelaide Blackall 2. Elizabeth Frances Maria Katherine Doherty.
The confusion of multiple ceremonies led to suspicions that Cochrane's first son Thomas Barnes Cochrane was illegitimate. Investigation of this delayed Thomas's accession to the Earldom of Dundonald on his father's death.
In 1823 Lady Cochrane sailed with her children to Valparaiso on to join her husband. On 13 June Sesostris stopped at Rio de Janeiro where she discovered that he was there, having in March taken command of the Brazilian Navy.
Great Stock Exchange Fraud
In February 1814, rumours began to circulate of Napoleon's death. The claims were seemingly confirmed by a man in a red staff officer's uniform identified as Colonel de Bourg, aide-de-camp to Lord Cathcart, the British ambassador to Russia. He arrived in Dover from France on 21 February bearing news that Napoleon had been captured and killed by Cossacks. Share prices rose sharply on the Stock Exchange in reaction to the news and the possibility of peace, particularly in volatile partly-paid government securities called Omniums, which increased from to 32. However, it soon became clear that the news of Napoleon's death was a hoax. The Stock Exchange established a sub-committee to investigate, and they discovered that six men had sold substantial amounts of Omnium stock during the boom in value. The committee assumed that all six were responsible for the hoax and subsequent fraud. Cochrane had disposed of his entire £139,000 holding in Omnium () – which he had only acquired a month before – and was named as one of the six conspirators, as were his uncle Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone and his stockbroker, Richard Butt. Within days, an anonymous informant told the committee that Colonel de Bourg was an imposter: he was a Prussian aristocrat named Charles Random de Berenger. He had also been seen entering Cochrane's house on the day of the hoax.
The accused were brought to trial in the Court of King's Bench, Guildhall on 8 June 1814. The trial was presided over by Lord Ellenborough, a High Tory and a notable enemy of the radicals, who had previously convicted and sentenced to prison radical politicians William Cobbett and Henry Hunt in politically motivated trials. The evidence against Cochrane was circumstantial and hinged on the nature of his share dealings, his contacts with the conspirators, and the colour of uniform which De Berenger had been wearing when they met in his house. Cochrane admitted that he was acquainted with De Berenger and that the man had visited his home on the day of the fraud, but insisted that he had arrived wearing a green sharpshooter's uniform rather than the red uniform worn by the person who claimed to be de Bourg. Cochrane said that De Berenger had visited to request passage to the United States aboard Cochrane's new command . Cochrane's servants agreed, in an affidavit created before the trial, that the collar of the uniform above De Berenger's greatcoat had been green. However, they admitted to Cochrane's solicitors that they thought the rest had been red. They were not called at trial to give evidence. The prosecution summoned as key witness hackney carriage driver William Crane, who swore that De Berenger was wearing a scarlet uniform when he delivered him to the house. Cochrane's defence also argued that he had given standing instructions to Butt that his Omnium shares were to be sold if the price rose by 1 per cent, and he would have made double profit if he waited until it reached its peak price.
On the second day of the trial, Lord Ellenborough began his summary of the evidence and drew attention to the matter of De Berenger's uniform; he concluded that witnesses had provided damning evidence. The jury retired to deliberate and returned a verdict of guilty against all the defendants two and a half hours later. Belatedly, Cochrane's defence team found several witnesses who were willing to testify that De Berenger had arrived wearing a green uniform, but Lord Ellenborough dismissed their evidence as inadmissible because two of the conspirators had fled the country upon hearing the guilty verdict. On 20 June 1814, Cochrane was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, fined £1,000, and ordered to stand in the pillory opposite the Royal Exchange for one hour. In subsequent weeks, he was dismissed from the Royal Navy by the Admiralty and expelled from Parliament following a motion in the House of Commons which was passed by 144 votes to 44. On the orders of the Prince Regent, Cochrane was humiliated by the loss of his appointment Knight of the Order of the Bath in a degradation ceremony at Westminster Abbey. His banner was taken down and physically kicked out of the chapel and down the outside steps. But, within a month, Cochrane was re-elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament for Westminster. Following a public outcry, his sentence to the pillory was rescinded for fears that it would lead to the outbreak of a riot.
The question of Cochrane's innocence or guilt created much debate at the time, and it has divided historians ever since. Subsequent reviews of the trial carried out by three Lord Chancellors during the course of the 19th century concluded that Cochrane should have been found not guilty on the basis of the evidence produced in court. Cochrane maintained his innocence for the rest of his life and campaigned tirelessly to restore his damaged reputation and to clear his name. He believed that the trial was politically motivated and that a "higher authority than the Stock Exchange" was responsible for his prosecution. A series of petitions put forward by Cochrane protesting his innocence were ignored until 1830. That year, King George IV (the former Prince Regent) died and was succeeded by William IV. He had served in the Royal Navy and was sympathetic to Cochrane's cause. Later that year, the Tory government fell and was replaced by a Whig government in which his friend Lord Brougham was appointed Lord Chancellor. Following a meeting of the Privy Council in May 1832, Cochrane was granted a pardon and restored to the Navy List with a promotion to rear-admiral. Support from friends in the government and the writings of popular naval authors such as Frederick Marryat and Maria Graham increased public sympathy for Cochrane's situation. Cochrane's knighthood was restored in May 1847 with the personal intervention of Queen Victoria, and he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. Only in 1860 was his banner returned to Westminster Abbey; it was the day before his funeral.
In 1876, his grandson received a payment of £40,000 from the British government (), based on the recommendations of a Parliamentary select committee, in compensation for Cochrane's conviction. The committee had concluded that his conviction was unjust.
Service with other navies
Chilean Navy
Lord Cochrane left the UK in official disgrace, but that did not end his naval career. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane and their two children, he reached Valparaíso on 28 November 1818.Chile was rapidly organising its new navy for its war of independence.
Cochrane became a Chilean citizen, on 11 December 1818 at the request of Chilean leader Bernardo O'Higgins. He was appointed Vice Admiral and took command of the Chilean Navy in Chile's war of independence against Spain. He was the first Vice Admiral of Chile. Cochrane reorganised the Chilean navy with British commanders, introducing British naval customs and, formally, English-speaking governance in their warships. He took command in the frigate and blockaded and raided the coasts of Peru, as he had those of France and Spain. On his own initiative, he organised and led the capture of Valdivia, despite only having 300 men and two ships to deploy against seven large forts. He failed in his attempt to capture the Chiloé Archipelago for Chile.
In 1820, O'Higgins ordered him to convoy the Liberation Army of General José de San Martín to Peru, blockade the coast, and support the campaign for independence. Later, forces under Cochrane's personal command cut out and captured the frigate , the most powerful Spanish ship in South America. All of this led to Peruvian independence, which O'Higgins considered indispensable to South America security. After, Cochrane's victories in all the Pacific of America were spectacular and important. The excitement was almost immediately marred by his accusations that he had been plotted against by subordinates and treated with contempt and denied adequate financial reward by his superiors. The evidence does not support these accusations, and the problem appeared to lie in Cochrane's own suspicious and uneasy personality.
Loose words from his wife Katy resulted in a rumour that Cochrane had made plans to free Napoleon from his exile on Saint Helena and make him ruler of a unified South American state. This could not have been true because Charles, the supposed envoy bearing the rumoured plans, had been killed two months before his reported "departure to Europe". Cochrane left the service of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822.
Chilean naval vessels named after Lord Cochrane
The Chilean Navy has named five ships Cochrane or Almirante Cochrane (Admiral Cochrane) in his honour:
The first, , was a battery ship that fought in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884).
The second Almirante Cochrane was a dreadnought battleship laid down in Britain in 1913. The Royal Navy acquired the unfinished ship in 1917, converting her into the aircraft carrier .
The third ship, , was a , the former , commissioned into the Chilean Navy in 1962 and scrapped in 1983.
The fourth ship, , was a , the former , which the Chilean Navy acquired in 1984 and decommissioned in 2006.
The fifth and current ship to bear the name, , is a Type 23 frigate, the former , which the Chilean Navy commissioned in 2006.
Imperial Brazilian Navy
Brazil was fighting its own war of independence against Portugal. In 1822, the southern provinces (except Montevideo, now in Uruguay) came under the control of the patriots led by the Prince Regent, later Emperor Pedro I. Portugal still controlled some important provincial capitals in the north, with major garrisons and naval bases such as Belém do Pará, Salvador da Bahia, and São Luís do Maranhão.
Lord Cochrane took command of the Imperial Brazilian Navy on 21 March 1823 as was appointed "First Admiral of the National and Imperial Navy" at the flagship Pedro I. He blockaded the Portuguese in Bahia, confronted them at the Battle of 4 May, and forced them to evacuate the province in a vast convoy of ships which Cochrane's men attacked as they crossed the Atlantic. Cochrane sailed to Maranhão (then spelled Maranham) on his own initiative and bluffed the garrison into surrender by claiming that a vast (and mythical) Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He sent subordinate Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to Belém do Pará to use the same bluff and extract a Portuguese surrender. As a result of Cochrane's efforts, Brazil became totally de facto independent and free of any Portuguese troops. On Cochrane's return to Rio de Janeiro in 1824, Emperor Pedro I rewarded the officer by granting him the non-hereditary title of Marquess of Maranhão (Marquês do Maranhão) in the Empire of Brazil. He was also awarded an accompanying coat of arms.
As in Chile and earlier occasions, Cochrane's joy at these successes was rapidly replaced by quarrels over pay and prize money, and an accusation that the Brazilian authorities were plotting against him.
In mid-1824, Cochrane sailed north with a squadron to assist the Brazilian army under General Francisco Lima e Silva in suppressing a republican rebellion in the state of Pernambuco which had begun to spread to Maranhão and other northern states. The rebellion was rapidly extinguished. Cochrane proceeded to Maranhão, where he took over the administration. He demanded the payment of prize money which he claimed he was owed as a result of the recapture of the province in 1823. He absconded with public money and sacked merchant ships anchored in São Luís do Maranhão. Defying orders to return to Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane transferred to a captured Brazilian frigate, left Brazil and returned to Britain where he arrived in late June 1825.
Greek Navy
In August 1825 Cochrane was hired by Greece to support its fight for independence from the Ottoman Empire, which had deployed an army raised in Egypt to suppress the Greek rebellion. He took an active role in the campaign between March 1827 and December 1828, but met with limited success. His subordinate Captain Hastings attacked Ottoman forces at the Gulf of Lepanto, which indirectly led to intervention by Great Britain, France, and Russia. They succeeded in destroying the Turko–Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino, and the war was ended under mediation of the Great Powers. He resigned his commission toward the end of the war and returned to Britain.
Return to Royal Navy
Lord Cochrane inherited his peerage following his father's death on 1 July 1831, becoming The 10th Earl of Dundonald. He was restored to the Royal Navy list on 2 May 1832 as a Rear-Admiral of the Blue. The full return of Lord Dundonald, as he was now, to Royal Navy service was delayed by his refusal to take a command until his knighthood had been restored, which took 15 years. He continued to receive promotions in the list of flag officers, as follows:
Rear-Admiral of the Blue on 2 May 1832
Rear-Admiral of the White on 10 January 1837
Rear-Admiral of the Red on 28 June 1838
Vice-Admiral of the Blue on 23 November 1841
Vice-Admiral of the White on 9 November 1846
Vice-Admiral of the Red on 3 January 1848
Admiral of the Blue on 21 March 1851
Admiral of the White on 2 April 1853
Admiral of the Red on 8 December 1857
On 22 May 1847, Queen Victoria reappointed him Knight of the Order of the Bath. He returned to the Royal Navy, serving as Commander-in-Chief of the North America and West Indies Station from 1848 to 1851. During the Crimean War, the government considered him for a command in the Baltic, but decided that there was too high a chance that Lord Dundonald would risk the fleet in a daring attack. On 6 November 1854, he was appointed to the honorary office of Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom, an office that he retained until his death.
In his final years, Lord Dundonald wrote his autobiography in collaboration with G.B. Earp. He twice had to undergo painful surgery for kidney stones in 1860 with his health deteriorating. He died during the second operation on 31 October 1860 in Kensington.
Dundonald was buried in Westminster Abbey where his grave is in the central part of the nave. Each year in May, representatives of the Chilean Navy hold a wreath-laying ceremony at his grave.
Innovations in technology
Convoys were guided by ships following the lamps of those ahead. In 1805, Lord Cochrane entered a Royal Navy competition for a superior convoy lamp. He believed that the judges were biased against him, so he re-entered the contest under another name and won the prize.
In 1806, Cochrane had a galley made to his specifications which he carried on board Pallas and used to attack the French coast. It had the advantage of mobility and flexibility.
In 1812, Lord Cochrane proposed attacking the French coast using a combination of bombardment ships, explosion ships, and "stink vessels" (gas warfare). A bombardment ship consisted of a strengthened old hulk filled with powder and shot and made to list to one side. It was anchored at night to face the enemy behind the harbour wall. When set off, it provided saturation bombardment of the harbour, which would be closely followed by landings of troops. He put the plans forward again before and during the Crimean War. The authorities, however, decided not to pursue his plans.
In 1818, Cochrane patented the tunnelling shield, together with engineer Marc Isambard Brunel, which Brunel and his son used in building the Thames Tunnel in 1825–43.
During 1851 - 1853, He filed in England a series of comprehensive patents covering the applications of natural asphalt. These patents were confined chiefly to the use of asphalt as a paving material, as a mastic, as a "hydraulic concrete" suitable for fashioning into water pipes and sewer mains and as an insulating material for electric wires.
Cochrane was an early supporter of steamships. He tried to take the steamship from Britain to Chile for use in the war of independence in the 1820s, but its construction took too long; it did not arrive until the war was ending. Rising Star was a 410-ton vessel adapted to a new design at Brent's Yard at the Greenland Dock at the Thames: twin funnels, a retractable paddle wheel, and driven by a 60-horsepower engine. Similarly, he suffered delays with construction of a steamship which he had hoped to put into use in the Greek War of Independence. In the 1830s, Lord Dundonald, as he now was, experimented with steam power, developing a rotary engine and a propeller. In 1851, Lord Dundonald received a patent on powering steamships with bitumen. He was conferred with Honorary Membership in the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1857.
Burial and memorial
Lord Dundonald was interred in Westminster Abbey in the floor of the nave directly before the choir. His epitaph, written by Sir Lyon Playfair, reads:
'Here rests in his 85th year Thomas Cochrane Tenth Earl of Dundonald of Paisley and of Ochiltree in the Peerage of Scotland Marquess of Marenham in the Empire of Brazil GCB and Admiral of the Fleet who by his confidence and genius his science and extraordinary daring inspired by his heroic exertion in the cause of freedom and his splended services alike to his own country, Greece, Brazil, Chile and Peru achieved a name illustrious throughout the world for courage, patriotism and chivalry. Born Dec 14 1775. Died Oct 31 1860'
Ancestry
Arms
Literary references
Influence on naval fiction
His career inspired a number of writers of nautical fiction. The first was Captain Frederick Marryat, who had served under him as a midshipman and published his first novel in 1829. In the 20th century, the figures and careers of Horatio Hornblower in the novels by C. S. Forester and of Jack Aubrey in the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels by Patrick O'Brian were in part modelled on his exploits.
Appearance in fiction
Lord Cochrane was first featured as a character in a novel in Arthur Conan Doyle's Rodney Stone (1896).
He also appeared in G. A. Henty's With Cochrane the Dauntless (1897).
The novel The Sea Lord (originally The Frigate Captain) by Showell Styles is about Lord Cochrane.
Cochrane is one of the main characters in the novel Sharpe's Devil by Bernard Cornwell, taking place in 1821 and portraying Cochrane's attack on the Chilean port of Valdivia.
Lord Cochrane is a minor character in Manuela by Gregory Kauffman, a novel about the South American revolutions.
The novel Flashman and the Seawolf, by Robert Brightwell, is based on Cochrane's early career aboard Speedy. His South American adventures, particularly his command of the Brazilian navy, are covered in a later book by the same author, Flashman and the Emperor.
In the alternate history series The Domination by S.M. Stirling, Lord Cochrane is featured leading the occupation of Cape Colony in South Africa.
Poetry
Cochrane inspired "Lord Cochrane de Chile", a 1967 collection of poems by Pablo Neruda which was set to music by Chilean composer Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt.
"Lord Cochranes maskine" (Lord Cochrane's Machine) is mentioned in the rather gruesome Danish children's song "En svensk konstabel fra Sverrig" ("A Swedish Constable from Sweden") as a monstrous and unspecified war machine. In fact it is a Swedish soldier that has blown himself up with a cannon.
See also
John Dundas Cochrane, his cousin.
Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane, his uncle.
Sir Thomas John Cochrane, Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom and Governor of Newfoundland, his cousin.
Notable Royal Navy Officers of the Napoleonic Wars
Notes
Cites
References
Further reading
Cochrane, Alexander, in collaboration with the 14th Earl of Dundonald, "The Fighting Cochranes: A Scottish Clan over six hundred years of naval and military history" 1983, Quiller Press, London,
Dale, Richard. "Napoleon is Dead: Lord Cochrane and the Great Stock Exchange Scandal" (2006) London: Sutton Pub., 256pp,
Davie, Donald. Poem entitled 'Lady Cochrane' in "Collected Poems 1971–1983". 1983, Manchester: Carcanet Press, and Mid Northumberland Arts Group . US edition 1983, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press,
Dundonald, Thomas. Cochrane, Earl of, 1775–1860. The Autobiography of a Seaman. Introduction by Richard Woodman.New York: Lyons Press, 2000.
Earnock and its Early Proprietors, nd Hamilton Advertiser, n.d. July 1874
Harvey, Robert. Cochrane: The Life and Exploits of a Fighting Captain. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2000.
Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810–1830". John Murray, London (2000).
Higgins, James (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
Lloyd, Christopher. Lord Cochrane. Seaman, Radical, Liberator. – A Life of Thomas Lord Cochrane 10th Earl of Dundonald. 1775–1860,
M'Gilchrist (aka McGilchrist), John. "The Life and Daring Exploits of Lord Dundonald". 1st Edition. London: James Blackwood, Paternoster Row. 1861.
Moises Enrique Rodriguez, Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America (1810–1825), (Lanham, Maryland, 2006).
Moises Enrique Rodriguez, Under the Flags of Freedom: British Mercenaries in the War of the Two Brothers, the First Carlist War, and the Greek War of Independence (1821–1840), (Lanham, Maryland, 2009).
Stephenson, Charles. "The Admiral's Secret Weapon: Lord Dundonald and the Origins of Chemical Warfare" (2006) Boydell press,
Thomas, Donald. Cochrane: Britannia's Sea Wolf. 2nd Edition 2001, Cassell Military Paperbacks, London, 383pp,
External links
BBC UK
Gazetteer for Scotland – Thomas Cochrane
Royal Navy – Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald 1775–1860
of the Brazilian Empire
Royal Navy admirals
10
1820s in Brazil
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Honiton
People from South Lanarkshire
Scottish admirals
Chilean admirals
19th-century Chilean Navy personnel
Chilean Navy personnel of the Spanish American wars of independence
Scottish Episcopalians
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy officers who were court-martialled
People of the Chilean War of Independence
British philhellenes in the Greek War of Independence
Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of
Brazilian admirals
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
Dundonald, E10
1775 births
1860 deaths
Recipients of British royal pardons
British politicians convicted of fraud
British duellists
Scottish fraudsters
Scottish politicians
British radicals
Scottish politicians convicted of crimes
Greek military leaders of the Greek War of Independence
British expatriates in Chile
Expelled members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Chilean independence activists
Thomas
Naturalized citizens of Chile | [
-0.7737290859222412,
0.042345162481069565,
-0.1857961118221283,
0.09784281253814697,
0.18964339792728424,
0.20234866440296173,
0.5305590629577637,
-0.38474857807159424,
-0.17397679388523102,
0.06732264161109924,
-0.4296097457408905,
0.7124417424201965,
-0.3998362123966217,
0.13488073647022247,
0.42807909846305847,
0.6584281921386719,
0.08231381326913834,
-0.18886657059192657,
0.18867610394954681,
-0.20808610320091248,
-0.24076345562934875,
0.08542030304670334,
0.12985774874687195,
0.3945426940917969,
0.3571215271949768,
-0.11390915513038635,
0.7938308119773865,
-0.008291829377412796,
-0.33028003573417664,
-0.23988930881023407,
0.4633876383304596,
0.5951420664787292,
-0.04049108549952507,
0.05824868381023407,
-0.6430334448814392,
-0.23788337409496307,
-0.5466925501823425,
-0.9624993205070496,
-0.12841100990772247,
0.06099380925297737,
-0.5757566690444946,
-0.011492638848721981,
0.3369923233985901,
-0.048883676528930664,
0.06934603303670883,
-0.30138522386550903,
-1.3080763816833496,
0.3999244272708893,
0.007125432137399912,
-0.07765814661979675,
0.2033747285604477,
0.5662229657173157,
0.5959025621414185,
-0.05059892311692238,
-0.5600920915603638,
0.17157183587551117,
-0.810627281665802,
0.06279664486646652,
0.04606885462999344,
-0.7589489817619324,
0.6268918514251709,
0.356214702129364,
0.6007809638977051,
0.363520085811615,
0.41945499181747437,
0.3005872666835785,
-0.17733663320541382,
0.15734799206256866,
-0.253917396068573,
0.06913060694932938,
0.4126569330692291,
0.25263625383377075,
0.2753036618232727,
0.7666022181510925,
0.03786448761820793,
0.24376578629016876,
0.16244781017303467,
0.3690578043460846,
0.037652697414159775,
0.3715030252933502,
0.03118784911930561,
-0.958702564239502,
0.5531454086303711,
0.07344244420528412,
-0.10844550281763077,
0.17040476202964783,
-0.08131527155637741,
0.7535810470581055,
-0.3804897964000702,
-0.2912578284740448,
0.004898063838481903,
-0.12503781914710999,
0.5537235140800476,
-0.08884657919406891,
-0.24372193217277527,
-0.07478916645050049,
0.24874287843704224,
-0.2935580015182495,
-0.5272154211997986,
-0.4355054497718811,
0.1858646124601364,
0.14230774343013763,
0.4208833575248718,
0.17707237601280212,
-0.9330652952194214,
0.39021536707878113,
-0.14283466339111328,
-0.5655561089515686,
-0.15302014350891113,
0.41942447423934937,
-0.5968208312988281,
0.23458924889564514,
-0.33011263608932495,
-0.34850701689720154,
0.14976054430007935,
-0.00993749126791954,
-0.02332286350429058,
-0.5564962029457092,
-0.26958563923835754,
-0.5168893337249756,
0.18608272075653076,
0.40283501148223877,
-0.3460606634616852,
0.4295582175254822,
-0.02881580777466297,
-0.23299294710159302,
0.5185691118240356,
-0.3604722023010254,
0.005517506040632725,
0.5461474657058716,
0.3894096612930298,
1.1807414293289185,
-0.5146533846855164,
-0.35976189374923706,
-0.758341908454895,
-0.32473528385162354,
0.02518812008202076,
0.12389205396175385,
0.24857401847839355,
0.12598901987075806,
-0.6199073195457458,
-0.3335128426551819,
-0.0375945046544075,
-0.25381413102149963,
0.38853541016578674,
-0.16361813247203827,
0.14188474416732788,
-0.09149152785539627,
-0.30621638894081116,
-0.42936086654663086,
-0.258858323097229,
-0.028944773599505424,
-0.17785094678401947,
-0.7049753069877625,
0.02182273007929325,
0.20464983582496643,
0.34205931425094604,
-0.1926562339067459,
0.5274308323860168,
0.24913142621517181,
-0.12948210537433624,
0.01349374558776617,
-0.26644474267959595,
-0.31031617522239685,
0.6100747585296631,
-0.4365532100200653,
0.00368618150241673,
0.11859168112277985,
-0.4444139897823334,
-0.13113676011562347,
-0.21289710700511932,
0.21292045712471008,
0.4844684898853302,
0.25649023056030273,
0.1864236444234848,
1.0702755451202393,
0.36948153376579285,
-0.2997598946094513,
0.5376664400100708,
-0.7892844080924988,
-0.6079688668251038,
0.04222037270665169,
0.19884566962718964,
-0.12923158705234528,
0.5436767339706421,
0.495890349149704,
0.07752764225006104,
-0.6077209711074829,
0.4809000790119171,
0.20959094166755676,
-0.06049973517656326,
-0.6024588346481323,
-0.3368105888366699,
-0.7326943874359131,
1.0732694864273071,
0.3261251747608185,
-0.6175159215927124,
0.144070103764534,
0.7225001454353333,
0.7029123902320862,
-0.21917028725147247,
0.42119258642196655,
0.42895957827568054,
0.08474434912204742,
-0.3205859959125519,
-0.10287605971097946,
-0.04864789918065071,
0.3161902129650116,
0.35274431109428406,
1.1624754667282104,
0.18498603999614716,
-0.42444902658462524,
-0.10023060441017151,
0.2670133411884308,
0.142213836312294,
-0.649864912033081,
-0.012076702900230885,
-0.38969945907592773,
0.02736677974462509,
0.20703691244125366,
-0.08125944435596466,
0.04367727413773537,
-0.10167661309242249,
1.1281623840332031,
0.0922582596540451,
0.8759973645210266,
0.2044443041086197,
0.5253351926803589,
-0.36025360226631165,
-1.0624258518218994,
-0.05998566746711731,
0.33780768513679504,
0.09057293832302094,
-0.4247938096523285,
0.33049169182777405,
-0.1760278046131134,
0.16372321546077728,
-0.023569338023662567,
-0.1435352861881256,
0.01176118478178978,
0.1406063288450241,
0.32045403122901917,
-0.279925674200058,
0.7826129794120789,
0.1853443831205368,
0.5873112082481384,
-0.4160788059234619,
-0.4090239405632019,
0.08805222809314728,
-0.42615431547164917,
0.42008504271507263,
0.7639082670211792,
0.2487015575170517,
-0.11195935308933258,
0.31325459480285645,
-0.48684000968933105,
0.1842370480298996,
0.3725201189517975,
-0.2791309952735901,
0.3857921361923218,
-0.22376759350299835,
0.33422619104385376,
-0.10259415209293365,
0.6325897574424744,
0.46859776973724365,
0.28026247024536133,
0.17361631989479065,
-0.05762637034058571,
0.2350928783416748,
0.22878888249397278,
-0.18904858827590942,
-0.5576102137565613,
-0.10488615930080414,
-0.14799998700618744,
0.31646716594696045,
-0.41176629066467285,
-0.4044044017791748,
0.7377868294715881,
-0.3460112512111664,
-0.9555540084838867,
0.04987601190805435,
0.6217743158340454,
-0.9174270629882812,
-0.1512816697359085,
-0.2840173542499542,
-0.058133505284786224,
-0.03363699093461037,
-0.10780128091573715,
0.41525474190711975,
0.19401317834854126,
-0.06366921216249466,
-0.2439371943473816,
0.04803339019417763,
0.4308719336986542,
-0.3707744777202606,
0.23190352320671082,
-0.33336782455444336,
-0.5198976397514343,
-0.0832267478108406,
-0.17342543601989746,
-0.8993417620658875,
0.34935352206230164,
-0.10359052568674088,
0.11308201402425766,
0.8199654221534729,
-0.005347208585590124,
0.1466939002275467,
0.2172406166791916,
-5.497018337249756,
0.16663800179958344,
0.026729388162493706,
-0.05387036129832268,
-0.16647778451442719,
0.16890285909175873,
0.35727712512016296,
-0.30219966173171997,
0.3157282769680023,
-0.23978905379772186,
0.5525505542755127,
0.07987555861473083,
0.08074413985013962,
-0.00977293774485588,
0.8058773279190063,
0.2373959720134735,
0.9482669234275818,
0.09959172457456589,
0.3190581798553467,
0.21626120805740356,
-0.22401213645935059,
0.5511348843574524,
-0.031235208734869957,
0.32508188486099243,
0.579901933670044,
0.6236013174057007,
0.44527313113212585,
-0.23629596829414368,
-0.7772040367126465,
-0.6738817095756531,
-0.3087136149406433,
0.6689913272857666,
-0.01808730512857437,
0.09540386497974396,
-0.08509444445371628,
-0.5040358901023865,
0.19257278740406036,
0.07661760598421097,
-0.18570375442504883,
0.3161701560020447,
-0.15529334545135498,
-0.18728569149971008,
-0.4767167270183563,
0.12590116262435913,
0.13255085051059723,
-0.5114390850067139,
-0.7224268913269043,
0.8525347709655762,
-0.02905111201107502,
0.19410432875156403,
-0.2401105910539627,
0.14807020127773285,
-0.20376981794834137,
0.0811234787106514,
-0.2322603017091751,
0.6058700084686279,
-0.06555953621864319,
-0.0455876886844635,
-0.5631222724914551,
0.17580683529376984,
0.7048785090446472,
-0.5221574306488037,
-0.06092701479792595,
0.6011941432952881,
0.19329850375652313,
0.1359502673149109,
0.09642096608877182,
-0.6542801856994629,
0.14919380843639374,
0.4467028081417084,
-0.3283129632472992,
1.0345304012298584,
-0.0031841499730944633,
-1.103969931602478,
-0.3570201098918915,
-0.3401954770088196,
-0.2577967643737793,
0.8092058897018433,
-0.053111106157302856,
-0.5627290606498718,
-0.3205302357673645,
-0.2922196686267853,
-0.16060923039913177,
0.7580446004867554,
-0.2960444986820221,
-0.5582215785980225,
-0.8446236848831177,
0.39610013365745544,
0.2406652271747589,
0.004913109354674816,
0.3871871531009674,
-0.39438262581825256,
-0.1009296253323555,
0.25981220602989197,
0.12733475863933563,
-0.3209686577320099,
-0.3900090456008911,
0.27636203169822693,
0.2398436963558197,
-0.06957283616065979,
-0.2515348792076111,
-0.1393307000398636,
-0.32313019037246704,
-0.1519646942615509,
0.14872553944587708,
-0.15507787466049194,
-0.0166525486856699,
0.3286408483982086,
0.21219952404499054,
0.03313550353050232,
0.17411325871944427,
-0.20456533133983612,
-0.28983378410339355,
-0.38063663244247437,
0.2973606586456299,
-0.13920292258262634,
0.46164670586586,
-0.16842472553253174,
0.7912910580635071,
0.12802545726299286,
-0.1279451698064804,
0.40793904662132263,
-0.700066328048706,
-0.013800653629004955,
-0.17640997469425201,
0.19487182796001434,
0.6470882296562195,
-0.4826410710811615,
-0.3877549469470978,
-0.06756767630577087,
0.4308456778526306,
0.1896175593137741,
-0.16140510141849518,
0.15084080398082733,
0.27255210280418396,
-0.886372447013855,
-0.312958300113678,
-0.573672890663147,
0.2855066955089569,
0.08662649244070053,
-0.5016180872917175,
-0.1564275473356247,
-0.31677260994911194,
0.323834091424942,
0.27674391865730286,
0.19303251802921295,
0.4790460765361786,
-0.07406911253929138,
0.19353815913200378,
0.9808008074760437,
-0.3590124547481537,
-0.41084885597229004,
0.8837034106254578,
-0.19230736792087555,
-0.4450426697731018,
-0.018454216420650482,
-0.35682711005210876,
0.2001359909772873,
-0.11857158690690994,
-0.2311268150806427,
-0.0005103155272081494,
0.45848894119262695,
-0.7958797216415405,
-0.62732994556427,
0.8006494045257568,
0.05111455172300339,
-0.6374753713607788,
-0.3382605016231537,
-0.36813730001449585,
0.5206475853919983,
0.14814119040966034,
-0.804105818271637,
-0.27707111835479736,
-0.40330344438552856,
0.03402252867817879,
-0.006522535812109709,
-0.22194300591945648,
0.3457033634185791,
-0.04395439103245735,
0.06278865784406662,
0.03701237589120865,
0.07358849048614502,
-0.43355751037597656,
0.4612451493740082,
0.7558810114860535,
-0.1411762684583664,
-0.6098669767379761,
-0.3647884726524353,
0.34964680671691895,
-0.08091407269239426,
-0.18217253684997559,
0.02426973171532154,
0.45970118045806885,
0.09543439000844955,
-0.5959016680717468,
0.13846167922019958,
0.16083547472953796,
0.23996834456920624,
0.07533200830221176,
-0.6968228220939636,
0.034979481250047684,
0.47551077604293823,
-0.28987234830856323,
-0.4657852053642273,
-0.24352943897247314,
-0.6046087741851807,
-0.0019120931392535567,
-0.2587449252605438,
-0.2136913686990738,
1.1486071348190308,
-0.15094320476055145,
-0.9118198752403259,
0.16861028969287872,
0.41187766194343567,
-0.29245659708976746,
0.23785263299942017,
-0.0035042641684412956,
-0.27238136529922485,
-0.13517549633979797,
-0.43537965416908264,
-1.0270062685012817,
-0.13181746006011963,
-0.3183645009994507,
-0.1911613792181015,
-0.4734583795070648,
-0.056597523391246796,
0.8604440689086914,
0.04099462181329727,
0.6851617097854614,
-0.25876834988594055,
-0.5915756821632385,
0.027191663160920143,
-0.39065027236938477,
0.5372896790504456,
-0.12048844993114471,
0.2254519760608673,
0.5642756819725037,
0.5902273058891296,
0.5343475937843323,
0.10771448165178299,
0.4959658682346344,
1.3067142963409424,
0.6243900060653687,
0.017546840012073517,
0.4779026210308075,
-0.09810049831867218,
-0.2128230780363083,
-0.6382392644882202,
-0.22195039689540863,
-0.05154486373066902,
0.2612696588039398,
-0.2674419581890106,
-0.6775699257850647,
-0.21676301956176758,
0.5256441235542297,
-0.6598629355430603,
0.18382848799228668,
0.29408612847328186,
-0.04658886417746544,
0.1383385807275772,
-0.39661383628845215,
0.5339545011520386,
-0.09661497920751572,
-0.25357556343078613,
0.09741830080747604,
-0.030966801568865776,
-0.5204734206199646,
0.003853773232549429,
0.3254842460155487,
-0.5014665722846985,
-0.39939767122268677,
-0.4405088722705841,
0.05587102472782135,
0.329336553812027,
-0.24054358899593353,
0.035531751811504364,
0.33193787932395935,
-0.6832940578460693,
1.0789169073104858,
-0.6930631399154663,
-1.1832737922668457,
-0.3104971945285797,
0.4487028121948242,
-0.627605140209198,
-0.28159862756729126,
-0.7628133296966553,
-0.3258947730064392,
-0.2862781882286072,
0.08533674478530884,
0.09953084588050842,
-0.44316691160202026,
-0.21261392533779144,
0.24773985147476196,
-0.3803166449069977,
0.05510033667087555,
-0.21773576736450195,
-0.4858305752277374,
0.4230676591396332,
-0.5445791482925415,
0.11891229450702667,
-0.22922727465629578,
0.7273320555686951,
0.41853347420692444,
-0.33422863483428955,
0.500464141368866,
0.14736415445804596,
0.23466698825359344,
-0.2561216652393341,
-0.32503509521484375,
-0.11499644815921783,
0.19938115775585175,
-0.3886151909828186,
-0.14634458720684052,
0.07020232081413269,
-0.6387950778007507,
-0.4032692015171051,
0.6634253263473511,
-0.6308649778366089,
0.130852609872818,
-0.2616925835609436,
-0.016348259523510933,
0.17943014204502106,
-0.19645704329013824,
-0.0722525417804718,
0.2411881387233734,
0.15908227860927582,
-0.4520181715488434,
0.2998870015144348,
0.4061298072338104,
0.7994992136955261,
-0.10569483786821365,
-0.12009496986865997,
-0.9644753336906433,
0.27174443006515503,
-0.7148128747940063,
0.3581084907054901,
0.6281314492225647,
-0.4666934609413147,
-0.07407283037900925,
0.3426569998264313,
0.41953083872795105,
0.7078201174736023,
-0.5006657242774963,
-0.37111541628837585,
-0.25307509303092957,
0.5767276287078857,
0.21320456266403198,
0.08291956037282944,
0.04206006973981857,
0.1799238622188568,
0.4035241901874542,
-0.046803150326013565,
0.326859712600708,
-0.6173906326293945,
0.043474748730659485,
0.2764846086502075,
0.24221619963645935,
-0.2171834409236908,
-0.3190307915210724,
0.0676601454615593,
-0.3526114821434021,
0.04280790314078331,
0.1924288421869278,
0.0848497822880745,
0.07400523126125336,
0.18891511857509613,
0.5466593503952026,
-0.1560390591621399,
0.9265874028205872,
0.10248692333698273,
-0.01244859304279089,
-0.40848180651664734,
-0.22509942948818207,
-0.5709510445594788,
0.0936160683631897,
-0.10589107125997543,
0.5603510737419128,
0.403517484664917,
-0.26525434851646423,
0.1835549920797348,
-0.8203447461128235,
0.45319628715515137,
-0.20693859457969666,
-0.25252699851989746,
0.34009411931037903,
0.16607052087783813,
-0.777863621711731,
0.11938287317752838,
-0.31834203004837036,
-0.35374921560287476,
0.6990764141082764,
-0.43371084332466125,
-0.7999032735824585,
0.47282159328460693,
-0.7760809063911438,
0.11844706535339355,
-0.23601597547531128,
0.9108648896217346,
0.7191751599311829,
-0.6647557020187378,
-0.41778895258903503,
0.31870630383491516,
-0.22013439238071442,
0.38728898763656616,
-0.2663184404373169,
0.5627973675727844,
-0.35402750968933105,
-0.10687316954135895,
-1.131366491317749,
0.14291293919086456,
-0.5079460740089417,
-0.002701094374060631,
-0.5525180101394653,
0.5156088471412659,
-0.408870130777359,
-0.017443589866161346,
0.5287328362464905,
-0.8573675751686096,
-0.4751329720020294,
-0.5915038585662842,
-0.01957746408879757,
-0.1945822536945343,
0.12186794728040695,
-0.24672412872314453,
0.2727893888950348,
-0.5160684585571289,
0.5158567428588867,
0.1623079925775528,
-0.44535553455352783,
0.42378664016723633,
-0.017190763726830482,
-0.13180114328861237,
-0.821460485458374,
-0.22156330943107605,
0.15015047788619995,
-0.34721019864082336,
0.6147533059120178,
0.6223004460334778,
0.08240973949432373,
0.21369388699531555,
0.27822232246398926,
-0.11706163734197617,
0.4546319544315338,
0.09590282291173935,
0.36736178398132324,
-0.31380733847618103,
0.03961462900042534,
0.007709850557148457,
-0.03932710364460945,
0.6610085964202881,
0.41546720266342163,
0.5966392159461975,
0.15458263456821442,
-1.0032786130905151,
0.4597860276699066,
-0.4651174247264862,
-0.24007567763328552,
-0.2666006088256836,
0.3790797293186188,
0.06917315721511841
] |
224084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishpat%20Ivri | Mishpat Ivri | Mishpat Ivri (Hebrew: משפט עברי, "Jewish/Hebrew law/jurisprudence") are the aspects of halakha ("traditional Jewish law") that are relevant to non-religious or secular law. In addition, the term refers to an academic approach to the Jewish legal tradition and a concomitant effort to apply that tradition to modern Israeli law.
Overview
The academic study of Mishpat Ivri spans the full geographic, literary, and historical range of halakha. It tends to exclude certain areas of halakha that are not comparable to modern civil law, such as criminal law and religious law.
Subjects covered in Mishpat Ivri include: property rights, torts (called damages in Jewish law), contracts, public law, international law, sales, renting, ownership, negligence, legal liability, and copyright.
Within classical rabbinic Judaism, all Mishpat Ivri subjects are also subsumed under halakha (Jewish law in general).
Scholars of Mishpat Ivri typically adopt methodologies based on legal positivism. Notably, Menachem Elon adopts a legal positivist approach in his extensive study (Elon 1994), which has been used to train Israeli law students at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. While useful for comparative law purposes, the legal positivist approach to Mishpat Ivri has been questioned by some scholars, such as Hanina Ben-Menahem and Bernard Jackson.
In the modern State of Israel, Mishpat Ivri has become one of the lesser ongoing sources for contemporary Israeli civil law, which developed along the model of British common law. (Israeli civil law was built primarily upon British and Ottoman law.) As an effort to promote Jewish law, the Mishpat Ivri movement has had relatively few gains, which include: (1) the Foundations of Law Act of 1980, allowing judicial reasoning to draw upon halakha, (2) the limited accretion of case law that refers to halakha, (3) occasional references to halakha in legislative deliberations, and (4) the placement of a Mishpat Ivri expert in the Attorney General's office, who has prepared bibliographies that document the references to halakha in Israel case law and legislation. The limited relevance of Mishpat Ivri to Israeli civil law may be contrasted with the dominant jurisdiction of rabbinic law courts in an Israeli marriage and divorce law.
See also
Courts in Israel
References
Further reading
Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles Menachem Elon, The Jewish Publication Society, 1994. four volume set, translated from Hebrew. .
Multi-Language Bibliography of Jewish Law. Prof. Nahum Rakover (in English). In print and online.
Jewish law: bibliography of sources and scholarship (in English.) Compiled by Weisbard, Phyllis Homan and David Schonberg. 1989.
An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law, ed. N. Hecht, B.S. Jackson, D. Piattelli, S.M. Passamaneck and A.M. Rabello, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1996, Pp.xvii + 466
Modern Research in Jewish Law, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1980. Jackson, B. ed.
David, Joseph E., "Beyond the Janus Face of Zionist Legalism: The Theo-Political Conditions of the Jewish Law Project" Ratio Juris, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 206-35, June 2005. http://ssrn.com/abstract=729044
Jewish Law in Legal History and the Modern World, Jackson, B. ed. Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1980.
Jewish Law Association Studies, volumes I (1985) -
The Jewish Law Annual, 1978-
Shenaton ha-Mishpat ha-Ivri. Jerusalem.
"Jewish law in the State of Israel" Sinclair, Daniel, in Hecht et al., eds. An introduction to the history and sources of Jewish law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
External links
The Jewish Legal Heritage Society
The Israel Matz Institute for Research in Jewish Law Faculty of Law Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israeli culture
Israeli law
Mishpat Ivri
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law | [
0.27933046221733093,
0.8828758597373962,
-0.46812066435813904,
-0.496554434299469,
-0.5665810704231262,
0.43987616896629333,
0.4419310688972473,
-0.42869850993156433,
0.25505855679512024,
-0.40254244208335876,
-0.3382137417793274,
0.3710431158542633,
0.12932315468788147,
0.3056407868862152,
-0.4259876608848572,
0.7073991894721985,
0.5897250175476074,
0.21842731535434723,
-0.03186566010117531,
-0.4084276258945465,
0.06408815830945969,
0.0834570825099945,
0.07176373898983002,
-0.02071485109627247,
0.2270781248807907,
-0.07394196838140488,
0.5390675663948059,
0.2712172269821167,
-0.42120590806007385,
-0.0702914148569107,
0.12473341822624207,
0.48998263478279114,
-0.0805438831448555,
-0.02071482315659523,
0.18784689903259277,
0.2462424635887146,
0.01201580185443163,
-0.19659796357154846,
0.26322421431541443,
-0.43922126293182373,
0.3648454546928406,
-0.4801081418991089,
0.16893044114112854,
-0.09738855808973312,
0.07231887429952621,
-0.7277206182479858,
-1.789574146270752,
0.5992454886436462,
-0.9126325249671936,
0.37015193700790405,
-0.22542977333068848,
0.19466467201709747,
0.09271733462810516,
0.17883405089378357,
-0.22748282551765442,
1.0603861808776855,
-0.6156272292137146,
-0.235202819108963,
0.7714647054672241,
0.1740267425775528,
0.6728236675262451,
0.16253232955932617,
0.42375126481056213,
0.055165790021419525,
0.4045080542564392,
-0.13964395225048065,
-0.5749325752258301,
0.47013020515441895,
-0.4019950032234192,
-0.2635383903980255,
-0.624640703201294,
0.02095935121178627,
-0.4586881101131439,
0.2476007491350174,
-0.34887585043907166,
-0.11748060584068298,
0.24690069258213043,
-0.03202539682388306,
-0.22568385303020477,
0.1305212676525116,
0.08482431620359421,
0.49546295404434204,
0.21981364488601685,
0.017683617770671844,
0.4697142541408539,
0.015474814921617508,
-0.7422696948051453,
0.009657091461122036,
0.09168141335248947,
-0.23806385695934296,
0.40218645334243774,
-0.10436926782131195,
0.06938601285219193,
0.14339905977249146,
-0.31216153502464294,
0.06123921647667885,
0.26952239871025085,
-0.0912918671965599,
-0.06083422154188156,
-0.01298463623970747,
-0.15592120587825775,
0.42227330803871155,
0.7521253824234009,
0.4051324725151062,
-0.56010901927948,
0.16899757087230682,
0.3992549479007721,
-1.003594160079956,
0.14755985140800476,
0.06697845458984375,
-0.6755011677742004,
0.4753928482532501,
0.07343791425228119,
-0.16039560735225677,
-0.25525492429733276,
0.13098415732383728,
0.20620813965797424,
-0.7813456058502197,
-0.4401589632034302,
0.5246802568435669,
-0.1440948098897934,
0.21182674169540405,
0.19393379986286163,
0.5499956011772156,
0.3614477217197418,
-0.41583961248397827,
0.5245370864868164,
0.6034960150718689,
-0.6475103497505188,
0.07979267090559006,
0.606302797794342,
0.46222931146621704,
0.3931375741958618,
0.04468877986073494,
-0.5946904420852661,
-0.12329251319169998,
0.26486387848854065,
-0.14601171016693115,
0.338316410779953,
-0.23096317052841187,
-1.020283818244934,
-0.8489718437194824,
-0.30865904688835144,
-0.4181465208530426,
0.2702004015445709,
-0.4796212911605835,
-0.10851048678159714,
0.007356172893196344,
-0.6824823021888733,
-0.6217907071113586,
0.2590183913707733,
-0.11021486669778824,
-0.002813418162986636,
0.019668234512209892,
0.3404011130332947,
0.456105500459671,
0.6050359606742859,
0.09126266092061996,
-0.024179939180612564,
0.2932397127151489,
-0.5908992886543274,
0.03987850621342659,
-0.4359106719493866,
-0.3425350487232208,
-0.1842193454504013,
-0.1942899525165558,
0.6140352487564087,
0.44256889820098877,
0.16672606766223907,
0.3865826427936554,
-0.5320404767990112,
-0.34482914209365845,
0.40112805366516113,
-0.5416733622550964,
-0.17962823808193207,
0.07757080346345901,
0.717544674873352,
0.2834477424621582,
0.7397763133049011,
-0.3246780335903168,
-0.5086223483085632,
0.15146303176879883,
0.060220833867788315,
0.06617356091737747,
-0.08071912080049515,
0.2889741063117981,
-0.09130626916885376,
-0.5167794227600098,
0.15363210439682007,
-0.10154455900192261,
-0.5485069155693054,
-0.39060699939727783,
0.32841044664382935,
-0.33702996373176575,
0.8831032514572144,
0.10435100644826889,
-0.3335319757461548,
1.4764806032180786,
-0.3428775370121002,
0.5153955817222595,
0.05875390022993088,
0.4012957513332367,
0.7907784581184387,
0.4046671390533447,
-0.5392629504203796,
0.5714145302772522,
-0.14100602269172668,
0.2073942869901657,
-0.4362975060939789,
0.04638846218585968,
0.7542687654495239,
-0.22453148663043976,
-0.07996001094579697,
-0.5925105810165405,
-0.49231481552124023,
0.17719310522079468,
-0.3393317461013794,
0.10639633983373642,
0.024071771651506424,
-0.06390903145074844,
0.5520970225334167,
-0.6575730443000793,
0.17849226295948029,
0.1347164511680603,
-0.286601185798645,
-0.23863396048545837,
0.07854321599006653,
0.5334864854812622,
0.035949140787124634,
-0.4868806302547455,
-0.26237794756889343,
-0.24679182469844818,
0.6167128086090088,
-0.4605151414871216,
-0.36974605917930603,
-0.36474868655204773,
-0.2035524696111679,
-0.06492453068494797,
1.2007683515548706,
0.03825690597295761,
0.18766704201698303,
0.0660562515258789,
-0.1608150154352188,
-0.37257999181747437,
0.2718166410923004,
-0.06237680837512016,
-0.7514629364013672,
0.22913098335266113,
-0.04513336718082428,
0.49743515253067017,
0.4621007442474365,
0.5959773659706116,
0.3474564850330353,
-0.4250076413154602,
0.08759567886590958,
0.11248741298913956,
0.011366681195795536,
0.2985158860683441,
0.8027766346931458,
-0.4243919253349304,
-0.40889909863471985,
0.5703147053718567,
0.6967415809631348,
-0.4224458932876587,
-0.07742233574390411,
-0.1049187108874321,
-0.14867635071277618,
-0.258699893951416,
-0.10718182474374771,
0.4889906644821167,
0.7254263758659363,
0.06318764388561249,
-0.4349803626537323,
0.3229660391807556,
-0.4576723575592041,
-0.6134273409843445,
0.5677425265312195,
0.19434010982513428,
-0.7975841760635376,
-0.3387165665626526,
0.05568474531173706,
0.09239792078733444,
0.4430350661277771,
-0.13358919322490692,
-0.330471009016037,
-0.030688773840665817,
0.1388232260942459,
-0.5901495814323425,
0.1536496877670288,
-0.2694815397262573,
0.08971677720546722,
0.6664201617240906,
-0.06041184812784195,
-0.5088409185409546,
0.6552419066429138,
0.5303072333335876,
-0.3877122700214386,
0.08385565131902695,
0.3932097554206848,
-0.5082950592041016,
0.07631271332502365,
0.37928342819213867,
0.0947851687669754,
0.10772749781608582,
-0.3507833778858185,
0.3944823145866394,
-0.49309343099594116,
0.8567906618118286,
-5.615805149078369,
-0.4549601376056671,
-0.8369295001029968,
0.010332479141652584,
0.133876234292984,
0.1742132604122162,
0.5447145104408264,
-0.5306790471076965,
0.10507813096046448,
-0.35359832644462585,
0.14231927692890167,
-0.06043313071131706,
0.36366695165634155,
0.6096092462539673,
0.28070664405822754,
0.36184993386268616,
0.14058227837085724,
-0.06827036291360855,
0.13396158814430237,
0.6766971945762634,
0.6702301502227783,
-0.2077740877866745,
-0.32550105452537537,
0.2758456766605377,
0.38215863704681396,
-0.24047322571277618,
-0.5989170670509338,
0.6522546410560608,
-0.7263153791427612,
-0.18743056058883667,
0.07580169290304184,
-0.4079509377479553,
-0.25975823402404785,
-0.35326531529426575,
-0.03428488224744797,
0.19401966035366058,
0.8577237725257874,
-0.34494900703430176,
0.2572736144065857,
0.3401862382888794,
-0.4040795862674713,
0.15680323541164398,
0.3153347074985504,
-0.21133287250995636,
0.07364821434020996,
-0.12343306094408035,
-0.5025385618209839,
0.0435747392475605,
-0.12203773856163025,
0.35365140438079834,
-0.11212153732776642,
0.02255081757903099,
-0.061720311641693115,
0.24822266399860382,
-0.15485219657421112,
-0.16165615618228912,
0.5041348338127136,
-0.0714195966720581,
-0.2715092599391937,
0.14470703899860382,
0.5184800624847412,
-1.0991313457489014,
0.1289510875940323,
-0.4116950035095215,
-0.2507484555244446,
-0.529945969581604,
-0.16473181545734406,
-0.6276537775993347,
0.4142310321331024,
0.3070215582847595,
-0.1600075662136078,
0.7266380190849304,
-0.375546932220459,
-1.0066258907318115,
0.044605888426303864,
-0.4981673061847687,
0.07646755129098892,
0.1181999072432518,
-0.08706176280975342,
0.26289352774620056,
0.24603846669197083,
-0.7506887912750244,
-0.7012888789176941,
0.24275830388069153,
-0.15836675465106964,
-0.1632530838251114,
0.20372183620929718,
0.35023871064186096,
-0.49678516387939453,
0.4249504506587982,
0.7318054437637329,
-0.6050851345062256,
0.3131832182407379,
0.3586568534374237,
0.04909246414899826,
0.5438979268074036,
0.2175183892250061,
-0.05231285095214844,
0.5132864117622375,
0.127752423286438,
-0.19372481107711792,
-0.3639894127845764,
0.4294548034667969,
-0.573684573173523,
-0.05563625693321228,
0.23656190931797028,
-0.6796014308929443,
0.6224781274795532,
0.9813976287841797,
-0.19817574322223663,
-0.7165812253952026,
0.25740712881088257,
0.3366713523864746,
-0.13366898894309998,
0.43290987610816956,
-0.1925424188375473,
0.054043762385845184,
0.3019181787967682,
0.10152294486761093,
0.6125632524490356,
-0.026837803423404694,
-0.08235990256071091,
-0.5097747445106506,
-0.19211331009864807,
-0.39381837844848633,
-0.2962580919265747,
-0.08497951924800873,
0.5498141050338745,
-0.376699298620224,
0.2524373233318329,
0.40161100029945374,
-0.009811751544475555,
-0.06908679753541946,
0.37494999170303345,
-0.287026047706604,
-0.034387193620204926,
0.12047232687473297,
-0.03980443626642227,
-0.14494243264198303,
-0.31135642528533936,
-0.18589948117733002,
-0.5070503950119019,
0.22946956753730774,
0.33589163422584534,
0.19892321527004242,
0.6398588418960571,
-0.10549645125865936,
-0.22758159041404724,
-0.9888138175010681,
0.5695415139198303,
0.2378646731376648,
-0.09819148480892181,
0.4315437376499176,
0.10219937562942505,
-0.15958182513713837,
-0.1107323169708252,
0.06639645993709564,
0.6572719812393188,
0.35248106718063354,
-0.46124184131622314,
0.11865264922380447,
-0.3329157531261444,
-0.8245809674263,
-0.7953742146492004,
-0.15916547179222107,
-0.18032845854759216,
-0.23783226311206818,
-0.05109930783510208,
-0.8078613877296448,
0.49514442682266235,
0.11266165226697922,
-0.3102472126483917,
-0.7169283628463745,
0.05647818744182587,
0.5777551531791687,
0.5888922214508057,
-0.10492616891860962,
0.25091221928596497,
-0.07803957909345627,
-0.03878975659608841,
0.04562443867325783,
-0.5382544994354248,
0.16409102082252502,
0.7465524077415466,
0.06400232762098312,
-0.7570405602455139,
0.32657480239868164,
-0.28815385699272156,
-0.7429925799369812,
-0.42004287242889404,
0.18904587626457214,
-0.3711830973625183,
0.6547440886497498,
-0.13691258430480957,
-0.022774619981646538,
-0.25907057523727417,
0.46234965324401855,
-0.16754285991191864,
-0.5932546257972717,
-0.3489876985549927,
0.7901582717895508,
0.6835048794746399,
-0.310119092464447,
0.3222915232181549,
-0.06658173352479935,
-0.7265449166297913,
0.023196788504719734,
-0.2984400689601898,
-0.48667484521865845,
0.32928022742271423,
0.11289956420660019,
-0.7348564863204956,
0.05245845019817352,
0.4180767834186554,
-0.8631045818328857,
-0.2811855673789978,
0.10240764170885086,
-0.09881089627742767,
-0.059702157974243164,
-0.3838452398777008,
0.45381787419319153,
-0.48047614097595215,
0.17922982573509216,
0.14293532073497772,
-0.6804285049438477,
0.13954181969165802,
-0.22471094131469727,
-0.6286788582801819,
0.5143141746520996,
-0.11628644168376923,
0.049880046397447586,
-0.16983972489833832,
0.2521723508834839,
0.3939264118671417,
-0.49980250000953674,
-0.23407910764217377,
-0.6156833171844482,
0.18336305022239685,
-0.19844481348991394,
0.36415427923202515,
0.1276361644268036,
0.6783677935600281,
0.12199447304010391,
-0.5129770636558533,
0.06918999552726746,
0.270496129989624,
0.45210984349250793,
-0.7390255331993103,
-0.8246028423309326,
0.7547160983085632,
0.0530664399266243,
-0.0685645192861557,
0.05814659222960472,
-0.3266828656196594,
0.6461141109466553,
-0.1290329098701477,
-0.10414659231901169,
-0.3155989348888397,
0.06938421726226807,
0.594444751739502,
-0.0880613699555397,
-0.6221609115600586,
-0.5063924789428711,
-0.08375322073698044,
-0.2517949938774109,
-0.13115032017230988,
-0.1360207051038742,
-0.21007364988327026,
0.245651975274086,
-0.5369696617126465,
-0.3969617187976837,
-0.7259877920150757,
0.4275982081890106,
0.31500446796417236,
0.21620219945907593,
-0.015406179241836071,
-0.27698615193367004,
-0.13174480199813843,
0.21667993068695068,
-0.17564670741558075,
-0.3904643654823303,
-0.3512636721134186,
0.050172049552202225,
0.04340077191591263,
0.07470089942216873,
-0.37514176964759827,
-0.08649416267871857,
1.0287755727767944,
-0.5735523104667664,
-0.030635371804237366,
-0.7756841778755188,
0.5049830675125122,
-0.5021479725837708,
0.711974561214447,
-0.23461364209651947,
-0.3979363441467285,
0.3024808466434479,
0.103878915309906,
-0.08315243571996689,
-0.49745017290115356,
-0.4450143873691559,
-0.04184575751423836,
0.40123239159584045,
-0.04390356317162514,
0.13567036390304565,
0.26414796710014343,
0.030005240812897682,
0.154433935880661,
0.12262702733278275,
0.19792073965072632,
0.09442339092493057,
0.10933759808540344,
0.6534848213195801,
0.3209422826766968,
-0.19571873545646667,
0.176599383354187,
0.2327456921339035,
-0.11349868774414062,
0.21674084663391113,
0.22623194754123688,
0.17900080978870392,
0.0011841602390632033,
0.9531144499778748,
-0.2936166822910309,
-0.4339933395385742,
0.1509665846824646,
0.12617342174053192,
-0.35165053606033325,
-0.23137295246124268,
0.4029521942138672,
0.7099351286888123,
0.2330903261899948,
-0.4836374819278717,
-0.20474761724472046,
0.12816940248012543,
-0.21176469326019287,
-0.4500141143798828,
-0.854101836681366,
0.07478017359972,
0.6951402425765991,
0.9118837714195251,
0.6561241745948792,
-0.2343921810388565,
-0.07764533907175064,
-0.025197291746735573,
0.3990148603916168,
0.244724303483963,
-0.22307772934436798,
0.15280544757843018,
0.2574364244937897,
-0.2036287784576416,
0.06525997072458267,
0.6997093558311462,
-0.17751871049404144,
-0.0958390012383461,
0.42666876316070557,
0.24205930531024933,
-0.33165818452835083,
-0.1527600884437561,
0.43926581740379333,
-0.013706735335290432,
0.1672857105731964,
-0.2571561336517334,
-0.5441858768463135,
-0.16282351315021515,
0.09077656269073486,
0.5713959336280823,
-0.9006244540214539,
-0.29454943537712097,
-0.13558676838874817,
-0.19947661459445953,
0.3978572487831116,
-0.7103896141052246,
0.5142490863800049,
0.663939893245697,
-0.1378316581249237,
0.9390275478363037,
0.4732082784175873,
0.08942194283008575,
0.5515574812889099,
0.6938904523849487,
-0.6729497313499451,
0.06653675436973572,
-0.8677963614463806,
-0.11204148828983307,
0.18531590700149536,
0.18012049794197083,
0.050998587161302567,
-0.43995630741119385,
-0.024186482653021812,
-1.0552551746368408,
-0.6202324628829956,
-0.11213334649801254,
0.4618912637233734,
-0.27750107645988464,
-0.004307657480239868,
-0.42420655488967896,
1.2411736249923706,
0.30568161606788635,
-0.16525423526763916,
-0.2798055112361908,
0.017927438020706177,
0.025057470425963402,
-0.06831322610378265,
-0.9675920605659485,
0.20028427243232727,
-0.23538385331630707,
0.04801378399133682,
-0.45976102352142334,
0.11223289370536804,
0.21212036907672882,
0.1881905198097229,
-0.07409566640853882,
0.1037919893860817,
-0.6016084551811218,
-0.09559229761362076,
0.7074024081230164,
-0.5030258297920227,
0.11957700550556183,
-0.32179397344589233,
-0.4368188679218292,
0.07549597322940826,
-0.35052451491355896,
0.169233039021492,
-0.3905557692050934,
-0.2909766435623169,
0.23578880727291107,
0.3273373544216156,
0.006798265967518091,
0.35813096165657043,
-0.39642903208732605,
-0.13661591708660126,
-0.31275320053100586,
0.33194446563720703,
0.32128551602363586,
0.32102274894714355,
0.28138792514801025,
0.6292471885681152,
0.6838821172714233,
-0.5762381553649902,
0.11913308501243591,
-0.5795162320137024,
-0.47740861773490906,
-0.15189413726329803,
0.05375520512461662,
0.6672075986862183,
-0.24459746479988098,
-0.27441221475601196,
0.06041114404797554,
0.5731285214424133,
0.04383089765906334,
-0.47501781582832336,
0.26017796993255615,
-0.40834543108940125,
0.09045883268117905,
-0.6318251490592957,
0.17650416493415833,
-0.364323228597641,
0.08632590621709824,
-0.13097478449344635
] |
224086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Howe%2C%201st%20Earl%20Howe | Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe | Admiral of the Fleet Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British naval officer. After serving throughout the War of the Austrian Succession, he gained a reputation for his role in amphibious operations against the French coast as part of Britain's policy of naval descents during the Seven Years' War. He also took part, as a naval captain, in the decisive British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759.
In North America, Howe is best known for his service during the American Revolutionary War, when he acted as a naval commander and a peace commissioner with the American rebels; he also conducted a successful relief during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in the later stages of the War.
Howe later commanded the victorious British fleet during the Glorious First of June in June 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Early career
Howe was born in Albemarle Street, London, the second son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe, who died as governor of Barbados in March 1735, and of Charlotte, a daughter of Baroness von Kielmansegg, afterwards Countess of Darlington, the half-sister of King George I.
After education at Eton College, Richard Howe entered the navy in the fourth-rate in July 1739. He then transferred to the fourth-rate , one of the squadron sent into the south seas with Admiral George Anson in 1740. Severn sailed to Cape Horn and then, after encountering storms, returned home in Spring 1742. Howe next served in the West Indies aboard the third-rate and was present when she was severely damaged in the unsuccessful attack on La Guaira in February 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession. He transferred to the third-rate , flagship of Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, Commander-in-Chief in the West Indies, in March 1743 and then to the fifth-rate in July 1743, before being promoted to midshipman on 8 October 1743 and returning to HMS Suffolk later that month. Promoted to lieutenant on 25 May 1744, he joined the bomb vessel and then transferred to the first-rate HMS Royal George, flagship of Admiral Edward Vernon, in August 1745.
Promoted to commander on 5 November 1745, Howe was commanding officer of the sloop in the North Sea during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was severely wounded in the head while cooperating with a frigate in an engagement with two French privateers. Promoted to post-captain on 10 April 1746, he was given command of the sixth-rate HMS Triton and took part in convoy duties off Lisbon. He transferred to the command of the fourth-rate HMS Ripon in Summer 1747 and sailed to the West Indies before becoming Flag Captain to Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica, in the third-rate in October 1748. He was given command of the fifth-rate off the coast of West Africa in March 1751 and then transferred to the command of the sixth-rate in the Mediterranean Fleet in June 1752.
Seven Years' War
In January 1755, Howe was given command of the fourth-rate HMS Dunkirk and was sent to North America as part of a squadron commanded by Admiral Edward Boscawen: his capture of the French Alcide was the first shot fired in the Seven Years' War. He was elected Member of Parliament for Dartmouth in May 1757 and became commanding officer of the third-rate HMS Magnanime in the Channel in July 1757. From then until the peace of 1763, he served in the Channel in various more or less futile expeditions against the French coast, gaining a reputation as a firm and skillful officer for his role in the series of naval descents on the French coast including the Raid on Rochefort in September 1757. Promoted to commodore, with his broad pennant in the third-rate HMS Essex, he took part in the Raid on St Malo in June 1758, the Battle of Saint Cast in September 1758 and the Raid on Cherbourg in August 1758. He was particularly noted for his conduct at Rochefort, where he had taken the Île-d'Aix, and was described by George Rodney as performing his duties "with such cool and steady resolution, as has most justly gained him the universal applause of army and navy".
After the death of his elder brother, killed near Ticonderoga on 6 July 1758, Howe became Viscount Howe in the Peerage of Ireland. On 20 November 1759, he led Admiral Edward Hawke's fleet at the Battle of Quiberon Bay where the British won a decisive victory, forestalling a Planned French invasion of Britain. He became Flag Captain to Rear-Admiral the Duke of York in the third-rate HMS Princess Amelia in June 1762.
Howe was appointed to the Board of Admiralty led by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich as Senior Naval Lord in April 1763. He became Treasurer of the Navy in 1765 and, having been promoted to rear admiral on 18 October 1770, went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet in November 1770. Promoted to vice admiral on 5 February 1776, he became Commander-in-Chief, North American Station later that month.
American Revolutionary War
At the beginning of the American War of Independence, Howe was known to be sympathetic to the colonists. He had known Benjamin Franklin since late 1774 and was joined in a commission with his brother, General Sir William Howe, head of the land forces, to attempt a reconciliation.
Blockade
Howe was ordered to institute a naval blockade of the American coastline, but this proved to be ineffective. Howe claimed to have too few ships to successfully accomplish this, particularly as a number had to be detached to support operations by the British Army. As a result, large amounts of covert French supplies and munitions were smuggled to America. It has been suggested that Howe's limited blockade at this point was driven by his sympathy with and desire for conciliation with the Americans. By 1778 the blockade was looking more promising, with many merchant ships being taken. Howe complained to London that while his ships were able to successfully guard the southern colonies, the blockade of the northern colonies was still ineffective.
New York and Philadelphia
The strategy of the British in North America was to deploy a combination of operations aimed at capturing major cities and a blockade of the coast. The British took Long Island in August 1776 and captured New York City in September 1776 in combined operations involving the army and the navy during the New York and New Jersey campaign. In 1777 Howe provided support to his brother's operation to capture Philadelphia, ferrying General Howe's army to a landing point from which they successfully marched and took the city. Howe spent much of the remainder of the year concentrating on capturing Forts Mifflin and Mercer which controlled entry to the Delaware River without which ships could not reach Philadelphia. News of the capture of a separate British army under General John Burgoyne threw British plans into disarray. Howe spent the winter in Newport, Rhode Island.
Return to England
In Summer 1778 a French squadron commanded by the Comte d'Estaing was sent to America. Howe's fleet was delayed departing New York by contrary winds, and he arrived off Point Judith on 9 August. Since d'Estaing's fleet outnumbered Howe's, the French admiral, fearful that Howe would be further reinforced and eventually gain a numerical advantage, reboarded the French troops, and sailed out to do battle with Howe on 10 August. As the two fleets prepared to battle and manoeuvred for position, the weather deteriorated, and a major storm broke out. Raging for two days, the storm scattered both fleets, severely damaging the French flagship. As the two fleets sought to regroup, individual ships encountered enemy ships, and there were several minor naval skirmishes; two French ships (including d'Estaing's flagship), already suffering storm damage, were badly mauled in these encounters. The French fleet regrouped off Delaware, and returned to Newport on 20 August, while the British fleet regrouped at New York.
Three of Howe's ships, the sixth-rate HMS Sphynx, the converted merchantman HMS Vigilant and the row galley HMS Spitfire Galley, bombarded the American troops during the Battle of Rhode Island on 29 August. Howe then chased the remaining ships of the French fleet to Boston in Massachusetts where they made repairs. With no prospect of the French fleet coming out of port, Howe left his station in September 1778.
Declining to serve afterwards, Howe cited distrust of Lord North and a lack of support during his command in America. He was further embittered by the replacement of himself and his brother as peace commissioners, as well as by attacks in the press against him by ministerial writers including the prominent American Loyalist Joseph Galloway. An inquiry in Parliament demanded by the Howe brothers to justify their conduct in America was held during 1779 but ended inconclusively. Howe spent much of the next three years with the opposition attacking the government's alleged mismanagement of the war at sea. The only exception was his support of a motion of thanks to Admiral George Rodney for his victory against the Spanish during the Moonlight Battle.
As Howe had joined the opposition in Parliament to North's government, it was clear that until it was replaced he would be unable to secure a fresh naval command. Despite the setback at Saratoga, and the entry of France, Spain and the Dutch Republic into the war, North's government continued to gain strength until October 1781 when a British army under Lord Cornwallis was forced to surrender to a combined Franco-American force at Yorktown. Although the government was able to continue for several more months its effective power had been sapped. In March 1782 the House of Commons passed a motion ending offensive actions against the American rebels, although the war around the rest of the globe continued with the same intensity. North's government then fell and was replaced by a weak coalition of Whigs led by the Marquess of Rockingham.
Command of the Channel Fleet
Not until the fall of Lord North's government in March 1782 did Howe once again accept a command. Despite the suspension of hostilities in America, the war in Europe continued with the same force and the Royal Navy was severely stretched in having to deal with the French, Spanish and Dutch fleets. Howe received instructions from Augustus Keppel, the new First Lord of the Admiralty to proceed to Portsmouth and take command of the Channel Fleet which he did in April 1782. Promoted to full admiral on 8 April 1782, he was created Viscount Howe in the Peerage of Great Britain on 20 April 1782.
Howe's task was complex. He had to protect inbound trade convoys from the Americas, keep track of the Franco-Spanish fleet, while also keeping an eye on the Dutch fleet at port in the Texel but reportedly ready to sail. He also had to keep in mind the need to attempt a relief of Gibraltar which had been under siege for several years and would be forced to surrender if it wasn't resupplied soon. Howe had to accomplish these tasks with significantly fewer ships than his combined opponents. Keppel observed the Royal Navy's best hope was to quickly shift their limited forces from one area of danger to another.
In May Howe took a number of ships to the Dutch coast to scout out Dutch preparations. If the Dutch made a sortie into the North Sea they would be able to threaten Britain's vital Baltic convoys, including precious naval stores which were needed for continuing the war. This in turn might lead the Dutch to launch attacks on the East coast of England. As the Dutch fleet appeared unlikely to immediately put to sea, Howe returned to Britain leaving a squadron of nine ships to keep a watch on the Texel. The French and Spanish fleets had sailed from Brest and Cádiz and combined in the Western Approaches, where they managed to capture some merchant ships. Howe put to sea to try and monitor them, and received information that a major trade convoy was incoming from the West Indies.
Howe had only 25 ships-of-the-line against 36 enemy ships under Admiral Córdoba and was separated by them from the convoy he was ordered to protect. He sent a message for the convoy to put into safety in ports in Ireland. Howe then took his fleet through a dangerous route, around the north side of the Isles of Scilly. This allowed him to get between the inbound convoy and the Franco-Spanish fleet as well as allowing him to gain the weather gauge which would be a major advantage in any battle. The next morning the Franco-Spanish fleet had disappeared. After waiting a while Howe decided to go in pursuit of them, later receiving news that the West Indian convoy had safely reached harbour in the English Channel. The Franco-Spanish fleet had been blown southwards by a strong gale, and then received orders in early August to return home.
Relief of Gibraltar
In September 1782, Howe carried out the relief of Gibraltar — a difficult operation, 46 French and Spanish ships-of-the-line against only 33 of his own. The exhausted state of the fleet made it impossible for Howe to fit his ships properly or supply them with good crews, and Howe's progress to Gibraltar was hampered by the need to escort a large convoy carrying stores. Howe successfully relieved Gibraltar and then fought an indecisive action at the Battle of Cape Spartel in October 1782 after which he was able to bring his fleet safely back to Britain, bringing an effective end to the naval campaign.
First Lord of the Admiralty
Howe became First Lord of the Admiralty in January 1783 during the Earl of Shelburne's ministry, resigning in April 1783 when the Duke of Portland came to power and being re-appointed in December 1783 under the Younger Pitt's first ministry. The task was often difficult, for he had to agree to extreme budgetary constraints and disappoint the hopes of many officers who were left unemployed by the peace. Nonetheless, during his time in office a number of new ships were built as part of a naval arms race with France and Spain. During his time at the Admiralty, Howe oversaw a number of innovations to signalling. Howe felt constantly undermined by Charles Middleton, the Comptroller of the Navy. Pitt often completely bypassed Howe on naval decisions and went directly to Middleton. By 1788 Howe grew tired of this and he resigned his post as First Lord despite efforts to persuade him to stay. To show their goodwill and approval of him, the government awarded Howe an Earldom on 22 July 1788.
Spanish Armament
In 1790 a dispute by Britain and Spain over the Nootka Sound on the Pacific coast of North America threatened to spark a war between the two states. Howe, as one of the most senior and experienced officers still serving, was offered command of the fleet in May 1790 and took up his post in Portsmouth in July 1790. Consisting of 35 ships-of-the-line the Channel Fleet put to sea and cruised for around a month to the west of Ushant before returning to port. The crisis was then settled peacefully by diplomats and Howe was able to return to his retirement on land. During a similar crisis with Russia in 1791 known as the Russian Armament Howe was not offered any command, probably because he was suffering from ill health.
French Revolutionary Wars
Following the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, Howe was again given command of the Channel Fleet in 1793. In command of a British fleet of twenty-two ships he defeated a fleet of twenty-five French ships, which had been escorting a grain convoy, capturing seven of the enemy ships, at the Glorious First of June in June 1794. For this victory he received the large Naval Gold Medal and chain. He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 12 March 1796.
Later career
In May 1797, Howe was called on to pacify Spithead mutineers: he spent twelve hours being rowed round the fleet and speaking to the men following which peace was restored. For this he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter on 2 June 1797. Howe died at his home at 11 Grafton Street in London on 5 August 1799 and was buried in his family vault at St Andrew's Church, Langar in Nottinghamshire. His monument by John Flaxman is in the south aisle at St Paul's Cathedral.
Places named after Howe include:
Cape Howe, on the New South Wales / Victoria border, Australia;
Torbay Head (the southernmost point of Western Australia), Torbay Inlet and Torbay, Western Australia, named after Lord Torbay (Lord Howe);
West Cape Howe, near Torbay, Western Australia;
Richard Island, in Torbay, Western Australia;
Lord Howe Island, off the east coast of Australia;
Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada; and
Howe Street, in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Family
On 10 March 1758 Howe married Mary Hartop; they had three daughters, the eldest of whom, Sophia Howe, suo jure Baroness Howe, married The Hon. Penn Assheton Curzon, son of Assheton Curzon, 1st Viscount Curzon and first wife Esther Hanmer, whose third but eldest surviving son Richard, who was created Earl Howe in 1821.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Endnotes:
Barrow, Sir John (1838). Life of Richard, Earl Howe, London.
Lady Bourchier (ed. 1873). Memoir of the Life of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington. London.
Laughton, J. K. (1899). From Howard to Nelson. London.
Chevalier, E. (1900). Histoire de la marine française. Paris.
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Lords of the Admiralty
Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Knights of the Garter
Earls in the Peerage of Great Britain
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
People educated at Westminster School, London
1726 births
1799 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dartmouth
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780
British MPs 1780–1784 | [
-0.8508709669113159,
-0.010895182378590107,
-0.47128912806510925,
-0.2407296597957611,
-0.12480928748846054,
0.8079324960708618,
0.18201729655265808,
-0.21632225811481476,
-0.2974931001663208,
-0.7817316055297852,
-0.18979975581169128,
0.03038758784532547,
-0.48316290974617004,
0.24925817549228668,
0.10844330489635468,
0.5648788213729858,
-0.21440868079662323,
-0.5757284760475159,
-0.12393099069595337,
-0.2697102427482605,
-0.16937075555324554,
0.3565993905067444,
0.09663917124271393,
-0.05912023410201073,
0.06762611120939255,
0.12765200436115265,
0.4309573769569397,
-0.42245039343833923,
0.08029389381408691,
-0.18127639591693878,
0.2248767614364624,
0.7082087993621826,
-0.01895923539996147,
-0.06924158334732056,
-0.6022701859474182,
-0.48205170035362244,
-0.669076681137085,
-0.30961811542510986,
-0.26945629715919495,
0.13005957007408142,
-0.5197542309761047,
-0.4030347466468811,
0.8134986162185669,
0.21130213141441345,
0.009762449190020561,
-0.19888392090797424,
-1.4039450883865356,
0.012613782659173012,
-0.09523386508226395,
-0.6670510172843933,
0.726558268070221,
0.24640953540802002,
0.5984954833984375,
0.2765064537525177,
-0.3830176889896393,
0.1494210809469223,
-0.6870362758636475,
-0.1006467267870903,
0.018654219806194305,
-0.22431506216526031,
0.4804689288139343,
0.4419934153556824,
0.3723379373550415,
0.09439028799533844,
0.23956283926963806,
-0.3440699875354767,
0.11747456341981888,
0.35546422004699707,
-0.37964025139808655,
0.006771919783204794,
0.26591965556144714,
-0.044545963406562805,
0.24358275532722473,
0.8461880683898926,
-0.3888697028160095,
-0.00003466205089353025,
0.29606661200523376,
0.2684037685394287,
0.44451525807380676,
0.016047624871134758,
0.5476449728012085,
-0.5821523666381836,
1.1449476480484009,
0.2815881371498108,
-0.5232653021812439,
0.3190488815307617,
-0.042088914662599564,
0.7572617530822754,
-0.7552498579025269,
0.22189690172672272,
-0.002632333431392908,
0.03320827707648277,
0.9820932745933533,
-0.06600899249315262,
-0.2900533676147461,
0.15135028958320618,
0.23214203119277954,
0.14361265301704407,
-0.19870097935199738,
-0.6353052854537964,
-0.33499646186828613,
0.1530863642692566,
0.6259055733680725,
0.47977423667907715,
-0.6651073694229126,
0.14321938157081604,
-0.027401156723499298,
-0.17085690796375275,
-0.3519516587257385,
0.11798658221960068,
-0.4384104609489441,
0.39152610301971436,
-0.5836270451545715,
0.13700173795223236,
0.07387010753154755,
0.2088475376367569,
0.25747188925743103,
-0.6401358842849731,
-0.752169132232666,
-0.8954949378967285,
0.24815461039543152,
0.729914128780365,
0.02406200021505356,
0.03660189360380173,
-0.0916113555431366,
0.173235684633255,
0.7256438136100769,
-0.22941158711910248,
-0.028646288439631462,
0.21146397292613983,
0.14227743446826935,
1.4800269603729248,
-1.0676366090774536,
-0.36297330260276794,
-0.33019402623176575,
-0.1003127470612526,
-0.41085922718048096,
0.12337739765644073,
-0.06788704544305801,
-0.029874403029680252,
-0.6148316860198975,
-0.42944976687431335,
-0.3822791874408722,
0.45268765091896057,
0.19853562116622925,
-0.019964460283517838,
0.2506411075592041,
-0.009189658798277378,
-0.47479841113090515,
0.37908244132995605,
-0.055528946220874786,
0.16072140634059906,
-0.4534897208213806,
-0.45879504084587097,
0.35380613803863525,
-0.2730221152305603,
0.8748098611831665,
-0.18879567086696625,
0.8224414587020874,
0.8356145620346069,
-0.27153587341308594,
-0.2823059558868408,
-0.23157663643360138,
-0.32780519127845764,
0.334184855222702,
-0.14438210427761078,
0.1432289332151413,
-0.27430805563926697,
-0.3652786910533905,
0.08403541147708893,
-0.508392333984375,
0.4223881661891937,
0.5277888774871826,
0.22124533355236053,
0.05468142032623291,
0.9477742910385132,
1.0890649557113647,
-0.023859413340687752,
0.7044588327407837,
-0.8320567607879639,
-0.7464911341667175,
-0.19168153405189514,
0.914359986782074,
-0.3212089240550995,
0.7422041893005371,
0.12577462196350098,
0.1404414176940918,
-0.10355471074581146,
0.38007885217666626,
-0.19834665954113007,
-0.18630854785442352,
-0.6196278929710388,
-0.2589551508426666,
-0.47043076157569885,
0.45899537205696106,
0.12650808691978455,
-0.91374272108078,
0.44111451506614685,
0.7646753787994385,
0.7445932626724243,
0.06333395838737488,
0.28248336911201477,
0.30402877926826477,
0.0670800507068634,
0.17906390130519867,
0.09153106063604355,
-0.13585667312145233,
-0.010851046070456505,
0.12173386663198471,
0.6202937364578247,
0.42140915989875793,
-0.5543394088745117,
0.26234444975852966,
0.5262402296066284,
0.37749019265174866,
-0.7417914271354675,
0.2917564809322357,
-0.2766251862049103,
-0.16455094516277313,
-0.5671974420547485,
0.44057217240333557,
0.23418597877025604,
-0.13009843230247498,
0.9046396613121033,
0.23955126106739044,
0.5576066374778748,
-0.5369988083839417,
0.08812659233808517,
-0.7497184872627258,
-0.7208362817764282,
-0.012159980833530426,
-0.08805578947067261,
-0.05235785245895386,
-0.1135048195719719,
0.40140286087989807,
-0.04132669419050217,
0.04282451793551445,
-0.07965706288814545,
0.11244072765111923,
0.02052203193306923,
0.21919509768486023,
-0.28952595591545105,
-0.49451300501823425,
0.7826554179191589,
0.10665309429168701,
0.5130568742752075,
-0.04195668548345566,
-0.40698128938674927,
-0.4018937945365906,
-0.7281580567359924,
-0.07377041131258011,
0.10218509286642075,
0.4186294972896576,
0.1460912972688675,
0.20113782584667206,
-0.465006947517395,
0.2211741805076599,
0.21366670727729797,
-0.22568026185035706,
0.5509732365608215,
-0.23176661133766174,
0.3155345916748047,
0.41197264194488525,
0.6509109735488892,
0.2729887366294861,
-0.24798326194286346,
0.4692226052284241,
-0.28381794691085815,
0.750967800617218,
-0.005279000848531723,
0.32109102606773376,
-0.40679097175598145,
-0.4628793001174927,
-0.5033066272735596,
0.49423524737358093,
-0.37361767888069153,
-0.27368342876434326,
0.708009660243988,
-0.38655418157577515,
-0.5684770941734314,
0.5760759711265564,
0.35367313027381897,
-1.007277250289917,
-0.2580649256706238,
0.07457603514194489,
-0.3347344696521759,
0.15277034044265747,
-0.03239280357956886,
-0.18700844049453735,
0.1372268795967102,
-0.3667607605457306,
-0.025736164301633835,
-0.02505943924188614,
-0.1837381273508072,
-0.23083236813545227,
0.6650180816650391,
-0.3085366189479828,
-0.6022438406944275,
-0.11155746877193451,
-0.22486181557178497,
-0.5376301407814026,
0.3637302815914154,
0.4050198197364807,
-0.019065288826823235,
0.12629975378513336,
-0.4132017195224762,
0.32624778151512146,
0.23881833255290985,
-5.277297019958496,
-0.18877172470092773,
0.22798195481300354,
0.008503222838044167,
-0.2601378858089447,
-0.060577794909477234,
0.15568497776985168,
-0.43343585729599,
0.2578781843185425,
-0.24017342925071716,
0.8311552405357361,
-0.025159742683172226,
0.1744999885559082,
0.2725735306739807,
0.6684141755104065,
0.6521056294441223,
1.1076852083206177,
-0.03596731647849083,
0.3677026033401489,
0.09728208929300308,
0.026455845683813095,
0.5221664905548096,
0.2634180188179016,
0.01430210005491972,
0.32224178314208984,
0.4104020893573761,
-0.11593761295080185,
0.08236456662416458,
-0.9267523884773254,
-0.5917404294013977,
0.2928907573223114,
0.623545229434967,
0.3702855408191681,
-0.04916195198893547,
-0.4526866674423218,
-0.6929470896720886,
0.09711885452270508,
0.6763248443603516,
-0.31233808398246765,
-0.20029588043689728,
0.1452007293701172,
-0.04695640504360199,
-1.0621821880340576,
-0.051243580877780914,
0.5347844958305359,
-0.561779797077179,
-0.5035172700881958,
0.9432944655418396,
0.3771550953388214,
0.12293251603841782,
-0.09917814284563065,
0.5562571883201599,
-0.2300369292497635,
-0.15377606451511383,
-0.4555429518222809,
0.3970538377761841,
-0.3682482838630676,
0.48909130692481995,
-0.22248898446559906,
0.31322839856147766,
0.7459947466850281,
-0.4150127172470093,
0.13542482256889343,
0.591110348701477,
0.3271305561065674,
-0.2685607671737671,
-0.0215712022036314,
-0.3005731403827667,
0.33186039328575134,
0.30366915464401245,
0.37922126054763794,
0.6283517479896545,
0.5128045082092285,
-0.7672412991523743,
-0.42923325300216675,
-0.7205308675765991,
0.012005029246211052,
0.2867662012577057,
0.04562434181571007,
-0.3691158890724182,
-0.39609742164611816,
-0.26496851444244385,
-0.4285338222980499,
0.8472506999969482,
0.08333621174097061,
-0.2801958918571472,
-0.5530117750167847,
0.39367303252220154,
-0.21138931810855865,
-0.0007268946501426399,
-0.009456895291805267,
-0.644111692905426,
-0.3122527301311493,
0.42682304978370667,
0.7267001271247864,
-0.7159665822982788,
-0.1865481734275818,
0.2646560072898865,
0.6963104605674744,
0.06413421779870987,
-0.4245753884315491,
0.016544081270694733,
-0.21788783371448517,
-0.4012475311756134,
0.7825259566307068,
-0.40610235929489136,
0.3954596519470215,
0.2846985161304474,
0.8464161157608032,
-0.20512576401233673,
0.3594696521759033,
0.13663913309574127,
-0.1706078201532364,
-0.6628314852714539,
0.16754810512065887,
-0.33852025866508484,
0.3732845187187195,
0.14654205739498138,
0.8884943723678589,
0.5120629072189331,
-0.4954219162464142,
0.4432365298271179,
-0.5815738439559937,
-0.2647656202316284,
-0.49447351694107056,
0.4604387879371643,
0.49291226267814636,
-0.5293785929679871,
-0.5704203844070435,
0.29890066385269165,
0.9516052603721619,
0.4768483340740204,
-0.4090346693992615,
0.26677945256233215,
0.36127692461013794,
-0.5023349523544312,
-0.045633718371391296,
-0.46687135100364685,
0.43438050150871277,
-0.07396300137042999,
-0.35479268431663513,
-0.30345702171325684,
-0.11951036751270294,
-0.009235384874045849,
0.3328495919704437,
0.10201471298933029,
0.28897038102149963,
-0.10744462162256241,
0.3922819495201111,
0.8897973299026489,
-0.5829329490661621,
-0.1968364715576172,
0.7305827736854553,
-0.28006547689437866,
-0.28068631887435913,
0.2416694313287735,
-0.35141733288764954,
-0.3899935781955719,
-0.5956791043281555,
-0.5969886183738708,
0.5231244564056396,
0.1961027830839157,
-0.2270033061504364,
-0.7100998163223267,
0.6135421991348267,
0.08891572803258896,
-0.9356576204299927,
-0.3792223632335663,
-0.34666091203689575,
0.32468387484550476,
0.17730769515037537,
-0.9003194570541382,
-0.14080588519573212,
-0.5967686176300049,
0.08562641590833664,
0.2629556655883789,
-0.37153035402297974,
0.5783424377441406,
-0.03444785624742508,
-0.42020899057388306,
0.37977808713912964,
0.2890135943889618,
-0.6042667627334595,
0.15080641210079193,
0.27220895886421204,
-0.27154937386512756,
-0.4934405982494354,
-0.33078733086586,
-0.1403607726097107,
-0.19755049049854279,
-0.6099197864532471,
-0.3118056356906891,
0.5366801619529724,
0.3986606001853943,
-0.10284381359815598,
0.140743687748909,
0.2624841332435608,
0.23927709460258484,
0.2521152198314667,
-0.541305661201477,
-0.0942489355802536,
0.7042621374130249,
-0.3702823519706726,
-0.19388602674007416,
-0.11996946483850479,
-0.6955093741416931,
0.07987080514431,
-0.46392157673835754,
0.17286795377731323,
0.7590891718864441,
-0.4381919801235199,
-0.9329209327697754,
0.11606816947460175,
0.3533760905265808,
-0.23991194367408752,
-0.04599675163626671,
-0.131866917014122,
0.0142793208360672,
0.36736932396888733,
-0.6792258024215698,
-0.502890408039093,
-0.07343867421150208,
-0.4345722198486328,
-0.10931396484375,
-0.5799323320388794,
-0.03313998878002167,
0.43410515785217285,
0.018396835774183273,
0.3764078617095947,
-0.44776472449302673,
-0.4208158552646637,
-0.02647276036441326,
-0.2448381930589676,
0.9386951923370361,
0.18418583273887634,
-0.15806818008422852,
0.6857187747955322,
0.1588914394378662,
0.16870200634002686,
0.24999739229679108,
0.670399010181427,
1.1911976337432861,
0.26551011204719543,
-0.2837878167629242,
0.5574003458023071,
-0.032525330781936646,
0.35696524381637573,
-0.23595231771469116,
-0.2226860374212265,
0.16525186598300934,
0.09922037273645401,
-0.8119344711303711,
-0.7822664380073547,
-0.4508030116558075,
0.5982365608215332,
-0.6953832507133484,
0.20955103635787964,
0.07108250260353088,
-0.28220635652542114,
-0.22179411351680756,
-0.20312489569187164,
0.33477193117141724,
-0.33562639355659485,
-0.1816084235906601,
0.29457855224609375,
0.18617625534534454,
-0.6732462644577026,
0.33640626072883606,
-0.10600722581148148,
-0.05528710409998894,
-0.3463726341724396,
-0.8304820656776428,
-0.7891762256622314,
0.14262843132019043,
-0.03865611553192139,
0.35820472240448,
0.628129243850708,
-0.49769461154937744,
1.1858609914779663,
-0.21564601361751556,
-1.0259602069854736,
0.0037982312496751547,
0.1996474415063858,
-1.1575446128845215,
-0.6628727912902832,
-1.0958831310272217,
-0.10308575630187988,
-0.13413557410240173,
0.07879114896059036,
0.23373347520828247,
-0.06656122952699661,
-0.23045973479747772,
-0.1630496084690094,
-0.42891576886177063,
0.17507317662239075,
0.12850333750247955,
-0.3068452477455139,
0.46246495842933655,
0.33031055331230164,
-0.09990516304969788,
-0.6353834867477417,
0.955312967300415,
0.3089781701564789,
-0.12154689431190491,
0.9439716339111328,
0.00014209901564754546,
-0.16239075362682343,
-0.11810397356748581,
-0.1705746352672577,
-0.051847413182258606,
-0.0003571544657461345,
-0.7665841579437256,
-0.060257986187934875,
0.36254507303237915,
-0.45025742053985596,
-0.3362162709236145,
0.623622715473175,
-0.27859771251678467,
0.13288289308547974,
-0.30704206228256226,
-0.2736338973045349,
-0.48165616393089294,
0.27707719802856445,
0.10684888809919357,
0.22278983891010284,
-0.08575433492660522,
-0.6201736330986023,
0.05830061808228493,
-0.10642712563276291,
0.6588250398635864,
-0.16502675414085388,
0.16412842273712158,
-1.0081180334091187,
0.6637499928474426,
-0.5737740993499756,
0.14404700696468353,
0.48800432682037354,
-0.420009970664978,
0.02772591821849346,
-0.1109684407711029,
0.7034292817115784,
0.9894795417785645,
-0.5829474329948425,
-0.19088420271873474,
-0.2393767386674881,
0.5923163294792175,
-0.02125183679163456,
0.5904151797294617,
-0.30783775448799133,
0.1864892691373825,
0.40761545300483704,
0.11837917566299438,
0.43262240290641785,
-0.8362507820129395,
0.343993604183197,
0.7526323795318604,
0.7169833183288574,
-0.2678670883178711,
-0.17778053879737854,
0.03472738340497017,
-0.11313013732433319,
-0.6266592741012573,
0.7395777702331543,
0.0993170365691185,
-0.13599438965320587,
0.2689749300479889,
0.14550189673900604,
-0.514041543006897,
0.45533105731010437,
-0.09713144600391388,
-0.12897488474845886,
-0.36459881067276,
0.04036765545606613,
-0.30644363164901733,
-0.2088649421930313,
0.4448929727077484,
0.018722176551818848,
-0.08176521211862564,
0.05091791972517967,
-0.33155596256256104,
-0.787102460861206,
-0.11134222149848938,
0.08427008986473083,
-0.658108115196228,
-0.004615549463778734,
0.1719813197851181,
-0.5938393473625183,
0.27941766381263733,
-0.2051582634449005,
0.0629192367196083,
0.480105459690094,
-0.22564037144184113,
-0.5636656880378723,
0.009081924334168434,
-0.6586717963218689,
-0.42426714301109314,
0.0889342874288559,
0.9098783135414124,
0.48638755083084106,
-0.14480672776699066,
-0.6288012862205505,
0.34597912430763245,
-0.2159016728401184,
0.23594023287296295,
0.12654215097427368,
0.577275276184082,
-0.17108090221881866,
-0.3622806668281555,
-1.3647117614746094,
0.17581996321678162,
-0.13436207175254822,
-0.17047728598117828,
-0.6803668737411499,
0.1817602664232254,
-0.2523285746574402,
0.00028571701841428876,
0.16976793110370636,
-0.7133427858352661,
-0.1944561004638672,
-0.20695708692073822,
0.10257861018180847,
0.2611972987651825,
0.009164994582533836,
-0.555118203163147,
-0.12996810674667358,
-0.17235566675662994,
0.3619452714920044,
0.007422353606671095,
-0.33360031247138977,
0.6926964521408081,
-0.36268335580825806,
0.007892532274127007,
-0.8631200790405273,
-0.16185124218463898,
-0.213541641831398,
-0.5788369178771973,
0.7556454539299011,
0.5899437069892883,
-0.2830025553703308,
-0.3439951241016388,
0.2464648187160492,
0.0077742054127156734,
0.16696614027023315,
0.5456734299659729,
0.37340396642684937,
-0.3871541917324066,
0.08719082176685333,
-0.22591669857501984,
0.045374367386102676,
0.9433870911598206,
0.5725191831588745,
0.577039361000061,
0.5296944975852966,
-0.4082539677619934,
0.6782159805297852,
-0.06865739822387695,
0.022465046495199203,
-0.5677932500839233,
0.3645777702331543,
0.23167607188224792
] |
224087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad%20Victoria | Ciudad Victoria | Ciudad Victoria () is the seat of the Municipality of Victoria, and the capital of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located in the northeast of Mexico at the foot of the Sierra Madre Oriental. It borders the municipality of Güémez to the north, Llera to the south, Casas Municipality to the east, and the municipality of Jaumave to the west. The city is located from Monterrey and from the US - Mexico border. Ciudad Victoria is named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
In 1825 Ciudad Victoria became the state capital. It is home to higher education institutions such as the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas and the Technological Institute of Ciudad Victoria. General Pedro José Méndez International Airport is located on the outskirts of the city. As a state bureaucratic centre, it is the seat of the three political powers and has sites of tourist and cultural interest.
Pre-foundation
The Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Francisco Güémez and Horcasitas on Saturday, September 3, 1746, founded a colony in the Seno Mexicano (West coast of the Gulf of Mexico), dismembering the New Kingdom of León. Two years later, on Wednesday December 25, 1748, José de Escandon and Helguera founded Villa de Llera, part of the Late Colonization of New Santander, named after Santander, the capital of Cantabria, Spain. Villa de Santa María del Agua de Agüayo was founded on October 6, 1750.
History
Villa de Santa María de Aguayo was named after the wife of the first Count of Revillagigedo Don Juan Francisco de Güémez y Horcasitas, named Doña Antonia Cepherina Pacheco de Padilla, a native of Aguayo, Province of Santander, Spain.
The settlement was founded by José de Escandon and Helguera, Count of Sierra Gorda, during his second campaign of the Pacification and Colonization Plan of the coast of the Mexican Seno, later called New Santander, today Tamaulipas. The Spanish settlement open to the plain to the East and surrounded to the west by the Sierra Madre Oriental, a strategic location that also received breezes from the north and east. The town was administered by Captain D. Juan de Astigárraga, who drew up and carried out the first irrigation works. His work led to an increase in agriculture and, subsequently, a rapid rise in population.
In religious matters, the settlement was under the command of a Franciscan named Antonio Javier de Aréchaga, who was also in charge of the mission of San Felipe, which was founded with 150 indigenous people. That Catholic mission progressed more than those previously founded, because in the lands that were designated, they were opened by local Native Americans.
Captain Astigárraga died three years after the Villa de Agüayo was founded, and Escandon then conferred the appointment of captain to replace him in the command, Don Miguel de Córdoba.
Under the administration of the new captain, the Villa de Agüayo continued to progress, and when its statistics were formed in 1757, the settlement had in its farmhouse and estates located in its demarcation more than 1000 inhabitants who had 8600 heads of cattle and horses, and 4100 of smaller cattle.
The noble and military of Belgian descent, José de Craywinckel, when he visited the settlement, proposed to the Viceroy the reactivation of the Olazarán mine, which was abandoned in the Boca de Caballeros, since this measure would tend to give the settlement greater impetus in its prosperity, creating new interests and attracting new neighbours by this means, it being possible to expect that Villa de Aguayo would soon become one of the main populations of the new colony.
The nobleman also proposed to the Viceroy at that time, to undertake a campaign against rebellious Native Americans of the Síghue, who had their rancherías by the ravines and valleys of the Sierra Madre and in defines of their land harassed the shepherds and estates of the demarcation of Aguayo, arriving in his raids to join with the Janambre people in the attacks they undertook against the nearby Spanish settlements of Jaumave and Llera.
By this date some masonry houses were begun to be built in Aguayo, the materials for the construction of a Catholic church were gathered and large sugarcane plantations were established in the surrounding lands. The neighbourhood of this town also carried out the salt trade that was going to be collected from the saltworks of San Fernando and la Marina, with the villages of the interior of Charcas and the southern part of the New Kingdom of León.
The Spanish settlement of Villa de Aguayo was distributed in perfect grid form, and in its second settlement a few leagues east of its foundation, changing by the constant claim of the Native American tribes of Janambres and Pisones. The settlement was from the beginning the geographical central node communicating with all the settlements of New Santander.
As was the Spanish provision, land was designated for the construction of the Catholic Church, the Public Square, the seat of the Captaincy of the Civil - Military and Trade Authority, spaces that over time are known as the Historical Centre, formerly known as Plaza "Hidalgo", "Plaza de Armas" or "Plaza de Catedral". The settlement was dispersed and composed of 58 families with 409 people.
The river that crossed the settlement is the so-called San Marcos, which has an irrigation ditch, whose abundance of water gave the population all the irrigation it needs for the subsistence of its inhabitants, irrigation of plots and other sowing of corn, fostering also the cultivation of the cane. The quality of the land was adequate for all fruits typical of the region and facilitated the breeding and conservation of livestock.
Its location was one of the most advantageous in favour of the Royal Treasury, both for being the first transit of the colony, and because its crops and livestock promise great movement, evidencing its growth at the beginning of its founding, which was 11 families.
Colonial period
Unlike the modes of settlement that were commonly raised during the vice-regal period in New Spain, which followed a missionary and presidial structure, the new populations designed by José de Escandon had marked differences in the cultural, social, political and economic spheres.
The new populations that Escandon developed in the territory that is now known as Tamaulipas, called in the eighteenth-century New Santander, are based on ideas that have as a reference a way of exercising control over the development of the city and the territory, through its economic production. The direct consequences of this form of urban design marked in New Spain the opening to a new way of consolidating a border territory.
José de Escandon y Helguera, developed cattle ranching extensively and in a limited way agriculture, since for the most part "temporary" was practiced, and commerce also developed. The colonized territory was integrated and populated up to the Rio Grande, configuring the map of what is now Tamaulipas.
In addition, Escandon proposed the strategic location arrangements between each new population, a day away, which would facilitate that in cases of reoccurrence of attacks by the natives, could support each other. These are the characteristics that made the colonization of the New Santander transcendent; Although the reality did not always reflect the initial spirit of colonization, the model developed by José de Escandon proposed a new form of territorial occupation that had not been seen until the 18th century in New Spain.
Post-colonial period
After the Mexican Independence, in the decade of 1820, New Santander is renamed with the name of "Tamaulipas", and the State Congress decrees on April 20, 1825, to elevate the Villa de Aguayo to the category of "City", seat of the Three Powers and Capital of the State, approving the name of Victoria, in honour of the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria. "The Capitality Decree, Title of City and Name" is published by mandate of the First Congress, signed and sealed by Enrique Camilo Suárez, Vice Governor of Tamaulipas.
In this Capital, the Governor of the State, Lucas Fernández, on May 4 issued a decree to reject the invasion by order of the Spanish monarchy. The attempt of reconquest by the Spanish vanguard army commanded by General Brigadier Isidro Barradas, was frustrated on September 11, 1829, in Tampico, Tamaulipas; At the head of the national forces were the Generals: Felipe de la Garza Cisneros, Manuel Mier and Terán and Antonio López de Santa Anna. Battle of Tampico (1863) was one of the few battles against a foreign intervention in Mexico where the invaders have surrendered against the Mexican forces.
In 1846, in the Mexican–American War, Ciudad Victoria was occupied on December 25 by troops from the United States of America and was liberated at the end of the war. In 1898, President Porfirio Díaz sponsored the operation of the urban animal-drawn railroad that ran down Hidalgo Street to the Train Station, and a branch to the Hacienda de Tamatán, properties of Colonel Manuel González Jr. and that same year the Paseo Méndez was founded, inspired by Parisian street Champs-Élysées.
20th century
The city began its industrial transformation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the administration of Guadalupe Mainero Juárez which attracted investments and improvements to the city.
On September 15, 1910, the monument to the Heroes of Independence was inaugurated, in the "Plaza Colón" in front of the railway station "La Recoletta". In 1917 he was shot in the wall of the Municipal Pantheon, General Alberto Carrera Torres, having been tried by an illegal War Council and buried in the French Pantheon, and in 1923 General César López de Lara took the governorship of the state of Tamaulipas.
The Victorense Casino AC, formerly known as the Social and Mutualist Centre of the City, was founded in 1929. The urban and architectural structure of the city is defined in its buildings, buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The creation of the Federal Highway 85 and other road works connect the capital with the Mexico–U.S. border and the centre of the country. In 1939 Eng. Marte R. Gómez inaugurated the Olympic-type Stadium that nowadays bears his name and where the team plays Correcaminos Football Club. In 1941 the "El Petaqueño" Airport, now called the "General Pedro José Méndez" International Airport, began operations.
In 1951 the new Government Palace was inaugurated, built in the building where the Old Theatre "Casino" or "Juárez" was, the new "Juárez" theatre was inaugurated in 1957; The government tower known as "Crystal Tower" exists in the capital since 1980.
21st century
The early morning of July 1, 2010, the city was hit by Hurricane Alex whose eye passed only a few kilometres between Ciudad Victoria, causing destruction in public lighting, billboards, traffic lights and an infinity of trees, as well as suspension of energy services electricity and drinking water for more than 24 hours.
In 2010, the Governmental Complex "Bicentennial Park" came into operation, which today concentrates most of the government apparatus of the state of Tamaulipas. In 2016, the restoration of the old Casa Filizola, now the Pinacoteca Tamaulipas and the main railway station of the capital, began.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms was created on December 18, 1971, at the initiative of Professor Vidal Martínez. The coat of arms has the following characteristics: On the side the map of the state that represents that Victoria is the capital, the balance, the sword and the parchment represent the three powers; the book symbolizes education and the torch the light of freedom, the date is the historical antecedent of the foundation, the landscape symbolizes the geographic environment of the region upon the arrival of the founders, henequen plants represent agricultural production.
Politics
The municipality was recognized as the official capital of the state of Tamaulipas, and named Ciudad Victoria in 1825, and the head of the municipality of Victoria is finally assigned the seat of the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers.
In state matter, the seat of the organisms and dependencies of the government of the state and the official residence of the governor of the state are in Ciudad Victoria. The current governor is Francisco Javier García Cabeza de Vaca, of the National Action Party, for the 2016-2022 administration.
The municipality is administered by the Ciudad Victoria City Council, comprised by the Municipal President, being the holder María del Pilar Gómez Leal, of the National Action Party as Substitute Municipal President of Victoria for the administration 2018-2021 since October 2, 2020.
It consists of two syndics, fourteen council members and delegates. Among the tasks of the municipal administration are: The Municipal Statistical Register, civil protection, health, alcoholic beverages regulations, drinking water services, drainage and sewerage, as well as public safety, traffic and roads.
According to the National Electoral Institute (INE) and the State Electoral Institute of Tamaulipas (IEETAM), the voter registry is: 252,852 inhabitants, belongs to the 15th electoral district of the state and fifth federally of the state of Tamaulipas.
Demography
Population
According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), in the Population and Housing Count conducted in 2010, Ciudad Victoria had until that year a population of 346,029 inhabitants of which: 164,801 are women and 157,152 are men. The municipality of Victoria concentrates 94.7% of the population in its municipal seat, the rest is considered rural and has experienced a growth rate of 2.04%.
In 2010, CONAPO estimated, based on INEGI, a level of marginalization of 36.7% as very low, 25% low level and from 1.3% to 0.3% with levels between high and very high marginalization.
According to the INEGI intercensal survey, in 2015, 52% of the population of Ciudad Victoria were women and the population density was 211 people per square kilometre.
Ciudad Victoria has one of the highest per capita murder rates in the world.
Religion
As for religion, 90% of its population declares itself Christian Catholic, while 5% Christian Protestants, 2% Jews, and 3% other religion or none being the most Catholic city of State. On December 12, various parties and events are held in the Sanctuary in honour of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the celebration includes dances of matachines, folk verbena and pyrotechnic games.
Education
Ciudad Victoria has a wide range of educational institutions, from preschool to graduate level. The level of illiteracy has dropped and the level of education at the top level is 3.7% of the population.
In the city there are 57 special education schools; basic education includes 46 pre-school schools, 168 pre-schools, 175 primary schools, 55 secondary schools; the upper middle level has 46 baccalaureates and 3 middle level professionals. There are 37 higher education institutions, including educational training centres such as ITACE and several special education schools.
The BPCE library "Marte R. Gómez" is the most well-known library in the centre of the city. The state capital has several libraries, among which are: The Adaberto J. Arguelles Municipal Public Library and Ernesto Higuera, the Public Library Tamaulipas Municipal Cultural Centre, the Municipal Public Library Youth Coexistence Centre 2, the Municipal Public Library of Ciudad Victoria, the Municipal Public Library FOVISSSTE-SEP, in addition to the Municipal Public Library Tamaulipas Regional History Museum and the Paul Harris Municipal Public Library.
Higher education
The city is the main headquarters of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT), founded in 1950, a public institution with more than 40,000 students in upper secondary, higher and postgraduate levels.
The Technological Institute of Ciudad Victoria (ITCV) was the first technological institution in the centre of the state, began its activities in 1975. It has more than 3,113 students, offers undergraduate, engineering and postgraduate careers.
La Salle Victoria University (ULSA) is a private Catholic institution with students in the upper and upper secondary levels; It covers fields of engineering, science and humanities, has a health campus and learning hospital.
In 2007, the Polytechnic University of Victoria (UPV) was inaugurated, part of the Technological and Polytechnic Universities of Mexico, located within the TECNOTAM Scientific and Technological Park. It offers engineering, postgraduate and distance education.
The Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV) of the National Polytechnic Institute has an Information Technology laboratory in its Tamaulipas unit, within the TECNOTAM Park.
Among the schools of teacher training has: The Benemérita Normalized Federalized School of Tamaulipas (BENFT), the Normal School of Tamaulipas (ESNT) and the Normal School of Educators (ENFE).
Other institutions of higher education are: The University of the Valley of Mexico (UVM), the Vizacaya University of the Americas, are universities in the private sector. There are also the Institute of Sciences and Higher Studies of Tamaulipas (ICEST), the National Pedagogical University (Mexico) (UPN), the University of North Tamaulipas (UNT), the Centre for University Studies (CEU).
The Miguel Aleman University is a private institution of superior and middle level that was established in the state capital in September 2005 after twenty-five years since its founding in 1981, of philanthropic and humanitarian principles offering university studies in accounting, economic areas, social, and educational.
Infrastructure and transport
There are 32 urban routes that circulate in the city and nearby ejidos in the surroundings, being mini-buses and buses the most used public transport, a taxi service, and school transport of the main universities, and The Pedro J. Méndez Airport, located at the outskirts of the city. Almost 59% of the urban roads have some type of paving, where the downtown sector of the city covers 95% of the roads.
The city has a bus station and terminals of several companies. The usual destinations of the bus station are Monterrey, Tampico, Altamira, North of Veracruz, Tamazunchale, Valles, Reynosa, Saltillo, Matamoros, Mante and Soto la Marina.
The main avenues and most of the traffic are Av. Alberto Carrera Torres, Francisco I. Madero Ave., Emilio Portes Gil Boulevard, Blvr. Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Rotaria, Av. Carlos Adrián Aviles, Calzada Gral. Luis Caballero, Práxedis Balboa Boulevard, as well as the road to Soto la Marina. The federal highways Mexico 81 and Mexico 80 connect with Altamira, Tampico and Madero. The city also has pedestrian bridges, six bridges for cars that cross the San Marcos River and a road hump to the west of the city.
There is an airport serving the city, Ciudad Victoria International Airport, which, as of 2021, was being served by Aeromar on the passenger airline side and Aeronaves TSM on the cargo airline side.
Local media
The city has telegraph offices (which provide banking services, collection of third parties, telegram services, money transfer services) and post offices to send and receive parcels, letters and postcards, these are operated by the Mexican Post Office.
In Ciudad Victoria, the analogue blackout was made on December 31, 2015. The open digital terrestrial television signals offered are: XHCTVI-DTT Imagen Television, XHCVT-DTT Azteca Trece and ADN 40, XHCVI-TDT Gala TV, HCDT- DTT Azteca 7, XHTK-DTT Las Estrellas, XHUT-TDT Channel 5 and XHVTU-TDT that includes the signals of Multimedia Television, Milenio Televisión, TeleRitmo and 52MX.
The AM and FM radio stations in the city include: XEVIC-AM and XHVIC-FM Radio Tamaulipas, owned by the State Government; XHUNI-FM Radio UAT, operated by the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas; XHLRS-FM La Caliente; XETAM-AM and FM KeBuena, XHHP-FM the hottest, XHGW-FM Image Radio, XHVIR-FM The Cotorra, XHRPV-FM The Victoria V, XHBJ-FM Exa FM.
The written or printed press is covered by some local and regional media such as: The Journal of Ciudad Victoria, which registered an average circulation of 14,270 daily copies in 2014. The “Mercurio” of Tamaulipas, a newspaper that sold an average circulation in 2014 of 19,615 daily copies and 21,286 copies.
Culture
Ciudad Victoria has several tourist spots such as museums, zoological parks, green and natural areas.
"Tamatán" Zoo
A zoo that has areas dedicated to the species of the animal world. With a variety of species and even educational talks, it is an important part of tourism in the capital, a zoo designed to encourage conservation and respect for nature. Organized in 5 regions, it presents the different species in open spaces. Surrounded by a naturalistic environment, with vegetation, rocks and waterfalls.
21st Century Cultural and Recreational Park
It has an area dedicated to games for children, a football field, several swimming pools. In this space is the Planetarium and the Tamux Museum, as well as the Botanical Garden and a green area known as the Urban Forest for walking and jogging.
Tamatán Recreational Park
The park offers various outdoor activities. A space of green areas and bodies of water, playgrounds and restaurant; located in lands of the ex-hacienda Tamatán.
Los Troncones Ecological Park
Located in the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, in the Ejido La Libertad, it is a tourist and ecological centre. It is a recreational park surrounded by vegetation with a stream, waterfalls and flora and fauna. It is equipped with grills, gardens and children's games.
Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal Planetarium
In 1992, the Planetarium of Ciudad Victoria was inaugurated, one of the scientific and technological spreading centres in the North and Northeast of the Federal Republic; projects documentaries and scientific talks to the public. He was assigned the name "Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal ", Tamaulipas scientist, from January 30, 1998.
Tamaulipas Cultural Centre
It is a cultural space that houses a public library, the Amalia G. de Castillo Ledon theatre, a cinema and several auditoriums for exhibitions and presentations of cultural and artistic activities such as dance, music presentations, sculpture, painting, literature and theatre.
Museum of Natural History of Tamaulipas TAMUX
The Museum of Natural History of Tamaulipas, also known as "TAMUX", began activities in February 2004, dedicated to scientific dissemination, nature, space and promoting culture in favour of biodiversity. When the museum was founded, the planetarium of Ciudad Victoria "Dr. Ramiro Iglesias Leal ", in operation since 1992, became part of it. The name of the museum, "TAMUX", is a Huastec word that means "meeting point". In addition to the thematic rooms, it has been the venue for the presentation of scientific conferences and videos; room for temporary exhibitions, for plastic and scientific exhibitions; and an open-air theatre (acoustic shell).
Regional Museum of History of Tamaulipas
The construction of the Former Vicentino Asylum, today Tamaulipas Regional Museum of History, was initiated at the end of the 19th century when Governor of the State of Tamaulipas Lic. Guadalupe Mainero, at the request of Mr. Filemón Fierro Terán, Third Bishop of the Diocese of Tamaulipas. As of February 12, 2003, this museum began operations offering visitors a sample of the state's cultural heritage. It has hosted many national and international exhibitions.
House of Art
The House of Art began its construction in 1911, where it was installed what was the Normal School for Teachers attached and kindergarten. In 1962 the Institute of Youth and Women was created, in 1974 it was called the Tamaulipas Institute of Fine Arts.
In 1980 it takes the name of Tamaulipas Institute for Culture and the Arts. In 2011, it became an administrative unit under the ITCA, providing courses and workshops for various cultural disciplines that allow students to develop artistic skills, promote and disseminate cultural activities in the community. Now the disciplines of music, dance, plastic arts and literature and theatre are taught.
Juarez Theatre
A theatre that houses the Institute of Historical Research under the administration of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas. It was inaugurated on January 5, 1957 by President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines as Governor Horacio Terán Zumaya. The building encloses a mural by the Tampico painter Alfonso Xavier Peña.
Tamaulipas International Festival
During the month of October, the state of Tamaulipas celebrates the Tamaulipas International Festival in each of its municipalities. In this festival musical and cultural events are held, such as concerts by artists such as: opera, plays, etc.
Cultural events
The city has a family and cultural space called Libre 17, which corresponds to the closing on Sundays of Avenida Francisco I. Madero street in the centre of the city, where local families and tourists can walk on foot, bicycle, and witness musical and cultural events.
Bicentennial Park
The park is an area that concentrates the offices of the government of the state, the fairground that consists of the land of the fair, the centre of spectacles and the Polyforum.
Tamaulipas Fair
It is a cultural event held annually in the capital, where in addition to the classic mechanical games, it has the presence of stands of all municipalities of the state of Tamaulipas, exhibiting their culture and cuisine and usually have a state of the federation guest; It has events such as concerts held by national artists.
The centre of spectacles that is inside the fairground of the Bicentennial Park, was inaugurated on November 14, 2008. And there have been several artists, bands and national groups.
Polyforum Dr Rodolfo Torre Cantu
It is a convention centre that was originally called "Polyforum Victoria", and it is in the Bicentennial Park and was inaugurated in December 2009; its interior can be divided into several independent rooms and has the capacity to comfortably accommodate 5,000 people with 12 250m² of construction with a main hall of 5000m².
Public services
Drinking water and drainage
The Municipal Commission for Drinking Water and Sewerage of Ciudad Victoria (COMAPA), is a public body of the Municipal Administration that provides services to the city; among its attributions are those of: planning, programming, studying, projecting, budgeting, constructing, rehabilitating, expanding, operating, managing, conserving and improving potable water and sewage systems, as well as the treatment of wastewater and the rejection of According to COMAPA, there is 90.90% of domestic use (residential houses and residential areas), 7.32% of commercial use (businesses and self-service stores), 1.38% of public use (green areas, plazas, etc.) and a 0.40% for industrial use, with an installed treatment capacity of 1,100 litres per second, and an annual treatment volume of 25, 179, 604 cubic meters.
Electric infrastructure
The state capital has 97.50% of its population with access to electricity, being almost on par with the national average in the area. The street lighting network comprises a total of 29, 100 luminaries (as of October 2016) of which only 10, 800 are in operation, the rest are out of service. The service oversees the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) Gulf Centre Division.
Hygiene
The collection of garbage in the capital is covered by several routes that cover the city, it is a service provided by the municipality, there are no concession services, it is estimated that the total average garbage generated per day is 370 tons (to October 2016), despite this, the daily collection capacity is 200 tons.
Health
Health coverage is covered by state institutions, Popular Insurance and Mexican Social Security Institute. It is the second city in the state in medical care by inhabitants, and the population that does not have immediate access to health services is 11.8%. The state of Tamaulipas has health services, both public and private, among which are:
General Victoria Hospital. Provides health services in the downtown area of Tamaulipas and medical care around Sanitary Jurisdiction No. 1; Children's Hospital of Ciudad Victoria; Victoria Civil Hospital; High Specialty Regional Hospital of Ciudad Victoria; which provides professional, surgical and nursing services in several specialties; La Salle Hospital Ciudad Victoria, which is an educational internship hospital of the La Salle Victoria University; North Medical Clinic; Clinic Hospital of the Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers; General Hospital of Zone No. 1 (IMSS) Medical Educational Unit of "Adolfo López Mateos"; Family Medicine Unit No. 67 (IMSS) San Luisito.
Sports
In Ciudad Victoria there is a varied sporting activity; In the field of professional football, the team of the Correcaminos of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas stands out and carries out its official matches at the Marte R. Gómez Stadium, located in the city centre, with a capacity to house 13,500 people and the University Stadium Eugenio Alvizo Porras, located in the Victoria University Centre of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas.
In the sports unit Adolfo Ruiz Cortinez there are facilities for practicing football, volleyball and indoor gymnasium for basketball. This sports complex also houses a baseball stadium.
The Sports Centre of Ciudad Victoria, with the name of "Américo Villareal Guerra", is a sports centre that has spaces for gymnastics, fencing, weightlifting, diving, swimming, athletics, boxing, judo, archery and basketball, and It is focused to be used mainly by high performance athletes with the intention of representing the state of Tamaulipas in national sporting events.
Gastronomy
The gastronomy of Ciudad Victoria is composed of three main elements: meat, corn and seafood; In addition to grilled meat, dried meat and chorizo. One of the most typical foods of the city are the gorditas, these consist of small thick corn tortillas stuffed with shredded meat, nopales, scrambled eggs, beans, among other ingredients. It also has many restaurants focused on typical Mexican food, the well-known "taquito."
Desserts of the region are made with walnut, sweet potato, cocadas with pineapple and walnut, among others. Also crystallized fruits and gorditas sweetened with piloncillo.
Geography
Victoria is located above sea level and at coordinates just north of the Tropic of Cancer. The city is in a valley between two mountain ranges: the Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas to the east.
Climate
Ciudad Victoria has a climate on the border of humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa/Cwa) and hot semi-arid (BSh). Its weather is characterised by short warm winters and long hot to sweltering summers. Temperatures rarely drop below — the lowest recorded temperature was and the hottest was , one of the highest temperatures ever recorded in Mexico. The average annual rainfall is , of which five-sixths () falls between May and October, although there is a drying trend in the months of July and August. The moderate elevation adds to overall rainfall pattern, which is also influenced by exceptionally heavy rains brought by occasional North Atlantic tropical cyclones.
Sister cities
The strategic alliances that are built with cities in the country and the United States contribute to the economic development of the capital, including twinning of the following:
Matamoros, Mexico
Reynosa, Mexico
Tampico, Mexico
Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
Ciudad Mante, Mexico
Monterrey, New León
Chilpancingo, Guerrero
McAllen, Texas (2008)
San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí (2010)
Mazatlán, Sinaloa (2014)
Notable residents
Emilio Portes Gil, former governor of the state of Tamaulipas and former president of Mexico
Emilio Martínez Manatou, doctor and politician, former governor of the State of Tamaulipas
Arleth Terán, Mexican television actress
Carlos Peña Rodríguez, professional football player for Rangers F.C.
Alan Pulido Izaguirre, professional football player
Oscar Mascorro, professional footballer
José Sulaimán, businessman and boxer
Rosemary Barkett, Federal Judge of the United States of America Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Rodolfo Torre Cantu, doctor and Mexican politician, former candidate for Governor of Tamaulipas.
Ismael Valdez, Major League Baseball player, TV Personality and local entrepreneur.
References
Further reading
Tamaulipas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
External links
Dirección de Tecnología
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Capitals of states of Mexico
Populated places established in 1750
1750 establishments in New Spain | [
0.3114188015460968,
0.10193441808223724,
0.6561934351921082,
0.2018337845802307,
-0.320747971534729,
0.5700042247772217,
0.7698423266410828,
0.7683748602867126,
-0.9576557874679565,
0.11282075196504593,
0.10342983901500702,
0.0340551882982254,
0.05129631981253624,
0.7984117865562439,
-0.05860312655568123,
0.5699931979179382,
0.5430477857589722,
0.595504641532898,
0.5501189827919006,
-0.5409144759178162,
-0.2729782164096832,
-0.2308693379163742,
0.6313551068305969,
0.381159245967865,
0.4473899304866791,
-0.21363656222820282,
0.2633378505706787,
0.9736884832382202,
0.08018794655799866,
-0.07707617431879044,
-0.3080672323703766,
0.030702345073223114,
0.009997502900660038,
0.2759403586387634,
0.0476447194814682,
0.178322434425354,
-0.1465003341436386,
-0.7467966079711914,
-0.27170607447624207,
-0.8443116545677185,
-0.41764751076698303,
-0.051777634769678116,
0.2727440595626831,
0.024810735136270523,
-0.2554146945476532,
-0.4027206003665924,
-0.5898999571800232,
0.5002603530883789,
-0.8828475475311279,
0.09387533366680145,
-1.1395251750946045,
0.8502346277236938,
0.0209773238748312,
0.31011492013931274,
0.45852673053741455,
0.38143301010131836,
-1.3102619647979736,
0.18183906376361847,
-0.274614155292511,
0.13408257067203522,
-0.30533909797668457,
1.192433476448059,
0.1703469455242157,
-0.14278708398342133,
0.6045312881469727,
-0.12899932265281677,
0.28072673082351685,
-0.5389997959136963,
-0.07620709389448166,
-0.48581960797309875,
-0.6246459484100342,
0.27555346488952637,
-0.1059124544262886,
-0.3700334131717682,
-0.634772002696991,
-0.4653356075286865,
-0.34564679861068726,
0.1548961102962494,
0.15670163929462433,
0.5002287030220032,
0.02776998281478882,
-0.18066135048866272,
1.0778065919876099,
-0.5672215223312378,
0.9221117496490479,
0.5835661292076111,
-0.5176998972892761,
-0.2338118851184845,
-0.05234408751130104,
0.5386653542518616,
-1.0790224075317383,
0.4532508850097656,
0.4688812494277954,
0.012306200340390205,
-0.5114559531211853,
-0.6813664436340332,
0.11725975573062897,
0.02025371417403221,
-0.5610352754592896,
0.27241379022598267,
-0.644900381565094,
-0.1845511645078659,
0.06763272732496262,
0.2603219747543335,
0.11416739225387573,
0.07827349752187729,
-1.1290473937988281,
0.7040584683418274,
-0.19606025516986847,
-0.005905523896217346,
0.05101479962468147,
0.02207532897591591,
-0.051179200410842896,
-0.1291576772928238,
0.5364593863487244,
-0.46081405878067017,
0.5875129699707031,
-0.016659138724207878,
0.07703105360269547,
-0.2459404617547989,
0.009166715666651726,
0.25282835960388184,
0.03522999957203865,
-0.1809559315443039,
-0.19550932943820953,
-0.15475359559059143,
0.21634553372859955,
0.05235590040683746,
-0.4953249394893646,
0.5554153323173523,
-0.02896866202354431,
0.48069003224372864,
0.23915867507457733,
0.36338526010513306,
0.33800262212753296,
-1.2275161743164062,
-0.4264400601387024,
0.40071550011634827,
0.8912037014961243,
-0.11337926983833313,
-0.888803243637085,
-0.19629640877246857,
-0.09122450649738312,
-0.15843074023723602,
0.5623783469200134,
-0.2412680834531784,
0.21003428101539612,
-0.660590410232544,
-0.58881014585495,
-0.3703515827655792,
0.10320401936769485,
0.34843653440475464,
-0.3947490155696869,
-0.18362267315387726,
-0.3656562864780426,
-0.3740611672401428,
0.666451632976532,
-0.22620448470115662,
0.4825689196586609,
0.3863600492477417,
-0.4857335388660431,
-0.13652071356773376,
0.6829743385314941,
-0.09372173249721527,
0.1814771592617035,
-0.16820186376571655,
0.27262964844703674,
0.5602067112922668,
0.1462671458721161,
0.34666019678115845,
-0.021015679463744164,
0.10164734721183777,
0.41807815432548523,
-0.7295044660568237,
-0.7364555597305298,
-0.5994868278503418,
0.3388231098651886,
0.32736918330192566,
0.3110053539276123,
0.027290455996990204,
-0.39864036440849304,
0.9530002474784851,
-0.6368472576141357,
0.5352526307106018,
-0.4800248146057129,
0.12978589534759521,
0.6109318733215332,
0.6604498624801636,
-0.3254536986351013,
-0.7441968321800232,
0.47399023175239563,
-0.21278022229671478,
-0.34189316630363464,
0.02089075930416584,
0.09576638042926788,
0.3832366168498993,
-0.6382443904876709,
0.7274459004402161,
-0.5387083888053894,
0.6508622765541077,
-0.29830867052078247,
0.3502211570739746,
0.8197113871574402,
-0.29475176334381104,
-0.42874449491500854,
-0.20358043909072876,
0.8393626809120178,
0.1464986950159073,
0.22038963437080383,
1.2701704502105713,
-0.49343764781951904,
-0.48007500171661377,
0.03506498038768768,
0.10041588544845581,
-0.003785598324611783,
-0.567132294178009,
-0.5508208274841309,
-0.5126249194145203,
0.5839799642562866,
0.06289426982402802,
0.4192124605178833,
0.2009100317955017,
-0.6411774754524231,
0.3201613128185272,
0.01396216545253992,
-0.010538367554545403,
-0.04727480188012123,
0.21020518243312836,
0.10613908618688583,
-0.4135096073150635,
0.2480265498161316,
0.4414755702018738,
-0.008833933621644974,
-0.13081137835979462,
0.14834238588809967,
0.022384990006685257,
-0.0625632256269455,
-0.23620642721652985,
0.23946219682693481,
-0.19144080579280853,
0.11922206729650497,
0.15243276953697205,
0.1980372965335846,
0.48877212405204773,
0.4083789885044098,
0.48866620659828186,
0.10779651999473572,
-0.20186114311218262,
-0.31877192854881287,
0.04847624525427818,
0.018442725762724876,
-0.06853533536195755,
-0.18483971059322357,
0.13467241823673248,
0.29559046030044556,
-0.2734566330909729,
-0.1727934032678604,
-0.6493484377861023,
0.4415907859802246,
0.41430655121803284,
-0.37200507521629333,
0.13933780789375305,
-0.027179688215255737,
0.4199049174785614,
-0.25628381967544556,
0.19229324162006378,
0.04245348647236824,
-0.6201347708702087,
-0.3684302270412445,
0.011445742100477219,
-0.1338895559310913,
-0.1594478338956833,
-0.163121297955513,
-0.32201087474823,
0.22438395023345947,
0.44368788599967957,
-0.33152174949645996,
-0.17781278491020203,
-0.8053159713745117,
0.15778306126594543,
0.11620871722698212,
0.8138277530670166,
0.14923039078712463,
-1.0584065914154053,
-0.741349995136261,
-1.0116926431655884,
0.46691468358039856,
-0.7502123117446899,
-0.048966359347105026,
-0.3139886260032654,
-0.55669766664505,
-0.17708823084831238,
-0.28438737988471985,
0.21347381174564362,
-0.34814420342445374,
-0.3706246018409729,
0.07619976252317429,
0.5169212818145752,
0.858648419380188,
-0.9127781391143799,
-0.8715002536773682,
-0.03934703767299652,
0.16655278205871582,
0.279053658246994,
0.7076694369316101,
-0.10381323844194412,
0.10071612149477005,
-0.340172678232193,
-5.1825714111328125,
0.2007894068956375,
-0.3693780303001404,
-0.6944464445114136,
0.5216249227523804,
-0.07338722795248032,
-0.048052649945020676,
-0.017309727147221565,
0.08798613399267197,
-0.660619854927063,
0.3137103021144867,
-0.003508456749841571,
-0.430486798286438,
0.84259033203125,
0.6514179706573486,
0.8897987604141235,
0.3945005238056183,
-0.7319066524505615,
0.27184489369392395,
-0.36530447006225586,
-0.4664282202720642,
0.2640077471733093,
0.2464745193719864,
0.6006062030792236,
0.7372248768806458,
0.5132589936256409,
-0.4758017063140869,
-0.8530621528625488,
-0.5950324535369873,
-0.17010383307933807,
-0.2949806749820709,
0.3402951955795288,
-0.4496595859527588,
0.055852048099040985,
0.4004765748977661,
0.6778361201286316,
-0.03620484471321106,
-0.48244592547416687,
0.3854682445526123,
-0.7018424272537231,
0.0929776206612587,
0.6206921339035034,
0.07974015921354294,
-0.004010920878499746,
0.4300902187824249,
-0.30922213196754456,
-0.40912726521492004,
-0.04394175112247467,
-0.19363270699977875,
0.41683393716812134,
0.7337795495986938,
-0.2580645978450775,
0.5825313925743103,
-0.23352764546871185,
0.14739570021629333,
-0.1274244487285614,
0.9346779584884644,
0.30258235335350037,
-0.6545785665512085,
0.7580535411834717,
0.34086763858795166,
-0.24450430274009705,
-0.22305862605571747,
-0.4015972912311554,
-0.5611127018928528,
0.23707586526870728,
0.2989733815193176,
0.20592175424098969,
0.9261218905448914,
0.13761846721172333,
-0.46302729845046997,
0.3545692563056946,
-0.5815152525901794,
-0.5854136943817139,
-0.17773334681987762,
-0.1638188362121582,
-1.0351343154907227,
0.251255065202713,
-0.18141460418701172,
0.2852299213409424,
-0.269905686378479,
-0.09816255420446396,
0.1897534430027008,
-0.11195679008960724,
-0.26430296897888184,
-0.30567634105682373,
0.23842929303646088,
0.21815916895866394,
-0.021692834794521332,
-0.2593848705291748,
-0.22451265156269073,
-0.5063234567642212,
0.670923113822937,
-0.13865768909454346,
-0.5380103588104248,
-0.017340270802378654,
0.05032448470592499,
-0.05880545452237129,
-0.18518103659152985,
-0.5712345838546753,
0.8490352630615234,
-0.30852848291397095,
-0.01439982932060957,
-0.2682473957538605,
-0.31200286746025085,
-0.3086208403110504,
0.2009800523519516,
0.374300092458725,
-0.17883066833019257,
-0.8208315968513489,
-0.28667956590652466,
0.14066064357757568,
-0.3818478286266327,
-0.6640713810920715,
0.5967279076576233,
-0.28391405940055847,
-0.5428880453109741,
0.11369529366493225,
0.49270591139793396,
-0.15561436116695404,
0.1350902020931244,
0.09948090463876724,
0.2687862515449524,
0.25554952025413513,
-0.3728266954421997,
-0.02428925782442093,
0.2251397967338562,
0.8110154271125793,
-0.22647318243980408,
-0.2648327350616455,
-0.016756530851125717,
-0.20879578590393066,
0.2262164056301117,
-0.3536416292190552,
0.067046158015728,
0.4405097961425781,
-0.2096535861492157,
-0.8804351687431335,
0.40965521335601807,
-0.18151895701885223,
0.3734244406223297,
0.23354223370552063,
0.04278337210416794,
0.31662294268608093,
0.2413981556892395,
-0.1809154450893402,
-0.0876302495598793,
-0.24202276766300201,
-1.1029671430587769,
-0.11010419577360153,
0.0017115756636485457,
-0.56966632604599,
0.1965363770723343,
0.13608986139297485,
0.06278163194656372,
-0.7876359224319458,
0.19998611509799957,
0.2588657736778259,
0.8462969064712524,
0.015937136486172676,
0.08189833909273148,
-0.9718647003173828,
-0.59576016664505,
0.3772285580635071,
0.44320645928382874,
-0.1334221363067627,
-0.8896260857582092,
-0.2454826831817627,
0.18571336567401886,
0.6793661117553711,
0.29597780108451843,
-0.8895866274833679,
-0.7546199560165405,
-0.17714138329029083,
0.21613940596580505,
-0.337493896484375,
0.13736382126808167,
-0.2026521861553192,
0.517730176448822,
-0.1498967409133911,
0.3089904189109802,
-0.6040369272232056,
0.0015114540001377463,
0.04074834659695625,
-0.3499273359775543,
0.07282131165266037,
-0.5881572961807251,
-0.2339499294757843,
0.6558760404586792,
0.2236512154340744,
0.3711284399032593,
0.05011274665594101,
-0.1300341635942459,
0.003872100729495287,
-0.7480302453041077,
-0.8396044373512268,
-0.01709429919719696,
-0.3790120780467987,
-0.6407915949821472,
-0.42430055141448975,
-0.10573681443929672,
0.6198587417602539,
-0.48265156149864197,
0.2721242606639862,
0.13674621284008026,
-0.3257819414138794,
0.5181633234024048,
0.5695037841796875,
-0.6975560188293457,
-0.14391763508319855,
-0.41700613498687744,
-0.13357819616794586,
0.5122029185295105,
1.1023119688034058,
-0.41320228576660156,
0.08910095691680908,
0.4299437999725342,
-0.10862524062395096,
-0.6413031220436096,
0.044626109302043915,
-0.09671147167682648,
-0.18125572800636292,
0.79790198802948,
-0.1794067770242691,
-0.3385039269924164,
0.8787479996681213,
0.48271048069000244,
-0.8116747736930847,
1.0527961254119873,
-0.5440316200256348,
0.1829236000776291,
-0.17473933100700378,
0.22402644157409668,
-0.05471400171518326,
-0.010860326699912548,
0.04179111495614052,
-0.1882590651512146,
0.08193545043468475,
-0.07172609120607376,
-0.23626428842544556,
0.021006641909480095,
0.7981771230697632,
-0.31879913806915283,
-0.3303450345993042,
-0.057155393064022064,
0.4432946443557739,
-0.027209026739001274,
-0.2830809950828552,
-0.6042189002037048,
-0.14576028287410736,
0.013211341574788094,
-0.9352030158042908,
-0.30669403076171875,
0.1380874514579773,
0.33578959107398987,
-0.5654882192611694,
0.09089451283216476,
1.0173066854476929,
0.35072973370552063,
-0.2092275619506836,
0.09526030719280243,
-0.10921367257833481,
-0.29462096095085144,
0.2615348994731903,
0.013595553115010262,
-0.4200708568096161,
0.3423837423324585,
0.062223613262176514,
0.6217576861381531,
-0.026131201535463333,
0.036225348711013794,
-0.0779801532626152,
0.4107365608215332,
0.04835926368832588,
0.17013031244277954,
0.2731396555900574,
-0.35862287878990173,
-0.43204233050346375,
-0.050428085029125214,
0.01009464543312788,
-0.6020889282226562,
-0.03241725265979767,
0.0353674553334713,
-0.24155758321285248,
0.3539549708366394,
0.00800129771232605,
-0.5132509469985962,
0.05466582253575325,
-0.329608291387558,
0.3777587413787842,
-0.051723070442676544,
-0.36849892139434814,
0.42102357745170593,
-0.0889306366443634,
-0.022239718586206436,
-0.0395648255944252,
-0.10980299115180969,
0.8058366179466248,
0.6680591702461243,
0.37462618947029114,
-0.39102765917778015,
0.9253858923912048,
0.27608364820480347,
0.22334828972816467,
-0.058125998824834824,
-0.45161765813827515,
-0.08436686545610428,
-0.28398942947387695,
-0.08518730103969574,
-0.33374884724617004,
-0.1268250197172165,
0.23171836137771606,
0.5965246558189392,
0.8432211875915527,
-0.641396164894104,
0.9068058133125305,
0.6845148801803589,
-0.25567397475242615,
-0.08730917423963547,
0.791826605796814,
-0.2113165259361267,
-0.29989829659461975,
0.4148184359073639,
0.12546609342098236,
0.7628523707389832,
0.7515823245048523,
0.30579063296318054,
-0.3779061734676361,
0.16401173174381256,
0.08201339840888977,
0.462532639503479,
0.2552040219306946,
-0.5490137934684753,
0.3903169631958008,
-0.9025707244873047,
-0.5217873454093933,
-0.168305441737175,
-0.355926513671875,
-0.7858702540397644,
0.9520919919013977,
0.7064818143844604,
0.33442777395248413,
-0.7869045734405518,
0.39825543761253357,
0.3459436595439911,
0.20659136772155762,
0.16171260178089142,
-0.3700404763221741,
0.09406885504722595,
-0.5730270147323608,
0.38672319054603577,
0.33583682775497437,
0.07315263152122498,
0.09526201337575912,
-0.24900780618190765,
-0.05327961593866348,
0.2386224865913391,
0.2313208132982254,
-0.8721221089363098,
-0.22098952531814575,
-0.5778736472129822,
-0.1975020319223404,
0.6791394948959351,
-0.2834283709526062,
-0.4319812059402466,
-0.3887861967086792,
0.21204911172389984,
0.08574863523244858,
-0.5397886037826538,
0.10991673916578293,
-0.14950112998485565,
0.35337838530540466,
-0.5388239622116089,
-0.07827448099851608,
0.8106209635734558,
0.8859305381774902,
0.021830368787050247,
0.6235173344612122,
-0.045833732932806015,
0.6066847443580627,
-0.010499456897377968,
0.0844159722328186,
-0.2892875671386719,
-0.6380355358123779,
-0.3465057909488678,
-0.01900317147374153,
0.035276684910058975,
-0.13153395056724548,
-0.46689242124557495,
-0.041477348655462265,
0.31494268774986267,
-0.018227681517601013,
0.1252894103527069,
0.4858573377132416,
-0.1504565328359604,
-0.3686872720718384,
-0.3979768455028534,
1.0555917024612427,
0.6942093372344971,
-0.07695028185844421,
0.7546622157096863,
0.24647726118564606,
-0.29417747259140015,
-0.06502418965101242,
-0.23337063193321228,
0.3833942413330078,
-0.38457798957824707,
0.08274459093809128,
-0.8878304362297058,
0.3148854970932007,
-0.2912321090698242,
-0.1475474238395691,
-0.7027881741523743,
0.1576004922389984,
-0.39078179001808167,
0.768108069896698,
0.19240079820156097,
-0.11236458271741867,
-0.2765377163887024,
-0.5136221051216125,
0.3646685481071472,
-0.35730281472206116,
0.20069599151611328,
0.7569541931152344,
0.6361240148544312,
-0.5229063630104065,
0.15494988858699799,
0.0412294939160347,
-1.1143907308578491,
-0.09015833586454391,
0.317313015460968,
0.03481283038854599,
-0.6592546701431274,
0.34248316287994385,
-0.27786925435066223,
-0.13219612836837769,
0.6686583161354065,
0.8431822061538696,
0.2838797867298126,
-0.38215821981430054,
-0.3608649969100952,
0.03320061415433884,
0.9436241984367371,
-0.7374889254570007,
0.0006856438121758401,
-0.578641951084137,
-0.7995808124542236,
-0.2590401768684387,
-0.8780398368835449,
0.2638307511806488,
0.270313560962677,
0.23634906113147736,
0.3590678572654724,
0.13612248003482819,
0.019314397126436234,
-0.17081525921821594,
0.520146906375885,
-0.9104519486427307,
1.0215940475463867,
0.08130074292421341
] |
224089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynosa | Reynosa | Reynosa () is a border city in the northern part of the state of Tamaulipas, in Mexico. It is also the municipal seat of Reynosa Municipality.
The city is located on the southern bank of the Rio Grande in the international Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area, directly across of the Mexico-U.S. border from Hidalgo, Texas.
As of 2013, the city of Reynosa has a population of 672,183. If the floating population is included in the census count, the population can reach up to approximately 1,000,000.
History
Reynosa was founded on 14 March 1749 with 297 inhabitants by Carlos Cantú under the command of José de Escandón y Helguera the Count of Sierra Gorda. But due to flooding in the area on the 4 July 1802, they decided to move five miles to the east keeping the same margin between them and the Rio Grande. It was not until 1926 that the state government recognized Reynosa as a city.
Reynosa was first named Villa de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Reinosa. The pioneers of the Villa proceeded from El Nuevo Reino de León, especially from Monterrey, Cadereyta, Cerralvo and El Pilón. The town was composed of 50 families. It was given the name of Reynosa as a tribute to the town with the same name in Spain, the birthplace of the Viceroy de Güemes y Horcasitas.
Current
Reynosa extends across 3,156.34 sq kilometers (1218.66 sq. miles), representing 3.7 per cent of the Tamaulipas territory. Today it is the location of several satellite U.S. companies doing business to take advantage of low labor rates and industry incentives.
On 18 September 2012, an explosion at the nearby Pemex gas plant killed 30 and injured 46 people. Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was "no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, or some kind of attack".
In 2017, it was described as a major hotspot in the Mexican Drug War, as a result of the internecine wars between the Gulf and Los Zetas drugs cartels.
Geography
Reynosa is the largest and most populous city in the state of Tamaulipas, followed by Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Victoria, Tampico, and Río Bravo. In addition, the international Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area counts with a population of 1,500,000 inhabitants, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Mexico–U.S. border after San Diego–Tijuana and El Paso–Juárez. Reynosa is the 30th largest city in Mexico and anchors the largest metropolitan area in Tamaulipas.
In 2011, Reynosa was the fastest growing city in the state of Tamaulipas, and was among the top five fastest growing cities in Mexico.
The city is about south of McAllen, Texas.
Climate
Reynosa has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with short, mild winters and hot summers.
Winters are mild and dry with a January high of and a low of although temperatures can fall below . Summers are hot with a July mean of and temperatures can exceed anytime from May until August. The average annual precipitation is , with most of it being concentrated in the summer months though the months May and June are the wettest.
Notable people
Abraham Ancer – Professional Golfer
Xavier Baez – Footballer
Jorge Cantú – Major League Baseball player
Christian Chávez – Singer and actor
Laura Flores – Actress, hostess and singer
Jaime Garcia – Major League Baseball player
Néstor Garza – Former WBA World Super Bantamweight Champion
José María Cantú Garza – Geneticist
Vidal Medina – Playwright and theatre director
Maki Esther Ortiz - Senator
Los Relámpagos del Norte - Musical duo
Komander - Wrestler
Beto Quintanilla - Artist
Transportation
Reynosa is served by the General Lucio Blanco International Airport, which has flights to multiple important Mexican cities on six airlines, some serving it with aircraft such as Boeing 737 and Airbus A320.
In addition, the McAllen Miller International Airport in McAllen, Texas, is also relatively close and is served by airlines like Allegiant Air, American and United.
References
Further reading
External links
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Tamaulipas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Gobierno de Reynosa
Populated places in Tamaulipas
Mexico–United States border crossings
Lower Rio Grande Valley
Populated places established in 1749
1740s establishments in Mexico
1749 establishments in North America
Tamaulipas populated places on the Rio Grande | [
-0.06940414011478424,
0.7410350441932678,
0.3571138381958008,
0.10322010517120361,
0.3225615918636322,
0.3648209273815155,
0.6727226972579956,
0.9174297451972961,
0.0024322534445673227,
-0.10013881325721741,
-0.0331653393805027,
0.6716642379760742,
0.17064273357391357,
0.22690340876579285,
-0.6135210990905762,
0.5077465772628784,
0.6075588464736938,
0.6712233424186707,
0.6583384275436401,
-0.6603335738182068,
-0.3402155935764313,
-0.6140168905258179,
0.14451566338539124,
0.06539759784936905,
0.42520368099212646,
-0.24822086095809937,
-0.5242617726325989,
0.22241535782814026,
0.15774938464164734,
0.5411927700042725,
0.614491879940033,
0.5909299850463867,
0.00509758060798049,
-0.0005100503331050277,
0.1403684914112091,
0.5664832592010498,
-0.16318196058273315,
-0.7495489120483398,
-0.26878198981285095,
-0.3954082727432251,
0.10915400087833405,
0.04525851085782051,
0.406364381313324,
-0.1662696897983551,
0.3706355690956116,
-0.3302234709262848,
-1.190176010131836,
0.3400377333164215,
-0.802618682384491,
-0.02794346772134304,
-1.2204992771148682,
0.6439000964164734,
-0.3832623362541199,
0.01130980160087347,
0.38428807258605957,
0.2889670133590698,
-1.3043756484985352,
-0.04996156692504883,
0.25003036856651306,
0.6885290741920471,
-0.2158844918012619,
0.6786041259765625,
0.14944352209568024,
0.036223750561475754,
-0.16134759783744812,
-0.23692676424980164,
0.42549797892570496,
-0.3600563108921051,
-0.003786702174693346,
-0.7257078886032104,
-0.3506132960319519,
0.2573835253715515,
-0.1565820425748825,
-0.5491051077842712,
-0.28126928210258484,
-0.13858984410762787,
-0.7081525325775146,
0.02152208238840103,
-0.2936352491378784,
0.6082702875137329,
0.306333988904953,
-0.045328304171562195,
0.6525586843490601,
-0.36120927333831787,
0.5578397512435913,
0.777434766292572,
-0.3933246433734894,
0.012316020205616951,
-0.4199252724647522,
0.5815842747688293,
-0.5461514592170715,
0.2749386429786682,
0.346809059381485,
0.041725192219018936,
-0.2474602907896042,
-0.28940531611442566,
-0.033752117305994034,
-0.04061802476644516,
-0.06513533741235733,
0.6888478398323059,
-0.2287125140428543,
0.40996870398521423,
0.4869692027568817,
0.22169959545135498,
-0.49985677003860474,
0.10722602903842926,
-0.7732754945755005,
0.21566426753997803,
-0.4213261008262634,
-0.5084546208381653,
-0.06930544227361679,
0.3783337473869324,
0.16574043035507202,
0.5743325352668762,
0.3911464512348175,
0.07200872898101807,
0.5764539837837219,
0.1795138120651245,
0.06235135346651077,
-0.39958256483078003,
-0.16927361488342285,
0.35910898447036743,
-0.27072638273239136,
0.018166419118642807,
0.43145087361335754,
0.14072610437870026,
0.018035711720585823,
0.2072295993566513,
-0.24589675664901733,
0.335775226354599,
-0.33802440762519836,
0.20020881295204163,
-0.24504809081554413,
0.3748477101325989,
0.14957554638385773,
-0.7871737480163574,
-0.19098831713199615,
0.06367715448141098,
0.5133888721466064,
-0.038309015333652496,
-1.0235989093780518,
-0.029898248612880707,
-0.19493795931339264,
0.11923816055059433,
0.7983269095420837,
-0.018844593316316605,
0.013185350224375725,
-0.4621300995349884,
-0.5270278453826904,
-0.06382445245981216,
0.25266993045806885,
0.3837209939956665,
-0.09984543174505234,
0.22477024793624878,
-0.3362928330898285,
-0.3387112617492676,
0.1513969451189041,
-0.01509843859821558,
0.40262335538864136,
0.32335975766181946,
-0.5396806597709656,
0.34672147035598755,
0.8274430632591248,
0.25441521406173706,
-0.15963615477085114,
-0.028294075280427933,
0.24724619090557098,
0.5661865472793579,
0.17964376509189606,
0.5417353510856628,
-0.15436393022537231,
0.11263180524110794,
0.20302240550518036,
-0.9781420826911926,
-0.04280395805835724,
-0.1970483660697937,
0.3147296607494354,
0.4419037699699402,
-0.48031559586524963,
0.2179528921842575,
-0.544292688369751,
1.0668548345565796,
-0.01849481649696827,
0.2185380458831787,
-0.6813589334487915,
0.1297687292098999,
0.5256340503692627,
0.12999103963375092,
-0.6816978454589844,
-0.3847171366214752,
-0.16468732059001923,
-0.16516143083572388,
0.02029014565050602,
-0.44144538044929504,
0.12277592718601227,
0.28758275508880615,
-0.41391509771347046,
0.32596543431282043,
-0.6514638066291809,
0.5693246126174927,
-0.470022976398468,
-0.09061042964458466,
0.9209148287773132,
0.2541555166244507,
-0.5959088802337646,
-0.04277811571955681,
0.6061818599700928,
0.1805848777294159,
0.058242566883563995,
1.096440076828003,
-0.27707648277282715,
0.1406605988740921,
-0.2750393748283386,
0.7401202321052551,
-0.33929648995399475,
-0.7284537553787231,
-0.04070225730538368,
-0.28066781163215637,
0.19537170231342316,
0.007979681715369225,
0.18563836812973022,
-0.16755178570747375,
-0.3092554807662964,
0.24521136283874512,
0.05512009188532829,
0.525640606880188,
0.5028668642044067,
0.4552619755268097,
0.6689154505729675,
-0.3018679618835449,
0.44117099046707153,
0.06167522072792053,
0.43833720684051514,
-0.049015942960977554,
0.019966404885053635,
0.01618632860481739,
0.040638282895088196,
-0.09066511690616608,
-0.014787649735808372,
-0.1193791851401329,
-0.06650413572788239,
-0.0919211357831955,
-0.34362947940826416,
0.35753053426742554,
0.35312914848327637,
0.4122501015663147,
-0.08092350512742996,
0.014294439926743507,
-0.03207666799426079,
-0.2301582396030426,
0.13043437898159027,
0.1057666763663292,
0.15509817004203796,
-0.13257023692131042,
0.4638446569442749,
-0.02000296674668789,
-0.40403997898101807,
-0.3524560034275055,
0.10899702459573746,
0.14977619051933289,
-0.40423229336738586,
0.3709968626499176,
0.2176523506641388,
0.8119146227836609,
-0.26643234491348267,
-0.5815883278846741,
0.25778788328170776,
-0.2738852798938751,
-0.25909364223480225,
-0.0032664549071341753,
-0.2913379669189453,
-0.45822063088417053,
-0.17937920987606049,
-0.43312937021255493,
-0.014142787083983421,
0.043050434440374374,
-0.2131803333759308,
0.10697297006845474,
-0.8070278763771057,
0.11507544666528702,
0.20473897457122803,
0.9948194622993469,
-0.20081450045108795,
-0.7532116770744324,
-0.1423441618680954,
-0.8535895943641663,
0.5166953802108765,
-0.7445739507675171,
-0.3627282381057739,
-0.30160629749298096,
-0.3578542172908783,
-0.16078448295593262,
-0.3385525345802307,
0.5303024649620056,
-0.6497007012367249,
-0.14270101487636566,
0.2553020715713501,
0.11679524928331375,
0.8683730363845825,
-0.556013286113739,
-0.2777591049671173,
0.11610087752342224,
0.20348814129829407,
0.37838879227638245,
0.36755406856536865,
0.023310687392950058,
0.16135786473751068,
0.255171000957489,
-5.614643573760986,
0.6105966567993164,
-0.1867605298757553,
-0.6947574019432068,
0.6545162200927734,
-0.5496952533721924,
0.29651957750320435,
-0.3187098503112793,
0.4304780066013336,
-0.5945414900779724,
0.2376694679260254,
0.06676449626684189,
-0.171530619263649,
0.5946862697601318,
0.41113704442977905,
0.6009012460708618,
0.10326609760522842,
-0.18223482370376587,
0.49501290917396545,
-0.2042408436536789,
-0.1903258115053177,
-0.1338742971420288,
-0.09501282125711441,
0.5842384696006775,
0.3028656244277954,
0.2862246632575989,
-0.08713028579950333,
-0.7130564451217651,
-0.6657973527908325,
-0.21746230125427246,
-0.20002184808254242,
0.3545553386211395,
-0.30310386419296265,
0.05435633286833763,
-0.18036656081676483,
0.46764063835144043,
0.002868891227990389,
-0.3462004065513611,
0.18061156570911407,
-0.2646985650062561,
0.27809715270996094,
0.4905947744846344,
-0.14819146692752838,
-0.29603737592697144,
0.2167854905128479,
-0.1585971713066101,
0.07220632582902908,
-0.2252543717622757,
0.16053961217403412,
0.16718795895576477,
0.7233524918556213,
-0.4063176214694977,
0.3247309625148773,
0.037230025976896286,
0.2399044632911682,
-0.3374921977519989,
0.575743556022644,
-0.5806049704551697,
-0.5051428079605103,
0.9702766537666321,
0.14969053864479065,
-0.24405217170715332,
-0.049390990287065506,
-0.7265185117721558,
0.01857650652527809,
0.14168502390384674,
0.26984575390815735,
-0.2793658971786499,
0.7024350762367249,
0.0864732563495636,
-0.28763318061828613,
0.4802446961402893,
-0.292602002620697,
-0.796078085899353,
-0.18813453614711761,
-0.014520886354148388,
-0.8092206120491028,
-0.07106411457061768,
-0.3677731156349182,
-0.06917420774698257,
0.17580613493919373,
0.28837651014328003,
0.37030476331710815,
-0.35568171739578247,
-0.15467824041843414,
-0.08421479165554047,
0.10963071882724762,
0.37296366691589355,
-0.056495945900678635,
-0.08697625994682312,
0.6941542625427246,
-0.1964104026556015,
0.45411935448646545,
-0.4054718017578125,
-0.31887465715408325,
0.3742668032646179,
0.07456517964601517,
0.29798388481140137,
-0.4461158514022827,
-0.2234424650669098,
0.5996723771095276,
-0.13351866602897644,
0.14961814880371094,
-0.2895728051662445,
-0.007362524513155222,
-0.41584745049476624,
0.2262442409992218,
0.4328787326812744,
-0.16284562647342682,
-0.6116780042648315,
0.1916075348854065,
0.178186297416687,
-0.7322508096694946,
-0.4175240695476532,
0.3644735813140869,
-0.3208329379558563,
-0.4217510223388672,
0.013135207816958427,
0.23254144191741943,
-0.22551335394382477,
0.3566156327724457,
-0.14871765673160553,
-0.08459195494651794,
0.020667731761932373,
-0.3085043132305145,
-0.3315333425998688,
0.21925777196884155,
0.512608528137207,
0.010408824309706688,
0.4661877751350403,
-0.2491479068994522,
-0.11075656116008759,
0.3520120680332184,
-0.14638622105121613,
0.0619443841278553,
0.018847234547138214,
-0.39926961064338684,
-0.513242244720459,
0.24452190101146698,
-0.3208003640174866,
0.42071980237960815,
-0.34799841046333313,
-0.28871452808380127,
0.2884553372859955,
-0.1128542497754097,
-0.08268679678440094,
-0.14115387201309204,
-0.7075881958007812,
-1.0127177238464355,
0.61213219165802,
-0.13567876815795898,
-0.07704102247953415,
-0.5566033720970154,
-0.07065856456756592,
0.12850326299667358,
-0.13220161199569702,
0.4321404993534088,
0.1544225960969925,
0.346102237701416,
0.09029544144868851,
0.3474835455417633,
-0.33114150166511536,
-0.8767785429954529,
0.5873346328735352,
0.25819820165634155,
-0.05058051645755768,
-0.8909810185432434,
-0.2929321229457855,
-0.01877370849251747,
0.5718163251876831,
0.15032999217510223,
-0.7514723539352417,
-0.27244502305984497,
-0.1932401955127716,
0.5544952154159546,
-0.7841216921806335,
0.3000771403312683,
0.4378177523612976,
0.009324556216597557,
-0.21507106721401215,
0.26837825775146484,
-0.41475948691368103,
0.006506752222776413,
0.25694239139556885,
0.17346251010894775,
-0.5547555088996887,
-0.5709978342056274,
-0.573441207408905,
-0.067099928855896,
-0.0954117551445961,
-0.0999540314078331,
0.050704509019851685,
0.06623958051204681,
-0.013357153162360191,
-0.8594622611999512,
-0.8163028955459595,
-0.5160553455352783,
0.005961704533547163,
-0.0497620664536953,
-0.13006925582885742,
-0.14957673847675323,
0.4330601990222931,
-0.3723088502883911,
0.5417687296867371,
-0.2592521905899048,
-0.884806752204895,
0.3933355510234833,
0.4085015654563904,
-1.117682933807373,
-0.011476435698568821,
-0.3769979476928711,
-0.4541213810443878,
0.14428292214870453,
1.114978313446045,
0.11854826658964157,
-0.1866045445203781,
0.09683509916067123,
0.3389666676521301,
-0.745502769947052,
0.2990332245826721,
-0.27698570489883423,
-0.27840089797973633,
0.544128954410553,
0.21976816654205322,
0.04906878620386124,
0.975543200969696,
0.17297270894050598,
-0.590295672416687,
1.4335575103759766,
-0.564511239528656,
0.2059222012758255,
-0.2166714072227478,
0.36589527130126953,
0.1416945606470108,
-0.07317205518484116,
0.06802375614643097,
-0.13175688683986664,
0.05623283609747887,
0.4036928117275238,
-0.32491347193717957,
0.04502290487289429,
0.29736343026161194,
-0.14353585243225098,
-0.4941287636756897,
-0.2196170687675476,
0.21351638436317444,
0.04510268568992615,
0.28507500886917114,
-0.8365037441253662,
0.19098986685276031,
-0.489241361618042,
-0.42604535818099976,
-0.25093773007392883,
0.29782405495643616,
0.5631417036056519,
-0.48769867420196533,
-0.26546016335487366,
0.44937750697135925,
0.014955088496208191,
0.22288398444652557,
0.05144123360514641,
-0.12351159006357193,
-0.1791764199733734,
0.19537629187107086,
0.20965167880058289,
-0.2067926824092865,
0.15825727581977844,
-0.03319602832198143,
0.3052316904067993,
0.1359315663576126,
-0.1305103302001953,
-0.05549571290612221,
0.19394326210021973,
0.10767748951911926,
-0.11731257289648056,
0.15077221393585205,
0.2482994943857193,
-0.5915095210075378,
0.02323509380221367,
0.4658915400505066,
-0.9308528304100037,
-0.3621252477169037,
-0.02841865085065365,
0.154168963432312,
0.017098400741815567,
-0.3602091372013092,
-0.2206113189458847,
-0.41531214118003845,
-0.35408562421798706,
-0.010570221580564976,
-0.1505669504404068,
0.17597079277038574,
-0.10169333219528198,
-0.5741434097290039,
-0.14320114254951477,
-0.1381612867116928,
0.1665547490119934,
0.39142343401908875,
-0.15283852815628052,
0.20045121014118195,
-0.8598193526268005,
0.4250374138355255,
-0.13379444181919098,
-0.24731270968914032,
0.30901628732681274,
-0.3182169795036316,
0.1985420286655426,
-0.2206050157546997,
-0.08659551292657852,
0.12247233092784882,
-0.26391565799713135,
0.09098433703184128,
0.4489791989326477,
0.5851900577545166,
-0.37848079204559326,
0.9722915887832642,
0.6207593679428101,
-0.38240179419517517,
-0.21452009677886963,
0.6035241484642029,
0.11575645208358765,
-0.2976698875427246,
0.5469366312026978,
0.20851778984069824,
0.3151691257953644,
1.0947643518447876,
-0.07218553125858307,
-0.703154444694519,
0.1636149287223816,
0.12135592848062515,
0.18720033764839172,
-0.472783625125885,
-0.10772734135389328,
0.027392439544200897,
-0.7388564944267273,
-0.4666031002998352,
-0.4931100010871887,
-0.5371501445770264,
-0.6149688363075256,
0.5751956105232239,
0.498536616563797,
0.46205800771713257,
-0.3326840102672577,
0.4176027476787567,
0.3503345549106598,
-0.04535749927163124,
0.4505762457847595,
0.18768727779388428,
0.23949074745178223,
-0.5215396881103516,
0.333269327878952,
0.08341473340988159,
-0.009950367733836174,
-0.06876564025878906,
-0.21836867928504944,
0.08092097193002701,
0.10636018216609955,
-0.24425315856933594,
-1.2147271633148193,
-0.33939263224601746,
-0.2710610032081604,
-0.633854329586029,
0.08999770879745483,
-0.05248117446899414,
-0.26727402210235596,
-0.6591964960098267,
0.17397281527519226,
0.20334066450595856,
-0.4398604929447174,
0.6768859624862671,
-0.08179201185703278,
0.1768139749765396,
-0.15605716407299042,
0.5052188038825989,
0.08934371918439865,
0.765595018863678,
-0.06458569318056107,
0.8900282382965088,
-0.2822355628013611,
0.08401550352573395,
-0.13027936220169067,
0.1325872540473938,
-0.40415871143341064,
-0.33854541182518005,
-0.15816807746887207,
-0.21149702370166779,
-0.3802163302898407,
0.011784733273088932,
-0.16921502351760864,
0.04253073409199715,
-0.2867555320262909,
-0.2659454047679901,
0.348623126745224,
0.6032411456108093,
0.14341159164905548,
0.13336963951587677,
-0.25713521242141724,
1.064575433731079,
1.0794751644134521,
-0.24486693739891052,
0.5054628849029541,
-0.16040289402008057,
0.007194032426923513,
-0.17899541556835175,
-0.20311136543750763,
0.14622199535369873,
-0.3365319073200226,
0.5361721515655518,
-0.7013394832611084,
0.23322032392024994,
0.14658935368061066,
0.14218850433826447,
-0.6330497860908508,
0.07654379308223724,
-0.34116604924201965,
0.09663958102464676,
0.6019688844680786,
0.1284305304288864,
-0.013497628271579742,
-0.5358208417892456,
0.5594630241394043,
-0.3931363821029663,
0.008249253034591675,
0.3485298454761505,
0.3283223807811737,
-0.6131399273872375,
-0.02400786243379116,
0.47804176807403564,
-0.8349113464355469,
0.29449427127838135,
0.6621399521827698,
-0.09462597966194153,
-0.44798922538757324,
0.49187928438186646,
-0.275827556848526,
-0.6846364736557007,
0.37119626998901367,
0.6391538977622986,
0.44115546345710754,
-0.18988408148288727,
0.08757653087377548,
-0.19189223647117615,
0.4084318280220032,
-0.7549608945846558,
0.027007870376110077,
-0.5322145819664001,
-0.49943357706069946,
-0.24981677532196045,
-0.7014756798744202,
0.38182923197746277,
-0.016244862228631973,
0.42839691042900085,
0.2958470582962036,
0.15311160683631897,
-0.052505724132061005,
0.09119042009115219,
0.37566253542900085,
-0.7587605118751526,
0.5134512186050415,
-0.061117950826883316
] |
224092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Boscawen | Edward Boscawen | Admiral of the Blue Edward Boscawen, PC (19 August 171110 January 1761) was a British Admiral in the Royal Navy and Member of Parliament for the borough of Truro, Cornwall. He is known principally for his various naval commands during the 18th century and the engagements that he won, including the siege of Louisburg in 1758 and Battle of Lagos in 1759. He is also remembered as the officer who signed the warrant authorising the execution of Admiral John Byng in 1757, for failing to engage the enemy at the Battle of Minorca (1756). In his political role, he served as a Member of Parliament for Truro from 1742 until his death although due to almost constant naval employment he seems not to have been particularly active. He also served as one of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on the Board of Admiralty from 1751 and as a member of the Privy Council from 1758 until his death in 1761.
Early life
The Honourable Edward Boscawen was born in Tregothnan, Cornwall, England, on 19 August 1711, the third son of Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth (1680–1734) by his wife Charlotte Godfrey (died 1754) elder daughter and co-heiress of Colonel Charles Godfrey, master of the jewel office by his wife Arabella Churchill, the King's mistress, and sister of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.
The young Edward joined the navy at the age of 12 aboard of 60 guns. Superb was sent to the West Indies with Admiral Francis Hosier. Boscawen stayed with Superb for three years during the Anglo-Spanish War. He was subsequently reassigned to , , and under Admiral Sir Charles Wager and was aboard Namur when she sailed into Cadiz and Livorno following the Treaty of Seville that ended hostilities between Britain and Spain. On 25 May 1732 Boscawen was promoted lieutenant and in the August of the same year rejoined his old ship the 44-gun fourth-rate Hector in the Mediterranean. He remained with her until 16 October 1735 when he was promoted to the 70-gun . On 12 March 1736 Boscawen was promoted by Admiral Sir John Norris to the temporary command of the 50-gun . His promotion was confirmed by the Board of Admiralty. In June 1738 Boscawen was given command of , a small sixth-rate of 20 guns. He was ordered to accompany Admiral Edward Vernon to the West Indies in preparation for the oncoming war with Spain.
War of Jenkins' Ear
Porto Bello
The War of Jenkins' Ear proved to be Boscawen's first opportunity for action and when Shoreham was declared unfit for service he volunteered to accompany Vernon and the fleet sent to attack Porto Bello.
During the siege, Boscawen was ordered with Sir Charles Knowles to destroy the forts. The task took three weeks and 122 barrels of gunpowder to accomplish but the British levelled the forts surrounding the town. Vernon's achievement was hailed in Britain as an outstanding feat of arms and in the furore that surrounded the announcement the patriotic song "Rule, Britannia" was played for the first time. Streets were named after Porto Bello throughout Britain and its colonies. When the fleet returned to Port Royal, Jamaica Shoreham had been refitted and Boscawen resumed command of her.
Cartagena
In 1741 Boscawen was part of the fleet sent to attack another Caribbean port, Cartagena de Indias. Large reinforcements had been sent from Britain, including 8,000 soldiers who were landed to attack the chain of fortresses surrounding the Spanish colonial city. The Spanish had roughly 6,000 troops made up of regular soldiers, sailors and local loyalist natives. The siege lasted for over two months during which period the British troops suffered over 18,000 casualties, the vast majority from disease. Vernon's fleet suffered from dysentery, scurvy, yellow fever and other illnesses that were widespread throughout the Caribbean during the period. As a result of the battle Prime Minister Robert Walpole's government collapsed and George II removed his promise of support to the Austrians if the Prussians advanced into Silesia. The defeat of Vernon was a contributing factor to the increased hostilities of the War of the Austrian Succession. Boscawen had however distinguished himself once more. The land forces that he commanded had been instrumental in capturing Fort San Luis and Boca Chica Castle, and together with Knowles he destroyed the captured forts when the siege was abandoned. For his services he was promoted in May 1742 to the rank of captain and appointed to command the 70-gun Prince Frederick to replace Lord Aubrey Beauclerk who had died during the siege.
War of the Austrian Succession
In 1742 Boscawen returned in Prince Frederick to England, where she was paid off and Boscawen joined the fleet commanded by Admiral Norris in the newly built 60-gun . In the same year he was returned as a Member of Parliament for Truro, a position he held until his death. At the 1747 general election he was also returned for Saltash, but chose to continue to sit for Truro.
In 1744 the French attempted an invasion of England and Boscawen was with the fleet under Admiral Norris when the French fleet were sighted. The French under Admiral Rocquefeuil retreated and the British attempts to engage were confounded by a violent storm that swept the English Channel.
Whilst cruising the Channel, Boscawen had the good fortune to capture the French frigate . She was the first capture of an enemy ship made during the War of Austrian Succession and was commanded by . Médée was sold and became a successful privateer under her new name Boscawen commanded by George Walker.
At the end of 1744 Boscawen was given command of , guard ship at the Nore anchorage. He commanded her until 1745 when he was appointed to another of his old ships, HMS Namur, that had been reduced (razéed) from 90 guns to 74 guns. He was appointed to command a small squadron under Vice-Admiral Martin in the Channel.
First Battle of Cape Finisterre
In 1747 Boscawen was ordered to join Admiral Anson and took an active part in the first Battle of Cape Finisterre. The British fleet sighted the French fleet on 3 May. The French fleet under Admiral de la Jonquière was convoying its merchant fleet to France and the British attacked. The French fleet was almost completely annihilated with all but two of the escorts taken and six merchantmen. Boscawen was injured in the shoulder during the battle by a musket ball. Once more the French captain, M. de Hocquart became Boscawen's prisoner and was taken to England.
Command in India
Boscawen was promoted rear-admiral of the blue on 15 July 1747 and was appointed to command a joint operation being sent to the East Indies. With his flag in Namur, and with five other line of battle ships, a few smaller men of war, and a number of transports Boscawen sailed from England on 4 November 1747. On the outward voyage Boscawen made an abortive attempt to capture Mauritius by surprise but was driven off by French forces. Boscawen continued on arriving at Fort St. David near the town of Cuddalore on 29 July 1748 and took over command from Admiral Griffin. Boscawen had been ordered to capture and destroy the main French settlement in India at Pondichéry. Factors such as Boscawen's lack of knowledge and experience of land offensives, the failings of the engineers and artillery officers under his command, a lack of secrecy surrounding the operation and the skill of the French governor Joseph François Dupleix combined to thwart the attack. The British forces amounting to some 5,000 men captured and destroyed the outlying fort of Aranciopang. This capture was the only success of the operation and after failing to breach the walls of the city the British forces withdrew. Amongst the combatants were a young ensign Robert Clive, later known as Clive of India and Major Stringer Lawrence, later Commander-in-Chief, India. Lawrence was captured by the French during the retreat and exchanged after the news of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had reached India. Over the monsoon season Boscawen remained at Fort St David. Fortunately, for the Admiral and his staff, when a storm hit the British outpost Boscawen was ashore but his flagship Namur went down with over 600 men aboard.
Boscawen returned to England in 1750. In 1751 Anson became First Lord of the Admiralty and asked Boscawen to serve on the Admiralty Board. Boscawen remained one of the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty until his death.
Seven Years' War
On 4 February 1755 Boscawen was promoted vice admiral and given command of a squadron on the North American Station. A squadron of partially disarmed French ships of the line were dispatched to Canada loaded with reinforcements and Boscawen was ordered to intercept them. The French ambassador to London, the Duc de Mirepoix had informed the government of George II that any act of hostility taken by British ships would be considered an act of war. Thick fog both obstructed Boscawen's reconnaissance and scattered the French ships, but on 8 June Boscawen's squadron sighted the Alcide, Lys and Dauphin Royal off Cape Ray off Newfoundland. In the ensuing engagement the British captured the Alcide and Lys but the Dauphin Royal escaped into the fog. Amongst the 1,500 men made prisoner was the captain of the Alcide. For M. de Hocquart it was the third time that Boscawen had fought him and taken his ship. Pay amounting to £80,000 was captured aboard the Lys. Boscawen, as vice-admiral commanding the squadron, would have been entitled to a sizeable share in the prize money. The British squadron headed for Halifax to regroup but a fever spread through the ships and the Vice-admiral was forced to return to England.
Boscawen returned to the Channel Fleet and was commander-in-chief Portsmouth during the trial of Admiral John Byng. Boscawen signed the order of execution after the King had refused to grant the unfortunate admiral a pardon. Boscawen was advanced to Senior Naval Lord on the Admiralty Board in November 1756 but then stood down (as Senior Naval Lord although he remained on the Board) in April 1757, during the caretaker ministry, before being advanced to Senior Naval Lord again in July 1757.
Siege of Louisburg
In October 1757 Boscawen was second in command under Admiral Edward Hawke. On 7 February 1758 Boscawen was promoted to Admiral of the blue squadron. and ordered to take a fleet to North America. Once there, he took naval command at the siege of Louisburg during June and July 1758. On this occasion rather than entrust the land assault to a naval commander, the army was placed under the command of General Jeffrey Amherst and Brigadier James Wolfe. The siege of Louisburg was one of the key contributors to the capture of French possessions in Canada. Wolfe later would use Louisburg as a staging point for the siege of Quebec. The capture of the town took away from the French the only effective naval base that they had in Canada, as well as leading to the destruction of four of their ships of the line and the capture of another. On his return from North America Boscawen was awarded the Thanks of both Houses of Parliament for his service. The King made Boscawen a Privy Counsellor in recognition for his continued service both as a member of the Board of Admiralty and commander-in-chief.
Battle of Lagos
In April 1759 Boscawen took command of a fleet bound for the Mediterranean. His aim was to prevent another planned invasion of Britain by the French. With his flag aboard the newly constructed of 90 guns he blockaded Toulon and kept the fleet of Admiral de le Clue-Sabran in port. In order to tempt the French out of port, Boscawen sent three of his ships to bombard the port. The guns of the batteries surrounding the town drove off the British ships. Having sustained damage in the action and due to the constant weathering of ships on blockade duty Boscawen took his fleet to Gibraltar to refit and resupply. On 17 August a frigate that had been ordered to watch the Straits of Gibraltar signalled that the French fleet were in sight. Boscawen took his available ships to sea to engage de la Clue. During the night the British chased the French fleet and five of de la Clue's ships managed to separate from the fleet and escape. The others were driven in to a bay near Lagos, Portugal. The British overhauled the remaining seven ships of the French fleet and engaged. The French line of battle ship began a duel with Namur but was outgunned and struck her colours. The damage aboard Namur forced Boscawen to shift his flag to of 80 guns. Whilst transferring between ships, the small boat that Boscawen was in was hit by an enemy cannonball. Boscawen took off his wig and plugged the hole. Two more French ships, and escaped during the second night and on the morning of 19 August the British captured and and drove the French flagship and ashore where they foundered and were set on fire by their crews to stop the British from taking them off and repairing them. The five French ships that avoided the battle made their way to Cadiz where Boscawen ordered Admiral Thomas Broderick to blockade the port.
Final years, death, and legacy
Boscawen returned to England, where he was promoted General of Marines in recognition of his service. He was given the Freedom of the City of Edinburgh. Admiral Boscawen returned to sea for the final time and took his station off the west coast of France around Quiberon Bay. After a violent attack of what was later diagnosed as Typhoid fever, the Admiral came ashore, where, on 10 January 1761, he died at his home in Hatchlands Park in Surrey. His body was taken to St. Michael's Church, St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, where he was buried. The monument at the church begins:
Here lies the Right HonourableEdward Boscawen,Admiral of the Blue, General of Marines,Lord of the Admiralty, and one of hisMajesty's most Honourable Privy Council.His birth, though noble,His titles, though illustrious,Were but incidental additions to his greatness.
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham and Prime Minister once said to Boscawen: "When I apply to other Officers respecting any expedition I may chance to project, they always raise difficulties, you always find expedients."
Legacy
The town of Boscawen, New Hampshire is named after him. Two ships and a stone frigate of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Boscawen, after Admiral Boscawen, whilst another ship was planned but the plans were shelved before she was commissioned. The stone frigate was a training base for naval cadets and in consequence three ships were renamed HMS Boscawen whilst being used as the home base for the training establishment.
Quotes
Boscawen was quoted as saying "To be sure I lose the fruits of the earth, but then, I am gathering the flowers of the Sea" (1756) and "Never fire, my lads, till you see the whites of the Frenchmen's eyes."
Frances Evelyn Boscawen
In 1742 Boscawen married Frances Evelyn Glanville (1719–1805), with whom he had three sons and two daughters, and who became an important hostess of Bluestocking meetings after his death. The older daughter Frances married John Leveson-Gower, and the younger, Elizabeth married Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort.
References
Sources
External links
History of War – Siege of Louisburg 1758
History of War – Battle of Lagos
National Trust – Hatchlands Park
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Edward Boscawen
Tregothnan Estate, Cornwall
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
|-
|-
1711 births
1761 deaths
Younger sons of viscounts
Royal Navy admirals
Lords of the Admiralty
British military personnel of the French and Indian War
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Truro
British MPs 1741–1747
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
Burials in Cornwall
Edward
18th-century English politicians
Sailors from Cornwall
British military personnel of the Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)
Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War
People of Father Le Loutre's War | [
-0.5465752482414246,
-0.1266975849866867,
-0.5696024894714355,
-0.6556720733642578,
0.09886384755373001,
0.7291494607925415,
0.4951646625995636,
0.09747584164142609,
-0.34681087732315063,
-0.33990195393562317,
0.004761615302413702,
0.7310730814933777,
-0.44740769267082214,
-0.052374694496393204,
-0.04830389469861984,
0.2807627022266388,
0.35178083181381226,
-0.3541502058506012,
-0.19382010400295258,
-0.44978341460227966,
-0.238763689994812,
0.4191368818283081,
-0.2509443759918213,
0.025117862969636917,
-0.518312931060791,
0.3648678660392761,
0.10400606691837311,
0.029027512297034264,
-0.09993704408407211,
-0.20769087970256805,
0.36123690009117126,
0.854328453540802,
-0.38877740502357483,
-0.07684089988470078,
-0.4510028064250946,
-0.4522000849246979,
-0.6080144643783569,
-0.6972134113311768,
-0.4765208065509796,
0.2321636974811554,
-0.15585075318813324,
-0.24128907918930054,
0.6794434189796448,
0.08993520587682724,
-0.46125027537345886,
-0.27260270714759827,
-1.4692150354385376,
0.08771689981222153,
0.024443233385682106,
-0.32360681891441345,
0.6074293255805969,
0.2640568017959595,
-0.08851990848779678,
-0.03511245176196098,
0.09674806892871857,
0.29283127188682556,
-0.31516993045806885,
-0.1818360686302185,
0.472983717918396,
-0.2326611429452896,
0.7487038969993591,
0.25590160489082336,
0.1407681554555893,
0.10128702968358994,
-0.09641823172569275,
-0.15386955440044403,
-0.053830571472644806,
0.15815944969654083,
-0.5671281814575195,
0.39767611026763916,
0.43976783752441406,
0.14618201553821564,
0.3678734302520752,
0.4660401940345764,
-0.4901588261127472,
0.0469508096575737,
0.04175882786512375,
-0.21231405436992645,
0.48261377215385437,
0.29076141119003296,
0.7568777799606323,
-0.6383897662162781,
1.1614750623703003,
0.48770588636398315,
-0.0964525118470192,
0.5610601902008057,
-0.22140692174434662,
0.566512405872345,
-0.6815666556358337,
0.20983067154884338,
-0.3626868426799774,
-0.23846489191055298,
0.7571728229522705,
-0.0664920061826706,
-0.29981330037117004,
0.06827296316623688,
-0.5920644998550415,
0.19967012107372284,
0.008292783983051777,
-0.7255123257637024,
-0.16141505539417267,
0.15684007108211517,
0.1567067950963974,
0.299301415681839,
-0.9873819947242737,
0.42266514897346497,
-0.41342082619667053,
-0.16876667737960815,
-0.26376113295555115,
0.6452957987785339,
0.05556824430823326,
-0.15684984624385834,
-0.7430636882781982,
0.5575523376464844,
0.14134280383586884,
-0.12087295949459076,
0.006724020466208458,
-0.8433181047439575,
-0.41889488697052,
-0.6827713847160339,
-0.2045680284500122,
0.6019321084022522,
0.04966355487704277,
0.6339594125747681,
-0.27346935868263245,
0.24501127004623413,
0.258478581905365,
-0.11957552284002304,
0.37323030829429626,
0.38353508710861206,
0.6698674559593201,
1.391711950302124,
-1.2626712322235107,
-0.2088044136762619,
-0.3973827362060547,
0.4049914479255676,
-0.1181611493229866,
0.23859989643096924,
-0.2794528007507324,
0.4815313220024109,
-0.3242568373680115,
-0.1704786717891693,
-0.452055424451828,
0.5584573149681091,
0.3429151177406311,
0.1122937798500061,
0.037202995270490646,
-0.01316205132752657,
-0.21213681995868683,
0.15695598721504211,
-0.13335144519805908,
0.010318496264517307,
0.033633291721343994,
-0.20286965370178223,
0.318146288394928,
0.2933029532432556,
0.44479238986968994,
-0.03643804043531418,
0.5660115480422974,
0.09024426341056824,
-0.3559907078742981,
-0.4370861053466797,
-0.1994873434305191,
0.06257419288158417,
0.4594445526599884,
-0.038351599127054214,
0.1371111124753952,
-0.3150118291378021,
-0.564068078994751,
0.10619483888149261,
-0.699012041091919,
-0.0448547787964344,
0.8441630601882935,
-0.009995844215154648,
0.0038452292792499065,
0.18870040774345398,
1.0260968208312988,
-0.032459504902362823,
0.7544180750846863,
-0.8230265378952026,
-0.9795011878013611,
-0.3920254707336426,
0.6319535970687866,
-0.30527716875076294,
0.6877149343490601,
0.3895627558231354,
0.2617219388484955,
0.061663854867219925,
0.38410067558288574,
-0.030033698305487633,
-0.2787756323814392,
-0.6556397676467896,
0.3547605872154236,
-0.49921685457229614,
0.286249577999115,
-0.007745141629129648,
-0.7765501737594604,
0.41535934805870056,
0.44579923152923584,
0.5837619304656982,
0.059356581419706345,
0.30852556228637695,
0.2460169643163681,
-0.28889352083206177,
-0.016346188262104988,
-0.08308771997690201,
0.21902324259281158,
-0.05044566094875336,
0.24478574097156525,
0.5379639267921448,
0.1900046318769455,
-0.20556911826133728,
-0.12276965379714966,
0.30613353848457336,
0.16140444576740265,
-0.7937809228897095,
0.2882826328277588,
-0.6169381141662598,
0.12778931856155396,
-0.7146039009094238,
0.175195574760437,
0.024514218792319298,
-0.16741442680358887,
0.7231212854385376,
0.3644108474254608,
0.8555936217308044,
-0.23162880539894104,
0.07852236181497574,
-0.48808056116104126,
-0.8823984265327454,
-0.25139257311820984,
-0.06170973554253578,
0.2965504229068756,
-0.5240170359611511,
0.43028146028518677,
0.15139561891555786,
0.0027748008724302053,
-0.006163676735013723,
0.307083398103714,
-0.29787224531173706,
-0.10702035576105118,
-0.0988968163728714,
-0.19910046458244324,
0.4321785569190979,
0.33270907402038574,
0.6781045198440552,
0.11663764715194702,
0.11867862194776535,
-0.441376268863678,
-0.7342943549156189,
0.250959187746048,
0.11023959517478943,
0.2174064815044403,
-0.03385637700557709,
0.13863971829414368,
-0.3331785798072815,
0.0007884351070970297,
-0.010374071076512337,
-0.3154781758785248,
0.38131871819496155,
-0.20783869922161102,
0.19296735525131226,
0.028833873569965363,
0.4863700568675995,
0.46285882592201233,
-0.34543511271476746,
-0.011186406016349792,
-0.3068820536136627,
1.1773452758789062,
-0.3384769856929779,
0.1948600858449936,
-0.48276597261428833,
0.03659650683403015,
-0.07328957319259644,
0.5115951895713806,
0.038718026131391525,
-0.19291795790195465,
0.7377850413322449,
-0.33907920122146606,
-0.4611198306083679,
0.35650232434272766,
0.25799354910850525,
-0.6339313983917236,
-0.10826470702886581,
-0.025253094732761383,
-0.12319710105657578,
0.10692115873098373,
-0.24040918052196503,
-0.337245374917984,
-0.29571670293807983,
-0.16706153750419617,
0.2534363567829132,
-0.3055146634578705,
0.5228155851364136,
-0.5792602300643921,
0.24960850179195404,
-0.32070037722587585,
-0.7639734745025635,
-0.24894241988658905,
-0.36514368653297424,
-0.30107688903808594,
0.3745081126689911,
0.2897838056087494,
0.3755497932434082,
0.4748060405254364,
-0.10267754644155502,
-0.1549266278743744,
0.15074345469474792,
-5.420773983001709,
0.03587350994348526,
0.11148414015769958,
0.03216872736811638,
-0.11731478571891785,
-0.4671197235584259,
0.3877635598182678,
-0.507999837398529,
0.32025283575057983,
-0.46745455265045166,
0.7420114874839783,
0.22001907229423523,
0.07445825636386871,
0.6606577038764954,
0.8270788788795471,
0.8585065007209778,
1.0651098489761353,
-0.28024131059646606,
0.7150012850761414,
-0.10441871732473373,
0.04287909343838692,
0.42945483326911926,
-0.18040047585964203,
0.06694432348012924,
-0.05391816794872284,
0.2615010440349579,
-0.0816550925374031,
-0.09208335727453232,
-0.7410386204719543,
-0.6602002382278442,
0.18761895596981049,
0.3561639189720154,
-0.03473209962248802,
0.03431595861911774,
-0.1224677562713623,
-0.2355707883834839,
0.04690515995025635,
0.7242589592933655,
0.06709671020507812,
-0.06640882790088654,
-0.023949138820171356,
0.004302727058529854,
-0.8050001859664917,
0.2776390314102173,
0.30412721633911133,
-0.06798099726438522,
-0.6497587561607361,
0.5072844624519348,
0.1267254799604416,
0.5749861598014832,
-0.10294114798307419,
0.29693251848220825,
-0.13324598968029022,
0.49792617559432983,
0.04395447298884392,
0.30852121114730835,
-0.20241686701774597,
0.049187660217285156,
-0.3804013729095459,
0.32227760553359985,
0.24014833569526672,
-1.048985242843628,
0.18747538328170776,
0.3881284296512604,
0.24042609333992004,
0.17903806269168854,
0.022994736209511757,
-0.4611971974372864,
0.2159826010465622,
0.364316463470459,
0.10793030261993408,
0.46550920605659485,
0.3401593267917633,
-0.4535444974899292,
0.13682109117507935,
-0.4407784640789032,
0.21209479868412018,
0.4627905786037445,
0.0435960479080677,
-0.2275000959634781,
0.09958470612764359,
-0.5015924572944641,
-0.5647350549697876,
0.8991353511810303,
0.0803215354681015,
-0.9904178977012634,
-0.07455488294363022,
0.20164929330348969,
-0.3025721609592438,
-0.1440473049879074,
0.15925398468971252,
-0.20108069479465485,
-0.3596642315387726,
0.6541486978530884,
0.5574066042900085,
-0.5371332764625549,
-0.5116470456123352,
0.3990853726863861,
0.4272522032260895,
-0.33617517352104187,
-0.4922197759151459,
-0.25760823488235474,
0.034595951437950134,
-0.6566633582115173,
0.4523021876811981,
-0.09836338460445404,
0.0761982724070549,
0.09119537472724915,
0.3266216516494751,
-0.3602363169193268,
0.45450249314308167,
0.22258499264717102,
-0.5684985518455505,
0.05589516833424568,
-0.03137601539492607,
-0.16775235533714294,
0.5641850233078003,
0.11814111471176147,
0.6469086408615112,
0.4572657346725464,
-0.19308340549468994,
0.7438827753067017,
-0.5452081561088562,
-0.4348018765449524,
-0.6312922835350037,
0.2277003824710846,
0.5410654544830322,
-0.598520040512085,
-0.5829887986183167,
0.42707496881484985,
0.3494184911251068,
0.6969648599624634,
-0.21244452893733978,
0.36785486340522766,
-0.033888980746269226,
-0.43250951170921326,
-0.994073212146759,
-0.5302257537841797,
0.2495303601026535,
0.3028843402862549,
-0.07574906945228577,
-0.3989796042442322,
0.5470163822174072,
-0.09759917855262756,
0.17051836848258972,
0.07803604006767273,
0.5000064969062805,
-0.127181738615036,
0.056048788130283356,
1.0045866966247559,
-0.2639613151550293,
0.23496894538402557,
0.02504832297563553,
-0.7312690615653992,
-0.34726110100746155,
0.26435115933418274,
-0.5575197339057922,
-0.3841298818588257,
-0.508726954460144,
-0.05827706307172775,
0.006097196135669947,
0.35302621126174927,
-0.7333633899688721,
0.08169940859079361,
0.6134396195411682,
-0.10563361644744873,
-1.1208977699279785,
-0.33264273405075073,
-0.4480707347393036,
0.08222979307174683,
-0.1213839203119278,
-0.7451897859573364,
-0.4065839350223541,
-0.050174012780189514,
-0.056147150695323944,
0.05179308354854584,
-0.19909174740314484,
0.05844876542687416,
-0.5931034088134766,
-0.03658893331885338,
0.2513881027698517,
0.36665695905685425,
-0.5424128770828247,
-0.16665120422840118,
0.5563017129898071,
-0.07909051328897476,
-0.6060851812362671,
-0.2549090087413788,
0.32145243883132935,
-0.044264379888772964,
-0.06796903908252716,
-0.3231852054595947,
0.4656834602355957,
0.9462487697601318,
-0.22093358635902405,
0.17383801937103271,
0.3535899519920349,
0.6213456988334656,
-0.03439629450440407,
-0.5817612409591675,
-0.08914152532815933,
0.1703161895275116,
-0.3744739890098572,
-0.526779055595398,
-0.4476473033428192,
-0.7294203042984009,
0.04266255348920822,
-0.22475631535053253,
-0.20889469981193542,
0.741174042224884,
-0.4062036871910095,
-1.0451005697250366,
0.30502039194107056,
0.3717963993549347,
-0.1453302502632141,
0.06509121507406235,
0.08031128346920013,
0.22278381884098053,
0.10597633570432663,
-0.5253444314002991,
-0.40554141998291016,
-0.2041066288948059,
-0.531890332698822,
-0.0826830267906189,
-0.8659025430679321,
0.006597201805561781,
0.5087469816207886,
-0.1483975350856781,
0.658014178276062,
0.26716333627700806,
-0.5055204033851624,
-0.22952702641487122,
-0.33038440346717834,
0.5310782194137573,
-0.1355726718902588,
0.3657017648220062,
0.3072553873062134,
-0.1492106318473816,
0.15119752287864685,
-0.08320535719394684,
0.8208634257316589,
1.3202184438705444,
0.26502323150634766,
-0.2763971984386444,
0.1532078981399536,
0.09124685823917389,
0.2517315149307251,
-0.14349909126758575,
-0.24292497336864471,
0.09663829952478409,
0.6080626845359802,
-0.26313087344169617,
-0.7225002646446228,
-0.0663943812251091,
1.0775108337402344,
-0.4674893319606781,
0.19886024296283722,
0.4001061022281647,
-0.08295337855815887,
0.18625818192958832,
0.07199449092149734,
0.6627655029296875,
0.26998522877693176,
0.023132530972361565,
0.09128626435995102,
0.18446604907512665,
-0.32563480734825134,
-0.4310206174850464,
-0.19424153864383698,
-0.4062836468219757,
-0.4491862654685974,
-0.552431583404541,
-0.6568323969841003,
0.7582436800003052,
0.0773111879825592,
-0.17957423627376556,
0.11417785286903381,
-0.72768634557724,
1.0088062286376953,
0.1284976452589035,
-0.8810098171234131,
-0.11582031846046448,
0.1899798959493637,
-0.6653959155082703,
-0.7211639881134033,
-0.7993265986442566,
0.008604085072875023,
-0.01671678200364113,
0.3075857162475586,
-0.008362573571503162,
-0.009945211932063103,
-0.34485530853271484,
-0.35200828313827515,
-0.12879224121570587,
0.15342693030834198,
-0.077278271317482,
-0.07340315729379654,
0.22540348768234253,
-0.24492014944553375,
-0.15591485798358917,
-0.6932263374328613,
1.0063008069992065,
0.38150203227996826,
-0.02682715654373169,
0.3481265902519226,
0.27628466486930847,
0.008298766799271107,
-0.1078389436006546,
-0.5377182960510254,
0.13197633624076843,
-0.12040376663208008,
-0.6428021192550659,
-0.40793055295944214,
0.1297132521867752,
-0.42178812623023987,
-0.49132171273231506,
0.9027166366577148,
-0.29882076382637024,
0.20102998614311218,
-0.09408759325742722,
0.15494801104068756,
-0.31651777029037476,
0.21513928472995758,
-0.24909433722496033,
0.35556599497795105,
0.5408700704574585,
-0.4424162805080414,
0.05905755236744881,
-0.3036850392818451,
0.6474680304527283,
0.1398729383945465,
-0.11290661245584488,
-0.7805458307266235,
0.39128196239471436,
-0.5391334891319275,
0.19570870697498322,
0.26281988620758057,
-0.5472427010536194,
-0.025745751336216927,
0.0807112604379654,
0.5080283284187317,
0.915632963180542,
-0.4936632215976715,
-0.03412455692887306,
-0.22220869362354279,
0.4548550248146057,
0.1159379705786705,
-0.0035976534709334373,
-0.2565901577472687,
0.034869614988565445,
0.41884008049964905,
0.0728771984577179,
0.5024333596229553,
-0.43933627009391785,
0.24198132753372192,
0.9302606582641602,
0.5277450680732727,
-0.08877143263816833,
-0.5231636166572571,
-0.034088656306266785,
0.3267039358615875,
-0.2783428728580475,
1.0138131380081177,
-0.05094979330897331,
-0.7881006002426147,
0.4417860805988312,
0.33796870708465576,
-0.38744279742240906,
0.5810366868972778,
0.30744683742523193,
-0.20556887984275818,
-0.5113109946250916,
-0.1832350194454193,
0.07366638630628586,
-0.1972832977771759,
0.06567757576704025,
0.15472538769245148,
0.37628549337387085,
0.14994259178638458,
0.057365234941244125,
-1.088356852531433,
0.1034538745880127,
-0.2671201825141907,
-0.7682844996452332,
0.45449596643447876,
0.011940542608499527,
-0.9382997155189514,
-0.13826097548007965,
-0.36751967668533325,
-0.362741619348526,
-0.01903754286468029,
-0.5430108308792114,
-0.5310525298118591,
-0.13605116307735443,
-0.9408532977104187,
-0.39385688304901123,
-0.12569130957126617,
0.8144048452377319,
0.6441174149513245,
-0.8662924766540527,
-0.3781113028526306,
0.103084996342659,
-0.20933477580547333,
0.16501706838607788,
-0.27268481254577637,
0.6291561722755432,
-0.38424938917160034,
0.059971269220113754,
-0.8832266330718994,
0.4549749493598938,
0.618139922618866,
0.11875210702419281,
-0.6581724882125854,
0.7471825480461121,
-0.3536381125450134,
-0.04489302635192871,
0.5608258247375488,
-0.12871919572353363,
-0.08563303202390671,
-0.40714389085769653,
-0.13168783485889435,
-0.10896696150302887,
0.22811831533908844,
-0.8210781216621399,
0.21627365052700043,
0.04514244198799133,
0.14393359422683716,
0.16073524951934814,
-0.7516471743583679,
0.6688652634620667,
-0.22455686330795288,
-0.220223531126976,
-0.3516044020652771,
0.04520024359226227,
-0.31679007411003113,
-0.4324493706226349,
0.5602016448974609,
0.9764484763145447,
0.03758352994918823,
-0.19229725003242493,
0.18177831172943115,
0.1220989003777504,
0.21120041608810425,
0.1701170802116394,
0.7231415510177612,
-0.5276434421539307,
-0.23686213791370392,
-0.23944991827011108,
0.26470062136650085,
0.6349563598632812,
0.5048337578773499,
0.0568009577691555,
0.38739392161369324,
-0.3023781478404999,
0.5916245579719543,
-0.3131996691226959,
-0.04980231076478958,
0.01096249744296074,
0.6091001033782959,
0.06271915882825851
] |
224093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampico | Tampico | Tampico is a city and port in the southeastern part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is located on the north bank of the Pánuco River, about inland from the Gulf of Mexico, and directly north of the state of Veracruz. Tampico is the fifth-largest city in Tamaulipas, with a population of 314,418 in the city proper and 929,174 in the metropolitan area.
During the period of Mexico's first oil boom in the early 20th century, the city was the "chief oil-exporting port of the Americas" and the second-busiest in the world, yielding great profits that were invested in the city's famous architecture, often compared to that of Venice and New Orleans. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano.
In 1923, Mexico's largest oil field (located very close to Tampico) dried up, leading to an exodus of jobs and investment, but economic development in other areas made the city a pioneer in the aviation and soda industries. The city is also a major exporter of silver, copper, and lumber, as well as wool, hemp, and other agricultural products. Containerized cargo is mainly handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira.
History
The name "Tampico" is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning "place of otters" (literally "water dogs"). The city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River, which was the habitat of a large population of otters. There have been successive human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them the important site at Las Flores, which flourished between AD 1000 and 1250.
In 1532, during the Spanish colonial period, the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Huastec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554. This site was abandoned in 1684, and the population relocated to the south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by European and American pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years.
The present Mexican city was founded on April 13, 1823 on the north bank of the Pánuco River about from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver; business development was mostly as a trading center and market town of an agricultural region. The town also became a common waypoint for the re-routing of African slaves to be illegally smuggled into the Southern United States, which had outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. In August 1829, Spain sent troops from Cuba to invade Tampico in an effort to regain control of the region, but in September, General Antonio López de Santa Anna forced the Spanish troops to surrender, and Mexican control of Tampico was reestablished.
20th century to present
The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano S.L.P. in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny, who founded Mexican Petroleum Corporation. In the early 20th century, there was extensive U.S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with a sizable United States expatriate community developing in relation to the industry. With the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U.S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here. The oil-producing area was so productive it was called the "Golden Belt."
The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, and Túxpan are all situated within a radius of the city. Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal, beginning in 1901. It is deep and wide and runs southward through the oil fields to Túxpan.
During the Mexican Revolution, on April 9, 1914, 10 Mexican troops and nine U.S. Navy sailors from the USS Dolphin confronted each other in a failure to communicate as U.S. forces tried to get fuel supplies. General Victoriano Huerta's forces in the city were threatened by different groups from both north and south. The Americans were arrested and later freed, but the U.S. resented Huerta's demands for some recognition. In the resulting Tampico Affair, the U.S. sent naval and marine forces into Veracruz and occupied the city for seven months in a show of force. Due to resulting anti-American demonstrations on each coast, other U.S. Navy ships were used to evacuate some American citizens to refugee camps in southern U.S. cities. The U.S. occupation contributed to the downfall of Huerta, and Venustiano Carranza became president. He ensured that Mexico maintained neutrality during World War I, in part due to lingering animosity against the U.S. for these actions.
In the 1970s, Tampico annexed the port city and suburb of Ciudad Madero, which now comprises part of the Tampico metropolitan area. Tampico has a modern port with excellent facilities, as well as rail and air connections to Mexico City and the United States.
The Mexican government nationalized the oil industry in 1939 and has maintained that for 75 years. In November 2014, President Enrique Peña Nieto announced a policy change of ending Pemex's monopoly and inviting private companies back into the oil and gas industry. While analysts believe the largest finds are likely to be offshore, new techniques may yield oil even at mature fields such as those of Tampico. In early 2015, the government planned to accept bids on 169 blocks, 47 of which are within of Tampico. It is expected that smaller companies will be active in the mature fields, such as those in this region. This area has extensive shale oil deposits, and the "U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that Mexico has the world's eighth-largest shale-oil resources."
Architecture
Tampico's downtown architecture is an eclectic mix, reflecting the growth of the city during the Porfiriato (the period of rule by President and dictator Porfirio Díaz). During the oil boom of the first decades of the 20th century, much "grandiose" architecture was built, inviting comparisons with Venice, Italy, and New Orleans in the United States. Many buildings feature wrought-iron balconies (in the 20th century, these were mostly built of English cast iron). Similar balconies are characteristic of the French and Spanish-influenced architecture in New Orleans. Some of the balconies in Plaza de la libertad bear the original plaques showing their manufacture at the Derbyshire forge of Andrew Handyside and Company.
Notable buildings include the neoclassical Town Hall (or Palacio Municipal) in Plaza de Armas, and the English redbrick Customs House in the docks. The prevalence of New Orleans-style architecture is attributed to the oil boom years. Not only was there money to spend, but many building supplies, including pre-built housing components, were shipped from New Orleans to this area during that period of rapid development. The historical downtown areas of Plaza de Armas and Plaza de Libertad have been restored and improved in recent years to emphasize their historic appeal, in part to encourage more heritage tourism.
The Cathedral of Tampico, also known as the Temple of the Immaculate Conception, located in Plaza de Armas, dates to the late 19th century. It has undergone several restorations. It is of the neoclassical style in light brown canter, with Corinthian-style columns and three enormous doors that form the entrance. Its two towers are made of three bodies. The eastern one has a large, London-made, public chiming clock, a gift from Don Angel Sainz Trapaga. Its recently refurbished interior holds several wall paintings and other works of art. The altar is of white Carrara marble. The United States oil tycoon Edward Doheny of California, who drilled the first oil well in Mexico near Tampico, donated substantial funds for the cathedral's construction and maintenance after 1902, when he based his Mexican oil operations in Tampico.
Demographics
According to the INEGI 2010 census, the population of the city of Tampico was 297,284, and that of the municipality of Tampico was 297,554, both ranking fifth in the state of Tamaulipas. The population of the Tampico—Ciudad Madero—Altamira metropolitan area was estimated at 859,419 people in 2010. The municipality has an area of .
Climate
Tampico has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw), defined as such based on the mean average temperature of 18 °C (65 °F) for January as well as on precipitation patterns. Its weather, though reasonably pleasant in spring and autumn, is hot in the summer; the average high reaches 32 °C (90 °F) in August, with an average low of 23 °C (74 °F). Winters are warm; the average January high is 23 °C (73 °F) and the average low in January is 13 °C (58 °F). Rainfall is frequent from June through October.
Tampico is an extremely humid city, with summer heat indices reaching 40 °C (104 °F). It is located on the Pánuco River and among extensive wetlands adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico. During autumn and winter, it is affected by cold fronts that pass through the gulf and bring high winds that can reach 50 km/h (37 mph) with gusts of 70 to 80 km/h (43 to 50 mph). Tampico is also located in a hurricane area, but it has not been directly affected by one in more than 50 years.
On rare occasions, the city experiences surprisingly low temperatures for its zone; during late January and early February 2011, a cold wave caused temperatures to drop to , with the lowest being in the morning and noon of 4 February. In February 1895, snow was reported to have fallen in Tampico. This is the North American record for the furthest south report of snow at a coastal location, and makes Tampico one of the few places that snow has fallen in the tropics at sea level.
Transportation
The metropolitan area of Tampico, Ciudad Madero, and Altamira is served by General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport (IATA airport code: TAM), which is located in the northern part of the city of Tampico. It serves routes to Mexican cities, mainly Mexico City and Monterrey, and also has international services, with daily flights to Houston, Texas.
The city also has excellent railway facilities serving the port, which is well-developed with warehouses and equipment for loading oil tankers. Major roads connect to the Pan-American Highway.
Food
Tampico is known for its food. Seafood is important in the city. The locals are informally known as Jaibas (crabs), and the crab emblem is seen in many places, from sports logos to the sides of buses to park benches. There are also typical dishes of the area, mainly the "torta de la barda" which is a sandwich that contains over 12 toppings, and the famous "tampiquena" which is steak with refried beans and "entomatadas" (tortillas with tomato sauce and cheese).
Education
The Autonomous University of Tamaulipas has one of its two largest campuses in Tampico, the other being in Ciudad Victoria. The major schools of medicine, engineering, nursing, dentistry, architecture, and business are based here.
Multiple high schools, both private and public, are located in Tampico.
Sports
The local professional football team, Tampico Madero F.C., was founded in 1945 and is also known as La Jaiba Brava. They currently play in the Ascenso MX, the second tier of the Mexican football league system, and their home stadium has been the 19,415-seat Estadio Tamaulipas since 1966.
In 1953, Tampico Madero was champion of the México Primera División and also won the Campeón de Campeones title. La Jaiba Brava won consecutive Copa México titles in 1960 and 1961. The club spent most of the 1960s and 1970s in relegation but returned to the Primera División for the 1977–78 season. They finished runner-up twice in the shortened 1985 and 1986 Primera División tournaments under Chilean manager Carlos Reinoso before being relegated again in the early 1990s.
In popular culture
American writer Joseph Hergesheimer's 1926 novel Tampico tells a tale of U.S. expatriates living in the city.
"Tampico" is the title of a 1945 song composed by U.S. artists Allan Roberts and Doris Fisher and produced by jazz musician and conductor Stan Kenton, with lead vocals by June Christy. Roberts suggested in his song that the city had become more American than the U.S. itself.
American director John Huston set the opening scenes of his 1948 motion picture epic The Treasure of the Sierra Madre in Tampico.
American singer Jimmy Buffett wrote the song "Tampico Trauma" about experiences in the city.
Episode 33 of the U.S. television series Maverick is set in the city and titled "Escape to Tampico".
The novel Tampico's Gold by Elizabeth Braun describes Tampico in poetic detail.
Tampico is the name of a popular brand of juice concentrates, carbonated beverages, and iced teas based in the United States.
Tampico is mentioned in the song "Le général a dit" ("The general has said") recorded by French singer-songwriter Joe Dassin.
"Tampico" is a 1975 song by Swedish singer-songwriter Eddie Meduza, from his first album, Errol.
Tampico is a key setting in Country of the Bad Wolfes, a 2012 historical novel by James Carlos Blake.
Tampico is a port visited in the 1965 Anthony Quinn movie "A high wind in Jamaica"
Tampico is the city where Roy Biggins sends Helen Chapel to get a quickie divorce when she finds out she's still married to Antonio Scarpaci in the 1990s sitcom Wings. He cryptically tells her to find a man named "Senor Pepe" there.
Notable people
Juan García Esquivel (1918–2002), pianist and composer of lounge music, known as "The King of Space Age Pop"
Eugenio Siller (born 1981), actor
Ernesto Corripio Ahumada (1919–2008), Archbishop of Mexico
Linda Christian (1923–2011), actress
Mauricio Garcés (1926–1989), actor, born Mauricio Feres Yazbeck
Roberto Cantoral (1935–2010), composer and songwriter
(1933–2010) writer and poet. One of her best-known poems was "En Vida, Hermano... en vida"
Carlos Sens Rendon (born 1941), artist, muralist best known for his large mural in the Palacio Municipal which shows the past, present and future of Tampico
James Carlos Blake (born 1947), American novelist
Everette Lee DeGolyer (1886–1956), prominent oilman, geophysicist and philanthropist in Dallas, Texas
Rodrigo Gonzalez (1950–1985), rock musician, killed in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake
José Ángel Gurría Treviño (born 1950), former Mexican Treasury Secretary and current Secretary General of the OECD
Víctor Manuel Vucetich (born 1955), retired association football midfielder and current manager of Querétaro F.C.
Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente (born 1957), alleged by the Mexican government to be Subcomandante Marcos
Joaquín del Olmo (born 1969), retired international football midfielder
Cecilia Suárez (born 1971), film and television actress
Erika Alcocer Luna (born 1974), cantante conocida por ser ganadora del reality La Academia
Eugenio Siller (born 1977), actor and singer
Kika Edgar (born 1977), actress and singer
Alejandro Gomez Monteverde (born 1977), film director
Alicja Bachleda-Curuś (born 1983), Polish actress and singer
Jesús Santa Cruz (born 1986), Mexican footballer
Rodolfo Cazaubón (born 1989), professional golfer (Web.com Tour)
Paulina Goto (born 1991), actress and singer, former member of pop band Eme 15 and protagonist of tween television series Miss XV (Originally from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon)
Rodolfo Pizarro (born 1994), association football midfielder for C.F. Monterrey and Mexico national football team
See also
Tampico Affair
Tampico Bridge
Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Tampico
References
External links
Tampico Official Site
Tampico's Lagoon Development Project
Tampico's Metropolitan Cultural Space (Theater)
Virtual Community Of Tampico
Tampico Music Library
Lagoon of the Carpenter
Miramar Beach
1823 establishments in Mexico
Beaches of Tamaulipas
Pánuco River
Populated coastal places in Mexico
Populated places established in 1823
Populated places in Tamaulipas
Port cities and towns of the Mexican Gulf Coast
Ports of the Gulf of Mexico | [
-0.30056798458099365,
0.28578314185142517,
-0.13508157432079315,
0.27496615052223206,
0.4626768231391907,
0.4665820002555847,
0.3222581446170807,
1.24238121509552,
-0.2912876307964325,
0.10643649846315384,
0.09807644039392471,
0.9192095994949341,
-0.17735840380191803,
0.09687959402799606,
-0.3805406093597412,
0.6268501281738281,
0.3946021795272827,
0.4280863404273987,
0.710849940776825,
-0.3915378451347351,
-0.4612519145011902,
-0.6318250298500061,
0.1273433268070221,
0.0028627095744013786,
0.2429261952638626,
-0.20330388844013214,
-0.3491594195365906,
0.718242347240448,
-0.5967493653297424,
0.6346913576126099,
0.11721744388341904,
0.15028847754001617,
-0.42888757586479187,
-0.12853071093559265,
-0.06346004456281662,
0.3951943814754486,
-0.18704235553741455,
-0.38757452368736267,
-0.28568291664123535,
-0.3148314356803894,
-0.3660350441932678,
0.006923266686499119,
0.19983285665512085,
-0.13243980705738068,
-0.07471563667058945,
0.033719707280397415,
-0.8200950622558594,
0.06729491800069809,
-1.1660305261611938,
-0.3918394148349762,
-1.056998372077942,
0.9852421283721924,
-0.2155509889125824,
0.5366202592849731,
0.5834058523178101,
0.3474816083908081,
-1.4231404066085815,
-0.16228698194026947,
-0.11051607131958008,
0.3696037530899048,
-0.005385769996792078,
0.8877537846565247,
0.2356107085943222,
-0.013472197577357292,
-0.029854999855160713,
-0.23833277821540833,
0.14079326391220093,
-0.012642747722566128,
-0.07337750494480133,
-0.25651025772094727,
-0.048861611634492874,
0.2892131209373474,
-0.5442087650299072,
-0.36445239186286926,
-0.16081897914409637,
-0.14783520996570587,
-0.6769503355026245,
0.5487911701202393,
-0.1960168331861496,
0.814001202583313,
0.08820109069347382,
0.20766247808933258,
0.9089986085891724,
-0.35031381249427795,
0.8339426517486572,
0.6567806601524353,
-0.18614545464515686,
-0.012543479911983013,
-0.21395166218280792,
0.2405010163784027,
-0.5257129669189453,
0.34231385588645935,
-0.170133575797081,
-0.1309686005115509,
-0.21233490109443665,
-0.44862523674964905,
-0.16018764674663544,
0.15121328830718994,
-0.15948092937469482,
0.9584909081459045,
-0.16270843148231506,
0.08685224503278732,
0.7730501890182495,
0.5718668103218079,
0.1409444957971573,
-0.06833544373512268,
-0.29975053668022156,
0.4311656653881073,
0.0912887379527092,
-0.24839504063129425,
0.15988263487815857,
0.1344449371099472,
0.4836002290248871,
0.3659440577030182,
0.29377394914627075,
0.1409359723329544,
0.40423256158828735,
-0.03678833693265915,
0.2521599233150482,
-0.5896360874176025,
-0.2110457867383957,
0.5730215907096863,
-0.11426907032728195,
-0.4653005301952362,
0.11267908662557602,
0.023909812793135643,
0.3012707829475403,
0.2981346845626831,
-0.5025137662887573,
0.35313165187835693,
-0.1423056721687317,
0.6372441649436951,
-0.20469626784324646,
0.030095111578702927,
0.2278822362422943,
-0.8824537396430969,
-0.1476285606622696,
0.2856985628604889,
0.5413593053817749,
-0.021389087662100792,
-0.8151078820228577,
-0.025293894112110138,
-0.3586021065711975,
-0.23111332952976227,
0.1787891834974289,
-0.2483203411102295,
-0.21855522692203522,
-0.9259927272796631,
-0.44262436032295227,
0.00010086039401357993,
0.3243369460105896,
0.29993945360183716,
-0.015642479062080383,
0.11339421570301056,
-0.3107825517654419,
-0.6877543330192566,
0.40323367714881897,
-0.21536767482757568,
-0.10421118885278702,
0.24257782101631165,
-0.40870407223701477,
0.054740991443395615,
0.5619644522666931,
-0.2967003881931305,
-0.2224312424659729,
-0.05574433133006096,
0.33932140469551086,
0.45990705490112305,
0.09274197369813919,
0.6317129135131836,
-0.030456624925136566,
0.1626526266336441,
0.6234275102615356,
-0.8899180293083191,
-0.10371336340904236,
-0.5012587308883667,
0.02591690793633461,
0.29421937465667725,
-0.5013672113418579,
0.2691049873828888,
-0.646748960018158,
1.1406148672103882,
-0.15774407982826233,
-0.12317555397748947,
-0.7667655944824219,
-0.25944364070892334,
0.8010767102241516,
0.34480106830596924,
-0.6201741695404053,
-0.27113088965415955,
0.24623386561870575,
-0.05114421993494034,
-0.23992986977100372,
-0.1561615914106369,
0.22041615843772888,
0.32843080163002014,
-0.8308141231536865,
0.5531783103942871,
-0.4830799102783203,
0.45159801840782166,
-0.841541588306427,
0.016880005598068237,
0.9341550469398499,
-0.31817930936813354,
-0.8573981523513794,
-0.2824286222457886,
0.7785077691078186,
0.12855514883995056,
0.28779736161231995,
0.9313995242118835,
-0.5748151540756226,
-0.608241617679596,
-0.08068518340587616,
0.3923261761665344,
-0.38062652945518494,
-1.1292110681533813,
-0.28697773814201355,
-0.33871740102767944,
0.26198863983154297,
-0.29511040449142456,
0.35600346326828003,
-0.20986458659172058,
-0.5808832049369812,
0.6373415589332581,
-0.23680518567562103,
0.46699148416519165,
-0.1497650295495987,
-0.20224398374557495,
0.5306578874588013,
0.04165194556117058,
0.47658732533454895,
0.39720484614372253,
0.19299842417240143,
-0.5169369578361511,
-0.15375261008739471,
-0.021012956276535988,
-0.03603889048099518,
-0.045070625841617584,
-0.07512379437685013,
-0.08183594048023224,
-0.12154372781515121,
0.09951670467853546,
-0.7698529958724976,
0.5502645373344421,
0.3332304358482361,
0.3783707320690155,
0.09010595828294754,
0.07776496559381485,
-0.5079327821731567,
-0.4453545808792114,
0.04875211790204048,
0.4597736597061157,
0.10841446369886398,
-0.5137384533882141,
0.07774113118648529,
-0.019923662766814232,
-0.4318159222602844,
-0.1459343135356903,
0.06352993100881577,
-0.16103102266788483,
-0.3667617738246918,
0.266198992729187,
-0.20418164134025574,
0.9582226276397705,
-0.25719690322875977,
-0.6681508421897888,
0.26316139101982117,
-0.392631858587265,
-0.19830965995788574,
0.11413181573152542,
0.10697446018457413,
-0.5925501585006714,
0.17372004687786102,
-0.2596680819988251,
0.24513565003871918,
-0.10711240023374557,
-0.1023198738694191,
-0.28877022862434387,
-0.6838842630386353,
-0.1755356639623642,
0.3186418414115906,
0.9542702436447144,
-0.2683444619178772,
-0.944894015789032,
0.030955815687775612,
-0.6611813306808472,
0.23289722204208374,
-0.353740930557251,
0.013738853856921196,
-0.18223173916339874,
-0.4245816469192505,
-0.975496768951416,
-0.29129818081855774,
0.8446246981620789,
-0.48685356974601746,
-0.33509886264801025,
-0.04092651233077049,
-0.187566339969635,
0.8913642764091492,
-0.9349579811096191,
-0.5207608342170715,
0.16356144845485687,
-0.06206389144062996,
0.40925318002700806,
0.4028642177581787,
-0.18665610253810883,
-0.10604696720838547,
-0.15229593217372894,
-5.410782337188721,
0.3796524703502655,
-0.3285366892814636,
-0.665625810623169,
0.605485737323761,
-0.242890402674675,
0.16020789742469788,
-0.03649923577904701,
0.5826144814491272,
-0.39636456966400146,
0.040944114327430725,
0.33440834283828735,
-0.07945237308740616,
0.4860096275806427,
0.6959329843521118,
0.6961930990219116,
0.14103692770004272,
-0.2881326377391815,
0.1901758909225464,
-0.19036580622196198,
-0.31153604388237,
-0.011256508529186249,
0.08205026388168335,
0.6366153359413147,
0.17138388752937317,
0.3948555290699005,
-0.9046693444252014,
-0.41953277587890625,
-0.5220223665237427,
-0.23888592422008514,
-0.3731059730052948,
0.3820330500602722,
-0.18762122094631195,
0.026523353531956673,
0.17494383454322815,
0.06032561510801315,
0.10985365509986877,
-0.09745658934116364,
-0.05446489900350571,
-0.5381985902786255,
-0.088595449924469,
0.40969109535217285,
-0.0016289488412439823,
-0.5815122127532959,
0.5456691980361938,
-0.18752259016036987,
-0.08096793293952942,
-0.3087034523487091,
0.25187039375305176,
0.18978461623191833,
0.636734664440155,
-0.27762144804000854,
0.3716898262500763,
-0.15929272770881653,
0.31958577036857605,
-0.43202391266822815,
0.8394341468811035,
-0.46830180287361145,
-0.5146026611328125,
0.502113401889801,
0.19704735279083252,
-0.008085951209068298,
-0.12974345684051514,
-0.01713777706027031,
-0.3161694407463074,
0.37099963426589966,
0.8055640459060669,
-0.33054256439208984,
0.8779041171073914,
-0.04283568635582924,
-0.4556790292263031,
0.6196465492248535,
-0.6304820775985718,
-0.6853393912315369,
0.38877323269844055,
-0.2705061435699463,
-0.9631019830703735,
0.367282897233963,
-0.41720515489578247,
-0.048094600439071655,
0.10546895861625671,
0.3645336925983429,
0.574292778968811,
0.12091526389122009,
0.039450615644454956,
-0.1606590747833252,
-0.24946442246437073,
0.08592349290847778,
-0.34281858801841736,
0.09943437576293945,
0.18982574343681335,
-0.119935043156147,
0.6445450186729431,
-0.5642374157905579,
-0.4914858341217041,
-0.12733937799930573,
-0.07898101955652237,
0.3243246376514435,
-0.03614151105284691,
-0.3799741268157959,
1.1485000848770142,
-0.2396940439939499,
-0.02657032012939453,
-0.1887175291776657,
-0.09107369929552078,
-0.7705278992652893,
0.23535826802253723,
0.7878949046134949,
-0.20033055543899536,
-0.1818288415670395,
0.24771682918071747,
0.48924434185028076,
-0.48463335633277893,
-0.32137927412986755,
0.2826356887817383,
0.2111080288887024,
-0.7144288420677185,
0.3682962954044342,
0.3148209750652313,
-0.4548254609107971,
0.3925202190876007,
0.07012040913105011,
0.08870041370391846,
0.09566637128591537,
0.034172173589468,
-0.5229851603507996,
-0.07605370134115219,
0.6156686544418335,
-0.019870314747095108,
0.29102158546447754,
-0.40749824047088623,
-0.09116081148386002,
0.5664079189300537,
-0.25610771775245667,
0.23610635101795197,
0.02680239826440811,
-0.5327326059341431,
-0.9641025066375732,
0.5554519891738892,
0.21026775240898132,
0.44509512186050415,
-0.302868127822876,
-0.23879367113113403,
0.10718706250190735,
0.1586802452802658,
0.0805593803524971,
-0.1049550473690033,
-0.4930616617202759,
-0.6694377064704895,
0.5252720713615417,
-0.019613003358244896,
-0.12302684783935547,
-0.31033626198768616,
-0.1113084927201271,
0.0880652591586113,
-0.6871264576911926,
0.5114163160324097,
0.2670654356479645,
0.6635074019432068,
0.447883278131485,
0.2802871763706207,
-0.259325236082077,
-0.8417233228683472,
0.2942294478416443,
-0.030535690486431122,
-0.12250067293643951,
-0.7751742601394653,
-0.062377188354730606,
-0.037021320313215256,
0.20212304592132568,
0.3929171562194824,
-0.9023943543434143,
-0.41874170303344727,
0.11779327690601349,
0.8936229348182678,
-1.0784385204315186,
0.12568527460098267,
0.5275077819824219,
0.12848161160945892,
0.1288403868675232,
0.1455501914024353,
-0.5615047812461853,
0.2514866292476654,
0.2109391689300537,
0.082948237657547,
-0.3229507505893707,
-0.3920946419239044,
-0.6740043759346008,
0.32490864396095276,
-0.06246689707040787,
0.20245938003063202,
0.23137851059436798,
0.27598807215690613,
0.5212241411209106,
-0.6206373572349548,
-0.6619979739189148,
-0.2072630226612091,
0.5529999732971191,
0.2208736389875412,
0.049426861107349396,
0.11219952255487442,
0.40391993522644043,
-0.32843154668807983,
0.5769282579421997,
-0.07874762266874313,
-0.5282602310180664,
-0.08551369607448578,
0.22804437577724457,
-0.6372141242027283,
0.04084770381450653,
-0.24155448377132416,
-0.1241338923573494,
0.24763846397399902,
1.0760058164596558,
-0.3346557915210724,
-0.359123170375824,
0.3998396694660187,
0.08134043961763382,
-0.5157104730606079,
0.43453583121299744,
-0.3933994174003601,
0.23662357032299042,
0.2760584354400635,
-0.10908160358667374,
-0.23923519253730774,
1.3583884239196777,
0.533213198184967,
-0.5373701453208923,
0.8089576959609985,
-0.4719521999359131,
0.46969959139823914,
-0.7443693280220032,
0.051721587777137756,
0.31794029474258423,
0.2394617199897766,
-0.16358056664466858,
-0.2598547041416168,
-0.18664845824241638,
0.13956022262573242,
-0.17293058335781097,
-0.08693020045757294,
0.1696954220533371,
0.4804057776927948,
-0.2756902277469635,
-0.27476003766059875,
0.04679743945598602,
0.5113051533699036,
-0.20028121769428253,
-1.022345781326294,
0.23159319162368774,
-0.13761815428733826,
-0.5548263788223267,
-0.8890681862831116,
0.43495839834213257,
0.5121613144874573,
-0.3996525704860687,
-0.10232611745595932,
0.4910561144351959,
0.08156877011060715,
0.18189093470573425,
0.1416698396205902,
0.09777157753705978,
-0.1984054297208786,
0.16296429932117462,
0.15278801321983337,
-0.6426536440849304,
0.016031645238399506,
-0.023912228643894196,
0.5156062841415405,
-0.14367450773715973,
-0.026677099987864494,
-0.10157377272844315,
0.4666321575641632,
0.390026718378067,
-0.006717086769640446,
0.054746292531490326,
0.47320133447647095,
-0.21814657747745514,
0.27604588866233826,
0.39326295256614685,
-0.7800363302230835,
-0.19134534895420074,
-0.2701264023780823,
-0.14013685286045074,
0.21542946994304657,
-0.2791328728199005,
-0.29566168785095215,
-0.6649366617202759,
-0.28631362318992615,
0.22422750294208527,
-0.1803215891122818,
0.21340471506118774,
0.08149641007184982,
-0.25241827964782715,
-0.1447673887014389,
0.033885177224874496,
0.230216845870018,
0.54979008436203,
0.1141960471868515,
0.2267511636018753,
-0.792772114276886,
0.19604533910751343,
-0.09988148510456085,
-0.460271954536438,
-0.034962814301252365,
-0.5203846096992493,
0.05335739254951477,
0.06826004385948181,
-0.35947999358177185,
0.1378365457057953,
-0.2524510324001312,
0.10768038779497147,
0.02195402793586254,
0.6989026069641113,
-0.14969131350517273,
0.47431913018226624,
0.668342113494873,
-0.35177022218704224,
-0.09239847213029861,
0.8137456178665161,
0.03769337385892868,
-0.6603614091873169,
0.08839809894561768,
0.1400173306465149,
0.4009513258934021,
1.019605278968811,
-0.02940201759338379,
-0.582162618637085,
-0.2606169283390045,
0.013997751288115978,
-0.013891041278839111,
-0.10529434680938721,
-0.13720117509365082,
-0.28632158041000366,
-0.7513678669929504,
-0.45242348313331604,
-0.22801925241947174,
-0.21005763113498688,
-0.6068130731582642,
0.5748695135116577,
0.4176991581916809,
0.45431551337242126,
-0.6139034032821655,
0.5881603360176086,
0.3110206127166748,
0.49809449911117554,
0.24269889295101166,
-0.12170936912298203,
0.027768241241574287,
-0.2869986891746521,
0.6414730548858643,
0.3128153085708618,
-0.13448834419250488,
-0.06901781260967255,
-0.03243579342961311,
0.039873309433460236,
0.20534351468086243,
-0.21076440811157227,
-0.5303274393081665,
0.08221771568059921,
0.06237734109163284,
0.289486825466156,
-0.012856824323534966,
0.37220141291618347,
-0.19383461773395538,
-0.4468095004558563,
0.17621660232543945,
0.0419258251786232,
-0.6063506603240967,
0.22789928317070007,
-0.1455395668745041,
0.45057412981987,
-0.17604975402355194,
0.3764236271381378,
-0.0827532708644867,
0.8107135891914368,
0.0685209259390831,
1.134839653968811,
-0.1967933028936386,
0.26482313871383667,
-0.23092882335186005,
0.4001253545284271,
-0.12084711343050003,
-0.3929189145565033,
0.013435960747301579,
-0.058319151401519775,
-0.356780081987381,
-0.06235400587320328,
-0.2727236747741699,
0.1659509539604187,
-0.25382235646247864,
-0.2910446524620056,
0.11087562143802643,
0.6809512972831726,
-0.32177454233169556,
-0.6076211929321289,
0.08027958124876022,
1.026990294456482,
0.29982778429985046,
-0.3929700553417206,
0.22512657940387726,
0.2533137798309326,
-0.13484710454940796,
0.11558594554662704,
-0.298708975315094,
-0.008099515922367573,
-0.4292399287223816,
0.5863590836524963,
-0.8733071088790894,
0.5318072438240051,
0.31066739559173584,
0.5572044253349304,
-0.8056604862213135,
0.30421125888824463,
-0.3271543085575104,
0.4711361527442932,
0.30284884572029114,
-0.19809475541114807,
0.010797587223351002,
-0.289539098739624,
0.7035889029502869,
-0.6870238184928894,
-0.37780335545539856,
0.18764914572238922,
0.353324294090271,
-0.6144716739654541,
0.2473049908876419,
0.3210310935974121,
-0.9253330230712891,
0.1729763299226761,
0.5395890474319458,
0.050696246325969696,
-0.26753321290016174,
0.4582628905773163,
0.22377748787403107,
-0.6717595458030701,
0.25106096267700195,
0.9475323557853699,
0.6490441560745239,
-0.5067784190177917,
0.23442710936069489,
0.3377780616283417,
0.2604982852935791,
-0.9072304368019104,
0.2539730370044708,
-0.6941609382629395,
-0.4451310336589813,
-0.13116081058979034,
-0.929804801940918,
0.6541244387626648,
0.3687606453895569,
0.19727320969104767,
-0.11039402335882187,
-0.03505004197359085,
0.009554080665111542,
-0.3626640737056732,
0.2132921814918518,
-0.6297716498374939,
0.721106767654419,
-0.2586446702480316
] |
224094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adbusters | Adbusters | The Adbusters Media Foundation is a Canadian-based not-for-profit, pro-environment organization founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz in Vancouver, British Columbia. Adbusters describes itself as "a global network of artists, activists, writers, pranksters, students, educators and entrepreneurs who want to advance the new social activist movement of the information age."
Characterized by some as anti-capitalist or opposed to capitalism, it publishes the reader-supported, advertising-free Adbusters, an activist magazine with an international circulation of 120,000 by the late 2000s devoted to challenging consumerism. Past and present contributors to the magazine include Jonathan Barnbrook, Morris Berman, Brendan Connell, Simon Critchley, David Graeber, Michael Hardt, Chris Hedges, Bill McKibben, Jim Munroe, David Orrell, Douglas Rushkoff, Matt Taibbi, Slavoj Žižek, and others.
Adbusters has launched numerous international campaigns, including Buy Nothing Day, TV Turnoff Week and Occupy Wall Street, and is known for their "subvertisements" that spoof popular advertisements. In English, Adbusters has bi-monthly American, Canadian, Australian, UK and International editions of each issue. Adbusters's sister organizations include Résistance à l'Aggression Publicitaire and Casseurs de Pub in France, Adbusters Norge in Norway, Adbusters Sverige in Sweden and Culture Jammers in Japan.
History
Adbusters was founded in 1989 by Kalle Lasn and Bill Schmalz, a duo of award-winning documentary filmmakers living in Vancouver. Since the early 1980s, Lasn had been making films that explored the spiritual and cultural lessons the West could learn from the Japanese experience with capitalism.
In 1988, the British Columbia Council of Forest Industries, the "voice" of the logging industry, was facing tremendous public pressure from a growing environmentalist movement. The logging industry fought back with a television ad campaign called "Forests Forever." It was an early example of greenwashing: shots of happy children, workers and animals with a kindly, trustworthy sounding narrator who assured the public that the logging industry was protecting the forest.
Lasn and Shmalz, outraged by the use of the public airwaves to deliver what they felt was deceptive anti-environmentalist propaganda, responded by producing the "Talking Rainforest" anti-ad in which an old-growth tree explains to a sapling that "a tree farm is not a forest." But the duo proved to be unable to buy airtime on the same stations that had aired the forest-industry ad. According to a former Adbusters employee, "The CBC's reaction to the proposed television commercial created the real flash point for the Media Foundation. It seemed that Lasn and Schmaltz's commercial was too controversial to air on the CBC. An environmental message that challenged the large forestry companies was considered 'advocacy advertising' and was disallowed, even though the 'informational' messages that glorified clearcutting were OK."
The foundation was born out of their belief that citizens do not have the same access to the information flows as corporations. One of the foundation's key campaigns continues to be the Media Carta, a "movement to enshrine The Right to Communicate in the constitutions of all free nations, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights."
The foundation notes that concern over the flow of information goes beyond the desire to protect democratic transparency, freedom of speech or the public's access to the airwaves. Although it supports these causes, the foundation instead situates the battle of the mind at the center of its political agenda. Fighting to counter pro-consumerist advertising is done not as a means to an end, but as the end in itself. This shift in emphasis is a crucial element of mental environmentalism.
Mental environmentalism
The subtitle of Adbusters magazine is "The Journal of the Mental Environment."
In a 1996 interview, Kalle Lasn explained the foundation's goal:
What we're trying to do is pioneer a new form of social activism using all the power of the mass media to sell ideas, rather than products. We're motivated by a kind of 'greenthink' that comes from the environmental movement and isn't mired in the old ideology of the left and right. Instead, we take the environmental ethic into the mental ethic, trying to clean up the toxic areas of our minds.
You can't recycle and be a good environmental citizen, then watch four hours of television and get consumption messages pumped at you.
Issues
Anti-advertising
Adbusters describes itself as anti-advertising: it blames advertising for playing a central role in creating and maintaining consumer culture. This argument is based on the premise that the advertising industry goes to great effort and expense to associate desire and identity with commodities. Adbusters believes that advertising has unjustly "colonized" public, discursive and psychic spaces, by appearing in movies, sports and even schools, so as to permeate modern culture. Adbusters's stated goals include combating the negative effects of advertising and empowering its readers to regain control of culture, encouraging them to ask "Are we consumers and citizens?"
Since Adbusters concludes that advertising conditions people to look to external sources, to define their own personal identities, the magazine advocates a "natural and authentic self apart from the consumer society". The magazine aims to provoke anti-consumerist feelings. By juxtaposing text and images, the magazine attempts to create a means of raising awareness and getting its message out to people that is both aesthetically pleasing and entertaining.
Activism also takes many other forms such as corporate boycotts and 'art as protest', often incorporating humor. This includes billboard modifications, google bombing, flash mobs and fake parking tickets for SUVs. A popular example of cultural jamming is the distortion of Tiger Woods' smile into the form of the Nike swoosh, calling viewers to question how they view Woods' persona as a product. Adbusters calls it "trickle up" activism, and encourages its readers to do these activities by honoring culture jamming work in the magazine. In the September/October 2001 "Graphic Anarchy" issue, Adbusters were culture jammed themselves in a manner of speaking: they hailed the work of Swiss graphic designer Ernst Bettler as "one of the greatest design interventions on record", unaware that Bettler's story was an elaborate hoax.
Media Carta
"Media Carta" is a charter challenging the corporate control of the public airwaves and means of communication. The goal is to "make the public airwaves truly public, and not just a corporate domain." Over 30,000 people have signed the document voicing their desire to reclaim the public space.
On 13 September 2004, Adbusters filed a lawsuit against six major Canadian television broadcasters (including CanWest Global, Bell Globemedia, CHUM Ltd., and the CBC) for refusing to air Adbusters videos in the television commercial spots that Adbusters attempted to purchase. Most broadcasters refused the commercials, fearing the ads would upset other advertisers as well as violate business principles by "contaminating the purity of media environments designed exclusively for communicating commercial messages". The lawsuit claims that Adbusters' freedom of expression was unjustly limited by the refusals. Adbusters believes the public deserves a right to be presented with viewpoints that differ from the standard. Under Section 3 of the Broadcasting Act, television is a public space allowing ordinary citizens to possess the same rights as advertising agencies and corporations to purchase 30 seconds of airtime from major broadcasters. There has been talk that if Adbusters wins in Canadian court, they will file similar lawsuits against major U.S. broadcasters that also refused the advertisements. CNN is the only network that has allowed several of the foundation's commercials to run.
Legal action
On 3 April 2009, the British Columbia Court of Appeal unanimously overturned a BC Supreme Court ruling that had dismissed the case in February 2008. The court granted Adbusters the ability to sue the Canadian Broadcasting Company and CanWest Global, the corporations that originally refused to air the anti-car ad "Autosaurus". The ruling represents a victory for Adbusters, but it is the first step of their intended goal, essentially opening the door for future legal action against the media conglomerates. Kalle Lasn declared the ruling a success and said, "After twenty years of legal struggle, the courts have finally given us permission to take on the media corporations and hold them up to public scrutiny."
Digital Detox Week
In April 2009, the foundation transformed TV Turnoff Week into Digital Detox Week, encouraging citizens to spend seven days "unplugged" without any use of electronic devices such as video game systems and computers.
One Flag
The "One Flag" competition encouraged readers to create a flag that symbolized "global citizenship", without using language or commonly known symbols.
Campaigns
Culture jamming
Culture jamming is the primary means through which Adbusters challenges consumerism. The magazine was described by Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter in their book The Rebel Sell as "the flagship publication of the culture jamming movement." Culture jamming is heavily influenced by the Situationist International and the tactic of détournement. The goal is to interrupt the normal consumerist experience in order to reveal the underlying ideology of an advertisement, media message, or consumer artifact. Adbusters believe large corporations control mainstream media and the flow of information, and culture jamming aims to challenge this as a form of protest. The term "jam" contains more than one meaning, including improvising, by re-situating an image or idea already in existence, and interrupting, by attempting to stop the workings of a machine.
As already noted, the foundation's approach to culture jamming has its roots in the activities of the situationists and in particular their concept of détournement. This involves the "turning around" of received messages so that they communicate meanings at variance with their original intention. Situationists argue that consumerism creates "a limitless artificiality", blurring the lines of reality and detracting from the essence of human experience. In the "culture jamming" context, détournement means taking symbols, logos and slogans that are considered to be the vehicles upon which the "dominant discourse" of "late capitalism" is communicated and changing them – frequently in significant but minor ways – to subvert the "monologue of the ruling order" [Debord].
The foundation's activism links grassroots efforts with environmental and social concerns, hoping followers will "reconstruct [their] self through nonconsumption strategies." The foundation is particularly well known for its culture jamming campaigns, and the magazine often features photographs of politically motivated billboard or advertisement vandalism sent in by readers. The campaigns attempt to remove people from the "isolated reality of consumer comforts".
Blackspot Shoes campaign
In 2004, the foundation began selling vegan, indie shoes. The name and logo are "open-source"; in other words, unencumbered by private trademarks. Attached to each pair was a "Rethink the Cool" leaflet, inviting wearers to join a movement, and two spots – one for drawing their own logos and another on the toe for "kicking corporate ass."
There are three versions of the Blackspot Sneaker. The V1 is designed to resemble the Nike-owned Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars (Nike bought Converse in 2003). There is also a V1 in "fiery red."
The V2 is designed by Canadian shoe designer John Fluevog. It is made from organic hemp and recycled car tires.
After an extensive search for anti-sweatshop manufacturers around the world, Adbusters found a small union shop in Portugal. The sale of more than twenty-five thousand pairs through an alternative distribution network is an example of Western consumer activism marketing.
Adbusters describes its goals vis-à-vis Blackspot as follows:
Reception
Heath and Potter's The Rebel Sell, which is critical of Adbusters, claimed that the blackspot shoe's existence proves that "no rational person could possibly believe that there is any tension between 'mainstream' and 'alternative' culture."
In the June 2008 cover story of BusinessWeek Small Business Magazine, the Blackspot campaign was among three profiled in a piece focusing on "antipreneurs." Two advertising executives were asked to review the campaign for the article's "Ask the Experts" sidebar. Brian Martin of Brand Connections and Dave Weaver of TM Advertising both gave the campaign favorable reviews.
Martin noted that Blackspot was effectively telling consumers, "We know we are marketing to you, and you are as good as we are at this, and your opinion matters," while Weaver stated that "This is not a call to sales of the shoe so much as it is a call to participate in the community of Adbusters by buying the shoe."
Occupy Wall Street
In mid-2011, Adbusters Foundation proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, a growing disparity in wealth, and the absence of legal repercussions behind the recent global financial crisis. They sought to combine the symbolic location of the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square with the consensus decision making of the 2011 Spanish protests. Adbusters' senior editor Micah White said they had suggested the protest via their email list and it "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world." Adbusters' website said that from their "one simple demand—a presidential commission to separate money from politics" they would "start setting the agenda for a new America." They promoted the protest with a poster featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull. On 13 July 2011 it was the staff at the magazine that created the #OCCUPYWALLSTREET hashtag on Twitter.
While the movement was started by Adbusters, the group does not control the movement, and it has since grown worldwide.
Criticisms
Commercial style
The foundation has been criticized for having a style and form that are too similar to the media and commercial product that Adbusters attack, that its high gloss design makes the magazine too expensive, and that a style over substance approach is used to mask sub-par content.
Heath and Potter posit that the more alternative or subversive the foundation feels, the more appealing the Blackspot sneaker will become to the mainstream market. They believe consumers seek exclusivity and social distinction and have argued that the mainstream market seeks the very same brand of individuality that the foundation promotes; thus they see the foundation as promoting capitalist values.
The Blackspot Shoes campaign has stirred heated debate, as Adbusters admits to using the same marketing technique which it denounces other companies for using by originally purchasing much advertising space for the shoe.
Legal issues
Adbusters launched a legal challenge in 1995. A second in 2004 was against CBC, CTV, CanWest and CHUM, for refusing to air anti-consumerism commercials, therefore infringing on the staff's freedom of speech. In one case, a CHUM representative is quoted as saying the ads "were so blatantly against television and that is our entire core business. You know we can't be selling our airtime and then telling people to turn their TVs off."
Alleged antisemitism
In March 2004, Adbusters was accused of antisemitism after running an article titled "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish?" The article compiled a list of neoconservative supporters within the Bush Administration and marked the names of those it believed to be Jewish with a black dot. It questioned why, given Israel's role, the political implications of this Jewish neoconservative influence on U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East were not a subject of debate.
In October 2010, Shopper's Drug Mart pulled Adbusters off of its shelves after a photo montage comparing the Gaza Strip to the Warsaw ghetto was featured in an article criticizing Israel's embargo of Gaza. The Canadian Jewish Congress campaigned to have the magazine blacklisted from bookstores, accusing Adbusters of trivializing the Holocaust and of antisemitism. In response Adbusters argued that the charge of antisemitism was being used to silence what it considered legitimate criticism of Israeli policies.
Ineffective activism
Some critics claim that culture jamming does little to incite real difference. Others declare the movement an easy way for upper- and middle-class citizens to feel empowered by engaging in activism that bears no personal cost, such as the campaign "Buy Nothing Day". These critics express a need for "resistance against the causes of capitalist exploitation, not its symptoms".
Awards
In 1999, Adbusters won the award for National Magazine of the Year in Canada.
See also
Ad creep
Culture jamming
Downhill Battle
Engaged Buddhism
Free-culture movement
Geez magazine
Indymedia
No Logo
Situationist International
StayFree! magazine
The Yes Men
Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
References
External links
Critique of Adbusters in Jacobin magazine
"Culture Jams and Meme Warfare: Kalle Lasn, Adbusters, and media activism", Wendi Pickerel, Helena Jorgensen, and Lance Bennett, 19 April 2002.
"Adbusters Wins Legal Victory in Ongoing Case Against the CBC and CanWest", www.marketwire.com, 6 April 2009.
Fiona Morrow, "Adbusters wins the right to sue broadcasters over TV ads", theglobeandmail.com, 6 April 2009.
Academic and news sites
Interview with Kalle Lasn – Founder of Adbusters
Culture Jammers find magic button for peace and quiet Sun Herald (13 April 2005) Daniel Dasey.
Activism for the Mind: Reclaiming Our Cerebral Commons, Kalle Lasn with Natasha Mitchell, ABC Radio National, All in the Mind 12 March 2005.
1989 establishments in British Columbia
Activist publications
Advertising-free magazines
Alternative magazines
Anti-consumerist groups
Anti-capitalism
Anti-corporate activism
Bi-monthly magazines published in Canada
Cultural magazines published in Canada
Culture jamming
History of television
Magazines about advertising
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines published in Vancouver
Occupy Wall Street
Political magazines published in Canada
Webby Award winners | [
1.0202234983444214,
0.7056724429130554,
0.11037535965442657,
0.11247618496417999,
-0.28994423151016235,
0.18824896216392517,
-0.04328489676117897,
0.08429562300443649,
0.09590078145265579,
-0.016137216240167618,
-0.011544757522642612,
0.6466087698936462,
-0.12183497846126556,
-0.03394078463315964,
-0.1524628847837448,
0.0286936666816473,
-0.47075212001800537,
0.3807968199253082,
-0.19809114933013916,
0.06766904890537262,
-0.4745124280452728,
-0.9625215530395508,
0.1303286999464035,
-0.3343653678894043,
0.1196499913930893,
0.1977969855070114,
0.7468870878219604,
0.3230189383029938,
-0.32499152421951294,
-0.13931186497211456,
0.6376799941062927,
0.747491717338562,
0.43578317761421204,
-0.6220518350601196,
0.051494207233190536,
0.15553809702396393,
-0.0819554477930069,
-0.2059900462627411,
-0.041995055973529816,
-0.21186712384223938,
0.42956507205963135,
-0.11052229255437851,
0.03643928840756416,
0.2692752778530121,
0.2691268026828766,
-0.16757331788539886,
-2.1001510620117188,
0.2421080321073532,
-1.118448257446289,
0.037692829966545105,
-0.5458815693855286,
0.5384992361068726,
0.27853456139564514,
0.36883068084716797,
0.3645183742046356,
0.6688112020492554,
-0.2563597857952118,
-0.34348228573799133,
-0.15226005017757416,
-0.10567643493413925,
0.06393210589885712,
0.21241191029548645,
0.11083061993122101,
-0.28181350231170654,
0.0950746163725853,
-0.13110782206058502,
0.1404457837343216,
0.8561348915100098,
0.052957091480493546,
-0.164346843957901,
-0.30271753668785095,
-0.518913209438324,
-0.17263498902320862,
0.1770109087228775,
0.03921585530042648,
0.0010654416400939226,
0.80128014087677,
0.09818056225776672,
0.8779313564300537,
-0.28418540954589844,
0.4461226165294647,
0.3679283559322357,
0.4409116506576538,
-0.15860117971897125,
0.36823004484176636,
-0.08248518407344818,
-0.39683493971824646,
-0.28039419651031494,
-0.8624491095542908,
0.18686708807945251,
-0.3811244070529938,
-0.6627262234687805,
0.5500460267066956,
0.13618376851081848,
0.40966615080833435,
-0.21998359262943268,
0.6580824255943298,
0.01715129055082798,
0.21788673102855682,
0.29291918873786926,
0.17393021285533905,
0.2871966063976288,
0.2509470283985138,
0.3700374364852905,
-0.015938419848680496,
0.16253797709941864,
-0.25410565733909607,
-0.6581617593765259,
-0.32577353715896606,
0.18589136004447937,
0.36524003744125366,
0.6143428683280945,
0.004790305159986019,
-0.2526412904262543,
0.499860554933548,
0.3619650900363922,
0.19022244215011597,
-0.35325467586517334,
-0.03854651004076004,
0.10375811904668808,
0.6267458200454712,
1.3834996223449707,
-0.5688653588294983,
-0.33648166060447693,
-0.3695415258407593,
0.44392767548561096,
0.02391929365694523,
0.1909661740064621,
-0.7832509279251099,
0.5839882493019104,
0.09963704645633698,
0.22117362916469574,
0.08038949966430664,
-0.6283817887306213,
0.10998868197202682,
0.09274756908416748,
0.21499566733837128,
-0.2339257001876831,
0.6989098191261292,
0.08015631884336472,
-0.5262084007263184,
-0.45047056674957275,
-0.7461350560188293,
-0.23248574137687683,
0.6851550340652466,
0.02857208251953125,
0.13132497668266296,
-0.22676286101341248,
-0.5668305158615112,
-0.09929773211479187,
-0.06706935912370682,
-0.43586817383766174,
-0.14265209436416626,
-0.18495406210422516,
-0.1846287101507187,
0.8232245445251465,
0.5070661306381226,
-0.4236908257007599,
0.23425334692001343,
0.7201298475265503,
0.3074958324432373,
-0.34649771451950073,
-0.32396426796913147,
-0.04242958873510361,
-0.06317777186632156,
-0.19780288636684418,
-0.5507879257202148,
0.5462908744812012,
0.4901410639286041,
-0.2773745059967041,
-0.35425838828086853,
-0.30080878734588623,
0.31041228771209717,
-0.2372611165046692,
0.6263464689254761,
0.0821240097284317,
1.2316057682037354,
0.11874054372310638,
-0.24406714737415314,
0.5589562058448792,
-0.6726246476173401,
0.1515236347913742,
0.46891775727272034,
0.09519743174314499,
0.1857372522354126,
-0.2557584345340729,
0.5762315988540649,
-0.09787740558385849,
0.3474879562854767,
-0.01980919949710369,
-0.6182125806808472,
-0.6337413787841797,
0.7338762879371643,
-0.8516562581062317,
1.033896803855896,
0.4741131067276001,
-0.7938269376754761,
0.5238301157951355,
0.3160196840763092,
0.25270089507102966,
-0.20054833590984344,
-0.004963834770023823,
0.24013543128967285,
-0.13624688982963562,
-0.29175901412963867,
0.256174772977829,
0.2901843190193176,
-0.13027504086494446,
-0.03712053596973419,
0.4237569570541382,
-0.009771623648703098,
-0.2492545247077942,
0.6578596234321594,
0.15816819667816162,
-0.07756132632493973,
-0.33383241295814514,
-0.1710708886384964,
0.5122494697570801,
-0.7077416777610779,
-0.27195221185684204,
0.7468238472938538,
-0.15312890708446503,
-0.8414557576179504,
0.106659896671772,
-0.379067987203598,
0.47636136412620544,
0.12673044204711914,
-0.46978560090065,
0.745424747467041,
-0.651059627532959,
0.6117446422576904,
1.0031007528305054,
-0.12316511571407318,
-0.9805405139923096,
0.21369387209415436,
0.08838467299938202,
0.14286017417907715,
-0.20782041549682617,
0.4166727066040039,
0.2602798640727997,
-0.04325150325894356,
-0.271043062210083,
-0.9012024998664856,
-0.160762220621109,
-0.08732406795024872,
0.21108032763004303,
-0.48845502734184265,
0.41028454899787903,
-0.15711137652397156,
0.550755500793457,
0.5544794201850891,
-0.030997829511761665,
-0.2878856956958771,
-0.1318477988243103,
0.288205623626709,
0.0028340420685708523,
-0.2312568575143814,
-0.17394670844078064,
0.764832079410553,
-0.06306611001491547,
-0.36513635516166687,
-0.32932746410369873,
-0.06239495053887367,
0.7392027378082275,
0.1712450087070465,
-1.0316051244735718,
0.16992327570915222,
0.11214661598205566,
-0.23296159505844116,
-0.08741126209497452,
0.8170962333679199,
0.09070031344890594,
-0.22017569839954376,
0.0970160961151123,
0.20457668602466583,
-0.1645735204219818,
0.12020943313837051,
0.5474295020103455,
-0.21035534143447876,
-0.4861331582069397,
0.1073799580335617,
1.1046806573867798,
0.02973112463951111,
-0.7016371488571167,
-0.07295987010002136,
0.5819182991981506,
-0.04238969460129738,
-0.3400425612926483,
-0.5267210602760315,
0.3703800439834595,
0.10168617218732834,
0.19001811742782593,
-0.03578270226716995,
0.2782207727432251,
-0.12463101744651794,
0.47597962617874146,
0.1367713361978531,
0.5448236465454102,
-0.1442161649465561,
0.3671777546405792,
0.012904023751616478,
0.202086940407753,
-0.5979743599891663,
0.0023298601154237986,
-0.11553913354873657,
-0.05373021960258484,
-0.5551697015762329,
-0.7822745442390442,
-5.721578121185303,
-0.0470033697783947,
-0.041771773248910904,
-0.28187617659568787,
0.23748528957366943,
0.28987669944763184,
0.31060218811035156,
-0.590989887714386,
0.2112412303686142,
0.25266286730766296,
-0.13366511464118958,
-0.18774756789207458,
-0.10702700912952423,
0.3586207330226898,
0.4886614680290222,
0.5703839063644409,
0.4114272892475128,
-0.2331821322441101,
0.12074702978134155,
0.08066870272159576,
-0.26508232951164246,
-0.2971128523349762,
0.0360398031771183,
0.5541712641716003,
0.13606545329093933,
0.3365609049797058,
-0.3042963147163391,
0.5079753994941711,
0.18152886629104614,
0.03704829141497612,
0.7982556819915771,
-0.5713571310043335,
-0.07133546471595764,
-0.38753053545951843,
0.03959577530622482,
0.15276069939136505,
0.6986137628555298,
-0.17517022788524628,
-0.0200249832123518,
-0.9559891223907471,
0.04452357068657875,
0.112859345972538,
0.18357226252555847,
-0.12340956926345825,
0.5438132286071777,
-0.2718817889690399,
-0.5045120120048523,
0.13368795812129974,
-0.2967328429222107,
0.6196242570877075,
0.6323409080505371,
0.20654402673244476,
0.30753573775291443,
0.11541007459163666,
-0.12032974511384964,
-0.6143988370895386,
0.17692245543003082,
-0.4385937452316284,
0.3626515865325928,
0.14375649392604828,
0.5374199748039246,
-0.21573877334594727,
-0.11727990210056305,
-0.019279858097434044,
-0.4136989116668701,
-0.24703417718410492,
-0.007120443973690271,
-0.158323273062706,
0.5084211230278015,
-0.5659999251365662,
-0.24061989784240723,
0.6270464658737183,
-0.4877713620662689,
-0.8062458038330078,
-0.012861620634794235,
-0.2524482309818268,
0.6619927287101746,
0.28426632285118103,
0.008594469167292118,
0.16529984772205353,
-0.1882074475288391,
0.009402511641383171,
-0.14544135332107544,
-0.349757581949234,
-0.27277106046676636,
-0.4800608158111572,
-0.2739221751689911,
0.4933605492115021,
-0.3050137162208557,
-0.423938512802124,
0.6649301648139954,
0.2107544094324112,
0.11802912503480911,
0.4623054265975952,
0.2795882225036621,
0.19114823639392853,
0.610091507434845,
0.26275184750556946,
0.2605145573616028,
-0.13338470458984375,
0.09769338369369507,
-0.09358474612236023,
-0.20063050091266632,
-0.5703353881835938,
-0.1888427585363388,
-0.026038847863674164,
-0.22193314135074615,
-0.5260580778121948,
0.5328391194343567,
-0.33805903792381287,
-0.530705988407135,
0.5691936016082764,
-0.7626241445541382,
-0.24254797399044037,
0.12909656763076782,
0.03280786797404289,
-0.2683265805244446,
0.3098793029785156,
0.10637049376964569,
0.05674493685364723,
0.202397421002388,
0.14121121168136597,
0.06386853754520416,
-0.17774422466754913,
-0.26610448956489563,
0.13446934521198273,
0.07909487932920456,
0.27624574303627014,
-0.029854636639356613,
-0.377864807844162,
0.1964549869298935,
-0.3462913930416107,
-0.1751103699207306,
0.066796213388443,
-0.07466615736484528,
-0.4672887921333313,
-0.6192469000816345,
-0.09007037431001663,
0.09944644570350647,
0.42091843485832214,
0.062247972935438156,
0.024246031418442726,
0.19190624356269836,
0.29663050174713135,
0.4973996877670288,
0.16953188180923462,
-0.16106773912906647,
0.22268228232860565,
-0.3419923186302185,
0.241796612739563,
-0.154593363404274,
-0.006791016086935997,
0.2694891095161438,
-0.5343338847160339,
0.013504954986274242,
-0.45842307806015015,
0.04088382050395012,
-0.4281252324581146,
0.19434396922588348,
-0.9631590843200684,
0.08488116413354874,
-0.30562880635261536,
-0.8713286519050598,
-0.020386144518852234,
0.05022367835044861,
-0.4990179240703583,
0.08855030685663223,
-0.23111625015735626,
-0.02209516614675522,
-0.0985337421298027,
0.17416289448738098,
0.29098260402679443,
-0.3852626085281372,
-0.018359024077653885,
0.30034390091896057,
-0.30091702938079834,
0.06973660737276077,
-0.30928125977516174,
0.33343741297721863,
-0.17478758096694946,
-0.48069286346435547,
0.3388368785381317,
-0.5359102487564087,
-0.34031862020492554,
0.7449151873588562,
-0.5763875842094421,
-0.2986074984073639,
-0.026701178401708603,
-0.5052825808525085,
-0.19045831263065338,
-0.14694689214229584,
0.4749578833580017,
0.4528473913669586,
0.02558319643139839,
-0.5266625881195068,
-0.8042506575584412,
-0.11737997084856033,
-0.02312147058546543,
-0.647188127040863,
-0.6004561185836792,
-0.2745204269886017,
-0.1160496175289154,
-1.2102032899856567,
0.17815817892551422,
0.06022265926003456,
-0.6886509656906128,
0.08709106594324112,
-0.25213301181793213,
-0.3097703158855438,
0.678270697593689,
-0.45923930406570435,
-0.10761106014251709,
-0.48097553849220276,
0.10419690608978271,
-0.48909252882003784,
-0.08229189366102219,
-0.2543889284133911,
-0.042209986597299576,
-0.29954013228416443,
-0.2837584912776947,
-0.22468730807304382,
-0.5036606788635254,
-0.5997279286384583,
0.009167180396616459,
-0.387349009513855,
0.9066212773323059,
0.5223476886749268,
-0.5721588730812073,
-0.2653423249721527,
-0.6691587567329407,
-0.33308738470077515,
0.05168171972036362,
0.20919089019298553,
0.4835084080696106,
-0.369226336479187,
0.4182712733745575,
-0.06086813285946846,
0.48712584376335144,
-0.0770992636680603,
0.7361240386962891,
-0.061642810702323914,
0.3275529742240906,
-0.27149081230163574,
-0.4330894947052002,
0.6170454621315002,
0.531303882598877,
-0.0228833369910717,
-0.01310720108449459,
-0.6574493646621704,
-0.08781761676073074,
0.0920925885438919,
-0.1907205432653427,
-0.6127411127090454,
0.6673664450645447,
0.5832916498184204,
-1.0485737323760986,
-0.21777912974357605,
-0.20295627415180206,
0.09579858928918839,
-0.47555017471313477,
0.5376498103141785,
0.14396463334560394,
-0.1739920824766159,
0.398458331823349,
-0.25183507800102234,
0.46294966340065,
-0.23636850714683533,
-0.9843806028366089,
-0.13626444339752197,
-0.26879021525382996,
0.2089119702577591,
0.13861727714538574,
0.283600777387619,
0.9371575117111206,
0.05489341914653778,
-0.7119349837303162,
0.2405492216348648,
-0.6177330017089844,
0.05806150659918785,
-0.029477329924702644,
-0.23682574927806854,
0.4569844603538513,
-0.051872268319129944,
-0.05611497908830643,
0.5351568460464478,
-0.6309845447540283,
-0.06468811631202698,
0.1176915094256401,
-0.5086936950683594,
-0.3476172983646393,
-0.22454996407032013,
0.22877033054828644,
0.20298834145069122,
-0.0069786314852535725,
0.029510190710425377,
-0.2605370581150055,
0.4983646869659424,
-0.030575791373848915,
0.15721486508846283,
-0.023947393521666527,
-0.4838225841522217,
0.20098033547401428,
0.40389934182167053,
-0.6575160026550293,
0.44744640588760376,
0.02936503291130066,
-0.12970958650112152,
-0.35217946767807007,
-0.1514144390821457,
-0.2117820382118225,
-0.008032012730836868,
-0.6788766384124756,
-0.03825748711824417,
0.9796746373176575,
-0.6741814017295837,
0.018702059984207153,
0.16228936612606049,
-0.8565317392349243,
0.6935666799545288,
0.4492260813713074,
-0.32010123133659363,
0.29054147005081177,
0.26599109172821045,
-0.02687223255634308,
0.05119927600026131,
0.7196285128593445,
-0.034364987164735794,
0.3616342544555664,
0.4184549152851105,
-0.11531676352024078,
0.06634730845689774,
-0.25572264194488525,
-0.5159004330635071,
0.5215141773223877,
-0.19416527450084686,
-0.21252262592315674,
0.24968624114990234,
-0.2660754919052124,
-0.5338118076324463,
-0.23195266723632812,
-0.03088187985122204,
0.10983527451753616,
-0.15149956941604614,
0.22719234228134155,
-0.11816862225532532,
0.3074396848678589,
0.09734199941158295,
0.06655196100473404,
-0.04683976620435715,
0.38622531294822693,
0.39733535051345825,
0.14346671104431152,
0.04938272014260292,
-0.22271963953971863,
0.012562672607600689,
-0.4701637923717499,
0.03985583037137985,
0.0969291403889656,
-0.13492906093597412,
0.44277364015579224,
0.12785349786281586,
0.07993623614311218,
-0.04328170791268349,
0.20866233110427856,
0.14626573026180267,
-0.2454289048910141,
0.48312994837760925,
-0.6847015619277954,
0.3702152669429779,
0.6899182200431824,
0.01980786770582199,
0.1675739884376526,
-0.2773793339729309,
0.6569741368293762,
-0.29109254479408264,
0.4986919164657593,
0.547505795955658,
-0.258721262216568,
0.029315289109945297,
0.20867660641670227,
-0.3205820322036743,
-0.20044226944446564,
-0.14932501316070557,
0.20840248465538025,
0.5482301115989685,
-0.1692625880241394,
-0.20952938497066498,
0.4996570646762848,
0.12743748724460602,
-0.48255059123039246,
-0.4858476519584656,
-0.3758106529712677,
-0.403273344039917,
-0.05851620435714722,
-0.3169209063053131,
0.009719312191009521,
0.019660668447613716,
0.569128692150116,
-0.35911378264427185,
0.08179584890604019,
0.0033386542927473783,
0.6011902093887329,
0.24681314826011658,
-0.12678861618041992,
0.018098708242177963,
0.34909743070602417,
-0.6027675271034241,
-0.15825487673282623,
-0.23891232907772064,
0.6542810797691345,
-0.011923319660127163,
0.37114760279655457,
-0.1332022100687027,
-0.04461697116494179,
-0.5308414697647095,
0.09749380499124527,
0.6314750909805298,
0.0764131098985672,
0.08462485671043396,
0.20701195299625397,
0.2904629111289978,
0.39458221197128296,
-0.2562471628189087,
0.3259410560131073,
-0.13598699867725372,
-0.0019520287169143558,
-0.14737115800380707,
0.11438483744859695,
-0.34363511204719543,
0.5347114205360413,
0.12469767779111862,
-0.33213841915130615,
-0.8747864365577698,
0.3658656179904938,
-0.7482395172119141,
-0.4342289865016937,
0.4247829020023346,
0.6087947487831116,
0.3576722741127014,
-0.2725837528705597,
0.39037948846817017,
-0.042624399065971375,
-0.03383530676364899,
-0.41557833552360535,
-0.7344533801078796,
0.41996777057647705,
0.5147456526756287,
-0.044127535074949265,
-0.21011734008789062,
0.6062102317810059,
-0.3033338189125061,
-1.1047154664993286,
-0.3315228223800659,
-0.6697674989700317,
-0.14560943841934204,
0.10319895297288895,
0.3563770055770874,
-0.25422680377960205,
0.062438253313302994,
-0.15189498662948608
] |
224095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire%20Wolds | Yorkshire Wolds | The Yorkshire Wolds are low hills in the counties of the East Riding of Yorkshire and North Yorkshire in north-eastern England. The name also applies to the district in which the hills lie.
On the western edge, the Wolds rise to an escarpment which then drops sharply to the Vale of York. The highest point on the escarpment is Bishop Wilton Wold (also known as Garrowby Hill), which is above sea level. To the north, on the other side of the Vale of Pickering, lie the North York Moors, and to the east the hills flatten into the plain of Holderness.
The largest town in the Wolds is Driffield, with other places including Pocklington, Thixendale and Kilham, the original 'capital' of the Wolds. The highest village on the Yorkshire Wolds is Fridaythorpe at above sea level.
Geology
The hills are formed from a series of pure marine limestones formed during the Cretaceous period, known collectively as the Chalk Group. The outcrop has the form of an arc running north from Ferriby on the Humber estuary west of Hull northwards past Market Weighton to the Malton area where it swings eastwards towards the North Sea coast between Filey and Bridlington. Here the Chalk forms cliffs, most notably at Speeton Cliffs, Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough; Flamborough Headland is designated a Heritage Coast. To the south of the Humber Gap, where the chalk provides stable footings for the Humber Bridge, the same formations continue as the Lincolnshire Wolds. The rock succession in stratigraphic order i.e. youngest/uppermost first, is this:
White Chalk Subgroup
Flamborough Chalk Formation
Burnham Chalk formation
Welton Chalk Formation
Grey Chalk Subgroup
Ferriby Chalk Formation
Hunstanton Chalk Formation
The thin Hunstanton Chalk and Ferriby Chalk formations form the lower parts of the west and north facing Wolds scarp but it is the overlying Welton Chalk Formation which forms the greater part of these slopes. The Burnham Chalk and Flamborough Chalk formations characterise the incised plateau surface and easterly dip-slope down to the North Sea coast. In the north the Chalk rises above the Speeton Clay Formation which underlies The Carrs and above the Ampthill Clay and Kimmeridge Clay of the Vale of Pickering. Further south and particularly to the south of Market Weighton, the lowermost part of the scarp and the vale to the west is formed from a great variety of Jurassic age strata. A fault which downthrows the rock strata to the west effectively truncates the Wolds at Hunmanby in the northeast, though the offset chalk outcrop continues east to the coast at Speeton Cliffs. The numerous dry valleys cut into the dip-slope are typically floored by head, locally derived clay, silt, sand and gravel. Unlike surrounding areas, the Wolds are free from glacial till as, other than along the coastal zone, the area was not inundated by ice during the last ice age.
Natural history
Most of the area takes the form of an elevated, gently rolling plateau, cut by numerous deep, steep-sided, flat-bottomed valleys of glacial origin. The chalk formation of the hills provides exceptionally good drainage, with the result that most of these valleys are dry; indeed, surface water is quite scarce throughout the Wolds. Typically the valleys are hard to see from above, creating the visual impression that the landscape is much flatter than is actually the case. The unusual topography results in an "upside-down" farming system – livestock (mostly sheep and cows) graze the valleys, with the hills above used for crops.
Climate
Located in the northern part of England, UK, the Yorkshire Wolds have a temperate maritime climate which is dominated by the passage of mid latitude depressions. The weather is very changeable from day to day and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream makes the region mild for its latitude. The higher ground of the Wolds results in their being slightly cooler than the surrounding lowland areas and drifting snow is a problem in winter. The average total annual rainfall is with rain falling on average 128 days of the year. January is usually the coldest month and December the wettest. The warmest month is August and the driest is February.
Areas and notable settlements
Northern Wolds and Flamborough Head
The Wolds reach the sea at Flamborough Head where the chalk cliffs plunge over to the North Sea. To the south of Flamborough lies the resort town of Bridlington and to the north the sheer cliffs at Speeton overlook Filey Bay. Inland the high Wolds scarp overlooks the Vale of Pickering.
The so-called Great Wold Valley traverses the area. It is occupied by a small brook called the Gypsey Race. This brook empties its waters into Bridlington Harbour. The valley of the Gypsey Race turns south and then east in two right angle bends, one at Burton Fleming, the other at Rudston. In dry conditions the brook frequently dries up in parts of its course and re-emerges downstream.
Another notable feature of this area of the Wolds is Danes Dyke, a great ditch extending across Flamborough Head. The dyke consists of double ramparts, a ditch which is about wide and deep and a further rampart which rises to above ground level. The origin of this feature is obscure, although it is certainly not Danish.
Bempton Cliffs is a seabird colony and an R.S.P.B. nature reserve.
Notable settlements include Flamborough village, North Landing and South Landing on Flamborough Headland. The village of Reighton which extends down the steep scarp face of the Wolds has many buildings made of the local chalk. Hunmanby was once a large market town and its buildings are centred on the old triangular market place.
A series of villages lies at the foot of the northern scarp of the Wolds each having a parish which contains an area of chalk hillside, fertile benches and marshy land on the Vale of Pickering.
Fordon is one of the smallest villages in England consisting of only a few farms and a small church some parts of which are of Norman construction. Wold Newton and Burton Fleming lie in the Great Wold Valley. A large round barrow called Willy Howe (Howe, a topographic name from Middle English, originated with the Old Norse word haugr meaning a small hill or a man-made mound or barrow.) lies between Wold Newton and Thwing. At Rudston Britain's tallest standing stone can be seen in the church yard. Boynton Hall was the home of William Strickland who is reputed to have brought the turkey to England.
On the Wold top there are many traces of pre-historic peoples such as the barrows at Willerby Wold and Sharpe Howes above Folkton.
Driffield area
On the seaward dip slope of the Wolds there is a series of villages extending from Bridlington to Driffield. These mark the spring line and the natural boundary between the chalk Wolds and the clay of Holderness. Driffield lies central to the crescentic shape of the Wolds area and since all of the Wolds are within easy reach it has become an important market town and is known as the Capital of the Wolds.
Villages of note include: Nafferton, which lies just off the A166 road and is the site of a mill pond fed by springs, Wansford to the south, lies on the Driffield canal and it has a church built by Sir Tatton Sykes in 1868. Close to Ruston Parva is Danes Graves, an archaeological site consisting of some 500 small round barrows marking Iron Age burials at least one of which yielded a corpse buried with a chariot and harness. Burton Agnes contains the ruins of a manor house dating from 1170 AD and a hall and gatehouse of the Elizabethan period. Kilham was a prosperous market town in the Medieval period but was replaced by Driffield in the 19th century as the Capital of the Wolds. In this area there is a long continuity of settlement with an Iron Age cemetery, the Roman road now known as Woldgate and an Anglian cemetery all in close proximity. Sledmere village has a uniformity of aspect which reveals its history as an 'estate' village. Close by is Sledmere House, the home of the Sykes family since the 18th century.
Southern Wolds
In the south the Wolds are at their narrowest. Here they lie between the plain of Holderness to the east and the Vale of York to the west. The Humber Estuary cuts through the chalk formation leaving the Yorkshire Wolds to the north and the Lincolnshire Wolds to the south. In Roman times the estuary was crossed by a ford. The Humber Bridge now spans the estuary. This area has fine agricultural land and many villages, notable amongst which are: Walkington with its village pond and church of All Hallows: Bishop Burton which lies in a green hollow and has 19th century whitewashed cottages close to a village green with a large pond: Cherry Burton sits in a shallow valley in the shadow of the St Michael's and All Angels Church: Skidby which has an intact working windmill dating from 1821 which is now an agricultural museum. North Newbald is sited in a narrow valley on the western scarp of the Wolds and has a famous cruciform Norman church dedicated to St Nicholas.
Central Wolds
The western scarp of the Wolds reaches is highest point at Garrowby Hill. Wooded dales occur along the scarp with small becks flowing down to the Vale of York below. The market towns of Pocklington and Market Weighton are sited between the wolds and the vale. Large parks and houses lie along the scarp from Garrowby Hall to Kilnwick Percy, Warter Priory and Londesborough Hall. Millington is situated within Millington Dale and the road leading along the brow of the dale is particularly scenic. The village of Kiplingcotes is the location for the annual Kiplingcotes Derby horse race, said to be the oldest horse race in England. The 499th event took place on 15 March 2018 but was reduced to a horse being led round the course.
Western Wolds
From Garrowby Hill northwards to Ganton the high scarp of the Wolds swings in a crescent to overlook the Vales of York and Pickering. Villages tend to be clustered along the scarp foot or in the upper part of the Great Wold Valley. Rillington is a village with a stream passing through and a nearby park at Scampston. At Knapton village there is a hall and park and above the village in Knapton Plantation is Staple Howe, an Iron Age site. The twin villages of East and West Heslerton lie further along the A64 road. West Heslerton is a well known archaeological site, with artefacts from several eras having been recovered. Wharram Percy is one of the most notable deserted village sites in the UK.
History and archaeology
The Wolds area is rich in archaeological remains. There is a profusion of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Romano-British sites extending across the entire Yorkshire Wolds area.
The availability of fertile chalk soils, good grazing and the light tree cover along with stone suitable for making tools made this area attractive to early Neolithic settlers.
Along with Wessex and Orkney, the Yorkshire Wolds is a key area for studying the development of the Neolithic period in the British Isles as it became a major focus for settlement in this era. Isolated farms rather than settlements of any size appear to have been the normal dwelling types however few have been located with any certainty and most evidence is of funerary sites and ritual monuments. Recently excavated long barrows at Fordon on Willerby Wold and at Kilham have been carbon dated to around 3700 BC. A well-known round barrow of this period is the monumental Duggleby Howe, at the western end of the Great Wolds Valley, partially excavated in 1890 by J.R. Mortimer. A henge monument of the Neolithic has been identified at Maidens Grave Rudston and the Rudston Monolith has also been assigned to this period. An extensive Neolithic ritual complex, the main elements of which are four large cursus monuments and a henge, is situated near the eastern end of the Great Wold Valley.
More than 1,400 Bronze Age round barrows, comprising one or more burials and accompanied by items of grave goods, are known to exist on the Yorkshire Wolds. They occur either in isolation or, more commonly, grouped together to form cemeteries. Many of these sites, although they have been reduced in size by repeated ploughing, still form upstanding and, in some cases, prominent features in the present-day landscape.
The Romans arrived in this area around 71 AD. From a base at Brough on the north bank of the Humber they established a road network with one branch towards York and another to Malton, both crossing the Wolds area. The settlements of the native Parisi were little disturbed by the Roman occupiers at first, but in later years they became Romanised, adopting the Roman material culture. There are villa sites on the Wolds at Rudston, Harpham, Brantingham, Welton and Wharram-le-Street.
Walkington Wold, near the village of Walkington in the southern area of the Wolds, is the site of an Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery, the only known example from northern England.
Culture and media
The writer Winifred Holtby who was born at Rudston lived in the area and described the Wolds as "fold upon fold of the encircling hills, piled rich and golden."
The Yorkshire Wolds Versatile Brass performs in local venues in the Yorkshire Wolds region.
David Hockney has featured the Yorkshire Wolds in many of his paintings that were shown at the Royal Academy in the exhibition 'A Bigger Picture' in the spring of 2012.
Yorkshire Wolds Way, a two-part BBC television documentary, first broadcast in January 2017, features a journey along the Yorkshire Wolds Way.
Wolds Way
One of nine National Trails in England, the Yorkshire Wolds Way is a long-distance footpath which runs the length of the wolds from the Humber Bridge at Hessle to Filey on the coast. It is managed by Natural England.
See also
Chalk stream
The Weald
Yorkshire Dales
References
Further reading
External links
Yorkshire Wolds
The Villages of The Yorkshire Wolds
http://www.countryside.gov.uk/cci/yorkshirehumber/027.htm
The Countryside Agency – Countryside Character Initiative – Yorkshire and the Humber – Yorkshire Wolds
The Wolds Archaeological Research Project
Mountains and hills of Yorkshire
Landforms of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Natural regions of England | [
-0.34856507182121277,
-0.015575856901705265,
0.35229676961898804,
-0.5540663003921509,
-0.36039814352989197,
0.461818665266037,
0.7205508947372437,
0.47673723101615906,
-0.5829979777336121,
0.0611448772251606,
0.3561153709888458,
0.57308030128479,
0.35130414366722107,
0.23409254848957062,
-0.5406695008277893,
0.2875710725784302,
-0.1280106157064438,
0.4044754207134247,
-0.38199180364608765,
-0.5920451879501343,
-0.08704141527414322,
-0.9150813817977905,
0.366628497838974,
-0.19221451878547668,
0.6172291040420532,
-0.23019246757030487,
1.06791353225708,
0.01529695000499487,
-0.05050387606024742,
-0.15394222736358643,
-0.4331047236919403,
0.8010416030883789,
-0.33939623832702637,
-0.9311445951461792,
-0.008429426699876785,
-0.1861463040113449,
0.15063931047916412,
0.07764487713575363,
-0.9650827050209045,
-0.3002147972583771,
0.1675613522529602,
-0.45779722929000854,
-0.17279590666294098,
0.10713493824005127,
0.003052511950954795,
-0.11485658586025238,
-0.7574917674064636,
0.3246982991695404,
-0.5781944990158081,
-0.44417604804039,
-0.8698402047157288,
1.0842902660369873,
-0.5529298186302185,
0.42781874537467957,
0.6726974844932556,
0.3834501802921295,
-0.322372704744339,
-0.3077189326286316,
0.34991174936294556,
0.2965758442878723,
-0.017615580931305885,
0.421414315700531,
-0.5016281008720398,
-0.45246976613998413,
-0.3876256048679352,
0.13892517983913422,
-0.3945022523403168,
1.1357574462890625,
-0.8407381772994995,
-0.11383219808340073,
-0.4377608597278595,
-0.035518452525138855,
0.4428013861179352,
0.6436678171157837,
-0.21280302107334137,
0.050744544714689255,
-0.05045153573155403,
0.27077600359916687,
0.42654865980148315,
-0.2505144774913788,
0.6564659476280212,
0.33444300293922424,
0.599351704120636,
0.6327210068702698,
0.36281251907348633,
0.39576858282089233,
-0.5902217030525208,
0.22204233705997467,
-0.34318968653678894,
0.16799893975257874,
0.2720450758934021,
-0.13479594886302948,
-0.40199220180511475,
0.13200721144676208,
0.7498582601547241,
-0.19096453487873077,
0.5313931107521057,
-0.29450127482414246,
-0.13138744235038757,
0.6099556088447571,
-0.46134689450263977,
0.5696194171905518,
0.2525254786014557,
-0.2702070474624634,
-0.6040312647819519,
0.0419609360396862,
-0.29178863763809204,
0.05436039716005325,
0.41247281432151794,
0.33979231119155884,
-1.2148698568344116,
-0.0035013274755328894,
-0.4047638177871704,
0.10004515200853348,
0.05294523388147354,
0.14112645387649536,
0.5126587748527527,
-0.2711731493473053,
0.027217799797654152,
-0.01574217900633812,
0.6712379455566406,
0.6290282607078552,
-0.2563668191432953,
0.01564212329685688,
0.008567367680370808,
-0.15902522206306458,
-0.4199557900428772,
-0.11418542265892029,
-0.2957604229450226,
0.17703181505203247,
-0.09827443957328796,
0.7913981676101685,
-0.07947533577680588,
-0.21245859563350677,
0.34718745946884155,
-0.39713066816329956,
0.41588741540908813,
0.15220487117767334,
0.5541216135025024,
0.8030192852020264,
-1.3781408071517944,
0.00632778974249959,
-0.3571290671825409,
-0.2969655394554138,
0.13162735104560852,
-0.6983901858329773,
-0.632268488407135,
-1.0166388750076294,
-0.4264688789844513,
0.28466811776161194,
0.6763179898262024,
0.5070638060569763,
-0.018172886222600937,
-0.09830880165100098,
-0.4494186043739319,
0.43520477414131165,
0.9182407855987549,
-0.24375350773334503,
0.6652281284332275,
-0.03427703306078911,
0.1528613120317459,
0.053120359778404236,
0.3794320225715637,
-0.5421026349067688,
0.3025917708873749,
-0.4770350754261017,
0.5639594793319702,
-0.19516533613204956,
-0.4010341167449951,
0.5366786122322083,
-0.8900827765464783,
0.1103878989815712,
0.8546195030212402,
0.05110134184360504,
0.07400249689817429,
-0.29834693670272827,
0.48934659361839294,
0.883489191532135,
0.051181044429540634,
-0.179338738322258,
-0.9560045599937439,
0.19615308940410614,
0.5685725212097168,
-0.5548168420791626,
0.06332820653915405,
0.5363737344741821,
1.0360734462738037,
0.2635883688926697,
-0.33665916323661804,
-0.22089527547359467,
-0.0019950999412685633,
-0.424546480178833,
0.14481572806835175,
-0.39901643991470337,
1.5897979736328125,
-0.4106176495552063,
0.0675351694226265,
-0.37980207800865173,
-0.5576969385147095,
0.6804958581924438,
0.038628652691841125,
-0.7269392013549805,
0.1303134709596634,
-0.3465765416622162,
-0.33124271035194397,
0.20467601716518402,
0.21013802289962769,
0.03640031814575195,
0.5590457320213318,
-0.08322647958993912,
-0.9351668357849121,
-0.7576248049736023,
0.4434090852737427,
0.2727601230144501,
-0.26798176765441895,
-0.10227080434560776,
0.15050074458122253,
0.13531695306301117,
0.6975805163383484,
-0.6919295787811279,
0.6825084090232849,
0.5075204372406006,
-0.263054221868515,
-0.15940357744693756,
-0.27291542291641235,
-0.0595853291451931,
0.3348712623119354,
-0.08320416510105133,
-0.21123774349689484,
-0.936467707157135,
-0.2864837348461151,
0.34430602192878723,
-0.15602551400661469,
-0.12381163239479065,
-0.2753109335899353,
-1.0192363262176514,
0.33682501316070557,
-0.3499293923377991,
0.013118000701069832,
-1.0492258071899414,
0.052916429936885834,
0.16938938200473785,
-0.5845654010772705,
0.3588932156562805,
-0.3589557111263275,
0.2873532772064209,
0.2525499761104584,
0.6473510265350342,
-0.16575764119625092,
-0.054338857531547546,
-0.026853792369365692,
0.4633597135543823,
0.32052356004714966,
0.40861237049102783,
-0.10980293899774551,
0.09551641345024109,
-0.013943903148174286,
-0.03277109935879707,
0.019149979576468468,
0.0570991113781929,
0.1338193714618683,
-0.13532176613807678,
-0.4382754862308502,
0.015501105226576328,
0.2694023549556732,
-0.5318069458007812,
0.10202042013406754,
-0.5909106135368347,
0.6325962543487549,
-0.29023128747940063,
0.5343459844589233,
0.25960245728492737,
-0.40886420011520386,
-0.08189936727285385,
0.0886276438832283,
-0.15098689496517181,
0.5589821338653564,
-0.37165358662605286,
-0.6981140971183777,
-0.5217217206954956,
0.24065156280994415,
0.9791421890258789,
0.264432817697525,
-0.3730534613132477,
0.0837395191192627,
0.26733070611953735,
0.5350283980369568,
-0.31186333298683167,
-0.06071033328771591,
0.027729500085115433,
0.14215384423732758,
0.17668072879314423,
-0.12263604253530502,
0.0521438829600811,
-0.09563761949539185,
0.3449684977531433,
-0.35331976413726807,
0.15683630108833313,
0.7043159008026123,
-0.42426785826683044,
-0.4120267927646637,
0.5124425888061523,
-0.14373497664928436,
-0.07408315688371658,
-0.1365567147731781,
-0.4585646688938141,
-0.7106054425239563,
-0.3161991238594055,
-5.064923286437988,
0.09714782983064651,
-0.344513475894928,
-0.2244044542312622,
0.9449251890182495,
0.3076789379119873,
-0.35283684730529785,
-0.16551841795444489,
-0.3809165954589844,
-0.016819177195429802,
-0.06659810245037079,
-0.14284342527389526,
-0.4230983853340149,
-0.13985691964626312,
0.9450325965881348,
0.45798343420028687,
0.534206211566925,
-0.03444831073284149,
0.1128673404455185,
-0.07468721270561218,
0.10333552211523056,
-0.1245470643043518,
-0.1996031552553177,
0.22743836045265198,
0.3742576539516449,
0.8693329691886902,
-0.5054197311401367,
-0.295178085565567,
-0.8537325263023376,
-0.3614143431186676,
0.5121122598648071,
-0.44835522770881653,
0.17350523173809052,
0.21457123756408691,
-0.2230297178030014,
-0.03693724423646927,
0.8194002509117126,
0.978863537311554,
0.8058561682701111,
-0.44183647632598877,
-0.4184521734714508,
0.4014450013637543,
-0.42149606347084045,
0.33781692385673523,
1.19939124584198,
-0.5214223861694336,
-0.4852137863636017,
-0.4930136799812317,
-0.04364806413650513,
0.6881111264228821,
-0.18663115799427032,
0.2963601350784302,
0.4181128144264221,
-0.27762430906295776,
-0.14360445737838745,
0.26343533396720886,
0.8843861222267151,
0.19986382126808167,
-0.33491188287734985,
0.3968886435031891,
0.5588738918304443,
0.05752125754952431,
-0.4095465838909149,
-0.4285818636417389,
-0.1695350557565689,
-0.5214215517044067,
-0.4122384786605835,
0.3809311091899872,
0.2962661385536194,
-0.1986701637506485,
-0.32040125131607056,
0.04958166182041168,
-0.17621101438999176,
-0.4081202745437622,
-0.030711133033037186,
-0.4057251513004303,
-0.25602632761001587,
-0.16120633482933044,
0.4341622591018677,
0.3393557667732239,
-0.4396451711654663,
-0.24761876463890076,
0.31669169664382935,
0.058476127684116364,
-0.39000678062438965,
-0.6849243640899658,
-0.35049960017204285,
0.0665382444858551,
0.25364354252815247,
-0.39153334498405457,
-0.06939326971769333,
-1.1082218885421753,
0.42845961451530457,
0.5181912183761597,
0.17105330526828766,
0.747868001461029,
0.31386956572532654,
-0.3974320888519287,
0.26207542419433594,
-0.6079317927360535,
0.17392143607139587,
-0.252129465341568,
-0.0818200334906578,
-0.049497392028570175,
-0.5148954391479492,
-0.5692367553710938,
-0.04635075852274895,
0.36315909028053284,
0.4605357050895691,
-0.02806875668466091,
0.6041768193244934,
-0.08656317740678787,
-1.0174477100372314,
-0.3833405375480652,
-0.09408196061849594,
0.04757137969136238,
-0.8376491665840149,
0.37646448612213135,
0.5081865191459656,
0.2463933229446411,
-0.38165926933288574,
0.05493592470884323,
-0.5616374611854553,
0.23962365090847015,
-0.04288581386208534,
-0.14898204803466797,
1.0120842456817627,
0.6435146331787109,
-0.83761066198349,
0.6302165389060974,
-0.19627058506011963,
-0.5008811950683594,
0.2681201994419098,
-0.14827077090740204,
-0.18851007521152496,
0.1330331563949585,
0.22067056596279144,
-0.2755131125450134,
0.2119944840669632,
-0.052080072462558746,
0.43714144825935364,
0.21358706057071686,
0.03966960683465004,
0.7169703841209412,
0.2719752788543701,
0.2517189681529999,
-0.622192919254303,
0.32536062598228455,
-0.552354097366333,
0.21055005490779877,
-0.09349508583545685,
0.5708080530166626,
-0.35966455936431885,
-0.8174307346343994,
-0.034126341342926025,
-0.33308669924736023,
-0.06595136970281601,
0.24186250567436218,
-0.11989962309598923,
-0.6362709403038025,
0.32562199234962463,
0.13105037808418274,
-0.7396061420440674,
0.40347251296043396,
0.14381077885627747,
-0.5717906951904297,
-0.01340087503194809,
-0.2480747252702713,
0.037136226892471313,
0.2807766795158386,
0.05144995450973511,
-0.43792834877967834,
0.17213581502437592,
-0.2185937911272049,
0.04696846753358841,
0.2927992045879364,
-0.21156886219978333,
0.2396077960729599,
-0.3674612045288086,
0.008385512046515942,
-0.37757477164268494,
-0.33849862217903137,
0.08200085163116455,
0.14481183886528015,
0.33850499987602234,
-0.2708858549594879,
-0.6485999822616577,
0.2687489092350006,
-0.4378131926059723,
0.0315982960164547,
0.17409510910511017,
-0.3730108439922333,
0.603578507900238,
0.7360520958900452,
-0.22281774878501892,
0.22421680390834808,
0.8799722194671631,
-0.012531571090221405,
0.3872833251953125,
-0.8467562794685364,
-0.20396597683429718,
0.3462747633457184,
-0.04194857180118561,
0.3278290927410126,
0.6274091005325317,
-0.9978790283203125,
0.2347337156534195,
0.4554932713508606,
-0.900809109210968,
0.4633367955684662,
-0.792453944683075,
-0.7704048156738281,
-0.4999910295009613,
0.272263765335083,
-0.36568593978881836,
-0.014068637043237686,
0.1646445095539093,
-0.04524996504187584,
-0.06528080254793167,
-0.027375997975468636,
-0.1913936287164688,
-0.40739917755126953,
-0.49366244673728943,
0.08757112175226212,
-0.7773982882499695,
0.013966426253318787,
0.40704619884490967,
-0.4846137762069702,
0.5642645359039307,
-1.1211930513381958,
-0.16753104329109192,
0.23334628343582153,
0.26086175441741943,
0.42810526490211487,
0.17249366641044617,
0.6944820284843445,
0.3962925970554352,
0.09476350992918015,
0.598983883857727,
0.7619633078575134,
1.0032153129577637,
1.0154403448104858,
0.702894389629364,
-0.4746572971343994,
0.36055970191955566,
-0.19327852129936218,
0.3430904746055603,
-1.0738619565963745,
-0.9004213213920593,
0.07207237184047699,
0.27121827006340027,
-0.5163312554359436,
-0.9056758880615234,
-0.22287142276763916,
0.5916738510131836,
-0.45057591795921326,
-0.20776018500328064,
-0.08861114829778671,
0.3444342315196991,
0.11588005721569061,
0.23170524835586548,
-0.3883388340473175,
0.22997504472732544,
0.5633293986320496,
0.8976646065711975,
-0.6324927806854248,
0.14923496544361115,
-0.00946131907403469,
0.8085377216339111,
-0.1743953675031662,
-0.22643640637397766,
-0.05206912010908127,
-0.40822622179985046,
-0.21408256888389587,
0.10564491152763367,
-0.18226905167102814,
0.40483734011650085,
-0.7144681811332703,
0.5953941345214844,
-0.35948020219802856,
-0.850838840007782,
-0.36431819200515747,
0.3853118419647217,
-0.7772026062011719,
0.01757083460688591,
0.1765986829996109,
0.23195327818393707,
-0.20559795200824738,
-0.8842529058456421,
-0.20707514882087708,
0.2646428644657135,
-0.41156649589538574,
-0.05115523561835289,
-0.581936240196228,
0.11646270006895065,
-0.11435217410326004,
-0.0590033121407032,
0.1570882350206375,
0.10524369031190872,
-0.2585005760192871,
-1.0053589344024658,
0.6624079346656799,
-0.6269179582595825,
-0.8296419978141785,
-0.049653440713882446,
0.01173514872789383,
-0.10168517380952835,
-0.45695793628692627,
-0.045391328632831573,
0.25491905212402344,
-0.28215721249580383,
0.5848579406738281,
0.003643040545284748,
1.5047788619995117,
0.002860644832253456,
-0.44667795300483704,
0.29161137342453003,
-0.816730260848999,
0.7016443610191345,
0.6502383947372437,
-0.0886424332857132,
-0.030242305248975754,
0.1809130311012268,
0.42780205607414246,
-0.05170898512005806,
1.0456923246383667,
-1.066175103187561,
0.013833897188305855,
-0.4268202483654022,
0.5001768469810486,
-0.17852112650871277,
0.30518555641174316,
-1.0342721939086914,
0.34510526061058044,
-0.09190388023853302,
-0.9012065529823303,
-0.0048331813886761665,
-0.18215622007846832,
0.2933180034160614,
0.4720572531223297,
0.23439519107341766,
0.28600162267684937,
0.47234392166137695,
0.04729083180427551,
-0.503757655620575,
0.39781618118286133,
-0.1604805886745453,
-0.13641047477722168,
-0.13606925308704376,
-0.4669470191001892,
0.8394364714622498,
0.32396483421325684,
0.6834754347801208,
-0.36839166283607483,
0.41299504041671753,
0.6310874819755554,
0.2738492488861084,
0.2217383235692978,
-0.9856715798377991,
0.3734375536441803,
0.21097628772258759,
0.48581719398498535,
-0.6283693313598633,
-0.2728545665740967,
-0.4786074757575989,
-0.1002962663769722,
0.315652996301651,
-0.6495794057846069,
-0.8631294369697571,
0.1810259371995926,
1.0286476612091064,
0.2290869504213333,
-0.3249141573905945,
-0.17609208822250366,
-0.47711244225502014,
0.46014639735221863,
-0.0924089252948761,
0.24574978649616241,
0.9302351474761963,
-0.21552376449108124,
0.02194923162460327,
0.4178083837032318,
-0.009989002719521523,
-0.6800091862678528,
0.6905180215835571,
-0.4332500100135803,
-0.07746677845716476,
0.4005584120750427,
-0.14397956430912018,
0.047005780041217804,
0.2463311403989792,
-0.35975340008735657,
-0.1074507012963295,
0.003415563376620412,
-0.6855721473693848,
-0.47886112332344055,
0.3079238831996918,
0.8749406337738037,
0.41820403933525085,
0.2429044246673584,
0.5291915535926819,
0.49209064245224,
-0.35191822052001953,
0.2792070508003235,
-0.11199069768190384,
0.5765488147735596,
0.11451534926891327,
-0.04276501387357712,
-0.12742866575717926,
0.39214175939559937,
0.3504334092140198,
0.060382064431905746,
0.19125759601593018,
0.20533958077430725,
0.1409260779619217,
0.11222565919160843,
0.4110366702079773,
0.0793863832950592,
-0.1129661276936531,
-0.47674715518951416,
0.05395540967583656,
-0.3143879175186157,
0.18691234290599823,
0.4441083073616028,
0.48758625984191895,
0.43152937293052673,
0.132999986410141,
-0.32029443979263306,
-0.7136631608009338,
0.5420783758163452,
-0.1877560317516327,
-0.10779149830341339,
-1.1390260457992554,
0.34872502088546753,
-0.019319647923111916,
0.31044331192970276,
0.4858423173427582,
0.39482852816581726,
-0.18934883177280426,
-0.3139367997646332,
-0.08766020834445953,
-0.5173956155776978,
0.08905995637178421,
-0.2361394464969635,
0.2036975473165512,
0.12765806913375854,
-0.5444361567497253,
-0.5839499831199646,
-0.6396464705467224,
0.36355847120285034,
0.20276914536952972,
-0.31570106744766235,
-0.3399508595466614,
-0.20593342185020447,
-0.4283997118473053,
-0.689635157585144,
0.3456741273403168,
-0.43211716413497925,
-0.2411421835422516,
-0.10379740595817566
] |
224097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuwied%20%28district%29 | Neuwied (district) | Neuwied () is a district (Kreis) in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Rhein-Sieg, Altenkirchen, Westerwaldkreis, Mayen-Koblenz, Ahrweiler.
History
The district was created in 1816 when the area became part of the Prussian Rhine province. In 1822 the district Linz was merged into the district.
The district has a partnership with the Polish county Namysłów in Opole Voivodeship; first contacts date to 1998 and the partnership became official in 2000.
Geography
The districts landscape covers the Westerwald mountains, east of the Rhine river valley. The Rhine forms the western boundary of the district.
Coat of arms
The crosses in the top represent the two clerical states which owned part of the district - the black cross of Cologne in the left, the red cross of Trier in the right. The peacock in the bottom is taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Wied.
Towns and municipalities
Verband-free town: Neuwied
References
External links
(German)
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate
1816 establishments in Prussia | [
-0.22930769622325897,
0.7801892757415771,
0.009565277956426144,
-0.46728962659835815,
-0.5487174391746521,
0.41616716980934143,
1.0672173500061035,
0.41960570216178894,
0.31414705514907837,
-0.959298312664032,
-0.28771835565567017,
-0.13447536528110504,
-0.1885952353477478,
0.4145079255104065,
0.0010942855151370168,
0.975717306137085,
0.9143965244293213,
0.29879873991012573,
-0.03759390488266945,
-1.2271891832351685,
-0.3191109895706177,
-0.44423142075538635,
0.48266440629959106,
0.49582386016845703,
-0.29751282930374146,
-0.3877592086791992,
0.7121434807777405,
-0.08485300838947296,
-0.03696303069591522,
-0.22545403242111206,
-0.1105816513299942,
0.9792062640190125,
-0.5010101795196533,
-0.5656110048294067,
0.8409671187400818,
0.4953685402870178,
-0.3178662955760956,
-0.40367060899734497,
0.5391259789466858,
-0.5939331650733948,
-0.3615986108779907,
0.2832130193710327,
-0.3907186985015869,
-0.7735039591789246,
0.36456748843193054,
-0.6507449746131897,
-1.4159029722213745,
0.0008983638253994286,
-0.7529419660568237,
-0.6144015789031982,
-0.43614697456359863,
-0.20980308949947357,
0.4072803258895874,
0.20928837358951569,
0.10685316473245621,
0.24151046574115753,
-1.2880284786224365,
0.0631895586848259,
0.42826029658317566,
1.3233803510665894,
0.06865362823009491,
0.1978072077035904,
-0.844004213809967,
0.4257795512676239,
0.28035613894462585,
0.2152479887008667,
-0.24018266797065735,
0.8322740197181702,
-0.8036086559295654,
-0.9267410635948181,
-0.8776997923851013,
-0.576481819152832,
-0.0032756796572357416,
-0.2706791162490845,
-0.020247450098395348,
-0.1250353306531906,
-0.6603304743766785,
-0.1701909601688385,
-0.000942530925385654,
0.04150836542248726,
-0.43743810057640076,
0.0538138784468174,
0.928928554058075,
-0.04728303104639053,
0.4540645182132721,
0.49356794357299805,
-0.33244624733924866,
-0.33550140261650085,
-0.43235886096954346,
0.34624573588371277,
-0.12442922592163086,
0.00597654702141881,
-0.4265393614768982,
0.19333580136299133,
0.3941676616668701,
-0.6522554755210876,
0.2268388271331787,
-0.15508465468883514,
0.5646188855171204,
0.8184890151023865,
0.08758312463760376,
0.08465354144573212,
1.2696075439453125,
0.5096643567085266,
-0.6806932687759399,
-0.03981030359864235,
-0.04693003371357918,
-1.38310968875885,
-0.3092646598815918,
-0.1484253853559494,
-0.4123631417751312,
0.8423102498054504,
-0.14500972628593445,
-0.2666544020175934,
-0.015897687524557114,
0.012829799205064774,
0.25650545954704285,
-0.20740900933742523,
0.3803933560848236,
0.31321948766708374,
0.4395003318786621,
0.8871058225631714,
-0.3498670756816864,
0.5201830863952637,
-0.11445894837379456,
0.19582350552082062,
-0.06520627439022064,
0.5212254524230957,
-0.3573687672615051,
0.17276650667190552,
0.8445183634757996,
1.0939675569534302,
-0.011906991712749004,
-0.14562839269638062,
0.23830430209636688,
-0.46602997183799744,
0.797329306602478,
0.36941197514533997,
0.45635074377059937,
-0.18591980636119843,
-0.9471603631973267,
-0.28924310207366943,
-1.5500781536102295,
-0.09692049026489258,
-0.06286003440618515,
-0.035484980791807175,
-0.2212182879447937,
-0.4090966284275055,
0.44212377071380615,
-0.04339543357491493,
0.46203458309173584,
0.15619489550590515,
-0.5968617796897888,
0.24729317426681519,
-1.1729378700256348,
0.399312287569046,
0.30981096625328064,
-0.08285342156887054,
0.3021112084388733,
0.27047234773635864,
0.9314340353012085,
-0.6451271176338196,
0.5543975830078125,
0.31396186351776123,
0.3603062033653259,
-0.16894498467445374,
0.013439950533211231,
-0.18181240558624268,
-0.18906675279140472,
0.1009681224822998,
-0.7120686173439026,
-0.19359926879405975,
0.04277705028653145,
-0.7036179900169373,
1.2097889184951782,
-0.5400165915489197,
0.2981986403465271,
0.39118000864982605,
0.18323343992233276,
-0.3398374021053314,
-1.2373987436294556,
0.05761575326323509,
0.3420328199863434,
0.29318034648895264,
0.2375701665878296,
0.2404680848121643,
-0.5771500468254089,
-0.17612259089946747,
-0.13736626505851746,
0.5080640912055969,
-0.04041435196995735,
-1.3416705131530762,
0.8104752898216248,
0.0628453940153122,
1.1417499780654907,
0.6133827567100525,
-0.22716985642910004,
-0.3157619535923004,
-0.5281131863594055,
0.10990256071090698,
-0.8116441369056702,
-1.1741584539413452,
0.268449604511261,
0.08116232603788376,
-0.19094042479991913,
0.9245145916938782,
-0.763681173324585,
-0.5683846473693848,
-0.6257427930831909,
0.5351045727729797,
-0.25094905495643616,
0.03898072615265846,
-0.16115057468414307,
0.28440234065055847,
0.45016661286354065,
-0.5486719012260437,
-0.15126632153987885,
-0.09210860729217529,
-0.3912007212638855,
-0.5073196887969971,
-0.5248396992683411,
0.49428310990333557,
-0.08677112311124802,
0.5942258238792419,
-0.30745571851730347,
0.9061830043792725,
0.18384695053100586,
0.3663805425167084,
-0.34441033005714417,
-1.045527458190918,
0.7453088760375977,
0.7604780197143555,
0.3819662928581238,
-0.505454421043396,
-0.3197944760322571,
-0.6546409726142883,
-0.18975940346717834,
-0.22359918057918549,
0.3358945846557617,
-0.7050297856330872,
0.3256780207157135,
-0.12400495260953903,
-0.35348957777023315,
0.08536944538354874,
0.41138574481010437,
0.8493804335594177,
-0.33327871561050415,
0.10019904375076294,
-0.520910918712616,
-0.38972148299217224,
0.5682093501091003,
0.4429328441619873,
0.2028578668832779,
-1.2814446687698364,
0.049803972244262695,
0.3224734663963318,
0.07097318023443222,
0.3280017673969269,
0.1606726497411728,
0.4381897449493408,
-0.04006693512201309,
0.3663277328014374,
0.43557390570640564,
-0.3135416805744171,
-0.96341872215271,
-0.045479174703359604,
0.18817780911922455,
-0.2927948236465454,
-0.18893052637577057,
0.11586583405733109,
0.06162191182374954,
-0.5848267674446106,
0.022704707458615303,
-1.0771875381469727,
-0.06547766178846359,
-0.08623570948839188,
-0.4051739573478699,
0.9610400199890137,
-0.9127923250198364,
0.3150807321071625,
0.7393254041671753,
1.0998612642288208,
-0.9034445285797119,
-0.4851739704608917,
-0.2921268343925476,
0.25406163930892944,
0.9065489172935486,
-0.07365987449884415,
-0.3622434735298157,
0.2207806557416916,
-0.05618302896618843,
-0.07684975862503052,
-0.5079121589660645,
0.17380493879318237,
0.1833372712135315,
0.06564906239509583,
-0.48544207215309143,
-0.10591456294059753,
0.3864668011665344,
-0.2592153251171112,
-0.4213968515396118,
0.4783846139907837,
-0.4307543635368347,
0.10840694606304169,
-0.9630326628684998,
-0.7303103804588318,
-0.47608861327171326,
-0.004881209693849087,
-3.6865851879119873,
-0.8531967401504517,
-0.2128942757844925,
0.14007961750030518,
-0.12390045821666718,
0.04291055351495743,
0.03617490828037262,
-0.5319176912307739,
-0.29624849557876587,
0.117952860891819,
0.4663826823234558,
-0.4621586203575134,
-0.013234525918960571,
0.7009193301200867,
0.8112935423851013,
-0.5897109508514404,
0.3380051851272583,
-0.14940524101257324,
0.30673426389694214,
-0.4117606580257416,
-0.5167992115020752,
0.44122588634490967,
0.29317712783813477,
0.07379453629255295,
0.7603299617767334,
0.030477028340101242,
0.2133973091840744,
0.09896630048751831,
-1.0413658618927002,
-0.4339490532875061,
0.7389962673187256,
-0.37235942482948303,
-0.2568141222000122,
0.3463900089263916,
-0.34435543417930603,
-0.38247379660606384,
1.0457947254180908,
0.8788737654685974,
0.6989396810531616,
-0.18304955959320068,
-0.030976571142673492,
1.1959933042526245,
-0.4481907784938812,
-0.0218570027500391,
0.42524439096450806,
-0.1995055079460144,
-0.5839735865592957,
-0.2880721688270569,
-0.3298404812812805,
1.7060739994049072,
0.17900235950946808,
-0.4148520231246948,
0.8632227778434753,
0.11995115131139755,
-0.04828132688999176,
-0.21254996955394745,
0.20922166109085083,
-0.39975449442863464,
-0.35724717378616333,
0.6532082557678223,
0.8018471598625183,
-0.23330773413181305,
-0.03532569855451584,
-0.4734172821044922,
-0.14742228388786316,
-0.5457388162612915,
-0.23936277627944946,
0.12402281910181046,
0.07373248040676117,
0.11264873296022415,
-0.34310585260391235,
0.24411125481128693,
-0.23829138278961182,
-0.5423054099082947,
-0.024974733591079712,
-0.7872282266616821,
-0.6753168702125549,
-0.2674168348312378,
0.22157125174999237,
-0.205340176820755,
0.11489979177713394,
-0.530701220035553,
0.4936768412590027,
0.6316837072372437,
0.5554887056350708,
0.03936519846320152,
-0.732676088809967,
-0.023184025660157204,
0.4674466550350189,
-0.266836017370224,
0.035804226994514465,
-0.596085786819458,
0.3178660273551941,
0.7457351088523865,
-1.023917317390442,
1.0103704929351807,
0.19619931280612946,
-0.5015118718147278,
-0.31982091069221497,
-0.4001051187515259,
0.929523229598999,
-0.4539569616317749,
0.440716028213501,
0.21657688915729523,
-0.3283023536205292,
-0.49483105540275574,
0.7122135162353516,
0.21177901327610016,
0.03759267181158066,
0.29686740040779114,
0.2592296898365021,
-0.09113045781850815,
0.043604958802461624,
-0.9225977659225464,
0.5226101279258728,
-1.0456945896148682,
-1.238074779510498,
1.6470329761505127,
0.05138776823878288,
0.37455764412879944,
0.8246056437492371,
-0.09103431552648544,
0.44512665271759033,
-0.18696138262748718,
-0.13015033304691315,
0.7046269774436951,
0.3091418445110321,
0.03927146643400192,
-0.11067153513431549,
0.6898243427276611,
0.17074328660964966,
-0.10053657740354538,
-0.2572373151779175,
-0.7162479162216187,
0.3049408793449402,
-0.3648599684238434,
0.008952225558459759,
0.01853739470243454,
-0.10226783156394958,
0.32246875762939453,
1.166211485862732,
0.6480767726898193,
-0.3137233257293701,
0.1491948813199997,
-0.357674777507782,
0.11171878129243851,
0.4563629627227783,
-0.27435195446014404,
-1.010530948638916,
0.15491801500320435,
-0.6383437514305115,
-0.437874436378479,
-0.009838903322815895,
-0.05223218351602554,
-0.3133617639541626,
0.35079559683799744,
0.41970568895339966,
0.411090224981308,
0.5317041277885437,
-0.1843186765909195,
0.08035101741552353,
-0.10160047560930252,
-0.8666373491287231,
0.813770055770874,
0.7845554351806641,
0.4378677308559418,
0.13794875144958496,
0.10245704650878906,
-0.5648748874664307,
0.4556047022342682,
0.1070745661854744,
-0.36028552055358887,
-0.6736226081848145,
0.3374907374382019,
0.007463548332452774,
-0.2114931344985962,
-0.16763454675674438,
0.3046421706676483,
0.14195595681667328,
-0.2854328155517578,
-0.0861491784453392,
-0.04819129407405853,
-0.2541705071926117,
0.6443735361099243,
0.15472815930843353,
-0.3679873049259186,
-0.02399449050426483,
0.3673471212387085,
-1.118491768836975,
-0.47262057662010193,
0.6273425221443176,
-0.824245810508728,
0.5073097348213196,
0.2510627210140228,
-0.6659202575683594,
-1.5786985158920288,
0.045321252197027206,
-0.498983234167099,
-0.3035612106323242,
-0.2610355019569397,
0.4196067750453949,
0.9875707626342773,
-0.05219973623752594,
1.0290976762771606,
0.09975439310073853,
-0.9117543697357178,
0.36343368887901306,
0.7067722678184509,
-0.2646375894546509,
0.605369508266449,
-0.4548914432525635,
-0.284858763217926,
0.09286727756261826,
0.5808292627334595,
-0.7593504190444946,
-0.21906538307666779,
0.6261448264122009,
-0.6993899941444397,
-0.32499176263809204,
0.01921890303492546,
-1.182600498199463,
-0.3395371735095978,
-0.6982602477073669,
-0.2635315954685211,
-0.9663301706314087,
0.3394787907600403,
-0.10578306019306183,
-1.4663010835647583,
1.0964962244033813,
-0.49649155139923096,
0.049013651907444,
0.4453515112400055,
0.8108546733856201,
0.063994862139225,
-0.15057353675365448,
-0.4966735541820526,
0.3039364218711853,
0.7712599635124207,
-0.11225323379039764,
0.8974866271018982,
0.40203383564949036,
0.6269424557685852,
0.9485966563224792,
-0.798535943031311,
0.08001727610826492,
-0.6125825047492981,
0.7025716304779053,
-0.4190903902053833,
-0.9556434750556946,
0.46243494749069214,
-0.04795127734541893,
0.2888122797012329,
-0.5108928680419922,
-0.15391558408737183,
1.4032903909683228,
-0.04403671622276306,
-0.002766689518466592,
0.24682585895061493,
1.0271419286727905,
-0.4293188452720642,
-0.45481956005096436,
-0.23068007826805115,
0.02945612370967865,
0.11213044077157974,
0.2692619264125824,
-0.3547956347465515,
-0.18707500398159027,
0.4886576533317566,
0.032428205013275146,
-0.012292302213609219,
-0.7080864310264587,
-0.30719926953315735,
-0.4762100577354431,
0.20639969408512115,
-0.13361689448356628,
0.16936622560024261,
-0.2980087399482727,
-0.24507690966129303,
0.07732297480106354,
-0.7780617475509644,
0.132513165473938,
0.3649507164955139,
-0.14871078729629517,
-0.7648756504058838,
0.1728772222995758,
-0.8843014240264893,
-0.7710791230201721,
0.2859014868736267,
-0.5793448090553284,
-0.33683720231056213,
-0.034649599343538284,
-0.45090579986572266,
-0.8795281052589417,
0.4064910411834717,
0.20516423881053925,
0.4288601577281952,
-0.3422035872936249,
0.30675560235977173,
-0.27007734775543213,
-0.01069970615208149,
-0.5041377544403076,
0.6011727452278137,
0.034174595028162,
0.20583182573318481,
0.6562117338180542,
0.23415276408195496,
-0.4164566397666931,
0.021867139264941216,
-0.1321696639060974,
-0.05398533120751381,
0.2657114863395691,
-0.6381086707115173,
-0.11214933544397354,
1.443243384361267,
0.04843201860785484,
0.8888198733329773,
1.0492936372756958,
-0.32036295533180237,
0.1356651335954666,
0.5446465015411377,
0.20300351083278656,
-1.03330659866333,
1.0055797100067139,
1.0565284490585327,
-0.5621120929718018,
1.249921441078186,
0.2698555588722229,
-0.3526611030101776,
0.40537601709365845,
-0.4420604109764099,
-0.0016094379825517535,
-0.11208082735538483,
-0.7986016273498535,
0.5994049906730652,
-0.6873220801353455,
-0.0038656292017549276,
-0.2119392603635788,
-0.23114633560180664,
-0.47122666239738464,
0.15267321467399597,
-0.2966964542865753,
1.1336116790771484,
-0.18076370656490326,
0.38483813405036926,
0.40127769112586975,
0.7975204586982727,
0.1306627094745636,
-0.7772534489631653,
0.7578945755958557,
-0.7119954824447632,
0.6690982580184937,
0.48029235005378723,
0.2435150444507599,
-0.2980061173439026,
0.04127398133277893,
0.4851655066013336,
0.5676794052124023,
-0.0778285562992096,
-0.6337927579879761,
-0.16285359859466553,
-0.011389393359422684,
-0.8386374115943909,
-0.012428093701601028,
0.09836428612470627,
-0.726805567741394,
-0.5601500868797302,
0.07895786315202713,
-0.015145761892199516,
-0.412328839302063,
0.14938275516033173,
0.15288163721561432,
-0.46046969294548035,
0.19230051338672638,
-0.4841810166835785,
0.7668147683143616,
-0.09159523993730545,
0.3528067469596863,
-0.4220978617668152,
-0.12423830479383469,
0.4908889830112457,
-0.5391744375228882,
0.2725302278995514,
-0.22412410378456116,
-0.12721121311187744,
-0.05046335235238075,
0.20556014776229858,
0.11018365621566772,
-0.4226870536804199,
0.8313149213790894,
-0.4468733072280884,
0.16588576138019562,
0.12329122424125671,
-0.0011480535613372922,
-0.10887900739908218,
-0.549422562122345,
-0.13203194737434387,
-0.3898928463459015,
1.0585277080535889,
-0.10092873126268387,
0.030538130551576614,
0.41570690274238586,
0.7127549052238464,
-0.402937114238739,
0.5142228603363037,
-0.10330476611852646,
0.6020860075950623,
-0.5197394490242004,
0.5582284331321716,
-0.6321378350257874,
0.7340016961097717,
0.7519203424453735,
0.5663270950317383,
0.27386054396629333,
0.7472019195556641,
0.2054639309644699,
-0.3946276307106018,
0.8591144680976868,
-0.27486497163772583,
-0.11271431297063828,
0.3873797357082367,
0.9745041728019714,
0.010991761460900307,
0.2546236217021942,
0.35763996839523315,
-0.3401600122451782,
-0.6199033260345459,
-0.039321351796388626,
-0.07973352074623108,
-0.34455397725105286,
0.35192057490348816,
-0.22435982525348663,
-0.4558059275150299,
-0.4872695207595825,
-0.538476288318634,
-0.7309394478797913,
0.5024406909942627,
0.22801274061203003,
0.7458569407463074,
0.19029447436332703,
-0.41875043511390686,
-0.3407813012599945,
-0.535134494304657,
0.8400408029556274,
0.6611438989639282,
-2.440099000930786,
0.4272036552429199,
-0.45047011971473694,
-0.631658673286438,
-0.20515424013137817,
0.3953550457954407,
-0.027468757703900337,
-0.17988435924053192,
0.16185270249843597,
-0.306579053401947,
-0.5319117903709412,
0.5163758397102356,
0.11786573380231857,
-0.894196093082428,
0.7408081889152527,
-0.026693012565374374
] |
224099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad%20Madero | Ciudad Madero | Ciudad Madero is a coastal city, located in southeast Tamaulipas in the Gulf of Mexico. It is the seventh most populous city in the state, with a census-estimated 2015 population of 209,175 within an area of 18.0 square miles (46.6 km2) the city is the third-largest in the Tampico metropolitan area. It is also an important center of oil refining in Mexico.
Ciudad Madero has a beach named "Playa Miramar", which, in recent years, has been expanding its services with new hotels and restaurants. Near the beach there is a lighthouse, named "Faro de Ciudad Madero" - although this has been replaced by a red beacon light atop a small tower, to guide approaching ships in to the channel of the Río Pánuco. However, in October 2006, the Ciudad Madero Planning Commission signaled its intention to build a new lighthouse because of the cultural and tourist values it would provide.
References
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Tamaulipas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
External links
Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Madero Official website
Populated places in Tamaulipas
Port cities and towns of the Mexican Gulf Coast | [
0.08725696057081223,
0.20527565479278564,
0.35665056109428406,
0.012422178871929646,
0.17879094183444977,
0.2242366373538971,
0.42329686880111694,
0.7143490314483643,
-0.1798989325761795,
-0.12722954154014587,
0.089112289249897,
1.0180281400680542,
-0.0011582697043195367,
0.3270091414451599,
-0.42688363790512085,
0.5719584226608276,
0.5879741311073303,
0.5516447424888611,
0.4987594783306122,
-0.486480712890625,
-0.4418524205684662,
-0.6543386578559875,
0.2686624526977539,
0.10983545333147049,
0.44657576084136963,
-0.35151976346969604,
-0.4589287340641022,
0.06280791759490967,
-0.23970407247543335,
0.5129590034484863,
0.13242202997207642,
0.17018474638462067,
-0.4981459379196167,
-0.09960426390171051,
-0.09657298773527145,
0.4929717183113098,
-0.3758779466152191,
-0.5960664749145508,
-0.4319007992744446,
-0.09983695298433304,
-0.2564409077167511,
-0.02350679785013199,
0.40346091985702515,
0.08173292875289917,
-0.19596455991268158,
0.04669485613703728,
-1.0944916009902954,
0.4697473645210266,
-0.6010982394218445,
-0.058058999478816986,
-0.747830867767334,
0.45134538412094116,
-0.1698889583349228,
0.48075953125953674,
0.2900634706020355,
0.4240049421787262,
-1.1731112003326416,
-0.007610085885971785,
-0.08593233674764633,
0.21197059750556946,
-0.09364088624715805,
0.994563639163971,
0.09181687980890274,
-0.3988857567310333,
0.09704489260911942,
0.028966329991817474,
0.4310532510280609,
-0.2734333872795105,
-0.16672392189502716,
-0.08301057666540146,
-0.48253345489501953,
0.48230698704719543,
-0.11108730733394623,
-0.520354151725769,
-0.5607413053512573,
-0.24315665662288666,
-0.33320894837379456,
0.13385698199272156,
-0.14529229700565338,
0.32852089405059814,
0.20949633419513702,
0.0032243297901004553,
0.8131670355796814,
-0.8660563826560974,
0.7428671717643738,
0.41950055956840515,
-0.2285202145576477,
0.053133901208639145,
-0.7282274961471558,
0.3942660093307495,
-0.43942075967788696,
0.22814565896987915,
0.0679793730378151,
-0.03591248393058777,
-0.06408707052469254,
-0.2472691535949707,
-0.008188212290406227,
0.35663092136383057,
-0.3019144833087921,
0.7536823749542236,
-0.11102589219808578,
0.3394017219543457,
0.8335154056549072,
0.5572518706321716,
-0.4428693354129791,
-0.14597052335739136,
-0.8334315419197083,
0.35817962884902954,
-0.16742512583732605,
-0.0789572224020958,
0.003619320224970579,
0.35926827788352966,
0.23802749812602997,
0.16141584515571594,
0.1986001431941986,
0.2497335523366928,
0.43372029066085815,
0.07559185475111008,
0.25005263090133667,
-0.30867746472358704,
-0.487984299659729,
0.7238381505012512,
-0.43089190125465393,
-0.3022235333919525,
0.04174712672829628,
-0.02214527502655983,
0.19232091307640076,
0.03210831433534622,
-0.6889749765396118,
-0.01539137028157711,
-0.2306375354528427,
0.45514723658561707,
-0.3992723524570465,
0.5034860372543335,
0.3021613359451294,
-0.7651294469833374,
-0.15753215551376343,
0.24964411556720734,
0.5276665091514587,
0.056990619748830795,
-0.9556587338447571,
-0.2272685021162033,
-0.6973949074745178,
0.10350826382637024,
0.32029420137405396,
-0.2826346457004547,
-0.010861626826226711,
-0.6406469941139221,
-0.43256527185440063,
0.11372511088848114,
0.2776072025299072,
0.500480055809021,
-0.29372695088386536,
0.12714163959026337,
-0.3137661814689636,
-0.5775071382522583,
-0.059084828943014145,
-0.4136624038219452,
0.37103796005249023,
0.17619678378105164,
-0.2096775770187378,
0.3116834759712219,
0.5377451181411743,
0.25406593084335327,
-0.03468827158212662,
-0.19733543694019318,
0.6569271683692932,
0.37254542112350464,
0.31730911135673523,
0.47085970640182495,
0.07200469076633453,
0.2860274016857147,
0.4959051311016083,
-0.7650506496429443,
-0.28847694396972656,
-0.438534140586853,
0.18908384442329407,
0.2509785294532776,
-0.2648933231830597,
0.08096909523010254,
-0.6111379265785217,
0.8911575675010681,
-0.19559144973754883,
-0.10697654634714127,
-0.30274567008018494,
0.0899595096707344,
0.6022160649299622,
0.8353492617607117,
-0.22554418444633484,
-0.29567381739616394,
0.16086184978485107,
-0.1087963655591011,
-0.556130588054657,
-0.006969384849071503,
0.031219836324453354,
0.48547273874282837,
-0.6427485942840576,
0.6818514466285706,
-0.27379629015922546,
0.6932643055915833,
-0.8603461384773254,
0.06872523576021194,
0.7160512804985046,
-0.28763172030448914,
-0.2207455188035965,
-0.40589508414268494,
0.6938349008560181,
0.029985668137669563,
0.3712594211101532,
1.2249153852462769,
-0.4676481783390045,
-0.19408385455608368,
0.3141861855983734,
0.32386961579322815,
-0.3930414617061615,
-0.7765594720840454,
-0.1972697377204895,
-0.38652151823043823,
0.2263685017824173,
-0.2266242653131485,
0.4502674639225006,
0.3872603476047516,
-0.7691525816917419,
0.783053457736969,
-0.3908967971801758,
0.3676932752132416,
0.14146319031715393,
-0.03903781250119209,
0.3613996207714081,
-0.3609524071216583,
0.4131864011287689,
0.09407337009906769,
-0.01801927573978901,
-0.37601330876350403,
0.2326892912387848,
0.3432798981666565,
0.09811490029096603,
-0.10385742783546448,
-0.36064064502716064,
0.08392968773841858,
0.17146143317222595,
-0.21976438164710999,
-0.4849887192249298,
0.4644360840320587,
0.3111587166786194,
0.6510058641433716,
0.29330700635910034,
0.2317725419998169,
-0.33687472343444824,
0.24841494858264923,
0.05724293366074562,
0.4083223342895508,
0.3930034339427948,
-0.26829585433006287,
0.3176229000091553,
-0.03647221252322197,
-0.5274065136909485,
-0.45998966693878174,
0.36024540662765503,
-0.16029852628707886,
-0.06043205037713051,
0.5056844353675842,
0.11173886060714722,
0.610719621181488,
-0.21545125544071198,
-0.35925498604774475,
0.16088128089904785,
-0.32049140334129333,
-0.20186230540275574,
-0.16329069435596466,
-0.040365319699048996,
-0.21920719742774963,
0.05294664204120636,
-0.1015893816947937,
0.136795312166214,
0.3975514769554138,
-0.20741453766822815,
-0.009770592674612999,
-0.7626603841781616,
0.38245725631713867,
0.351751446723938,
0.834845781326294,
-0.22578296065330505,
-1.1190931797027588,
-0.2575637698173523,
-0.9018955230712891,
0.38153475522994995,
-0.9173154830932617,
-0.24443858861923218,
-0.2100905478000641,
-0.4271097183227539,
-0.6209765076637268,
-0.29221785068511963,
0.8868150115013123,
-0.7143992781639099,
-0.1275184452533722,
0.3811802864074707,
-0.02189325913786888,
0.9028494358062744,
-0.7321247458457947,
-0.6222795844078064,
0.04825667664408684,
-0.2416325807571411,
0.4041241705417633,
0.08517391979694366,
-0.24803520739078522,
-0.06524351984262466,
0.34911277890205383,
-5.397718906402588,
0.1300465613603592,
-0.11075402051210403,
-0.47364410758018494,
0.7351778149604797,
-0.5942841172218323,
0.2501755952835083,
-0.0030335523188114166,
0.5026766061782837,
-0.32776081562042236,
0.09369688481092453,
0.2593882083892822,
-0.41960635781288147,
1.1127527952194214,
0.44780153036117554,
0.9145084023475647,
0.3530309498310089,
-0.4483870267868042,
0.09187828749418259,
-0.1830931454896927,
-0.3149733245372772,
0.14491160213947296,
0.11218318343162537,
0.6137207746505737,
0.25690725445747375,
0.29327625036239624,
-0.6279135346412659,
-0.8368536233901978,
-0.5200232863426208,
-0.25097620487213135,
-0.4991782307624817,
0.3708553910255432,
-0.19787311553955078,
0.29582273960113525,
0.18779607117176056,
0.47550898790359497,
0.28568464517593384,
-0.12351524084806442,
0.16160394251346588,
-0.7486346960067749,
0.027348462492227554,
0.3391735851764679,
-0.10929550230503082,
-0.43323588371276855,
0.7187981009483337,
-0.2940005958080292,
-0.0645105317234993,
-0.286961168050766,
0.4014818072319031,
0.2347588986158371,
0.5854637622833252,
-0.33738061785697937,
0.6127120852470398,
0.06230379641056061,
0.17199039459228516,
-0.404744029045105,
0.7785541415214539,
-0.43698418140411377,
-0.7180898785591125,
0.9126493334770203,
0.15743660926818848,
-0.16599597036838531,
0.023722074925899506,
-0.5321956872940063,
0.1990274041891098,
-0.14059953391551971,
0.3512798845767975,
-0.41778039932250977,
0.827997088432312,
0.4109186828136444,
-0.20975399017333984,
0.44296377897262573,
-0.27447232604026794,
-0.8930826783180237,
-0.08098006993532181,
-0.4713464677333832,
-0.8930392265319824,
0.014520765282213688,
-0.5102111101150513,
0.17423884570598602,
-0.12628114223480225,
0.2787708640098572,
0.1881503462791443,
0.059388168156147,
-0.5708843469619751,
-0.5740134119987488,
0.3654714524745941,
0.14363399147987366,
-0.5501530170440674,
0.08706013113260269,
0.20276406407356262,
-0.010491975583136082,
0.6707696914672852,
-0.37803709506988525,
-0.484063982963562,
-0.025585589930415154,
-0.40524232387542725,
0.5086684823036194,
0.0026592339854687452,
-0.4844506084918976,
1.0678279399871826,
-0.4228038191795349,
0.16895341873168945,
-0.0710824579000473,
-0.0476817712187767,
-0.7775622606277466,
-0.029902255162596703,
0.6414939165115356,
-0.20246140658855438,
-0.24614065885543823,
-0.07780241966247559,
0.4999867379665375,
-0.6522111296653748,
-0.19776563346385956,
0.5681861639022827,
-0.3341899514198303,
-0.5036302208900452,
0.3034820258617401,
0.47093886137008667,
-0.42097005248069763,
0.3979109227657318,
0.29291585087776184,
-0.11747566610574722,
0.311477392911911,
-0.21192054450511932,
-0.4862777590751648,
-0.10450462996959686,
0.6625456809997559,
-0.11865154653787613,
0.28283944725990295,
0.007942933589220047,
0.06303693354129791,
0.5098813772201538,
-0.31961309909820557,
0.06416482478380203,
0.1546952873468399,
-0.4454880356788635,
-0.7296139001846313,
0.09759680926799774,
-0.039462748914957047,
0.5892131924629211,
-0.5544587969779968,
0.06923544406890869,
0.3636731207370758,
-0.05443144962191582,
0.11343488842248917,
-0.34031766653060913,
-0.4309171140193939,
-0.7748558521270752,
0.403972327709198,
-0.04811141639947891,
-0.04259760305285454,
-0.47401541471481323,
-0.24152740836143494,
0.0959588959813118,
-0.5642502903938293,
0.49660152196884155,
0.3744121491909027,
0.4859030246734619,
-0.02850962243974209,
0.256343811750412,
-0.5157867670059204,
-0.6758089661598206,
0.46383610367774963,
0.5441605448722839,
-0.18699459731578827,
-0.8791357278823853,
-0.11276952177286148,
0.4508458971977234,
0.5283856987953186,
0.2475987672805786,
-0.8314391374588013,
-0.865939199924469,
-0.37731194496154785,
0.5385822057723999,
-0.5551462173461914,
0.346447616815567,
0.45011159777641296,
0.0678645521402359,
-0.1547786295413971,
0.7179892659187317,
-0.337167352437973,
0.0326990932226181,
0.4468788802623749,
0.011481971479952335,
-0.24682031571865082,
-0.6420972347259521,
-0.8317033648490906,
0.2834179103374481,
0.11390546709299088,
0.28845730423927307,
0.1941305547952652,
0.23446394503116608,
0.08257675915956497,
-0.711402952671051,
-0.7584413290023804,
-0.08254455775022507,
0.2774490714073181,
-0.027941474691033363,
-0.1540037989616394,
-0.13617335259914398,
0.7436767816543579,
-0.5132384896278381,
0.634412944316864,
-0.12420225888490677,
-0.7212704420089722,
0.13869522511959076,
0.6180862784385681,
-0.9258191585540771,
0.03541809320449829,
-0.42936018109321594,
-0.41725558042526245,
0.0014452598989009857,
0.6270826458930969,
-0.05670299381017685,
-0.22032973170280457,
0.12064502388238907,
-0.16322627663612366,
-0.4479779005050659,
0.537790834903717,
-0.1689361333847046,
-0.13677047193050385,
0.7436848282814026,
0.08562594652175903,
-0.01943240500986576,
0.839652419090271,
0.11250690370798111,
-0.40798595547676086,
0.9512077569961548,
-0.5074471235275269,
0.5725646018981934,
-0.11155328899621964,
0.40916502475738525,
0.04456394165754318,
-0.07828245311975479,
-0.14647193253040314,
0.2664148807525635,
0.06413716077804565,
0.21005740761756897,
-0.012502269819378853,
0.3601495623588562,
0.13040784001350403,
-0.16515587270259857,
-0.16043369472026825,
-0.29680031538009644,
0.5254330635070801,
0.10182251781225204,
0.07659632712602615,
-0.8381677269935608,
0.23768068850040436,
-0.3365285098552704,
-0.5380619764328003,
-0.6512848138809204,
0.2643255889415741,
0.7631694674491882,
-0.6268299221992493,
0.20244380831718445,
0.48652446269989014,
-0.2656707167625427,
0.08896957337856293,
0.23236285150051117,
0.1026083379983902,
0.15690134465694427,
0.22303397953510284,
0.44924965500831604,
-0.7378053665161133,
-0.05542642995715141,
-0.22187234461307526,
0.4338627755641937,
0.04728110507130623,
-0.13716265559196472,
0.1816079467535019,
0.2385558933019638,
0.28583860397338867,
0.08547984808683395,
0.4162473678588867,
0.05794529244303703,
-0.3529800474643707,
0.17526237666606903,
0.35951125621795654,
-0.781361997127533,
-0.3554009795188904,
-0.3105701208114624,
0.033684540539979935,
-0.18598216772079468,
-0.1136321946978569,
-0.18173204362392426,
-0.4383074939250946,
-0.20679931342601776,
-0.07073712348937988,
-0.1398739516735077,
-0.3417844772338867,
0.43011122941970825,
-0.5153980255126953,
-0.24583640694618225,
-0.11323697119951248,
-0.11314930766820908,
0.48930415511131287,
0.19359996914863586,
0.34949710965156555,
-0.783939778804779,
0.35680294036865234,
-0.24369649589061737,
0.19283023476600647,
0.05831405147910118,
-0.3859046399593353,
0.30890125036239624,
-0.10190866142511368,
-0.0027481571305543184,
-0.09206508845090866,
-0.4357900619506836,
0.04690441116690636,
0.08027847856283188,
0.9511197209358215,
-0.5118677020072937,
0.6394113898277283,
0.811979353427887,
-0.5526638627052307,
-0.34663546085357666,
0.831980288028717,
-0.138146311044693,
-0.6911965608596802,
-0.21058672666549683,
0.5444265604019165,
0.6796385049819946,
0.9500762820243835,
-0.3252435326576233,
-0.7476325631141663,
-0.11398761719465256,
0.42303666472435,
0.027670487761497498,
0.10151367634534836,
-0.3561115860939026,
-0.002973199123516679,
-0.5270983576774597,
-0.5266582369804382,
-0.19106312096118927,
-0.5078694820404053,
-0.7363271117210388,
0.5013010501861572,
0.4506877660751343,
0.6630627512931824,
-0.4272082448005676,
0.31144243478775024,
0.40825513005256653,
0.12898020446300507,
0.17203064262866974,
-0.09056021273136139,
-0.14950169622898102,
-0.24611184000968933,
0.5742961764335632,
0.10628025233745575,
-0.14799708127975464,
0.1842070072889328,
-0.16589660942554474,
0.2236858755350113,
0.3054083585739136,
-0.32972702383995056,
-0.9379138350486755,
0.05196024104952812,
-0.025982730090618134,
-0.27006107568740845,
0.1766865998506546,
-0.08782170712947845,
-0.010947607457637787,
-0.518570601940155,
0.12174063175916672,
-0.0839947760105133,
-0.3798469603061676,
0.3471987843513489,
-0.020398611202836037,
0.22393709421157837,
-0.18481723964214325,
0.2071985900402069,
0.24487321078777313,
1.1885297298431396,
0.011492619290947914,
0.7721002101898193,
-0.18763607740402222,
0.48919838666915894,
-0.19705143570899963,
0.3711594343185425,
-0.4683499038219452,
-0.5029940009117126,
-0.40197092294692993,
-0.12797053158283234,
-0.40701109170913696,
0.13096682727336884,
-0.18525230884552002,
0.2004963755607605,
-0.12929558753967285,
-0.6568644046783447,
-0.39235734939575195,
0.40677931904792786,
-0.1564369648694992,
-0.35867536067962646,
0.05776393413543701,
0.9486142992973328,
0.435070276260376,
-0.6680366396903992,
0.35948947072029114,
0.19973498582839966,
-0.13158012926578522,
-0.22414031624794006,
-0.3806869685649872,
0.3771231472492218,
-0.5437430739402771,
0.43967363238334656,
-0.2148699313402176,
0.1514657884836197,
-0.053421128541231155,
0.21395523846149445,
-0.8901954889297485,
0.08944510668516159,
-0.44081875681877136,
0.7115581035614014,
0.7093527317047119,
-0.41522806882858276,
-0.03884008526802063,
-0.6701443195343018,
0.38431426882743835,
-0.2726985812187195,
-0.10856721550226212,
0.4420778751373291,
0.6369943618774414,
-0.5851714611053467,
0.2282506823539734,
0.1593727320432663,
-0.6583702564239502,
0.21467462182044983,
0.6723051071166992,
-0.04394613578915596,
-0.6860415935516357,
0.7782986760139465,
-0.055792007595300674,
-0.8511764407157898,
0.515472412109375,
0.7948514819145203,
0.4757418930530548,
-0.15606841444969177,
-0.1403655856847763,
0.06664916127920151,
0.2996996343135834,
-0.794755756855011,
-0.04707121104001999,
-0.7729536890983582,
-0.7705711126327515,
-0.33355462551116943,
-0.3331622779369354,
0.24581728875637054,
0.43855369091033936,
0.18931207060813904,
0.04641985520720482,
0.05520135164260864,
-0.310661256313324,
-0.16089242696762085,
0.3451322317123413,
-1.243182897567749,
0.7933364510536194,
-0.29671552777290344
] |
224101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustache | Moustache | A moustache (; , ) is a strip of facial hair grown above the upper lip. Moustaches have been worn in various styles throughout history.
Etymology
The word "moustache" is French, and is derived from the Italian mustaccio (14th century), dialectal mostaccio (16th century), from Medieval Latin mustacchium (eighth century), Medieval Greek μουστάκιον (moustakion), attested in the ninth century, which ultimately originates as a diminutive of Hellenistic Greek μύσταξ (mustax, mustak-), meaning "upper lip" or "facial hair", probably derived from Hellenistic Greek μύλλον (mullon), "lip".
An individual wearing a moustache is said to be "moustached" or "moustachioed" (the latter often referring to a particularly large or bushy moustache).
History
Research done on this subject has noticed that the prevalence of moustaches and facial hair in general rise and fall according to the saturation of the marriage market. Thus, the density and thickness of the moustache or beard may help to convey androgen levels or age.
The earliest document of the usage of moustaches (without the beard) can be traced to Iron Age Celts. According to Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian:
Moustaches would not go away during the Middle Ages. One prominent example of the moustache in early medieval art is the Sutton Hoo helmet, an elaborately-decorated helmet sporting a faceplate depicting the style on its upper lip. Later on, Welsh leaders and English royalty such as Edward of Wales, would also often wear only a moustache.
Moustache popularity in the west peaked in the 1880s and 1890s coinciding with a popularity in the military virtues of the day.
Various cultures have developed different associations with moustaches. For example, in many 20th-century Arab countries, moustaches are associated with power, beards are associated with Islamic traditionalism, and clean-shaven or lack of facial hair are associated with more liberal, secular tendencies. In Islam, trimming the moustache is considered to be a sunnah and mustahabb, that is, a way of life that is recommended, especially among Sunni Muslims.
The moustache is also a religious symbol for the male followers of the Yarsan religion.
Shaving with stone razors was technologically possible from as far back as the Neolithic times. A moustache is depicted on a statue of the 4th Dynasty Egyptian prince Rahotep (c. 2550 BC). Another ancient portrait showing a shaved man with a moustache is an ancient Iranian (Scythian) horseman from 300 BC.
In ancient China, facial hair and the hair on the head were traditionally left untouched because of Confucian influences.
Development and care
The moustache forms its own stage in the development of facial hair in adolescent males.
As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals depending on one's genetic heritage or environment.
Moustaches can be tended through shaving the hair of the chin and cheeks, preventing it from becoming a full beard. A variety of tools have been developed for the care of moustaches, including safety razors, moustache wax, moustache nets, moustache brushes, moustache combs and moustache scissors.
In the Middle East, there is a growing trend for moustache transplants, which involves undergoing a procedure called follicular unit extraction in order to attain fuller, and more impressive facial hair.
The longest moustache measures and belongs to Ram Singh Chauhan from India. It was measured on the set of the Italian TV show Lo Show dei Record in Rome, Italy, on 4 March 2010.
Styles
The World Beard and Moustache Championships 2007 had six sub-categories for moustaches:
Dalí – narrow, long points bent or curved steeply upward; areas past the corner of the mouth must be shaved. Artificial styling aids needed. Named after Salvador Dalí.
English moustache – narrow, beginning at the middle of the upper lip the whiskers are very long and pulled to the side, slightly curled; the ends are pointed slightly upward; areas past the corner of the mouth usually shaved. Artificial styling may be needed.
Freestyle – All moustaches that do not match other classes. The hairs are allowed to start growing from up to a maximum of 1.5 cm beyond the end of the upper lip. Aids are allowed.
Hungarian – Big and bushy, beginning from the middle of the upper lip and pulled to the side. The hairs are allowed to start growing from up to a maximum of 1.5 cm beyond the end of the upper lip.
Imperial – whiskers growing from both the upper lip and cheeks, curled upward (distinct from the royale, or impériale)
Natural – Moustache may be styled without aids.
Other types of moustache include:
Chevron – covering the area between the nose and the upper lip, out to the edges of the upper lip but no further. Popular in 1970s and 1980s American and British culture. Worn by Ron Jeremy, Richard Petty, Freddie Mercury, Bruce Forsyth and Tom Selleck.
Fu Manchu – long, downward pointing ends, generally beyond the chin.
Handlebar – bushy, with small upward pointing ends.
Horseshoe – Often confused with the Handlebar Moustache, the horseshoe was possibly popularised by modern cowboys and consists of a full moustache with vertical extensions from the corners of the lips down to the jawline and resembling an upside-down horseshoe. Also known as "biker moustache". Worn by Hulk Hogan and Bill Kelliher. Recently re-popularized by Gardner Minshew and Joe Exotic.
Pancho Villa – similar to the Fu Manchu but thicker; also known as a "droopy moustache". Also similar to the Horseshoe. A Pancho Villa is much longer and bushier than the moustache normally worn by the historical Pancho Villa.
Pencil moustache – narrow, straight and thin as if drawn on by a pencil, closely clipped, outlining the upper lip, with a wide shaven gap between the nose and moustache. Popular in the 1940s, and particularly associated with Clark Gable. More recently, it has been recognised as the moustache of choice for the fictional character Gomez Addams in the 1990s series of films based on The Addams Family. Also known as a Mouth-brow, and worn by Vincent Price, John Waters, Little Richard, Sean Penn and Chris Cornell.
Toothbrush – thick, but shaved except for about an inch (2.5 cm) in the centre; worn by Adolf Hitler, Charlie Chaplin, Oliver Hardy, and Michael Jordan in his commercials for Hanes.
Walrus – bushy, hanging down over the lips, often entirely covering the mouth. Worn by Mark Twain, David Crosby, Joseph Stalin, John Bolton, Wilford Brimley, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jeff "Skunk" Baxter, Sam Elliott, Albert Einstein, Jamie Hyneman and Robert Johansson .
Occurrence and perceptions
Like many other fashion trends, the moustache is subject to shifting popularity through time. Though modern culture often associates moustaches with men of the Victorian era, Susan Walton shows that at the start of the Victorian era facial hair was "viewed with distaste" and that the moustache was considered the mark of an artist or revolutionary, both of which remained on the social fringe at the time. This is supported by the fact that only one Member of Parliament sported facial hair from the years 1841–1847. However, by the 1860s, this had changed and moustaches became wildly popular, even among distinguished men, but by the end of the century, facial hair became passé once more. Though one cannot be entirely sure as to the cause of such changes, Walton speculates that the rise of the facial hair trend was due largely in part to the impending war against Russia, and the belief that moustaches and beards projected a more 'manly' image, which was brought about by the so-called 'rebranding' of the British military and the rehabilitation of military virtues. Moustaches became a defining trait of the British soldier, and until 1916, no enlisted soldier was permitted to shave his upper lip. However, the next generation of men perceived facial hair, such as moustaches, to be an outdated emblem of masculinity and therefore there was a dramatic decline in the moustache trend and a clean-shaven face became the mark of a modern man.
Marriage
According to a study performed by Nigel Barber, results have shown a strong correlation between a good marriage market for women and an increased number of moustaches worn by the male population. By comparing the number of males pictured in Illustrated London News sporting a moustache against the ratio of single women to single men, the similar trends in the two over the years would suggest that these two factors are correlated. Barber suggests that this correlation may be due to the fact that men with moustaches are perceived to be more attractive, industrious, creative, masculine, dominant and mature by both men and women, as supported by the research conducted by Hellström and Tekle. Barber suggests that these perceived traits would influence a woman's choice of husband as they would suggest likely high reproductive success and other good biological qualities, and a capacity to invest in children, so when males must compete heavily for marriage they are more likely to grow a moustache in an attempt to project these qualities. This theory is also supported by the correlation between beard fashion and women wearing long dresses, as shown by Robinson's study, which then relates to the correlation between dress fashion and the marriage market, as shown in Barber's 1999 study.
Age perception
The moustache and other forms of facial hair are globally understood to be signs of the post-pubescent male; however, those with moustaches are perceived to be older than those who are clean-shaven of the same age. This was determined by manipulating a photo of six male subjects, with varying levels of baldness, to have moustaches and beards and then asking undergraduate college students to rate both the photos of the men with facial hair and without facial hair in terms of social maturity, aggression, age, appeasement, and attractiveness. Regardless of how bald the subject was, the results found in relation to the perception of moustaches remained constant. Although males with facial hair were perceived, in general, to be older than the same subject pictured without facial hair, the moustached subjects were also perceived to be far less socially mature. The decreased perception of social maturity of the men with moustaches may partially be due to the increase in the perception of aggression in the moustachioed men, as aggression is incompatible with social maturity.
Workplace
In a study performed by J. A. Reed and E. M. Blunk, persons in management positions were shown to positively perceive, and therefore be more likely to hire, men with facial hair. Although men with beards over all scored better than men with only moustaches, the moustached men scored much higher than those men who were clean-shaven. In this experiment, 228 persons, both male and female, who held management positions that made hiring decisions were shown ink sketches of six male job applicants. The men in these ink sketches ranged from clean-shaven, to moustachioed, to bearded. The men with facial hair were rated higher by the employers on aspects of masculinity, maturity, physical attractiveness, dominance, self-confidence, nonconformity, courage, industriousness, enthusiasm, intelligence, sincerity, and general competency. The results were found to be fairly similar for both female and male employers, which Reed and Blunk suggest would imply that gender does not factor into one's perceptions of a moustache on a male applicant. However, Blunk and Reed also stipulate that the meaning and acceptability of facial hair does change depending on the time period. However, the studies performed by Hellström and Tekle, and also the studies performed by Klapprott, would suggest that moustaches are not favourable to all professions as it has been shown that clean-shaven men are seen as more reliable in roles such as salesmen and professors. Other studies have suggested that acceptability of facial hair may vary depending on culture and location, as in a study conducted in Brazil, clean-shaven men were preferred by personnel managers over applicants who were bearded, goateed, or moustached.
Cultures
In Western culture, it has been shown that women dislike men who displayed a visible moustache or beard, but preferred men who had a visible hint of a beard such as stubble (often known as a five-o-clock shadow) over those who were clean-shaven. This supports the idea that in Western culture, females prefer men who have the capability to cultivate facial hair, such as a moustache, but choose not to. However some researchers have suggested that it is possible that in ecologies in which physical aggressiveness is more adaptive than cooperation, bearded men might be preferred by women. However, varying opinion on moustaches is not reserved to international cultural differences as even within the US, there have been discrepancies observed on female preference of male facial hair as Freedman's study suggested that women studying at the University of Chicago preferred men with facial hair because they perceived them to be more masculine, sophisticated and mature than clean-shaven men. Similarly, a study performed by Kenny and Fletcher at Memphis State University suggested that men with facial hair such as moustaches and beards, were perceived as stronger and more masculine by female students. However, the study performed by Feinman and Gill would suggest that this reaction to facial hair is not nationwide, as women studying in the state of Wyoming showed a marked preference for clean-shaven men over men with facial hair. Some accredit this difference to the difference between region, rurality, and political and social conservatism between the various studies. Thus it can be seen that even within the US, there are slight variations in the perceptions of moustaches.
Religions
In addition to various cultures, the perception of the moustache is also altered by religion as some religions support the growth of a moustache or facial hair in general, whereas others tend to reject those with moustaches, while many churches remain somewhat ambivalent on the subject.
Amish
While Amish men grow beards after marriage and never trim them, they eschew moustaches and continue shaving their upper lips. This is rooted in a rejection of the German military fashion of sporting moustaches, which was prevalent at the time of the Amish community's formation in Switzerland; hence serving as a symbol of their commitment to pacifism.
Mormon
Though it is never explicitly stated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that all male members must be clean-shaven, within Mormon circles it is often considered "taboo" for men to have moustaches as the missionaries of the church are required to be clean-shaven as well as the honor code of Brigham Young University requiring students to have similar grooming standards. This has become somewhat of a social norm within the church itself. This often leads those members who do choose to wear moustaches feel somewhat like they do not quite fit the norm, and yet in the studies shown done by Nielsen and White, these men reportedly do not mind this feeling and that is why they continue to grow their facial hair.
Islam
Even though facial grooming is not specifically mentioned within the Qur'an, numerous narrations of hadith (sayings of Muhammad) address personal hygiene, including facial hair maintenance. In one such example, Muhammad advised that men must grow beards, and as to moustaches, cut the longer hairs as to not let them cover the upper lips (as this is the Fitra, the tradition of prophets). Thus, growing a beard while keeping the moustache from covering the upper lip is a well-established tradition in many Muslim societies.
Notable moustaches
Individuals
The longest moustache measures and belongs to Ram Singh Chauhan of India. It was measured on the set of Lo Show dei Record in Rome, Italy, on 4 March 2010.
In some cases, the moustache is so prominently identified with a single individual that it could identify him without any further identifying traits. For example, Kaiser Wilhelm II's moustache, grossly exaggerated, featured prominently in Triple Entente propaganda. Other notable individuals include: Adolf Hitler, Hulk Hogan, Freddie Mercury, Frank Zappa, Tom Selleck and Steve Harvey. In other cases, such as those of Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx, the moustache in question was artificial for most of the wearer's life.
Following a moped accident that left him with a scar on his upper lip, Paul McCartney decided to grow a moustache in order to hide it. The other members of the Beatles decided to do the same. They were first seen with this new look on the cover of their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. This marked the return of young men wearing the moustache in the 1960s.
In art, entertainment, and media
Alias
Moustache was the alias name of a French comic actor, François-Alexandre Galipedes (b. 14 February 1929 in Paris, France – d. 25 March 1987 in Arpajon, Essonne, France), known for his roles in Paris Blues (1961), How to Steal a Million (1966), and Zorro (1975)
Fictional characters
Moustaches have long been used by artists to make characters distinctive, as with Charlie Chan, the video game character Mario, Hercule Poirot, or Snidely Whiplash.
Sharabi movie from Bollywood had a character Natthulal whose moustache became a legend. Munchhen hon to Natthulal jaisi, warna na hon (Moustaches should be like Natthulal's or shouldn't be at all) became one of the most quoted dialogue.
At least one fictional moustache has been so notable that a whole style has been named after it: the Fu Manchu moustache.
Literature
In 1954, Salvador Dalí published a book dedicated solely to his moustache.
Visual art
They have also been used to make a social or political point as with:
Marcel Duchamp's L.H.O.O.Q. (1919), a parody of the Mona Lisa which adds a goatee and moustache
Frida Kahlo's moustachioed self-portraits
In the military
In the Indian Army, most senior rifle Rajputana regiment soldiers have moustaches, and the Rajputana Moustache is a symbol of dignity, caste status, and the spirit of Rajput soldiers.
Moustaches are also noted among U.S. Army armour and cavalry soldiers.
Moustaches were a compulsory part of the British Army uniform until 1916, and were quite often worn by soldiers later in the Falklands Campaign.
In sport
In the early-1970s, Major League Baseball players seldom wore facial hair. As detailed in the book Mustache Gang, Oakland Athletics owner Charlie Finley decided to hold a moustache-growing contest within his team. When the A's faced the Cincinnati Reds, whose team rules forbade facial hair, in the 1972 World Series, the series was dubbed by media as "the hairs vs. the squares".
For the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, the Croatia men's national water polo team grew moustaches in honour of coach Ratko Rudić.
During the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London Chileans supporters painted moustaches on their skin as a sign of support of gymnast Tomás González. A site called bigoteolimipico.com (olympicmoustache) was created to allow people create Twitter avatars and Facebook images with moustaches in support of González.
NHL player George Parros was so well known for his moustache that replicas were sold by his team, with proceeds going to charity.
Formula 1 driver Nigel Mansell wore a famous chevron moustache during his racing career. While he shaved it off after his retirement, he did later grow it back.
NASCAR legend Dale Earnhardt was well known for his mustache.
Gallery
See also
American Mustache Institute
Beard
Bearded lady
Moustache cup
Movember
Tacheback
References
External links
Photos of famous composers' moustaches in recognition of Movember
French documentary (52min) about history of moustache | [
0.33654889464378357,
0.3946667015552521,
-0.24879877269268036,
-0.1482759267091751,
0.29793545603752136,
0.13267572224140167,
0.7832388877868652,
0.6049075126647949,
-0.1465485841035843,
-0.2295890897512436,
-0.9815923571586609,
0.9623477458953857,
-0.09727878123521805,
0.22231440246105194,
-0.1697210967540741,
-0.06815986335277557,
0.36735954880714417,
0.8821156620979309,
0.13531023263931274,
0.13134121894836426,
-0.03617449849843979,
-0.5141018033027649,
0.45070329308509827,
-0.2809269428253174,
0.3528585135936737,
-0.04020567610859871,
0.4878726303577423,
0.21294939517974854,
0.17245887219905853,
0.4576367139816284,
-0.2525280714035034,
0.47925248742103577,
0.3612106740474701,
-0.4949241876602173,
0.09701035916805267,
-0.22434158623218536,
0.1971885859966278,
-0.237677663564682,
-0.2293068766593933,
-0.23315845429897308,
-0.2009306252002716,
0.4501657485961914,
0.3246176242828369,
-0.10712907463312149,
-0.5645496845245361,
-0.8296825289726257,
-0.7753608822822571,
1.0186662673950195,
-0.8061259984970093,
0.05801209807395935,
-0.49358847737312317,
-0.3074396550655365,
0.3526996374130249,
0.22326739132404327,
0.1589817851781845,
0.6867860555648804,
-0.8360413908958435,
-0.05218147113919258,
-0.18802911043167114,
-0.5224272012710571,
0.47941693663597107,
-0.09486053884029388,
0.030497275292873383,
-0.036107733845710754,
0.18987780809402466,
0.3382132053375244,
-0.36265185475349426,
0.10925561189651489,
-0.7552134990692139,
0.03991495817899704,
0.0901930183172226,
-0.39997410774230957,
-0.06505332887172699,
0.13564682006835938,
-0.296964168548584,
0.028490854427218437,
-0.20386721193790436,
-0.19693590700626373,
0.3855076730251312,
-0.37168726325035095,
-0.10269507020711899,
-0.09923580288887024,
0.22763803601264954,
0.49243536591529846,
-0.19654689729213715,
0.5116919279098511,
-0.6428637504577637,
0.27536463737487793,
0.06363148242235184,
-0.15165738761425018,
-0.05314746871590614,
0.30466100573539734,
0.5651185512542725,
0.5836494565010071,
0.21059243381023407,
-0.4635569453239441,
0.2971043586730957,
-0.1070566400885582,
-0.0628979429602623,
0.1954548954963684,
0.3026815354824066,
-0.2596453130245209,
1.0722697973251343,
0.006752755492925644,
-0.4197932183742523,
-0.6131501197814941,
0.1278645247220993,
0.22760489583015442,
0.019863031804561615,
-0.7527680993080139,
-0.20634528994560242,
0.11914476752281189,
-0.12647897005081177,
0.07911897450685501,
-0.7734265327453613,
0.48001599311828613,
-0.01507523749023676,
0.16284295916557312,
0.2586686313152313,
-0.6777953505516052,
-0.5292009115219116,
0.02491793781518936,
0.4730748236179352,
-0.6100699305534363,
-0.16553229093551636,
0.09185300767421722,
-0.24258938431739807,
0.5374957919120789,
-0.2922550141811371,
0.185306578874588,
0.18785689771175385,
0.5147974491119385,
-0.24513588845729828,
-0.07326866686344147,
-0.4508012533187866,
-0.00620413850992918,
0.9123258590698242,
0.06376691162586212,
0.7803274989128113,
0.12146102637052536,
-0.8399571180343628,
-0.3539620041847229,
-1.2675498723983765,
-0.3172093331813812,
0.28726935386657715,
-0.6559420824050903,
0.04371555894613266,
-0.2466978281736374,
0.03422760218381882,
-0.20521265268325806,
-0.42318686842918396,
-0.1207108348608017,
0.07680055499076843,
-0.3608107566833496,
0.16588018834590912,
-0.10175079852342606,
0.5017823576927185,
-0.4584110975265503,
0.2834865152835846,
-0.336612343788147,
0.4353616237640381,
0.050004515796899796,
-0.05365917086601257,
0.3045981228351593,
0.7380020618438721,
-0.09135866165161133,
0.2138458788394928,
-0.010997549630701542,
-0.19679225981235504,
0.9255437850952148,
0.09948370605707169,
0.1627780795097351,
0.7922471761703491,
-0.16287611424922943,
-0.02796546369791031,
0.6832168698310852,
0.39198288321495056,
0.0794244036078453,
0.3041483163833618,
-0.09000153094530106,
-0.7485307455062866,
0.6679994463920593,
0.3701704144477844,
0.4338076412677765,
0.22852027416229248,
-0.5671336650848389,
0.3930695354938507,
-0.08601848781108856,
-0.4733133912086487,
-0.2358001470565796,
-1.111222743988037,
-0.34792864322662354,
0.2154431939125061,
-0.2413589358329773,
1.0695645809173584,
0.03871280327439308,
-0.5069236159324646,
0.823369026184082,
0.0610220730304718,
0.9971567988395691,
-0.4857136905193329,
-0.2620033025741577,
0.13380934298038483,
-0.07230067253112793,
-1.2123700380325317,
0.7376895546913147,
0.16823165118694305,
0.5889047384262085,
0.31541651487350464,
0.21169570088386536,
0.5690168738365173,
-0.8096801042556763,
0.18411299586296082,
-0.4407150149345398,
-0.19954527914524078,
0.0724714919924736,
0.4446812868118286,
-0.176253542304039,
-0.43295037746429443,
-0.3665655851364136,
0.5416890978813171,
-0.03947679325938225,
-0.6728878021240234,
0.47425326704978943,
0.21072536706924438,
0.8848097920417786,
0.14621037244796753,
0.4228130877017975,
0.014395948499441147,
-1.0748053789138794,
-0.15361686050891876,
-0.18168698251247406,
0.22566500306129456,
-0.0903506875038147,
-0.24931000173091888,
-0.2887157201766968,
0.6262885332107544,
-0.701650083065033,
0.7105290293693542,
-0.4363786280155182,
0.015039968304336071,
-0.3470224440097809,
0.04280664771795273,
-0.3074897229671478,
0.5933260321617126,
-0.1340547353029251,
0.2406272441148758,
0.6365211606025696,
0.26796120405197144,
0.0699809119105339,
0.6329929828643799,
0.45167577266693115,
0.3939891755580902,
-0.3009388744831085,
0.16588419675827026,
0.18374787271022797,
0.3845258951187134,
0.37670278549194336,
-0.33778804540634155,
-0.06763678789138794,
-0.3430313169956207,
0.3118444085121155,
0.06829363852739334,
0.08203361928462982,
-0.4418272376060486,
0.6559955477714539,
0.017542429268360138,
-0.07005691528320312,
0.42019519209861755,
0.33397358655929565,
0.2924201488494873,
0.09468340128660202,
-1.289090871810913,
-1.1309055089950562,
-0.11679797619581223,
-0.43548712134361267,
0.26398226618766785,
-0.18299971520900726,
-0.4500977098941803,
0.06027207523584366,
-0.2669784426689148,
0.8542709946632385,
-0.012092581018805504,
-0.06439948827028275,
-0.42109939455986023,
-0.31098899245262146,
0.1518622636795044,
-0.2034667730331421,
-0.48517906665802,
0.16994740068912506,
-0.633478045463562,
0.34777122735977173,
-0.04981747642159462,
0.649986743927002,
-0.059235453605651855,
0.09859860688447952,
0.037781909108161926,
-0.35051360726356506,
0.380082905292511,
-0.6458305716514587,
-0.20299787819385529,
-0.27543917298316956,
0.009976032190024853,
0.0391257219016552,
0.4852546453475952,
0.2047455608844757,
0.3486219644546509,
-0.12609879672527313,
-5.316821575164795,
0.0010755198309198022,
-0.4318767189979553,
-0.7188388109207153,
-0.032551392912864685,
-0.14123231172561646,
0.3472689092159271,
-0.18959736824035645,
-0.6020029783248901,
-0.10241718590259552,
-0.14711759984493256,
-0.003750452771782875,
0.15558697283267975,
0.35567447543144226,
0.452247679233551,
-0.0651199072599411,
-0.5262249112129211,
-0.419096976518631,
0.06138208508491516,
-0.05308380722999573,
0.45909202098846436,
0.5676820874214172,
-0.3004762828350067,
0.20734770596027374,
-0.023082008585333824,
0.4294201731681824,
0.2542492747306824,
-0.23428018391132355,
-0.37742602825164795,
-0.576153576374054,
0.28912949562072754,
0.2551477253437042,
0.38259801268577576,
-0.08778730034828186,
0.1333054155111313,
-0.2834628224372864,
0.36350342631340027,
-0.17350390553474426,
0.5510134696960449,
0.4987056851387024,
-0.1127268448472023,
0.7397106885910034,
0.23377811908721924,
0.43667304515838623,
1.1656724214553833,
-0.2251509130001068,
-0.4667806923389435,
-0.7485237717628479,
0.3575188219547272,
0.3979387879371643,
0.09272568672895432,
0.0548042468726635,
-0.4428901970386505,
0.40298357605934143,
0.1365886777639389,
0.48664093017578125,
0.700313150882721,
-0.5890045166015625,
-0.8113545179367065,
-0.29423943161964417,
-0.027809780091047287,
-0.6259436011314392,
-0.10115569829940796,
-0.8028584122657776,
0.6134796142578125,
-0.702934741973877,
-0.7349227070808411,
-0.6467005014419556,
0.8131308555603027,
0.4430614709854126,
0.07932532578706741,
0.050510749220848083,
0.006887109484523535,
-0.7859489321708679,
-0.14829093217849731,
-0.23732006549835205,
-0.46283385157585144,
0.11721891164779663,
-0.19828997552394867,
-0.4333665668964386,
0.003484451910480857,
0.10191670805215836,
-0.7288804054260254,
0.04856695607304573,
0.032459717243909836,
-0.3810208737850189,
-0.10452798008918762,
0.5006434917449951,
-0.49638959765434265,
-0.22186700999736786,
1.1734470129013062,
0.40807420015335083,
-0.2949986755847931,
-0.5817027688026428,
-0.5485314130783081,
0.2173684984445572,
-0.14217771589756012,
0.22098149359226227,
0.563921332359314,
-0.616433322429657,
-0.2978619635105133,
-0.547263503074646,
-0.136095330119133,
-0.3055724799633026,
0.19486218690872192,
-0.19610044360160828,
-0.4453892409801483,
0.7330923080444336,
1.011312484741211,
-0.10617376863956451,
-0.12708371877670288,
-0.058250993490219116,
-0.049337685108184814,
0.11781405657529831,
0.38108083605766296,
-0.14099295437335968,
-0.27684035897254944,
0.15933722257614136,
0.4443138539791107,
-0.140661358833313,
0.23417460918426514,
0.6023207902908325,
-0.11780424416065216,
-0.13552185893058777,
0.16874174773693085,
-0.7175760269165039,
0.21103334426879883,
-0.32146626710891724,
0.269703209400177,
0.2485266476869583,
0.3186042308807373,
-0.2271571010351181,
-0.08204304426908493,
0.203007310628891,
0.17374667525291443,
-0.3980708122253418,
-0.6849722266197205,
-0.08558396250009537,
-0.2674902677536011,
-0.5330114960670471,
0.38850170373916626,
0.07005668431520462,
0.24925008416175842,
0.22443704307079315,
0.8157595992088318,
0.2878340184688568,
-0.6542942523956299,
0.2121918648481369,
-0.17160966992378235,
1.2422254085540771,
-0.4202025532722473,
-0.05718070641160011,
-0.15478762984275818,
-0.7892894148826599,
0.319604754447937,
0.25220751762390137,
0.01730254292488098,
0.4656354486942291,
-0.6897191405296326,
0.18266262114048004,
-0.030750108882784843,
-0.20634983479976654,
-0.8321012258529663,
0.5187302231788635,
-0.3870423138141632,
-0.5900855660438538,
-0.7548849582672119,
-0.6117640733718872,
-0.3380824327468872,
0.5430265069007874,
-0.1440974473953247,
-0.12483096867799759,
-0.5661818981170654,
-0.3030458986759186,
0.5581040382385254,
0.07340912520885468,
-0.024964014068245888,
0.44316691160202026,
0.11047261953353882,
-0.15486256778240204,
-0.14621512591838837,
-0.35779324173927307,
0.06500279158353806,
0.7716854214668274,
0.38801252841949463,
0.2895253002643585,
-0.22595062851905823,
-0.10060809552669525,
-0.7211915254592896,
0.19411778450012207,
0.09858575463294983,
-0.07134177535772324,
0.05681896209716797,
-0.06918573379516602,
-0.4443695545196533,
-0.05837436392903328,
-0.12261253595352173,
0.2754680812358856,
-0.15371878445148468,
-0.2905380129814148,
0.022165196016430855,
0.5778466463088989,
-0.2822861969470978,
-0.08750641345977783,
-0.06319256871938705,
-0.7191341519355774,
0.3923078775405884,
-0.20450259745121002,
-0.9171615242958069,
0.9556242823600769,
-0.18989118933677673,
-0.655525803565979,
0.2106747329235077,
0.5131844282150269,
-0.6332553029060364,
0.30770835280418396,
0.2068946808576584,
0.0737464651465416,
-0.201739102602005,
-0.21612393856048584,
0.5770515203475952,
-0.4149029850959778,
-0.5691065788269043,
0.03003978542983532,
-0.5050715208053589,
0.16736914217472076,
-0.09666485339403152,
-0.41174882650375366,
1.1896100044250488,
-0.5145116448402405,
-0.04274855926632881,
0.137966588139534,
0.02113371714949608,
-0.12016236037015915,
0.1490384042263031,
0.029370063915848732,
-0.2759234607219696,
0.22008785605430603,
0.4408705234527588,
0.42892175912857056,
1.384905457496643,
1.2312299013137817,
0.07114767283201218,
0.013785094954073429,
-0.2958261966705322,
0.39425766468048096,
-0.21305572986602783,
-0.6586465835571289,
-0.8690110445022583,
0.6676349639892578,
0.6354125738143921,
-0.25184166431427,
-0.9107488393783569,
-0.06754633039236069,
-0.135951429605484,
0.37253767251968384,
-0.20791372656822205,
0.4183230698108673,
-0.4115622639656067,
0.7862396836280823,
0.03373021259903908,
0.29056769609451294,
0.3808417320251465,
-0.2921048402786255,
0.3166065812110901,
-0.23212018609046936,
-0.48330458998680115,
0.5381333827972412,
0.36530905961990356,
-0.19006267189979553,
-0.14179500937461853,
-0.1307685822248459,
0.5148879289627075,
0.11968880891799927,
-0.21670396625995636,
0.4665363132953644,
-0.2039683312177658,
-0.38553646206855774,
0.0894199088215828,
-0.31218814849853516,
0.4633135497570038,
-0.30312830209732056,
0.14272427558898926,
-0.5028855800628662,
-0.13376526534557343,
-0.25716298818588257,
0.7152312994003296,
0.33277627825737,
-0.4338199496269226,
-0.052786462008953094,
-0.7346106767654419,
-0.32261213660240173,
-0.1135886013507843,
0.7053561806678772,
0.3439781963825226,
0.0193030945956707,
0.3927413523197174,
0.8697301149368286,
-0.5811614394187927,
0.4112788736820221,
-0.2575894296169281,
0.44308534264564514,
-0.09645910561084747,
-0.7198678851127625,
0.7725356221199036,
0.19398705661296844,
-0.009909084998071194,
-0.5854418873786926,
0.29058903455734253,
-0.03602389246225357,
0.07987276464700699,
0.23947450518608093,
0.009506773203611374,
0.5856700539588928,
0.5127893090248108,
-0.10478884726762772,
0.03715597838163376,
-0.2071712464094162,
-0.07651794701814651,
0.369577556848526,
-0.19126801192760468,
-0.21894171833992004,
0.4212205410003662,
-0.6513882875442505,
0.13167360424995422,
0.5031388998031616,
0.05444032698869705,
-0.19009481370449066,
0.47257497906684875,
0.4214998483657837,
0.37924468517303467,
0.5191712379455566,
0.10538742691278458,
-0.12363004684448242,
-0.11664003878831863,
-0.5951239466667175,
0.3246943950653076,
-0.21554766595363617,
-0.7394158244132996,
0.5903117060661316,
0.685886561870575,
0.7537274360656738,
-0.01568160019814968,
0.24496425688266754,
0.505761444568634,
-0.12580639123916626,
-0.2162412703037262,
0.4941973090171814,
-0.06850513815879822,
-0.24532783031463623,
0.4735422730445862,
-0.86447674036026,
0.24742022156715393,
-0.16275905072689056,
0.5653583407402039,
-0.07706093788146973,
-0.05151025950908661,
-0.29304102063179016,
-0.2839343845844269,
-0.15440811216831207,
-0.23753944039344788,
0.38961198925971985,
0.2062997817993164,
-0.041114531457424164,
0.5339398980140686,
0.21957650780677795,
-0.11530886590480804,
-0.29121890664100647,
-0.3181091248989105,
0.3076343238353729,
-0.07005403190851212,
0.4497576653957367,
-0.10338900238275528,
0.06369375437498093,
0.36419424414634705,
-0.14146792888641357,
-0.06541800498962402,
-0.06697188317775726,
-0.30411791801452637,
-0.21003609895706177,
-0.6235858201980591,
-0.15871669352054596,
-0.474075049161911,
-0.11137904226779938,
0.07534846663475037,
0.07360485196113586,
-0.36127743124961853,
-0.05404024198651314,
-0.34559011459350586,
-0.3216676712036133,
-0.02898979000747204,
-0.3118117153644562,
0.12309806048870087,
-0.22108185291290283,
-0.41962143778800964,
-0.11247062683105469,
-0.6020453572273254,
0.35710805654525757,
0.18129581212997437,
-0.31972581148147583,
0.1915615051984787,
0.4235839545726776,
0.01235958095639944,
-0.34277862310409546,
-0.4875747561454773,
0.06590626388788223,
0.19021372497081757,
0.2479536235332489,
-0.9006409645080566,
-0.23537302017211914,
0.4309803545475006,
-0.6947593688964844,
-0.13995040953159332,
0.7776293158531189,
-0.10273037105798721,
0.22055792808532715,
-0.23960693180561066,
-0.5116673111915588,
-0.03961591050028801,
-0.7138570547103882,
0.7565627098083496,
-0.5867428183555603,
0.7027541995048523,
0.4564230740070343,
-0.2454424500465393,
-0.2547544538974762,
0.7558028697967529,
0.44342222809791565,
-0.43030619621276855,
0.29098689556121826,
-0.6492883563041687,
0.4534548819065094,
-0.36113232374191284,
0.6368667483329773,
-0.46797651052474976,
-0.7738097310066223,
0.7473859786987305,
0.7146005630493164,
0.35811692476272583,
-0.2166031301021576,
0.4871051609516144,
-0.7734645009040833,
0.1627090722322464,
0.21650399267673492,
-1.752083659172058,
-0.198918417096138,
-0.36367225646972656,
0.03950246423482895,
-0.7094428539276123,
-0.40467849373817444,
0.32219618558883667,
-0.506952166557312,
0.424755334854126,
-0.30277276039123535,
0.297148734331131,
0.028782814741134644,
-0.25567707419395447,
-0.6711896061897278,
-0.2930513620376587,
0.311410516500473
] |
224102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanillo%2C%20Colima | Manzanillo, Colima | Manzanillo () is a city and seat of Manzanillo Municipality, in the Mexican state of Colima. The city, located on the Pacific Ocean, contains Mexico's busiest port, responsible for handling Pacific cargo for the Mexico City area. It is the largest-producing municipality for the business sector and tourism in the small state of Colima.
The city has been referred to as the "sailfish capital of the world". Since 1957, it has hosted national and international fishing competitions, such as the Dorsey Tournament. Manzanillo has developed as a destination for international tourism.
History
16th century
In 1522, Gonzalo de Sandoval, under orders from conquistador Hernán Cortés, dropped anchor in the Bay of Salagua (north of Manzanillo Bay), looking for safe harbors and good shipbuilding sites. In the year before he left, Sandoval granted an audience to local Indian chieftains in a small cove, which today carries the name Playa de La Audiencia. A great part of his fleet, which left to conquer the Philippines, was constructed in Salagua.
Manzanillo Bay was discovered in 1527 by navigator Alvaro de Saavedra, naming it Santiago de la Buena Esperanza, or "St. James of Good Hope". Manzanillo was the third port created by the Spanish in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. It became a departure point for important expeditions. Cortés visited the bay twice to protect his galleons from Portuguese pirates. Over the next 300 years, the Pacific Coast's history is filled with accounts of pirates from Portugal, England, France and even Spain assaulting, looting and burning ships for their rich cargos.
19th century
In 1825 the Port of Manzanillo opened, in recently independent Mexico, and so named because of the abundant groves of native Manzanilla (Hippomane mancinella) trees that were used extensively in the early days of shipbuilding. Manzanillo was raised to the status of a city on 15 June 1873. The railroad to Colima was completed in 1889.
20th century
In 1908, President Porfirio Diaz designated Manzanillo as an official port of entry to Mexico. It was the state capital of Colima from 20 February to 1 March 1915, while Pancho Villa's troops were threatening to capture the city of Colima.
Description
In the 2005 census, the city of Manzanillo had a population of 110,728 and in 2010 its municipality had 161,420. It is the second-largest community in the state, after Colima, the capital. The municipality covers an area of , and includes such outlying communities as El Colomo, in addition to many smaller communities. Manzanillo is also a beach resort, and is one of many locations to promote themselves as the "sailfish capital" of the world. One way they promote that claim is by hosting a yearly sailfish fishing tournament. The Revillagigedo Islands, off the west coast of Mexico in the Pacific Ocean, are part of the municipality, but they are directly administered by the federal government.
Manzanillo is a sister city of the U.S. cities of Flagstaff, Arizona; San Pablo, California; and Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Tourism
The city is well known internationally for deep-sea fishing and the green flash phenomenon during sunsets, as well as the warm waters of the ocean. The city is a destination resort and has many hotels and self-contained resorts, particularly built on the De Santiago peninsula which juts out into the Pacific north of the city centre. Also at the north end of Manzanillo bay is the resort Las Hadas ("the fairies"), which is the most famous of the city's resorts, having been featured in the movie 10 starring Bo Derek and Dudley Moore. Beach scenes were filmed on La Audencia Bay, just over the hill from Las Hadas.
Manzanillo is a popular cruise ship port of call. Many tourists go from their cruise ships on city tours. Excellent swimming, snorkeling, and scuba diving is found in Santiago Bay, a few miles north of the city where a cargo ship sank in a hurricane in 1959. Other wrecks and reefs plentiful with fish are scattered throughout the bay.
SS Golden Gate sank in 1862 in nearby Playa de Oro, which is named after the huge cargo of gold she was carrying.
Optimists still search for gold on the beach.
Manzanillo is known as the Sailfish Capital of the World. Since 1957, it has hosted important national and international fishing competitions, such as the Dorsey Tournament, making it a very attractive fishing destination.
Manzanillo consists of two bays with crescent-shaped beaches, each about 4 miles in length. Bahía de Manzanillo is closer to downtown and is the older tourist section. Bahía de Santiago, to the west, is the newer and more upscale area. The two are separated by the Santiago Peninsula. Ship channels are located at the southeast end of Bahía de Manzanillo where large cruise ships enter the port area. Manzanillo was once the scene of piracy and adventure. By 2011, its peaceful bays and sophisticated tourist and port infrastructure had made it one of the main tourist resorts and trading centers in the west of Mexico.
On 6 July 2010, the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes) opened a specialized dock for cruise ships at the port, which involved an investment of $100 million pesos (MXN) in the first stage. A second phase foresees the construction of a shopping centre.
Climate
Manzanillo has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The dry season, which is from November to May, has low amounts of precipitation, and temperatures tend to be cooler than in the wet season. The average temperature in March, the coolest month, is . The wet season, which runs from June to October, has warmer temperatures, averaging in July, and humidity during this time is higher.
In 2012, the port of Manzanillo initiated an ecological project consisting of dredged canals and creating islands in the Lagoon of the Valle de las Garzas, a protected wildlife area. With this work, the port plans to increase the flow into the lagoon, thus increasing the viability of the enhanced ecosystem that includes the planting of 15,000 mangrove trees. Extensive use of geotextile tubes was included in the channel creation. These geotextile tubes were used to create two parallel breakwaters on either side of the dredged channels.
Hurricane Patricia
On Friday, 23 October 2015, Manzanillo was caught in the path of Hurricane Patricia. A Category 5 on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane wind scale, it was the most powerful cyclone ever measured in the Western Hemisphere, with sustained winds speed up to 200 mph (320 km/h). Hurricane Patricia made landfall on 23 October at 7:45pm with catastrophic damage. The center of the storm hit just north of Manzanillo, saving the town from the 200 mph winds. Puerto Vallarta was also near the catastrophic damage zone. Wind and high surf created a catastrophic damage zone. Damage totaled at least $283 million.
Transportation
Manzanillo is the busiest port in Mexico, as measured by total tonnage and volume of containerized cargo. In 2007, the port moved 1.4 million TEUs and 18.0 million tons of total cargo. Port business experienced a significant surge during the USA's West Coast Lockout in Long Beach, California, in 2002. The port is connected by Ferromex rail lines to Guadalajara and Mexico City.
Manzanillo is also home to the Navy's Pacific Naval Force. Manzanillo also hosts the most efficient port for tuna landings in Mexico. It handles exports like fish, corn, copra, lemons, bananas, canned foods, wine, lumber, and minerals.
Manzanillo is well connected by Highway 200 to Colima City, to the Northwest and to Puerto Vallarta.
The Playa de Oro International Airport (ZLO) is a small airport located about 35 minutes north of Manzanillo along Highway 200. The airport offers international and national flights. In addition to flights to and from the US, the airport has international service to and from Canada. The airport is operated by "Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacifico". Ground transportation is limited to taxis and car rentals. It has daily domestic and international flights and has recently been remodeled.
Sister cities
, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
, San Pablo, California, United States
Santiago de Chile, Región Metropolitana de Santiago
Ningbo, China
Valparaíso, Chile Región de Valparaíso
Weihai, China
See also
Challenger (1853 clipper)
References
External links
Sinking of the SS Golden Gate
Colima Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (INAFED)
Sister Cities International - Online Directory: Mexico, Americas
Port of Manzanillo
Populated places in Colima
Port cities and towns on the Mexican Pacific coast
Populated places established in 1527
1527 establishments in New Spain | [
0.05016414448618889,
0.6928409337997437,
-0.23771260678768158,
-0.11730211973190308,
-0.048963431268930435,
0.4129753112792969,
0.9104543924331665,
1.1728836297988892,
-0.45198971033096313,
-0.29832908511161804,
-0.020949237048625946,
0.35304638743400574,
0.08974019438028336,
0.6996484994888306,
-0.4883119761943817,
0.25680211186408997,
0.6783133149147034,
0.6693859696388245,
0.28403863310813904,
-0.45487502217292786,
-0.13309520483016968,
-0.428716778755188,
0.14866548776626587,
0.41787073016166687,
-0.20982703566551208,
-0.17674215137958527,
-0.21144679188728333,
0.5201718807220459,
0.24442265927791595,
-0.13960014283657074,
-0.09605887532234192,
0.2003704160451889,
0.04152321070432663,
-0.15196743607521057,
0.39759722352027893,
0.455230712890625,
-0.04963529109954834,
-0.940423846244812,
0.21447309851646423,
-0.3244699537754059,
-0.24640443921089172,
0.1449505090713501,
0.3396325707435608,
0.25288790464401245,
-0.02798295207321644,
-0.2266402542591095,
-1.2095791101455688,
0.16938449442386627,
-1.0539829730987549,
-0.13726557791233063,
-0.9118298292160034,
0.28345298767089844,
0.10581903904676437,
0.2710760831832886,
0.33225056529045105,
0.6245372295379639,
-1.1049211025238037,
-0.016565212979912758,
0.19113567471504211,
0.7438309788703918,
-0.278793603181839,
1.032996416091919,
0.30606549978256226,
-0.4891570210456848,
0.11899227648973465,
-0.15267907083034515,
0.39843976497650146,
-0.18576474487781525,
0.026765454560518265,
-0.6214965581893921,
-0.37234222888946533,
0.17002609372138977,
-0.07922804355621338,
-0.12217918783426285,
-0.29354938864707947,
-0.39616623520851135,
-0.6719778180122375,
-0.16939549148082733,
-0.15922611951828003,
0.49810895323753357,
-0.21455486118793488,
0.15644434094429016,
0.882270097732544,
-0.7598983645439148,
0.7980012893676758,
0.8895860314369202,
-0.525270402431488,
-0.21095143258571625,
-0.3624033033847809,
0.8934792876243591,
-0.5934382677078247,
0.15319256484508514,
0.02678806334733963,
0.0991138443350792,
-0.42545685172080994,
-0.24132637679576874,
-0.2975207269191742,
0.08865968883037567,
-0.42635107040405273,
0.32016730308532715,
-0.433915376663208,
0.17140956223011017,
0.6105136871337891,
0.4245704710483551,
-0.13304421305656433,
-0.18403439223766327,
-0.9839834570884705,
0.19034124910831451,
-0.21112245321273804,
-0.762062132358551,
0.10696116834878922,
-0.0032657708507031202,
0.21195264160633087,
0.1594696342945099,
0.28633037209510803,
-0.1553202122449875,
0.5228517055511475,
-0.37617993354797363,
-0.1508466601371765,
-0.7483526468276978,
-0.35221585631370544,
1.052064061164856,
-0.27305397391319275,
0.19325824081897736,
-0.21217240393161774,
0.17885492742061615,
0.3903811573982239,
0.17241805791854858,
-0.19756203889846802,
0.2408331036567688,
-0.16093167662620544,
0.33719733357429504,
-0.386902391910553,
-0.08965421468019485,
0.783126711845398,
-1.205223560333252,
-0.312547892332077,
0.15241612493991852,
0.30245184898376465,
0.042993269860744476,
-0.637661874294281,
-0.03353948891162872,
-0.0010490913409739733,
0.1929044872522354,
0.6539879441261292,
-0.1563597023487091,
-0.03131834790110588,
-0.8870527744293213,
0.15319135785102844,
-0.4449918866157532,
0.1415107101202011,
0.10789687931537628,
-0.1214079037308693,
0.14300177991390228,
-0.36067500710487366,
-0.29149988293647766,
0.4383065700531006,
-0.2641752362251282,
0.8232827186584473,
0.3491443395614624,
-0.46525704860687256,
-0.19707374274730682,
0.7376888394355774,
-0.20487380027770996,
-0.34484001994132996,
-0.1511254608631134,
0.7959612011909485,
0.3564254641532898,
0.08415614813566208,
0.19022147357463837,
-0.3934386372566223,
0.10048285871744156,
0.28183379769325256,
-1.0125864744186401,
-0.41689223051071167,
-0.18329031765460968,
0.606171190738678,
0.3390173316001892,
-0.23828448355197906,
0.14537036418914795,
-0.6236981749534607,
0.7250860333442688,
-0.3075619637966156,
0.011783351190388203,
-0.3304547667503357,
-0.15544795989990234,
0.3389807343482971,
0.5860058665275574,
-0.4519489109516144,
-0.2020004689693451,
0.1164640411734581,
-0.261457622051239,
-0.1473534256219864,
-0.43677306175231934,
0.171808123588562,
0.821112334728241,
-0.45875439047813416,
0.3264369070529938,
-0.43929776549339294,
0.3365001082420349,
-0.9166877865791321,
0.6666195392608643,
0.8361183404922485,
-0.17365948855876923,
-0.19590507447719574,
-0.29127100110054016,
0.6757990717887878,
0.15800440311431885,
-0.09098949283361435,
1.3706614971160889,
-0.07990945130586624,
-0.046537842601537704,
0.10709719359874725,
0.7722705006599426,
-0.43196597695350647,
-0.23015563189983368,
-0.19835160672664642,
-0.2914571166038513,
0.3090090751647949,
-0.008143405430018902,
0.47600874304771423,
-0.11989331245422363,
-0.4414985775947571,
0.6882963180541992,
0.27151623368263245,
0.5653982162475586,
0.6148578524589539,
0.032773684710264206,
0.6611085534095764,
-0.08345967531204224,
0.5603570342063904,
0.25514495372772217,
-0.1348758190870285,
-0.0037227501161396503,
-0.09954162687063217,
0.2830080986022949,
-0.30058279633522034,
-0.6061793565750122,
0.16080377995967865,
-0.2995079457759857,
0.280457079410553,
-0.103265181183815,
-0.09448224306106567,
0.44159314036369324,
0.679359495639801,
0.5657635927200317,
-0.407479465007782,
0.105329230427742,
-0.24024343490600586,
-0.005981001071631908,
0.29423657059669495,
-0.06428848952054977,
0.1719273030757904,
-0.6076392531394958,
0.19008392095565796,
-0.3603367209434509,
-0.74750816822052,
-0.2096027135848999,
0.12401333451271057,
0.1956956386566162,
-0.016383999958634377,
-0.06803419440984726,
-0.015872500836849213,
1.045417308807373,
-0.8909043669700623,
-0.8216857314109802,
0.0555340051651001,
-0.32966700196266174,
-0.41212198138237,
-0.08338890969753265,
-0.11026136577129364,
-0.2613268494606018,
0.047920893877744675,
-0.4457865357398987,
0.7643884420394897,
0.017187871038913727,
-0.6613109707832336,
0.17904384434223175,
-1.1241241693496704,
0.2915163040161133,
0.21340467035770416,
1.0204687118530273,
-0.06429241597652435,
-0.5209510922431946,
-0.46208900213241577,
-0.4577381908893585,
0.522813618183136,
-0.582226574420929,
-0.2940760552883148,
0.02149811014533043,
-0.22872228920459747,
-0.2486947774887085,
-0.1795804351568222,
0.8325859308242798,
-0.3336496651172638,
-0.454750657081604,
0.2697102129459381,
-0.48354944586753845,
0.7376670241355896,
-1.0255029201507568,
-0.24712270498275757,
0.12492824345827103,
0.32793620228767395,
0.2054024636745453,
0.25166869163513184,
-0.08881215006113052,
0.16234330832958221,
-0.23718808591365814,
-4.895305633544922,
0.5026617646217346,
-0.26334741711616516,
-0.8170257806777954,
0.8119686245918274,
-0.5150064826011658,
0.2169036567211151,
-0.21020175516605377,
0.35264912247657776,
-0.14736779034137726,
0.24196021258831024,
-0.44845643639564514,
-0.22906355559825897,
1.0760740041732788,
0.389992356300354,
0.9413391351699829,
0.23481246829032898,
-0.16682930290699005,
0.28965553641319275,
-0.39516162872314453,
-0.27117303013801575,
-0.07219497859477997,
-0.11068307608366013,
0.7168139219284058,
0.34511178731918335,
0.40249255299568176,
-0.2606840431690216,
-0.8165557980537415,
-0.5321016907691956,
0.0551176480948925,
0.009462524205446243,
0.34730786085128784,
-0.46897849440574646,
0.45841917395591736,
-0.0642533227801323,
0.6434417963027954,
0.27281883358955383,
-0.40187811851501465,
0.4037611186504364,
-0.8810128569602966,
0.23458309471607208,
0.5796094536781311,
-0.20699678361415863,
-0.49703478813171387,
0.7703014612197876,
-0.109158955514431,
-0.31519538164138794,
-0.1547604501247406,
0.3155941069126129,
0.44319698214530945,
1.0623605251312256,
-0.6677024364471436,
0.7179460525512695,
0.12227673083543777,
0.25645560026168823,
-0.8584281206130981,
0.8051294088363647,
0.0011638184078037739,
-0.4415550231933594,
0.8349502682685852,
-0.189489483833313,
0.0030920240096747875,
0.1651541143655777,
-0.5547857880592346,
0.03175504133105278,
-0.06816898286342621,
0.913566529750824,
-0.24411453306674957,
0.9455407857894897,
-0.05826275423169136,
-0.39484938979148865,
0.5914182662963867,
-0.49249929189682007,
-0.5282766222953796,
-0.16724388301372528,
-0.18759755790233612,
-0.6720401644706726,
0.24485798180103302,
-0.7166406512260437,
0.3230142295360565,
0.12240581214427948,
-0.1636592447757721,
0.07799084484577179,
-0.003307055914774537,
-0.3287009596824646,
-0.10668568313121796,
0.30779045820236206,
0.43440669775009155,
-0.16574208438396454,
0.10572639107704163,
0.6453471779823303,
-0.016314351931214333,
0.39459511637687683,
0.08155111223459244,
-0.6718129515647888,
-0.07614050060510635,
0.13774068653583527,
0.3024890720844269,
-0.42428016662597656,
-0.329734206199646,
0.511634886264801,
-0.8600027561187744,
0.2581145763397217,
-0.10787774622440338,
-0.12397132068872452,
-0.5905200839042664,
0.17787796258926392,
0.39779651165008545,
-0.16943329572677612,
-0.6244099736213684,
-0.003375329077243805,
0.2543891966342926,
-0.39751365780830383,
-0.5581041574478149,
0.6448928117752075,
-0.17025481164455414,
-0.4155668020248413,
-0.16490715742111206,
0.34442466497421265,
0.13174977898597717,
0.4426697790622711,
0.27499252557754517,
-0.039889514446258545,
-0.005994180683046579,
-0.19795742630958557,
-0.44006630778312683,
0.027307530865073204,
0.624963104724884,
0.6633839011192322,
-0.16980111598968506,
-0.2738098204135895,
0.4488718509674072,
0.15644575655460358,
-0.12976156175136566,
0.05623983219265938,
0.14983022212982178,
-0.8228715658187866,
-1.065751314163208,
0.6435149312019348,
0.3537490963935852,
0.8896191716194153,
-0.16891811788082123,
-0.3222826421260834,
0.08029039949178696,
-0.19272275269031525,
0.3529139459133148,
0.23112541437149048,
-0.9035849571228027,
-1.1442712545394897,
0.5825307965278625,
-0.33927127718925476,
-0.5174291729927063,
-0.49607911705970764,
-0.3212975263595581,
-0.2062412053346634,
-0.2796422839164734,
0.1728534698486328,
0.21518075466156006,
0.24421745538711548,
0.145382359623909,
0.393411248922348,
-0.5750879049301147,
-0.6717219352722168,
0.39512404799461365,
0.29330912232398987,
0.016956232488155365,
-0.8527137041091919,
-0.591041088104248,
-0.14744466543197632,
0.3341358006000519,
0.06238816678524017,
-0.819162905216217,
-0.7899104356765747,
-0.2998514175415039,
0.6645222306251526,
-0.809045135974884,
0.9860894680023193,
0.4145658016204834,
0.3094041049480438,
-0.1392766535282135,
0.3586120903491974,
-0.4524172842502594,
0.024472184479236603,
-0.005476564634591341,
-0.18249955773353577,
-0.6260017156600952,
-0.5632855892181396,
-0.483736515045166,
0.23353567719459534,
-0.24758166074752808,
0.5388454794883728,
0.26726821064949036,
-0.01542566530406475,
-0.0932120755314827,
-0.6140630841255188,
-0.9888916015625,
-0.039096713066101074,
-0.3862389624118805,
0.3890695571899414,
-0.7748371958732605,
0.012354499660432339,
0.9317197203636169,
-0.9562593698501587,
0.5496162176132202,
-0.17890305817127228,
-1.0313334465026855,
0.17899373173713684,
0.6312683820724487,
-0.9924761056900024,
0.05039435997605324,
-0.5512128472328186,
-0.7038734555244446,
0.47656360268592834,
0.551679253578186,
0.033272888511419296,
-0.07544684410095215,
0.42121824622154236,
0.085931196808815,
-0.8595428466796875,
0.2103651762008667,
-0.4362122118473053,
0.13499528169631958,
0.42585933208465576,
-0.034718018025159836,
-0.23837041854858398,
0.9295706748962402,
0.13509704172611237,
-0.3158597946166992,
1.0760085582733154,
-1.0542011260986328,
0.37933143973350525,
-0.1394907832145691,
0.14566396176815033,
-0.2408743053674698,
0.4495368003845215,
-0.005188490264117718,
0.0954209640622139,
0.2622268795967102,
0.3293870687484741,
-0.3558231294155121,
-0.009069847874343395,
0.4830086827278137,
0.1025172621011734,
0.021792205050587654,
0.14611901342868805,
0.3581511974334717,
0.20141033828258514,
0.0022834206465631723,
-1.1385782957077026,
0.029918843880295753,
-0.4638412892818451,
-0.7254748344421387,
-0.48187223076820374,
-0.09757620096206665,
0.4279950261116028,
-0.815453290939331,
-0.6193807125091553,
1.1173224449157715,
0.049158692359924316,
-0.2580704391002655,
0.012925080955028534,
-0.03749183937907219,
0.015481103211641312,
0.017672520130872726,
0.07878464460372925,
-0.11946876347064972,
0.33924195170402527,
-0.37018534541130066,
0.3489611744880676,
-0.22399477660655975,
0.06739012897014618,
-0.29240480065345764,
0.10896208137273788,
0.12473338842391968,
0.0028088020626455545,
0.21802036464214325,
-0.09074164181947708,
-0.269810289144516,
0.01735655963420868,
-0.056739676743745804,
-0.5011488199234009,
0.016053734347224236,
0.06390011310577393,
0.4697292745113373,
0.4042591154575348,
-0.3208678960800171,
-0.31098562479019165,
-0.46945157647132874,
-0.6114466786384583,
0.005187367554754019,
-0.6322236657142639,
-0.10157220810651779,
0.34158048033714294,
-0.2926889657974243,
0.048484548926353455,
0.2364717721939087,
0.41773152351379395,
0.6401584148406982,
-0.020549850538372993,
0.09751465171575546,
-0.41889339685440063,
0.7834538817405701,
0.1669640839099884,
-0.2203042358160019,
-0.3663089871406555,
-0.2619067430496216,
-0.04512908309698105,
0.019578997045755386,
-0.2815902829170227,
0.29583314061164856,
-0.4187033176422119,
-0.028907911852002144,
0.24183103442192078,
0.8979675769805908,
-0.6763554811477661,
0.4638841152191162,
0.5387733578681946,
-0.3801494538784027,
-0.3476458191871643,
0.5305549502372742,
-0.16426023840904236,
-0.5847483277320862,
0.6897450089454651,
0.29298317432403564,
0.9154665470123291,
1.5748939514160156,
-0.13205860555171967,
-0.5047988891601562,
-0.03765590488910675,
-0.07644303143024445,
0.1572287529706955,
-0.16906295716762543,
-0.6772401928901672,
-0.019388265907764435,
-1.0505893230438232,
-0.5725178122520447,
-0.1787973940372467,
-0.42843112349510193,
-0.4808281362056732,
0.5605457425117493,
0.7659827470779419,
0.7490445375442505,
-0.7657129764556885,
0.25320935249328613,
0.5130853652954102,
0.06576310098171234,
0.15138691663742065,
0.32266613841056824,
0.33333447575569153,
-0.39883172512054443,
0.20081239938735962,
0.002254983177408576,
-0.0786808654665947,
0.17928990721702576,
-0.334549218416214,
-0.19759555160999298,
-0.10917244851589203,
-0.028311358764767647,
-0.42616936564445496,
0.05479426309466362,
-0.03312205895781517,
-0.7997492551803589,
0.28165432810783386,
-0.15738435089588165,
-0.25461718440055847,
-0.3302554488182068,
-0.08346867561340332,
0.3453451991081238,
-0.47079741954803467,
0.8152748942375183,
-0.3929397463798523,
0.2671317160129547,
0.015442444942891598,
0.26786497235298157,
0.4180149734020233,
0.49101877212524414,
0.13211314380168915,
0.9924741387367249,
-0.37800753116607666,
0.7983063459396362,
0.004020415246486664,
0.3465094268321991,
-0.8515344262123108,
-0.2845907211303711,
-0.33636555075645447,
-0.16842427849769592,
-0.5315742492675781,
0.4334537088871002,
0.010931111872196198,
-0.10199002921581268,
-0.3661468029022217,
-0.13798075914382935,
-0.29802262783050537,
0.6553817391395569,
0.26511242985725403,
-0.1785014122724533,
-0.24040183424949646,
0.7462943196296692,
1.1707358360290527,
-0.27765050530433655,
0.5924158096313477,
0.10938684642314911,
0.10039816796779633,
0.0182972215116024,
-0.13497549295425415,
-0.24243098497390747,
-0.6353358030319214,
0.7635714411735535,
-1.125424861907959,
0.3381422162055969,
-0.3361450135707855,
0.02422398328781128,
-0.851493775844574,
0.3377373516559601,
-0.8127243518829346,
0.5460723638534546,
0.4247693419456482,
-0.13990028202533722,
-0.12719036638736725,
-0.5128291249275208,
0.7489549517631531,
-0.9781527519226074,
0.49822619557380676,
0.6639387607574463,
0.46649932861328125,
-0.6895081996917725,
0.2730308175086975,
-0.14861133694648743,
-0.6779807209968567,
0.6549445390701294,
0.29652169346809387,
0.17708295583724976,
-0.5310824513435364,
0.1161252036690712,
-0.04921844229102135,
-0.9666611552238464,
0.35036465525627136,
1.3626794815063477,
0.5997090935707092,
-0.22404371201992035,
0.008640063926577568,
-0.04923892021179199,
-0.053694289177656174,
-0.24634593725204468,
-0.10625552386045456,
-0.09176144748926163,
-0.6521334648132324,
-0.42177098989486694,
-0.28336912393569946,
0.613088071346283,
0.41503825783729553,
0.3713234066963196,
0.3153992295265198,
0.09456558525562286,
-0.0919836238026619,
0.5195978283882141,
0.4670960605144501,
-1.430180311203003,
1.0727378129959106,
-0.3744792640209198
] |
224104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Winters | Jonathan Winters | Jonathan Harshman Winters III (November 11, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was an American comedian, actor, author, television host, and artist. Beginning in 1960, Winters recorded many classic comedy albums for the Verve Records label. He also had records released every decade for over 50 years, receiving 11 Grammy nominations, including eight for Best Comedy Album, during his career. From these nominations, he won the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children for his contribution to an adaptation of The Little Prince in 1975 and the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album for Crank(y) Calls in 1996.
With a career spanning more than six decades, Winters also appeared in hundreds of television shows and films, including eccentric characters on The Steve Allen Show, The Garry Moore Show, The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters (1972–74), Mork & Mindy, Hee Haw, and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor, Comedy or Musical. He also voiced Grandpa Smurf on The Smurfs TV series from 1986 to the show's conclusion in 1989. Over twenty years later, Winters was introduced to a new generation through voicing Papa Smurf in The Smurfs (2011) and The Smurfs 2 (2013). Winters died nine days after recording his dialogue for The Smurfs 2; the film was dedicated to his memory.
On February 8, 1960, Winters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1973, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
In 1991, Winters won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for playing Gunny Davis in the short-lived sitcom Davis Rules. 1999 saw Winters become the 2nd recipient of the prestigious Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. In 2002, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance as Q.T. Marlens on Life with Bonnie. Winters was presented with a Pioneer TV Land Award by Robin Williams in 2008.
Winters also spent time painting and presenting his artwork, including silkscreens and sketches, in many gallery shows. He authored several books, with his book of short stories entitled Winters' Tales (1988) making several bestseller lists.
Early life
Winters was born in Bellbrook, Ohio, to Jonathan Harshman Winters II, an insurance agent who later became an investment broker. He was a descendant of Valentine Winters, founder of the Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio (now part of JPMorgan Chase). Of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry, Winters had described his father as an alcoholic who had trouble holding a job. His grandfather, a frustrated comedian, owned the Winters National Bank, which failed as the family's fortunes collapsed during the Great Depression.
When he was seven, his parents separated. Winters' mother took him to Springfield, Ohio, to live with his maternal grandmother. "Mother and dad didn't understand me; I didn't understand them," Winters told Jim Lehrer on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer in 1999. "So consequently it was a strange kind of arrangement." Alone in his room, he created characters and interviewed himself. A poor student, Winters continued talking to himself and developed a repertoire of strange sound effects. He often entertained his high school friends by imitating a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
In another television interview, Winters described how deeply he was hurt by his parents' divorce. He fought youthful tormentors who ridiculed him for not having a father in his life. When the tormentors were not around, he would go to a building or tree and weep in despair. Winters said that he learned to laugh at his situation but admitted that his adult life had been a response to sorrow.
During his senior year at Springfield High School, Winters quit school to join the U.S. Marine Corps at the age of seventeen and served two and a half years in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Upon his return, he attended Kenyon College. He later studied cartooning at Dayton Art Institute, where he met Eileen Schauder, whom he married on September 11, 1948. He was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Lambda chapter).
Early career
Winters' career started as a result of a lost wristwatch, about six or seven months after his marriage to Eileen in 1948. The newlyweds couldn't afford to buy another one. Then Eileen read about a talent contest in which the first prize was a wristwatch, and encouraged Jonathan to "go down and win it." She was certain he could, and he did. His performance led to a disc jockey job, where he was supposed to introduce songs and announce the temperature. Gradually his ad libs, personae, and antics took over the show.
He began comedy routines and acting while studying at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was also a local radio personality on WING (mornings, 6 to 8) in Dayton, Ohio, and at WIZE in Springfield, Ohio. He performed as "Johnny Winters" on WBNS-TV in Columbus, Ohio, for two and a half years. Jerome R. "Ted" Reeves, then program director for WBNS-TV, arranged for his first audition with CBS in New York City.
After promising his wife that he would return to Dayton if he did not make it in a year, and with $56.46 in his pocket, he moved to New York City, staying with friends in Greenwich Village. After obtaining Martin Goodman as his agent, he began stand-up routines in various New York nightclubs. His earliest network television appearance was in 1954 on Chance of a Lifetime, hosted by Dennis James on the DuMont Television Network, where Winters again appeared as "Johnny Winters."
Winters made television history in 1956 when RCA broadcast the first public demonstration of color videotape on The Jonathan Winters Show. Author David Hajdu wrote in The New York Times (2006), "He soon used video technology 'to appear as two characters,' bantering back and forth, seemingly in the studio at the same time. You could say he invented the video stunt."
His big break occurred (with the revised name of Jonathan) when he worked for Alistair Cooke on the CBS Television Sunday morning show Omnibus. In 1957 he performed in the first color television show, a 15-minute routine sponsored by Tums.
From 1959 to 1964, Winters' voice could be heard in a series of popular television commercials for Utica Club beer. In the ads, he provided the voices of talking beer steins, named Shultz and Dooley. Later, he became a spokesman for Hefty brand trash bags, for whom he appeared as a dapper garbageman known for collecting "gahr-bahj," as well as "Maude Frickert" and other characters.
Winters recorded many classic comedy albums for the Verve Records label, starting in 1960. Probably the best known of his characters from this period is "Maude Frickert", the seemingly sweet old lady with the barbed tongue. He was a favorite of Jack Paar, who hosted The Tonight Show from 1957 to 1962, and appeared frequently on his television programs, even going so far as to impersonate then–U.S. president John F. Kennedy over the telephone as a prank on Paar.
Winters had a dramatic role in The Twilight Zone episode "A Game of Pool" (episode 3.5 aired on October 13, 1961). He also recorded Ogden Nash's The Carnival of the Animals poems to Camille Saint-Saëns's classical opus.
On The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–92), Winters usually performed in the guise of some character. Carson often did not know what Winters had planned and usually had to tease out the character's backstory during a comedic interview. Carson invented a character called "Aunt Blabby", which was similar to and possibly inspired by "Maude Frickert".
Winters appeared in more than 50 movies and many television shows, including particularly notable roles in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and in the dual roles of Henry Glenworthy and his dark, scheming brother, the Rev. Wilbur Glenworthy, in the film adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's novel The Loved One. Fellow comedians who starred with him in Mad World, such as Arnold Stang, said that in the long periods while they waited between scenes, Winters entertained them for hours in their trailer by becoming any character that they suggested to him.
From December 1967 to June 1969, Winters helmed his own hour-long weekly variety program on CBS (similar to the then-popular Red Skelton and Carol Burnett shows on the same network). The Jonathan Winters Show featured guest stars of comedy and music (e.g. The Doors), recurring sketches (often featuring Winters characters such as Maudie Frickert, rural Elwood P. Suggins, drunk Harold Nermlinger, Norwegian Yorny Bjorny); and an audience-request section where Winters did impressions of persons, animals, etc. in various situations, e.g., John Wayne on the Moon. Choice bits from the latter were collected and released on a 1969 Columbia LP, "Stuff 'n' Nonsense".
He later participated on ABC's The American Sportsman, hosted by Grits Gresham, who took celebrities on hunting, fishing, and shooting trips to exotic places around the world.
Winters made memorable appearances on both The Dean Martin Show and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast, as well as a regular on The Andy Williams Show. He also performed regularly as a panelist on The Hollywood Squares. In the mid-1970s, he appeared on ABC's Good Morning America doing humorous reviews of films.
During the late 1960s, Winters acted in several film comedies, most prominently The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966), and Viva Max! (1969). Additionally, he was a regular (along with Woody Allen and Jo Anne Worley) on the Saturday morning children's television program, Hot Dog in the early 1970s. He also had his own syndicated show called The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters from 1972 to 1974, the music director of which, Van Alexander, was nominated for a 1973 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction of a Variety, Musical or Dramatic Program.
1980s and 1990s career
Jonathan Winters was a guest star on The Muppet Show in 1980. That same year, he also appeared in I Go Pogo (a.k.a. Pogo for President). In 1981, he was a guest on the short-lived comedy series Aloha Paradise.
In the fourth and final season of the sci-fi-styled TV comedy Mork & Mindy, Winters (one of Robin Williams's idols) was brought in as Mork & Mindy's child, Mearth. Due to the different Orkan physiology, Mork laid an egg, which grew and hatched into the much older Winters. It had been previously explained that Orkans aged "backwards," thus explaining Mearth's appearance and that of his teacher, Miss Geezba (portrayed by then-11-year-old actress Louanne Sirota). Mork's infant son Mearth in Mork & Mindy was created in hopes of improving ratings and as an attempt to capitalize on Williams's comedic talents. Winters had previously guest-starred in Season 3, Episode 18, as Dave McConnell, Mindy's uncle. However, after multiple scheduling and cast changes, Mork & Mindy'''s fourth season was already quite low in the ratings and ended up being the show's last season.
Winters became a regular on Hee Haw during the 1983–1984 season. He was later the voice of Grandpa Smurf from 1986 to 1990 on the television series The Smurfs. Additionally, he did the voice of Bigelow in the 1985 TV film Pound Puppies and voice-acted on Yogi's Treasure Hunt in 1985, among other voice roles throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1987, Winters was featured in NFL Films' The NFL TV Follies. That same year he published Winters' Tales: Stories and Observations for the Unusual.
In 1991 and 1992, he had a supporting role on Davis Rules, a sitcom that lasted two seasons (25 episodes), for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He played Gunny Davis, an eccentric grandfather who was helping raise his grandchildren after his son lost his wife.
In addition to his live-action roles, he was a guest star on The New Scooby-Doo Movies (in an episode where he also voiced an animated version of his "Maude Frickert" character) and as the narrator in Frosty Returns which airs annually aired during the Christmas season. Winters also provided the voice for the thief in The Thief and the Cobbler.
In 1994, Winters appeared as a fired factory worker (credited as "Grizzled Man") in The Flintstones. In an interesting role reversal, he was the serious-minded secular police chief and uncle of the character Lamont Cranston (played by Alec Baldwin) in The Shadow. That same year he voiced Stinkbomb D. Basset in the episode "Smell Ya Later" on Animaniacs.
Winters received eleven Grammy nominations during his career, including eight for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album; he won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album for Crank(y) Calls in 1996.
In 1996, Winters played himself in Bloopy's Buddies, a children's TV series on PBS designed to teach children about health and nutrition and to encourage them to exercise.
In 1999, he was awarded the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, becoming the second recipient.
Later years
Winters had various roles and appeared in numerous television features throughout the early to mid-2000s. In 2000, Winters appeared in The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle. In 2003, he appeared in the film Swing.
In 2004, Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time ranked Winters as the #18 greatest stand-up comedian. In 2005 and 2006, Winters appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.
In 2008, Winters was presented with a Pioneer TV Land Award by Robin Williams. That same year, PBS aired Pioneers of Television, and Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America in 2009, both featuring Winters.
Winters was coaxed out of retirement to voice Papa Smurf in The Smurfs (2011), the first-ever animated/live-action Smurfs film, and later in The Smurfs 2 (2013), his final film project. He died only nine days after he finished recording Papa's voice.
Winters was originally cast in Big Finish (2014), during pre-production. It is a comedy set in a retirement home. His scheduled role was to appear alongside Jerry Lewis and Bob Newhart.
Personal life
Jonathan and Eileen Winters had two children, Jonathan Winters IV, and Lucinda; and several grandchildren.
In his interview with the Archive of American Television, Winters reported that he spent eight months in a private psychiatric hospital in 1959 and again in 1961. The comic suffered from nervous breakdowns and bipolar disorder. With an unprecedented frenetic energy, Winters made obscure references to his illness and hospitalization during his stand-up routines, most famously on his 1960 comedy album, The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters. During his classic "flying saucer" routine, Winters casually mentions that if he wasn't careful, the authorities might put him back in the "zoo", referring to the institution.
"These voices are always screaming to get out," Winters told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. "They follow me around pretty much all day and night." Winters was able to use his talents in voice-over roles as a result. A devotee of Groucho Marx and Laurel and Hardy, Winters once claimed, "I've done for the most part pretty much what I intended." He told U.S. News, "I ended up doing comedy, writing, and painting.... I've had a ball, and as I get older I just become an older kid."
Winters lived near Santa Barbara, California, and was often seen browsing or "hamming" for the crowd at the antique and gun shows on the Ventura County fairgrounds. He often entertained the tellers and other employees whenever he visited his local bank to make a deposit or withdrawal. Additionally, he spent his time painting and attended many gallery showings, even presenting his art in one-man shows.
On January 11, 2009, Winters' wife of more than 60 years, Eileen, died at the age of 84 after a 20-year battle with breast cancer.
Death
Winters died of natural causes on the evening of April 11, 2013, in Montecito, California, at the age of 87.
He was survived by his two children, Jonathan ("Jay") Winters IV and Lucinda Winters, and five grandchildren.Obituary He was cremated, and his ashes were given to his family.
Fans of Winters placed flowers on his Hollywood Walk of Fame star on April 12, 2013, at 1:30 p.m.
Many comedians, actors, and friends gave personal tributes about Winters on social media shortly after his death. Robin Williams posted, "First he was my idol, then he was my mentor and amazing friend. I'll miss him huge. He was my Comedy Buddha. Long live the Buddha." In September 2013, at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Williams again honored the career and life of Winters. The 2013 movie The Smurfs 2 was dedicated to him.
Comedy style and legacy
A pioneer of improvisational stand-up comedy with a gift for mimicry, impersonations, various personalities, and a seemingly bottomless reservoir of creative energy, Winters was one of the first celebrities to go public with a personal mental illness issue and felt stigmatized as a result. According to Jack Paar, "If you were to ask me the funniest 25 people I've ever known, I'd say, 'Here they are—Jonathan Winters.' He also said of Winters, "Pound for pound, the funniest man alive."
With his round, rubber-faced mastery of impressions (including ones of John Wayne, Cary Grant, Groucho Marx, James Cagney, and others) and improvisational comedy, Winters became a staple of late-night television with a career spanning more than six decades. With notable honors, many television show, film and comedy circuit appearances, Winters was known to start his stage shows by commanding an applauding audience that had risen to its feet to: "Please remain standing throughout the evening."
Winters performed a wide range of characters: hillbillies, arrogant city slickers, nerve-shattered airline pilots trying to hide their fear, disgruntled westerners, judgmental Martians, little old ladies, nosy gas station attendants, a hungry cat eyeing a mouse, the oldest living airline stewardess, and more. "I was fighting for the fact that you could be funny without telling jokes," he told The New York Times, adding that he thought of himself foremost as a writer and less as a stand-up comedian. He named James Thurber's sophisticated absurdity as influential and said he idolized writers with a gift for humor.
Two of his most memorable characters, cranky granny "Maude Frickert" and bumpkin farmer "Elwood P. Suggins" ("I think eggs 24 hours a day"), were born from his early television routines. Robin Williams once told Playboy why Mr. Winters inspired him. "It was like seeing a guy behind a mask, and you could see that his characters were a great way for him to talk about painful stuff," he said. "I found out later that they are people he knows—his mother, his aunt. He's an artist who also paints with words. He paints these people that he sees."
Onstage and off, Winters was wildly unpredictable. He was often viewed by producers as a liability, and this led to a scattershot, though memorable, film career. On television, his two self-titled variety shows displayed him in dazzling form as a sketch comic and impersonator.
Winters was an inspiration for performers such as Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Tracey Ullman, Lily Tomlin, Steve Martin, Jim Carrey, and Jimmy Kimmel. Robin Williams credited Winters as his comedy mentor, and the two co-starred on Mork & Mindy.
In a 1991 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Winters likened the entertainment industry to the Olympics, with actors standing on boxes to receive gold, silver, and bronze medals. Winters claimed, "I think my place is inside the box, underneath the guy receiving the gold medal. They're playing the national anthem and I'm fondling a platinum medallion."
Quotations
"If your ship doesn't come in, swim out to meet it."
"I couldn't wait for success, so I went ahead without it."
"Behold the turtle; the only time he makes progress is when he sticks out his head."
Filmography
Television and film
1956–1957: The Jonathan Winters Show
1960: Alakazam the Great (voice) as Sir Quigley Broken Bottom (English version)
1961: "A Game of Pool" (episode of The Twilight Zone) as James Howard "Fats" Brown
1963: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World as Lennie Pike
1965: The Loved One as Henry Glenworthy / Rev. Wilbur Glenworthy
1964: The Jonathan Winters Special (TV special)
1965: The Jonathan Winters Show (2 specials)
1966: The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming as Norman Jonas
1966: Penelope as Professor Klobb
1967: Guys 'n' Geishas (Danny Thomas special)
1967: Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad as Dad (Narrator)
1967: Eight on the Lam as Police Sgt. Jasper Lynch / Mother Lynch
1967–1969: The Jonathan Winters Show (TV series)
1968: Now You See It, Now You Don't (TV film) as Jerry Klay
1969: Viva Max! as General Billy Joe Hallson
1970: The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters (TV special) as Himself
1970–1971: Hot Dog as Himself
1972: The New Scooby-Doo Movies as Himself and Maude Frickert
1972–1974: The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters (syndicated TV show)
1976: Jonathan Winters Presents 200 Years of American Humor (TV special)
1977: The Wonderful World of Disney: Halloween Hall o' Fame (TV special); host
1977: Yabba Dabba Doo! The Happy World of Hanna-Barbera (TV special) as himself
1979: The Fish that Saved Pittsburgh as H.S. / Harvey Tilson
1980: The Muppet Show (season 4, episode 16)
1980: Pogo for President: I Go Pogo as Porky Pine / Molester Mole / Wiley Catt (voice)
1980: More Wild, Wild West (TV film) as Albert Paradine II
1981: Mork & Mindy (recurring role) as Mearth
1984: E. Nick: A Legend in His Own Mind as Emerson Foosnagel III
1985: Alice in Wonderland (in two-part TV film) as Humpty Dumpty (voice)
1985: Yogi's Treasure Hunt (additional voices)
1986: The Longshot as Tyler
1986: Say Yes as W. D. Westmoreland
1986: The Smurfs as Grandpa Smurf
1986: King Kong: The Living Legend (TV special); host
1987: The Little Troll Prince: A Christmas Parable as King Ulvik a.k.a. Left Head (voice)
1988: Moon over Parador as Ralph
1988: The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley as Roger Gustav and Mr. Freebus (voice)
1990: Tiny Toon Adventures as Sappy Stanley (voice, in episode "Who Bopped Bugs Bunny")
1991: Rick Moranis in Gravedale High as Coach Cadaver
1991: Little Dracula as Igor, Granny
1991: The Wish that Changed Christmas (voice on TV special)
1991: Davis Rules as Gunny Davis
1992: Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation as Wade Pig / Superman (voice)
1992: Frosty Returns (narrator)
1992: Spaced Out!; host (also executive producer)
1993: The Thief and the Cobbler under the theatrical name Arabian Knight as The Thief (Miramax version) (voice)
1993: Precious Moments: Timmy's Special Delivery (voice; Christmas movie)
1994: Christopher and Holly a.k.a. The Bears Who Saved Christmas as Charlie the Compass (voice)
1994: Yogi the Easter Bear as Ranger Mortimer (voice)
1994: The Flintstones as Grizzled Man
1994: The Shadow as Wainwright Cranston
2000: The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle as Whoppa Chopper Pilot / Ohio Cop with Bullhorn / Jeb
2003: Swing as Uncle Bill
2004: Comic Book: The Movie as Wally (Army Buddy #2)
2004: Tell Them Who You Are (documentary film) as Himself
2006: National Lampoon's Cattle Call as Thomas the Studio Tour Guide
2007: Certifiably Jonathan (honored celebrity at FGFF)
2011: The Smurfs as Papa Smurf (voice)
2013: The Smurfs 2 as Papa Smurf (voice, released posthumously)
Short films
1968: The Early Birds (writer and voices)
1975: Sonic Boom as Ed (performer)
2000: Edwurd Fudwupper Fibbed Big as The President (voice, as "Jonathon Winters")
2002: Santa vs. the Snowman 3D as Santa Claus (voice)
Discography
1960: Down to Earth1960: The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters (reissued in 2003)
1961: Here's Jonathan1962: Another Day, Another World1962: Humor Seen through the Eyes of Jonathan Winters1964: Whistle Stopping with Jonathan Winters1966: Movies Are Better Than Ever1969: Jonathan Winters... Wings it!1969: Stuff 'n Nonsense1973: Jonathan Winters and Friends Laugh ... Live1975: The Little Prince (featured in an adaptation with Richard Burton)
1987: Jonathan Winters Answers Your Telephone1988: Finally Captured1988: Winter's Tales (audio book)
1989: Jonathan Winters Tells The Story Of Peter And The Wolf1989: Hang-Ups Cal'901990: Into the '90s1992: Jonathan Winters is Terminator 31992: Paul Bunyan1993: Best of Jonathan Winters (audio cassette)
1995: Crank(y) Calls1995: The Thief and the Cobbler a.k.a. Arabian Knight (voice of the Thief)
2000: Outpatients2006: Old Folks2007: The Underground Tapes2007: A Christmas Carol2007: Maude Frickert [explicit]
2009: A Very Special Time2011: Final Approach2011: The Smurfs (voice of Papa Smurf)
Compilation
1963: Jonathan Winters' Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (in conjunction with the film of the same name)
Video releases
1968: Jonathan Winters: The Lost Episodes (VHS)
1986: Say Yes (VHS)
1986: Jonathan Winters: Madman of Comedy (VHS)
1987: On The Ledge (VHS)
1991: Johnny Carson (with Jonathan Winters and Robin Williams) (On Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination)
1995: Jonathan Winters: Gone Fish'n (VHS/DVD)
2000: The Unknown Jonathan Winters: On the Loose (VHS/DVD)
2005: Jonathan Winters: Rare and Riotous (VHS/DVD)
2007: Certifiably Jonathan (DVD)
2011: Jonathan Winters: Birth of a Genius (DVD)
Bibliography
Mouse Breath, Conformity and Other Social Ills (1965) (hardcover)
Winters' Tales: Stories and Observations for the Unusual (1st edition 1987)/ (2nd edition 1993) / (3rd edition 2001) (paperback)
Hang-Ups: Paintings by Jonathan Winters (1st edition 1988) (hardcover)
Jonathan Winters: After The Beep (1989) (paperback)
Jonathan Winters' A Christmas Carol (first aired on NPR in 1990, published on CD (audiobook) September 5, 2007)
Maude Frickert Tells All'' (2010) (hardcover)
See also
References
External links
Interview with the Archive of American Television
Official Website of the Jonathan Winters film, Certifiably Jonathan
video: Tribute to Jonathan Winters at the 2003 Orinda Film Festival; 14 minutes
video: , on Dean Martin Roasts TV show, 3 minutes
video: , stand-up comedy routine, 1964
Marc Maron interviews Jonathan Winters - WTF Podcast Episode 173 - May 2011
Marc Maron on the genius of Jonathan Winters and his "possession of a comic muse perpetually at war with the darkness of his mind", Entertainment, xojane, 2013.04.12
1925 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
American male comedy actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
American stand-up comedians
Audiobook narrators
Columbia Records artists
Comedians from Ohio
Grammy Award winners
Kenyon College alumni
Male actors from Dayton, Ohio
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Bellbrook, Ohio
People from Knox County, Ohio
People with bipolar disorder
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
Verve Records artists
Writers from Springfield, Ohio | [
-0.5055258870124817,
0.13683150708675385,
-0.5901340842247009,
-0.1269879788160324,
0.39736106991767883,
0.6855018138885498,
1.0937079191207886,
0.3081073760986328,
-0.1528264433145523,
-0.22639226913452148,
-0.4940859377384186,
0.2233620136976242,
-0.06027990207076073,
0.34511274099349976,
-0.07156050950288773,
0.4425361454486847,
-0.44617024064064026,
-0.22907263040542603,
-0.06277725100517273,
-0.24690943956375122,
-0.6312574148178101,
0.0010614037746563554,
0.6004047393798828,
0.011376525275409222,
-0.5030113458633423,
0.5528218150138855,
-0.30590638518333435,
-0.2860933542251587,
0.2473873496055603,
0.3443014621734619,
-0.25380179286003113,
0.13225126266479492,
0.3363531827926636,
-0.5412716269493103,
-0.2873440384864807,
0.20294862985610962,
-0.6056240797042847,
0.167721688747406,
-0.2162599265575409,
0.40040138363838196,
0.08164358139038086,
-0.11463282257318497,
0.23897197842597961,
-0.5967534184455872,
-0.6287440061569214,
-0.434200257062912,
-1.7060471773147583,
0.21864458918571472,
-0.5726621747016907,
-0.6206642389297485,
-0.42236390709877014,
0.45489299297332764,
0.3210737407207489,
0.03185872733592987,
0.17803888022899628,
0.02058969996869564,
-0.002211886690929532,
0.024014925584197044,
-0.013133833184838295,
-0.0562564879655838,
0.0993603765964508,
-0.19225069880485535,
0.11600145697593689,
-0.677655816078186,
-0.3225081264972687,
0.29235559701919556,
0.13612987101078033,
-0.10282720625400543,
0.10908828675746918,
-0.08186732977628708,
0.22704719007015228,
0.8439814448356628,
0.5728696584701538,
0.007445099763572216,
0.8871620297431946,
-0.10649328678846359,
0.4702875316143036,
-0.14382071793079376,
-0.30855345726013184,
0.30889859795570374,
-0.013035123236477375,
-0.16334614157676697,
0.6503586769104004,
0.545191764831543,
0.11370100826025009,
-0.4734966456890106,
-0.11829814314842224,
0.6097486019134521,
-0.5039948225021362,
-0.3066871762275696,
-0.32867947220802307,
-0.3215295374393463,
-0.15823256969451904,
0.2168419510126114,
-0.3684424161911011,
-0.18800921738147736,
-0.0893215760588646,
0.14694134891033173,
0.19508419930934906,
-0.16191019117832184,
-0.10233726352453232,
-0.2903161346912384,
0.6065059304237366,
-0.5644686818122864,
-0.29829141497612,
0.5515592694282532,
0.18984851241111755,
-0.30487701296806335,
-0.24243700504302979,
-0.010565188713371754,
-0.4624195992946625,
0.3481391668319702,
0.20631174743175507,
-0.3259302079677582,
0.14551933109760284,
0.5749441981315613,
-0.10581843554973602,
-0.6332960724830627,
-0.6480492353439331,
0.1924903392791748,
-0.09234325587749481,
0.04179863631725311,
-0.05583130940794945,
0.0009320596000179648,
-0.7965534329414368,
-0.30110830068588257,
0.25292545557022095,
-0.012568731792271137,
-0.31267961859703064,
0.09574441611766815,
0.5545826554298401,
0.7030346989631653,
-0.09088214486837387,
0.06251209229230881,
-0.33398571610450745,
-0.09290666878223419,
0.23577196896076202,
-0.05320345610380173,
-0.5255643129348755,
-0.24435780942440033,
-0.47730737924575806,
-0.07642079889774323,
-0.43945759534835815,
0.05721401795744896,
0.5661121606826782,
-0.38438355922698975,
0.28588855266571045,
-0.12140460312366486,
-0.1816878467798233,
-0.30752477049827576,
-0.1222212091088295,
0.17108961939811707,
0.34335577487945557,
-0.6627600193023682,
-0.1700972020626068,
0.39535361528396606,
0.35501235723495483,
0.18135567009449005,
0.34932154417037964,
-0.25128233432769775,
0.4929632842540741,
0.22480709850788116,
-0.5328652262687683,
0.15516600012779236,
0.6434701681137085,
0.39200496673583984,
-0.4707306921482086,
-0.5965752005577087,
-0.3839637041091919,
0.2088019996881485,
0.27628520131111145,
0.5835002660751343,
0.5993959903717041,
-0.18970726430416107,
-0.5689114332199097,
0.49393415451049805,
0.3740539252758026,
0.5872817635536194,
0.14366956055164337,
-0.617429792881012,
-0.2538242042064667,
-0.499020516872406,
0.5039021372795105,
0.10983328521251678,
0.40785157680511475,
0.20579186081886292,
0.6161085367202759,
-0.14916779100894928,
0.4867231547832489,
-0.5538514852523804,
-0.8571411371231079,
-0.25763657689094543,
0.309770405292511,
-0.06553897261619568,
0.5444893836975098,
-0.08940771222114563,
-0.3632528483867645,
0.5801475048065186,
0.31780800223350525,
0.44526562094688416,
-0.18902035057544708,
-0.47678592801094055,
0.2992968261241913,
0.13663482666015625,
0.43669191002845764,
0.49685564637184143,
0.1464148759841919,
0.21170268952846527,
0.32870933413505554,
0.6722471117973328,
0.30597326159477234,
-0.9432199597358704,
0.0042809005826711655,
0.6925886869430542,
-0.3190688192844391,
-0.8496634364128113,
-0.8200392127037048,
-0.4823227822780609,
0.3224444091320038,
-0.38875681161880493,
0.40698671340942383,
0.31293800473213196,
-0.1055738627910614,
0.12865151464939117,
-0.18435773253440857,
0.7204276919364929,
-0.3518456816673279,
-0.28637221455574036,
0.44695553183555603,
-0.3047569692134857,
-0.1926906257867813,
-0.10069318115711212,
-0.061535466462373734,
-0.8032659888267517,
-0.06292622536420822,
0.2812766432762146,
0.8543943166732788,
-0.29513615369796753,
-0.08220820873975754,
-0.8334267139434814,
0.2996104657649994,
0.14164277911186218,
-0.4861839711666107,
0.25444844365119934,
-0.13932697474956512,
0.19347895681858063,
0.22782771289348602,
0.1331610381603241,
-0.39247357845306396,
-0.07881774753332138,
0.537665843963623,
0.388039231300354,
0.042762741446495056,
0.34641939401626587,
-0.08738112449645996,
0.47556743025779724,
0.22440007328987122,
-0.09915308654308319,
0.4051205813884735,
0.18163730204105377,
0.306794136762619,
0.10689759254455566,
0.20566439628601074,
0.1672637015581131,
-0.29000571370124817,
-0.2372879534959793,
-0.05426593869924545,
-0.8936309218406677,
0.0007373960688710213,
0.15332522988319397,
0.7621430158615112,
-0.6282987594604492,
-0.358195424079895,
0.6466425657272339,
0.5522956252098083,
0.20410484075546265,
0.1814994513988495,
-0.28187990188598633,
-0.668494701385498,
-0.4921160936355591,
0.37102210521698,
0.7281889915466309,
0.010346817784011364,
-0.20231623947620392,
-0.138443723320961,
-0.7355721592903137,
-0.23506878316402435,
0.06692899018526077,
0.15562626719474792,
0.2133074402809143,
-0.24899055063724518,
0.8889646530151367,
-0.08040542155504227,
0.36102697253227234,
-0.4921126663684845,
0.5078475475311279,
0.1560816466808319,
-0.23987112939357758,
0.19313828647136688,
0.5567938089370728,
-0.19372226297855377,
-0.04208628088235855,
-0.1572439819574356,
0.19478778541088104,
0.21698005497455597,
0.1310908943414688,
-0.3762727975845337,
-0.7000189423561096,
-5.6239542961120605,
-0.08407914638519287,
-0.03801871836185455,
-0.64494389295578,
0.6769799590110779,
-0.12395261228084564,
0.36739811301231384,
-0.12040311843156815,
-0.07332072407007217,
-0.06205292046070099,
0.24783024191856384,
-0.1746252328157425,
0.021457575261592865,
0.6827038526535034,
0.5846986174583435,
-0.10580939054489136,
0.5417547821998596,
-0.42635154724121094,
0.044876325875520706,
0.5516672730445862,
0.05974946171045303,
-0.5271767973899841,
-0.05365227535367012,
-0.2425270527601242,
0.12691210210323334,
0.18864241242408752,
-0.5357447862625122,
0.344131201505661,
-0.41277334094047546,
-0.31355562806129456,
-0.3065009117126465,
-0.16810034215450287,
-0.27269500494003296,
-0.27401411533355713,
-0.4652920663356781,
-0.2414209395647049,
0.6524002552032471,
-0.1476747691631317,
0.4963562786579132,
-0.4656065106391907,
0.03176339343190193,
0.22106623649597168,
-1.0179277658462524,
0.10832400619983673,
0.229497492313385,
-0.007390735670924187,
-0.30915847420692444,
-0.16942426562309265,
0.4626639187335968,
0.2691006362438202,
0.6890439391136169,
0.4332389235496521,
0.339633584022522,
0.26211845874786377,
0.3284701406955719,
-0.4061100482940674,
-0.07349344342947006,
0.24677090346813202,
-0.5694435834884644,
0.2786232531070709,
0.17596985399723053,
-0.13414281606674194,
-0.11659542471170425,
-0.07970106601715088,
-0.10510752350091934,
-0.3372095227241516,
0.25630122423171997,
0.14296776056289673,
0.4718175232410431,
-0.6851916313171387,
0.2990858852863312,
0.1942954659461975,
0.5716954469680786,
-1.253043293952942,
0.4336790442466736,
-0.22014719247817993,
0.3256329894065857,
-0.6047570109367371,
-0.8309382200241089,
-0.5542479157447815,
-0.164773091673851,
-0.36482900381088257,
-0.1647139936685562,
0.43366318941116333,
0.751605749130249,
0.2393655627965927,
-0.22968076169490814,
0.4427426755428314,
-0.5140066742897034,
-0.8240024447441101,
0.02597995288670063,
-0.3289303779602051,
-0.26704108715057373,
0.09207908064126968,
0.1797608584165573,
0.3335496485233307,
0.062053412199020386,
0.8301007151603699,
0.2474370151758194,
0.4562776982784271,
-0.524216890335083,
-0.3800331950187683,
0.5529629588127136,
-0.8905757665634155,
-0.047206755727529526,
0.12209979444742203,
0.0028242298867553473,
0.1646423488855362,
0.7943748235702515,
-0.06237288936972618,
-0.2534621059894562,
0.547069787979126,
-0.46582651138305664,
-0.003873103763908148,
0.4108978807926178,
-0.10709795355796814,
0.03918706998229027,
0.2537532150745392,
0.4480544924736023,
0.8149151802062988,
-0.06936866044998169,
0.5190423130989075,
0.2876198887825012,
-0.12737303972244263,
-0.35494264960289,
-0.20816996693611145,
0.0020479452796280384,
-0.5771478414535522,
-0.18765108287334442,
-0.1542503535747528,
-0.6506280899047852,
0.6273851990699768,
0.18220733106136322,
0.27997973561286926,
0.536518931388855,
-0.1091274842619896,
-0.23503176867961884,
-0.10822835564613342,
-0.08428247272968292,
-0.4113008379936218,
-0.16075287759304047,
-0.6638995409011841,
0.2820301651954651,
0.2813900411128998,
-0.2031923234462738,
-0.19711941480636597,
0.33795809745788574,
-0.1751050353050232,
-0.1751401424407959,
0.330239862203598,
0.017495714128017426,
0.4033346176147461,
0.39390426874160767,
-0.7252461910247803,
-0.4316715896129608,
0.0879431739449501,
-0.6443080902099609,
-0.39738723635673523,
0.2293792963027954,
0.09210670739412308,
-0.25060731172561646,
-0.3935105800628662,
-1.1507488489151,
0.32262563705444336,
-0.17896093428134918,
-0.00668359873816371,
-0.18100114166736603,
-0.39569181203842163,
-0.4555774927139282,
0.3644338548183441,
-0.25154510140419006,
-0.37362197041511536,
0.11485003679990768,
0.46492210030555725,
0.3326902389526367,
0.4183524250984192,
-0.37165799736976624,
-0.6400054097175598,
0.1673489362001419,
0.23374143242835999,
0.19757094979286194,
0.051408782601356506,
-0.9902152419090271,
-0.2749105989933014,
0.42982086539268494,
-0.2667842209339142,
-0.1675611287355423,
-0.2208428531885147,
-0.03132535144686699,
0.07475064694881439,
0.1395612210035324,
-0.45034775137901306,
0.2976464629173279,
0.23291684687137604,
-0.6237276792526245,
0.074364073574543,
0.418374627828598,
0.11304638534784317,
0.24510632455348969,
0.0004084600368514657,
-0.20743706822395325,
0.14919660985469818,
-0.5100009441375732,
-0.4824889898300171,
0.1035212054848671,
-0.9825412034988403,
-0.659177839756012,
0.05084218457341194,
-0.0074284691363573074,
0.5077729225158691,
-0.13073281943798065,
-0.30819907784461975,
-0.3091629147529602,
0.007721199654042721,
-0.22350400686264038,
0.30348843336105347,
0.44674623012542725,
0.1776987463235855,
-0.16545209288597107,
-0.5724754333496094,
-0.36545196175575256,
-0.7056456804275513,
-0.4113759398460388,
0.17336153984069824,
-0.777264416217804,
0.00767486821860075,
-0.11534541845321655,
-0.4025239944458008,
0.3216434121131897,
-0.45671966671943665,
0.41329285502433777,
-0.17186339199543,
0.6026377081871033,
0.504341185092926,
-0.4847710430622101,
-0.020445654168725014,
0.37067458033561707,
0.25980523228645325,
-0.24064113199710846,
0.2920460104942322,
0.9491626620292664,
0.9903097152709961,
0.17612029612064362,
0.001999880652874708,
0.4140539765357971,
0.0037421071901917458,
0.4082760810852051,
-0.5117236971855164,
-0.0826478973031044,
0.025397757068276405,
0.8920036554336548,
0.05847364664077759,
-0.4643794298171997,
0.6076643466949463,
0.8619503974914551,
-0.5933616757392883,
0.22771918773651123,
0.2157614827156067,
-0.13669611513614655,
-0.3924759030342102,
0.12877558171749115,
0.4524877965450287,
-0.28221750259399414,
-0.035022199153900146,
-0.24790430068969727,
-0.10350221395492554,
0.4334483742713928,
0.2198876589536667,
0.47110462188720703,
-0.03276557847857475,
-0.20827747881412506,
0.15921391546726227,
-0.20698043704032898,
0.4304544925689697,
-0.5731999278068542,
0.43915408849716187,
0.3313753306865692,
-0.16575533151626587,
-0.18440578877925873,
-0.2597755193710327,
-0.8719239830970764,
0.3034312129020691,
-0.2557685673236847,
-0.7505956888198853,
-0.5031020045280457,
-0.7500230073928833,
0.18948039412498474,
-0.1987730860710144,
-0.3846447765827179,
-0.24855808913707733,
-0.3058931231498718,
0.5384447574615479,
-0.5739003419876099,
-0.17490030825138092,
-0.49457740783691406,
-0.3710412085056305,
-0.3301273584365845,
0.8898688554763794,
-0.312225878238678,
-0.19904986023902893,
-0.08393196016550064,
0.3173583447933197,
0.3921162486076355,
-0.3462439477443695,
-0.000472100917249918,
-0.288843035697937,
-0.05015929788351059,
-0.4475279450416565,
-0.0972893238067627,
0.2895107865333557,
0.7052140235900879,
-0.09538599848747253,
0.42855316400527954,
0.5489043593406677,
-0.13512596487998962,
0.00912958849221468,
0.7894272208213806,
0.10333095490932465,
-0.46728113293647766,
0.036337513476610184,
-0.017218325287103653,
-0.16680188477039337,
0.38346630334854126,
-0.5772679448127747,
0.025306830182671547,
1.1813948154449463,
0.5922135710716248,
-0.4756487011909485,
-0.1210908368229866,
0.38147810101509094,
0.03801398351788521,
-0.6784889698028564,
-0.07745753228664398,
0.26336508989334106,
0.13168667256832123,
-0.7421206831932068,
0.48298901319503784,
0.03336751088500023,
0.20678870379924774,
0.13390086591243744,
-0.4421447515487671,
0.6093879342079163,
-0.2834439277648926,
0.22410790622234344,
0.10141829401254654,
-0.17500777542591095,
0.036901555955410004,
0.9218999147415161,
-0.3742065131664276,
-0.5716690421104431,
0.5002561211585999,
-0.14126145839691162,
0.1897534728050232,
-0.36488911509513855,
0.7742226719856262,
-0.2633305788040161,
0.11753155291080475,
-0.5799530148506165,
-0.2522130012512207,
0.11497668921947479,
0.05597713217139244,
-0.6451021432876587,
1.187772512435913,
0.1783284991979599,
-0.08620649576187134,
-0.05412307754158974,
-0.22870667278766632,
-0.5895237326622009,
-0.1159202829003334,
0.38597002625465393,
0.12870736420154572,
0.1815619170665741,
-0.4222944676876068,
0.6337328553199768,
0.2795656621456146,
0.37861353158950806,
0.6878386735916138,
-0.35554105043411255,
0.095211461186409,
0.2846643626689911,
-0.39031901955604553,
0.23906224966049194,
-0.11233653128147125,
-0.3359743356704712,
0.06549514830112457,
-0.055214960128068924,
0.11835402995347977,
0.07169489562511444,
-0.07661210745573044,
-0.5080873966217041,
0.45933470129966736,
-0.9976091980934143,
-0.28357043862342834,
0.6357072591781616,
-0.36978766322135925,
-0.15140296518802643,
-0.42815807461738586,
0.8040509819984436,
0.38241469860076904,
0.1016695499420166,
0.6674309968948364,
0.3413453698158264,
0.4724484384059906,
-0.0592152364552021,
-0.4521344304084778,
0.08579947799444199,
0.03898805007338524,
-0.28838878870010376,
-0.6545538306236267,
0.263047993183136,
0.19589662551879883,
0.5519260764122009,
-0.33082735538482666,
-0.13513438403606415,
-0.37356045842170715,
-0.175898939371109,
0.10871709883213043,
0.13371309638023376,
-0.29292187094688416,
-0.23357318341732025,
0.495169997215271,
0.4728248119354248,
0.14327919483184814,
-0.16649340093135834,
-0.1772642880678177,
0.5120973587036133,
-0.09790530055761337,
-0.34316012263298035,
0.0011066743172705173,
0.23316028714179993,
-0.06533240526914597,
-0.1619827300310135,
-0.15972834825515747,
-0.05538110435009003,
-0.16291871666908264,
-0.46788841485977173,
0.4354837238788605,
0.5813990235328674,
0.8286412358283997,
-0.8292062878608704,
0.6511263847351074,
0.1793442815542221,
0.2196083962917328,
0.03508327528834343,
-0.05674862116575241,
0.05190824717283249,
0.2029125690460205,
-0.42281830310821533,
0.13631917536258698,
0.7008468508720398,
-0.5481298565864563,
-0.7018766403198242,
0.14932756125926971,
-0.4111025333404541,
0.03321334719657898,
0.11537524312734604,
0.3197934031486511,
0.23618516325950623,
0.7361611723899841,
-0.3747061789035797
] |
224105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecom%C3%A1n | Tecomán | Tecomán is a city and seat of the municipality of Tecomán in the Mexican state of Colima, about 50 km south of the city of Colima. In the 2005 census the city had a population of 112,726 people. It is the third-largest community in the state of Colima. The municipality has an area of 834.77 km² (322.31 sq mi). Near the coast on Federal Highway 200, it is situated a rich agricultural industries region and is known as the "lime capital of the world". Due to its soaring homicide rate, Tecomán became the deadliest municipality in Mexico in 2016.
Economy
The main economic activities of the area are:
Agriculture: Limes, coconuts, tamarind, mango and bananas.
Livestock: Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and apiculture.
Industrial: Citrus and coconut agroindustry
Mining: Dolomite, limestone and silver
Climate
Tourism
Nearby Beaches & recreational areas:
Playa El Real. 10 km. south of Tecomán. Open sea, good surfing.
Playa Boca de Pascuales. 12 km. from Tecomán. Surfing beach for the experienced. Enramadas serving fresh seafood.
Playa de Tecuanillo. Narrow, fine-sanded, not-too-steep beach
Laguna de Amela. Deep lagoon surrounded by lush vegetation.
Laguna de Alcuzahue. Lagoon 8 km from Tecomán. Visit the Crocodile reserve.
Playa Paraiso. Open sea, Ramadas serving delicious freshly cooked food with Coconut drinks. Usually a calm beach except during rainy season.
Boca De Apiza.
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Tecomán Official website
Tecoman Info
https://web.archive.org/web/20080708062104/http://www.tecomense.com.mx/
Eco-volunteering projects with sea turtles.
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Colima Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Populated places in Colima | [
0.1583065241575241,
0.447806715965271,
-0.3165501356124878,
0.04426341503858566,
-0.2830396890640259,
0.45652544498443604,
0.9924668669700623,
1.1346714496612549,
0.021480649709701538,
-0.21189174056053162,
-0.10896231234073639,
0.7621952295303345,
0.2507800757884979,
0.28307560086250305,
-0.8424240350723267,
-0.014745726250112057,
0.9212415814399719,
0.877046525478363,
0.22931012511253357,
-0.3041326701641083,
0.03281417861580849,
-0.781263530254364,
0.12463442981243134,
0.3574657440185547,
-0.3387782573699951,
0.05378059670329094,
-0.21749502420425415,
0.4768482446670532,
0.141851544380188,
0.07790788263082504,
-0.06460412591695786,
0.08544003963470459,
-0.1259647160768509,
-0.2930959165096283,
0.12881022691726685,
0.8266646265983582,
-0.3354767858982086,
-0.7947520017623901,
0.08307574689388275,
-0.41421976685523987,
-0.19913817942142487,
-0.06613816320896149,
-0.06762078404426575,
0.6406620740890503,
-0.3395499587059021,
-0.08006135374307632,
-1.2198877334594727,
0.0015501744346693158,
-1.4748109579086304,
-0.3470691442489624,
-1.3106311559677124,
0.5061379075050354,
-0.04572824761271477,
0.3411429226398468,
0.5020767450332642,
0.5300908088684082,
-1.094209909439087,
-0.43565645813941956,
0.1866273730993271,
0.8304427862167358,
-0.04376223310828209,
0.8520631194114685,
0.29785943031311035,
-0.5833646655082703,
-0.16594821214675903,
-0.6164510846138,
0.2933619022369385,
-0.2631201148033142,
-0.262803316116333,
-0.28715255856513977,
-0.1299990564584732,
0.4331677258014679,
0.08194933831691742,
-0.4786390960216522,
-0.17103049159049988,
-0.09313812851905823,
-0.7242504954338074,
0.10947510600090027,
-0.12899859249591827,
0.4377346336841583,
-0.3893756568431854,
-0.1348709613084793,
0.8272543549537659,
-0.765552818775177,
0.7406580448150635,
0.6958993077278137,
-0.4639350175857544,
-0.2075844556093216,
-0.31023767590522766,
0.3934391736984253,
-0.7332553267478943,
0.19012363255023956,
-0.18913644552230835,
-0.08231569081544876,
-0.24211952090263367,
0.04846757650375366,
-0.5187103152275085,
-0.09662078320980072,
-0.2840878963470459,
0.5345590710639954,
0.0030768471769988537,
0.15119755268096924,
0.5432131886482239,
0.49591943621635437,
-0.3689878582954407,
-0.5539624691009521,
-0.9400402903556824,
-0.10529384016990662,
-0.29192376136779785,
-0.831540584564209,
0.01669318974018097,
-0.09767106920480728,
0.6313953399658203,
0.43626895546913147,
0.5635727643966675,
0.21358296275138855,
0.6991816759109497,
-0.24644099175930023,
-0.2975464463233948,
-0.9157852530479431,
-0.6625921130180359,
0.9884464144706726,
-0.33879995346069336,
-0.023888109251856804,
0.22266826033592224,
0.37767574191093445,
0.4594998061656952,
0.2908328175544739,
-0.4513590335845947,
0.03583801910281181,
-0.07701799273490906,
0.2765886187553406,
0.020555883646011353,
-0.0008001276873983443,
0.6311501860618591,
-1.2094764709472656,
-0.3353416621685028,
-0.17447787523269653,
0.06307980418205261,
0.25929272174835205,
-0.7344801425933838,
-0.03372390195727348,
0.3020555078983307,
0.23826977610588074,
0.39947569370269775,
0.11656142771244049,
-0.25539764761924744,
-0.796817421913147,
0.1652493178844452,
-0.14519239962100983,
-0.12784264981746674,
-0.4193790853023529,
0.20982146263122559,
0.037253569811582565,
-0.1709715574979782,
-0.2340458333492279,
0.12878786027431488,
0.11298419535160065,
0.25539129972457886,
-0.0468299463391304,
-0.5849945545196533,
-0.38009944558143616,
0.7613417506217957,
-0.31884467601776123,
-0.1482064574956894,
-0.13955867290496826,
0.7073257565498352,
0.40797337889671326,
-0.20990370213985443,
0.6931962966918945,
-0.13819564878940582,
-0.13708023726940155,
-0.10784108936786652,
-0.810290515422821,
-0.46148601174354553,
-0.7775353193283081,
0.6862886548042297,
0.3117728531360626,
-0.2055198848247528,
0.032233286648988724,
-0.6480001211166382,
1.060876488685608,
-0.3481333553791046,
-0.3312206268310547,
-0.7519609928131104,
0.047879401594400406,
0.3556686043739319,
0.34492334723472595,
-0.5056233406066895,
-0.11070556193590164,
0.3056752681732178,
-0.3832556903362274,
0.06106828525662422,
-0.3529927730560303,
0.35282668471336365,
0.4204816222190857,
-0.39635688066482544,
0.23569947481155396,
-0.4407494366168976,
0.255219042301178,
-0.5848851799964905,
0.34105682373046875,
1.0383630990982056,
-0.2837178111076355,
-0.5517575740814209,
-0.03603661432862282,
0.5338408946990967,
0.18642646074295044,
0.09427487105131149,
1.0773389339447021,
-0.10218999534845352,
-0.185072124004364,
-0.09439154714345932,
1.015791416168213,
-0.7075586915016174,
-0.3306064009666443,
-0.32709795236587524,
0.17868831753730774,
0.5369024872779846,
-0.3553674519062042,
0.3612962067127228,
-0.07899802923202515,
-0.7218035459518433,
0.5688655972480774,
0.08185156434774399,
0.3403964042663574,
0.5341549515724182,
-0.18098261952400208,
1.067274808883667,
-0.14357426762580872,
0.47032827138900757,
-0.11522608995437622,
0.050578657537698746,
0.13227374851703644,
0.04543398320674896,
-0.026259062811732292,
-0.4331599771976471,
-0.27740246057510376,
0.14024323225021362,
-0.5196731686592102,
-0.10393587499856949,
-0.06427937000989914,
-0.6889644265174866,
0.23484736680984497,
0.7824006676673889,
0.5014476776123047,
-0.34041309356689453,
0.038616277277469635,
-0.3003392517566681,
-0.056090015918016434,
0.48520147800445557,
0.19052428007125854,
0.35259464383125305,
-0.6953889727592468,
0.172992542386055,
-0.6596200466156006,
-0.33118918538093567,
-0.3397603929042816,
0.4254910349845886,
0.10395868122577667,
0.14498010277748108,
0.0719059407711029,
-0.0964992567896843,
0.9388679265975952,
-0.5110716819763184,
-1.1051274538040161,
0.3492288887500763,
-0.23086951673030853,
-0.6065875887870789,
-0.20756445825099945,
0.3607501685619354,
-0.6351218223571777,
0.11902430653572083,
-0.26175910234451294,
0.25357910990715027,
0.024521738290786743,
-0.27385252714157104,
-0.1101636216044426,
-1.034553050994873,
0.2605111598968506,
-0.07879536598920822,
1.2084438800811768,
-0.11584532260894775,
-0.2786710858345032,
-0.16035425662994385,
-0.6786381602287292,
0.13889899849891663,
-0.6360635757446289,
-0.27583926916122437,
-0.3108438551425934,
0.06980166584253311,
-0.23125147819519043,
0.03692703694105148,
0.5112095475196838,
-0.4363403916358948,
-0.41602441668510437,
-0.2147752344608307,
-0.0210088100284338,
0.7485017776489258,
-0.8237677812576294,
-0.23822031915187836,
0.7160825729370117,
0.16812095046043396,
0.5713431239128113,
-0.06329960376024246,
-0.05725584179162979,
0.24058793485164642,
-0.04978201165795326,
-4.906681537628174,
0.5956884026527405,
-0.07900678366422653,
-0.842430591583252,
0.844368040561676,
-0.43676334619522095,
0.31834301352500916,
-0.09516118466854095,
0.5802837014198303,
-0.11796364188194275,
0.21013116836547852,
-0.11306188255548477,
-0.3501446545124054,
0.8968024849891663,
0.3301073908805847,
0.6223137378692627,
0.05130543187260628,
-0.13470417261123657,
0.48100966215133667,
-0.2838937044143677,
0.027271561324596405,
-0.061219971626996994,
-0.2508515417575836,
1.1190123558044434,
-0.052072372287511826,
0.3472086787223816,
-0.40963980555534363,
-0.636117696762085,
-0.3779849112033844,
-0.22826968133449554,
-0.12881724536418915,
0.034682560712099075,
-0.36426055431365967,
0.7163926362991333,
-0.35992005467414856,
0.6785960793495178,
0.5833677649497986,
-0.3330400884151459,
-0.06550329923629761,
-0.5666775107383728,
0.3278518617153168,
0.347486287355423,
0.19188328087329865,
-0.7463306188583374,
0.9551417231559753,
-0.10751856863498688,
-0.11899357289075851,
-0.14192456007003784,
0.28230801224708557,
0.43710196018218994,
0.4979229271411896,
-0.40706560015678406,
0.7613610029220581,
0.0202430859208107,
0.2629862129688263,
-0.3834461271762848,
1.0824638605117798,
-0.07674884796142578,
-0.39781951904296875,
0.927624523639679,
-0.5721616148948669,
0.04265058785676956,
-0.035850975662469864,
-0.7524703741073608,
0.047596439719200134,
0.18801765143871307,
0.7780774235725403,
-0.11066089570522308,
0.6909000277519226,
-0.21060732007026672,
-0.42613962292671204,
0.6411775350570679,
-0.6613335609436035,
-0.8717876076698303,
0.26326122879981995,
-0.2516777515411377,
-0.5443379878997803,
0.6923341155052185,
-0.7154661417007446,
0.5338782072067261,
0.10774238407611847,
0.24308352172374725,
0.2890647351741791,
0.018542679026722908,
0.10218449681997299,
0.17356818914413452,
0.0345325693488121,
0.5626187324523926,
0.10316574573516846,
0.05400307849049568,
0.6091721057891846,
0.06481211632490158,
0.40937191247940063,
0.077142633497715,
-0.3640507757663727,
-0.16237026453018188,
0.1199108436703682,
0.3141171634197235,
-0.34266334772109985,
-0.5737597346305847,
0.48831406235694885,
-0.36149054765701294,
0.05890879034996033,
-0.16158002614974976,
-0.13511210680007935,
-0.79824298620224,
0.28284549713134766,
0.16059643030166626,
-0.0016710294876247644,
-0.4904133081436157,
0.14800815284252167,
0.27789732813835144,
-0.9008432030677795,
-0.6281427145004272,
0.1763966679573059,
-0.16565430164337158,
-0.49785372614860535,
-0.2258647382259369,
0.3445224165916443,
0.12757588922977448,
0.2901844084262848,
0.11891108006238937,
-0.38315314054489136,
-0.18325044214725494,
-0.12834542989730835,
-0.3058902621269226,
0.044955767691135406,
0.4063825309276581,
0.1826813817024231,
-0.3537864685058594,
-0.5250032544136047,
0.33693328499794006,
0.3600667715072632,
0.30008596181869507,
0.06957599520683289,
0.29888153076171875,
-0.5561711192131042,
-1.2890030145645142,
0.27587270736694336,
0.03534886986017227,
0.5447676777839661,
-0.17638176679611206,
-0.3673006296157837,
0.2024124711751938,
0.43053433299064636,
0.28033196926116943,
-0.39097505807876587,
-0.9151290059089661,
-1.320374608039856,
0.6518009305000305,
0.04424469545483589,
-0.3063112497329712,
-0.4201428294181824,
-0.1777985394001007,
-0.07928626984357834,
0.12137264758348465,
-0.025479337200522423,
0.4023981988430023,
0.19295288622379303,
0.1795058697462082,
0.47086042165756226,
-0.4389864206314087,
-0.9151563048362732,
0.40297287702560425,
0.38120418787002563,
-0.018356619402766228,
-0.9896134734153748,
-0.259953111410141,
-0.22216764092445374,
0.29658135771751404,
0.02333688735961914,
-0.6552552580833435,
-0.8151721954345703,
-0.335327684879303,
1.2053782939910889,
-0.7529921531677246,
0.8313457369804382,
0.5907959938049316,
0.43986907601356506,
0.36312150955200195,
0.4359125792980194,
-0.47433435916900635,
0.08944041281938553,
0.1883336752653122,
-0.016842328011989594,
-0.23678694665431976,
-0.42640310525894165,
-0.256353497505188,
0.08282936364412308,
-0.2936687171459198,
0.5083613395690918,
0.13441888988018036,
0.22311140596866608,
0.41629505157470703,
-0.31135961413383484,
-0.9921618700027466,
0.11389712244272232,
-0.1039034053683281,
0.48629042506217957,
-0.5192613005638123,
0.26176682114601135,
0.444899320602417,
-0.5252464413642883,
0.6860755681991577,
0.07677661627531052,
-0.7242404818534851,
0.08781290054321289,
0.40271541476249695,
-1.1306153535842896,
-0.05202026292681694,
-0.478571355342865,
-0.6720870733261108,
0.37668681144714355,
0.5453275442123413,
-0.1172083392739296,
-0.23740918934345245,
0.323498010635376,
0.4506717026233673,
-0.6028822660446167,
0.02880299836397171,
-0.44665592908859253,
0.2593211829662323,
0.7405663132667542,
-0.1803186535835266,
-0.1340339630842209,
0.9415392875671387,
0.28463852405548096,
0.1534709334373474,
0.8518573641777039,
-0.8966261744499207,
0.42085790634155273,
-0.4700814187526703,
-0.0011308476096019149,
0.17786820232868195,
0.21764269471168518,
-0.16967906057834625,
0.042998265475034714,
0.2811519503593445,
0.10428169369697571,
-0.3289504647254944,
-0.07965588569641113,
0.48931220173835754,
0.23678380250930786,
0.000297724298434332,
-0.11865564435720444,
0.3634510040283203,
0.4616442620754242,
0.004917636979371309,
-0.7641392350196838,
-0.09699660539627075,
-0.24967606365680695,
-0.40195369720458984,
-0.7040565609931946,
0.2724210321903229,
0.31689032912254333,
-0.8840827941894531,
-0.29378947615623474,
0.6740610599517822,
0.12429476529359818,
0.030877096578478813,
0.13229553401470184,
-0.037269894033670425,
-0.1841505765914917,
0.21368445456027985,
0.15124693512916565,
-0.04668937996029854,
0.09799852967262268,
0.0718623697757721,
0.5079373717308044,
-0.16280372440814972,
0.20916907489299774,
-0.2979600131511688,
-0.09512796998023987,
0.3402571380138397,
-0.00003141592242172919,
0.0596601776778698,
-0.13503193855285645,
-0.49747994542121887,
-0.2682272493839264,
0.22852659225463867,
-0.6591304540634155,
-0.04530910402536392,
-0.12179756909608841,
0.46124133467674255,
0.2008330076932907,
-0.28509995341300964,
-0.37159353494644165,
-0.7878926992416382,
-0.7622851133346558,
0.04093164950609207,
-0.9504522681236267,
0.3201279044151306,
0.47850704193115234,
-0.5212994813919067,
0.1224057748913765,
0.007776440586894751,
0.35297060012817383,
0.7038110494613647,
0.03795371577143669,
0.31348323822021484,
-0.6755484342575073,
0.5891101360321045,
0.10420429706573486,
-0.24411670863628387,
-0.3732662796974182,
-0.2615210711956024,
-0.12113673239946365,
-0.10705450922250748,
-0.29591211676597595,
0.036783307790756226,
-0.5760189294815063,
0.23721365630626678,
0.4320767819881439,
0.808157742023468,
-0.5200250148773193,
0.5731651782989502,
0.8599485158920288,
-0.4623369872570038,
-0.3352924883365631,
0.3554249405860901,
0.2619062066078186,
-0.4399493932723999,
0.779399037361145,
0.26477789878845215,
0.6549211740493774,
1.1254733800888062,
-0.41534408926963806,
-0.7601828575134277,
-0.04155472293496132,
-0.032610055059194565,
0.04052199050784111,
-0.060065027326345444,
-0.28327396512031555,
0.24171163141727448,
-0.7790263295173645,
-0.4380773603916168,
-0.3002448081970215,
-0.24894937872886658,
-0.7640123963356018,
0.7761651873588562,
0.5083125233650208,
0.7687740921974182,
-0.677742600440979,
0.39823439717292786,
0.49875354766845703,
0.2407292276620865,
0.41450878977775574,
0.16137777268886566,
0.7308127284049988,
-0.19045260548591614,
0.687445878982544,
0.20840303599834442,
-0.1283312737941742,
-0.1561972051858902,
-0.31518083810806274,
-0.1416710913181305,
-0.36340874433517456,
0.16828757524490356,
-0.4940802752971649,
0.2806844413280487,
-0.30162039399147034,
-0.4113149046897888,
0.12131013721227646,
0.05757352337241173,
-0.1822410225868225,
-0.35307931900024414,
-0.5725054740905762,
0.2172737717628479,
-0.3898089826107025,
0.9214221239089966,
-0.4516565203666687,
0.33246898651123047,
0.016195103526115417,
0.28324803709983826,
-0.05189954861998558,
0.7638604044914246,
0.20643658936023712,
1.2663847208023071,
-0.4363657236099243,
0.2716001570224762,
0.09905222803354263,
0.2149183303117752,
-0.6044386029243469,
-0.2389158457517624,
0.12760858237743378,
-0.1672714203596115,
-0.5121129751205444,
0.5541046857833862,
-0.3808235824108124,
0.17851102352142334,
-0.3068636357784271,
-0.0819302499294281,
-0.27621230483055115,
0.7905600070953369,
0.03481152653694153,
-0.0006244329269975424,
-0.23642320930957794,
0.9269846677780151,
0.7247051000595093,
-0.25713062286376953,
0.3924415707588196,
-0.12549252808094025,
0.146015465259552,
-0.05267752334475517,
-0.33456310629844666,
-0.1287383884191513,
-0.32539331912994385,
0.5076624155044556,
-1.1933038234710693,
0.13972149789333344,
0.09076569974422455,
0.29233118891716003,
-1.0224316120147705,
0.25091326236724854,
-0.5225239396095276,
0.44974198937416077,
0.11961168050765991,
0.18232333660125732,
-0.16520914435386658,
-0.651948094367981,
0.5909352898597717,
-1.0284991264343262,
0.38749974966049194,
0.5638561844825745,
0.5326564311981201,
-0.25391924381256104,
0.35824474692344666,
-0.12686894834041595,
-1.1189932823181152,
0.5042012333869934,
0.8080928325653076,
0.1299942582845688,
-0.10900053381919861,
0.3116612732410431,
0.06795375794172287,
-0.7264456152915955,
0.6327947974205017,
1.039077877998352,
0.47539493441581726,
-0.12613320350646973,
0.6651040315628052,
-0.07766952365636826,
0.05389058217406273,
-0.4061836898326874,
-0.4279824197292328,
-0.4603826105594635,
-0.5708096027374268,
-0.6168235540390015,
-0.7991880178451538,
0.35822609066963196,
0.2828022241592407,
0.05535152927041054,
0.5527949333190918,
-0.2015426754951477,
-0.48471853137016296,
0.297811895608902,
0.5592053532600403,
-1.1516430377960205,
0.8051244616508484,
-0.35898950695991516
] |
224107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Thomas%20Villaret%20de%20Joyeuse | Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse | Louis-Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse (29 May 1747 – 24 July 1812) was a French admiral.
Villaret was born at Auch. After serving in the Indies under Suffren, he rose in rank during the early stages of the French Revolution. He was in command of the French fleet during the Glorious First of June, where despite being handed a heavy tactical defeat, he ensured the passage of a vital grain convoy to France. He led the French fleet during the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver and failed to prevent a British fleet from successfully retreating, with his last battle being a defeat off Groix. He was relieved when he refused to serve for the disastrous Expédition d'Irlande. Villaret was then elected at the Council of Five Hundred. He joined the Club de Clichy, a party promoting colonies and slavery, and harbouring Royalist sympathies. After the Coup of 18 Fructidor, Villaret was to be deported to Cayenne but went into hiding long enough for his sentence to be commuted to exile to Oléron, where he went willingly.
Reinstated in 1801, Villaret took command of the naval component of the Saint-Domingue expedition, and was appointed captain general of Martinique and Sainte-Lucie alongside the colonial prefect, Charles-Henri Bertin. He served in this capacity until the British captured Martinique in 1809. Returned to France, Villaret fell in disfavour for his perceived weak defence during the invasion. After two years, Napoléon pardoned him and appointed him governor of Venice. Villaret died there of edema on 24 July 1812.
Career
Louis-Thomas Villaret was born in Auch, in Gascony, to the family of a fiscal officer.
Unable to enter the elite naval schools, he entered the navy as a volontaire in 1768. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1773, he served as a lieutenant on the 32-gun frigate Atalante in the Indian Ocean. In 1778, unemployed in Pondicherry, he volunteered his services to the governor de Bellecombe during the siege of Pondicherry, earning the rank of capitaine de brûlot.
Service under Suffren
In 1781, Villaret commanded the fireship Pulvérisateur in Suffren's fleet.
He then served under Suffren, who made him his aide in 1782. He was later transferred to the frigate Dauphine, and became First Officer on Brillant in Suffren's squadron.
After the battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783, Suffren gave him command of the frigate Bellone.
A few months after, Suffren appointed Villaret to the 20-gun the corvette Naïade. He ordered him to sail to Madras and warn the French blockading squadron, composed of two ships of the line and two frigates, of the imminent arrival of a superior British force. Three days after her departure, on 11 April 1783, Naïade spotted the 64-gun HMS Sceptre, under Captain Graves; after trying without success to elude his much stronger opponent, Villaret was forced into battle, and struck his colours after a five-hour fight. When Villaret surrendered his sword, Graves allegedly told him "Sir, you have given us a fairly beautiful frigate, but you made us pay dearly for her!"; some authors add that Graves returned Villaret his sword.
Villaret was taken prisoner. Despite the loss of Naïade, the British squadron was unable to locate the French ships, which had already departed. Naïade was not commissioned in the Royal Navy and was sold.
Villaret was released in June 1783, after the Treaty of Versailles, and was awarded him the Order of Saint Louis.
Villaret was promoted to Lieutenant in 1784 for his service. After the war, Villaret served in the harbour of Lorient.
French Revolution
In 1791, Villaret was appointed to command the frigate Prudente to transport troops to Saint-Domingue. Arriving shortly before the slave revolt that launched the Haitian Revolution, he helped the governor transport troops around the island.
On 14 March 1792, he swore the "civic oath" to the Republic, while his brother emigrated. Promoted to Captain in 1792, he was given the command of the 74-gun Trajan in 1793; in May 1793, part of a squadron under Morard de Galle, he was tasked with watching the coasts of Morbihan and Loire, to prevent the British from aiding the Revolt in the Vendée.
When the rest of the Brest fleet sailed to Belle-Isle and the Quibéron mutinies broke out among many ships in the fleet, Villaret was one of the few officers who maintained order aboard his ship.
In 1794, Villaret was promoted to Rear-admiral, and Jeanbon Saint André appointed him to command the 25-ship Brest fleet. Setting his flag on the 120-gun Montagne, Villaret reorganised and revitalised the Brest fleet. Among other measures, Saint André and Villaret-Joyeuse founded a naval artillery school.
Atlantic campaign of May 1794
In the summer of 1794, Villaret sailed with 23 ships of the line and 16 frigates to protect a 170-ship food convoy under Rear-admiral Vanstabel, incoming from the United States. The convoy was necessary to relieve France from famine after a disastrous harvest, and the British Channel Fleet under Admiral Lord Howe had set out to prevent it from reaching France; the orders of the National Convention to the fleet were to stall the British forces and prevent them from intercepting the convoy at all costs.
The Brest fleet departed and sailed to the Azores to wait for the arrival of Vanstabel's convoy. On 28 May, the French and British fleets came in contact 100 leagues off Ushant, and began seeking each other in the fog; the engagement culminated in the Glorious First of June. Although suffering severe losses, he rallied his remaining ships and rescued several of his ships; most importantly, the grain convoy reached Brest unmolested.
Supported by Saint-André, Villaret-Joyeuse kept his command despite the tactical defeat. He blamed his losses on the conduct of several of his captains who had failed to fulfil their duties. On 27 September 1794, Villaret-Joyeuse was promoted to Vice-admiral.
Croisière du Grand Hiver
In December, the Committee of Public Safety ordered him to attack British commerce in the Croisière du Grand Hiver. Although the cruise did lead to the capture of a number of British merchant ships, the French fleet was battered by storms in which several ships were sunk and all the surviving ships suffered heavy damage.
Battle of Groix
In June 1795, he sailed with nine ships to relieve a small squadron near Belle Île. During Cornwallis's Retreat, Villaret-Joyeuse tried to engage the small British squadron blockading Belle Île. Unable to bring them to battle, Villaret attempted to return to Brest, but contrary winds forced him towards Lorient. Close to Lorient, Villaret-Joyeuse was discovered by British admiral Alexander Hood's fleet, guarding the expedition to Quiberon. During Second Battle of Groix, several of Villaret's ships disobeyed his orders and sailed away, with three ships of the line being captured by the British.
In 1796, Villaret-Joyeuse was appointed to command the fleet for the Expédition d'Irlande, an attempt to land General Hoche's army in Ireland; opposed to the project, Villaret was replaced with Morard de Galle.
Political career
In 1796, Villaret was elected to the Council of Five Hundred as a representative of Morbihan. As a member of the Club de Clichy, then considered to constitute the Royalist party, he gave several speeches about the colonies, speaking against the emancipation of slaves. He also lobbied in favour of strengthening the Navy.
After the Coup of 18 Fructidor, Villaret was sentenced to deportation to Cayenne; he went into hiding until the French Directory ordered those who had escaped deportation to Guyane exiled to the Île d'Oléron; then, Villaret willingly surrendered himself. He remained on Oléron until the advent of the French Consulate.
Saint-Domingue expedition and Martinique
In 1801, Bonaparte ended Villaret-Joyeuse's exile and returned him to active command. Initially, Napoleon wanted Villaret-Joyeuse to prepare an expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope, then head into the Indian Ocean. With the Peace of Amiens, Bonaparte decided to attempt to regain control of Haiti with the Saint-Domingue expedition. In December 1801, Villaret set out with ten French and five Spanish ships and nine frigates and corvettes, with his flag on the 120-gun Océan, ferrying 7000 of General Leclerc's expeditionary forces to Saint Domingue. Two further squadron, one from Lorient comprising one ship, two frigates and 1200 soldiers, and the other from Rochefort with six ships, six frigates, two corvettes and 3000 soldiers, joined his fleet off Brest. Conflicts over command led Villaret to return to France with the majority of the fleet.
In April 1802, Bonaparte appointed Villaret him "Capitaine-General of Martinique and Sainte-Lucie". Taking control of Martinique in September in accordance with the Treaty of Amiens, he faced the threats of slave-uprisings, yellow fever and the possibility of invasion. On 3 November 1802, Villared founded a 94-strong force of Gendarmerie at Martinique, and on 8 July 1803, a company of black Chasseurs Volontaires de la Martinique.
He cooperated with Admirals Missiessy and Villeneuve who sailed into the Caribbean in 1805 during the Trafalgar Campaign.
In January 1809, a British expedition invaded Martinique and laid siege to the fortress at Fort-de-France. After the British were able to bring up their heavy artillery, the month-long siege ended on 24 February with the surrender of Villaret.
Upon his return to France, Villaret's conduct was condemned by an inquiry council; he requested in vain a Court-martial to clear his name, and he lived in disgrace for two years. Napoleon granted him a pardon in 1811: "Bravery and fidelity plead in favour of the vice-admiral (...) did his faults lose the colony? At most, they shortened its keeping for a few days." As Napoleon prepared for the invasion of Russia, he appointed Villaret General governor of Venice in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and commander of the 12th military division. Villaret retained this position until 24 July 1812, when he died of edema in Venice.
To honour him, Napoleon had his name engraved on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
Legacy
A number of legends have been reported as truths on Villart-Joyeuse. He is often said to have come from a noble family; this appears to be false.
Another legend holds that he enlisted in the Gendarmes before joining the Navy; however, Villaret is listed on none of the lists of Gendarmes in the relevant years. Some authors further state that Villaret had to leave the Gendarmes after killing an opponent in a duel, either and the age of 16 or at the age of 18.
Honours
Knight of the Order of Saint Louis – 15 July 1783
Knight of the Legion of Honour – 11 October 1803
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour - 14 June 1804
Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honour – 2 February 1805
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
French Navy admirals
Joyeuse, Louis Thomas, Villaret de
1750 births
1812 deaths
Deaths from edema
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Louis
French Governors of Martinique
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe | [
-0.7192011475563049,
0.20262974500656128,
-0.729195237159729,
0.5292648673057556,
-0.19992375373840332,
0.855590283870697,
0.5501500368118286,
0.1297122687101364,
-0.6099526882171631,
-0.9107997417449951,
-0.3748801350593567,
0.917973518371582,
0.04898310452699661,
0.5653413534164429,
0.31370410323143005,
0.2476506531238556,
0.1064654216170311,
-0.11014937609434128,
-0.20057079195976257,
-0.2502167224884033,
-0.522217869758606,
0.18087734282016754,
0.3330986201763153,
0.10891710966825485,
-0.22455333173274994,
-0.018680332228541374,
-0.26245489716529846,
0.3253101110458374,
0.813033938407898,
-0.07682037353515625,
0.06632556766271591,
1.0349111557006836,
0.14573541283607483,
-0.009255600161850452,
-1.0504494905471802,
0.061091940850019455,
-0.6809918880462646,
-0.7522022128105164,
0.16436606645584106,
0.4605415165424347,
-0.40028512477874756,
0.2550087869167328,
0.39001157879829407,
-0.2383837103843689,
0.10201235860586166,
-0.4026792645454407,
-1.6329283714294434,
-0.1853240430355072,
0.0067718252539634705,
-0.6794443726539612,
0.5384905338287354,
-0.04940621927380562,
0.4565906524658203,
0.686956524848938,
-0.3588067293167114,
0.5204112529754639,
-0.9004548192024231,
-0.29245519638061523,
-0.24008707702159882,
-0.4118497967720032,
0.48751160502433777,
0.41340991854667664,
0.6840838193893433,
0.1828780472278595,
0.12232797592878342,
-0.17382429540157318,
-0.3333423137664795,
0.22372132539749146,
0.1885250061750412,
0.4318985939025879,
0.20777960121631622,
0.25349077582359314,
0.8177158236503601,
0.21880869567394257,
0.011628380976617336,
-0.19329579174518585,
-0.24826692044734955,
0.32804569602012634,
0.32706713676452637,
0.051631905138492584,
0.03701834753155708,
-0.3810495138168335,
1.04639732837677,
0.14224746823310852,
-0.46299952268600464,
0.6259905695915222,
-0.4873723089694977,
0.8127256035804749,
-0.7002944350242615,
0.37979674339294434,
-0.7236669659614563,
-0.38746392726898193,
0.670394241809845,
0.2743456959724426,
0.13465094566345215,
0.7612950801849365,
-0.19114521145820618,
0.17366060614585876,
-0.23410092294216156,
0.27731579542160034,
0.06829749047756195,
0.4114195704460144,
0.5976450443267822,
0.5197343230247498,
-0.3707980811595917,
-0.06959951668977737,
-0.24657073616981506,
-0.40476158261299133,
-0.31697458028793335,
-0.192637100815773,
-0.5372162461280823,
0.44774365425109863,
-0.5627804398536682,
0.13725320994853973,
0.005915542598813772,
-0.11739261448383331,
0.17521710693836212,
-0.5080748200416565,
-0.32770082354545593,
-0.5485620498657227,
-0.004948507994413376,
0.558854877948761,
0.13463665544986725,
-0.38463348150253296,
-0.5234208106994629,
0.29654228687286377,
-0.10393278300762177,
-0.1357145607471466,
-0.22164076566696167,
0.5257031917572021,
0.4108615219593048,
1.1012569665908813,
-1.19990873336792,
-0.3410912752151489,
-0.9270123243331909,
0.2627350986003876,
-0.1019001379609108,
0.46786385774612427,
-0.29262009263038635,
0.1600516438484192,
-0.8671956062316895,
-0.17291580140590668,
-0.6894969344139099,
0.2717916965484619,
0.009641271084547043,
0.1036427691578865,
0.16814953088760376,
0.1730538159608841,
0.19868852198123932,
0.0718921348452568,
-0.6860187649726868,
-0.13156351447105408,
-0.10648205131292343,
-0.15319480001926422,
-0.4287627637386322,
0.29311689734458923,
0.41639137268066406,
0.14318601787090302,
0.2978436052799225,
0.23546531796455383,
-0.1494295597076416,
0.12505145370960236,
-0.3315909802913666,
0.23191222548484802,
0.49295660853385925,
-0.16929413378238678,
0.057804763317108154,
0.020985642448067665,
-0.27461716532707214,
-0.3268621861934662,
-0.22745481133460999,
-0.2526508867740631,
0.6121231317520142,
-0.33909451961517334,
0.0355709008872509,
0.814793586730957,
0.16736628115177155,
0.15794780850410461,
0.6223758459091187,
-0.634473443031311,
-0.6985693573951721,
0.05760664492845535,
0.48660343885421753,
-0.13903167843818665,
0.489060640335083,
0.42861881852149963,
0.6479589343070984,
-0.3898148834705353,
0.21313580870628357,
-0.09844640642404556,
-0.7841189503669739,
-0.5811689496040344,
0.18336044251918793,
-0.41671228408813477,
1.267073154449463,
0.2875690162181854,
-0.9265590906143188,
0.7106773853302002,
0.10511577874422073,
0.2476547360420227,
-0.8519784808158875,
0.21495535969734192,
0.2381870150566101,
0.4504958391189575,
-0.4196701645851135,
0.9559757709503174,
-0.0432487353682518,
0.05149621143937111,
-0.17699962854385376,
1.2840266227722168,
0.36412060260772705,
-0.6935682892799377,
0.7474945783615112,
0.4301578998565674,
-0.0713944137096405,
-0.7005822062492371,
-0.5405371785163879,
-0.26078277826309204,
0.07092548906803131,
0.011826376430690289,
0.20126396417617798,
0.10244791954755783,
-0.3695116937160492,
1.0806573629379272,
0.24300236999988556,
0.6668688058853149,
0.17687901854515076,
0.17359241843223572,
-0.6225590109825134,
-0.7648963332176208,
0.0037014842964708805,
0.15762946009635925,
0.00019000247993972152,
-0.47089290618896484,
0.033007506281137466,
0.43624189496040344,
-0.03774743154644966,
-0.3692101538181305,
-0.2399130016565323,
-0.2533913850784302,
0.28961899876594543,
0.5244392156600952,
-0.20265373587608337,
0.5087640285491943,
0.5083433389663696,
0.6846604347229004,
-0.308320552110672,
-0.3887775242328644,
-0.005394045729190111,
-0.4977909326553345,
0.08062628656625748,
0.7440422177314758,
0.24144195020198822,
-0.20747876167297363,
0.13416588306427002,
-0.6559365391731262,
0.6277688145637512,
0.3771788775920868,
-0.25438451766967773,
0.3894694149494171,
0.17884480953216553,
-0.07107581943273544,
-0.12049207091331482,
0.17444707453250885,
0.317824125289917,
-0.15973816812038422,
-0.26811373233795166,
-0.04775421693921089,
0.6172842383384705,
0.006051311269402504,
-0.017947135493159294,
-0.6061021089553833,
0.4778238832950592,
-0.8070963025093079,
0.14558811485767365,
-0.0880487784743309,
-0.47200021147727966,
0.7504099011421204,
-0.30922967195510864,
-0.03208509087562561,
0.21389488875865936,
0.8465756773948669,
-1.2088156938552856,
0.03216058388352394,
0.16290253400802612,
0.23747028410434723,
0.061395686119794846,
-0.3356817960739136,
0.3147720396518707,
-0.1963597536087036,
0.014162039384245872,
-0.02919456735253334,
-0.23937521874904633,
0.3827331066131592,
0.030567249283194542,
-0.3544645309448242,
-0.7541000843048096,
-0.6937181353569031,
0.19960130751132965,
0.12767133116722107,
-1.0347243547439575,
0.42095431685447693,
0.352365106344223,
0.14288565516471863,
0.30166691541671753,
-0.27971121668815613,
0.491263210773468,
0.594361424446106,
-5.099134922027588,
-0.058017268776893616,
0.13406482338905334,
0.22792789340019226,
-0.21906211972236633,
-0.20043237507343292,
0.3796539902687073,
-0.484147310256958,
0.2114393264055252,
-0.12370453774929047,
0.6235596537590027,
0.1625961810350418,
0.10617171972990036,
0.46228843927383423,
0.5484105348587036,
0.5176635384559631,
0.9792314171791077,
-0.32799452543258667,
0.3248909115791321,
-0.049081698060035706,
0.0463845320045948,
0.5461270213127136,
0.0024112965911626816,
0.28083205223083496,
-0.08072822540998459,
-0.061824001371860504,
0.46019238233566284,
-0.07352008670568466,
-1.4081496000289917,
-0.3342472314834595,
-0.28102660179138184,
0.648919939994812,
-0.05296425148844719,
-0.11071395128965378,
0.10971998423337936,
-1.0925650596618652,
0.2316940873861313,
0.7963753342628479,
-0.45548391342163086,
0.03705165535211563,
-0.1791132539510727,
0.10050816833972931,
-0.7020617723464966,
-0.03962056338787079,
-0.24546243250370026,
-0.6942102909088135,
-0.732583224773407,
0.8762823343276978,
0.11548757553100586,
0.6723880767822266,
0.14001089334487915,
-0.39174142479896545,
0.05691032111644745,
0.10251434892416,
0.43590107560157776,
-0.5897901058197021,
0.5183418989181519,
0.15970854461193085,
-0.557113766670227,
0.6274673342704773,
0.65972900390625,
-0.351599782705307,
0.29671183228492737,
-0.46946412324905396,
0.4862966537475586,
0.0703473761677742,
0.02163413166999817,
-0.5854988694190979,
0.0650332048535347,
-0.19891516864299774,
-0.001287702820263803,
0.9293360710144043,
-0.23724472522735596,
-0.7024069428443909,
-0.4270506203174591,
0.05994565039873123,
-0.3307229280471802,
0.615261971950531,
-0.5050644874572754,
0.17016123235225677,
-0.2326807677745819,
-0.3297724723815918,
-0.006475333124399185,
1.0948479175567627,
0.5644886493682861,
-0.11921641230583191,
-0.26373493671417236,
0.5379443764686584,
-0.07065120339393616,
0.11410530656576157,
0.21460114419460297,
-0.556268572807312,
0.33938518166542053,
0.32694000005722046,
0.17529749870300293,
-0.19065110385417938,
-0.2074134349822998,
-0.21507199108600616,
0.5818036198616028,
-0.007514247205108404,
-0.3509683609008789,
-0.12477340549230576,
-0.061798471957445145,
-0.399550199508667,
0.4944145381450653,
-0.45753732323646545,
0.5688777565956116,
-0.24631783366203308,
0.5378226041793823,
0.769048273563385,
-0.030669216066598892,
0.3355637490749359,
-0.33408480882644653,
-0.36887258291244507,
0.48572298884391785,
-0.7927606105804443,
0.4062226712703705,
0.6210989952087402,
0.5429391264915466,
0.24548488855361938,
-0.28240519762039185,
0.47609201073646545,
-0.22553041577339172,
-0.3844641149044037,
0.5390765070915222,
-0.18837857246398926,
0.1473231464624405,
-0.5307183861732483,
-0.4771699011325836,
-0.0569680854678154,
0.15554402768611908,
0.37529945373535156,
-0.2155439555644989,
0.2476525604724884,
0.6504952907562256,
-1.0559215545654297,
-0.057655543088912964,
-0.7138821482658386,
-0.09636998921632767,
-0.14528973400592804,
-0.06132780387997627,
0.15978658199310303,
-0.48666295409202576,
0.32996073365211487,
0.21453166007995605,
0.4382336139678955,
0.7344484329223633,
-0.10215481370687485,
0.30069977045059204,
1.2747435569763184,
-0.636620283126831,
-0.2990223467350006,
0.6030054092407227,
-0.12133115530014038,
-0.44044986367225647,
0.2763606011867523,
0.12128574401140213,
0.13146045804023743,
-0.13369108736515045,
0.11530673503875732,
0.2088858187198639,
-0.08053731173276901,
-0.7902799248695374,
-0.3213747441768646,
0.4241859018802643,
0.2773495316505432,
-0.3553484082221985,
-0.6231054067611694,
-0.42397114634513855,
0.5728598237037659,
-0.1092771589756012,
-0.7309752106666565,
-0.3999491035938263,
-0.4358425736427307,
-0.014777426607906818,
-0.18719276785850525,
0.3194740116596222,
0.3152583837509155,
0.04682444781064987,
-0.6264544129371643,
0.06538160145282745,
0.06806942820549011,
-0.20660483837127686,
0.3914165198802948,
0.45146694779396057,
0.47301605343818665,
-0.3412942886352539,
-0.5353866815567017,
-0.6190875768661499,
-0.12023930251598358,
-0.05235855653882027,
0.09752319753170013,
-0.3606588542461395,
0.3597445487976074,
0.12368632107973099,
-0.08833488076925278,
-0.4206637740135193,
0.25726768374443054,
0.4409925043582916,
-0.5818408727645874,
0.15549525618553162,
0.08785368502140045,
0.08458127826452255,
0.25989845395088196,
-0.12480082362890244,
-0.9621354341506958,
0.18464617431163788,
0.2949669063091278,
-0.03744056448340416,
0.5341854095458984,
-0.523725152015686,
-1.300492525100708,
0.2574513256549835,
0.784503698348999,
-0.4607158303260803,
-0.3127010464668274,
0.23745755851268768,
0.46392473578453064,
-0.26928451657295227,
-0.5754336714744568,
-0.6622064709663391,
-0.4764089286327362,
-0.21032169461250305,
-0.27296462655067444,
-0.9683647751808167,
0.292405903339386,
0.596803605556488,
0.2566368281841278,
0.8010777831077576,
-0.16866110265254974,
-0.47059881687164307,
-0.0972479060292244,
-0.28659412264823914,
-0.03339137136936188,
-0.07140606641769409,
-0.8961076140403748,
0.6629812717437744,
0.3615250587463379,
-0.2716902494430542,
-0.3094625174999237,
0.3528843820095062,
1.029627799987793,
0.35875463485717773,
-0.4747072756290436,
-0.23449566960334778,
0.4170226752758026,
0.36725929379463196,
-0.5508270263671875,
-0.03954039886593819,
-0.24350857734680176,
-0.4081505537033081,
-0.455453097820282,
-1.2507762908935547,
-0.2120860368013382,
0.8105602264404297,
-0.19708499312400818,
-0.32202693819999695,
0.5021780729293823,
-0.23576559126377106,
0.2465704083442688,
-0.6461695432662964,
0.5225751996040344,
0.14310307800769806,
-0.3164352774620056,
0.33258524537086487,
0.037749260663986206,
-0.38657093048095703,
0.1911720186471939,
-0.06135870888829231,
0.053091395646333694,
-0.2184547334909439,
-0.5963551998138428,
-0.7155385613441467,
0.7774738073348999,
-0.2050626426935196,
0.5345088243484497,
0.3925427794456482,
-0.5233039855957031,
1.0061691999435425,
-0.18616050481796265,
-0.8344476819038391,
-0.03824882581830025,
0.1817818284034729,
-0.34294047951698303,
-0.14649346470832825,
-0.6776988506317139,
-0.1881847381591797,
0.079639732837677,
-0.08629853278398514,
0.7465318441390991,
0.005348651669919491,
0.033018868416547775,
0.07339657098054886,
0.035284657031297684,
-0.09655255824327469,
-0.05366533622145653,
-0.4209628403186798,
0.8078888058662415,
-0.09838926792144775,
-0.02001970447599888,
-0.5178664326667786,
0.6485742926597595,
0.4072967767715454,
-0.4925321042537689,
0.461019366979599,
0.4434068202972412,
-0.04480582848191261,
-0.35108742117881775,
0.12711362540721893,
0.24071887135505676,
0.23519200086593628,
-0.6056982278823853,
-0.11583084613084793,
-0.064987413585186,
-0.2007303535938263,
0.06256543099880219,
0.30031150579452515,
-1.2845556735992432,
-0.553547203540802,
0.30480048060417175,
-0.15717193484306335,
-0.5694478750228882,
0.12440511584281921,
-0.5882318615913391,
0.34049832820892334,
0.3096800446510315,
-0.042148951441049576,
-0.5016530752182007,
-0.01461417879909277,
0.36348673701286316,
0.04103855416178703,
0.021945135667920113,
-0.8552036881446838,
0.5609729886054993,
-0.5104782581329346,
0.3724457919597626,
0.11863430589437485,
-0.640733540058136,
0.07799895852804184,
-0.2035961151123047,
0.5479506850242615,
1.182483196258545,
-0.4847818613052368,
-0.29031655192375183,
-0.1968114823102951,
0.5229749083518982,
-0.12220108509063721,
0.20134536921977997,
0.1690548211336136,
-0.4792577922344208,
0.467929869890213,
0.07798624038696289,
0.5400223135948181,
-0.7061793804168701,
0.08655467629432678,
0.2544681429862976,
0.47093653678894043,
-0.7484453916549683,
-0.3331015110015869,
-0.13179714977741241,
-0.07232668250799179,
-0.5986373424530029,
0.8412876725196838,
0.3578256070613861,
-0.22738508880138397,
0.1961444914340973,
0.32825952768325806,
-0.06810605525970459,
0.29506850242614746,
-0.04395429790019989,
-0.36645811796188354,
-0.6070517897605896,
0.05293923243880272,
0.20380966365337372,
0.2159188985824585,
0.3013441264629364,
-0.16586464643478394,
-0.008770032785832882,
-0.4832768440246582,
0.07574845105409622,
-0.6921537518501282,
0.49400898814201355,
-0.17568930983543396,
-0.1560528576374054,
0.2194037139415741,
0.306865394115448,
-0.4610157012939453,
0.04126184061169624,
0.6407018899917603,
-0.09093678742647171,
0.42200157046318054,
-0.5499147176742554,
-0.2862422466278076,
0.0820142924785614,
-0.3638577163219452,
-0.0420614629983902,
-0.12304121255874634,
0.7734622359275818,
0.64455646276474,
-0.5093256235122681,
-0.01727575995028019,
-0.19739702343940735,
-0.21938438713550568,
-0.2178591787815094,
0.1618807017803192,
0.24220949411392212,
-0.0911470428109169,
0.2611859142780304,
-1.0368945598602295,
0.1431959867477417,
0.008977225050330162,
0.45506030321121216,
-0.8849765062332153,
0.02713559754192829,
-0.39110976457595825,
-0.23019956052303314,
0.7521170973777771,
-0.6528528928756714,
-0.2640179693698883,
-0.4450821280479431,
0.19728970527648926,
-0.1364673674106598,
-0.19545869529247284,
-0.3564268946647644,
-0.1446467489004135,
-0.451477587223053,
-0.2710123658180237,
-0.28447532653808594,
0.2938630282878876,
0.4112474024295807,
0.1742221713066101,
0.250410258769989,
-0.369050532579422,
-0.2531503438949585,
-0.61180180311203,
-0.9678914546966553,
0.7218762636184692,
0.24702078104019165,
0.45221734046936035,
-0.3051527738571167,
0.5804861187934875,
0.31396400928497314,
0.047492705285549164,
0.09393659234046936,
-0.8495894074440002,
-0.3091520667076111,
-0.44717639684677124,
-0.36972054839134216,
0.5114806294441223,
0.4285852015018463,
0.47341564297676086,
-0.02626047283411026,
0.8203176259994507,
-0.7480254173278809,
0.6042678356170654,
-0.16705164313316345,
0.051342591643333435,
-0.702926754951477,
0.5480602979660034,
-0.08847634494304657
] |
224108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81 | Vipassanā | Vipassanā (Pāli) or vipaśyanā (Sanskrit) literally "special, super (Vi), seeing (Passanā)", is a Buddhist term that is often translated as "insight". The Pali Canon describes it as one of two qualities of mind which is developed in bhāvanā, the training of the mind, the other being samatha (mind calming). It is often defined as a practice that seeks "insight into the true nature of reality", defined as anicca "impermanence", dukkha "suffering, unsatisfactoriness", anattā "non-self", the three marks of existence in the Theravada tradition, and as śūnyatā "emptiness" and Buddha-nature in the Mahayana traditions.
Vipassanā practice in the Theravada tradition largely fell out of practice by the 10th century, but was reintroduced in Toungoo and Konbaung Burma in the 18th century, based on contemporary readings of the Satipaṭṭhāna sutta, the Visuddhimagga, and other texts. A new tradition developed in the 19th and 20th centuries, centering on 'dry insight' and downplaying samatha. It became of central importance in the 20th century Vipassanā movement as developed by Ledi Sayadaw and U Vimala and popularised by Mahasi Sayadaw, V. R. Dhiravamsa, and S. N. Goenka.
In modern Theravada, the combination or disjunction of vipassanā and samatha is a matter of dispute. While the Pali sutras hardly mention vipassanā, describing it as a mental quality alongside samatha which develops in tandem and leads to liberation, the Abhidhamma Pitaka and the commentaries describe samatha and vipassanā as two separate techniques, taking samatha to mean concentration-meditation. The Vipassanā movement favors vipassanā over samatha, but some critics point out that both are necessary elements of the Buddhist training, while other critics argue that dhyana is not a single-pointed concentration exercise.
Etymology
Vipassanā is a Pali word derived from the older prefix "vi-" meaning "special", and the verbal root "-passanā" meaning "seeing". It is often translated as "insight" or "clear-seeing". The "vi" in vipassanā has many possible meanings, it could mean to '[see] into', '[see] through' or to '[see] in a special way.'
A synonym for vipassanā is paccakkha "perceptible to the senses" (Pāli; Sanskrit: ), literally "before the eyes," which refers to direct experiential perception. Thus, the type of seeing denoted by vipassanā is that of direct perception, as opposed to knowledge derived from reasoning or argument.
In Tibetan, vipaśyanā is lhaktong (). Lhak means "higher", "superior", "greater"; tong is "view, to see". So together, lhaktong may be rendered into English as "superior seeing", "great vision" or "supreme wisdom." This may be interpreted as a "superior manner of seeing", and also as "seeing that which is the essential nature." Its nature is a lucidity—a clarity of mind.
Henepola Gunaratana defined vipassanā as "Looking into something with clarity and precision, seeing each component as distinct and separate, and piercing all the way through so as to perceive the most fundamental reality of that thing."
Origins
According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, in the sutta pitaka the term "vipassanā" is hardly mentioned, while they frequently mention jhana as the meditative practice to be undertaken. When vipassanā is mentioned, it is always in tandem with samatha, as a pair of qualities of mind which are developed. According to Thanissaro Bhikkhu, "samatha, jhana, and vipassana were all part of a single path." Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." According to Vetter and Bronkhorst, dhyāna constituted the original "liberating practice". Vetter further argues that the eightfold path constitutes a body of practices which prepare one, and lead up to, the practice of dhyana. Vetter and Bronkhorst further note that dhyana is not limited to single-pointed concentration, which seems to be described in the first jhana, but develops into equanimity and mindfulness, "born from samadhi" but no longer absorbed in concentration, being mindfully aware of objects while being indifferent to it, "directing states of meditative absorption towards the mindful awareness of objects."
Though both terms appear in the Sutta Pitaka, Gombrich and Brooks argue that the distinction as two separate paths originates in the earliest interpretations of the Sutta Pitaka, not in the suttas themselves. Henepola Gunaratana notes that "[t]he classical source for the distinction between the two vehicles of serenity and insight is the Visuddhimagga." According to Richard Gombrich, a development took place in early Buddhism resulting in a change in doctrine, which considered prajna to be an alternative means to awakening, alongside the practice of dhyana. The suttas contain traces of ancient debates between Mahayana and Theravada schools in the interpretation of the teachings and the development of insight. Out of these debates developed the idea that bare insight suffices to reach liberation, by discerning the Three marks (qualities) of (human) existence (tilakkhana), namely dukkha (suffering), anatta (non-self) and anicca (impermanence).
According to Buddhist and Asian studies scholar Robert Buswell Jr., by the 10th century vipassana was no longer practiced in the Theravada tradition, due to the belief that Buddhism had degenerated, and that liberation was no longer attainable until the coming of the future Buddha, Maitreya. It was re-introduced in Myanmar (Burma) in the 18th century by Medawi (1728–1816), leading to the rise of the Vipassana movement in the 20th century, re-inventing vipassana meditation and developing simplified meditation techniques, based on the Satipatthana sutta, the Visuddhimagga, and other texts, emphasizing satipatthana and bare insight. Ultimately, these techniques aim at stream entry, with the idea that this first stage of the path to awakening safeguards future development of the person towards full awakening, despite the degenerated age we live in.
Theravāda
Relation with samatha
While the Abhidhamma and the commentaries present samatha and vipassana as separate paths, in the sutras vipassana and samatha, combined with sati (mindfulness), are used together to explore "the fundamental nature of mind and body. In the later Theravada tradition, samatha is regarded as a preparation for vipassanā, pacifying the mind and strengthening concentration in order for insight to arise, which leads to liberation.
The Buddha is said to have identified two paramount mental qualities that arise from wholesome bhavana (training or development of the mind):
Samatha, calm abiding, which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the mind;
Vipassanā, insight, which enables one to see, explore and discern "formations" (conditioned phenomena based on the five aggregates).
The Buddha is said to have extolled serenity and insight as conduits for attaining the unconditioned state of nibbana (Pāli; Skt.: Nirvana). For example, in the Kimsuka Tree Sutta (SN 35.245), the Buddha provides an elaborate metaphor in which serenity and insight are "the swift pair of messengers" who deliver the message of nibbana via the noble eightfold path.
In the Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta (AN 4.170), Ven. Ānanda reports that people attain arahantship using calm abiding and insight in one of three ways:
They develop calm abiding and then insight (Pāli: samatha-pubbangamam vipassanam)
They develop insight and then calm abiding (Pāli: vipassana-pubbangamam samatham)
They develop calm abiding and insight in tandem (Pāli: samatha-vipassanam yuganaddham), for instance, obtaining the first jhāna and then seeing in the associated aggregates the three marks of existence before proceeding to the second jhāna.
In the Pāli canon, the Buddha never mentions independent samatha and vipassana meditation practices; instead, samatha and vipassana are two "qualities of mind" to be developed through meditation. As Thanissaro Bhikkhu writes,
Buddhist and Asian studies scholar Robert Buswell Jr. states that the method most often described in the Pāli canon is one where samatha and vipassana are practiced together. Jhana is induced by samatha, and then jhana is reflected upon with mindfulness, becoming the object of vipassana, realizing that jhana is marked by the three characteristics. Buddhist texts describe that all Buddhas and their chief disciples used this method. Texts also describe a method of "bare insight", or "dry insight" where only vipassana is practiced, examining ordinary physical and mental phenomena to discern the three marks. In the Nikaya-texts this method is less common, but has become the foundation of the Vipassana movement. According to Thai meditation master Ajahn Lee, the practice of both samatha and vipassana together allows one to achieve various mental powers and knowledges (Pali: abhiññā), including the attainment of Nirvana, whereas the practice of vipassana alone allows for the achievement of Nirvana, but no other mental powers or knowledges.
Vipassanā movement
The term vipassana is often conflated with the Vipassana movement, a movement which popularised the new vipassana teachings and practice. It started in the 1950s in Burma, but has gained wide renown mainly through American Buddhist teachers such as Joseph Goldstein, Tara Brach, Gil Fronsdal, Sharon Salzberg, and Jack Kornfield. The movement has had a wide appeal due to being open and inclusive to different Buddhist and non-buddhist wisdom, poetry as well as science. It has together with the modern American Zen tradition served as one of the main inspirations for the 'mindfulness movement' as developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn and others. The Vipassanā Movement, also known as the Insight Meditation Movement, is rooted in Theravāda Buddhism and the revival of meditation techniques, especially the "New Burmese Method" and the Thai Forest Tradition, as well as the modern influences on the traditions of Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos and Thailand.
In the Vipassanā Movement, the emphasis is on the Satipatthana Sutta and the use of mindfulness to gain insight into the impermanence of the self. It argues that the development of strong samatha can be disadvantageous, a stance for which the Vipassana Movement has been criticised, especially in Sri Lanka. The "New Burmese Method" was developed by U Nārada (1868–1955), and popularised by Mahasi Sayadaw (1904–1982) and Nyanaponika Thera (1901–1994). Other influential Burmese proponents are Ledi Sayadaw and Mogok Sayadaw (who was less known to the West due to lack of International Mogok Centres); Mother Sayamagyi and S. N. Goenka which were both students of Sayagyi U Ba Khin. Influential Thai teachers are Ajahn Chah and Buddhadasa. A well-known Asian female teacher is Dipa Ma.
Vipassana meditation
Morality, mindfulness of breathing, and reflection
Vipassanā meditation uses sati (mindfulness) and samatha (calm), developed through practices such as anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing), combined with the contemplation of impermanence as observed in the bodily and mental changes, to gain insight into the true nature of this reality.
Practice begins with the preparatory stage, the practice of sila, morality, giving up worldly thoughts and desires.<ref>Mahāsi Sayādaw, Manual of Insight, Chapter 5</ref> Jeff Wilson notes that morality is a quintessential element of Buddhist practice, and is also emphasized by the first generation of post-war western teachers. Yet, in the contemporary mindfulness movement, morality as an element of practice has been mostly discarded, 'mystifying' the origins of mindfulness.
The practitioner then engages in anapanasati, mindfulness of breathing, which is described in the Satipatthana Sutta as going into the forest and sitting beneath a tree and then to simply watch the breath. If the breath is long, to notice that the breath is long, if the breath is short, to notice that the breath is short.Satipatthana Sutta In the "New Burmese Method," the practitioner pays attention to any arising mental or physical phenomenon, engaging in vitarka, noting or naming physical and mental phenomena ("breathing, breathing"), without engaging the phenomenon with further conceptual thinking.Bhante Bodhidhamma, Vipassana as taught by The Mahasi Sayadaw of Burma By noticing the arising of physical and mental phenomena, the meditator becomes aware how sense impressions arise from the contact between the senses and physical and mental phenomena, as described in the five skandhas and paṭiccasamuppāda. According to Sayadaw U Pandita, awareness and observation of these sensations is de-coupled from any kind of physical response, which is intended to recondition one's impulsive responses to stimuli, becoming less likely to physically or emotionally overreact to the happenings of the world.
The practitioner also becomes aware of the perpetual changes involved in breathing, and the arising and passing away of mindfulness. This noticing is accompanied by reflections on causation and other Buddhist teachings, leading to insight into dukkha, anatta, and anicca. When the three characteristics have been comprehended, reflection subdues, and the process of noticing accelerates, noting phenomena in general, without necessarily naming them.
Stages of Jhana in the Vipassana movement
Vipassanā jhanas are stages that describe the development of samatha in vipassanā meditation practice as described in modern Burmese Vipassana meditation.
Mahasi Sayadaw's student Sayadaw U Pandita described the four vipassanā jhanas as follows:
The meditator first explores the body/mind connection as one, nonduality; discovering three characteristics. The first jhana consists in seeing these points and in the presence of vitarka and vicara. Phenomena reveal themselves as appearing and ceasing.
In the second jhana, the practice seems effortless. Vitarka and vicara both disappear.
In the third jhana, piti, the joy, disappears too: there is only happiness (sukha) and concentration.
The fourth jhana arises, characterised by purity of mindfulness due to equanimity. The practice leads to direct knowledge. The comfort disappears because the dissolution of all phenomena is clearly visible. The practice will show every phenomenon as unstable, transient, disenchanting. The desire of freedom will take place.
Northern tradition and Mahāyāna
Texts
The north Indian Buddhist traditions like the Sarvastivada and the Sautrāntika practiced vipaśyanā meditation as outlined in texts like the Abhidharmakośakārikā of Vasubandhu and the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra. The Abhidharmakośakārikā states that vipaśyanā is practiced once one has reached samadhi "absorption" by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness (smṛtyupasthānas). This is achieved, according to Vasubandhu,
Asanga's Abhidharma-samuccaya states that the practice of śamatha-vipaśyanā is a part of a Bodhisattva's path at the beginning, in the first "path of preparation" (sambhāramarga).
The later Indian Mahayana scholastic tradition, as exemplified by Shantideva's Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra, saw śamatha as a necessary prerequisite to vipaśyanā and thus one needed to first begin with calm abiding meditation and then proceed to insight. In the Pañjikā commentary of Prajñākaramati () on the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra, vipaśyanā is defined simply as "wisdom (prajñā) that has the nature of thorough knowledge of reality as it is.
Sunyata
Mahāyāna vipaśyanā differs from the Theravada tradition in its strong emphasis on the meditation on emptiness (shunyata) of all phenomena. The Mahayana Akṣayamati-nirdeśa refers to vipaśyanā as seeing phenomena as they really are, that is, empty, without self, nonarisen, and without grasping. The Prajnaparamita sutra in 8,000 lines states that the practice of insight is the non-appropriation of any dharmas, including the five aggregates:
Likewise the Prajnaparamita in 25,000 lines states that a Bodhisattva should know the nature of the five aggregates as well as all dharmas thus:
Sudden insight
The Sthavira nikāya, one of the early Buddhist schools from which the Theravada-tradition originates, emphasized sudden insight: "In the Sthaviravada [...] progress in understanding comes all at once, 'insight' (abhisamaya) does not come 'gradually' (successively - anapurva)."
The Mahāsāṃghika, another one of the early Buddhist schools, had the doctrine of ekakṣaṇacitta, "according to which a Buddha knows everything in a single thought-instant". This process however, meant to apply only to the Buddha and Peccaka buddhas. Lay people may have to experience various levels of insights to become fully enlightened.
The Mahayana tradition emphasizes prajñā, insight into śūnyatā, dharmatā, the two truths doctrine, clarity and emptiness, or bliss and emptiness:
Although Theravada and Mahayana are commonly understood as different streams of Buddhism, their practice however, may reflect emphasis on insight as a common denominator: "In practice and understanding Zen is actually very close to the Theravada Forest Tradition even though its language and teachings are heavily influenced by Taoism and Confucianism."
The emphasis on insight is discernible in the emphasis in Chan Buddhism on sudden insight (subitism), though in the Chan tradition, this insight is to be followed by gradual cultivation.
East Asian Mahāyāna
In Chinese Buddhism, the works of Tiantai master Zhiyi (such as the Mohe Zhiguan, "Great śamatha-vipaśyanā") are some of the most influential texts which discuss vipaśyanā meditation from a Mahayana perspective. In this text, Zhiyi teaches the contemplation of the skandhas, ayatanas, dhātus, the Kleshas, false views and several other elements. Likewise the influential text called the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana has a section on calm and insight meditation. It states:
The Zen tradition advocates the simultaneous practice of śamatha and vipaśyanā, and this is called the practice of silent illumination. The classic Chan text known as the Platform Sutra states:
Tibetan BuddhismSamatha and vipassana are explicitly referred to in Tibetan Buddhism. According to Thrangu Rinpoche, when shamatha and vipashyana are combined, as in the mainstream tradition Madhyamaka approach of ancestors like Shantideva and Kamalashila, through samatha disturbing emotions are abandoned, which thus facilitates vipashyana, "clear seeing." Vipashyana is cultivated through reasoning, logic and analysis in conjunction with Shamatha. In contrast, in the siddha tradition of the direct approach of Mahamudra and Dzogchen, vipashyana is ascertained directly through looking into one's own mind. After this initial recognition of vipashyana, the steadiness of shamatha is developed within that recognition. According to Thrangu Rinpoche, it is however also common in the direct approach to first develop enough shamatha to serve as a basis for vipashyana.
In Tibetan Buddhism, the classical practice of śamatha and vipaśyanā is strongly influenced by the Mahāyāna text called the Bhavanakrama of Indian master Kamalaśīla. Kamalaśīla defines vipaśyanā as "the discernment of reality" (bhūta-pratyavekṣā) and "accurately realizing the true nature of dharmas".
Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism employed both deductive investigation (applying ideas to experience) and inductive investigation (drawing conclusions from direct experience) in the practice of vipaśyanā. According to Leah Zahler, only the tradition of deductive analysis in vipaśyanā was transmitted to Tibet in the sūtrayāna context.
In Tibet direct examination of moment-to-moment experience as a means of generating insight became exclusively associated with vajrayāna.
Mahāmudrā and Dzogchen use vipaśyanā extensively. This includes some methods of the other traditions, but also their own specific approaches. They place a greater emphasis on meditation on symbolic images. Additionally in the Vajrayāna (tantric) path, the true nature of mind is pointed out by the guru, and this serves as a direct form of insight.
See also
Samatha
Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga
International Meditation Centre
Global Vipassana Pagoda
Jñāna
Meditation
Neural mechanisms of mindfulness meditation
Secular Buddhism
Upasana
Vipassana Meditation Centre
Vipassī Buddha
Zazen
Notes
References
Sources
External links
History
Theravāda Spirituality in the West
Background
Insight Meditation Online From Buddhanet.net
Mahasi Sayadaw, Satipatthana Vipassana: Criticisms and Replies
Jeffrey S, Brooks, The Fruits (Phala) of the Contemplative Life
Publications in the Theravāda tradition/ Pariyatti.org
Publications and resources on Vipassana meditation (as taught by S.N. Goenka) (vipassanabookstore.org)
Practice
Abhidhamma Vipassana
Meditation From'' Yellowrobe.com
Vipassana Meditation as taught by S.N. Goenka and his assistant teachers in the tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin at free centers worldwide
Saddhamma Foundation Information about practicing Vipassana meditation.
Practical Guidelines for Vipassanâ by Ayya Khema
Vipassana Meditation Retreats in Spain
A Meditator's Handbook by Bill Crecelius
Turning to the Source by V.R. Dhiravamsa
The Middle Path of Life by V.R. Dhiravamsa
Healing through Pure Mindfulness by V.R. Dhiravamsa
Buddhist meditation
Buddhist philosophical concepts
Reality
Spiritual faculties
Mindfulness (Buddhism)
Nondualism | [
0.22724665701389313,
-0.24177920818328857,
-0.49185124039649963,
-0.2425035536289215,
-0.6117888689041138,
-0.0190849918872118,
1.1282893419265747,
-0.03607585281133652,
-0.51569664478302,
0.024593977257609367,
-0.7048045992851257,
0.27320191264152527,
-0.10282963514328003,
-0.1556679606437683,
-0.09917411208152771,
-0.5006197690963745,
1.611285924911499,
0.16025985777378082,
-0.27182629704475403,
-0.2666655480861664,
-0.3603892922401428,
0.45011335611343384,
-0.26003146171569824,
-0.21889223158359528,
0.12431462109088898,
-0.1758943498134613,
-0.12120966613292694,
0.09074540436267853,
0.5026729702949524,
-0.4422159194946289,
-0.22461439669132233,
0.401123970746994,
-0.28532645106315613,
-0.13784834742546082,
-0.12045229971408844,
0.10992029309272766,
0.13656772673130035,
-0.18874667584896088,
-0.38433775305747986,
-0.06327638775110245,
-0.06909339874982834,
-0.22347284853458405,
0.2532646954059601,
0.027181951329112053,
-0.3549974858760834,
-0.80123370885849,
-1.1589497327804565,
0.23062759637832642,
-0.9255792498588562,
0.23636463284492493,
-0.3542206883430481,
0.3921034634113312,
-0.1738559454679489,
0.25394997000694275,
0.20013636350631714,
0.8189166188240051,
-0.7297211289405823,
0.21960283815860748,
0.3748914897441864,
-0.4359622895717621,
0.5419803857803345,
0.11899997293949127,
0.6023557782173157,
0.2673647105693817,
-0.15250277519226074,
0.22922870516777039,
0.18908941745758057,
0.0003189524286426604,
0.4851508140563965,
-0.5797241926193237,
-0.27108514308929443,
0.08845050632953644,
-0.1253328174352646,
0.8107727766036987,
-0.776846170425415,
0.014869935810565948,
0.2681484818458557,
-0.6759230494499207,
0.1069856658577919,
-0.7093861699104309,
-0.4931846261024475,
0.7204473614692688,
0.39323556423187256,
0.12456180155277252,
0.13402849435806274,
0.04492846876382828,
-0.2779887914657593,
0.11803099513053894,
0.1948099285364151,
0.22500339150428772,
0.2704263925552368,
0.02869304269552231,
0.7912723422050476,
0.2840752899646759,
-0.13464698195457458,
-0.4498632848262787,
-0.12511606514453888,
-0.6358863115310669,
0.209585040807724,
-0.7093231678009033,
-0.5219807028770447,
0.10625297576189041,
0.18069472908973694,
-0.4367096424102783,
-0.3270108103752136,
0.06169355660676956,
0.1480902135372162,
-0.5493550896644592,
-0.655783474445343,
0.6035621166229248,
-1.063402533531189,
0.351471483707428,
0.01568683423101902,
0.33284854888916016,
-0.5719746947288513,
0.08963172882795334,
0.16843338310718536,
-0.7971232533454895,
-0.36948418617248535,
-0.35914868116378784,
0.4811062514781952,
0.5626527667045593,
0.7287070751190186,
-0.09156795591115952,
0.23836909234523773,
-0.14068804681301117,
0.5791256427764893,
1.0375524759292603,
-0.3071383535861969,
0.5803248882293701,
-0.35489392280578613,
0.13594850897789001,
-0.16867582499980927,
-0.07314042001962662,
-0.4358878433704376,
0.08409944921731949,
0.4213198125362396,
0.24055632948875427,
-0.24939599633216858,
0.25539252161979675,
-0.9326258301734924,
-0.13595300912857056,
-0.6541054248809814,
-0.3106805682182312,
0.7045847773551941,
-0.22781236469745636,
0.4061221778392792,
0.019087018445134163,
-0.8028818964958191,
-0.18621884286403656,
-0.3567931652069092,
0.29728707671165466,
0.33915793895721436,
0.038323208689689636,
0.11451244354248047,
0.9492045044898987,
0.7372860908508301,
0.6497259140014648,
-0.20586666464805603,
-0.20975221693515778,
0.05461519956588745,
-0.44271090626716614,
-0.14334456622600555,
-0.02867474965751171,
0.12212198972702026,
-0.11033022403717041,
-0.13458923995494843,
0.4489557445049286,
0.10388436168432236,
0.37675225734710693,
0.08486129343509674,
-0.4261322617530823,
-0.39643195271492004,
-0.16530218720436096,
-0.4262019395828247,
0.04243812337517738,
0.6279637217521667,
0.2728082239627838,
0.23161882162094116,
-0.1347358077764511,
-0.8144469857215881,
-0.048983488231897354,
-0.16873197257518768,
-0.38107728958129883,
0.08112690597772598,
-0.15135619044303894,
0.26809898018836975,
0.48527830839157104,
-0.15818984806537628,
-0.17078493535518646,
-0.6532561182975769,
-0.30290478467941284,
-0.33616843819618225,
-0.11019370704889297,
0.8129065036773682,
-0.0369359515607357,
-0.16051024198532104,
1.277522087097168,
0.2156115472316742,
0.5598025918006897,
0.46074479818344116,
0.005845153238624334,
-0.21163196861743927,
0.4245731234550476,
-0.8365015983581543,
0.4550952911376953,
-0.07838097214698792,
0.5485071539878845,
-0.013904264196753502,
-0.025052422657608986,
0.25401580333709717,
-0.35852864384651184,
-0.026208439841866493,
-0.15553322434425354,
-0.08172647655010223,
0.5214727520942688,
-0.9440580606460571,
0.47631964087486267,
0.3215433359146118,
-0.5152372121810913,
0.6490066647529602,
-0.03442729637026787,
-0.19941437244415283,
-0.02956072799861431,
0.212030827999115,
0.8359246253967285,
0.006679073441773653,
-0.10309271514415741,
0.14542452991008759,
-0.663576066493988,
0.041712962090969086,
-0.7752135396003723,
0.25530102849006653,
0.08198069781064987,
0.040930524468421936,
-0.03929048776626587,
0.2521318793296814,
-0.6510314345359802,
0.6391390562057495,
-0.8117327094078064,
-0.10439664870500565,
-0.34591343998908997,
-0.05507677048444748,
0.0462101548910141,
0.5024383068084717,
0.038212187588214874,
-0.26431822776794434,
-0.22777646780014038,
-0.3132753074169159,
0.687152087688446,
-0.21347379684448242,
0.16000381112098694,
0.06013582646846771,
0.10700877755880356,
0.17663156986236572,
-0.33405444025993347,
-0.45314809679985046,
0.04609421640634537,
0.6728214025497437,
0.05471842363476753,
-0.44290879368782043,
0.1489155888557434,
0.3583981692790985,
0.058741964399814606,
-0.2426416128873825,
-0.9877027273178101,
0.03569970279932022,
0.33999863266944885,
0.8050949573516846,
0.14387118816375732,
0.3416479229927063,
-0.7553021907806396,
-0.5867587924003601,
0.239438995718956,
-0.49404361844062805,
-1.4501924514770508,
0.9701529741287231,
0.5009969472885132,
-0.06591438502073288,
-0.3678845763206482,
0.29514211416244507,
0.5428581237792969,
0.6084960103034973,
-0.20526473224163055,
0.19744665920734406,
-0.7491040229797363,
-0.2737753093242645,
-0.24279674887657166,
0.2728158235549927,
0.08910436183214188,
0.660544216632843,
0.5531829595565796,
0.1056688129901886,
-0.2683049440383911,
0.8980000019073486,
0.333364874124527,
0.05558040738105774,
0.569046676158905,
0.1453877091407776,
-0.38652580976486206,
-0.20901232957839966,
-0.18638847768306732,
0.41289326548576355,
0.30890390276908875,
-0.010369952768087387,
0.445650190114975,
-0.3139859735965729,
-0.1028328388929367,
-5.521204471588135,
0.03633726015686989,
0.050723012536764145,
-0.1901734322309494,
-0.4355259835720062,
0.40425243973731995,
0.7401551008224487,
0.2749998867511749,
0.010299389250576496,
0.05211735516786575,
-0.28028443455696106,
-0.12785398960113525,
0.21090686321258545,
0.5257786512374878,
-0.14122575521469116,
0.6148148775100708,
-0.3687172830104828,
0.22173546254634857,
0.16748672723770142,
0.8175659775733948,
-0.05941738560795784,
-0.11542177945375443,
0.2989804744720459,
1.0405551195144653,
-0.40780386328697205,
-0.0999671220779419,
0.009055613540112972,
-0.16156327724456787,
-0.24264754354953766,
0.14574354887008667,
0.4532450735569,
-0.3299243748188019,
0.15420570969581604,
-0.07613334059715271,
-0.3236560821533203,
0.34012848138809204,
0.6844599843025208,
-0.17294824123382568,
0.5030422806739807,
0.3196672201156616,
-0.22360950708389282,
-0.19176910817623138,
0.6338102221488953,
-0.09940147399902344,
0.050992757081985474,
-0.2103472799062729,
-0.728124737739563,
-0.03995731845498085,
-0.015620891004800797,
0.4116533696651459,
-0.32537907361984253,
0.11120270937681198,
-0.2548578977584839,
-0.2935583293437958,
-0.12339087575674057,
0.12022881209850311,
0.41718631982803345,
0.3487924635410309,
-0.6376915574073792,
0.04561617970466614,
0.19203999638557434,
-0.004711561370640993,
0.22744952142238617,
-0.663194477558136,
0.45503026247024536,
0.4788016676902771,
-0.569103479385376,
-0.3921337127685547,
0.4303794801235199,
0.1340005248785019,
-0.3040766417980194,
0.20515553653240204,
-0.211429625749588,
-0.86944580078125,
-0.30096495151519775,
-0.5596053004264832,
-0.291927695274353,
0.12641844153404236,
-0.0023777452297508717,
0.592536985874176,
-0.31188198924064636,
-0.5096029043197632,
0.024881800636649132,
-0.0638396292924881,
0.8592928647994995,
-0.1712295114994049,
-0.09537921100854874,
-0.11115824431180954,
-0.4153531491756439,
0.35042449831962585,
1.137261986732483,
0.27660703659057617,
-0.3234785199165344,
0.6825792789459229,
0.1697021722793579,
1.0175228118896484,
-0.3855864107608795,
0.219196617603302,
0.8539923429489136,
-0.07298935949802399,
0.15732017159461975,
-0.5957903265953064,
0.17802630364894867,
-0.0494939386844635,
-0.7016745805740356,
0.35144248604774475,
-0.8085137605667114,
0.23340874910354614,
1.1299606561660767,
-0.5852906107902527,
0.4183531701564789,
-0.02659907005727291,
0.3443965017795563,
0.21678735315799713,
1.0086387395858765,
0.29460519552230835,
-0.35613614320755005,
0.9732537865638733,
0.1412402093410492,
-0.2000599354505539,
0.06596535444259644,
0.37487903237342834,
-0.3118177056312561,
-0.22810257971286774,
-0.10114392638206482,
-0.42726758122444153,
-0.7100025415420532,
0.22801508009433746,
-0.028513843193650246,
0.2359742969274521,
0.816349983215332,
-0.19557258486747742,
0.5312849879264832,
0.0029343373607844114,
-0.13098931312561035,
-0.8405894637107849,
0.2399122565984726,
-0.08068279922008514,
-0.26642346382141113,
-0.30179595947265625,
-0.15628238022327423,
0.01402380783110857,
0.09271568804979324,
0.5463380217552185,
0.8938314914703369,
-0.30012211203575134,
-0.6141042709350586,
-0.35297369956970215,
-0.4731234610080719,
0.3118288815021515,
0.29117730259895325,
-0.6532350182533264,
0.20745551586151123,
-0.6075271368026733,
-1.050888180732727,
-0.10993253439664841,
-0.27651238441467285,
-0.3011491894721985,
0.17653922736644745,
0.19824805855751038,
0.10897663235664368,
-0.8246634602546692,
-0.8940713405609131,
-0.5247142910957336,
-0.3635256290435791,
-0.18317805230617523,
-0.42201754450798035,
-0.5506189465522766,
-0.4680527448654175,
-0.13612879812717438,
0.35582271218299866,
-0.0017989197513088584,
-0.29997435212135315,
-0.3859241306781769,
0.5040481090545654,
0.6038405895233154,
0.053268518298864365,
0.115143783390522,
-0.21131782233715057,
0.060033734887838364,
-0.328279048204422,
-0.5736527442932129,
-0.20036382973194122,
0.07545709609985352,
0.47392281889915466,
-0.03587356209754944,
-0.16709838807582855,
-0.17620089650154114,
-0.6455557942390442,
0.1499733179807663,
0.0568600557744503,
0.3347649574279785,
-0.44206690788269043,
0.2484157681465149,
0.2777782082557678,
-0.19993415474891663,
-0.10678600519895554,
-0.007233317010104656,
0.06572652608156204,
-0.08054947108030319,
0.08126670122146606,
-0.4374047815799713,
-0.27990972995758057,
0.09935560822486877,
0.48427626490592957,
-0.9199590682983398,
0.35516175627708435,
0.5448437333106995,
-0.20552754402160645,
0.20125922560691833,
-0.23152640461921692,
0.07048921287059784,
-0.0077881175093352795,
-0.3282606601715088,
-0.07704410701990128,
0.6602800488471985,
-0.39089083671569824,
-0.5114291906356812,
-0.008237314410507679,
-1.0448497533798218,
0.5702915787696838,
-0.042412467300891876,
0.13555625081062317,
-0.44813594222068787,
-0.1423545628786087,
-0.28856161236763,
0.7600212097167969,
-0.4796619117259979,
0.7926319241523743,
-0.24704135954380035,
-0.33071914315223694,
0.15146218240261078,
-0.6044211983680725,
-0.1715327501296997,
-0.0790427178144455,
-0.48737505078315735,
-0.32049086689949036,
0.22149093449115753,
0.4432036280632019,
0.17918668687343597,
-0.3747022747993469,
0.5633615851402283,
-0.39797449111938477,
-0.5319602489471436,
-0.668849527835846,
0.3784695267677307,
0.12343055754899979,
-0.5713306665420532,
0.22275951504707336,
-0.02844015136361122,
0.44771283864974976,
-0.1504659652709961,
0.06436751037836075,
-0.1991584151983261,
0.899507999420166,
-0.2699947655200958,
-0.15057769417762756,
-0.40903258323669434,
-0.1347743719816208,
-0.07359445840120316,
0.3401128649711609,
-0.45441412925720215,
-0.15501385927200317,
-0.15493933856487274,
-0.17287567257881165,
-0.2073177546262741,
-0.5923016667366028,
0.27695432305336,
-0.05867497995495796,
-0.6966568231582642,
0.3860728144645691,
-0.43482303619384766,
-0.19363799691200256,
0.004206245299428701,
-0.3306114673614502,
0.15599988400936127,
-0.4681302309036255,
-0.25798383355140686,
0.05039587616920471,
-0.0874941274523735,
-0.22448378801345825,
-0.468868613243103,
-0.004504135809838772,
0.07520680129528046,
-0.23837624490261078,
-0.8531588315963745,
0.5860142111778259,
-0.034471545368433,
-0.4891389012336731,
0.39946499466896057,
-0.9602961540222168,
0.2907482385635376,
-0.04555398225784302,
0.031013278290629387,
-0.1093216985464096,
-0.08366105705499649,
0.12192171812057495,
0.4378364384174347,
-0.30629444122314453,
-0.1841609925031662,
-0.3722817003726959,
-0.589094877243042,
0.3611923158168793,
-0.045234501361846924,
-0.17013096809387207,
0.32687219977378845,
0.22094187140464783,
-0.6955020427703857,
-0.34473082423210144,
-0.129579558968544,
-0.11191744357347488,
0.21690994501113892,
0.3781220614910126,
0.5218140482902527,
-0.42278674244880676,
0.07180896401405334,
0.3924890160560608,
0.15468455851078033,
0.13040201365947723,
0.3680858910083771,
0.21206605434417725,
-0.05592385679483414,
0.47369861602783203,
-0.3276876211166382,
-0.27916762232780457,
0.09061162918806076,
-0.20911651849746704,
-0.17138421535491943,
0.12210410833358765,
0.7055047750473022,
0.7380932569503784,
0.1359483003616333,
-0.0502641424536705,
0.9876523017883301,
0.3574233055114746,
-0.6510462760925293,
0.3293846845626831,
-0.7258633375167847,
-0.6137911677360535,
0.005974265746772289,
0.85174959897995,
0.6877184510231018,
0.5396655201911926,
0.19039839506149292,
-0.38122323155403137,
0.5564830303192139,
0.801893949508667,
0.6970528960227966,
-0.18919618427753448,
0.04220326617360115,
0.18147017061710358,
-0.061759963631629944,
0.9676454663276672,
-0.2786414325237274,
0.17127616703510284,
0.14380086958408356,
0.34870660305023193,
0.14030304551124573,
-0.15080110728740692,
-0.31129902601242065,
-0.1127271056175232,
0.4138106107711792,
0.2966526746749878,
0.22585225105285645,
-0.1895177662372589,
-0.39133918285369873,
-0.09080374240875244,
0.171105295419693,
-0.02076137624680996,
-0.21762442588806152,
-0.3613460958003998,
0.7360928058624268,
-0.5430964827537537,
0.5058311820030212,
0.23369233310222626,
0.03420022502541542,
0.37761858105659485,
0.09417891502380371,
0.12265954166650772,
-0.23991608619689941,
0.29315516352653503,
-0.1911347657442093,
-0.11903925985097885,
-0.7627156972885132,
0.17199203372001648,
0.1470998227596283,
-0.06984546035528183,
0.31409624218940735,
-0.46309661865234375,
0.5885027647018433,
-0.3451218008995056,
0.2788011133670807,
-0.33362531661987305,
0.6131601333618164,
0.27781713008880615,
0.4283437430858612,
-0.15205806493759155,
0.5045743584632874,
0.4421079158782959,
-0.5253608822822571,
-0.1578342616558075,
-0.057451386004686356,
0.4521198570728302,
-0.0892239660024643,
-0.29568225145339966,
0.004488871432840824,
-0.2963241636753082,
-0.5988890528678894,
-0.9153364896774292,
-0.09744127094745636,
0.3237485885620117,
0.029187001287937164,
0.22450539469718933,
0.15889707207679749,
0.5273143649101257,
0.12616825103759766,
0.7356120944023132,
-0.040413565933704376,
0.3112577497959137,
-0.4659838378429413,
-0.38875678181648254,
-0.08669544756412506,
0.19899147748947144,
0.5920829772949219,
-0.09776028990745544,
-0.0020183271262794733,
-0.07315563410520554,
0.40474846959114075,
-0.6999456882476807,
0.16939136385917664,
0.06536682695150375,
-0.4407109022140503,
-0.5742201209068298,
0.752704918384552,
0.12851779162883759,
-0.33052128553390503,
0.38194039463996887,
0.2783278822898865,
0.20279444754123688,
-0.7969866991043091,
-0.10843571275472641,
-0.257863849401474,
0.1129617989063263,
-0.016226965934038162,
0.34978196024894714,
0.17682050168514252,
-0.271255224943161,
-0.6212624907493591,
-0.3988765776157379,
0.5057236552238464,
0.19997553527355194,
-0.4844944477081299,
0.5011520981788635,
-0.821029543876648,
-0.46094805002212524,
0.32829150557518005,
0.4819064438343048,
0.5566191673278809,
-0.012783519923686981,
-0.03894784674048424
] |
224110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%20Foundation | Bradley Foundation | The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, commonly known as the Bradley Foundation, is an American charitable foundation based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that primarily supports conservative causes.
The foundation provides between $35 million and $45 million annually to a variety of causes, including cultural institutions, community-based nonprofit organizations in Milwaukee, and conservative groups. It has been active in education reform including school choice, and efforts to change election rules. Approximately 70% of the foundation's giving is directed to national groups while 30% is Wisconsin-based. The foundation had about $850 million in assets as of 2021.
History
The foundation was established in 1942, shortly after the death of Lynde Bradley, to further the philosophy of the Bradley brothers. The foundation's credo is "The good society is a free society."
In 1965, after the death of Harry Lynde Bradley, Lynde's brother, the foundation expanded and began to concentrate on public policy. The 1985 acquisition of the Allen-Bradley Company by Rockwell International Corporation resulted in a portion of the proceeds going to expand the foundation, swelling its assets from $14 million to over $290 million. In 1986, the foundation gave away $23 million, more than it had in the previous four decades.
The Bradley Foundation's former president, Michael S. Joyce, helped to create the Philanthropy Roundtable, a group of American philanthropists that, as of 2018, has 660 members (consisting of both individuals and organizations).
In the August 2021 New Yorker magazine, Jane Mayer wrote that the Bradley Foundation "has become an extraordinary force in persuading mainstream Republicans to support radical challenges to election rules—a tactic once relegated to the far right" and "funds a network of groups that have been stoking fear about election fraud, in some cases for years. Public records show that, since 2012, the foundation has spent some eighteen million dollars supporting eleven conservative groups involved in election issues." On the foundation's board of directors is attorney Cleta Mitchell, who joined Donald Trump on his phone call on January 2, 2021, when he pressured Georgia election officials to find more than 11,000 votes to overturn the state's 2020 presidential election results.
Funding areas
The foundation describes itself as supporting limited government. The New York Times described the Bradley Foundation as "a leading source of ideas and financing for American conservatives."
In a 2018 interview, the foundation's CEO, Richard Graber, described its four major areas of funding as "constitutional order", education (in particular school choice), civil society, and arts and culture. In that interview, Graber said that the foundation would deemphasize some areas in which it had previously made grants, including national security and foreign policy. Activities in these areas had funded millions of dollars for three anti-Muslim groups: the David Horowitz Freedom Center (which received $4.2 million), Frank Gaffney's Center for Security Policy (which received $815,000) and Daniel Pipes' Middle East Forum (which received $305,000). These grants were between 2008 and 2011. The foundation's funding was criticized by the Council on American-Islamic Relations, which described the grant recipients as an "Islamophobic network."
Organizations awarded grants by the foundation have included FreedomWorks, Americans for Prosperity, The Heritage Foundation, the Hoover Institution, the Black Alliance for Educational Options and the SEED Foundation.
Bradley Prize
The Bradley Prize is a grant to "formally recognize individuals of extraordinary talent and dedication who have made contributions of excellence in areas consistent with The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation's mission." As many as four prizes of $250,000 each are awarded annually. Winners have included Fouad Ajami (2006), John Bolton (2007), Martin Feldstein (2007), Victor Davis Hanson (2008), Leonard Leo (2009), William Kristol (2009), Paul A. Gigot (2010), Jeb Bush (2011), Edwin Meese III (2012), Roger Ailes (2013), Paul Clement (2013), Mitch Daniels (2013), Yuval Levin (2013), Kimberly Strassel (2014), Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2015), Gary Sinise (2016), Peter Berkowitz (2017), Charles R. Kesler (2018), Roger Kimball (2019), and Amity Shlaes (2021). The Bradley Prizes for 2020 were canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Argosy Foundation
Bader Philanthropies
Charter School Growth Fund
Dark Money (book)
Donors Trust
Zilber Family Foundation
References
External links
Profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
Foundations based in the United States
Organizations based in Milwaukee
New Right (United States)
Conservative organizations in the United States
New Right organizations (United States)
Organizations established in 1942
1942 establishments in Wisconsin
Climate change denial | [
0.292937695980072,
0.21334564685821533,
-0.48371368646621704,
0.4260063171386719,
0.2775503098964691,
0.31542423367500305,
0.2486763894557953,
-0.18073852360248566,
-0.18158340454101562,
-0.1626444309949875,
0.2777935862541199,
0.2009386420249939,
-0.14560359716415405,
0.48020219802856445,
-0.6444703340530396,
0.08487503975629807,
0.10830117762088776,
0.3473689556121826,
-0.28278470039367676,
0.05682087689638138,
-0.685904324054718,
-0.5221889019012451,
0.5668941736221313,
-0.07905043661594391,
0.526066243648529,
-0.17531703412532806,
0.6300176978111267,
-0.6050646305084229,
-0.016019267961382866,
0.35491687059402466,
0.25151678919792175,
0.07389432936906815,
0.390397310256958,
-0.6854890584945679,
-0.15683141350746155,
0.15546302497386932,
0.02802640199661255,
-0.1632993519306183,
-0.0634700357913971,
0.02688482217490673,
0.20861013233661652,
-0.23890145123004913,
-0.29648351669311523,
0.39892566204071045,
0.3133834898471832,
-0.0034222316462546587,
-1.7019978761672974,
0.3905053436756134,
-0.47415024042129517,
-0.5992241501808167,
-0.20459222793579102,
0.5441097617149353,
0.22288641333580017,
0.35990065336227417,
0.5362110137939453,
0.5113850235939026,
-0.27633270621299744,
0.23178084194660187,
0.03788523003458977,
-0.6297856569290161,
-0.10737064480781555,
-0.09324540942907333,
0.8655820488929749,
-0.13399618864059448,
0.08028873056173325,
-0.08375620096921921,
0.05762680619955063,
0.5692622065544128,
-0.3306174874305725,
0.02275053970515728,
-0.4834165573120117,
-0.47188517451286316,
-0.07351035624742508,
0.2544565796852112,
0.1274479776620865,
-0.2467166632413864,
0.0029413977172225714,
-0.1008591502904892,
0.7305296063423157,
0.184238001704216,
0.19580385088920593,
-0.09610827267169952,
-0.2848759889602661,
0.3912660479545593,
0.3864988684654236,
0.21027980744838715,
-0.3899378180503845,
-0.08231672644615173,
-0.5638429522514343,
0.17253433167934418,
-0.5917395949363708,
0.02462700754404068,
0.023493943735957146,
0.02862541191279888,
0.5217997431755066,
-0.440817266702652,
1.1034117937088013,
-0.4756109118461609,
0.07850692421197891,
0.465786337852478,
0.06561525166034698,
0.29152438044548035,
0.13406307995319366,
0.23377640545368195,
-0.422323614358902,
0.0866977870464325,
0.18089783191680908,
-0.8295074701309204,
0.12032108753919601,
-0.06088412180542946,
-0.41619154810905457,
0.22932471334934235,
-0.07783510535955429,
-0.4479776918888092,
-0.1325135976076126,
0.7779528498649597,
-0.06187819316983223,
-0.571319580078125,
-0.10095291584730148,
0.20792782306671143,
0.05700750648975372,
1.0255272388458252,
-0.39626792073249817,
0.4525192081928253,
-0.03362065553665161,
0.38693445920944214,
0.057787053287029266,
0.4317079186439514,
-0.4890046715736389,
0.24545475840568542,
0.24174030125141144,
-0.4247756898403168,
0.24481211602687836,
-0.40478453040122986,
-0.22118525207042694,
0.09966746717691422,
0.262560099363327,
-0.22216330468654633,
0.2852936089038849,
0.33959269523620605,
-0.4815269112586975,
-0.4419594705104828,
-0.19390586018562317,
-0.7901409268379211,
0.7658600807189941,
-0.30942502617836,
0.039177700877189636,
-0.12793093919754028,
-0.21298417448997498,
-0.33160221576690674,
0.2207881063222885,
0.07943893224000931,
-0.10804951190948486,
0.1933724582195282,
-0.39951032400131226,
0.9109715819358826,
0.7742378115653992,
-0.20290601253509521,
0.3311646580696106,
0.952845573425293,
-0.28151562809944153,
0.2151608169078827,
0.11085628718137741,
-0.11913534998893738,
-0.11360974609851837,
0.21074090898036957,
-0.04947395250201225,
0.21989324688911438,
-0.41416698694229126,
-0.21344539523124695,
-0.5336588621139526,
-0.004529923666268587,
0.7485523223876953,
-0.28307363390922546,
0.17361773550510406,
-0.1266421526670456,
1.0544244050979614,
-0.37306928634643555,
0.14613686501979828,
-0.5372545123100281,
-0.5845974683761597,
0.23717571794986725,
0.6076196432113647,
-0.1869041621685028,
0.04143752530217171,
-0.29450735449790955,
-0.12134801596403122,
-0.46160340309143066,
0.42015424370765686,
-0.13611406087875366,
-0.08505988866090775,
-0.4855794906616211,
0.3043873906135559,
0.051650963723659515,
1.0734572410583496,
-0.08953793346881866,
-0.46994727849960327,
0.4961784780025482,
-0.002292217453941703,
0.21566669642925262,
0.029472243040800095,
-0.5730550289154053,
0.016285737976431847,
-0.33347633481025696,
-0.7324134111404419,
0.16195762157440186,
0.4875994920730591,
-0.10341652482748032,
-0.2106201946735382,
0.5921201705932617,
0.19873371720314026,
-0.34424954652786255,
0.6103925704956055,
0.10162938386201859,
-0.10374664515256882,
-0.8863862156867981,
-0.06581896543502808,
0.3585399389266968,
-0.23114770650863647,
-0.00504177575930953,
0.6473860740661621,
0.04871468245983124,
-0.28565409779548645,
0.18235771358013153,
-0.061847299337387085,
0.3264211416244507,
-0.2994585633277893,
-0.172719806432724,
0.0693131685256958,
0.04682404175400734,
0.3185276389122009,
0.7492591142654419,
0.16085302829742432,
-0.7315515875816345,
0.3687160611152649,
-0.2765521705150604,
-0.46051087975502014,
-0.4842153787612915,
0.18430472910404205,
-0.1509491503238678,
-0.451397180557251,
-0.06286004185676575,
-0.474735826253891,
-0.0173923559486866,
-0.5519551038742065,
-0.09035129100084305,
0.03216523304581642,
0.5140323042869568,
0.2831142544746399,
-0.19780409336090088,
-0.22010762989521027,
0.24317477643489838,
0.38186395168304443,
-0.034515656530857086,
-0.16128313541412354,
0.008312644436955452,
0.1507902294397354,
0.22215047478675842,
0.3284035623073578,
0.024567943066358566,
-0.04253333434462547,
0.03009002096951008,
-0.1685607135295868,
-0.10953621566295624,
0.26766252517700195,
-0.788631796836853,
0.6414260268211365,
-0.3900298476219177,
-0.12183113396167755,
0.39240431785583496,
0.7588616609573364,
0.05250156670808792,
-0.45394641160964966,
0.1386840045452118,
-0.18567128479480743,
-0.10982406884431839,
0.5377954840660095,
0.7295529246330261,
-1.0292056798934937,
-0.5675266981124878,
-0.05409106984734535,
0.8480901122093201,
-0.13952387869358063,
-0.42215681076049805,
0.047919273376464844,
0.09985774755477905,
-0.2533584535121918,
-0.67815762758255,
-0.053086213767528534,
0.7085310220718384,
-0.2754875719547272,
-0.13762688636779785,
0.12926098704338074,
-0.13462306559085846,
0.07301484048366547,
0.4420336186885834,
0.4121514558792114,
-0.3121780753135681,
-0.4644742012023926,
0.234025776386261,
-0.6073111295700073,
0.0811002254486084,
-0.3900657892227173,
-0.08289781957864761,
0.47039881348609924,
0.4663574695587158,
-0.15555042028427124,
-0.3105301558971405,
-5.849791049957275,
0.43273529410362244,
-0.4957861602306366,
-0.3499644100666046,
0.2493867576122284,
0.27601948380470276,
0.4308714270591736,
-0.20502562820911407,
-0.03322760388255119,
-0.4339101314544678,
0.3732280731201172,
-0.006611199118196964,
-0.07582605630159378,
0.24277618527412415,
0.16766054928302765,
-0.2009095549583435,
0.7515549063682556,
0.25400447845458984,
0.6583016514778137,
0.012740855105221272,
-0.16590175032615662,
-0.5604850649833679,
-0.5480918884277344,
0.7262484431266785,
0.5405750274658203,
0.7484269142150879,
0.07434676587581635,
-0.25353512167930603,
-0.6859615445137024,
-0.049365103244781494,
0.5326475501060486,
-0.24364648759365082,
-0.032142866402864456,
-0.3898462951183319,
0.04118558019399643,
0.018359240144491196,
0.40137219429016113,
0.11175411939620972,
0.35600703954696655,
0.06109636649489403,
0.37015247344970703,
0.028875907883048058,
-0.5151382684707642,
-0.36500680446624756,
0.20054492354393005,
-0.03386247158050537,
-0.7282775044441223,
0.3217700123786926,
-0.7382392883300781,
0.5684926509857178,
0.4702584147453308,
0.48190927505493164,
0.49296918511390686,
0.009186753071844578,
0.243622824549675,
-0.014364599250257015,
0.5870665907859802,
-0.6407573819160461,
-0.051670756191015244,
0.1741981953382492,
0.6549293994903564,
0.4350217878818512,
0.4271240234375,
0.1604347974061966,
-0.5336896181106567,
-0.7363340854644775,
0.35381391644477844,
0.11297798901796341,
0.07835189253091812,
-0.17333221435546875,
-0.1741199642419815,
0.27871379256248474,
0.24900619685649872,
-1.0966118574142456,
0.29223719239234924,
-0.05075516179203987,
0.11844268441200256,
-0.24575991928577423,
0.188797727227211,
-0.2166784703731537,
-0.1850779950618744,
-0.0033436953090131283,
0.2549639940261841,
0.34945812821388245,
0.07192514836788177,
-0.24783506989479065,
-0.04183612018823624,
0.35145482420921326,
-0.22970636188983917,
-0.6419724822044373,
-0.3874516189098358,
-0.039804764091968536,
0.38785508275032043,
0.42115679383277893,
0.4201648235321045,
0.827185332775116,
-0.03990264981985092,
0.29351693391799927,
0.14892329275608063,
0.3399551212787628,
-0.0030371248722076416,
0.07098469883203506,
0.010555285029113293,
-0.5685063004493713,
-0.22347326576709747,
-0.36389589309692383,
-0.318266361951828,
-0.21677649021148682,
0.5093117952346802,
-0.24720846116542816,
-0.5803922414779663,
-0.3201887905597687,
-0.05343209579586983,
-0.9387790560722351,
0.20232245326042175,
0.03168225288391113,
-0.21131959557533264,
0.3861679136753082,
0.0963868498802185,
0.5577374696731567,
0.3757789731025696,
0.36182472109794617,
-0.1938750296831131,
-0.17851632833480835,
-0.10186167806386948,
0.1147337406873703,
-0.3412192761898041,
-0.16126249730587006,
-0.2969209849834442,
0.01605605147778988,
0.6096784472465515,
0.01748710311949253,
-0.051945604383945465,
0.4026845395565033,
-0.23656243085861206,
0.09945234656333923,
-0.18085508048534393,
-0.5069082975387573,
-0.5029786229133606,
-0.008209376595914364,
0.12624289095401764,
0.15990419685840607,
-0.37987250089645386,
0.35687878727912903,
0.2420017123222351,
-0.00896306149661541,
-0.3614443242549896,
0.3217996060848236,
-0.5505207777023315,
0.3279987573623657,
-0.15128128230571747,
0.2698819041252136,
0.41463997960090637,
-0.5623113512992859,
-0.4156109690666199,
0.05159752815961838,
0.14258277416229248,
0.005658486392349005,
-0.13250671327114105,
-0.38694047927856445,
-0.8930253982543945,
-0.47897857427597046,
-1.0261539220809937,
-0.062383685261011124,
-0.005360044538974762,
-0.025792980566620827,
0.004476387519389391,
-0.2927091121673584,
-0.5838645100593567,
0.20994117856025696,
0.1767013669013977,
0.029978547245264053,
-0.5407693982124329,
-0.3393245041370392,
0.2404106706380844,
-0.09845339506864548,
0.17921823263168335,
-0.40752094984054565,
-0.2346585988998413,
0.41175612807273865,
-0.10102449357509613,
-0.44686588644981384,
-0.5645374655723572,
-0.25121089816093445,
0.5285428762435913,
-0.5844070315361023,
-0.232609823346138,
-0.20100252330303192,
-0.10717421770095825,
-0.1453806608915329,
0.04425232112407684,
-0.4780074656009674,
0.4735811948776245,
0.3999747335910797,
-0.02540130354464054,
-0.260669469833374,
-0.1305336207151413,
0.009014868177473545,
-0.4490641951560974,
-0.1901167780160904,
-0.14777283370494843,
0.027016429230570793,
-0.795587420463562,
0.41494059562683105,
-0.14459209144115448,
-1.0220035314559937,
-0.028844019398093224,
-0.050518400967121124,
0.36672964692115784,
1.0526878833770752,
-0.21689768135547638,
-0.24591509997844696,
-0.2465469092130661,
0.04896580055356026,
-0.07414326071739197,
-0.2421334683895111,
0.446991503238678,
-0.34184572100639343,
-0.28782203793525696,
-0.10689764469861984,
-0.501835286617279,
-0.715162992477417,
-0.22520948946475983,
-0.4398050010204315,
-0.22549261152744293,
0.6817141175270081,
0.5914052128791809,
-0.47572943568229675,
-0.0920572355389595,
-0.6215696930885315,
-0.3160964548587799,
-0.4099520444869995,
-0.37412476539611816,
0.11803010106086731,
0.005549179390072823,
-0.005186481401324272,
0.2352278083562851,
0.5783682465553284,
-0.35816097259521484,
0.15726251900196075,
-0.007705078925937414,
0.9614657163619995,
-0.08864200860261917,
-0.6780062913894653,
0.26823753118515015,
0.39885005354881287,
0.4276360869407654,
0.14836707711219788,
0.254883348941803,
0.36478468775749207,
0.6537719368934631,
-0.2814640700817108,
-0.2648337781429291,
0.19956138730049133,
0.28132861852645874,
-0.46633297204971313,
-0.2492065280675888,
-0.26960089802742004,
0.2702389061450958,
-0.2508505880832672,
0.04719393700361252,
0.0659545287489891,
-0.7377305030822754,
0.08901069313287735,
-0.2594452202320099,
0.14072416722774506,
-0.3718676269054413,
-0.5283661484718323,
0.041946329176425934,
-0.8998355269432068,
0.26815369725227356,
0.8051088452339172,
0.1300627738237381,
0.47374972701072693,
-0.765278697013855,
0.022306328639388084,
0.22868342697620392,
-0.13492144644260406,
-0.1937268078327179,
-0.22348880767822266,
-0.4679524898529053,
0.35228434205055237,
-0.24083304405212402,
-0.3603724539279938,
0.4443492293357849,
-1.0240767002105713,
-0.07621175795793533,
0.3221829831600189,
-0.2524309456348419,
-0.5321139097213745,
-0.5815631747245789,
-0.11682671308517456,
-0.1460992395877838,
-0.13817426562309265,
-0.6264715790748596,
-0.0840429812669754,
0.3806689381599426,
0.04719049111008644,
0.36260026693344116,
0.21692846715450287,
-0.4905567765235901,
0.3155619204044342,
-0.25157880783081055,
0.09784498810768127,
0.12445152550935745,
-0.19131551682949066,
-0.2512716054916382,
-0.08289511501789093,
-0.2208588570356369,
0.23186179995536804,
-0.006163561716675758,
-0.44522956013679504,
0.5407185554504395,
0.9147861003875732,
-0.703545331954956,
-0.002771945670247078,
-0.196315199136734,
-0.48520416021347046,
0.4358864426612854,
-0.12270855903625488,
-0.4251510202884674,
0.8550747036933899,
0.17453117668628693,
-0.24359914660453796,
0.26252034306526184,
0.496246874332428,
0.06986997276544571,
0.34193992614746094,
0.03016303852200508,
0.18650342524051666,
0.4276256263256073,
-0.27644798159599304,
-0.322401225566864,
0.3535638153553009,
0.24097740650177002,
-0.10708808898925781,
-0.18290027976036072,
-0.5277692675590515,
-0.6348373889923096,
0.4499620795249939,
0.19709840416908264,
-0.07869131118059158,
0.2905728220939636,
0.3042469024658203,
-0.2434222251176834,
0.19157768785953522,
-0.09420489519834518,
0.2848283052444458,
0.10503814369440079,
0.35154464840888977,
0.13397212326526642,
-0.07991842925548553,
-0.12652182579040527,
-0.5927733182907104,
0.3863261342048645,
-0.4484744668006897,
0.66316819190979,
-0.34846174716949463,
-0.3180539011955261,
-0.24333448708057404,
0.0920703187584877,
0.049567561596632004,
0.32839158177375793,
-0.14537006616592407,
0.28279563784599304,
-0.08998935669660568,
0.1972583532333374,
-0.8052854537963867,
0.16475144028663635,
0.6784372925758362,
0.19035130739212036,
0.42541375756263733,
-0.06552184373140335,
0.5264692902565002,
-0.10159686207771301,
0.4632905125617981,
0.37971433997154236,
-0.3202991187572479,
0.18891479074954987,
0.3484310805797577,
0.02780712954699993,
-0.29771295189857483,
-0.3760286867618561,
0.5598980188369751,
-0.12015952169895172,
-0.09591490775346756,
-0.009365450590848923,
0.16094882786273956,
-0.11736392974853516,
-0.4268193542957306,
0.6210940480232239,
0.00881225150078535,
-0.06599623709917068,
0.6474612951278687,
0.08655112236738205,
0.34009772539138794,
-0.04782393202185631,
0.6221065521240234,
0.3604397177696228,
0.026507943868637085,
-0.10399965941905975,
0.5027486681938171,
0.4392562806606293,
0.20797885954380035,
-0.30376431345939636,
-0.1446225941181183,
-0.07253731042146683,
-0.3997447192668915,
-0.49695247411727905,
0.0911044031381607,
0.2875504493713379,
0.2940196394920349,
-0.06382016837596893,
0.557183027267456,
-0.1844215989112854,
0.1440124809741974,
0.6550428867340088,
0.2612113952636719,
-0.4482918083667755,
-0.30948999524116516,
0.4443041682243347,
0.28435197472572327,
-0.35101720690727234,
0.34856775403022766,
0.028693916276097298,
-0.39383062720298767,
0.3092440068721771,
-0.29524558782577515,
-0.46415817737579346,
0.1815056949853897,
0.015927458181977272,
-0.8260484337806702,
-0.30405882000923157,
0.036654628813266754,
-0.494141161441803,
-0.22246819734573364,
0.5995962619781494,
1.1523635387420654,
0.5400586128234863,
-0.4669964909553528,
0.24902388453483582,
0.04544636607170105,
0.28209105134010315,
-0.28855451941490173,
0.12897230684757233,
0.4029814302921295,
0.30782797932624817,
-0.30470749735832214,
0.05755317211151123,
0.791348934173584,
-0.43985477089881897,
-0.6687948703765869,
0.0948980376124382,
-0.09464310109615326,
0.4763571619987488,
-0.34370216727256775,
0.0732879564166069,
-0.016685571521520615,
0.16266338527202606,
0.17388397455215454
] |
224112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango%20City | Durango City | Durango City (, ), officially Victoria de Durango is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Durango. The city, which is located in Northern Mexico has a population of 654,876 as of the 2015 census, and sits at an altitude of . It is also the municipal seat of the Durango Municipality. The city's official name is Victoria de Durango. The denomination of Victoria was added in honor of the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria, who was originally from the state of Durango. In the Tepehuán language, the city is known as Korian.
The city is located in the Valley of Guadiana and was founded on July 8, 1563, by the Spanish Basque explorer Francisco de Ibarra. During the Spanish colonial era the city was the capital of the Nueva Vizcaya province of New Spain, which consisted mostly of the present day Mexican states of Durango and Chihuahua. The foundation of the city originated due to its proximity to the Cerro del Mercado, located in the northern part of the city, which was believed to contain large amounts of silver. However, with time it was discovered that it was an important iron deposit.
History
The official name is Victoria de Durango but it is also commonly referred to as the City of Durango or Durango City. The name “Durango” comes from a town in the Spanish province of Biscay, of Basque origin. It was named by Francisco de Ibarra after his hometown, as did the original name for the area, which was Nuevo Vizcaya. The official name of the city became Victoria de Durango in 1826, in honor of Guadalupe Victoria, the first president of Mexico and native of the state. The city's coat-of-arms serves as the seal for the state.
Since the pre-historic period the area was a conduit for influences from north and south, between Aridoamerica and Mesoamerica. The first inhabitants of the area were a people called the Nahoas, nomads which came to the area from the north about 2,000 years ago. By the Post Classic period, the area became inhabited by the Zacatecans and the Tepehuanos, who migrated here from the north west.
The modern city began as a mining town, officially founded as Villa de Durango by Francisco de Ibarra on July 8, 1563. Ibarra was sent north by Viceroy Luis de Velasco to conquer the territory and found the city. The site was chosen because of its proximity to the Cerro de Mercado, thought at the time to contain reserves of silver, but instead was found to be an important source of iron. The mountain was named for Captain Ginés Vázquez de Mercado, who discovered the valley on his expeditions in the north. The site was also chosen because it was close to the Franciscan mission at Analco, which was a source of water, wood and animals to hunt. The initial layout of the town was done by Alonso de Pacheco, bordered by what are now Madero and Constitución streets on running north–south, and by 5 de Febrero and 20 de noviembre running east–west. The historic center is still centered by the Plaza de Armas (main square) and the Cathedral Basilica.
Due to its distance from Mexico City, the city and the surrounding communities developed relatively autonomously. Some of the earliest missions in the north of the country are located in and around the city. It became an important stop on the road north to conquer what is now the north of Mexico and Southwest U.S. The Jesuits were also missionaries here from 1596 until their expulsion from New Spain in 1767. They founded the Colegio de Guadiana, which was the main educational institution for the north of Mexico during the colonial period.
The town became a parish in 1620. It was officially named a city on March 3, 1630. Difficulties forced the near-abandonment of the city of Durango in the 17th century, with the provincial capital moving to Parral, but starting in 1680, the city began to grow again. This was because the mines in Parral had started to give out and the reduction in violence as the Spanish government succeeded in subduing the native peoples. The city regained its role as the province's capital on October 10, 1738.
Durango was at the height of its influence during the 18th century because of the mining of various minerals in the nearby Sierra Madre Occiental. The bonanza allowed for the creation of a number of grand colonial-era buildings in the city center.
Various players in the War of Independence, including Miguel Hidalgo, were executed here on July 17, 1812. Their remains were buried at the Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe.
In 1867, Benito Juarez stayed here while traveling north.
The city became an archdiocese on June 23, 1891.
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the city of Durango remained the political center of the state as well as a regional commercial center for agricultural and handcrafted products. Mayors of the city at this time concentrated on improving infrastructure, such as government buildings, hospitals, water supply lines and public streets. The population of the city grew during this time.
In 1911, the city joined the Mexican Revolution under the leadership of the Arrieta brothers. Domingo Arrieta took the city, and the soldiers under the command of Victoriano Huerta rebelled against the government. The Mexican Revolution led to the loss of production of both haciendas and factories. On June 18, 1913, insurgents took the city of Durango, burning businesses here. The war led to economic depression that lasted for decades. In 1917, Domingo Arrieta, loyal to Venustiano Carranza, became governor of the state.
The destruction of the city center led to development outside of it, with the first neighborhood, Colonia Obrera of 1918, to break the historical limits of the city as it was near an ice factory and the rail line. The establishment of new neighborhoods (colonias) continued in the 1930s along the rail lines. Efforts were made from this time to the 1960s to regulate this growth.
The population grew noticeably in the 1960s and 1970s mostly due to migration from rural areas, increasing urban sprawl to 1,058 hectares. One major factor of this growth was the droughts of this time on agricultural production as well as expectations of industrial development.
The history of filmmaking in Durango goes back to 1898 when a clip entitled “A train arriving to Durango” was shot here. However, it was in the 1950s when commercial filmmaking began in the city and surrounding areas. Director Jack Smith discovered the La Ferrería Hacienda and found the landscape perfect for Western films. The first movie shot here was White Feather by 20th Century Fox. Over the following decades various Hollywood and Mexican films were shot here, attracting various famous stars. These included Robert Wagner, Clark Gable, Charlton Heston, James Coburn, Charles Bronson, Glenn Ford, Anthony Quinn and especially John Wayne, who shot seven films and bought a ranch called La Joya. Film production continued into the 1970s and 1980s, with Mexican companies using the area as well. More recent stars to work here include John Cusack, Kevin Costner, Salma Hayek, Penélope Cruz, Antonio Banderas, Catherine Zeta Jones and Brendan Fraser. Film production continues to this day but not to the extent as in the past. The state has a director of cinematography to promote the making of movies here. The main attraction for filmmakers is the variety of landscapes.
Population growth accelerated in the 1970s due to the city's economic development including cinematic production as well as economic decline in other parts of the state. Transportation infrastructure increased with the establishment of the airport. Industrial parks such as Durango and Gomez Palacio were established.
New efforts to regulate growth were initiated in the early 1980s, especially in zoning with limited success. Housing developments began during this time with urban sprawl reaching 5,368 hectares by 1992.
Urban development in the 1990s into the 2000s focused on road paving as well as traffic signals. Throughways such as the Anillo Periférica (Ring Road) were built in the 2000s and 2010s.
The city became a World Heritage site in 2010, as part of the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. In the 2010s, many of the streetlights were replaced with those with LED lighting, as a cost and energy-saving measure. In 2013, the city council voted unanimously to ban bullfighting in the municipality. In 2013, the city celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding.
Geography
Victoria de Durango is located 1880 meters above sea level in the Valley of Guadiana, which is in the north of Mexico on the northwestern edge of the Central Mexican Highlands. It is in the southern part of the state, bordered by the municipalities of Canatlán, Pánuco de Coronado, Guadalupe Victoria, Pueblo Nuevo, Mezquital, Poanas and San Dimas.
Most of the city's water comes from underground aquifers. Deforestation has an effect on the underground water supply.
Climate
The city of Durango has a semi-arid climate, classified as BSk in the Köppen climate classification system. The climate is temperate in the western part of the city, with the average annual temperature being and an average annual rainfall of . In the eastern part, the average annual temperature is and precipitation amounts to .
Winters are mild, with an average daytime high of in January. As a result of the high altitude and aridity during the winter months, the diurnal temperature range is large, resulting in cold nights, with an average low of in January). Frosts are common in winter. Occasionally, temperatures can go above while cold fronts from the north can push temperatures below . During the winter months, the climate is dominated by the subtropical ridge, resulting in dry conditions, with most days being clear and sunny. Precipitation is rare, with March being the driest month.
Summers are warm to hot, with June being the hottest month, with an average high of and a low of . Most of the precipitation falls during the summer months, when the monsoon moves northward, causing moist air from the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico to move into the area, leading to many days with precipitation. Generally, this usually occurs around mid-June. Afternoon storms are common in the summer, and they can be accompanied by hail or thunderstorms. July and August have warm temperatures, averaging though slightly cooler due to the presence of the rain. Humidity tends to be higher during the summer months, averaging 60% from June to September. The months of March–April and October–November are transitional months with warm temperatures during the day and cool temperatures during the night with occasional precipitation.
On average, Durango receives of precipitation per year, with 59 days of measureable precipitation. The wettest month recorded was August 1973 with and the record rainfall for a single day is on September 15, 1994. The extreme temperatures are on January 15, 1951 and on May 28, 1980.
The municipality
The city of Durango acts as the local government for 481 other communities, spread out over an area of . The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndicate and seventeen representatives called regidores. As of 2015, the municipality had a population of 654,876 and was one of 39 in the state.
It is divided into two regions, with mountain ranges in the west and valleys in the east. Most of the municipality is covered in forests. Wildlife includes deer, wildcats, coyotes, hares, rabbits and ducks. The climate is temperate. In the western mountains, the average annual temperature is with an average rainfall of . In the east, the average annual temperature is with precipitation of about .
Most of the municipality's economy is dependent on agriculture, especially the eastern valleys. Water sources include the Tunal, La Sauceda and Santiago Bayacora River on which there are several reservoirs: Guadalupe Victoria, the Pena de Aguila and the Santiago Bayacora, which also serve as recreational areas. There are also deposits of marble and onyx, along with various kinds of stone suitable for construction purposes.
Landmarks
The city is noted for its colonial architecture, including Baroque, attesting to its relatively early colonization by the Spanish. The historic center contains the largest concentration of historic monuments in northern Mexico. The historic area of the city centers on the Cathedral and Plaza de Armas, with Paseo Constitución as the main pedestrian thoroughfare connecting the Hidalgo Garden in the north to the Paseo de las Alamedas in the south.
The Cathedral Basilica of Durango was founded as the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception in the early colonial period. It became the cathedral in 1621, but the building burned shortly thereafter in 1634. It was rebuilt in the middle of the 18th century at the height of the city's mining prosperity, but only a quarter of the construction from that period remains. The church remains dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, which is depicted on the main altar. It also contains Byzantine vaults and a cupola with paintings of angels. Underneath the cathedral runs the Mining Tunnel, also known as the Cathedral Tunnel. It was a mining shaft which also doubled as a secret passage. Today it is a museum.
The cathedral faces the city's main square, which is called the Plaza de Armas, which was established with the official founding of the city. The center contains a kiosk made from pink sandstone. The kiosk contains a shop dedicated to selling handicrafts made by students of the School of Painting, Sculpture and Crafts.
Mercado Gomez Palacio is the oldest market in the city, which dates back to over 200 years and continues to sell the typical green produce as well as candles, typical clothing, sombreros, keys, hardware, flowers, jewelry, and bicycle-repair services.
The Ganot-Peschard Museum of Archeology was inaugurated in 1998 with the aim of preserving the region's indigenous archeological heritage. It is recognized as a historical monument by the National Institute of Anthropology and History.
There are a number of historically important churches in the city. The Guadalupe Sanctuary is located northwest of the historic center. It was constructed between 1653 and 1658 by Bishop Barrientos Lomelín originally as a guest house. The Remedios Church (Templo de los Remedios) is found on a hill of the same name overlooking the city from the west. It was built in 1640 and is one of the oldest churches in the state. Later churches include the San Agustin Church, which is Neoclassical with a rose window; Our Lady of Angels church, which was finished in 1897 featuring stonework by Benigno Montoya and the Sacred Heart Church built in Neo Romantic style.
The Regional Museum of Durango is located in the El Aguacate Building located on the corner of Victoria and Aquiles Serdán. This structure was built in French style which was popular at the end of the 19th century. The building originally was the residence of Francisco Gómez Palacio, who was governor of the state in 1880. It is in French style and has a garden with an avocado tree, which gives the building its nickname. The museum has twelve halls related to the history of the state as well as its natural resources. The permanent collection consists of over 1,000 objects that date from the first cultures of Durango to those from modern times.
The State Government Palace is located in the former residence built by captain and miner Juan José Zambrano between 1790 and 1800. It acquired this function after the War of Independence. The original interior is Baroque, but it also contains more recent murals related to Mexico's Independence and the state's history, especially in the main stairwell. More recent remodeling in 2010 saw the installation of the Francisco Villa Museum, Villa being a native of Durango. It was opened in part in homage to those who abandon their hometowns to migrate elsewhere, with a mural on this topic.
The Founders’ Plaza (Plaza de los Fundadores) is located near the State Government Palace and next to the former Jesuit College. It marks the place where the city was officially founded, with a sculpted mural depicting the event. It also contains a Mirror Monument and a fountain where children play on hot days. The old Jesuit College is now the Central Building of the Universidad Juárez de Durango. The building was constructed in the 18th century, but the order was expelled from Mexico not long after. Since then it had several uses before becoming the university.
The Count Suchil House (Casa del Conde de Súchil) was constructed between 1761 and 1768 by Governor Agüero and then later purchased by José del Campo Soberón y Larrea, the first Count of the Vaelly of Suchil. The facade is Baroque and is attributed to the same architect that designed the sides of the cathedral.
Constructed between 1798 and 1800, the Victoria Theater is the oldest theatre in the north of Mexico. It was originally built as part of the Zambrano residence as the owner's personal theater with the name of the Coliseo Theater. It inaugurated in 1800 with a play by Euripides. Later it was renamed the Main Theater (Teatro Principal). In 1908, it was bought by Jesús Ávila, who reconstructed it in 1909 adding ironwork, boxes and the four levels it now has. It gained its current name with the centennial of Mexico's independence. The theater was used as a movie house from 1926 to 1978, when the Mary Street Foundation donated it to the state with the aim of returning it to theatrical use.
The City Museum (Museo de la Ciudad) was until recently the municipal government building. The structure was built in the 19th century, but contains many elements from the architecture of the previous century. It originally was called the Escárzaga Palace, the residence of mine owner Pedro Escárzaga Corral. The building is of lime and sandstone on the exterior walls with the interior paved with adobe and stone. The current tile floors are a recent addition. The roof is of reinforced concrete, which replaced the previous one made of packed earth and wood beams. Only the main terrace is left completely intact in its original condition. The building was a copy of a hotel in France. The building currently contains a mural of the city's history done by Francisco Montoya de la Cruz in 1954. From 1930 to 2008, it served as the municipal hall, when it was converted to its current museum status. The museum has a collection of movie posters, film scenes and equipment.
The Ricardo Castro Theater was inaugurated on March 27, 1925, with the name of Theater in Construction. The building is in a French style with the facade stonework done by Benigno Montoya. The murals are by Octavo Rios.
The Angel Zarraga Contemporary Art Museum was inaugurated in 1994 with a permanent collection of paintings and sculptures. It also gives workshops in various disciplines.
The Durango Folk Culture Museum (Museo de las Culturas Populares de Durango) showcases the indigenous and non-indigenous ethnicities of the territory. It contains five halls, mostly dedicated to handcrafts and other implements used in farm and other forms of rural life, such as tools, textiles, basketry and pottery. It also contains temporary exhibits, especially of winners from the state's annual handcrafts competition.
The Book Museum is an open space dedicated to the evolution of the book as part of the State Public Library. It also has a collection of other recording media from clay tablets, papyrus to modern technology.
The city has two museums geared toward young people. El Bebeleche is an interactive children's museum, with exhibits concentrated in science and technology. The Acertijo Museum is also an interactive museum with exhibits in science and culture.
The main green area in the city is the Guadiana Park, which contains the Teatro del Pueblo. Guadiana Park contains sports facilities such as running and cycling tracks. It has fountains, the Auditorio del Pueblo and a mural by Manual Salas Ceniceros. Next to this park is the Sahuatoba Park and Zoo which contains a shell stage constructed in the 1980s. It contains a “miniature” version of the Baluarte suspension bridge, part of the highway that links the city with Mazatlan. The Paseo de Alamedas lines part of the southern edge of the city historic center, in part separating it from the Analco neighborhood. The park is lined with willows and poplars along with sculptures and areas for temporary exhibitions.
The Analco neighborhood is one of the most traditional in the city. It is centered on its parish dedicated to John the Baptist and originally was a mission. The current building was constructed in the 18th century. The altar and towers were created by Benigno Montoya in 1908. The original bridge that connects the neighborhood with the Paseo de las Alamedas was constructed in 1795, but it was more recently reconstruction as a pedestrian walkway.
The old train station is in French style built at the end of the 19th century. It appears in many movies that were shot here in the 20th century.
The Hacienda de la Ferrería de Flores is about 8 km south of the city proper near the Cerro de la Ferrería mountain. The main house has been completely restored to what it was in the 19th century. It was an industrial hacienda dedicated to the production of iron. The site contains the most important archeological ruins in the state, with pyramidal structures and artifacts dating back over 2,000 years. It was built by a small agricultural society that lived off of corn, beans and squash, along with hunting and gathering.
The Durango Cultural Complex (Conjunto Cultural Durango) was originally the Juana Villalobos Hospital. It was constructed in 1899, but by 1911 had become a military barracks then a prison. Today, the cultural center is run by the state government.
The La Familia pedestrian bridge crosses Felipe Pescador Boulevard, one of the busiest in the city due to the various malls and shopping centers in this area. The bridge is distinguished by a series of sculptures which mimic profiles of the human face. At night, various lights change the colors of these sculptures.
The Plaza Hito or 450 Garden contains sculptures of stylized oak trees in white. At night, these are illuminated with colored lights which shine off the structures as well as the accompanying fountains.
The Bicentennial Mural is a high relief sculpture depicting the history of the state in nine sections. It is part of the Bicentennial Convention and Cultural Center, all established to celebrate Mexico's 200 years of independence. The center was established on a complex of buildings dating from the 19th century.
Culture and contemporary life
The patron saint of the city is Saint George, whose feast day is April 23, celebrated by offerings of flowers and candles. An image of the saint can be found in the cathedral. His veneration is one of the most important manifestations of popular religion in the area. He became the saint by declaration of Bishop Pedro Barrientos Lomelín to protect the population from threats such as scorpion stings.
Like many parts of Mexico, the city has an annual Passion Play for Holy Week. The procession was reinstated as a public spectacle in the mid 20th century.
The Durango National Fair is held each year for 15 days in July around the 8th to commemorate the city's founding. It begins with a parade of floats and horseback riders as well as the selection of the fair queen. Activities include sporting and cultural events such as football, baseball, dance, food, plays, concerts, exhibitions and showings of agricultural and industrial products in different parts of the city. The fairgrounds are located on the highway that connects the city with neighboring Mezquital.
The Revueltas Festival is named after a family noted for their cultural contributions to the city. It is held at the Victoria Theater with events related to music, literature and dance.
The Ricardo Castro Festival is named after composer and pianist Ricardo Castro, native to the city of Durango. It offers over 100 events in various artistic disciplines, especially book presentations, literary workshops, concerts, dance and theater.
Beef is the primary meat here as it is culturally part of the north of the country. Cheese is an important ingredient, made in a number of small towns in the area. Cold winters and a history of no refrigeration prompted the development of a number of food preservation techniques, including canning, jam and other preserves, and dried foods such as jerky and chili peppers. Typical dishes include barbacoa, meat in mole sauce (which tend to be sweet) and caldillo Duranguense. Caldillo Durangueño was originally made with deer meat and green chili peppers (poblanos), but today is made with beef. Another popular dish is asado rojo, made with pork. However, the most emblematic dish is the gordita, where thick corn (sometimes flour) tortillas are split then stuffed with one of a number of different savory fillings. Its popularity stems from its historical role as a food taken into the fields to eat. Traditional sweets here are similar to those in other parts of Mexico, introduced by nuns from convents further south and include crystallized fruits as well as cajeta (dulce de leche). The most important alcoholic drink is mezcal as the state of one of several in the country with denomination of origin.
Media
The city has various local radio and television stations. Among the numerous local radio stations are Los 40 Principales Durango, La Tremenda and Radio X.
Television stations operating locally in Durango are Channel 2:XHDRG-TV - Azteca, Durango XH Durango Channel 5: XHDI-TV - Televisa, Durango, Channel 7: XHDB-TV - Azteca, Durango, Channel 10: XHA-TV - Televisa, Durango, and Channel 12: XHND-TV - Televisora de Durango, Durango.
Retail markets
The city of Durango has numerous shops and boutiques that offer a variety products and goods. The city has stand-alone supermarkets from chains including Soriana, Casa Ley, Wal-Mart, Sam's Club, Gigante and Oxxo.
Durango's main and first official shopping mall is Paseo Durango with anchor stores such as Liverpool, Suburbia and eateries such as Applebee's, Subway, Italian Coffee Company and Musashi. Paseo Durango also includes a movie theatre and offers banking services and various recreational activities.
The main market of the city is the eclectic Mercado de Abastos Francisco Villa located on the Southern-Central portion of the city which houses candy shops, Mesoamerican pottery, jewelry, haberdasheries, and it is the city's largest supplier of wholesale produce, dairy, and meats.
Business
According to the World Bank for doing business, Durango, Mexico is ranked 7 out of 32 cities in Mexico at ease of doing business. The ranking is based on four different categories, starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registration of a property, and enforcing contracts. According to these categories, Durango is ranked 23 in starting a business, 5 in dealing with construction permits, 15 in registrations of property and 8 in enforcing contracts.
Sports
Popular sports in Durango are baseball, softball, football, and basketball. In football, the city has a Second Division team named Alacranes de Durango (Durango Scorpions), In basketball, the city is the home of the Durango Lumberjacks basketball team (in Spanish Leñadores de Durango) who play in the Auditorio del Pueblo Gym. They also have a minor league team named los Alacranes de Beisbol (English; Durango Baseball Scorpions), having a rivalry with the Dorados de Chihuahua, and a semi-professional softball team
In American football, there is a semi-professional team named Centuriones de Durango playing in the AFAS Master League and a college football team, the ITD Burros Blancos, playing in the northerner conference of the ONEFA.
Demographics
According to the 2014 census, there were 565,300 people in the city and 654,876 in the municipality. The ethnic composition of the city is 52% White, 44% Mestizo, 4% Arabs, and less than 1% Indigenous. The majority of Duranguenses, like many northern Mexicans, have European origins, with most of them being Criollos.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were small immigration waves to northern and central Mexico from Europe and the Middle East. Most immigrants to the city arrived from Spain (mainly from the Basque Country. There were also some waves from France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
There were also immigration waves during World War II from Eastern Europe, (mainly Russians and Poles) and from the Balkans (especially from Macedonia and Montenegro). Romanians and Ukrainians arrived during the 1990s and most of them reside in immigrant ghettos in the inner city.
There are roughly 10,000 Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites living in the municipality of Durango. Durango also has recent retiree communities from Australia, the United States and South Africa.
Many post-colonial Spanish immigrants were from Galicia (Galicians). The Galician language, cuisine and culture had a major presence in the city for most of the 20th century. In recent years, descendants of Galician immigrants have led a mini-boom in Celtic music.
The Lebanese, Syrian/Arabs and Armenian communities have had a significant presence in commerce and civic life since the beginning of the 20th century. Asians represent smaller communities and number about 1–2% of the city's population; most of them are Japanese while smaller numbers are Chinese and Koreans, the latter known in the city for owning family-style supermarkets.
Religion
The majority of the city, like the rest of Mexico, is predominantly Roman Catholic. Protestants make up less than 10% of the population, most of them are Charismatics. There are also large numbers of Jehovah's Witnesses and Latter-Day Saints, Jews and Orthodox Christians represent smaller communities of about 1,000 each. Muslims in the state number about 5,000–7,000 with most of them living in Victoria de Durango.
Durango is the centre of the diocese of Durango which was erected in 1620 and became an archdiocese in 1891. Originally it covered all of Northern Mexico and much of what is today in the United States. The current archbishop is José Antonio Fernández Hurtado. The estimated Catholic population is 1,124,237 or 93.3% of the population.
Economy
The city of Durango is the capital and economic center of a state that is mostly dependent on agriculture and livestock, with a high level of socioeconomic marginalization. It is by far the largest and most populated urban center in the state. More locally, the economy revolves around forestry and foreign factories that have set up shop here.
There have been efforts to develop a tourism industry here. Most visitors to the city visit the historic center, especially the cathedral, main plaza, the old railroad stations, parks and museums. Other attractions include haciendas, local natural areas and movie sets, some of which are now theme attractions. In 2010, the city built a suspended cable car similar to those found in Chihuahua and Zacatecas, which allows for panoramic views of the city as it climbs to the Cerro de los Remedios.
There are highways connecting the city to Zacatecas (and into the center of the country), Torreón to the north, Nayarit to the south and a new major highway west to Mazatlán. The General Guadalupe Victoria airport receives both national and international flights: six per day from Mexico City, one per day from Guadalajara, Tijuana and Monterrey as well as flights from Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, and Dallas/Fort Worth (beginning in June 2019) . However, only one airline, Aeromexico, connects the city with the nation's capital.
While nothing like its heyday in the mid- to late 20th century, the city and the surrounding area still attracts film projects, especially for works with a Western theme, with over 120 films shot here since the industry started. The area contains sets built for this purpose including Calle Howard, Western Village and Rancho Calderón, all with reproductions of wood buildings like those found in the Old West of the United States. The city proper has provided backdrops of Old Mexico. Several old sets have been converted into theme parks, including Chupaderos, Villas de Oeste and La Joya, John Wayne's old ranch.
There are several bus lines, including Omnibus de Mexico, Mexico Omnibus Plus, Tourists Luxury, Executive Senda AVE, North Transport, Transport North Premier, Futura, Transport Chihuahuenses, Mexico Interstate Bus (ELITE). Along with local lines, these are located at the city's bus terminal, General Domingo Arrieta.
Within the city, taxicabs are available. Durango is one of the cities with the lowest taxi rates in the country.
Education
The municipality has adequate facilities to provide preschool, elementary, middle and upper secondary, undergraduate and graduate education. The higher education institutions within the city are:
Universidad Politécnica de Durango
Universidad Autónoma de Durango
Universidad TecMilenio (TecMilenio University Durango Campus)
Universidad España de Durango
Universidad Del Valle de Guadiana
Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango
Universidad José Vasconcelos
Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara
Instituto Universitario Anglo Español
Instituto Alejandría
Instituto Tecnológico Forestal
Instituto Tecnológico de Durango
Centro Pedagógico de Durango, A.C.
Centro Universitario Promedac
Escuela de Odontología
Escuela de Ciencias Químicas
Escuela Superior de Música
Facultad de Medicina
Facultad de Medicina, Veterinaria y Zootecnia
Facultad de Enfermería y Obstetricia
Facultad de Contaduría y Administración
Facultad de Derecho
The city also houses numerous foreign and international educational institutions for the children of immigrants, including:
Alianza Francesa de Durango
Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt
American School of Durango
Assured English Academy
Academia Griega de Durango - Ελληνική Ακαδημία
Liceo de Rusia - Русский лицей
Notable people from Durango
Francisco Castillo Nájera
Dolores del Río
René Elizondo Jr.
Marlene Favela
Dolores Guerrero
Ramón Novarro
Andrea Palma (actress)
The Revueltas family: José Revueltas, Rosaura Revueltas, Silvestre Revueltas, Fermín Revueltas Sánchez
Guadalupe Victoria
Pancho Villa
Twin towns – sister cities
Victoria de Durango is twinned with:
Durango, Spain
Durango, United States
Franklin Park, United States
Ningbo, China
Sacaba, Bolivia
Vigo, Spain
References
External links
Gobierno Municipal de Durango Official website
Official Site of the State Government of Durango
Film Commission Durango
Map of the touristic points of interest in Durango
Capitals of states of Mexico
Cities in Mexico
Populated places established in 1563
1563 establishments in New Spain
1560s establishments in Mexico | [
0.30402281880378723,
0.43121621012687683,
0.2443816214799881,
0.32011494040489197,
-0.015154154971241951,
0.05337616428732872,
0.6494519710540771,
1.2536704540252686,
-0.6341447234153748,
-0.08363275229930878,
-0.0659114271402359,
0.034697458148002625,
-0.25061318278312683,
0.7337520718574524,
-0.32102593779563904,
0.6254523396492004,
0.613959550857544,
0.7957926988601685,
0.060976140201091766,
-0.37595951557159424,
-0.3802605867385864,
-0.15822896361351013,
0.3690494894981384,
0.11175964027643204,
0.14299152791500092,
-0.055891264230012894,
-0.1681443452835083,
0.1736977994441986,
-0.23260317742824554,
0.028947656974196434,
-0.2556413412094116,
0.3665740191936493,
-0.23568694293498993,
0.39194950461387634,
0.18840335309505463,
0.7163237929344177,
-0.1767999231815338,
-1.0339856147766113,
-0.2188938707113266,
-0.1976633071899414,
0.11154195666313171,
-0.3933039605617523,
-0.08411481976509094,
0.05970727652311325,
-0.019631972536444664,
-0.33238568902015686,
-0.9191213846206665,
0.5695309638977051,
-0.7387211322784424,
-0.1961645931005478,
-1.331209421157837,
0.41473516821861267,
-0.19856680929660797,
0.7902367115020752,
0.29026949405670166,
0.4063342809677124,
-0.9302762150764465,
0.11777447164058685,
-0.15519703924655914,
0.14080485701560974,
-0.11742187291383743,
1.1623423099517822,
-0.06073892489075661,
0.00029202355653978884,
-0.192611426115036,
-0.13797634840011597,
0.728726327419281,
-0.041875433176755905,
0.2180076390504837,
-0.3899264633655548,
-0.5757724046707153,
0.1029752716422081,
0.03606022521853447,
-0.6061980128288269,
-0.3646095395088196,
-0.855600118637085,
-0.17681509256362915,
-0.23548230528831482,
-0.22992688417434692,
-0.021215250715613365,
0.30850204825401306,
0.2977232336997986,
0.9009928703308105,
-0.44206294417381287,
0.9030464291572571,
0.24600452184677124,
-0.7231495380401611,
-0.054883163422346115,
-0.2815497815608978,
0.7118456959724426,
-1.024716854095459,
0.09468741714954376,
0.4568628966808319,
0.21122463047504425,
-0.20171430706977844,
-0.3341677486896515,
0.10581886023283005,
0.14918513596057892,
-0.2503689229488373,
0.3423802852630615,
-0.4198438823223114,
0.15886099636554718,
0.6963168382644653,
0.28177595138549805,
-0.14325205981731415,
0.06613660603761673,
-0.5140352249145508,
0.30926576256752014,
-0.09775768220424652,
0.18922190368175507,
-0.20652811229228973,
-0.18958984315395355,
-0.35446009039878845,
0.38358020782470703,
0.5585287809371948,
-0.13002343475818634,
0.3368525207042694,
-0.09351729601621628,
0.11949709802865982,
-0.5162189602851868,
-0.2308768779039383,
0.3691878914833069,
-0.18257950246334076,
0.22473661601543427,
0.08836719393730164,
-0.09709395468235016,
-0.03104512393474579,
-0.06725280731916428,
0.046503979712724686,
0.30904313921928406,
-0.34679675102233887,
0.5110487341880798,
-0.09132084995508194,
0.3857985734939575,
0.41745978593826294,
-0.9888429045677185,
-0.2685087323188782,
0.444333016872406,
0.29876768589019775,
-0.1152406632900238,
-0.8985278010368347,
-0.1826065480709076,
-0.06431715935468674,
0.07203396409749985,
0.7467021942138672,
-0.3773553669452667,
0.14854936301708221,
-0.6475903391838074,
-0.5635544657707214,
-0.12724962830543518,
0.07304555922746658,
0.10900633037090302,
-0.3757409155368805,
0.45888736844062805,
-0.17584165930747986,
-0.23305080831050873,
0.7072878479957581,
-0.35874590277671814,
0.576854407787323,
0.6784396171569824,
-0.2307620495557785,
-0.13646064698696136,
0.41898584365844727,
-0.24622757732868195,
-0.5203335881233215,
-0.4098641276359558,
0.5975263714790344,
0.6925275921821594,
-0.1197904720902443,
-0.1830725073814392,
-0.4767455458641052,
-0.2981598973274231,
0.09993303567171097,
-0.41893070936203003,
-0.5911030173301697,
-0.39688169956207275,
0.4509730339050293,
0.5455527901649475,
0.3072260618209839,
0.1268589198589325,
-0.39491918683052063,
0.7617138028144836,
-0.2643604278564453,
0.48267802596092224,
-0.4213540256023407,
-0.23455512523651123,
0.22869376838207245,
0.35454198718070984,
-0.5869519114494324,
-0.5723071098327637,
0.37725213170051575,
0.1483297497034073,
-0.30863532423973083,
-0.5492756962776184,
0.16208650171756744,
0.2069912701845169,
-0.4591543674468994,
0.5732145309448242,
-0.2948722839355469,
0.4101988971233368,
-0.608304500579834,
0.3676017224788666,
0.7511191964149475,
-0.46495988965034485,
-0.48432400822639465,
-0.1657242625951767,
0.7580605745315552,
0.19378390908241272,
-0.030899370089173317,
0.7203387022018433,
-0.2975262403488159,
-0.18758194148540497,
0.43786993622779846,
0.33144691586494446,
-0.36019253730773926,
-0.6333385109901428,
-0.2355099320411682,
-0.3872454762458801,
0.5420277118682861,
-0.12187453359365463,
0.9228284955024719,
0.2130688726902008,
-0.5614606142044067,
0.6978868246078491,
0.0903925970196724,
0.1384432464838028,
0.4794357120990753,
0.3188525438308716,
0.40253159403800964,
-0.0945001095533371,
0.38720014691352844,
-0.10163302719593048,
0.5724325180053711,
0.051533427089452744,
0.2602763772010803,
0.08899728953838348,
-0.2704212963581085,
-0.08454825729131699,
-0.13594701886177063,
-0.11386379599571228,
0.16650214791297913,
-0.09306081384420395,
0.18605273962020874,
0.4616498649120331,
0.20523689687252045,
0.6522719264030457,
-0.04241728037595749,
0.05791489779949188,
-0.4405761659145355,
0.4246000051498413,
-0.10376083850860596,
-0.014443451538681984,
0.07710522413253784,
-0.2794075608253479,
0.14061671495437622,
-0.2936592698097229,
-0.39637291431427,
-0.4111984670162201,
0.19587162137031555,
0.4775380790233612,
-0.2406945675611496,
-0.19496285915374756,
-0.16616569459438324,
0.5783034563064575,
-0.7466548681259155,
-0.3415205478668213,
0.14920446276664734,
-0.4001103341579437,
-0.6652960181236267,
-0.1824219524860382,
-0.21711404621601105,
0.24739140272140503,
-0.02026868239045143,
-0.1919136941432953,
0.47148099541664124,
0.16102364659309387,
-0.3052981197834015,
0.1266203671693802,
-0.9396693110466003,
0.20209893584251404,
-0.09513527154922485,
0.9708291888237,
-0.1050422340631485,
-0.7535284757614136,
-0.9990473985671997,
-0.7083374857902527,
0.22216084599494934,
-0.7479907274246216,
-0.2812868058681488,
-0.27944278717041016,
-0.5903216004371643,
-0.1906685084104538,
-0.12823978066444397,
0.40658465027809143,
-0.5516173243522644,
-0.5391201376914978,
0.46776074171066284,
0.1669018715620041,
0.9441094398498535,
-0.7941387295722961,
-0.40350568294525146,
0.40052640438079834,
0.2792116701602936,
0.45306673645973206,
0.49791133403778076,
-0.32067981362342834,
-0.02469608373939991,
-0.1498871147632599,
-5.364921569824219,
0.2312396913766861,
-0.3748129904270172,
-0.7197338342666626,
0.7124947905540466,
-0.6062781810760498,
0.08713675290346146,
0.020059673115611076,
0.15669558942317963,
-0.5099081993103027,
0.29547858238220215,
0.14583700895309448,
-0.3814563453197479,
0.9112231731414795,
0.39607927203178406,
0.7522347569465637,
0.6074484586715698,
-0.36417022347450256,
0.19288714230060577,
-0.2543015480041504,
-0.22508783638477325,
-0.19583535194396973,
0.16422750055789948,
0.7567799091339111,
0.10672791302204132,
0.13309599459171295,
-0.4702499806880951,
-0.8667436242103577,
-0.6841611266136169,
-0.3025572896003723,
-0.49595141410827637,
0.19524280726909637,
-0.7719636559486389,
-0.16355641186237335,
0.270954430103302,
0.6214660406112671,
0.4304410517215729,
-0.011850046925246716,
-0.08656003326177597,
-0.4495261311531067,
0.5068752765655518,
0.502315878868103,
0.1223655417561531,
-0.1541414111852646,
0.8236457705497742,
-0.30426421761512756,
-0.5834423303604126,
-0.15676753222942352,
-0.20357486605644226,
0.32806602120399475,
0.49476563930511475,
-0.3960450291633606,
0.6267266273498535,
0.10204609483480453,
0.22853583097457886,
-0.412160724401474,
0.8042108416557312,
0.12964710593223572,
-0.5835682153701782,
0.9030543565750122,
0.22958926856517792,
-0.1474395990371704,
-0.23040995001792908,
-0.35456863045692444,
-0.4059509336948395,
0.3631179630756378,
0.49156585335731506,
0.4338483214378357,
0.7127275466918945,
0.3404083251953125,
-0.7728485465049744,
0.521215558052063,
-0.6223337054252625,
-0.5191972851753235,
0.0742097720503807,
-0.2225915491580963,
-0.6769520044326782,
0.25288456678390503,
-0.2594524025917053,
0.05271276459097862,
-0.06461852043867111,
0.05192536115646362,
0.05381319299340248,
-0.5616742968559265,
-0.3725179433822632,
0.11358587443828583,
0.36260053515434265,
0.3014122545719147,
-0.017249492928385735,
-0.23665742576122284,
0.16917705535888672,
0.060952987521886826,
0.9424534440040588,
0.1946699023246765,
-0.5107144713401794,
0.0375639982521534,
-0.11845917254686356,
0.1549733728170395,
-0.3691248893737793,
-0.543701171875,
0.8605239391326904,
-0.6700455546379089,
0.19272558391094208,
-0.3029143512248993,
-0.38289743661880493,
-0.18449650704860687,
0.3255988359451294,
0.28826603293418884,
0.020404860377311707,
-0.5787035822868347,
-0.08505189418792725,
0.19103093445301056,
-0.3736873269081116,
-0.42382535338401794,
0.6027724146842957,
-0.2930958569049835,
-0.5417369604110718,
0.2651670575141907,
0.1415274441242218,
0.4086458683013916,
0.3412340581417084,
0.3359425663948059,
0.07191591709852219,
0.04824511334300041,
-0.7425432205200195,
-0.3183729648590088,
-0.19759714603424072,
0.7903239727020264,
0.5493882298469543,
-0.2635892927646637,
-0.04965952783823013,
-0.04510911926627159,
0.5706356167793274,
-0.36362484097480774,
-0.15846550464630127,
0.44613561034202576,
-0.41975149512290955,
-0.6643128395080566,
0.24419036507606506,
-0.2818765342235565,
0.45640528202056885,
0.10602402687072754,
0.07592961937189102,
0.15500637888908386,
-0.1826443076133728,
0.06596940755844116,
-0.2652246952056885,
-0.2768903076648712,
-0.7155094146728516,
0.24710381031036377,
-0.03219630941748619,
-0.44653454422950745,
-0.3290446698665619,
-0.09772942215204239,
-0.02412344515323639,
-0.5308099389076233,
0.47991251945495605,
0.5158339142799377,
0.29908978939056396,
0.1575452834367752,
0.4150826036930084,
-1.051430583000183,
-0.1535358875989914,
0.7149856090545654,
0.3763679563999176,
0.0714072659611702,
-0.6672869920730591,
-0.19089719653129578,
-0.00893382541835308,
0.7796709537506104,
0.49977749586105347,
-0.6459102630615234,
-0.6078808903694153,
-0.16307483613491058,
0.45099180936813354,
-0.31862708926200867,
0.1926843672990799,
-0.02074543572962284,
0.13397322595119476,
-0.21913790702819824,
0.26565659046173096,
-0.7899078130722046,
-0.009381423704326153,
0.15295571088790894,
-0.41748151183128357,
-0.2780783772468567,
-0.5377205610275269,
-0.20474417507648468,
0.5113660097122192,
0.21668271720409393,
0.5427410006523132,
-0.014530032873153687,
-0.212895005941391,
-0.2362254559993744,
-0.40313395857810974,
-0.7963612675666809,
-0.00860008504241705,
0.05069030448794365,
-0.32103481888771057,
-0.4706604480743408,
-0.09012071788311005,
0.3345068097114563,
-0.6011626720428467,
0.26535844802856445,
0.3178987205028534,
-0.6203774213790894,
0.1917312890291214,
0.23289456963539124,
-0.6436859965324402,
-0.10223256051540375,
-0.633782148361206,
-0.250860333442688,
0.27769243717193604,
0.8322687745094299,
0.1018272340297699,
-0.29765358567237854,
0.4535793960094452,
-0.22021575272083282,
-0.6906788945198059,
0.18700817227363586,
-0.35092657804489136,
-0.1768665313720703,
0.7288941144943237,
0.21232642233371735,
-0.3806130588054657,
1.0742037296295166,
0.5582513809204102,
-0.7520990371704102,
0.7622315883636475,
-0.6756961941719055,
0.4273231625556946,
-0.1407058984041214,
-0.1115986630320549,
-0.25400710105895996,
0.13242007791996002,
0.03677315264940262,
0.26956483721733093,
0.0050043887458741665,
0.11656183004379272,
-0.025302806869149208,
0.11420904099941254,
0.8431792259216309,
-0.4221816658973694,
-0.10223034769296646,
0.001785055035725236,
0.13835746049880981,
0.09390132874250412,
-0.017868075519800186,
-0.5684711337089539,
0.1542051136493683,
-0.2937537133693695,
-0.7105847001075745,
-0.13614468276500702,
0.40381860733032227,
0.6314303278923035,
-0.9034045338630676,
-0.06397710740566254,
0.6719146370887756,
0.1584564596414566,
-0.2916524410247803,
-0.22468315064907074,
-0.3344934582710266,
0.08236745744943619,
-0.12678946554660797,
-0.04903914034366608,
-0.42406317591667175,
-0.24518437683582306,
-0.520483136177063,
0.4626161754131317,
-0.12529966235160828,
0.42332586646080017,
-0.008974228985607624,
0.36357104778289795,
0.06099677458405495,
-0.15870025753974915,
0.2949131429195404,
-0.347892165184021,
-0.21289443969726562,
-0.2061796933412552,
0.11395606398582458,
-0.49574515223503113,
-0.2708764672279358,
-0.051510605961084366,
-0.2211574763059616,
0.362122118473053,
-0.6338505148887634,
-0.540084958076477,
-0.030788403004407883,
-0.7069718241691589,
0.11780142039060593,
-0.3576013147830963,
0.153864786028862,
0.42340293526649475,
-0.4097561240196228,
-0.330287903547287,
0.022289123386144638,
0.5520313382148743,
0.5616626739501953,
0.12490913271903992,
0.37705087661743164,
-0.3943518400192261,
0.518002986907959,
-0.1419394463300705,
-0.37543052434921265,
-0.2041250318288803,
-0.517677903175354,
-0.040583815425634384,
0.01472890842705965,
-0.3616507351398468,
-0.1423158049583435,
0.06320887804031372,
-0.04847445338964462,
0.4204079508781433,
0.7920590043067932,
-0.8811929225921631,
0.6534535884857178,
0.9129177331924438,
-0.2314983308315277,
-0.27097317576408386,
0.39168936014175415,
-0.041593458503484726,
-0.10297034680843353,
0.4544432759284973,
0.3665960133075714,
0.7376317381858826,
0.9563159346580505,
0.12174851447343826,
-0.4521980881690979,
-0.04492934048175812,
0.08263617753982544,
0.35218003392219543,
-0.31333163380622864,
-0.7247143387794495,
0.5101625919342041,
-0.8741894960403442,
-0.41069963574409485,
0.024966470897197723,
-0.37447136640548706,
-0.6122161149978638,
0.7434313893318176,
0.4459770619869232,
0.29160943627357483,
-0.6625791192054749,
0.5164545178413391,
0.05511721223592758,
-0.07357978820800781,
0.2801674008369446,
-0.42771729826927185,
-0.47512906789779663,
-0.6076714396476746,
0.3427988290786743,
-0.00571859534829855,
0.31114479899406433,
0.25665363669395447,
-0.1991509646177292,
-0.5753480792045593,
0.10528586059808731,
0.26891472935676575,
-0.4961979389190674,
-0.08730611950159073,
-0.07124222815036774,
-0.25700944662094116,
0.9518448710441589,
-0.015641430392861366,
-0.23291712999343872,
-0.46730273962020874,
0.16362115740776062,
0.016961514949798584,
-0.78944331407547,
-0.035656895488500595,
-0.35981181263923645,
0.29438838362693787,
-0.5007525682449341,
0.2531639039516449,
0.28384929895401,
0.7321968078613281,
0.10826535522937775,
0.9912232756614685,
-0.009689939208328724,
0.5360194444656372,
-0.17987200617790222,
0.320709764957428,
-0.33880022168159485,
-0.46649599075317383,
0.058524806052446365,
-0.15576864778995514,
-0.3439900279045105,
0.11376550048589706,
-0.11511588096618652,
0.18134868144989014,
0.3064842224121094,
-0.04418259486556053,
-0.11792783439159393,
0.2928713262081146,
0.29806408286094666,
-0.06400766968727112,
-0.16188184916973114,
0.984369695186615,
0.618040144443512,
-0.005200108978897333,
0.9831889271736145,
0.15791195631027222,
-0.10464397817850113,
-0.0835273340344429,
-0.26078763604164124,
0.22805705666542053,
-0.1761784553527832,
0.19293321669101715,
-0.2997002601623535,
0.05496674031019211,
-0.42043888568878174,
-0.1497369408607483,
-0.8949218392372131,
0.0918862372636795,
-0.3648625910282135,
0.3361831307411194,
0.9447488784790039,
-0.3577849268913269,
-0.06712841987609863,
-0.7952046990394592,
0.20711921155452728,
-0.41575077176094055,
0.40800124406814575,
0.7732610106468201,
1.0602385997772217,
-0.3704749047756195,
0.0992128774523735,
0.16434244811534882,
-0.7259326577186584,
0.5410997271537781,
0.3674316108226776,
-0.22894079983234406,
-0.779000461101532,
0.5778049826622009,
-0.20941753685474396,
-0.603493332862854,
0.4396316409111023,
0.9810261130332947,
0.3353244662284851,
-0.2772897183895111,
-0.43032222986221313,
0.015060841105878353,
0.23841966688632965,
-0.7286391854286194,
0.15865463018417358,
-0.33000272512435913,
-0.6842016577720642,
-0.014436258934438229,
-0.5807584524154663,
0.815593957901001,
-0.027519937604665756,
0.47472184896469116,
0.28596577048301697,
0.17032936215400696,
-0.03747342899441719,
0.060905758291482925,
0.8367198705673218,
-0.8328030109405518,
0.9236586689949036,
-0.13175268471240997
] |
224117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerdo%2C%20Durango | Lerdo, Durango | Ciudad Lerdo (Lerdo City) is a small city in the northeastern portion of the Mexican state of Durango. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.
It is located at co-ordinates 25.33° N, 103.31° W, bordering southeastern Coahuila. As of 2010, the city of Lerdo had a population of 79,669, up from 71,373 people as of 2005. Lerdo Municipality had a population of 141,043. The municipality has an area of 1,868.8 km² (721.5 sq mi). It is part of a greater metropolitan area that includes Torreón Municipality and Matamoros Municipality in Coahuila, as well as Gómez Palacio Municipality in Durango.
The city is lush with vegetation, but has an arid climate. Ciudad Lerdo is known for its parks, gardens, and ice cream made with fresh milk from local dairies.
Notable people
Dario Alvarado-Torres, U.S. Political Candidate in Oklahoma 2014–Present
Nestor Mesta Chayres, "El Gitano de México" - lyric opera tenor and bolero vocalist on the international concert stage.
Francisco Sarabia, first pilot who flew non-stop from Mexico City to New York in 1939.
Jesús López Luevanos, governor from 1940-1944, notable for uniting all three cities in the Laguna.
Pepe Jaramillo, renowned pianist of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s.
Luis Ramírez Castruita, baker and designer, known by no one. He has the particular ability of telling useless and doubtful stories compulsively. 1980–Present.
Sonia Sandoval Famous purchaser and dancer
Sister cities
Ciudad Lerdo has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:
Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
References
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Durango Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
External links
Ayuntamiento de Lerdo Official website
Populated places in Durango | [
-0.0463499091565609,
0.7494628429412842,
-0.3020796775817871,
0.10759291797876358,
0.028851693496108055,
0.0735783502459526,
0.6960985660552979,
1.0899919271469116,
-0.07671502232551575,
-0.2050826996564865,
-0.09656018763780594,
0.2854774594306946,
0.006749654654413462,
0.42552754282951355,
-0.760376513004303,
0.5626657009124756,
0.4356473684310913,
0.3251441419124603,
0.15964408218860626,
-0.6509962677955627,
-0.20310001075267792,
-0.6052293181419373,
0.00948916096240282,
0.3517087996006012,
-0.2804388403892517,
-0.040500447154045105,
-0.2200286090373993,
0.09830505400896072,
0.01795250177383423,
0.016780946403741837,
-0.05988835170865059,
0.6516201496124268,
-0.38886719942092896,
-0.06821150332689285,
0.289431631565094,
0.8816556930541992,
0.4588724970817566,
-0.8154675960540771,
0.031000876799225807,
-0.09491179138422012,
0.025487694889307022,
-0.01599649339914322,
0.19600485265254974,
0.30142366886138916,
-0.01821877807378769,
-0.22360093891620636,
-0.9962108731269836,
0.10133113712072372,
-0.9216903448104858,
-0.27402573823928833,
-0.8716278672218323,
0.2750820219516754,
0.10535673797130585,
0.4872168004512787,
0.4002739489078522,
0.4469320476055145,
-0.948577344417572,
0.10530030727386475,
0.2850506007671356,
0.667439341545105,
-0.08597295731306076,
1.0718133449554443,
0.012084780260920525,
-0.5661016702651978,
-0.0859946459531784,
0.14654788374900818,
0.349325031042099,
-0.09499296545982361,
0.06456943601369858,
-0.4087107181549072,
-0.4162890911102295,
-0.06767906993627548,
0.3902179002761841,
-0.2693273425102234,
-0.1592104434967041,
-0.3656430244445801,
-0.41291072964668274,
0.21939677000045776,
-0.06429663300514221,
-0.08824092894792557,
0.26893189549446106,
0.2714112102985382,
1.1708283424377441,
-0.8627274036407471,
1.3212677240371704,
0.6224575042724609,
-0.9902441501617432,
-0.12116678804159164,
-0.2591666877269745,
0.6047404408454895,
-0.847412109375,
0.04891146719455719,
-0.03941021114587784,
0.762100100517273,
-0.29805269837379456,
-0.04217221587896347,
0.2468435913324356,
0.4045068621635437,
-0.2047952264547348,
0.7026327848434448,
0.08043479174375534,
0.4806322753429413,
1.3049323558807373,
-0.014012881554663181,
-0.008618281222879887,
-0.3466043770313263,
-0.8766188621520996,
0.1828247606754303,
-0.03104509972035885,
-0.6012497544288635,
-0.3613833785057068,
0.4147881269454956,
-0.0889274850487709,
0.20227712392807007,
0.19836366176605225,
-0.022629428654909134,
0.4286302328109741,
0.006990816909819841,
0.0484444759786129,
-0.3617314100265503,
-0.14985166490077972,
1.1017100811004639,
-0.588694155216217,
0.40180504322052,
-0.10633987188339233,
0.4215620756149292,
0.16776375472545624,
-0.0018165885703638196,
-0.10561767220497131,
0.6129150986671448,
-0.12471567839384079,
0.942040205001831,
-0.09091386944055557,
0.04695216566324234,
0.3760283589363098,
-0.9054708480834961,
0.1817803978919983,
0.39911508560180664,
0.23151013255119324,
-0.01572839915752411,
-1.1307231187820435,
-0.2791222035884857,
-0.7127920985221863,
0.0674082338809967,
0.6818089485168457,
-0.0008059582905843854,
-0.11378427594900131,
-0.5807043313980103,
0.23675106465816498,
-0.05139785259962082,
0.23459672927856445,
-0.02866159752011299,
-0.39095935225486755,
0.26375612616539,
-0.3433225154876709,
-0.0862269476056099,
0.6119905114173889,
-0.537376880645752,
0.7693655490875244,
0.3974691331386566,
-0.026821808889508247,
-0.09428486973047256,
0.5448214411735535,
-0.25809794664382935,
-0.45276057720184326,
-0.21362215280532837,
0.7653598189353943,
0.4284839332103729,
0.1786947101354599,
0.5799004435539246,
-0.47341880202293396,
0.3645504415035248,
0.0394703708589077,
-0.9110553860664368,
-0.31498268246650696,
-0.11811065673828125,
0.7190470099449158,
0.3385811150074005,
-0.3534758985042572,
0.05056891217827797,
-0.5478983521461487,
0.7626005411148071,
0.0767221599817276,
-0.1936851441860199,
0.0033450101036578417,
0.278779000043869,
0.6309065222740173,
0.3948909342288971,
-0.9322355389595032,
-0.5382456183433533,
-0.22496813535690308,
-0.47200295329093933,
-0.09274084866046906,
-0.5503071546554565,
0.32329273223876953,
0.5511260628700256,
-0.26233455538749695,
0.04957791045308113,
-0.25119271874427795,
0.5248340368270874,
-0.719251811504364,
0.12035106867551804,
0.8044643998146057,
-0.5075626373291016,
-0.2427530586719513,
0.5048094391822815,
0.6112514734268188,
0.3182637393474579,
0.07295379787683487,
1.0854876041412354,
-0.0949375182390213,
-0.17056354880332947,
0.15444909036159515,
1.050960659980774,
-0.2963285446166992,
-0.15984037518501282,
0.06531686335802078,
-0.48467758297920227,
0.3333069384098053,
-0.1734279841184616,
0.46748894453048706,
0.23996014893054962,
-0.46179771423339844,
0.5228300094604492,
-0.06694275885820389,
0.5828483700752258,
0.894201934337616,
0.5962961316108704,
0.5832194089889526,
-0.29290494322776794,
0.5194846391677856,
0.11729056388139725,
0.060685113072395325,
-0.021458011120557785,
-0.13706225156784058,
-0.17728950083255768,
-0.18975728750228882,
-0.5658423900604248,
-0.14631859958171844,
-0.21450793743133545,
0.14851689338684082,
-0.15358592569828033,
-0.31575334072113037,
0.20643401145935059,
0.1399002969264984,
0.5299888849258423,
-0.05569401755928993,
0.30371221899986267,
-0.03233989700675011,
0.28011539578437805,
0.24763357639312744,
0.2892318367958069,
0.32566216588020325,
-0.47392046451568604,
0.16956624388694763,
-0.04377435892820358,
-0.4761178493499756,
-0.34602057933807373,
-0.13813810050487518,
-0.2781490981578827,
0.016694117337465286,
-0.10912466794252396,
0.19825343787670135,
0.5555797219276428,
-0.5760928392410278,
-0.8466007709503174,
-0.20535440742969513,
-0.25761282444000244,
-0.30653515458106995,
0.24704290926456451,
-0.4264073371887207,
-0.08834058046340942,
-0.1566391885280609,
-1.1198451519012451,
0.426719069480896,
-0.08719748258590698,
-0.39613187313079834,
0.24677279591560364,
-1.2248631715774536,
0.1024085283279419,
0.3525632917881012,
1.0879324674606323,
0.04376811534166336,
-0.5455936193466187,
-0.5860532522201538,
-0.36131539940834045,
0.9509140849113464,
-0.557884693145752,
-0.22243694961071014,
-0.11295349895954132,
-0.2503902018070221,
-0.43008410930633545,
-0.517475426197052,
0.8039394021034241,
-0.3567774295806885,
-0.2523278295993805,
0.2357158064842224,
-0.37484851479530334,
0.744286060333252,
-1.0185327529907227,
0.003414509352296591,
0.25825434923171997,
-0.1345982402563095,
0.4620991051197052,
-0.016045421361923218,
-0.32588449120521545,
-0.08024689555168152,
-0.12394939363002777,
-4.815621376037598,
0.5222745537757874,
-0.16508953273296356,
-0.8536376953125,
0.45197394490242004,
-0.6554631590843201,
0.5436965823173523,
-0.055108100175857544,
0.30131179094314575,
-0.14444130659103394,
0.23004573583602905,
-0.12378319352865219,
-0.47576528787612915,
1.1486432552337646,
0.3903438150882721,
0.5616022944450378,
0.5211541056632996,
0.06772691756486893,
0.33675000071525574,
-0.3251146674156189,
-0.1487971544265747,
-0.17246057093143463,
0.07727127522230148,
0.7285135984420776,
0.3809944689273834,
0.22147095203399658,
-0.33272358775138855,
-0.606376588344574,
-0.8391473889350891,
-0.20234473049640656,
-0.0803317055106163,
0.3998245596885681,
-0.8354472517967224,
0.1657320111989975,
-0.1886809766292572,
0.6037985682487488,
0.41387802362442017,
0.055252060294151306,
0.27957627177238464,
-0.4311005473136902,
0.10028316080570221,
0.9810625910758972,
0.04903275892138481,
-0.33331912755966187,
1.0130376815795898,
-0.3240238130092621,
-0.5612560510635376,
-0.3052438795566559,
0.28868743777275085,
0.4115523397922516,
0.5891134738922119,
-0.5459891557693481,
0.7226873636245728,
0.6407917737960815,
0.2994966208934784,
-0.7063643932342529,
0.638088047504425,
-0.2836318612098694,
-0.2356790453195572,
1.1779118776321411,
-0.06421221047639847,
-0.001225053216330707,
0.37065327167510986,
-0.6875504851341248,
-0.1963939070701599,
0.14578822255134583,
0.4523043930530548,
-0.41806474328041077,
0.8758575320243835,
0.09471401572227478,
-0.4538824260234833,
0.5003991723060608,
-0.7480466961860657,
-0.3403100073337555,
0.11858732998371124,
-0.15540902316570282,
-0.615074098110199,
0.18663831055164337,
-0.671550452709198,
0.31817471981048584,
0.421804279088974,
-0.07858928292989731,
0.326384037733078,
-0.23065994679927826,
-0.15191566944122314,
0.010274027474224567,
0.1555211991071701,
0.2832329273223877,
-0.2487265020608902,
0.02423918806016445,
0.496140718460083,
0.0403871051967144,
0.3626953363418579,
-0.15874706208705902,
-0.49057021737098694,
0.3860756754875183,
0.2257762849330902,
0.021631650626659393,
-0.4127069115638733,
-0.5581976771354675,
0.547542929649353,
-0.9366364479064941,
0.3690274655818939,
-0.2169957458972931,
-0.4540212154388428,
-0.5694472193717957,
0.15185512602329254,
0.5268831253051758,
-0.28408247232437134,
-0.3735143542289734,
-0.40880322456359863,
0.18146337568759918,
-0.5425381660461426,
-0.002284359186887741,
0.8053855895996094,
-0.0701688826084137,
-0.39162570238113403,
0.023996494710445404,
0.05088675767183304,
0.29270216822624207,
0.28096652030944824,
-0.23730571568012238,
-0.05767736956477165,
-0.20437824726104736,
-0.4793139100074768,
-0.6267382502555847,
0.21262721717357635,
0.654580295085907,
0.28185775876045227,
-0.05965721234679222,
-0.625882625579834,
0.2948821783065796,
0.10641559213399887,
-0.24323762953281403,
-0.17302154004573822,
-0.34283241629600525,
-0.9777907729148865,
-0.6820077896118164,
0.7534629702568054,
-0.052811603993177414,
0.5458693504333496,
-0.5257131457328796,
-0.5821282267570496,
0.27284738421440125,
-0.06579600274562836,
0.3632911145687103,
-0.06281568855047226,
-0.7290191650390625,
-1.111642599105835,
0.5839617252349854,
-0.4148513674736023,
-0.25469064712524414,
-0.27330538630485535,
-0.8037840723991394,
0.10718920081853867,
-0.011183887720108032,
0.39286908507347107,
0.5380682945251465,
0.43534189462661743,
0.16064207255840302,
0.3169150948524475,
-0.3356007933616638,
-0.4220280945301056,
1.1719748973846436,
0.16894422471523285,
0.035769976675510406,
-0.652370810508728,
-0.5497387647628784,
-0.2154926210641861,
0.6490849852561951,
0.28456515073776245,
-0.7201086282730103,
-0.47333812713623047,
-0.33527037501335144,
0.7974868416786194,
-0.7390802502632141,
0.4632261395454407,
0.21919730305671692,
-0.0316186398267746,
-0.40004831552505493,
0.2839283347129822,
-0.42767533659935,
-0.06229798495769501,
0.2326802909374237,
-0.43038925528526306,
-0.5884425640106201,
-0.6327703595161438,
-0.46690982580184937,
0.025670574977993965,
-0.33385464549064636,
0.4420129954814911,
0.4094352424144745,
0.08101855963468552,
-0.05924757197499275,
-0.5592561364173889,
-1.1133832931518555,
0.14181271195411682,
-0.31496232748031616,
0.21429233253002167,
-0.819493293762207,
0.1788322776556015,
0.7892512679100037,
-0.40419813990592957,
0.6887529492378235,
0.11811895668506622,
-1.0405515432357788,
0.12098000198602676,
0.7057154178619385,
-1.097421646118164,
0.21033668518066406,
-0.7819827198982239,
-1.022073745727539,
0.46936270594596863,
0.49454265832901,
-0.09416137635707855,
-0.19334477186203003,
0.5095852017402649,
-0.01760588027536869,
-1.0768821239471436,
0.42441195249557495,
-0.7024543881416321,
-0.07840192317962646,
0.2791959047317505,
-0.11599642783403397,
-0.6333740949630737,
0.6383859515190125,
0.14674431085586548,
-0.985021710395813,
1.1497834920883179,
-0.9372422099113464,
-0.03674772381782532,
0.21973004937171936,
0.13301150500774384,
-0.19861355423927307,
0.22366346418857574,
0.14358747005462646,
-0.2124730348587036,
0.3294163942337036,
0.2878834903240204,
-0.1495150923728943,
0.1255054920911789,
0.5414286255836487,
0.529467761516571,
-0.1138877123594284,
-0.21817795932292938,
0.3859001398086548,
0.10552041977643967,
0.09614205360412598,
-1.138096809387207,
0.19055123627185822,
-0.16284196078777313,
-0.4670393466949463,
-0.612004280090332,
0.3806740641593933,
1.0023654699325562,
-0.7972583174705505,
-0.30823951959609985,
0.6211779713630676,
0.23631909489631653,
0.3134482800960541,
-0.18853360414505005,
-0.24445658922195435,
0.21293805539608002,
0.1050335168838501,
0.36359715461730957,
0.09051849693059921,
0.13496321439743042,
-0.5046871304512024,
0.9131466150283813,
-0.46352913975715637,
0.14512844383716583,
-0.18816836178302765,
0.2158225029706955,
-0.09879619628190994,
-0.2987513542175293,
0.13341055810451508,
0.2359878271818161,
-0.4327527582645416,
-0.14707566797733307,
-0.10928437113761902,
-0.3530089259147644,
-0.27009910345077515,
0.15140652656555176,
-0.07822509855031967,
0.2547597289085388,
-0.7148522734642029,
-0.3992334008216858,
-0.37354475259780884,
-0.8967469930648804,
-0.00015130852989386767,
-0.6448051333427429,
-0.07528775185346603,
0.14613597095012665,
-0.17566733062267303,
0.2250881791114807,
-0.03536485880613327,
0.2328728586435318,
0.06755030155181885,
-0.24330341815948486,
-0.052516814321279526,
-0.5848454833030701,
0.6216210126876831,
-0.4875720143318176,
-0.3414722979068756,
-0.05645253509283066,
-0.49425697326660156,
0.04688451066613197,
0.18496201932430267,
-0.14416097104549408,
0.3771602213382721,
-0.27993494272232056,
0.10620664060115814,
0.13459594547748566,
1.2631406784057617,
-0.5663869380950928,
0.6022916436195374,
0.46073117852211,
-0.3702720105648041,
0.0685233324766159,
0.6646117568016052,
-0.28229814767837524,
-0.26582837104797363,
0.5497097373008728,
0.5363088250160217,
0.4715527892112732,
1.3176124095916748,
-0.22674760222434998,
-0.26296529173851013,
0.5446336269378662,
-0.07793530821800232,
-0.18486230075359344,
-0.43003398180007935,
-0.4835240840911865,
0.06881305575370789,
-1.1348888874053955,
-0.49439001083374023,
-0.18619978427886963,
-0.7122961282730103,
-0.45103058218955994,
0.6054531931877136,
0.24580118060112,
0.5360763669013977,
-0.5246982574462891,
0.2967677116394043,
0.16822218894958496,
-0.018581675365567207,
-0.06016248092055321,
0.15805013477802277,
-0.20103919506072998,
-0.33229708671569824,
0.013640319928526878,
0.14906655251979828,
0.22135522961616516,
-0.011496756225824356,
-0.048901282250881195,
-0.023398520424962044,
0.13951042294502258,
0.03234641253948212,
-0.6022862792015076,
-0.4092175364494324,
-0.03836366534233093,
-0.47748610377311707,
0.15722805261611938,
0.08727110177278519,
-0.12737852334976196,
-0.4443943202495575,
-0.0036187879741191864,
-0.12777972221374512,
-0.5147819519042969,
0.716343879699707,
-0.16854538023471832,
-0.02278611995279789,
0.0926031768321991,
0.6261688470840454,
0.022225147113204002,
0.15151919424533844,
0.2808258533477783,
0.5754839181900024,
-0.16355405747890472,
0.6108523607254028,
-0.00909640733152628,
0.6687331199645996,
-0.34737682342529297,
-0.14618636667728424,
-0.051784466952085495,
-0.5720344185829163,
-0.5760276913642883,
0.30838099122047424,
0.4070974290370941,
-0.176152765750885,
-0.12423092126846313,
-0.18954771757125854,
-0.3561224937438965,
0.5634703040122986,
0.1526351124048233,
-0.5998281836509705,
-0.20020048320293427,
0.9693969488143921,
0.9054577946662903,
-0.08886852115392685,
0.6766133308410645,
0.3434499502182007,
-0.09643219411373138,
-0.1843484789133072,
-0.22448919713497162,
0.4355335235595703,
-0.7317600250244141,
0.8779820799827576,
-0.8942530155181885,
0.3523184657096863,
-0.4056016802787781,
-0.07265885174274445,
-0.40752655267715454,
0.2700817883014679,
-0.05513312295079231,
0.25331807136535645,
0.3735488951206207,
-0.43494951725006104,
-0.14767813682556152,
-0.30925148725509644,
0.3340055048465729,
-0.9843137264251709,
0.5371428728103638,
0.42353278398513794,
0.4718153178691864,
-0.4481576085090637,
0.15252181887626648,
0.07176747173070908,
-0.8459979295730591,
0.46748414635658264,
0.5468941330909729,
-0.008288863115012646,
-0.7693122625350952,
0.023959321901202202,
0.2041933685541153,
-0.8755310773849487,
0.09704574942588806,
1.251969814300537,
0.9868013858795166,
-0.16093339025974274,
0.13830579817295074,
-0.06824252754449844,
-0.08906859904527664,
-0.3122851848602295,
-1.538769245147705,
-0.3370871841907501,
-0.8886862397193909,
-0.5530906915664673,
-0.25474509596824646,
0.8004347085952759,
0.19217857718467712,
0.35404983162879944,
0.1638207584619522,
0.29618942737579346,
-0.23110553622245789,
0.1301155686378479,
0.3711469769477844,
-1.3820890188217163,
1.0513830184936523,
-0.2868649661540985
] |
224118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3mez%20Palacio%2C%20Durango | Gómez Palacio, Durango | Gómez Palacio is a city and its surrounding municipality in northeastern Durango, Mexico, adjacent to the border of the state of Coahuila. The city is named in honor of former Durango governor, Francisco Gómez Palacio y Bravo.
As of 2010, the city of Gómez Palacio had a population of 327,985, up from 304,515 as of 2005, making it the state's second-largest community. The municipality (including the city) population was 327,985. The municipality's area is . The municipality and city are part of a large metropolitan area, which includes Torreón Municipality and Matamoros Municipality in Coahuila, as well as Lerdo Municipality in Durango. The metropolitan area had an official population of 1,215,817 persons in 2010.
History
From the first half of the seventeenth century, the land within the triangle formed by San Juan de Casta (now Leon Guzman), Santiago de Mapimí (Mapimí) and Santa Maria de las Parras (Parras), formed part of the property of the Marquis of Aguayo and named Hacienda de San Lorenzo de la Laguna.
In 1848, after several modifications, the lands were purchased by Juan Ignacio Jimenez, from Cuencame. The purchase included the entrance of the river Nazas (Cañon de Calabazas), where he built Calabazas Dam and a system of canals and ditches to irrigate the lands of the Haciendas of Sacramento, Noé, Santa Rosa, Torreón and San Ignacio.
In 1880, his successors sold these properties to one of his managers, Spanish farmer Santiago Lavín Cuadra. In 1885, Lavín drafted the blocks that would be the beginning of the city. He created a public square in Hidalgo Street (now Independencia) and offered free land to those who agreed to plant trees to give the region a different look. The first deed was recorded September 15, 1885, now considered the city's founding date. Lavín named the town in honor of Francisco Gomez Palacio for his many achievements as governor, federal deputy, Secretary of the Interior and as an official in the government of Benito Juárez.
The city was officially recognized by the State Congress December 21, 1905, by decree number 60.
Early industries
On June 25, 1887, a legal society was formed that gave rise to La Jabonera (The Soap), considered the city's most important industry. Another company was the spinning and weaving La Amistad (Friendship) that received a land grant to set up their factory. Another was La Union (The Union), a shoe factory that became successful enough to compete with imported European and U.S. premium brands.
Economy
Upon founding the city, Cuadra ceded land to the Mexican Central Railroad so that it could build a roundhouse and workshops, with the aim of expanding it to an entire railroad terminal. In 1907, a U.S. company transferred its Jimulco facilities to Gómez Palacio and terminals for passenger and cargo trains were established. Over time, about 2,000 workers arrived. The trains were operated by U.S. personnel, who gradually trained Mexican workers to operate the trains. Mexican workers occupied vacancies left by departing Americans and by 1910, all positions were filled by Mexicans.
The city became one of the largest railroad centers in the country, boosting the already thriving development. The outbreak of the revolutionary struggle caused the closure of many industries and businesses, especially affecting manual laborers. For many years, the railroad was the mainstay of the local economy. The roundhouse, workshops and terminals were changed to Torreon, Coahuila.
The installation of the Francke power plant in 1930 gave considerable impetus to industrialization.
The first agricultural strike in the region occurred June 11, 1935, in the Hacienda of Manila, multiplying effects in other estates that resulted in the issuance of the decree of October 6, 1936, by which General Lázaro Cárdenas initiated the distribution of land to laborers throughout the Comarca Lagunera.
As the busiest economy in the region and state, the city contributed nearly 45% of GDP along with Ciudad Lerdo and over 55% with Laguna Region of Durango. Gómez Palacio hosts several industrial parks, including the newer Park Gómez Palacio Americas, Harrier Industrial Park with 588 companies and the Zone of International Connectivity, Laguna for international trade.
Sister City
Gómez Palacio has one sister city.:
- South El Monte, California, USA
References
Sources
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Durango Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
External links
Ayuntamiento de Gómez Palacio Official website
Professional soccer team Official website
Populated places in Durango | [
-0.04012865573167801,
0.609431266784668,
0.15553908050060272,
0.09096749871969223,
-0.017641562968492508,
-0.09197928756475449,
0.40039753913879395,
1.0485801696777344,
-0.2944951057434082,
-0.16320820152759552,
-0.2512529194355011,
-0.08761005103588104,
-0.0859878808259964,
0.535320520401001,
-0.2615390419960022,
0.6625409722328186,
0.7899960875511169,
0.7988695502281189,
-0.1315860152244568,
-0.5988917350769043,
-0.061586346477270126,
-0.7588419914245605,
0.1796078234910965,
0.2523767352104187,
0.0573098249733448,
-0.15385252237319946,
-0.07266422361135483,
0.23378266394138336,
-0.005038685165345669,
0.19127261638641357,
-0.13371115922927856,
0.5810814499855042,
-0.06540252268314362,
-0.07534098625183105,
0.36716601252555847,
0.9999500513076782,
-0.030555004253983498,
-0.5744991898536682,
0.46098995208740234,
-0.48646387457847595,
0.23796623945236206,
-0.06230867654085159,
-0.07240328192710876,
0.29087135195732117,
-0.11485137045383453,
-0.4079883396625519,
-0.7074059247970581,
-0.038068097084760666,
-1.373010277748108,
-0.195704847574234,
-0.7854927778244019,
0.5292432308197021,
-0.24858948588371277,
0.3046456277370453,
0.268189936876297,
0.3526858985424042,
-1.2772691249847412,
0.04835538938641548,
0.41118380427360535,
0.4538329839706421,
0.329078733921051,
1.0024182796478271,
0.3291546702384949,
-0.567658543586731,
0.23631156980991364,
-0.19822633266448975,
0.34295591711997986,
0.1266838014125824,
-0.12561318278312683,
-0.7365794777870178,
-0.8145796656608582,
0.1837550699710846,
0.29424259066581726,
-0.7298251390457153,
-0.5314481854438782,
-0.4162972569465637,
-0.7883388996124268,
0.3059552013874054,
-0.22190019488334656,
0.46995630860328674,
0.17923541367053986,
-0.19237923622131348,
0.5430710911750793,
-0.3307780921459198,
1.1785619258880615,
1.0430492162704468,
-0.9730023741722107,
-0.4344378113746643,
-0.48464393615722656,
0.714532196521759,
-0.8068167567253113,
0.4348001778125763,
0.2882898449897766,
0.4365244507789612,
-0.5919363498687744,
0.016925256699323654,
-0.07789420336484909,
-0.24739019572734833,
-0.4438007175922394,
0.8584872484207153,
-0.4236849844455719,
0.4680938422679901,
0.5425335168838501,
0.01716303825378418,
-0.08225787431001663,
-0.42695197463035583,
-0.9929505586624146,
0.07905695587396622,
-0.02835831791162491,
-0.47944456338882446,
-0.37499862909317017,
0.3488820493221283,
-0.038543134927749634,
0.21805822849273682,
0.2512151300907135,
-0.02591826766729355,
0.8484867811203003,
-0.15161897242069244,
-0.10995727777481079,
-0.3442724645137787,
-0.7540167570114136,
1.0065209865570068,
-0.32840409874916077,
0.10030797868967056,
-0.018017603084445,
-0.17552639544010162,
0.35859546065330505,
0.48727336525917053,
-0.09527252614498138,
0.4422643184661865,
-0.1462152898311615,
0.47825953364372253,
-0.11315116286277771,
-0.1626800149679184,
0.418099582195282,
-1.177170753479004,
-0.28549081087112427,
0.7021641135215759,
0.14253182709217072,
-0.4476144313812256,
-0.7950984239578247,
-0.2570587992668152,
-0.1791171133518219,
-0.20383571088314056,
0.6610128879547119,
0.13594625890254974,
-0.18455927073955536,
-0.6710101962089539,
0.03984663262963295,
-0.028277238830924034,
0.33204346895217896,
0.06158815324306488,
-0.2141287624835968,
0.39233624935150146,
-0.6525495052337646,
-0.22604459524154663,
0.5910910964012146,
-0.476970911026001,
0.5172364711761475,
0.5097365975379944,
0.2668885588645935,
-0.27506187558174133,
0.2722085416316986,
-0.2046019583940506,
-0.5417488813400269,
0.1349790394306183,
0.29611510038375854,
0.721082866191864,
-0.1168416365981102,
0.4929027557373047,
-0.3851315975189209,
0.4649793803691864,
-0.05457916110754013,
-1.1325469017028809,
-0.5676782131195068,
-0.21703900396823883,
0.917013943195343,
0.5230094790458679,
-0.17559242248535156,
0.047438837587833405,
-0.6504101753234863,
0.7230988144874573,
0.12493214756250381,
-0.03284156322479248,
-0.22856788337230682,
0.11764179170131683,
0.5943334698677063,
0.2465183138847351,
-0.7650293111801147,
-0.4891927242279053,
-0.11912823468446732,
0.10922713577747345,
-0.6935568451881409,
-0.6082152128219604,
0.4666866660118103,
0.3082371950149536,
-0.5680745840072632,
0.3004922568798065,
-0.14075517654418945,
0.5921711921691895,
-1.1946220397949219,
0.11694417893886566,
1.2566931247711182,
-0.18606363236904144,
-0.40803205966949463,
-0.16125747561454773,
0.5258927345275879,
0.6223188638687134,
0.23507487773895264,
1.1958863735198975,
0.2745378613471985,
-0.058998387306928635,
0.27635133266448975,
0.705324113368988,
-0.6913967728614807,
-0.6832146048545837,
-0.4010346233844757,
-0.21859990060329437,
0.25238046050071716,
-0.2433752864599228,
0.3305908739566803,
0.28203296661376953,
-0.26805412769317627,
0.6804680824279785,
-0.2539159655570984,
0.6456461548805237,
0.9213041067123413,
-0.022507689893245697,
0.5850635766983032,
-0.3487282991409302,
0.426655113697052,
-0.07680023461580276,
0.426397442817688,
0.13956107199192047,
-0.05873121693730354,
-0.007281169295310974,
-0.1255348026752472,
-0.7187790274620056,
-0.08891535550355911,
-0.29273396730422974,
0.13718900084495544,
0.1578485369682312,
-0.31997784972190857,
0.364681214094162,
0.32152920961380005,
0.4990447461605072,
0.1055321991443634,
0.46552854776382446,
-0.2173236906528473,
-0.05709231644868851,
0.5175999402999878,
0.5879998803138733,
0.2567194700241089,
-0.6124953031539917,
0.5035868287086487,
-0.21518047153949738,
-0.2748194634914398,
-0.28369995951652527,
-0.306301087141037,
0.10409161448478699,
-0.012559470720589161,
0.08567444235086441,
0.05259638652205467,
0.9521850943565369,
-0.6865596175193787,
-1.0972169637680054,
0.19842050969600677,
-0.23898951709270477,
-0.22923772037029266,
0.0993448793888092,
0.13796672224998474,
-0.7470139265060425,
0.18783500790596008,
-0.27954378724098206,
0.3110613524913788,
-0.03265172243118286,
-0.10792624205350876,
0.320883572101593,
-1.3050038814544678,
-0.2914780378341675,
0.2622777819633484,
0.9999120235443115,
0.14416658878326416,
-0.5124719142913818,
-0.17970530688762665,
-0.5434340834617615,
0.23310934007167816,
-0.5566768050193787,
-0.006815713830292225,
-0.24528224766254425,
0.07552124559879303,
-0.12678751349449158,
-0.17389225959777832,
0.623676061630249,
-0.7486103177070618,
0.03551047295331955,
0.2934691905975342,
-0.2040828913450241,
0.7702120542526245,
-0.9283382296562195,
-0.4503408372402191,
0.10654379427433014,
0.17833398282527924,
0.5979694128036499,
-0.03816879913210869,
-0.27469152212142944,
0.3284805715084076,
-0.08677882701158524,
-4.596016883850098,
0.9787578582763672,
-0.45674869418144226,
-0.42433223128318787,
0.3856494724750519,
-0.6189227104187012,
0.4283486008644104,
-0.3599366247653961,
0.02465636283159256,
-0.47254660725593567,
0.028924904763698578,
-0.3939265012741089,
-0.32235899567604065,
1.493816614151001,
0.5334986448287964,
1.2855395078659058,
0.6783127784729004,
0.13854163885116577,
0.4639808237552643,
-0.45900434255599976,
-0.5092345476150513,
-0.3067440092563629,
-0.21565422415733337,
0.4910108149051666,
0.8267253637313843,
-0.27347856760025024,
-0.5787235498428345,
-0.34741267561912537,
-1.163375735282898,
0.020612768828868866,
-0.2891741991043091,
0.23348915576934814,
-0.7000643014907837,
0.48665252327919006,
-0.26161453127861023,
0.6858286261558533,
0.3845674395561218,
-0.21436084806919098,
0.2556852698326111,
-0.7960602641105652,
0.006801540032029152,
0.6313729882240295,
-0.24735301733016968,
-0.45878157019615173,
0.3939606547355652,
-0.4597548246383667,
-0.7282735705375671,
-0.2727547883987427,
0.6912151575088501,
-0.029399143531918526,
0.738872766494751,
-0.5905463695526123,
0.726347804069519,
0.12413136661052704,
0.011368992738425732,
-1.017476201057434,
1.118110179901123,
0.14774496853351593,
-0.7845552563667297,
1.3465280532836914,
0.13597506284713745,
0.05351981893181801,
0.3766702711582184,
-0.3598686754703522,
0.12012789398431778,
-0.02139652706682682,
0.7145153880119324,
-0.10690305382013321,
0.6554723978042603,
0.17306667566299438,
-0.4064164161682129,
0.32599079608917236,
-0.3163621127605438,
-0.9105076193809509,
0.09404706954956055,
-0.45469459891319275,
-0.721484899520874,
-0.07772129029035568,
-0.4832603931427002,
0.5593342781066895,
0.6439073085784912,
0.018143106251955032,
0.048284951597452164,
-0.0683143362402916,
-0.2979294955730438,
-0.0391872376203537,
0.4074465334415436,
0.19958510994911194,
-0.1868099421262741,
-0.05714826658368111,
-0.26903751492500305,
-0.3513837456703186,
0.6335883140563965,
-0.25643837451934814,
-0.9700528383255005,
0.20316825807094574,
-0.19199536740779877,
0.17116038501262665,
-0.6002220511436462,
-0.21561108529567719,
0.22459833323955536,
-0.5028311014175415,
0.06183181703090668,
-0.11547282338142395,
-0.057182036340236664,
-0.46797528862953186,
0.3961602747440338,
0.3066202998161316,
-0.19129705429077148,
-0.08140403777360916,
-0.14622089266777039,
0.6920647025108337,
-0.41335803270339966,
-0.6417487263679504,
0.7739795446395874,
0.06351535767316818,
-0.6155408620834351,
-0.3221990466117859,
-0.004687597043812275,
0.12658990919589996,
0.6019067764282227,
-0.13483861088752747,
-0.05008235573768616,
-0.08329670876264572,
-0.7403814196586609,
-0.14247867465019226,
0.3366871476173401,
0.6322734355926514,
0.48962223529815674,
-0.5237602591514587,
-0.5765857100486755,
0.3873217701911926,
0.07166778296232224,
-0.21297764778137207,
0.06655339896678925,
-0.22074121236801147,
-0.5760932564735413,
-1.2661950588226318,
1.0116251707077026,
-0.13721539080142975,
0.6394197344779968,
-0.20479311048984528,
-0.4218570590019226,
0.409833163022995,
-0.12312457710504532,
0.4504633843898773,
-0.04842165857553482,
-0.6527445316314697,
-1.347876787185669,
0.37443435192108154,
-0.48777204751968384,
-0.4053594470024109,
-0.41489672660827637,
-0.20505905151367188,
-0.15943774580955505,
-0.7076435685157776,
0.45343223214149475,
0.4058738350868225,
0.5824135541915894,
0.15846286714076996,
0.4457595646381378,
-0.5038192272186279,
-0.8322867751121521,
0.430146723985672,
0.4203537106513977,
-0.405159056186676,
-0.6526345610618591,
-0.24066852033138275,
-0.134007528424263,
0.6083120703697205,
-0.007516542449593544,
-0.5454339981079102,
-0.9429956078529358,
-0.3253152072429657,
1.0371170043945312,
-1.0798271894454956,
0.5579147338867188,
0.35769122838974,
0.10927512496709824,
0.23525139689445496,
0.572536826133728,
-0.5070825219154358,
0.01223404798656702,
-0.3097071349620819,
-0.01937534287571907,
-0.6565768122673035,
-0.42454156279563904,
-0.18122902512550354,
0.2101125717163086,
-0.17691956460475922,
0.16590552031993866,
0.24987758696079254,
0.008273566141724586,
0.08382609486579895,
-0.4588155150413513,
-1.1406610012054443,
0.1250433623790741,
-0.19830258190631866,
-0.0771821066737175,
-0.4766833186149597,
0.038863878697156906,
0.9487296342849731,
-0.2702561914920807,
0.895430326461792,
-0.22043047845363617,
-0.9134162664413452,
0.41971564292907715,
0.7699336409568787,
-0.7404271960258484,
0.5210150480270386,
-0.7902790904045105,
-0.8201074600219727,
0.20492780208587646,
0.6855854988098145,
0.13650435209274292,
-0.17070001363754272,
0.1817387342453003,
0.05601978302001953,
-1.0245893001556396,
0.2728738486766815,
-0.2743249833583832,
0.07604998350143433,
0.3459320366382599,
-0.1586713194847107,
-0.37272363901138306,
0.7657636404037476,
0.33140602707862854,
-0.6975982785224915,
1.2574023008346558,
-1.1391452550888062,
0.32102710008621216,
-0.012329070828855038,
0.3999464213848114,
0.2553417384624481,
-0.06611358374357224,
0.04786575958132744,
-0.11138969659805298,
0.1852041780948639,
-0.0048503936268389225,
-0.4070315659046173,
-0.5655502676963806,
0.5528785586357117,
0.4380466341972351,
-0.4645129144191742,
-0.07242615520954132,
0.6490749716758728,
0.13934357464313507,
0.3677929937839508,
-1.362958312034607,
-0.036865200847387314,
-0.6180410385131836,
-0.561416506767273,
-0.3871467411518097,
0.15785600244998932,
0.9446328282356262,
-0.9461557865142822,
-0.585476815700531,
0.6424776315689087,
0.4912392497062683,
-0.09464561194181442,
0.1506570428609848,
0.04389414191246033,
-0.37685829401016235,
0.44287440180778503,
0.2653869390487671,
-0.0014554872177541256,
0.13325394690036774,
-0.36009058356285095,
0.6180759072303772,
-0.10678483545780182,
0.23008280992507935,
-0.02633109875023365,
0.017151784151792526,
0.051113296300172806,
-0.04681389406323433,
0.034414056688547134,
-0.0030116168782114983,
-0.7170947194099426,
-0.27988460659980774,
-0.3639645278453827,
-0.671888530254364,
-0.31547725200653076,
0.20920276641845703,
-0.09123414754867554,
0.10850820690393448,
-0.5339195132255554,
-0.4533505439758301,
-0.25793299078941345,
-0.6393730640411377,
0.2276277393102646,
-1.0758780241012573,
0.4922037720680237,
0.02798420935869217,
-0.6393634676933289,
0.237938791513443,
-0.016763810068368912,
0.37183094024658203,
0.11114988476037979,
-0.03791159391403198,
-0.2594144940376282,
-0.35231995582580566,
0.398764431476593,
-0.2933897376060486,
-0.029505155980587006,
-0.26826927065849304,
-0.3689606189727783,
0.08715703338384628,
-0.049563076347112656,
-0.278749942779541,
0.6298607587814331,
-0.5385205149650574,
0.10999222844839096,
0.5231567621231079,
0.9434214234352112,
-0.3736741840839386,
0.18903186917304993,
0.7062638998031616,
-0.1490698605775833,
0.1844131499528885,
0.8671766519546509,
-0.3435606062412262,
-0.2939835488796234,
0.6508451700210571,
0.3521164059638977,
0.18645602464675903,
1.2504442930221558,
-0.0696580559015274,
-0.3577639162540436,
0.1151014044880867,
-0.004113917704671621,
-0.039556097239255905,
0.08314669877290726,
-0.5022424459457397,
0.4966546595096588,
-0.8572835922241211,
-0.4192827045917511,
-0.5485700964927673,
-0.7753823399543762,
-0.46309414505958557,
0.604898989200592,
0.5454150438308716,
0.5841059684753418,
-0.4286089837551117,
0.41173991560935974,
-0.058279044926166534,
0.2750192880630493,
-0.12204033136367798,
0.45661672949790955,
-0.163843035697937,
-0.025452278554439545,
0.12939244508743286,
0.3004070222377777,
0.023547641932964325,
0.11873659491539001,
-0.04892336204648018,
-0.06369767338037491,
0.3895014524459839,
0.01242118701338768,
-0.8777414560317993,
-0.10401200503110886,
-0.030978664755821228,
-0.36985939741134644,
0.10026638209819794,
-0.3047037720680237,
-0.10062830150127411,
-0.5867469310760498,
0.006945720408111811,
0.11335175484418869,
-0.6006794571876526,
0.4960901737213135,
-0.22016078233718872,
0.2514961361885071,
-0.1696043461561203,
0.6821227669715881,
0.37547799944877625,
0.5684446096420288,
0.1494472175836563,
1.1908385753631592,
0.03445017710328102,
0.8505685925483704,
0.15915556252002716,
0.3762429654598236,
-0.5739363431930542,
0.07000024616718292,
0.29405540227890015,
-0.13539636135101318,
-0.6047032475471497,
0.07276798784732819,
-0.08361605554819107,
0.050096623599529266,
-0.15554532408714294,
-0.3435685336589813,
-0.22900068759918213,
0.7933970093727112,
-0.02646785043179989,
0.0520133376121521,
-0.3725687265396118,
0.7337070107460022,
1.0387746095657349,
-0.28095364570617676,
0.3464408814907074,
0.06289142370223999,
-0.28225088119506836,
0.12268302589654922,
-0.01004856452345848,
0.21922573447227478,
-0.542583167552948,
0.23507268726825714,
-0.5492222905158997,
0.7371472716331482,
-0.4688892066478729,
0.014311484061181545,
-0.6317299604415894,
0.41506367921829224,
-0.19348621368408203,
0.37536296248435974,
0.1947755664587021,
-0.17518092691898346,
-0.40347352623939514,
-0.6738166809082031,
0.5049535632133484,
-1.0047138929367065,
0.4259953200817108,
0.6148703098297119,
0.47607800364494324,
-0.35200366377830505,
0.18767625093460083,
-0.05033167824149132,
-0.5608447194099426,
0.3916590213775635,
0.4348134398460388,
0.2107667326927185,
-0.831768810749054,
0.34766045212745667,
0.11435537040233612,
-0.7901731133460999,
0.29675284028053284,
1.4233803749084473,
0.8222135305404663,
-0.1827850490808487,
-0.36530911922454834,
-0.1699477881193161,
0.5106164813041687,
-0.7921359539031982,
-0.042631931602954865,
-0.07653388381004333,
-0.6664846539497375,
-0.436129093170166,
-0.31423696875572205,
0.8820104002952576,
-0.07141950726509094,
0.4894631505012512,
0.4481417238712311,
0.2205270230770111,
-0.7146562337875366,
0.46570566296577454,
0.4058144688606262,
-0.9854169487953186,
0.8136417865753174,
-0.3229708671569824
] |
224119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyonix%20PC | Iyonix PC | The Iyonix PC was an Acorn-clone personal computer sold by Castle Technology and Iyonix Ltd between 2002 and 2008. According to news site Slashdot, it was the first personal computer to use Intel's XScale processor. It ran .
History
The Iyonix originated as a secret project by Pace engineers in connection with development of set-top boxes (STBs), and has been noted as a successor to the . Pace had a licence to develop RISCOS Ltd's OS sources for use in the STB market. The Iyonix was developed under the code name Tungsten and uses , which is a version of RISC OS that supports ARM CPUs with 32-bit addressing modes. The sources and hardware design were subsequently acquired by Castle, who developed them into the final product. Castle continued to keep the project a secret, requiring developers to sign a non-disclosure agreement. Information was distributed to such developers via a confidential section of the website. Customers were occasionally able to buy the computer as a bare bones system for self-assembly.
After speculation on the usenet newsgroups, a website for the hardware was spotted in mid October 2002. Units first went on sale in December 2002. Prices started from £1249.
Castle ceased production of the Iyonix after the July 2006 introduction in the UK of the RoHS Regulations. The design was not compliant and Castle did not redesign the Iyonix. Sales continued for another two years via a newly established company, Iyonix Ltd, which enabled Castle itself to circumvent the regulations.
On 25 September 2008, Castle announced that production of the Iyonix had ceased and that new units would no longer be available to order.
Features
Features include:
Standard ATX motherboard and Nvidia video card
Intel XScale 80321 600 MHz 32-bit processor
Two 64-bit and two 32-bit PCI slots (two occupied by graphics and USB cards, two free)
RISC OS version 5 in hardware ROM module, using 32-bit addressing mode.
Support for the Linux operating system
Support for "legacy" Acorn DEBI expansion cards
USB interfacing
It was the first time substantial changes had been made to the platform since the release of the Risc PC in 1994. All interim machines had been built on the ARM7500 system on a chip, which was widely regarded as a single-chip Risc PC. (It incorporated the memory controller, video, sound, IO and CPU logic of a Risc PC, leaving only memory and disc interfacing to be added.)
The presence of PCI and USB capabilities, as well as the retained "podule" bus, attracted comparisons to Acorn's aborted Phoebe PC; however, such comparisons should be tempered with Phoebe's proposed feature set, which retained VIDC and 26-bit mode, and although Phoebe was intended to be capable of SMP configurations, its proposed shipping configuration had been for one SA110 CPU.
References
External links
Iyonix website
Iyonix review by The Icon Bar
Iyonix review
Announcement of end of production
Acorn Computers
ARM-based home computers | [
-0.4265550673007965,
0.2558392584323883,
-0.14820265769958496,
0.2746835947036743,
-0.2744751572608948,
0.8492184281349182,
-0.46904975175857544,
0.5404270887374878,
-0.027734287083148956,
0.05072504281997681,
-0.026296960189938545,
0.03514126315712929,
-0.17894546687602997,
0.3861423432826996,
0.18057997524738312,
-0.04676172882318497,
0.09056921303272247,
0.3638114035129547,
-0.348534494638443,
-0.3361065089702606,
-0.04726920276880264,
-0.3367275595664978,
0.07664451748132706,
0.3651781380176544,
-0.1941291242837906,
0.2795865833759308,
0.6849531531333923,
-0.19333888590335846,
0.2241668552160263,
0.06144183129072189,
-0.03595810756087303,
0.5512335300445557,
0.458513468503952,
-0.7015701532363892,
-0.23327721655368805,
-0.4347704350948334,
-0.5378330945968628,
0.3830735385417938,
-0.21343807876110077,
-0.34505608677864075,
0.18603898584842682,
0.07116034626960754,
0.1690063625574112,
0.37259283661842346,
-0.12684987485408783,
0.033964965492486954,
-1.7115488052368164,
-0.11072462052106857,
-0.30343154072761536,
0.30286192893981934,
-0.8280435800552368,
0.5472721457481384,
0.1913672238588333,
0.08510983735322952,
0.4104959964752197,
0.5568453669548035,
-0.2714155614376068,
-0.44624999165534973,
0.2798330783843994,
0.06247798353433609,
0.0673527866601944,
-0.17026466131210327,
0.16699016094207764,
-0.2910539507865906,
-0.2445504367351532,
0.17437545955181122,
0.1960284560918808,
0.06540919840335846,
-0.7939101457595825,
-0.4910595118999481,
-0.03866102918982506,
-0.28015586733818054,
0.2292098104953766,
-0.14634349942207336,
0.24018895626068115,
-0.5407202243804932,
0.515649676322937,
-0.168875589966774,
0.6560466289520264,
0.5559112429618835,
-0.04702271148562431,
0.40716955065727234,
0.8945462703704834,
-0.2698937654495239,
0.3896007835865021,
0.2688811719417572,
-0.7436700463294983,
0.3347654938697815,
-0.43774542212486267,
0.1383465826511383,
-0.36947065591812134,
-0.22770199179649353,
0.4915558993816376,
0.5623740553855896,
-0.45836737751960754,
-0.2902977168560028,
-0.5268782377243042,
-0.1856558471918106,
0.5151267051696777,
0.10436255484819412,
0.6002970933914185,
0.5312056541442871,
-0.1601582020521164,
-0.29446345567703247,
-0.7317211031913757,
-0.5139939188957214,
-0.2166619896888733,
-0.5764245986938477,
-0.23837155103683472,
0.1474180370569229,
-0.6258600950241089,
-0.179067462682724,
0.02010425738990307,
0.42809969186782837,
0.14100442826747894,
0.40217962861061096,
-0.10117927938699722,
-0.18849511444568634,
0.02360043115913868,
0.2683871388435364,
0.24566203355789185,
0.8248094916343689,
-0.1686481088399887,
0.43968653678894043,
0.14292292296886444,
0.4993816614151001,
0.06592254340648651,
-0.09781894087791443,
-0.1864272505044937,
0.04007277637720108,
0.526094377040863,
1.0490541458129883,
0.218760147690773,
-0.5582508444786072,
0.5892690420150757,
-0.44985365867614746,
0.6275516748428345,
-0.2505766451358795,
-0.12262526154518127,
0.36869388818740845,
-0.21618205308914185,
-0.06972531229257584,
-0.37750470638275146,
-0.5244688391685486,
0.25511881709098816,
0.02810911275446415,
-0.16264912486076355,
-0.17767903208732605,
0.17331360280513763,
-0.3262198865413666,
-0.10426648706197739,
-0.1969286948442459,
-0.04062077775597572,
-0.31178030371665955,
-0.18813525140285492,
0.2531419098377228,
0.060687143355607986,
-0.010155807249248028,
-0.0197924692183733,
0.16998805105686188,
-0.24858978390693665,
0.3829239308834076,
-0.7273475527763367,
-0.2790325880050659,
-0.20185792446136475,
0.05101040378212929,
0.5166922211647034,
0.18209636211395264,
0.22801779210567474,
0.19280129671096802,
-0.2796506881713867,
-0.11837486177682877,
-0.04859233647584915,
0.19991014897823334,
-0.09757920354604721,
0.1808069497346878,
0.7356276512145996,
0.30366644263267517,
-0.12956087291240692,
-0.22510646283626556,
-0.813845157623291,
-0.24902711808681488,
0.03401833400130272,
-0.10825399309396744,
0.10464084893465042,
0.446672648191452,
0.04404629021883011,
0.07041259109973907,
-0.28702566027641296,
0.01730547845363617,
-0.9489493370056152,
-0.19939076900482178,
0.7020090222358704,
-0.822944700717926,
1.098027229309082,
-0.031036939471960068,
-0.7459579110145569,
0.16230931878089905,
-0.1550874263048172,
0.4472814202308655,
-0.06381867825984955,
-0.2755655348300934,
1.0137073993682861,
-0.2112686038017273,
-0.0011197614949196577,
-0.1736031472682953,
-0.17541831731796265,
0.1665135771036148,
-0.2294677495956421,
0.40010979771614075,
-0.06963663548231125,
-0.4803367555141449,
0.687855064868927,
0.43849658966064453,
0.34305691719055176,
0.26369065046310425,
-0.5201060175895691,
-0.09370230883359909,
0.08238311856985092,
-0.4123714864253998,
0.8205322623252869,
-0.14994649589061737,
-0.19855853915214539,
0.7860763072967529,
-0.1717742681503296,
1.0584309101104736,
0.26561713218688965,
-0.24458052217960358,
0.7032046914100647,
-0.0023272926919162273,
-0.6260438561439514,
0.3469008803367615,
-0.10021121054887772,
-0.6357718706130981,
0.1473524421453476,
0.3686095178127289,
-0.2589786648750305,
-0.47366857528686523,
0.404653936624527,
0.4519786834716797,
0.3780566155910492,
0.1980142742395401,
-0.5499094724655151,
0.03395737335085869,
0.9092459678649902,
-0.05663597956299782,
-0.2655951976776123,
0.43893077969551086,
0.1160302460193634,
-0.47216877341270447,
0.46204808354377747,
0.2993827164173126,
-0.1508982926607132,
0.0895295962691307,
0.15720823407173157,
0.06490083783864975,
0.051540568470954895,
0.11682796478271484,
0.058452606201171875,
0.746925413608551,
-0.12000521272420883,
-0.33201488852500916,
0.008271482773125172,
0.10055892169475555,
0.10123617202043533,
-0.538019597530365,
0.15888062119483948,
-0.15923020243644714,
0.11007791012525558,
-0.1354154646396637,
-0.1624090075492859,
-0.3421774208545685,
-0.6566675305366516,
0.08444597572088242,
-0.4770136773586273,
-0.6253578066825867,
-0.5977851748466492,
0.42512866854667664,
-0.7550816535949707,
-0.6240723729133606,
0.29287925362586975,
0.20377933979034424,
0.30365681648254395,
-0.5516862869262695,
-0.40659165382385254,
0.08339539915323257,
-0.15727396309375763,
-0.7235737442970276,
-0.5898101329803467,
-0.42036545276641846,
0.061760686337947845,
0.5336023569107056,
-0.34413179755210876,
0.04432402178645134,
0.1638573408126831,
0.8641637563705444,
-0.3150846064090729,
-0.186908558011055,
0.3859269320964813,
-0.3246096074581146,
0.22521409392356873,
0.36014559864997864,
-0.2333964705467224,
0.27201583981513977,
0.3235539197921753,
-0.214773491024971,
0.20177876949310303,
-0.6697744727134705,
-5.709290981292725,
0.6672940254211426,
0.1349223405122757,
-0.20105481147766113,
0.3027864098548889,
0.33882778882980347,
0.5085112452507019,
0.1008986309170723,
0.09504786133766174,
-0.45401519536972046,
0.11520544439554214,
0.17881923913955688,
-0.1579430103302002,
-0.11023001372814178,
0.16474074125289917,
0.8742324709892273,
0.4900915026664734,
0.055997271090745926,
0.33114999532699585,
-0.36098816990852356,
0.43680256605148315,
-0.3358463644981384,
-0.1777712106704712,
0.1393074095249176,
0.2986411154270172,
0.506549596786499,
-0.3739432394504547,
-0.1871172934770584,
-0.4241965711116791,
0.6700859665870667,
0.09823605418205261,
-0.004760633688420057,
0.002014440717175603,
-0.5193688869476318,
-0.14163105189800262,
-0.026913395151495934,
0.723669171333313,
0.31340816617012024,
0.3149903416633606,
-0.4954446852207184,
0.3733627200126648,
0.6541641354560852,
-0.19521711766719818,
-0.053538333624601364,
0.05611497536301613,
-0.04359540343284607,
-0.9953010678291321,
-0.05955398827791214,
-0.2849472761154175,
0.7621825933456421,
-0.27581220865249634,
-0.14449310302734375,
0.15042316913604736,
0.47827139496803284,
0.10871746391057968,
-0.14010007679462433,
-0.284922331571579,
0.22797676920890808,
-0.4909708797931671,
0.3956010043621063,
-0.022261938080191612,
-0.2256595641374588,
-0.31642261147499084,
-0.5239858031272888,
-0.11419496685266495,
-0.22863055765628815,
-0.41570335626602173,
0.1394871473312378,
0.30882880091667175,
0.29948464035987854,
-0.08196614682674408,
0.12065844237804413,
0.000005233134288573638,
-0.9451687932014465,
0.185580775141716,
-0.13737639784812927,
0.12646441161632538,
0.4068787395954132,
-0.4135105609893799,
0.3271646499633789,
0.049453090876340866,
-0.5114359855651855,
-0.575400173664093,
0.489874929189682,
-0.33980512619018555,
-0.6838216781616211,
-0.6097375750541687,
-0.1808219701051712,
0.20111602544784546,
0.37421056628227234,
0.7949591279029846,
-0.36942002177238464,
-0.06383943557739258,
0.45467090606689453,
0.6966156363487244,
-0.15571585297584534,
0.8214899897575378,
0.3755359649658203,
0.06260547786951065,
-0.160770446062088,
0.28055378794670105,
-0.004533298313617706,
0.09196016192436218,
-0.7461317777633667,
-0.08724936842918396,
-0.2106243222951889,
-0.585951566696167,
-0.14777134358882904,
0.4467422664165497,
-0.2056865245103836,
-0.1951075941324234,
-0.6216714978218079,
-0.43419888615608215,
-0.5730897188186646,
0.14418120682239532,
-0.4270213544368744,
0.08445578068494797,
0.43936434388160706,
0.008344368077814579,
-0.5336346626281738,
-0.41433271765708923,
0.19828420877456665,
0.5080556273460388,
-0.8128905892372131,
-0.5030200481414795,
-0.18737022578716278,
0.05229876935482025,
0.1980733424425125,
-0.1604257971048355,
-0.36374908685684204,
-0.4072265028953552,
0.09235268831253052,
-0.004344651009887457,
0.221744567155838,
-0.18629713356494904,
-0.23835071921348572,
-0.5398436784744263,
-0.18517078459262848,
-0.1548956036567688,
0.4294969439506531,
-0.007475045043975115,
-0.26912447810173035,
-0.023222489282488823,
-0.10899487882852554,
-0.04992968961596489,
0.48559239506721497,
0.0694446787238121,
-0.3996998965740204,
-0.26969873905181885,
0.3809228241443634,
0.11983629316091537,
-0.4683833718299866,
0.6002752184867859,
0.18651388585567474,
-0.3848004937171936,
0.8383655548095703,
0.09512189775705338,
0.32856735587120056,
-0.6015945076942444,
-0.40676483511924744,
0.49535685777664185,
0.27829596400260925,
-0.8726708889007568,
0.4127254784107208,
0.5944561958312988,
-0.28147202730178833,
-0.036764997988939285,
-0.4851863980293274,
0.11534170061349869,
-0.00911939051002264,
0.5588777661323547,
-0.2863909900188446,
-0.5273770689964294,
0.012340434826910496,
0.871487021446228,
0.5453006625175476,
-0.1650557816028595,
-0.29511621594429016,
0.12181701511144638,
-0.11045964807271957,
0.43357205390930176,
-0.28887125849723816,
-0.28518906235694885,
0.4084736704826355,
0.6370725035667419,
-0.9547359943389893,
-0.13358768820762634,
-0.22248665988445282,
-0.2861005961894989,
-0.410394549369812,
0.42693471908569336,
0.048454947769641876,
0.5146140456199646,
0.2265380322933197,
-0.6680702567100525,
-0.3813613951206207,
-0.08413224667310715,
0.3883625864982605,
-0.14553847908973694,
-1.075608491897583,
-0.6125083565711975,
0.4412931501865387,
-0.6469491124153137,
0.4417671859264374,
0.4524520933628082,
-0.42759427428245544,
-0.19890007376670837,
-0.2762625217437744,
0.05518665909767151,
-0.06275977194309235,
-0.7165223956108093,
-0.6600196957588196,
0.34691134095191956,
-0.23989084362983704,
-0.16050732135772705,
0.6222779750823975,
0.0038376664742827415,
-0.27747562527656555,
-0.5476686358451843,
-0.27360203862190247,
-0.6769853234291077,
-0.03105921857059002,
-0.3595629632472992,
-0.4189092814922333,
-0.6156919002532959,
0.967744767665863,
0.9334045052528381,
-0.25549718737602234,
0.08848444372415543,
-0.37417054176330566,
-0.1396007537841797,
-0.1600734293460846,
0.23804812133312225,
0.045785583555698395,
-0.2103251814842224,
0.6145246624946594,
-0.22096849977970123,
0.2699708640575409,
0.31451845169067383,
0.5033684968948364,
0.20484717190265656,
0.07687771320343018,
-0.16301938891410828,
-0.10527195036411285,
-0.29414430260658264,
0.5022106766700745,
-0.25116848945617676,
-0.47340622544288635,
-0.7289053201675415,
0.07656611502170563,
-0.03348618373274803,
-0.3281351625919342,
-0.21669872105121613,
-0.27670493721961975,
0.8168389797210693,
-0.8402184844017029,
-0.008187799714505672,
-0.03264155238866806,
-0.24166347086429596,
-0.17504358291625977,
-0.23259566724300385,
-0.2107478529214859,
-0.3829025328159332,
0.46758970618247986,
0.22265197336673737,
0.33684420585632324,
0.04856404289603233,
-0.5139440894126892,
0.40964654088020325,
-0.2850837707519531,
0.11684127151966095,
0.05486399307847023,
0.6764162182807922,
0.6981000900268555,
-0.16999121010303497,
-0.34318873286247253,
-0.22262854874134064,
-0.1503598392009735,
-0.3442210555076599,
-0.24575461447238922,
-0.6199139356613159,
-0.11228432506322861,
0.724659264087677,
-0.46802687644958496,
-0.20125862956047058,
-0.404781311750412,
0.1850389540195465,
-0.2959992289543152,
-0.002117189345881343,
0.1812867373228073,
-0.45003437995910645,
0.21992279589176178,
0.2755178213119507,
-0.4270259141921997,
-0.22198742628097534,
0.36785489320755005,
-0.675743818283081,
-0.1538839191198349,
-0.21685408055782318,
0.005348422098904848,
-0.1945822387933731,
0.7921176552772522,
0.8019109964370728,
-0.44347232580184937,
0.38181072473526,
0.3181552290916443,
0.0786503255367279,
0.36003026366233826,
-0.4509041905403137,
-0.19864201545715332,
-0.23232105374336243,
-0.3693104386329651,
-0.014424066059291363,
0.0012807220919057727,
-0.04844193905591965,
0.0006452957750298083,
0.31985795497894287,
-0.33333897590637207,
-0.13073161244392395,
-0.2483842521905899,
0.697254478931427,
0.8872876167297363,
0.43975555896759033,
0.47735854983329773,
-0.5590242743492126,
0.9232208132743835,
-0.2159612774848938,
-0.5183621048927307,
0.2803594172000885,
0.29980239272117615,
0.37020212411880493,
-0.35891127586364746,
-0.3587316572666168,
0.44907617568969727,
0.24033695459365845,
-0.11245470494031906,
-0.15717336535453796,
-0.5883600115776062,
-0.42801496386528015,
1.0614129304885864,
0.5943483114242554,
0.5648952126502991,
-0.23672962188720703,
-0.2572669982910156,
-0.26110202074050903,
0.5786359310150146,
0.20328289270401,
-0.04381198063492775,
0.3693918287754059,
-0.005085218697786331,
0.034300386905670166,
0.24993255734443665,
0.12257486581802368,
-0.018320031464099884,
-0.4453526437282562,
-0.09265736490488052,
-0.16877557337284088,
-0.058285705745220184,
0.6589179039001465,
0.051386378705501556,
-0.19545620679855347,
0.5622291564941406,
0.6895304322242737,
0.03002699464559555,
-0.37620750069618225,
0.9002835154533386,
-0.029848232865333557,
-0.44917911291122437,
0.19015814363956451,
0.07933920621871948,
0.35480013489723206,
0.2505747079849243,
0.3938691020011902,
0.3122498393058777,
-0.2014845907688141,
0.11948881298303604,
0.6683326363563538,
0.09521929174661636,
-0.41996580362319946,
0.27011242508888245,
-0.18061132729053497,
0.06343558430671692,
-0.14684586226940155,
-0.18207018077373505,
0.09111576527357101,
-0.25439122319221497,
-0.14601069688796997,
0.40520742535591125,
0.4025888442993164,
-0.21489588916301727,
-0.03422316908836365,
-0.7572486400604248,
0.044584423303604126,
0.218879833817482,
-0.17204658687114716,
-0.12146901339292526,
0.13099558651447296,
0.22763024270534515,
0.00643146550282836,
0.7280853986740112,
0.472151517868042,
-0.08116009086370468,
0.4097822606563568,
0.22696244716644287,
-0.23549900949001312,
0.740917980670929,
-0.3586360514163971,
0.22737570106983185,
-1.7649097442626953,
0.08511372655630112,
0.5036848187446594,
0.2892895042896271,
0.43803155422210693,
-0.4209331274032593,
-0.620036244392395,
-0.317926824092865,
0.7006438374519348,
-0.04210402071475983,
-0.5581947565078735,
0.09696923196315765,
-0.0979592502117157,
-0.6965600848197937,
0.2776922583580017,
0.15271300077438354,
0.14292427897453308,
0.0851302444934845,
1.0242401361465454,
-0.27164965867996216,
-0.10912879556417465,
0.517824649810791,
0.20530515909194946,
0.32422176003456116,
0.18340621888637543,
0.16543692350387573,
-0.015675362199544907,
0.07351100444793701,
0.19243691861629486,
0.3802703320980072,
0.05574851483106613,
-0.44786450266838074,
0.010643912479281425,
-0.028990987688302994,
-0.15543226897716522,
0.21311843395233154,
-0.4074329733848572,
-0.3090580999851227,
-0.25192779302597046,
-0.8597339391708374,
-0.7988522052764893,
0.0609593540430069,
-0.03328333795070648,
-0.40050792694091797,
0.36025357246398926,
-0.050495944917201996,
0.3626554310321808,
0.16090716421604156,
0.6166753172874451,
-0.646880567073822,
0.06960077583789825,
-0.05261581391096115
] |
224120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Opie | John Opie | John Opie (16 May 1761 – 9 April 1807) was a Cornish historical and portrait painter. He painted many great men and women of his day, including members of the British Royal Family, and others who were notable in the artistic and literary professions.
Life and work
Opie was born in Harmony Cottage, Trevellas, between St Agnes and Perranporth in Cornwall, UK. He was the youngest of the five children of Edward Opie, a master carpenter, and his wife Mary (née Tonkin). He showed a precocious talent for drawing and mathematics, and by the age of twelve, he had mastered Euclid and opened an evening school for poor children where he taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. His father, however, did not encourage his abilities, and apprenticed him to his own trade of carpentry.
Opie's artistic abilities eventually came to the attention of local physician and satirist, Dr John Wolcot (Peter Pindar), who visited him at the sawmill where he was working in 1775. Recognising a great talent, Wolcot became Opie's mentor, buying him out of his apprenticeship and insisting that he come to live at his home in Truro. Wolcot provided invaluable encouragement, advice, tuition and practical help in the advancement of his early career, including obtaining many commissions for work.
In 1781, having gained considerable experience as a portraitist travelling around Cornwall, Opie moved to London with Wolcot. There they lived together, having entered into a formal profit-sharing agreement. Although Opie had received a considerable artistic education from Wolcot, the doctor chose to present him as a self-taught prodigy; a portrait of a boy shown at the Society of Artists the previous year, had been described in the catalogue as "an instance of Genius, not having ever seen a picture." Wolcot introduced the "Cornish wonder" to leading artists, including Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was to compare him to Caravaggio and Velazquez, and to prospective patrons. The business arrangement with Wolcot lasted for a year, after which Opie informed the doctor that he now wished to go it alone, leading to the estrangement of the two former partners.
Through the influence of a Mrs Boscawen, Wolcot managed to have Opie introduced at the court of King George III. The king purchased one of his pictures and commissioned him to produce a portrait of Mary Delany. He also received commissions to paint the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, Lady Salisbury, Lady Charlotte Talbot, Lady Harcourt and other ladies of the court. Opie's residence at "Orange Court", Castle Street, Leicester Fields, was said to be "crowded with rank and fashion every day" and he was the talk of the town. In 1782 he first exhibited at the Royal Academy and in December of that year was married to Mary Bunn. The match, however, proved to be an unhappy one and they were eventually divorced in 1796 after her elopement.
Opie's work, after an initial burst of popularity, rapidly fell out of fashion. In response to this he began to work on improving his technique, while at the same time seeking to supplement his early education by the study of Latin, French and English literature, and to polish his provincial manners by mixing in cultivated and learned circles. In 1786 he exhibited his first important historical subject, the Assassination of James I, and in the following year the Murder of Rizzio, a work whose merit was recognized by his immediate election as associate of the Royal Academy, of which he became a full member in 1788. He painted five subjects for John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery; and until his death, his practice alternated between portraiture and historical work. In May 1798 he married Amelia Alderson whom he had met at a party in Norwich, having gone to Norfolk to carry out some commissions for Thomas Coke at Holkham Hall. They lived at 8 Berners Street, where Opie had moved in 1791, and this proved a happy marriage lasing for Opie's last nine years of life.
Opie painted many notable men and women including Mary Wollstonecraft, Samuel Johnson, Francesco Bartolozzi, John Bannister, Joseph Munden, Charles James Fox, William Betty, Edmund Burke, John Crome, James Northcote, Henry Fuseli, Thomas Girtin, Robert Southey, Samuel Parr, Elizabeth Inchbald and Mary Shelley; 508 portraits in all, mostly in oil, and 252 other pictures.
Teaching and writing
In 1805, Opie was appointed a Professor at the Royal Academy and from May 1806 gave a series of four lectures which were published as a book after his death, with a memoir by his widow Amelia Opie, in 1809. His students at the Academy included Henry Thomson. Opie was also known as a writer on art by his Life of Reynolds in Wolcot's edition of Matthew Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters and his Letter on the Cultivation of the Fine Arts in England, in which he advocated the formation of a national gallery.
Death
Opie died in April 1807, aged 46, at his home in Berners Street, and was buried at St Paul's Cathedral, in the crypt next to Joshua Reynolds, as he had wished. He had no children.
Gallery
References
Further reading
An exhaustive list of Opie's exhibited works, private commissions etc. can be found in Ada Earland's book "John Opie and his circle" (1911, p. 251 ff.).
Edwards, B. B. & Bulfinch, S. G. Biography of self-taught men: with an introductory essay (Boston: J.E. Tilton and company, 1859) pp. 191–201.
Tregellas, Walter Hawken. Cornish worthies: sketches of some eminent Cornish men and families, volume 2 (London: E. Stock, 1884) pp. 243–278.
Earland, Ada. John Opie and his circle (London : Hutchinson & co., 1911).
Rogers, John Jope. Opie and his works'' (London: P. and D. Colnaghi and co. etc., 1878).
External links
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
John Opie on Artcyclopedia
The Cornish wonder: John Opie R.A. (Official website of the book of the same name by Viv Hendra)
John Opie on Artnet
Portraits of: Maria Godsal; Young woman in a white dress; A young boy; A Boy with a Staff; A beggar boy (Philip Mould Fine Paintings - accessed 23 Feb 2011)
1761 births
1807 deaths
18th-century English painters
19th-century English painters
British landscape painters
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Painters from Cornwall
English male painters
English portrait painters
People from St Agnes, Cornwall
Royal Academicians | [
0.07795398682355881,
0.42685258388519287,
-1.0248358249664307,
-0.7788025736808777,
0.8560053110122681,
1.1619240045547485,
0.5373837351799011,
0.23772776126861572,
-0.9721839427947998,
-0.1567251831293106,
-0.061604563146829605,
0.3350697457790375,
-0.2903997600078583,
0.4142230749130249,
-0.13027971982955933,
-0.007381488103419542,
-0.2377624660730362,
0.19523513317108154,
-0.006500601768493652,
-0.49039044976234436,
-0.024173729121685028,
-0.6515604853630066,
0.10721157491207123,
-0.5910400152206421,
-0.7632846832275391,
-0.30614200234413147,
-0.18551629781723022,
-0.23956751823425293,
0.16909097135066986,
-0.20204928517341614,
-0.2542526125907898,
0.9833357930183411,
0.6264708638191223,
-0.3828948140144348,
-0.3872736990451813,
-0.27079424262046814,
-0.7823075652122498,
-0.4086678922176361,
-0.37208935618400574,
0.2713342607021332,
-0.2606828808784485,
-0.5435582399368286,
0.3853769600391388,
-0.08989287167787552,
-0.22138060629367828,
-0.6215054988861084,
-2.0941100120544434,
-0.22543856501579285,
-0.4640296697616577,
0.05023619160056114,
0.4587688744068146,
0.10013872385025024,
0.9975086450576782,
0.5059963464736938,
0.09790870547294617,
0.030519258230924606,
-0.27340295910835266,
-0.4165673851966858,
0.5343552827835083,
-0.08715945482254028,
0.1769658923149109,
-0.012372912839055061,
-0.15600982308387756,
-0.09521438181400299,
0.3150554597377777,
0.12950961291790009,
-0.31259265542030334,
0.09952537715435028,
-0.17561455070972443,
0.07523742318153381,
0.8817763924598694,
0.25971224904060364,
0.678772509098053,
0.19535139203071594,
-0.2632145881652832,
-0.08547709882259369,
0.1518436223268509,
-0.5696923136711121,
0.20460040867328644,
0.3173276484012604,
0.37177425622940063,
0.05147518590092659,
1.1726094484329224,
0.658905565738678,
-0.05597409978508949,
0.4268178343772888,
-0.1689165234565735,
0.2401474267244339,
-0.3094989061355591,
0.011086685582995415,
-0.19126586616039276,
-0.6254361867904663,
0.008650044910609722,
0.2344263792037964,
-0.16912370920181274,
0.7275411486625671,
-0.6097164154052734,
0.6874624490737915,
-0.17431598901748657,
-0.43575024604797363,
0.3352181911468506,
0.07621362805366516,
-0.11034063994884491,
0.25970110297203064,
-0.7533155083656311,
-0.23235130310058594,
-0.21364600956439972,
-0.05290526896715164,
0.30309659242630005,
0.06522560119628906,
-0.16270585358142853,
0.11400152742862701,
-1.0866634845733643,
0.3893575072288513,
-0.08967433124780655,
0.2043958604335785,
0.46845778822898865,
-0.714880645275116,
-0.5861891508102417,
-0.3758072853088379,
-0.5547647476196289,
0.208039790391922,
-0.04422684758901596,
0.5564454793930054,
-0.7498257756233215,
0.3523574769496918,
-0.21369503438472748,
0.6017473340034485,
0.5190480947494507,
0.2142445296049118,
0.3373234272003174,
1.9380601644515991,
-0.30616143345832825,
-0.584799587726593,
-0.3668860197067261,
0.20293910801410675,
0.10693962126970291,
0.11970426887273788,
-0.1565004140138626,
0.44277459383010864,
-0.22594062983989716,
-0.03224150091409683,
-0.5744459629058838,
0.11711303889751434,
-0.13947854936122894,
0.2255169004201889,
-0.22088295221328735,
-0.4611249268054962,
-0.2956470847129822,
0.047461576759815216,
-0.03755331411957741,
-0.1037432923913002,
0.5410836338996887,
-0.13386042416095734,
-0.1958463042974472,
-0.16815993189811707,
0.5164299607276917,
0.12698912620544434,
0.6195743083953857,
-0.6061022877693176,
-0.22253011167049408,
0.03869227319955826,
0.31530240178108215,
-0.09993894398212433,
0.3230648636817932,
-0.10124732553958893,
0.02914731204509735,
-0.28079429268836975,
-0.22822602093219757,
-0.1484115719795227,
-0.5150901079177856,
0.4522547423839569,
0.81565260887146,
0.1995963305234909,
0.06865499168634415,
-0.23088698089122772,
0.42027464509010315,
0.3657865822315216,
0.7527111768722534,
-0.4083843231201172,
-0.9756807088851929,
-0.1539267897605896,
0.471177339553833,
-0.5797901153564453,
0.4344554841518402,
0.23826822638511658,
0.7016286253929138,
0.36273786425590515,
0.43823570013046265,
-0.194165900349617,
-0.6261851191520691,
-0.9752768874168396,
0.1662994772195816,
-0.3593030571937561,
0.5429861545562744,
0.19403865933418274,
-0.5076542496681213,
0.08788830786943436,
0.7939760088920593,
0.8204441070556641,
-0.03381437435746193,
0.022141385823488235,
0.06838595122098923,
-0.23561784625053406,
0.12715114653110504,
0.4250185489654541,
0.17466428875923157,
-0.012754048220813274,
0.27977749705314636,
0.3725024163722992,
0.3556980788707733,
-0.6352378129959106,
0.2994629740715027,
0.8513086438179016,
-0.43408629298210144,
-0.7444977164268494,
-0.11031883209943771,
-0.5481483340263367,
-0.1290493905544281,
-0.46524012088775635,
0.018800456076860428,
-0.11314569413661957,
0.21247904002666473,
0.8029928207397461,
0.39021891355514526,
1.2591713666915894,
-0.2901804745197296,
-0.14739929139614105,
-0.10960329324007034,
-0.911571204662323,
-0.370165079832077,
0.40548229217529297,
0.04936891794204712,
-0.12522439658641815,
0.0010867827804759145,
0.3947528600692749,
-0.021652422845363617,
-0.4807582497596741,
0.6350954174995422,
-0.5845613479614258,
0.09704359620809555,
0.12148187309503555,
-0.1693771630525589,
0.2450750768184662,
0.7036719918251038,
0.9157484173774719,
0.3043019473552704,
-0.5390745997428894,
-0.5711553692817688,
0.1872260421514511,
0.104453906416893,
0.4921095371246338,
-0.17991165816783905,
0.15961454808712006,
-0.29878854751586914,
-0.6478505730628967,
0.8032687306404114,
-0.5223303437232971,
-0.19903837144374847,
0.3039732277393341,
-0.09202494472265244,
0.0214775949716568,
0.22719155251979828,
0.7602736949920654,
0.2491050511598587,
-0.8529279828071594,
-0.04575008526444435,
-0.27075275778770447,
0.9629802107810974,
-0.1935042291879654,
0.7500517964363098,
-0.0579545721411705,
-0.17627055943012238,
0.3403007686138153,
0.5834895968437195,
0.24124762415885925,
-0.4792076349258423,
-0.2623978853225708,
-0.11118089407682419,
-0.5460169911384583,
0.10205671191215515,
0.7583334445953369,
-0.4773486256599426,
0.028201043605804443,
-0.020985044538974762,
0.43009188771247864,
-0.1131548061966896,
-0.16245587170124054,
-0.12512636184692383,
-1.0315608978271484,
-0.2226487696170807,
0.3426413834095001,
-0.5947157144546509,
0.34194526076316833,
-0.6009150147438049,
0.08704590052366257,
-0.6532223224639893,
-0.7677754163742065,
-0.3295581638813019,
-0.28237417340278625,
-0.338617742061615,
0.3523169159889221,
0.12291186302900314,
0.14889323711395264,
0.2675221860408783,
0.27078938484191895,
-0.016874490305781364,
-0.6649215221405029,
-4.826411724090576,
0.24094216525554657,
-0.13310833275318146,
-0.0018125410424545407,
-0.20528163015842438,
-0.24470822513103485,
0.9333762526512146,
-0.2739127576351166,
0.36000409722328186,
-0.07846958190202713,
0.6886177659034729,
-0.34342673420906067,
0.13002720475196838,
0.740159273147583,
1.265642762184143,
0.5527267456054688,
0.958141028881073,
0.018105940893292427,
0.02876625396311283,
0.3160967230796814,
-0.2481423020362854,
0.415766179561615,
-0.49354174733161926,
-0.058217853307724,
0.26986241340637207,
0.07350074499845505,
0.07597599923610687,
-0.3932479918003082,
-0.7964626550674438,
-0.3470483720302582,
0.028333211317658424,
0.14761584997177124,
-0.3532900810241699,
-0.38701289892196655,
0.3495102822780609,
-0.21531942486763,
0.16792170703411102,
0.9629255533218384,
0.18504801392555237,
-0.40412211418151855,
0.0458391048014164,
0.10810704529285431,
-1.4787797927856445,
-0.05378274992108345,
-0.019873861223459244,
-0.15035782754421234,
-0.4147670865058899,
-0.28062859177589417,
-0.3477803170681,
0.4661179780960083,
-0.0005502489511854947,
0.03189040347933769,
0.31012287735939026,
0.2330508679151535,
0.16558252274990082,
0.03152099996805191,
-0.2683795392513275,
0.421028733253479,
-0.663527250289917,
0.3359234929084778,
0.43785810470581055,
-0.7206671833992004,
-0.2715020179748535,
-0.02626231126487255,
0.21126620471477509,
-0.32743069529533386,
0.035343561321496964,
-0.23471857607364655,
0.27373209595680237,
-0.7344353199005127,
0.25699761509895325,
0.31635016202926636,
-0.11840703338384628,
-0.6579784750938416,
-0.13782723248004913,
-0.2563561201095581,
0.44335830211639404,
0.11594942212104797,
-0.45055559277534485,
-0.6284038424491882,
0.31712090969085693,
-0.9950055480003357,
0.2780197858810425,
1.1236883401870728,
0.4465547204017639,
0.08707492798566818,
-0.31496527791023254,
0.39267870783805847,
-1.102532982826233,
-0.4082532227039337,
0.22915615141391754,
0.5642624497413635,
-0.4961206912994385,
0.6170791387557983,
0.06161506846547127,
-0.28366905450820923,
0.4795634150505066,
-0.3169878423213959,
0.20361515879631042,
-0.05259337276220322,
-0.6557628512382507,
-0.12467019259929657,
-0.16854284703731537,
-0.07627969980239868,
-0.11768510937690735,
-0.44314664602279663,
-0.2826681435108185,
-0.002224978059530258,
0.9958973526954651,
0.24935714900493622,
0.6362278461456299,
0.1835436075925827,
-0.14996036887168884,
0.36329519748687744,
-0.227655291557312,
-0.28154557943344116,
0.6209475994110107,
0.31682154536247253,
0.5721580982208252,
0.20578539371490479,
-0.14705753326416016,
0.5693835020065308,
-0.27508842945098877,
-0.3678073287010193,
-0.3516365587711334,
-0.47109314799308777,
0.2125808447599411,
-0.4026102125644684,
-1.113884449005127,
0.2367328703403473,
0.09818483144044876,
0.872982919216156,
-0.5307711958885193,
0.011826073750853539,
0.042574089020490646,
0.1704857498407364,
-0.9592037200927734,
-0.26828721165657043,
0.04242050647735596,
0.1371181756258011,
0.06991328299045563,
-0.2674824595451355,
0.22376815974712372,
0.4333319664001465,
-0.24620524048805237,
0.3145873248577118,
0.14594128727912903,
-0.4373922646045685,
-0.5709989666938782,
0.5014289617538452,
-0.6261979937553406,
0.09286271035671234,
0.25129222869873047,
-0.44276997447013855,
0.575252115726471,
0.1984906941652298,
-0.9464740753173828,
-0.6469647288322449,
-0.240276038646698,
0.2834893763065338,
-0.16205556690692902,
0.5763574242591858,
-1.0927257537841797,
0.011552254669368267,
-0.06673145294189453,
-0.23127985000610352,
-0.6079112887382507,
-0.23101255297660828,
-0.03970056772232056,
0.35263848304748535,
0.16567149758338928,
-0.7072937488555908,
-0.017406607046723366,
-0.1513042002916336,
0.369907945394516,
-0.19030335545539856,
-0.14654091000556946,
0.5023959279060364,
-0.2054329216480255,
-0.34354886412620544,
0.08734571188688278,
0.4615188241004944,
-0.8154003024101257,
-0.22508512437343597,
0.315064013004303,
0.12463539838790894,
-0.43492722511291504,
-0.8551899790763855,
0.007808724883943796,
0.0879535973072052,
-0.27142125368118286,
-0.15229080617427826,
0.10306107252836227,
1.4204390048980713,
-0.4218870997428894,
-0.2554105818271637,
0.0788375735282898,
0.7356098890304565,
-0.12972897291183472,
-0.8106763362884521,
0.3076052665710449,
-0.2117643803358078,
-0.36488622426986694,
-0.3936491012573242,
-0.27746883034706116,
-1.0553044080734253,
0.11190900206565857,
0.26225411891937256,
-0.45123064517974854,
0.7358901500701904,
0.02052186243236065,
-0.612034797668457,
-0.3608555495738983,
0.5422905087471008,
-0.06706602871417999,
0.30611497163772583,
0.5201224088668823,
0.194888174533844,
-0.2025539129972458,
-0.6800539493560791,
-0.6700018644332886,
0.46245139837265015,
-1.0892198085784912,
-0.2848875820636749,
-0.2481185495853424,
-0.260188490152359,
-0.11039011180400848,
0.394919216632843,
0.5365748405456543,
0.19940605759620667,
-0.03576982021331787,
-0.07986094057559967,
-0.37964928150177,
0.24832913279533386,
0.08690523356199265,
0.3440949320793152,
0.1448938250541687,
-0.48445117473602295,
0.629357099533081,
0.07402824610471725,
0.4856008291244507,
1.2712483406066895,
0.6836391091346741,
-0.10095854848623276,
-0.3505817949771881,
-0.16338659822940826,
0.48810654878616333,
-0.11752833425998688,
-0.5125226974487305,
0.11884166300296783,
0.6711559891700745,
-0.5176668763160706,
-0.2292386144399643,
-0.40996989607810974,
1.5802019834518433,
-0.25218167901039124,
0.15987646579742432,
0.6327070593833923,
0.09675464034080505,
0.19432559609413147,
0.3804471492767334,
0.2806486487388611,
0.15472319722175598,
0.057492297142744064,
0.6158761978149414,
0.12015081942081451,
-0.190707266330719,
0.008158323355019093,
0.13884451985359192,
-0.7714946269989014,
-1.0530120134353638,
-0.06820721924304962,
-1.0459333658218384,
0.24972295761108398,
0.43293464183807373,
-0.3817485272884369,
0.7376355528831482,
-0.8344273567199707,
0.7369856238365173,
-0.46952250599861145,
-0.7537346482276917,
0.38582274317741394,
-0.11649949848651886,
-0.3476676642894745,
-0.4112066328525543,
-0.5423692464828491,
-0.20289528369903564,
-0.48650869727134705,
-0.18888898193836212,
-0.30014514923095703,
-0.44012704491615295,
-0.0802251547574997,
-0.12850354611873627,
0.316033273935318,
0.5617868304252625,
0.5902517437934875,
-0.05824632942676544,
0.4045824408531189,
-0.4041476547718048,
-0.42557644844055176,
-0.8238746523857117,
0.7490320801734924,
0.554456889629364,
-0.11601909250020981,
0.4000717103481293,
0.27117714285850525,
-0.5894436240196228,
0.16544660925865173,
-0.5912807583808899,
0.6031256318092346,
0.1312781721353531,
-0.009217710234224796,
-0.03464462235569954,
-0.08750534057617188,
-0.7173123359680176,
-0.5774821043014526,
1.2889447212219238,
-0.8079705834388733,
-0.3343961834907532,
-0.0370442233979702,
0.39675211906433105,
-0.6361370086669922,
0.5465936064720154,
-0.21471792459487915,
-0.12294282019138336,
0.6170534491539001,
-0.39027515053749084,
0.15093888342380524,
-0.049230679869651794,
0.4939950704574585,
0.26073315739631653,
-0.4675965905189514,
-0.610970139503479,
0.3395695090293884,
-0.3640426993370056,
-0.07238974422216415,
-0.1779293715953827,
0.011993340216577053,
0.1025451049208641,
0.1728178709745407,
0.3463021516799927,
0.9802410006523132,
0.3216707706451416,
0.013990220613777637,
0.11370612680912018,
-0.16162502765655518,
0.4944987893104553,
-0.35090354084968567,
-0.37720078229904175,
-0.2434617578983307,
0.5966392755508423,
0.41630083322525024,
0.32427552342414856,
-0.38150179386138916,
0.19743813574314117,
0.2495488077402115,
0.7126680016517639,
-0.20225675404071808,
-0.20695675909519196,
0.255990594625473,
0.09508270770311356,
0.006883620750159025,
0.771009087562561,
-0.3583208918571472,
-1.2947638034820557,
-0.42120474576950073,
0.12297307699918747,
0.11032401770353317,
0.0994444191455841,
1.0293856859207153,
0.5059489011764526,
-0.18505847454071045,
0.25140321254730225,
0.6192072629928589,
0.09255333989858627,
0.3925839960575104,
0.6625134944915771,
0.3946780264377594,
-0.2197457253932953,
-0.29462239146232605,
-1.0466015338897705,
0.06238937005400658,
0.0293365940451622,
-0.5345138907432556,
0.5023318529129028,
-0.5288432836532593,
-0.5985331535339355,
0.3316769301891327,
-0.40637677907943726,
-0.6246136426925659,
0.19788198173046112,
0.021637005731463432,
-0.2537154257297516,
0.0199399646371603,
-1.351891279220581,
0.13806794583797455,
-0.27803823351860046,
1.5470253229141235,
-0.3937207758426666,
-0.35145580768585205,
-0.1961185783147812,
0.3015749454498291,
-0.43813130259513855,
0.26771023869514465,
-0.39492881298065186,
0.599383533000946,
-0.6816089153289795,
0.4702034294605255,
-0.8653463125228882,
0.896806538105011,
0.5111058354377747,
0.4763255715370178,
-0.45816072821617126,
0.46914780139923096,
-0.4856824278831482,
-0.39519202709198,
0.8225961327552795,
0.04201957583427429,
-0.29474741220474243,
-0.5029978156089783,
0.4738742411136627,
-0.3235638737678528,
0.6775308847427368,
-0.6583834290504456,
-0.26507991552352905,
-0.1705842912197113,
0.28166675567626953,
-0.03412169590592384,
0.3591840863227844,
0.6238570809364319,
-0.4544391930103302,
0.32041701674461365,
-0.37894192337989807,
-0.0014477993827313185,
-0.9885980486869812,
-0.3753657639026642,
0.16878652572631836,
1.3639830350875854,
0.6525857448577881,
-0.7512262463569641,
0.4621316194534302,
0.028229136019945145,
0.2658688426017761,
0.14969398081302643,
-0.021276166662573814,
-0.19419190287590027,
-0.1188066303730011,
0.08652281016111374,
0.139068603515625,
0.049559712409973145,
0.3450745642185211,
-0.24088916182518005,
0.17237482964992523,
-0.12615710496902466,
0.27827364206314087,
-0.4964770972728729,
0.12831203639507294,
-0.3564078211784363,
0.7029034495353699,
0.02902141399681568
] |
224121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVA | AVA | Ava or AVA may refer to:
Places
Asia and Oceania
Ava Kingdom, in upper Burma from 1364 to 1555
Inwa, formerly Ava, the capital of Ava Kingdom
Earl of Ava, a British colonial earldom in Burma
Ava, Iran, Gilan Province, a village
Ivah or Ava, an ancient city in Assyria
Ava Railway Station, in Lower Hutt, New Zealand
IATA code for Anshun Huangguoshu Airport, China
United States
Ava, Alabama, an unincorporated community
Ava, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
Ava, Illinois, a city
Ava, Missouri, a city
Ava, New York, a town
Ava, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Ava (building), a highrise in Seattle, Washington
People
Ava (given name)
People
Ava (poet) (c. 1060–1127), the first named female writer in any genre in the German language
Saint Ava, ninth century Roman Catholic saint
Ava Alice Muriel Astor (1902–1956), American socialite, daughter of Ava Lowle Willing and John Jacob Astor IV
Ava Barber (born 1954), U.S. country singer
Ava DuVernay (born 1972), American film director
Ava Gardner (1922–1990), American actress
Ava Leigh (born 1985), British reggae singer
Ava Lowle Willing (1868–1958), American socialite
Ava Max (born 1994), American singer formerly known as simply Ava
Ava Ohlgren (born 1988), American collegiate swimmer
Éabha McMahon Irish singer who performs under the name AVA
Lee Jung-hyun (born 1980), South Korean singer known as Ava in the United States
Characters
Ava Benton, on the soap opera All My Children
Ava Ire, protagonist of the webcomic Ava's Demon
Ava Jerome, on the soap opera General Hospital
Ava Ayala, a Marvel Comic character and the fifth character to assume the moniker of White Tiger
Ava Lord, in Frank Miller's Sin City universe
Ava Moore, on the FX Network television series Nip/Tuck
Ava Peralta, on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light
Ava, a humanoid robot in the film Ex Machina
Ava Paige, in the book and film series The Maze Runner
Companies and organizations
Aargau Verkehr AG, a transportation company based in Aargau, Switzerland.
Academy of Vocal Arts, a Philadelphia music conservatory
Adult Film Association of America or Adult Video Association, an American trade association for the adult sex film industry
Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, a now-defunct statutory board in the Singapore government
Amazon Valley Academy
American Vecturist Association, an organization of transportation token collectors in the United States and Canada
Arab Volleyball Association, a volleyball association
Association for Volunteer Administration
Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, a group of people who promote the use and study of anaesthetics in veterinary medicine
Australian Veterinary Association
AVA Radio Company, Polish electronics firm
Media and entertainment
Ava (2017 French film)
Ava (2017 Iranian film)
Ava (2020 film), an American action thriller film
AVA (TV channel), a Finnish television channel owned by MTV3
"Ava" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a television episode
AVA Recordings, a label founded by Andy Moor which focuses on melodic electronic music
Angels & Airwaves, an American alternative rock/space rock band
A Vacant Affair, a Singaporean metalcore band
Alliance of Valiant Arms, a 2007 computer game
Animator vs. Animation, a web series produced by Alan Becker
Other uses
Hurricane Ava (disambiguation), five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
SS Ava (1855), a P&O steamship wrecked off Ceylon in 1858
ava, the language code for the Avar language
Ava, a ceremonial ritual and beverage of the Samoa Islands
Activity vector analysis (AVA), a personality test
American Viticultural Area, a designated wine grape-growing region in the United States
Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed, trade name BioThrax, an American anthrax vaccine
Aortic valve area
Auditory verbal agnosia, the inability to comprehend speech
See also | [
0.004903740249574184,
0.10075179487466812,
-0.28289756178855896,
-0.24891258776187897,
0.033384136855602264,
0.7152859568595886,
0.5072811841964722,
0.47152718901634216,
-0.12052631378173828,
-0.3135095536708832,
-0.6396192312240601,
-0.23056957125663757,
-0.42561280727386475,
0.606046199798584,
-0.23244284093379974,
0.5620259046554565,
0.42145228385925293,
0.49185287952423096,
0.25744038820266724,
0.20314598083496094,
-0.00046257919166237116,
0.3427179753780365,
0.44395777583122253,
0.18166540563106537,
0.44137123227119446,
-0.45840322971343994,
0.49396589398384094,
-0.47538360953330994,
0.33683672547340393,
0.19707134366035461,
-0.29449334740638733,
0.6848074197769165,
-0.20938155055046082,
0.0196967925876379,
-0.17836450040340424,
-0.2077292501926422,
-0.11184612661600113,
0.20345762372016907,
-0.2047441303730011,
-0.3507290780544281,
-0.3020116090774536,
0.10576748102903366,
0.5133179426193237,
0.3510207235813141,
0.057339757680892944,
-0.4834900200366974,
-1.8463473320007324,
0.8349267840385437,
-0.706720232963562,
0.19068023562431335,
-0.20456309616565704,
0.033064406365156174,
0.304830402135849,
-0.11852769553661346,
0.1188313364982605,
0.4376082420349121,
-0.6312900185585022,
-0.36629799008369446,
0.4957908093929291,
-0.22106772661209106,
0.7051709294319153,
0.4197126626968384,
-0.3186062276363373,
0.3917069137096405,
-0.35887229442596436,
-0.04441256448626518,
0.13612018525600433,
0.08545847982168198,
0.16978798806667328,
-0.41841763257980347,
0.08340861648321152,
0.27118051052093506,
0.11523208022117615,
0.5824498534202576,
-0.6183489561080933,
-0.3820039927959442,
0.024501679465174675,
-0.09520606696605682,
0.19839975237846375,
-0.14392755925655365,
0.005364252254366875,
-0.2174372375011444,
0.6776431202888489,
-0.03429717943072319,
-0.08615723997354507,
-0.09039676934480667,
-0.6846861839294434,
-0.42066434025764465,
-0.6193673610687256,
0.07610196620225906,
-0.143987238407135,
0.36514705419540405,
0.5686877965927124,
-0.11478344351053238,
-0.46926456689834595,
-0.8338406682014465,
-0.1431700736284256,
0.17566557228565216,
0.25803864002227783,
0.15260638296604156,
-0.9547727108001709,
0.12084053456783295,
0.6772122383117676,
-0.13229204714298248,
-0.6577920317649841,
-0.571229100227356,
0.06369909644126892,
0.37827664613723755,
-0.05665869638323784,
0.04421629011631012,
-0.4392237961292267,
0.320643812417984,
0.5024242997169495,
0.5463200211524963,
-0.16454307734966278,
0.037777334451675415,
-0.22874416410923004,
-0.2959125339984894,
-0.044515207409858704,
-0.4612542390823364,
0.02300051786005497,
0.6365593671798706,
-0.23626238107681274,
0.5386489629745483,
-0.07242719829082489,
0.024860171601176262,
0.47462260723114014,
-0.1807207316160202,
-0.7952761650085449,
0.0201590433716774,
0.14116370677947998,
0.29490572214126587,
-0.4522415101528168,
0.2713416516780853,
-0.006864645518362522,
-0.10438141971826553,
0.28122586011886597,
-0.1157679483294487,
0.7157122492790222,
-0.027454549446702003,
-0.9518344402313232,
-0.3377209007740021,
-0.7140739560127258,
0.06446259468793869,
0.39987120032310486,
-0.053137268871068954,
0.22548456490039825,
-0.2090141624212265,
-0.3671887516975403,
-0.4294743835926056,
-0.4725842773914337,
0.1416918784379959,
-0.20499950647354126,
0.25200310349464417,
-0.22013381123542786,
0.14260314404964447,
0.39726418256759644,
0.18766216933727264,
0.5736054182052612,
0.13059677183628082,
-0.19222673773765564,
0.5258405804634094,
0.11737877875566483,
-0.40557146072387695,
0.35492727160453796,
-0.1631673127412796,
0.013591915369033813,
0.8897156119346619,
-0.5633680820465088,
0.28692618012428284,
-0.4876998960971832,
0.27133843302726746,
0.029141796752810478,
0.4497429430484772,
-0.6391956806182861,
0.028672197833657265,
0.3573041260242462,
0.20720787346363068,
0.05547277629375458,
0.13949190080165863,
-0.5838904976844788,
0.5212684273719788,
0.14934077858924866,
0.201592817902565,
-0.06276749074459076,
0.16783080995082855,
0.2663547098636627,
-0.11078553646802902,
0.040820036083459854,
-0.0012865918688476086,
-0.20637892186641693,
0.09673943370580673,
-0.08625426143407822,
-0.1665067970752716,
0.32729214429855347,
0.036307476460933685,
-0.40443092584609985,
1.1565412282943726,
-0.11221597343683243,
1.043099284172058,
0.16108505427837372,
-0.4347083270549774,
0.4244546592235565,
-0.023347480222582817,
0.03614421933889389,
0.08005407452583313,
-0.30625131726264954,
0.3288203775882721,
0.6895425915718079,
0.5894634127616882,
0.48429790139198303,
-0.18132250010967255,
-0.07702752202749252,
0.059400785714387894,
0.032620277255773544,
-0.12055057287216187,
-0.2144058346748352,
-0.10012166202068329,
0.12778042256832123,
-0.4802314043045044,
0.8749421834945679,
-0.21208545565605164,
0.07275687158107758,
0.44336333870887756,
0.07245743274688721,
0.5084729790687561,
0.07935738563537598,
0.44873401522636414,
0.06965527683496475,
-0.7610246539115906,
-0.17259395122528076,
-0.2727089524269104,
0.2042681723833084,
-0.4566723108291626,
0.5027961134910583,
-0.09724845737218857,
0.19560670852661133,
0.0698627308011055,
0.3412334620952606,
-0.3705871105194092,
0.12082960456609726,
-0.34809577465057373,
0.022321244701743126,
-0.3505243957042694,
0.22813348472118378,
-0.07016255706548691,
0.10186776518821716,
-0.460816353559494,
-0.17232990264892578,
-0.04687904193997383,
0.25240975618362427,
-0.031824007630348206,
0.3483844995498657,
0.0379895456135273,
-0.22342535853385925,
-0.17488759756088257,
-0.07086744904518127,
-0.09868773072957993,
0.3632779121398926,
-0.1121261790394783,
-0.18574056029319763,
0.33770689368247986,
0.08937963098287582,
-0.17497608065605164,
0.27965861558914185,
-0.3461066484451294,
-0.42779338359832764,
-0.6931618452072144,
0.2072104662656784,
0.502862274646759,
0.19342859089374542,
-0.026739101856946945,
-0.26086100935935974,
-0.5338525772094727,
-0.41586485505104065,
-0.5921297073364258,
-0.08166161924600601,
0.22810126841068268,
-0.44172632694244385,
-0.3125379681587219,
0.03978964686393738,
0.08964374661445618,
0.4609532952308655,
-0.6237689852714539,
-0.19452601671218872,
-0.9410086274147034,
0.14863274991512299,
-0.6428177356719971,
-0.2948337197303772,
0.4789242744445801,
0.19859786331653595,
0.48314082622528076,
-0.362610787153244,
-0.39199963212013245,
0.2248944193124771,
0.02177390642464161,
-0.22968333959579468,
0.304043173789978,
-0.3127719461917877,
-0.8508679866790771,
-0.6780081391334534,
0.22762686014175415,
0.02913542091846466,
0.16693691909313202,
0.32084986567497253,
0.00015082777827046812,
-0.3417756259441376,
-0.15196841955184937,
-5.989155292510986,
-0.3668922185897827,
-0.20169784128665924,
-0.30801165103912354,
-0.5464171767234802,
-0.1876465082168579,
0.5078470706939697,
0.29714590311050415,
-0.010798526927828789,
-0.5353488326072693,
0.608368456363678,
-0.09330497682094574,
-0.37564828991889954,
0.15621031820774078,
0.37046676874160767,
0.6415983438491821,
0.23167310655117035,
0.34910911321640015,
-0.21166358888149261,
0.4566130042076111,
-0.28974661231040955,
-0.1497093290090561,
0.33648619055747986,
0.593039333820343,
-0.2462652623653412,
0.009566104039549828,
-0.013386121019721031,
-0.0484837107360363,
-0.5735304951667786,
-0.3237263262271881,
-0.5552271008491516,
-0.005949272774159908,
0.531487762928009,
-0.11787855625152588,
0.05135780945420265,
0.31125518679618835,
0.4802709221839905,
0.2888449430465698,
0.11089752614498138,
-0.2919004261493683,
0.0742294117808342,
0.13614851236343384,
0.24592947959899902,
0.20717333257198334,
0.011508147232234478,
-0.6176663041114807,
-0.27885663509368896,
0.4915843904018402,
-0.5125610828399658,
0.6627739667892456,
-0.32980474829673767,
0.16961120069026947,
0.09471511840820312,
0.14365161955356598,
-0.15642260015010834,
0.07085525989532471,
0.19254672527313232,
-0.018526162952184677,
-0.5979040265083313,
0.23171257972717285,
0.4622827470302582,
-0.2730192244052887,
-0.2606350779533386,
-0.4686257839202881,
0.33762869238853455,
-0.23485852777957916,
-1.0111066102981567,
0.5687695741653442,
0.17390519380569458,
0.31814271211624146,
-0.4172168970108032,
-0.17156022787094116,
-0.4400198757648468,
-0.7265968322753906,
-0.493843138217926,
-0.7104354500770569,
-0.15333892405033112,
-0.1016039177775383,
0.27211788296699524,
0.46473467350006104,
-0.32471922039985657,
0.5208185315132141,
0.34902432560920715,
0.5790144801139832,
-0.01603490300476551,
-0.3432944715023041,
0.06810694932937622,
0.4755028188228607,
-0.18339699506759644,
0.39292505383491516,
0.3581700623035431,
-0.2017349749803543,
0.19861572980880737,
0.23369504511356354,
0.47581830620765686,
0.11038316041231155,
0.3820998966693878,
-0.7245373129844666,
0.6213380694389343,
-0.6324843764305115,
0.527834951877594,
-0.21334905922412872,
-0.008853279985487461,
-0.12240178138017654,
0.10550481826066971,
0.23457090556621552,
-0.44617271423339844,
0.6227271556854248,
0.9960026144981384,
-0.487866073846817,
-0.07502347230911255,
0.18854889273643494,
0.29721444845199585,
-0.5577487349510193,
0.03977735713124275,
-0.3301393985748291,
0.13745729625225067,
0.20158833265304565,
0.13163363933563232,
0.03003227896988392,
-0.7852759957313538,
0.36903098225593567,
-0.10637939721345901,
0.6338433027267456,
0.2728692293167114,
-0.0946827381849289,
-0.15281568467617035,
0.2738751471042633,
-0.032862503081560135,
0.45178085565567017,
0.6657280325889587,
-0.22960731387138367,
0.3429904878139496,
0.2103589028120041,
-0.18797743320465088,
-0.07393284887075424,
0.2124636322259903,
-0.5831561088562012,
-0.36408716440200806,
-0.3317933976650238,
-0.36280786991119385,
-0.41439735889434814,
-0.4682685434818268,
0.30296269059181213,
0.3024158179759979,
0.3760329782962799,
-0.08435744047164917,
0.04232009872794151,
-0.08725575357675552,
0.3608793616294861,
-0.21350371837615967,
0.026819946244359016,
0.12713174521923065,
-0.08573482185602188,
-0.5509235858917236,
-0.2724996507167816,
0.12550309300422668,
0.388217955827713,
0.04670596867799759,
-0.2940649092197418,
0.030383305624127388,
-0.4389110505580902,
-0.1470133662223816,
0.21783475577831268,
0.050420451909303665,
-0.7321977615356445,
0.08373579382896423,
-0.16655535995960236,
-0.10269632935523987,
0.22710546851158142,
0.8112018704414368,
-0.2006058394908905,
-0.23949657380580902,
-0.13769961893558502,
0.22491008043289185,
0.19379186630249023,
0.20738357305526733,
0.09527717530727386,
-0.4757160544395447,
0.03886173292994499,
-0.10738173127174377,
-0.5783154368400574,
-0.6576729416847229,
0.41837745904922485,
0.04011602699756622,
0.024233946576714516,
-0.006279648747295141,
-0.16270725429058075,
-0.1557219922542572,
-0.34916436672210693,
0.09966970235109329,
-0.1475081592798233,
-0.3868645429611206,
0.10218843072652817,
-0.14317937195301056,
-0.2973948121070862,
0.04009084030985832,
0.5899530053138733,
-0.20704759657382965,
0.016820894554257393,
0.24047690629959106,
0.4361098110675812,
-0.6421171426773071,
0.20652535557746887,
0.05414024367928505,
-0.06839264184236526,
0.8419851660728455,
-0.13980719447135925,
-0.19084329903125763,
-0.10989072173833847,
-0.5036827325820923,
-0.38293740153312683,
-0.04572650417685509,
0.6862972974777222,
-0.16258752346038818,
0.2264525145292282,
-0.22785253822803497,
-0.034495577216148376,
-0.012923660688102245,
-0.5593924522399902,
0.7085735201835632,
-0.19809971749782562,
-0.03196560963988304,
0.00759814353659749,
-0.36363521218299866,
0.8948372006416321,
0.5478155016899109,
-0.509345293045044,
0.47654464840888977,
-0.19213581085205078,
0.17856363952159882,
0.4607542157173157,
-0.015128728933632374,
0.1313251405954361,
-0.013653341680765152,
-0.0034316852688789368,
0.27496635913848877,
-0.2605295181274414,
-0.12133050709962845,
0.8099302649497986,
0.27128997445106506,
0.9438607692718506,
0.2177853286266327,
-0.14770233631134033,
-0.36566397547721863,
0.09550401568412781,
-0.2802046835422516,
-0.26793551445007324,
-0.4232693016529083,
0.10287407040596008,
-0.15590374171733856,
-0.3911252021789551,
-0.30271121859550476,
-0.2544904053211212,
0.46987390518188477,
-0.2227259874343872,
0.3958289623260498,
0.5149304270744324,
0.08928069472312927,
0.2780952751636505,
-0.30881956219673157,
-0.5015430450439453,
0.14059388637542725,
-0.2185545712709427,
-0.2247200608253479,
-0.00958162173628807,
-0.517264187335968,
0.14937090873718262,
0.08046161383390427,
-0.32335150241851807,
0.4042900502681732,
-0.17250759899616241,
0.5043349266052246,
0.16653110086917877,
0.4368627369403839,
0.05606309324502945,
-0.032695747911930084,
-0.016830552369356155,
0.08170892298221588,
0.1955059915781021,
-0.7012653946876526,
-0.7358943223953247,
0.15714503824710846,
-0.33838388323783875,
0.4932217001914978,
-0.9191687107086182,
-0.05095455050468445,
0.2268110066652298,
-0.3891139626502991,
-0.1943294107913971,
-0.2811615467071533,
-0.44021108746528625,
0.22113792598247528,
-0.051073312759399414,
-0.060864370316267014,
0.3564283847808838,
0.26414674520492554,
0.48237764835357666,
-0.0432940348982811,
0.17299288511276245,
-0.8938837051391602,
0.08746106177568436,
0.14045898616313934,
-0.31885600090026855,
0.15260595083236694,
-0.04392224922776222,
0.22540302574634552,
-0.6221348643302917,
-0.08262286335229874,
0.024581288918852806,
0.45601344108581543,
-0.28128331899642944,
0.8253092169761658,
0.05776350572705269,
-0.10154922306537628,
0.384545236825943,
0.24707737565040588,
-0.5675104260444641,
0.02267257124185562,
-0.103945791721344,
0.11689228564500809,
-0.1494765281677246,
0.023237891495227814,
0.3735802173614502,
0.5082420110702515,
0.20510533452033997,
-0.2287781983613968,
-0.07113178074359894,
-0.08393925428390503,
0.37059110403060913,
0.28334179520606995,
0.14663589000701904,
-0.47607266902923584,
0.1251285970211029,
-0.3473278880119324,
-0.631707489490509,
0.15634962916374207,
-0.9922484159469604,
-0.35344740748405457,
0.5302870869636536,
0.610295295715332,
0.5968403220176697,
0.014671426266431808,
-0.13468360900878906,
-0.2992294728755951,
0.021026214584708214,
0.08995933085680008,
0.1744699627161026,
0.04665876924991608,
-0.10378217697143555,
0.4019700586795807,
-0.18881075084209442,
0.2732004225254059,
0.12150504440069199,
0.35964131355285645,
0.2515433430671692,
0.14799714088439941,
-0.5056774020195007,
0.3186500668525696,
-0.24213925004005432,
-0.21550723910331726,
-0.234116330742836,
0.24840377271175385,
0.18646787106990814,
-0.0030290018767118454,
0.1677810400724411,
-0.047254059463739395,
-0.8268811106681824,
-0.3363645076751709,
-0.0035973875783383846,
0.6349243521690369,
0.4086216986179352,
0.1390635222196579,
0.13543693721294403,
0.3371771275997162,
0.23626701533794403,
0.026521170511841774,
0.3984836935997009,
0.07840452343225479,
-0.38647738099098206,
-0.15242795646190643,
-0.5714084506034851,
0.7106894850730896,
-1.282355546951294,
0.0899987518787384,
-0.016711559146642685,
-0.11248648911714554,
0.31285905838012695,
-0.2320663332939148,
0.40285035967826843,
-0.062076322734355927,
-0.39693763852119446,
0.13242796063423157,
-0.5516224503517151,
0.20343658328056335,
-0.03151078149676323,
-0.40629813075065613,
0.4544904828071594,
0.531833827495575,
0.060921087861061096,
0.7191662192344666,
-0.16391396522521973,
0.36599183082580566,
-0.2159874439239502,
-0.023522762581706047,
0.6492415070533752,
-0.1954955905675888,
-0.13038165867328644,
-0.40022438764572144,
0.2526041567325592,
0.3125886023044586,
-0.768799364566803,
0.09979856759309769,
0.05636544153094292,
-0.12447375804185867,
0.22866851091384888,
0.5705962777137756,
-0.06427738070487976,
0.17431695759296417,
-0.8364473581314087,
0.055723562836647034,
-0.6434943079948425,
-0.15678131580352783,
0.16139550507068634,
-0.11663100123405457,
-0.3621108829975128,
0.11963529884815216,
0.8050152659416199,
-0.5107203722000122,
1.0422414541244507,
0.3132423460483551,
-0.11572398245334625,
-0.38405072689056396,
0.19190168380737305,
-0.303097665309906,
-0.23796109855175018,
0.05498256906867027,
0.5555309653282166,
-0.230841726064682,
-0.23493675887584686,
-0.3395754396915436,
-0.024532293900847435,
-0.3317050337791443,
0.1136997863650322,
0.25389599800109863,
-0.1207321435213089,
-0.30710846185684204,
-0.5541074275970459,
-0.9311305284500122,
0.6142696738243103,
-0.29843857884407043,
-0.21195444464683533,
0.4268738627433777,
0.43917161226272583,
-0.11559977382421494,
0.1707327961921692,
0.2693605124950409,
-0.5343029499053955,
-0.055768828839063644,
0.20274600386619568
] |
224122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia%20Opie | Amelia Opie | Amelia Opie (née Alderson; 12 November 1769 – 2 December 1853), was an English author who published numerous novels in the Romantic period up to 1828. Opie was also a leading abolitionist in Norwich, England. Hers was the first of 187,000 names presented to the British Parliament on a petition from women to stop slavery.
Early life and influences
Amelia Alderson was born 12 November 1769. An only child, she was the daughter of James Alderson, a physician, and Amelia Briggs of Norwich. Her mother also brought her up to care for those who came from less privileged backgrounds. After her mother's death on 31 December 1784, she became her father's housekeeper and hostess, remaining very close to him until his death in 1807.
According to her biographer, Opie "was vivacious, attractive, interested in fine clothes, educated in genteel accomplishments, and had several admirers."(3) She was a cousin of the judge, Edward Hall Alderson, with whom she corresponded throughout her life, and was also a cousin of the artist, Henry Perronet Briggs. Alderson inherited radical principles and was an ardent admirer of John Horne Tooke. She was close to activists John Philip Kemble, Sarah Siddons, William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft.
Career
Opie spent her youth writing poetry and plays and organizing amateur theatricals. She wrote The Dangers of Coquetry when she was 18 years old.
Opie completed a novel in 1801 titled Father and Daughter. Characterized as showing genuine fancy and pathos, the novel is about misled virtue and family reconciliation. After it came out, Opie began to publish regularly. Her volume of Poems, published in 1802, went through six editions. Encouraged by her husband to continue writing, she published Adeline Mowbray (1804), an exploration of women's education, marriage, and the abolition of slavery. This novel in particular is noted for engaging the history of Opie's former friend Mary Wollstonecraft, whose relationship with the American Gilbert Imlay outside of marriage caused some scandal, as did her later marriage to the philosopher William Godwin. Godwin had previously argued against marriage as an institution by which women were owned as property, but when Wollstonecraft became pregnant, they married despite his prior beliefs. In the novel, Adeline becomes involved with a philosopher early on, who takes a firm stand against marriage, only to be convinced to marry a West Indian landowner against her better judgement. The novel also engages abolitionist sentiment, in the story of a mixed-race woman and her family, whom Adeline saves from poverty at some expense to herself.
More novels followed: Simple Tales (1806), Temper (1812), Tales of Real Life (1813), Valentine's Eve (1816), Tales of the Heart (1818), and Madeline (1822). The Warrior's Return and other poems was published in 1808.
In 1825, Opie joined the Society of Friends, due to the influence of Joseph John Gurney and his sisters, who were long-time friends and neighbours in Norwich, and despite the objections made by her recently deceased father. The rest of her life was spent mostly in travel and working with charities. Meanwhile she published an anti-slavery poem titled, The Black Man's Lament in 1826 and a volume of devotional poems, Lays for the Dead in 1834. Opie worked with Anna Gurney to create a Ladies Anti-Slavery Society in Norwich. This anti-slavery society organised a petition of 187,000 names that was presented to parliament. The first two names on the petition were Amelia Opie and Priscilla Buxton. Opie went to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840 where she was one of the few women included in the commemorative painting.
Personal life
In 1798, she married John Opie, a painter whom she had met at a party in Norwich, where Opie had come to carry out some commissions for Thomas Coke at Holkham Hall. They lived at 8 Berners Street, where Opie had moved in 1791. The couple spent nine years happily married, although her husband did not share her love of society, until his death in 1807. She divided her time between London and Norwich. She was a friend of writers Walter Scott, Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Germaine de Staël. Even late in life, Opie maintained connections with writers, for instance receiving George Borrow as a guest. After a visit to Cromer, a seaside resort on the North Norfolk coast, she caught a chill and retired to her bedroom. A year later on 2 December 1853, she died at Norwich and was said to have retained her vivacity to the last. She was buried at the Gildencroft Quaker Cemetery, Norwich.
A somewhat sanitised biography of Opie, entitled A Life, by Cecilia Lucy Brightwell, was published in 1854.
Selected works
Novels and stories
Dangers of Coquetry (published anonymously) 1790
The Father and Daughter 1801
Adeline Mowbray 1804
Simple Tales 1806
Temper; or, Domestic Scenes 1812
First Chapter of Accidents 1813
Tales of Real Life 1813
Valentine's Eve 1816
New Tales 1818
Tales of the Heart 1820
The Only Child; or, Portia Bellendon (published anonymously) 1821
Madeline, A Tale 1822
Illustrations of Lying 1824
Tales of the Pemberton Family for Children 1825
The Last Voyage 1828
Detraction Displayed 1828
Miscellaneous Tales (12 Vols) 1845–1847
Biographies
Memoir of John Opie 1809
Sketch of Mrs. Roberts 1814
Poetry
Maid of Corinth 1801
Elegy to the Memory of the Duke of Bedford 1802
Poems 1802
Lines to General Kosciusko 1803
Song to Stella 1803
The Warrior's Return and other poems 1808
The Black Man's Lament 1826 (Wikisource text)
Lays for the Dead 1834
Miscellaneous
Recollections of Days in Holland 1840
Recollections of a Visit to Paris in 1802 1831–1832
Winter's Beautiful Rose, a song with words by Opie and music by Jane Bianchi dedicated to the Viscountesses Hampden
References
Further reading
Susan K. Howard, "Amelia Opie", British Romantic Novelists, 1789–1832. Ed. Bradford K. Mudge. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992
Gary Kelly, English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789–1830. London: Longman, 1989
Shelley King and John B. Pierce, "Introduction", The Father and Daughter with Dangers of Coquetry. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2003
James R. Simmons, Jr, "Amelia Opie". British Short-Fiction Writers, 1800–1880, ed. John R. Greenfield. Detroit: Gale Research, 1996
Dale Spender, Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Writers Before Jane Austen. London: Pandora, 1986
William St. Clair, The Godwins and Shelleys: The Biography of a Family. London: Faber and Faber, 1989
Susan Staves, "British Seduced Maidens", Eighteenth-Century Studies 12 (1980–81): 109–134
Eleanor Ty, Empowering the Feminine: The Narratives of Mary Robinson, Jane West, and Amelia Opie, 1796–1812. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998
External links
Amelia Opie at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
Amelia Opie and Norwich
Cecilia Lucy Brightwell, Memorials of the life of Amelia Opie, London: Longman, Brown, & Co., 1854
The Amelia Alderson Opie Archive
Amelia Opie at Poeticous
1769 births
1853 deaths
Writers from Norwich
19th-century English novelists
British abolitionists
English Quakers
English women poets
English biographers
Romanticism
18th-century British women writers
19th-century English women writers
Women biographers
Quaker abolitionists | [
-0.4460528790950775,
-0.02924627810716629,
-0.4503036439418793,
-0.39241644740104675,
0.3581734001636505,
0.9359351992607117,
0.8587892651557922,
-0.13437600433826447,
-0.972642183303833,
0.0009652057196944952,
-0.09674840420484543,
-0.12232530117034912,
-0.17714297771453857,
0.058015067130327225,
-0.25843846797943115,
0.25228065252304077,
0.4077942669391632,
0.29460760951042175,
-0.4821740984916687,
-0.6104210019111633,
-0.23944994807243347,
-0.18638060986995697,
0.5156207084655762,
-0.11401176452636719,
0.20359282195568085,
-0.5273456573486328,
0.1498970091342926,
-0.5375844240188599,
0.49488329887390137,
-0.20184338092803955,
0.034418001770973206,
0.5760171413421631,
0.49596166610717773,
0.2703947126865387,
-0.6604164242744446,
0.10768016427755356,
-0.9985671639442444,
0.007311311550438404,
-0.4112212061882019,
0.031250353902578354,
-0.40241917967796326,
-0.12724749743938446,
0.40525275468826294,
-0.012353499419987202,
-0.32653772830963135,
-0.715598464012146,
-2.2714591026306152,
0.2132650911808014,
-0.3120221793651581,
0.11876767128705978,
0.3934003412723541,
0.46415334939956665,
1.3825974464416504,
0.6455745100975037,
-0.35857611894607544,
-0.09176045656204224,
-0.7573520541191101,
-0.47019532322883606,
0.19729067385196686,
-0.13501814007759094,
0.3382745087146759,
0.1958065629005432,
0.4078085124492645,
-0.0010507144033908844,
0.34021303057670593,
0.36533573269844055,
-0.3555711507797241,
-0.3345090448856354,
-0.06738755851984024,
0.06562478095293045,
0.18731673061847687,
0.2687835097312927,
0.14649492502212524,
0.21523670852184296,
-0.23994317650794983,
-0.18816956877708435,
0.4181382954120636,
0.06486019492149353,
0.7753934860229492,
0.40329328179359436,
-0.21978513896465302,
0.24931824207305908,
0.9175758361816406,
-0.26691684126853943,
0.2641087472438812,
0.08992334455251694,
-0.18653494119644165,
0.24282851815223694,
-0.3725331425666809,
-0.6850379109382629,
0.06690409034490585,
-0.5622904896736145,
-0.5317180156707764,
0.1631321907043457,
0.40506500005722046,
0.1969270259141922,
0.1339905709028244,
0.2540367841720581,
-0.670606791973114,
-0.04037017002701759,
0.021165844053030014,
0.6562195420265198,
0.13775785267353058,
-0.01192624680697918,
-0.3883154094219208,
0.04022301360964775,
0.2828095853328705,
-0.5233665108680725,
0.5989518761634827,
0.4529440701007843,
-0.288334459066391,
-0.030762124806642532,
-0.5939481854438782,
-0.07952544093132019,
-0.44398677349090576,
0.41328194737434387,
0.2900752127170563,
-0.2808958888053894,
-0.6779161691665649,
-0.23906457424163818,
-0.033927321434020996,
-0.5023826956748962,
0.6316586136817932,
0.09284040331840515,
-0.41424643993377686,
-0.14949838817119598,
-0.5831669569015503,
0.02738548256456852,
-0.11986122280359268,
0.4321727156639099,
0.0069178869016468525,
1.229963779449463,
-0.5777275562286377,
-0.3246925473213196,
-0.0089099807664752,
0.48787811398506165,
0.14830760657787323,
0.5797590017318726,
0.4743945300579071,
0.13880549371242523,
-0.3647495210170746,
0.46642163395881653,
-0.914627730846405,
-0.03164754807949066,
0.17014485597610474,
-0.3464139401912689,
-0.07706750184297562,
-0.3884821832180023,
-0.6013593077659607,
-0.3112950325012207,
-0.47799932956695557,
0.12425309419631958,
0.11014577746391296,
-0.44438686966896057,
-0.4676703214645386,
-0.3655247986316681,
0.3617079555988312,
0.6681634783744812,
0.2895757555961609,
-0.14655272662639618,
0.041451841592788696,
0.5713210701942444,
0.30904003977775574,
-0.2300405204296112,
-0.06655969470739365,
-0.3856661915779114,
0.5753471851348877,
0.21188011765480042,
0.0551941841840744,
-0.18107368052005768,
-0.44942915439605713,
0.13917934894561768,
0.5410385131835938,
0.12519210577011108,
-0.214002788066864,
0.7200342416763306,
0.28682640194892883,
0.1823900192975998,
-0.28070327639579773,
-0.03167041018605232,
-0.8976860046386719,
0.4774862229824066,
-0.006097022909671068,
-0.8987898230552673,
0.20374897122383118,
0.42728811502456665,
0.5739179253578186,
0.5534358620643616,
0.41833627223968506,
-0.022381894290447235,
-0.7242198586463928,
-0.595619797706604,
0.2567715644836426,
0.6716994047164917,
0.6540272831916809,
0.17030289769172668,
-0.43552401661872864,
1.189489483833313,
0.3338252007961273,
0.18954229354858398,
-0.24893692135810852,
-0.07933254539966583,
0.15061607956886292,
-0.19420166313648224,
-0.14923177659511566,
0.14529801905155182,
-0.14873215556144714,
0.11559978872537613,
-0.08822289109230042,
0.27050185203552246,
0.0548894926905632,
-0.5662422776222229,
0.5869247913360596,
0.4391840100288391,
-0.3204003572463989,
-0.8613892197608948,
-0.430834025144577,
-0.1656353920698166,
0.7433766722679138,
-0.412711501121521,
-0.020391665399074554,
-0.017758142203092575,
0.39884719252586365,
0.3327659070491791,
0.21483111381530762,
0.4197525978088379,
-0.2453252375125885,
0.13291363418102264,
0.3225993812084198,
-0.45281270146369934,
-0.4801449179649353,
-0.06798531115055084,
0.6556150913238525,
-0.25619086623191833,
0.2909235954284668,
0.39835280179977417,
-0.046270862221717834,
0.1949836015701294,
0.43187031149864197,
-0.4271051287651062,
0.09840865433216095,
0.41020771861076355,
-0.43525630235671997,
0.6074156165122986,
0.31797170639038086,
0.7522199749946594,
-0.12403979152441025,
-0.7052381038665771,
0.11828243732452393,
-0.20082275569438934,
0.08961057662963867,
0.7017096877098083,
0.020832477137446404,
0.2590700387954712,
-0.30151936411857605,
-0.9705654978752136,
0.059985604137182236,
0.2940155565738678,
0.7305651307106018,
0.5261529088020325,
-0.37116342782974243,
0.0325470045208931,
0.33531075716018677,
0.6408966183662415,
0.3524000346660614,
-0.13393527269363403,
0.333798885345459,
-1.4047002792358398,
0.45296281576156616,
0.21124853193759918,
0.5748182535171509,
-0.05956660956144333,
-0.054825760424137115,
0.7258279323577881,
0.6239486932754517,
-0.26238131523132324,
0.18352873623371124,
-0.3536062240600586,
-0.2605978548526764,
-1.0224530696868896,
-0.0980028286576271,
0.790434718132019,
0.17097429931163788,
-0.8559871315956116,
-0.11887909471988678,
-0.36056283116340637,
0.29199397563934326,
0.14079183340072632,
-0.47528767585754395,
0.10492239892482758,
-0.3301757872104645,
0.45213279128074646,
-0.6646860241889954,
-0.27644771337509155,
-0.010001971386373043,
0.45825228095054626,
-0.6658510565757751,
0.4430863559246063,
-0.3036489486694336,
0.07529132068157196,
0.0031706765294075012,
0.11481497436761856,
-0.44726458191871643,
0.5606885552406311,
0.5235690474510193,
0.27726900577545166,
-0.06092745438218117,
0.2218625396490097,
-5.341752052307129,
0.1894208937883377,
0.09718479961156845,
-0.5994060635566711,
-0.22978955507278442,
0.2594115436077118,
0.6063666939735413,
-0.0007142009562812746,
0.030352797359228134,
0.23014745116233826,
0.6473270654678345,
-0.02206866629421711,
-0.05061700940132141,
0.40863272547721863,
0.37378740310668945,
0.41453537344932556,
-0.0811530128121376,
-0.011858955025672913,
-0.45539429783821106,
0.7653765678405762,
0.07158397138118744,
-0.053551577031612396,
0.051122456789016724,
-0.13631829619407654,
0.5524795651435852,
-0.3023635447025299,
0.437816321849823,
-0.42966243624687195,
-0.6386808156967163,
-0.12271282821893692,
0.34409114718437195,
0.2631388008594513,
-0.1848629117012024,
-0.5604478716850281,
0.5334411263465881,
-0.472924143075943,
0.1443498581647873,
0.33563143014907837,
0.10712999850511551,
0.04095964506268501,
-0.27183687686920166,
0.19095836579799652,
-0.08761132508516312,
0.07047754526138306,
-0.2812010943889618,
-0.330100953578949,
-0.30624619126319885,
0.2738395631313324,
-0.12285567075014114,
0.6945583820343018,
0.21091236174106598,
-0.1727055162191391,
-0.16479043662548065,
0.04559025540947914,
0.05352567136287689,
-0.09923628717660904,
-0.11275908350944519,
-0.029790569096803665,
-0.48389220237731934,
-0.1761780083179474,
0.39620277285575867,
0.010964758694171906,
-0.21400892734527588,
-0.190715953707695,
-0.16178788244724274,
-0.1734885573387146,
-0.12310396134853363,
0.046985432505607605,
-0.09655522555112839,
-0.21790248155593872,
0.3481089472770691,
-0.021637216210365295,
0.4959060251712799,
-1.1743245124816895,
-0.4315586984157562,
-0.4730856120586395,
-0.1088181659579277,
-0.3034982681274414,
-0.49002188444137573,
-0.7097811102867126,
0.4283542037010193,
-0.7493517398834229,
0.379006028175354,
0.7616468071937561,
0.4203861653804779,
-1.0109636783599854,
-0.7276571989059448,
0.2226707935333252,
-1.025093674659729,
-0.4120246171951294,
-0.3304433226585388,
0.007990604266524315,
-0.36115705966949463,
0.6285884976387024,
0.09897161275148392,
0.20086942613124847,
-0.2066601812839508,
0.29121434688568115,
0.4297211766242981,
0.36568495631217957,
-0.25221312046051025,
0.08270769566297531,
0.5775178670883179,
-0.06880144029855728,
0.5211751461029053,
-0.3067724108695984,
-0.52386474609375,
-0.43299049139022827,
0.8036150932312012,
-0.7901763916015625,
0.3814156949520111,
-0.02358376421034336,
0.051626723259687424,
-0.2839376926422119,
-0.17988450825214386,
-0.34652674198150635,
0.6348331570625305,
0.3141804337501526,
0.17806020379066467,
-0.1550329327583313,
-0.7771933078765869,
0.2312384694814682,
-0.31211766600608826,
-0.2503802478313446,
-0.03431318700313568,
-0.10519161820411682,
0.3282259404659271,
-0.4623888432979584,
-0.5789361000061035,
0.15305867791175842,
0.29339441657066345,
-0.34718742966651917,
-0.19442570209503174,
-0.45336273312568665,
-0.5439927577972412,
-0.31372031569480896,
-0.6199432611465454,
-0.2654552161693573,
0.10494264215230942,
0.008400172926485538,
-0.24082456529140472,
-0.4348013997077942,
-0.1611519604921341,
0.1645248830318451,
0.3827950358390808,
-0.5264825820922852,
0.3128897547721863,
-0.3170204758644104,
-0.3197673559188843,
0.20248191058635712,
-0.5725709795951843,
0.3730778992176056,
0.9557137489318848,
-0.44847601652145386,
0.006139507982879877,
-0.09637873619794846,
-0.3585149943828583,
0.1898927390575409,
-0.2305546998977661,
0.11536045372486115,
-0.43191981315612793,
-0.18735170364379883,
-0.912467360496521,
-0.1869094967842102,
-0.23160427808761597,
0.10366617143154144,
-0.6399855613708496,
-0.16437482833862305,
-0.07528233528137207,
0.19031791388988495,
-0.12418661266565323,
-0.6377241015434265,
0.03646267578005791,
0.15239278972148895,
0.5694525241851807,
0.13787877559661865,
-0.5663242936134338,
0.24069224298000336,
0.06626836210489273,
-0.3605397343635559,
-0.35661017894744873,
-0.3587719202041626,
-0.775053858757019,
0.19580058753490448,
0.59735107421875,
0.15783226490020752,
-0.011525798588991165,
-0.4294090270996094,
-0.3927152752876282,
-0.1755354404449463,
-0.08434490859508514,
0.1684284657239914,
0.01862955465912819,
0.9572952389717102,
-0.5540770292282104,
0.13745038211345673,
0.23673568665981293,
0.3073993921279907,
0.008436962962150574,
-0.22168247401714325,
-0.027985334396362305,
0.07489073276519775,
-0.6067512035369873,
-0.26603958010673523,
0.005720669403672218,
-1.031743049621582,
0.021949833258986473,
-0.3784199655056,
-0.07893343269824982,
1.298242449760437,
-0.3359675109386444,
-0.23049680888652802,
-0.09897994250059128,
0.7930943369865417,
0.08767592161893845,
0.15986928343772888,
0.24608074128627777,
-0.430298775434494,
-0.10554374754428864,
-0.34623128175735474,
-0.9771769642829895,
-0.728892982006073,
-0.6910218000411987,
-0.46205419301986694,
-0.24563175439834595,
-0.12498358637094498,
0.04795357957482338,
-0.1278586983680725,
0.8825612664222717,
-0.0162665992975235,
-0.4084736108779907,
0.4150892198085785,
-0.19490931928157806,
0.13611938059329987,
-0.3633509874343872,
-0.35377204418182373,
0.25885719060897827,
-0.45565351843833923,
0.40598782896995544,
0.5040174126625061,
0.8544437885284424,
0.47435927391052246,
0.3312869668006897,
0.05875470116734505,
-0.15745311975479126,
0.15964534878730774,
-0.2115880846977234,
-0.49893325567245483,
-0.6035583019256592,
0.06522592157125473,
0.3994034230709076,
-0.6103852987289429,
0.21431513130664825,
-0.17951853573322296,
1.2691357135772705,
-0.2480151504278183,
-0.03365800157189369,
0.34746670722961426,
-0.09055567532777786,
0.23333801329135895,
0.5502557158470154,
-0.021554820239543915,
0.022528961300849915,
0.1947639137506485,
0.4691463112831116,
0.2543140649795532,
-0.04535633325576782,
-0.19241707026958466,
0.27361759543418884,
-0.2235424667596817,
-0.1212584525346756,
-0.3445153832435608,
-0.2162015587091446,
-0.07108693569898605,
0.03854062780737877,
0.637058675289154,
0.45831310749053955,
-0.3102385699748993,
0.6173415780067444,
-0.4854494333267212,
-0.4344019889831543,
0.5048766136169434,
-0.5720310807228088,
-0.5826202630996704,
-0.6674532890319824,
-0.5915709137916565,
-0.06144747510552406,
-0.47939079999923706,
0.054736144840717316,
0.18289704620838165,
-0.00648576021194458,
0.3717111647129059,
0.4194863736629486,
0.3475765883922577,
0.4529059827327728,
0.5642483830451965,
-0.3468213677406311,
0.1860058307647705,
0.040075741708278656,
-0.3072584271430969,
-0.5680971741676331,
0.2958798110485077,
0.6125060319900513,
-0.014271333813667297,
0.5128310322761536,
-0.11818072199821472,
0.01289516594260931,
0.1594334989786148,
-0.6622915267944336,
0.26304468512535095,
0.3279145658016205,
-0.09583272784948349,
0.1058676689863205,
0.3408491313457489,
-0.4133771061897278,
-0.4881758987903595,
0.1879492551088333,
-0.35457929968833923,
0.252043217420578,
0.06298639625310898,
0.2147514671087265,
-0.07772164046764374,
0.5471553206443787,
-0.273534893989563,
-0.39309078454971313,
0.39135390520095825,
-0.0013594924239441752,
0.6139888763427734,
-0.6419501900672913,
0.2060019075870514,
0.36844757199287415,
-0.4756813049316406,
-0.1722213476896286,
0.8623989820480347,
-0.1620590090751648,
-0.4795405864715576,
-0.034022629261016846,
-0.3272206783294678,
-0.2602781057357788,
0.2333768755197525,
0.1574120670557022,
0.5670162439346313,
0.15554820001125336,
0.33782920241355896,
-0.37989702820777893,
0.1126006543636322,
0.3265881836414337,
0.562789261341095,
-0.7092617154121399,
-0.24218042194843292,
0.5593356490135193,
0.9774314165115356,
0.48334217071533203,
-0.742577314376831,
0.28377825021743774,
0.386905699968338,
0.6110719442367554,
-0.4776613712310791,
-0.49101725220680237,
0.19529546797275543,
-0.36567673087120056,
0.09025906771421432,
0.6924554109573364,
-0.2827596366405487,
-0.30236923694610596,
-0.23779140412807465,
0.6335550546646118,
-0.04728488251566887,
0.2064177691936493,
-0.055322304368019104,
1.105105996131897,
-0.15817026793956757,
-0.33124592900276184,
0.3138553500175476,
0.2449142187833786,
0.5764277577400208,
0.7430012822151184,
0.27706125378608704,
0.1148686334490776,
-0.07975789159536362,
-1.0000067949295044,
0.04743259400129318,
0.6645122170448303,
0.08455873280763626,
0.6046580672264099,
-0.5817559957504272,
0.0017342844512313604,
-0.13297124207019806,
-0.0984216183423996,
-0.5026559233665466,
0.591722309589386,
-0.8028531670570374,
-0.5637350678443909,
-0.3107173442840576,
-0.7888497710227966,
0.46328994631767273,
0.22954754531383514,
1.827242136001587,
-0.14615122973918915,
-0.6018825769424438,
-0.32397857308387756,
0.5443775057792664,
0.034722089767456055,
-0.04188452661037445,
-0.5453773140907288,
1.063340187072754,
-0.2749726474285126,
0.42626693844795227,
-0.9083198308944702,
0.12631165981292725,
0.13004866242408752,
0.4146087169647217,
0.2052641659975052,
0.40442952513694763,
-0.14647848904132843,
0.04676767811179161,
0.5690867900848389,
0.4501194953918457,
-0.23406116664409637,
0.04371638596057892,
0.4339531362056732,
0.15633155405521393,
0.06862849742174149,
-0.7360889315605164,
-0.6312033534049988,
0.5438020825386047,
-0.3186130225658417,
-0.22075344622135162,
0.033059023320674896,
0.2677870988845825,
-0.42373931407928467,
0.03023250587284565,
-0.45444631576538086,
0.2468954175710678,
-0.25147145986557007,
0.031812168657779694,
0.1005747988820076,
0.1836613416671753,
0.10971339046955109,
-0.31917181611061096,
0.3416343927383423,
-0.11160330474376678,
0.10977432131767273,
0.13161976635456085,
0.30643683671951294,
0.6378896832466125,
-0.30347365140914917,
0.4113765060901642,
-0.1279619187116623,
0.03187190368771553,
-0.020121466368436813,
-0.6092855334281921,
-0.3629699647426605,
-0.6051029562950134,
0.29893964529037476,
-0.45887431502342224,
-0.11257057636976242,
-0.37750235199928284,
0.4987697899341583,
0.19835762679576874
] |
224123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn | Paderborn | Paderborn () is a city in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and Born, an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral, where St. Liborius is buried.
History
Paderborn was founded as a bishopric by Charlemagne in 795, although its official history began in 777 when Charlemagne built a castle near the Pader springs. In 799 Pope Leo III fled his enemies in Rome and reached Paderborn, where he met Charlemagne, and stayed there for three months. It was during this time that it was decided that Charlemagne would be crowned emperor. Charlemagne reinstated Leo in Rome in 800 and was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Leo in return. In 836, St. Liborius became the patron saint of Paderborn after his bones were moved there from Le Mans by Bishop Badurad. St. Liborius is commemorated in Paderborn every year in July with the Liborifest.
The bishop of Paderborn, Meinwerk, became a Prince of the Empire in 1100. The bishop had several large buildings built, and the area became a place for the emperors to stay.
The city was taken by Prussia in 1802, then by the French vassal state Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813 and then returned to Prussia.
Native Friedrich Sertürner, a pharmacist's apprentice in Paderborn, was the first to isolate morphine from opium in 1804.
In 1914 the Paderborn military camp was turned into a prisoner of war camp named Sennelager.
In 1930, the See of Paderborn was promoted to archdiocese.
During World War II, Paderborn was bombed by Allied aircraft in 1944 and 1945, resulting in 85% destruction, including many of the historic buildings. It was seized by the US 3rd Armored Division after a pitched battle 31 March - 1 April 1945, in which tanks and flamethrowers were used during combined mechanized-infantry assaults against the city's southwestern, southern and southeastern approaches.
After the city was reconstructed in the 1940s and 1950s, Paderborn became a major industrial seat in Westphalia. The British Army retained a significant presence in the area until 2020, when British units were relocated back to the United Kingdom. Only a small training and enabling staff remain at Paderborn to facilitate temporary deployments to use the Sennelager Training Area.
Geography
Paderborn is situated at the source of the river Pader, approximately east of Lippstadt and approximately south of Bielefeld on the Pader. The hills of the Eggegebirge are located east of the city.
Neighbouring municipalities
Altenbeken
Bad Lippspringe
Borchen
Delbrück
Hövelhof
Lichtenau
Salzkotten
Subdivisions
The city of Paderborn consists of the following Stadtteile (city sections):
Paderborn (city center)
Benhausen
Dahl
Elsen
Marienloh
Neuenbeken
Sande
Sennelager
Schloß Neuhaus
Wewer
Demographics
Paderborn has a population of over 144,000, of which approximately 10% are students at the local university. Additionally, about 10,000 members or relatives of members of the British armed forces live within Westfalen Garrison, but are not included in the nominal population size.
60% of the population are Catholics, 20% Lutherans and 20% members of other faiths or not religious.
Economy
Paderborn is the headquarters of the former Nixdorf Computer AG, which was acquired by Siemens in the early 1990s and known as Siemens-Nixdorf for about ten years. The company is now known as Diebold Nixdorf, which is still located in Paderborn, but Siemens retains a considerable presence in the city.
Many other information technology
companies as well as industrial enterprises are located in Paderborn, too:
Benteler AG (steel/tube, automotive, trade)
Claas (farm machines)
Deutsche Bahn AG (vehicle maintenance)
dSPACE GmbH (engineering tools)
Flextronics
Fujitsu Technology Solutions
Orga Systems GmbH
Secure Computing Corporation
Siemens AG (Siemens IT Solutions and Services)
Zuken (PCB EMC Analysis and Design Software)
Paderborn is also home of the "Paderborner" brewery, which has belonged to the Warsteiner group since 1990.
Arts and culture
Paderborn has the largest computer museum in the world, the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum, opened in 1996. From 2001 to 2005, it hosted the .
The town supports the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie for regular symphony concerts in the Paderhalle.
The city is known today for its exhibitions in three museums: the Kaiserpfalz, The Diocesan Museum and the Art Museum - Städtische Galerie.
Image gallery
Twin towns – sister cities
Paderborn is twinned with:
Le Mans, France (officially since 1967, traditionally since 836, the oldest partnership of its kind)
Bolton, England, United Kingdom (1975)
Belleville, United States (1990)
Pamplona, Spain (1992)
Przemyśl, Poland (1993)
Debrecen, Hungary (1994)
Qingdao, China (2003)
Sports
Paderborn is nationally known as a center for American Sports. The local baseball team, the Paderborn Untouchables, has won many German championships. The local American Football team, the Paderborn Dolphins, has also enjoyed considerable success. In 2006 the Paderborn Baskets, the home basketball team of the city was promoted to the Bundesliga.
Paderborn Baskets (basketball)
In the past, the Paderborn Baskets played multiple seasons in the Basketball Bundesliga. They reached the playoffs in the 2008–09 season.
SC Paderborn 07 (football)
SC Paderborn 07 is the most successful football club in Paderborn. They were promoted to the Bundesliga, Germany's top flight, in 2019 but relegated back to 2. Bundesliga at the end of the same season.
The club was formed out of the 1985 merger of FC Paderborn and TuS Schloß Neuhaus as TuS Paderborn-Neuhaus and took on its current, shorter name in 1997. The Neuhaus club was founded in 1907 as SV 07 Neuhaus which was joined by the local side TuS 1910 Sennelager to become TuS Schloss Neuhaus in 1970. The Neuhaus and Paderborn teams played as tier III sides for most of their histories, as has the unified club. Today Paderborn plays its home matches at the Benteler Arena. In 2014, SC Paderborn was promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time. They are now in the top flight again after a thrilling promotion campaign.
Infrastructure
Transport
Paderborn is located at the Autobahn A 33, which connects Paderborn to the Autobahn A 2 in the north and the Autobahn A 44 in the south.
The main station is a regular stop for the InterCity on the Hamm–Warburg line and several local trains.
The Paderborn Lippstadt Airport connects Paderborn to the bigger German airports and offers flights to many locations in Europe. There is a bus shuttle between the airport and the Paderborn main train station. General Aviation and gliders are based at Paderborn-Haxterberg (site of the world gliding championships in 1981).
In Paderborn there is a bus system served by the PaderSprinter for local buses and the Bahnbus Hochstift for regional buses.
Education
Paderborn was once the oldest academic site in Westphalia. In 1614, the University of Paderborn was founded by the Jesuits but was closed in 1819. It was re-founded in 1972 as Universität-Gesamthochschule and transformed into a university in its own right in 2002. Today, it is attended by about 20,000 students.
There also are several theological and private academic institutes in Paderborn.
There are a number of grammar schools in the city, the most prominent of which are the Theodorianum and St. Michael Gymnasium, along with others such as the Goerdeler-Gymnasium. There are also a few British primary schools such as John Buchan School, which was located in Sennelager and mainly educated children of British military personnel and the garrison's employees until its closure in 2019.
Notable people
Heinrich Aldegrever (1502–1558?), painter and engraver
Carl Ferdinand Fabritius (1637–1673), painter
Franz Anton Cramer (1776–1829), apothecary, supported the discovery of morphine
Sophie Schröder (1781–1868), singer and actress
Friedrich Sertürner (1783–1841), pharmacist, first to isolate morphine from opium
Joseph Hermann Schmidt (1804–1852), physician, director, Charité Birth Department, Berlin
George Henry Backhaus (1811–1882), Catholic priest
Franz von Löher (1818–1892), politician, jurist and historian
Christoph Ernst Friedrich von Forcade de Biaix (1821–1891), owner of the estate, judge and member of the German Reichstag
Julius von Ficker (1826–1902), German-Austrian historian
Joseph F. Rigge (1842–1913), the first president of Marquette College (now Marquette University)
Aloys Loeher (1850–1904), American sculptor, exhibited at the 1893 Columbian Exposition
Karl von Plettenberg (1852–1938), Prussian officer and later General of Infantry during WW1
Clemens Baeumker (1853–1924), Catholic philosopher and philosophy historian
Augustus F. Fechteler (1857–1921), Rear Admiral of the United States Navy during World War I
Ella Bergmann-Michel (1895–1971), painter, photographer and documentary filmmaker
Gustav Simon (1900–1945), Nazi Gauleiter in the Moselland Gau from 1940 until 1944 and Chief of the Civil Administration in occupied Luxembourg, died here
Josef Wirmer (1901–1944), jurist and resistance fighter against National Socialism
Friedrich Wilhelm Christians (1922–2004), banker
Heinz Nixdorf (1925–1986), computer pioneer, entrepreneur and founder of Nixdorf Computer AG
Walter Salmen (1926–2013), musicologist
Werner Franke (born 1940), professor of cell and molecular biology
Ulrich Vogt (born 1941), teacher and non-fiction author
Mechtild Rothe (born 1947), politician (SPD) and member of the European Parliament
Franz-Josef Bode (born 1951), bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabruck since 1995
Rüdiger Hoffmann (born 1964), cabaret artist and musician
Bernd Hüttemann (born 1970), Vice President of the European Movement International and Secretary General of the European Movement Germany
Stefan Gödde (born 1975), television presenter, radio presenter and reporter
Judith Rakers (born 1976), journalist and television supporter (ARD)
Carsten Linnemann (born 1977), economist and politician (CDU), member of the German Bundestag
Sport
Klaus Ehl (born 1949), athlete (sprinter)
Andreas Fischer (born 1964), footballer
Hans-Günther Vosseler (born 1949), swimmer
Günter Kutowski (born 1965), footballer
Martin Driller (born 1970), footballer
Reiner Plaßhenrich (born 1976), football player and coach
Jasmin Duehring (born 1992), Canadian cyclist
Alexander Nübel (born 1996), footballer
Tolgay Ali Arslan (born 1990), footballer
See also
Paderborn method for teaching languages
Disappearance of Katrice Lee
References
Further reading
External links
Paderborn region website —
Ordinances of the "Fürstbistum Paderborn" online—
Homepage of the annual RoboCup competition—
University of Paderborn—
Basketball: Paderborn Baskets—
Introduction to the History of Paderborn—
Paderborn (district)
Members of the Hanseatic League
Province of Westphalia | [
-0.3152559995651245,
0.4688160717487335,
0.6457585096359253,
-0.8918434381484985,
-0.3704303801059723,
0.7934651970863342,
0.48362207412719727,
0.22104784846305847,
-0.03852696716785431,
-0.2153618186712265,
-0.3422013223171234,
-0.2114659547805786,
0.24614940583705902,
0.3509678542613983,
0.24555613100528717,
0.06204028055071831,
0.839280366897583,
0.44968748092651367,
0.2803080379962921,
-0.6117158532142639,
0.022916154935956,
-0.519804060459137,
0.6483740210533142,
0.7989882826805115,
-0.26542893052101135,
-0.42375823855400085,
0.44883009791374207,
-0.19443519413471222,
-0.19338051974773407,
0.00995444506406784,
-0.2733873426914215,
0.6236916184425354,
-0.43347659707069397,
-0.0015726363053545356,
0.5697662830352783,
0.7564729452133179,
-0.6392078399658203,
-0.6719666719436646,
0.16481433808803558,
-0.4267521798610687,
-0.657204270362854,
0.1748451441526413,
0.440571129322052,
-0.21245071291923523,
-0.1718081682920456,
-0.6393733024597168,
-1.5538389682769775,
0.29048195481300354,
-0.8794718980789185,
0.13786496222019196,
-0.6628624200820923,
-0.038651417940855026,
0.9770663380622864,
0.3999403417110443,
0.23396362364292145,
-0.21419715881347656,
-1.278894066810608,
0.24783284962177277,
0.27098116278648376,
0.4112395942211151,
0.46324893832206726,
0.07754909247159958,
-0.2597353458404541,
0.23787347972393036,
0.408220499753952,
0.16058887541294098,
0.2657630443572998,
0.44605958461761475,
-0.28316304087638855,
-0.4691822826862335,
-0.9143655300140381,
-0.4411768615245819,
-0.1421051323413849,
-0.21792559325695038,
-0.25036492943763733,
-0.1654527634382248,
-0.31898263096809387,
0.23791244626045227,
-0.004215239081531763,
-0.08724911510944366,
-0.25667548179626465,
-0.2470855563879013,
1.0312871932983398,
-0.45530998706817627,
0.9690153002738953,
0.2479737251996994,
-0.3607248067855835,
-0.3414461314678192,
-0.33393290638923645,
-0.10947372019290924,
0.1879635751247406,
-0.6853544116020203,
-0.7781456708908081,
-0.01725170761346817,
-0.17530658841133118,
-0.5167194604873657,
0.11162728816270828,
0.43810099363327026,
0.10475116968154907,
0.6944416761398315,
0.5022539496421814,
0.43571239709854126,
1.1277800798416138,
0.11604584008455276,
-0.011207950301468372,
-0.49836528301239014,
-0.45956751704216003,
-0.6504204869270325,
-0.20094045996665955,
-0.4089825749397278,
-0.4347582757472992,
0.09871228039264679,
0.1711883544921875,
-0.5161724090576172,
-0.18853498995304108,
0.5557088255882263,
0.1543731689453125,
-0.13867126405239105,
0.0645059198141098,
0.3266313970088959,
0.4792271554470062,
0.7345328330993652,
-0.32129523158073425,
0.31173577904701233,
-0.6806588172912598,
-0.45121896266937256,
-0.30180150270462036,
1.2765272855758667,
-0.8698013424873352,
0.32150688767433167,
-0.07266648858785629,
0.6366772055625916,
-0.2292415201663971,
-0.2957180142402649,
-0.10432720184326172,
-0.11138533055782318,
0.46585017442703247,
0.35288164019584656,
0.7268575429916382,
0.019037658348679543,
-1.2248175144195557,
0.05375806614756584,
-0.5041695833206177,
-0.29571884870529175,
-0.06594809144735336,
-0.41562989354133606,
-0.5151604413986206,
-0.9006069898605347,
0.1602409929037094,
-0.20557977259159088,
0.15555009245872498,
0.10261574387550354,
-0.4947354793548584,
0.4437572956085205,
-0.8197853565216064,
0.43376654386520386,
0.5909258723258972,
-0.16236649453639984,
0.6436952948570251,
0.650684654712677,
0.8221753239631653,
-0.36427679657936096,
0.5734735131263733,
0.3652380406856537,
0.08960464596748352,
-0.066334068775177,
0.5304034948348999,
0.005169852636754513,
0.38143131136894226,
0.22216325998306274,
-0.45573297142982483,
-0.13480527698993683,
0.006917724851518869,
-0.50790935754776,
0.6203345656394958,
-0.3180408775806427,
0.029649842530488968,
0.015875812619924545,
0.026465896517038345,
-0.45952239632606506,
-0.8296399116516113,
0.8042141199111938,
0.15789467096328735,
0.7848185300827026,
0.1908154934644699,
-0.05119092017412186,
-0.12549781799316406,
-0.12902317941188812,
0.08865127712488174,
0.5613784790039062,
0.2069198489189148,
-0.9834128618240356,
0.7102367281913757,
0.37756720185279846,
0.598848819732666,
0.22349689900875092,
-0.03660817816853523,
-0.011599047109484673,
-0.42036744952201843,
0.35497593879699707,
-0.3839695453643799,
-0.9213660955429077,
0.270973801612854,
-0.06520910561084747,
0.09397977590560913,
0.28063565492630005,
-0.10979080200195312,
-0.7774615287780762,
0.10392322391271591,
0.5185434818267822,
0.24882051348686218,
-0.4428194463253021,
0.31273654103279114,
-0.05333583056926727,
-0.06897619366645813,
-1.0170087814331055,
-0.7595822215080261,
-0.28166577219963074,
0.14556990563869476,
-0.5588684678077698,
0.005393957253545523,
0.40644121170043945,
-0.43656206130981445,
0.6084995269775391,
-0.08670443296432495,
0.3871239125728607,
0.0108687998726964,
-0.18708056211471558,
-0.3238905370235443,
-0.7280610799789429,
0.5750153660774231,
0.9616714715957642,
-0.2454918920993805,
-0.1568203717470169,
0.01294748205691576,
-0.7194534540176392,
-0.5154442191123962,
-0.22516672313213348,
0.08360586315393448,
-0.8010820150375366,
0.726479709148407,
0.28542912006378174,
-0.7015141844749451,
0.34999513626098633,
0.0990108996629715,
0.5540160536766052,
0.12410280853509903,
0.2484564632177353,
0.08944732695817947,
-0.2904750406742096,
0.38079026341438293,
0.010548410937190056,
0.03814763203263283,
-0.7854224443435669,
-0.11765684187412262,
-0.257921040058136,
-0.15253867208957672,
0.2960728108882904,
0.40093350410461426,
0.5088409781455994,
-0.3454054296016693,
0.04004494100809097,
-0.06269273161888123,
-0.00025121174985542893,
-0.43987491726875305,
-0.10039336234331131,
-0.004771598614752293,
-0.4105431139469147,
0.05408221483230591,
0.08599641174077988,
-0.20821161568164825,
-0.31700748205184937,
-0.43205633759498596,
-0.6051467657089233,
0.010277421213686466,
-0.23758947849273682,
-0.5089510083198547,
0.49100425839424133,
-0.7787516117095947,
0.1391489952802658,
0.8302072882652283,
0.9213529825210571,
-0.5020183324813843,
-1.5565035343170166,
0.012139624916017056,
0.10474001616239548,
0.6977939605712891,
-0.11364980787038803,
-0.3676217794418335,
0.1383340060710907,
-0.38512635231018066,
-0.13171808421611786,
-0.2971552014350891,
0.5592984557151794,
-0.0660979151725769,
0.08965139836072922,
0.3539198637008667,
0.036339543759822845,
0.5071967244148254,
-0.01750035397708416,
-0.7083116769790649,
0.6388900876045227,
-0.6660156846046448,
0.34261074662208557,
-0.5332446694374084,
-0.4681899845600128,
-0.5277231335639954,
-0.1860176920890808,
-4.881042003631592,
-0.34967339038848877,
-0.32440370321273804,
-0.65083909034729,
0.2458162158727646,
0.1793956458568573,
0.15668842196464539,
-0.2072175145149231,
0.024567561224102974,
0.20159099996089935,
0.10494101792573929,
-0.21668769419193268,
-0.10278241336345673,
0.9203833341598511,
0.7018817663192749,
0.2399389147758484,
0.11856619268655777,
-0.486706018447876,
0.19699648022651672,
-0.16021768748760223,
-0.24876101315021515,
0.3539389371871948,
0.15417516231536865,
0.5178958773612976,
0.4908173382282257,
0.5945634245872498,
-0.32450732588768005,
-0.5548586249351501,
-0.877385675907135,
-0.7391555905342102,
0.5373015403747559,
-0.12983205914497375,
-0.11485224962234497,
0.41893136501312256,
0.2783239483833313,
0.19109494984149933,
0.5295570492744446,
0.21136587858200073,
0.03290945664048195,
-0.5975794792175293,
0.4705667197704315,
0.8742876648902893,
-0.003465155139565468,
0.12351981550455093,
0.6303122639656067,
-0.3614307641983032,
-0.8615970611572266,
-0.417542964220047,
-0.5755236744880676,
1.27171790599823,
0.08209481835365295,
-0.5620585083961487,
0.538944661617279,
-0.20086519420146942,
0.2927188277244568,
-0.04940851777791977,
0.724966824054718,
-0.264468252658844,
0.43219348788261414,
0.7445527911186218,
-0.11240281909704208,
-0.13706280291080475,
-0.26991450786590576,
-0.4407849907875061,
-0.4554879367351532,
-0.11091438680887222,
-0.03287338465452194,
-0.2863292098045349,
0.4128323793411255,
-0.16225479543209076,
0.1125243604183197,
0.6249716877937317,
-0.3577449917793274,
-0.6864756941795349,
-0.539237916469574,
-0.9971082806587219,
-1.0668731927871704,
-0.4807201623916626,
-0.07572141289710999,
-0.11778468638658524,
0.09082551300525665,
-0.040284138172864914,
0.2674412727355957,
0.41766518354415894,
0.3976314663887024,
-0.03331814706325531,
-0.6711949110031128,
0.14094531536102295,
0.23558539152145386,
-0.3408336341381073,
0.1294240653514862,
-0.3725776672363281,
0.11325738579034805,
-0.19628284871578217,
-0.8816992044448853,
0.9635301828384399,
-0.676510214805603,
-0.087559774518013,
-0.07021871209144592,
-0.22948914766311646,
0.8781938552856445,
-0.12704870104789734,
-0.5604245066642761,
0.19202101230621338,
0.16681349277496338,
0.29385265707969666,
0.2831149101257324,
0.6340736746788025,
0.41509899497032166,
0.013226882554590702,
-0.05383579060435295,
-0.10710446536540985,
-0.09276691824197769,
-0.8459196090698242,
0.6524034738540649,
-0.4608643651008606,
-1.2866153717041016,
1.4749107360839844,
-0.11026212573051453,
0.12722185254096985,
0.21519149839878082,
-0.013845686800777912,
0.15396229922771454,
-0.21081826090812683,
-0.3394480347633362,
0.0012138125021010637,
-0.09238751977682114,
0.26920151710510254,
-0.164860337972641,
0.16734999418258667,
-0.09901000559329987,
-0.3304152190685272,
-0.238356351852417,
-0.3930380940437317,
-0.2644249200820923,
-0.2587849795818329,
-0.15236343443393707,
-0.6247936487197876,
-0.23130744695663452,
0.06799855828285217,
0.773729681968689,
0.6525313854217529,
0.31309133768081665,
-0.07722079753875732,
-0.05938524752855301,
-0.21206849813461304,
0.06474117934703827,
0.03744645044207573,
-0.9508593082427979,
0.04235217347741127,
0.17940153181552887,
-0.23516248166561127,
0.29507187008857727,
-0.5543802976608276,
-0.3095378875732422,
0.006798504386097193,
0.2812167704105377,
0.6503114104270935,
0.908119797706604,
0.05695942044258118,
0.1576608568429947,
-0.4708409011363983,
-0.2283470779657364,
0.48436135053634644,
0.8321760296821594,
-0.08116679638624191,
-0.20515160262584686,
-0.3960634469985962,
-0.9912056922912598,
0.4590236246585846,
0.24438774585723877,
-0.5879623293876648,
-0.648558497428894,
0.3386651873588562,
0.07311491668224335,
-0.4248259365558624,
-0.03214586526155472,
0.6392412781715393,
0.45456066727638245,
-0.2689019441604614,
0.0073062400333583355,
0.07009859383106232,
-0.6523574590682983,
1.079531192779541,
0.8698565363883972,
-0.051057878881692886,
-0.3075329065322876,
-0.27565544843673706,
-0.5906763076782227,
-0.16466571390628815,
0.696313738822937,
-0.10274790227413177,
-0.03910111263394356,
-0.012587173841893673,
-0.49100714921951294,
-1.4477360248565674,
0.4707234799861908,
-0.5398199558258057,
-0.3741908073425293,
-0.06044841185212135,
0.20810869336128235,
0.7250847816467285,
-0.5753781795501709,
0.3436200022697449,
0.5022532343864441,
-0.4753609001636505,
0.45766469836235046,
0.665301501750946,
-0.448142945766449,
0.18856091797351837,
-0.30302223563194275,
-0.40432286262512207,
0.11492408812046051,
0.4837844967842102,
-1.0847102403640747,
0.016183340921998024,
0.29223909974098206,
-0.9943402409553528,
-0.6832141876220703,
0.5762345790863037,
-0.6089949011802673,
-0.26872962713241577,
-0.006162577774375677,
0.06131052225828171,
-0.7820066809654236,
-0.020492803305387497,
0.16688181459903717,
-0.3887139856815338,
0.6589837074279785,
-0.5754907131195068,
0.01735384576022625,
0.07407250255346298,
0.5887648463249207,
0.1344936639070511,
-0.08312228322029114,
-0.42915213108062744,
0.041818615049123764,
0.1997804045677185,
0.01030122209340334,
0.30013689398765564,
0.6177681684494019,
0.5137796998023987,
0.46365848183631897,
-0.20993486046791077,
-0.055921878665685654,
0.13296639919281006,
0.9135919213294983,
-0.5908194780349731,
-1.208784580230713,
0.7129796743392944,
0.4790785610675812,
0.8695722818374634,
-1.1458653211593628,
0.09961489588022232,
0.8300505876541138,
-0.27583032846450806,
-0.021906085312366486,
0.6504148840904236,
0.05951761454343796,
-0.035732753574848175,
-0.32063010334968567,
0.26266342401504517,
0.5067214369773865,
0.39690104126930237,
-0.11415074020624161,
-0.08751305937767029,
-0.8369271159172058,
-0.06026967242360115,
0.2168351113796234,
-0.35221001505851746,
-1.001664400100708,
0.22462758421897888,
0.47246530652046204,
-0.518227219581604,
0.036347854882478714,
0.305553674697876,
-0.13264063000679016,
0.028858235105872154,
-0.15403486788272858,
0.1219862550497055,
0.22226159274578094,
0.21506382524967194,
0.1458887755870819,
-0.9120198488235474,
0.22022944688796997,
-0.6490212678909302,
-0.5269367694854736,
-0.4012555778026581,
-0.4796942174434662,
0.2514994442462921,
0.20421579480171204,
-0.7204214930534363,
-0.45313575863838196,
0.51614910364151,
-0.12696124613285065,
0.3887457549571991,
0.48431864380836487,
0.45328113436698914,
-0.26914578676223755,
0.31145283579826355,
-0.7474039196968079,
0.6068219542503357,
0.4520445466041565,
-0.006478859111666679,
0.2560606896877289,
0.1712971031665802,
-0.24988974630832672,
-0.24154016375541687,
-0.23092027008533478,
0.2889719605445862,
0.07132783532142639,
-0.5177735686302185,
-0.42651522159576416,
1.445238471031189,
-0.1844438761472702,
0.9364562630653381,
0.9024965763092041,
-0.11044488847255707,
0.020088305696845055,
0.5230087637901306,
0.30438393354415894,
-1.254137396812439,
0.8631483912467957,
0.5807966589927673,
0.37156254053115845,
1.1294299364089966,
0.4681936502456665,
-0.4369693100452423,
-0.14647813141345978,
-0.3419477939605713,
0.04980922490358353,
0.2785418927669525,
-0.42306357622146606,
0.32802271842956543,
-0.5753064751625061,
-0.3525983691215515,
0.30017709732055664,
0.3272956609725952,
-0.5286659598350525,
0.04389960318803787,
0.037898577749729156,
0.9030479192733765,
0.0102304732427001,
0.31983107328414917,
0.3979439437389374,
0.14704987406730652,
0.08691751956939697,
0.04731343314051628,
0.3392368257045746,
-0.20273016393184662,
0.4538865089416504,
-0.07533518970012665,
-0.06337341666221619,
-0.2990255057811737,
0.07951517403125763,
-0.26481392979621887,
0.7060261964797974,
-0.38596558570861816,
-0.04934559389948845,
0.21367989480495453,
0.2167952060699463,
-0.40399765968322754,
0.08706283569335938,
0.5878390073776245,
-0.25432583689689636,
-0.45271745324134827,
0.0030488036572933197,
0.021078478544950485,
-0.2504459619522095,
0.44336751103401184,
0.4667700231075287,
0.23613306879997253,
0.1236986294388771,
-0.5142045617103577,
0.6676698327064514,
0.11594133824110031,
0.48348644375801086,
-0.2566075623035431,
-0.5247969031333923,
0.3586764633655548,
-0.7346184849739075,
0.03711969405412674,
-0.363594651222229,
0.3145141899585724,
-0.14208762347698212,
-0.162782683968544,
-0.2978771924972534,
-0.4135672450065613,
0.27200865745544434,
-0.2728192210197449,
-0.21461431682109833,
-0.109820157289505,
-0.2197820544242859,
-0.2397722601890564,
-0.7030401825904846,
-0.2825019657611847,
-0.44199538230895996,
0.6971989274024963,
-0.32768940925598145,
0.3394521474838257,
0.403219610452652,
0.3922795355319977,
-0.4009903073310852,
0.40031033754348755,
0.19155307114124298,
0.4779804050922394,
-0.3681846559047699,
0.5141061544418335,
-0.3187398910522461,
0.9581573009490967,
0.6104936003684998,
0.11796513199806213,
-0.20883911848068237,
0.986667811870575,
0.07292639464139938,
0.05492545664310455,
0.6300833821296692,
-0.13551972806453705,
-0.2551180422306061,
-0.07477927207946777,
0.8677449226379395,
0.03800453245639801,
-0.06102480739355087,
0.5760356187820435,
0.05365044251084328,
-0.059050120413303375,
0.08961306512355804,
-0.09539957344532013,
-0.3604104518890381,
-0.068487748503685,
0.07087647914886475,
0.14806289970874786,
0.2315112054347992,
-0.2107766568660736,
-0.4097678065299988,
0.4686536192893982,
0.13902032375335693,
0.6158625483512878,
0.3023538291454315,
-0.6640172600746155,
-0.18298852443695068,
-0.054280176758766174,
0.6108434796333313,
0.24691450595855713,
-0.9277238249778748,
0.11878734827041626,
-0.8816733956336975,
-0.43073970079421997,
-0.337702214717865,
0.09954792261123657,
0.3431603014469147,
-0.3195021450519562,
0.3771235942840576,
0.3308398425579071,
-0.35781991481781006,
0.2210724651813507,
-0.5290431976318359,
-0.5762975811958313,
0.699857234954834,
-0.14425788819789886
] |
224124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xico%2C%20Valle%20de%20Chalco | Xico, Valle de Chalco | Xico is a city in the State of Mexico, Mexico. It serves as the municipal seat of Valle de Chalco municipality, with which it is, for all practical purposes, coterminous. The municipality lies adjacent to the east side of the Federal District (Distrito Federal) and is part of the Mexico City metropolitan area. The city and municipality lie on the old lakebed of Lake Chalco, which was drained like much of the Basin of Mexico. The city name comes from the nearby Xico hill (Cerro de Xico) and the name of the municipality comes from the old lake plus a reference to the "Programa Nacional de Solidaridad" (National Program of Solidarity) which was initiated here. The municipality's glyph and shield make reference to both names. It is a distinct entity from the city and municipality of Chalco, which is nearby. "Chalco" in both names refers to the Chalca tribe that were one of the original inhabitants of the area.
The city
Early pre-Hispanic history refers to the area around the Cerro de Xico and the Island of Xico as most of the modern city was underwater until relatively recently. The area was mostly fishing villages from 900 BC to 100 AD. However, from 550 to 650, the area was dominated by the Teotihuacan culture. From 650 to 750, an Otomi settlement gained prominence. The Acxotecas arrived around 1328, the same time that chinampa farming began here. Xico was conquered by the Aztec Tezozomoc in 1381, after which groups of Mexicas settle here extending the chinampa farming system in the 14th and 15th centuries. The area was ceded to Hernán Cortés by the Spanish king in 1529. The modern area began in the 19th century when Porfirio Díaz ordered the draining of Lake Chalco which devastated the economies of the former coastline communities. The Mexican Revolution tried to compensate these communities by the creation of ejidos, the two largest here being Estación Xico with 507 hectares and San Miguel Xico with 250 hectares. These ejidos, as well as the present-day city and municipality, rest almost entirely on former lakebed.
For the most part, the area laid barren until the late 1970s, when there was a sudden influx of families coming from the central and southern parts of Mexico in search of land. Despite its proximity, there was no infrastructure for basic services including schooling for children. Many people bought ejido land causing legal problems. The federal government had to step in to install basic services and regularize the property rights of more than 77,000 parcels of ejido land that was sold. However, the area did not become a separate municipality until 1994. In the census of 2005 the population of Xico was 331,321 people.
The only notable sites in the area are The Cerro del Marqués which contains architecture and archeological remains but these are not open to the public. However, there is the Museo Comunitario (Community Museum) which displays local archeological finds located in the Casa de Cultura “Chalchiuhtlicue”. There is also the Ex – Hacienda de Xico which was constructed at the same time the lake was drained.
The municipality
As municipal seat, Xico has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Las Bombas, Comalchica, Santa Cruz, El Triángulo, El Invernadero, Colonia Ampliación (San Miguel Tláhuac), and Ejido Tulyehualco (Tabla Número Nueve) as well as 13 unnamed communities. It has a total population of 332,279.
The municipality borders the municipalities of Ixtapaluca, Chicoloapan, Los Reyes Acaquilpan, al oriente con Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias and borders to the south with the Distrito Federal. It covers a total surface area of 46.36 km2 (17.9 sq mi).
References
Valle de Chalco de Solidaridad
Populated places in the State of Mexico
Mexico City metropolitan area
Municipality seats in the State of Mexico | [
0.18578878045082092,
0.46195125579833984,
-0.39561203122138977,
0.34497061371803284,
-0.30304670333862305,
0.4582298994064331,
0.2031751424074173,
1.1660510301589966,
0.0076933857053518295,
-0.8078789114952087,
0.017836198210716248,
-0.15204967558383942,
-0.14906732738018036,
0.676020622253418,
-0.5584903955459595,
0.42577046155929565,
0.20793417096138,
0.5301227569580078,
-0.45868825912475586,
-0.4688555598258972,
-0.11184190958738327,
-0.49996256828308105,
0.15695789456367493,
0.10459695756435394,
-0.14077292382717133,
-0.259181410074234,
-0.09045636653900146,
0.3417438864707947,
0.6272835731506348,
-0.013003434985876083,
-0.08680117875337601,
0.295211523771286,
-0.07207845896482468,
-0.18370702862739563,
0.0009638505289331079,
0.7443888783454895,
-0.13513925671577454,
-0.4233858287334442,
0.4688119888305664,
-0.695787250995636,
0.3122820556163788,
0.06304720789194107,
0.2652806341648102,
0.4708588719367981,
0.1926458775997162,
-0.32683897018432617,
-0.7857217788696289,
0.3160865008831024,
-1.1918730735778809,
-0.2360416054725647,
-0.8949918150901794,
0.4329284131526947,
-0.31147530674934387,
-0.02780434861779213,
0.2153797745704651,
0.34148862957954407,
-1.1279724836349487,
-0.1916876584291458,
-0.06904829293489456,
0.6296247243881226,
0.20790734887123108,
1.0167392492294312,
0.3983885943889618,
0.025012366473674774,
-0.07648136466741562,
-0.18250256776809692,
0.18525952100753784,
0.03749728575348854,
0.4057895243167877,
-0.9849940538406372,
-0.6466951966285706,
0.488158255815506,
-0.07705061137676239,
-0.38944464921951294,
-0.12633925676345825,
-0.09026294946670532,
-0.720573365688324,
0.11193085461854935,
0.04927225410938263,
0.28265467286109924,
-0.4833829402923584,
0.13350869715213776,
0.9418901801109314,
-0.3669283986091614,
0.7793720960617065,
0.33415043354034424,
-0.5468358397483826,
0.1008443683385849,
-0.3686032295227051,
0.6575199961662292,
-0.3824482858181,
0.23053236305713654,
0.5055906772613525,
0.36941981315612793,
-0.6523943543434143,
-0.03320672735571861,
-0.25252217054367065,
-0.3827724754810333,
0.003950182814151049,
0.07822028547525406,
-0.17339935898780823,
0.1884872019290924,
0.13912419974803925,
0.6546518802642822,
-0.5841758847236633,
-0.0036824203561991453,
-0.6037670373916626,
0.10778844356536865,
-0.19316841661930084,
-0.7676478028297424,
0.08300503343343735,
-0.09567523002624512,
0.0601113960146904,
0.19515123963356018,
0.7019784450531006,
0.1701989471912384,
0.8717302680015564,
-0.13763096928596497,
0.31610894203186035,
-0.5109436511993408,
-0.6480806469917297,
0.7795407176017761,
-0.1949346512556076,
0.23030991852283478,
0.04345889016985893,
0.5234147906303406,
0.8262491822242737,
0.08966990560293198,
-0.34753650426864624,
-0.29152071475982666,
-0.25343888998031616,
0.5297236442565918,
-0.20834238827228546,
0.20529982447624207,
0.9017650485038757,
-1.0963588953018188,
-0.1771067976951599,
0.28948381543159485,
0.31930485367774963,
-0.02294743061065674,
-0.27262061834335327,
-0.050710853189229965,
-0.21470089256763458,
0.07121103256940842,
0.2629433572292328,
-0.11528322100639343,
-0.15104836225509644,
-0.8550305366516113,
0.14370892941951752,
-0.08441279828548431,
0.18168462812900543,
0.04646315425634384,
0.08023025840520859,
0.6506910920143127,
-0.6008293032646179,
-0.7429482340812683,
0.4550175070762634,
-0.22167617082595825,
0.8216637969017029,
0.2035817801952362,
-0.05258401855826378,
-0.027004266157746315,
0.4041425585746765,
-0.4857654869556427,
-0.39058640599250793,
-0.07221728563308716,
0.34442684054374695,
0.23194406926631927,
-0.27530422806739807,
0.49416080117225647,
-0.5037018060684204,
0.13084334135055542,
0.20890654623508453,
-0.6097747683525085,
-0.11800286918878555,
-0.11115993559360504,
0.16990338265895844,
0.40911197662353516,
-0.2978214919567108,
0.3419729769229889,
-0.5737944841384888,
0.19279058277606964,
-0.17877955734729767,
0.270773321390152,
-0.4120548963546753,
0.023802828043699265,
0.44501835107803345,
0.11329815536737442,
-0.3000085651874542,
-0.13203057646751404,
-0.017874842509627342,
-0.14526449143886566,
-0.1927400678396225,
-0.1865694224834442,
0.5046376585960388,
0.04901498928666115,
-0.28329595923423767,
0.1448143571615219,
-0.45341870188713074,
0.2558876872062683,
-0.755244791507721,
0.3622651994228363,
1.1401740312576294,
0.03985806554555893,
-0.6668545007705688,
-0.15227176249027252,
0.25690117478370667,
0.35099703073501587,
-0.4983825385570526,
1.1354138851165771,
0.10936737060546875,
0.24519039690494537,
-0.12089886516332626,
0.9627175331115723,
-0.7321611642837524,
-0.19669273495674133,
-0.32314130663871765,
0.04257393628358841,
0.4934842884540558,
-0.42913517355918884,
0.5994567275047302,
0.04623425006866455,
-0.20122170448303223,
0.43443211913108826,
0.03077586553990841,
0.7879443764686584,
0.6118355989456177,
0.49988365173339844,
0.6032020449638367,
-0.7411045432090759,
-0.02327677048742771,
0.022980595007538795,
0.2326173633337021,
-0.04534418508410454,
0.34726113080978394,
0.11556113511323929,
-0.028246181085705757,
-0.788636326789856,
0.19059506058692932,
-0.5276618003845215,
0.1239815279841423,
-0.140755295753479,
-0.3953588604927063,
0.46531960368156433,
0.6878719329833984,
0.33838561177253723,
-0.009401815012097359,
0.2352040410041809,
-0.7659016847610474,
0.043022461235523224,
0.01839403063058853,
0.20721274614334106,
0.17037101089954376,
-0.40654605627059937,
0.07828470319509506,
-0.46569445729255676,
-0.2901230454444885,
-0.5578849911689758,
0.10900145769119263,
0.03214235603809357,
0.31410086154937744,
-0.11728984117507935,
-0.0835728794336319,
0.6226192712783813,
-0.5039508938789368,
-0.8171102404594421,
0.14437441527843475,
-0.44776031374931335,
-0.1922721415758133,
-0.38327640295028687,
0.3598856031894684,
-0.3035520315170288,
-0.038997016847133636,
-0.6785488724708557,
-0.05932289734482765,
-0.2634660601615906,
-0.3745249807834625,
0.19530752301216125,
-0.7906728386878967,
0.07610634714365005,
0.14161135256290436,
0.848071813583374,
0.0033431733027100563,
-0.31781259179115295,
-0.046658292412757874,
-0.41711005568504333,
0.38878047466278076,
-0.6473492383956909,
-0.6486760377883911,
-0.293876588344574,
0.19289365410804749,
0.2352888584136963,
-0.13538509607315063,
0.7060260772705078,
-0.32912835478782654,
-0.3866386115550995,
0.06304103136062622,
-0.2253754884004593,
0.8138093948364258,
-1.0286188125610352,
-0.07686606794595718,
0.6114929914474487,
0.4635980725288391,
0.1203480139374733,
-0.0638800710439682,
-0.4040738642215729,
-0.15643081068992615,
-0.29277101159095764,
-5.31579065322876,
0.3856402337551117,
-0.3392162621021271,
-0.5488821864128113,
0.25500938296318054,
-0.36010977625846863,
0.3340615928173065,
-0.11873121559619904,
-0.033273596316576004,
-0.3466520309448242,
0.14078739285469055,
-0.11177324503660202,
-0.3704669177532196,
0.6912953853607178,
0.3580029010772705,
1.2066035270690918,
-0.005720900371670723,
0.19615456461906433,
0.362148255109787,
-0.22666722536087036,
-0.4577977955341339,
0.3613313138484955,
-0.07271631807088852,
0.8196176290512085,
0.4275890588760376,
-0.17374639213085175,
-0.40196067094802856,
-1.0020066499710083,
-0.8267142176628113,
-0.3068874478340149,
-0.4489515423774719,
0.531434178352356,
-0.21768303215503693,
1.038732647895813,
-0.5743941068649292,
0.43210116028785706,
0.1380758434534073,
-0.004323142115026712,
-0.4340916872024536,
-0.3782094717025757,
-0.03224324434995651,
0.6578598022460938,
0.0348658412694931,
-1.1215931177139282,
0.5836052298545837,
-0.20845149457454681,
-0.4486388862133026,
-0.1054806336760521,
0.13447941839694977,
0.18074549734592438,
0.47918498516082764,
-0.8280196189880371,
0.28887051343917847,
-0.19498983025550842,
-0.19144022464752197,
-0.5480175018310547,
0.7435939908027649,
0.14338187873363495,
-0.6602998375892639,
0.8237831592559814,
-0.1331147849559784,
-0.03665518760681152,
0.2263154536485672,
-0.6037335395812988,
-0.14099544286727905,
0.1751490831375122,
0.3874424695968628,
-0.29396575689315796,
0.8372293710708618,
0.22446922957897186,
-0.15063486993312836,
0.4967140853404999,
-0.23086629807949066,
-0.8451216816902161,
-0.37125128507614136,
-0.3403531312942505,
-0.7833201885223389,
0.23570382595062256,
-0.9712393879890442,
0.6215046048164368,
0.20787854492664337,
0.3162243366241455,
0.02693585865199566,
0.19650305807590485,
-0.226876899600029,
-0.019365588203072548,
0.31547731161117554,
0.6383216977119446,
0.3565188944339752,
0.23488861322402954,
0.8846714496612549,
-0.177849680185318,
0.6222618222236633,
-0.3200787305831909,
-0.3338659107685089,
0.01769939623773098,
0.17266330122947693,
0.10294388234615326,
-0.5256243348121643,
-0.7306775450706482,
0.3605022728443146,
-0.024262748658657074,
0.015127119608223438,
-0.25573113560676575,
-0.392599880695343,
-0.5655781030654907,
0.547809898853302,
0.15995073318481445,
0.10539968311786652,
-0.25085288286209106,
-0.09043087065219879,
-0.10606157779693604,
-0.5355052947998047,
-0.6447212100028992,
0.5379397869110107,
-0.30463629961013794,
-0.46167898178100586,
-0.18218354880809784,
0.17098893225193024,
0.14362739026546478,
0.09767977893352509,
0.17696894705295563,
0.07991219311952591,
-0.051127128303050995,
-0.5694125890731812,
-0.10780730843544006,
0.21747668087482452,
0.5497394800186157,
0.5995084047317505,
0.27895215153694153,
-0.3628339171409607,
0.36490827798843384,
0.25839588046073914,
-0.3209227919578552,
-0.10151106864213943,
0.24414107203483582,
-0.4954878091812134,
-0.8858504891395569,
0.449017196893692,
0.33153098821640015,
0.8775917291641235,
-0.020987432450056076,
-0.17044904828071594,
0.34487634897232056,
0.5642164945602417,
0.012413081713020802,
-0.11996038258075714,
-0.5668324828147888,
-1.0044372081756592,
0.571571946144104,
-0.2645222544670105,
-0.692529022693634,
-0.31548750400543213,
0.1357754021883011,
-0.47739261388778687,
0.2310873568058014,
0.35108256340026855,
0.012918260879814625,
0.16804224252700806,
0.5728357434272766,
0.46031859517097473,
-0.30296510457992554,
-0.8968352675437927,
0.5456215739250183,
0.6170783638954163,
-0.08546759188175201,
-0.9704585671424866,
-0.6467028260231018,
-0.351351261138916,
0.7281568050384521,
0.1237252876162529,
-0.5120169520378113,
-0.36968034505844116,
-0.40190690755844116,
0.5076489448547363,
-0.34640443325042725,
0.7046874761581421,
0.6747061014175415,
0.2027471661567688,
-0.07387430220842361,
0.16290445625782013,
-0.35590893030166626,
0.005251528229564428,
0.18057051301002502,
-0.09910792112350464,
-0.3394343852996826,
-0.27598077058792114,
-0.11848320811986923,
0.13268311321735382,
0.25929996371269226,
0.3129860460758209,
-0.04932189732789993,
-0.061042990535497665,
0.22969743609428406,
-0.042207203805446625,
-0.6727774143218994,
0.0018559338059276342,
-0.43268021941185,
0.03748553991317749,
-0.6411697268486023,
-0.12690986692905426,
0.8592010140419006,
-0.360958993434906,
0.5568535327911377,
-0.11463047564029694,
-0.8511162400245667,
0.08304905891418457,
0.48431485891342163,
-0.7198120355606079,
-0.31457051634788513,
-0.6918031573295593,
-0.5670881867408752,
0.08234930783510208,
0.4519626200199127,
0.1520663946866989,
0.4324856698513031,
0.135564386844635,
0.17408542335033417,
-0.8897560238838196,
0.20461146533489227,
-0.26082029938697815,
0.24645553529262543,
0.5647393465042114,
0.14042805135250092,
-0.22014714777469635,
0.6397373080253601,
0.04652358591556549,
-0.5139902830123901,
0.9669398069381714,
-1.0117496252059937,
0.5872917175292969,
0.34698599576950073,
0.32661905884742737,
0.005544590763747692,
0.08836052566766739,
-0.35912930965423584,
-0.19476446509361267,
0.3423451781272888,
0.31449705362319946,
-0.3503642976284027,
-0.01773246005177498,
0.12283352017402649,
0.41098448634147644,
-0.2928048372268677,
-0.06915270537137985,
-0.13461367785930634,
0.27378198504447937,
0.19157394766807556,
-1.1997345685958862,
0.19447699189186096,
-0.4819733500480652,
-0.6920785307884216,
-0.5518204569816589,
-0.46255868673324585,
0.43176764249801636,
-0.30225905776023865,
-0.375193327665329,
0.8758184313774109,
0.28876224160194397,
-0.19646766781806946,
-0.22347988188266754,
-0.3918384313583374,
-0.27296561002731323,
0.19111651182174683,
-0.014941162429749966,
0.1068299412727356,
0.3568943738937378,
-0.1601492315530777,
0.17617882788181305,
0.03429582342505455,
0.006543466355651617,
-0.5742932558059692,
0.2822704613208771,
0.07675931602716446,
-0.23254679143428802,
0.0661626011133194,
-0.3003188371658325,
0.11981413513422012,
0.06455175578594208,
0.11533920466899872,
-0.25184863805770874,
-0.05381470173597336,
0.5078080892562866,
0.5776720643043518,
-0.002601114334538579,
-0.22322559356689453,
-0.32665011286735535,
-0.23989258706569672,
-0.7645084261894226,
0.14803388714790344,
-0.3140904903411865,
0.19563253223896027,
0.3372672200202942,
-0.427578330039978,
0.25174957513809204,
0.09477261453866959,
0.5403403043746948,
0.28078800439834595,
-0.127911776304245,
0.16104435920715332,
-0.5640897154808044,
0.4680330157279968,
-0.0020185771863907576,
-0.5168951153755188,
-0.2987850308418274,
-0.5018179416656494,
0.17765918374061584,
0.04093166068196297,
-0.31348296999931335,
0.4924294948577881,
-0.19081884622573853,
0.1378900110721588,
0.405507892370224,
0.26776397228240967,
-0.9216923117637634,
0.5533438324928284,
0.4186418354511261,
-0.1315065324306488,
-0.04420351982116699,
0.3899655044078827,
-0.010596727021038532,
-0.13717041909694672,
0.7265796661376953,
0.18618418276309967,
0.35037100315093994,
0.938920795917511,
-0.3672499358654022,
-0.249612495303154,
0.09924130886793137,
0.16769129037857056,
-0.016092604026198387,
-0.29346558451652527,
-0.5585055947303772,
0.09966756403446198,
-0.3133374750614166,
-0.5261416435241699,
-0.15779350697994232,
-0.4989683926105499,
-0.992085874080658,
0.5818548798561096,
0.6996026039123535,
0.6497856378555298,
-0.28559359908103943,
0.4921976923942566,
0.09946514666080475,
0.032341960817575455,
0.20512478053569794,
0.8226743936538696,
0.1903330683708191,
-0.1609305441379547,
0.5435680747032166,
0.27386054396629333,
-0.25237151980400085,
0.11886925250291824,
-0.3183552026748657,
0.27763426303863525,
-0.008439147844910622,
0.2426261454820633,
-0.5315997004508972,
-0.05664130300283432,
-0.11181583255529404,
-0.44286438822746277,
0.07824525982141495,
-0.1989581286907196,
-0.4393172860145569,
-0.4313899874687195,
-0.17313408851623535,
-0.15016236901283264,
-0.6111135482788086,
0.35710272192955017,
-0.6689386367797852,
0.27082884311676025,
0.1786368489265442,
0.7566745281219482,
0.011122947558760643,
0.07542718946933746,
0.13619624078273773,
1.0777103900909424,
-0.3151242733001709,
0.751642107963562,
0.07765616476535797,
0.21798548102378845,
-0.6670293211936951,
-0.3382026255130768,
0.10896335542201996,
-0.018184680491685867,
-0.09273748099803925,
0.34420353174209595,
-0.15020830929279327,
0.2616163492202759,
-0.23928618431091309,
-0.4717174768447876,
0.10962243378162384,
0.5306431651115417,
0.22478549182415009,
-0.31901630759239197,
-0.3270881474018097,
0.44327640533447266,
0.8996137380599976,
-0.10961136966943741,
0.3962116539478302,
-0.5805383324623108,
0.06239048391580582,
-0.09259489923715591,
0.18465502560138702,
-0.1966060847043991,
-0.3326041102409363,
0.5269370675086975,
-1.1416945457458496,
0.3140278160572052,
0.047914057970047,
-0.22083286941051483,
-0.6451140642166138,
0.4596680998802185,
-0.21980495750904083,
0.3987346291542053,
0.4201367497444153,
-0.07835990190505981,
-0.4771029055118561,
-0.1967453956604004,
0.24805575609207153,
-1.0158988237380981,
0.4520280063152313,
0.5988625884056091,
0.4654983580112457,
-0.3675326406955719,
0.39821308851242065,
0.1983950138092041,
-0.3522944152355194,
0.44644778966903687,
0.5008538961410522,
-0.08243028074502945,
-0.2735813558101654,
0.28089526295661926,
-0.019892798736691475,
-0.67548668384552,
0.42981570959091187,
0.9957499504089355,
0.5022560954093933,
0.13171133399009705,
0.2633891701698303,
-0.3602197766304016,
0.18776381015777588,
-0.6525527238845825,
-0.1609848439693451,
0.3190895915031433,
-0.8707700371742249,
-0.5247440934181213,
-0.7664186358451843,
0.6268838047981262,
0.31237077713012695,
0.4268679916858673,
0.3561125099658966,
0.05580299347639084,
-0.027898019179701805,
0.792994499206543,
0.07509401440620422,
-1.183623194694519,
0.7889124751091003,
-0.27297329902648926
] |
224125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight%20%28disambiguation%29 | Daylight (disambiguation) | Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight outdoors during the daytime, which includes:
Sunlight, the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun
Diffuse sky radiation, solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface after having been scattered by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere
Daylight may also refer to:
Film
Daylight (1914 film), a silent film featuring Jean Durrell
Daylight (1996 film), an American action film starring Sylvester Stallone
Daylight (2013 film), a Dutch drama film
Music
Daylight Records, a defunct American record label
The Daylights, an American alternative rock band 2004–2013
Superheaven, formerly Daylight, an American alternative rock band
Albums
Daylight (Duncan Sheik album), 2002
Daylight (Jimmy Ibbotson album) or the title song, 2005
Daylight (Needtobreathe album), 2006
Daylight (Pigpen album) or the title song, 1997
Daylight (The Selecter album) or the title song, 2017
Daylight, by Grace Potter, 2019
Daylight (EP), by Aesop Rock, or the title song, 2002
Daylight, an EP by Parmalee, 2002
Songs
"Daylight" (Bobby Womack song), 1976; covered by Kelly Rowland, 2008
"Daylight" (Jimmy Barnes song), 1985
"Daylight" (Maroon 5 song), 2012
"Daylight" (Matt & Kim song), 2008
"I Seek" / "Daylight", by Arashi, 2016
"Daylight", by Asia from Alpha, 1983
"Daylight", by Blue October from I Hope You're Happy, 2018
"Daylight", by Coldplay from A Rush of Blood to the Head, 2002
"Daylight", by Delerium from Poem, 2000
"Daylight", by Disciples, 2016
"Daylight", by Failure from Fantastic Planet, 1996
"Daylight", by Joji from Nectar, 2020
"Daylight", by the JudyBats from Native Son, 1991
"Daylight", by Oh Land from Earth Sick, 2014
"Daylight", by Taylor Swift from Lover, 2019
"Daylight", by Yelawolf from Trial by Fire, 2017
Other media
Daylight (magazine), an American documentary photography magazine
Daylight (video game), 2014 survival horror game for the PS4 and PC
People with the surname
Matt Daylight (born 1974), British rugby league footballer
Tegan Bennett Daylight (born 1969), Australian author
Places in the United States
Daylight, Indiana
Daylight, Tennessee
Rail transport
Daylight (locomotive), Southern Pacific 4449, a steam locomotive
Coast Daylight, a passenger train in California, US, 1922–1974
Intercapital Daylight, a passenger train in Australia 1956–1991
See also
Daylight Building (disambiguation)
Daylight Limited (disambiguation)
Daylight saving time
Daylighting, the practice of using natural light for indoor illumination
Daylighting (streams), the redirection of an urban stream into an above-ground channel
Daylighting (tunnels), the removal of a tunnel's "roof" or overlying rock and soil | [
0.7599876523017883,
0.13076099753379822,
-0.3644067049026489,
-0.051986224949359894,
0.12832382321357727,
0.08726565539836884,
0.4329475462436676,
-0.27147677540779114,
-0.432824969291687,
-0.21873199939727783,
-0.33868104219436646,
0.4904957413673401,
-0.33835169672966003,
0.28301888704299927,
0.19359874725341797,
0.2728707194328308,
0.6082578897476196,
0.1412554830312729,
-0.22531266510486603,
-0.1511627584695816,
-0.191992849111557,
0.2632516324520111,
0.45555102825164795,
-0.3432336747646332,
-0.4685914218425751,
-0.05776095762848854,
0.07047116011381149,
0.553331732749939,
0.22374556958675385,
0.19052579998970032,
-0.044936805963516235,
-0.17045928537845612,
0.22065088152885437,
0.01700841821730137,
0.22168226540088654,
-0.12231914699077606,
-0.35120660066604614,
-0.5117400288581848,
-0.32136547565460205,
-0.22801238298416138,
0.03697361424565315,
-0.34879839420318604,
0.6411826610565186,
-0.11403131484985352,
-0.5714533925056458,
0.029984278604388237,
-1.2984057664871216,
0.2976743280887604,
-0.5841363668441772,
0.16314417123794556,
0.24603299796581268,
-0.036782391369342804,
0.04902192950248718,
0.28901544213294983,
0.2905823588371277,
0.6943709254264832,
-0.44907471537590027,
0.07781600207090378,
-0.12574446201324463,
-0.6688376665115356,
0.3735658824443817,
-0.1763591319322586,
0.08356887847185135,
0.18649524450302124,
-0.18635116517543793,
0.04169979691505432,
0.26274651288986206,
-0.2930925190448761,
0.5100937485694885,
-0.59504634141922,
0.23613831400871277,
-0.027633870020508766,
-0.3632206916809082,
0.4062681496143341,
-0.16919483244419098,
-0.41972047090530396,
0.3802105784416199,
-0.3435715436935425,
0.1774316430091858,
0.08187414705753326,
0.018039142712950706,
-0.20062008500099182,
0.42534905672073364,
0.3212663233280182,
-0.14728587865829468,
0.04188838228583336,
0.2513432502746582,
0.23835203051567078,
-0.3936610519886017,
0.18617352843284607,
0.1516857147216797,
-0.6118408441543579,
0.598117470741272,
0.3721016049385071,
-0.3306000232696533,
0.11330632865428925,
0.35328221321105957,
-0.3534015119075775,
0.22506816685199738,
-0.5472407341003418,
-0.6684094071388245,
-0.2906026542186737,
0.2541499137878418,
-0.25820741057395935,
0.025408048182725906,
0.005062248092144728,
0.0011635984992608428,
-0.26585230231285095,
-0.13295218348503113,
0.2643342614173889,
0.23431172966957092,
0.10670527815818787,
0.03122212365269661,
0.03678141161799431,
-0.1823320835828781,
-0.6084743738174438,
-0.14482544362545013,
-0.3868542015552521,
0.044672999531030655,
0.34142494201660156,
0.34787726402282715,
0.4392998218536377,
0.606583833694458,
0.1415758579969406,
-0.4151248037815094,
0.07567259669303894,
0.6210210919380188,
-0.09646224230527878,
-0.59433913230896,
0.1400812864303589,
0.32643213868141174,
0.35952767729759216,
-0.33195897936820984,
0.1617683321237564,
0.0070677571929991245,
-0.12427816540002823,
0.11073142290115356,
-0.39732006192207336,
-0.44720903038978577,
0.06724418699741364,
-0.7174620032310486,
-0.07597337663173676,
-0.44991400837898254,
0.12658743560314178,
0.43955665826797485,
-0.322271466255188,
0.6399282813072205,
0.0922931656241417,
-0.19712156057357788,
-0.45078036189079285,
-0.30374249815940857,
0.005835467949509621,
-0.11022523790597916,
-0.3267730176448822,
-0.5538846254348755,
-0.20421722531318665,
0.5077842473983765,
-0.22547981142997742,
-0.2785213887691498,
-0.2510642409324646,
0.32835865020751953,
0.27509501576423645,
-0.07597418874502182,
0.06905609369277954,
0.34443238377571106,
-0.2591167390346527,
-0.06377656012773514,
0.6332223415374756,
-0.30136817693710327,
0.035800933837890625,
-0.2028028964996338,
-0.083377905189991,
-0.06495098024606705,
-0.5783742666244507,
-0.8220310807228088,
0.38042116165161133,
0.8740973472595215,
0.5695006847381592,
0.3636542558670044,
-0.05047275125980377,
-0.45583298802375793,
-0.17333674430847168,
0.09246347844600677,
-0.0487167090177536,
0.08831573277711868,
-0.011410919949412346,
-0.14550639688968658,
0.23278088867664337,
0.2824222445487976,
0.013800075277686119,
-0.7034019827842712,
-0.4258449077606201,
0.35767632722854614,
-0.6022771000862122,
0.4918513894081116,
-0.5022159218788147,
-0.4670117497444153,
0.5237462520599365,
0.0951768308877945,
-0.11459514498710632,
-0.06414637714624405,
0.14086462557315826,
-0.0730241909623146,
-0.2194516658782959,
-0.6612667441368103,
0.023976514115929604,
0.04610535874962807,
0.01361799519509077,
-0.1796499341726303,
0.3015795946121216,
0.34599965810775757,
-0.15742389857769012,
0.4279465675354004,
0.32159528136253357,
0.15552741289138794,
0.028053777292370796,
-1.1568793058395386,
-0.2961690127849579,
0.07813916355371475,
-0.06431670486927032,
0.09634573757648468,
0.1267893761396408,
-0.18434932827949524,
0.08031502366065979,
0.17552581429481506,
0.7301228642463684,
0.5375802516937256,
-0.11610887944698334,
0.3643830418586731,
-0.558482825756073,
0.5478246808052063,
0.334762841463089,
-0.1457340568304062,
-0.5241471529006958,
0.2874675393104553,
0.35474804043769836,
0.6833792924880981,
-0.3324144184589386,
0.4720965027809143,
-0.29392191767692566,
0.2882820665836334,
0.08294801414012909,
0.12747681140899658,
0.15162932872772217,
0.4030773639678955,
0.4204846918582916,
0.2028418779373169,
0.18595068156719208,
-0.4354720115661621,
-0.050054680556058884,
0.054198991507291794,
0.47472450137138367,
-0.2872607111930847,
0.10557045042514801,
-0.11707887053489685,
0.006054260767996311,
-0.14133553206920624,
-0.26623743772506714,
0.48626840114593506,
-0.4437566101551056,
-0.0769321620464325,
-0.3650069832801819,
0.6578446626663208,
-0.18262235820293427,
-0.0642034038901329,
-0.3287910521030426,
-0.5624036192893982,
-0.3743372857570648,
0.012332241982221603,
0.3998887538909912,
0.26044026017189026,
0.756691038608551,
-0.8519913554191589,
0.37610772252082825,
0.09660432487726212,
-0.2414344698190689,
0.11287378519773483,
0.3779646158218384,
0.03525901958346367,
-0.3596649765968323,
0.002404836704954505,
0.02626882679760456,
0.349461168050766,
-0.1553865373134613,
-0.6243212223052979,
-0.31687089800834656,
0.3411979079246521,
-0.3310260474681854,
-0.10872972756624222,
0.28420689702033997,
-0.1727987676858902,
0.44924524426460266,
0.045423462986946106,
-0.34739789366722107,
-0.04148541018366814,
0.1255701631307602,
-0.09558089822530746,
-0.32137301564216614,
0.09527063369750977,
-0.30668801069259644,
-0.15062429010868073,
-0.2762133479118347,
0.16901284456253052,
-0.0654074028134346,
0.5975470542907715,
-0.07661355286836624,
0.061078932136297226,
-0.1815125048160553,
-6.183760166168213,
0.2924264073371887,
0.2041601538658142,
0.2768452763557434,
-0.23173002898693085,
-0.028390511870384216,
0.2602749466896057,
0.05925564467906952,
-0.13090121746063232,
-0.41523313522338867,
0.1880349963903427,
-0.3011593222618103,
0.46783366799354553,
0.46236297488212585,
-0.2585260272026062,
-0.26845163106918335,
0.43911415338516235,
0.06765338033437729,
-0.13818122446537018,
0.07366376370191574,
-0.36401331424713135,
0.06731868535280228,
0.4059866964817047,
0.632209300994873,
0.1355280876159668,
-0.10553625226020813,
-0.24699923396110535,
0.05053524300456047,
0.23698419332504272,
-0.31273916363716125,
0.07697856426239014,
-0.1787681132555008,
0.19228360056877136,
0.2542382776737213,
0.4829156994819641,
0.7776752710342407,
0.4544365108013153,
-0.4639778137207031,
0.24710801243782043,
-0.05659564957022667,
0.6687021851539612,
0.353289932012558,
-0.31668296456336975,
-0.6140908598899841,
-0.127619206905365,
-0.21767932176589966,
-0.19715312123298645,
0.40637844800949097,
0.2826811969280243,
0.5052828192710876,
0.07484690099954605,
0.22051621973514557,
-0.14558115601539612,
-0.033777669072151184,
0.21450266242027283,
0.15793059766292572,
0.032402582466602325,
0.09804265946149826,
0.08078502118587494,
0.20763446390628815,
0.009769974276423454,
-0.13449451327323914,
0.21358631551265717,
-0.0741695910692215,
0.049126625061035156,
0.36439481377601624,
-0.20904739201068878,
0.003618093440309167,
0.6215623021125793,
0.5232151746749878,
-0.2571652829647064,
-0.08029161393642426,
0.3740827143192291,
-1.1232647895812988,
-0.43234983086586,
-0.07119981944561005,
0.001861167373135686,
-0.05399980768561363,
-0.463805228471756,
0.19018128514289856,
0.19221997261047363,
-0.06495990604162216,
0.04157279059290886,
0.0886019691824913,
0.0813148021697998,
-0.7925603985786438,
-0.49815788865089417,
0.18128198385238647,
-0.1274740844964981,
0.14110586047172546,
0.5628124475479126,
-0.24216051399707794,
-0.08316869288682938,
0.10711643099784851,
0.33832916617393494,
0.8672798275947571,
-0.4129575788974762,
0.4560641646385193,
0.7038075923919678,
0.07797428220510483,
0.19993019104003906,
-0.051020462065935135,
0.3422335684299469,
-0.7264710068702698,
-0.30632248520851135,
-0.29771679639816284,
-0.09827208518981934,
0.17762696743011475,
0.26042431592941284,
-0.3705955743789673,
0.12021075189113617,
-0.32936596870422363,
-0.1729152798652649,
-0.383762001991272,
0.7538995146751404,
-0.25327813625335693,
-0.024032006040215492,
0.3366117775440216,
0.5678620338439941,
-0.058425843715667725,
-0.0508502721786499,
0.6259945034980774,
-0.7699549198150635,
-0.4098564684391022,
-0.2869730293750763,
0.04849040508270264,
-0.12797227501869202,
0.11660449951887131,
0.26432400941848755,
0.06834015250205994,
-0.14068494737148285,
0.7388757467269897,
-0.04411592707037926,
-0.03663911670446396,
0.41893908381462097,
-0.4629158079624176,
-0.18400847911834717,
-0.008413036353886127,
-0.11006728559732437,
-0.30016908049583435,
0.15185557305812836,
-0.44693994522094727,
0.0914919525384903,
0.32913610339164734,
0.4201872944831848,
0.08234570920467377,
0.19298286736011505,
-0.6938235759735107,
0.18243606388568878,
0.30056095123291016,
0.4463496506214142,
-0.04592026770114899,
0.8892421722412109,
-0.38095808029174805,
-0.5945088267326355,
-0.41807088255882263,
0.05489666387438774,
-0.10299865156412125,
-0.14655610918998718,
-0.5300544500350952,
0.48130762577056885,
-0.011881466954946518,
-0.9226316213607788,
-0.1012452244758606,
-0.4215451180934906,
-0.39189717173576355,
-0.0850544199347496,
-0.5770336985588074,
-0.22239398956298828,
-0.269704669713974,
-0.26227423548698425,
-0.5354902744293213,
0.24260473251342773,
0.26587292551994324,
-0.043049950152635574,
0.1437264233827591,
-0.08034513890743256,
-0.18339389562606812,
-0.06055586785078049,
-0.24107739329338074,
0.16517274081707,
0.04361962899565697,
-0.3769744038581848,
-0.1986737996339798,
0.4339689612388611,
-0.17392772436141968,
-0.297284871339798,
-0.2866016626358032,
-0.38755127787590027,
0.02683127671480179,
-0.09366433322429657,
0.6849278211593628,
0.6443273425102234,
-0.03763483837246895,
0.43162158131599426,
-0.2351556420326233,
-0.0987379252910614,
0.4828038513660431,
0.07279851287603378,
-0.39274853467941284,
0.06942403316497803,
0.2391410768032074,
-0.9352050423622131,
-0.1977984607219696,
0.17459043860435486,
-0.7834417223930359,
0.35369691252708435,
0.20554405450820923,
-0.2864651083946228,
-0.12091656774282455,
-0.3005751669406891,
-0.22865214943885803,
-0.05588991940021515,
0.1113530769944191,
-0.207813560962677,
0.4872758388519287,
0.26043111085891724,
-0.2517099380493164,
-0.004505638964474201,
-0.6527785658836365,
0.29323428869247437,
-0.12212689965963364,
-0.30727991461753845,
0.4008009731769562,
-0.6354830861091614,
0.11933670192956924,
0.9725173115730286,
-0.28972330689430237,
-0.10071699321269989,
0.17040367424488068,
-0.38330960273742676,
0.327980637550354,
-0.2236943393945694,
-0.26699262857437134,
-0.3177917003631592,
-0.12124615162611008,
0.39132893085479736,
-0.3451393246650696,
-0.04671013355255127,
-0.040859516710042953,
0.35365110635757446,
0.6886370778083801,
0.2026548981666565,
-0.14679427444934845,
0.037082571536302567,
0.5266699194908142,
0.21160443127155304,
-0.6352188587188721,
-0.43237271904945374,
-0.08286255598068237,
-0.09464946389198303,
-0.28602924942970276,
0.3313908278942108,
0.03267849236726761,
0.09264890849590302,
-1.0013753175735474,
-0.020794406533241272,
0.26136186718940735,
-0.2409946471452713,
0.49888238310813904,
0.16197845339775085,
-0.132010355591774,
-0.48636066913604736,
-0.4579206705093384,
-0.0892065092921257,
0.10358702391386032,
-0.006484177429229021,
0.07220715284347534,
-0.45546770095825195,
0.07005135715007782,
0.7147501707077026,
0.19595587253570557,
-0.07684122771024704,
0.33917441964149475,
0.3152296841144562,
0.36628565192222595,
-0.2800713777542114,
-0.023636626079678535,
-0.2757357954978943,
-0.39768245816230774,
-0.38594549894332886,
-0.12011158466339111,
-0.17126184701919556,
-0.8419041633605957,
0.021735290065407753,
-0.5965120196342468,
0.2852693200111389,
-0.5247882604598999,
-0.2771497070789337,
-0.30950862169265747,
0.21136076748371124,
-0.1445082426071167,
0.27072852849960327,
-0.3684244751930237,
-0.15540198981761932,
0.4576253592967987,
-0.03820682317018509,
0.293709933757782,
-0.167215496301651,
-0.5879767537117004,
0.3322463631629944,
0.001021451666019857,
0.08816312253475189,
-0.41360631585121155,
0.06454963982105255,
-0.33624839782714844,
0.3556084632873535,
-0.6315524578094482,
-0.1193895936012268,
0.08470559865236282,
1.0490776300430298,
0.150821715593338,
0.178040012717247,
0.6316940784454346,
-0.127397358417511,
0.4449331760406494,
0.21032464504241943,
0.10494410246610641,
-0.13597775995731354,
0.36447665095329285,
0.23235434293746948,
0.13210783898830414,
0.3158656656742096,
-0.4342597723007202,
-0.30776742100715637,
0.22014778852462769,
-0.14396774768829346,
0.4429558217525482,
0.36134928464889526,
0.20575293898582458,
0.6238166689872742,
-0.2859652042388916,
0.0006445301696658134,
0.7680378556251526,
-0.3676283061504364,
0.0691889226436615,
-0.1314372569322586,
-0.13660043478012085,
-0.18373574316501617,
0.27857208251953125,
0.7011570930480957,
0.13751991093158722,
-0.4695556163787842,
-0.3815422058105469,
0.25581666827201843,
0.07513684034347534,
0.018342874944210052,
0.09926174581050873,
0.11484625935554504,
0.4106994569301605,
-0.08887654542922974,
-0.3395480215549469,
0.1707535684108734,
0.035391874611377716,
0.6475058794021606,
-0.10969594120979309,
0.30527374148368835,
-0.24003766477108002,
0.25384119153022766,
-0.27195727825164795,
-0.06901587545871735,
0.0688125491142273,
0.34146103262901306,
-0.10328259319067001,
-0.48045018315315247,
-0.462239146232605,
-0.3087579011917114,
-0.012590395286679268,
0.2149307280778885,
-0.35374993085861206,
-0.0022502001374959946,
0.1681578904390335,
-0.19346800446510315,
-0.2742357850074768,
0.21268734335899353,
0.0482240654528141,
0.4209953248500824,
0.31440770626068115,
0.19193950295448303,
-0.21376001834869385,
-0.6764481663703918,
-0.26290714740753174,
-0.34693044424057007,
-0.23308412730693817,
-0.1145114153623581,
0.25155729055404663,
-0.11747878789901733,
0.09354609251022339,
-0.3089614510536194,
-0.4455278217792511,
0.5092465281486511,
-0.45306143164634705,
-0.12488673627376556,
0.06366699934005737,
-0.21583521366119385,
-0.2359134554862976,
0.14708152413368225,
0.5044752359390259,
0.2206733673810959,
-0.2232860028743744,
0.3593887686729431,
0.01313020195811987,
0.3672800064086914,
0.19011622667312622,
-0.0012021800503134727,
-0.04867853224277496,
-0.6520010828971863,
0.2010742574930191,
-0.7838413119316101,
0.62571781873703,
0.4149322509765625,
-0.6892185211181641,
-0.09208080172538757,
0.11799868941307068,
0.295610249042511,
0.06260479986667633,
0.3422892689704895,
0.0880609080195427,
0.3099279999732971,
-0.48767903447151184,
0.32917699217796326,
-0.3400959372520447,
-0.16074977815151215,
-0.06543351709842682,
0.14243793487548828,
-0.2368331402540207,
0.2902354896068573,
0.22011223435401917,
-0.07675815373659134,
0.6895052790641785,
0.04700961336493492,
0.018561670556664467,
-0.3927638828754425,
0.4106222987174988,
-0.7791234850883484,
-0.7559043765068054,
0.3043120205402374,
0.7846238017082214,
0.23436903953552246,
-0.834347665309906,
0.16434456408023834,
0.34615427255630493,
0.08388645201921463,
-0.011566504836082458,
0.06839461624622345,
-0.5187344551086426,
0.35818272829055786,
-0.22616241872310638,
-0.47403427958488464,
0.447501003742218,
0.034685637801885605,
-0.04871387034654617,
0.4881404638290405,
0.006711685564368963,
0.10302524268627167,
0.19898852705955505,
0.6109125018119812,
-0.021010776981711388,
0.11700153350830078,
-0.18289265036582947
] |
224128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe%20%28computer%29 | Phoebe (computer) | The Phoebe 2100 (or ) was to be Acorn Computers' successor to the RiscPC, slated for release in late 1998. However, in September 1998, Acorn cancelled the project as part of a restructuring of the company.
Specification
233 MHz Intel StrongARM SA110 Revision S CPU. Support for multiple CPUs on daughter cards available, but multiple CPU support was not available in RISC OS
64 MHz front-side bus
up to 512 MiB of SDRAM
IOMD2 I/O Controller
PLX Technology PCI bridge PCI9080
4 PCI slots (33MHz)
PC Style Joystick/Game Port
3 Acorn Podule expansion sockets
SMC37672 SuperIO chip supporting:
PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse
Two EIDE channels supporting up to four devices (6.4 GB unit supplied)
Two serial ports
Parallel Port
Single Floppy drive
VIDC20 Revision R video controller supporting:
4 MiB of EDO VRAM running at 200 MHz
NLX form factor Tower case with a custom yellow front panel (by the designers of Iomega's zip drive)
Slot loading CD-ROM drive
5.25" drive bays
230 W PSU unit.
Processors running at 300 MHz were being sampled by Acorn in September 1998, with 360 MHz versions also expected.
Development
In November 1996, the design of what was to become Phoebe 2100 was started. The design took into account a number of perceived weaknesses of the RiscPC design, a slow memory architecture, limited I/O capability, limited expansion, and not adhering to industry standards. To overcome these weakness a number of design objectives were created: harness the full potential of the StrongARM CPU, support multiple processors, add support for PCI expansion, offer the best possible graphics, run existing RISC OS applications, and provide enhanced RISC OS functionality. An additional design objective of reusing the same case as the RiscPC was dropped due to power supply requirements and electrical interference problems.
To provide for these new capabilities Acorn had to design two new support chips for the system;
VIDC20R, a new revision of the VIDC20 video chip used in the RiscPC. Using a shrink of the process to 0.6 μm, a 100% performance increase was gained. Due to this being logically the same chip as the previous generation there would be no issues with software compatibility.
IOMD2, the new IO chip had to support multiple processors, included message passing and multiple bus mastering, and was manufactured using a 0.35 μm process. Throughout development and prototyping the IOMD2 were developed on a large FPGA.
During 1997 and 1998, Acorn regularly took prototype and mock-up hardware to various Acorn computer shows, including Acorn World October 1997, Wakefield Acorn Spring Show May 1998 and the Acorn Southeast Show June 1998.
By May 1998, Acorn started to offer their 'Registered Developer' scheme members the chance to pre-order a pre-launch prototype for testing and development, these were offered at a £950 (excl. VAT) a significant discount on the public price of £1500 (ex VAT) revealed in June.
On 15 September 1998, the first Phoebe 2100 motherboards with silicon (rather than FPGA) based IOMD2 chips were powered up. They successfully ran at the full front-side bus speed of 64 MHz, and the improved performance of the video chip was also seen; however, various bugs in the sound DMA were reported and general system instability was noted. As such, no shippable prototypes were yet available to send to the 'Registered Developers'.
Two days later, on 17 September 1998, the development of Phoebe 2100 was cancelled.
Development was expected to cost £2.1 million.
Operating system
During the years following the release of the RiscPC, Acorn had discussed using an alternative to RISC OS as their next operating system, using TAOS or writing their own microkernel-based operating system Galileo. However, for the launch of Phoebe 2100 an enhanced version of RISC OS would be developed, called RISC OS 4 (codenamed 'Ursula'). RISC OS wouldn't support the multiple processor daughter cards that had been included in the Phoebe 2100 hardware specification.
RISC OS 4 had to support the new hardware of Phoebe 2100 which wasn't present in Acorn's earlier machines;
PCI expansion slots
Support for multiple serial ports
The PC style game port, supporting joystick and MIDI
In addition several new features were to be added to the core of RISC OS;
A better file system, increasing the number of items in directory from 77 to approx 88,000 and increasing the max length of a filename from 10 characters to 255
A plugin based system configuration utility.
A new screensaver API
An enhanced window manager
An updated interactive help application
A redesigned set of icons
To prepare developers for the changes to the OS, Acorn released to its 'Registered Developer' program RISC OS 3.80, designed to load on Acorn's previous generation RiscPC and A7000 computers. This would enable developers to test that their software would be compatible with Phoebe 2100, provided it didn't require any of the new hardware features. RISC OS 3.80 was limited, it only ran on ARM6 and ARM7 RiscPCs and not StrongARM (ARMv4) based ones. Testing of hardware compatibility would have to wait until an initial run of 100 or so pre-production machines was made available to Registered Developers.
Code names
The Phoebe 2100 project used a series of names inspired by characters from the TV series 'Friends' as code names for the components.
Phoebe – the machine itself, name carried over to launch title Phoebe 2100
Ursula – the operating system, RISC OS 4, that it was to run
Chandler – the IOMD2 chip
Rachel – processor card
Monica – PCI bridge
Cancellation
On 17 September 1998, Acorn finished a review of its business and decided to close the 'Workstation Division', the department developing Phoebe 2100, and all work stopped.
Acorn Computers' CEO Stan Boland said, "There is not a big enough market for the PC (Risc PC 2), which is largely for home use and games. It's an enthusiast's product. We are going to resize the rest of the company and concentrate on becoming a digital TV and thin client company". Computerworld Online News reported an Acorn spokesman saying "The problem was that it would have had a retail cost about twice as high as for a comparable PC".
After cancellation it came to light that as few as 150 to 300 pre-orders had been placed.
Aftermath
In the aftermath of the cancellation of Phoebe 2100 and Acorn Computers' change in direction from general computing to set-top box development and DSP silicon design there were several attempts to resurrect some or all of the Phoebe 2100 hardware or RISC OS 4 development.
Of these, the only successful group was the Steering Group who, after initially being interested in releasing the Phoebe 2100, realised it would be financially prohibitive and set about creating a new company RISCOS Ltd. In March 1999, RISCOS Ltd negotiated a licence with Element 14, the recently renamed Acorn Computers, and set about finishing the development of RISC OS 4. In July 1999 RISCOS Ltd launched RISC OS 4 to the public. It supported Acorn's RiscPC and A7000/+ machines.
In addition, after the cancellation, excess stock of the Phoebe 2100 yellow NLX case was sold by CTA Direct, sometimes including an NLX-compatible PC.
The only known working Phoebe 2100 is held in the collection of The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, England.
References
Acorn Computers
ARM-based home computers | [
-0.8744131326675415,
0.2202424854040146,
0.5154450535774231,
0.4502648115158081,
0.14200709760189056,
0.5336247086524963,
-0.36909520626068115,
0.1775091290473938,
-0.4825432002544403,
0.25237327814102173,
-0.009094404987990856,
-0.042179860174655914,
0.11043280363082886,
0.06777872145175934,
0.16886425018310547,
-0.10401557385921478,
0.27521878480911255,
0.15700165927410126,
-0.509660005569458,
-0.28025829792022705,
-0.26499220728874207,
-0.1500644087791443,
-0.025805827230215073,
-0.16024821996688843,
-0.5783956050872803,
0.2648364007472992,
0.6418392062187195,
-0.45706191658973694,
0.342967689037323,
0.11968497931957245,
-0.2619784474372864,
0.5674834251403809,
0.22374501824378967,
-0.35882076621055603,
0.02895366959273815,
-0.35121697187423706,
-0.10875143110752106,
0.2900189459323883,
-0.3178771436214447,
-0.3108351230621338,
0.1258316934108734,
-0.3623305559158325,
0.32444438338279724,
0.35553890466690063,
-0.06476034969091415,
0.2963896095752716,
-1.4958857297897339,
-0.5362082123756409,
-0.3178911805152893,
0.2959683835506439,
-0.42765066027641296,
0.5833614468574524,
0.28757816553115845,
0.41893211007118225,
0.510015070438385,
0.6158236861228943,
-0.0685119703412056,
-0.375129759311676,
-0.09614226967096329,
0.04599094018340111,
0.1561785638332367,
0.2687745690345764,
-0.5772320032119751,
-0.21165932714939117,
-0.09071869403123856,
0.19942812621593475,
0.33518147468566895,
0.22535158693790436,
-0.8610168099403381,
-0.39969387650489807,
-0.15867868065834045,
-0.6460025310516357,
-0.060644302517175674,
0.10204704105854034,
0.07224226742982864,
-0.40601781010627747,
0.33047136664390564,
-0.44137632846832275,
0.6817721724510193,
0.40510237216949463,
-0.28277894854545593,
0.4841558039188385,
1.1543973684310913,
-0.11350440979003906,
0.2836005985736847,
0.0020365756936371326,
-0.16326357424259186,
0.15997380018234253,
-0.031694743782281876,
0.2270188182592392,
-0.2613716721534729,
-0.40780943632125854,
0.46054041385650635,
0.6568333506584167,
-0.2508820593357086,
-0.9783812165260315,
-0.5532190203666687,
0.10640585422515869,
0.29438263177871704,
-0.18911150097846985,
0.17487695813179016,
0.5619017481803894,
0.2072245180606842,
-0.07944142818450928,
-0.32123863697052,
-0.35401612520217896,
-0.159105584025383,
-0.5019050240516663,
0.2757822573184967,
0.038139719516038895,
-0.15099002420902252,
-0.07982177287340164,
0.32816702127456665,
-0.1326802670955658,
-0.4584660232067108,
0.41997191309928894,
0.17454272508621216,
-0.5560232996940613,
0.2756999433040619,
0.08569832891225815,
0.8490521907806396,
0.7524954676628113,
0.10591915994882584,
0.17241068184375763,
0.5744457244873047,
0.6051023602485657,
0.5453581809997559,
0.8199585676193237,
-0.3474214971065521,
0.04657577723264694,
0.1527482271194458,
0.7476239204406738,
-0.10155434161424637,
-0.31268343329429626,
0.26404157280921936,
0.08141989260911942,
0.2743946611881256,
0.35841989517211914,
0.22511647641658783,
0.6145429611206055,
-0.02095397748053074,
-0.057921357452869415,
-0.17266960442066193,
-0.45721402764320374,
0.4994910955429077,
-0.1456211507320404,
0.12416214495897293,
-0.06050928309559822,
-0.6276634335517883,
0.05095595121383667,
0.46966487169265747,
-0.2611064016819,
0.09456049650907516,
-0.19001954793930054,
-0.14189831912517548,
-0.2762041985988617,
0.16697554290294647,
0.04018619656562805,
-0.18920013308525085,
-0.07421907037496567,
-0.4020206332206726,
0.1389261782169342,
-0.9176467657089233,
-0.5045933723449707,
0.317361444234848,
0.5355121493339539,
0.8245331048965454,
-0.3086121082305908,
0.8128599524497986,
0.23156902194023132,
-0.5765697956085205,
-0.020493153482675552,
0.22312913835048676,
0.12999717891216278,
-0.22699974477291107,
0.12217571586370468,
0.5463200807571411,
0.5102596282958984,
0.13100476562976837,
-0.2661583125591278,
-0.7266206741333008,
-0.5021331310272217,
-0.563935399055481,
-0.26143935322761536,
0.4684387445449829,
0.12879438698291779,
0.2673732340335846,
0.36631181836128235,
-0.18290291726589203,
0.18543687462806702,
-0.8767105340957642,
-0.36665937304496765,
0.6417412161827087,
-0.06897925585508347,
0.8491849303245544,
-0.1815447360277176,
-0.8795241117477417,
0.5113127827644348,
-0.1052665114402771,
0.5175204277038574,
-0.1006101444363594,
0.23646755516529083,
0.920520544052124,
-0.05401536822319031,
-0.06739659607410431,
-0.16420714557170868,
0.022648613899946213,
0.12274043262004852,
-0.2268989235162735,
0.5325946807861328,
-0.11836174875497818,
-0.8073207139968872,
0.2093626856803894,
0.3737967312335968,
0.0775139257311821,
0.014395189471542835,
-0.4532017111778259,
0.22036345303058624,
-0.3270493149757385,
-0.6882627010345459,
0.6462340354919434,
-0.057950787246227264,
0.11183661222457886,
0.5449053049087524,
-0.2825862765312195,
0.832763671875,
0.20554368197917938,
-0.21977728605270386,
0.28398966789245605,
0.612005352973938,
-0.38335296511650085,
0.05378756299614906,
0.060979608446359634,
-0.8517269492149353,
-0.14293015003204346,
0.3860895037651062,
-0.4583050012588501,
-0.8415946364402771,
0.7431442141532898,
0.2866330146789551,
0.417010635137558,
0.23990987241268158,
-0.5641714334487915,
0.4740525484085083,
0.2290777862071991,
-0.0888051837682724,
-0.05092938616871834,
0.29634422063827515,
0.5787190198898315,
-0.25154274702072144,
0.1412922739982605,
0.36773669719696045,
0.20107002556324005,
-0.015742110088467598,
-0.2938183844089508,
0.46696048974990845,
0.08383588492870331,
-0.07800333201885223,
0.3805290460586548,
0.9494293928146362,
-0.26516932249069214,
0.0008700103498995304,
0.013513727113604546,
0.1711815446615219,
-0.040781792253255844,
-0.8731504082679749,
-0.34118014574050903,
-0.4079417288303375,
0.0874161645770073,
0.6039467453956604,
-0.019620520994067192,
-0.16271451115608215,
-0.5986231565475464,
-0.12298815697431564,
-0.263947993516922,
-0.6103112101554871,
-0.37096893787384033,
0.3648116886615753,
-0.568519651889801,
-0.7264849543571472,
0.5397329926490784,
0.7178534865379333,
1.0771971940994263,
-0.11570414900779724,
-0.33973953127861023,
0.5997109413146973,
0.2850695848464966,
-0.32495853304862976,
-0.52138751745224,
-0.3836250603199005,
-0.3592974841594696,
0.21695448458194733,
-0.3201778531074524,
0.08198103308677673,
0.36680078506469727,
0.647739827632904,
0.06547828018665314,
-0.25753360986709595,
0.37067878246307373,
-0.34541454911231995,
-0.3366963863372803,
0.6128387451171875,
-0.23167264461517334,
-0.011182473972439766,
0.0830104649066925,
-0.7393200397491455,
0.1056952103972435,
-0.5973446369171143,
-5.520668983459473,
0.04229239746928215,
-0.43722379207611084,
-0.2725401818752289,
-0.14924438297748566,
0.5395933389663696,
0.4872368276119232,
-0.1601506620645523,
-0.211107537150383,
-0.15617099404335022,
0.2724962532520294,
-0.1306624561548233,
-0.07637310773134232,
0.32380786538124084,
0.2135208696126938,
0.8610143065452576,
0.40195438265800476,
-0.37512436509132385,
0.49146369099617004,
-0.5287750363349915,
1.0119134187698364,
-0.386593222618103,
-0.31902098655700684,
-0.31340333819389343,
0.4574334919452667,
0.5407537817955017,
-0.46176719665527344,
0.2672755718231201,
-0.20561820268630981,
0.28902918100357056,
0.23733213543891907,
0.2830336391925812,
-0.026011941954493523,
-0.40438422560691833,
-0.12927742302417755,
-0.1296689510345459,
0.5487443804740906,
0.3463607728481293,
0.37646612524986267,
-0.3254857063293457,
0.12824603915214539,
0.2599326968193054,
0.04655273258686066,
0.004507740493863821,
0.2849588692188263,
0.050483494997024536,
-0.1308603733778,
-0.10938536375761032,
0.1695505678653717,
0.4779624342918396,
-0.49389347434043884,
-0.02016620896756649,
0.22880059480667114,
0.3490537106990814,
0.006792960222810507,
-0.1232566386461258,
-0.31848424673080444,
0.9374415874481201,
-0.6469391584396362,
0.26657482981681824,
0.22929269075393677,
-0.15628758072853088,
0.022343114018440247,
-0.7467322945594788,
-0.4685474932193756,
0.026385916396975517,
-0.6952488422393799,
-0.0038595658261328936,
0.7127004265785217,
0.18549993634223938,
-0.2258027195930481,
0.08691782504320145,
0.05044543370604515,
-1.1825865507125854,
0.6338262557983398,
-0.33368587493896484,
-0.12992548942565918,
0.26899605989456177,
-0.3739013671875,
0.1610146462917328,
0.10228356719017029,
-0.7627531290054321,
-0.6680262088775635,
0.45552605390548706,
-0.20180045068264008,
-0.6473497748374939,
-0.5381442308425903,
-0.029351934790611267,
-0.20451469719409943,
0.3657876253128052,
0.8137355446815491,
-0.5957173705101013,
0.11832420527935028,
-0.045584481209516525,
0.5400157570838928,
-0.26421838998794556,
0.39771798253059387,
-0.1657150536775589,
0.2529548704624176,
-0.2821275293827057,
-0.48224902153015137,
0.02033560909330845,
-0.0024070388171821833,
-0.8257436752319336,
-0.720017671585083,
-0.06199631839990616,
-0.46733927726745605,
-0.48494836688041687,
0.47834333777427673,
0.0991446003317833,
0.04850994423031807,
-0.6892282962799072,
-0.5514298677444458,
-0.6318257451057434,
0.15955956280231476,
-0.19551268219947815,
-0.21234862506389618,
0.42479053139686584,
0.040099672973155975,
-0.6534716486930847,
-0.2936711013317108,
-0.14338119328022003,
0.27091509103775024,
-0.6199180483818054,
-0.8529070615768433,
-0.5019131898880005,
0.347246378660202,
0.03585517778992653,
-0.30912986397743225,
0.31434446573257446,
0.10565933585166931,
0.5329482555389404,
0.08145347237586975,
0.26749446988105774,
-0.023074083030223846,
0.11753883957862854,
-0.17502126097679138,
0.23313909769058228,
-0.08343198150396347,
0.04978561028838158,
-0.12486737221479416,
-0.07997676730155945,
0.15592287480831146,
-0.14831334352493286,
0.6101350784301758,
0.5991181135177612,
0.6034374833106995,
0.0284957867115736,
-0.2679350972175598,
0.5747489929199219,
0.4073167145252228,
-0.2678678035736084,
0.4965380132198334,
0.1643393486738205,
-0.7830674648284912,
0.3418119549751282,
0.04934722185134888,
0.3351544141769409,
-0.5620913505554199,
0.04047665372490883,
0.2181127369403839,
0.12966479361057281,
-0.795369029045105,
0.15884561836719513,
0.8690698146820068,
-0.25023260712623596,
-0.32381659746170044,
-0.7442715764045715,
0.11620348691940308,
0.7266709804534912,
0.7839841246604919,
0.05080852657556534,
-0.7200235724449158,
0.08757873624563217,
1.0705710649490356,
0.4019540548324585,
-0.19208376109600067,
-0.11054295301437378,
-0.5323494672775269,
-0.020150279626250267,
0.18547624349594116,
-0.7782614231109619,
-0.5548772215843201,
0.5838205814361572,
0.46286699175834656,
-0.9287148118019104,
-1.0619640350341797,
0.23501312732696533,
-0.09824328124523163,
-0.7845926284790039,
0.02995368093252182,
-0.1316748410463333,
0.5516987442970276,
0.43441927433013916,
-0.5116572380065918,
-0.18314416706562042,
0.19001547992229462,
0.7908615469932556,
-0.16121016442775726,
-0.9791187644004822,
-0.7128511071205139,
0.2860492169857025,
-0.04851648584008217,
0.47973012924194336,
0.1452423483133316,
-0.7237671613693237,
0.30608081817626953,
-0.5279513597488403,
-0.11968740075826645,
0.3781173527240753,
0.03330053761601448,
-0.2519937753677368,
0.7742437124252319,
-0.09002009779214859,
-0.30101925134658813,
0.8755466341972351,
-0.27576079964637756,
-0.0811590850353241,
-0.4788934886455536,
-0.4841824173927307,
-0.7996690273284912,
0.4663081467151642,
-0.3470741808414459,
-0.696051299571991,
-0.670192301273346,
0.3525167405605316,
0.6253586411476135,
-0.37653419375419617,
0.17303015291690826,
-0.07184316962957382,
-0.02979346364736557,
-0.1494787037372589,
-0.14493808150291443,
-0.32307353615760803,
0.2113417536020279,
-0.10783799737691879,
-0.19437605142593384,
-0.15911865234375,
0.10975085198879242,
1.041476845741272,
0.26475846767425537,
0.3543439507484436,
-0.13406945765018463,
-0.6602544784545898,
-0.8062240481376648,
0.4029671847820282,
0.1396762728691101,
-0.6589654088020325,
-0.7350435256958008,
0.3795433044433594,
0.19636130332946777,
-0.4697694778442383,
-0.6515728235244751,
-0.8481096625328064,
0.690495491027832,
0.038473937660455704,
-0.6108532547950745,
0.16405534744262695,
-0.28680047392845154,
-0.5271784663200378,
-0.08267710357904434,
0.6330984234809875,
-0.8182820081710815,
0.16330906748771667,
0.026579784229397774,
0.3013153672218323,
0.06291625648736954,
-0.8569815158843994,
0.6468393206596375,
-0.39170628786087036,
0.3784286081790924,
0.02485477738082409,
0.19784721732139587,
0.7587512731552124,
0.05052101984620094,
-0.3672540485858917,
-0.2063124179840088,
-0.5129222869873047,
0.26687926054000854,
-0.33537858724594116,
-0.18461118638515472,
0.6480137705802917,
0.5988839864730835,
-0.6478205919265747,
-0.07239317893981934,
-0.3921026587486267,
-0.04818622022867203,
-0.4052082598209381,
0.0638657882809639,
0.5128520131111145,
-0.21980659663677216,
0.0892091616988182,
0.02014831081032753,
-0.3010813593864441,
-0.4345901906490326,
0.25944432616233826,
-0.14456813037395477,
-0.30936312675476074,
-0.38845178484916687,
0.16587728261947632,
-0.47061505913734436,
0.7695823907852173,
0.589424729347229,
0.13779856264591217,
0.05832347273826599,
0.04823274537920952,
0.26129040122032166,
0.3551277220249176,
-0.47041386365890503,
-0.05039370059967041,
-0.06794853508472443,
-0.5992922782897949,
0.11199742555618286,
0.5817076563835144,
-0.6791340708732605,
-0.1973157525062561,
0.44258642196655273,
0.1613994687795639,
-0.2752838730812073,
0.20744144916534424,
0.3205100893974304,
0.5811655521392822,
0.21988925337791443,
0.12377434968948364,
-0.5662909746170044,
0.5114127993583679,
-0.6875487565994263,
-0.2724389135837555,
0.03361096605658531,
-0.018435388803482056,
0.2915820777416229,
-0.33375632762908936,
-0.33182182908058167,
0.5954310297966003,
-0.11226748675107956,
-0.544134795665741,
0.1355890929698944,
-0.546189546585083,
-0.30403220653533936,
0.5255325436592102,
0.6167183518409729,
0.7846723198890686,
-0.03997380658984184,
-0.4058637022972107,
-0.4894985556602478,
0.35435816645622253,
-0.00493744108825922,
0.4080711901187897,
0.6521263718605042,
0.17380914092063904,
-0.21086488664150238,
0.027796782553195953,
-0.2692480981349945,
-0.19710218906402588,
-0.0022733777295798063,
-0.025484241545200348,
-0.03015015833079815,
-0.17475827038288116,
0.7732871770858765,
0.4743488132953644,
-0.31577056646347046,
0.5875792503356934,
0.5370562672615051,
0.10175366699695587,
-0.8083086609840393,
0.28045767545700073,
-0.22560599446296692,
-0.536359965801239,
0.15490105748176575,
0.05859901010990143,
0.04023456946015358,
0.565849781036377,
0.21167276799678802,
0.28369519114494324,
-0.10127667337656021,
-0.16239963471889496,
0.5722439885139465,
0.10683449357748032,
-0.051307521760463715,
0.584570586681366,
-0.41203248500823975,
-0.7791789770126343,
-0.1656067669391632,
-0.6275532841682434,
0.21005405485630035,
0.2189381718635559,
0.2538946866989136,
0.4316480755805969,
0.6423277854919434,
-0.19759643077850342,
-0.02101794071495533,
-0.8796770572662354,
-0.17841187119483948,
-0.15484890341758728,
-0.7954738140106201,
0.08877173811197281,
0.2119966745376587,
-0.1798620969057083,
-0.08632450550794601,
0.5345317721366882,
0.06071045249700546,
-0.08146275579929352,
0.33598098158836365,
0.5184005498886108,
0.005219387821853161,
0.06758182495832443,
-0.11519467085599899,
-0.30959659814834595,
-1.0476833581924438,
0.263383150100708,
-0.12855617702007294,
0.3042796552181244,
0.2424069195985794,
-0.040928203612565994,
-0.15869811177253723,
0.34839046001434326,
0.31100720167160034,
-0.22589905560016632,
-0.4276949167251587,
0.6365039348602295,
-0.13871079683303833,
-0.509014368057251,
0.3134768307209015,
0.34821197390556335,
0.0941581204533577,
-0.3409907817840576,
0.9020138382911682,
-0.5125260353088379,
-0.006511263083666563,
0.11965961754322052,
-0.05151671916246414,
0.5379346013069153,
-0.016489610075950623,
0.774212121963501,
-0.20195592939853668,
0.3930501937866211,
0.20500659942626953,
0.40623772144317627,
-0.24932992458343506,
-0.027794545516371727,
-0.5547573566436768,
-0.15992000699043274,
0.5436122417449951,
0.399726003408432,
-0.4166780710220337,
-0.12647250294685364,
-0.3246271312236786,
-1.1662882566452026,
-0.525763750076294,
0.4043639302253723,
-0.1689501851797104,
-0.23019583523273468,
0.088718481361866,
-0.6473702192306519,
0.355746328830719,
0.15904487669467926,
0.10036730766296387,
-0.1979784071445465,
-0.023331724107265472,
0.057454291731119156
] |
224129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Northcote | James Northcote | James Northcote (22 October 1746, in Plymouth – 13 July 1831, in London) was a British painter.
Life and work
Northcote was born in Plymouth, and was apprenticed to his father, Samuel Northcote, a watchmaker. In his spare time, he drew and painted. In 1769 he left his father's work and set up as a portrait painter. Four years later he went to London and was admitted as a pupil into the studio and house of Sir Joshua Reynolds. At the same time he attended the Royal Academy schools.
In 1775 he left Reynolds' studio, and about two years later, having made some money by portrait painting back in Devon, he went to study in Italy. On his return to England, three years later, he revisited his native county, then settled in London, where John Opie and Henry Fuseli were his rivals. He was elected associate of the Academy in 1786, and full academician in the following spring. The Young Princes Murdered in the Tower, his first important work on a historical subject, dates from 1786, and it was followed by the Burial of the Princes in the Tower. Both paintings, along with seven others, were intended for Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery. His enormous Death of Wat Tyler was exhibited in 1787; commissioned by a London alderman, it hung in the Guildhall until its destruction during the Second World War.
Shortly afterwards Northcote began a set of ten subjects, entitled "The Modest Girl and the Wanton", which were completed and engraved in 1796. Among the productions of Northcote's later years are the Entombment and the Agony in the Garden, besides many portraits, and several animal subjects, such as Leopards, Dog and Heron, and Lion; these were more successful than the artist's attempts at more elevated subjects, as was indicated by Fuseli's caustic remark on examining the Angel opposing Balaam —"Northcote, you are an angel at an ass, but an ass at an angel." Northcote's works number about 2000, and he made a fortune of £40,000.
He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1787. He became a corresponding member, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands in 1809. He sponsored the admission in 1829 of Thomas Sewell Robins to the Royal Academy Schools.
Writings
Northcote also sought fame as an author, and his first essays were contributions to the Artist, edited by Prince Hoare. In 1813 he embodied his recollections of his old master in a Life of Reynolds. His Fables—the first series published in 1828, the second posthumously in 1833—were illustrated with woodcuts by Harvey from Northcote's own designs. In the production of his Life of Titian, his last work, which appeared in 1830, he was assisted by William Hazlitt, who previously, in 1826, had given to the public in the New Monthly Magazine his recollections of Northcote's pungent and cynical "conversations", causing some problems for the painter and his friends.
Notes
References
Mark Ledbury (2014), James Northcote, History Painting, and the Fables, Yale Center for British Art in association with Yale University Press.
External links
National Maritime Museum, London
National Portrait Gallery, London
Yale Center for British Art, New Haven
1746 births
1831 deaths
Royal Academicians
People from Plymouth
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
English portrait painters
History painters
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences | [
0.4407596290111542,
-0.02392319217324257,
-0.5434184670448303,
-0.5687488317489624,
0.6726681590080261,
0.8079845309257507,
0.614958643913269,
-0.12650591135025024,
-0.9027838110923767,
-0.1652054339647293,
-0.21668264269828796,
-0.012295469641685486,
-0.4592205584049225,
0.03589681163430214,
-0.4000598192214966,
0.10499369353055954,
-0.4387756586074829,
0.3059011399745941,
-0.5076902508735657,
-0.1370653510093689,
-0.266873300075531,
-0.7508814334869385,
-0.08930854499340057,
-0.7600138783454895,
-0.7227696776390076,
-0.7633764147758484,
-0.07115995138883591,
-0.1813751459121704,
0.8344144821166992,
-0.15642467141151428,
0.3814755976200104,
0.30305978655815125,
0.4134192168712616,
-0.17025171220302582,
-0.41418302059173584,
-0.31565365195274353,
-0.7490321397781372,
-0.16970393061637878,
0.10632456839084625,
-0.3719785213470459,
-0.549694299697876,
-0.3971140682697296,
0.4358556568622589,
-0.2675227224826813,
-0.07939291000366211,
-0.6312444806098938,
-1.9781712293624878,
0.14763092994689941,
-0.18122586607933044,
-0.04877123236656189,
0.011465071700513363,
0.28084805607795715,
0.18495653569698334,
0.5861379504203796,
-0.3149098753929138,
0.5158066153526306,
-0.20667925477027893,
-0.4398828148841858,
0.5405683517456055,
-0.714444100856781,
0.3408675491809845,
-0.12715283036231995,
0.3072461783885956,
0.3990743160247803,
0.27268341183662415,
0.20148971676826477,
-0.32403305172920227,
0.2818511426448822,
-0.05252917483448982,
0.44407373666763306,
0.5474001169204712,
0.4770611524581909,
0.2379331886768341,
0.3586052656173706,
-0.019322820007801056,
0.3731214106082916,
-0.19305075705051422,
-0.29237601161003113,
0.4620964229106903,
0.3233821392059326,
0.48092931509017944,
-0.27672329545021057,
0.8424227237701416,
0.6496284008026123,
-0.050272777676582336,
0.5415909290313721,
0.0643763318657875,
-0.012514584697782993,
-0.5402587652206421,
0.45794418454170227,
-0.05280199646949768,
-0.20440573990345,
-0.1776266098022461,
0.038107696920633316,
0.4589674174785614,
0.6369880437850952,
-0.4129822552204132,
0.3598857522010803,
-0.590272843837738,
-0.3947910666465759,
-0.16835695505142212,
0.29357025027275085,
-0.29910409450531006,
0.2806803286075592,
-0.5518207550048828,
-0.2593393623828888,
-0.28248557448387146,
0.019224373623728752,
0.002973367692902684,
0.7539169788360596,
-0.40687239170074463,
-0.23233959078788757,
-0.6992977261543274,
0.4923209249973297,
-0.5143409967422485,
-0.09221355617046356,
0.17191846668720245,
-0.7849452495574951,
-0.7107648849487305,
-0.3397935628890991,
-0.07052372395992279,
0.4091487228870392,
-0.22972871363162994,
0.2358694225549698,
-0.9732370376586914,
0.1621118038892746,
0.2693879306316376,
0.5628758072853088,
-0.07190173119306564,
0.3432052731513977,
0.03619135543704033,
1.3811614513397217,
-0.015258071944117546,
-0.6119639277458191,
-0.27215462923049927,
0.08535514026880264,
-0.2120601236820221,
-0.280169278383255,
-0.4270152747631073,
0.3803310692310333,
-0.10201690346002579,
0.03546285256743431,
-0.14757685363292694,
0.16960366070270538,
-0.028848405927419662,
-0.05060954764485359,
-0.10801161825656891,
-0.30792614817619324,
-0.6109856367111206,
0.17674458026885986,
-0.4485931694507599,
-0.09066714346408844,
0.09140216559171677,
-0.5238227844238281,
-0.09550581127405167,
0.2143441140651703,
0.6135792136192322,
0.1612357646226883,
0.42593035101890564,
-0.5650847554206848,
-0.06287073343992233,
0.18745321035385132,
0.37349748611450195,
-0.024329273030161858,
0.5317000150680542,
-0.17167571187019348,
0.2664480209350586,
-0.5152409076690674,
-0.5224581360816956,
-0.28946593403816223,
-0.5138673186302185,
0.0618673674762249,
0.6195597052574158,
0.02238965779542923,
-0.14134928584098816,
0.04175185412168503,
0.34860819578170776,
0.4381415545940399,
0.7890648245811462,
-0.0961361899971962,
-1.084717035293579,
0.31235450506210327,
0.4065970480442047,
-0.25643062591552734,
0.2451125681400299,
-0.12356103211641312,
0.3764784336090088,
0.18029513955116272,
0.3164450228214264,
-0.22766326367855072,
-0.4433760344982147,
-0.6836963295936584,
-0.21521911025047302,
-0.2578243017196655,
0.9264440536499023,
0.42906254529953003,
-0.5983136296272278,
0.4553911089897156,
0.2525903880596161,
0.9977998733520508,
0.12252280861139297,
0.06500900536775589,
-0.24517220258712769,
-0.22406858205795288,
0.40869253873825073,
0.206330806016922,
-0.025681212544441223,
0.0061318110674619675,
0.27550598978996277,
0.6911250948905945,
0.24754314124584198,
-0.8408185243606567,
0.4653523862361908,
1.1676286458969116,
-0.40205106139183044,
-0.8302918672561646,
-0.6826906204223633,
-0.2502223551273346,
0.170070081949234,
-0.7645302414894104,
-0.21287594735622406,
0.33137246966362,
-0.02203851006925106,
1.0586881637573242,
0.4563092589378357,
0.9369678497314453,
-0.3201041519641876,
0.20943140983581543,
-0.1001545786857605,
-0.7405809164047241,
-0.3758455216884613,
0.6247275471687317,
0.344236820936203,
0.08741328120231628,
0.08705856651067734,
0.13393162190914154,
0.2734920382499695,
-0.471915066242218,
0.3807058036327362,
-0.5616410970687866,
0.15311886370182037,
0.31617823243141174,
-0.044385284185409546,
0.5892048478126526,
0.24979537725448608,
0.7107437252998352,
0.3988593518733978,
-0.20812197029590607,
-0.26733365654945374,
-0.0050084954127669334,
0.17547646164894104,
0.6428582072257996,
-0.2480027973651886,
0.39755937457084656,
-0.3093346655368805,
-0.2380858063697815,
0.987002968788147,
-0.804219663143158,
-0.2945454716682434,
0.027474267408251762,
-0.003040716052055359,
0.3317861557006836,
0.10853498429059982,
0.5946081876754761,
0.004058970604091883,
-0.5472173690795898,
0.4166210889816284,
-0.43928787112236023,
0.6140617728233337,
-0.02134140208363533,
0.7627915143966675,
-0.26197338104248047,
-0.1681685745716095,
0.8284445405006409,
0.1368434727191925,
-0.03896942362189293,
0.46955204010009766,
-0.037039440125226974,
0.3323482871055603,
-0.41250574588775635,
-0.28579622507095337,
0.4010002017021179,
-0.5636395215988159,
-0.06870117783546448,
-0.030713701620697975,
-0.14773213863372803,
-0.24825909733772278,
-0.025494221597909927,
0.40388116240501404,
-0.6227760910987854,
0.10715855658054352,
0.8898708820343018,
-0.44487956166267395,
0.31483039259910583,
-0.7105540037155151,
0.2598917484283447,
-0.5989800095558167,
-0.7172456383705139,
-0.42228296399116516,
-0.0904834195971489,
-1.0334972143173218,
-0.23184539377689362,
0.34354493021965027,
0.308411180973053,
0.44139501452445984,
0.3393816649913788,
-0.1498546302318573,
-0.18526077270507812,
-4.851729393005371,
-0.04477809742093086,
-0.08592962473630905,
0.08585658669471741,
-0.30989667773246765,
-0.31602364778518677,
0.3491285443305969,
-0.36477863788604736,
0.4617667496204376,
0.025673702359199524,
0.8231773376464844,
-0.5073049068450928,
-0.18422792851924896,
0.5941579937934875,
0.6696590781211853,
0.5107335448265076,
0.7448868155479431,
0.29462388157844543,
0.3980998694896698,
0.6647188663482666,
-0.407451868057251,
0.5240769982337952,
0.05398401990532875,
-0.03828294947743416,
0.5087935328483582,
0.6053176522254944,
-0.41779541969299316,
-0.36522457003593445,
-0.3866337835788727,
-0.19537243247032166,
-0.128413125872612,
0.273996502161026,
-0.33759069442749023,
0.19953703880310059,
0.15700311958789825,
-0.029496466740965843,
0.06215336546301842,
0.7816526293754578,
-0.21457116305828094,
0.23087985813617706,
0.2879975736141205,
-0.13185717165470123,
-1.406412124633789,
0.5627222061157227,
-0.3620898127555847,
-0.7088484764099121,
-0.4219862222671509,
0.08581274747848511,
-0.0711379274725914,
0.44630447030067444,
0.18651336431503296,
0.8105284571647644,
0.31793373823165894,
0.10046633332967758,
-0.32045531272888184,
0.0970730409026146,
-0.26968875527381897,
0.07297947257757187,
-0.8409856557846069,
0.341945618391037,
0.14408111572265625,
-0.7859118580818176,
-0.36138638854026794,
-0.14484764635562897,
0.4705989956855774,
-0.40077468752861023,
0.1296277791261673,
-0.11261889338493347,
0.1997581273317337,
-0.5915332436561584,
-0.07859756052494049,
0.6725996732711792,
0.012732111848890781,
-0.9046006798744202,
-0.46955496072769165,
-0.30531907081604004,
0.48749101161956787,
-0.3703433871269226,
-0.3810495138168335,
-0.19152092933654785,
0.21375888586044312,
-0.9630275964736938,
0.3368798792362213,
1.0879096984863281,
0.3395121097564697,
0.08498935401439667,
-0.47594013810157776,
0.31632187962532043,
-0.536566436290741,
-0.4338966906070709,
0.3581278622150421,
0.16483941674232483,
-0.26175835728645325,
0.07039399445056915,
0.336504191160202,
-0.044860560446977615,
0.5301082134246826,
-0.16922762989997864,
0.1815195530653,
-0.11942948400974274,
-0.22331847250461578,
-0.0941450372338295,
-0.5420169234275818,
0.1716112196445465,
-0.24154892563819885,
-0.3141530454158783,
0.16851310431957245,
0.11528640985488892,
0.6994331479072571,
0.15550729632377625,
0.7528716325759888,
-0.2240125834941864,
-0.3297375738620758,
0.3714005649089813,
-0.6489770412445068,
-0.32485106587409973,
0.5182955861091614,
0.31130191683769226,
0.4135313332080841,
0.34024760127067566,
-0.11053196340799332,
0.26035210490226746,
-0.27827736735343933,
-0.11941103637218475,
-0.22579769790172577,
0.07172214239835739,
-0.15925799310207367,
-0.5593682527542114,
-0.4251464307308197,
0.021433493122458458,
0.2872251570224762,
0.5485423803329468,
-0.12626145780086517,
0.3067593574523926,
0.06562057882547379,
0.006348378490656614,
-0.8889963626861572,
-0.29029709100723267,
0.19520358741283417,
-0.20956861972808838,
0.17103295028209686,
0.21207761764526367,
-0.1841866672039032,
0.3577329218387604,
0.23768359422683716,
-0.24023385345935822,
-0.13247981667518616,
-0.37605440616607666,
-0.3525632917881012,
0.5003858804702759,
-0.3531128168106079,
0.07153288275003433,
-0.2581852376461029,
-0.2947348654270172,
0.36238348484039307,
-0.19280755519866943,
-1.3164342641830444,
-0.2507769763469696,
-0.5254526138305664,
-0.2079147845506668,
-0.3530024290084839,
0.2987208068370819,
-1.0593918561935425,
-0.637881875038147,
0.005582238547503948,
0.222150519490242,
-0.29950666427612305,
-0.2392302304506302,
0.005844905506819487,
-0.03522412106394768,
0.048917531967163086,
-0.7610772848129272,
0.1306140422821045,
-0.5317903161048889,
0.400219589471817,
-0.04749339446425438,
-0.11445002257823944,
-0.05966271087527275,
0.07263661175966263,
-0.06158192828297615,
-0.14246591925621033,
0.05366794019937515,
-0.8052464127540588,
-0.7710762023925781,
0.6119251251220703,
0.37334755063056946,
-0.5478450059890747,
-0.6200545430183411,
0.09702279418706894,
0.1013571098446846,
0.016827117651700974,
-0.25526612997055054,
-0.02634338103234768,
1.019827961921692,
-0.2942357063293457,
-0.0419643260538578,
0.16394992172718048,
0.5288376808166504,
0.3284180164337158,
-0.7541648149490356,
0.10767891258001328,
-0.21410247683525085,
-0.40488380193710327,
0.07997015863656998,
-0.04317009449005127,
-1.1043529510498047,
0.35146504640579224,
0.20566444098949432,
-0.551095724105835,
0.7841122150421143,
-0.06251773983240128,
-0.4337657690048218,
-0.2633284628391266,
0.10040263086557388,
0.030954327434301376,
0.3470417261123657,
-0.19062303006649017,
0.25834766030311584,
-0.11752185225486755,
-0.5535609126091003,
-0.7920944094657898,
0.362691730260849,
-0.9039405584335327,
-0.38086655735969543,
-0.07767952978610992,
-0.5547695159912109,
0.0771961510181427,
0.3563663363456726,
0.3768434524536133,
-0.2206605076789856,
-0.08603286743164062,
-0.01618686318397522,
0.007454099599272013,
0.7480117082595825,
-0.018280846998095512,
0.10913271456956863,
0.24826039373874664,
-0.28681349754333496,
0.26402825117111206,
0.14002597332000732,
0.6498133540153503,
1.370929479598999,
0.529933512210846,
0.07662387937307358,
-0.17197489738464355,
0.44242918491363525,
0.7229946851730347,
-0.3172970712184906,
-0.516089141368866,
0.49998563528060913,
0.20087982714176178,
-0.43071937561035156,
-0.06380196660757065,
-0.6509165167808533,
0.8916045427322388,
-0.6418654918670654,
0.22250960767269135,
0.5341629981994629,
0.215485617518425,
0.19452117383480072,
0.45628389716148376,
0.28030267357826233,
0.12415266782045364,
-0.6651762127876282,
0.411678671836853,
-0.2887140214443207,
-0.20793728530406952,
0.28719404339790344,
0.27111783623695374,
-0.33635392785072327,
-0.8189863562583923,
-0.17960621416568756,
-0.5472354888916016,
0.566717267036438,
0.3117039203643799,
0.0033122242894023657,
0.22691737115383148,
-1.182666301727295,
0.4594838321208954,
-0.4925982356071472,
-0.8859840035438538,
0.06254356354475021,
0.0537048764526844,
-0.5834173560142517,
-0.5308500528335571,
-0.6179560422897339,
0.16589079797267914,
-0.4020232856273651,
-0.0771210789680481,
-0.27512067556381226,
-0.465074360370636,
0.0563339963555336,
0.4762415587902069,
-0.21954329311847687,
-0.0378291942179203,
0.8509683609008789,
-0.25080162286758423,
0.4668257534503937,
-0.41225335001945496,
-0.2709662914276123,
-0.8328896164894104,
0.8919550776481628,
0.6785194277763367,
0.03812545910477638,
0.6861000061035156,
0.1084107905626297,
-0.5190106630325317,
-0.3454052805900574,
-0.35370269417762756,
0.9883787035942078,
0.2536974251270294,
0.2305537760257721,
-0.3053589463233948,
-0.055231641978025436,
-0.6436775326728821,
-0.6360610127449036,
1.1792454719543457,
-0.9205026030540466,
-0.5117647647857666,
0.08200276643037796,
0.6087296009063721,
-0.11638133227825165,
0.46658653020858765,
-0.47049665451049805,
-0.14198337495326996,
-0.020466184243559837,
-0.08447057753801346,
0.846707820892334,
-0.1114143580198288,
1.1206053495407104,
-0.139796182513237,
-0.7207448482513428,
-0.7220524549484253,
0.6323082447052002,
-0.08610401302576065,
-0.2930546700954437,
0.07640621066093445,
-0.03542589768767357,
0.15389971435070038,
0.034084636718034744,
0.1884128898382187,
0.6628121733665466,
0.24982672929763794,
-0.2254885584115982,
-0.5100389122962952,
0.017957692965865135,
0.4397176206111908,
-0.2608484625816345,
-0.3536173403263092,
0.10658188909292221,
1.0632121562957764,
0.5297358632087708,
0.7590290307998657,
-0.10491709411144257,
0.4105745553970337,
0.38324666023254395,
1.3258132934570312,
0.1196405291557312,
-0.5711988806724548,
0.3545666038990021,
-0.06872043758630753,
-0.2080557942390442,
0.9469702839851379,
-0.6377150416374207,
-0.8220793604850769,
-0.06396326422691345,
0.11558346450328827,
0.003995021339505911,
-0.30681267380714417,
0.7325100898742676,
0.34232497215270996,
-0.18213249742984772,
0.4060295522212982,
0.6078159809112549,
0.3147396147251129,
0.7565562129020691,
0.6665660738945007,
0.9144315719604492,
-0.030327199026942253,
-0.15094192326068878,
-1.199092149734497,
-0.10129572451114655,
-0.04830005392432213,
-0.34476351737976074,
0.5798567533493042,
-0.647850751876831,
-0.25637590885162354,
0.4439511299133301,
-0.7768533825874329,
-0.9853544235229492,
0.08546565473079681,
0.23963649570941925,
0.000783971103373915,
0.008030803874135017,
-1.0767797231674194,
0.752146303653717,
0.19900977611541748,
1.237084984779358,
-0.39919379353523254,
-0.7368613481521606,
-0.11906730383634567,
0.4186789393424988,
-0.27407214045524597,
-0.04361316189169884,
-0.2569471597671509,
-0.07080519199371338,
-0.44509315490722656,
0.8522608876228333,
-1.0769352912902832,
0.3099544942378998,
-0.08084411174058914,
0.03942183777689934,
-0.2895216643810272,
0.33973628282546997,
-1.0351239442825317,
0.28418973088264465,
0.8956159353256226,
0.1052882969379425,
-0.18157623708248138,
-0.005148215685039759,
0.5747697949409485,
-0.7191087603569031,
0.2758360505104065,
-0.45897766947746277,
-0.16220778226852417,
-0.2139742225408554,
0.44902294874191284,
-0.10640385746955872,
-0.1940198689699173,
0.7281596660614014,
-0.2708522081375122,
0.1359834522008896,
-0.7529123425483704,
-0.6125476956367493,
-0.9076297879219055,
-0.9978429079055786,
0.6069899797439575,
1.2482566833496094,
0.34561264514923096,
-0.936167299747467,
0.7422346472740173,
0.17352235317230225,
0.20058882236480713,
-0.01730373129248619,
0.8236071467399597,
-0.5035326480865479,
-0.4370373487472534,
-0.15145917236804962,
0.1626870483160019,
0.49687671661376953,
0.5556204915046692,
0.4090438485145569,
0.18160109221935272,
-0.9232356548309326,
0.5251948237419128,
-0.06749486923217773,
0.23793809115886688,
-0.2645690143108368,
0.31045323610305786,
-0.19731155037879944
] |
224130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Public%20Health%20Service | United States Public Health Service | The United States Public Health Service (USPHS or PHS) is a collection of agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services concerned with public health, containing eight out of the department's eleven operating divisions. The Assistant Secretary for Health oversees the PHS. The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) is the federal uniformed service of the PHS, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.
PHS had its origins in the system of marine hospitals that originated in 1798. In 1871 these were consolidated into the Marine Hospital Service, and shortly afterwards the position of Surgeon General and the PHSCC were established. As the system's scope grew to include quarantine authority and research, it was renamed the Public Health Service in 1912. A series of reorganizations in 1966–1973 began a shift where PHS' divisions were promoted into departmental operating agencies, with PHS itself becoming a thin layer of hierarchy above them rather than an operating agency in its own right. In 1995, PHS agencies were shifted to report directly to the Secretary of Health and Human Services rather the Assistant Secretary for Health, eliminating PHS as an administrative level in the organizational hierarchy.
Organization
Eight of the eleven operating agencies, and three staff offices, are designated as part of the Public Health Service within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS):
National Institutes of Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Indian Health Service
Food and Drug Administration
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Health Resources and Services Administration
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
Office of Global Affairs
The three other operating agencies of HHS are designated human services agencies and are not part of the Public Health Service. These are the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Administration for Children and Families, and Administration for Community Living.
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) employs more than 6,000 uniformed public health professionals for the purpose of delivering public health promotion and disease prevention programs and advancing public health science. Members of the Commissioned Corps often serve on the frontlines in the fight against disease and poor health conditions.
The mission of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps is to protect, promote, and advance the health and safety of the people of the United States. According to the PHSCC, this mission is achieved through rapid and effective response to public health needs, leadership and excellence in public health practices, and advancement of public health science.
As one of the United States eight uniformed services, the PHS Commissioned Corps fills public health leadership and service roles within federal government agencies and programs. The PHSCC includes officers drawn from many professions, including environmental and occupational health, medicine, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, psychology, social work, hospital administration, health record administration, nutrition, engineering, science, veterinary, health information technology, and other health-related occupations.
Officers of the Corps wear uniforms similar to those of the United States Navy with special PHSCC insignia, and the Corps uses the same commissioned officer ranks as the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps from ensign to admiral, uniformed services pay grades O-1 through O-10 respectively.
According to , service in the PHSCC after June 30, 1960, is considered military service for retirement purposes. Under , active service in the PHSCC is considered active military service for the purposes of most veterans' benefits and for antidiscrimination laws.
History
Modern public health began developing in the 19th century, as a response to advances in science that led to the understanding of the source and spread of disease. As the knowledge of contagious diseases increased, means to control them and prevent infection were soon developed. Once it became understood that these strategies would require community-wide participation, disease control began being viewed as a public responsibility. Various organizations and agencies were then created to implement these disease preventing strategies. As the U.S. expanded, the scope of the governmental health agency expanded. Most of the Public health activity in the United States took place at the municipal level before the mid-20th century. There was some activity at the national and state level as well.
Dramatic increases in average life span in the late 19th century and 20th century, is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of many infectious diseases including polio, diphtheria, yellow fever and smallpox; effective health and safety policies such as road traffic safety and occupational safety; improved family planning; tobacco control measures; and programs designed to decrease non-communicable diseases by acting on known risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment.
Another major public health improvement was the decline in the "urban penalty" brought about by improvements in sanitation. These improvements included chlorination of drinking water, filtration and sewage treatment which led to the decline in deaths caused by infectious waterborne diseases such as cholera and intestinal diseases.
The federal Office of Indian Affairs (OIA) operated a large-scale field nursing program. Field nurses targeted native women for health education, emphasizing personal hygiene and infant care and nutrition.
Marine Hospital Service
In the administration of the second president of the United States John Adams, the Congress authorized the creation of hospitals for mariners. The origins of the Public Health Service can be traced to the passage, by the 5th Congress of the United States, of "An Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen" in July of 1798. This act created Marine Hospitals to care for sick seamen. They were initially located along the East Coast, at the harbors of the major port cities. As the boundaries of the United States expanded, and harbors were built on other coasts, so too were marine hospitals. The Marine Hospital Service was placed under the Revenue Marine Service (a forerunner of the present-day Coast Guard) within the Department of the Treasury.
A reorganization in 1870 converted the loose network of locally controlled marine hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. This reorganization made the Marine Hospital Service into its own bureau within the Department of the Treasury. The position of Supervising Surgeon (later titled the Surgeon General) was created to administer the Service, and John Maynard Woodworth, (1837-1879), was appointed as the first incumbent in 1871. He moved quickly to reform the system and adopted a military model for his medical staff; putting his physicians in uniforms, and instituting examinations for applicants. Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians, who could be assigned as needed to the various Marine Hospitals. The commissioned officer corps was established by legislation in 1889, and signed by 22nd/24th President Grover Cleveland.
The scope of activities of the Marine Hospital Service also began to expand well beyond the care of merchant seamen in the closing decades of the nineteenth century, beginning with the control of infectious disease. The National Quarantine Act of 1878 vested quarantine authority to the Marine Hospital Service. and the National Board of Health. The Marine Hospital Service was assigned the responsibility for the medical inspection of arriving immigrants at sites such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Because of the broadening responsibilities of the Service, its name was changed in 1902 to the "Public Health and Marine Hospital Service". As the emphasis of its responsibilities shifted from sailors to general public health and with the decommissioning of various old marine hospitals the name was changed again, in 1912, to just the "Public Health Service" (PHS).
Expansion
Between 1899 and 1943, the service's organization consisted of the Division of Marine Hospitals and Relief, Division of Domestic (Interstate) Quarantine, Division of Insular and Foreign Quarantine and Immigration, Division of Personnel and Accounts, Division of Sanitary Reports and Statistics, Division of Scientific Research and Sanitation, and Miscellaneous Division, although there were minor name changes throughout this time. The Division of Venereal Diseases was established in 1918, and the Narcotics Division (which would eventually become the National Institute of Mental Health) in 1929.
PHS's headquarters were in the Butler Building, a converted mansion across the street from the United States Capitol, from 1891 until April 1929. It expanded into office space in Temporary Building C on the National Mall in July 1920, which became its temporary headquarters after the Butler Building was closed for demolition. In May 1933, the new Public Health Service Building opened.
In 1939, the Public Health Service was transferred from the Department of the Treasury into the new Federal Security Agency. At that time the National Institute of Health [sic] was already established as a division of the PHS. In 1946 the Communicable Disease Center, which would become the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was established within the PHS.
In 1943, the PHS was reorganized, with its divisions placed into the Bureau of Medical Services, the Bureau of State Services, or the Office of the Surgeon General, but with the National Institute of Health remaining independent. All of the laws affecting the functions of the public health agencies were consolidated for the first time in the Public Health Service Act of 1944.
In 1953 the Federal Security Agency was abolished and most of its functions, including the PHS, were transferred to the newly formed Department of Health, Education and Welfare. In 1955 the Indian Health Service was established upon transfer of these functions from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Reorganization
Between 1966 and 1973, a series of reorganizations and realignments led to the end of the bureau structure. In 1968, the position of Assistant Secretary for Health was created, supplanting the Surgeon General as the top leader of the Public Health Service, although the Surgeon General was retained in a subordinate role. Also in 1968, the Food and Drug Administration, which traces its origins to 1862, became part of the PHS. PHS's environmental health functions were transferred to the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency in 1970.
Recent history
By 1973, PHS's main divisions had been established in a structure substantially similar to today's. The main changes since then have been the Health Resources Administration and Health Services Administration merging into the Health Resources and Services Administration in 1982, and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration broken up in 1992, with its research functions transferred to the National Institutes of Health, and its services components becoming the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
On May 4, 1980, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services. In 1995, supervision of the agencies within the Public Health service was shifted from the assistant secretary for health to the secretary of health and human services.
Public health worker Sara Josephine Baker, M.D. established many programs to help the poor in New York City keep their infants healthy, leading teams of nurses into the crowded neighborhoods of Hell's Kitchen and teaching mothers how to dress, feed, and bathe their babies. Another key pioneer of public health in the U.S. was Lillian Wald, who founded the Henry Street Settlement house in New York. The Visiting Nurse Service of New York was a significant organization for bringing health care to the urban poor.
Activities
In the area of environmental protection and public health, a Public Health Service 1969 community water survey that looked at more than a thousand drinking water systems across the United States drew two important conclusions that supported a growing demand for stronger protections that were adopted in the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act. The survey concluded, first, that the state supervision programs were very uneven and often lax, and, second, that the bacteriological quality of the water, particularly among small systems, was of concern.
The 1963 Clean Air Act gave the Public Health Service in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare the authority to take abatement action against industries if it could be demonstrated that they were polluting across state lines, or if a governor requested. Some of these actions involved the Ohio River Valley, New York, and New Jersey. The service also began monitoring air pollution. the 1967 Clean Air Act redirected attention to larger air quality control regions.
Controversies
Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male
In 1932, the Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. It was titled the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.
The study initially involved 600 black men—399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. The study was conducted without the benefit of patients' informed consent. Researchers told the men they were being treated for "bad blood", a local term referring to several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In truth, they did not receive the proper treatment needed to cure their illness. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. Although originally projected to last six months, the study actually went on for 40 years. Penicillin—which can be used to treat syphilis—was discovered in the 1940s. However, the study continued and treatment was never given to the subjects. Because of this, it has been called "arguably the most 'infamous' biomedical research study in U.S. history".
Syphilis studies in Guatemala
A USPHS physician who took part in the 1932–1972 Tuskegee program, John Charles Cutler, was in charge of the U.S. government's syphilis experiments in Guatemala, in which in the Central American Republic of Guatemala, Guatemalan prisoners, soldiers, orphaned children, and others were deliberately infected with syphilis and other sexually-transmitted diseases from 1946 to 1948, in order to scientifically study the disease, in a project funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health of the United States in Bethesda, Maryland.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton apologized to the Republic of Guatemala for this program in 2010, in light of the serious ethical lapses in moral judgement which occurred.
See also
Cadet Nurse Corps
Human experimentation in the United States
Lucy Minnigerode, first superintendent of the U. S. Public Health Service Nursing Corps
Narcotic Farms Act of 1929
Public Health Service Act
Title 42 appointment
References
This article is based on the public domain text History of the Commissioned Corps, PHS
Further reading
Selected Years: 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911
External links
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
Public Health Service in the Federal Register
Office of the Surgeon General
Office of the Public Health Service Historian (part of the National Institutes for Health)
PHS history and WWII women's uniforms in color World War II US women's service organizations (WAC, WAVES, ANC, NNC, USMCWR, PHS, SPARS, ARC and WASP)
The V.D. Radio Project at The WNYC Archives | [
0.7731200456619263,
0.11293312162160873,
-0.157414048910141,
0.1325123906135559,
0.23611792922019958,
0.44109439849853516,
0.3417186737060547,
0.5311553478240967,
-0.10926785320043564,
-0.7110307216644287,
-0.16530628502368927,
0.7703960537910461,
-0.24580171704292297,
0.17171943187713623,
-0.13021725416183472,
0.031627219170331955,
0.8837835788726807,
0.6637851595878601,
0.46173739433288574,
-0.23025837540626526,
-0.8686277866363525,
-0.4454249143600464,
0.08527479320764542,
-0.33163347840309143,
0.01764371432363987,
0.08029664307832718,
0.11904686689376831,
-0.17313791811466217,
-0.30017414689064026,
0.3525659739971161,
0.5733133554458618,
0.05692045018076897,
0.10227977484464645,
0.1327926516532898,
-0.4620230793952942,
-0.09579388797283173,
-0.33986708521842957,
-0.2165006399154663,
0.008474008180201054,
-0.37964946031570435,
-0.36192864179611206,
-0.16531260311603546,
-0.07354924827814102,
0.0034284659195691347,
-0.23637594282627106,
-0.3075019121170044,
-1.1146103143692017,
0.4160408675670624,
-0.5721148252487183,
0.667410135269165,
-0.8806547522544861,
-0.2704354226589203,
0.034423984587192535,
0.7842693328857422,
-0.31301283836364746,
0.30630210041999817,
0.058020807802677155,
0.2656482458114624,
-0.5985060930252075,
-0.23255705833435059,
0.33822137117385864,
-0.20828720927238464,
0.641444981098175,
0.35098540782928467,
0.4930976927280426,
0.05755428224802017,
0.34349310398101807,
0.2852518558502197,
-0.0495435856282711,
-0.04443361237645149,
-0.3925397992134094,
0.07015996426343918,
-0.1282181292772293,
0.2755032777786255,
-0.42482903599739075,
-0.35084813833236694,
0.11271096765995026,
-0.24709013104438782,
-0.20846495032310486,
-0.10327450186014175,
0.10274678468704224,
0.5158311128616333,
0.4835754334926605,
-0.14507807791233063,
-0.14186283946037292,
-0.17269864678382874,
-0.0021932569798082113,
0.04969996586441994,
0.2077023684978485,
0.42141902446746826,
0.4330553114414215,
-0.06130414456129074,
0.6642511487007141,
-0.6492167115211487,
0.3322080373764038,
-0.38683152198791504,
0.4098595380783081,
-0.49222615361213684,
-0.3590939939022064,
-0.1688563972711563,
-0.37109288573265076,
-0.08958230167627335,
0.4589081108570099,
0.0003758006205316633,
-0.5424431562423706,
0.2132517248392105,
0.5943176746368408,
-0.5844137072563171,
-0.01917632669210434,
0.6619025468826294,
0.0959533080458641,
0.05041172727942467,
-0.5908035039901733,
-0.055963411927223206,
-0.739116370677948,
0.86113041639328,
0.44697755575180054,
-0.1102534681558609,
-0.2739817798137665,
-0.46798384189605713,
-0.20092450082302094,
-0.22806866466999054,
0.3473936915397644,
-0.6937510967254639,
0.39292171597480774,
0.3787144422531128,
0.7182402610778809,
-0.8823399543762207,
0.21020323038101196,
0.07657141983509064,
0.0530879870057106,
0.535923182964325,
-0.3176840543746948,
-0.16602161526679993,
-0.02349894866347313,
-0.6879364252090454,
0.09463728219270706,
0.178870290517807,
0.3522559106349945,
0.29739290475845337,
-0.3250255882740021,
-0.4697873294353485,
-0.37266403436660767,
-0.5574500560760498,
0.05329808592796326,
-0.37967100739479065,
-0.053318705409765244,
-0.28548213839530945,
-0.3168332576751709,
-0.008442538790404797,
0.0629684329032898,
0.02602499909698963,
0.032168254256248474,
0.29244375228881836,
0.14981457591056824,
-0.16741201281547546,
0.8247671127319336,
-0.29349130392074585,
0.24296835064888,
0.26598402857780457,
0.6158170700073242,
0.2823463976383209,
0.09764258563518524,
-0.15206307172775269,
-0.4524945914745331,
-0.04848719388246536,
-0.03731150180101395,
0.2364962100982666,
-0.05782201513648033,
0.20037953555583954,
-0.1292020082473755,
-0.5102974772453308,
0.14891310036182404,
-0.08801089972257614,
0.6108425855636597,
-0.16931399703025818,
0.4352250397205353,
-0.03512686863541603,
0.2907273769378662,
-0.039355840533971786,
-0.5408041477203369,
-0.2828504741191864,
0.27309757471084595,
-0.19178517162799835,
-0.20345985889434814,
-0.903472900390625,
0.5783903002738953,
-0.15966419875621796,
0.22131092846393585,
0.03929806128144264,
-0.21281880140304565,
-0.8862519860267639,
-0.036752521991729736,
-0.03515509143471718,
1.3855646848678589,
-0.3577920198440552,
-0.062042102217674255,
0.9939458966255188,
-0.5354287624359131,
-0.5982636213302612,
0.11454234272241592,
-0.3143904209136963,
0.6314332485198975,
-0.19923512637615204,
-1.061462640762329,
0.2543344497680664,
0.5876416563987732,
-0.16146190464496613,
0.12010132521390915,
0.16343799233436584,
0.6940146684646606,
-0.23000745475292206,
-0.34821754693984985,
0.054824959486722946,
0.24269980192184448,
-0.0555846132338047,
-0.43139922618865967,
0.3914084732532501,
0.282135933637619,
-0.4508042633533478,
1.1529476642608643,
-0.02835363894701004,
0.5026922821998596,
0.6335713267326355,
-0.28865501284599304,
-0.18083421885967255,
0.0662810280919075,
0.24207767844200134,
0.09517249464988708,
-0.06249094754457474,
0.7647448778152466,
-0.31757405400276184,
0.22742274403572083,
-0.4019470810890198,
-0.08181723952293396,
-0.0924285352230072,
-0.34507933259010315,
0.11954640597105026,
0.25310570001602173,
-0.8982774615287781,
0.2128198742866516,
-0.10194817930459976,
-0.9617289900779724,
-0.1363014429807663,
0.09919682145118713,
-0.41867637634277344,
-0.31892862915992737,
-0.02853059209883213,
0.055830810219049454,
-0.16683244705200195,
-0.4317343235015869,
0.38168439269065857,
0.18622194230556488,
-0.16246357560157776,
0.19290484488010406,
0.15305761992931366,
0.6807422637939453,
0.45411431789398193,
0.4472978115081787,
-0.3102385401725769,
-0.4260716438293457,
0.30494508147239685,
0.08579037338495255,
0.6390875577926636,
0.20750312507152557,
-1.1260178089141846,
-0.4341040253639221,
-0.5679806470870972,
-0.4459892213344574,
0.428433895111084,
0.9019217491149902,
0.6330282092094421,
-0.2022811472415924,
-0.25664618611335754,
0.3503207266330719,
-0.16022446751594543,
0.9016240835189819,
0.5183153748512268,
-0.1596381664276123,
0.08098757266998291,
0.45175617933273315,
0.5671559572219849,
0.34826669096946716,
-0.5703099370002747,
-0.05797848477959633,
-0.8097668886184692,
0.4448530077934265,
-0.628257155418396,
-0.31747010350227356,
1.0681003332138062,
-0.5228869915008545,
0.1378633677959442,
0.016807101666927338,
-0.19769172370433807,
-0.056876711547374725,
-0.4057878851890564,
0.0980028361082077,
0.323628306388855,
-0.04058108478784561,
-0.25245848298072815,
-0.06370627880096436,
0.14923040568828583,
0.6419137120246887,
-0.40196189284324646,
-0.08423521369695663,
-0.3362431526184082,
-0.03289933502674103,
-0.38864225149154663,
-5.636778831481934,
-0.02776305377483368,
-0.5293534994125366,
-0.5331397652626038,
0.5354683995246887,
-0.07739869505167007,
0.315319299697876,
-0.1777578443288803,
0.11170173436403275,
0.1959296464920044,
0.42023277282714844,
0.1266360729932785,
0.6539523601531982,
0.5109609961509705,
0.27082452178001404,
0.11204799264669418,
-0.02268317900598049,
-0.31513312458992004,
0.15648017823696136,
0.7316415309906006,
0.32287630438804626,
-0.12914703786373138,
0.5014039874076843,
0.5561969876289368,
0.2649350166320801,
-0.023124199360609055,
-0.6864730715751648,
0.35117754340171814,
-0.1782199591398239,
-0.22610042989253998,
0.719636857509613,
-0.4931783378124237,
0.15571320056915283,
-0.2750004529953003,
0.062879778444767,
-0.5438551902770996,
0.09794516116380692,
0.4314787685871124,
0.04608185961842537,
-0.6830894351005554,
0.14673900604248047,
-0.2706712782382965,
-0.2957761585712433,
-0.327002614736557,
-0.08856312930583954,
0.15533111989498138,
0.010957788676023483,
-0.11736935377120972,
-0.057636525481939316,
0.6147692799568176,
-0.04922463372349739,
0.5662499070167542,
0.2267041951417923,
-0.46085378527641296,
-0.20780067145824432,
-0.45518869161605835,
0.22355587780475616,
1.0414396524429321,
-0.5873168706893921,
-0.3266272246837616,
0.08218922466039658,
-0.23585979640483856,
-0.12459056079387665,
0.0018355718348175287,
-0.04619455337524414,
-0.22061410546302795,
-0.5208728909492493,
-0.7410578727722168,
0.49752023816108704,
0.11744776368141174,
-0.00023250658705364913,
0.4593493640422821,
0.3264961838722229,
-0.8939628601074219,
-0.029513897374272346,
-0.9840689897537231,
0.13359884917736053,
-0.32631269097328186,
0.5043187737464905,
-0.4965013265609741,
-0.4482557773590088,
-0.13951539993286133,
-0.26921188831329346,
0.25843921303749084,
0.36241835355758667,
-0.30709269642829895,
-0.2795233130455017,
0.1544957309961319,
0.13774946331977844,
-0.49984872341156006,
0.8394949436187744,
-0.537993311882019,
1.0092443227767944,
0.3282809853553772,
0.10837157070636749,
0.7060930728912354,
0.1659345179796219,
0.817732036113739,
-0.1676754653453827,
-0.5923169255256653,
0.877455472946167,
0.5656197667121887,
-0.30456170439720154,
-1.163200855255127,
-0.0938073992729187,
-0.4861604571342468,
-0.3650606572628021,
-0.056727904826402664,
0.5638939738273621,
-0.95432448387146,
-0.5101974010467529,
-0.3006960153579712,
0.1446968913078308,
-0.5491988658905029,
0.13071322441101074,
0.35405170917510986,
-0.7114753723144531,
0.3304864764213562,
0.7261916995048523,
0.2431199848651886,
-0.15014435350894928,
0.8664812445640564,
0.5959047675132751,
-0.1363147497177124,
0.2720927298069,
-0.2217191755771637,
-0.06238182261586189,
-0.5841156840324402,
0.011474144645035267,
0.24963240325450897,
0.4804946780204773,
0.5038926601409912,
0.22867563366889954,
0.21920907497406006,
0.6811567544937134,
0.465285986661911,
-0.06459697335958481,
0.7344989776611328,
-0.002300107153132558,
-0.029177207499742508,
0.08409266173839569,
0.3469051718711853,
0.00896989181637764,
0.4218495190143585,
0.3421225845813751,
-0.07597523182630539,
-0.4677979648113251,
0.1486571729183197,
0.10874267667531967,
0.33821073174476624,
-0.27101805806159973,
-0.22353436052799225,
-0.45894622802734375,
-0.14256227016448975,
-0.05755762755870819,
-0.357821524143219,
0.4133247137069702,
0.05158817395567894,
-0.5976862907409668,
-0.3213841915130615,
-0.42812788486480713,
-0.2474404126405716,
-1.1550590991973877,
-0.06261695921421051,
0.25445792078971863,
-0.04086991772055626,
-0.3666378855705261,
-0.3148752748966217,
-0.026614079251885414,
0.41948503255844116,
0.30276092886924744,
-0.06322453171014786,
0.23309895396232605,
0.05823153257369995,
0.02179887890815735,
0.2818066477775574,
-0.0790477991104126,
0.6467027068138123,
-0.5211393237113953,
0.43469423055648804,
0.2101314812898636,
-0.6883108019828796,
-0.5497817397117615,
-0.44640254974365234,
0.06604541093111038,
-0.15095867216587067,
0.14919917285442352,
-0.2815854549407959,
-0.1154600977897644,
0.14959391951560974,
0.5664443969726562,
-0.5070818662643433,
-0.014520297758281231,
0.3272585868835449,
-0.6169658899307251,
-0.22380878031253815,
-0.371128648519516,
-0.10023260116577148,
-0.13116596639156342,
0.00293061975389719,
0.04543580114841461,
0.5254931449890137,
-0.8650420308113098,
0.06892038136720657,
-0.4179674983024597,
-0.5628969073295593,
-0.20593039691448212,
0.42542117834091187,
-0.0033003028947860003,
0.3556255102157593,
-0.14763297140598297,
0.1393929272890091,
0.10985980182886124,
0.34387433528900146,
-0.48919352889060974,
-0.2550016939640045,
-0.22829711437225342,
-0.5463883876800537,
0.1257869452238083,
-0.410753071308136,
0.335019588470459,
-0.2762128412723541,
-0.023469381034374237,
0.05233658105134964,
0.019774653017520905,
-0.23860633373260498,
0.06787365674972534,
-0.7368107438087463,
0.43289536237716675,
-0.3070356845855713,
-0.5065434575080872,
0.2315472960472107,
-0.00020071245671715587,
0.07249467074871063,
-0.1220533475279808,
-0.1888953447341919,
-0.24534906446933746,
0.17057675123214722,
0.5709554553031921,
0.11294831335544586,
-0.6013427972793579,
0.6398424506187439,
-0.45976677536964417,
-0.6652320027351379,
0.13473202288150787,
0.8126702904701233,
0.9541943669319153,
-0.8908891677856445,
-0.09552008658647537,
0.3001319468021393,
0.4233284890651703,
-0.5997354388237,
0.16231630742549896,
-0.169049933552742,
0.23370932042598724,
0.4930567443370819,
-0.42928823828697205,
0.008329215459525585,
-0.4012417197227478,
-0.12266546487808228,
-0.28676310181617737,
-0.22867846488952637,
-0.42896637320518494,
0.2347601056098938,
0.3978152573108673,
-0.6758715510368347,
-0.023327387869358063,
-0.1012304425239563,
-0.2048806995153427,
-0.49111276865005493,
0.046504635363817215,
0.22230137884616852,
0.15451622009277344,
0.2070426046848297,
0.43212437629699707,
-0.09401155263185501,
-0.08344931155443192,
-0.07122644037008286,
-0.09266111254692078,
0.1308823525905609,
-0.15770725905895233,
-0.11512043327093124,
-0.20877695083618164,
0.19493798911571503,
0.5571433901786804,
-0.9769030809402466,
0.04988247901201248,
0.1253626048564911,
-0.5769954919815063,
-0.4614560902118683,
0.03436601907014847,
-0.4793025851249695,
-0.2616392970085144,
-0.07018132507801056,
-0.4682570695877075,
-0.008037307299673557,
0.4331994950771332,
0.5767728686332703,
-0.1181202158331871,
0.05727571249008179,
-0.32024458050727844,
0.27604708075523376,
0.045385945588350296,
0.3275524079799652,
0.24979807436466217,
0.2204378843307495,
0.15504077076911926,
-0.09261279553174973,
-0.4241371750831604,
-0.3599551320075989,
-0.040808748453855515,
-0.1203177198767662,
0.8435821533203125,
0.7330219745635986,
-0.8722971081733704,
0.15861442685127258,
-0.34771761298179626,
-0.7010880708694458,
0.3249978721141815,
-0.032934579998254776,
-0.38540831208229065,
-0.24540245532989502,
0.20484450459480286,
0.14993606507778168,
-0.24992910027503967,
0.08382164686918259,
0.28116077184677124,
0.03718097135424614,
0.49617069959640503,
0.39922305941581726,
0.5300258994102478,
0.06497584283351898,
-0.2649117708206177,
-0.0740818902850151,
-0.2716912031173706,
0.05477549135684967,
0.01385642122477293,
-0.2235177457332611,
-0.60184645652771,
0.4962443709373474,
0.6608896851539612,
0.39871546626091003,
0.6789656281471252,
0.3526419699192047,
-0.18954795598983765,
0.5515822172164917,
0.4188207983970642,
0.3923087418079376,
0.28154608607292175,
-0.23179352283477783,
0.19351336359977722,
-0.07289300113916397,
0.4308936893939972,
0.6241852641105652,
0.28710073232650757,
-0.6004793047904968,
-0.06448891013860703,
0.06544158607721329,
0.08164865523576736,
-0.46832090616226196,
-0.6169238090515137,
-0.08793573081493378,
-0.04864993318915367,
0.03928506374359131,
-0.003308180719614029,
-0.2430831342935562,
0.3283633291721344,
-0.4641801714897156,
-0.1912384331226349,
0.08832778036594391,
-0.5413938164710999,
0.5068541169166565,
-0.6539332270622253,
0.07145299017429352,
-0.005424399394541979,
-0.23419927060604095,
0.3062354028224945,
0.09796444326639175,
0.631977915763855,
0.03548482805490494,
-0.03387368097901344,
0.07374227792024612,
-0.2091694325208664,
-1.2566580772399902,
-0.08303093165159225,
0.8732951879501343,
-0.9053956866264343,
0.17437855899333954,
-0.276657372713089,
0.3957940340042114,
0.28542351722717285,
-0.34321433305740356,
0.28219765424728394,
0.08097390830516815,
0.24465696513652802,
0.06683821231126785,
1.037683367729187,
0.6325058341026306,
0.4103041887283325,
-0.39189329743385315,
-0.1781969517469406,
0.37571394443511963,
0.042856365442276,
-0.1047409325838089,
-0.17968304455280304,
0.37309136986732483,
0.2355515956878662,
-0.33747348189353943,
0.0939546450972557,
0.16183672845363617,
-0.5211382508277893,
-0.0458267517387867,
-0.36615994572639465,
0.30722203850746155,
-0.04486863315105438,
0.6270779371261597,
0.6301103234291077,
-0.13549888134002686,
0.030344275757670403,
-0.7428770661354065,
0.15548919141292572,
0.06699003279209137,
-0.4121233820915222,
0.29492542147636414,
0.281699538230896,
-0.25419896841049194,
-0.17494511604309082,
0.6433570981025696,
-0.1901245266199112,
0.8974553346633911,
-0.695525586605072,
-0.23933720588684082,
-0.21551425755023956,
-0.48272621631622314,
-0.3144780397415161,
0.006471565458923578,
0.13828997313976288,
0.5384477972984314,
0.06259516626596451,
-0.6036733984947205,
-0.7323528528213501,
-0.15706104040145874,
0.10420890897512436,
0.11786238104104996,
0.44415557384490967,
-0.12425833195447922,
0.17955641448497772,
-0.7179948091506958,
-0.7372267842292786,
0.09767792373895645,
-0.1652742326259613,
-0.27321526408195496,
-0.030004383996129036,
-0.31741365790367126,
-0.27332696318626404,
-0.3823555111885071,
0.6362150311470032,
0.10969851911067963,
0.42708295583724976,
0.7379583120346069
] |
224131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan-Erik%20Enestam | Jan-Erik Enestam | Jan-Erik Enestam (born 12 March 1947 in Västanfjärd) is a Finland-Swedish politician from the Swedish People's Party. He has a degree from the Åbo Akademi university in Turku.
Enestam was the Municipal Director of Västanfjärd between 1978 and 1983 and a Project Chief at the Nordic Council of Ministers during the period 1983–1991. He was a member of Finland's parliament, the Eduskunta, from 1991 until 2007 and a member of the government between 1995 and 2006 in various posts.
He led the Swedish People's Party from 1998 until 2006. He was succeeded by Stefan Wallin as leader at the beginning of 2007.
Career
Some previous posts he has held are:
Government of Åland, Head of Office, 1974–1978
Municipality of Västanfjärd, Municipal Manager, 1978–1983
Nordic Council of Ministers, Project Manager for Archipelago Cooperation, 1983–1991
Municipal Council of Västänfjärd, Chairperson, 1989–1996
Special Adviser to the Minister of Defence, 1990–1991
Member of Parliament, 1991 onwards
Minister of Defence, from 2 January 1995 to 13 April 1995
Minister at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (equality affairs), from 2 January 1995 to 13 April 1995
Minister of the Interior, from 13 April 1995 to 15 April 1999
Party leader of the Swedish People's Party, 1998–2006
Minister of Defence, from 15 April 1999 to 17 April 2003
Minister at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Nordic cooperation and cooperation with the neighbouring regions), from 15 April 1999 to 17 April 2003
Minister of Environment from 17 April 2003 to 1 January 2007
Director of the Secretariat of the Nordic council from 1 August 2007 – 2013
Personal life
He was married to Solveig V. Dahlqvist in 1979 and has three children.
References
External links
Nordic Council
1947 births
Living people
People from Kimitoön
Swedish People's Party of Finland politicians
Ministers of Defence of Finland
Ministers of the Interior of Finland
Minister of the Environment of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1991–95)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1995–99)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1999–2003)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–07)
Åbo Akademi University alumni | [
-0.5531153082847595,
0.5554693341255188,
-0.32753095030784607,
-0.08465111255645752,
-0.18174125254154205,
1.0363883972167969,
0.7876740097999573,
-0.19157291948795319,
-0.6175143122673035,
0.022143026813864708,
0.13296370208263397,
0.418659508228302,
-0.3803342580795288,
-0.096871018409729,
0.10262133926153183,
-0.3618343472480774,
-0.14703379571437836,
0.7844702005386353,
-0.646070659160614,
-0.1637873500585556,
-0.07596960663795471,
-0.677568793296814,
0.48089608550071716,
0.14785218238830566,
-0.12582586705684662,
-0.1275799423456192,
-0.24803726375102997,
0.299109548330307,
0.2392544448375702,
-0.18988452851772308,
-0.3337969183921814,
0.9975317716598511,
0.5536273121833801,
-0.23962707817554474,
0.1619078665971756,
0.1920764446258545,
-0.2858259379863739,
-0.30851221084594727,
0.4452989101409912,
1.0065401792526245,
-0.47256600856781006,
0.29496684670448303,
-0.6062008142471313,
0.0022742613218724728,
0.6270257234573364,
-0.6784400939941406,
-1.4673388004302979,
-0.18718989193439484,
-0.7783327102661133,
0.28373104333877563,
0.3441467583179474,
-0.03394191712141037,
0.5086383819580078,
0.9216184616088867,
0.48172059655189514,
-0.32959645986557007,
-0.6897885799407959,
-0.006656362675130367,
0.49793457984924316,
0.48687800765037537,
0.00020741159096360207,
-0.2044389396905899,
0.3290807008743286,
-0.5554611086845398,
1.3043668270111084,
0.4153459668159485,
0.436710000038147,
0.38472557067871094,
0.1872929483652115,
-0.04469173401594162,
-0.6903629899024963,
0.3538452386856079,
0.5448793768882751,
-0.04792303964495659,
0.43690016865730286,
-0.9213045835494995,
-0.0175447016954422,
-0.2036592811346054,
-0.2315284013748169,
-0.3952963948249817,
-0.16817158460617065,
-0.5557935237884521,
0.8475191593170166,
0.7686293721199036,
0.5989225506782532,
-0.3548737168312073,
-0.3756987750530243,
-0.4024239778518677,
-0.5346654057502747,
0.012706820853054523,
-0.12154543399810791,
-0.442611962556839,
0.19203074276447296,
0.2695993483066559,
-0.11626874655485153,
0.4965735971927643,
-0.587319016456604,
0.9050374627113342,
-0.1376114785671234,
0.3230114281177521,
0.13478854298591614,
0.1188027411699295,
0.3984057307243347,
0.2225717008113861,
0.16217868030071259,
-0.591206967830658,
-0.01867568865418434,
-0.10900145024061203,
0.25343793630599976,
-1.286966323852539,
-0.4970349371433258,
0.6405348777770996,
0.2208949774503708,
-0.056176185607910156,
-0.20482251048088074,
0.5897989273071289,
-0.3467051386833191,
-0.5554599165916443,
-0.23471364378929138,
0.20526745915412903,
-0.25344181060791016,
1.0212311744689941,
-0.23844920098781586,
-0.005702216178178787,
-0.5850015878677368,
0.37572821974754333,
-0.5886679887771606,
0.5987667441368103,
-0.2225954681634903,
0.7281877398490906,
0.4023585915565491,
0.5828065872192383,
-1.1532167196273804,
0.33424678444862366,
-0.13267281651496887,
-0.16729409992694855,
0.6984102129936218,
0.4920869469642639,
0.03778551146388054,
0.8530275225639343,
-0.3853089213371277,
-0.365174263715744,
-1.1251485347747803,
-0.32792457938194275,
-0.09593918919563293,
0.09917962551116943,
-0.15943261981010437,
-0.09872238337993622,
0.002620798535645008,
0.2038329392671585,
0.6740396618843079,
0.0759788230061531,
0.4413793981075287,
-0.7042146921157837,
-0.33567848801612854,
0.991441011428833,
-0.10357720404863358,
0.21004660427570343,
0.0652250275015831,
0.37340110540390015,
0.6635937094688416,
0.07346553355455399,
0.009271737188100815,
0.16661854088306427,
0.055780261754989624,
-0.029008176177740097,
0.05498211085796356,
0.3097563087940216,
0.4097185730934143,
0.08730970323085785,
-0.31792157888412476,
-0.2484508752822876,
0.22863450646400452,
-0.6266157627105713,
0.4551447331905365,
0.04133171588182449,
0.3406045436859131,
-0.007510069292038679,
0.17942547798156738,
-0.2631836235523224,
-0.7748715877532959,
-0.15004298090934753,
-0.17441397905349731,
-0.3118681013584137,
0.2663891315460205,
0.17013102769851685,
0.21199360489845276,
-0.08095648884773254,
0.7014845609664917,
0.04673086479306221,
-0.773638129234314,
-0.9312703609466553,
0.721260666847229,
0.1495540589094162,
0.24089112877845764,
0.30609408020973206,
-0.20404590666294098,
-0.24289749562740326,
-0.11305328458547592,
0.7253357768058777,
-0.2763606309890747,
-0.7586802840232849,
0.23096099495887756,
-0.5240817666053772,
0.11324579268693924,
1.9249200820922852,
0.31546759605407715,
-0.24014301598072052,
-0.03619050979614258,
0.8512702584266663,
0.02360147051513195,
-0.7461362481117249,
0.09977887570858002,
0.5137585401535034,
-0.37247803807258606,
-0.4458993971347809,
0.35213950276374817,
-0.4989668130874634,
0.2650375962257385,
-0.39892327785491943,
0.11077935248613358,
0.27000942826271057,
-0.10423880815505981,
0.7615615129470825,
0.08642715960741043,
1.0113877058029175,
0.40864628553390503,
1.0345194339752197,
0.21021661162376404,
-0.8930871486663818,
0.640458345413208,
0.2935665547847748,
-0.03968178853392601,
-0.006285431794822216,
-0.3417407274246216,
-0.19992265105247498,
0.3575938045978546,
0.2565859854221344,
0.11887836456298828,
-0.1120789647102356,
0.5183305740356445,
0.6486546993255615,
-0.45985519886016846,
0.374098002910614,
-0.12338542938232422,
0.8231335282325745,
-0.6150358319282532,
0.00760327372699976,
-0.14911016821861267,
-0.08216873556375504,
0.21201373636722565,
-0.19644244015216827,
0.09915025532245636,
-0.7728521823883057,
-0.5559539794921875,
0.12698377668857574,
0.15205611288547516,
0.12346892058849335,
-0.06211365386843681,
0.1009603962302208,
-0.2308797538280487,
-0.5937401652336121,
0.44796741008758545,
-0.053258515894412994,
-0.3324548304080963,
-0.690354585647583,
-0.0034337134566158056,
-0.6090781688690186,
0.2825735807418823,
-0.262117862701416,
0.008828137069940567,
-0.45300182700157166,
-0.2242559790611267,
-1.2771400213241577,
-0.07682640105485916,
-0.42551475763320923,
-0.42347216606140137,
-0.05170072242617607,
-0.6478100419044495,
-0.20638179779052734,
0.5594959855079651,
0.8983233571052551,
-0.23370732367038727,
0.010491366498172283,
-0.09460331499576569,
0.5158072710037231,
-0.17344781756401062,
-0.15344637632369995,
0.20598699152469635,
0.09076184779405594,
0.2758048474788666,
0.6538967490196228,
-0.4330807626247406,
0.19876976311206818,
0.5011357069015503,
0.1997629553079605,
-0.16091692447662354,
-0.6414515376091003,
0.3004845380783081,
0.0674227699637413,
-0.48209136724472046,
0.5517970323562622,
-0.5299805998802185,
0.4544851779937744,
-0.10818576067686081,
-0.239612877368927,
-0.39448148012161255,
-0.2866789400577545,
-4.764267921447754,
-0.4520193636417389,
-0.15790680050849915,
0.2695745825767517,
0.57039475440979,
0.3192813992500305,
0.5768954753875732,
-0.30337437987327576,
0.30539387464523315,
-0.1411168873310089,
0.3743177354335785,
-0.3721272051334381,
0.6676647067070007,
1.4892010688781738,
0.8581820726394653,
0.7875219583511353,
0.4910471737384796,
-0.3416461944580078,
0.4187680780887604,
-0.039415761828422546,
-0.08406495302915573,
0.14299380779266357,
-0.6086121201515198,
0.266363263130188,
0.14954867959022522,
0.09321329742670059,
-0.4262343943119049,
0.25707173347473145,
-0.9801962971687317,
-0.2148962765932083,
0.39695820212364197,
0.014716890640556812,
-0.43503621220588684,
-0.20254603028297424,
-0.14317961037158966,
0.010045746341347694,
0.015822645276784897,
0.7792388200759888,
-0.16448868811130524,
-0.35540732741355896,
0.12400899082422256,
0.31486257910728455,
0.039857201278209686,
-0.03983241692185402,
0.09175010025501251,
0.059691622853279114,
-0.9413943886756897,
-0.11533872038125992,
-0.5968644022941589,
1.1598289012908936,
0.04525578394532204,
-0.5215768218040466,
0.40401986241340637,
0.5508182644844055,
0.36992332339286804,
-0.19818441569805145,
0.7454234957695007,
-0.4331500828266144,
-0.09873146563768387,
0.7242375016212463,
0.04056721180677414,
-0.5370911359786987,
0.301546573638916,
-0.8587900400161743,
-0.24214795231819153,
-0.1629529446363449,
0.16271591186523438,
-0.0750671997666359,
0.4756286144256592,
-0.31431445479393005,
-0.24713222682476044,
0.2437780797481537,
-0.05989798158407211,
-1.1300523281097412,
-0.5844492316246033,
-0.6556419730186462,
-0.12196242809295654,
-0.2626541554927826,
-0.6490780115127563,
0.045162834227085114,
-0.1429378241300583,
-0.49993696808815,
-0.3543575406074524,
0.9492208361625671,
0.46661219000816345,
0.008368827402591705,
0.11070483922958374,
0.09465280920267105,
-0.28579580783843994,
-0.15452459454536438,
-0.41971009969711304,
-0.3314592242240906,
0.18697690963745117,
-0.22006568312644958,
-0.10456173866987228,
-0.021876279264688492,
-0.40551260113716125,
0.08318538218736649,
0.5844436287879944,
-0.9904618859291077,
-0.42262181639671326,
-0.5601407289505005,
-0.29936689138412476,
0.031906746327877045,
0.10335242748260498,
-0.06730163097381592,
0.18634992837905884,
0.010905956849455833,
0.061577800661325455,
0.19420886039733887,
0.08118617534637451,
0.07324134558439255,
-0.2622889578342438,
-0.7058623433113098,
0.4293447732925415,
-0.19931209087371826,
-0.4424944818019867,
0.7712957859039307,
0.12340782582759857,
0.4919145405292511,
-0.36994504928588867,
0.20055070519447327,
0.5259246826171875,
-0.2800312936306,
0.2898796498775482,
-0.4761527478694916,
0.20204319059848785,
-0.2878475785255432,
0.07045327872037888,
-0.12011696398258209,
-0.4049641489982605,
1.0461431741714478,
-0.1822851002216339,
-0.8608169555664062,
0.1352248638868332,
-0.6146737337112427,
-0.1146082654595375,
0.6527480483055115,
0.07016531378030777,
-0.24155162274837494,
0.45021697878837585,
-0.5800417065620422,
-0.0322733037173748,
0.4322505593299866,
-0.28141090273857117,
0.225894495844841,
0.008304999209940434,
-0.0026302034966647625,
-0.8470207452774048,
0.6726377606391907,
-0.7505806684494019,
-0.36565274000167847,
0.3810340464115143,
-0.7057271003723145,
0.13782212138175964,
0.17725588381290436,
-0.3700219690799713,
0.09264114499092102,
-0.6362108588218689,
-0.015574772842228413,
0.3662325441837311,
-0.3522900938987732,
-1.1580610275268555,
0.15483084321022034,
0.4560384750366211,
-0.0900036096572876,
-0.614140510559082,
-0.6666039228439331,
-0.5733867287635803,
0.7839041352272034,
-0.11367867887020111,
-0.8593401312828064,
-0.5088567733764648,
-0.2602505087852478,
0.13260090351104736,
-0.7381033301353455,
0.657700777053833,
0.5087641477584839,
0.15880514681339264,
-0.2521330416202545,
0.0873858705163002,
0.9281594753265381,
-0.7827718257904053,
0.35996052622795105,
0.5935649275779724,
-0.3904649019241333,
-0.44314292073249817,
-0.5765333771705627,
-0.4485102593898773,
-0.34825336933135986,
0.6282696723937988,
-0.18457062542438507,
0.1378803849220276,
0.306067556142807,
0.24764996767044067,
-0.39974650740623474,
-0.44775867462158203,
-0.3418789207935333,
-0.31545987725257874,
0.032584160566329956,
0.7966354489326477,
0.23893171548843384,
-0.09682224690914154,
0.6243763566017151,
0.2814445495605469,
-0.8540580868721008,
0.12456754595041275,
0.8679625391960144,
-0.3276107907295227,
0.14395834505558014,
-0.9630950093269348,
-0.19412393867969513,
-0.3063705861568451,
0.6972622275352478,
-0.6321555376052856,
0.19791200757026672,
0.8161971569061279,
0.18497906625270844,
-0.8252235651016235,
-0.4660765528678894,
-0.7999657392501831,
-0.5349279046058655,
-0.42467784881591797,
-0.46669620275497437,
-0.5122262239456177,
-0.07198946177959442,
0.515722930431366,
0.23470324277877808,
1.0319607257843018,
-0.34965643286705017,
-0.0954870656132698,
0.04391619935631752,
0.26212450861930847,
0.06268878281116486,
-0.30861207842826843,
-0.13301123678684235,
0.20791961252689362,
0.7869812250137329,
-0.10017737001180649,
0.31582972407341003,
0.7627515196800232,
0.40191274881362915,
0.7334820032119751,
-0.22315114736557007,
-0.27442553639411926,
0.008754723705351353,
0.23883290588855743,
-0.43046125769615173,
-0.5431698560714722,
0.5688579082489014,
0.14708440005779266,
-0.16130225360393524,
-0.1773543506860733,
-0.0958816334605217,
1.5618926286697388,
-0.1922689974308014,
0.10564714670181274,
0.5020765066146851,
0.35162055492401123,
0.10156974196434021,
-0.03886207565665245,
-0.1664649099111557,
-0.33668631315231323,
0.47385913133621216,
0.23110392689704895,
0.5623786449432373,
-0.17699001729488373,
0.18297895789146423,
0.49617549777030945,
-0.2525826394557953,
-1.002040982246399,
-0.4565975069999695,
0.0614476278424263,
0.5835950374603271,
-0.20225754380226135,
0.2505236268043518,
0.3902907371520996,
-0.6261472105979919,
-0.07676789164543152,
-0.2392759472131729,
0.35118567943573,
0.014765561558306217,
0.1985568255186081,
0.059365589171648026,
-0.3818548023700714,
-0.3681375980377197,
-0.35894277691841125,
-0.29173052310943604,
-0.031551674008369446,
0.05831843987107277,
-0.6572526097297668,
-0.19154788553714752,
0.19286853075027466,
0.3757736086845398,
-0.20999155938625336,
0.2914164066314697,
-0.23163531720638275,
0.5740092992782593,
-0.06524473428726196,
-0.20428918302059174,
-0.5438360571861267,
0.4278084933757782,
0.12404979020357132,
0.15240509808063507,
0.1461295336484909,
0.2340564876794815,
-0.5105735659599304,
-0.3205404579639435,
-0.12363354116678238,
0.27481526136398315,
0.47330811619758606,
-0.1742868572473526,
-0.30205875635147095,
0.9283904433250427,
-0.33699917793273926,
-0.46307432651519775,
0.45538538694381714,
-1.028808355331421,
-0.35188406705856323,
-0.10815530270338058,
0.49809470772743225,
0.360472172498703,
0.3091079294681549,
0.3011724352836609,
0.6394696831703186,
0.9184434413909912,
0.31683024764060974,
0.030055295675992966,
-0.011613705195486546,
-0.280150443315506,
-0.4866568446159363,
0.0222758986055851,
-0.9362046718597412,
0.688578188419342,
-0.34444886445999146,
0.21267244219779968,
-0.6086311340332031,
-0.6054392457008362,
0.23794566094875336,
0.019788576290011406,
-0.2152508646249771,
1.0549299716949463,
-0.21094003319740295,
0.07235994935035706,
0.09990236163139343,
-0.23930567502975464,
-0.31382137537002563,
0.04455743357539177,
-0.08886807411909103,
-0.2316082864999771,
0.18405909836292267,
-0.490651935338974,
0.1298736035823822,
-1.3266808986663818,
-0.5280203223228455,
0.2801588475704193,
0.3076866865158081,
-0.7525358200073242,
-0.6877229809761047,
-0.41050875186920166,
0.07276526093482971,
-0.6692892909049988,
0.47602158784866333,
0.5506383180618286,
-0.20544448494911194,
-0.864391565322876,
-0.1720259189605713,
-0.41263046860694885,
0.42067503929138184,
0.4373479187488556,
-0.048326462507247925,
-0.6331108808517456,
-0.09303095936775208,
0.2356339693069458,
0.171977698802948,
-0.18667297065258026,
0.3328602612018585,
-0.5926564931869507,
-0.4519268274307251,
0.09828934073448181,
-0.2603740990161896,
0.7809709906578064,
0.2305423468351364,
-0.2531168460845947,
0.09683820605278015,
-0.12436456233263016,
-0.15844492614269257,
0.15879841148853302,
0.3947736620903015,
0.3933229148387909,
0.7741538882255554,
-0.3336468040943146,
0.2463758885860443,
0.7766658663749695,
-0.9954627752304077,
0.2608944773674011,
-0.3668978214263916,
0.6384221315383911,
0.5380358099937439,
-0.20553767681121826,
-0.24284659326076508,
0.6043705940246582,
-0.25051039457321167,
0.4178400933742523,
-0.3168277442455292,
0.2987788915634155,
-0.7395269274711609,
0.4478631019592285,
0.33933380246162415,
0.4405384957790375,
0.401947945356369,
0.2802586853504181,
-0.22122935950756073,
0.3764214515686035,
0.031633686274290085,
-0.08934848755598068,
0.8402827382087708,
-0.4558989703655243,
0.25133150815963745,
0.3429594039916992,
-0.06783640384674072,
-0.05326489731669426,
0.17645712196826935,
0.19860534369945526,
0.0502525195479393,
-0.4685738980770111,
0.3057956099510193,
0.3288821876049042,
0.240421861410141,
0.13112406432628632,
-0.06361345946788788,
-0.045542795211076736,
-0.3779333531856537,
-0.07770557701587677,
0.06295523792505264,
-0.025662317872047424,
0.3196064829826355,
0.3332456350326538,
0.5542090535163879,
-0.16275976598262787,
-0.06864107400178909,
-0.17931455373764038,
-0.07187958806753159,
-0.4783758521080017,
-2.854675054550171,
0.20167042315006256,
-0.15407924354076385,
-0.5660507082939148,
-0.03451969847083092,
-0.3903766870498657,
0.44629013538360596,
-0.9416893124580383,
0.3385743200778961,
-0.06444470584392548,
0.010895603336393833,
0.5246275663375854,
-0.09507910162210464,
-0.020241595804691315,
0.11227952688932419,
-0.374662309885025
] |
224133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Gilbert%20Hamerton | Philip Gilbert Hamerton | Philip Gilbert Hamerton (10 September 1834 – 4 November 1894) was a British artist, art critic and author. He was a keen advocate of contemporary printmaking and most of his writings concern the graphic arts. He was an important theorist of the English Etching Revival.
Early life
Hamerton was born at Laneside, a hamlet near Shaw and Crompton, Lancashire, England. His mother died giving birth to him, and his father died ten years later. When he was about five, he was sent to live with his two aunts at an estate called the Hollins on the edge of Burnley, where he attended Burnley Grammar School.
Career
Hamerton's first literary attempt, a volume of poems, was unsuccessful, leading him to devote himself for a time entirely to landscape painting; he camped out in the Scottish Highlands, where he eventually rented the former island of Inistrynich in Loch Awe, upon which he settled with his wife Eugénie Gindriez, the daughter of a French republican magistrate, in 1858.
Discovering after a time that he was more suited to art criticism than painting, he moved to Sens and later to Autun, where he produced his Painter's Camp in the Highlands (1863), which was very successful and prepared the way for his standard work on Etching and Etchers (1866). In the following year he published Contemporary French Painters, and in 1868 a continuation, Painting in France after the Decline of Classicism.
He had by now become art critic to the Saturday Review, which necessitated frequent visits to England, forcing him to give it up. He proceeded in 1870 to establish and edit an art journal of his own, The Portfolio, a monthly periodical, each number of which included of a monograph upon some artist or group of artists, often written by him. The journal championed printmaking, especially etching. He selected and wrote the accompanying text for Etchings by French and English Artists (London: Seeley, 1874) which included work by Alphonse Legros and Léon Gaucherel. The discontinuation of his painting gave him time for writing, and he successively produced The Intellectual Life (1873), perhaps the best known and most valuable of his writings; Round my House (1876), notes on French society by a resident; and Modern Frenchmen (1879), admirable short biographies. He also wrote two novels, Wenderholme (1870) and Marmorne (1878).
In 1884 Human Intercourse, another volume of essays, was published, and shortly afterwards Hamerton began his autobiography, which he brought down to 1858. In 1882 he issued a finely illustrated work on the technique of the great masters of various arts, under the title of The Graphic Arts, and three years later another splendidly illustrated volume, Landscape, which traces the influence of landscape upon the mind of man. His last books were: Portfolio Papers (1889) and French and English (1889). In 1891 he removed to the neighbourhood of Paris, where he died suddenly in Boulogne-sur-Mer, occupied to the last with his labours on The Portfolio and other writings on art.
In 1896 was published Philip Gilbert Hamerton: an Autobiography, 1834–1858; and a Memoir by his wife, 1858–1894.
Notes
References
Marie Czach (1985). Philip Gilbert Hamerton: Victorian Art Critic, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Autun, Philip Gilbert Hamerton, Préface et postface Coline Béry, illustrations Anne Vanier, Collection Corde Raide 2019.
External links
1834 births
1894 deaths
People from Burnley
People from Shaw and Crompton
People educated at Burnley Grammar School
19th-century British journalists
19th-century English novelists
19th-century English painters
English male painters
British male journalists
English art critics
English art historians
English male novelists
English memoirists
19th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers | [
0.20122256875038147,
0.6301950216293335,
-0.6499136090278625,
-0.5180206298828125,
0.18247391283512115,
0.9134058952331543,
0.6289941072463989,
-0.22564835846424103,
-0.33180686831474304,
-0.28094297647476196,
-0.32801008224487305,
0.025320474058389664,
0.13468468189239502,
0.15849265456199646,
-0.08946318924427032,
0.05738421529531479,
-0.4088355004787445,
0.01486065424978733,
-0.38783422112464905,
0.09998714923858643,
-0.25662755966186523,
-0.5919053554534912,
0.057163167744874954,
-0.64613938331604,
-0.5256240963935852,
-0.5357503890991211,
0.23970778286457062,
-0.4566839337348938,
0.2988317906856537,
-0.5043147206306458,
0.3578389883041382,
0.5837506055831909,
0.4118471145629883,
-0.3844740390777588,
-0.6512234807014465,
-0.0023523082491010427,
-0.7003577947616577,
-0.557977020740509,
-0.32266709208488464,
0.08375728130340576,
-0.5339120626449585,
0.5040555000305176,
0.8078771829605103,
0.1309630125761032,
0.04107925668358803,
-0.18220621347427368,
-2.2022993564605713,
-0.0811740830540657,
-0.6176921129226685,
-0.16652607917785645,
-0.27778369188308716,
-0.045728281140327454,
0.7292042970657349,
0.5804123282432556,
-0.357085257768631,
0.4051070809364319,
-0.35455843806266785,
-0.12849737703800201,
0.2779420018196106,
-0.5612615346908569,
0.6090764403343201,
0.017663145437836647,
0.23419040441513062,
0.18055632710456848,
0.5117672681808472,
0.626747190952301,
-0.45761728286743164,
0.32183465361595154,
-0.01927463337779045,
0.1949482560157776,
0.4943970739841461,
0.24610349535942078,
0.6782103180885315,
0.5030289888381958,
0.11210227757692337,
-0.31072986125946045,
0.046449653804302216,
-0.2430877983570099,
0.006363610737025738,
-0.07659967988729477,
-0.26633140444755554,
-0.02107132598757744,
0.7965617775917053,
0.37838971614837646,
-0.058126047253608704,
0.09266377240419388,
-0.22773389518260956,
0.21086221933364868,
-0.5609233975410461,
0.460289865732193,
-0.07248765975236893,
-0.4884364604949951,
0.12824340164661407,
0.019110282883048058,
0.22883982956409454,
0.11716766655445099,
-0.31622514128685,
0.38123568892478943,
-0.48821157217025757,
-0.16650904715061188,
0.047502536326646805,
0.45108941197395325,
-0.058328695595264435,
0.1482044756412506,
-0.23255415260791779,
-0.10613296926021576,
-0.40238717198371887,
-0.06467672437429428,
0.4572121500968933,
0.49093395471572876,
-0.5117760300636292,
0.23198777437210083,
-0.6287457346916199,
0.15679757297039032,
-0.06119122356176376,
0.005468009039759636,
0.2128496766090393,
-0.6988178491592407,
-0.6837634444236755,
-0.3858256936073303,
-0.11217724531888962,
0.5364702343940735,
0.08921075612306595,
0.15561822056770325,
-0.9258409142494202,
0.09658244252204895,
0.15937413275241852,
0.4691961407661438,
-0.07954994589090347,
0.9139052629470825,
0.2572399079799652,
1.3330295085906982,
-0.04866321384906769,
-0.4914107620716095,
-0.6732550859451294,
-0.2214236557483673,
-0.11849337071180344,
0.0509147085249424,
-0.2541678845882416,
0.6918843388557434,
-0.1654493510723114,
0.13783222436904907,
-0.33174148201942444,
0.22032806277275085,
0.2816329896450043,
-0.31238582730293274,
0.2778649926185608,
-0.1448017805814743,
-0.5690546631813049,
-0.18066087365150452,
-0.318619042634964,
0.06746640056371689,
0.06214115768671036,
0.048055797815322876,
-0.13025996088981628,
0.6688117980957031,
0.5113049745559692,
0.22381870448589325,
0.428171306848526,
-0.1512145698070526,
0.07601248472929001,
-0.23949682712554932,
0.13151733577251434,
0.15185649693012238,
0.5641494989395142,
-0.06492894142866135,
0.24932192265987396,
0.06717377156019211,
-0.014443138614296913,
-0.21996630728244781,
-0.5076694488525391,
-0.17629700899124146,
0.6816555261611938,
-0.03924204781651497,
0.005582707934081554,
0.2645256221294403,
0.18820388615131378,
0.4553835093975067,
0.6216506361961365,
-0.46136346459388733,
-1.1415607929229736,
-0.03414162993431091,
0.20734333992004395,
0.12662002444267273,
0.4879959523677826,
0.021012689918279648,
0.7341398596763611,
0.23146526515483856,
0.34448572993278503,
-0.3580407202243805,
-0.20906667411327362,
-0.7260199785232544,
-0.009029221720993519,
-0.5110883116722107,
0.8258398175239563,
0.930996835231781,
-0.4824037551879883,
0.4849718511104584,
0.3244708478450775,
0.7574440836906433,
0.1980268359184265,
-0.09319256246089935,
-0.3779227137565613,
-0.41916564106941223,
0.4548396170139313,
0.2266925871372223,
0.5303925275802612,
0.10967882722616196,
0.08548380434513092,
0.4638938009738922,
0.2909478545188904,
-0.406782865524292,
0.41093385219573975,
1.186929702758789,
-0.36746013164520264,
-0.8838152289390564,
-0.39743727445602417,
-0.01973949931561947,
0.5324557423591614,
-0.5559385418891907,
0.29902130365371704,
0.4166063070297241,
-0.19171762466430664,
1.0928032398223877,
0.4162774085998535,
0.9261870384216309,
-0.08801868557929993,
0.02941354736685753,
-0.18223950266838074,
-0.48979276418685913,
-0.25528234243392944,
0.7494880557060242,
0.5456934571266174,
-0.5118545889854431,
0.29730966687202454,
0.027168486267328262,
0.2678349018096924,
-0.6422702670097351,
0.6727556586265564,
-0.5858451128005981,
0.279374361038208,
0.26326462626457214,
-0.17180418968200684,
0.5998398065567017,
0.39177843928337097,
0.7126080989837646,
0.07931037992238998,
-0.0612325593829155,
-0.17367993295192719,
0.17147816717624664,
0.5828793048858643,
0.42170584201812744,
-0.20730316638946533,
0.09779307246208191,
-0.5737446546554565,
-0.39521124958992004,
0.49822142720222473,
-0.48934778571128845,
0.6909447312355042,
0.32191070914268494,
0.25012630224227905,
0.44084733724594116,
-0.02780303731560707,
0.4207240641117096,
0.001042188610881567,
-0.8805388808250427,
0.30740901827812195,
-0.6042453050613403,
0.5997793078422546,
-0.16736453771591187,
0.5788893103599548,
-0.06256099045276642,
-0.3162824809551239,
0.8297595977783203,
0.1042487844824791,
0.16918742656707764,
-0.006163684651255608,
-0.06956209987401962,
-0.20241250097751617,
-0.6217856407165527,
-0.025836940854787827,
1.09837806224823,
-0.07703735679388046,
0.09570393711328506,
-0.14749504625797272,
-0.16864562034606934,
-0.22412532567977905,
-0.3584156334400177,
0.12473882734775543,
-0.39808329939842224,
-0.10084980726242065,
1.3199349641799927,
-0.5964222550392151,
0.140252947807312,
-0.7807576656341553,
0.3384106457233429,
-1.0241293907165527,
-0.9730444550514221,
-0.29897332191467285,
-0.17907848954200745,
-0.7312294244766235,
0.0388915129005909,
0.19970737397670746,
0.4939127564430237,
0.35846444964408875,
0.3235415816307068,
-0.45628780126571655,
-0.31440120935440063,
-5.096939563751221,
-0.032164692878723145,
0.18358498811721802,
-0.18801452219486237,
-0.23852747678756714,
0.24581530690193176,
0.08376677334308624,
-0.23426108062267303,
0.08661741763353348,
-0.4976845979690552,
0.5510317087173462,
-0.32785603404045105,
-0.22893622517585754,
0.8770275115966797,
1.0379687547683716,
0.6241931915283203,
0.3917475938796997,
0.3664274215698242,
0.02260967344045639,
0.3927687704563141,
-0.25448083877563477,
-0.005468397866934538,
0.32086145877838135,
0.46829953789711,
0.4711410403251648,
0.3496272563934326,
-0.38746723532676697,
-0.24596615135669708,
-0.3326493799686432,
-0.26942723989486694,
0.6078000068664551,
0.029155287891626358,
-0.4701037108898163,
-0.17076662182807922,
0.18788418173789978,
0.129087895154953,
0.062079913914203644,
0.8786416053771973,
-0.3378315269947052,
-0.02027353271842003,
0.09724337607622147,
0.16888484358787537,
-0.7991165518760681,
0.3594391942024231,
-0.11402222514152527,
-0.32824888825416565,
-0.7472435832023621,
0.2719501554965973,
-0.13469825685024261,
0.46539193391799927,
0.4623941481113434,
0.4447857141494751,
0.09515268355607986,
-0.05851706117391586,
-0.8147501945495605,
0.18395568430423737,
0.15226183831691742,
-0.13520000874996185,
-0.9425193667411804,
0.20374473929405212,
0.0761217549443245,
-0.6624692678451538,
0.04761335626244545,
0.21257340908050537,
0.013348612003028393,
-0.22075465321540833,
0.09593291580677032,
-0.07534358650445938,
0.19575656950473785,
-0.7811399698257446,
-0.45638296008110046,
1.038221836090088,
0.08560457825660706,
-1.0434074401855469,
-0.18497708439826965,
-0.2289579212665558,
0.6093263626098633,
-0.407448947429657,
-0.4100114405155182,
-0.14533457159996033,
0.12631680071353912,
-1.182279348373413,
0.04842058941721916,
0.951462984085083,
0.615079939365387,
-0.14930006861686707,
-0.3915526866912842,
0.3850902020931244,
-0.5953758358955383,
-0.4777594804763794,
0.015041804872453213,
0.2306744009256363,
-0.1121848076581955,
0.34839147329330444,
0.2478984296321869,
0.21875403821468353,
0.5998817682266235,
-0.04206304997205734,
0.44580644369125366,
0.26983416080474854,
-0.49499452114105225,
-0.3322485685348511,
-0.26792967319488525,
0.027044422924518585,
-0.16489452123641968,
-0.4190467298030853,
-0.3844285011291504,
0.1947190910577774,
0.8649770021438599,
0.07523313909769058,
0.35079023241996765,
0.12169932574033737,
-0.5184190273284912,
0.4250279664993286,
-0.1587785929441452,
-0.2835407257080078,
0.17431429028511047,
0.38888317346572876,
0.5374332070350647,
0.15274076163768768,
-0.2485760897397995,
0.36568012833595276,
-0.10890945047140121,
0.04661479592323303,
0.06485824286937714,
0.11917760223150253,
0.2567066252231598,
-0.7631518840789795,
-0.8515137434005737,
0.008388555608689785,
-0.013067961670458317,
0.7367042303085327,
-0.38204243779182434,
0.033726971596479416,
-0.003401770256459713,
-0.06925109028816223,
-0.9700050354003906,
-0.12277570366859436,
-0.23621445894241333,
0.12629199028015137,
0.2967771291732788,
-0.0405132956802845,
-0.10590074211359024,
0.44126540422439575,
0.19961398839950562,
-0.4447707235813141,
-0.15623269975185394,
-0.3918488025665283,
-0.4182277321815491,
0.35356929898262024,
-0.37550467252731323,
0.2806946039199829,
0.16179868578910828,
-0.25104692578315735,
0.08367232978343964,
-0.2345898151397705,
-0.8494060635566711,
0.14980173110961914,
-0.41030818223953247,
-0.3559868633747101,
-0.5461897253990173,
0.1626020073890686,
-1.1142998933792114,
-0.1551794409751892,
-0.20819246768951416,
-0.3141111433506012,
-0.2775663137435913,
-0.18020552396774292,
-0.008661632426083088,
0.09663864225149155,
0.008187456987798214,
-0.7321096658706665,
0.15176668763160706,
-0.2840745747089386,
0.23654024302959442,
-0.2233627587556839,
0.11711573600769043,
-0.17384043335914612,
-0.07338336855173111,
0.0547298938035965,
-0.3878447413444519,
0.2367250919342041,
-0.8890529870986938,
-0.33161619305610657,
0.6457085609436035,
-0.0892784595489502,
-0.5941417813301086,
-0.5763975977897644,
-0.020357515662908554,
-0.27280378341674805,
0.2827487289905548,
-0.14453822374343872,
0.32715463638305664,
1.3700851202011108,
-0.3242532014846802,
-0.2529560923576355,
0.17548948526382446,
0.07777345925569534,
0.1724337339401245,
-0.8121715784072876,
0.1604701280593872,
-0.3101227879524231,
-0.2726319432258606,
-0.051937494426965714,
-0.34847232699394226,
-1.5665541887283325,
0.04707697033882141,
-0.014965090900659561,
-0.6659591197967529,
0.924045979976654,
-0.3550853729248047,
-0.31876957416534424,
-0.28890010714530945,
0.34268391132354736,
-0.39483824372291565,
0.25318095088005066,
0.16399618983268738,
0.07660101354122162,
-0.15721505880355835,
-0.41553255915641785,
-0.5665987133979797,
-0.1004348024725914,
-0.6102411150932312,
-0.09280312806367874,
-0.24543419480323792,
-0.05236669257283211,
0.478323757648468,
0.059982627630233765,
0.3887600600719452,
-0.3528860807418823,
-0.006755610927939415,
-0.05071116238832474,
-0.4420512914657593,
0.766688346862793,
0.061687566339969635,
0.28812530636787415,
0.13413582742214203,
0.007562064100056887,
-0.0032380102202296257,
-0.11537663638591766,
0.42257440090179443,
1.0245106220245361,
0.6513292193412781,
0.259844571352005,
-0.19752711057662964,
0.10364077985286713,
0.38162052631378174,
-0.20502682030200958,
-0.17212294042110443,
0.24799542129039764,
0.13492046296596527,
-0.493240624666214,
-0.11188583076000214,
-0.5330721139907837,
0.864484965801239,
-0.47795477509498596,
0.27160370349884033,
0.4388085901737213,
0.15280672907829285,
0.3367232084274292,
0.20851781964302063,
0.2719329297542572,
0.45313021540641785,
-0.07539846748113632,
0.12971153855323792,
0.10456052422523499,
-0.07678071409463882,
-0.037160102277994156,
0.36405760049819946,
-0.18428897857666016,
-0.6328611373901367,
-0.33749887347221375,
-0.5410539507865906,
0.4341273605823517,
0.08689139783382416,
-0.09312402456998825,
0.07957099378108978,
-1.2754430770874023,
0.5813571810722351,
-0.33269283175468445,
-0.972955048084259,
-0.3230043053627014,
0.22373411059379578,
-0.9299181699752808,
-0.6039292216300964,
-0.4559648334980011,
0.05831601843237877,
-0.4378064274787903,
-0.4463023245334625,
-0.4603176712989807,
-0.6762077212333679,
0.06131334602832794,
0.4715724587440491,
-0.08063909411430359,
0.05581614375114441,
0.7754894495010376,
-0.3736059367656708,
0.6293478012084961,
-0.4780265688896179,
-0.5222105383872986,
-0.40553945302963257,
0.7568269371986389,
0.2480088323354721,
0.05852843075990677,
0.7483330965042114,
0.2527015209197998,
-0.423045814037323,
-0.08615079522132874,
-0.403016597032547,
0.11884763836860657,
0.22900192439556122,
-0.0017515895888209343,
-0.09268996864557266,
0.42264336347579956,
-0.7616341710090637,
-0.5117713809013367,
0.4379456341266632,
-1.063124179840088,
-0.17664958536624908,
0.08371596038341522,
0.15193499624729156,
-0.11789695173501968,
0.5359047651290894,
-0.46598169207572937,
-0.6199886202812195,
0.20113934576511383,
0.2762638330459595,
0.40854382514953613,
-0.16751599311828613,
0.608525276184082,
0.14470748603343964,
-0.5468734502792358,
-0.45869895815849304,
0.7785292863845825,
0.10051529854536057,
-0.11727643758058548,
0.05078796669840813,
-0.35452041029930115,
-0.1792222410440445,
0.024667609483003616,
-0.22467336058616638,
1.0438205003738403,
-0.10760591924190521,
-0.2417823076248169,
-0.23948116600513458,
-0.04264620691537857,
-0.03935229778289795,
0.028665104880928993,
-0.4532743990421295,
0.12418738007545471,
0.8651735782623291,
0.7322235107421875,
0.2609536051750183,
-0.2248101532459259,
0.28481635451316833,
-0.07895287871360779,
0.7747520804405212,
-0.02708054706454277,
-0.6166514158248901,
0.5098870396614075,
0.2860190272331238,
-0.13402165472507477,
0.6354246735572815,
-0.4059850871562958,
-0.6791809797286987,
-0.5187010765075684,
0.16937334835529327,
-0.20491233468055725,
-0.3356269896030426,
0.7060492038726807,
0.21599169075489044,
-0.49318644404411316,
0.35093992948532104,
0.7145000100135803,
0.5502941608428955,
0.4946269690990448,
0.6932564973831177,
0.43316736817359924,
-0.019018692895770073,
-0.06572986394166946,
-0.9511173963546753,
0.22962428629398346,
-0.026204539462924004,
-0.16805589199066162,
0.2331605851650238,
-0.6480492949485779,
-0.3575330674648285,
0.6386206746101379,
-0.4623158276081085,
-1.0242109298706055,
0.16627752780914307,
0.2092745453119278,
0.07739436626434326,
0.478954941034317,
-1.026442527770996,
0.1837860494852066,
-0.3357224762439728,
1.2521352767944336,
0.20876087248325348,
-1.2520532608032227,
-0.2864565849304199,
0.5729582905769348,
-0.14526806771755219,
-0.13118667900562286,
-0.37621408700942993,
0.32204827666282654,
-0.351554811000824,
0.7596805691719055,
-1.230268120765686,
0.42999517917633057,
-0.4532020390033722,
0.04517975449562073,
-0.41838324069976807,
0.28164878487586975,
-0.5288822650909424,
-0.1402052491903305,
0.46365591883659363,
0.16560186445713043,
0.017548006027936935,
-0.11057978868484497,
0.5809703469276428,
-0.22968702018260956,
-0.00039916689274832606,
-0.41606563329696655,
-0.08564866334199905,
-0.03103596530854702,
0.11247266083955765,
0.009349270723760128,
-0.12324804812669754,
0.5855515003204346,
-0.014315351843833923,
0.13671961426734924,
-1.0080654621124268,
-0.2340366393327713,
-0.4654178023338318,
-0.7711908221244812,
0.26870545744895935,
0.812112033367157,
0.515974223613739,
-0.70625239610672,
0.7334299683570862,
0.20159181952476501,
-0.13071493804454803,
-0.18176734447479248,
0.2428114414215088,
0.3410628139972687,
0.05472498759627342,
-0.062472108751535416,
-0.0065519921481609344,
0.700375497341156,
0.4176448583602905,
0.11609570682048798,
0.32246118783950806,
-0.804936945438385,
0.4215172231197357,
-0.21827463805675507,
0.25275272130966187,
-0.2138931006193161,
0.5810341835021973,
-0.2394016534090042
] |
224135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetzcoco%20%28altepetl%29 | Tetzcoco (altepetl) | Tetzcoco (Classical Nahuatl: Tetzco(h)co ) was a major Acolhua altepetl (city-state) in the central Mexican plateau region of Mesoamerica during the Late Postclassic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. It was situated on the eastern bank of Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico, to the northeast of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. The site of pre-Columbian Tetzcoco is now subsumed by the modern Mexican municipio of Texcoco and its major settlement, the city formally known as Texcoco de Mora. It also lies within the greater metropolitan area of Mexico City.
Pre-Columbian Tetzcoco is most noted for its membership in the Aztec Triple Alliance. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, it was one of the largest and most prestigious cities in central Mexico, second only to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. A survey of Mesoamerican cities estimated that pre-conquest Tetzcoco had a population of 24,000+ and occupied an area of 450 hectares.
The people of Tetzcohco were called Tetzcocatl (singular) or Tetzcocah (plural).
History
Tetzcoco was founded in the 12th century, on the eastern shore of Lake Texcoco, probably by the Chichimecs. In or about 1337, the Acolhua, with Tepanec help, expelled Chichimecs from Tetzcoco and Tetzcoco became the Acolhua capital city, taking over that role from Coatlinchan.
In 1418, Ixtlilxochitl I, the tlatoani (ruler) of Tetzcoco, was dethroned by Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco. Ten years later, in 1428, Ixtlilxochitl's son, Nezahualcoyotl allied<ref name=Miguel>León-Portilla, M. 1992, 'The Broken Spears: The Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Beacon Press, </ref> with the Mexica to defeat Tezozomoc's son and successor, Maxtla. Tetzcoco and the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan, with the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, subsequently formalized their association as the Triple Alliance. However this was an uneven alliance as Tlacopan entered the battle against Azcapotzalco late. Tetzcoco thereby became the second-most important city in the eventual Aztec empire, by agreement receiving two-fifths of the tribute collected while Tlacopan received one-fifth.
Tetzcoco was known as a center of learning within the empire, and had a famed library including books from older Mesoamerican civilizations.
Palace, gardens and canal system
Erected by the hill of Tetzcotzingo, the royal residence had aqueducts, baths, gardens, stairways and over 300 separate chambers.
The palace gardens were a vast botanical collection that included plants from not only the growing Aztec Empire but also the most remote corners of Mesoamerica. Remnants of the gardens still exist to this day and have recently been studied by a team of Discovery Channel scientists, who were able to demonstrate by means of modeling and computer simulation that the layout of the site had been carefully planned to be in alignment with astronomical events, with an emphasis on Venus, and not simply aligned with the cardinal directions as previously assumed.
The water used to irrigate the gardens was obtained from the springs beyond the mountains to the east of Tetzcoco. The water was channeled through canals carved into the rock. In certain areas, rock staircases were used as waterfalls. After clearing the mountains, the canals continued downhill to a point a short distance from Tetzcotzingo. There the path to the city was blocked a deep canyon that ran from north to south. Nezahualcoyotl ordered that the gap be filled with tons of rocks and stones, thus creating one of the major aqueducts in the New World.
Sacred hill
The whole hill of Tetzcotzingo was also served by this canal system and converted by his designers into a sacred place for the rain god Tláloc, complete with waterfalls, exotic animals and birds.
On the summit of the mountain he constructed a shrine to the god, laid out in hanging gardens reached by an airy flight of five hundred and twenty marble steps, a significant number, since according to Aztec mythology the gods have the opportunity to destroy humanity once every 52 years.
Rulers of Tetzcoco
Xolotl was said to be the founder of Tetzcoco in 1115 AD and reigned until 1232. He was followed by Nopaltzin (1232–1263), Tlotzin (1263–1298), Quinatzin (1298–1357), Techotlalazin (1357–1409), Ixlilxochitl (1409–1418), Nezahualcoyotl (1420–1472), Nezahualpilli (1472–1516), Cacama (1517–1519), Coanchochtzin (1520–1521), and Don Fernando Ixtlilxochitl (1521–1531).
Nezahualcoyotl (1403–1473) was a noted poet, philosopher, and patron of the arts. He also had a large botanical and zoological garden, with specimens of plants and animals from throughout the empire and from the more distant lands with which the Empire traded.
Nezahualcoyotl's son Nezahualpilli (1464–1515) continued the tradition of patronizing the arts.
In 1520 the troops of Hernán Cortés occupied the city and killed Cacamatzin, Nezahualpilli's son and the last independent tlatoani, installing Ixtlilxochitl II as a puppet ruler. Cortés made Tetzcoco his base and employed Tetzcocan warriors in the Siege of Tenochtitlan.
After the fall of Tenochtitlan, Spanish authorities continued to recognize the importance of Tetzcoco as a Spanish altepetl, designating it as one of four urban centers in the Valley of Mexico as a ciudad, "city," rebranding it "Texcoco." The Tetzcoca royal family continued to rule, handling succession to the throne in accordance with the traditional Aztec patterns of legitimacy. In this unique passage of kingship, cohorts of brothers inherited the right to rule, then sons of the next cohort, with claims to inheritance revolving around consanguinean ties to Mexica royalty from Tenochtitlan.
Alva Ixtlilxochitl, the immediate Tetzcoca heir after the Spanish-Aztec War, presided over colonial Texcoco as governor until his death in approximately 1550. Restall describes the political situation of Texcoco in the coming decades as follows:"when Ixtlilxochitl died, he was succeeded by three of his brothers, don Jorge Yoyontzin (to 1533), don Pedro Tetlahuehuetzquititzin (to 1539), and don Antonio Pimentel Tlahuitolzin (to 1545); the latter's nephew (and a son of Coanacoch), don Hernando Pimentel Nezahualcoyotzin, would then rule as tlahtoani [king] and gobernador [governor] for two decades. Ixtlilxochitl's postwar rule thus ushered in a return of governmental stability, with the succession dispute and lethal warfare and lethal warfare of 1515-1521 a relatively short disruption to the otherwise calm dynastic century and a half from Nezahualcoyot through his great-grandson Pimentel. The dynasty would lose control of the city's top political office after that, but would persist as a landed aristocracy for centuries. Tetzcoco's decline as a regional power would likewise be very gradual, beginning at the end of the sixteenth century."Concurrent with these politics was a mass outbreak of smallpox which ravaged Texcoco in the few months after the Spanish-Aztec War. This outbreak both shortened the tenures of Texcoco's last tlahtoanis and sent the city's population into freefall.
Subsequent history
From 1827 to 1830, Texcoco served as the capital of the State of Mexico.
Footnotes
References
Hicks, Frederic (1982) Tetzcoco in the Early 16th Century: The State, the City and the Calpolli. American Ethnologist 9:230-249.
Lee, Jongsoo & Galen Brokaw (eds.) Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives.'' Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado 2014
Offner, Jerome A. (1983) Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Smith, Michael E. (2008) Aztec City-State Capitals. University Press of Florida, Gainesville (in press).
External links
Government site, with historic and tourist information
Altepetl
Aztec sites
Former populated places in Mexico
Texcoco, State of Mexico
Valley of Mexico
Populated places established in the 12th century
12th-century establishments in Mexico
1521 disestablishments in Mexico
Aztec Empire | [
-0.5660814642906189,
0.40564432740211487,
-0.45040878653526306,
0.19743162393569946,
-0.7930470705032349,
0.3586671054363251,
0.16550569236278534,
1.5062189102172852,
0.04296360909938812,
-0.13783229887485504,
0.24311959743499756,
0.08463462442159653,
0.47555574774742126,
0.4393291473388672,
-0.7382842302322388,
0.12571750581264496,
0.9263953566551208,
1.0064727067947388,
-0.01577610895037651,
0.20840872824192047,
0.30284231901168823,
-0.7060714364051819,
0.007616671733558178,
0.4416385591030121,
0.25606998801231384,
-0.2575216293334961,
-0.358294814825058,
-0.49288907647132874,
0.2923184037208557,
0.08460023254156113,
0.22452226281166077,
0.30996018648147583,
0.039437003433704376,
-0.7396965622901917,
-0.2438087910413742,
0.6330549120903015,
-0.14553773403167725,
-0.49909165501594543,
0.035623230040073395,
-0.7216531038284302,
-0.15950825810432434,
0.05329681560397148,
0.1305231899023056,
0.7382245659828186,
-0.4285377562046051,
-0.07281942665576935,
-1.12482750415802,
0.04995478317141533,
-1.2143384218215942,
-0.495644211769104,
-1.2877362966537476,
0.18595373630523682,
-0.27750515937805176,
0.24614839255809784,
0.3774035573005676,
0.8951759338378906,
-1.3681031465530396,
-0.49704763293266296,
0.03165491670370102,
0.6647657155990601,
0.41595596075057983,
0.6987280249595642,
0.10183093696832657,
-0.2509283423423767,
-0.5917261838912964,
-0.32799187302589417,
0.27107536792755127,
0.4542657434940338,
-0.06935514509677887,
-0.15767566859722137,
-0.35972726345062256,
0.5680461525917053,
-0.16890685260295868,
-0.4436957836151123,
0.12496941536664963,
-0.37190207839012146,
-0.5130621790885925,
-0.1415487378835678,
0.14030863344669342,
0.10736106336116791,
-0.722636342048645,
0.2756175398826599,
1.2914308309555054,
-0.4694570004940033,
0.819187581539154,
0.7334849834442139,
-0.4721560776233673,
-0.20135585963726044,
-0.1547236293554306,
0.23513178527355194,
-0.9837530851364136,
-0.06397555023431778,
0.050861552357673645,
0.16250506043434143,
-0.6453812122344971,
-0.09246380627155304,
-0.1376349776983261,
-0.3191942274570465,
-0.3660494387149811,
0.6210110187530518,
0.11367054283618927,
0.18021462857723236,
0.43211278319358826,
0.1805163472890854,
-0.7683855295181274,
-0.012832475826144218,
-0.40371209383010864,
0.38854506611824036,
-0.06641513109207153,
-1.141606330871582,
0.09232021868228912,
-0.13816024363040924,
0.38512250781059265,
0.5062243938446045,
0.2080800086259842,
-0.011652263812720776,
0.5215950012207031,
-0.16556549072265625,
0.21464598178863525,
-0.5565229058265686,
-1.0239073038101196,
0.704951822757721,
-0.11755850166082382,
0.10054441541433334,
-0.32394298911094666,
0.6680083274841309,
0.5174567103385925,
-0.15936227142810822,
-0.4149489402770996,
-0.2198023945093155,
-0.09119074046611786,
0.6160548329353333,
0.4207703769207001,
-0.3837655186653137,
0.8851369619369507,
-1.0086736679077148,
-0.13472288846969604,
0.23589810729026794,
0.17542080581188202,
0.34654614329338074,
-0.7432442307472229,
-0.5500556230545044,
-0.08818719536066055,
0.4488506019115448,
0.26925548911094666,
0.13658714294433594,
-0.035750407725572586,
-0.5034881830215454,
0.04996281489729881,
-0.1443072408437729,
0.017478641122579575,
-0.6549346446990967,
0.11912722885608673,
0.24558860063552856,
-0.049917858093976974,
0.0006458571297116578,
-0.3642841577529907,
0.4645731747150421,
0.32557371258735657,
0.01254341471940279,
-0.08087717741727829,
0.03460372984409332,
0.1787739098072052,
-0.3493692874908447,
0.08318805694580078,
-0.36048227548599243,
0.0344201922416687,
0.4316796660423279,
-0.23298092186450958,
0.7499950528144836,
-0.49934178590774536,
0.007296623662114143,
-0.13780994713306427,
-0.6049191951751709,
-0.4728960394859314,
-0.362458199262619,
0.6173101663589478,
0.28929761052131653,
-0.6440103054046631,
0.3981756567955017,
-0.7691296339035034,
1.1343309879302979,
-0.05759017914533615,
-0.5483869314193726,
-0.593424379825592,
0.26684364676475525,
0.26280829310417175,
0.19297713041305542,
-0.331058531999588,
-0.11736863106489182,
0.05901603400707245,
0.4341629147529602,
-0.11202190071344376,
-0.2472151517868042,
0.9124261140823364,
0.5371511578559875,
-0.41612789034843445,
0.030478084459900856,
-0.2526944875717163,
0.6017951369285583,
-0.44986552000045776,
0.03715720400214195,
0.9877037405967712,
-0.22320477664470673,
-0.1834687441587448,
-0.2645598351955414,
-0.2245113104581833,
-0.06782442331314087,
0.5789999961853027,
0.8757774829864502,
0.12368796020746231,
0.31240150332450867,
-0.10457359254360199,
0.7768113017082214,
-0.6961492300033569,
-0.4921450614929199,
-0.12859435379505157,
0.5545931458473206,
0.22593644261360168,
-0.7838517427444458,
0.502446711063385,
-0.2525935769081116,
-0.13940785825252533,
0.3483964800834656,
-0.017191816121339798,
0.3263202905654907,
0.306416779756546,
-0.13096089661121368,
0.9431982040405273,
0.06398150324821472,
0.3622155785560608,
-0.04433972015976906,
0.5506477355957031,
-0.618436336517334,
0.24147455394268036,
-0.33233827352523804,
-0.37439465522766113,
-0.13936948776245117,
-0.04094855487346649,
-0.47142910957336426,
0.17650754749774933,
-0.30809155106544495,
-0.8199905157089233,
0.3580590486526489,
0.2824651598930359,
0.43003153800964355,
-0.08746964484453201,
-0.13521981239318848,
-0.7093070149421692,
-0.031076498329639435,
-0.13528737425804138,
0.38827359676361084,
-0.26167747378349304,
-0.5237331986427307,
0.09695740789175034,
-0.0697295293211937,
-0.2080298215150833,
-0.48487627506256104,
0.11545531451702118,
-0.032036181539297104,
0.40908074378967285,
0.4711132049560547,
-0.07828010618686676,
0.6047975420951843,
-0.15951398015022278,
-1.454078197479248,
-0.24182967841625214,
-0.46447110176086426,
-0.2915750741958618,
-0.2062215805053711,
0.29723042249679565,
-0.3027554750442505,
0.43013718724250793,
-0.9945412278175354,
0.3572571277618408,
-0.4685852825641632,
-0.3915615677833557,
0.24602928757667542,
-0.8005509376525879,
0.022502882406115532,
0.15282998979091644,
1.0511060953140259,
-0.15294024348258972,
-0.312041699886322,
0.2274838536977768,
-0.41890379786491394,
0.18331754207611084,
-0.656421422958374,
-0.06730828434228897,
-0.5058262348175049,
0.4637323319911957,
-0.07673702389001846,
-0.6354632377624512,
-0.12989205121994019,
-0.18571589887142181,
0.20292878150939941,
-0.21319599449634552,
-0.01014202181249857,
0.7503169775009155,
-0.8681727051734924,
-0.771968424320221,
0.7577786445617676,
0.0995941162109375,
0.5450690388679504,
-0.306904137134552,
-0.316389262676239,
-0.024002306163311005,
0.026385556906461716,
-4.9987711906433105,
0.37358954548835754,
-0.06130359694361687,
-0.7144567370414734,
0.5085346698760986,
0.054915640503168106,
0.682208776473999,
0.4687817692756653,
0.4313596785068512,
-0.24174197018146515,
0.26505574584007263,
0.25399529933929443,
-0.5543858408927917,
0.4409230053424835,
0.6150722503662109,
0.8608179092407227,
0.20005133748054504,
0.282278835773468,
-0.5438855290412903,
-0.4654265344142914,
-0.004222352989017963,
-0.3578551411628723,
0.09354472905397415,
0.9489248991012573,
0.18567204475402832,
-0.01119906548410654,
-0.745627224445343,
-0.4441317915916443,
-0.8947609066963196,
-0.1709371954202652,
-0.4047567546367645,
0.7003490924835205,
-0.050086457282304764,
0.21884043514728546,
-0.7933574914932251,
0.5614140033721924,
1.012466549873352,
0.7782486081123352,
-0.25337734818458557,
-0.6811122894287109,
-0.23358769714832306,
0.19772237539291382,
-0.236392542719841,
-0.40532830357551575,
0.8384615778923035,
0.13850624859333038,
-0.13657309114933014,
-0.21335195004940033,
-0.09567999094724655,
0.5785079598426819,
0.09279406070709229,
-0.31458380818367004,
0.40894827246665955,
-0.2691008448600769,
0.3464146554470062,
-0.4370431900024414,
0.32423704862594604,
0.2808065414428711,
-0.6352048516273499,
0.9678623080253601,
-0.1547970175743103,
-0.1730281561613083,
0.007760385051369667,
-0.895703911781311,
0.14041049778461456,
-0.15511757135391235,
0.29905086755752563,
0.004308654926717281,
0.5598299503326416,
-0.054655563086271286,
-0.13900946080684662,
0.769311785697937,
-0.7827221751213074,
-0.6875189542770386,
0.16410277783870697,
-0.6056118011474609,
-0.23882165551185608,
0.3310527503490448,
-0.2973085939884186,
0.7572174072265625,
0.28029364347457886,
0.3222711682319641,
0.2864921987056732,
0.13669437170028687,
0.00192507344763726,
0.3937230706214905,
0.07471618056297302,
0.09453018009662628,
-0.032187361270189285,
0.24437980353832245,
0.6739516854286194,
0.06211695447564125,
0.31403884291648865,
0.04094584286212921,
-0.5172088742256165,
-0.606865644454956,
-0.12521560490131378,
-0.5155380368232727,
-0.25470754504203796,
-0.46487879753112793,
0.47615498304367065,
-0.15341061353683472,
0.1911829710006714,
0.22053411602973938,
-0.6427429914474487,
-0.28966087102890015,
-0.2789638638496399,
0.043620117008686066,
0.4814848005771637,
-0.37445268034935,
0.2230449765920639,
0.33188140392303467,
-0.36319008469581604,
-0.4886268377304077,
0.20323392748832703,
-0.13655249774456024,
-0.5018123984336853,
-0.22617322206497192,
0.8483899235725403,
-0.05178571864962578,
0.2768082618713379,
0.5514498353004456,
-0.30993494391441345,
-0.24631023406982422,
-0.16623634099960327,
-0.18589402735233307,
0.377856582403183,
0.5800690054893494,
0.15078888833522797,
0.08907932043075562,
-0.7205172777175903,
-0.4530006945133209,
0.15780186653137207,
0.4009227752685547,
-0.03996385261416435,
0.09973388910293579,
-0.4821256101131439,
-0.9630699753761292,
0.06951567530632019,
-0.023966817185282707,
0.17915381491184235,
-0.499480664730072,
-0.40044376254081726,
0.39668455719947815,
0.8589216470718384,
0.49438801407814026,
-0.05636858940124512,
-0.8913043737411499,
-0.896045982837677,
0.41275137662887573,
0.3067959249019623,
-0.055957600474357605,
-0.6794281005859375,
0.11776904761791229,
-0.09104691445827484,
-0.3332081139087677,
0.5088679790496826,
0.28320834040641785,
0.13253551721572876,
0.42545220255851746,
0.014408517628908157,
-0.32476338744163513,
-0.6781341433525085,
0.7111352682113647,
0.6236279606819153,
-0.33545786142349243,
-0.7360197305679321,
-0.34639906883239746,
-0.2708469033241272,
0.5167944431304932,
0.0479438453912735,
-0.6152539849281311,
-0.5043057799339294,
-0.04618395119905472,
1.1838377714157104,
-0.9339358806610107,
0.573371410369873,
0.24723054468631744,
-0.0735183134675026,
0.008671177551150322,
0.3270569145679474,
-0.37979575991630554,
0.09523889422416687,
-0.24540762603282928,
-0.11717799305915833,
-0.3739607036113739,
-0.8022046685218811,
-0.18714356422424316,
-0.09681634604930878,
0.2124537229537964,
0.4907912015914917,
-0.18310269713401794,
-0.603364109992981,
0.5459920763969421,
-0.710523247718811,
-0.3789506256580353,
-0.0930183157324791,
-0.4065534770488739,
0.4350242018699646,
-0.1572081446647644,
0.45095887780189514,
0.5012404918670654,
-0.01914363168179989,
0.764944314956665,
-0.1040247231721878,
-0.710925281047821,
0.19959677755832672,
0.17348600924015045,
-0.8310832381248474,
0.28663358092308044,
-0.22436340153217316,
-0.7475310564041138,
0.1506563127040863,
0.7637532949447632,
0.5441792011260986,
-0.29865556955337524,
0.36554279923439026,
0.2452288269996643,
-0.061197225004434586,
-0.03315851092338562,
0.33692556619644165,
0.17520661652088165,
0.39321768283843994,
0.16826824843883514,
-0.07973691076040268,
1.1274536848068237,
-0.0005998913547955453,
-0.17940501868724823,
0.4625522792339325,
-0.6249472498893738,
0.4585675597190857,
0.0037507100496441126,
-0.027147747576236725,
0.07988940179347992,
0.35223615169525146,
-0.10999935120344162,
-0.020308244973421097,
0.023962246254086494,
-0.07955139875411987,
-0.2868500351905823,
0.047091882675886154,
0.44759073853492737,
0.8237027525901794,
-0.10988622903823853,
-0.4743492603302002,
0.28262215852737427,
0.01246437057852745,
0.0316794291138649,
-0.38178086280822754,
-0.2860260605812073,
-0.3952893018722534,
-1.0004175901412964,
-0.5136875510215759,
-0.4623027443885803,
0.5397849678993225,
-0.11284579336643219,
-0.09258247166872025,
0.45048123598098755,
0.33129650354385376,
0.1246301531791687,
-0.1286003440618515,
-0.35991427302360535,
-0.19801190495491028,
0.2214760184288025,
0.14378969371318817,
0.28017497062683105,
0.11939901858568192,
-0.07811267673969269,
0.6960073113441467,
-0.7989160418510437,
0.031892355531454086,
-0.5112085938453674,
-0.2884748876094818,
0.14217181503772736,
0.6245198845863342,
0.07170428335666656,
-0.03340902179479599,
-0.23840996623039246,
0.13383109867572784,
-0.10716745257377625,
-0.6758706569671631,
-0.6202259659767151,
0.13241907954216003,
0.7248324155807495,
0.39825260639190674,
-0.5099751949310303,
-0.5116931200027466,
-0.3622058033943176,
-0.5195484757423401,
-0.30034518241882324,
-0.7822988033294678,
0.6737277507781982,
0.37180471420288086,
0.22100383043289185,
0.5492199659347534,
0.17312373220920563,
0.11235519498586655,
0.8031083941459656,
0.28972575068473816,
0.659525454044342,
-0.7700933218002319,
0.43712180852890015,
0.2505497634410858,
-0.01979834772646427,
-0.026358477771282196,
0.07278416305780411,
0.25502362847328186,
0.2555786967277527,
-0.303879976272583,
0.023637160658836365,
-0.35710206627845764,
0.33144181966781616,
0.029073340818285942,
0.590717077255249,
-0.8100317716598511,
0.059734031558036804,
0.2788013517856598,
-0.48403358459472656,
0.003398873843252659,
0.3132116198539734,
0.11972257494926453,
-0.026497269049286842,
0.7724096775054932,
0.5065101385116577,
0.7067926526069641,
0.8419885635375977,
-0.562288224697113,
-0.7168639302253723,
-0.0653303787112236,
-0.0584392286837101,
0.40490004420280457,
0.20926374197006226,
-0.5251838564872742,
-0.12141735851764679,
-0.6776456236839294,
-0.1899200677871704,
-0.2588205337524414,
-0.11235258728265762,
-0.4230290651321411,
1.3408355712890625,
0.46709394454956055,
0.6138622164726257,
-0.6024594306945801,
0.09881701320409775,
0.15057158470153809,
0.39236748218536377,
0.28688693046569824,
0.3365838825702667,
0.9007417559623718,
-0.3800419867038727,
0.8545556664466858,
0.13164789974689484,
-0.027212535962462425,
-0.6543136835098267,
-0.10838424414396286,
0.28736668825149536,
0.07764597982168198,
0.4735870957374573,
-0.17447340488433838,
0.106004998087883,
-0.10741633921861649,
-0.15856443345546722,
0.6317508816719055,
-0.21871039271354675,
-0.5723193287849426,
-0.2721189260482788,
-0.7541881799697876,
-0.2916342318058014,
-0.7862435579299927,
0.5454013347625732,
-0.3189014196395874,
0.17511522769927979,
0.03036310523748398,
0.350542813539505,
0.2351398468017578,
0.24866342544555664,
0.47411683201789856,
1.2905210256576538,
0.02768865041434765,
0.32698872685432434,
0.19665056467056274,
-0.4649415612220764,
-0.15055963397026062,
-0.23916998505592346,
0.050726745277643204,
-0.099155955016613,
-0.09699065238237381,
0.46361228823661804,
-0.30828312039375305,
0.43456485867500305,
-0.3884640634059906,
-0.25446566939353943,
0.25561055541038513,
0.7835575938224792,
-0.025222348049283028,
0.1575964093208313,
-0.8001846671104431,
0.6157087087631226,
0.2339852750301361,
-0.3575720489025116,
-0.09580101072788239,
0.19888140261173248,
0.25665682554244995,
-0.310445100069046,
-0.01977134868502617,
0.4286329448223114,
-0.6108667850494385,
0.5995663404464722,
-0.5145479440689087,
0.471563458442688,
-0.10367170721292496,
-0.2565200626850128,
-0.8930073380470276,
0.40937337279319763,
-0.30264005064964294,
-0.2213529646396637,
0.32905313372612,
0.009628530591726303,
-0.4475761950016022,
-0.2576309144496918,
0.13314636051654816,
-1.0618948936462402,
0.03547579422593117,
0.4321322441101074,
0.36332967877388,
-0.6165171265602112,
0.4338812232017517,
0.3487793207168579,
-0.5604133009910583,
0.9229021668434143,
0.810291051864624,
-0.40007370710372925,
-0.5016538500785828,
0.004537335596978664,
-0.10449934750795364,
-0.7054466009140015,
-0.03292713314294815,
0.9475429654121399,
0.5568235516548157,
0.00805172324180603,
0.48891884088516235,
-0.566140353679657,
0.08819689601659775,
-0.4988986849784851,
-0.5117356181144714,
-0.004909989424049854,
-0.06136704608798027,
-0.735520601272583,
-1.124619722366333,
0.29058632254600525,
0.23707206547260284,
0.20055951178073883,
0.16468700766563416,
0.10056599229574203,
-0.22383730113506317,
0.18602584302425385,
0.3712407946586609,
-1.2749557495117188,
0.6566134095191956,
-0.28204628825187683
] |
224136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene%20paradox | Abilene paradox | In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group. It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to the group's and, therefore, does not raise objections. A common phrase relating to the Abilene paradox is a desire to not "rock the boat". This differs from groupthink in that the Abilene paradox is characterized by an inability to manage agreement.
Explanation
The term was introduced by management expert Jerry B. Harvey in his 1974 article "The Abilene Paradox: The Management of Agreement". The name of the phenomenon comes from an anecdote that Harvey uses in the article to elucidate the paradox:
Ronald Sims writes that the Abilene paradox is similar to groupthink, but differs in significant ways, including that in groupthink individuals are not acting contrary to their conscious wishes and generally feel good about the decisions the group has reached. According to Sims, in the Abilene paradox, the individuals acting contrary to their own wishes are more likely to have negative feelings about the outcome. In Sims' view, groupthink is a psychological phenomenon affecting clarity of thought, where in the Abilene paradox, thought is unaffected.
Like groupthink theories, the Abilene paradox theory is used to illustrate that groups not only have problems managing disagreements, but that agreements may also be a problem in a poorly functioning group.
Research
The phenomenon is explained by social psychology theories of social conformity and social influence, which suggest human beings are often very averse to acting contrary to the trend of a group. According to Harvey, the phenomenon may occur when individuals experience "action-anxiety"—stress concerning the group potentially expressing negative attitudes towards them if they do not go along. This action-anxiety arises from what Harvey termed "negative fantasies"—unpleasant visualizations of what the group might say or do if individuals are honest about their opinions—when there is "real risk" of displeasure and negative consequences for not going along. The individual may experience "separation anxiety", fearing exclusion from the group.
Applications of the theory
The theory is often used to help explain extremely poor group decisions, especially notions of the superiority of "rule by committee". For example, Harvey himself cited the Watergate scandal as a potential instance of the Abilene paradox in action. The Watergate scandal occurred in the United States in the 1970s when many high officials of the administration of then-President Richard Nixon colluded in the cover-up and perhaps the execution of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C. Harvey quotes several people indicted for the cover-up as indicating that they had personal qualms about the decision but feared to voice them. For one instance, campaign aide Herbert Porter said that he "was not one to stand up in a meeting and say that this should be stopped", a decision he then attributed to "the fear of the group pressure that would ensue, of not being a team player".
See also
Argumentum ad populum
Elephant in the room
Group polarization
Groupshift
Keynesian beauty contest
Peer pressure
Pluralistic ignorance
Prediction market
Preference falsification
Prisoner's dilemma
Pseudoconsensus
Special interests
Spiral of silence
The Wisdom of Crowds
References
Further reading
Harvey, Jerry B. (1988). The Abilene Paradox and Other Meditations on Management. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
Harvey, Jerry B. (1996). The Abilene Paradox and Other Meditations on Management (paperback). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Harvey, Jerry B. (1999). How Come Every Time I Get Stabbed in the Back, My Fingerprints Are on the Knife?. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Conformity
Decision-making paradoxes
Abilene, Texas
Cognitive biases
Management | [
-0.2983023226261139,
0.10215259343385696,
-0.5661125779151917,
-0.18613988161087036,
0.04415217787027359,
0.27905967831611633,
0.906095027923584,
-0.07105095684528351,
-0.15769122540950775,
-0.37263524532318115,
-0.3034379780292511,
0.4849299490451813,
-0.9176649451255798,
0.5813148617744446,
-0.25479575991630554,
0.4368610978126526,
0.7988324165344238,
0.35390332341194153,
-0.15507379174232483,
-0.3687220513820648,
0.11952923238277435,
0.3226762115955353,
0.14148154854774475,
-0.07416082173585892,
0.6660446524620056,
-0.2730107307434082,
0.21929751336574554,
-0.21224956214427948,
0.16918917000293732,
0.2871599793434143,
-0.3240603804588318,
0.8527623414993286,
-0.08142775297164917,
-0.11892673373222351,
-0.09164834022521973,
-0.08701754361391068,
0.22789162397384644,
-0.30164316296577454,
-0.03038349188864231,
-0.22539733350276947,
-0.057047463953495026,
-0.02645808830857277,
0.3147495985031128,
0.25406786799430847,
-0.1854582279920578,
-0.0031302315182983875,
-2.037203073501587,
-0.025198919698596,
-0.17755240201950073,
-0.638278603553772,
-0.27479225397109985,
0.28705769777297974,
0.3191411793231964,
0.47047221660614014,
-0.3201444149017334,
0.05440092086791992,
-0.8169876933097839,
-0.3133225739002228,
0.2762458622455597,
-0.5215567350387573,
0.3428555428981781,
0.39379411935806274,
0.5070591568946838,
-0.08282878994941711,
-0.4684780240058899,
0.29231980443000793,
0.06340591609477997,
0.5227131843566895,
-0.3246653378009796,
-0.03338325396180153,
-0.3903608024120331,
-0.35189658403396606,
-0.2590111494064331,
0.06381566822528839,
-0.5730817914009094,
-0.06565716862678528,
-0.03268681466579437,
0.06423015147447586,
-0.03659183159470558,
-0.10104905068874359,
0.05599745362997055,
0.19109296798706055,
0.5600101351737976,
-0.5047486424446106,
0.4755246639251709,
-0.03841179609298706,
0.1660744696855545,
0.3874097764492035,
-0.12089483439922333,
0.37554484605789185,
0.040328290313482285,
-0.030153099447488785,
0.20679248869419098,
0.11993833631277084,
-0.045639246702194214,
-0.3137142062187195,
0.9946534633636475,
-0.07771420478820801,
-0.19713836908340454,
0.28198033571243286,
0.1073078066110611,
-0.23185572028160095,
0.5223796963691711,
-0.10596170276403427,
0.13762541115283966,
-0.357537180185318,
0.04833025857806206,
-0.44224435091018677,
0.01822194643318653,
-0.2351352572441101,
-0.5434032678604126,
0.43980899453163147,
0.22275041043758392,
0.04680867865681648,
-0.4234451651573181,
-0.10216427594423294,
0.36822065711021423,
0.0754399523139,
0.38216686248779297,
0.021125923842191696,
0.6753219366073608,
0.24981224536895752,
-0.31697389483451843,
0.11513090133666992,
-0.08813559263944626,
-0.3885229825973511,
-0.18170732259750366,
0.3938162922859192,
-0.6387019157409668,
0.10853998363018036,
0.30333444476127625,
0.03520185872912407,
-0.06738325208425522,
-0.1641847938299179,
0.01762274280190468,
-0.10949793457984924,
0.21988344192504883,
-0.26699593663215637,
0.005929449573159218,
0.2587246894836426,
-0.3681996166706085,
-0.48150312900543213,
-0.39684557914733887,
0.003495266428217292,
0.36552348732948303,
0.14487618207931519,
0.033434558659791946,
0.14753900468349457,
0.04707770794630051,
-0.05317100137472153,
-0.275687575340271,
-0.22006691992282867,
-0.09761358052492142,
0.27480626106262207,
0.22961559891700745,
-0.04677463322877884,
0.101129449903965,
-0.5355224013328552,
-0.3198566436767578,
0.5375891923904419,
-0.08665957301855087,
0.2248731255531311,
0.2924952507019043,
-0.3339805603027344,
0.1476641148328781,
-0.52009516954422,
0.36391782760620117,
0.16317562758922577,
-0.2896580696105957,
-0.11877822130918503,
-0.48434123396873474,
0.33244872093200684,
-0.07849907130002975,
-0.4353700280189514,
0.26973310112953186,
0.45011478662490845,
0.5466457009315491,
-0.1683455854654312,
0.5498754978179932,
0.18833087384700775,
-0.5866292715072632,
0.07567064464092255,
0.1670430600643158,
-0.26000067591667175,
0.3845582902431488,
0.0024236589670181274,
-0.05683334171772003,
0.0442337729036808,
0.37565264105796814,
-0.6400061249732971,
-0.34344160556793213,
-0.08286559581756592,
0.08532772958278656,
-0.33463624119758606,
0.8320946097373962,
-0.4652794599533081,
-0.5484175682067871,
0.9381147027015686,
0.6041037440299988,
-0.06936512142419815,
0.1133929118514061,
-0.3601863384246826,
-0.008147495798766613,
0.25249144434928894,
-0.4217369258403778,
0.723694384098053,
-0.20082466304302216,
0.14974698424339294,
0.013119352981448174,
0.49993541836738586,
-0.1570364534854889,
-0.2653667628765106,
-0.14352604746818542,
-0.057775720953941345,
0.09010791778564453,
0.14151114225387573,
-0.05942463502287865,
0.25211217999458313,
0.037865448743104935,
0.00789591670036316,
0.3686952590942383,
-0.42362508177757263,
-0.11039504408836365,
0.27165088057518005,
-0.14942996203899384,
-0.09278698265552521,
0.5135924220085144,
0.13795222342014313,
0.4091082215309143,
-0.6806730031967163,
0.6164853572845459,
0.07621410489082336,
0.17561911046504974,
-0.5644865036010742,
-0.22652719914913177,
0.3064865469932556,
-0.2803417146205902,
-0.34138724207878113,
0.07222707569599152,
-0.35235047340393066,
0.32930418848991394,
0.12028937041759491,
-0.25865253806114197,
0.556757390499115,
-0.4796467423439026,
-0.04533449560403824,
-0.4936925768852234,
0.6546134352684021,
-0.4514796733856201,
0.017102044075727463,
-0.381076455116272,
0.30547410249710083,
0.34656190872192383,
-0.21994607150554657,
0.14510279893875122,
0.010812423191964626,
-0.30236202478408813,
0.05270025506615639,
0.2046079784631729,
-0.48974382877349854,
-0.24202832579612732,
0.10376887023448944,
-0.03977669030427933,
0.016519876196980476,
-0.16357840597629547,
-0.3936399519443512,
-1.1790833473205566,
0.2221299409866333,
0.017013393342494965,
0.6472453474998474,
0.6252961754798889,
-0.32020699977874756,
-0.19576162099838257,
0.0528513640165329,
-0.18279139697551727,
-0.1922343671321869,
0.6542966961860657,
0.5923269391059875,
-0.4049392640590668,
0.03083062916994095,
-0.15157033503055573,
0.14548605680465698,
0.35580310225486755,
-0.25933516025543213,
-0.1338343769311905,
-0.7273132801055908,
0.5954015254974365,
-0.4117774963378906,
-0.05488230660557747,
0.4257473051548004,
-0.0594279021024704,
0.28395864367485046,
0.0025545305106788874,
-0.44693031907081604,
0.3578404188156128,
0.5913402438163757,
-0.0188380666077137,
0.5969104766845703,
0.103852279484272,
-0.18863247334957123,
0.12255918979644775,
0.06690740585327148,
-0.35537704825401306,
-0.19079023599624634,
0.6142978072166443,
0.07423843443393707,
0.0200536847114563,
0.3197966516017914,
-6.086047172546387,
0.0671292096376419,
0.06551917642354965,
-0.3277761936187744,
-0.18258285522460938,
0.05490724742412567,
0.8226300477981567,
0.04430864751338959,
-0.28264445066452026,
0.5662528872489929,
0.16242384910583496,
-0.5224155783653259,
-0.09292775392532349,
0.07084634900093079,
0.13806314766407013,
0.2168954759836197,
0.2522645890712738,
-0.6553959846496582,
-0.05460940673947334,
0.36852163076400757,
-0.22286677360534668,
-0.06729672104120255,
-0.2667102515697479,
0.669499397277832,
-0.12095238268375397,
0.21434485912322998,
-0.07321929931640625,
0.0724017322063446,
0.06583263725042343,
0.5091429352760315,
0.1311115026473999,
-0.2011604905128479,
-0.16195276379585266,
-0.29355746507644653,
0.1799151599407196,
0.21911340951919556,
0.04750528931617737,
-0.25279831886291504,
-0.16964049637317657,
0.03611469641327858,
-0.49281585216522217,
0.15832050144672394,
-0.06495233625173569,
0.35146668553352356,
0.08943119645118713,
0.24335236847400665,
0.10444870591163635,
-0.09237425029277802,
-0.5985729694366455,
0.45840364694595337,
0.02454882487654686,
0.19784647226333618,
0.21697451174259186,
-0.006690270733088255,
0.6907572746276855,
0.31427615880966187,
0.1786239892244339,
-0.593132734298706,
-0.002854533027857542,
0.21372991800308228,
0.5930700898170471,
-0.4418604075908661,
0.10289181768894196,
0.15472932159900665,
0.2200205773115158,
-0.4869678318500519,
-0.3708934187889099,
-0.10422085225582123,
0.7357288599014282,
0.16310720145702362,
0.10159362107515335,
0.09399565309286118,
-0.05845300480723381,
-1.1896802186965942,
0.02835075929760933,
0.06746119260787964,
-0.011807947419583797,
0.10697321593761444,
0.21365472674369812,
-0.1876935213804245,
-0.02264111302793026,
0.259315550327301,
-0.15810523927211761,
0.12583518028259277,
0.38965851068496704,
0.19129012525081635,
-0.24360768496990204,
0.6072548627853394,
-0.9814369678497314,
0.49671101570129395,
0.26158350706100464,
0.35003551840782166,
-0.1718510091304779,
0.15184767544269562,
0.3243196904659271,
0.8224892020225525,
-0.21904027462005615,
-0.12956590950489044,
0.23796570301055908,
0.27980831265449524,
0.7014703154563904,
-0.21687258780002594,
0.3523389399051666,
-0.2146904170513153,
0.022244194522500038,
0.15658940374851227,
-0.6513469815254211,
0.7951238751411438,
0.6524661779403687,
0.19675523042678833,
-0.04265591502189636,
0.26009222865104675,
-0.058925118297338486,
-0.42790281772613525,
0.4278331696987152,
0.18297603726387024,
-0.16976001858711243,
0.35317593812942505,
0.5809395909309387,
0.2371351420879364,
-0.2824822962284088,
0.4725554883480072,
-0.5686235427856445,
-0.021203188225626945,
-0.6190436482429504,
-0.20727339386940002,
0.12078215181827545,
0.054813452064991,
-0.15084359049797058,
0.12522944808006287,
0.2648438811302185,
0.08778620511293411,
-0.2680181562900543,
0.013902343809604645,
-0.44305676221847534,
-0.459115594625473,
0.6297980546951294,
-0.0312950573861599,
0.0943915992975235,
-0.47407159209251404,
-0.1545991599559784,
-0.1055515855550766,
-0.1401606649160385,
-0.16616900265216827,
0.10864268243312836,
0.08269069343805313,
0.22388125956058502,
-0.35669296979904175,
-0.3642624616622925,
0.5419070720672607,
0.4582153260707855,
0.02169867418706417,
0.4153854250907898,
-0.2667657732963562,
-0.10450966656208038,
-0.134760782122612,
0.13267892599105835,
-0.16956749558448792,
0.35259950160980225,
-0.24299389123916626,
0.12651312351226807,
-0.5213419198989868,
-1.3824708461761475,
-0.37348735332489014,
-0.0044648428447544575,
-0.10379049926996231,
-0.765542209148407,
-0.206562340259552,
-0.0849294513463974,
0.45568886399269104,
-0.3187594711780548,
-0.81016606092453,
0.1101568341255188,
0.09585805982351303,
0.33522868156433105,
-0.4729037582874298,
0.02070843242108822,
-0.11394573748111725,
-0.4829694628715515,
-0.6273993253707886,
-0.21716268360614777,
-0.5430788993835449,
-0.7279779314994812,
0.05506831780076027,
-0.17513810098171234,
-0.5460115671157837,
0.40602579712867737,
0.18504968285560608,
-0.3177597224712372,
-0.5439164638519287,
-0.2852572202682495,
0.19629815220832825,
0.15827184915542603,
-0.17733488976955414,
-0.10617807507514954,
-0.28560200333595276,
-0.21670201420783997,
0.08081621676683426,
-0.07181111723184586,
-0.17925894260406494,
-0.07993114739656448,
0.3804583251476288,
-0.3154560923576355,
-0.05141625553369522,
0.23234526813030243,
-0.3852331340312958,
0.45816877484321594,
-0.24995923042297363,
-0.6461430788040161,
0.6228184103965759,
-0.5128505825996399,
-0.45396673679351807,
-0.6150274276733398,
0.5244758129119873,
0.008062590844929218,
0.0014246655628085136,
-0.039798956364393234,
-0.4449096620082855,
-0.3654862642288208,
0.011749214492738247,
0.4069863557815552,
-0.3191404938697815,
-0.17516477406024933,
-0.13295811414718628,
0.205419659614563,
0.41936129331588745,
0.32404202222824097,
-0.43677711486816406,
1.1642353534698486,
0.20755313336849213,
-0.7108941674232483,
-0.09010396152734756,
-0.3863981068134308,
0.37442195415496826,
-1.095139980316162,
-0.3058968484401703,
-0.27250778675079346,
0.24950745701789856,
-0.24756808578968048,
0.08806347846984863,
0.010068952105939388,
0.649351954460144,
0.0974087342619896,
-0.3830389976501465,
0.07100707292556763,
-0.03598431870341301,
-0.06314295530319214,
-0.3082861304283142,
0.006123830564320087,
0.06633909791707993,
-0.025267504155635834,
0.1512734591960907,
0.12537208199501038,
0.03792478144168854,
0.26937317848205566,
-0.1679309606552124,
-0.3925691545009613,
-0.016274621710181236,
-0.2264358401298523,
0.11675520241260529,
0.15260128676891327,
-0.23122386634349823,
-0.2286710888147354,
-0.24257642030715942,
-0.15203267335891724,
-0.05114315450191498,
0.33419856429100037,
-0.16010738909244537,
0.3989202678203583,
-0.7251883149147034,
0.7152778506278992,
-0.30624544620513916,
0.085777647793293,
0.5092822909355164,
0.49449461698532104,
-0.00867956131696701,
-0.29643163084983826,
-0.23247697949409485,
-0.3533961772918701,
0.029291808605194092,
-0.34412333369255066,
-0.25444260239601135,
-0.10705334693193436,
-0.10859288275241852,
0.49831509590148926,
-0.7367023229598999,
0.1225522980093956,
-0.5503236055374146,
-0.559456467628479,
-0.402870237827301,
-0.5481631755828857,
-0.16696883738040924,
0.3624524772167206,
0.027927212417125702,
-0.029003281146287918,
0.6132956743240356,
0.02235407941043377,
0.04675591364502907,
0.03303460404276848,
-0.024667978286743164,
-0.930061936378479,
0.5122486352920532,
-0.061012543737888336,
-0.09586764872074127,
-0.10412472486495972,
-0.24379420280456543,
0.14600631594657898,
-0.4337508976459503,
-0.28893858194351196,
-0.10524941980838776,
0.23367758095264435,
-0.029472138732671738,
0.1498120129108429,
0.8132386803627014,
-0.30811482667922974,
0.34160861372947693,
-0.12417969852685928,
-0.27772289514541626,
0.14941033720970154,
0.6015107035636902,
-0.20035472512245178,
-0.2162380963563919,
0.7500866055488586,
-0.4271199703216553,
0.5868781805038452,
0.3221184313297272,
-0.27020302414894104,
0.8465248346328735,
0.008122322149574757,
0.05308482050895691,
0.5508126616477966,
0.33147186040878296,
-0.40035367012023926,
0.4564915597438812,
0.17417407035827637,
0.19690002501010895,
0.4801236689090729,
-0.841841459274292,
-0.6263640522956848,
0.22017164528369904,
0.724122166633606,
0.11586461961269379,
-0.02554493211209774,
-0.15508142113685608,
-0.2300783395767212,
-0.09244540333747864,
0.24598926305770874,
0.4281034767627716,
-0.049610722810029984,
0.336967408657074,
0.2276674509048462,
0.05257732793688774,
0.37890228629112244,
-0.7480313777923584,
0.3245660960674286,
0.22696298360824585,
0.28606969118118286,
-0.10683142393827438,
-0.5622817277908325,
-0.39434757828712463,
-0.0938059464097023,
-0.06896974891424179,
0.30303531885147095,
-0.28261736035346985,
0.3139386475086212,
0.07563590258359909,
0.0034748183097690344,
-0.11379433423280716,
0.019570987671613693,
0.3947248160839081,
0.25671902298927307,
-0.026786193251609802,
0.282290518283844,
0.5121852159500122,
0.7761076092720032,
0.37284722924232483,
0.732749879360199,
0.30131909251213074,
0.4046330153942108,
-0.04733255133032799,
0.2787248492240906,
-0.016408365219831467,
-0.1555679738521576,
-0.425103098154068,
-0.16745872795581818,
-0.08971280604600906,
0.16615928709506989,
0.07395441085100174,
-0.2088635265827179,
-0.09935599565505981,
-0.04963859170675278,
0.12850025296211243,
-0.1572401076555252,
0.20415228605270386,
0.004386702552437782,
-0.0902210995554924,
-0.2112518846988678,
0.8532320857048035,
0.10109426081180573,
-0.24710825085639954,
0.2534099519252777,
-0.009307925589382648,
0.08703923225402832,
-0.1624668836593628,
0.45804986357688904,
-0.024019598960876465,
-0.10882043093442917,
0.10528235137462616,
-0.9406647086143494,
0.2816646695137024,
0.33959880471229553,
-0.9756293296813965,
0.09900940954685211,
0.33934277296066284,
0.003983657341450453,
-0.032815173268318176,
0.9057214856147766,
-0.02858859673142433,
-0.10458852350711823,
-0.9194881319999695,
0.04923725128173828,
-0.025130638852715492,
0.10319024324417114,
0.1839066445827484,
-0.8704917430877686,
-0.42027929425239563,
0.45967718958854675,
-0.2181052714586258,
-0.2597063183784485,
0.5295682549476624,
0.10111834853887558,
-0.3742586076259613,
-0.11727001518011093,
0.1511504352092743,
-0.2907934784889221,
-0.6662476658821106,
0.527462363243103,
0.4965399205684662,
0.2043560892343521,
0.06638162583112717,
0.06670450419187546,
-0.20743025839328766,
0.19162605702877045,
0.6453918218612671,
-0.28639763593673706,
0.19401957094669342,
-0.22867384552955627,
-0.3134579062461853,
0.08979928493499756,
0.09460695087909698,
0.04371142014861107,
-0.1733403503894806,
-0.6023825407028198,
0.244184672832489,
-0.34387776255607605,
0.11006283015012741,
0.10352811962366104,
-0.9596944451332092,
-0.30250704288482666,
0.3812539875507355
] |
224137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20rail%20transport%20in%20France | History of rail transport in France | This article is part of the History of rail transport series
The history of rail transport in France dates from the first French railway in 1823 to present-day enterprises such as the AGV.
Beginnings
France was a sluggard in building railways, compared to Britain and Belgium, which had already demonstrated their worthiness by 1830. Urban land was expensive, as was iron and coal. A more serious obstacle was powerful political opposition, especially as mobilized by the Transport companies that use canals, roads, and rivers. They blocked the necessary railway charters in Parliament. Already in 1810, the French engineer Pierre Michel Moisson-Desroches proposed to build seven national railways from Paris, in order to travel "short distances within the Empire". However, nothing happened. Mining companies in 1828 opened the first railway to move coal from the fields around St. Etienne 11 miles from St. Etienne to the Loire River. Most of the work was done by horses, although steam locomotives were used for the last segment. Passenger service opened in 1835. The small French banking system was stretched to the limit in funding the early operations. The Péreire brothers were pioneers, but they discovered expenses were much higher than expected, especially maintenance costs. The government rejected all major rail projects before 1842, and France steadily fell behind the nations that had reached a quick consensus on railway policy. In 1842 Britain had 1,900 miles of railways in operation; France only 300.
The eventual relationship created between the French rail system and the government formed a compromise between two competing options:
the completely laissez-faire free-market system that had created Britain's elaborate rail network
a government-built and government-controlled railway, such as had grown up in Belgium.
France employed a mixture of these two models to construct its railways, but eventually turned definitively to the side of government control. The relationships between the government and private rail companies became complicated, with many conflicts and disagreements between the two groups.
Government intervention
The 1842 agreement, designed by Adolphe Thiers, The Thiers Plan adopted in 1842 called for the state to contribute about $50,000 per mile and own the system. Private companies spend about $40,000 per mile for track, equipment, buildings, locomotives, and cars. The government further subsidized the companies by having the department of the Ponts et Chaussées do most of the planning and engineering work for new lines. The government would assist in securing the land, often by expropriation. The government also agreed to pay infrastructure costs, building bridges, tunnels, and track bed. The private companies would then furnish the tracks, stations and rolling stock, as well as pay the operating costs. The policy was confusing and contradictory, and blocked monopolies, which meant no regional networks could form.
This general policy masked many exceptions and additions. The most successful companies, especially the Compagnie du Nord, would often build their own lines themselves in order to avoid the complications of going through the government. For instance, during the economic boom period of the 1850s, the national government had to pay only 19 percent of the costs of railway construction. Other less successful lines, such as the Midi, would often need more assistance from the government to remain in operation. The same proved true during recessions, such as in 1859, when the railway lines gained a new agreement to save them from bankruptcy. In exchange for funding part of the construction of rail lines, the French government set maximum rates that the companies could charge. It also insisted that all government traffic must travel at a third of standard costs.
The expectation that the government would eventually nationalize the rail system formed another important element in French railway legislation. The original agreement of 1842 leased the railway lines to the companies for only 36 years. Napoleon III extended these leases to 99 years soon after he came to power. That the rail companies only operated on leases paved the way for the nationalization of the French rail lines under the socialist government of the 1930s.
When the Republic replaced the monarchy in 1848, 2000 miles of track were in operation but the situation was highly unsatisfactory. Three dozen companies were in operation, most of them with incomplete lines that sharply limited traffic. Financially, most were in great distress. Moving passengers are freight from one plane to another was quite difficult, and everyone called for radical reforms but no legislation was passed.
Success under the Second Empire
When Napoleon III turned his presidency into an imperial role, he gained almost dictatorial powers and made completion of a good working system a high priority. The first step was to amalgamate all the companies along specific routes. The consolidation into six major companies proved successful. By 1857 the consolidation was complete, and the government was no longer operating any lines. All the trunk lines were interconnected. The original plan of using Paris as a hub was continued, so that long-distance travel from one place to another necessitated connecting to another line in Paris. Paris grew dramatically in terms of population, industry, finance, commercial activity, and tourism. The worldwide commercial crisis of 1857-58 delayed financing and construction for a brief while, but the financing for all six companies was solidified by government guarantees. The original vision from 1842 of a grant national network was largely realized. The system was virtually complete by 1870, although constant construction was done to upgrade the quality of lines, set up double trackage, rebuild bridges, Improve signaling, and large freight yards and passenger stations, reduce slopes and drill long tunnels.
National policy
The Second Empire under Napoleon III, 1852-1871, emphasized building infrastructure. Napoleon III placed great emphasis on economic growth and modernization, with special attention to infrastructure and construction of railways, as well as coal and iron establishments He also stimulated French banking, completion of the telegraph system and subsidization of steamship lines Railways were given priority over canals and local roads. The state built most of the railway system and invited private companies to operate the lines under leases of up to 99 years. They were publicly owned but privately operated. The state guaranteed the dividends of the railway operating companies, and in exchange took two-thirds of any greater profits. The financing involved stretched the private banking sector to its limit, and was greatly augmented by the introduction of the 300 franc bond, which enabled large numbers of middle-class Frenchmen to invest easily in the economic expansion.
When railways were begun France already operated well-established governmental structures and procedures that could easily expand to encompass railway regulations as well. The engineering bureaucracy was world-class. The agency that handled canals expanded to include railways. The Ponts et Chaussées, had very close control over the construction of roads, bridges, and canals in France; therefore, it was inevitable that the new railways would also fall under the government's close scrutiny.
Other reasons also led the French government to control its railways closely. Unlike Britain or the United States, France as a European continental power had pressing military needs from its railways, needs which a private sector might not provide. The French government constructed long stretches of strategic railways in eastern France along the German border that served strategically crucial ends but lacked economic viability. "Pure" private economic interests would not have constructed these routes on their own, so France used government rewards and pressure to encourage the rail companies to build the needed lines. (The German and Russian Empires also had widespread strategic railway systems that purely commercial interests would not have built.
By 1867 six large companies controlled networks comprising a total of 16,000 kilometers, and by 1871 the systems embraced over 23,000 kilometers. They were:
Chemin de Fer de l'Est
Chemin de Fer du Nord
Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée
Chemin de Fer Paris-Orléans
Chemin de Fer du Midi
Leadership
The railway construction was such a grand project, and it showed in such dramatic effects in Great Britain, the leading financiers, industrialists, and technicians competed vigorously for the place, all under the Emperor's watchful eye. Key players included the brothers Isaac Pereire and Emile Pereire, Auguste de Morny, Paulin Talabot, and—richest of them all--James de Rothschild. In the battle for control of a line from Paris to the Mediterranean, Talabot, with Rothschild support, won, besting the Pereire brothers. In 1853, Morny floated the idea of a Grand Central Railroad. By 1857 it became the scheme for six major monopolistic networks in six regions: North (Nord), East (Est), West (Ouest), PLM, Orleans, and Southern (Midi). The Government gave 99-year leases, And gave continuing subsidies, and return for heavily subsidized or free government movements. The six were required to build feeder networks locally.
Railways in operation
The first completed lines radiated out of Paris, connecting France's major cities to the capital. These lines still form the backbone of the French railway system. By the 1860s, workers had completed the basic structure of the network, but they continued to build many minor lines during the late 19th century to fill in the gaps.
By 1855, the many original small firms had coalesced into six large companies, each having a regional monopoly in one area of France. The Nord, Est, Ouest, Paris-Orléans, Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée (PLM), and the Midi lines divided the nation into strict corridors of control. Difficulties arose in that the six large monopolies, with the exception of the Midi Company, all connected to Paris, but did not link together anywhere else in the country. The French railway map comprised a series of unconnected branches running out of Paris. While this meant that trains served Paris well, other parts of the country were not served as well. For instance, one branch of the Paris-Orléans Line ended in Clermont-Ferrand, while Lyon stood on the PLM Line. Thus any goods or passengers requiring transportation from Lyon to Clermont-Ferrand in 1860 needed to take a circuitous route via Paris of over seven hundred kilometers, even though a mere hundred and twenty kilometers separated the two cities.
This centering on Paris led to inefficiency in the Franco-Prussian War (1870 - 1871). The Prusso-German railway lines, inter-connected in a grid-like fashion, proved far more efficient at advancing troops and supplies to the front than the French one. The arrangement of the lines also hurt France's economy. Shipping costs between regional centers became greatly inflated. Thus many cities specialized in exporting their goods to Paris, as trans-shipment to a second city would double the price. France lagged behind German building following the unification of Germany in 1871. France ended up with this arrangement for a number of reasons. Paris formed the undisputed capital of France, and many viewed it as the capital of Europe. To French railway planners, it seemed only natural that all the lines should involve the metropolis. By contrast, Germany ended up with a far superior system because it had little unity and many centers vying for preeminence. Thus a variety of rail centers arose. Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Hamburg, and the Rhine areas all had links to each other. By 1900, German preeminence was obvious and factored into the growing hostility toward Germany in France.
By 1914 the French railway system had become one of the densest and most highly developed in the world, and had reached its maximum extent of around . About one-third of this mileage comprised narrow gauge lines.
Following 1918, France received significant additions to its locomotive and wagon fleet as part of the reparations from Germany required by the Versailles Treaty. In addition, the network of the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine was taken over by France when the Alsace-Lorraine region, which had been under German control since the Franco-Prussian War, was returned to France.
Rates decline and tonnage increases
Railway freight rates fell steadily from 14.5 (centimes per ton-kilometer 0 and 1841–44, 28.7 and 1855–64, then slowly 25.4 in 1905-1913. Meanwhile, freight rates on the roads held steady at about 25. The rapid pace of industrialization in the growth of national markets dramatically increased the tonnage carried. In 1845, the railways carried 102 million ton-kilometers; by 1850, the total had quadrupled to 423 million. By 1855 it reached 1,530 million, in 1860, 3,140 million.
Nationalisation
By the 1930s, competition from motor vehicles took its toll on the railways, and the rail network needed pruning. The narrow gauge lines suffered most severely from road competition; many thousands of miles of narrow gauge lines closed during the 1930s. By the 1950s the once extensive narrow gauge system had practically become extinct. Many minor standard gauge lines also closed. The French railway system today has around of track.
Many of the private railway operating companies began to face financial difficulties. In 1938 the socialist government fully nationalised the railway system and formed the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais (SNCF). Regional authorities have begun to specify schedules since the mid of the 1970s with general conventions between the regions and the SNCF since the mid-1980s.
From 1981 onwards, a newly constructed set of high-speed TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) lines linked France's most populated areas with the capital, starting with Paris-Lyon. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel opened, connecting France and Great Britain by rail under the English Channel.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in France
Rail transport in France
Transportation in France
Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme
Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine
Notes
Further reading
Blanchard, M. "The Railway Policy of the Second Empire," in F. Crouzet et al, eds. Essays in European Economic History 1789-1914 (1969) pp 98–111
Caron, François. Histoire des Chemins de Fer en France. Paris: Fayard, 1997.
Caron, François. An Economic History of Modern France (1979) online
Chrimes, Mike. Civil Engineering of Canals & Railways before 1850 (1998) covers France, Britain and U.S.
Clapham, J. H. The Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914. (4th ed. 1963 )
Dobbin, Frank. Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (1997) pp 95–157. excerpt
Doukas, Kimon A. The French Railroads and the State. Columbia University Press, 1945.
Dunham, Arthur. “How the First French Railways Were Planned.” Journal of Economic History. (1941) 1#1, pp. 12–25 in JSTOR
Dunham, Arthur L. The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815-1848 (1955). pp 49–84, a scholarly history
Hadley, Arthur Twining. Railroad transportation: Its history and its laws (1885) pp 187–202 online
Lefranc, Georges. "The French Railroads, 1823-1842", Journal of Business and Economic History, II, 1929–30, 299-331.
Le Henaff, Colonel, and Captain Bronecque. The French railroads and the war (1922) World War I online
Milward, Alan, and S.B. Saul. The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780-1870 (1973) pp 335–43.
Mitchell, Allan. The Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815-1914. (2000).
Mitchell, Allan. "The Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry before 1914." Francia 19.3 (1992): 47-55. online
Mitchell, Allan. "" A Dangerous Game": The Crisis of Locomotive Manufacturing in France before 1914." Technology and culture 36.1 (1995): 29-45. online
Mitchell, Allan. "Private Enterprise or Public Service? The Eastern Railway Company and the French State in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Modern History 69.1 (1997): 18-41. online
Monkswell, Lord. French railways (1911) online
O'Brien, Patrick. Railways and the economic development of Western Europe, 1830-1914 (1983) ch 2.
Plessis, Alain. The rise and fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871 (1985) pp 83–88.
Smith, Cecil O. "The longest run: Public engineers and planning in France." American Historical Review 95.3 (1990): 657-692. online
Stevenson, David. "War by timetable? The railway race before 1914." Past & Present 162 (1999): 163-194. France vs Germany online
Szostak, Rick. The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France (1991) online | [
-0.06412370502948761,
-0.11580081284046173,
-0.5528521537780762,
0.007350909989327192,
-0.019713200628757477,
0.2734147310256958,
0.24994687736034393,
0.9187740087509155,
-0.2833794951438904,
-0.760439932346344,
0.164327472448349,
0.25942790508270264,
0.15481647849082947,
0.9648732542991638,
-0.287262499332428,
0.35091516375541687,
0.17913579940795898,
-0.22973774373531342,
0.4644728899002075,
-0.6954990029335022,
-0.4453604221343994,
0.39020398259162903,
0.7127400636672974,
0.07416652888059616,
-0.19280964136123657,
-0.6834378242492676,
0.21565158665180206,
0.7595363855361938,
0.10468874871730804,
-0.38504987955093384,
0.443180114030838,
0.03745582327246666,
-0.44548022747039795,
0.12978260219097137,
-0.43000006675720215,
-0.37283289432525635,
0.4996470510959625,
-0.7599963545799255,
-0.0633954331278801,
-0.4674028158187866,
0.027583273127675056,
0.49229931831359863,
0.03489376977086067,
0.594798743724823,
0.5360198616981506,
0.1497727483510971,
-0.7259707450866699,
0.03420679271221161,
-0.3121579587459564,
-0.012349652126431465,
-0.10901102423667908,
0.0851263552904129,
0.6688055992126465,
1.0055179595947266,
-0.4610888659954071,
0.3098592460155487,
-0.7053315043449402,
0.1982032209634781,
0.2929827570915222,
0.08677634596824646,
0.19660861790180206,
1.0031880140304565,
0.18042990565299988,
0.4790502190589905,
0.28930023312568665,
-0.06923936307430267,
0.2331281155347824,
0.7385814189910889,
0.0366930291056633,
-0.5221928358078003,
-0.06607392430305481,
-0.7707327008247375,
0.3111124634742737,
0.008449566550552845,
-0.13666771352291107,
-0.6723426580429077,
0.18723824620246887,
-0.04361732676625252,
-0.14870117604732513,
-0.1534564048051834,
-0.15292203426361084,
0.25930923223495483,
0.6512854695320129,
0.001141692977398634,
0.8356918692588806,
0.837685763835907,
-0.43548858165740967,
0.07663673162460327,
-0.5063822865486145,
0.371516615152359,
-0.1983419954776764,
-0.0558328852057457,
0.2808891236782074,
-0.7161363363265991,
-0.35228419303894043,
-0.12717212736606598,
0.1667238473892212,
0.37680676579475403,
0.5394613742828369,
0.46452969312667847,
-0.37149667739868164,
0.49405989050865173,
-0.13446727395057678,
-0.17936483025550842,
-0.5069661140441895,
-0.4224849343299866,
-0.3553793430328369,
-0.002845717128366232,
-0.6070654988288879,
0.07951042056083679,
-0.43266505002975464,
0.034195128828287125,
-0.5350867509841919,
0.5067168474197388,
-0.044584061950445175,
-0.049129605293273926,
-0.059043869376182556,
-0.8274544477462769,
0.4592649042606354,
0.11618758738040924,
-0.19787472486495972,
0.09671437740325928,
-0.2717284560203552,
0.25977328419685364,
-0.6877467632293701,
0.3436063528060913,
0.9449962973594666,
0.41682717204093933,
-0.38097211718559265,
-0.2695607841014862,
0.9526817202568054,
1.3769240379333496,
-0.36374571919441223,
-0.27849850058555603,
-0.23301056027412415,
0.012225539423525333,
0.18566551804542542,
0.7401860952377319,
0.38394004106521606,
0.02752663381397724,
-0.9652369022369385,
-0.332909494638443,
-0.4163632094860077,
0.05741474777460098,
0.17593170702457428,
-0.1439703404903412,
0.07715621590614319,
-0.5161905884742737,
-0.1548972874879837,
-0.3747224509716034,
0.12408628314733505,
-0.35953831672668457,
-0.37368419766426086,
0.34992992877960205,
-0.6741073131561279,
0.6594316959381104,
0.7694076895713806,
0.1118803545832634,
0.17700180411338806,
0.2502550780773163,
-0.07161865383386612,
0.0953759253025055,
0.14123521745204926,
-0.024495335295796394,
-0.01013093814253807,
-0.3212936520576477,
-0.05625809729099274,
-0.04202248156070709,
0.26022249460220337,
-0.33715373277664185,
-0.11765873432159424,
-0.13141633570194244,
-0.3741426467895508,
-1.165863037109375,
-0.29079148173332214,
0.12427413463592529,
0.3982062339782715,
0.18094222247600555,
0.3615424931049347,
0.039944734424352646,
-0.37298306822776794,
0.2365313172340393,
0.3641428053379059,
-0.22372987866401672,
0.6046467423439026,
-0.12666185200214386,
0.2955958843231201,
0.06875146180391312,
-0.2944478690624237,
-0.7662229537963867,
-0.3784140944480896,
-1.015061616897583,
0.3315626382827759,
-1.3244249820709229,
0.959837019443512,
-0.1254831850528717,
-0.4905517101287842,
0.31366074085235596,
-0.2577352225780487,
0.3924665153026581,
-0.1592315435409546,
-0.07528305053710938,
0.24093860387802124,
-0.15225499868392944,
-0.26282623410224915,
0.2223975658416748,
0.27872252464294434,
-0.08337607234716415,
-0.13890418410301208,
0.3031192719936371,
0.20985786616802216,
-0.16117626428604126,
0.689726710319519,
-0.30617910623550415,
0.5451202988624573,
-0.2113621085882187,
-0.09850955754518509,
0.30017367005348206,
0.2945661246776581,
-0.10237708687782288,
0.6263542771339417,
-0.6148715615272522,
-0.48759639263153076,
0.6040902137756348,
-0.44424277544021606,
-0.014611390419304371,
0.2574011981487274,
0.44189661741256714,
0.19831843674182892,
-0.7593474984169006,
-0.04077017307281494,
-0.07405557483434677,
-0.2853161692619324,
-0.5515231490135193,
-0.23245000839233398,
0.5102186799049377,
-0.5121951699256897,
-0.13299109041690826,
-0.4563327729701996,
0.12133625894784927,
1.012471318244934,
0.3453936278820038,
-0.5080037117004395,
0.1862901896238327,
0.08903995901346207,
0.1504666656255722,
-0.10230062901973724,
0.17813225090503693,
-0.6146456003189087,
-0.6705177426338196,
0.13601979613304138,
0.46557390689849854,
0.39897260069847107,
-0.2153223752975464,
-0.3428403437137604,
-1.2081518173217773,
0.7298165559768677,
0.26385343074798584,
0.7000230550765991,
0.3615676462650299,
0.24337336421012878,
-0.5523968935012817,
-0.5526072978973389,
0.28592178225517273,
0.03152436390519142,
-0.3334348499774933,
-0.9962145090103149,
-0.41312408447265625,
0.35483020544052124,
0.6543257236480713,
0.602544903755188,
0.08332518488168716,
0.25158897042274475,
-0.17580343782901764,
0.3588235676288605,
-0.10268654674291611,
-0.3124503493309021,
0.7981908917427063,
-0.455382764339447,
0.3467470705509186,
-0.540938138961792,
0.6052201986312866,
-0.06363148242235184,
-0.8745063543319702,
0.1227472722530365,
-0.1908610761165619,
0.08907466381788254,
0.08012363314628601,
0.0951770469546318,
0.1509566605091095,
0.41400912404060364,
-0.8745867013931274,
-0.8998932242393494,
-0.10850447416305542,
0.06849172711372375,
0.2421139031648636,
-0.47929829359054565,
0.1700725108385086,
-0.1290237456560135,
-0.7599178552627563,
-0.36898073554039,
-0.12081581354141235,
-0.028315231204032898,
-0.21140415966510773,
0.25788614153862,
0.014081474393606186,
-0.26803264021873474,
-0.3626441955566406,
-5.285909175872803,
-0.20271870493888855,
0.4405707120895386,
-0.4409503638744354,
-0.16694602370262146,
0.001234790193848312,
0.49765679240226746,
0.03864917904138565,
-0.051568809896707535,
0.022874178364872932,
-0.16519802808761597,
0.5604814887046814,
-0.3459162712097168,
0.2809898257255554,
-0.06101997569203377,
0.546527624130249,
0.5843247175216675,
-0.15658462047576904,
0.22047139704227448,
-0.13442355394363403,
-0.27563977241516113,
-0.5179885625839233,
0.026361269876360893,
0.7019853591918945,
0.3121287226676941,
0.15646499395370483,
-0.5615900158882141,
0.0004233249637763947,
-0.38241735100746155,
0.30249840021133423,
0.27614179253578186,
-0.6608453989028931,
0.7369703650474548,
-0.09966884553432465,
0.4581172466278076,
-0.925861120223999,
0.6268236637115479,
0.5519775748252869,
-0.12033302336931229,
-0.3152020573616028,
-0.16541683673858643,
0.9938027858734131,
-0.19660933315753937,
-0.41117745637893677,
-0.04017940163612366,
-0.6176176071166992,
-0.577315092086792,
0.40268760919570923,
0.3779303729534149,
1.0719612836837769,
-0.18075303733348846,
0.16250351071357727,
0.6918178200721741,
0.09355460107326508,
0.22116099298000336,
-0.4738338589668274,
0.04312077537178993,
-0.5584056973457336,
-0.03764941915869713,
0.345455139875412,
0.42930305004119873,
-0.30192628502845764,
-0.05769890174269676,
-0.7178517580032349,
0.005851668771356344,
0.0679989904165268,
-0.8171358704566956,
0.5333870649337769,
-0.04928935691714287,
0.26413795351982117,
-0.5346874594688416,
0.22221502661705017,
0.05309510976076126,
-0.5389080047607422,
0.28036484122276306,
-0.5059522986412048,
-0.32346227765083313,
0.43406641483306885,
0.7158252596855164,
0.23837345838546753,
0.2136889100074768,
-0.12318035960197449,
-0.36016613245010376,
-0.004844962619245052,
0.5455973744392395,
-0.2755911946296692,
0.07447755336761475,
-0.34886035323143005,
-0.6771108508110046,
-0.3428327739238739,
0.869765043258667,
-0.5687609314918518,
0.4347793757915497,
0.7437898516654968,
-0.2768968641757965,
0.5993497371673584,
-0.18348774313926697,
0.5031356811523438,
0.4443657100200653,
-0.7921226024627686,
0.4150443971157074,
0.12415235489606857,
0.0552326962351799,
0.07180225849151611,
0.008198538795113564,
-0.42640456557273865,
0.15048475563526154,
0.3885106146335602,
0.5023521184921265,
0.29516327381134033,
-0.7166653275489807,
-0.11225900799036026,
-0.9616411328315735,
-0.7373029589653015,
0.024767020717263222,
0.06494525074958801,
-0.8487183451652527,
0.3044419586658478,
0.21702292561531067,
-0.01790693961083889,
0.2707381546497345,
0.44879043102264404,
-0.4516378343105316,
0.1820153146982193,
0.49188530445098877,
0.2837742269039154,
0.1031082347035408,
0.6363149881362915,
0.25183603167533875,
-0.01625591330230236,
-0.07952959090471268,
0.1452959030866623,
0.03128734976053238,
-0.3967142701148987,
0.05220061540603638,
-0.3064187169075012,
-0.40433284640312195,
-0.5401114225387573,
0.12678883969783783,
0.020481837913393974,
-0.44979560375213623,
-0.07914610207080841,
-0.08573693037033081,
-0.40539854764938354,
0.6233840584754944,
0.9050639271736145,
0.2237963080406189,
-0.1691616028547287,
-0.005209678318351507,
0.056241873651742935,
-0.12022162228822708,
-0.4107385277748108,
0.010890156030654907,
0.41852545738220215,
-0.526485025882721,
-0.2965138852596283,
0.4162457287311554,
-0.09726884961128235,
-0.7126204371452332,
-0.724124550819397,
0.3538183867931366,
-0.7197623252868652,
-0.19694440066814423,
0.48823082447052,
0.5504941940307617,
0.20587453246116638,
0.18700501322746277,
-0.7986996173858643,
-0.042653247714042664,
0.4777570366859436,
0.045569051057100296,
-0.6174695491790771,
-0.0378868542611599,
-0.20785878598690033,
-0.039190009236335754,
0.15997546911239624,
-0.3253931999206543,
0.20293498039245605,
-0.5288171172142029,
0.04357454553246498,
0.19982558488845825,
0.011615290306508541,
-0.018620386719703674,
0.4403892755508423,
0.05733092874288559,
-0.41297075152397156,
-0.03716256469488144,
0.14994081854820251,
-0.057554543018341064,
-0.2537514865398407,
0.5533808469772339,
0.6606851816177368,
0.039472464472055435,
0.7032459378242493,
-0.5230559706687927,
-0.8265280723571777,
-0.5128980875015259,
-0.10306192934513092,
-0.30400317907333374,
-1.021105170249939,
0.3360387682914734,
0.4810193181037903,
0.1756453514099121,
0.20354107022285461,
0.38711249828338623,
-0.4194152355194092,
0.6477105617523193,
0.2881489396095276,
-0.3236452341079712,
0.026312490925192833,
-0.6738119721412659,
-0.5746955871582031,
0.18194541335105896,
0.49903541803359985,
-0.7567662596702576,
0.11986599862575531,
0.43563878536224365,
-0.336617112159729,
-0.914870023727417,
-0.05886736512184143,
-0.14036765694618225,
-0.3065260946750641,
-0.9279150366783142,
-0.4112386405467987,
-0.7522874474525452,
1.1799067258834839,
0.8190191984176636,
-0.9949764609336853,
0.0666542574763298,
-0.22796630859375,
-0.29273244738578796,
-0.39529016613960266,
0.17599183320999146,
0.2930321991443634,
-0.18942545354366302,
0.3220973312854767,
0.9460216760635376,
0.11893568187952042,
0.5383148789405823,
0.338006854057312,
0.620830237865448,
0.9598274230957031,
0.29312896728515625,
-0.4972612261772156,
0.02203681692481041,
0.46263954043388367,
0.7672314047813416,
-0.42016246914863586,
-0.33141541481018066,
-0.15467403829097748,
-0.3104362487792969,
-0.3016338646411896,
-1.4613819122314453,
-0.16261762380599976,
0.7211496829986572,
-0.1399954855442047,
-0.9814656972885132,
0.13683198392391205,
0.057409390807151794,
0.14949235320091248,
-0.18531273305416107,
-0.5647020936012268,
-0.5505815148353577,
-0.0536806657910347,
0.8958308696746826,
0.015554959885776043,
0.0001343011826975271,
0.10919125378131866,
0.11083768308162689,
-0.5086154341697693,
0.3362300992012024,
-0.4703044891357422,
-0.007084235083311796,
0.1576799899339676,
0.38551032543182373,
-0.4486556351184845,
-0.11185307055711746,
-0.31768667697906494,
0.8984366655349731,
-0.16216379404067993,
-0.8401568531990051,
-0.3612484931945801,
0.1026315912604332,
-0.10245513170957565,
0.4925563633441925,
-0.6281232833862305,
-0.3207643926143646,
0.06431534141302109,
-0.40060532093048096,
-0.0037587182596325874,
0.1799238920211792,
-0.34924352169036865,
-0.16805852949619293,
0.6546556949615479,
0.2606387734413147,
0.4536885917186737,
-0.5951291918754578,
0.09942330420017242,
0.3916255533695221,
0.447849303483963,
-0.34958338737487793,
0.5123700499534607,
0.3460724651813507,
-0.8017827868461609,
0.0052965194918215275,
0.6229133605957031,
0.17070618271827698,
-0.1142503172159195,
0.5549107193946838,
-0.07267527282238007,
0.8280070424079895,
0.13985861837863922,
-0.632835328578949,
0.6567319631576538,
-0.3269702196121216,
0.3015235960483551,
0.4388701617717743,
-0.8267303705215454,
-0.008879570290446281,
0.23874042928218842,
0.08037661015987396,
0.6760575771331787,
0.35504084825515747,
-0.29140472412109375,
-0.08676521480083466,
1.175310730934143,
-0.41379019618034363,
0.2493487447500229,
0.02535846270620823,
-0.3959828019142151,
0.6599453091621399,
0.16022785007953644,
-0.7948727607727051,
0.8135910630226135,
-0.0156400203704834,
0.10018983483314514,
-0.14564552903175354,
-0.2555955946445465,
0.20879320800304413,
0.1427564024925232,
0.3239009380340576,
0.30152103304862976,
-0.5043518543243408,
-0.2732192277908325,
-0.02249271608889103,
0.7634040117263794,
-0.10257940739393234,
-0.266061395406723,
0.1002776250243187,
0.1789110004901886,
0.567168653011322,
0.543111264705658,
0.41100937128067017,
0.3611166775226593,
-0.15251925587654114,
0.024038054049015045,
-0.08438127487897873,
0.07053397595882416,
0.17855675518512726,
0.009597167372703552,
0.5776185989379883,
-0.031150823459029198,
0.6623069047927856,
-0.38804885745048523,
-0.252902626991272,
0.2622736096382141,
-0.14868776500225067,
-0.9374056458473206,
0.08067687600851059,
-0.24708376824855804,
0.2230907529592514,
0.09509027749300003,
-0.26216238737106323,
-0.050345733761787415,
-0.345287948846817,
0.7734251618385315,
0.3169456124305725,
0.12337031215429306,
0.07322084158658981,
-0.0905534029006958,
-0.1739540845155716,
0.09909392148256302,
-0.055506687611341476,
-0.4497049152851105,
-0.4979598820209503,
-0.20720377564430237,
-0.39347314834594727,
0.39092668890953064,
0.002815604442730546,
-0.2894202768802643,
-0.5918824672698975,
-0.7489991784095764,
-0.10379409790039062,
-0.13326263427734375,
-0.6741951107978821,
-0.6091927886009216,
-0.3764968812465668,
0.6184788346290588,
0.2939196825027466,
-0.27165156602859497,
0.5745691657066345,
0.44564685225486755,
-0.4129527807235718,
0.06564610451459885,
-0.2853434085845947,
0.886612594127655,
-0.753747284412384,
0.011719446629285812,
-0.2213658094406128,
0.29378458857536316,
0.31835317611694336,
-0.46767544746398926,
-0.3355027437210083,
0.010296311229467392,
0.13633932173252106,
-0.1945142149925232,
0.18583908677101135,
-0.6337983012199402,
-0.5047760605812073,
-0.35082539916038513,
-0.45917996764183044,
-0.16077342629432678,
0.020900044590234756,
0.5203391909599304,
-0.11922888457775116,
-0.42704248428344727,
-0.11099569499492645,
0.12266404926776886,
-0.08719055354595184,
0.8577976226806641,
0.16126246750354767,
0.27567318081855774,
-0.7457062005996704,
-0.7755303382873535,
-0.3889310657978058,
-0.12574099004268646,
0.4790871739387512,
0.12102367728948593,
0.4938703775405884,
0.3187084496021271,
0.19596897065639496,
0.17663757503032684,
0.4161143898963928,
0.5975162982940674,
-0.16321592032909393,
-0.8020052313804626,
0.11740415543317795,
-0.2674574553966522,
-0.8968470096588135,
0.6904240846633911,
0.3291545510292053,
0.3077281713485718,
0.6666755080223083,
0.11535235494375229,
0.9851221442222595,
-0.5879896283149719,
0.5699647068977356,
-0.8297160863876343,
0.438923716545105,
-0.7658098936080933
] |
224141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame%20Street%20Live | Sesame Street Live | Sesame Street Live is a live touring show based on the children's television show Sesame Street produced by Feld Entertainment.
History
The VEE Corporation was started in March 1980 by founder Vincent Egan, who had an idea to produce a live-character show based on Sesame Street. He had worked for the Ice Follies tour, which had a segment featuring Muppets. Egan approached Jim Henson's company and Children's Television Workshop, who were interested. With outside funding, Vee was able to sign a licensing agreement with the Children's Television Workshop for the characters.
The first Sesame Street Live show opened in September 1980 at the Metropolitan Sports Center in Bloomington, Minnesota for a successful five-day run. The following shows in five locations had lackluster attendance costing VEE the profits made in Bloomington. Egan figured that the marketing material was confusing people in those markets as what type of show was not specified. He overhauled the script and marketing while getting his creditors to wait for payments. That Christmas, the show went on to play for four weeks at Madison Square Garden's 4,000-seat Felt Forum in New York City before an audience of 100,000 people.
VEE quickly ramped up to two different shows for the 1981–1982 season, then added a third Australia show in 1982–1983. From the 1983–1984 season until the 1988–1989 season there were only two Sesame Street Live shows on tour.
On April 1, 2015, Blue Star Media, LLC purchased VEE Corporation with Egan continuing on as a consultant; later that year the combined company was renamed VStar Entertainment Group.
In November 2016, Sesame Workshop announced an agreement with Feld Entertainment to take over producing Sesame Street Live. VStar continues to produce other Sesame Street shows at various locations, and provides costumes.
Productions
In order to keep the show running annually in the same cities, new plot lines are created and rotated through the tour. Because the target audience changes as children grow up, shows are often removed from the rotation for a few years, then return with some modifications.
In order of their creation, the Sesame Street Live shows have been:
VEE Corporation (1980–2015)
Missing Bird Mystery (1980-1982, Australia 1982–1983, 1984–1986; Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong 1990–1991)
Super Spectacular Totally Amateur Show (1981-1983)
Sesame Jamboree (1982-1984)
Around the World (1983-1985)
Save Our Street (1985-1987)
Big Bird Goes to Hollywood (1986–87, 1988–1989)
Big Bird and the ABCs (1987-1992)
Big Bird's Sesame Street Story (1988)
Sesame Street Live (1988-1989)
Silly Dancing (1989-1991, Britain 1992–1993)
Sleeping Birdie (1990-1992)
Let's Play School (1991-1992, 1995–1996)
Where's the Birdie? (1992-1993, 1994–1995, Germany 1993–1994)
Let's Be Friends (1994-1995)
1-2-3...Imagine! (1996-1997)
Imagine... Ernie is King (1996-1997)
Big Bird's Sunny Day Camp Out (2000)
Out of this World (2003-2005)
Elmo's Coloring Book (2005)
Super Grover Ready for Action (2005-2006)
Elmo's Green Thumb (2008-2009)
1-2-3 Imagine! with Elmo & Friends (2009)
Can’t Stop Singing (2013)
VStar Entertainment Group (2015–July 2017)
Elmo Makes Music (2016)
Let's Dance! (2014–2016)
Make a New Friend! (2014–2017)
location based shows, continuing beyond July 2017
Beaches Resorts
SeaWorld theme parks
Sesame Place theme park
Feld Entertainment (July 2017–present)
Let’s Party! (October 2017—present)
Make Your Magic(October 2018—present)
C is for Celebration
See also
Influence of Sesame Street
References
External links
Sesame Street
Touring theatre | [
0.3817005157470703,
-0.3153330683708191,
0.25308024883270264,
-0.06605213135480881,
0.029675476253032684,
-0.25088727474212646,
0.10223187506198883,
0.15872570872306824,
-0.13002154231071472,
-0.2994016706943512,
-0.3575088679790497,
0.1425432562828064,
0.014589719474315643,
0.052739161998033524,
-0.44106408953666687,
-0.09374361485242844,
0.30080854892730713,
0.07103756815195084,
0.18761038780212402,
-0.6485839486122131,
-0.006613689009100199,
-0.42248761653900146,
0.5919508337974548,
0.0020706658251583576,
-0.5571107268333435,
0.027282455936074257,
0.20215129852294922,
0.3689832389354706,
0.004432761576026678,
-0.1456536203622818,
0.12023007124662399,
0.2599996030330658,
0.16755454242229462,
-0.4609314501285553,
0.20278224349021912,
-0.26370692253112793,
-0.34995749592781067,
-0.36303985118865967,
-0.07415343821048737,
-0.2646382749080658,
0.09092122316360474,
-0.10033919662237167,
-0.11821126937866211,
0.5318406820297241,
0.016131509095430374,
-0.012222577817738056,
-1.7696000337600708,
0.05912313610315323,
-0.9993832111358643,
0.1902582198381424,
-0.1633860170841217,
0.3135877251625061,
0.7662642598152161,
0.5724096298217773,
-0.026111798360943794,
0.26816847920417786,
-0.699774980545044,
0.16230705380439758,
0.0585101842880249,
-0.3488667905330658,
0.02984919771552086,
0.34135884046554565,
-0.07718810439109802,
-0.02515655942261219,
-0.03151512145996094,
-0.5435492396354675,
0.1981595754623413,
0.568916380405426,
0.5031740665435791,
-0.17525026202201843,
0.25177231431007385,
-0.12967634201049805,
-0.25580546259880066,
0.23684166371822357,
0.24348880350589752,
-0.4980972707271576,
0.2040395885705948,
0.11002293229103088,
0.013152516447007656,
0.11581803858280182,
0.014376233331859112,
-0.09156360477209091,
0.5961348414421082,
0.061531536281108856,
0.09623155742883682,
-0.19946907460689545,
-0.3075932562351227,
-0.6068706512451172,
-0.9466722011566162,
0.3393304646015167,
-1.0759793519973755,
-0.2983648180961609,
0.35256463289260864,
0.52213054895401,
0.19272735714912415,
0.6354609131813049,
-0.18746186792850494,
-0.018107343465089798,
0.45523566007614136,
0.377701997756958,
-0.0051600197330117226,
-0.1714547723531723,
0.5450108051300049,
-0.14451822638511658,
0.061743274331092834,
-0.04594839736819267,
0.020811010152101517,
-0.725204348564148,
0.12671208381652832,
0.19014890491962433,
-0.6535705327987671,
0.3073485791683197,
-0.22810174524784088,
-0.15233810245990753,
0.2194083034992218,
0.6151999831199646,
-0.0652507022023201,
-0.4418937563896179,
-0.6855358481407166,
0.027218665927648544,
0.049926307052373886,
0.4933994710445404,
-0.1127803847193718,
0.3263151943683624,
-0.4533613324165344,
0.398233562707901,
0.44737082719802856,
0.45555850863456726,
-0.05971934646368027,
0.03631526976823807,
0.08838773518800735,
0.3393193185329437,
-0.19259612262248993,
-0.44467517733573914,
-0.20372183620929718,
-0.1819337010383606,
0.5717409253120422,
-0.30114540457725525,
-0.060898832976818085,
0.3106085956096649,
-0.6044247150421143,
-0.24671272933483124,
-0.6371404528617859,
0.11205874383449554,
0.45040401816368103,
-0.10235875099897385,
-0.5263125896453857,
-0.27055779099464417,
-0.11035235971212387,
-0.46803227066993713,
-0.25679710507392883,
0.2519572377204895,
-0.4918498992919922,
-0.4477919936180115,
-0.29350385069847107,
0.2537210285663605,
0.37300658226013184,
-0.0609971359372139,
0.43978503346443176,
0.1176692545413971,
0.23513633012771606,
0.3595055341720581,
0.08319346606731415,
-0.38224706053733826,
-0.5419295430183411,
-0.39908674359321594,
-0.4470968544483185,
0.11556783318519592,
-0.057203251868486404,
-0.25075599551200867,
-0.3477252721786499,
0.3424907326698303,
0.04855571314692497,
-0.11776237189769745,
0.3007526099681854,
-0.011092206463217735,
0.7071929574012756,
0.34856513142585754,
0.19923746585845947,
-0.018398556858301163,
-0.3682590126991272,
0.22534236311912537,
0.6588717699050903,
-0.35213059186935425,
0.44734159111976624,
-0.49619102478027344,
0.15911699831485748,
0.08906815201044083,
0.14345328509807587,
0.015203413553535938,
-0.39408794045448303,
-0.12218756973743439,
0.5710359215736389,
-0.5877517461776733,
0.6172109842300415,
0.34402942657470703,
-0.18354518711566925,
0.9974960088729858,
0.11285506933927536,
0.3193850815296173,
-0.09040255099534988,
0.34623652696609497,
0.5743177533149719,
0.5698073506355286,
-0.3689345121383667,
0.4439851641654968,
0.26409196853637695,
-0.6872214078903198,
0.18962563574314117,
0.04839610308408737,
-0.01420642901211977,
-0.38180074095726013,
0.2830371558666229,
0.26117902994155884,
-0.13990150392055511,
-0.2742841839790344,
-0.21011343598365784,
-0.1778106838464737,
-0.30560359358787537,
-0.20341961085796356,
1.3632786273956299,
0.34762030839920044,
0.2027202844619751,
-0.025474708527326584,
-0.6160719394683838,
0.8254762887954712,
-0.13476742804050446,
0.13617368042469025,
0.3104557693004608,
-0.022899780422449112,
-0.5743041038513184,
0.8912014961242676,
-0.3351200222969055,
-0.40881550312042236,
0.3685479164123535,
-0.1585472673177719,
0.3693179190158844,
-0.6082444787025452,
0.010110883973538876,
0.035241395235061646,
0.4471367597579956,
0.08777448534965515,
-0.38615882396698,
0.4173257350921631,
0.4123989939689636,
-0.21288667619228363,
0.01654333993792534,
0.4412693977355957,
-0.31925415992736816,
-0.6193310022354126,
0.9480289220809937,
0.037371594458818436,
0.13750986754894257,
-0.22339117527008057,
-0.5122584700584412,
-0.01622815430164337,
-0.3050037920475006,
-0.36362263560295105,
0.32863911986351013,
0.36428114771842957,
0.43885093927383423,
-0.3007042706012726,
0.2581888437271118,
0.33818331360816956,
0.032361458986997604,
-1.0645326375961304,
-0.2919502854347229,
-0.6129211187362671,
-0.05389069765806198,
0.30495133996009827,
0.6547518968582153,
0.08572907000780106,
-0.44914451241493225,
-0.43192484974861145,
-0.091375432908535,
-0.09780263900756836,
-0.2083294689655304,
0.10162024945020676,
-0.12739412486553192,
-0.16625259816646576,
0.11216500401496887,
0.2110811173915863,
0.6063001751899719,
-0.26944026350975037,
-0.21942564845085144,
-0.12248475849628448,
-0.08919568359851837,
-0.01169965136796236,
-0.3871045708656311,
-0.2980644106864929,
0.3437270224094391,
0.14823177456855774,
0.01607653684914112,
-0.0161958746612072,
0.28353214263916016,
0.16277356445789337,
0.19705864787101746,
-0.0680772066116333,
-0.6191787719726562,
0.303979754447937,
0.4650965929031372,
0.33477357029914856,
-0.04171007126569748,
0.09132888168096542,
-0.01797771267592907,
-0.11741924285888672,
-0.6027325987815857,
-0.6022498607635498,
-6.075969219207764,
0.051971256732940674,
-0.30648165941238403,
0.12052495777606964,
-0.2656667232513428,
-0.44397151470184326,
0.6710936427116394,
-0.36322081089019775,
0.32043713331222534,
0.024740349501371384,
-0.08606801182031631,
0.15026412904262543,
-0.3978756368160248,
0.407009094953537,
0.32083553075790405,
0.22869262099266052,
-0.15992380678653717,
0.41797780990600586,
0.5807528495788574,
0.058685824275016785,
-0.21059481799602509,
-0.2610553503036499,
-0.03551466017961502,
0.4806671440601349,
0.597388744354248,
0.09966259449720383,
-0.6939753890037537,
0.3368453085422516,
-0.4771125316619873,
0.17688851058483124,
-0.07822549343109131,
-0.5169590711593628,
-0.5002216100692749,
-0.48071369528770447,
0.03242603316903114,
0.2084224373102188,
0.6871209144592285,
-0.2116604596376419,
0.18875078856945038,
-0.5008373260498047,
-0.18640649318695068,
0.09439314901828766,
-0.18982359766960144,
-0.04965822398662567,
0.472295343875885,
-0.1122686043381691,
-0.491024374961853,
0.1629267930984497,
0.06250382959842682,
0.7653666734695435,
0.34852996468544006,
0.06028762832283974,
0.8576094508171082,
0.14138692617416382,
-0.07054318487644196,
-0.7391865849494934,
0.2163679003715515,
0.3930545747280121,
0.6783784031867981,
0.30154719948768616,
0.21399904787540436,
-0.3364856243133545,
-0.1381707489490509,
-0.671048104763031,
-0.07015135884284973,
0.04321470856666565,
-0.16101841628551483,
0.05194699391722679,
0.300337016582489,
-0.02669614367187023,
-0.022803138941526413,
-0.0023394490126520395,
0.42323702573776245,
-0.7165958285331726,
0.46377241611480713,
-0.10084546357393265,
-0.27314555644989014,
0.006831813603639603,
0.3044027090072632,
-0.21301428973674774,
-0.15791454911231995,
-0.3865258991718292,
-0.19754377007484436,
-0.03081654943525791,
0.2446376383304596,
-0.7325450778007507,
-0.24773260951042175,
0.013391286134719849,
-0.2884892523288727,
0.02003701590001583,
0.3473161458969116,
-0.11668585240840912,
-0.18144528567790985,
0.38818398118019104,
0.40222254395484924,
0.6448783278465271,
0.7087981700897217,
0.4468553066253662,
0.11503904312849045,
-0.21921266615390778,
0.3881891369819641,
-0.3294183611869812,
0.3985058665275574,
-0.3754245638847351,
0.29119181632995605,
-0.016828136518597603,
-0.24296483397483826,
0.20933477580547333,
0.5244975090026855,
0.007848251610994339,
-0.06264512985944748,
0.22671197354793549,
-0.5267053842544556,
-0.3533695638179779,
0.5448545217514038,
0.19412708282470703,
-0.2716965973377228,
0.3211239278316498,
0.12317467480897903,
0.5451356172561646,
0.047561146318912506,
-0.027153095230460167,
-0.10946813970804214,
0.09536389261484146,
-0.4328313171863556,
0.37479841709136963,
0.01230230089277029,
0.35747453570365906,
-0.016152454540133476,
-0.3253260850906372,
-0.4219714403152466,
0.22094298899173737,
0.29781731963157654,
0.3119088113307953,
0.3192030191421509,
-0.42348378896713257,
-0.25267359614372253,
-0.3265168368816376,
-0.020036716014146805,
-0.02145432122051716,
-0.08148500323295593,
-0.229918971657753,
-0.1756071299314499,
0.4410126507282257,
-0.031191859394311905,
0.5013758540153503,
-0.07373719662427902,
-0.1735568344593048,
-0.6240166425704956,
0.39019590616226196,
0.3782638907432556,
-0.4505300521850586,
0.3579506278038025,
-0.23949788510799408,
0.09885160624980927,
0.04693010821938515,
-0.13359591364860535,
-0.10743503272533417,
0.44952693581581116,
-0.23796218633651733,
0.43524280190467834,
-0.25735074281692505,
-0.4879949390888214,
0.2931450605392456,
0.0023206660989671946,
-0.02231728471815586,
0.1279727816581726,
-0.41619443893432617,
-0.764139711856842,
0.019636621698737144,
-0.09139980375766754,
-0.015161463990807533,
0.037407077848911285,
-0.20292681455612183,
0.8304474949836731,
0.21606798470020294,
-0.2695302665233612,
-0.07875379920005798,
0.7222897410392761,
0.03732208162546158,
0.27836400270462036,
-0.23140308260917664,
-0.3075172007083893,
0.2394847869873047,
0.3659314215183258,
-0.26107195019721985,
-0.3119131326675415,
-0.0578373558819294,
-0.11801202595233917,
-0.08090931922197342,
0.42952051758766174,
0.5398795008659363,
0.17236679792404175,
-0.10338057577610016,
-0.37558573484420776,
-0.6602703928947449,
0.38077184557914734,
-0.1702558994293213,
-0.1485925018787384,
-0.7198941707611084,
0.016612034291028976,
-0.14886735379695892,
-0.9245200753211975,
0.6166214942932129,
0.5054222345352173,
-0.020184321328997612,
-0.13014081120491028,
0.22706153988838196,
0.06648791581392288,
-0.4150160551071167,
-0.5557308197021484,
-0.45281553268432617,
0.12842091917991638,
-0.07305989414453506,
-0.8711578249931335,
0.22422432899475098,
0.06181120127439499,
-0.4811302423477173,
-0.1180354654788971,
0.487153023481369,
-0.12750326097011566,
-0.5463188290596008,
-0.6385647058486938,
-0.3342816233634949,
-0.8202173113822937,
0.714725911617279,
0.44015195965766907,
-0.6257098913192749,
-0.21060389280319214,
-0.5961624979972839,
0.03218740224838257,
-0.028477990999817848,
0.2666929364204407,
0.0840948298573494,
-0.5186440944671631,
0.1865701526403427,
-0.6616251468658447,
0.1203082874417305,
-0.23097732663154602,
0.44071847200393677,
0.27703654766082764,
0.34679824113845825,
-0.20794112980365753,
-0.30443188548088074,
-0.08141303062438965,
0.323441743850708,
0.22329974174499512,
0.11624117195606232,
-0.2884599566459656,
-0.14316870272159576,
0.34906139969825745,
-0.09825053066015244,
-0.09390395879745483,
0.16724452376365662,
0.7005105018615723,
-0.6897525787353516,
-0.07814085483551025,
-0.18269817531108856,
-0.40144094824790955,
-0.6013430953025818,
0.1639319211244583,
-0.19961030781269073,
-0.5098453164100647,
-0.08611013740301132,
0.10570215433835983,
0.06962371617555618,
0.09953722357749939,
-0.6604412198066711,
-0.1354634165763855,
0.051361333578825,
-0.17256051301956177,
0.22336320579051971,
0.03281671181321144,
0.717604398727417,
0.3987635374069214,
-0.014814341440796852,
-0.08146945387125015,
-0.42820918560028076,
-0.2311467081308365,
0.2600037753582001,
0.3661656081676483,
0.1321296989917755,
-0.3290252983570099,
-0.4541623592376709,
0.4445893466472626,
-0.07031995058059692,
-0.20239050686359406,
0.10088864713907242,
0.3106493651866913,
0.26816174387931824,
-0.24715736508369446,
-0.054123979061841965,
0.02871220000088215,
0.09492398798465729,
-0.12273561954498291,
-0.156238853931427,
0.5513921976089478,
-0.25298601388931274,
0.35908374190330505,
-0.3691495954990387,
-0.452949196100235,
0.3575495183467865,
0.385511189699173,
-0.24323990941047668,
0.4530021846294403,
0.30601170659065247,
-0.3053353428840637,
0.07071858644485474,
0.29976293444633484,
0.36721402406692505,
0.2177465260028839,
-0.3564615845680237,
0.2822040617465973,
0.9084452986717224,
-0.45929041504859924,
0.4206591844558716,
0.4641849100589752,
-0.5056689381599426,
0.1270654946565628,
-0.03180568292737007,
-0.07500141859054565,
0.0824102982878685,
0.2708528935909271,
0.2626621425151825,
-0.12638239562511444,
-0.03537733852863312,
0.3126709461212158,
-0.714512288570404,
0.22278200089931488,
-0.1671275794506073,
0.6861369013786316,
0.34489205479621887,
-0.28848451375961304,
0.13941340148448944,
0.1592358499765396,
-0.004446552135050297,
0.0941774919629097,
0.2807258665561676,
-0.18394975364208221,
0.3286808729171753,
0.1444673091173172,
-0.044402286410331726,
-0.013600559905171394,
0.15331768989562988,
-0.4295736253261566,
-0.013836626894772053,
-0.299627423286438,
0.17996160686016083,
-0.28706806898117065,
-0.08257602155208588,
0.2595907747745514,
-0.1137663722038269,
0.20672839879989624,
-0.5591373443603516,
0.6365893483161926,
-0.38054749369621277,
0.15280650556087494,
0.2801210582256317,
0.6314482688903809,
-0.08745487034320831,
0.3639654517173767,
0.41556453704833984,
-0.23716109991073608,
-0.006548771634697914,
-0.46431735157966614,
-0.1410464495420456,
-0.07777182757854462,
-0.5165849924087524,
-0.02280295267701149,
0.6035556197166443,
-0.21467122435569763,
0.36325520277023315,
-0.3225579559803009,
-0.1534796804189682,
0.46256935596466064,
0.2246941328048706,
-0.10925962030887604,
-0.06557070463895798,
-0.09240663051605225,
0.7316373586654663,
0.08639897406101227,
-0.0022887082304805517,
-0.49375370144844055,
0.23933109641075134,
0.084319107234478,
0.20763611793518066,
-0.316275030374527,
0.17014196515083313,
-0.6161580085754395,
-0.17931771278381348,
0.2669214904308319,
-0.651739776134491,
-0.0029289827216416597,
0.02589116431772709,
-0.13977007567882538,
-0.27720168232917786,
-0.1685193032026291,
0.7721919417381287,
-0.003292759647592902,
0.08105338364839554,
0.21357707679271698,
0.3979206085205078,
0.10513874143362045,
0.3860548734664917,
-0.20599760115146637,
0.27296024560928345,
-0.9207220077514648,
-0.5813306570053101,
-1.1790034770965576,
0.8197033405303955,
0.541821300983429,
0.43920081853866577,
-0.139582097530365,
0.10219720005989075,
-0.24805332720279694,
0.5475638508796692,
0.5050106048583984,
0.00004293131496524438,
0.26630210876464844,
-0.29317817091941833,
-0.18878625333309174,
-0.3113877773284912,
-0.2282724529504776,
0.3056238889694214,
-0.1811739057302475,
-0.40261226892471313,
-0.15312443673610687,
-0.2357044816017151,
-0.21935710310935974,
0.39392125606536865,
0.3786546587944031,
-0.19818077981472015,
-0.4051738977432251,
-0.18799357116222382,
-0.45953455567359924,
-0.337912380695343,
0.3160886764526367,
0.2005750685930252,
1.3213348388671875,
0.08808758854866028,
0.09097927808761597,
-0.19342155754566193,
0.10508907586336136,
-0.22654132544994354,
-1.1801962852478027,
-0.28178516030311584,
0.25345614552497864,
-0.07087332010269165,
-0.8962721824645996,
0.5194896459579468,
0.1561744511127472,
-0.060937900096178055,
0.41655611991882324,
-0.3196786642074585,
-0.07696682214736938,
0.26060184836387634,
0.3070391118526459,
-0.23270168900489807,
0.21132203936576843,
-0.48205873370170593
] |
224144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl%20%28tlatoani%29 | Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani) | Nezahualcoyotl ( , ) (April 28, 1402 – June 4, 1472) was a scholar, philosopher (tlamatini), warrior, architect, poet and ruler (tlatoani) of the city-state of Texcoco in pre-Columbian era Mexico. Unlike other high-profile Mexican figures from the century preceding Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Nezahualcoyotl was not fully Mexica; his father's people were the Acolhua, another Nahuan people settled in the eastern part of the Valley of Mexico, on the coast of Lake Texcoco. His mother, however, was the sister of Chimalpopoca, the Mexica king of Tenochtitlan.
He is best remembered for his poetry, but according to accounts by his descendants and biographers, Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl and Juan Bautista Pomar, he had an experience of an "Unknown, Unknowable Lord of Everywhere" to whom he built an entirely empty temple in which no blood sacrifices of any kind were allowed — not even those of animals. However, he allowed human sacrifices to continue in his other temples.
Name
The Nahuatl name Nezahualcoyotl is commonly translated as “hungry coyote” or “fasting coyote.” However, more accurately, it means "coyote with a fasting collar," from nezahualli, a collar made out of bands of paper twisted together. It was worn by those fasting to show others that they shouldn’t be offered food.
Early life
Born Acolmiztli, he was the son of Ixtlilxochitl I and Matlalcihuatzin, the daughter of Huitzilihuitl. Though born heir to a throne, his youth was not marked by princely luxury. His father had set Texcoco against the powerful city of Azcapotzalco, ruled by the Tepanec. In 1418, when the young prince was fifteen, his father was assassinated.
The Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco, led by Tezozomoc, conquered Texcoco and Acolmiztli had to flee into exile in Huexotzinco. After various adventures during which he took the name Nezahualcoyotl, the prince returned to stay in Tenochtitlan in 1422. His aunts bribed the Tepanec king and allowed for him to be partially educated as a Mexica. His exposure to Mexica culture and politics would influence how he later governed Texcoco. After Tezozomoc's son Maxtla became ruler of Azcapotzalco, Nezahualcoyotl returned to Texcoco, but had to go into exile a second time when he learned that Maxtla plotted against his life.
The reconquest of Texcoco
As the tlatoani Itzcoatl of Tenochtitlan requested help from the Huexotzincans against the Tepanecs, Nezahualcoyotl envisioned a single military force in order to fight the mighty kingdom of Atzcapotzalco. After being offered support from insurgents inside Acolhuacan and rebel Tepanecs from Coyohuacan, Nezahualcoyotl joined the war. He called for a coalition consisting of many of the most important pre-Hispanic cities of the time: Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan, Tlatelolco, Huexotzingo, Tlaxcala and Chalco.
The war was declared a shared and single effort, and the coalition army of more than 100,000 men under the command of Nezahualcoyotl and other important tlatoque headed towards Atzcapotzalco from the city of Calpulalpan. This began the military offensive that would reconquer Acolhuacan in 1428.
The campaign was divided into three parts. One army attacked Acolman to the north and the second Coatlinchan to the south. A contingent led by Nezahualcoyotl himself was intended to attack Acolhuacan, only after providing support, upon request, to the first two armies. The coalition conquered Acolman and Otumba, sacking them only due to the sudden Tepanec siege of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
In a tactical move, the three armies united again and then divided into two. One of them, under Nezahualcoyotl, headed towards Texcoco laying siege to Acolhuacan on its way, while the other attacked and destroyed Atzcapotzalco. At the time the armies met again, Nezahualcoyotl reclaimed Texcoco and decided to conquer Acolhuacan, entering from the north while the Tenochca and Tlacopan allies coming from Azcapotzalco attacked from the south. The two armies simultaneously attacked Acolhuacan from two directions until they controlled the city's main square.
After their victory, the coalition began a series of attacks to isolated Tepanec posts throughout the territory of Texcoco. The defeat of the Tepanecs and the total destruction of the kingdom of Azcapotzalco gave rise to the Aztec Triple Alliance between Texcoco, Tenochtitlan and Tlacopan. Nezahualcoyotl was eventually crowned Tlatoani of Texcoco in 1431.
A decade later, eager to produce a noble heir, Nezahualcoyotl married Azcalxochitzin after the death of her first husband, King Cuahcuauhtzin of Tepechpan.
Legal system and punishments
According to Motolinia, Nezahualcoyotl practiced his strict laws judiciously and imposed them on all his subjects. He killed four of his sons for their sexual relationships with his concubines. Conquered cities paid tribute that was distributed among three kings. Fourteen cities were under Nezahualcoyotl, including Otompan, Huexotla, Coatlichan, Chimalhuacan, Tepetlaoztoc, Chiauhtla, Tezoyucan, Teotihuacan, Acolman, Tepechpan, Chiconauhlt, Xicotepec, Cuauhchinanco, and Tulantzino.
Nezahualcoyotl adopted the Mexica legal system into his empire to help in the reconstruction of his city. There were eighty laws that he enacted; among them were laws about crime and punishment including treason, robbery, adultery, homosexuality, homicide, alcohol abuse, misuse of inheritances, and military misconduct. The Mapa Quinatzin depicts the hanging of a robber for stealing or breaking into a house. In cases of military misconduct, for example those soldiers who did not follow orders or killed captives, the condemned were hanged or beheaded. Nobles were not immune to such punishments.
Achievements
Revered as a sage and poet-king, Nezahualcoyotl gathered a group of followers called the tlamatini, generally translated as "wise men". These men were scholars, artists, musicians and sculptors who pursued their art in the court of Texcoco.
Nezahualcoyotl is credited with cultivating what came to be known as Texcoco's Golden Age, which brought the rule of law, scholarship and artistry to the city and set high standards that influenced surrounding cultures. Nezahualcoyotl designed a code of law based on the division of power, which created the councils of finance, war, justice and culture (the last actually called the "Council of Music"). Under his rule Texcoco flourished as the intellectual center of the Triple Alliance and was home to an extensive library that, tragically, did not survive the Spanish conquest. He also established an academy of music and welcomed worthy entrants from all regions of Mesoamerica.
Texcoco has been called "the Athens of the Western World"—to quote the historian Lorenzo Boturini Bernaducci. Indeed, the remains of hilltop gardens, sculptures and a massive aqueduct system show the impressive engineering skills and aesthetic appreciation of his reign.
Many believe, however, that of all the creative intellects nurtured by this Texcocan "Athens," by far the greatest belonged to the king himself. He is considered one of the great designers and architects of the pre-Hispanic era. He is said to have personally designed the "albarrada de Nezahualcoyotl" ("dike of Nezahualcoyotl") to separate the fresh and brackish waters of Lake Texcoco, a system that was still in use over a century after his death.
Legacy
The date of Nezahualcoyotl's death is recorded as being June 4, 1472, survived by many concubines and an estimated 110 children. He was succeeded by his son Nezahualpilli as tlatoani of Texcoco.
His great-grandson Juan Bautista Pomar is credited with the compilations of a collection of Nahuatl poems. Romances de los señores de la Nueva España, and with a chronicle of the history of the Aztecs. The freshwater fish Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl is named after Nezahualcoyotl. Nezahualcoyotl appears on the current 100 peso banknote of Mexico.
Poetry
One of Nezahualcoyotl's historical legacies is as a poet and a number of works in the Classical Nahuatl language written in the 16th and 17th centuries have been ascribed to him. In fact this attribution is testament to the long lifespan of oral tradition, since Nezahualcoyotl died almost 50 years before the conquest and the poems were written down another fifty years after that. Juan Bautista de Pomar was a grandson of Nezahualcoyotl and likely wrote them from memory of the oral tradition.
Poems attributed to Nezahualcoyotl include:
In chololiztli (The Flight)
Ma zan moquetzacan (Stand Up!)
Nitlacoya (I Am Sad)
Xopan cuicatl (Song of Springtime)
Ye nonocuiltonohua (I Am Wealthy)
Zan yehuan (He Alone)
Xon Ahuiyacan (Be Joyful)
See also
Texcoco (altepetl)
History of the Aztecs
Aztec Empire
Mexican literature
Nahuatl
Ixtlilxochitl I
Nezahualpilli
Cuacuauhtzin
Aztec mythology
Notes
References
León-Portilla, Miguel; Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World University of Oklahoma Press, October 2000.
Prescott, William; The History of the Conquest of Mexico, Book 1, Chapter 6.
Lee, Jongsoo; "A reinterpretation of Nahuatl poetics: Rejecting the image of Nezahualcoyotl as a peaceful poet" in Colonial Latin American Review, December 2003, Vol. 12 Issue 2, p 233-249.
Curl, John; Ancient American PoetsThe Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl, Bilingual Press, 2005,
External links
http://www.ku.edu/~hoopes/506/Lectures/Aztecs.html
http://www.nndb.com/people/773/000095488/
Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl YouTube
Poems of Nezahualcoyotl read in Nahuatl YouTube
1402 births
1472 deaths
Tlatoque of Texcoco
Nahuatl-language poets
People from Texcoco, State of Mexico | [
0.04152808338403702,
0.7314189672470093,
-0.7953959703445435,
0.5140698552131653,
-0.5383415818214417,
0.3381589949131012,
0.6797794699668884,
0.828925371170044,
-0.20171022415161133,
-0.3453635275363922,
0.13954243063926697,
0.5634388327598572,
0.33292925357818604,
0.2919958531856537,
-0.32110029458999634,
-0.04463183134794235,
0.7728073596954346,
0.139277383685112,
-0.15454091131687164,
0.22344811260700226,
-0.3856511414051056,
-0.45848461985588074,
0.33273690938949585,
0.13230904936790466,
0.06883939355611801,
0.2073058784008026,
-0.2057725340127945,
-0.45106667280197144,
-0.19515591859817505,
-0.12844382226467133,
-0.01091910433024168,
0.17603181302547455,
0.029176954180002213,
-0.4568265974521637,
-0.7790842056274414,
0.7932539582252502,
-0.7186453342437744,
-0.4145685136318207,
0.32058730721473694,
-0.3144315481185913,
0.1213270053267479,
0.12665465474128723,
0.2503359317779541,
0.6204330921173096,
-0.512677013874054,
0.07988401502370834,
-1.1492172479629517,
0.25953030586242676,
-0.9641731977462769,
-0.46387967467308044,
-0.39744073152542114,
0.342213898897171,
-0.43123412132263184,
0.42491868138313293,
-0.25861871242523193,
0.9570389986038208,
-1.084181308746338,
-0.5430037975311279,
-0.17086836695671082,
0.47748297452926636,
0.8206535577774048,
0.6821602582931519,
0.20147396624088287,
-0.1809663623571396,
-0.09263113141059875,
-0.2540283501148224,
-0.20618365705013275,
0.19908277690410614,
-0.29026246070861816,
0.262045681476593,
-0.4236880838871002,
0.7169556617736816,
-0.3868182301521301,
-0.15448212623596191,
-0.14383496344089508,
-0.48734405636787415,
-0.04189182445406914,
0.41411274671554565,
0.05693063139915466,
0.051656581461429596,
-0.6555641293525696,
0.06652835011482239,
1.5640718936920166,
0.04452768713235855,
0.23180900514125824,
0.2156108170747757,
-0.15355929732322693,
-0.2273096740245819,
-0.45323485136032104,
-0.2596466839313507,
-0.3608757257461548,
-0.09897845983505249,
0.26005563139915466,
0.528990626335144,
-0.6541508436203003,
0.21819493174552917,
-0.46959200501441956,
-0.19655641913414001,
-1.0057182312011719,
-0.06319925934076309,
0.07267603278160095,
-0.2266451120376587,
0.2714617848396301,
0.2731168568134308,
-0.24944889545440674,
-0.09401001036167145,
-0.4737643301486969,
0.029127776622772217,
-0.5712855458259583,
-0.717422366142273,
-0.2738167345523834,
0.26176387071609497,
0.2791344225406647,
0.016277529299259186,
0.1963937133550644,
0.43723031878471375,
0.5553135871887207,
-0.8182573318481445,
-0.17078272998332977,
-0.016910608857870102,
-0.6293664574623108,
0.3803863525390625,
0.11492399871349335,
0.055984027683734894,
-0.43208616971969604,
0.17290416359901428,
0.3483825623989105,
-0.2448471635580063,
-0.28380054235458374,
-0.13728298246860504,
0.3161257803440094,
0.6292709708213806,
0.2524991035461426,
-0.5194488167762756,
0.6585138440132141,
-0.8935269117355347,
0.011602422222495079,
0.2898128926753998,
-0.24807779490947723,
0.5144994258880615,
-0.46275794506073,
-0.8631546497344971,
-0.6032348275184631,
0.279240220785141,
0.6745105981826782,
0.0060208565555512905,
0.3594849407672882,
0.13307005167007446,
-0.02170671336352825,
-0.08105459809303284,
-0.6143590807914734,
-0.2512865960597992,
0.2917887568473816,
-0.20356416702270508,
0.06792721897363663,
0.12944598495960236,
-0.4576575458049774,
0.1763385832309723,
0.4550294280052185,
-0.1391388177871704,
0.13156500458717346,
-0.21525545418262482,
0.09610952436923981,
-0.04440634697675705,
0.22831052541732788,
-0.4109344482421875,
0.1354222446680069,
0.40012070536613464,
-0.020591726526618004,
0.2650188207626343,
-0.05434397980570793,
-0.48378562927246094,
-0.33289584517478943,
-0.4943417012691498,
-0.5011998414993286,
-0.5313720703125,
0.6624544262886047,
0.11280690878629684,
0.25532421469688416,
0.4767337441444397,
-0.7590711712837219,
0.5040223598480225,
-0.06409817934036255,
-0.5703346729278564,
-0.13410133123397827,
-0.2582412362098694,
0.6383638978004456,
0.4528410732746124,
0.5785377621650696,
-0.2098805010318756,
-0.3910141885280609,
0.25011196732521057,
-0.22210347652435303,
-0.30156204104423523,
0.9911457896232605,
0.6004067063331604,
-0.5854689478874207,
0.8608355522155762,
-0.22219008207321167,
0.5247082710266113,
0.3206676244735718,
-0.21536964178085327,
0.5945717692375183,
0.17751897871494293,
-0.03173552826046944,
-0.2942899167537689,
0.1734033077955246,
0.2841508984565735,
0.9145230650901794,
0.565232515335083,
0.2254386991262436,
-0.04520764946937561,
-0.2993534803390503,
0.6906659007072449,
-0.9375711679458618,
-0.12950600683689117,
0.1869688332080841,
0.23278385400772095,
0.3558255136013031,
-0.5565440058708191,
0.8636322617530823,
-0.21305596828460693,
-0.11524002254009247,
0.6409977674484253,
-0.1991419643163681,
0.6624307632446289,
-0.31386515498161316,
-0.20259734988212585,
0.7363672256469727,
-0.6078043580055237,
-0.27789822220802307,
0.19616977870464325,
0.610623300075531,
-0.37567615509033203,
0.22778739035129547,
-0.1800478845834732,
-0.3902369737625122,
-0.27453935146331787,
-0.0062400903552770615,
-0.23410235345363617,
0.1641717404127121,
0.014540750533342361,
-0.610846757888794,
0.3505409359931946,
0.4455033540725708,
0.16400974988937378,
-0.2149713784456253,
-0.46488991379737854,
-0.5461268424987793,
0.25304216146469116,
0.006463490892201662,
0.6907949447631836,
-0.37003210186958313,
0.11593056470155716,
-0.11427363008260727,
0.15328258275985718,
-0.060076721012592316,
-0.6968834400177002,
0.1907857209444046,
-0.36722007393836975,
0.1682264655828476,
0.36277246475219727,
0.005500844679772854,
0.3808330297470093,
-0.11338880658149719,
-0.9050296545028687,
0.08397512137889862,
-0.3142199218273163,
-0.1369817703962326,
-0.12024644762277603,
0.6668446660041809,
-0.7114226818084717,
0.2664692997932434,
-0.41751208901405334,
0.20784339308738708,
-0.7564984560012817,
-0.2842548191547394,
0.025545034557580948,
-0.4887477457523346,
-0.6516481041908264,
0.2114887684583664,
0.9271659851074219,
-0.38760948181152344,
-0.16537471115589142,
-0.03814670071005821,
-0.445056289434433,
0.2612803876399994,
-0.4991680681705475,
0.28626367449760437,
-0.39496251940727234,
0.14344759285449982,
0.24030032753944397,
-0.4794918894767761,
-0.2984161376953125,
0.11511348932981491,
0.031660694628953934,
-0.10960517078638077,
-0.3328520357608795,
0.45941516757011414,
-0.4590005576610565,
-1.081494688987732,
0.4293981194496155,
0.2755501866340637,
0.2220715582370758,
0.5081826448440552,
0.13924874365329742,
-0.11265387386083603,
0.04291612282395363,
-5.345489501953125,
0.2845779359340668,
-0.29131945967674255,
-0.4218848645687103,
0.783428430557251,
0.17672033607959747,
0.7891609072685242,
0.4057137668132782,
0.5502820014953613,
-0.4976966679096222,
0.32684651017189026,
0.031966906040906906,
-0.4237249195575714,
0.42122524976730347,
0.15699318051338196,
0.6794393658638,
-0.3256411552429199,
-0.08303028345108032,
-0.5909816026687622,
0.020880909636616707,
0.2936895787715912,
-0.16736873984336853,
-0.3308260440826416,
0.9940352439880371,
0.6665871739387512,
0.5058208107948303,
-0.9866363406181335,
-0.07715273648500443,
-1.1066263914108276,
-0.2886049747467041,
-0.05467168614268303,
0.4151035249233246,
-0.17547142505645752,
0.1790173500776291,
-0.4520692825317383,
0.3547331690788269,
0.6483379006385803,
0.8092513084411621,
-0.23136687278747559,
0.4060770571231842,
-0.4406154453754425,
-0.1725025177001953,
-0.5283597707748413,
0.09347672015428543,
0.48338937759399414,
-0.39320462942123413,
-0.4671771228313446,
-0.04814225062727928,
-0.07641478627920151,
0.4039539396762848,
-0.008521029725670815,
-0.09520447254180908,
0.22489377856254578,
0.08512800186872482,
0.3992355465888977,
0.21354754269123077,
0.4527386426925659,
0.178677037358284,
-0.9537758827209473,
0.8374900817871094,
0.3570323586463928,
-0.4991800785064697,
0.06090106442570686,
-1.0065675973892212,
0.2436552792787552,
-0.2994099259376526,
-0.06397104263305664,
-0.25567618012428284,
0.26706844568252563,
-0.005607232451438904,
-0.17338219285011292,
1.0867575407028198,
-0.37823599576950073,
-1.0956660509109497,
0.38860154151916504,
-0.22509391605854034,
-0.6414416432380676,
0.3700156807899475,
-0.41467535495758057,
0.1378067433834076,
0.24930410087108612,
-0.016823988407850266,
0.10724972933530807,
0.5736609101295471,
0.49047115445137024,
0.24828071892261505,
-0.07461739331483841,
-0.02095150388777256,
-0.35044345259666443,
0.46261104941368103,
0.863614022731781,
-0.1924862265586853,
0.21316610276699066,
0.09106384217739105,
-0.6010257005691528,
-0.07786675542593002,
-0.2853963375091553,
-0.1442609429359436,
0.44393953680992126,
0.030528925359249115,
0.2837074100971222,
-0.09452955424785614,
0.26603615283966064,
0.28736987709999084,
0.01243941206485033,
0.15481622517108917,
-0.39582785964012146,
0.24503569304943085,
0.5347645878791809,
0.20424482226371765,
0.03392716497182846,
0.32381671667099,
-0.44552791118621826,
-0.14711114764213562,
0.1476958841085434,
-0.14160865545272827,
-0.09670379757881165,
0.2056601643562317,
0.9449124932289124,
0.011931847780942917,
0.2938809394836426,
0.6002964973449707,
-0.3005778193473816,
-0.5298959612846375,
0.29295068979263306,
-0.07468757778406143,
0.3960482180118561,
0.6140038967132568,
0.01998656615614891,
-0.4536132514476776,
-0.36144235730171204,
-0.5674816966056824,
-0.010595384985208511,
0.513180136680603,
-0.38941237330436707,
0.1550552397966385,
-0.29883721470832825,
-0.7697338461875916,
0.3568460941314697,
-0.4325319230556488,
-0.05788121372461319,
-0.6120070219039917,
0.04898958280682564,
0.5208975672721863,
0.8797378540039062,
0.20169635117053986,
0.18687719106674194,
-0.3633831739425659,
-0.8213930726051331,
0.9271572232246399,
0.47117921710014343,
0.2703012228012085,
-0.16839459538459778,
0.05602336674928665,
-0.7178937792778015,
-0.29340431094169617,
0.3015134036540985,
0.21748925745487213,
-0.11787178367376328,
0.25021323561668396,
0.3123109042644501,
-0.3445985019207001,
-0.5588608980178833,
0.5015007853507996,
0.23001623153686523,
-0.15340806543827057,
-0.7989466190338135,
-0.02258216217160225,
-0.35734808444976807,
0.5677160024642944,
0.49809396266937256,
-0.7055714130401611,
-0.9246872067451477,
0.22694624960422516,
0.8828585147857666,
-0.8839452266693115,
0.6925102472305298,
0.6355513334274292,
-0.16326433420181274,
0.2718922197818756,
-0.16074882447719574,
-0.5577773451805115,
0.048491980880498886,
0.0108790947124362,
0.14957109093666077,
-0.3772187829017639,
-0.36440423130989075,
-0.48295819759368896,
-0.4505471885204315,
-0.004751110915094614,
0.1188894659280777,
0.10869531333446503,
-0.2720196843147278,
0.4469887614250183,
-0.3459082841873169,
-0.28030264377593994,
0.012092326767742634,
0.06332308053970337,
0.38952264189720154,
-0.312404990196228,
0.0821068286895752,
0.42598357796669006,
-0.10371685028076172,
0.552055835723877,
0.33163008093833923,
-0.9670059084892273,
0.13356658816337585,
-0.24297918379306793,
-0.3801540434360504,
0.009559412486851215,
-0.1890196055173874,
-0.8538042902946472,
0.0891585648059845,
0.2017192542552948,
0.2661227881908417,
-0.24110090732574463,
0.4450867176055908,
-0.16246582567691803,
-0.30944183468818665,
-0.3160395324230194,
0.3075259029865265,
0.09620431810617447,
0.28439226746559143,
0.03118341602385044,
-0.061132706701755524,
0.7968668341636658,
-0.17332442104816437,
0.02593383938074112,
0.6480345129966736,
-0.6132655739784241,
0.42224815487861633,
0.20969383418560028,
-0.370643675327301,
0.08154600113630295,
-0.531966507434845,
-0.5757424235343933,
0.07469287514686584,
0.18791934847831726,
-0.3414527475833893,
-0.13012807071208954,
-0.1351681649684906,
0.19914177060127258,
0.49304628372192383,
-0.24216458201408386,
-0.39243820309638977,
0.35483214259147644,
-0.028215937316417694,
0.22128048539161682,
-0.09468957781791687,
-0.619744062423706,
0.11451911926269531,
-0.7704404592514038,
-0.5322698354721069,
-0.5022163391113281,
0.5487253069877625,
-0.2885003685951233,
0.03305066004395485,
0.25457751750946045,
0.3192927837371826,
-0.24986299872398376,
0.17255184054374695,
0.19818608462810516,
-0.28117769956588745,
-0.20530971884727478,
-0.1509466916322708,
0.1136690154671669,
0.3746693730354309,
0.09682628512382507,
0.709453284740448,
-0.29096660017967224,
-0.36265239119529724,
-0.7959604263305664,
-0.580936074256897,
0.631033182144165,
0.22988897562026978,
-0.26929619908332825,
-0.4169401228427887,
0.21214894950389862,
0.8324589729309082,
-0.22133919596672058,
-1.199283242225647,
-0.3968351483345032,
-0.14388678967952728,
0.16739238798618317,
0.3277146518230438,
-0.24398359656333923,
-0.3273782730102539,
0.11958062648773193,
-0.010116604156792164,
-0.09386417269706726,
-0.9738147854804993,
0.6108472347259521,
0.6696824431419373,
0.3451738655567169,
-0.03661840036511421,
0.1627243161201477,
-0.07915037870407104,
0.5845486521720886,
0.07223765552043915,
0.300244003534317,
-0.5417782068252563,
0.44019851088523865,
0.43423062562942505,
0.13613995909690857,
0.10634215176105499,
0.21043315529823303,
0.352517694234848,
0.30654656887054443,
-0.519578754901886,
-0.016225451603531837,
-0.618565022945404,
0.4518013000488281,
0.41738975048065186,
0.24065585434436798,
-0.5272473692893982,
-0.2398000806570053,
0.4841667711734772,
-0.31656917929649353,
-0.24045580625534058,
0.23244960606098175,
0.2951226234436035,
-0.1328871101140976,
0.7269914150238037,
-0.006818775087594986,
1.1085302829742432,
0.2052762806415558,
-0.4411909282207489,
-0.7505024075508118,
-0.17524780333042145,
0.13594336807727814,
0.2888414263725281,
0.36847278475761414,
-0.47574949264526367,
-0.12218598276376724,
-0.03917449712753296,
0.1931838095188141,
-0.29576531052589417,
-0.40420711040496826,
-0.7048216462135315,
0.895564615726471,
0.46698302030563354,
0.7895987629890442,
-1.0235788822174072,
0.18359577655792236,
0.03214322030544281,
0.2043367624282837,
-0.1669803261756897,
0.3667324483394623,
0.5637511610984802,
-0.12434527277946472,
0.9204462170600891,
0.36083921790122986,
0.13833101093769073,
-0.6321266889572144,
0.010214692912995815,
0.17645198106765747,
-0.023491891101002693,
0.34303224086761475,
-0.0877126008272171,
-0.12966112792491913,
-0.38877248764038086,
-0.04846210777759552,
0.7068857550621033,
-0.4258270263671875,
-0.6041683554649353,
0.35475578904151917,
-0.8165155649185181,
-0.27950766682624817,
-0.3400626480579376,
0.3377549350261688,
-0.010080337524414062,
-0.2308320701122284,
-0.5550317168235779,
0.5808683037757874,
0.35606300830841064,
0.26670557260513306,
0.8972914814949036,
0.5808840990066528,
-0.10355164110660553,
-0.23201458156108856,
0.02632017806172371,
-0.4196081757545471,
-0.6237043738365173,
-0.12129393219947815,
0.3440459668636322,
0.2243545651435852,
-0.05344404652714729,
0.3820796608924866,
-0.4561365246772766,
0.03167901933193207,
-0.26851072907447815,
-0.11730799078941345,
-0.046130742877721786,
0.689432680606842,
-0.15649926662445068,
0.21114426851272583,
-0.6180341839790344,
0.5518044829368591,
-0.1234913170337677,
-0.5731493830680847,
0.39177489280700684,
-0.36145341396331787,
0.2619710862636566,
0.04920630529522896,
-0.3160560131072998,
0.014589959755539894,
-0.31350716948509216,
0.4401678740978241,
-0.9262562990188599,
0.267647922039032,
0.1378975212574005,
-0.3056037127971649,
-0.4552432894706726,
-0.06066590175032616,
-0.39113324880599976,
0.20086908340454102,
0.4486853778362274,
0.025726236402988434,
-0.4851231575012207,
-0.29589858651161194,
0.009496294893324375,
-0.7049391269683838,
-0.10777060687541962,
0.4361477196216583,
-0.28476282954216003,
-0.3865329921245575,
0.7290619015693665,
0.4102514982223511,
-0.39900943636894226,
0.09470614045858383,
0.834210216999054,
-0.4097081124782562,
-0.5028678774833679,
-0.1897909790277481,
-0.05759739875793457,
-0.8595466017723083,
0.5477955341339111,
1.0310906171798706,
0.150729238986969,
-0.286300927400589,
0.5110292434692383,
-0.2106664776802063,
0.264836847782135,
0.012943025678396225,
-0.16234202682971954,
-0.4164038300514221,
0.03881560638546944,
-0.7065991163253784,
-0.5332821607589722,
0.38070985674858093,
0.5659272074699402,
0.5490294098854065,
-0.009634559974074364,
-0.8607338070869446,
0.10332611203193665,
0.4950594902038574,
0.4159851670265198,
-0.8545929789543152,
0.6926184296607971,
-0.10219719260931015
] |
224145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20storm%20petrel | Northern storm petrel | Northern storm petrels are seabirds in the genus Hydrobates in the family Hydrobatidae, part of the order Procellariiformes. The family was once lumped with the similar austral storm petrels in the combined storm petrels, but have been split, as they were not closely related. These smallest of seabirds feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
The northern storm petrels are found in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species around the Equator dip into the south. They are strictly pelagic, coming to land only when breeding. In the case of most species, little is known of their behaviour and distribution at sea, where they can be hard to find and harder to identify. They are colonial nesters, displaying strong philopatry to their natal colonies and nesting sites. Most species nest in crevices or burrows, and all but one species attend the breeding colonies nocturnally. Pairs form long-term, monogamous bonds and share incubation and chick-feeding duties. Like many species of seabirds, nesting is highly protracted, with incubation taking up to 50 days and fledging another 70 days after that.
Several species of storm petrel are threatened by human activities. One species, the Guadalupe storm petrel, is thought to have gone extinct. The principal threats to storm petrels are introduced species, particularly mammals, in their breeding colonies; many storm petrels habitually nest on isolated mammal-free islands and are unable to cope with predators such as rats and feral cats.
Taxonomy
The family Hydrobatidae was introduced with Hydrobates as the type genus by the Australian born ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1912. The background is complicated as the family Hydrobatidae had originally been introduced in 1849 with Hydrobata as the type genus by the French zoologist Côme-Damien Degland. Hydrobata had been erected in 1816 for species in the dipper family Cinclidae by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot. In 1992 the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) suppressed the genus Hydrobata Vieillot, 1816. Under the rules of the ICZN the family Hydrobatidae Degland, 1849 thus became unavailable as the type genus had been suppressed. This cleared the way for the family Hydrobatidae introduced in 1912 by Mathews.
The genus Hydrobates was erected in 1822 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. He listed two species but did not specify a type. In 1884 Spencer Baird, Thomas Brewer and Robert Ridgway designated the European storm petrel as the type species. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek hudro- meaning "water-" with batēs meaning "walker".
In the past two subfamilies, the Hydrobatinae and Oceanitinae, were recognized within a single large family Hydrobatidae, but this has since been split with the elevation of the Oceanitidae to family status. The Oceanitidae, or austral storm petrels, are mostly found in southern waters (though Wilson's storm petrel regularly migrates into the Northern Hemisphere). The Hydrobatidae, or northern storm petrels, are largely restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, although a few visit or breed a short distance south of the equator. The family Hydrobatidae originally included two genera Hydrobates and Oceanodroma. Cytochrome b DNA sequence analysis suggested that the family was paraphyletic and more accurately treated as two distinct families. A few fossil species have been found, with the earliest being from the Upper Miocene. In 2021, the IOC merged Hydrobates and Oceanodroma into the single genus Hydrobates, as the family was paraphyletic as previously defined.
The following cladogram shows the results of the phylogenetic analysis by Wallace et al. (2017).
Species
One species, the Guadalupe storm petrel (O. macrodactyla), is possibly extinct.
In 2010, the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) added the Cape Verde storm petrel (O. jabejabe) to their list of accepted species (AS) splits, following Bolton et al. 2007. This species was split from the band-rumped storm petrel (O. castro). In 2016, the IOC added Townsend's storm petrel (O. socorroensis) and Ainley's storm petrel (O. cheimomnestes) to their list of AS splits, following Howell 2012. These species were split from Leach's storm petrel (O. leucorhoa).
Morphology and flight
Northern storm petrels are the smallest of all the seabirds, ranging in size from 13 to 25 cm in length. The Hydrobatidae have longer wings than the austral storm petrels, forked or wedge-shaped tails, and shorter legs. The legs of all storm petrels are proportionally longer than those of other Procellariiformes, but they are very weak and unable to support the bird's weight for more than a few steps.
All but two of the Hydrobatidae are mostly dark in colour with varying amounts of white on the rump. Two species have different plumage entirely, the ringed storm petrel, which has white undersides and facial markings, and the fork-tailed storm petrel, which has pale grey plumage. This is a notoriously difficult group to identify at sea. Onley and Scofield (2007) state that much published information is incorrect, and that photographs in the major seabird books and websites are frequently incorrectly ascribed as to species. They also consider that several national bird lists include species that have been incorrectly identified or have been accepted on inadequate evidence.
Storm petrels use a variety of techniques to aid flight. Most species occasionally feed by surface pattering, holding and moving their feet on the water's surface while holding steady above the water. They remain stationary by hovering with rapid fluttering or using the wind to anchor themselves in place. This method of feeding flight is more commonly used by Oceanitidae storm petrels, however. Northern storm petrels also use dynamic soaring, gliding across wave fronts gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient.
Diet
The diet of many storm petrels species is poorly known owing to difficulties in researching; overall, the family is thought to concentrate on crustaceans. Small fish, oil droplets, and molluscs are also taken by many species. Some species are known to be rather more specialised; the grey-backed storm petrel is known to concentrate on the larvae of goose barnacles.
Almost all species forage in the pelagic zone. Although storm petrels are capable of swimming well and often form rafts on the water's surface, they do not feed on the water. Instead, feeding usually takes place on the wing, with birds hovering above or "walking" on the surface (see morphology) and snatching small morsels. Rarely, prey is obtained by making shallow dives under the surface.
Like many seabirds, storm petrels associate with other species of seabirds and marine mammal species to help obtain food. They may benefit from the actions of diving predators such as seals and penguins, which push prey up towards the surface while hunting, allowing the surface-feeding storm petrels to reach them.
Distribution and movements
The Hydrobatidae are mostly found in the Northern Hemisphere.
Several species of northern storm petrel undertake migrations after the breeding season, of differing lengths; long ones, such as Swinhoe's storm petrel, which breeds in the west Pacific and migrates to the west Indian Ocean; or shorter ones, such as the black storm petrel, which nests in southern California and migrates down the coast of Central America as far south as Colombia. Some species, like Tristram's storm petrel, are thought to be essentially sedentary and do not undertake any migrations away from their breeding islands.
Breeding
Storm petrels nest colonially, for the most part on islands, although a few species breed on the mainland, particularly Antarctica. Nesting sites are attended at night to avoid predators; the wedge-rumped storm petrels nesting in the Galapagos Islands are the exception to this rule and attend their nesting sites during the day. Storm petrels display high levels of philopatry, returning to their natal colonies to breed. In one instance, a band-rumped storm petrel was caught as an adult 2 m from its natal burrow. Storm petrels nest either in burrows dug into soil or sand, or in small crevices in rocks and scree. Competition for nesting sites is intense in colonies where storm petrels compete with other burrowing petrels, with shearwaters having been recorded killing storm petrels to occupy their burrows. Colonies can be extremely large and dense, with densities as high as 8 pairs/m2 for band-rumped storm petrels in the Galapagos and colonies 3.6 million strong for Leach's storm petrel have been recorded.
Storm petrels are monogamous and form long-term pair bonds that last a number of years. Studies of paternity using DNA fingerprinting have shown that, unlike many other monogamous birds, infidelity (extra-pair mating) is very rare. As with the other Procellariiformes, a single egg is laid by a pair in a breeding season; if the egg fails, then usually no attempt is made to lay again (although it happens rarely). Both sexes incubate in shifts of up to six days. The egg hatches after 40 or 50 days; the young is brooded continuously for another 7 days or so before being left alone in the nest during the day and fed by regurgitation at night. Meals fed to the chick weigh around 10–20% of the parent's body weight, and consist of both prey items and stomach oil. Stomach oil is an energy-rich (its calorific value is around 9.6 kcal/g) oil created by partly digested prey in a part of the fore gut known as the proventriculus. By partly converting prey items into stomach oil, storm petrels can maximise the amount of energy chicks receive during feeding, an advantage for small seabirds that can only make a single visit to the chick during a 24-hour period (at night). The typical age at which chicks fledge depends on the species, taking between 50 and 70 days. The time taken to hatch and raise the young is long for the bird's size, but is typical of seabirds, which in general are K-selected, living much longer, delaying breeding for longer, and investing more effort into fewer young. The young leave their burrows around 62 days. They are independent almost at once and quickly disperse into the ocean. They return to their original colony after 2 or 3 years, but will not breed until at least 4 years old. Storm petrels have been recorded living as long as 30 years.
Threats and conservation
Several species of storm petrel are threatened by human activities. The Guadalupe storm petrel has not been observed since 1906 and most authorities consider it extinct. One species (the ashy storm petrel) is listed as endangered by the IUCN due to a 42% decline over 20 years. For the ringed storm petrel, even the sites of their breeding colonies remain a mystery.
Storm petrels face the same threats as other seabirds; in particular, they are threatened by introduced species. The Guadalupe storm petrel was driven to extinction by feral cats, and introduced predators have also been responsible for declines in other species. Habitat degradation, which limits nesting opportunities, caused by introduced goats and pigs is also a problem, especially if it increases competition from more aggressive burrowing petrels.
Cultural representation of the storm petrel
The name "petrel" is a diminutive form of "Peter", a reference to Saint Peter; it was given to these birds because they sometimes appear to walk across the water's surface. The more specific "storm petrel" or "stormy petrel" is a reference to their habit of hiding in the lee of ships during storms. Early sailors named these birds "Mother Carey's chickens" because they were thought to warn of oncoming storms; this name is based on a corrupted form of Mater Cara, a name for the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Breton folklore holds that storm petrels are the spirits of sea-captains who mistreated their crew, doomed to spend eternity flying over the sea, and they are also held to be the souls of drowned sailors. A sailing superstition holds that the appearance of a storm petrel foretells bad weather. Sinister names from Britain and France include waterwitch, satanite, satanique, and oiseau du diable.
The association of the storm petrel with turbulent weather has led to its use as a metaphor for revolutionary views, the epithet "stormy petrel" being applied by various authors to characters as disparate as a Roman tribune,
a Presbyterian minister in the early Carolinas,
an Afghan governor,
or an Arkansas politician.
The "stormy petrel" appears as the standard English translation of the name of the lead character in "Song of the Stormy Petrel", a 1901 poem by the Russian revolutionary writer Maxim Gorky in which he turned to the imagery of subantarctic avifauna to describe Russian society's attitudes to the coming revolution. This poem was called "the battle anthem of the revolution", and earned Gorky himself the title of the "Storm Petrel of the Revolution".
While this English translation of the bird's name may not be a very ornithologically accurate translation of the Russian burevestnik (буревестник), it is poetically appropriate, as burevestnik literally means "the announcer of the storm". To honour Gorky and his work, the name Burevestnik was bestowed on a variety of institutions, locations, and products in the USSR.
The motif of the stormy petrel has a long association with revolutionary anarchism. Various groups adopted the bird's name, either as a group identifier, as in the Spanish Civil War, or for their publications. "Stormy Petrel" was the title of a German anarchist paper of the late 19th century; it was also the name of a Russian exile anarchist communist group operating in Switzerland in the early 20th century. The Stormy Petrel (Burevestnik) was the title of the magazine of the Anarchist Communist Federation in Russia around the time of the 1905 revolution, and is still an imprint of the London group of the Anarchist Federation of Britain and Ireland. Writing in 1936, Emma Goldman referred to Buenaventura Durruti as "this stormy petrel of the anarchist and revolutionary movement".
The stormy petrel is also the mascot of Oglethorpe University, a small liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia.
References
External links
Storm petrel videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Taxa named by Friedrich Boie
Seabirds | [
-0.38945314288139343,
0.19755740463733673,
0.08320649713277817,
-0.09340161085128784,
-0.3110823929309845,
0.7513613700866699,
0.7723032832145691,
0.5048598647117615,
-1.0531550645828247,
-0.1544112116098404,
-0.17334198951721191,
-0.05345187336206436,
-0.8449394702911377,
0.45212048292160034,
0.6607114672660828,
0.7556625008583069,
0.1968143880367279,
0.2557552456855774,
0.47515198588371277,
-0.4383726119995117,
-0.41017767786979675,
-1.1714434623718262,
0.7891539931297302,
-0.4879964292049408,
0.38559797406196594,
-0.09021671861410141,
0.43176284432411194,
0.8669402599334717,
0.2425982803106308,
0.5410420894622803,
0.08672871440649033,
1.5469927787780762,
-0.02138766273856163,
0.5118263959884644,
0.3796728551387787,
0.301369309425354,
-0.3644866347312927,
-0.11138231307268143,
-0.33580875396728516,
-0.14778129756450653,
0.32423338294029236,
-0.4611389636993408,
-0.08462364226579666,
-0.05554100126028061,
-0.2404049038887024,
-0.4065289795398712,
-0.938401460647583,
0.18219687044620514,
0.015968382358551025,
-0.15864700078964233,
-0.30174970626831055,
0.5999177694320679,
0.2789492905139923,
0.5700855851173401,
0.3200470209121704,
0.49365749955177307,
-0.7912273406982422,
0.41725146770477295,
-0.259615033864975,
-0.1968356966972351,
-0.5385943651199341,
0.3203689754009247,
-0.29514801502227783,
-0.4026838541030884,
-0.07190892100334167,
0.25986501574516296,
-0.012034439481794834,
0.22138887643814087,
-0.36057332158088684,
-0.38355594873428345,
0.032988861203193665,
-0.12564115226268768,
-0.0759119763970375,
0.3447329103946686,
-0.25293606519699097,
0.08102499693632126,
0.16123893857002258,
-0.11351953446865082,
0.6233456134796143,
-0.20663848519325256,
0.44464150071144104,
0.3191806972026825,
0.6602100729942322,
0.2390984296798706,
-0.047677796334028244,
0.2562071979045868,
-0.5828968286514282,
0.17408452928066254,
-0.2450118511915207,
0.04725770279765129,
-0.36556997895240784,
-0.34516969323158264,
0.501909613609314,
-0.039392855018377304,
0.04244109243154526,
0.041191522032022476,
-0.3175079822540283,
0.4330398142337799,
0.6654095649719238,
-0.04451175779104233,
-0.21159915626049042,
0.2118268609046936,
0.8139104247093201,
0.37080758810043335,
-0.668152928352356,
-0.5959404706954956,
-0.35632216930389404,
-0.2976686656475067,
-0.1740931123495102,
0.08875533193349838,
-0.45753124356269836,
-0.16345112025737762,
0.17432205379009247,
0.19125954806804657,
0.1931801289319992,
0.7116922736167908,
-0.1454855501651764,
-0.3770107328891754,
-0.014383344911038876,
-0.03518025204539299,
0.5553886890411377,
0.19007469713687897,
-0.6191365718841553,
0.16718241572380066,
-0.37745988368988037,
1.1350890398025513,
0.2611234188079834,
0.373943954706192,
-0.6547054648399353,
-0.12237497419118881,
-0.026762252673506737,
0.6631794571876526,
-0.44063258171081543,
0.42950865626335144,
-0.11887959390878677,
-0.01289861835539341,
-0.11564873158931732,
-0.46228471398353577,
0.48896002769470215,
0.7233420610427856,
-1.3344802856445312,
-0.21795430779457092,
-0.6052564382553101,
-0.27563875913619995,
0.5760706663131714,
0.45078471302986145,
0.1792481541633606,
-0.5873146057128906,
-0.1108330562710762,
-0.6293134689331055,
0.07557912915945053,
0.14090895652770996,
-0.22750210762023926,
-0.07608658820390701,
-0.5966730713844299,
-0.3321595788002014,
0.5302110910415649,
-0.048703160136938095,
0.7508242130279541,
-0.2253834456205368,
0.2898048460483551,
0.5405481457710266,
-0.6516139507293701,
0.5095363855361938,
0.4609718918800354,
-0.5324637293815613,
-0.07249993085861206,
0.13553448021411896,
-0.3207903504371643,
-0.026245122775435448,
0.07692068070173264,
0.7650880813598633,
0.9387161135673523,
-0.13978908956050873,
0.31934428215026855,
-0.5381637215614319,
0.00796170998364687,
0.16748590767383575,
0.8746492266654968,
-0.26939812302589417,
-0.6493740081787109,
0.13037820160388947,
0.11674224585294724,
-0.24219146370887756,
0.11573921889066696,
0.5137446522712708,
-0.1047002375125885,
0.36007484793663025,
0.5620015859603882,
-0.5008954405784607,
-0.4744647443294525,
-0.21750696003437042,
0.3043403923511505,
0.048362649977207184,
0.47476065158843994,
0.2902240753173828,
-0.13053999841213226,
0.5727848410606384,
0.2826456129550934,
0.3903225362300873,
-0.24998311698436737,
-0.35135260224342346,
0.29685738682746887,
0.10005339235067368,
-1.0386075973510742,
0.45075589418411255,
-0.4830162823200226,
0.12891390919685364,
0.2399398386478424,
0.4429450035095215,
-0.30832746624946594,
-0.5126356482505798,
0.24621301889419556,
0.18884865939617157,
-0.4823978543281555,
-0.2689361572265625,
-0.4962034821510315,
0.3914983570575714,
-0.42436134815216064,
0.16958217322826385,
0.5310664176940918,
0.07565610855817795,
-0.3212386965751648,
0.2674095332622528,
-0.28869736194610596,
0.40001681447029114,
0.3080492317676544,
-0.2877844572067261,
0.3281855285167694,
-0.23563504219055176,
0.08496994525194168,
0.7377997636795044,
-0.12106993794441223,
-0.6284946203231812,
-0.3568623661994934,
0.02556202933192253,
-0.18952597677707672,
-0.3288484215736389,
0.2937594950199127,
0.330771267414093,
-0.23340155184268951,
0.049293968826532364,
-0.3293226361274719,
0.6654462814331055,
-0.06667406857013702,
-0.12010854482650757,
0.03559058532118797,
0.5649492144584656,
-0.3543166518211365,
0.031165365129709244,
0.0006204277160577476,
0.7072514891624451,
-0.2223246991634369,
-0.04981381073594093,
0.07300622016191483,
0.6341036558151245,
-0.10983775556087494,
-0.24738910794258118,
0.5556827783584595,
-0.16882045567035675,
-0.28226739168167114,
0.08904692530632019,
-0.42862361669540405,
-0.1359945386648178,
-0.33269309997558594,
-0.5792527198791504,
-0.5295155644416809,
0.22414448857307434,
0.45913517475128174,
-0.06753681600093842,
0.17581871151924133,
-0.19554927945137024,
-0.4436688721179962,
0.014968298375606537,
0.023541806265711784,
-0.25884485244750977,
-0.35634660720825195,
-0.38824695348739624,
-0.5891185402870178,
-0.24542507529258728,
0.4572567641735077,
0.5326981544494629,
-0.10621902346611023,
-0.544010579586029,
-0.6067702770233154,
-0.5765408873558044,
0.3078937828540802,
-0.5016515851020813,
-0.14963951706886292,
-0.9206495881080627,
-0.12685053050518036,
-0.2648678719997406,
-0.0215363260358572,
0.3428729474544525,
-1.104549765586853,
0.34664052724838257,
0.1252254694700241,
0.90613853931427,
0.6186710596084595,
-0.027741579338908195,
0.061756402254104614,
-0.054113782942295074,
0.18573985993862152,
0.011095734313130379,
0.232315793633461,
-0.6460164785385132,
-0.1593220829963684,
0.1217447817325592,
-5.404134273529053,
0.1047806665301323,
-0.3275027275085449,
-0.08731649816036224,
0.028734810650348663,
0.5690740942955017,
0.7108016610145569,
-0.09690961241722107,
0.44193506240844727,
-0.051557090133428574,
0.2963360846042633,
-0.23908346891403198,
-0.6558264493942261,
0.5371801257133484,
0.8067936301231384,
0.03012108989059925,
0.5850597620010376,
-0.25565797090530396,
0.33479243516921997,
-0.24301855266094208,
0.15655553340911865,
0.7643077373504639,
-0.4613434672355652,
0.12250511348247528,
0.2982233166694641,
0.32181599736213684,
0.16611255705356598,
-0.5519086122512817,
-0.4462801218032837,
-0.254818320274353,
-0.46464774012565613,
-0.32326391339302063,
-0.5003273487091064,
-0.1538281887769699,
0.371106892824173,
-0.25593551993370056,
0.6460605263710022,
0.6297655701637268,
0.2196323424577713,
-0.42043742537498474,
-0.32769492268562317,
0.1632760465145111,
-0.050383761525154114,
0.20645222067832947,
0.4473031163215637,
-0.1199466809630394,
-0.14743445813655853,
-0.35231420397758484,
-0.10428197681903839,
1.1010679006576538,
0.18066002428531647,
-0.0684434324502945,
0.2498270571231842,
0.684260368347168,
0.25015372037887573,
0.3901185393333435,
-0.256168007850647,
-0.2529219090938568,
-0.9279438853263855,
0.2596769630908966,
0.6659930944442749,
-0.19275037944316864,
-0.20093099772930145,
-0.7095414996147156,
0.14147506654262543,
-0.146454855799675,
-0.7155306935310364,
-0.2979731559753418,
0.6174343228340149,
-0.04712768644094467,
-0.4913954734802246,
0.458139032125473,
-0.6798204779624939,
-0.49155542254447937,
0.6845589280128479,
-0.7704963684082031,
0.008241793140769005,
0.2782457768917084,
-0.14634838700294495,
-0.24491749703884125,
-0.4691615104675293,
0.06640403717756271,
-0.31308820843696594,
0.4799819588661194,
-0.1431584507226944,
-0.8960991501808167,
-0.32360851764678955,
-0.2610636353492737,
0.0037909785751253366,
-0.5745239853858948,
0.5353641510009766,
-0.6834847927093506,
0.2185356616973877,
0.138693705201149,
0.49146440625190735,
0.5735138654708862,
0.24975505471229553,
0.04584117233753204,
0.4608877897262573,
-0.452787846326828,
0.6406551599502563,
-0.30223363637924194,
0.11771472543478012,
-0.4478631615638733,
-0.07917582988739014,
-0.34475764632225037,
0.430556058883667,
0.49643680453300476,
0.6956462264060974,
-0.09801385551691055,
0.38814300298690796,
-0.8666912317276001,
0.042013734579086304,
-0.015849605202674866,
0.5432572364807129,
0.19589072465896606,
0.356318861246109,
0.550373911857605,
0.4335884153842926,
0.22029350697994232,
0.35821732878685,
-0.3530620336532593,
-0.1297486126422882,
-0.020043427124619484,
-0.3049834370613098,
-0.7184673547744751,
0.032374560832977295,
-0.01907222531735897,
-0.9623487591743469,
-0.1614474356174469,
0.1702602505683899,
-0.326318621635437,
0.0028184375260025263,
-0.3984999656677246,
0.3632948100566864,
-0.6172158718109131,
0.028972696512937546,
-0.20825326442718506,
0.5064017176628113,
0.03350066393613815,
-0.5713778734207153,
-0.14787223935127258,
-0.3325369358062744,
-0.08594698458909988,
0.08997809886932373,
0.5100430250167847,
-0.48340511322021484,
-0.154935821890831,
0.014714730903506279,
1.025455355644226,
-0.24787451326847076,
-0.5619006156921387,
-0.17970681190490723,
-0.844706118106842,
0.6779785752296448,
-0.1465945839881897,
0.7789788246154785,
0.15961164236068726,
0.36939534544944763,
-0.06682799011468887,
-0.16847574710845947,
-0.3588123321533203,
-0.5049445629119873,
-0.46056926250457764,
0.1555987447500229,
-0.10614056885242462,
-0.6652549505233765,
-0.3787197172641754,
0.2638317942619324,
0.6847791075706482,
0.4750514328479767,
-0.20998503267765045,
-0.8271706104278564,
0.33991172909736633,
-0.11940549314022064,
-0.020086105912923813,
-0.5499403476715088,
-0.04229655861854553,
-0.266184538602829,
-0.04740619286894798,
-0.30890953540802,
0.3183746635913849,
-0.2782656252384186,
0.12008175253868103,
0.4727558195590973,
0.1404794156551361,
0.20418669283390045,
-0.09618965536355972,
0.43625152111053467,
0.1632169485092163,
0.2967652678489685,
0.49958536028862,
0.2900362014770508,
-0.4248107671737671,
-0.28171417117118835,
-0.2687339186668396,
-0.2130333036184311,
0.9230797290802002,
-0.03538969159126282,
-0.5156954526901245,
0.22270168364048004,
0.37796616554260254,
-0.18310892581939697,
0.12371311336755753,
-0.3202763497829437,
-0.6288265585899353,
0.6811186075210571,
-0.04461698979139328,
-0.8893183469772339,
0.3569464683532715,
-0.058007508516311646,
-0.3612956702709198,
-0.21472279727458954,
0.9065762758255005,
-0.5597677230834961,
0.14677120745182037,
0.06998784095048904,
0.17080055177211761,
-0.4547935128211975,
0.3175567090511322,
-0.9126191735267639,
-0.7433570027351379,
-0.278965562582016,
-0.43243956565856934,
-0.8427140116691589,
-0.3192131221294403,
0.4398299753665924,
-0.08913981169462204,
0.2987307608127594,
-0.47905686497688293,
0.18471616506576538,
-0.03869653865695,
-0.006842561531811953,
-0.18679919838905334,
-0.12885357439517975,
0.2580612897872925,
0.01440441980957985,
0.22535432875156403,
0.39337900280952454,
0.6915284991264343,
0.7665920257568359,
0.9157703518867493,
0.3925929665565491,
-0.5655741691589355,
-0.006518898997455835,
-0.07790219038724899,
0.41001054644584656,
-0.24049748480319977,
-0.6539875864982605,
-0.8019587397575378,
0.24701915681362152,
0.13147830963134766,
-0.46224939823150635,
0.15410858392715454,
0.696336567401886,
-0.3266385793685913,
-0.11122755706310272,
0.249679833650589,
0.10288847982883453,
0.21596801280975342,
0.4824095368385315,
0.16767382621765137,
-0.8411173224449158,
0.0853898674249649,
0.35291874408721924,
-0.46175500750541687,
-1.0305418968200684,
-0.0688525065779686,
0.16893671452999115,
0.275677889585495,
-0.31696054339408875,
-0.290633887052536,
0.8087648153305054,
0.04967447370290756,
-0.257363885641098,
0.26269882917404175,
0.173395574092865,
-0.5185362696647644,
0.33600184321403503,
0.5316070914268494,
-0.49175184965133667,
-0.039542242884635925,
0.28046247363090515,
-0.19727292656898499,
0.04952794313430786,
-0.7833496928215027,
-0.5297359228134155,
0.12889008224010468,
-0.02871021255850792,
-0.6576341986656189,
-0.25031718611717224,
0.06542366743087769,
-0.93852299451828,
-0.5504649877548218,
0.21807169914245605,
0.5354165434837341,
0.004686995409429073,
0.22685545682907104,
-0.13432744145393372,
0.16111937165260315,
-0.8091067671775818,
0.504968523979187,
-0.7667974829673767,
-0.789777398109436,
0.509738564491272,
-0.5180701613426208,
0.15133525431156158,
0.09940527379512787,
-0.025693392381072044,
0.48978084325790405,
0.22781263291835785,
-0.1079518049955368,
0.029911959543824196,
0.8148543238639832,
-0.2674247622489929,
0.8053463697433472,
0.5887685418128967,
-0.7962692379951477,
0.5436469912528992,
0.40861380100250244,
0.019278887659311295,
0.5577603578567505,
0.26645252108573914,
0.5290718674659729,
-0.2456417977809906,
0.17606952786445618,
-0.7004342079162598,
0.31776073575019836,
0.853911817073822,
0.5448282957077026,
0.11229339987039566,
-0.012098299339413643,
-0.31565725803375244,
-0.11004962027072906,
-0.025016289204359055,
0.36229243874549866,
0.26809051632881165,
-0.9059006571769714,
-0.8522403240203857,
1.0609818696975708,
0.6259362101554871,
0.147978737950325,
0.32270482182502747,
-0.20462669432163239,
0.11667497456073761,
0.2024504542350769,
-0.16700802743434906,
0.16611842811107635,
0.3209552764892578,
-0.24138760566711426,
0.059408560395240784,
-0.11712075769901276,
0.26764976978302,
-0.7584751844406128,
-0.10314517468214035,
0.39346984028816223,
0.1833186000585556,
-0.4161219894886017,
-0.32494136691093445,
-0.10628773272037506,
-0.022634044289588928,
0.030397411435842514,
-0.05792985111474991,
0.2911558151245117,
-0.7279874682426453,
0.3042868673801422,
0.10205507278442383,
-0.4255872964859009,
0.17980241775512695,
-0.4289885461330414,
-0.05281137675046921,
-0.0884045660495758,
-0.16968950629234314,
0.1611105501651764,
-0.14718307554721832,
-0.16661162674427032,
-0.3638600707054138,
0.20117269456386566,
-0.2161252498626709,
-0.10716724395751953,
-0.8249130845069885,
0.5839788317680359,
0.3102605938911438,
-0.20881038904190063,
0.310059130191803,
-0.33331894874572754,
0.23099592328071594,
-0.01350696012377739,
0.2693588435649872,
0.18739698827266693,
0.09125050157308578,
-0.4337575435638428,
-0.34500852227211,
0.11450108140707016,
-0.05075163021683693,
-0.8316559791564941,
0.14056645333766937,
1.2233752012252808,
-0.23215006291866302,
-0.2624671757221222,
0.46239882707595825,
-0.32150307297706604,
-0.029939766973257065,
0.5420642495155334,
0.16260980069637299,
0.0053870221599936485,
-0.3802759647369385,
0.2193572223186493,
-0.5600018501281738,
0.5518936514854431,
0.4024392366409302,
0.08752577751874924,
-0.20115908980369568,
0.09776843339204788,
0.23845933377742767,
0.2875666618347168,
0.9738563895225525,
-0.4473501145839691,
-0.2522489130496979,
-0.3330664336681366,
-0.09106887876987457,
-0.6347935795783997,
0.3968513309955597,
0.46993979811668396,
0.172685444355011,
-0.37790024280548096,
0.01595155894756317,
-0.5257946252822876,
-0.6598652005195618,
0.4570319354534149,
-0.4475921392440796,
0.3128437101840973,
-1.1048144102096558,
0.1173303946852684,
0.285557359457016,
-0.6534743905067444,
0.29076528549194336,
0.626638650894165,
0.6683369874954224,
-0.49535104632377625,
0.4466795027256012,
-0.2403995394706726,
0.2747035026550293,
-0.14281600713729858,
0.6674073338508606,
-0.159491628408432,
0.1903320699930191,
-0.6608914136886597,
-0.4878280758857727,
-0.057587578892707825,
-0.09053885191679001,
-0.33920347690582275,
-0.020444126799702644,
-0.5349036455154419,
-0.4510147273540497,
0.27029603719711304,
0.15259018540382385,
-0.658653199672699,
0.1323191225528717,
0.09794623404741287
] |
224146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayen-Koblenz | Mayen-Koblenz | Mayen-Koblenz is a district (Kreis) in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Ahrweiler, Neuwied, Westerwaldkreis, district-free Koblenz, Rhein-Lahn, Rhein-Hunsrück, Cochem-Zell, and Vulkaneifel.
History
The district was created in 1973 when the two districts, Mayen and Koblenz, were merged.
The district has been 'twinned' with the Borough of Waverley in Surrey in southern England since 1982.
Geography
The two main rivers of the district are the Rhine and the Moselle, which join at the Deutsches Eck in Koblenz. In the west of the district are the Eifel mountains. These also include the large lake, the Laacher See, a volcanic caldera formed 12000 years ago.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms combine the elements of the two precursor districts. The tree, a Maie, is taken from the Mayen district. The wavy line represents the two rivers Rhine and Moselle. The crown is a reference to the fact that in Rhens the Councils of Electors took place to choose the emperors and kings of the Holy Roman Empire.
Towns and municipalities
Castles and palaces
The county has many castles and palaces:
Eltz Castle, probably the best known German castle
Trutzeltz Castle near Eltz Castle
Schloss Bürresheim
Genovevaburg in Mayen
Oberburg, Kobern in Kobern with the Romanesque St. Matthew's Chapel
Niederburg, Kobern in Kobern
Schloss Liebieg in Gondorf
Oberburg in Gondorf, family seat of the von der Leyen family
Thurant Castle above Alken (Mosel)
Ehrenburg near Brodenbach
Sayn Castle and Schloss Sayn in Bendorf-Sayn
Bischofstein Castle on the Moselle near Burgen
Wernerseck Castle near Ochtendung
Löwenburg and Philippsburg near Monreal
Virneburg Castle
Schloss Bassenheim in Bassenheim
Namedy Castle in Andernach
Andernach Castle in Andernach
References
External links
(German)
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate | [
-0.3500317931175232,
0.9936414361000061,
0.15800735354423523,
-0.6517645716667175,
-0.3352838158607483,
0.37155649065971375,
0.4775809347629547,
0.7657021284103394,
-0.0028874578420072794,
-0.5037394165992737,
-0.4227124750614166,
-0.46334490180015564,
0.30898988246917725,
0.4156753718852997,
-0.06314512342214584,
0.6013971567153931,
0.8954669237136841,
0.14069342613220215,
0.021015746518969536,
-0.7488310933113098,
-0.15475821495056152,
-0.15487873554229736,
0.7419267892837524,
0.23639491200447083,
-0.3199652433395386,
-0.344269722700119,
0.6560068130493164,
0.25000911951065063,
0.21992850303649902,
-0.2127687782049179,
-0.2272995412349701,
1.0145626068115234,
-0.4111654758453369,
-0.28775838017463684,
0.5259780883789062,
0.640052855014801,
0.17784546315670013,
-0.6742742657661438,
0.10023213922977448,
-0.43487510085105896,
-0.2596329152584076,
-0.08845596015453339,
-0.04413330927491188,
-0.8601161241531372,
-0.0022194443736225367,
-0.7086502313613892,
-1.5537103414535522,
0.26554468274116516,
-0.6574915051460266,
-0.18320317566394806,
-0.1543886661529541,
0.027958327904343605,
0.6637641787528992,
0.12166304141283035,
-0.11744987964630127,
0.2758979797363281,
-1.5096495151519775,
-0.2208944857120514,
0.5823874473571777,
0.970677375793457,
0.1578301042318344,
0.07158663868904114,
-0.5449597239494324,
0.13776244223117828,
0.115327849984169,
0.05569782108068466,
0.2854515612125397,
0.9358077049255371,
-0.36358365416526794,
-1.111886739730835,
-0.8390437364578247,
-0.3035750687122345,
-0.07605774700641632,
0.164841428399086,
0.03738056495785713,
-0.20176582038402557,
-0.46779224276542664,
-0.2396940290927887,
0.1655009686946869,
-0.1930675357580185,
-0.5365918874740601,
0.20381078124046326,
1.2878535985946655,
-0.2311852127313614,
0.7320458889007568,
0.6604389548301697,
-0.08337830007076263,
0.0015092144021764398,
-0.628978431224823,
0.48302173614501953,
-0.029717164114117622,
-0.5389693975448608,
-0.14794562757015228,
0.014811594970524311,
0.32446175813674927,
-0.8345916867256165,
-0.012328659184277058,
0.24497589468955994,
0.3314932882785797,
0.9224720001220703,
0.3103078007698059,
0.3303726613521576,
0.537899911403656,
0.213401198387146,
-0.5872858762741089,
0.09789131581783295,
-0.7263254523277283,
-0.8647843599319458,
-0.5576460361480713,
0.3797360062599182,
-0.4926556944847107,
0.12577106058597565,
0.02179812081158161,
-0.25238680839538574,
-0.1267745941877365,
-0.23060911893844604,
0.43171533942222595,
-0.44340980052948,
0.04350340738892555,
0.11198736727237701,
0.8553503751754761,
0.7268484234809875,
-0.18119174242019653,
-0.18820352852344513,
-0.1323913186788559,
-0.02582276053726673,
-0.16496741771697998,
0.9258509278297424,
-0.5374593734741211,
0.47371214628219604,
0.6742969751358032,
0.5693395137786865,
-0.06537073105573654,
-0.31098484992980957,
0.6733242869377136,
-0.3960530459880829,
0.3286967873573303,
0.03854996711015701,
0.5993723273277283,
-0.3688204884529114,
-0.9876021146774292,
-0.09901980310678482,
-0.6668195128440857,
0.07377554476261139,
0.4220578372478485,
0.04771324247121811,
-0.6364971995353699,
-0.6523545384407043,
-0.0795930027961731,
-0.35533466935157776,
0.3363325595855713,
0.008967557922005653,
-0.43342331051826477,
0.7195547819137573,
-1.2809408903121948,
0.2598250210285187,
0.3595936894416809,
0.12344204634428024,
0.553619384765625,
0.44015204906463623,
0.5930769443511963,
-0.5061050653457642,
0.34492430090904236,
-0.000947983528021723,
0.4111166298389435,
-0.015999117866158485,
0.40159180760383606,
0.08449479937553406,
-0.26908719539642334,
0.1318410038948059,
-0.9132543206214905,
0.4579840302467346,
0.21292372047901154,
-0.5926867127418518,
0.8102853298187256,
-0.43584397435188293,
0.32020309567451477,
0.5496593117713928,
0.0274979118257761,
-0.44424980878829956,
-0.8830748796463013,
0.19382934272289276,
0.08702419698238373,
0.36172184348106384,
0.385069340467453,
-0.054067984223365784,
-0.23916010558605194,
0.10044406354427338,
0.11891523748636246,
0.23028597235679626,
-0.3231514096260071,
-1.0390907526016235,
0.8018102645874023,
0.195388525724411,
0.9305490255355835,
0.2931874394416809,
-0.10108934342861176,
-0.07763173431158066,
-0.33437010645866394,
0.43684470653533936,
-0.3733152747154236,
-0.8484752774238586,
0.15037690103054047,
0.22087031602859497,
-0.17634819447994232,
-0.08627767860889435,
-0.536825954914093,
-0.4661117494106293,
-0.047043729573488235,
0.7140049934387207,
0.05900852754712105,
0.21975690126419067,
0.10550670325756073,
0.2018945813179016,
0.10883607715368271,
-0.13360032439231873,
-0.43362754583358765,
-0.06140577420592308,
-0.16311974823474884,
-0.29673588275909424,
-0.41925424337387085,
0.3097635805606842,
-0.3078840374946594,
0.4604158401489258,
-0.042385589331388474,
0.6513203978538513,
0.010390917770564556,
0.04246509447693825,
-0.33279740810394287,
-0.6183151602745056,
0.47758999466896057,
0.35495948791503906,
0.2171132117509842,
-0.28226420283317566,
0.23928889632225037,
-0.2539970576763153,
-0.5738798975944519,
-0.36859455704689026,
0.2465735673904419,
-0.863152027130127,
0.5099672675132751,
-0.06206698715686798,
-0.5175351500511169,
0.3829755187034607,
-0.11908800154924393,
1.2230771780014038,
-0.29570072889328003,
0.15939293801784515,
-0.8151323795318604,
-0.10845374315977097,
0.6754499077796936,
0.2569071054458618,
0.06602990627288818,
-0.7507317066192627,
0.011182419024407864,
0.1321423500776291,
-0.078945592045784,
0.28653591871261597,
0.14237357676029205,
0.6544188857078552,
-0.03125305846333504,
-0.018422329798340797,
0.49683818221092224,
0.06828643381595612,
-1.1418211460113525,
-0.09382227063179016,
0.1626436859369278,
-0.22285149991512299,
-0.48562535643577576,
0.22045879065990448,
-0.07020501792430878,
-0.6510496139526367,
-0.3994361162185669,
0.268125057220459,
0.1039900854229927,
-0.06904377788305283,
-1.0257279872894287,
0.5289711356163025,
-0.7289484143257141,
0.4993893504142761,
0.31735923886299133,
0.8490639925003052,
-0.3234066665172577,
-0.5091570019721985,
-0.35571834444999695,
0.03147394582629204,
0.8875607848167419,
-0.1402905285358429,
-0.4809974730014801,
0.36832690238952637,
-0.007610134314745665,
-0.18054626882076263,
-0.32161712646484375,
0.37491974234580994,
-0.25804147124290466,
-0.19452714920043945,
-0.1808674931526184,
-0.28638848662376404,
0.6212373375892639,
-0.3395657539367676,
-0.5883040428161621,
0.40055015683174133,
-0.6696154475212097,
-0.19583895802497864,
-0.6153335571289062,
-0.5130669474601746,
-0.6792929768562317,
0.01926928013563156,
-4.713526725769043,
-0.6219272017478943,
-0.44747912883758545,
-0.48089051246643066,
-0.240605428814888,
0.28286874294281006,
0.28528711199760437,
-0.7890751361846924,
-0.2396693080663681,
0.4125564992427826,
0.5366068482398987,
-0.24975085258483887,
0.26759427785873413,
0.7984245419502258,
0.8111666440963745,
-0.05569057911634445,
-0.3390952944755554,
0.07170909643173218,
0.11700774729251862,
0.06731494516134262,
-0.13796770572662354,
0.4021763503551483,
0.38627785444259644,
0.3273807764053345,
0.5552592277526855,
0.4012957513332367,
0.295908659696579,
-0.4236670136451721,
-0.7709717750549316,
-0.22792565822601318,
0.6286278963088989,
-0.022243782877922058,
0.07755843549966812,
0.27461397647857666,
-0.15455128252506256,
0.04229780659079552,
0.8605969548225403,
0.47075745463371277,
0.8280752301216125,
-0.8161445260047913,
0.09003886580467224,
0.9405120015144348,
-0.2348499298095703,
0.0007488609408028424,
0.6299467086791992,
-0.1644955426454544,
-0.6043370962142944,
0.35929054021835327,
-0.5765333771705627,
1.216003656387329,
0.5922520756721497,
-0.6178551316261292,
-0.000011183688911842182,
-0.33291468024253845,
0.25446173548698425,
-0.15873338282108307,
0.3645378649234772,
-0.5491989254951477,
-0.07845596969127655,
0.5104614496231079,
0.44510629773139954,
0.04014665633440018,
-0.32066234946250916,
0.12447429448366165,
-0.6429991722106934,
-0.325096994638443,
0.01393634919077158,
0.4852150082588196,
0.4210111200809479,
-0.2422829121351242,
-0.38015490770339966,
-0.06335815787315369,
-0.19774030148983002,
-0.7112235426902771,
-0.2018583118915558,
-0.9427969455718994,
-1.157651662826538,
-0.4793776571750641,
0.019655993208289146,
0.38833174109458923,
0.29454994201660156,
-0.24960017204284668,
0.6898351907730103,
0.793554425239563,
0.49321627616882324,
-0.07233686000108719,
-0.16814741492271423,
0.014243095181882381,
0.08199930936098099,
-0.5333824157714844,
-0.1603572517633438,
-0.7764618992805481,
0.0605580098927021,
0.11272656917572021,
-1.0194857120513916,
0.9201270937919617,
-0.07065313309431076,
-0.2675817608833313,
-0.14192110300064087,
-0.25591275095939636,
1.0520130395889282,
-0.29686716198921204,
0.33842164278030396,
0.22158046066761017,
-0.12425471842288971,
-0.023585492745041847,
0.6910634636878967,
0.09572692960500717,
0.4440678656101227,
0.4005057215690613,
0.21545183658599854,
0.08814112842082977,
0.1022593304514885,
-0.8271183371543884,
0.10011471062898636,
-1.1691492795944214,
-1.2008148431777954,
1.2512075901031494,
-0.2528000473976135,
-0.14882607758045197,
0.2912847399711609,
-0.24583271145820618,
0.3496118187904358,
-0.01904156059026718,
0.15022176504135132,
0.08199362456798553,
-0.05047434940934181,
0.14761364459991455,
-0.22985510528087616,
0.7292484045028687,
0.09854087978601456,
-0.4885575473308563,
-0.20616760849952698,
-0.6430854797363281,
0.09533987939357758,
-0.3802250921726227,
-0.13888907432556152,
-0.5821763873100281,
-0.13413293659687042,
0.012461238540709019,
0.9083730578422546,
0.5491101145744324,
-0.04993222653865814,
0.38642796874046326,
0.1305200159549713,
0.11935240030288696,
0.3207722306251526,
-0.24406296014785767,
-0.8329556584358215,
-0.06293278932571411,
-0.3764888644218445,
-0.04972916096448898,
0.46533501148223877,
-0.28404033184051514,
-0.09473111480474472,
-0.08555617928504944,
-0.1295168399810791,
0.24097515642642975,
0.8574560284614563,
-0.17510247230529785,
0.12443635612726212,
-0.16968072950839996,
-0.8412204384803772,
0.5501649379730225,
0.875968873500824,
0.1903427541255951,
-0.3398228883743286,
0.016058819368481636,
-0.1846965253353119,
0.7144067883491516,
0.034038808196783066,
-0.48268449306488037,
-0.8903295993804932,
0.6268466114997864,
-0.1564796268939972,
-0.2844083607196808,
-0.24712835252285004,
-0.020357100293040276,
-0.02244226261973381,
-0.8157488703727722,
-0.35525748133659363,
-0.08336488902568817,
-0.21791869401931763,
0.523072361946106,
-0.053779348731040955,
-0.32971662282943726,
-0.10718215256929398,
-0.1062963679432869,
-1.0205821990966797,
-0.4917396605014801,
0.5509040355682373,
-0.27475446462631226,
0.031020065769553185,
-0.0261920765042305,
-0.22442159056663513,
-1.5122519731521606,
0.21694611012935638,
-0.538814127445221,
-0.1365296095609665,
-0.04666939005255699,
0.13256198167800903,
0.3557736575603485,
-0.41487058997154236,
0.9183063507080078,
0.3688548505306244,
-0.7698253989219666,
0.575954020023346,
0.6649293899536133,
-0.33419069647789,
0.606804370880127,
-0.6241337060928345,
-0.3142075836658478,
0.3605262339115143,
0.9182705879211426,
-0.3689432442188263,
0.27741774916648865,
0.10574112087488174,
-0.8073624968528748,
-0.3138911724090576,
0.07719209045171738,
-0.8006501197814941,
-0.3375757336616516,
-0.37971600890159607,
0.14179418981075287,
-0.9010109305381775,
0.03226178511977196,
-0.11312468349933624,
-0.7670045495033264,
0.7491137981414795,
-0.43067169189453125,
0.32323241233825684,
0.01995542272925377,
1.0276148319244385,
-0.13867749273777008,
-0.3067180812358856,
-0.551837682723999,
0.08931536972522736,
0.44113871455192566,
0.0973656177520752,
0.6101657152175903,
0.4710109531879425,
0.15546086430549622,
0.5904173851013184,
-0.7751194834709167,
-0.2904254198074341,
-0.4888704717159271,
0.6905111074447632,
-0.6378939151763916,
-0.6796459555625916,
0.7107331156730652,
-0.3476075530052185,
0.1718573272228241,
-0.45781823992729187,
-0.5112915635108948,
0.9798099994659424,
-0.264657199382782,
-0.5474559664726257,
0.5677576661109924,
0.37488552927970886,
-0.15898661315441132,
-0.11482539772987366,
0.0682298094034195,
0.7009373307228088,
0.3218750059604645,
0.06519065052270889,
-0.24552541971206665,
-0.09297885745763779,
0.17162461578845978,
-0.11344219744205475,
0.0015062133315950632,
-1.0127795934677124,
-0.1842658370733261,
-0.07311227172613144,
-0.24055136740207672,
0.050511617213487625,
0.08061031997203827,
-0.44416481256484985,
-0.5515908002853394,
-0.12388752400875092,
-0.1598464697599411,
-0.4581392705440521,
0.47051483392715454,
-0.5326485633850098,
-0.8620530962944031,
0.3367873430252075,
-0.8730981349945068,
-0.9144624471664429,
0.3756285011768341,
-0.5861252546310425,
0.20308272540569305,
0.26885348558425903,
-0.2010125070810318,
-0.6363233923912048,
0.49549588561058044,
0.04365909472107887,
0.3861820101737976,
0.008952339179813862,
0.17965131998062134,
-0.14030808210372925,
0.59639573097229,
-0.7867690920829773,
0.3304789662361145,
0.24322696030139923,
0.00024143663176801056,
0.136198490858078,
0.34011533856391907,
-0.5377963185310364,
-0.4022117257118225,
-0.27347153425216675,
0.3234907388687134,
0.06139928475022316,
-0.3487603962421417,
-0.4429873824119568,
1.2930469512939453,
-0.24515262246131897,
0.896546483039856,
0.8703532218933105,
-0.05832745134830475,
0.16811487078666687,
1.0574625730514526,
0.13274313509464264,
-1.0954713821411133,
0.9946596026420593,
0.6223739981651306,
-0.3893490135669708,
1.0913559198379517,
0.18073417246341705,
-0.3613058924674988,
0.11256186664104462,
-0.4962228238582611,
-0.054352056235075,
0.2630622684955597,
-0.6292344927787781,
0.6500141620635986,
-0.6449813842773438,
-0.11288608610630035,
0.0056530870497226715,
-0.20141775906085968,
-0.2379877269268036,
-0.449625700712204,
-0.3850259780883789,
1.2618498802185059,
0.24250318109989166,
0.016968058422207832,
0.49750030040740967,
0.36528635025024414,
-0.05594749003648758,
-0.08064799755811691,
0.7514676451683044,
-0.6805596351623535,
0.6181886792182922,
0.29382243752479553,
0.06486436724662781,
-0.2847783863544464,
0.1262330561876297,
0.552568793296814,
0.49735936522483826,
-0.07545147836208344,
-0.6040483713150024,
0.6406340599060059,
0.250730961561203,
-0.7533652186393738,
-0.00890054926276207,
0.27199462056159973,
-0.29208293557167053,
-0.865298867225647,
0.01821090839803219,
-0.023367801681160927,
-0.32675933837890625,
0.11671354621648788,
0.22063681483268738,
0.005019261967390776,
0.2681601345539093,
-0.34402817487716675,
0.975808322429657,
-0.12846596539020538,
0.5739291906356812,
-0.2055850476026535,
-0.2224593162536621,
0.6839640736579895,
-0.29421567916870117,
0.16042301058769226,
-0.13197529315948486,
-0.28545790910720825,
-0.42297324538230896,
-0.11433211714029312,
0.4125915467739105,
-0.09752476960420609,
0.5285355448722839,
-0.7707682251930237,
0.16014625132083893,
0.34763413667678833,
-0.06702198833227158,
-0.1276078075170517,
-0.7420169115066528,
-0.39300113916397095,
-0.41759708523750305,
1.0844948291778564,
0.3229443430900574,
0.1553667038679123,
0.26142895221710205,
0.18105211853981018,
-0.2877001464366913,
0.13778233528137207,
-0.006172895897179842,
0.2970810532569885,
-0.2509014904499054,
0.7151481509208679,
-0.5715596675872803,
1.1689168214797974,
0.9213247895240784,
0.31822869181632996,
-0.16558480262756348,
0.596779465675354,
-0.17383067309856415,
-0.3730423152446747,
0.9710088968276978,
-0.03360838443040848,
0.2919175326824188,
-0.05507751926779747,
0.858361005783081,
-0.27551019191741943,
0.3727719485759735,
0.3660357892513275,
-0.06355755031108856,
-0.23590801656246185,
-0.18936391174793243,
0.048413146287202835,
-0.09747536480426788,
0.07129377871751785,
-0.2982296049594879,
-0.06377539783716202,
-0.3168472349643707,
-0.009099114686250687,
-0.8345658779144287,
0.18645477294921875,
-0.016271794214844704,
0.6068997979164124,
0.5586636066436768,
-0.7202286720275879,
-0.39836016297340393,
0.024338776245713234,
0.6056538820266724,
0.19030320644378662,
0.2376156896352768,
0.29764342308044434,
-0.5223881602287292,
-0.347687304019928,
-0.44463279843330383,
0.5580750107765198,
0.0687577873468399,
-0.565218448638916,
-0.011803471483290195,
0.010541895404458046,
-0.06061001494526863,
0.23964320123195648,
-0.2133675515651703,
-0.6090908646583557,
0.715385377407074,
-0.2941191792488098
] |
224148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinerama | Cinerama | Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporation. It was the first of a number of novel processes introduced during the 1950s, when the movie industry was reacting to competition from television. Cinerama was presented to the public as a theatrical event, with reserved seating and printed programs, and audience members often dressed in their best attire for the evening.
The Cinerama projection screen, rather than being a continuous surface like most screens, is made of hundreds of individual vertical strips of standard perforated screen material, each about inch (~22 mm) wide, with each strip angled to face the audience, so as to prevent light scattered from one end of the deeply curved screen from reflecting across the screen and washing out the image on the opposite end. The display is accompanied by a high-quality, seven-track discrete, directional, surround-sound system.
The original system involved shooting with three synchronized cameras sharing a single shutter. This process was later abandoned in favor of a system using a single camera and 70mm prints. The latter system lost the 146° field of view of the original three-strip system, and its resolution was markedly lower. Three-strip Cinerama did not use anamorphic lenses, although two of the systems used to produce the 70mm prints (Ultra Panavision 70 and Super Technirama 70) did employ anamorphics. Later, 35mm anamorphic reduction prints were produced for exhibition in theatres with anamorphic CinemaScope-compatible projection lenses.
History
Process and production
Cinerama was invented by Fred Waller (1886–1954) and languished in the laboratory for several years before Waller, joined by Hazard "Buzz" Reeves, brought it to the attention of Lowell Thomas who, first with Mike Todd and later with Merian C. Cooper, produced a commercially viable demonstration of Cinerama that opened on Broadway on September 30, 1952. The film, titled This is Cinerama, was received with enthusiasm. It was the outgrowth of many years of development. A forerunner was the triple-screen final sequence in the silent Napoléon (1927) directed by Abel Gance; Gance's classic was considered lost in the 1950s, however, known of only by hearsay, and Waller could not have actually viewed it. Waller had earlier developed an 11-projector system called "Vitarama" at the Petroleum Industry exhibit in the 1939 New York World's Fair. A five-camera version, the Waller Gunnery Trainer, was used during the Second World War.
The word "Cinerama" combines cinema with panorama, the origin of all the "-orama" neologisms (the word "panorama" comes from the Greek words "pan", meaning all, and "orama", which translates into that which is seen, a sight, or a spectacle). It has been suggested that Cinerama could have been an intentional anagram of the word American; but an online posting by Dick Babish, describing the meeting at which it was named, says that this is "purely accidental, however delightful."
The photographic system used three interlocked 35 mm cameras equipped with 27 mm lenses, approximately the focal length of the human eye. Each camera photographed one third of the picture shooting in a crisscross pattern, the right camera shooting the left part of the image, the left camera shooting the right part of the image and the center camera shooting straight ahead. The three cameras were mounted as one unit, set at 48 degrees to each other. A single rotating shutter in front of the three lenses assured simultaneous exposure on each of the films. The three angled cameras photographed an image that was not only three times as wide as a standard film but covered 146 degrees of arc, close to the human field of vision, including peripheral vision. The image was photographed six sprocket holes high, rather than the usual four used in conventional 35 mm processes. The picture was photographed and projected at 26 frames per second rather than the usual 24.
According to film historian Martin Hart, in the original Cinerama system "the camera aspect ratio [was] 2.59:1" with an "optimum screen image, with no architectural constraints, [of] about 2.65:1, with the extreme top and bottom cropped slightly to hide anomalies". He further comments on the unreliability of "numerous websites and other resources that will tell you that Cinerama had an aspect ratio of up to 3:1."
In theaters, Cinerama film was projected from three projection booths arranged in the same crisscross pattern as the cameras. They projected onto a deeply curved screen, the outer thirds of which were made of over 1,100 strips of material mounted on "louvers" like a vertical venetian blind, to prevent light projected to each end of the screen from reflecting to the opposite end and washing out the image. This was a big-ticket, reserved-seats spectacle, and the Cinerama projectors were adjusted carefully and operated skillfully. To prevent adjacent images from creating an overilluminated vertical band where they overlapped on the screen, vibrating combs in the projectors, called "jiggolos," alternately blocked the image from one projector and then the other; the overlapping area thus received no more total illumination than the rest of the screen, and the rapidly alternating images within the overlap smoothed out the visual transition between adjacent image "panels." Great care was taken to match color and brightness when producing the prints. Nevertheless, the seams between panels were usually noticeable. Optical limitations with the design of the camera itself meant that if distant scenes joined perfectly, closer objects did not (parallax error). A nearby object might split into two as it crossed the seams. To avoid calling attention to the seams, scenes were often composed with unimportant objects such as trees or posts at the seams, and action was blocked so as to center actors within panels. This gave a distinctly "triptych-like" appearance to the composition even when the seams themselves were not obvious. It was often necessary to have actors in different sections "cheat" where they looked in order to appear to be looking at each other in the final projected picture. Enthusiasts say the seams were not obtrusive; detractors disagree. Lowell Thomas, an investor in the company with Mike Todd, was still raving about the process in his memoirs thirty years later.
Sound system
In addition to the visual impact of the image, Cinerama was one of the first processes to use multitrack magnetic sound. The system, developed by Hazard E. Reeves, one of the Cinerama investors, played back from a full coated 35 mm magnetic film with seven tracks of sound targeting a speaker layout similar to the more modern SDDS. There were five speakers behind the screen, two on the side and back of the auditorium with a sound engineer directing the sound between the surround speakers according to a script. The projectors and sound system were synchronized by a system using selsyn motors.
Drawbacks
The Cinerama system had some obvious drawbacks. If one of the films should break, it had to be repaired with a black slug exactly equal to the missing footage. Otherwise, the corresponding frames would have had to be cut from the other three films (the other two picture films plus the soundtrack film) in order to preserve synchronization. The use of zoom lenses was impossible since the three images would no longer match. Perhaps the greatest limitation of the process is that the picture looks natural only from within a rather limited "sweet spot." Viewed from outside the sweet spot, the picture can look distorted.
The system also required a bit of improvisation on the part of the film producers. It was not possible to film any scene where any part of the scene was close to the camera, as the fields of view no longer met exactly. Further, any close-up material had a noticeable bend in it at the joins. It was also difficult to film actors talking to each other where both were in shot, because when they looked at each other when filmed, the resultant image showed the actors appearing to look past each other, particularly if they appeared on different films. Early directors sidestepped this latter problem by only shooting one actor at a time and cutting between them. Later directors worked out where to have the actors looking to create a natural shot. Each actor was required not to look at their fellow actor, but at a predetermined cue place instead.
Finally, the three individual films would jitter and weave slightly as the films moved through the projectors. This normal frame-to-frame movement is typically imperceptible to cinema audiences where only a single projector is in use. However, in Cinerama, this resulted in the center picture constantly moving slightly relative to each of the side pictures. The shifting displacements were perceivable at the two points where the center picture met the side pictures, resulting in what appeared to many viewers to be jittering vertical lines at one-third and two-thirds of the way across the screen as the two touching images constantly moved around relative to each other. Cinerama projectors used a device to slightly blur the join lines to make the jitter less noticeable. Future systems such as Circle-Vision 360° would correct for this by having masked areas between the screens. The jitters continued, but viewers were less aware of them with the adjoining pictures no longer so close together.
The impact these films had on the big screen cannot be assessed from television or video, or even from 'scope prints, which marry the three images together with the seams clearly visible. Because they were designed to be seen on a curved screen, the geometry looks distorted on television; someone walking from left to right appears to approach the camera at an angle, move away at an angle, and then repeat the process on the other side of the screen.
Premiere
The first Cinerama film, This Is Cinerama, premiered on September 30, 1952, at the Broadway Theatre in New York. The New York Times judged it to be front-page news. Notables attending included: New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey; violinist Fritz Kreisler; James A. Farley; Metropolitan Opera manager Rudolf Bing; NBC chairman David Sarnoff; CBS chairman William S. Paley; Broadway composer Richard Rodgers; and Hollywood mogul Louis B. Mayer.
Writing in The New York Times a few days after the system premiered, film critic Bosley Crowther wrote:
Somewhat the same sensations that the audience in Koster and Bial's Music Hall must have felt on that night, years ago, when motion pictures were first publicly flashed on a large screen were probably felt by the people who witnessed the first public showing of Cinerama the other night... the shrill screams of the ladies and the pop-eyed amazement of the men when the huge screen was opened to its full size and a thrillingly realistic ride on a roller-coaster was pictured upon it, attested to the shock of the surprise. People sat back in spellbound wonder as the scenic program flowed across the screen. It was really as though most of them were seeing motion pictures for the first time.... the effect of Cinerama in this its initial display is frankly and exclusively "sensational," in the literal sense of that word.
While observing that the system "may be hailed as providing a new and valid entertainment thrill," Crowther expressed some skeptical reserve, saying "the very size and sweep of the Cinerama screen would seem to render it impractical for the story-telling techniques now employed in film.... It is hard to see how Cinerama can be employed for intimacy. But artists found ways to use the movie. They may well give us something brand-new here."
A technical review by Waldemar Kaempffert published in The New York Times on the same day hailed the system. He praised the stereophonic sound system and noted that "the fidelity of the sounds was irreproachable. Applause in La Scala sounded like the clapping of hands and not like pieces of wood slapped together". He noted, however that "There is nothing new about these stereophonic sound effects. The Bell Telephone Laboratories and Prof. Harold Burris-Meyer of Stevens Institute of Technology demonstrated the underlying principles years ago." Kaempffert also noted:
There is no question that Waller has made a notable advance in cinematography. But it must be said that at the sides of his gigantic screen there is some distortion more noticeable in some parts of the house than in others. The three projections were admirably blended, yet there were visible bands of demarcation on the screen.
Venues
Although existing theatres were adapted to show Cinerama films, in 1961 and 1962 the non-profit Cooper Foundation of Lincoln, Nebraska, designed and built three near-identical circular "super-Cinerama" theaters in Denver, Colorado; St. Louis Park, Minnesota (a Minneapolis suburb); and Omaha, Nebraska. They were considered the finest venues in which to view Cinerama films. The theaters were designed by architect Richard L. Crowther of Denver, a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.
The first such theater, the Cooper Theater, built in Denver, featured a 146-degree louvered screen (measuring ), 814 seats, courtesy lounges on the sides of the theatre for relaxation during intermission (including concessions and smoking facilities), and a ceiling which routed air and heating through small vent slots in order to inhibit noise from the building's ventilation equipment. It was demolished in 1994 to make way for a Barnes & Noble bookstore.
The second, also called the Cooper Theater, was built in St. Louis Park at 5755 Wayzata Boulevard. The last film presented there was Dances with Wolves in January 1991, and at that time the Cooper was considered the "flagship" in the Plitt theatre chain. Efforts were made to preserve the theatre, but at the time it did not qualify for national or state historical landmark status (as it was not more than fifty years old) nor were there local preservation laws. It was torn down in 1992. An office complex with a TGI Friday's on the west end of the property is there today.
The third super-Cinerama, the Indian Hills Theater, was built in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed on September 28, 2000 as a result of the bankruptcy of Carmike Cinemas and the final film presented was the rap music-drama Turn It Up. The theater was demolished on August 20, 2001.
A fourth, the Kachina Cinerama Theater, was built in Scottsdale, Arizona by Harry L. Nace Theatres on Scottsdale Road and opened on November 10, 1960. It seated 600 people. It later became a Harkins theater, then closed in 1989 to make way for the Scottsdale Galleria.
Venues outside the U.S. included the Regent Plaza cinema in Melbourne, Australia, which was adapted for Cinerama in 1960 to show This is Cinerama and Seven Wonders of the World. The Imperial Theatre in Montreal and the Glendale in Toronto were the Canadian homes for Cinerama.
This is Cinerama received its London premiere on 30 September 1954 at the Casino Cinerama Theatre, Old Compton Street, formerly a live theatre. The film ran for 16 months and was followed by the other three strip travelogues. How the West Was Won had its World Premiere at the Casino on 1 November 1962 and ran until April 1965 after which the Casino switched to 70mm single lens Cinerama. London had two other three strip venues, making it the only city in the world with three Cinerama theatres. These were the Coliseum Cinerama, from July 1963 and the Royalty Cinerama from November 1963, like the Casino both converted live venues. The Coliseum played only one film in three strip (The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm) before switching to 70mm single lens from December 1963, and the Royalty had two runs of Brothers Grimm separated by a run of The Best of Cinerama before also switching to 70mm single lens in mid 1964. These London venues were directly operated by Cinerama themselves, elsewhere in the UK three strip Cinerama venues were operated by the two main UK circuits, ABC at ABC Bristol Road, Birmingham and Coliseum, Glasgow, Rank at Gaumont, Birmingham and Queens, Newcastle and by independents at the Park Hall, Cardiff, Theatre Royal, Manchester and Abbey, Liverpool. Most of these conversions of existing cinemas came just as Cinerama was switching to single lens and thus had short lives as three strip venues before switching to 70mm.
Roman Cinerama Theater (now Isetann Cinerama Recto) at Quezon Boulevard in Recto, Manila and Nation Cinerama Theater in Araneta Center, Quezon City were the only Cinerama theaters built in the Philippines in the 1960s. Both theaters are now defunct as Roman Super Cinerama burned down in the late 1970s and became Isetann Cinerama Recto in 1988 while Nation Cinerama closed down in the early 1970s it is now Manhattan Parkview Residences built by Megaworld Corporation.
The last Cinerama theater built was the Southcenter Theatre in 1970, opening near the Southcenter Mall of Tukwila, Washington. It closed in 2001.
Cinerama also purchased RKO-Stanley Warner (consisting of theaters formerly owned by Warner Bros. and RKO Pictures) in 1970.
Stanley Warner
Stanley Warner Corporation acquired 35% of the company as well as the exhibition, production and distribution rights to Cinerama in 1953 during production of Seven Wonders of the World which was planned as the follow up feature.
Single-film "Cinerama"
Rising costs of making three-camera widescreen films caused Cinerama to stop making such films in their original form shortly after the first release of How the West Was Won. The use of Ultra Panavision 70 for certain scenes (such as the river raft sequence) later printed onto the three Cinerama panels, proved that a more or less satisfactory wide screen image could be photographed without the three cameras. Consequently, Cinerama discontinued the three film process, with the exception of a single theater (McVickers' Cinerama Theatre in Chicago) showing Cinerama's Russian Adventure, an American-Soviet co-production culled from footage of several Soviet films shot in the rival Soviet three-film format known as Kinopanorama in 1966.
Cinerama continued through the rest of the 1960s as a brand name used initially with the Ultra Panavision 70 widescreen process (which yielded a similar 2.76 aspect ratio to the original Cinerama, although it did not simulate the 146 degree field of view.) Optically "rectified" prints and special lenses were used to project the 70 mm prints onto the curved screen. The films shot in Ultra Panavision for single lens Cinerama presentation were It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), Battle of the Bulge (1965), The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), The Hallelujah Trail (1965) and Khartoum (1966).
The less wide but still spectacular Super Panavision 70 was used to film the Cinerama presentations Grand Prix (1966); 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), which also featured scenes shot in Todd-AO and MCS-70); Ice Station Zebra (1968); and Krakatoa, East of Java (1969), which also featured scenes shot in Todd-AO.
The other 70mm systems used for single film Cinerama (Sovscope 70 and MCS-70) were similar to Super Panavision 70. Some films were shot in the somewhat lower resolution Super Technirama 70 process for Cinerama release, including Circus World (1964) and Custer of the West (1967).
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Cinerama name was used as a film distribution company, ironically reissuing single strip 70 mm and 35 mm Cinemascope reduction prints of This Is Cinerama (1972).
Legacy
The Cinerama company exists today as an entity of the Pacific Theatres chain. In recent years, surviving and new Cinerama prints have been screened at the following venues:
the Pictureville Cinema at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford, England, beginning in June 1993
the New Neon Cinema in Dayton, Ohio, from 1996 to 1999
the refurbished Seattle Cinerama in Seattle beginning in 1999
Pacific Theatres’ Cinerama Dome in Hollywood beginning in 2002
In 1998, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen purchased Seattle's Martin Cinerama, which then underwent a major restoration/upgrade to become the Seattle Cinerama.
As of 2015, the Pictureville Cinema, Seattle Cinerama, and Cinerama Dome continue to hold periodic screenings of three-projector Cinerama movies. The Cinerama Dome was designed for the three-projector system but never actually had it installed until recent years as it opened with the first of the single film 70 mm Cinerama films, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963).
The documentary, Cinerama Adventure (2003) directed by David Strohmaier, looked at the history of the Cinerama process, as well as digitally recreating the Cinerama experience via clips of true Cinerama films (using transfers from original Cinerama prints). And Turner Entertainment (via Warner Bros.) has struck new Cinerama prints of How the West Was Won (1962) for exhibition in true Cinerama theatres around the world.
Cinerama successors, Todd-AO, CinemaScope, and the various 70 mm formats, all attempted to equal or surpass its grandeur while avoiding its problems to greater or lesser degrees of success. In movie theaters today the large format IMAX system continues the tradition, although the screen is taller and often less wide.
In 2008, a Blu-ray disc of How The West Was Won was released, offering a recreation of Cinerama for home viewing. The three Cinerama images were digitally stitched together so that the resulting image does not have the visible seams of older copies. Furthermore, as a second viewing option, 3D mapping technology was used to produce an image that approximates the curved screen, called "SmileBox".
On January 14, 2012, an original Cinerama camera was used to film a sequence at the Lasky-DeMille Barn, the original home to Famous Players-Lasky, later to be renamed Paramount Pictures. This was the first film photographed in the Cinerama process in almost 50 years. This sequence is part of a new 12-minute production filmed entirely in the three panel process. The new film, In the Picture, was presented at a Cinerama festival at the Cinerama Dome in Hollywood, California on September 30, 2012.
Features
All but two of the feature-length films produced using the original three-strip Cinerama process were travelogues or episodic documentaries such as This Is Cinerama (1952), the first film shot in Cinerama. Other travelogues presented in Cinerama were Cinerama Holiday (1955), Seven Wonders of the World (1955), Search for Paradise (1957) and South Seas Adventure (1958). There was also one commercial short, Renault Dauphine (1960).
Even as the Cinerama travelogues were beginning to lose audiences in the late 50s, the spectacular travelogue Windjammer (1958) was released in a competing process called Cinemiracle which claimed to have less noticeable dividing lines on the screen thanks to the reflection of the side images off of mirrors (this also allowed all three projectors to be in the same booth). Due to the small number of Cinemiracle theatres, specially converted prints of Windjammer were shown in Cinerama theaters in cities which did not have Cinemiracle theaters, and ultimately Cinerama bought up the process.
Only two films with traditional story lines were made, The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm and How the West Was Won. In order to make these films compatible with single film systems for later standard releases, they were shot at 24 frames/s, not the 26 frames/s of traditional Cinerama.
The following feature films have been advertised as being presented "in Cinerama":
"Cinerama" video stretching mode
RCA uses the word "Cinerama" to refer to a display mode which fills a 16:9 video screen with 4:3 video with, in the words of the manufacturer, "little distortion." Manuals for products offering this mode give no detailed explanation. One online posting says it consists of "a slight cropping at the top & bottom combined with a slight stretch at only the sides," and praises it. The posting suggests that other vendors provide a similar function under different names. Mitsubishi calls it "stretch" mode. The RCA Scenium TV also has a "stretch mode" as well it is a 4:3 picture stretched straight across.
There is no obvious connection between this video mode and any of the Cinerama motion picture processes. It is not clear why the name is used, unless the nonlinear stretch is vaguely evocative of a curved screen. (Ironically, some widescreen cinema processes—not Cinerama—displayed a fault known as "anamorphic mumps," which consisted of a lateral stretch of objects closer to the camera).
In the U.S., RCA does not appear to have registered the word "Cinerama" as a trademark; conversely, a number of trademarks on "Cinerama," e.g. SN 74270575, are still "live" and held by Cinerama, Inc.
See also
Cinéorama
Curved screen
List of 70 mm films
List of film formats
Super Panavision 70
Super Technirama 70
Todd-AO
Ultra Panavision 70
Kinopanorama
Cinerama Dome
Seattle Cinerama
Cinerama Releasing Corporation
IMAX
References
Bibliography
"The Waller Flexible Gunnery Trainer." By Fred Waller. In: Journal of the SMPTE, Vol. 47, July, 1946, pp. 73–87
"New Movie Projection System Shown Here; Giant Wide Angle Screen Utilized." Bosley Crowther, The New York Times, October 1, 1952, p. 1
"Apparently Solid Motion Pictures Produced by Curved Screen and Peripheral Vision." Waldemar Kaempffert, The New York Times, October 5, 1952, p. E9
"Looking at Cinerama: An Awed and Quizzical Inspection of a New Film Projection System." Bosley Crowther, The New York Times, October 5, 1952, p. X1
Robert E. Carr and R. M. Hayes: Wide Screen Movies. A History and Filmography of Wide Gauge Filmmaking, MC Farland & Company, Inc., 1988. Chapter II. "The Multiple-Film and Deep Curved Screen Processes" pp. 11–54
Thomas, Lowell: So long until tomorrow: from Quaker Hill to Kathmandu, G. K. Hall 1977, Chapter "The Wonderful Life and Premature Death of Cinerama"
"Scenium" HD50LPW165 RCA receiver; full description of Cinerama mode in the instruction book says "The image of a 4:3 video signal is centered, expanding in the horizontal direction to fill the display with little distortion" whereas in "Stretch" mode "The image of a 4:3 video signal is stretched horizontally by approximately 33% while the vertical size stays the same."
External links
The American WideScreen Museum Rich, encyclopedic website on widescreen motion-picture processes
Cinerama Detailed information on the history of Cinerama
Cinerama Corporation collection, 1950-1986, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Cinerama Adventure website About the documentary on Cinerama
iatse354.com Transcript of a 1999 interview with two of the Denver Cooper Theater's original IATSE projectionists by Joel Genung
Widescreen Movies Corrections Errata for the Carr & Hayes Book cited above. Periodically updated, the error list is now 60 pages long
Seattle Cinerama Sometimes schedules special events showing original Cinerama features
Wide Screen Movies Magazine website – information on all widescreen formats, including Cinerama
What is Cinerama?
Motion picture film formats
Film and video technology
70 mm film | [
0.13159559667110443,
-0.15120309591293335,
0.396750807762146,
0.5604566931724548,
0.04297570139169693,
-0.12976300716400146,
-0.6737171411514282,
0.14274901151657104,
-0.3835446238517761,
0.11840374767780304,
-0.36785435676574707,
0.4138443171977997,
-0.1426083743572235,
0.719351589679718,
0.4497951865196228,
0.039978355169296265,
0.18338562548160553,
0.03013712354004383,
0.11290041357278824,
-0.28145068883895874,
-0.3279615342617035,
-0.16427335143089294,
0.3391161859035492,
-0.3567143976688385,
-0.6478593349456787,
-0.6428670883178711,
0.2537396550178528,
0.3969590663909912,
0.4427652657032013,
-0.06212129071354866,
0.384667307138443,
0.11535648256540298,
-0.17530889809131622,
-0.3277440369129181,
0.06745773553848267,
-0.46661296486854553,
-0.24015691876411438,
0.3010352849960327,
-0.4617863893508911,
-0.5821340680122375,
-0.015204682014882565,
0.06386394053697586,
0.2720979154109955,
-0.1846570521593094,
-0.28521156311035156,
-0.09393175691366196,
-1.0142849683761597,
0.3229150176048279,
-0.7048143148422241,
0.4252345561981201,
-0.3428824543952942,
0.00406179903075099,
0.2194783091545105,
0.5239671468734741,
0.18741606175899506,
0.9241344928741455,
-0.4927414059638977,
0.5120823383331299,
-0.00920370314270258,
0.013515854254364967,
0.39262527227401733,
-0.23867428302764893,
0.5384427309036255,
0.24517472088336945,
-0.13990195095539093,
0.19231273233890533,
0.1617538183927536,
0.3459748923778534,
0.2580567002296448,
-0.1709010750055313,
-0.1325274258852005,
-0.0018760462990030646,
-0.07317635416984558,
0.25813210010528564,
-0.5315188765525818,
-0.5725544095039368,
0.035161033272743225,
-0.2781839966773987,
0.10604434460401535,
-0.08377192914485931,
-0.38268613815307617,
0.2372240126132965,
0.8362419605255127,
0.3850671350955963,
0.5681398510932922,
0.18606507778167725,
-0.2581024467945099,
-0.10129906982183456,
-0.027170982211828232,
0.251186728477478,
-0.12566135823726654,
-0.2748580574989319,
0.5041545033454895,
0.2401534616947174,
-0.1662590503692627,
-0.14587199687957764,
-0.02508171647787094,
0.09666703641414642,
0.08471591025590897,
0.08303167670965195,
0.08384038507938385,
0.3525236248970032,
0.15256500244140625,
-0.2286374866962433,
-0.18889406323432922,
0.08703970164060593,
-0.08445620536804199,
-0.4611647129058838,
0.19229631125926971,
0.35449934005737305,
-0.369534969329834,
-0.25768065452575684,
0.1879555732011795,
-0.19570645689964294,
-0.5806163549423218,
-0.4212920069694519,
0.25789105892181396,
-0.3664657175540924,
-0.38669121265411377,
0.07947345823049545,
0.09468114376068115,
0.4277478754520416,
0.13228753209114075,
-0.016468308866024017,
-0.3657895028591156,
-0.07621138542890549,
0.3403252959251404,
0.21914099156856537,
-0.6827371120452881,
0.08430305868387222,
0.25702953338623047,
0.14146734774112701,
-0.16468098759651184,
-0.3159538209438324,
-0.07363463938236237,
-0.5297048687934875,
0.10903234034776688,
0.23923486471176147,
0.020580023527145386,
-0.32278743386268616,
-0.3408910036087036,
-0.43125301599502563,
-0.9389621615409851,
0.040056128054857254,
0.3013136386871338,
-0.2848215401172638,
0.428341269493103,
-0.2706526815891266,
-0.6110478043556213,
-0.4929150342941284,
-0.329028844833374,
-0.23575879633426666,
0.3592053949832916,
-0.9694677591323853,
-0.2012675255537033,
0.25254401564598083,
0.2827046811580658,
-0.07770205289125443,
0.3990809917449951,
-0.5261735320091248,
0.25297680497169495,
-0.18663406372070312,
-0.451350599527359,
-0.15451864898204803,
-0.4222649037837982,
-0.1587090790271759,
0.20893649756908417,
0.8211774230003357,
0.1990380883216858,
0.3399466574192047,
-0.06815099716186523,
-0.07576710730791092,
-0.16735203564167023,
-0.3262302875518799,
-0.7253299951553345,
0.3949090838432312,
0.8391664624214172,
0.9609935283660889,
-0.23581385612487793,
-0.35984495282173157,
-0.6476055979728699,
-0.2669706642627716,
0.05346616357564926,
0.12732669711112976,
-0.22877277433872223,
-0.3998737633228302,
0.36880818009376526,
-0.023802028968930244,
-0.11919447779655457,
0.14724774658679962,
-0.5691199898719788,
-0.0753030776977539,
-0.12355382740497589,
-0.6543662548065186,
0.9701583981513977,
-0.3723118305206299,
-0.5819740891456604,
0.5246670246124268,
0.2772082984447479,
-0.08376281708478928,
-0.3814980983734131,
0.34738585352897644,
0.3844083845615387,
0.04460088163614273,
-0.7598378658294678,
-0.16903936862945557,
-0.12940263748168945,
0.3731798231601715,
0.5222280621528625,
0.20360368490219116,
0.08838233351707458,
-0.2677198648452759,
0.5591581463813782,
-0.21171286702156067,
0.16012470424175262,
0.15767498314380646,
-0.6892343759536743,
0.014355730265378952,
0.04245063289999962,
-0.23117037117481232,
0.44105637073516846,
-0.06219438463449478,
-0.32670944929122925,
0.6202200651168823,
-0.4428614675998688,
0.7293275594711304,
0.24108996987342834,
-0.05900517851114273,
0.45842617750167847,
-0.5633230209350586,
-0.051330436021089554,
-0.35082295536994934,
0.05485154688358307,
-0.10870286822319031,
-0.10867790132761002,
0.01537294965237379,
0.38791152834892273,
-0.702198326587677,
0.2274637371301651,
-0.12113546580076218,
0.48834720253944397,
-0.26917532086372375,
-0.2655373513698578,
0.030888808891177177,
0.46933481097221375,
-0.2056288868188858,
0.06758852303028107,
0.4745524823665619,
-0.036874473094940186,
0.06525634974241257,
0.5128727555274963,
0.4627496600151062,
0.0861833468079567,
-0.152549147605896,
0.18666256964206696,
0.04169653728604317,
0.3254062533378601,
-0.5458903312683105,
0.8065918684005737,
-0.3256323039531708,
-0.3806825876235962,
0.05564039945602417,
0.312086284160614,
0.3670039474964142,
-0.21754862368106842,
-0.6290451884269714,
-0.3056037127971649,
-0.09008266776800156,
-0.26445937156677246,
0.5938969850540161,
0.6165163516998291,
0.3679839074611664,
-0.3535161316394806,
-0.27733075618743896,
0.20430320501327515,
-0.400915265083313,
0.6028277277946472,
0.16893140971660614,
0.09923531115055084,
-0.4482034146785736,
0.4269571304321289,
0.030010079964995384,
0.4060446619987488,
-0.3203531503677368,
-0.7078936696052551,
0.2773860692977905,
0.0028413005638867617,
-0.4735111594200134,
-0.05321800336241722,
-0.23722290992736816,
0.0988568589091301,
0.5885879993438721,
-0.08313941955566406,
0.28194665908813477,
0.1985086351633072,
0.5244216322898865,
-0.7185808420181274,
-0.009936992079019547,
-0.09761016070842743,
-0.3457346558570862,
-0.4954589009284973,
-0.06186383590102196,
0.20966218411922455,
-0.3838682770729065,
-0.21774926781654358,
0.06811552494764328,
0.14169178903102875,
-0.41048961877822876,
-6.076369285583496,
0.12500211596488953,
-0.6562074422836304,
0.04534973204135895,
-0.34586137533187866,
-0.3552035987377167,
0.3363679051399231,
-0.24789980053901672,
0.1545848548412323,
0.06760528683662415,
-0.3523579239845276,
0.11304564028978348,
-0.4299395978450775,
0.38728031516075134,
0.42657607793807983,
0.8378118872642517,
-0.4604972302913666,
0.1491699069738388,
-0.21329955756664276,
0.32986292243003845,
-0.5104559659957886,
0.024540821090340614,
0.3583829402923584,
0.47298943996429443,
0.14663292467594147,
-0.4059462249279022,
-0.3598632514476776,
-0.09634622931480408,
-0.4593254327774048,
0.32598909735679626,
-0.10565606504678726,
-0.7793784141540527,
-0.19927701354026794,
0.19077984988689423,
0.15568625926971436,
0.21818073093891144,
1.1840109825134277,
0.1306736171245575,
-0.007895980030298233,
-0.322970986366272,
-0.0033003767021000385,
0.537013828754425,
0.2110164910554886,
0.0044250329956412315,
0.31472718715667725,
-0.21244296431541443,
-0.336677223443985,
-0.12555529177188873,
0.11404179781675339,
0.525570809841156,
0.30786964297294617,
0.15958978235721588,
0.030152929946780205,
0.03178786858916283,
-0.28310295939445496,
-0.031971707940101624,
0.41068145632743835,
-0.2282392531633377,
0.03691674768924713,
-0.40782421827316284,
0.31839683651924133,
-0.6007241010665894,
-0.2084110975265503,
-0.2033129632472992,
0.18192659318447113,
0.033352967351675034,
-0.46268928050994873,
-0.09152356535196304,
0.7779219746589661,
0.603249192237854,
0.010774616152048111,
0.1852562129497528,
-0.16604650020599365,
-1.003832459449768,
-0.35445231199264526,
0.08256138116121292,
0.2632426619529724,
-0.004536669235676527,
0.09427431970834732,
0.02210257574915886,
0.29279667139053345,
-0.28695839643478394,
-0.2225252091884613,
-0.07561478018760681,
-0.15855790674686432,
-0.3512429893016815,
-0.08208194375038147,
-0.055752139538526535,
-0.17197777330875397,
0.25856292247772217,
0.8222230672836304,
-0.1686387062072754,
-0.15180793404579163,
0.35101982951164246,
0.1387319266796112,
0.0328955203294754,
0.009563669562339783,
0.7121347188949585,
0.7755278944969177,
-0.021430999040603638,
0.05414574593305588,
-0.034893643110990524,
-0.3487185835838318,
-0.5473863482475281,
-0.3914439082145691,
0.3888570964336395,
-0.16558650135993958,
0.38933080434799194,
0.01074295025318861,
-0.15774932503700256,
-0.10514000803232193,
0.29089051485061646,
0.23449228703975677,
-0.3499087691307068,
0.7540736198425293,
-0.04992849752306938,
-0.3068592846393585,
0.42626839876174927,
0.19183467328548431,
-0.5869977474212646,
-0.020086437463760376,
0.4837738871574402,
-0.3700001835823059,
-0.0019726220052689314,
-0.16060903668403625,
0.075541190803051,
0.014176109805703163,
0.050469353795051575,
-0.07863514870405197,
-0.09854692220687866,
-0.29784172773361206,
0.29506659507751465,
0.41072529554367065,
-0.32542967796325684,
0.21815183758735657,
-0.7359679341316223,
-0.23785321414470673,
-0.25388678908348083,
0.07883448898792267,
-0.31935402750968933,
-0.20480552315711975,
0.031297467648983,
0.12114954739809036,
0.47083982825279236,
0.2899247109889984,
0.33722710609436035,
-0.13320724666118622,
-0.31644487380981445,
-0.14739876985549927,
0.20714086294174194,
-0.21059180796146393,
-0.7370643615722656,
0.060899071395397186,
-0.0950397476553917,
-0.815123975276947,
-0.25416299700737,
-0.1567792296409607,
-0.10153356194496155,
0.16878686845302582,
-0.2831321656703949,
0.44492363929748535,
-0.06879089027643204,
-1.0181626081466675,
-0.08923839032649994,
0.13886408507823944,
-0.11482075601816177,
-0.06629184633493423,
-0.4638996720314026,
-0.4606253206729889,
0.14523978531360626,
0.1544945389032364,
0.04584544524550438,
-0.2592694163322449,
-0.23507583141326904,
0.17130617797374725,
0.5334852933883667,
-0.3686967194080353,
0.06735934317111969,
0.04084505885839462,
0.10764873027801514,
0.10526055842638016,
-0.14833901822566986,
-0.4393395781517029,
0.05497828125953674,
0.007810393813997507,
-0.39772576093673706,
-0.6521748304367065,
0.03492392972111702,
-0.5049200057983398,
0.20944413542747498,
0.11546868085861206,
1.034691333770752,
0.2685301899909973,
-0.2982631325721741,
-0.2645675539970398,
-0.3799554705619812,
-0.1669674813747406,
0.3198491334915161,
-0.05526814982295036,
-0.24288754165172577,
-0.24014855921268463,
0.46631988883018494,
-0.6696151494979858,
0.39040541648864746,
0.5325795412063599,
-0.1526220738887787,
0.3181649446487427,
-0.09504397213459015,
-0.42354530096054077,
0.42238157987594604,
-0.2959640920162201,
0.02182684652507305,
-0.44042590260505676,
-0.27711185812950134,
-0.24021512269973755,
0.6411751508712769,
-0.3607179820537567,
-0.34457671642303467,
0.09968665987253189,
-0.3997379243373871,
0.45155325531959534,
-0.024236740544438362,
-0.47116509079933167,
-0.12079726904630661,
-0.7637874484062195,
0.6523459553718567,
0.5390971302986145,
-0.4075353741645813,
-0.026568572968244553,
0.09473420679569244,
0.2403673529624939,
-0.22103844583034515,
-0.3013790547847748,
-0.024179909378290176,
-0.32676464319229126,
0.18575893342494965,
0.15715856850147247,
0.18977290391921997,
-0.03481186553835869,
0.6410208940505981,
0.13061942160129547,
0.3835117816925049,
0.15988601744174957,
0.5361030101776123,
-0.12810437381267548,
0.7687481641769409,
0.20773467421531677,
-0.5305948257446289,
-0.9782751202583313,
0.27490127086639404,
-0.5208329558372498,
-0.4495317339897156,
-0.1426364928483963,
0.057484254240989685,
0.7612001895904541,
-0.2836739718914032,
0.26356637477874756,
0.16084781289100647,
0.09018877893686295,
0.2206592708826065,
-0.1497436910867691,
-0.08058097958564758,
-0.6630712747573853,
-0.009877744130790234,
0.4180919826030731,
0.37386348843574524,
0.41561415791511536,
-0.27305737137794495,
0.21852314472198486,
0.0926138386130333,
0.35948097705841064,
0.17320820689201355,
0.3485307991504669,
0.41426363587379456,
0.4930468499660492,
0.027657222002744675,
-0.2684282064437866,
-0.16600386798381805,
0.2914927005767822,
-0.6821423768997192,
-0.11691948026418686,
0.20269671082496643,
0.1315957009792328,
-0.1198132187128067,
0.02115510404109955,
-0.16697759926319122,
-0.021156150847673416,
-0.11086312681436539,
-0.3726097047328949,
0.24485357105731964,
-0.163701131939888,
0.44349193572998047,
0.4767039120197296,
0.43727627396583557,
-0.12704911828041077,
0.07285788655281067,
0.2300574630498886,
-0.2619682252407074,
-0.4589957594871521,
0.055158261209726334,
-0.17212992906570435,
0.36491692066192627,
0.4703781008720398,
-0.9514284729957581,
0.48688700795173645,
-0.33886224031448364,
0.24008403718471527,
-0.6473601460456848,
-0.4965815544128418,
0.13071955740451813,
0.49683678150177,
0.002423318102955818,
-0.30411311984062195,
0.49088728427886963,
-0.4202590882778168,
0.17167595028877258,
0.7314915060997009,
0.20624175667762756,
0.14651361107826233,
0.15329666435718536,
0.2069898247718811,
0.3322429358959198,
0.025513948872685432,
-0.47394901514053345,
-0.25209593772888184,
0.06249668076634407,
-0.2900155186653137,
0.003202308900654316,
0.5149602293968201,
0.08646206557750702,
0.5276229381561279,
0.05731453746557236,
-0.9798418283462524,
0.8349815011024475,
-0.09628172218799591,
-0.24512192606925964,
-0.07259123772382736,
-0.17709432542324066,
-0.4185889959335327,
0.3317171633243561,
1.0814533233642578,
0.6050615310668945,
-0.17367376387119293,
-0.09170763194561005,
-0.16110605001449585,
0.33727777004241943,
0.4068937301635742,
-0.06915462017059326,
-0.36880791187286377,
0.6777592301368713,
0.45502302050590515,
-0.4570866823196411,
0.3960573077201843,
0.3586222529411316,
0.7996273636817932,
0.053986962884664536,
0.46193522214889526,
-0.19266782701015472,
0.2506990432739258,
0.20419158041477203,
-0.2572663128376007,
0.9673502445220947,
-0.033938322216272354,
-0.11548161506652832,
-0.13635039329528809,
0.1035325825214386,
-0.15619508922100067,
-0.5756754875183105,
0.13771364092826843,
-0.04211919382214546,
0.47964760661125183,
0.3662963807582855,
-0.3926635980606079,
0.2504863440990448,
0.2761762738227844,
0.4203094244003296,
0.1901085376739502,
0.0650283694267273,
0.01763090491294861,
-0.04728424921631813,
-0.6198997497558594,
-0.3814534544944763,
0.19858843088150024,
-0.1630612313747406,
-0.1585904061794281,
-0.25939297676086426,
0.09366020560264587,
0.34066522121429443,
0.19560585916042328,
-0.11850640922784805,
-0.28503894805908203,
-0.585453450679779,
-0.10507430881261826,
0.1505318284034729,
-0.335558146238327,
0.5639028549194336,
-0.46703845262527466,
0.018080081790685654,
-0.41019314527511597,
-0.03332625702023506,
-0.10583212971687317,
0.21592606604099274,
0.25769221782684326,
-0.08811335265636444,
0.4075612723827362,
-0.007037411443889141,
-0.16309209167957306,
-0.2029559165239334,
-0.5975009202957153,
0.5347834229469299,
0.3944876790046692,
-0.9014579653739929,
0.026486990973353386,
-0.003363615833222866,
-0.03612304478883743,
0.5886602401733398,
0.4053121507167816,
-0.1332247406244278,
0.28972485661506653,
-0.471640944480896,
0.16017360985279083,
-0.386544406414032,
-0.039379190653562546,
0.08949686586856842,
-0.38658037781715393,
0.10048925876617432,
0.7059581279754639,
0.09339364618062973,
-0.21056342124938965,
0.4377659559249878,
0.010878036729991436,
0.6240519285202026,
-0.30917689204216003,
0.234976664185524,
-0.22933246195316315,
0.00950038991868496,
-0.09815925359725952,
0.6808449029922485,
-0.05322650074958801,
-0.5718224048614502,
-0.09173452854156494,
0.1776488721370697,
-0.17577993869781494,
-0.21929149329662323,
0.2774256467819214,
-0.7203888297080994,
-0.28339216113090515,
-0.05594293773174286,
-0.27448999881744385,
0.34876519441604614,
0.18326504528522491,
-0.3212595283985138,
0.21821141242980957,
-0.2070264369249344,
-0.42122361063957214,
0.6052566766738892,
0.25633496046066284,
-0.2974851429462433,
0.44599029421806335,
0.30048486590385437
] |
224150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AF | AF | AF, af, Af, etc. may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
A-F Records, an independent record label in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US, founded by the band Anti-Flag
Almost Family episode titles tend to be "[Adjective] AF"
Businesses and organizations
European
ÅF, a Swedish technical consulting company
AF Gruppen, a multinational construction and development company based in Norway
Académie française, the official institution responsible for overseeing the French language
Action Française, a French far right political movement
Anarchist Federation (British Isles), an Anarchist-Communist agitational organisation in Britain
International
Abercrombie & Fitch, an American-based, international clothing retailer
Air France (IATA airline code and Euronext stock symbol "AF")
The Adaptation Fund, a UN organization responsible for climate change adaptation
Adventist Forums, an organization of progressive Seventh-day Adventists
Alliance Française, an international organization that aims to promote French language and culture
Elsewhere
American Freightways, former American trucking company in 2006 merged into FedEx Freight
Language
Académie française, the official institution responsible for overseeing the French language
Alliance Française, an international organization that aims to promote French language and culture
Acronym Finder, an online database of abbreviations (acronyms, initialisms, etc.)
Afrikaans language (ISO 639-1 language code AF)
"...as fuck", meaning "very", in SMS language and internet messageboards
Military
AF Guardian, a warplane of the US Navy
Air force
Armed forces
Places
Afghanistan, by 2-letter ISO, FIPS 10-4 and obsolete NATO country code
.af, the country code top-level domain for Afghanistan
Agra Fort railway station, near Rawatpara, Agra, India
American Fork, Utah, US
Science and technology
Acoustics and communications
Amplify-and-Forward, a scheme of relay channel
Alternative frequency
Audio frequency
Units of measure
Acre-feet, the quantity of water that covers one acre to a depth of one foot
Attofarad, an SI unit of electric capacitance
Visual arts
Autofocus, the ability of a camera to focus automatically
Anisotropic filtering
Other uses in science and technology
Af, the Köppen climate classification for a tropical rainforest climate
Across flats (A/F), a measure of hexagonal nut flat size
Advanced Format, a new disk format and access using sector sizes larger than 512 bytes
Anaerobic filter, a type of anaerobic digester
Arcuate fasciculus, a nerve bundle in the brain
Atrial fibrillation, a form of cardiac arrhythmia
Other uses
Alabama and Florida Railway (reporting mark AF)
Anno Fascista, a year in the Italian Fascist calendar | [
-0.12933823466300964,
0.07161929458379745,
0.35880082845687866,
-0.1233125627040863,
-0.38161665201187134,
0.5310473442077637,
-0.09676183015108109,
-0.2768239378929138,
-0.15785586833953857,
-0.4102948307991028,
-0.3625781834125519,
0.545566201210022,
-0.7273181080818176,
0.024391332641243935,
0.50232994556427,
1.1234976053237915,
-0.13516893982887268,
0.6920365691184998,
0.0758684054017067,
-0.431151419878006,
-0.13629858195781708,
-0.16547109186649323,
0.40435805916786194,
-0.44537851214408875,
0.18719753623008728,
-0.036845091730356216,
0.40083250403404236,
0.05187810957431793,
-0.07845277339220047,
0.4453577995300293,
-0.4934581220149994,
0.45351964235305786,
-0.10103335976600647,
0.08821483701467514,
-0.3101377487182617,
-0.19399258494377136,
0.0346001498401165,
0.47435978055000305,
0.10159841179847717,
-0.2981675863265991,
-0.1277197003364563,
-0.7567766308784485,
0.3821140229701996,
0.0756276324391365,
-0.26881200075149536,
-0.5302833914756775,
-1.7376677989959717,
0.13574406504631042,
-0.3286595046520233,
0.24023456871509552,
-0.2620127499103546,
0.4901392459869385,
-0.02094131149351597,
0.2107492834329605,
-0.2207636833190918,
0.7383660674095154,
-0.4364694654941559,
-0.3339973986148834,
0.3272455632686615,
-0.45368969440460205,
0.7430715560913086,
-0.0870831310749054,
0.2953108847141266,
0.3705976903438568,
-0.011510409414768219,
0.19241154193878174,
-0.23393011093139648,
0.2524908185005188,
-0.34190666675567627,
-0.3229583203792572,
-0.13714264333248138,
0.1323273926973343,
-0.21811158955097198,
-0.04775162413716316,
-0.146032452583313,
-0.40837904810905457,
-0.16430577635765076,
0.17732985317707062,
0.19139140844345093,
0.20219291746616364,
0.48689988255500793,
-0.44304004311561584,
0.22944511473178864,
0.035101715475320816,
-0.09121280163526535,
0.07250331342220306,
0.05016455054283142,
-0.1513044834136963,
-0.36137914657592773,
0.4179553985595703,
0.593249499797821,
-0.31621524691581726,
0.2531874477863312,
0.12779846787452698,
0.09665326029062271,
0.0032628984190523624,
-0.03961225971579552,
-0.3090180456638336,
-0.13938234746456146,
-0.2276012897491455,
-0.4255833029747009,
-0.05472186207771301,
-0.11029627174139023,
-0.46325919032096863,
-0.8745852112770081,
-0.22921541333198547,
0.04549078643321991,
-0.719399631023407,
0.07439931482076645,
0.025980321690440178,
-1.0620113611221313,
0.23594768345355988,
0.1905325949192047,
-0.15923810005187988,
-0.615878164768219,
0.1809941530227661,
-0.1732928454875946,
-0.28410837054252625,
0.4267635941505432,
0.4782421290874481,
0.6998317837715149,
1.2554255723953247,
-0.1263493299484253,
-0.008196058683097363,
0.48611024022102356,
-0.02449726313352585,
0.8166710734367371,
0.3455999195575714,
-0.45943504571914673,
-0.10502049326896667,
-0.10879151523113251,
0.3250424861907959,
-0.28994420170783997,
0.5878214836120605,
0.2568274736404419,
-0.5072845220565796,
-0.10372023284435272,
-0.010900070890784264,
0.30694669485092163,
-0.11343898624181747,
-0.9735696911811829,
-0.4694179892539978,
-0.29798948764801025,
-0.26514101028442383,
0.4274866580963135,
-0.18828259408473969,
-0.041272055357694626,
-0.2066304236650467,
-0.46571075916290283,
0.07951001077890396,
0.2182971090078354,
0.17721593379974365,
0.21018271148204803,
0.235673725605011,
-0.42434167861938477,
-0.1036968007683754,
0.5557616353034973,
-0.3524894416332245,
-0.19366224110126495,
0.37259459495544434,
0.1298276036977768,
0.020171767100691795,
-0.12172768265008926,
0.04314526543021202,
0.09299774467945099,
-0.24080318212509155,
-0.014452741481363773,
0.30559107661247253,
-0.2401353120803833,
0.24716266989707947,
-0.4688206911087036,
-0.18330509960651398,
0.29601699113845825,
0.32477352023124695,
0.19104021787643433,
0.11507223546504974,
0.35723796486854553,
0.11781872063875198,
0.0831749364733696,
-0.12323843687772751,
-0.5376457571983337,
-0.058115310966968536,
0.010388526134192944,
0.05219263210892677,
0.23247167468070984,
0.12224065512418747,
0.3003680408000946,
-0.4640807509422302,
0.7383301854133606,
-0.21374906599521637,
-0.20596590638160706,
-0.14516496658325195,
0.08477817475795746,
-0.2723187506198883,
0.8678925037384033,
-0.6724244952201843,
-0.677663266658783,
0.06960044801235199,
0.3895203471183777,
0.5236539840698242,
0.24131560325622559,
-0.5179622173309326,
0.5641307234764099,
0.32268863916397095,
-0.2329934686422348,
0.6369165182113647,
-0.501301646232605,
0.0895189493894577,
0.013961873948574066,
0.39850467443466187,
0.2613754868507385,
-0.0011919222306460142,
-0.35508131980895996,
-0.42225176095962524,
0.1738637089729309,
-0.3185971975326538,
-0.1822347193956375,
0.08560441434383392,
-0.1856933981180191,
-0.3438741862773895,
0.41641485691070557,
-0.7338223457336426,
0.08532889187335968,
0.4993954300880432,
-0.5497094392776489,
0.3467245101928711,
0.10928856581449509,
0.024460313841700554,
0.2465500831604004,
-0.7693336009979248,
0.2123405486345291,
0.017607003450393677,
-0.14438071846961975,
-0.2995290458202362,
-0.29836729168891907,
0.19344356656074524,
0.5402617454528809,
0.32562461495399475,
0.6129055023193359,
-0.35719335079193115,
-0.12106422334909439,
0.4328412711620331,
0.3746960461139679,
0.13175523281097412,
-0.49927520751953125,
-0.45337218046188354,
0.3363792896270752,
-0.05135086923837662,
-0.1910945475101471,
0.034636881202459335,
-0.1527322381734848,
-0.23276174068450928,
-0.024308301508426666,
-0.17079363763332367,
-0.11841427534818649,
-0.20614002645015717,
0.08194929361343384,
-0.050842370837926865,
0.035839859396219254,
-0.23602426052093506,
-0.5663423538208008,
0.08627064526081085,
0.09837598353624344,
-0.10340563207864761,
0.12700816988945007,
-0.5442354083061218,
-0.4652136564254761,
0.0692313089966774,
0.29846930503845215,
0.46212539076805115,
0.2623130977153778,
0.19737941026687622,
0.22157035768032074,
-0.44272473454475403,
-0.5237677693367004,
-0.33733877539634705,
0.45765453577041626,
0.36542850732803345,
-0.5005508065223694,
-0.3476772606372833,
0.06432002782821655,
0.06816855818033218,
0.7348664402961731,
-0.08599550276994705,
0.23483137786388397,
-0.15718162059783936,
0.4493274390697479,
-0.30003049969673157,
-0.1904095858335495,
0.25586190819740295,
0.17083527147769928,
0.4932120144367218,
-0.09455017745494843,
0.00008682548650540411,
0.2923510670661926,
0.04962102323770523,
-0.029823286458849907,
0.5569836497306824,
0.09116194397211075,
-0.22545552253723145,
-0.6989877223968506,
0.40412119030952454,
-0.03105131909251213,
-0.6208769083023071,
-0.10675310343503952,
-0.4481435716152191,
-0.7739983201026917,
0.5092635154724121,
-6.105781078338623,
-0.17580457031726837,
-1.0082505941390991,
-0.11348374933004379,
-0.4699743986129761,
0.015485755167901516,
-0.12475422024726868,
0.1315363347530365,
-0.022228647023439407,
-0.045867688953876495,
0.0357356071472168,
-0.1525912582874298,
0.04397513344883919,
0.30538931488990784,
0.32899200916290283,
0.6464723944664001,
0.3400942385196686,
-0.05259760841727257,
0.18322604894638062,
0.28417372703552246,
0.09240099787712097,
-0.17100097239017487,
0.10929055511951447,
0.13941973447799683,
0.6353994011878967,
0.7249696254730225,
-0.1209201067686081,
-0.08357025682926178,
0.05571751296520233,
-0.3191753029823303,
-0.1300346851348877,
-0.05327201262116432,
0.1754790097475052,
0.14099182188510895,
0.08851656317710876,
0.25042134523391724,
0.7031424641609192,
0.008692477829754353,
0.3258720934391022,
-0.12542694807052612,
0.36066001653671265,
0.13626205921173096,
0.21442027390003204,
0.03433973714709282,
-0.09500346332788467,
-0.23936738073825836,
-0.2580582797527313,
0.17492540180683136,
0.026729274541139603,
-0.1346728354692459,
-0.38790977001190186,
-0.06472896784543991,
0.12634649872779846,
-0.023609250783920288,
0.13394378125667572,
-0.08712058514356613,
0.18750424683094025,
-0.3549836277961731,
0.2878560721874237,
0.34614843130111694,
0.9713111519813538,
-0.7668423056602478,
-0.290527880191803,
-0.2654259502887726,
-0.07500266283750534,
0.063593789935112,
0.03813847899436951,
-0.3423140347003937,
0.46716660261154175,
0.35328128933906555,
-0.0834241583943367,
-0.2151002734899521,
0.2005273550748825,
-0.8753359317779541,
-0.04053506255149841,
-0.2608964443206787,
0.06084151193499565,
0.1859777420759201,
-0.29075855016708374,
-0.2117084413766861,
-0.5351380705833435,
-0.6168460249900818,
0.3545532524585724,
0.20646850764751434,
-0.18518075346946716,
0.17481903731822968,
-0.2788526713848114,
-0.06939901411533356,
-0.011325347237288952,
0.6716443300247192,
0.27475619316101074,
-0.7323617339134216,
0.5407034158706665,
-0.14875464141368866,
0.2702924609184265,
0.4343470633029938,
0.44878992438316345,
-0.2272792011499405,
0.5927773714065552,
-0.16670972108840942,
0.10270967334508896,
-0.06230035424232483,
0.008963528089225292,
-0.5554472804069519,
-0.21779534220695496,
0.27652040123939514,
0.01983349211513996,
0.3171652555465698,
1.1202806234359741,
0.02033446915447712,
0.5350077748298645,
-0.1600072830915451,
0.014020404778420925,
-0.5306821465492249,
0.3103734850883484,
-0.28033941984176636,
-0.2245452105998993,
0.4194555878639221,
0.39465296268463135,
-0.24078641831874847,
-0.6528710126876831,
0.19771084189414978,
-0.2502744793891907,
0.0804271474480629,
-0.5781819224357605,
0.2061295509338379,
-0.031053146347403526,
0.5160634517669678,
-0.7300716042518616,
0.18187060952186584,
0.6006470322608948,
0.03107604570686817,
0.3756764531135559,
0.010422387160360813,
-0.1635889708995819,
-0.27173542976379395,
0.6106410622596741,
0.27859291434288025,
0.4935939908027649,
-0.8139102458953857,
0.21897630393505096,
0.02064736932516098,
-0.1366352140903473,
0.25630107522010803,
-0.10520673543214798,
0.296356737613678,
-0.028535524383187294,
0.16314129531383514,
0.1431727260351181,
0.4549456536769867,
0.359080046415329,
-0.2689233124256134,
0.5076020359992981,
0.05682310461997986,
-0.8255983591079712,
-0.27102726697921753,
-0.18156203627586365,
-0.44640877842903137,
-0.28498464822769165,
-0.5664100050926208,
0.10221471637487411,
-0.3451049327850342,
-1.1266279220581055,
-0.5753054022789001,
0.16114835441112518,
-0.6015861630439758,
-0.11920878291130066,
-0.33770960569381714,
-0.11687631905078888,
0.5959883332252502,
-0.022666556760668755,
-0.253807008266449,
-0.09083873778581619,
-0.05161326751112938,
-0.055991191416978836,
0.03321016579866409,
0.05514270067214966,
-0.2166474163532257,
0.2615439295768738,
0.4903621971607208,
0.24878376722335815,
-0.21236169338226318,
-0.190113827586174,
0.41462039947509766,
0.18388231098651886,
-0.12792974710464478,
-0.17780233919620514,
0.0913987085223198,
-0.2198115587234497,
0.18283802270889282,
-0.047318607568740845,
0.0010869005927816033,
0.14882123470306396,
-0.35372844338417053,
-0.20177549123764038,
0.31830132007598877,
0.07260046899318695,
0.7055867910385132,
-0.3958636522293091,
-0.04971064254641533,
0.12213184684515,
0.6310209631919861,
-0.45394599437713623,
0.1282094568014145,
-0.46105071902275085,
-0.3597795367240906,
0.911986231803894,
-0.2986997663974762,
-0.4989881217479706,
0.15025581419467926,
-0.009100639261305332,
-0.682680070400238,
-0.36908093094825745,
0.38735705614089966,
-0.02287880890071392,
0.6180120706558228,
-0.25099053978919983,
0.27139902114868164,
-0.5252233743667603,
-0.7866751551628113,
0.5545614361763,
-0.48788735270500183,
-0.348059743642807,
0.18185986578464508,
-0.5991036295890808,
0.15266640484333038,
0.05425764620304108,
-0.6040024757385254,
0.2412678450345993,
0.24039721488952637,
-0.19678209722042084,
0.32106852531433105,
0.3442520797252655,
0.5663327574729919,
-0.1743381768465042,
-0.7879528999328613,
-0.47065991163253784,
-0.3372441232204437,
-0.22220103442668915,
0.050416912883520126,
0.24654261767864227,
-0.07699701189994812,
-0.06658388674259186,
-0.4493817687034607,
-0.2621123194694519,
0.21819858253002167,
0.23025165498256683,
-0.6559758186340332,
-0.19236798584461212,
0.43782132863998413,
0.12729589641094208,
-0.35644733905792236,
-0.5557318925857544,
0.3239566385746002,
0.6957943439483643,
0.09275248646736145,
0.23307614028453827,
0.24514344334602356,
-0.06177293509244919,
0.5238675475120544,
-0.18571819365024567,
0.3254832625389099,
-0.45256826281547546,
0.2991132438182831,
-0.12769202888011932,
0.22621171176433563,
-0.4143129587173462,
-0.15369966626167297,
0.2741224467754364,
0.3460417091846466,
-0.18528082966804504,
0.45156458020210266,
0.9208149313926697,
0.7618005871772766,
0.2785540223121643,
-0.19892075657844543,
-0.09717735648155212,
0.4540368616580963,
0.08083830773830414,
0.158493310213089,
-0.40370088815689087,
-0.08905006945133209,
0.3130304217338562,
-0.3986912965774536,
0.13621212542057037,
-0.6657395958900452,
0.3572673499584198,
0.2797204554080963,
-0.20135797560214996,
-0.07873622328042984,
0.2898920178413391,
0.18732008337974548,
-0.3753724992275238,
0.15248894691467285,
-0.25356605648994446,
0.13803796470165253,
0.17960156500339508,
0.036712583154439926,
0.14335997402668,
-0.5675772428512573,
-1.1306382417678833,
0.3758666515350342,
0.10191869735717773,
-0.22595436871051788,
0.26071032881736755,
-0.3186703026294708,
0.44717419147491455,
-0.6471377611160278,
-0.49165672063827515,
-0.08688603341579437,
0.0943722203373909,
0.14716477692127228,
0.38789305090904236,
0.40717291831970215,
-0.15147902071475983,
0.15419885516166687,
0.3712775409221649,
-0.185042142868042,
0.1312643140554428,
0.09186560660600662,
0.44769302010536194,
-0.11260319501161575,
0.6255467534065247,
0.17711248993873596,
-0.1516595482826233,
0.15932613611221313,
-0.19457858800888062,
-0.01851482130587101,
0.49470871686935425,
0.2645004093647003,
0.5484071373939514,
0.07410452514886856,
-0.6599944233894348,
0.42846423387527466,
0.04510016739368439,
-0.47588950395584106,
0.14527222514152527,
-0.4470190107822418,
-0.47126781940460205,
0.0600186362862587,
0.6585381031036377,
0.917036235332489,
-0.08048681169748306,
-0.31705349683761597,
-0.42425885796546936,
0.13611796498298645,
0.01011305209249258,
0.31690049171447754,
-0.177145853638649,
0.10651654750108719,
-0.010915758088231087,
-0.19374386966228485,
0.07629569619894028,
0.09505851566791534,
-0.12653036415576935,
0.1025734543800354,
-0.1439717411994934,
-0.4155755639076233,
0.18016523122787476,
0.22905315458774567,
-0.16633974015712738,
0.5164839625358582,
0.45486125349998474,
-0.07472151517868042,
-0.12923891842365265,
0.1329023689031601,
0.3619568645954132,
-0.7776353359222412,
-0.3067314922809601,
0.013315715827047825,
-0.1830962896347046,
0.740506649017334,
0.17708219587802887,
0.3202715516090393,
-0.19262491166591644,
0.19789357483386993,
0.2057967334985733,
0.058134134858846664,
0.018610021099448204,
0.24677282571792603,
-0.41008418798446655,
-0.43589597940444946,
0.30893000960350037,
-0.9917744994163513,
0.6751093864440918,
-0.3519620895385742,
0.07214029133319855,
0.027195625007152557,
-0.003564124461263418,
-0.08340106904506683,
0.06828661262989044,
-0.6077753901481628,
0.0657852441072464,
-0.3061988353729248,
0.27198469638824463,
-0.10478269308805466,
-0.3895740211009979,
0.6678826212882996,
0.48692095279693604,
-0.0014559999108314514,
0.2842133343219757,
-0.011455044150352478,
0.03487250581383705,
-0.3988926112651825,
0.010901196859776974,
-0.516615629196167,
-0.4922049939632416,
-0.17957723140716553,
-0.2804333567619324,
0.05975934863090515,
0.370038777589798,
-0.5971630215644836,
-0.17933626472949982,
0.658729076385498,
-0.18606507778167725,
0.3397231698036194,
0.5847700238227844,
-0.7047193050384521,
0.17683468759059906,
-0.37970227003097534,
0.04076675698161125,
-0.1063753142952919,
0.03292851522564888,
0.3896840214729309,
-0.2134794443845749,
0.20405471324920654,
0.5758213996887207,
0.4485068619251251,
-0.004349247552454472,
0.509740948677063,
-0.22865794599056244,
-0.3509952127933502,
-0.2758233845233917,
0.4630429744720459,
-0.18123827874660492,
0.20376001298427582,
0.0955016016960144,
-0.3437005579471588,
0.03365693241357803,
-0.07447449862957001,
-0.3956066966056824,
-0.34232115745544434,
0.39865919947624207,
0.18525594472885132,
-0.2635182738304138,
-0.005082137417048216,
-0.2563129663467407,
-0.5450596213340759,
-0.5826552510261536,
0.8302499651908875,
0.025586765259504318,
-0.335048109292984,
0.6934580206871033,
0.14231328666210175,
0.08682399988174438,
0.4548642933368683,
-0.019977975636720657,
-0.3362279534339905,
-0.397769957780838,
0.4251944422721863
] |
224152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AR | AR | AR, Ar, or A&R may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Artists and repertoire
Periodicals
Absolute Return + Alpha, a hedge fund publication
The Adelaide Review, an Australian arts magazine
American Renaissance (magazine), a white nationalist magazine and website
Architectural Review, a British architectural journal
Armeerundschau, a magazine of the East German army
Other media
Ar, city on the fictional planet Gor
a.r. group of Polish artists and poets, including Katarzyna Kobro
Alternate reality (disambiguation), various fictional concepts
Business
Accounts receivable, abbreviated as AR or A/R
Acoustic Research, an American audio electronics manufacturer
Aerolíneas Argentinas (IATA airline code AR)
Some Alfa Romeo car models, e.g. AR51
Toyota AR engine
Language
Ar, the Latin letter R when spelled out
Ar (cuneiform), a cuneiform combined sign
Arabic, by ISO 639-1 language code
Mathematics, science, and technology
Computing
ar (Unix), a Unix archive format and handling tool
Accelerated Reader, educational reading assessment software
Augmented reality, an application of virtual reality in the real world
Biology and medicine
Androgen receptor, a nuclear hormone receptor
Aortic regurgitation, a heart valve disease
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Mathematics
ar-, a prefix of inverse hyperbolic functions
Autoregressive model, concerning random processes in statistics
Physics and chemistry
Aqua regia, a chemical mixture
Archimedes number in fluid dynamics
Argon, a chemical element with symbol Ar
Aryl group in organic chemistry
Relative atomic mass, symbolized as Ar
Other uses in science and technology
Anti-reflective, coating of lenses
Aspect ratio (aeronautics), of a wing
Military and weapons
US Navy hull classification symbol for repair ships
Armalite Rifle
Army Reserve (Ireland), the land component of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces (RDF)
Assault rifle
Places
Ar (city), in ancient Moab
Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland
Province of Arezzo, Italy, vehicle registration code
Argentina (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code)
.ar, the country code Top Level Domain for Argentina
Arkansas, United States
Armstrong–Ringsted Community School District, Iowa, United States
Politics and ethics
Affirmative Repositioning, a political movement in Namibia
Animal rights, a philosophy
Animal rights movement, a social movement advocating for other animals
Antipodean Resistance, an Australian neo-Nazi group
Other uses
🜇 or AR, a numismatic abbreviation for "silver"
Argent, the heraldic tincture of silver
Assistant referee (association football)
Auto rickshaw, a motorized three-wheeled vehicle common in South Asia
Avis de réception, postal advice or acknowledgement of receipt | [
0.4537152349948883,
0.2866681218147278,
-0.03014460951089859,
-0.07739327102899551,
-0.4350791871547699,
0.22982607781887054,
0.13221120834350586,
0.06337380409240723,
-0.2438354790210724,
-0.05273149907588959,
-0.8297622799873352,
0.5606684684753418,
0.01617264747619629,
0.36417916417121887,
0.23173454403877258,
0.6229293942451477,
0.113981232047081,
0.31230488419532776,
-0.3276982307434082,
-0.2606413960456848,
-0.3373318612575531,
0.03948348015546799,
0.49966931343078613,
-0.40151888132095337,
0.6048814654350281,
-0.25574418902397156,
0.24318809807300568,
0.04008985683321953,
-0.5095864534378052,
0.19724437594413757,
0.10738914459943771,
0.8377108573913574,
-0.4075870215892792,
0.2281065732240677,
-0.2724178731441498,
0.036982208490371704,
-0.1526840329170227,
0.08097203820943832,
-0.14649325609207153,
-0.8110001683235168,
0.01998048648238182,
-0.24615508317947388,
0.5145145058631897,
0.1312928944826126,
-0.8153316974639893,
-0.9182249307632446,
-1.5211812257766724,
0.6103323101997375,
-0.6238898634910583,
0.5940138101577759,
-0.09324663877487183,
0.8638340830802917,
-0.036866843700408936,
0.14676514267921448,
-0.4669218361377716,
0.47687017917633057,
0.012122358195483685,
-0.2798653841018677,
0.2861921191215515,
-0.6287859678268433,
0.8892106413841248,
0.03330228105187416,
-0.00804178323596716,
0.3717333674430847,
0.5202336311340332,
0.03527672588825226,
0.13368789851665497,
-0.006621748674660921,
-0.07491554319858551,
-0.3813435733318329,
-0.547875165939331,
-0.14391270279884338,
-0.33073708415031433,
-0.38467976450920105,
-0.26990169286727905,
-0.2690012454986572,
-0.03648308664560318,
0.04669037461280823,
-0.3824740946292877,
0.21102212369441986,
0.10675723105669022,
0.6545087695121765,
0.5538856387138367,
-0.42601263523101807,
0.3626992106437683,
-0.676506519317627,
-0.5695257782936096,
-0.15810608863830566,
-0.6423333287239075,
0.08160384744405746,
0.18581955134868622,
-0.5721654295921326,
1.0339646339416504,
0.047598350793123245,
-0.15563534200191498,
0.040512923151254654,
0.34411677718162537,
-0.28528034687042236,
0.13340860605239868,
0.05728120356798172,
-0.4037838876247406,
-0.040732335299253464,
0.027230948209762573,
-0.21999555826187134,
-0.4806175231933594,
0.4417659044265747,
0.17752070724964142,
-0.29040807485580444,
0.34594759345054626,
0.31672149896621704,
-0.38746559619903564,
0.22252093255519867,
0.09677968174219131,
-0.20175810158252716,
-0.23521074652671814,
-0.424697607755661,
-0.1643182635307312,
-0.26700547337532043,
-0.003951960243284702,
0.07474391162395477,
0.6606078147888184,
0.7283310890197754,
0.05778256058692932,
0.13687050342559814,
0.13318483531475067,
-0.21409915387630463,
0.5864193439483643,
0.2088681012392044,
-0.6123778820037842,
0.04631930962204933,
0.0613681934773922,
0.24209946393966675,
-0.12930047512054443,
0.30608928203582764,
-0.3611299693584442,
0.25832968950271606,
0.006121689919382334,
-0.008387438952922821,
0.4582938551902771,
0.15218760073184967,
-0.6020116806030273,
-0.4670742154121399,
-0.6654809713363647,
-0.3309585452079773,
0.34320953488349915,
-0.6359454393386841,
0.11895997077226639,
-0.3782673478126526,
-0.23106104135513306,
-0.26732686161994934,
0.2296111285686493,
-0.4299764633178711,
-0.4444497227668762,
0.18923942744731903,
0.11178196221590042,
-0.01626804657280445,
0.29706382751464844,
-0.1142752468585968,
0.06587164103984833,
0.12612155079841614,
0.4099850058555603,
0.4476858973503113,
-0.21675297617912292,
-0.05260084569454193,
0.033728405833244324,
-0.028999652713537216,
-0.5902946591377258,
0.6111224293708801,
-0.30799755454063416,
-0.24471554160118103,
-0.030331788584589958,
-0.13027146458625793,
0.49653831124305725,
0.5767368674278259,
-0.4325200021266937,
0.655238926410675,
0.5680580139160156,
0.22568964958190918,
0.3271062970161438,
0.2694169878959656,
-0.4172125458717346,
0.16287750005722046,
0.16090364754199982,
0.03497430682182312,
-0.061067234724760056,
-0.21915793418884277,
0.2178996503353119,
-0.36509019136428833,
0.5643383860588074,
0.12814052402973175,
-0.43033063411712646,
-0.35871100425720215,
0.09495638310909271,
-0.43534380197525024,
0.612784743309021,
-0.24974510073661804,
-0.5715435743331909,
0.9209233522415161,
0.04185722768306732,
0.09479155391454697,
0.08613105118274689,
-0.0310011375695467,
0.5324639081954956,
-0.3958803117275238,
-0.20598529279232025,
0.2638407051563263,
0.5177730917930603,
-0.04266635701060295,
-0.18048976361751556,
0.09023898094892502,
0.05744331702589989,
-0.17683863639831543,
0.577202558517456,
-0.5075094103813171,
0.6760081052780151,
-0.05456748977303505,
-0.5964056849479675,
0.22882112860679626,
-0.5592420697212219,
-0.22173358500003815,
0.9905256628990173,
-0.45553910732269287,
-0.18211238086223602,
0.3258258104324341,
-0.5112485885620117,
0.22954022884368896,
0.1164243072271347,
0.03062390722334385,
0.7295111417770386,
-0.8171426653862,
0.3633733093738556,
-0.05292470380663872,
0.08130260556936264,
-0.19077999889850616,
0.030962780117988586,
0.10769715160131454,
0.12803323566913605,
0.21811221539974213,
0.5542241334915161,
-0.43568503856658936,
-0.0878039300441742,
0.4032813310623169,
-0.1924436092376709,
0.4267793595790863,
0.26906242966651917,
-0.16039517521858215,
-0.2586105763912201,
-0.1388799250125885,
-0.47874730825424194,
0.645686686038971,
0.272957444190979,
0.11298126727342606,
-0.012351776473224163,
0.2519257962703705,
-0.34277498722076416,
-0.11952641606330872,
0.2704015076160431,
-0.04667529836297035,
0.2418106496334076,
-0.04211321473121643,
-0.7233501076698303,
-0.5957014560699463,
0.1996443122625351,
0.05286498740315437,
0.35093504190444946,
-0.08708788454532623,
-0.2406449317932129,
-0.5090270638465881,
0.38712838292121887,
0.37957119941711426,
-0.006185346748679876,
0.5573201775550842,
-0.17989768087863922,
0.42483675479888916,
-0.047529034316539764,
-0.48315662145614624,
0.5422268509864807,
-0.2047855406999588,
-0.14303281903266907,
-0.17908507585525513,
-0.1778430938720703,
0.0533200167119503,
0.6951833963394165,
-0.7317759394645691,
0.0816415324807167,
-0.14367052912712097,
0.2819468080997467,
0.05381042882800102,
-0.20102399587631226,
-0.045510027557611465,
-0.38516098260879517,
0.17261210083961487,
-0.18807494640350342,
0.06769149005413055,
0.722539484500885,
0.2527526021003723,
0.30694830417633057,
0.4257720410823822,
-0.2449183613061905,
-0.35888224840164185,
-0.2526688575744629,
0.14699341356754303,
0.009667754173278809,
0.3171232342720032,
0.4501233398914337,
-0.21937187016010284,
-0.3096052408218384,
0.11390752345323563,
-6.104638576507568,
0.012583427131175995,
-0.500450074672699,
-0.6471697688102722,
-0.3359964191913605,
0.22345370054244995,
0.2100890874862671,
-0.2509884536266327,
-0.41734978556632996,
-0.5063942670822144,
-0.0937616378068924,
0.014511997811496258,
0.08123395591974258,
0.6231924891471863,
0.46146413683891296,
0.5177432298660278,
-0.07142210006713867,
0.681132972240448,
-0.27258333563804626,
0.41365018486976624,
0.015136674046516418,
0.11164800822734833,
-0.110934779047966,
0.395646333694458,
0.33503302931785583,
0.037194833159446716,
-0.3965732753276825,
-0.1402297019958496,
0.12651512026786804,
-0.6413087248802185,
0.07134810090065002,
-0.3514356315135956,
-0.4244631230831146,
0.2017289400100708,
0.5322656631469727,
0.16592314839363098,
0.37631288170814514,
-0.27499064803123474,
0.6453152298927307,
-0.24592049419879913,
-0.1433146893978119,
0.7649508714675903,
0.541330873966217,
-0.3546912670135498,
-0.10005195438861847,
-0.24155551195144653,
-0.27131423354148865,
0.33242538571357727,
-0.3564559519290924,
0.4896370768547058,
-0.28229475021362305,
-0.05218134820461273,
-0.12604212760925293,
0.22096605598926544,
-0.05794547498226166,
-0.05668093264102936,
0.05269236862659454,
0.13357539474964142,
0.16006655991077423,
0.17156066000461578,
0.5518348217010498,
-0.2755863666534424,
-0.2368013709783554,
-0.49053558707237244,
-0.5384302735328674,
-0.32094618678092957,
-0.044732071459293365,
-0.5768994688987732,
0.920632004737854,
0.09861388802528381,
-0.023776279762387276,
-0.36135134100914,
0.34947022795677185,
-0.8620439767837524,
-0.16075409948825836,
-0.3559763431549072,
0.09370429068803787,
0.1762820929288864,
-0.005712377838790417,
0.4453040659427643,
-0.3748123347759247,
-0.07599887251853943,
-0.11687997728586197,
-0.7336215972900391,
-0.6068832278251648,
-0.3108874261379242,
0.041321273893117905,
0.5749782919883728,
-0.40966519713401794,
0.10778146237134933,
0.7645071148872375,
-0.32720303535461426,
0.5718558430671692,
0.21221360564231873,
0.13665002584457397,
0.32082635164260864,
0.46670952439308167,
-0.14720769226551056,
0.6311110258102417,
0.1835279017686844,
0.44231194257736206,
-0.3217403292655945,
-0.018262822180986404,
-0.3930683135986328,
-0.3233448266983032,
0.1924092024564743,
-0.1227443739771843,
-0.2922174632549286,
1.1310882568359375,
-0.32650530338287354,
-0.38244393467903137,
0.07456587255001068,
0.03225060552358627,
-0.25285905599594116,
0.455891877412796,
-0.18327711522579193,
-0.42730680108070374,
0.5325121283531189,
0.1974153220653534,
-0.22987091541290283,
0.0009057149291038513,
-0.30479225516319275,
-0.44340744614601135,
-0.21641230583190918,
-0.5372748374938965,
0.22632814943790436,
-0.15795928239822388,
-0.2232131063938141,
-0.19421212375164032,
0.11988203227519989,
0.30587196350097656,
-0.15023444592952728,
0.2550649046897888,
-0.040909599512815475,
0.2795506417751312,
-0.04761805385351181,
0.31184935569763184,
0.22402949631214142,
0.14855244755744934,
-0.5447014570236206,
0.3567429184913635,
-0.20236967504024506,
0.007644618861377239,
0.1815956085920334,
-0.06785561889410019,
0.44051793217658997,
-0.05629104748368263,
-0.09279900044202805,
0.19677868485450745,
0.296598881483078,
0.08860597014427185,
0.16678699851036072,
0.5883759260177612,
-0.03352014720439911,
-0.3579401969909668,
-0.40381497144699097,
-0.2730879783630371,
-0.276682585477829,
-0.055223628878593445,
-0.2658028304576874,
0.5572705268859863,
-0.34097835421562195,
-1.0252259969711304,
0.008093522861599922,
0.24471540749073029,
-0.30829882621765137,
0.08718237280845642,
-0.32627344131469727,
0.10524046421051025,
0.5289962291717529,
-0.15382376313209534,
0.10250718146562576,
0.10298486053943634,
-0.27930980920791626,
0.02821422554552555,
0.20917345583438873,
0.31540676951408386,
-0.38149571418762207,
0.5008774995803833,
0.38804376125335693,
0.190482035279274,
-0.05481710657477379,
-0.17446736991405487,
0.462292343378067,
0.034831319004297256,
-0.4950392544269562,
-0.08036040514707565,
0.4342389702796936,
0.0017375010065734386,
-0.19686874747276306,
-0.1651161164045334,
0.005104550626128912,
0.26327061653137207,
-0.13896915316581726,
0.05649396404623985,
-0.46919485926628113,
0.007187305949628353,
0.10686691105365753,
-0.2920229732990265,
-0.17099705338478088,
0.45146846771240234,
0.06790278851985931,
-0.5742293000221252,
-0.16948798298835754,
0.22659270465373993,
-0.18047600984573364,
0.41271254420280457,
-0.4152280390262604,
-0.21194039285182953,
0.06750773638486862,
-0.7068427205085754,
-0.34364932775497437,
-0.037666864693164825,
0.40885528922080994,
-0.12698139250278473,
0.16969236731529236,
-0.25175583362579346,
-0.13463890552520752,
-0.6645507216453552,
-0.13616371154785156,
0.3258877098560333,
-0.09532764554023743,
-0.2639739513397217,
0.1994505226612091,
-0.2876593768596649,
-0.11683424562215805,
0.12477756291627884,
-0.7710100412368774,
-0.034283772110939026,
-0.24562270939350128,
0.055384933948516846,
0.3391023278236389,
-0.0907776951789856,
0.27192920446395874,
-0.5355209708213806,
-0.03699827566742897,
-0.5249848961830139,
-0.20420686900615692,
0.2804427146911621,
-0.09097490459680557,
0.05743354931473732,
0.21694426238536835,
-0.2257349193096161,
-0.07192201912403107,
0.050853628665208817,
0.5610595941543579,
0.09223075956106186,
-0.19280534982681274,
-0.4386865496635437,
0.11252244561910629,
0.2423596978187561,
-0.34162241220474243,
-0.2939348816871643,
-0.05044122040271759,
0.48547616600990295,
-0.493543416261673,
0.12183921784162521,
0.06589095294475555,
-0.1647343933582306,
0.7347458600997925,
0.07747013121843338,
-0.49897801876068115,
-0.32095322012901306,
0.1555710732936859,
0.03762967139482498,
0.11270766705274582,
-0.5575480461120605,
-0.31690436601638794,
0.004940997809171677,
-0.08000050485134125,
0.0628732219338417,
0.47333407402038574,
0.926970362663269,
0.63700270652771,
0.46584510803222656,
-0.5105562806129456,
-0.20291514694690704,
-0.5321401953697205,
-0.4386070668697357,
0.2602016031742096,
-0.30758556723594666,
0.01474444568157196,
0.1604802906513214,
-0.6210072636604309,
0.2042534500360489,
-0.8027611970901489,
0.36925461888313293,
0.17312783002853394,
-0.48141855001449585,
-0.13977603614330292,
0.020233765244483948,
-0.02015271596610546,
0.028731271624565125,
0.6527390480041504,
-0.5900821089744568,
-0.1947881132364273,
0.3247273862361908,
-0.03220168873667717,
0.27968981862068176,
0.13355118036270142,
-0.780375063419342,
0.11193741112947464,
0.39347854256629944,
-0.1346234828233719,
0.48021480441093445,
0.24301527440547943,
-0.16003334522247314,
-0.22367238998413086,
-0.09823207557201385,
-0.5257362127304077,
0.18744352459907532,
-0.32472142577171326,
0.1670275330543518,
0.6738665103912354,
-0.24378816783428192,
0.14553317427635193,
0.4393746554851532,
-0.4335000514984131,
0.8336790800094604,
0.035357262939214706,
0.40271419286727905,
-0.09871314465999603,
0.3102562427520752,
0.26393911242485046,
-0.18746282160282135,
0.007836227305233479,
0.14145329594612122,
-0.11859507858753204,
0.2550719678401947,
0.2861556112766266,
0.8409501910209656,
0.049852944910526276,
0.1303783804178238,
0.19143174588680267,
-0.2873542308807373,
-0.7963196635246277,
0.27963221073150635,
-0.3011367917060852,
-0.4843543469905853,
0.26493871212005615,
0.4422788619995117,
0.03634495660662651,
-0.3020355999469757,
0.18294818699359894,
-0.32977327704429626,
0.26842302083969116,
0.436527818441391,
0.10680191218852997,
-1.0317082405090332,
0.19031214714050293,
-0.2775631248950958,
-0.08447018265724182,
-0.05638499930500984,
-0.05223793908953667,
0.08513306081295013,
-0.08598682284355164,
-0.11655949801206589,
0.1812000423669815,
0.21963070333003998,
0.06928142160177231,
-0.019053786993026733,
0.5924608707427979,
0.3671327531337738,
-0.42428359389305115,
-0.3371424674987793,
-0.07737506926059723,
0.11848782747983932,
-0.6255801320075989,
0.09969882667064667,
-0.21006496250629425,
-0.024983851239085197,
0.4406207501888275,
-0.7685210108757019,
0.21076543629169464,
0.01064863707870245,
0.019538911059498787,
0.6443195939064026,
0.1891660988330841,
0.07517146319150925,
0.5571315288543701,
-0.26194533705711365,
-0.15392355620861053,
-0.0022818155121058226,
-0.6522865891456604,
0.6181058287620544,
-0.4310269057750702,
0.2087344080209732,
-0.09303196519613266,
-0.5709326267242432,
-0.0059562441892921925,
0.0918598622083664,
-0.4776773154735565,
0.13024266064167023,
0.07206353545188904,
0.17650938034057617,
-0.08244374394416809,
-0.5263500213623047,
0.9094916582107544,
0.19098040461540222,
0.1946549117565155,
-0.023281367495656013,
0.05798032507300377,
-0.18448707461357117,
0.01650991104543209,
-0.412512868642807,
-0.24388928711414337,
-0.2532883882522583,
-0.21082893013954163,
-0.16875942051410675,
0.5688717365264893,
0.369832843542099,
-0.32039034366607666,
0.052189093083143234,
0.8369414210319519,
0.08481423556804657,
0.12671741843223572,
0.6490006446838379,
0.277967244386673,
0.22956694662570953,
0.006263114977627993,
0.3683434724807739,
0.08108489215373993,
0.057951439172029495,
0.11613240092992783,
-0.3587309420108795,
0.09287363290786743,
0.27649933099746704,
0.21406307816505432,
-0.16932421922683716,
0.13313989341259003,
-0.17976580560207367,
-0.46651074290275574,
-0.6111866235733032,
0.7914931178092957,
-0.7620248794555664,
-0.253780722618103,
0.22448156774044037,
-0.054614730179309845,
0.08310285955667496,
0.041399408131837845,
-0.1298011988401413,
-0.19270606338977814,
0.24062848091125488,
-0.32369279861450195,
-0.13954918086528778,
0.5019652843475342,
-0.48654502630233765,
-0.14538832008838654,
-0.4616330564022064,
0.5684191584587097,
-0.09967922419309616,
-0.5486751198768616,
0.5023816823959351,
0.12443728744983673,
0.0743817389011383,
-0.12089474499225616,
0.12787404656410217,
-0.29166877269744873,
0.41084563732147217,
-0.11980991810560226
] |
224153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving%20petrel | Diving petrel | The diving petrels form a genus, Pelecanoides, of seabirds in the family Procellariidae. There are four very similar species of diving petrels, distinguished only by small differences in the coloration of their plumage, habitat, and bill construction. They are only found in the southern hemisphere. The diving petrels were formerly placed in their own family, the Pelecanoididae.
Diving petrels are auk-like small petrels of the southern oceans. The resemblances with the auks are due to convergent evolution, since both families feed by pursuit diving, although some researchers have in the past suggested that the similarities are due to relatedness. Among the Procellariiformes the diving petrels are the family most adapted to life in the sea rather than flying over it, and are generally found closer inshore than other families in the order.
Taxonomy
The genus Pelecanoides was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède for the common diving petrel. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pelekan meaning "pelican" and "-oidēs" meaning "resembling".
The diving petrels were formerly placed in their own family, Pelecanoididae. When genetic studies found that they were embedded within the family Procellariidae, the family Pelecanoididae were merged into Procellariidae.
Extant Species
Four species are usually recognised:
A fifth species, the Whenua Hou diving-petrel (Pelecanoides whenuahouensis), is sometimes recognised. It was first described in 2018 and is found around Codfish, or Whenua Hou Island, New Zealand. In the bird list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee the Whenua Hou diving-petrel is treated as a subspecies of the South Georgia diving petrel.
The evolution and systematics of these birds is not well researched. Several populations were described as distinct species and while most of them are only subspecies, some may indeed be distinct. The prehistoric fossil record was long limited to very fragmentary remains described as P. cymatotrypetes found in Early Pliocene deposits of Langebaanweg, South Africa; while this bird apparently was close to the common diving petrel, no members of the genus are known from South African waters today.
In 2007, a humerus piece from New Zealand was described as P. miokuaka. This was found in Early/Middle Miocene deposits and just as may be expected, it far more resembles diving petrels than any other known bird, but presents a less apomorphic condition.
Description
The diving petrels are small petrels that measure between and weigh . They are highly uniform in appearance, and very difficult to distinguish when seen at sea. They are best distinguished by the size and shape of their short bills. The plumage is shining black on the top and white on the underside. Their wings are short, particularly with regards to overall body size, and used in a highly characteristic whirring flight. This flight is low over the water and diving petrels will fly through the crests of waves without any interruption of their flight path. In the water these wings are half folded and used as paddles to propel the bird after its prey.
Behaviour
Food and feeding
Diving petrels are plankton feeders, taking mostly crustacean prey such as krill, copepods and the amphipod Themisto gaudichaudii, also taking small fish and squid. They have several adaptations for obtaining their prey including short powerful wings, a gular pouch for storing food, and their nostrils open upwards rather than pointing forward as in other tubenoses.
Breeding
These birds nest in colonies on islands. One white egg is laid in a burrow in turf or soft soil that is usually covered with vegetation, feathers, or small rocks. They are nocturnal at the breeding colonies. It has a long period of parental care (around 45 to 60 days) in the burrow, but once the chick fledges out to sea it is on its own.
Status and conservation
Of the four species, two, the Peruvian diving petrel and the Magellanic diving petrel, have highly restricted ranges around South America's coasts, while the common diving petrel and the South Georgia diving petrel range widely across the southern oceans, breeding on islands off New Zealand, Subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean, and islands in the south Atlantic (like Tristan da Cunha). The subspecies, the Whenua Hou diving petrel, has an extremely restricted range, breeding only on New Zealand's Codfish Island.
Diving petrels are among the world's most numerous birds, with common and South Georgia diving petrels numbering several million pairs each. The Peruvian and Whenua Hou diving petrels, on the other hand, are highly threatened by guano extraction, introduced species and climate change, and are considered endangered species.
References
Diving animals
Extant Miocene first appearances | [
-0.11822346597909927,
0.3760089874267578,
-0.42470911145210266,
0.1060919389128685,
-0.22180019319057465,
0.6332566142082214,
0.541251003742218,
0.30057352781295776,
-0.5469165444374084,
-0.28154170513153076,
-0.2969138026237488,
0.35575607419013977,
-0.41284462809562683,
0.3710293471813202,
0.30223870277404785,
0.6422068476676941,
0.38778236508369446,
0.31988364458084106,
0.35905295610427856,
-0.45639151334762573,
-0.8397447466850281,
-0.8339225053787231,
0.6514840722084045,
-0.9624412655830383,
0.144403874874115,
-0.1655772477388382,
-0.0760989561676979,
0.7864370942115784,
0.272264301776886,
0.4985469579696655,
0.353169709444046,
1.5783523321151733,
0.385992169380188,
0.46693897247314453,
0.360765665769577,
-0.07359577715396881,
-0.09787985682487488,
-0.45381224155426025,
0.2115301787853241,
-0.32399076223373413,
0.39425143599510193,
-0.24155627191066742,
0.32263344526290894,
-0.03405260667204857,
-0.1346183717250824,
-0.4614761173725128,
-1.1962748765945435,
0.09467360377311707,
-0.07957802712917328,
0.18867027759552002,
0.23971332609653473,
0.4930463433265686,
0.27791860699653625,
0.8056290149688721,
0.016474150121212006,
1.0453733205795288,
-1.0746643543243408,
0.3460538685321808,
-0.047866929322481155,
-0.19448409974575043,
-0.619710385799408,
0.43345874547958374,
-0.14204317331314087,
-0.049816276878118515,
0.41287761926651,
0.5939074754714966,
0.3284345269203186,
0.08647412061691284,
-0.4338008165359497,
-0.1088675856590271,
-0.11019489914178848,
-0.6680188775062561,
-0.07140596956014633,
0.19407570362091064,
-0.7309561371803284,
0.13542069494724274,
-0.19601428508758545,
-0.034382861107587814,
0.7989257574081421,
-0.2346438467502594,
0.5277950167655945,
0.39500582218170166,
0.3091042935848236,
0.29107680916786194,
-0.4306562840938568,
-0.12463721632957458,
-0.5534075498580933,
0.24675995111465454,
-0.01881006732583046,
0.7333727478981018,
-0.17945493757724762,
-0.22985365986824036,
0.6510713696479797,
0.26972174644470215,
-0.34724006056785583,
-0.11200715601444244,
-0.503511905670166,
0.14601781964302063,
0.6224082708358765,
0.25484758615493774,
0.08082340657711029,
0.35916101932525635,
0.5712600946426392,
0.618524432182312,
-0.6928562521934509,
-0.5427392721176147,
-0.29630932211875916,
-0.71736741065979,
0.017779024317860603,
-0.03429368883371353,
-0.5685111284255981,
0.13394790887832642,
-0.13348834216594696,
0.011309564113616943,
-0.18523934483528137,
0.6306670308113098,
0.39798682928085327,
-0.38382619619369507,
-0.4156115651130676,
-0.09649528563022614,
0.7902178764343262,
0.0481330044567585,
-0.2941473126411438,
-0.05136478319764137,
-0.31343045830726624,
0.8621174693107605,
0.7027413845062256,
0.5983190536499023,
-0.706748902797699,
-0.14222487807273865,
-0.023489871993660927,
0.9326757192611694,
-0.7491613626480103,
0.18086650967597961,
0.05027946084737778,
-0.2654852271080017,
0.08942355960607529,
-0.3917970359325409,
0.23802167177200317,
1.1007946729660034,
-0.9661102890968323,
-0.18503950536251068,
-1.057761788368225,
-0.2928181290626526,
0.3918887674808502,
0.3389989137649536,
-0.31425777077674866,
-0.2772381007671356,
-0.3389592468738556,
-0.328897625207901,
0.3557508885860443,
-0.2513510286808014,
-0.0758543461561203,
-0.00839095190167427,
-0.6496604681015015,
-0.832628071308136,
0.46834003925323486,
-0.2360081970691681,
0.5977427959442139,
0.13206949830055237,
-0.09889136999845505,
0.05030519887804985,
-0.9428514242172241,
0.3427984416484833,
0.10238542407751083,
-0.16600294411182404,
0.02213781140744686,
0.45614907145500183,
-0.389685720205307,
0.44303223490715027,
-0.1356496512889862,
0.47630366683006287,
0.4886418282985687,
-0.24802309274673462,
0.04332524538040161,
-0.5327976942062378,
0.3183455765247345,
0.2992950975894928,
1.1650971174240112,
-0.47777536511421204,
-0.8842698931694031,
0.3344873785972595,
-0.09665276855230331,
-0.3698391020298004,
0.4968045651912689,
-0.02909070812165737,
-0.06919834017753601,
0.3978259265422821,
0.035328399389982224,
-0.335147500038147,
-0.7166605591773987,
-0.1401560753583908,
0.23757967352867126,
0.0217323899269104,
0.6512167453765869,
0.42434418201446533,
-0.250271201133728,
0.5649994611740112,
0.4598740339279175,
0.27919167280197144,
-0.7472062110900879,
-0.05629056692123413,
0.0229023564606905,
0.43158790469169617,
-1.399390459060669,
0.42787840962409973,
-0.1710035800933838,
-0.12208908796310425,
0.2098960280418396,
0.18637453019618988,
-0.04021744430065155,
-0.5017906427383423,
0.0872093141078949,
-0.18017065525054932,
-0.22837582230567932,
-0.31888440251350403,
-0.7334449887275696,
0.6184192895889282,
-0.7036966681480408,
-0.17069198191165924,
0.3812812864780426,
0.01978631317615509,
-0.24913446605205536,
0.13520997762680054,
-0.1777169406414032,
0.832661509513855,
0.4007313549518585,
-0.35368165373802185,
0.23655976355075836,
-0.5588890910148621,
-0.03905116766691208,
0.18316379189491272,
0.2928890287876129,
-0.6264023780822754,
-0.5133656859397888,
0.10625128448009491,
-0.40931379795074463,
-0.724509060382843,
0.6849516034126282,
0.093625009059906,
0.12929335236549377,
-0.13075116276741028,
-0.6232264637947083,
0.6226760745048523,
0.34899142384529114,
0.05555498227477074,
0.012929505668580532,
0.5488540530204773,
-0.5953430533409119,
-0.2741874158382416,
0.05394918471574783,
0.614535927772522,
0.28177106380462646,
-0.5621622204780579,
0.04838254302740097,
0.2313741147518158,
0.20858946442604065,
0.11864187568426132,
0.038096267729997635,
-0.21922962367534637,
-0.48760703206062317,
0.3558700978755951,
0.06835680454969406,
0.03575539216399193,
-0.4294836223125458,
-0.8474094867706299,
-0.46087658405303955,
-0.04989507049322128,
0.621070921421051,
-0.23945580422878265,
0.4060860872268677,
0.03565032035112381,
-0.4943292737007141,
-0.2016712874174118,
0.18816958367824554,
-0.05164741352200508,
-0.6222589612007141,
-0.04212610423564911,
-0.4354291558265686,
0.07328671216964722,
0.6338931322097778,
0.5506470799446106,
-0.09304643422365189,
-0.44433385133743286,
-0.5078185200691223,
-0.17162950336933136,
0.15162567794322968,
-0.42750445008277893,
-0.21100813150405884,
-1.2976449728012085,
-0.09123960882425308,
-0.12226022779941559,
-0.16109994053840637,
0.495292067527771,
-1.0109262466430664,
0.049336496740579605,
-0.2930995523929596,
0.9447628855705261,
0.2666656970977783,
-0.3677046597003937,
-0.21372149884700775,
-0.01958419196307659,
0.039882171899080276,
-0.4560234546661377,
-0.14882954955101013,
-0.601610541343689,
0.39926689863204956,
0.27211469411849976,
-5.265381813049316,
-0.1300743818283081,
-0.24599803984165192,
0.25568997859954834,
-0.03851092606782913,
0.6017510890960693,
0.9985926151275635,
-0.5829493999481201,
-0.02347739227116108,
-0.08739567548036575,
0.5499540567398071,
-0.04881306365132332,
0.055937450379133224,
0.49399587512016296,
0.6093606352806091,
0.04349277913570404,
0.5634682774543762,
-0.12375923991203308,
0.2516130805015564,
-0.19918489456176758,
-0.11647431552410126,
0.5457087755203247,
-0.4459102749824524,
0.43004289269447327,
0.27611327171325684,
0.05271744728088379,
0.053217675536870956,
-0.19955404102802277,
-0.6793987154960632,
0.005477109923958778,
-0.2584110498428345,
-0.20244528353214264,
-0.3723682761192322,
-0.005027650389820337,
0.05794449523091316,
-0.41174864768981934,
0.6183786392211914,
0.3126213848590851,
0.08885331451892853,
-0.6227925419807434,
-0.8726910948753357,
0.2715161442756653,
-0.07821982353925705,
0.026362163946032524,
0.5653209686279297,
-0.15145331621170044,
0.01944536715745926,
-0.22659184038639069,
0.195008784532547,
1.1043353080749512,
0.3917738199234009,
-0.2680754065513611,
0.5439746975898743,
0.5460054874420166,
0.4235821068286896,
0.15018345415592194,
0.1925465315580368,
0.2845498323440552,
-0.3937268853187561,
0.2515016496181488,
0.8850277066230774,
-0.23026780784130096,
-0.2509501278400421,
-0.6447318196296692,
0.13645531237125397,
-0.3335920572280884,
-0.9555042386054993,
-0.2481495887041092,
0.1998365819454193,
0.24673792719841003,
-0.2871340215206146,
0.9127772450447083,
-1.0017988681793213,
-0.609435498714447,
0.7713370323181152,
-0.31388312578201294,
-0.09352897852659225,
0.15059971809387207,
0.48515585064888,
0.14298474788665771,
-0.0516023263335228,
-0.421139657497406,
-0.392657607793808,
0.5519399046897888,
-0.11536611616611481,
-1.2039333581924438,
-0.5396567583084106,
0.08157595992088318,
-0.10811711102724075,
-0.5402841567993164,
0.19696049392223358,
-0.2685084044933319,
-0.19130352139472961,
0.19525063037872314,
0.3316648304462433,
0.7395995259284973,
0.23078209161758423,
-0.13555002212524414,
0.552047073841095,
-0.28833940625190735,
0.43214523792266846,
-0.26356667280197144,
0.03706512227654457,
-0.01667507365345955,
0.17311827838420868,
-0.8390404582023621,
0.5664729475975037,
0.36348190903663635,
0.3886289894580841,
-0.3260621726512909,
0.37694665789604187,
-0.5443168878555298,
-0.3044196367263794,
-0.1752321869134903,
0.4371495246887207,
0.07053978741168976,
0.46565812826156616,
0.39573922753334045,
0.6293800473213196,
0.28197190165519714,
0.29728055000305176,
0.045846544206142426,
-0.3748694956302643,
-0.012127007357776165,
-0.5141248106956482,
-0.5937632322311401,
-0.009685483761131763,
-0.0004935330362059176,
-0.8320213556289673,
-0.42121031880378723,
0.21170920133590698,
0.11233631521463394,
-0.02538982965052128,
-0.14771072566509247,
0.6506585478782654,
-0.3188537061214447,
-0.030682092532515526,
0.036240313202142715,
0.44714924693107605,
-0.04875224828720093,
-0.28143078088760376,
-0.21027392148971558,
-0.4260953962802887,
-0.20804700255393982,
0.6177615523338318,
0.8557239770889282,
-0.2902187705039978,
-0.41882625222206116,
0.21377095580101013,
1.198746919631958,
-0.1280364692211151,
-0.5606256723403931,
-0.1366124004125595,
-0.7060104608535767,
0.8525839447975159,
-0.17442922294139862,
0.4626571834087372,
0.07349792122840881,
0.07523554563522339,
-0.38483113050460815,
0.1282578557729721,
0.19335848093032837,
-0.8710416555404663,
-0.546424925327301,
-0.025053570047020912,
-0.07197301834821701,
-0.7415761351585388,
-0.6485527157783508,
0.4171718657016754,
0.7395816445350647,
0.09023306518793106,
0.0013145782286301255,
-0.9959794282913208,
0.13788601756095886,
0.10904589295387268,
-0.16903290152549744,
-0.2445673793554306,
0.41115519404411316,
-0.4653360843658447,
-0.6332948803901672,
-0.03939367085695267,
0.4770335257053375,
-0.07155589014291763,
0.09389027953147888,
0.19981302320957184,
-0.3432970941066742,
0.1799832284450531,
-0.2596520483493805,
-0.26861998438835144,
0.17163139581680298,
0.11853385716676712,
0.4995332658290863,
0.37284737825393677,
-0.27942541241645813,
-0.5792396068572998,
-0.19654163718223572,
-0.3718438148498535,
1.0446139574050903,
-0.09294971823692322,
-0.5313123464584351,
0.5076345801353455,
0.22571693360805511,
-0.39304208755493164,
-0.023563537746667862,
0.10644066333770752,
-0.5705909132957458,
0.8678850531578064,
0.012987100519239902,
-0.5541029572486877,
0.5693135857582092,
0.03523743152618408,
-0.5752531886100769,
-0.18606621026992798,
0.885132372379303,
-0.720872700214386,
-0.0766339972615242,
0.05791173875331879,
0.010085941292345524,
-0.18437348306179047,
0.33562299609184265,
-0.30441728234291077,
-0.1979008913040161,
-0.17748388648033142,
-0.70313960313797,
-0.7007998824119568,
0.3032374680042267,
0.03815135732293129,
-0.15339550375938416,
0.3335024118423462,
-0.4922487735748291,
-0.5828856229782104,
-0.10678940266370773,
0.29793649911880493,
-0.3001357913017273,
-0.2568210959434509,
0.2639259696006775,
-0.027444591745734215,
0.31242841482162476,
0.14660324156284332,
0.130416601896286,
0.5362927317619324,
0.8079957365989685,
0.23399145901203156,
-0.13247263431549072,
-0.22102539241313934,
-0.11552409082651138,
0.5031757354736328,
-0.09408541768789291,
-0.5488916635513306,
-0.20858150720596313,
0.24555818736553192,
-0.0691978707909584,
-0.5762280821800232,
-0.12003172188997269,
0.42651182413101196,
-0.21776778995990753,
-0.030572349205613136,
0.15436160564422607,
0.24706771969795227,
0.3624607026576996,
0.4373968541622162,
0.20482178032398224,
-1.3275257349014282,
0.238382026553154,
0.732401967048645,
-0.25122037529945374,
-0.6826541423797607,
0.2742365598678589,
0.30216991901397705,
0.15032213926315308,
-0.27586492896080017,
-0.016175296157598495,
0.24295590817928314,
0.41901010274887085,
-0.07929614931344986,
0.1566251963376999,
-0.15084151923656464,
-0.9039462804794312,
-0.20559442043304443,
0.31080353260040283,
-0.0994480699300766,
0.2985934615135193,
0.24452358484268188,
-0.09186337143182755,
-0.04711363837122917,
-0.5829596519470215,
-0.8410534858703613,
0.05050136148929596,
-0.0880451649427414,
-0.5983514189720154,
-0.471849650144577,
-0.2456236034631729,
-0.6247386336326599,
-0.09699385613203049,
0.7949181199073792,
0.29051443934440613,
0.2435155063867569,
0.4542871117591858,
-0.3043234050273895,
0.42397013306617737,
-0.8262146711349487,
0.6687570810317993,
-0.35960155725479126,
-0.3893704116344452,
0.49311625957489014,
-0.1342492550611496,
-0.21110820770263672,
0.30605944991111755,
-0.24986940622329712,
0.42512133717536926,
0.009740873239934444,
-0.25122809410095215,
-0.33160287141799927,
0.8864820599555969,
-0.2604028582572937,
0.35386407375335693,
0.28436654806137085,
-0.7910704016685486,
0.31028106808662415,
0.7268385887145996,
-0.23293377459049225,
-0.22876742482185364,
0.5694540143013,
0.38241562247276306,
-0.8663597106933594,
-0.24212758243083954,
-0.6539115905761719,
0.12357712537050247,
1.1040469408035278,
0.38225215673446655,
0.4288967251777649,
0.26423680782318115,
-0.3592969477176666,
0.12322425097227097,
-0.11023998260498047,
0.1320050060749054,
-0.08133216947317123,
-0.8728604316711426,
-0.36888620257377625,
1.2571828365325928,
1.2713319063186646,
0.1355540156364441,
0.7406185865402222,
0.12298263609409332,
0.12029539793729782,
0.3191085159778595,
-0.09133950620889664,
0.00820134300738573,
0.370475172996521,
-0.33892762660980225,
0.04956655949354172,
-0.017618682235479355,
0.44723451137542725,
-0.676086962223053,
0.3582182824611664,
0.4671609401702881,
0.13607487082481384,
-0.25754666328430176,
-0.24298717081546783,
-0.10909193754196167,
-0.07415466010570526,
-0.009157359600067139,
-0.26450979709625244,
0.016181278973817825,
-0.7278270125389099,
0.2701592743396759,
0.07457692176103592,
-0.2822912037372589,
0.19285255670547485,
-0.39090046286582947,
0.1765214204788208,
0.4423730671405792,
-0.2709955871105194,
-0.10778152942657471,
0.19671547412872314,
0.06603358685970306,
-0.48398807644844055,
0.17153310775756836,
0.4847629964351654,
0.005507195834070444,
-0.327425092458725,
0.22503657639026642,
0.05136527866125107,
-0.5138466358184814,
0.20266243815422058,
0.017390528693795204,
0.3495846092700958,
0.03723094239830971,
0.6680759787559509,
-0.0027603204362094402,
0.07923876494169235,
-0.5891814231872559,
-0.13984335958957672,
0.19179317355155945,
-0.24668578803539276,
-0.9554972648620605,
0.0484183095395565,
0.9696604609489441,
-0.28178268671035767,
-0.14920397102832794,
0.21157874166965485,
0.07934268563985825,
-0.3392966091632843,
0.37149614095687866,
-0.12039143592119217,
0.2056698203086853,
-0.366191565990448,
0.2566166818141937,
-0.9059410691261292,
0.6747679114341736,
1.050799012184143,
0.026325954124331474,
-0.013103971257805824,
0.13644899427890778,
-0.21452510356903076,
-0.04013368487358093,
0.5837135910987854,
-0.4874066114425659,
-0.4901827573776245,
-0.10837581008672714,
-0.14385341107845306,
-0.5422182679176331,
0.2250031679868698,
0.23623308539390564,
-0.16566941142082214,
-0.5535475611686707,
0.06822449713945389,
-0.4754953384399414,
-0.4766204357147217,
0.22786250710487366,
-0.5660881996154785,
0.6772496700286865,
-0.3416081666946411,
0.08419357240200043,
0.18578432500362396,
-0.8944875597953796,
0.28713396191596985,
0.5266156196594238,
0.55518639087677,
-0.3933357000350952,
0.33917108178138733,
-0.1261933594942093,
0.6396322250366211,
-0.0555630624294281,
0.11500726640224457,
-0.004713790025562048,
-0.04976779595017433,
-0.5021763443946838,
-0.31302163004875183,
-0.03565063327550888,
0.36931848526000977,
-0.5477836728096008,
0.10635124891996384,
-0.26048654317855835,
-0.44741687178611755,
-0.25991812348365784,
0.38350212574005127,
-0.4884487986564636,
-0.025108730420470238,
0.229505717754364
] |
224159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA | CA | CA or ca may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
Companies
Air China (IATA airline code CA)
CA Technologies, a U.S. software company
Cayman Airways, a Cayman Islands airline
Channel America, a defunct U.S. television network
Classic Army, a Hong Kong-based manufacturer of airsoft replicas
Coal & Allied, Australian mining company
Continental Airlines, a U.S. airline
Creative Assembly, a PC game developer
Crédit Agricole, a major French bank
Government and political
Bureau of Consular Affairs, a division of the U.S. Department of State
Canadian Alliance, a former Canadian political party
Centre Alliance, Australian political party formerly known as Nick Xenophon Team
Citizens' Alliance, a political party in Trinidad and Tobago
Combined authority, a local government entity in the United Kingdom
Commission on Appointments, a body of the Congress of the Philippines
Conservatives Abroad, overseas wing of the British Conservative Party
Countryside Alliance, a British political organization
Court of Appeals
Customs Administration, an agency of Taiwan
Schools
Canadian Academy, an international school in Kobe, Japan
Cary Academy, a private college-preparatory school in Cary, North Carolina, United States
Claiborne Academy, a private school in Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, United States
Clarksville Academy, a private college-preparatory school in Clarksville, Tennessee, United States
Colorado Academy, a private college-preparatory school in Lakewood, Colorado, United States
Concord Academy, a private college-preparatory school in Concord, Massachusetts, United States
Connections Academy, an online school based in Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Culver Academies, a boarding school and summer camp program in Culver, Indiana, United States
In sport
California Angels, former name of a professional baseball team currently known as Los Angeles Angels
Club Africain, a multi-sport club from Tunis, Tunisia
Cricket Australia, the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in Australia
Cruising Association, a UK membership organization for sailors
Cycling Australia, the national governing body for bicycle racing in Australia
Other organizations
Caterers' Association, former UK trade association
Cocaine Anonymous, a twelve-step program
Creativity Alliance, an arm of Creativity (religion), a white supremacist organization
In linguistics
Ça, French demonstrative pronoun
Ca (Indic), a glyph in the Brahmic family of scripts
Ca (Javanese), a letter in the Javanese script
Catalan language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
ca, the subdomain for Catalan Wikipedia
Contrastive analysis, the systematic study of a pair of languages
Mathematics, science, and technology
Biology and medicine
CA (journal), a medical journal
Ca (moth), a moth genus
Ca., abbreviation for Candidatus, for taxonomical names that have not been completely described
Cancer
Carbonic anhydrase, a family of enzymes
Carcinoma, a type of cancer
Cardiac arrest
Chemistry
Calcium (Ca)
Catecholamine, an organic compound
Cellulose acetate, a type of plastic
Chemical Abstracts, a publication of Chemical Abstracts Service
Cyanoacrylate, a chemical compound
Mathematics and computing
Cellular automaton, a discrete mathematical model
Certificate authority, an entity issuing digital certificates for secure communications
Correspondence analysis, a multivariate statistical technique
Cultural algorithm, a type of evolutionary computation in computer science
Other uses in science and technology
Centiampere (cA), an SI unit of electric current
Certificate Authority (CA), an entity that issues digital certificates
CA-class submarine, a World War II Italian midget submarine
Nissan CA engine, used in smaller Nissan vehicles
Chromatic aberration, a distortion in optical lenses
Conditional access, in broadcast engineering
Conservation agriculture, a food system
Conversation Analysis, the study of talk in interaction
Places
Cả River, in Laos and Vietnam
Province of Cádiz, Spain
California, US state by postal abbreviation
Canada, by ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code
.ca, Internet country code for Canada
City of Carlisle, United Kingdom, by postcode
Catamarca Province, Argentina
Central America
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, a bridge-tunnel across Tokyo Bay area in Japan, numbered as CA
Other uses
CA-, a road designation for highways part of the Central American highway network
Ca Mè Mallorquí, a dog breed native to Spain
centiare = 1 square metre
Chartered Accountant
Civil affairs, a term used by both the United Nations and by military institutions
Communication arts (disambiguation)
Confidentiality agreement
Current account (disambiguation), in economics
See also
Class A (disambiguation) | [
0.8007339835166931,
0.46110275387763977,
-0.018214082345366478,
0.1066862940788269,
0.013585618697106838,
0.21111854910850525,
-0.5802039504051208,
0.36821702122688293,
-0.315794974565506,
0.26952311396598816,
-0.30577337741851807,
-0.017518797889351845,
-0.06696862727403641,
-0.06080782786011696,
-0.17388176918029785,
0.009474449791014194,
0.3539097011089325,
0.6173872351646423,
0.20638522505760193,
-0.5421600937843323,
-0.7200607061386108,
0.20992924273014069,
0.25397440791130066,
-0.5218941569328308,
-0.23783664405345917,
-0.36357712745666504,
-0.03459469974040985,
0.7198733687400818,
-0.12081386893987656,
-0.2497628927230835,
-0.13737714290618896,
0.5289099216461182,
0.3648698329925537,
-0.025188015773892403,
-0.12025653570890427,
-0.20106367766857147,
0.023634495213627815,
-0.33074048161506653,
-0.70182865858078,
-0.7364057302474976,
-0.549308180809021,
-0.40221020579338074,
-0.0103139104321599,
0.18076050281524658,
-0.11904061585664749,
-0.5534705519676208,
-1.191493034362793,
0.2426667958498001,
-0.2364831119775772,
0.2279333472251892,
-0.15417516231536865,
0.08317185938358307,
-0.04743984341621399,
0.09770134836435318,
0.13815106451511383,
0.6748011708259583,
-0.4167156517505646,
-0.3277905583381653,
-0.2053786963224411,
-0.5633665919303894,
0.7774893641471863,
-0.06601183116436005,
0.2957427501678467,
0.0996072068810463,
0.4356347322463989,
0.04145100340247154,
0.05517631769180298,
-0.11201833188533783,
-0.11703070998191833,
-0.4834475517272949,
0.02197941020131111,
-0.2894574701786041,
-0.06397894769906998,
0.3132726848125458,
-0.47348397970199585,
-0.543995201587677,
0.06798945367336273,
-0.1086692065000534,
0.05117981135845184,
0.2780730128288269,
0.027903666719794273,
0.059553954750299454,
0.39578115940093994,
0.24279436469078064,
0.05946585536003113,
0.14932836592197418,
-0.36427339911460876,
0.030997510999441147,
-0.013452722690999508,
0.24401530623435974,
0.0038017381448298693,
-0.10395550727844238,
1.0061324834823608,
0.10156025737524033,
-0.2974205017089844,
-0.2148699015378952,
0.23731578886508942,
0.010506373830139637,
0.338792622089386,
-0.11187062412500381,
-1.209629774093628,
-0.07904385030269623,
0.041608843952417374,
-0.0770074725151062,
-0.6699933409690857,
-0.30007651448249817,
-0.5176148414611816,
-0.10785066336393356,
-0.0019856502767652273,
-0.05479611083865166,
-0.4024423360824585,
-0.025023816153407097,
0.11117549985647202,
0.35693222284317017,
-0.07020453363656998,
0.04434727504849434,
-0.13038475811481476,
-0.4740447402000427,
0.20446598529815674,
-0.2330838292837143,
0.3312297761440277,
1.1030563116073608,
-0.2306574434041977,
-0.6952788233757019,
0.3589078485965729,
0.3455337882041931,
0.7167730927467346,
-0.0063142329454422,
-0.28376826643943787,
0.2329522669315338,
0.24482716619968414,
0.34269481897354126,
-0.39383837580680847,
0.3327859938144684,
-0.051512300968170166,
0.10907504707574844,
0.15591302514076233,
-0.09607917815446854,
0.4473678171634674,
-0.1950227916240692,
-1.1382548809051514,
-0.41080042719841003,
-0.4702977240085602,
0.0888773649930954,
-0.07222843170166016,
0.4420379400253296,
-0.1359396129846573,
-0.21930880844593048,
-0.7857444882392883,
-0.21008986234664917,
-0.32334110140800476,
-0.1263514757156372,
-0.08907587826251984,
0.4817318320274353,
-0.15837009251117706,
0.73465496301651,
0.9017054438591003,
-0.26817557215690613,
0.13754987716674805,
0.343549519777298,
0.2325158268213272,
-0.020818417891860008,
-0.4485252797603607,
-0.12578950822353363,
0.08277250826358795,
0.06619587540626526,
-0.03137863054871559,
0.8463189005851746,
-0.41640153527259827,
0.13216468691825867,
-0.3895711600780487,
-0.34649184346199036,
0.1125461757183075,
-0.3580573797225952,
-0.08533377200365067,
-0.38351741433143616,
0.27902883291244507,
-0.08900211751461029,
0.2434142380952835,
0.8071856498718262,
-0.6890186667442322,
0.5529126524925232,
-0.17457154393196106,
-0.05067594721913338,
-0.16252544522285461,
-0.25022047758102417,
0.23123323917388916,
-0.04964388534426689,
0.4222070276737213,
0.11878509074449539,
-0.5919145941734314,
-0.40829190611839294,
-0.057367052882909775,
-0.5952385663986206,
0.3317154049873352,
-0.5777277946472168,
-0.527981162071228,
0.9299512505531311,
0.06363337486982346,
0.1575859934091568,
-0.2808065116405487,
0.6394507884979248,
0.1746077984571457,
-0.4051250219345093,
-0.25367817282676697,
0.308442622423172,
0.42705783247947693,
0.4928393065929413,
-0.019217506051063538,
0.5049356818199158,
0.2517137825489044,
0.22080765664577484,
0.3626241385936737,
-0.6061481237411499,
0.3639187812805176,
-0.376656174659729,
-0.5393232703208923,
0.36088040471076965,
0.13562244176864624,
-0.050964560359716415,
1.097917079925537,
-0.17191530764102936,
-0.20200379192829132,
0.8462373614311218,
-0.020361879840493202,
0.8151756525039673,
0.414492130279541,
0.052759215235710144,
0.5376998782157898,
-0.5688399076461792,
0.3173087239265442,
-0.20078590512275696,
-0.39072543382644653,
-0.5052093863487244,
0.23783333599567413,
0.42977645993232727,
-0.028272222727537155,
-0.23387417197227478,
0.592167854309082,
0.01139670517295599,
0.21170637011528015,
0.08216498047113419,
-0.08080139756202698,
0.05981823429465294,
0.3273225426673889,
-0.4227255880832672,
-0.47704002261161804,
-0.2606904208660126,
-0.3998652398586273,
-0.01441789697855711,
0.07581087946891785,
0.22432006895542145,
-0.19642490148544312,
-0.15844061970710754,
-0.3606863021850586,
-0.19518016278743744,
0.008064035326242447,
-0.09689605236053467,
-0.08224811404943466,
-0.16663435101509094,
0.05603064224123955,
0.276078462600708,
0.1707950234413147,
0.6854158639907837,
0.4389309883117676,
-0.3735533058643341,
-0.3907271921634674,
-0.2962792217731476,
0.3102271258831024,
0.4646088778972626,
0.316474050283432,
-0.29050400853157043,
0.08164910227060318,
-0.210191011428833,
-0.4837120771408081,
-0.11562495678663254,
-0.17351020872592926,
0.5967157483100891,
-0.6488391160964966,
-0.2839966416358948,
-0.12930016219615936,
-0.17756031453609467,
0.21306581795215607,
-0.4873851537704468,
-0.004971260204911232,
-0.014505651779472828,
-0.207484170794487,
-0.19994328916072845,
-0.523659348487854,
-0.039012301713228226,
0.11245234310626984,
-0.14174897968769073,
0.04955083131790161,
0.20716804265975952,
0.518585205078125,
-0.38664811849594116,
0.22673912346363068,
0.3726697564125061,
0.12339352071285248,
-0.25797370076179504,
-0.43567225337028503,
0.18288199603557587,
-0.14477761089801788,
-0.6774600744247437,
0.27213913202285767,
0.017990421503782272,
0.17655672132968903,
-0.2246883511543274,
-6.088080406188965,
-0.1706169694662094,
-0.36557555198669434,
0.13444636762142181,
-0.1547069251537323,
-0.35550111532211304,
0.20392201840877533,
-0.28372958302497864,
-0.06502242386341095,
0.14826461672782898,
0.4139690697193146,
0.1780649721622467,
0.18729227781295776,
0.3222092092037201,
-0.08517366647720337,
0.8141858577728271,
0.1782420426607132,
0.21940119564533234,
0.2672251760959625,
0.06594157963991165,
-0.11259661614894867,
0.0432777963578701,
0.08166863024234772,
0.5256189703941345,
-0.12228850275278091,
-0.37646910548210144,
-0.30867570638656616,
0.31580662727355957,
-0.5176552534103394,
0.029656019061803818,
-0.11547596752643585,
0.14121800661087036,
-0.22403830289840698,
0.26438528299331665,
-0.1328682154417038,
-0.15381591022014618,
0.43881547451019287,
0.13634853065013885,
0.2437191903591156,
0.11451740562915802,
-0.0927182286977768,
-0.043206993490457535,
-0.04601537436246872,
-0.32722175121307373,
-0.09126675873994827,
-0.5571087598800659,
-0.6626796722412109,
0.44740933179855347,
-0.31458014249801636,
0.44653576612472534,
0.1899772435426712,
0.10062427073717117,
0.48512503504753113,
0.21240943670272827,
-0.1801661252975464,
-0.008594280108809471,
0.591907262802124,
-0.1608884334564209,
-0.42209386825561523,
0.28986576199531555,
0.3413102626800537,
-0.34411683678627014,
-0.010939598083496094,
-0.7316027879714966,
-0.33371666073799133,
0.13923387229442596,
-0.06363729387521744,
-0.4207594096660614,
0.6585097908973694,
-0.06069239228963852,
-0.31178075075149536,
0.040202852338552475,
0.12763391435146332,
-0.7640074491500854,
0.16211438179016113,
-0.9503980875015259,
0.2321907877922058,
0.6766266822814941,
-0.2871895134449005,
0.4766445457935333,
0.3368740379810333,
0.1810719519853592,
0.22191987931728363,
-0.31400126218795776,
-0.06336774677038193,
-0.42720258235931396,
0.20979918539524078,
0.41130828857421875,
0.2775532901287079,
0.7815989255905151,
1.2161071300506592,
-0.09727960079908371,
0.2717169523239136,
0.5766649842262268,
0.16205500066280365,
0.10854575037956238,
0.4305613934993744,
-0.10340038686990738,
0.32691702246665955,
-0.538291335105896,
0.10855809599161148,
0.06312400102615356,
-0.9236136078834534,
-0.40565770864486694,
-0.3196309208869934,
-0.3584153652191162,
0.013204829767346382,
-0.020492712035775185,
1.0016342401504517,
0.0029226939659565687,
0.6647279262542725,
0.018856624141335487,
0.012944835238158703,
-0.43225279450416565,
0.08725699782371521,
-0.023650500923395157,
-0.29016631841659546,
0.502375602722168,
0.07681456953287125,
-0.42590609192848206,
0.005990695673972368,
0.30353862047195435,
-0.05342402309179306,
0.048025209456682205,
-0.02073626033961773,
0.03554972633719444,
-0.015221571549773216,
0.7865144610404968,
-0.2354402095079422,
0.30225810408592224,
0.08488339930772781,
0.08984064310789108,
0.4621232748031616,
0.006521209608763456,
0.05973237007856369,
0.2187991738319397,
-0.26141357421875,
-0.08019290119409561,
0.42872264981269836,
-0.5522178411483765,
-0.02367470972239971,
0.253011018037796,
0.2867247462272644,
-0.006292747799307108,
0.4776153862476349,
0.21118153631687164,
-0.5096859335899353,
-0.22796086966991425,
0.16480013728141785,
0.07375651597976685,
0.5274530053138733,
-0.3677217960357666,
0.5107296109199524,
0.3715047538280487,
-0.4281291365623474,
-0.7942148447036743,
0.10240768641233444,
-0.002698281779885292,
-0.1369341015815735,
0.11865945160388947,
0.9228116869926453,
-0.2124982476234436,
-1.0944448709487915,
-0.3494761884212494,
0.2345225065946579,
-0.5110350847244263,
-0.07365481555461884,
-0.22691455483436584,
-0.12456928938627243,
0.24735182523727417,
0.2156429886817932,
-0.1961740255355835,
-0.43476396799087524,
-0.3261512517929077,
0.29443350434303284,
0.3411591649055481,
0.13447238504886627,
-0.05584627389907837,
0.16949981451034546,
0.23030813038349152,
0.10793843120336533,
-0.3609377145767212,
-0.2676613926887512,
-0.1951010525226593,
-0.13362766802310944,
0.002080651232972741,
0.13683226704597473,
-0.04572125896811485,
0.11435301601886749,
0.02291455678641796,
-0.1843247413635254,
0.12244611233472824,
0.6404016613960266,
0.3991415202617645,
0.26383915543556213,
-0.6430397629737854,
-0.07280528545379639,
0.31858742237091064,
-0.3259802758693695,
-0.470422625541687,
-0.1635293811559677,
0.418224573135376,
-0.4759044647216797,
-0.42684251070022583,
-0.11884794384241104,
-0.15389610826969147,
0.4093469977378845,
-0.23146474361419678,
0.0541657991707325,
0.06625721603631973,
-0.5495284199714661,
-0.9985467195510864,
-0.07439403235912323,
0.4636196792125702,
-0.514656662940979,
0.5656198263168335,
-0.059489812701940536,
0.3028501868247986,
-0.541652500629425,
-0.636766254901886,
0.4528171420097351,
-0.09206212311983109,
-0.5925578474998474,
-0.3567419648170471,
-0.7797312140464783,
0.5147243142127991,
0.3049256503582001,
-0.2647261619567871,
-0.10590508580207825,
-0.33738937973976135,
-0.4048100709915161,
-0.03801140934228897,
-0.22782735526561737,
0.20089349150657654,
-0.14673535525798798,
-0.4251927137374878,
-0.24885478615760803,
0.11355151981115341,
-0.026022866368293762,
-0.02881062589585781,
-0.27859681844711304,
0.568271815776825,
-0.023249521851539612,
-0.47395002841949463,
-0.31827855110168457,
0.49420639872550964,
0.015565052628517151,
-0.518500566482544,
-0.5171118974685669,
0.32709184288978577,
0.145716592669487,
-0.42860209941864014,
-0.4010486602783203,
0.0591779425740242,
0.6701146364212036,
-0.045195240527391434,
-0.268061101436615,
0.10148285329341888,
-0.15748152136802673,
0.008192633278667927,
-0.09171230345964432,
-0.5042985081672668,
-0.07190106809139252,
-0.3141757845878601,
-0.09360900521278381,
0.3514181673526764,
-0.3677769899368286,
0.2227104902267456,
-0.29777824878692627,
-0.3399483561515808,
0.5267447233200073,
0.22178371250629425,
0.6389400959014893,
0.8696221709251404,
0.6398042440414429,
-0.37982621788978577,
0.008659415878355503,
-0.21553753316402435,
0.16499429941177368,
0.1921335756778717,
-0.18918851017951965,
-0.06470181047916412,
0.44078198075294495,
0.13697494566440582,
0.12453028559684753,
-0.4116545021533966,
0.30407437682151794,
0.1929713785648346,
-0.6415664553642273,
-0.04960395768284798,
-0.12887713313102722,
0.5583994388580322,
-0.17869296669960022,
0.2816370725631714,
-0.3918290436267853,
-0.3406529128551483,
0.6515934467315674,
0.4911149740219116,
0.5676699876785278,
0.0871293917298317,
-0.5031471848487854,
0.23008406162261963,
0.6209725737571716,
-0.43456703424453735,
0.32870012521743774,
0.036641620099544525,
-0.08850348740816116,
-0.8169219493865967,
-0.1849588006734848,
-0.13445167243480682,
0.3928399085998535,
-0.521209180355072,
0.016227729618549347,
0.20656943321228027,
0.28032365441322327,
0.17972137033939362,
0.08243613690137863,
-0.6119464635848999,
0.3513011336326599,
-0.12082941830158234,
0.28329598903656006,
-0.05016734078526497,
0.2054499089717865,
-0.16272902488708496,
-0.02002035081386566,
-0.18867988884449005,
-0.6135345101356506,
-0.23951974511146545,
0.47543394565582275,
0.10505221039056778,
0.528153657913208,
0.09454456716775894,
0.34493008255958557,
0.3039163053035736,
-0.09020208567380905,
-0.12077366560697556,
-0.04458695277571678,
-0.5160983204841614,
-0.4142802953720093,
0.14082279801368713,
0.42173391580581665,
0.20564769208431244,
0.2642594277858734,
-0.055868204683065414,
0.18225835263729095,
0.5922895669937134,
0.08060317486524582,
0.36790716648101807,
-0.001064784242771566,
0.37006402015686035,
0.0014796649338677526,
0.17097613215446472,
0.018181942403316498,
-0.16221919655799866,
-0.5195187926292419,
0.04033980518579483,
-0.39187973737716675,
0.2889304459095001,
0.37145179510116577,
0.24734194576740265,
-0.11773204058408737,
0.4049350619316101,
0.4350338280200958,
0.051013439893722534,
-0.43072423338890076,
-0.3400729298591614,
0.04354915767908096,
-0.44835203886032104,
0.18999695777893066,
0.1898869276046753,
-0.45751336216926575,
0.5879364013671875,
-0.18570981919765472,
0.6370680332183838,
-0.09758806973695755,
0.05136923864483833,
0.2595025300979614,
0.5107219815254211,
-0.10934455692768097,
0.39293962717056274,
-0.3813980221748352,
-0.26492956280708313,
-0.16815179586410522,
-0.318691611289978,
-0.2660377323627472,
-0.2472825050354004,
-0.39649051427841187,
0.5190023183822632,
-0.168156236410141,
-0.09800834953784943,
-0.3709496259689331,
-0.1999223679304123,
0.1656617671251297,
0.3356848955154419,
-0.05909491702914238,
0.08809041231870651,
-0.4585250914096832,
0.13104476034641266,
0.6901447176933289,
-0.29026973247528076,
-0.017380768433213234,
-0.12478809058666229,
0.19034872949123383,
-0.17997577786445618,
-0.08941008150577545,
-0.4622173011302948,
-0.7088164687156677,
0.39166826009750366,
-0.6031025648117065,
0.19656631350517273,
0.30423423647880554,
0.10488338023424149,
-0.3565441370010376,
0.647948145866394,
0.08196061849594116,
0.8066202998161316,
0.6704770922660828,
-0.07900628447532654,
0.3627638518810272,
-0.22356373071670532,
-0.3512283265590668,
-0.3159157633781433,
0.5031124949455261,
-0.19897562265396118,
0.65537428855896,
0.03140026330947876,
0.3017025887966156,
0.5211535096168518,
-0.3855898678302765,
0.6834277510643005,
-0.16039127111434937,
-0.03011627309024334,
-0.4580409526824951,
0.4750332534313202,
-0.7908679842948914,
-0.28874507546424866,
0.0347103625535965,
0.4688011109828949,
0.2523936629295349,
-0.14270086586475372,
0.12361983954906464,
-0.19314244389533997,
0.44848722219467163,
-0.15784473717212677,
-0.12239893525838852,
-0.1787501722574234,
0.18185554444789886,
-0.3163217306137085,
-0.9339575171470642,
0.1995963603258133,
0.23238885402679443,
-0.3254005014896393,
0.7259072065353394,
-0.12105607241392136,
0.0495244637131691,
0.19094447791576385,
0.1941295862197876,
-0.3168630301952362,
0.07423724234104156,
-0.08765926212072372
] |
224160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No | No | No (and variant writings) may refer to one of these articles:
English language
Yes and no (responses)
A determiner in noun phrases
Alphanumeric symbols
No (kana), a letter/syllable in Japanese script
No symbol, displayed 🚫
Numero sign, a typographic symbol for the word 'number', also represented as "No." or similar variants
Geography
Norway (ISO 3166-1 country code NO)
Norwegian language (ISO 639-1 code "no"), a North Germanic language that is also the official language of Norway
.no, the internet ccTLD for Norway
Lake No, in South Sudan
No, Denmark, village in Denmark
Nō, Niigata, a former town in Japan
No Creek (disambiguation)
Acronym for the U.S. city of New Orleans, Louisiana or its professional sports teams
New Orleans Saints of the National Football League
New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Dr. No (film), a 1962 James Bond film
Julius No, the titular character of the film
No (2012 film), a 2012 Chilean film
Nô (film), a 1998 Canadian film
Music
Albums
No (Old Man Gloom album), 2012
No!, a 2002 album by They Might Be Giants
No (Boris album), 2020
Songs
"No" (Little Mix song), from 2021 album Between Us
"No" (Meghan Trainor song), from her 2016 album Thank You
"No" (Shakira song), from her 2005 album Fijación Oral, Vol. 1
"No" (Bulldog song), 1972
"No", by Jason Aldean on his album Relentless, 2007
"No", by De La Soul on their album The Grind Date, 2004
"No", by Nicolas Jaar on his album Sirens, 2016
"No", by Monrose on their album Temptation, 2006
"No", by Moodymann on his album Moodymann, 2014
"No", by Alanis Morissette from the Japanese edition of Havoc and Bright Lights, 2012 and featured in the Broadway musical Jagged Little Pill
"No", by Omar Rodríguez-López on his album Equinox, 2013
"No", by Soulfly from Soulfly (album), 1998
"No", by Timbiriche from Timbiriche VII, 1987
"N.O", by BTS from their O!RUL8,2? album, 2013
Other media
No or Noh, a style of Japanese theatre
Dr. No (novel), a 1958 James Bond book by Ian Fleming
Businesses and organizations
IATA airline code for Neos (airline), Italy
IATA airline code for Aus-Air, former Australian airline
National Offensive, a German neo-Nazi party 1990–1992
Science and technology
Normally open, a type of electrical switch
Nitric oxide (NO), a chemical substance
Nobelium (No), a chemical element
Other
The surreal numbers (), a proper extension of the real numbers
See also
Dr. No (disambiguation)
Nô (disambiguation)
No, No, No (disambiguation)
No-no (disambiguation)
Noo (disambiguation)
No, a transliteration of Korean surname Roh (name)
List of acronyms: N#NO
Noh (disambiguation)
Nou (disambiguation) | [
0.022982899099588394,
0.08977461606264114,
-0.07755295187234879,
0.10545644909143448,
-0.7328472137451172,
0.13476264476776123,
0.24694137275218964,
0.12663047015666962,
-0.181564062833786,
-0.08497383445501328,
-0.3331332504749298,
0.5259822010993958,
-0.09437502175569534,
0.08655725419521332,
0.1784038245677948,
0.23765547573566437,
0.5506466627120972,
0.35785695910453796,
-0.4917465150356293,
0.0065489718690514565,
-0.2655998766422272,
-0.05796419084072113,
0.2392309010028839,
-0.8385756015777588,
0.8036505579948425,
-0.012673815712332726,
-0.05936874821782112,
-0.32468512654304504,
-0.6858720779418945,
0.22712568938732147,
-0.14044220745563507,
0.41499048471450806,
0.17417670786380768,
0.42364856600761414,
-0.23853322863578796,
-0.10126717388629913,
-0.1402026116847992,
0.07373961061239243,
0.10376135259866714,
-0.41426780819892883,
-0.4252798855304718,
-0.5802987217903137,
0.02496388554573059,
-0.25545865297317505,
-0.4434898793697357,
-0.44435402750968933,
-1.1741513013839722,
-0.1781928837299347,
-0.5916959047317505,
0.35336947441101074,
-0.27751830220222473,
0.04993877187371254,
-0.051496654748916626,
0.7401244640350342,
-0.2695799469947815,
-0.020402174443006516,
-0.05019133910536766,
-0.3899112343788147,
-0.031911544501781464,
-0.6790052056312561,
0.5452359318733215,
0.002807639306411147,
-0.15017376840114594,
0.2635899782180786,
0.679353654384613,
0.4238564074039459,
-0.5269873738288879,
0.39485105872154236,
-0.97621750831604,
-0.25370508432388306,
-0.4005817770957947,
-0.5364046692848206,
-0.19962798058986664,
-0.13378086686134338,
0.052233267575502396,
-0.08397839218378067,
-0.34591665863990784,
0.1918172687292099,
-0.5979183912277222,
-0.08144637197256088,
-0.17885611951351166,
0.2222777009010315,
0.3094257712364197,
-0.22587458789348602,
0.30485981702804565,
0.07506711781024933,
-0.23020033538341522,
0.5934095978736877,
0.04632895439863205,
0.19695869088172913,
0.824897825717926,
0.12252278625965118,
0.24505385756492615,
-0.15539219975471497,
-0.14959046244621277,
0.14216212928295135,
0.5080481767654419,
-0.4000275731086731,
0.36255335807800293,
-0.2232332080602646,
-0.3384192883968353,
-0.7644153237342834,
0.8395726680755615,
-0.17280907928943634,
-1.2578994035720825,
-0.45685622096061707,
-0.5000149607658386,
-0.08820445090532303,
0.7354048490524292,
0.45360782742500305,
-0.36631888151168823,
0.2805192768573761,
0.08862452208995819,
-0.23117363452911377,
-0.4973914325237274,
-0.17285938560962677,
-0.05237531289458275,
0.4023059010505676,
0.2075793296098709,
0.10877987742424011,
0.12162354588508606,
-0.06035592034459114,
0.49872052669525146,
0.1051768958568573,
0.16620227694511414,
0.17482957243919373,
0.2625659108161926,
0.597657322883606,
-0.12193751335144043,
0.31500834226608276,
-0.2756514847278595,
0.4303988218307495,
0.228852778673172,
0.29351383447647095,
-0.3227684497833252,
-0.29268878698349,
0.21278397738933563,
-0.2791212499141693,
0.20608706772327423,
0.020707903429865837,
-0.8466504216194153,
-0.047395821660757065,
-0.3071897625923157,
0.0662761703133583,
0.6133825182914734,
-0.3643167018890381,
-0.5940155386924744,
0.293820321559906,
0.16780562698841095,
0.1697513461112976,
0.09821674227714539,
-0.38734978437423706,
0.42946314811706543,
-0.0028879805468022823,
-0.1727648228406906,
-0.16255493462085724,
0.2754603326320648,
-0.036320433020591736,
0.1438973993062973,
0.34841254353523254,
-0.005405426491051912,
0.2584903836250305,
-0.18044008314609528,
0.3169209659099579,
0.3031814396381378,
-0.10372943431138992,
-0.07469501346349716,
0.17453314363956451,
-0.3199097216129303,
0.0343809500336647,
0.1739150732755661,
-0.48504161834716797,
0.3462349772453308,
0.009938127361238003,
-0.3570980727672577,
-0.011789730750024319,
-0.011654799804091454,
-0.15292134881019592,
0.8551176190376282,
0.27500730752944946,
-0.5196647644042969,
-0.0035269565414637327,
0.09599941223859787,
-0.18685929477214813,
0.1933097541332245,
-0.17004616558551788,
0.07147207111120224,
-0.13961558043956757,
0.09980692714452744,
0.13013292849063873,
-0.2539583146572113,
-0.40060997009277344,
-0.12932088971138,
-0.5362504124641418,
0.7116003036499023,
-0.1531720906496048,
-0.08801130950450897,
1.4018206596374512,
0.017297299578785896,
0.6270123720169067,
0.1354980766773224,
-0.2569617033004761,
0.4260663688182831,
0.2668098211288452,
-0.0709824338555336,
0.598666250705719,
0.1901593655347824,
0.7182130813598633,
-0.17218677699565887,
0.39490145444869995,
-0.1767417937517166,
0.20698517560958862,
0.6449071764945984,
-0.08906310051679611,
0.2676805257797241,
-0.24999290704727173,
-0.1702229529619217,
-0.3266591429710388,
-0.1351301670074463,
-0.21466171741485596,
0.8443793058395386,
-0.46012312173843384,
-0.010402319952845573,
0.0012327886652201414,
-0.509975790977478,
0.11635208874940872,
0.23272576928138733,
0.12750166654586792,
0.2219604104757309,
-0.24768957495689392,
0.373876690864563,
-0.2552928030490875,
0.6275733113288879,
0.37024909257888794,
-0.04058728739619255,
0.1856558620929718,
0.27011704444885254,
-0.05774770677089691,
0.1611027717590332,
-0.47021162509918213,
0.00028434506384655833,
0.21962712705135345,
0.031410861760377884,
0.3530498445034027,
0.024858159944415092,
-0.32052162289619446,
0.19965195655822754,
-0.014874319545924664,
-0.009790768846869469,
0.5081732273101807,
0.22830235958099365,
0.340788871049881,
-0.02239842712879181,
-0.028095420449972153,
-0.06294670701026917,
0.15520106256008148,
-0.06830266863107681,
0.3949902355670929,
0.6414931416511536,
0.019517172127962112,
-0.4267272353172302,
0.3699876070022583,
0.11127598583698273,
-0.3817962408065796,
-0.5099512934684753,
-0.09000029414892197,
-0.5103211998939514,
0.04745502769947052,
0.38222789764404297,
0.8319146633148193,
0.06563263386487961,
0.4380764067173004,
-0.6867072582244873,
0.023084500804543495,
-0.5789580941200256,
-0.030333232134580612,
0.6365229487419128,
0.49098631739616394,
-0.8526467084884644,
-0.5770677328109741,
-0.29711994528770447,
0.09851477295160294,
0.23046645522117615,
-0.9493964910507202,
0.4197545647621155,
-0.7531232237815857,
0.20756055414676666,
-0.4754403233528137,
-0.33066126704216003,
-0.4551893174648285,
-0.11835894733667374,
0.2465418428182602,
-0.1337059736251831,
-0.8294239640235901,
0.9107850790023804,
-0.06443341821432114,
0.2534460127353668,
0.44202595949172974,
0.48281994462013245,
0.13124814629554749,
-0.24907027184963226,
0.004560910165309906,
0.14225052297115326,
-0.2968694567680359,
-0.13131098449230194,
-0.06917174905538559,
0.08088093996047974,
0.26950564980506897,
-6.0301995277404785,
0.021925494074821472,
-0.22836647927761078,
-0.19320060312747955,
0.16517680883407593,
0.07907816767692566,
1.0112053155899048,
-0.12094222754240036,
-0.17456364631652832,
-0.28104257583618164,
0.17161916196346283,
0.03763381019234657,
0.12711957097053528,
0.40995877981185913,
0.0503193661570549,
-0.379437118768692,
0.3038378059864044,
-0.28316330909729004,
-0.08948274701833725,
0.8327867984771729,
0.11372857540845871,
0.6975889801979065,
0.4042845070362091,
0.670149564743042,
0.44536566734313965,
0.8361821174621582,
-0.2547426223754883,
0.18223825097084045,
0.10116896778345108,
-0.34635981917381287,
0.36233705282211304,
-0.06698824465274811,
0.1896311640739441,
-0.6236633658409119,
-0.17619816958904266,
-0.1418568342924118,
0.7324537038803101,
0.239361971616745,
0.23838116228580475,
0.01812492311000824,
-0.1284133940935135,
0.1573101431131363,
0.1921243667602539,
-0.23771816492080688,
0.28102612495422363,
0.02909807488322258,
-0.2539595663547516,
-0.3430631756782532,
-0.3956930339336395,
-0.17699307203292847,
-0.3304079473018646,
0.2723831534385681,
0.4049103856086731,
0.045901477336883545,
0.46826159954071045,
0.3247622847557068,
0.019083375111222267,
0.004702272824943066,
-0.42720720171928406,
-0.11265616863965988,
-0.1289365440607071,
-0.28493988513946533,
-0.35977378487586975,
-0.6139252781867981,
-0.11324339359998703,
-0.4011755883693695,
-0.18166522681713104,
0.2567663788795471,
0.6554863452911377,
0.3025447130203247,
-0.4955044090747833,
-0.2152559906244278,
0.5918389558792114,
-0.6950522661209106,
0.22728805243968964,
-0.3398965895175934,
0.051510270684957504,
-0.1819765716791153,
-0.2806358337402344,
-0.16571840643882751,
-0.6109360456466675,
-0.03633587434887886,
-0.5643820762634277,
0.40487802028656006,
-0.04430152475833893,
-0.32866841554641724,
0.1290046125650406,
0.11104685813188553,
0.023877404630184174,
-0.22338829934597015,
0.9489502906799316,
0.006236521061509848,
0.262911319732666,
-0.04089976102113724,
0.27098172903060913,
0.2330501675605774,
0.5612271428108215,
-0.3222011923789978,
0.3166468143463135,
-0.10456254333257675,
0.30720043182373047,
-0.3493955135345459,
0.06366797536611557,
-0.8530967235565186,
-0.4046761691570282,
0.005681630223989487,
-0.8867328763008118,
0.5496506094932556,
0.8722780346870422,
-0.42309412360191345,
-0.18114875257015228,
0.20732183754444122,
-0.34614235162734985,
-0.1325218230485916,
0.017257804051041603,
-0.09961127489805222,
-0.6664127707481384,
0.40989217162132263,
0.41058480739593506,
0.14329996705055237,
-0.13850244879722595,
0.3979078233242035,
-0.4794905185699463,
-0.4309070110321045,
-0.9875392913818359,
-0.06484684348106384,
-0.10991504788398743,
0.12418635189533234,
-0.08504866808652878,
0.14873985946178436,
0.005782928317785263,
0.41650834679603577,
-0.24292217195034027,
0.036180853843688965,
0.23596076667308807,
-0.22085070610046387,
-0.03807015344500542,
0.6212573647499084,
-0.17110072076320648,
-0.8723455667495728,
0.1907617151737213,
-0.5741379857063293,
-0.2962929904460907,
0.07743499428033829,
0.463591992855072,
0.2611556053161621,
-0.3965691924095154,
-0.28160038590431213,
-0.06801517307758331,
0.5361881852149963,
0.19544759392738342,
-0.9004255533218384,
0.49303945899009705,
-0.5529024004936218,
0.08372274786233902,
-0.07797103375196457,
0.011848165653645992,
0.3124726712703705,
-0.6135374307632446,
-0.04714517667889595,
0.040994759649038315,
-0.20765627920627594,
-0.8907869458198547,
-0.53423672914505,
0.30341431498527527,
-0.5571595430374146,
-0.32446688413619995,
0.17876486480236053,
-0.08369143307209015,
0.41799435019493103,
-0.12374762445688248,
-0.126620814204216,
-0.011408774182200432,
-0.08014538884162903,
0.27019113302230835,
-0.07384392619132996,
0.21090713143348694,
0.06374413520097733,
0.04893845319747925,
0.24389280378818512,
0.20766985416412354,
-0.1611042320728302,
0.22649918496608734,
0.5920044183731079,
0.4832994341850281,
-0.3911780118942261,
0.36890560388565063,
0.633017361164093,
-0.1756613552570343,
-0.24640396237373352,
-0.07122260332107544,
-0.7336482405662537,
0.5212781429290771,
-0.5520539283752441,
-0.709897518157959,
0.07911491394042969,
0.13980911672115326,
0.00011210725642740726,
-0.33614829182624817,
0.0903879925608635,
0.5965989232063293,
0.1572493612766266,
-0.24421148002147675,
-0.3047837018966675,
-0.07057398557662964,
-0.5383373498916626,
0.4309189021587372,
-0.4592520594596863,
-0.7470037937164307,
-0.031510498374700546,
-0.32748743891716003,
-0.6806275844573975,
-0.11955809593200684,
-0.23546503484249115,
-0.09681670367717743,
-0.14646819233894348,
-0.29111284017562866,
-0.2513333559036255,
-0.509788453578949,
-0.47273150086402893,
0.6206895112991333,
0.035203829407691956,
-0.06707003712654114,
0.17220519483089447,
0.6127012372016907,
-0.006473294459283352,
0.15562550723552704,
-0.572363018989563,
0.752781093120575,
-0.383877158164978,
-0.2331857532262802,
-0.09028713405132294,
0.096189484000206,
0.3031131625175476,
-0.3268611431121826,
-0.4491969645023346,
-0.3687233328819275,
-0.24869658052921295,
-0.1208004355430603,
0.21960358321666718,
0.2144477814435959,
0.17758604884147644,
0.1639164388179779,
-0.6269508004188538,
-0.09923466295003891,
0.34113171696662903,
0.29891693592071533,
-0.4177358150482178,
-0.1281648576259613,
0.6801137924194336,
0.3249931037425995,
-0.05070033669471741,
-0.8902223110198975,
-0.28977686166763306,
0.47211673855781555,
0.2576976716518402,
0.03149067610502243,
-0.3320229649543762,
-0.5489038825035095,
0.5183860063552856,
0.33607885241508484,
-0.1011185422539711,
-0.20592930912971497,
0.5028119683265686,
-0.3098558783531189,
0.2409544289112091,
0.008739394135773182,
0.2517581582069397,
0.5482713580131531,
-0.38511139154434204,
-0.17367371916770935,
0.2550611197948456,
0.29007214307785034,
0.25374001264572144,
0.4616748094558716,
-0.16361169517040253,
-0.49999746680259705,
0.2267632931470871,
-0.3098840117454529,
0.33586570620536804,
-0.40756532549858093,
-0.25143107771873474,
0.15815237164497375,
-0.24459928274154663,
0.45709195733070374,
-0.5100095272064209,
0.27360206842422485,
0.10672374814748764,
-0.485975444316864,
-0.04474577680230141,
-0.49418288469314575,
-0.03327157720923424,
-0.4949212074279785,
-0.014108638279139996,
-0.42082470655441284,
-0.20231105387210846,
0.02134600281715393,
0.6408040523529053,
0.029925834387540817,
-0.3792499601840973,
-0.6988271474838257,
0.19554685056209564,
0.5389509201049805,
-0.04135609045624733,
-0.17774847149848938,
0.3994514048099518,
0.27787166833877563,
-0.7648957371711731,
-0.07986745983362198,
0.32193523645401,
-0.33214858174324036,
0.05003891512751579,
0.7054125070571899,
0.4709877073764801,
0.27277007699012756,
-0.023510778322815895,
0.2722235321998596,
-0.27060261368751526,
-0.2563020586967468,
0.010252244770526886,
0.536411464214325,
-0.5213158130645752,
0.6193435788154602,
0.14427520334720612,
-0.7558942437171936,
0.17344500124454498,
0.2572513520717621,
-0.3327549993991852,
0.36696940660476685,
0.3510092496871948,
0.8977020382881165,
0.49747562408447266,
0.12122791260480881,
-0.0619245283305645,
-0.8369830250740051,
-0.26048216223716736,
-0.05464548245072365,
-0.3616638779640198,
-0.06382553279399872,
0.7559707760810852,
0.5707670450210571,
0.6101559400558472,
0.003357192501425743,
-0.601556658744812,
-0.257548063993454,
0.01155170425772667,
0.2383282333612442,
0.07166410237550735,
-0.07846899330615997,
0.2192913144826889,
0.419805645942688,
-0.03944286331534386,
0.024883506819605827,
0.07448390871286392,
-0.4618024230003357,
-0.0693037286400795,
-0.0574408583343029,
-0.5889748930931091,
0.10115646570920944,
-0.1049770936369896,
-0.5510386228561401,
0.5575854778289795,
0.21069833636283875,
0.17662043869495392,
0.03081977739930153,
0.09305227547883987,
0.35991472005844116,
-0.16060444712638855,
0.25986748933792114,
-0.28490307927131653,
-0.100856713950634,
0.26199808716773987,
-0.35634368658065796,
-0.09203652292490005,
0.18557408452033997,
0.1794227957725525,
0.4611166715621948,
0.37647661566734314,
-0.16268469393253326,
-0.1701519787311554,
0.1877022385597229,
-0.12824513018131256,
-0.5406572818756104,
-0.8115516304969788,
0.1710578054189682,
-0.33608701825141907,
-0.0059730070643126965,
0.03471715748310089,
-0.5459124445915222,
0.46126124262809753,
0.16420328617095947,
-0.29521337151527405,
0.18837521970272064,
0.09614551067352295,
-0.2642239034175873,
0.0742863267660141,
0.06405282020568848,
0.5448693633079529,
0.45932382345199585,
0.2789110243320465,
0.32333019375801086,
-0.06195716932415962,
0.3367706835269928,
-0.2402249425649643,
-0.6588284969329834,
0.2373911589384079,
-0.1474350541830063,
0.2167312204837799,
-0.5773330330848694,
0.09591957181692123,
0.6686992645263672,
0.07432743906974792,
-0.027507632970809937,
0.5016892552375793,
0.10846319794654846,
-0.243566632270813,
0.5775986909866333,
-0.4137781858444214,
0.23512467741966248,
0.03781115636229515,
-0.22465254366397858,
-0.12132865190505981,
0.02950890175998211,
0.5350520014762878,
-0.5459043979644775,
-0.314348429441452,
0.28889429569244385,
0.06899050623178482,
-0.3549816608428955,
0.23778146505355835,
-0.6195147633552551,
0.14721684157848358,
-0.08114620298147202,
0.15101557970046997,
-0.3886620104312897,
0.5377563238143921,
-0.17333447933197021,
0.20770591497421265,
-0.15076129138469696,
-0.2787320613861084,
0.004180692136287689,
-0.01770627684891224,
-0.07580266147851944,
0.6442461609840393,
-0.1992679238319397,
0.8427664637565613,
-0.45787984132766724,
-0.4645877778530121,
-0.038985081017017365,
-0.34301307797431946,
0.2521711587905884,
-0.24424640834331512,
0.6806557178497314,
0.15822751820087433,
-0.27996525168418884,
-0.33116695284843445,
0.5670531988143921,
-0.21230703592300415,
0.044457752257585526,
0.6325072050094604
] |
224161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FI | FI | FI or fi may refer to:
Places
Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory
Finland (ISO country code FI)
Finnish language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code "fi")
.fi, top-level domain of Finland
Province of Firenze, Italy
Arts, entertainment, and media
fi (album), a 2005 album by Bibio
Fi (TV series), a 2017 Turkish Internet TV series
Fi (The Legend of Zelda), a character in the 2011 video game The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword
Fi, the pitch equivalent to the fourth scale degree raised a half step, in the Solfège music education method
Films Incorporated a defunct educational movie company abbreviated to FI
Businesses and organizations
Feminist Initiative (Sweden), a political party
Finansinspektionen, the Financial Supervisory Authority in Sweden
Forza Italia, an Italian political party
Fourth International, an international communist organisation
Franciscans International, an NGO at the United Nations
Freudenthal Institute, a research institute that is part of Utrecht University
Front de l'Indépendance, a Belgian resistance organization in World War II
Icelandair (IATA code FI, from the old name of the company, Flugfélag Íslands)
La France Insoumise, a French political party
Financial Institution, establishment that focuses on the financial and/or monetary sector
Technology
fi, a scripting command in the Bourne shell and its derivatives
Fast Infoset, a standard for binary XML Infoset encoding
Fuel injection, a system for introducing fuel into internal combustion engines
High fidelity (disambiguation) (hi-fi)
Lo-fi (disambiguation)
Google Fi, a mobile virtual network operated by Google
Other uses
(fi), a typographical ligature
Fecal incontinence
See also
"Fee-fi-fo-fum", the first line of an historical quatrain (or sometimes couplet) famous for its use in the classic English fairy tale "Jack and the Beanstalk"
FEI (disambiguation)
Fie (disambiguation)
Phi (Φ), a letter of the Greek alphabet | [
0.7655798196792603,
-0.3593238294124603,
0.2780887484550476,
-0.11861199885606766,
0.19574250280857086,
-0.29409000277519226,
-0.006309060379862785,
0.3134036362171173,
-0.15396466851234436,
0.0021096644923090935,
-0.6092925071716309,
0.373554527759552,
-0.345784991979599,
-0.07654807716608047,
-0.16370423138141632,
0.8944321274757385,
0.09253013134002686,
0.6478027701377869,
-0.28454330563545227,
-0.10879705846309662,
-0.48058271408081055,
0.07691757380962372,
0.05573615804314613,
-0.38178983330726624,
-0.07975004613399506,
0.03574446961283684,
0.7606661319732666,
0.159627765417099,
0.03840211033821106,
-0.08884590864181519,
0.42570221424102783,
0.21222937107086182,
-0.3331308662891388,
0.1716022491455078,
0.2311709076166153,
0.31571707129478455,
0.10270408540964127,
-0.31789061427116394,
-0.2453489750623703,
-0.5311419367790222,
0.25483953952789307,
-0.3794167935848236,
0.15575195848941803,
0.45188289880752563,
-0.6642954349517822,
-0.5783423185348511,
-1.540881633758545,
0.38556960225105286,
-0.49108558893203735,
0.621687114238739,
-0.3384644091129303,
0.38187938928604126,
0.1664876788854599,
0.23404955863952637,
0.31680357456207275,
0.4756999909877777,
-0.4072674810886383,
-0.6861570477485657,
0.41737547516822815,
-0.36588096618652344,
0.7884731292724609,
0.1013168916106224,
0.1135806143283844,
0.10427302867174149,
0.21993452310562134,
-0.038452886044979095,
-0.10943588614463806,
-0.24124780297279358,
-0.3876919150352478,
-0.3759878873825073,
-0.23934850096702576,
-0.0878249928355217,
-0.2987460792064667,
-0.3055885434150696,
-0.13593241572380066,
0.08915355056524277,
-0.348300039768219,
0.24892373383045197,
0.042152829468250275,
0.5800414085388184,
-0.15499265491962433,
-0.012322875671088696,
0.30148905515670776,
-0.3846738934516907,
0.4656122028827667,
-0.12523096799850464,
-0.6967747807502747,
0.41384053230285645,
-0.2628731429576874,
0.3362269103527069,
0.6384646892547607,
-0.2438657283782959,
0.6948198676109314,
-0.1312950700521469,
0.4507550597190857,
-0.011729014106094837,
-0.12769776582717896,
-0.4425188899040222,
-0.12258545309305191,
0.27869582176208496,
-0.14232638478279114,
0.04938504099845886,
-0.09003861993551254,
-0.16493262350559235,
-0.7338582277297974,
-0.3172508776187897,
-0.3929987847805023,
-0.27638065814971924,
0.5153630971908569,
0.062202632427215576,
-0.5225175023078918,
-0.10438302904367447,
0.32605794072151184,
-0.4597022533416748,
-0.42090311646461487,
-0.4644274413585663,
0.20590008795261383,
-0.0496923066675663,
-0.11858618259429932,
0.5970467925071716,
0.24673910439014435,
0.3902265429496765,
-0.225845605134964,
-0.3019177317619324,
0.6333967447280884,
0.02165764383971691,
0.29876425862312317,
0.30019134283065796,
-0.5846861004829407,
0.058016255497932434,
0.07645849883556366,
0.2511443793773651,
-0.09601244330406189,
0.126981720328331,
-0.025399670004844666,
-0.12271571159362793,
-0.47227635979652405,
-0.11168694496154785,
0.3186667859554291,
0.17971576750278473,
-0.6418048143386841,
-0.19768376648426056,
-0.8174026012420654,
-0.13751648366451263,
0.4880816340446472,
-0.29449063539505005,
-0.6047365069389343,
-0.21293868124485016,
-0.002677362412214279,
-0.3182457983493805,
-0.1935950666666031,
-0.04076983779668808,
0.24596445262432098,
0.46346572041511536,
-0.3854067623615265,
-0.3270130455493927,
0.3783428966999054,
-0.005910917185246944,
0.2991204261779785,
-0.02120455913245678,
-0.2412753403186798,
-0.12783266603946686,
0.004673703107982874,
0.12145278602838516,
0.22661516070365906,
0.5395495891571045,
0.00552730169147253,
0.5489808917045593,
0.24332593381404877,
0.635804295539856,
-0.02991611324250698,
0.09072406589984894,
0.6608835458755493,
0.10367520153522491,
-0.44348129630088806,
-0.07564453780651093,
0.0975719466805458,
0.022268392145633698,
0.11883024126291275,
-0.054978519678115845,
-0.5199058055877686,
-0.1869586557149887,
-0.1645675152540207,
0.3271050751209259,
-0.33278751373291016,
0.035841621458530426,
0.47715920209884644,
-0.20873583853244781,
0.15740348398685455,
0.20033051073551178,
0.08489875495433807,
-0.7107581496238708,
0.056081634014844894,
-0.7979573607444763,
1.0214176177978516,
-0.5920755863189697,
-0.5288141965866089,
0.7899183034896851,
-0.01784076727926731,
0.6389987468719482,
-0.13197819888591766,
-0.3338175415992737,
0.9593857526779175,
0.6107196807861328,
-0.1824277937412262,
0.45728984475135803,
0.14760152995586395,
0.4169904589653015,
0.2530786693096161,
-0.04071556031703949,
0.1879114955663681,
-0.31918656826019287,
0.5621424317359924,
-0.20536166429519653,
-0.08179203420877457,
-0.6411314606666565,
-0.26573634147644043,
0.22980688512325287,
-0.16534915566444397,
0.06103581190109253,
0.9092984199523926,
-0.3732903301715851,
-0.4319740831851959,
0.39787593483924866,
-0.28109216690063477,
0.16992133855819702,
0.17994576692581177,
0.14332766830921173,
1.0564595460891724,
-0.5505672693252563,
0.20008046925067902,
-0.47259095311164856,
0.23150721192359924,
-0.31087526679039,
-0.5040568709373474,
-0.08943955600261688,
0.43141788244247437,
0.0841960459947586,
0.16888181865215302,
-0.19629067182540894,
-0.25649771094322205,
0.5679001212120056,
-0.35752350091934204,
-0.31151601672172546,
0.5340030789375305,
0.276142418384552,
-0.25443169474601746,
-0.06586898118257523,
0.23825529217720032,
0.11591032892465591,
0.5680024027824402,
0.10958535969257355,
-0.01475703064352274,
0.06559763103723526,
0.34525570273399353,
-0.2994000017642975,
0.18072499334812164,
0.13191276788711548,
0.5602050423622131,
-0.30740097165107727,
-0.7413690686225891,
-0.0700957328081131,
-0.08030678331851959,
0.1475536823272705,
0.0747298076748848,
-0.37233269214630127,
-0.7794315814971924,
-0.0933474525809288,
0.2934834361076355,
0.5789059996604919,
0.584542989730835,
0.2676675021648407,
-0.20221957564353943,
-0.2590166926383972,
-0.42944425344467163,
0.3309231400489807,
0.44467878341674805,
0.057309459894895554,
-0.38263052701950073,
-0.1933133751153946,
-0.29247426986694336,
0.16282401978969574,
0.3319786489009857,
-0.5157327055931091,
0.052553415298461914,
-0.21257369220256805,
-0.21422474086284637,
-0.5311423540115356,
-0.10952246189117432,
-0.02407495677471161,
-0.11243605613708496,
-0.21241998672485352,
-0.06989564001560211,
0.006309767719358206,
-0.06534161418676376,
0.11736574023962021,
0.15564727783203125,
0.21903517842292786,
-0.008211211301386356,
-0.5845251679420471,
-0.4048616588115692,
0.37726396322250366,
-0.40167132019996643,
-0.36868026852607727,
0.2799524962902069,
0.025624027475714684,
-0.6706358790397644,
0.14646360278129578,
-5.880727767944336,
0.2528092563152313,
-0.7086946964263916,
0.041732095181941986,
-0.07186143845319748,
0.018619397655129433,
0.4857129454612732,
-0.0008355340105481446,
0.03425416722893715,
-0.32077527046203613,
-0.09506212919950485,
0.3433113396167755,
0.033886559307575226,
0.35240522027015686,
0.4358566701412201,
0.5798639059066772,
-0.33830055594444275,
-0.07939904183149338,
-0.02501153200864792,
0.2143106609582901,
-0.29545891284942627,
0.24589243531227112,
0.4728184640407562,
0.7321690320968628,
0.4647676944732666,
0.7617326974868774,
-0.45182153582572937,
-0.15843836963176727,
0.1729986071586609,
-0.08516451716423035,
-0.16406461596488953,
-0.2095976173877716,
0.2862144708633423,
-0.6926623582839966,
0.24798938632011414,
0.13612668216228485,
0.9426975250244141,
0.11568813025951385,
0.20844757556915283,
-0.3719625174999237,
-0.1559937596321106,
0.5570013523101807,
-0.01055634394288063,
-0.30878883600234985,
0.2590191662311554,
-0.32849055528640747,
-0.6841644644737244,
0.41755396127700806,
-0.6254114508628845,
0.3820400834083557,
-0.3306407928466797,
0.37884145975112915,
-0.3895312249660492,
0.15879935026168823,
-0.1483454704284668,
0.026934053748846054,
0.3151799738407135,
-0.17373579740524292,
-0.4896228015422821,
0.028976066038012505,
0.2510845363140106,
-0.2551192045211792,
-0.3089803159236908,
-0.511437177658081,
-0.1533549576997757,
0.24902845919132233,
-0.9283233284950256,
-0.38924676179885864,
0.6578153967857361,
-0.2831893265247345,
-0.3450774848461151,
-0.5178514122962952,
0.20530740916728973,
-0.9274922013282776,
-0.1830737441778183,
-0.2588732838630676,
-0.23354248702526093,
0.20170745253562927,
-0.12276537716388702,
0.2773374319076538,
-0.1097557321190834,
0.10190434008836746,
-0.7418075203895569,
0.2917248010635376,
-0.09058830142021179,
-1.0350273847579956,
-0.3990015387535095,
-0.009382043033838272,
0.039851754903793335,
-0.19799137115478516,
0.5360050201416016,
-0.1831410676240921,
0.3250747621059418,
0.0526159442961216,
0.39318519830703735,
0.23788125813007355,
0.008561194874346256,
-0.030643554404377937,
0.46886351704597473,
-0.4435867369174957,
0.741657555103302,
-0.19677776098251343,
0.08707235753536224,
-1.2018450498580933,
0.10378806293010712,
0.061457302421331406,
-0.3168027102947235,
0.6879408359527588,
0.8513297438621521,
-0.11739235371351242,
-0.32170355319976807,
-0.03711529076099396,
-0.9897597432136536,
-0.12473998963832855,
-0.41636863350868225,
-0.2721098065376282,
-0.07509509474039078,
0.2870570123195648,
0.41495686769485474,
-0.06418439745903015,
-0.4255761504173279,
-0.05280710756778717,
0.3137871325016022,
-0.4032500684261322,
-0.3302495777606964,
0.16479012370109558,
-0.05610489845275879,
-0.13512247800827026,
-0.05246487632393837,
0.29829058051109314,
0.18452639877796173,
0.3876813054084778,
0.07141640037298203,
0.201460063457489,
0.014219974167644978,
0.3413585424423218,
-0.17054077982902527,
0.12501385807991028,
0.43988096714019775,
-0.7939812541007996,
0.1918899267911911,
-0.5943863391876221,
0.24860481917858124,
0.3778846263885498,
0.5916082859039307,
0.23114673793315887,
-0.13813133537769318,
-0.22942063212394714,
-0.24152815341949463,
0.5702187418937683,
0.5384964346885681,
0.10398360341787338,
0.3281504809856415,
0.09949962049722672,
-0.2891346216201782,
-0.017553146928548813,
0.304948091506958,
0.4518185257911682,
-0.18516740202903748,
-0.5150806307792664,
-0.10217004269361496,
-0.18245244026184082,
-0.840588390827179,
0.22263549268245697,
0.4762173891067505,
-0.4551774859428406,
-0.7207823991775513,
0.4141734540462494,
-0.12454846501350403,
0.7065368294715881,
0.10109454393386841,
-0.2726660370826721,
-0.48914700746536255,
-0.0037597038317471743,
-0.41018810868263245,
-0.19660931825637817,
-0.3560110628604889,
0.3497311770915985,
0.359466552734375,
0.5339839458465576,
0.385604590177536,
-0.20033806562423706,
-0.19453199207782745,
0.29822325706481934,
0.4178466796875,
-0.39748889207839966,
0.5635731816291809,
0.027555616572499275,
0.3427022099494934,
-0.47510045766830444,
0.3119077980518341,
0.4744977056980133,
0.34124717116355896,
0.2897271513938904,
-0.15683403611183167,
-0.22733646631240845,
0.11556106805801392,
0.785197377204895,
-0.28358596563339233,
-0.013131256215274334,
0.05661409720778465,
0.16398005187511444,
-0.7052164673805237,
-0.4702396094799042,
-0.40022870898246765,
0.29867759346961975,
0.39094603061676025,
-0.3802678883075714,
-0.554749071598053,
0.3613285720348358,
-0.7137814164161682,
-0.520928144454956,
-0.13969659805297852,
0.7281910181045532,
-0.4049716591835022,
0.3315405547618866,
-0.3476160764694214,
-0.04373818263411522,
-0.4147666394710541,
-0.5507796406745911,
0.25847166776657104,
-0.06874720007181168,
0.18818314373493195,
-0.23714612424373627,
0.028702592477202415,
0.27961334586143494,
0.4930718243122101,
-0.49691545963287354,
0.21166791021823883,
0.28837186098098755,
0.09060630947351456,
-0.16711890697479248,
0.30181074142456055,
0.28355109691619873,
-0.4084363877773285,
0.4652826189994812,
-0.43501582741737366,
-0.34450778365135193,
-0.09438210725784302,
0.5256612300872803,
0.24865570664405823,
0.5701045393943787,
0.13986164331436157,
-0.5093669295310974,
-0.10127432644367218,
0.601069450378418,
0.5458288788795471,
-0.6009564995765686,
-0.8701531291007996,
0.11109097301959991,
-0.14511747658252716,
-0.4080633819103241,
-0.2754460573196411,
0.09101077169179916,
0.802987277507782,
-0.4071315824985504,
0.343296617269516,
0.18398159742355347,
0.09228366613388062,
0.16660310328006744,
0.1686408668756485,
-0.08747648447751999,
-0.41005003452301025,
0.5509751439094543,
0.20448122918605804,
-0.11256034672260284,
-0.25903138518333435,
-0.4439423978328705,
0.00015069171786308289,
-0.037308916449546814,
-0.04392089694738388,
0.16739794611930847,
1.1763125658035278,
0.41352415084838867,
-0.03406142070889473,
-0.278504878282547,
0.2136477530002594,
-0.5070967078208923,
-0.22639256715774536,
0.07542890310287476,
-0.8469962477684021,
0.03969363868236542,
0.42667442560195923,
-0.4634217619895935,
0.14628921449184418,
-0.5589119791984558,
-0.13910134136676788,
0.41013410687446594,
-0.28506773710250854,
0.11255909502506256,
-0.016180511564016342,
-0.47079476714134216,
-0.2347242385149002,
0.011525584384799004,
-0.31482619047164917,
-0.45072051882743835,
-0.5501968860626221,
-0.06627517938613892,
-0.12639908492565155,
-0.13652954995632172,
-0.8709328174591064,
0.5982832312583923,
0.045347943902015686,
-0.6414934992790222,
0.5028586983680725,
-0.16682100296020508,
0.1778327375650406,
0.018703771755099297,
0.2074456363916397,
-0.3188103437423706,
0.12258568406105042,
-0.11607761681079865,
-0.2315848469734192,
0.8341889381408691,
0.13023489713668823,
0.05295153707265854,
0.5904617309570312,
-0.4745611548423767,
0.0008017925429157913,
0.5971865653991699,
0.7257670164108276,
0.09987901151180267,
0.3842805325984955,
0.33057400584220886,
-0.11103487759828568,
0.2798117697238922,
-0.2169143557548523,
0.01661393605172634,
0.5400765538215637,
0.14484988152980804,
0.6078609228134155,
-0.23578158020973206,
-0.20161572098731995,
0.19314607977867126,
-0.36186203360557556,
-0.4371320307254791,
-0.13324804604053497,
0.12663179636001587,
-0.5621412396430969,
1.1394997835159302,
0.44856417179107666,
0.7213011384010315,
-0.40979307889938354,
-0.20190204679965973,
-0.17613209784030914,
0.4253428280353546,
-0.1409190595149994,
0.3606707453727722,
0.380246102809906,
-0.1939546912908554,
0.7652141451835632,
0.15369927883148193,
0.3255371153354645,
0.12456191331148148,
-0.40335342288017273,
-0.001235431176610291,
-0.18132346868515015,
-1.0088834762573242,
-0.20848721265792847,
-0.06092023849487305,
0.11146267503499985,
0.40098556876182556,
0.1058201938867569,
0.18275819718837738,
0.23898330330848694,
-0.004472281318157911,
0.16044554114341736,
-0.7856931090354919,
0.3663777709007263,
0.2091732621192932,
0.5175122022628784,
0.4923218786716461,
-0.09766039997339249,
0.16220638155937195,
-0.3260784447193146,
0.3266412913799286,
0.40220123529434204,
0.4431491792201996,
-0.3426115810871124,
-0.33592018485069275,
-0.32259443402290344,
0.1456194818019867,
-0.25932011008262634,
-0.8796190023422241,
0.16294337809085846,
-0.9008011817932129,
0.364543616771698,
0.09598273038864136,
-0.4012865424156189,
0.35922640562057495,
-0.257351815700531,
-0.8215750455856323,
-0.414984792470932,
-0.40707603096961975,
0.24924428761005402,
-0.320395827293396,
-0.23082338273525238,
0.4460065960884094,
0.6331212520599365,
-0.356766015291214,
0.135258749127388,
-0.12494121491909027,
0.6697113513946533,
-0.6030411720275879,
-0.6712959408760071,
0.20382143557071686,
0.08774951100349426,
-0.06565646827220917,
-0.6467974781990051,
0.09573577344417572,
1.00422203540802,
0.500778079032898,
0.0073427059687674046,
0.36166006326675415,
0.11301108449697495,
0.5113772749900818,
0.47262465953826904,
-0.6310654878616333,
-0.2523386478424072,
-0.09417271614074707,
0.2058781534433365,
-0.32600077986717224,
-0.09614279866218567,
0.35723546147346497,
-0.23926536738872528,
-0.05245630443096161,
0.4483697712421417,
0.22900162637233734,
-0.5420336127281189,
0.4496220052242279,
-0.25060802698135376,
-0.11157674342393875,
0.09409722685813904,
0.32390040159225464,
-0.6632893681526184,
0.06590992957353592,
-0.0650448352098465,
0.22297850251197815,
-0.3218211233615875,
0.0012716181809082627,
0.4615294337272644,
-0.17643553018569946,
-0.22000449895858765,
-0.01157536543905735,
0.15759573876857758,
-0.06616397202014923,
0.07961302995681763,
-0.5696097016334534,
-0.5834502577781677,
0.1056532934308052,
0.17927908897399902,
-0.7261853814125061,
0.41516318917274475,
-0.2065393626689911,
0.45672956109046936,
0.4875921607017517,
0.3797670900821686,
-0.4755226671695709,
0.09160954505205154,
0.6972191333770752
] |
224162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK | SK | SK may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
SK Foods, an American agribusiness company
SK Hand Tools, an American tool manufacturer
Sangguniang Kabataan, Philippines youth councils
SK Group, South Korean conglomerate
Scandinavian Airlines (IATA code SK)
Silicon Knights, a Canadian video game developer
Places
Slovakia
Slovakia (ISO country code)
ISO 3166-2:SK, codes for the regions of Slovakia
.sk, the internet country code top-level domain for Slovakia
Slovak koruna, a former currency of Slovakia
Slovak language (ISO 639-1 language code "sk")
Other places
sk. sokak, Turkish postal abbreviation
South Korea, an Asian country
Saskatchewan, a Canadian province by postal abbreviation
Sikkim, a state in India (ISO 3166 code)
Svidník, Slovakia, vehicle plates
Sisak, vehicle plate for city in Croatia
Science and technology
SK (people mover), a vehicle
Silent key, an amateur radio operator who has died
"Stop keying", a prosign used in Morse code
Super-Kamiokande, a Japanese neutrino detector
Biology
SK channel, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, a family of ion channels
Medicine
Solar keratosis or senile keratosis (these are synonyms)
Streptokinase, a bacterial enzyme used in the treatment of blood clots
Sport
SK Gaming, an electronic sports team
Other uses
Regulation S-K, regarding financial statements in the United States
Shakib Khan, Bangladeshi film actor, known by the initialism SK
Sekolah Kebangsaan, a type of school in Malaysia
Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher and theologian
Storekeeper, a naval rating in the United States Navy | [
0.28514543175697327,
0.19217021763324738,
-0.23338937759399414,
0.4598143994808197,
-0.24474100768566132,
0.7112371921539307,
-0.16160397231578827,
0.9736348986625671,
-0.4218636453151703,
-0.10663587599992752,
-0.4023485481739044,
-0.6800334453582764,
-0.21530534327030182,
0.21366141736507416,
-0.15540100634098053,
0.24772770702838898,
-0.07530105859041214,
1.24882972240448,
-0.19448114931583405,
-0.2018532156944275,
-0.26265349984169006,
-0.025426233187317848,
0.6948390603065491,
-0.03312527760863304,
0.28098392486572266,
-0.04603508114814758,
0.007585987448692322,
0.11443556845188141,
-0.4151487350463867,
0.427542507648468,
-0.042041875422000885,
0.6699332594871521,
0.2369644045829773,
0.1274019032716751,
0.0728701800107956,
-0.2775423228740692,
-0.12488480657339096,
-0.05541083589196205,
-0.21055243909358978,
-0.4478939175605774,
-0.09054306894540787,
-0.12063416093587875,
0.22020556032657623,
0.21599701046943665,
0.10725632309913635,
-0.7520877718925476,
-1.3311512470245361,
0.8677206635475159,
-0.636148989200592,
0.09789946675300598,
-0.03253542631864548,
-0.07273612916469574,
0.023087477311491966,
0.31703123450279236,
-0.11220338940620422,
0.5314487218856812,
-0.20643867552280426,
-0.13519836962223053,
0.36666756868362427,
-0.3167257308959961,
0.3684866726398468,
0.1076950654387474,
0.023966366425156593,
-0.1556369811296463,
0.6664556860923767,
0.05273349955677986,
0.3362175226211548,
0.2968873679637909,
-0.6598303914070129,
-0.5673110485076904,
-0.34599199891090393,
-0.33755671977996826,
-0.003354063956066966,
0.6038867831230164,
-0.17350082099437714,
-0.5809366106987,
0.11184012144804001,
0.47118592262268066,
-0.1454591155052185,
0.345213383436203,
-0.10716596245765686,
0.11094427108764648,
0.4422837495803833,
0.08476001024246216,
0.41130882501602173,
-0.14817066490650177,
-0.9906166195869446,
0.041666727513074875,
-0.17891791462898254,
-0.1490975171327591,
0.3829227685928345,
-0.24573640525341034,
1.037363886833191,
-0.02357112430036068,
-0.24110984802246094,
0.006164877209812403,
0.03989814966917038,
0.09727675467729568,
0.3231213092803955,
0.12504276633262634,
-0.5427435040473938,
-0.09893370419740677,
-0.07780136168003082,
0.10780556499958038,
-0.21171003580093384,
-0.4571034610271454,
-0.37825503945350647,
0.18466447293758392,
0.6759626269340515,
0.02279873937368393,
-0.4535118043422699,
-0.034382231533527374,
0.18922202289104462,
0.10391363501548767,
0.1400054395198822,
0.1818348467350006,
0.11234097182750702,
-0.8650234937667847,
-0.3317977488040924,
-0.22541530430316925,
-0.13462558388710022,
0.5337140560150146,
-0.4255470335483551,
-0.3151935040950775,
0.25666001439094543,
0.21127979457378387,
0.5647050738334656,
0.3438243567943573,
0.03825041651725769,
0.18293501436710358,
0.34154975414276123,
0.5823083519935608,
-0.04203863814473152,
0.09079807996749878,
-0.1349031776189804,
0.015062803402543068,
-0.17414863407611847,
-0.13616213202476501,
0.29154008626937866,
-0.1965031772851944,
-0.8471139073371887,
-0.13258019089698792,
-0.3868483603000641,
-0.14670071005821228,
0.46958133578300476,
0.06423702836036682,
-0.3020564317703247,
-0.14222989976406097,
-0.35443729162216187,
-0.28384700417518616,
0.09317579865455627,
-0.4039563536643982,
-0.3690621256828308,
0.14262934029102325,
-0.2689782381057739,
0.5061357617378235,
0.3782789707183838,
-0.43705683946609497,
0.5755757093429565,
0.41793373227119446,
-0.06208077073097229,
-0.14262212812900543,
-0.5073250532150269,
-0.17892803251743317,
-0.12374427169561386,
-0.21193918585777283,
0.5387965440750122,
0.30685359239578247,
-0.2954445481300354,
0.4332796335220337,
-0.2524428963661194,
-0.0961519256234169,
0.569063663482666,
-0.12359913438558578,
-0.01130746304988861,
-0.1720017045736313,
0.14513130486011505,
-0.019543612375855446,
0.46144893765449524,
0.2907586097717285,
-0.4901179075241089,
0.397119402885437,
-0.345268189907074,
-0.030487844720482826,
-0.2328215390443802,
0.09231261163949966,
0.6126059889793396,
-0.03925171121954918,
-0.1300039440393448,
0.05580717697739601,
-0.518779456615448,
-0.6748194694519043,
-0.06353368610143661,
-0.26085442304611206,
0.9199275970458984,
-0.44641420245170593,
-0.5096970796585083,
0.48229047656059265,
-0.16563484072685242,
0.40182074904441833,
-0.44875624775886536,
-0.32720789313316345,
0.38585975766181946,
-0.287016898393631,
-0.4450693428516388,
0.5693155527114868,
0.39705052971839905,
-0.2787105143070221,
0.31492650508880615,
0.3223523497581482,
0.2668323516845703,
-0.5188890099525452,
0.4559159576892853,
-0.5451938509941101,
0.04360546916723251,
-0.33609113097190857,
-0.266968309879303,
0.2612898051738739,
-0.08456522226333618,
0.233455628156662,
0.9841406345367432,
-0.6331889033317566,
-0.1262359619140625,
0.07165911048650742,
0.12269505113363266,
0.4454457461833954,
0.44411176443099976,
0.3038680851459503,
0.2783895432949066,
-0.08476028591394424,
0.5658288598060608,
-0.30037587881088257,
-0.08943875133991241,
-0.341928631067276,
-0.6171668171882629,
-0.3445764482021332,
0.20172417163848877,
-0.02409052476286888,
0.5422968864440918,
-0.17630891501903534,
-0.36349940299987793,
0.5290558338165283,
-0.19299399852752686,
-0.3110475540161133,
0.6769998669624329,
-0.22339341044425964,
-0.39961177110671997,
-0.4254109561443329,
0.1718154102563858,
-0.12779101729393005,
0.06139485165476799,
0.35983705520629883,
-0.2099890410900116,
-0.44204092025756836,
-0.11360003054141998,
-0.10022257268428802,
0.5651130676269531,
0.10602539777755737,
0.28987810015678406,
-0.3651367723941803,
-0.22265459597110748,
-0.11141353100538254,
0.31010791659355164,
0.3698197603225708,
-0.04792892187833786,
-0.21301987767219543,
-0.29721513390541077,
-0.2879696488380432,
0.49312976002693176,
0.3391156792640686,
0.5936111211776733,
-0.19069375097751617,
-0.05722561106085777,
-0.16800841689109802,
-0.23614178597927094,
-0.2695876657962799,
0.016268854960799217,
0.43359076976776123,
-0.4803909957408905,
-0.8108763694763184,
-0.4048839807510376,
0.3930986821651459,
0.2238156795501709,
-0.2840965986251831,
0.1558525115251541,
-0.2419261485338211,
-0.032184503972530365,
-0.549348771572113,
-0.23415128886699677,
-0.29820817708969116,
-0.006358454469591379,
-0.0930115282535553,
-0.5497711896896362,
0.35481029748916626,
0.49309834837913513,
0.13876493275165558,
0.029068592935800552,
0.08101613074541092,
0.38324829936027527,
-0.5817137956619263,
-0.4337324798107147,
0.4305933117866516,
-0.40050360560417175,
-0.18512126803398132,
0.30460163950920105,
-0.07850688695907593,
-0.20942367613315582,
-0.12012271583080292,
-6.061917781829834,
0.19948282837867737,
-0.49308091402053833,
-0.1316123753786087,
0.056212518364191055,
0.04140114039182663,
0.42487314343452454,
0.04102928191423416,
0.026718541979789734,
-0.26296356320381165,
0.0625261664390564,
0.2127993404865265,
-0.36704254150390625,
0.3805761933326721,
0.08684767782688141,
0.5929642915725708,
0.20097053050994873,
0.12853720784187317,
0.21927084028720856,
-0.003124167211353779,
0.22686246037483215,
-0.16339613497257233,
0.15963280200958252,
0.5405450463294983,
0.5831149220466614,
0.3081701993942261,
-0.16680249571800232,
0.05743798986077309,
-0.5675614476203918,
-0.6637311577796936,
-0.03222799301147461,
-0.26164451241493225,
-0.0025844743940979242,
-0.019593272358179092,
-0.10122229903936386,
-0.12294507026672363,
0.6504034996032715,
0.2815802991390228,
0.7302318215370178,
-0.021976670250296593,
0.002812152961269021,
0.6616836786270142,
0.1679760068655014,
-0.4731946885585785,
0.8677319884300232,
-0.10516306012868881,
-0.8416309952735901,
0.18567787110805511,
-0.76975017786026,
0.5222856402397156,
0.4293217360973358,
-0.15613801777362823,
-0.09947396069765091,
0.5069411993026733,
0.1023244857788086,
-0.22490671277046204,
0.5313694477081299,
0.15609094500541687,
0.02682964690029621,
0.28675568103790283,
0.5846391916275024,
0.2384895533323288,
-0.21128544211387634,
-0.7225173711776733,
-0.4838424026966095,
-0.3213142156600952,
-0.3201355040073395,
-0.48416292667388916,
-0.07607809454202652,
-0.11156150698661804,
-0.37095877528190613,
0.20439712703227997,
-0.06342029571533203,
-0.6855834722518921,
-0.0636882558465004,
-0.438397079706192,
-0.08575281500816345,
0.28404608368873596,
-0.29737624526023865,
0.8562740087509155,
-0.4335511028766632,
0.12760582566261292,
-0.6249253153800964,
0.046289000660181046,
-0.10213934630155563,
-0.31701284646987915,
-0.3735944926738739,
0.15109722316265106,
-0.3180883228778839,
-0.051674384623765945,
0.8261518478393555,
-0.46430689096450806,
0.3741486072540283,
0.34141314029693604,
-0.03877013176679611,
0.1786344051361084,
0.470247358083725,
-0.30938825011253357,
-0.06925398856401443,
-0.5810014009475708,
0.33668529987335205,
0.0005435937782749534,
-0.5121587514877319,
-0.4801308512687683,
-0.05741962790489197,
-0.16229170560836792,
-0.13568760454654694,
0.039404504001140594,
0.6490693688392639,
-0.1361202597618103,
-0.05210765451192856,
-0.012748529203236103,
-0.7369130849838257,
-0.5097367167472839,
0.16064992547035217,
0.05036772042512894,
-0.4118591248989105,
0.0357469767332077,
0.2856079638004303,
-0.09024444967508316,
-0.2477923035621643,
0.15121813118457794,
-0.06207796186208725,
0.462528795003891,
-0.5185096859931946,
-0.3826712667942047,
-0.23979762196540833,
0.3258170783519745,
-0.2028086632490158,
0.10212262719869614,
0.318260133266449,
0.6076204180717468,
0.14964622259140015,
0.014845133759081364,
0.031771015375852585,
0.4332329034805298,
0.004588169977068901,
-0.0006438452401198447,
0.4053047001361847,
-0.5824968814849854,
0.2241901159286499,
0.2623125910758972,
0.1484067440032959,
0.08536108583211899,
0.24078594148159027,
0.6076001524925232,
-0.26127445697784424,
-0.065437451004982,
-0.27629873156547546,
0.13090817630290985,
-0.32587960362434387,
-0.1257588267326355,
0.44588780403137207,
0.15839318931102753,
0.15229173004627228,
-0.49752914905548096,
0.32289883494377136,
0.5718109011650085,
-0.13800212740898132,
0.027481809258461,
0.5404303669929504,
-0.4911762475967407,
-0.769031286239624,
-0.11472247540950775,
0.1860094964504242,
-0.5433083176612854,
-0.111397385597229,
-0.23831485211849213,
-0.09624534845352173,
0.8875433206558228,
0.3678964674472809,
-0.33854591846466064,
-0.5267688632011414,
-0.20081552863121033,
0.02212873287498951,
-0.37100085616111755,
0.21040721237659454,
-0.24071063101291656,
-0.40843310952186584,
0.3120838701725006,
0.03354720026254654,
-0.3290550708770752,
-0.20725786685943604,
0.7612496614456177,
0.26946812868118286,
-0.06626154482364655,
0.1444678008556366,
0.0719650611281395,
0.028116093948483467,
-0.3869759142398834,
-0.12887439131736755,
-0.317767858505249,
0.4797540605068207,
0.5155211091041565,
0.17063245177268982,
-0.4662459194660187,
0.28622934222221375,
0.4405985474586487,
-0.5753702521324158,
-0.21092286705970764,
-0.15251362323760986,
0.5955872535705566,
-0.26432186365127563,
-0.12496388703584671,
0.43744149804115295,
0.050559911876916885,
0.24405305087566376,
-0.2457199990749359,
-0.22160422801971436,
-0.2364501804113388,
-0.7498196363449097,
-0.5088483095169067,
-0.02814513072371483,
0.25736773014068604,
-0.5492215752601624,
0.3036577105522156,
0.36455386877059937,
0.3621300160884857,
-0.6844841241836548,
-0.4093319773674011,
0.06032831221818924,
0.07754545658826828,
-0.12940409779548645,
-0.6068028211593628,
-0.3379499912261963,
0.7937672734260559,
0.20809055864810944,
-0.2117472141981125,
0.1862708479166031,
-0.4107343256473541,
-0.23289985954761505,
-0.13845863938331604,
-0.19170226156711578,
0.14392396807670593,
0.2036104053258896,
0.4433143436908722,
-0.11804524064064026,
-0.09288348257541656,
0.11423572152853012,
0.3168221116065979,
0.12315881997346878,
0.30146294832229614,
0.278939425945282,
-0.6466167569160461,
-0.03848036378622055,
0.3876815736293793,
0.3770551383495331,
-0.16954095661640167,
-0.6364460587501526,
0.25084757804870605,
-0.18824175000190735,
-0.3509623110294342,
-0.18718695640563965,
-0.1665980964899063,
1.0413516759872437,
-0.289476215839386,
-0.05021354928612709,
0.157292902469635,
-0.07342755794525146,
0.3964900076389313,
-0.4845013916492462,
-0.48041853308677673,
-0.023572435602545738,
0.7852980494499207,
-0.20837193727493286,
0.19643260538578033,
-0.6952105760574341,
0.031234173104166985,
-0.052029892802238464,
-0.5159533619880676,
-0.1816842406988144,
0.4009643495082855,
0.7634930610656738,
0.046501968055963516,
-0.08837512880563736,
-0.11154923588037491,
0.13514505326747894,
-0.166403129696846,
-0.4128987193107605,
0.03277524933218956,
-0.6119653582572937,
0.20444031059741974,
0.4870914816856384,
-0.334854394197464,
0.3088339567184448,
-0.5908122658729553,
0.07573021203279495,
0.23573943972587585,
-0.5329927206039429,
0.18865655362606049,
-0.2603326141834259,
0.049510736018419266,
-0.3229023516178131,
0.627582311630249,
-0.34939277172088623,
-0.523320198059082,
0.36197423934936523,
0.07345616817474365,
0.23789605498313904,
-0.14181530475616455,
-0.8425941467285156,
0.4179522693157196,
0.13382914662361145,
-0.4551166892051697,
0.09697528928518295,
0.6354725360870361,
-0.18994055688381195,
-0.4025144577026367,
0.1127554327249527,
-0.47928139567375183,
0.2763660252094269,
-0.6979755759239197,
0.1833680272102356,
0.5335698127746582,
-0.07425423711538315,
0.2548060417175293,
-0.1685325801372528,
-0.7758194804191589,
0.15959542989730835,
0.13178448379039764,
0.17462053894996643,
-0.015704777091741562,
0.21691583096981049,
-0.19960935413837433,
-0.641402542591095,
0.39971762895584106,
-0.018869541585445404,
-0.14132054150104523,
0.33142659068107605,
0.4428415894508362,
0.1620713770389557,
-0.3599335551261902,
-0.3930210769176483,
0.23545263707637787,
-0.25539156794548035,
-0.4369088411331177,
-0.14533443748950958,
-0.2718471884727478,
-0.3054006099700928,
0.8184788823127747,
0.3750559985637665,
0.46962210536003113,
-0.46486735343933105,
-0.04708242788910866,
0.01709166169166565,
0.4841374158859253,
0.3367643654346466,
0.021062858402729034,
-0.09514125436544418,
0.3745730519294739,
-0.01578911580145359,
0.17408138513565063,
-0.4597893953323364,
0.4796663820743561,
-0.38045454025268555,
-0.10809797048568726,
-0.15505896508693695,
-0.6087332963943481,
-0.3564954698085785,
0.16845181584358215,
0.297238826751709,
-0.002042874228209257,
0.48857688903808594,
-0.08370410650968552,
-0.2361897975206375,
-0.2719321846961975,
0.03125964477658272,
-0.4643164277076721,
0.42950087785720825,
-0.061545874923467636,
0.2649444043636322,
0.5690418481826782,
-0.2860472500324249,
-0.16069196164608002,
-0.047938525676727295,
0.506092369556427,
0.37018564343452454,
0.32173463702201843,
-0.1266154944896698,
0.2856854200363159,
-0.4362531304359436,
0.2466263771057129,
-0.21437697112560272,
-0.5395950078964233,
0.02384062297642231,
-0.15157902240753174,
0.048832330852746964,
0.13254357874393463,
0.021156247705221176,
0.33153024315834045,
-0.028856346383690834,
-0.43509432673454285,
0.4393143355846405,
0.2277667224407196,
0.044408269226551056,
-0.018253060057759285,
-0.3977150619029999,
0.5147772431373596,
0.5352320671081543,
0.21609266102313995,
0.25622913241386414,
-0.6008987426757812,
0.2560499906539917,
0.08582735806703568,
-0.34923893213272095,
0.1514660120010376,
-0.378803014755249,
-0.1641579270362854,
-0.009811870753765106,
0.2013842761516571,
0.4045034348964691,
0.00866498239338398,
-0.09857350587844849,
0.32537394762039185,
0.4299347400665283,
0.3577905297279358,
0.4520703852176666,
-0.227215975522995,
-0.033832479268312454,
-0.18122822046279907,
0.08459124714136124,
-0.6291313171386719,
0.472357839345932,
0.37678322196006775,
0.12885326147079468,
0.014376591891050339,
0.5366950631141663,
0.5459951758384705,
-0.7252416014671326,
0.4286223351955414,
-0.6952900886535645,
0.15492241084575653,
-0.44511377811431885,
0.6215581893920898,
-0.3135998249053955,
0.25556501746177673,
-0.04622647911310196,
0.5191271901130676,
0.3012310266494751,
-0.4983800947666168,
-0.05347396433353424,
-0.2120932936668396,
0.12308122962713242,
-0.057688482105731964,
0.2684745490550995,
0.30813562870025635,
-0.41239646077156067,
-0.29939141869544983,
-0.6007720828056335,
0.22284117341041565,
0.06782695651054382,
-0.3402334153652191,
0.6767438650131226,
0.11293625086545944,
0.24588534235954285,
-0.020243585109710693,
0.35252845287323,
-0.2595052421092987,
0.6429057121276855,
0.12692296504974365
] |
224163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT | PT | PT, Pt, or pt may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
P.T. (video game), acronym for Playable Teaser, a short video game released to promote the cancelled video game Silent Hills
Porcupine Tree, a British progressive rock group
In business
Businesses
Capital Cargo International Airlines (IATA airline designator PT)
West Air Sweden (IATA airline designator PT)
Putnam Transit, a bus system that serves Putnam County, New York
Portugal Telecom, the largest telecommunications service provider in Portugal
Piteå-Tidningen, a Swedish local newspaper
Business terminology
Part-time job
Perseroan Terbatas, the Indonesian name for a limited liability company
Political parties
Partido dos Trabalhadores (Brazil) (Workers' Party), a Brazilian political party
Parti des travailleurs (France) (Workers' Party), a defunct French political party
Partido dos Trabalhadores (Guinea-Bissau) (Workers' Party), a Bissau-Guinean political party
Partido del Trabajo (Mexico) (Labor Party), a Mexican political party
Places
Promontory or point, a prominent mass of land that overlooks lower-lying land or a body of water
Specific places
Portugal (ISO country code PT)
.pt, an Internet top-level domain name for Portugal
Portuguese language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code "pt")
Palestinian territories, comprise the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip
Pistoia, a city in Italy
Port Townsend, Washington, a city in Jefferson County, Washington, in the United States
Pacific Time Zone, a time zone 8 hours behind UTC
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
pt, patient, a medical abbreviation
Physical therapy/Physiotherapy or Physical therapist/Physiotherapist
Pararosaniline, Toluidine histological stain
Percutaneous surgery
Pertussis toxin, a protein-based exotoxin which causes whooping cough
Petunidin, an anthocyanidin plant pigment
Prothrombin time, a measurement of blood coagulation
Computing
.pt, an Internet top-level domain name for Portugal
Panorama Tools, a suite of programs and libraries originally by Helmut Dersch
Pluggable Transport, an API in the Tor Project
Physics and chemistry
Platinum, a chemical element
Polythiophene, a molecule
Total pressure (P), in fluid dynamics
Transportation
PT boat, a type of small fast ship used by the US Navy in World War II
Public transport, or public transit
Chrysler PT Cruiser, a car model
PT-91, a military tank
Units of measurement
pt, a measurement in the print industry for thickness of card stock
Pint (Pt.), a unit of volume or capacity
Point (typography) (Pt.), a unit of measure used in typography
Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics
Permian-Triassic extinction event, a mass extinction between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras
Peat, in the Unified Soil Classification System
Post-tensioned concrete, a reinforcement method in structural engineering
Potential transformer, an electrical component for changing voltage
Pressure treated wood
Sport
Personal trainer, in fitness and bodybuilding
Pro Tour (disambiguation)
Physical fitness
Physical education, known in many Commonwealth countries as physical training or PT
Physical training instructor, in the British & Commonwealth military; also in the British police
, physical training
Other uses
Pandit, a Hindu honorific applied to certain scholars of law, religion, philosophy or music
Perpetual traveler or "permanent tourist"
Perspectives on Terrorism, an academic journal
Pro tempore, a Latin phrase "for the time being" (temporary)
Pyramid Texts, an ancient Egyptian funerary text
See also
P. T. (disambiguation)
Petey (disambiguation)
Abbreviation of Pumper Tanker in Fire Rescue Victoria | [
0.7779247760772705,
-0.23582230508327484,
0.1269979178905487,
0.4116328954696655,
-0.1450629085302353,
0.2031233012676239,
-0.4665161967277527,
0.21712514758110046,
-0.4729389548301697,
-0.19604581594467163,
-0.6068660020828247,
0.434398889541626,
0.004121534060686827,
-0.1584567427635193,
-0.2948777675628662,
0.5462314486503601,
0.5061945915222168,
0.20057088136672974,
-0.46510976552963257,
-0.16143807768821716,
-0.45566850900650024,
0.298403263092041,
0.24018949270248413,
-0.23169387876987457,
-0.08651231974363327,
0.1685536503791809,
-0.04562889784574509,
0.34819087386131287,
-0.2860053777694702,
0.30139341950416565,
-0.1160006895661354,
0.11664171516895294,
0.1087731346487999,
-0.030204782262444496,
-0.28555941581726074,
-0.20607319474220276,
-0.1493467539548874,
-0.09689336270093918,
-0.33641961216926575,
-0.8645358681678772,
-0.13834421336650848,
-0.3403943181037903,
0.0754980742931366,
0.09232209622859955,
-0.31845563650131226,
-0.41980865597724915,
-1.4287669658660889,
0.1057410016655922,
-0.7383849620819092,
0.7330329418182373,
0.07808758318424225,
0.4557458758354187,
0.13688035309314728,
0.34698963165283203,
-0.11687440425157547,
0.6120610237121582,
-0.2763368785381317,
-0.09230776131153107,
0.09158752113580704,
-0.5230386257171631,
0.4932508170604706,
0.10402165353298187,
0.06443725526332855,
0.3782214820384979,
0.6724075078964233,
-0.22208841145038605,
-0.06250312924385071,
0.1827421486377716,
-0.24489247798919678,
-0.7595887780189514,
0.03403833135962486,
-0.1770167052745819,
0.16927367448806763,
0.176466166973114,
-0.34391728043556213,
-0.518323540687561,
-0.2766006290912628,
-0.16952857375144958,
0.19832128286361694,
0.26644080877304077,
-0.25538814067840576,
0.4841337203979492,
0.3863135278224945,
0.3098793923854828,
0.5007500648498535,
-0.11478257179260254,
0.01024349220097065,
0.02609178051352501,
-0.13643279671669006,
0.3935585021972656,
0.5034603476524353,
-0.30865809321403503,
0.8524901270866394,
0.14547160267829895,
-0.07284590601921082,
-0.17340174317359924,
-0.12248196452856064,
-0.3065362274646759,
0.2735540270805359,
-0.12799231708049774,
-0.31884607672691345,
0.0003244959516450763,
0.09864427894353867,
-0.1598002016544342,
-0.3050697445869446,
-0.1838114857673645,
0.33058878779411316,
-0.5626339316368103,
0.15883438289165497,
0.020664429292082787,
-0.6633055806159973,
0.2276896983385086,
0.031205693259835243,
0.4374217987060547,
-0.04556027054786682,
0.08283449709415436,
-0.10053378343582153,
-0.34464824199676514,
-0.08703872561454773,
-0.017708877101540565,
0.16218341886997223,
0.41159409284591675,
0.16712380945682526,
-0.13745784759521484,
0.33733007311820984,
0.04530205577611923,
0.7595879435539246,
0.4971470832824707,
-0.14280737936496735,
-0.16333812475204468,
0.7112528681755066,
0.5829889178276062,
-0.4691302180290222,
-0.18654030561447144,
-0.13670073449611664,
0.17771320044994354,
0.19542762637138367,
-0.02833862416446209,
0.02730361744761467,
-0.059528060257434845,
-0.814792275428772,
-0.07701203227043152,
-0.1343792825937271,
-0.6159672141075134,
0.10771554708480835,
-0.30918702483177185,
0.21914324164390564,
-0.2583531439304352,
-0.45514971017837524,
0.08818548917770386,
0.08878953009843826,
0.08258425444364548,
-0.3340357840061188,
-0.050941430032253265,
0.013500158675014973,
0.057571910321712494,
1.014460802078247,
-0.12893113493919373,
-0.31594720482826233,
0.2468590885400772,
0.2733421325683594,
-0.20973359048366547,
-0.37483569979667664,
-0.17528074979782104,
-0.1332980990409851,
-0.16125169396400452,
-0.0857749804854393,
0.29301199316978455,
0.08491670340299606,
0.5091822147369385,
-0.3372153043746948,
-0.020163770765066147,
-0.13251058757305145,
0.20414294302463531,
0.0897035300731659,
-0.027080386877059937,
0.38714125752449036,
0.18113979697227478,
0.5282065272331238,
0.12997595965862274,
-0.4143179655075073,
0.2488921731710434,
0.24282751977443695,
-0.4029545485973358,
-0.2330002337694168,
-0.5577269792556763,
0.6057552695274353,
-0.38909173011779785,
0.29883044958114624,
0.18046638369560242,
-0.524672269821167,
-0.5922213196754456,
0.010923448950052261,
-0.9408378005027771,
0.6051537394523621,
-0.38764461874961853,
-0.6682246923446655,
0.8642966747283936,
0.1619880348443985,
0.3597926199436188,
-0.2448197305202484,
0.09649405628442764,
0.15318796038627625,
-0.28531286120414734,
-0.5989649295806885,
0.29866644740104675,
0.2703455984592438,
0.3210161030292511,
-0.4103270471096039,
-0.2805808186531067,
0.05579739436507225,
-0.389987975358963,
0.1368156522512436,
-0.3422700762748718,
0.31445473432540894,
-0.499632865190506,
-0.5767830014228821,
0.06891392916440964,
-0.14048661291599274,
-0.08857379853725433,
0.5859754681587219,
-0.5634715557098389,
0.3479953706264496,
0.3841954171657562,
-0.09004072844982147,
0.8897055983543396,
-0.01575712487101555,
-0.05180961638689041,
0.7120319604873657,
-0.06569786369800568,
0.10023675113916397,
0.07687599956989288,
-0.19633294641971588,
0.16955631971359253,
-0.175485298037529,
0.5566858053207397,
0.026929259300231934,
-0.4184141755104065,
0.1385219246149063,
-0.48654887080192566,
-0.24073530733585358,
0.4146672785282135,
-0.3134527802467346,
0.4346888065338135,
0.20525164902210236,
-0.07306463271379471,
-0.8229809999465942,
-0.013124022632837296,
0.04811020568013191,
0.45927298069000244,
0.04039076715707779,
0.1744954138994217,
0.0905199721455574,
-0.25716009736061096,
-0.3724522292613983,
-0.38256412744522095,
-0.3146723210811615,
0.0020999941043555737,
-0.19000302255153656,
-0.035873983055353165,
-0.6160434484481812,
-0.2272026091814041,
0.19635158777236938,
-0.01744101196527481,
-0.03672461211681366,
-0.30660051107406616,
-0.3555987775325775,
0.0025639452505856752,
0.2390449345111847,
0.4801526963710785,
0.094598188996315,
0.10810662806034088,
-0.11870495229959488,
-0.27762526273727417,
-0.3753255009651184,
-0.8290132880210876,
0.6304669976234436,
-0.02600259892642498,
-0.13368365168571472,
-1.2402093410491943,
-0.23069095611572266,
0.486628919839859,
0.31144145131111145,
-0.3308829069137573,
-0.11201818287372589,
0.3013838529586792,
-0.20981603860855103,
0.05110999196767807,
-0.02998754009604454,
-0.09399387985467911,
0.10960754752159119,
0.11518354713916779,
-0.25879645347595215,
-0.07534687221050262,
0.8875698447227478,
0.13741998374462128,
-0.21491113305091858,
0.25256913900375366,
-0.36354711651802063,
-0.48929935693740845,
-0.29890185594558716,
0.29473936557769775,
-0.38464120030403137,
-0.13508784770965576,
0.30359405279159546,
-0.7249774932861328,
0.17541947960853577,
0.07226275652647018,
-6.108396530151367,
-0.3145309388637543,
-0.3903750777244568,
0.12436915934085846,
0.22128772735595703,
-0.04558635875582695,
0.48127907514572144,
-0.04120483249425888,
-0.003289539832621813,
0.050880033522844315,
-0.11940066516399384,
0.1405484825372696,
0.33681729435920715,
0.4170764684677124,
0.8096609711647034,
0.5376295447349548,
0.05248488858342171,
0.49955281615257263,
0.11779481172561646,
0.09415510296821594,
0.22758449614048004,
0.05661267042160034,
0.21005754172801971,
0.39536258578300476,
0.21942582726478577,
-0.27738097310066223,
-0.3668886721134186,
0.2291199415922165,
-0.265051931142807,
-0.34955525398254395,
0.06467631459236145,
0.21765968203544617,
-0.21700222790241241,
0.012198446318507195,
0.3409506380558014,
-0.2965967655181885,
0.8808228969573975,
-0.014164147898554802,
0.10515157133340836,
-0.16700279712677002,
-0.005667212884873152,
0.29333338141441345,
0.14016614854335785,
-1.004319429397583,
0.22020824253559113,
0.08455002307891846,
-0.07243311405181885,
-0.1931205689907074,
-0.14500591158866882,
0.16604959964752197,
-0.25288400053977966,
0.07352108508348465,
0.1364423781633377,
-0.17472568154335022,
0.22800856828689575,
-0.3225012719631195,
0.363209068775177,
0.01795528456568718,
-0.33616217970848083,
0.31661638617515564,
0.05239013582468033,
-0.39136311411857605,
0.19926375150680542,
-0.28000617027282715,
-0.3177449703216553,
0.16199105978012085,
-0.4695461690425873,
-0.5975583791732788,
0.9344543218612671,
-0.17011792957782745,
-0.3640522062778473,
-0.12974023818969727,
0.3577526807785034,
-0.8305374383926392,
-0.014349015429615974,
-0.574256956577301,
0.1358557939529419,
0.2841111123561859,
0.04366092011332512,
-0.29041099548339844,
0.04119611531496048,
-0.4146825671195984,
-0.17942096292972565,
-0.21383830904960632,
0.04235498234629631,
-0.2339043766260147,
-0.2300698310136795,
0.11080197244882584,
-0.15429987013339996,
0.46646326780319214,
0.46864503622055054,
-0.1584644466638565,
0.5281155705451965,
0.7904329895973206,
0.31530553102493286,
0.19138547778129578,
0.6087190508842468,
0.17653849720954895,
-0.14164195954799652,
-0.1645951122045517,
0.05638166144490242,
-0.24670866131782532,
-0.19554220139980316,
-0.1803574115037918,
-0.13731049001216888,
-0.47567641735076904,
-0.06444527953863144,
0.03701148182153702,
0.7464804649353027,
-0.46435385942459106,
0.36717626452445984,
0.14659246802330017,
-0.41775134205818176,
-0.3424437344074249,
0.1924515664577484,
-0.042785417288541794,
-0.7623067498207092,
0.19978146255016327,
0.13326172530651093,
-0.07272673398256302,
-0.03784003481268883,
-0.022357674315571785,
-0.4335103929042816,
-0.3438810706138611,
-0.7143030762672424,
-0.40861594676971436,
-0.06490718573331833,
0.02528834529221058,
0.250855952501297,
0.2929284870624542,
0.5874739289283752,
0.2825799584388733,
0.39948776364326477,
-0.2959919571876526,
-0.09395509958267212,
0.08281983435153961,
0.2958468198776245,
0.3221539855003357,
-0.19235637784004211,
-0.6770117282867432,
-0.32729434967041016,
0.03334449976682663,
-0.01594511792063713,
0.1733730286359787,
0.5223873853683472,
0.3400212824344635,
-0.2929709553718567,
0.16203831136226654,
0.4578624367713928,
0.507204532623291,
0.15688951313495636,
-0.09215397387742996,
0.7999991774559021,
-0.07104240357875824,
0.10654604434967041,
-0.31702175736427307,
-0.3626166880130768,
-0.21802687644958496,
0.3651678264141083,
-0.42093005776405334,
0.2680290937423706,
-0.5406675338745117,
-1.1484324932098389,
-0.11262546479701996,
0.368646502494812,
-0.267219215631485,
-0.6661434769630432,
-0.2421310842037201,
-0.15995481610298157,
0.3537319302558899,
0.5670733451843262,
-0.10801072418689728,
-0.06855092942714691,
-0.19447165727615356,
0.3079474866390228,
-0.2411947399377823,
0.2666458487510681,
0.07036823779344559,
-0.08770965039730072,
0.200655996799469,
0.37057217955589294,
-0.3891177475452423,
-0.0498870350420475,
-0.006919462699443102,
0.3143053352832794,
-0.4235316216945648,
-0.06646141409873962,
-0.03772788122296333,
-0.3581714630126953,
-0.0010369457304477692,
-0.0747084692120552,
0.0994686558842659,
0.43392321467399597,
0.13829489052295685,
0.13889561593532562,
-0.09486037492752075,
0.30321624875068665,
0.5607699751853943,
-0.3227406442165375,
-0.43181705474853516,
0.23625218868255615,
0.48688796162605286,
-0.4618965685367584,
-0.1555989682674408,
0.027173366397619247,
-0.22209542989730835,
-0.012463518418371677,
-0.5233104228973389,
-0.1756879836320877,
0.17273905873298645,
-0.14384081959724426,
0.2315007597208023,
0.15693193674087524,
0.38197997212409973,
-0.36741411685943604,
0.14049887657165527,
0.2428399920463562,
0.028472110629081726,
0.05549392104148865,
-0.9290341734886169,
0.7209630608558655,
0.0920906662940979,
-0.4201468825340271,
0.05794747173786163,
-0.437878280878067,
0.19035950303077698,
0.36673614382743835,
-0.42308446764945984,
-0.17095042765140533,
-0.43461114168167114,
-0.07614929974079132,
-0.0829460397362709,
-0.5051990151405334,
0.17279313504695892,
0.32094064354896545,
-0.11400383710861206,
-0.2624361515045166,
0.19878438115119934,
0.27641934156417847,
-0.5490961074829102,
-0.037561215460300446,
0.32576867938041687,
0.2982379198074341,
-0.561638593673706,
-0.015748266130685806,
0.5944005250930786,
0.5735465288162231,
-0.5466530323028564,
-0.8110782504081726,
0.21820230782032013,
0.3557812571525574,
-0.49314674735069275,
-0.41010239720344543,
-0.04490701109170914,
0.5297057628631592,
-0.6756526231765747,
-0.14686903357505798,
-0.42499256134033203,
0.13937343657016754,
0.7594115138053894,
-0.30659544467926025,
-0.503173291683197,
-0.5459470152854919,
0.038208525627851486,
0.31305110454559326,
0.7154877185821533,
-0.536051332950592,
0.014287521131336689,
-0.3734623193740845,
-0.5641214847564697,
-0.06925835460424423,
0.6460719108581543,
0.2787482738494873,
0.4329063594341278,
0.9136614203453064,
-0.3256349563598633,
0.39867541193962097,
-0.5355852246284485,
-0.06927008181810379,
0.045716721564531326,
-0.0683971643447876,
0.028659801930189133,
0.3676466643810272,
-0.5574350953102112,
-0.10169923305511475,
-0.7665665149688721,
0.7419601678848267,
0.17168404161930084,
-0.831203043460846,
0.16588185727596283,
-0.16263021528720856,
0.09691347181797028,
-0.03045014664530754,
0.12432582676410675,
-0.1685139238834381,
-0.6304541230201721,
0.36767250299453735,
-0.27322080731391907,
0.32536283135414124,
0.15420500934123993,
-0.6747227907180786,
0.06167106330394745,
0.14527852833271027,
-0.06085532531142235,
0.391884982585907,
0.17304836213588715,
-0.00027231770218349993,
-0.8389818668365479,
0.15162745118141174,
-0.25705671310424805,
0.339609295129776,
-0.11123935878276825,
0.3178214430809021,
0.4432489275932312,
-0.2632541358470917,
-0.003911968320608139,
0.5163933038711548,
-0.4372004270553589,
0.4803693890571594,
0.12398558109998703,
0.4634352922439575,
0.13850776851177216,
0.7700612545013428,
0.051499318331480026,
0.20386402308940887,
-0.17930395901203156,
-0.44931405782699585,
-0.2351231724023819,
0.509797215461731,
0.024638036265969276,
0.6465073823928833,
0.38366180658340454,
0.14979051053524017,
0.3125114142894745,
0.08420085906982422,
-0.41800403594970703,
0.021143272519111633,
0.10890417546033859,
-0.3112623393535614,
0.538558304309845,
0.800295889377594,
0.3229939043521881,
0.2874714732170105,
0.20956528186798096,
0.12185799330472946,
0.4274674355983734,
0.42032328248023987,
-0.2579363286495209,
-0.5707994103431702,
0.1399749517440796,
-0.1290188729763031,
-0.46260786056518555,
0.033081695437431335,
-0.3470425605773926,
-0.059188082814216614,
-0.4658399522304535,
0.15425562858581543,
-0.09107880294322968,
0.6876516938209534,
-0.008465437218546867,
0.31578171253204346,
0.3480415344238281,
0.23169367015361786,
0.08973663300275803,
-0.17427679896354675,
-0.3077080249786377,
0.39367932081222534,
-0.5410111546516418,
0.4063991904258728,
0.47371312975883484,
-0.017390992492437363,
0.9634499549865723,
-0.38471168279647827,
0.8361525535583496,
-0.16948427259922028,
-0.014277040958404541,
0.6528044939041138,
0.3580828309059143,
0.4053662419319153,
0.1074562817811966,
-0.034664615988731384,
-0.21830183267593384,
-0.08220203220844269,
-0.7529996633529663,
0.5243565440177917,
-0.16157007217407227,
0.01503282692283392,
0.3213154673576355,
-0.49596965312957764,
0.2948944568634033,
-0.1869831681251526,
-0.17017574608325958,
0.2519860565662384,
0.3623509705066681,
-0.25909292697906494,
0.32182419300079346,
-0.6489266753196716,
0.537238597869873,
0.2610892057418823,
0.06236473470926285,
-0.4633025825023651,
0.5062807202339172,
0.33411532640457153,
-0.19081278145313263,
-0.17731480300426483,
-0.2955496311187744,
-0.5972854495048523,
-0.366140216588974,
-0.3667753040790558,
0.19070103764533997,
0.5389553308486938,
-0.005278630182147026,
0.16691970825195312,
0.477168470621109,
0.18212737143039703,
0.17685241997241974,
0.5583411455154419,
-0.5293750166893005,
0.30403316020965576,
0.10119370371103287,
0.18066878616809845,
-0.23279134929180145,
0.6228760480880737,
0.1454799622297287,
-0.4825573265552521,
-0.3269422650337219,
0.26907697319984436,
0.35384196043014526,
-0.22316934168338776,
0.5464176535606384,
-0.5388619303703308,
0.465813547372818,
-0.7046428918838501,
0.46830254793167114,
-0.04109131917357445,
-0.14537249505519867,
-0.28275224566459656,
-0.12434680759906769,
0.3213746249675751,
-0.5053355693817139,
-0.12900127470493317,
-0.3620142638683319,
0.17238573729991913,
-0.0948847308754921,
-0.3261162340641022,
0.10231947898864746,
0.0656113475561142,
-0.042238153517246246,
-0.8652150630950928,
0.15656252205371857,
-0.03279104828834534,
-0.5029950737953186,
0.6097334027290344,
0.22947421669960022,
0.049385227262973785,
-0.04778708890080452,
0.2118982970714569,
-0.5484709143638611,
0.05389290675520897,
0.20797567069530487
] |
224165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL | PL | PL, P.L., Pl, or .pl may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
Government and political
Partit Laburista, a Maltese political party
Liberal Party (Moldova), a Moldovan political party
Liberal Party (Rwanda), a Rwandan political party
Parlamentarische Linke, a parliamentary caucus in Germany
Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (Bosnian: Patriotska Liga), a military organisation of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Philippine Legislature, a legislature that existed in the Philippines from 1907 to 1935
Progressive Labor Party (United States), a United States communist party
Sports leagues
Pacific League, one of the two leagues in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball
Pioneer Baseball League, a Rookie league in Minor League Baseball
Pioneer Football League, NCAA FCS conference
Premier League, the top English football league
Other businesses and organizations
Airstars Airways (IATA airline designator PL, 2000–2011)
Aeroperú (IATA airline designator PL, 1973–1999)
Papillion-La Vista Senior High School in Papillion, Nebraska, USA
Public library, a library maintained by government for public use
Professional Limited Liability Company, a limited liability company organized for the purpose of providing professional services
Places
PL postcode area, UK, a group of postcode districts in England
Poland (ISO 3166-1 country code)
Religion
PL Kyodan, a religious movement founded in Japan in the early 20th century
Patrologia Latina, a collection of Catholic writings published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855
Science, technology, and mathematics
Chemistry
Pyridoxal, one form of vitamin B6
Pulchellidin (Pl), an anthocyanidin
Phospholipid, a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes
Computing and telecommunications
File formats
.pl, common filename suffix for Perl scripts
.pl, common filename suffix for Prolog programs
.pl, common filename suffix for TeX font property lists
Programming
Programming language
PL/C, an instructional dialect of the PL/I computer programming language, developed at Cornell University in the 1970s
PL/I, a computer programming language developed in the 1960s
PL/SQL, Oracle's procedural language extension (inception in 1995)
PL/pgSQL, PostgreSQL's procedural language extension (inception 1998)
Telecommunication and networking
.pl, country code top-level domain for Poland
PL tone, a kind of squelching of an audio signal
Packet loss, one of the three main error types encountered in digital communications
Path loss, in telecommunication engineering
Presentation layer, one of the seven layers in the OSI model of computer networking
Digital Private Line, another form of tone squelching
Mathematics
Piecewise linear (disambiguation), in mathematics
Propositional logic, a system of evaluating truth-based propositions in terms of binary logic
PL (complexity), in complexity theory
Other uses in science and technology
Ice pellets (METAR weather code PL), a form of precipitation
Picolitre (pL), and petaliter (PL), units of volume
Pluto, a dwarf planet
Photoluminescence, the re-emission of photons from a surface following exposure
Pierre Levasseur (aircraft builder), a French aircraft designer
Plastic limit, in geotechnical engineering
Other uses
Platoon leader, in the US Army
Plural, in grammar
Polish language (ISO 639-1 code "pl")
Private label, an arrangement between companies regarding the exclusive sale of goods
Public law
Public liability | [
0.04941810294985771,
0.20305310189723969,
0.252623587846756,
0.3100276291370392,
-0.21342705190181732,
0.577616274356842,
-0.48955726623535156,
0.15464183688163757,
-0.3285471200942993,
-0.2705737352371216,
-0.39512205123901367,
-0.10996707528829575,
0.14096097648143768,
0.5522331595420837,
0.4043700098991394,
0.5951253175735474,
-0.12539412081241608,
0.45683640241622925,
0.5191724896430969,
-0.471118301153183,
0.2890464961528778,
0.3231252431869507,
0.4448689818382263,
-0.7367446422576904,
-0.5377746820449829,
-0.4717061221599579,
0.10438653081655502,
0.26354148983955383,
-0.39297178387641907,
0.16892242431640625,
-0.5081184506416321,
0.5470841526985168,
-0.35657668113708496,
0.20127837359905243,
0.2839616537094116,
-0.43836554884910583,
0.16277733445167542,
-0.16867780685424805,
0.39766597747802734,
0.008172732777893543,
0.36388322710990906,
-0.46078166365623474,
-0.17304271459579468,
0.28531405329704285,
0.07167613506317139,
-0.21853208541870117,
-1.1097660064697266,
0.30845582485198975,
-0.8222842812538147,
0.5837981700897217,
-0.5280923247337341,
0.04672421142458916,
0.5154648423194885,
0.21848908066749573,
-0.7153135538101196,
0.6861634850502014,
-0.7808521389961243,
-0.15574614703655243,
0.3711593747138977,
0.588746190071106,
-0.1428113877773285,
0.3170852065086365,
0.4731821119785309,
0.16185280680656433,
0.8590787053108215,
-0.07626526802778244,
-0.33165618777275085,
0.5910035967826843,
-0.22632181644439697,
-0.2705107033252716,
0.11651908606290817,
-0.11073559522628784,
0.38709577918052673,
0.9557060599327087,
-0.02730645053088665,
-0.331361323595047,
0.11716676503419876,
0.03365626558661461,
0.23862266540527344,
0.279283344745636,
0.3791502118110657,
0.5699093341827393,
0.7358896136283875,
0.10482975840568542,
0.7752293944358826,
0.27643752098083496,
0.027274781838059425,
-0.22804759442806244,
-0.41426610946655273,
0.11419790983200073,
0.28632962703704834,
-0.046369850635528564,
0.4424554407596588,
-0.18013545870780945,
-0.12039626389741898,
0.11463522166013718,
-0.16760723292827606,
0.0803510993719101,
-0.16422384977340698,
-0.4836023449897766,
-0.3626619279384613,
0.5972104668617249,
0.06522367894649506,
-0.16983644664287567,
-0.6946120262145996,
-0.3585040867328644,
-0.3610360324382782,
-0.630838930606842,
0.04772784188389778,
-0.6029101610183716,
-0.0969768613576889,
0.5023401975631714,
-0.5174437761306763,
-0.09332126379013062,
-0.07178753614425659,
0.17820194363594055,
0.8604114055633545,
-0.5274045467376709,
0.24608449637889862,
0.17295998334884644,
0.06225811690092087,
0.326351135969162,
-0.003977724350988865,
-0.20158229768276215,
0.2488854080438614,
0.6956796646118164,
0.7590799331665039,
0.16273453831672668,
0.4446171224117279,
0.45242011547088623,
0.10385381430387497,
1.1367257833480835,
-0.3468444049358368,
-0.20328845083713531,
0.3385879397392273,
-0.4830213487148285,
-0.1200074553489685,
0.22316820919513702,
0.10865486413240433,
-0.38928502798080444,
-1.0304193496704102,
-0.18708014488220215,
-0.5865912437438965,
-0.10131196677684784,
0.5681081414222717,
0.050565559417009354,
0.05510164052248001,
-0.040614474564790726,
-0.002748724538832903,
0.0673099085688591,
0.2561604678630829,
-0.4203595519065857,
0.0375690795481205,
-0.007546734996140003,
-0.3208661377429962,
0.39821717143058777,
0.5497997403144836,
-0.2705831527709961,
0.1910284161567688,
0.5694842338562012,
0.5015884637832642,
-0.17492739856243134,
-0.16622503101825714,
0.005032153334468603,
-0.32315632700920105,
-0.3689954876899719,
0.5627661943435669,
0.4765722155570984,
0.04094013199210167,
0.1548304259777069,
-0.6350134611129761,
-0.4542825222015381,
-0.21320097148418427,
-0.06475763022899628,
0.4721125066280365,
0.13905173540115356,
0.19749033451080322,
0.13554596900939941,
0.4208083152770996,
0.2341414839029312,
-0.30998894572257996,
0.3352348804473877,
-0.39733824133872986,
-0.30025139451026917,
-0.09557324647903442,
-0.350968599319458,
0.4820338189601898,
0.1697489619255066,
-0.09796545654535294,
0.008521624840795994,
-0.34267035126686096,
-0.6379110813140869,
0.2370656281709671,
0.09744271636009216,
0.864433765411377,
-0.026499589905142784,
-0.8632109761238098,
-0.2455846071243286,
0.32375288009643555,
0.5445411801338196,
-0.3240583837032318,
-0.0754857212305069,
0.4803270697593689,
-0.10908401757478714,
-0.3535579442977905,
1.118817925453186,
0.2242371141910553,
-0.355336457490921,
0.03404558077454567,
0.12986664474010468,
-0.18483029305934906,
-0.12416797131299973,
0.37188607454299927,
-0.36426201462745667,
-0.1039099171757698,
-0.8432490229606628,
0.31334787607192993,
-0.18196745216846466,
0.46950075030326843,
0.15640409290790558,
0.5151437520980835,
-0.6101922988891602,
0.1837916076183319,
0.9887262582778931,
-0.8311614394187927,
0.5522792339324951,
0.25199252367019653,
0.7044583559036255,
0.3443487286567688,
-0.5686206817626953,
-0.27451610565185547,
0.05357544869184494,
-0.27228569984436035,
0.15302197635173798,
-0.8170352578163147,
0.8240463733673096,
-0.24422068893909454,
-0.2887538969516754,
0.45149847865104675,
0.0725288838148117,
0.11465679109096527,
0.23981016874313354,
0.3002341687679291,
0.09791481494903564,
0.15007366240024567,
0.09999457746744156,
-0.28555479645729065,
-0.16160929203033447,
0.006327090319246054,
-0.34691110253334045,
-0.2762219309806824,
0.0835251659154892,
-0.5284897089004517,
-0.5077612400054932,
0.041899316012859344,
-0.2073422521352768,
0.7093350887298584,
-0.5088909864425659,
0.18952620029449463,
0.05232011154294014,
-0.5357611179351807,
-0.20431935787200928,
0.13461634516716003,
0.31799623370170593,
-0.002691744826734066,
-1.0806653499603271,
-0.7372693419456482,
-0.7599548101425171,
0.027924954891204834,
0.5931639075279236,
0.3801647424697876,
-0.15981920063495636,
-0.13618773221969604,
-1.170434594154358,
0.18900002539157867,
0.07175270467996597,
-0.41835373640060425,
0.13684876263141632,
-0.6315190196037292,
-0.8289369344711304,
0.5025016665458679,
-0.13562054932117462,
0.48564115166664124,
0.2343061864376068,
0.09964156150817871,
0.018101602792739868,
0.38791924715042114,
-0.2786307632923126,
0.03086824342608452,
-0.654619038105011,
0.05694884434342384,
0.14514321088790894,
-0.2647430896759033,
0.2976374924182892,
0.11887612193822861,
0.3146904408931732,
-0.3339441120624542,
-0.2493998408317566,
-0.1565026342868805,
-0.2415211796760559,
-0.388736367225647,
0.6233863234519958,
0.08576231449842453,
-0.23669935762882233,
0.036837778985500336,
0.0827997624874115,
0.25653091073036194,
0.2954045236110687,
-5.563294410705566,
0.2569279074668884,
-0.8613566160202026,
-0.016225658357143402,
-0.3040577471256256,
-0.23951002955436707,
0.36757993698120117,
-0.25986871123313904,
0.026133159175515175,
0.028864333406090736,
-0.32215848565101624,
0.0183344017714262,
-0.03418995067477226,
0.8165505528450012,
0.795162558555603,
0.6145482063293457,
0.5479764342308044,
0.4098896384239197,
0.04671768844127655,
0.10874094814062119,
-0.11202871054410934,
-0.09619207680225372,
0.2730601727962494,
-0.17190851271152496,
0.8961447477340698,
0.749625563621521,
0.13990089297294617,
-0.18704375624656677,
-0.6568899750709534,
0.05274397134780884,
0.07989012449979782,
-0.6614821553230286,
-0.03453918173909187,
-0.009225817397236824,
-0.030149096623063087,
-0.13213801383972168,
0.9063796997070312,
0.03592121601104736,
0.34733274579048157,
-0.17284363508224487,
0.019191769883036613,
0.42946723103523254,
0.2592982351779938,
-0.058482713997364044,
-0.04249808192253113,
-0.2145887017250061,
-0.05663333460688591,
-0.09976140409708023,
-0.2275884449481964,
0.15056589245796204,
0.018580365926027298,
-0.14608202874660492,
0.4881780743598938,
0.3138284981250763,
0.35151493549346924,
-0.1464487910270691,
0.6137682795524597,
-0.5345060229301453,
-0.5464672446250916,
0.4622080624103546,
1.36548912525177,
-0.5162210464477539,
0.4686996638774872,
-0.016656169667840004,
-0.17750832438468933,
-0.34961798787117004,
-0.10595228523015976,
0.05636925622820854,
0.16525380313396454,
0.1605716496706009,
0.11722113192081451,
-0.08839062601327896,
0.2735944986343384,
-0.6318209767341614,
-0.23756210505962372,
-0.48713138699531555,
-0.7310265302658081,
0.27092427015304565,
0.12293703854084015,
-0.26304855942726135,
-0.4879455268383026,
-0.25639134645462036,
-0.7123485207557678,
0.8421652913093567,
-0.054106052964925766,
0.14132997393608093,
-0.4488923251628876,
0.0041667139157652855,
-0.3272705078125,
-0.35043200850486755,
0.3568374812602997,
-0.5414365530014038,
0.6189104914665222,
0.3181692361831665,
-0.5580672025680542,
-0.11291934549808502,
1.1886845827102661,
0.12808188796043396,
0.10716722160577774,
-0.48650097846984863,
0.29051369428634644,
-0.35127586126327515,
-0.5335595011711121,
-0.2575496733188629,
-0.4301808774471283,
-0.2165537178516388,
-0.5338131189346313,
0.010159607045352459,
0.20204317569732666,
-0.08030129224061966,
0.04240381717681885,
-0.05853399261832237,
0.29711711406707764,
-0.5218682289123535,
0.9469920992851257,
0.050932954996824265,
-0.47947221994400024,
0.4974156618118286,
0.08928859233856201,
-0.17309421300888062,
-0.06620237231254578,
0.4186994135379791,
-0.4377690255641937,
0.08642139285802841,
-0.28257399797439575,
-0.13909465074539185,
0.22106850147247314,
-0.40736451745033264,
-0.9812569618225098,
0.04365189000964165,
0.2387164980173111,
0.3896079957485199,
0.1702110320329666,
-0.4605785310268402,
-0.16552749276161194,
-0.7744392156600952,
-0.40350013971328735,
0.5066698789596558,
0.4007215201854706,
-0.21181178092956543,
0.19929850101470947,
0.4040980041027069,
-0.21165931224822998,
0.30225586891174316,
-0.06807718425989151,
0.3455216884613037,
0.008350880816578865,
0.3637489080429077,
-0.827650785446167,
0.6038312315940857,
-0.061514705419540405,
-0.9896087646484375,
0.6270384788513184,
-0.015870386734604836,
0.014934452250599861,
-0.2615371346473694,
0.2983551025390625,
0.2976299226284027,
0.025389203801751137,
-0.33251699805259705,
-0.10946560651063919,
-0.058539994060993195,
-0.5573701858520508,
0.23887884616851807,
0.05199360102415085,
-1.1875560283660889,
-0.17677992582321167,
0.27565881609916687,
-0.7542343139648438,
0.23363149166107178,
-0.13120535016059875,
-0.31565219163894653,
-0.7373374700546265,
-0.08061572909355164,
0.22244875133037567,
0.23148734867572784,
0.10497590154409409,
-0.04593626782298088,
-0.1281220018863678,
-0.017902228981256485,
-0.005244671367108822,
-0.2722444236278534,
0.10423456132411957,
0.8325768709182739,
0.3726511597633362,
0.18854299187660217,
0.0012012880761176348,
0.0811447873711586,
-0.11729378253221512,
0.6417258977890015,
0.07062134891748428,
-0.06592221558094025,
0.4898011088371277,
0.26935631036758423,
-0.5801013708114624,
-0.2925402820110321,
0.4055534303188324,
0.5170959234237671,
-0.40015551447868347,
-0.17383569478988647,
0.47036460041999817,
1.0613800287246704,
-0.11191771924495697,
0.6136397123336792,
0.3258810043334961,
-0.637240469455719,
0.4024423062801361,
0.35401731729507446,
-0.281391441822052,
0.12765555083751678,
-0.05455245077610016,
-0.31142914295196533,
0.10128769278526306,
0.367038369178772,
-0.522769033908844,
0.3300907015800476,
0.5524247884750366,
-0.03104384057223797,
-0.533177375793457,
-0.39468538761138916,
0.4132815897464752,
-0.42006033658981323,
-0.5042628049850464,
-0.683628261089325,
-0.6899768114089966,
0.06534985452890396,
0.19054554402828217,
-0.2538721561431885,
0.4482538402080536,
-0.7841576337814331,
0.015569889917969704,
-0.3579678237438202,
0.05546099320054054,
0.49186939001083374,
0.5360768437385559,
-0.0816274955868721,
-0.9950200319290161,
0.5041506290435791,
-0.06256785988807678,
-0.09194622933864594,
0.04890058934688568,
-0.7311255931854248,
-0.4383715093135834,
-0.6012738943099976,
-0.8054393529891968,
0.19545906782150269,
0.22643524408340454,
-0.2339959740638733,
-0.7006025910377502,
0.20007984340190887,
-0.43847084045410156,
-0.7860116958618164,
-0.33467626571655273,
-0.1987191140651703,
1.282265543937683,
0.2642398476600647,
0.2666286826133728,
-0.10163846611976624,
-0.04586163908243179,
0.41808566451072693,
-0.44586050510406494,
0.036310844123363495,
-0.6295552849769592,
0.8186302185058594,
0.4755670726299286,
0.5023677349090576,
-0.15047363936901093,
0.41299423575401306,
0.051953211426734924,
-0.1290757656097412,
-0.6553367376327515,
-0.04470360279083252,
-0.3995870053768158,
0.5512511134147644,
-0.7777379155158997,
-0.3566434681415558,
0.12802235782146454,
-0.116707444190979,
0.09241660684347153,
-0.03110460191965103,
-0.14535847306251526,
0.5607317686080933,
0.4321381151676178,
0.33628666400909424,
-0.24111220240592957,
-0.443864643573761,
-0.34816014766693115,
0.7434698343276978,
-0.52257239818573,
0.421366810798645,
0.10223616659641266,
-0.0771254450082779,
-0.6613212823867798,
0.318778395652771,
0.43101879954338074,
0.3197477161884308,
-0.054118745028972626,
-0.01562452781945467,
-0.3435983955860138,
0.33942845463752747,
-0.788862407207489,
0.5709782838821411,
0.17118866741657257,
0.28934356570243835,
1.1106476783752441,
0.25143855810165405,
0.08884648233652115,
-0.1622798591852188,
0.1512608826160431,
0.10875742882490158,
0.2846266031265259,
0.024608943611383438,
0.4033518135547638,
0.26053836941719055,
-0.37583836913108826,
0.06629103422164917,
-0.22659832239151,
-0.20570343732833862,
0.00987817533314228,
0.15212102234363556,
0.19141878187656403,
0.07630383968353271,
0.8239395618438721,
-0.2040960192680359,
-0.3422173261642456,
0.4701140522956848,
-0.32194453477859497,
-0.5336088538169861,
0.7319924235343933,
-0.49084344506263733,
0.30323535203933716,
0.29185137152671814,
-0.9832721948623657,
0.27015429735183716,
0.254819393157959,
-0.4569408595561981,
-0.09525048732757568,
-0.04114069789648056,
-0.09075239300727844,
0.4726663827896118,
0.0877363309264183,
0.18906301259994507,
-0.21366293728351593,
-0.27693572640419006,
-0.11052869260311127,
0.13329610228538513,
-0.185780331492424,
-0.3716265857219696,
-0.4342268407344818,
0.10770633816719055,
-0.21048353612422943,
0.3353726267814636,
0.3663671612739563,
-0.10163304209709167,
-0.32452109456062317,
-0.34720996022224426,
-0.5378318428993225,
0.06874974071979523,
-0.22375021874904633,
-0.7755628824234009,
0.3777555227279663,
0.3528119921684265,
-0.07261821627616882,
0.1444900780916214,
-0.1083788052201271,
-0.085261769592762,
0.4452745020389557,
0.024439282715320587,
-0.130814328789711,
0.3503657877445221,
0.3034372925758362,
0.4193600118160248,
0.07575524598360062,
0.601349413394928,
-0.12126461416482925,
-0.44566968083381653,
0.21522337198257446,
0.1318875253200531,
-0.3548343777656555,
-0.20216965675354004,
-0.368779718875885,
-0.13095922768115997,
-0.10626601427793503,
-0.565421462059021,
0.47653359174728394,
0.1348717361688614,
-0.33912551403045654,
0.030752526596188545,
0.21589472889900208,
0.097906693816185,
0.10749906301498413,
-0.30667874217033386,
0.12615174055099487,
0.23208831250667572,
-1.0792527198791504,
-0.30165985226631165,
-0.2924548387527466,
0.6036209464073181,
0.28402620553970337,
-0.06164207309484482,
-0.19308927655220032,
0.20800720155239105,
-0.21367844939231873,
0.3870962858200073,
-0.26899611949920654,
-0.2737894356250763,
-0.547005295753479,
-0.023475533351302147,
-0.5502012968063354,
-0.03398286923766136,
0.023979520425200462,
-0.10134534537792206,
0.02767486311495304,
0.6095032691955566,
-0.19768352806568146,
0.036593083292245865,
-0.00566830113530159,
-0.5975751876831055,
0.17115217447280884,
-0.32301065325737,
-0.6425696611404419,
-0.5551667213439941,
0.12863731384277344,
0.7300558090209961,
-0.2717913091182709,
0.030076773837208748,
-0.15684430301189423,
0.3908056914806366,
-0.16931742429733276,
-0.048182934522628784,
-0.6354265809059143,
0.34038645029067993,
-0.38613441586494446,
0.5072763562202454,
0.5238253474235535,
0.5250584483146667,
0.2884017527103424,
0.23598071932792664,
-0.3558167815208435,
-0.36446788907051086,
-0.7189391851425171,
-0.26089492440223694,
0.3496406078338623,
0.2665204405784607,
-2.302262783050537,
-0.21142569184303284,
0.009563916362822056,
-0.2807924449443817,
-0.4224887788295746,
0.012904247269034386,
0.3406021296977997,
0.45382359623908997,
0.4818384051322937,
-0.13500891625881195,
-0.03688711300492287,
-0.3002430498600006,
0.22697003185749054,
-0.27418678998947144,
0.48449936509132385,
0.7399858236312866
] |
224166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NL | NL | NL may stand for:
Businesses and organizations
National League, one of two leagues in Major League Baseball
Shaheen Air (IATA airline designator: NL)
Computing
.nl, the Internet country code top-level domain for the Netherlands
NL (complexity), a computational complexity class
nl (format), a file format for presenting mathematical programming problems
nl (Unix), a Unix utility for numbering lines
Newline, a special character in computing signifying the end of a line of text
Places
Nagaland, a state of India
Netherlands (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code: NL)
Newfoundland and Labrador, a Canadian Province
North Lanarkshire, a council area of Scotland
Nuevo León, a northeastern Mexican state abbreviation
Other uses
Dutch language (ISO 639-2 alpha-2 language code: nl)
No liability, an Australian form of limited liability company | [
0.2929534614086151,
-0.4311594069004059,
-0.3115794360637665,
-0.0263679139316082,
-0.08945073932409286,
0.05063445866107941,
-0.33001023530960083,
0.460035115480423,
-0.5844566226005554,
-0.3112736940383911,
-0.11445331573486328,
0.4713379740715027,
-0.2782415747642517,
0.0727955773472786,
0.006045698653906584,
0.5914726257324219,
0.05679997801780701,
0.6107725501060486,
-0.17033062875270844,
-0.3168751299381256,
-0.7300364375114441,
-0.26529765129089355,
0.13040287792682648,
-0.42897188663482666,
0.21826890110969543,
-0.21934984624385834,
-0.24291443824768066,
0.15065895020961761,
-0.3145977854728699,
0.4577963650226593,
-0.2221078723669052,
-0.03549177199602127,
0.018551407381892204,
0.23556745052337646,
0.02076660841703415,
-0.2593573033809662,
-0.08808853477239609,
-0.22693848609924316,
0.04213796183466911,
-0.4072514474391937,
0.17587225139141083,
-0.4485704004764557,
-0.1251816600561142,
0.17044104635715485,
-0.5731143355369568,
-0.3646596372127533,
-1.2883356809616089,
0.3656478524208069,
-0.24889898300170898,
0.5760544538497925,
-0.029824968427419662,
-0.193845734000206,
-0.30244702100753784,
0.5393738746643066,
-0.036992866545915604,
0.5581803917884827,
0.054008640348911285,
0.13647016882896423,
-0.06967264413833618,
-0.39489635825157166,
0.52440345287323,
0.0483199842274189,
-0.029723111540079117,
0.4466516971588135,
0.5746174454689026,
0.10667550563812256,
0.09352787584066391,
0.32504764199256897,
-0.7302044630050659,
-0.5193895101547241,
-0.1459689438343048,
-0.16753990948200226,
-0.29406750202178955,
-0.15203852951526642,
0.13436512649059296,
-0.033696360886096954,
0.015174301341176033,
-0.047522567212581635,
-0.3345450460910797,
0.36846575140953064,
-0.4961067736148834,
0.4320181608200073,
0.3933725655078888,
0.06039002165198326,
0.42205649614334106,
-0.14812831580638885,
-0.568068265914917,
0.5539669394493103,
-0.006497775670140982,
-0.14284904301166534,
0.9807149171829224,
-0.2564707100391388,
0.47524476051330566,
-0.5117568373680115,
-0.14808060228824615,
-0.12357211112976074,
0.2166769653558731,
-0.2020283192396164,
0.13364747166633606,
-0.5694560408592224,
-0.4766836166381836,
-0.07214444875717163,
0.02775566838681698,
-0.011248624883592129,
-0.8881527185440063,
0.15759031474590302,
0.21410569548606873,
-0.3185907304286957,
0.5656704902648926,
0.05133172124624252,
-0.18061944842338562,
0.32684797048568726,
0.5485213994979858,
0.038890574127435684,
-0.21290455758571625,
0.024652719497680664,
0.28207701444625854,
-0.38194969296455383,
0.06215204671025276,
0.18747377395629883,
-0.06043655425310135,
0.27385735511779785,
0.22140149772167206,
-0.1219317615032196,
0.36100438237190247,
0.0287043284624815,
0.4987313449382782,
0.3538811504840851,
-0.031244926154613495,
-0.5007238388061523,
0.2567366361618042,
0.37260371446609497,
-0.3109315037727356,
0.11264590173959732,
0.09560956060886383,
-0.09397406131029129,
-0.759768009185791,
0.06169889122247696,
0.829581618309021,
-0.06758014112710953,
-0.9744179844856262,
0.08911540359258652,
-0.33219021558761597,
-0.20821146667003632,
0.021815622225403786,
-0.12171769142150879,
-0.03188648447394371,
-0.32323840260505676,
-0.551055371761322,
-0.10866693407297134,
0.20031322538852692,
-0.26474446058273315,
0.3364098370075226,
0.20859239995479584,
-0.008616313338279724,
0.25922098755836487,
0.5837610363960266,
0.022051718086004257,
0.0991007462143898,
0.30479127168655396,
-0.1034378632903099,
-0.0534168966114521,
-0.2871658205986023,
0.037005551159381866,
-0.3340604901313782,
-0.01942908950150013,
0.08496380597352982,
0.1736145168542862,
-0.004887193441390991,
-0.13620302081108093,
-0.08780579268932343,
-0.5803475975990295,
0.7364915013313293,
0.36352187395095825,
-0.1923328936100006,
0.11967090517282486,
0.20575560629367828,
-0.13775278627872467,
0.8164364695549011,
0.12029991298913956,
-0.5020310282707214,
0.003218692494556308,
0.3941814601421356,
-0.13208775222301483,
0.26447322964668274,
-0.4517405331134796,
0.09642792493104935,
-0.008945937268435955,
0.2974627912044525,
-0.04614803194999695,
0.016663575544953346,
-0.5292668342590332,
-0.30869024991989136,
-0.660899817943573,
0.5982164144515991,
-0.11643528193235397,
-0.5096092820167542,
1.0581002235412598,
0.10889513790607452,
0.11838211119174957,
-0.0006424251478165388,
-0.10703036934137344,
0.26017463207244873,
-0.375431627035141,
-0.628516435623169,
0.7194143533706665,
0.2905939817428589,
0.03500216454267502,
-0.006145254243165255,
-0.08293620496988297,
0.6260215044021606,
-0.0065657091327011585,
0.2869454324245453,
-0.6423379182815552,
0.28417518734931946,
-0.4330950081348419,
-0.2646227478981018,
0.46516555547714233,
-0.006979463621973991,
0.31406304240226746,
0.9114423990249634,
-0.7590650916099548,
0.12604425847530365,
0.1139649897813797,
-0.12377201020717621,
0.8399224281311035,
-0.02776479907333851,
0.2940050959587097,
0.41995951533317566,
-0.1507737785577774,
0.13137274980545044,
-0.7103577256202698,
-0.24277999997138977,
-0.5245782136917114,
-0.4271060526371002,
0.04513680189847946,
0.5952386856079102,
0.14072534441947937,
0.39794644713401794,
-0.20346882939338684,
-0.2787800431251526,
0.2928674817085266,
-0.33086660504341125,
0.22730854153633118,
-0.039329491555690765,
-0.4251503646373749,
-0.31853416562080383,
-0.4248829782009125,
0.4008215069770813,
-0.15408943593502045,
-0.06165197864174843,
0.2036145180463791,
-0.25600284337997437,
-0.19547998905181885,
-0.05294319614768028,
0.11582499742507935,
-0.16341274976730347,
0.2645939886569977,
0.7853371500968933,
0.038891904056072235,
-0.3578496277332306,
0.10270384699106216,
-0.14627975225448608,
0.3429422080516815,
-0.3615961968898773,
-0.6116928458213806,
-0.615125834941864,
0.16598907113075256,
0.2793163061141968,
0.22483767569065094,
0.4942329227924347,
0.41602665185928345,
-0.1520591378211975,
-0.34963274002075195,
-0.12301274389028549,
-0.19670455157756805,
0.5257009267807007,
0.3437489867210388,
-0.32091283798217773,
-0.7930657863616943,
-0.20313791930675507,
-0.01902742311358452,
0.770098865032196,
-0.1598219871520996,
0.28788357973098755,
-0.32723546028137207,
-0.16249069571495056,
-0.5045418739318848,
-0.04621417075395584,
-0.35806170105934143,
-0.11649000644683838,
0.030155230313539505,
-0.2549231946468353,
0.2206926792860031,
0.45954886078834534,
-0.0033813496120274067,
0.10081885755062103,
0.15825480222702026,
-0.06991446763277054,
-0.28724244236946106,
-0.8012927770614624,
-0.15381260216236115,
-0.514683187007904,
-0.5091478824615479,
0.3757544457912445,
-0.06707801669836044,
-0.1533742994070053,
-0.08473606407642365,
-6.144206523895264,
0.4889565706253052,
-0.3398973047733307,
-0.08434443920850754,
0.36030182242393494,
-0.2937762439250946,
0.35453367233276367,
-0.007235039956867695,
0.06720723956823349,
-0.09899041056632996,
0.14767979085445404,
-0.06792902201414108,
-0.1854044795036316,
-0.00016544930986128747,
0.023482536897063255,
0.49631646275520325,
0.44803375005722046,
-0.007161100395023823,
-0.3842112421989441,
-0.054284874349832535,
-0.2024461328983307,
0.28862109780311584,
0.35774070024490356,
0.4833735227584839,
0.3599623739719391,
0.4876959025859833,
-0.00756109831854701,
-0.4038228690624237,
-0.0781950131058693,
-0.1449616402387619,
0.015611239708960056,
-0.04513498395681381,
0.14829474687576294,
0.20102433860301971,
-0.17449311912059784,
-0.7411181330680847,
0.5702895522117615,
-0.3205597698688507,
0.5376290082931519,
-0.1792769730091095,
-0.12771542370319366,
0.5384970903396606,
-0.1036514937877655,
-0.5916999578475952,
0.19658593833446503,
-0.02931993082165718,
-0.3427123427391052,
-0.19127213954925537,
-0.05704581364989281,
0.2269081324338913,
-0.18102137744426727,
0.1259196251630783,
-0.020486369729042053,
-0.2269030064344406,
0.5917869210243225,
-0.4836589992046356,
-0.012449938803911209,
-0.03425276279449463,
-0.25460126996040344,
-0.10223980993032455,
0.37601831555366516,
-0.21959544718265533,
-0.11471443623304367,
-0.5010645389556885,
-0.22472648322582245,
-0.4209882915019989,
-0.29751279950141907,
-0.5706402659416199,
0.9498748779296875,
0.11125212162733078,
-0.20057842135429382,
-0.11430833488702774,
0.385124146938324,
-0.5244513154029846,
0.15470315515995026,
-0.28100264072418213,
0.006508104503154755,
-0.020975586026906967,
0.055187176913022995,
-0.060841042548418045,
-0.6711447238922119,
-0.32626423239707947,
-0.557726263999939,
-0.25109973549842834,
-0.3407718539237976,
-0.41981977224349976,
0.028719056397676468,
0.4579505920410156,
-0.15631240606307983,
-0.03998592495918274,
1.244381070137024,
-0.08840745687484741,
0.7083998918533325,
0.33548566699028015,
-0.013977072201669216,
0.14417637884616852,
0.10448891669511795,
0.15363338589668274,
-0.12068583071231842,
0.02223471738398075,
0.5050451755523682,
-0.4194026291370392,
-0.3699987530708313,
-0.7185545563697815,
-0.1714012175798416,
-0.04409106820821762,
-0.1923426240682602,
-0.023046238347887993,
1.2944271564483643,
-0.30987152457237244,
-0.09136892855167389,
0.4440109133720398,
-0.03583477437496185,
-0.5038431882858276,
0.11404777318239212,
-0.2492896020412445,
-0.41725820302963257,
0.39699268341064453,
0.2735312283039093,
-0.07547364383935928,
0.3211299777030945,
0.6214937567710876,
0.06849667429924011,
-0.4016183018684387,
-0.21213792264461517,
-0.026580896228551865,
0.2960207462310791,
-0.11388330161571503,
0.24959906935691833,
-0.25023964047431946,
0.5641482472419739,
0.4031652808189392,
0.5574079155921936,
-0.1363302618265152,
-0.0627717450261116,
0.3891783654689789,
-0.5059821009635925,
0.2058963030576706,
0.09350117295980453,
-0.4430144131183624,
0.20244497060775757,
0.005006988998502493,
0.1984281688928604,
0.19954988360404968,
0.06857052445411682,
0.34873145818710327,
0.11506497859954834,
-0.11067356914281845,
-0.025741245597600937,
0.27438250184059143,
0.4760889410972595,
-0.21984145045280457,
0.7916237711906433,
-0.02748434990644455,
-0.3228903114795685,
0.009139216504991055,
0.15516601502895355,
-0.09196136146783829,
-0.3042600452899933,
-0.17695048451423645,
-0.10949714481830597,
0.007724757771939039,
-1.0179314613342285,
0.23790904879570007,
0.5742472410202026,
-0.7170251607894897,
-0.10106264054775238,
0.007362977601587772,
-0.11779796332120895,
0.6520477533340454,
0.15132689476013184,
-0.4067704677581787,
-0.5372421145439148,
-0.18366192281246185,
-0.23494915664196014,
0.34922951459884644,
0.5367017984390259,
-0.055764272809028625,
-0.3918062150478363,
0.5512893199920654,
0.27772393822669983,
-0.40736880898475647,
-0.34566280245780945,
0.27496546506881714,
0.17544884979724884,
-0.5343603491783142,
0.2844991385936737,
0.24765555560588837,
-0.01853587105870247,
0.37286457419395447,
0.12587031722068787,
-0.06842270493507385,
0.18323446810245514,
0.14777280390262604,
-0.4190821349620819,
0.2615225613117218,
0.014064060524106026,
0.7769225239753723,
-0.3482053875923157,
-0.0010824319906532764,
0.053053367882966995,
0.21283327043056488,
-0.8439463376998901,
-0.8349804282188416,
-0.4201240539550781,
-0.6436423659324646,
0.17294615507125854,
-0.46968090534210205,
0.19766977429389954,
0.08401238918304443,
-0.42893490195274353,
-0.06722575426101685,
0.06831146776676178,
-0.3177799582481384,
0.29137367010116577,
0.11182426661252975,
-0.24969032406806946,
-0.14454172551631927,
-0.36379241943359375,
-0.7484786510467529,
0.2564857602119446,
-0.203311488032341,
0.028313761577010155,
-0.029571736231446266,
0.01924007572233677,
0.26196399331092834,
-0.09858009219169617,
-0.26903194189071655,
0.09765104204416275,
-0.10822702199220657,
0.16063420474529266,
-0.30983200669288635,
-0.3259250521659851,
0.4399239718914032,
0.06638747453689575,
-0.17650270462036133,
0.13068503141403198,
0.17266003787517548,
0.4097405970096588,
-0.2357380986213684,
0.5244452953338623,
0.30458036065101624,
-0.3411523401737213,
-0.4336719214916229,
-0.15871550142765045,
0.3865644037723541,
0.26983198523521423,
-0.7199504971504211,
-0.6193640828132629,
0.6002271771430969,
0.23522751033306122,
-0.6888965964317322,
-0.5973511934280396,
0.03621358424425125,
0.8092690706253052,
0.057481858879327774,
-0.18990342319011688,
0.40222790837287903,
-0.4339981973171234,
0.2954193949699402,
0.05136989429593086,
-0.20971356332302094,
-0.8399721384048462,
0.32051917910575867,
-0.11877714097499847,
0.004383760038763285,
-0.5983473062515259,
-0.4560081958770752,
-0.2529919743537903,
-0.4846150577068329,
-0.48201239109039307,
0.5435804128646851,
0.5316082239151001,
0.6545923948287964,
0.5479417443275452,
-0.1723240613937378,
0.31539642810821533,
-0.23426145315170288,
-0.22165745496749878,
-0.09143482148647308,
-0.6892256140708923,
0.06814117729663849,
0.31636542081832886,
0.010080466978251934,
0.18611854314804077,
-0.5772823095321655,
0.0740935429930687,
0.11473830789327621,
-0.5582082867622375,
0.14455749094486237,
-0.008480853401124477,
-0.1792185753583908,
-0.4015986919403076,
-0.10428890585899353,
-0.3542764186859131,
-0.6203360557556152,
0.578758955001831,
0.02369636297225952,
0.2543930113315582,
0.32427653670310974,
-0.6849579215049744,
0.4534865915775299,
0.5320485830307007,
-0.4562777876853943,
0.25538915395736694,
0.09003326296806335,
0.11384802311658859,
-0.1365208923816681,
-0.17777331173419952,
-0.05957897752523422,
0.08381413668394089,
-0.18719281256198883,
0.0362609438598156,
0.657566487789154,
-0.24285127222537994,
0.19054663181304932,
0.014087080955505371,
-0.7841185331344604,
0.2438260167837143,
-0.13573481142520905,
0.2940838038921356,
0.1417866051197052,
-0.07444651424884796,
0.06607745587825775,
-0.4852888286113739,
0.6272267699241638,
-0.16490429639816284,
-0.011255903169512749,
0.613456666469574,
0.13654357194900513,
0.9162461757659912,
-0.31777945160865784,
-0.12362421303987503,
0.10753543674945831,
0.06289249658584595,
-0.44864436984062195,
-0.24851931631565094,
-0.04262934997677803,
-0.3022594749927521,
0.7526546120643616,
0.5061686038970947,
0.44196754693984985,
-0.3769868016242981,
-0.20469871163368225,
0.016186894848942757,
0.1655266284942627,
0.35099175572395325,
-0.13446642458438873,
-0.10158758610486984,
0.038659341633319855,
0.29098793864250183,
-0.34531524777412415,
-0.1283910721540451,
0.028322085738182068,
0.03327644616365433,
-0.24999743700027466,
-0.245158851146698,
-0.35979163646698,
0.05552409589290619,
0.029365230351686478,
0.2153215855360031,
0.5241491198539734,
0.6730435490608215,
0.06453463435173035,
0.006526709068566561,
-0.2996552884578705,
0.4663251042366028,
0.2527594268321991,
0.12654870748519897,
0.10063178092241287,
0.11523326486349106,
0.6124648451805115,
-0.6419508457183838,
-0.1692628562450409,
-0.4352426528930664,
0.40970340371131897,
0.696574866771698,
0.16767562925815582,
-0.19847474992275238,
0.17263315618038177,
0.03370782732963562,
0.08861428499221802,
-0.3837941288948059,
-0.3667803704738617,
0.10908729583024979,
0.07043366879224777,
-0.08795811235904694,
0.14246438443660736,
-0.7040906548500061,
0.44563642144203186,
0.3198762834072113,
-0.49182194471359253,
0.17125530540943146,
0.2843134105205536,
0.08143207430839539,
0.16988468170166016,
-0.12393146753311157,
0.6954740881919861,
0.14601029455661774,
0.22433705627918243,
0.07944538444280624,
-0.022770367562770844,
0.43321236968040466,
0.016877777874469757,
-0.5681024789810181,
-0.4975684583187103,
-0.165723517537117,
-0.0331721305847168,
0.11703593283891678,
0.1076417937874794,
0.6072487831115723,
0.469009131193161,
-0.12805494666099548,
0.29465004801750183,
0.1806878000497818,
-0.16910462081432343,
0.7413002848625183,
-0.12658090889453888,
0.048862554132938385,
-0.22804731130599976,
0.26593995094299316,
-0.39835798740386963,
0.15476340055465698,
0.5441999435424805,
0.036487821489572525,
-0.33219674229621887,
0.6685215830802917,
0.3367990255355835,
-0.4040081799030304,
0.40460723638534546,
-0.4050986170768738,
0.044674333184957504,
-0.7369074821472168,
0.238306924700737,
-0.44674691557884216,
-0.39091816544532776,
-0.2141839861869812,
0.5753619074821472,
0.2983126938343048,
0.050557855516672134,
0.1779790073633194,
-0.1887110322713852,
-0.1183868795633316,
-0.006199575029313564,
0.07678219676017761,
0.30204617977142334,
0.26577261090278625,
-0.08053640276193619,
-0.4393717050552368,
0.08966325223445892,
0.013276811689138412,
-0.2250998467206955,
0.6611880660057068,
0.2563032805919647,
0.14967554807662964,
0.2749346196651459,
0.0871962159872055,
0.02086801826953888,
0.41443055868148804,
0.6268065571784973
] |
224167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD | MD | MD, Md, mD or md may refer to:
Places
Moldova (ISO country code MD)
Maryland (US postal abbreviation MD)
Magdeburg (vehicle plate prefix MD), a city in Germany
Mödling District (vehicle plate prefix MD), in Lower Austria, Austria
People
Muhammad (name) or Mohammed (Md)
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
or (MD or m.d.; "right hand"), in piano scores
Music director
Mini Disc
Other arts, entertainment, and media
MDs (TV series), 2002
, ("Materials and discussions for the analysis of classical texts"), an Italian journal
Brands and enterprises
Air Madagascar, IATA airline code
McDonnell Douglas aircraft model prefix
MD Helicopters
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
Doctor of Medicine
Medial dorsal nucleus, in the thalamus
Muscular dystrophy, diseases
Ménière's disease, a disorder of the inner ear
MD (Ayurveda), a degree in Indian medicine
Computing
.md, Internet top-level domain for Moldova
Markdown (file extension .md), a format
Microdrive, a type of miniature hard drive
mkdir or md, "make directory" command
Multiple device, as in Linux mdadm device driver
Sega Genesis or Mega Drive, a video game console
Other uses in science and technology
Mean absolute difference
Mendelevium (Md), a chemical element
Mesoscale discussion in Storm Prediction Centerssand Weather Prediction Centers
Methyldichloroarsine, a chemical warfare agent
Millidarcy (mD), a unit of fluid permeability
Molecular dynamics
Membrane distillation
Earthquake duration magnitude ()
Other uses
MD, 1500 in Roman numerals
Majority decision, in full-contact combat sports
Managing director, of a company
Marque déposée or trademark in Canada in Unicode subscripts and superscripts
Match Director in International Practical Shooting Confederation match
MDMA, sometimes abbreviated as MD | [
0.46543794870376587,
0.20272275805473328,
0.282800555229187,
0.022875016555190086,
-0.33678945899009705,
0.36876431107521057,
0.32271257042884827,
0.14964520931243896,
-0.3657006621360779,
-0.4993792474269867,
-0.6460113525390625,
-0.06890103220939636,
-0.26225027441978455,
0.39807209372520447,
-0.22323721647262573,
1.063482403755188,
0.016304882243275642,
0.489018976688385,
-0.15404275059700012,
-0.2557409107685089,
-0.16588127613067627,
-0.3238571882247925,
0.30095240473747253,
-0.23825396597385406,
-0.00973279308527708,
-0.004810369107872248,
0.691510021686554,
0.2521097958087921,
-0.4540158212184906,
0.19218122959136963,
0.1505623161792755,
0.3053775727748871,
0.15080934762954712,
0.21194487810134888,
0.20716817677021027,
0.26766082644462585,
0.018516672775149345,
-0.3906746506690979,
0.3599705994129181,
-0.8722434639930725,
0.32030385732650757,
-0.8998468518257141,
0.33864834904670715,
0.14835616946220398,
-0.5064375996589661,
-0.8819655179977417,
-1.3718258142471313,
0.9812129735946655,
-0.5271414518356323,
-0.015490199439227581,
0.07669901847839355,
0.4437805116176605,
0.024195324629545212,
0.6716896295547485,
0.20951907336711884,
0.4837740361690521,
-0.3718876838684082,
-0.7473244071006775,
0.9315919876098633,
-0.16105398535728455,
1.256103515625,
0.06852945685386658,
-0.212688609957695,
0.40326178073883057,
0.09142569452524185,
0.16143693029880524,
0.016051607206463814,
0.2064899504184723,
-0.8104702830314636,
-0.7411954998970032,
-0.43097829818725586,
-0.12544508278369904,
0.017194248735904694,
-0.08293571323156357,
-0.49516263604164124,
-0.05627990886569023,
-0.24893593788146973,
-0.39417821168899536,
-0.006916724611073732,
-0.10993130505084991,
-0.08732239156961441,
-0.23970626294612885,
0.0905337855219841,
-0.1352316290140152,
-0.09321274608373642,
0.36680862307548523,
-0.706030547618866,
-0.03802142292261124,
0.016435641795396805,
0.13094685971736908,
0.21315406262874603,
0.10221270471811295,
0.48949626088142395,
0.21157968044281006,
0.07964321225881577,
-0.33985161781311035,
-0.3086906373500824,
-0.10372456908226013,
0.02427351474761963,
-0.1518198400735855,
0.07458672672510147,
0.11531299352645874,
0.10368680208921432,
0.2693069875240326,
-0.339367151260376,
-0.3985327482223511,
-0.2754744291305542,
0.14087778329849243,
0.24121473729610443,
-0.005184682551771402,
-0.49868932366371155,
0.054648902267217636,
0.11223963648080826,
-0.23205752670764923,
0.049999918788671494,
-0.48915255069732666,
0.10796818882226944,
-0.46941912174224854,
-0.2802516520023346,
0.1891380399465561,
-0.4151412546634674,
0.42516636848449707,
-0.13436640799045563,
-0.28722572326660156,
0.5640547871589661,
-0.2546398639678955,
0.15448856353759766,
0.5039539337158203,
-0.5889514088630676,
0.30750223994255066,
0.22403424978256226,
0.47319427132606506,
-0.22380216419696808,
0.4453536570072174,
0.3756457269191742,
-0.6070151925086975,
-0.1996196210384369,
-0.2706490159034729,
0.14038975536823273,
-0.23973432183265686,
-0.9183766841888428,
-0.25768327713012695,
-0.6773608326911926,
-0.03919855132699013,
-0.029173731803894043,
-0.4659809470176697,
0.12820854783058167,
-0.06806227564811707,
0.05960331857204437,
-0.3035508394241333,
0.1674528270959854,
0.11237984895706177,
-0.4653513431549072,
0.07622895389795303,
0.1472475826740265,
0.4686078727245331,
0.23865428566932678,
-0.13679252564907074,
0.1266065537929535,
0.07799628376960754,
-0.25883132219314575,
0.23441816866397858,
-0.3169199228286743,
0.07304973900318146,
0.044345706701278687,
-0.3720313608646393,
0.1797826588153839,
0.24237637221813202,
-0.23540091514587402,
0.35483604669570923,
-0.7338135838508606,
-0.4511692523956299,
0.1682199090719223,
-0.011991043575108051,
0.02878524735569954,
0.37133270502090454,
0.48415589332580566,
-0.24755623936653137,
0.53606778383255,
0.2310124784708023,
-0.4878118932247162,
0.3413832485675812,
-0.03983211889863014,
0.2101663053035736,
0.29706263542175293,
0.06785024702548981,
0.8842487931251526,
0.03101186454296112,
-0.10149412602186203,
-0.13687585294246674,
-0.07166795432567596,
-0.5136944055557251,
-0.1076645702123642,
0.008617905899882317,
0.862536609172821,
-0.18631234765052795,
-1.0918471813201904,
0.7104020714759827,
-0.40495002269744873,
0.9804440140724182,
-0.22748690843582153,
0.08719895780086517,
0.9791063070297241,
-0.600508987903595,
-0.2668249011039734,
0.3515044152736664,
0.5874220728874207,
-0.17546139657497406,
-0.23795704543590546,
0.10225430876016617,
0.849618673324585,
-0.6986622214317322,
0.013331516645848751,
-0.4228008985519409,
0.46838676929473877,
0.10943558067083359,
-0.3448108434677124,
0.08205658942461014,
-0.48838314414024353,
-0.21825562417507172,
0.5866757035255432,
-0.6187487244606018,
-0.7324648499488831,
0.3316355049610138,
-0.15311187505722046,
0.39207327365875244,
-0.3928928077220917,
0.5208404660224915,
0.2571175992488861,
-0.3243328034877777,
-0.048095691949129105,
-0.3701477646827698,
0.13165408372879028,
-0.1719224601984024,
-0.5998810529708862,
0.15260495245456696,
0.6387441754341125,
0.184262216091156,
0.9948486089706421,
-0.1237785741686821,
-0.0018816533265635371,
0.364641934633255,
-0.18498174846172333,
-0.182768315076828,
0.353365957736969,
-0.41688746213912964,
-0.354698121547699,
-0.16525469720363617,
-0.3143344819545746,
-0.11226008832454681,
0.26116037368774414,
0.1534777134656906,
0.06540998071432114,
0.2294948846101761,
0.6496469974517822,
0.022167501971125603,
0.3607901632785797,
0.17933009564876556,
-0.08371634781360626,
-0.10353399813175201,
-0.7637982368469238,
0.3801804780960083,
-0.08894514292478561,
-0.00849755946546793,
-0.14396525919437408,
0.2053842395544052,
-0.47509342432022095,
-0.03890092298388481,
0.46075016260147095,
0.3554937243461609,
0.022529499605298042,
0.4184541702270508,
-0.05217314139008522,
0.1757744699716568,
-0.05188525840640068,
-0.02480114810168743,
0.012450076639652252,
0.5186172127723694,
-0.4156108498573303,
-0.452535480260849,
-0.18251870572566986,
0.0180804543197155,
0.8379631638526917,
-0.43257078528404236,
-0.016672544181346893,
-0.7012470364570618,
-0.05243897810578346,
-0.14098450541496277,
-0.41961151361465454,
-0.06137780472636223,
0.008854344487190247,
0.34034833312034607,
0.12491635978221893,
0.0686277449131012,
-0.022042347118258476,
0.11049117147922516,
0.2789183557033539,
-0.039137713611125946,
-0.05784117802977562,
-0.273295134305954,
-0.38886794447898865,
0.8422908186912537,
-0.3058279752731323,
-0.524324893951416,
0.3827696740627289,
-0.03032076731324196,
-0.5922735333442688,
0.5821715593338013,
-5.838984489440918,
0.1563558727502823,
-0.29999682307243347,
-0.13752608001232147,
-0.08809059858322144,
0.1425110101699829,
0.6802754998207092,
-0.2829332947731018,
-0.0567205548286438,
-0.6984853744506836,
0.15546907484531403,
0.03053279221057892,
0.16738829016685486,
0.10241062194108963,
-0.09715615212917328,
0.22703111171722412,
0.49919334053993225,
-0.05870630592107773,
-0.043939754366874695,
0.5649935603141785,
0.4746853709220886,
-0.03492278605699539,
0.2797735929489136,
0.1046622171998024,
0.18761353194713593,
0.3462557792663574,
-0.07728744298219681,
0.3485924005508423,
-0.4057551622390747,
-0.20818555355072021,
0.21035240590572357,
-0.017533382400870323,
0.2077173888683319,
0.059009652584791183,
0.30472999811172485,
0.20628196001052856,
0.5256919264793396,
-0.030860653147101402,
0.6723628640174866,
-0.4960721731185913,
-0.2696440815925598,
0.22204473614692688,
0.2580050230026245,
-1.0320042371749878,
-0.0690002590417862,
-0.3237590789794922,
-0.31408458948135376,
0.5377541184425354,
-0.4651664197444916,
0.33325859904289246,
0.20373380184173584,
-0.10022319108247757,
-0.16985087096691132,
0.37371864914894104,
-0.04289032518863678,
-0.05568275973200798,
0.416157990694046,
0.8081240653991699,
-0.08243952691555023,
0.3977281153202057,
0.4302118718624115,
-0.38637587428092957,
-0.19312399625778198,
-0.7271063327789307,
-0.10740198940038681,
-0.06240016967058182,
-0.34620437026023865,
-0.43196484446525574,
0.1683838963508606,
1.0326610803604126,
-0.16453976929187775,
0.008667955175042152,
-0.017117585986852646,
-0.7333051562309265,
0.0788232758641243,
-0.6852655410766602,
-0.2704104781150818,
-0.4017387926578522,
-0.3074095845222473,
0.38111117482185364,
-0.4115387499332428,
-0.41840168833732605,
-0.5499481558799744,
0.007042853161692619,
-0.22207440435886383,
-0.6653992533683777,
-0.18437349796295166,
0.41485199332237244,
0.10568078607320786,
-0.32217937707901,
0.3840252459049225,
-0.5642025470733643,
0.44696182012557983,
-0.1797792911529541,
-0.1438508927822113,
-0.22935645282268524,
0.2734381854534149,
-0.2931864857673645,
0.18236322700977325,
-0.7390474081039429,
0.6758139133453369,
-0.5686393976211548,
-0.002115109236910939,
-0.41185492277145386,
0.2097865790128708,
-0.3219728469848633,
-0.05193326622247696,
0.32920384407043457,
1.2525396347045898,
-0.08545798808336258,
-0.5085939168930054,
0.0362963005900383,
-0.5313875675201416,
-1.0060243606567383,
0.729377806186676,
-0.46998661756515503,
0.21984079480171204,
-0.06890495121479034,
0.5323935151100159,
-0.0843089371919632,
-0.1620328426361084,
0.399593323469162,
-0.0214630626142025,
-0.10464095324277878,
-0.2662260830402374,
0.39792415499687195,
-0.19710975885391235,
0.19825753569602966,
-0.23994190990924835,
0.4448787569999695,
0.31877437233924866,
0.37780314683914185,
0.3198581337928772,
0.0016297331312671304,
-0.3097999095916748,
0.15125738084316254,
-0.03519519045948982,
-0.05516759306192398,
-0.09228581935167313,
-0.6256963610649109,
0.6627666354179382,
-0.10983648896217346,
-0.15592093765735626,
0.15233804285526276,
0.43461060523986816,
0.28154367208480835,
-0.28941813111305237,
0.0298262108117342,
-0.17839975655078888,
-0.05937321484088898,
0.3711714744567871,
0.02721562050282955,
-0.20028290152549744,
0.16021129488945007,
-0.21538874506950378,
0.2917695641517639,
0.033221956342458725,
0.29256245493888855,
-0.14692386984825134,
-0.6860910058021545,
0.481040358543396,
-0.07793997973203659,
-0.8994411826133728,
0.22563502192497253,
0.02628139592707157,
0.4023324251174927,
-0.14618679881095886,
-0.30209943652153015,
0.4457778036594391,
0.6947441101074219,
0.10447891056537628,
-0.44359511137008667,
-0.7739808559417725,
-0.4198229908943176,
-0.2229161113500595,
0.09310531616210938,
-0.1963907778263092,
0.48643505573272705,
0.20775850117206573,
0.3932417631149292,
0.2876724600791931,
-0.3832540512084961,
0.3431470990180969,
0.5936216711997986,
0.19251710176467896,
0.16968490183353424,
-0.08186381310224533,
0.1673680692911148,
-0.26495561003685,
-0.09678073227405548,
-0.043249648064374924,
-0.11254797130823135,
0.21483682096004486,
0.21368364989757538,
0.243361234664917,
-0.4557316303253174,
-0.1957574188709259,
0.3946835696697235,
-0.2281675636768341,
0.2587087154388428,
-0.028060663491487503,
0.6979981660842896,
-0.3917292654514313,
0.06336843222379684,
-0.05694352835416794,
0.18792879581451416,
0.46461644768714905,
-0.14534416794776917,
-0.5576192736625671,
0.0014255408896133304,
-0.3919459581375122,
-0.8498832583427429,
0.34752681851387024,
0.3960670232772827,
-0.5962910652160645,
0.4958467185497284,
0.09898841381072998,
-0.1604011058807373,
-0.303498238325119,
-0.39023274183273315,
-0.1339062601327896,
0.07624418288469315,
0.12262594699859619,
-0.06478754431009293,
0.2558852732181549,
0.1664176732301712,
-0.03243304044008255,
-0.4762730896472931,
0.15136468410491943,
0.50278240442276,
-0.13496702909469604,
0.28745731711387634,
0.19727414846420288,
0.19867396354675293,
-0.6071310043334961,
-0.2617683410644531,
0.03401569277048111,
-0.06572768092155457,
-0.12494581192731857,
0.15261629223823547,
0.6001666188240051,
0.44415608048439026,
-0.25706470012664795,
-0.4666154682636261,
0.25194624066352844,
0.794204831123352,
-0.005790543742477894,
-0.1313248574733734,
-0.37485507130622864,
0.5532112717628479,
-0.26966285705566406,
-0.16390694677829742,
-0.11802401393651962,
-0.34976470470428467,
0.6062527298927307,
-0.08254073560237885,
0.14080442488193512,
-0.3444233536720276,
0.1200513020157814,
0.4513026773929596,
0.0012993792770430446,
0.2167782038450241,
0.43750086426734924,
0.19785122573375702,
-0.5074600577354431,
-0.058205634355545044,
-0.22142191231250763,
0.20824815332889557,
0.18389256298542023,
0.06763935089111328,
-0.1847766935825348,
0.21959787607192993,
0.8859041929244995,
0.8297470808029175,
-0.18367663025856018,
-0.21589785814285278,
-0.04431189224123955,
-0.6235246658325195,
-0.2559136152267456,
0.2590799629688263,
-0.701137900352478,
-0.2190704643726349,
-0.06819868087768555,
-0.2097330242395401,
-0.061825092881917953,
-0.7054487466812134,
0.40969106554985046,
0.7942735552787781,
-0.6796637177467346,
-0.38445061445236206,
0.04462696611881256,
-0.34287187457084656,
-0.43854647874832153,
0.5559390783309937,
-0.46700066328048706,
0.03138868138194084,
0.18809431791305542,
0.5888662338256836,
0.21247917413711548,
-0.26211148500442505,
-0.9193190932273865,
0.9328893423080444,
0.21450892090797424,
-0.3570849597454071,
0.42232248187065125,
0.181118905544281,
0.21145492792129517,
-0.2223995327949524,
0.7704393863677979,
-0.6219475269317627,
0.17623169720172882,
-0.41300931572914124,
0.29891902208328247,
1.0279723405838013,
0.1520213633775711,
-0.10254402458667755,
0.12921227514743805,
0.04015415534377098,
-0.15148809552192688,
0.30612078309059143,
0.47659000754356384,
0.2906014621257782,
0.5327941179275513,
0.03152136504650116,
-0.36041131615638733,
0.5781930685043335,
-0.09851415455341339,
-0.752768337726593,
0.6485397219657898,
0.44144657254219055,
0.37837663292884827,
-0.25869056582450867,
-0.6002539992332458,
0.376375287771225,
-0.15371845662593842,
-0.4674123525619507,
0.10862135142087936,
-0.19930240511894226,
-0.23006582260131836,
0.09200660139322281,
-0.04850641265511513,
0.307987242937088,
-0.14695578813552856,
0.3922797739505768,
0.14807447791099548,
0.34139567613601685,
-0.45333200693130493,
0.026180101558566093,
0.062343794852495193,
-0.8349459171295166,
0.39473098516464233,
0.11579390615224838,
0.039120107889175415,
0.3331170380115509,
-0.26831957697868347,
0.046038564294576645,
-0.3343256115913391,
-0.5340995788574219,
-0.5178746581077576,
-0.1789582073688507,
0.04518086090683937,
-0.29856225848197937,
0.5908965468406677,
-0.21838602423667908,
-0.04013422504067421,
0.0038699854630976915,
0.32697752118110657,
-0.0877956748008728,
-0.2805056869983673,
-0.26301291584968567,
0.045968666672706604,
0.48404398560523987,
-0.513482391834259,
0.11292312294244766,
0.13271258771419525,
0.09146442264318466,
0.40776705741882324,
0.7118327021598816,
-0.3906785249710083,
-0.10868338495492935,
-0.2861703932285309,
-0.24942494928836823,
0.16511178016662598,
-1.073167324066162,
-0.08310709148645401,
-0.2175399214029312,
0.018453024327754974,
-0.2215532511472702,
0.046126872301101685,
-0.009942078031599522,
0.24075210094451904,
-0.3706662952899933,
-0.1679917573928833,
-0.08276809006929398,
0.025061752647161484,
-0.49454355239868164,
-0.7551994919776917,
1.0992519855499268,
0.33261120319366455,
0.32423320412635803,
-0.05945403501391411,
-0.1126803532242775,
-0.1733081191778183,
-0.3253563642501831,
-0.7807018756866455,
-0.10898805409669876,
0.06339075416326523,
0.13132400810718536,
-0.3136593699455261,
0.5738089084625244,
0.22372353076934814,
-0.8618980050086975,
0.22684429585933685,
0.515080988407135,
-0.35142818093299866,
0.4957677125930786,
0.41442060470581055,
-0.3202778697013855,
0.1538831889629364,
-0.6378996968269348,
0.31295445561408997,
0.32399389147758484,
0.16373208165168762,
0.4867834746837616,
0.08823391050100327,
-0.11333490908145905,
0.2971351146697998,
0.5760946273803711,
-0.9060777425765991,
0.22164395451545715,
-0.5093498229980469,
0.4258847236633301,
-0.2741245627403259,
0.4077284038066864,
-0.8008984327316284,
0.1616993397474289,
0.9197655916213989,
0.36652806401252747,
-0.629794716835022,
-0.053864143788814545,
-0.04377581179141998,
-0.7444868683815002,
-0.40115392208099365,
0.05136244744062424,
-0.173300102353096,
-0.07943351566791534,
-0.20284900069236755,
-0.1975281536579132,
-0.29612699151039124,
0.26922857761383057,
0.18482346832752228,
-0.20410948991775513,
0.7049171328544617,
-0.12138492614030838,
0.5318878889083862,
0.09965285658836365,
0.08971542119979858,
-0.6866952180862427,
0.45964697003364563,
-0.01941852644085884
] |
224168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT | MT | MT, Mt, mT, mt, or Mt. may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Gaming
MT Framework, a proprietary game engine
Empty, meaning "out of ammunition", in slang
Main Tank, the person who soaks up all the damage in an MMORPG; see Tank (gaming)
Moon Tycoon, a simulation computer game
Monopoly Tycoon, a video game
Muscle Tracer, an enemy in the Armored Core video game series
Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune, an arcade racing game
Literature and journalism
M. T. Vasudevan Nair, a Malayalam writer
Meridian Tonight, a British regional news programme
Motor Trend, an automotive magazine
The Moscow Times
The Musical Times, a classical music journal
Tramways & Urban Transit formerly Modern Tramway, a British magazine
Music
Marianas Trench (band), a Canadian pop rock band
Master tone, a form of musical ringtone
Modern Talking, a band
The Musical Times, a classical music journal
Other media
Magical Trevor, a cartoon by Jonti Picking
Megatokyo, a webcomic
MT (Infinity Train), a fictional character in the television series Infinity Train
Megatron (Transformers), a fictional robot/character in the Transformers franchise
Musical theatre
Businesses and organizations
MT-Propeller, a German aircraft propeller manufacturer
Mauritius Telecom, a telecommunications and Internet service provider
Media Temple, a website hosting company
Mississauga Transit, a public transit operator in Mississauga, Ontario
Monotype Corporation, a font company
Movable Type, a weblog publishing system
Thomas Cook Airlines (IATA airline designator code MT)
Military
Motor Transport
Military time
Places
Mt or Mt., an abbreviation for the word mount, meaning mountain
Malta (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code MT), a nation of Mediterranean islands
.mt, the top-level Internet domain for Malta
Maltese language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code mt)
Martin, Slovakia (vehicle plate code MT)
Matera, Italy (vehicle plate code MT)
Mato Grosso (ISO 3166-2:BR subdivision code MT), a state in Brazil
Montana (postal code MT), US
Mountain Time Zone, a time zone in North America
Religion
Gospel of Matthew, a part of the New Testament
Masoretic Text, the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible (Tanakh)
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
Biology
Medial temporal, part of the temporal lobe of the brain
Metallothionein, a protein
Methyltransferase, a type of enzyme
Microtubule, a component of the cytoskeleton
Middle temporal area, a region of the visual cortex (also called V5) where the motion of objects is analyzed
Mitochondrion, an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells
Medicine
Magnetization transfer, a process contributing to image contrast in Magnetic resonance imaging
Massage therapy, adding directed pressure to the body
Massage therapist, the title of someone who performs massage therapy
Music therapy, the clinical use of music to improve health and quality of life
Medical technologist, a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic tests
Medical transcriptionist, an allied-health professional who transcribes dictated medical reports
Motivational therapy, a treatment for substance abuse
Methyltestosterone
Computing and telecommunications
.mt, the top-level Internet domain for Malta
MT Framework, a proprietary game engine
Machine translation, a subfield of computational linguistics
Magnetic tape data storage, a digital recording method using magnetic tape
Megatransfer, in computing, equal to one million transfer operations per second
Mersenne twister, a pseudorandom number generator algorithm
Mistype, a declaration of a mistake or typo when typing in a live-text platform such as instant messenger
Mobile-terminated, a call, text message or data received on a mobile telephone
Mobile Terminal, part of a Mobile Station in the GSM system architecture
Multithreading (computer architecture), in computer hardware
Multithreading (software), in computer software
Multi-topology routing (also abbreviated MTR), an extension to the OSPF internet routing protocol ()
Mathematics and logic
Modus tollens, a concept in logic
Transportation
Honda MT, a motorcycle
Hyundai Mega Truck, a medium-duty truck
Manual transmission, a part of a car
MT or Marquitrans, a Spanish microcar
Units of measurement
Megatesla (MT), the SI unit of magnetic flux density
Megaton (Mt), a TNT equivalent unit of explosive power
Megatonne (Mt), a unit of mass equal to one billion kilograms (109 kg)
Megatransfer, in computing, equal to one million transfer operations per second
Metric ton (t), equal to one thousand kilograms
Millitesla (mT), the SI unit of magnetic flux density
Other uses in science and technology
Machine taper, a system for securing accessories to a machine tool (or Morse taper, one particular type of machine taper)
Magnetotellurics, a method of imaging underground structures
Materials Today, a scientific journal
Maxim–Tokarev, a Russian light machine gun
Meitnerium, a chemical element with symbol Mt
Other uses
Maltese language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code "mt")
Master of Arts in Teaching, a graduate degree in teaching; some schools use MT (Master of Teaching) rather than MAT
"Membership Training", in Korea, trips taken for the purpose of team building
Motor Tanker or Motor Transport, in the name of a ship
Name prefix for Merchant vessels Motor Tanker or Motor Tug Boat
Muay Thai, a Thai martial art
See also
The Maria Theresa thaler, generally abbreviated but sometimes also seen as
Mountain
TM (disambiguation) | [
-0.03695181384682655,
0.2642243802547455,
-0.12328260391950607,
-0.0611879862844944,
-0.1274828165769577,
0.44436442852020264,
0.5215922594070435,
0.2164495587348938,
-0.36009442806243896,
-0.06397000700235367,
-0.3401273190975189,
0.14816255867481232,
-0.28712573647499084,
0.38147878646850586,
-0.1049029529094696,
0.09917651116847992,
0.4939156174659729,
0.44887983798980713,
-0.09006132185459137,
-0.34298014640808105,
0.2602584958076477,
-0.11171635240316391,
0.5826039910316467,
-0.6365785002708435,
-0.11739668995141983,
0.2505837380886078,
-0.1625022292137146,
-0.11035905033349991,
0.03531840816140175,
0.47808152437210083,
-0.5972618460655212,
0.10646719485521317,
-0.023098617792129517,
0.09763585776090622,
-0.22665180265903473,
0.02558860182762146,
0.4112277925014496,
0.12442059069871902,
-0.10061363130807877,
-0.22543498873710632,
0.4635736048221588,
-0.2958819270133972,
-0.11774604022502899,
0.3582738935947418,
-0.45898309350013733,
-0.07298712432384491,
-1.4765608310699463,
-0.043502334505319595,
-0.5838320851325989,
0.20502504706382751,
-0.24793855845928192,
0.35328349471092224,
0.12341725826263428,
0.27927473187446594,
-0.16854678094387054,
0.5146591663360596,
-0.5893534421920776,
-0.4398197531700134,
0.42762696743011475,
-0.09768620878458023,
0.03175308555364609,
-0.1764087677001953,
-0.25879141688346863,
0.2798980474472046,
-0.4337817132472992,
0.15584756433963776,
0.15586477518081665,
0.3427164554595947,
-0.1366967111825943,
0.05895908176898956,
0.4817558825016022,
-0.24140389263629913,
0.18621130287647247,
0.41747450828552246,
-0.17025218904018402,
0.25282785296440125,
-0.44618821144104004,
0.18697893619537354,
-0.008123195730149746,
-0.01698056235909462,
-0.16001290082931519,
-0.312714546918869,
0.17928096652030945,
-0.13027887046337128,
0.08484265208244324,
-0.16973745822906494,
0.10871800780296326,
0.3072410225868225,
-0.4064156115055084,
0.8735554218292236,
0.06737424433231354,
-0.19806724786758423,
0.26547354459762573,
0.24442173540592194,
0.25984781980514526,
-0.5204707384109497,
-0.04329410567879677,
0.048759281635284424,
0.5059600472450256,
-0.11658447235822678,
-0.3002738654613495,
-0.31539687514305115,
0.10031867772340775,
0.392172634601593,
-0.6028037667274475,
-0.2957347631454468,
-0.27086204290390015,
-0.19533778727054596,
-0.28597238659858704,
-0.3738526999950409,
-0.8771181702613831,
0.3076162338256836,
0.1114562377333641,
0.00908398162573576,
-0.4116954803466797,
-0.20839597284793854,
0.6135465502738953,
-0.7387955188751221,
-0.3190757930278778,
-0.4026026129722595,
0.7066960334777832,
0.7126543521881104,
-0.049590304493904114,
-0.40955016016960144,
0.49119237065315247,
0.5793532729148865,
0.8486674427986145,
0.5077579021453857,
0.17928431928157806,
0.051554933190345764,
-0.398701936006546,
0.6817945837974548,
0.47885623574256897,
0.2550278306007385,
0.14713972806930542,
-0.7378525137901306,
-0.33060142397880554,
-0.18954385817050934,
-0.15244977176189423,
-0.09139552712440491,
-0.8781791925430298,
0.3900694251060486,
-0.27003544569015503,
-0.0417422354221344,
0.9809985160827637,
-0.04980310797691345,
-0.49718424677848816,
-0.2521609365940094,
0.11798029392957687,
0.40264827013015747,
-0.02605213224887848,
0.062211018055677414,
-0.5910415649414062,
0.094222292304039,
-0.12744885683059692,
0.2881650924682617,
0.40948593616485596,
-0.12533530592918396,
-0.11513707786798477,
0.4174184203147888,
0.11081897467374802,
0.25964754819869995,
0.029154853895306587,
0.05156370624899864,
-0.09219737350940704,
-0.6196698546409607,
0.23412160575389862,
-0.08726967871189117,
-0.1660258024930954,
0.3555715084075928,
-0.6359853744506836,
-0.2208634316921234,
0.14871621131896973,
0.4814404547214508,
-0.13853555917739868,
-0.34507232904434204,
0.5663109421730042,
0.09305457770824432,
-0.044263891875743866,
0.07518618553876877,
-0.1895512342453003,
0.18088725209236145,
0.08635237067937851,
-0.3142130970954895,
0.3174673616886139,
-0.16000184416770935,
1.0945427417755127,
0.2857814431190491,
0.3187841475009918,
-0.27270200848579407,
-0.5479939579963684,
-0.3707427680492401,
0.31290000677108765,
-0.3764480948448181,
0.9477578997612,
-0.1469295620918274,
-0.5531312823295593,
-0.05921588093042374,
0.2244720458984375,
0.7758495807647705,
0.2531385123729706,
-0.013059317134320736,
0.5833911299705505,
-0.4654197692871094,
-0.5546981692314148,
0.5292223691940308,
0.31633490324020386,
-0.38859614729881287,
0.3597487807273865,
-0.0011713592102751136,
0.3803114891052246,
-0.29356029629707336,
-0.05953967198729515,
-0.20816735923290253,
-0.2466564178466797,
-0.028157178312540054,
0.03380880877375603,
-0.2748279869556427,
-0.1187591627240181,
-0.22276751697063446,
0.5647261142730713,
-0.4526412785053253,
-0.06333445012569427,
0.05856182798743248,
-0.8231902122497559,
0.518690824508667,
-0.030730046331882477,
0.029787002131342888,
0.5716487169265747,
0.1336604356765747,
0.052430588752031326,
-0.3086671233177185,
0.0009831693023443222,
0.2396286427974701,
0.06851159781217575,
0.625562846660614,
0.3896175026893616,
-0.16393302381038666,
0.731341540813446,
-0.4737215042114258,
-0.05917123332619667,
0.6887897253036499,
0.004317406564950943,
0.20862285792827606,
0.04741913825273514,
-0.01135246641933918,
0.25463682413101196,
-0.1300649642944336,
-0.27068647742271423,
-0.035621002316474915,
0.09833860397338867,
-0.23919972777366638,
-0.14781486988067627,
0.016582904383540154,
0.06572780758142471,
-0.4296363294124603,
0.3156103789806366,
-0.09019879996776581,
-0.2897123098373413,
-0.06240735575556755,
-0.3462238907814026,
0.09484799951314926,
0.04090491682291031,
-0.08794732391834259,
0.16911359131336212,
-0.4832186698913574,
-0.07990925014019012,
-0.28883442282676697,
0.8692117929458618,
0.03412502631545067,
0.08355938643217087,
-0.3320939242839813,
-0.18501195311546326,
0.3007907569408417,
0.08064957708120346,
-0.4074571132659912,
0.2718052268028259,
0.460395872592926,
-0.30971938371658325,
-0.6164178848266602,
0.07854291051626205,
0.6401000022888184,
0.3589465618133545,
0.04310335963964462,
-0.2123250663280487,
-0.23597872257232666,
-0.021183297038078308,
-0.2018595188856125,
-0.32349902391433716,
-0.1777137964963913,
-0.24968455731868744,
-0.18359628319740295,
-0.06810055673122406,
-0.281416118144989,
-0.045786354690790176,
-0.006331373006105423,
0.004100806079804897,
-0.21367911994457245,
0.12992976605892181,
0.10892658680677414,
-0.4815385341644287,
0.15127532184123993,
-0.7490514516830444,
-0.483927845954895,
0.019776878878474236,
0.21635164320468903,
-0.38557448983192444,
0.2912471890449524,
-6.22112512588501,
0.05161673575639725,
-0.25325796008110046,
-0.2078268826007843,
-0.09979470074176788,
-0.5673835277557373,
0.29531386494636536,
0.05320863425731659,
0.05656838044524193,
-0.09620685875415802,
-0.02378379926085472,
0.09943357110023499,
0.19813984632492065,
0.23811425268650055,
0.42041489481925964,
0.29693806171417236,
0.5990930199623108,
0.004885739181190729,
0.34395501017570496,
0.3085879385471344,
0.62980717420578,
-0.09292419254779816,
0.3064371347427368,
-0.026033418253064156,
0.15680406987667084,
1.1895166635513306,
0.19258786737918854,
0.5624923706054688,
-0.4247717261314392,
-0.42031729221343994,
0.3791630268096924,
-0.3516967296600342,
0.007784769870340824,
-0.119133859872818,
-0.37600651383399963,
0.23514598608016968,
0.5223010182380676,
0.10657744854688644,
0.5360909104347229,
0.06854067742824554,
0.18061572313308716,
-0.28150448203086853,
0.1279248297214508,
-0.19670085608959198,
0.4262094795703888,
-0.2529270648956299,
-0.2759855389595032,
0.17624448239803314,
-0.09547960013151169,
0.19950948655605316,
0.02396215870976448,
-0.020740695297718048,
0.6017614006996155,
-0.26889872550964355,
0.09376030415296555,
-0.43199461698532104,
0.13679546117782593,
0.40239062905311584,
-0.3943456709384918,
0.4728357195854187,
0.5539411306381226,
-0.005438684020191431,
-0.0004223467840347439,
-0.5230199098587036,
-0.011823167093098164,
-0.21217437088489532,
-0.22323869168758392,
0.09736223518848419,
0.006579115055501461,
-0.11707855015993118,
-0.15909428894519806,
0.08710549771785736,
-0.0558796301484108,
-0.6464473009109497,
-0.1756661981344223,
-0.5346255898475647,
-0.04938022047281265,
0.20005515217781067,
-0.3623240292072296,
-0.23667292296886444,
-0.7358912825584412,
-0.23930414021015167,
0.039029382169246674,
0.30108436942100525,
0.07823709398508072,
-0.1493697613477707,
-0.3514655530452728,
0.16019870340824127,
0.010880335234105587,
-0.02453364059329033,
0.3026731312274933,
-0.6775857210159302,
0.48638075590133667,
0.5781269073486328,
0.23892739415168762,
0.22897307574748993,
0.8262040615081787,
-0.26351431012153625,
0.3527120351791382,
0.30881524085998535,
-0.19160878658294678,
-0.2733768820762634,
0.36948803067207336,
-0.3014732599258423,
-0.39572787284851074,
-0.6827285885810852,
-0.14808200299739838,
0.5623705983161926,
0.8046138286590576,
-0.26535362005233765,
-0.007639238610863686,
-0.12184977531433105,
-0.6025543808937073,
-0.5049494504928589,
0.3882955014705658,
0.20921078324317932,
-0.06552343815565109,
-0.18045257031917572,
0.5387880206108093,
0.3047250509262085,
-0.37487632036209106,
0.32306239008903503,
0.3141254484653473,
0.2607421278953552,
-0.2890748083591461,
-0.14360098540782928,
0.1727786511182785,
0.03301770240068436,
-0.30281105637550354,
0.11263997852802277,
0.27794140577316284,
0.34306520223617554,
0.435079425573349,
0.14961913228034973,
-0.2691390812397003,
0.033597059547901154,
0.021493712440133095,
-0.0972936600446701,
0.32546576857566833,
-0.5366368889808655,
-0.014829427003860474,
0.4022774398326874,
-0.7717315554618835,
0.8169885277748108,
0.0373719148337841,
0.7147719860076904,
-0.3813440501689911,
-0.32827091217041016,
-0.035286590456962585,
0.24344749748706818,
-0.254325807094574,
-0.5727046132087708,
0.3770971894264221,
-0.1136496439576149,
0.28225284814834595,
0.09144134819507599,
-0.28964024782180786,
-0.3672584891319275,
-0.2748025357723236,
-0.12875224649906158,
0.4693760275840759,
-0.2833546996116638,
-0.8154453635215759,
-0.04463064670562744,
-0.3043491542339325,
-0.4900408387184143,
0.012082519009709358,
-0.21138708293437958,
-0.21290449798107147,
0.7106479406356812,
0.18338899314403534,
-0.4122374355792999,
-0.3031848967075348,
-0.3251854181289673,
-0.05671613663434982,
0.118334099650383,
0.042046744376420975,
-0.11668042093515396,
0.2530972957611084,
0.007854484021663666,
0.2448691427707672,
-0.14699898660182953,
0.05121077969670296,
0.6008724570274353,
0.2231564223766327,
-0.030011439695954323,
-0.45762866735458374,
0.3950920104980469,
0.31623104214668274,
0.30592411756515503,
-0.10783106833696365,
-0.13169708847999573,
0.03593163937330246,
0.3229904770851135,
0.1635754257440567,
-0.1608031541109085,
0.5646265745162964,
0.5457589030265808,
0.0009782740380614996,
-0.0518033392727375,
-0.32612213492393494,
0.001644230098463595,
-0.1358185112476349,
0.38107264041900635,
0.3525221645832062,
-0.3230627775192261,
0.04376612976193428,
0.2803986072540283,
-0.16174668073654175,
-0.16899989545345306,
0.14073695242404938,
-0.6221553087234497,
0.054337210953235626,
0.282473623752594,
-0.001283458899706602,
0.23548893630504608,
0.28938525915145874,
0.2903592884540558,
-0.19065740704536438,
-0.8871893882751465,
0.04161902517080307,
-0.0836939662694931,
-0.10968230664730072,
-0.3314134180545807,
-0.11797893047332764,
0.09402678906917572,
-0.06107405200600624,
-0.1674071103334427,
0.17137522995471954,
-0.35808488726615906,
-0.3710969090461731,
0.11549393832683563,
-0.3588832914829254,
0.2873515486717224,
0.27429860830307007,
-0.09622775763273239,
-0.19224652647972107,
0.3764681816101074,
0.15983916819095612,
-0.158382385969162,
-0.1131715178489685,
0.5006721615791321,
0.2012564241886139,
-0.5094584822654724,
-0.3076854646205902,
0.3502483665943146,
-0.06270048022270203,
-0.1741885393857956,
-0.15104365348815918,
0.445565402507782,
0.06502649188041687,
-0.5059670805931091,
-0.3868663012981415,
-0.27071821689605713,
1.1074343919754028,
-0.32506704330444336,
0.13611938059329987,
-0.492009699344635,
0.21827706694602966,
0.28546789288520813,
-0.32118070125579834,
0.14659908413887024,
0.03971143066883087,
0.39514362812042236,
0.27557820081710815,
0.48643332719802856,
-0.31375381350517273,
-0.08404187858104706,
0.4855041801929474,
-0.5618336200714111,
-0.10603412240743637,
0.1718265414237976,
0.1999674141407013,
0.3963187038898468,
-0.348599910736084,
0.26375457644462585,
-0.1131722703576088,
-0.11599034070968628,
-0.5222013592720032,
0.060906510800123215,
-0.6363570690155029,
0.4780825674533844,
0.22395361959934235,
-0.20961681008338928,
-0.4718901813030243,
-0.18682822585105896,
-0.10210758447647095,
0.12475252896547318,
-0.6323198676109314,
0.46417078375816345,
-0.6900350451469421,
-0.07371291518211365,
-0.2727876603603363,
-0.1398123949766159,
-0.22746919095516205,
0.005476527847349644,
0.37360069155693054,
0.4459953308105469,
-0.24734067916870117,
-0.14084859192371368,
-0.9474799036979675,
0.527180016040802,
0.24988967180252075,
-0.492503821849823,
0.27655690908432007,
0.09617458283901215,
-0.02921442501246929,
-0.7436093091964722,
0.3918110430240631,
-0.19951213896274567,
0.10669207572937012,
0.11146008223295212,
0.42045098543167114,
0.8161822557449341,
-0.538432240486145,
-0.10022329539060593,
0.14569786190986633,
-0.12814299762248993,
0.017941944301128387,
0.25246572494506836,
0.32370278239250183,
0.26439520716667175,
0.6245790123939514,
0.26100319623947144,
-0.4009205996990204,
0.7778335213661194,
-0.32211223244667053,
-0.6277603507041931,
0.3702557384967804,
-0.12649591267108917,
0.44610312581062317,
-0.2909068763256073,
-0.45871585607528687,
0.11025658994913101,
-0.09606701880693436,
-0.8043424487113953,
0.18763096630573273,
-0.30623459815979004,
-0.012757882475852966,
0.06888215243816376,
0.4401201605796814,
0.40204212069511414,
-0.394742488861084,
-0.1589299738407135,
-0.40748247504234314,
0.040860336273908615,
0.044547468423843384,
-0.09860899299383163,
-0.3108789026737213,
0.1627313494682312,
-0.15971407294273376,
-0.05562698841094971,
-0.3141764998435974,
-0.16094151139259338,
-0.2967929244041443,
-0.09189587831497192,
-0.2662549912929535,
-0.5112111568450928,
-0.10365583747625351,
-0.00769958458840847,
0.009191908873617649,
0.24792706966400146,
-0.007826708257198334,
0.13100315630435944,
-0.4515968859195709,
-0.1638982892036438,
0.47525960206985474,
-0.312730073928833,
0.18546847999095917,
0.25703805685043335,
0.06289252638816833,
0.8595340251922607,
0.07211421430110931,
0.36147207021713257,
0.13891245424747467,
0.3861972689628601,
0.05950627475976944,
0.48292306065559387,
-0.10807041078805923,
-0.08566109091043472,
-0.09396043419837952,
-0.09697774052619934,
-0.20925398170948029,
-0.5102691650390625,
-0.008459451608359814,
-0.06148919463157654,
0.22763846814632416,
0.16710512340068817,
-0.3102937936782837,
0.04633885994553566,
0.4967130422592163,
-0.22105135023593903,
0.05478045716881752,
0.04953707754611969,
0.28778380155563354,
0.24089238047599792,
-0.5628038644790649,
0.3463912010192871,
0.17229382693767548,
0.5367751717567444,
0.040672417730093,
0.2401447296142578,
0.6534140110015869,
0.20211152732372284,
-0.33890390396118164,
-0.18157796561717987,
-0.2596117854118347,
-0.19088444113731384,
-0.42747339606285095,
-0.4018796682357788,
0.20160959661006927,
-0.1612740308046341,
-0.18458478152751923,
0.07767240703105927,
0.00401022844016552,
0.07047728449106216,
0.0712570771574974,
-0.13785766065120697,
-0.0012386251473799348,
0.01817857101559639,
-0.27560269832611084,
-0.6663414239883423,
0.1329277902841568,
0.7238801121711731,
-0.11701484769582748,
-0.213206946849823,
0.07614351809024811,
-0.2702445685863495,
-0.614694356918335,
0.1428142935037613,
-0.15236052870750427,
0.3414182960987091,
-0.4624500274658203,
0.18013201653957367,
-0.18786312639713287,
-0.6981899738311768,
0.2635480463504791,
0.1944892853498459,
0.29797983169555664,
-0.39343392848968506,
-0.4854457676410675,
-0.022848721593618393,
-0.3298734128475189,
0.4820167124271393,
-0.19529971480369568,
0.14013318717479706,
-0.12624932825565338,
-1.1544060707092285,
-0.6308777928352356,
0.08079314976930618,
0.33106064796447754,
-0.04556915909051895,
0.16423399746418,
-0.07254165410995483,
0.22827881574630737,
-0.5618207454681396,
0.7902378439903259,
-0.44005006551742554,
0.019052904099225998,
0.04174778237938881
] |
224170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hypatia (disambiguation) | Hypatia (c. 370–415), was a Greek scholar and philosopher who was considered the first notable woman in mathematics.
Hypatia may also refer to:
Fiction
Hypatia (novel) by Charles Kingsley
Hypatia, a character based on Hypatia of Alexandria in the series The Heirs of Alexandria by Mercedes Lackey, Eric Flint and Dave Freer
Hypatia, a character based on Hypatia of Alexandria in the novel Baudolino by Umberto Eco
Hypatia, the main character in the 2009 film Agora, played by Rachel Weisz
Dr. Alexandria Hypatia, a character named for Hypatia of Alexandria in the video game Dishonored 2
The scientific research ship Hypatia in the novel Illuminae by Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff
Philosophy
Hypatia, a 1720 work by John Toland
Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, a scholarly publication for research in feminism and philosophy
Hypatia transracialism controversy, a dispute that began in April 2017 about an article in Hypatia
Astronomy
Hypatia (planet) or Iota Draconis b, an exoplanet
Hypatia (crater), a feature of the Moon
238 Hypatia, a C-type main belt asteroid
Hypatia (stone), a series of small stones, claimed by some to derive from the core of the hypothetical LDG comet
Other uses
Hypatia (moth), a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae
Hypatia Sans an Adobe font created in 2002
Hyapatia Lee, actress | [
-0.3673778176307678,
0.7677965760231018,
-0.7856624722480774,
-0.14987370371818542,
-0.7263237237930298,
0.44398316740989685,
0.8031396865844727,
0.4083820879459381,
-0.18846547603607178,
-0.2105245590209961,
-0.09434033185243607,
0.03779958188533783,
-0.4753401577472687,
0.7145406603813171,
0.4426097869873047,
0.30466318130493164,
0.09437944740056992,
0.7418340444564819,
0.20279641449451447,
-0.49402478337287903,
-0.0693298727273941,
-0.22145026922225952,
-0.00884639099240303,
-0.9185436367988586,
-0.09291351586580276,
-0.2933829128742218,
-0.28158047795295715,
0.0993228629231453,
0.318393737077713,
-0.21331319212913513,
0.03262124955654144,
0.8809696435928345,
0.3965037167072296,
-0.4152420461177826,
0.3367639482021332,
0.02794230915606022,
0.587498128414154,
-0.3709360361099243,
0.3009418249130249,
-0.5527202486991882,
0.004598393104970455,
-0.218246728181839,
-0.016378644853830338,
0.33204329013824463,
-0.3191862404346466,
0.13426543772220612,
-2.104799509048462,
-0.3714684247970581,
-0.9656170010566711,
-0.17236070334911346,
0.5628349781036377,
-0.18757443130016327,
0.36794307827949524,
0.41922837495803833,
-0.07791813462972641,
0.9064022302627563,
-1.1996278762817383,
0.060712095350027084,
0.882790744304657,
0.2645317614078522,
0.0484810508787632,
-0.14082159101963043,
0.05033452436327934,
0.36423322558403015,
0.8454790711402893,
0.685723066329956,
-0.3118923604488373,
1.1537530422210693,
-0.917551577091217,
0.16438664495944977,
-0.39793699979782104,
-0.5324775576591492,
0.45609909296035767,
0.3479076325893402,
-0.5092571973800659,
0.14626851677894592,
-0.13834652304649353,
-0.4231939911842346,
0.7580188512802124,
-0.5161109566688538,
-0.3268701434135437,
0.25904908776283264,
0.5968062877655029,
0.09178720414638519,
0.36584535241127014,
0.030444543808698654,
-0.4825349450111389,
-0.44373223185539246,
-0.18164199590682983,
0.7505091428756714,
-0.4833834767341614,
0.16713406145572662,
0.40568816661834717,
0.20664569735527039,
-0.418014794588089,
-0.09860257804393768,
-0.5084551572799683,
0.24396908283233643,
0.2284289300441742,
-0.059337928891181946,
-0.49869924783706665,
0.3997966945171356,
-0.018829014152288437,
-0.5258969664573669,
-0.44583526253700256,
-0.1964905709028244,
-0.032013215124607086,
-0.36184680461883545,
0.11876003444194794,
-1.398220419883728,
-0.4446580111980438,
0.45547908544540405,
-0.10862807929515839,
-0.005140822846442461,
-0.5623217821121216,
0.4982168674468994,
0.28410476446151733,
0.12925347685813904,
-0.20318660140037537,
-0.5353378057479858,
-0.057898782193660736,
0.39286231994628906,
-0.21069656312465668,
-0.28832441568374634,
0.045746948570013046,
0.6418524980545044,
0.5309821963310242,
0.08964240550994873,
0.3943273723125458,
0.4638653099536896,
-0.29784974455833435,
0.7134506106376648,
-0.4751564860343933,
-0.4200684428215027,
0.4129984676837921,
-0.6839557886123657,
0.16367538273334503,
0.6081876158714294,
0.42188188433647156,
-0.029809067025780678,
-0.868518054485321,
-0.19081595540046692,
-2.4900949001312256,
0.4238189160823822,
0.5518905520439148,
0.5621513724327087,
0.045993439853191376,
0.49818742275238037,
0.43412861227989197,
0.2345452606678009,
0.02060731314122677,
-0.4654652774333954,
-0.04496467113494873,
0.674997091293335,
-0.7404187321662903,
0.06677092611789703,
0.5144069790840149,
-0.5863373875617981,
0.45386478304862976,
0.8605177998542786,
-0.09876969456672668,
-0.2008744329214096,
0.008931556716561317,
-0.004418799187988043,
-0.3090048134326935,
-0.20659373700618744,
0.26981988549232483,
0.023771360516548157,
-0.20063316822052002,
0.6442939639091492,
-0.8905648589134216,
-0.4784955680370331,
0.05108905956149101,
-0.36248695850372314,
0.30285483598709106,
0.026936480775475502,
0.3095066249370575,
0.14078187942504883,
0.28286275267601013,
-0.4202337861061096,
-0.5702763795852661,
0.35376080870628357,
-0.005331806838512421,
-0.11009180545806885,
0.3533828556537628,
0.20467886328697205,
0.5311015248298645,
0.08460578322410583,
0.17686878144741058,
0.11506004631519318,
-0.10753784328699112,
-0.22498387098312378,
0.27642184495925903,
0.327443927526474,
0.9320672750473022,
0.4361760914325714,
-0.5002636909484863,
-0.5427567958831787,
0.3368630111217499,
0.266039103269577,
-0.29855385422706604,
-0.05992217734456062,
-0.45092663168907166,
0.019005728885531425,
-0.5871390700340271,
2.5980470180511475,
-0.03814173862338066,
0.10228944569826126,
0.28575578331947327,
0.5681537389755249,
0.06363943964242935,
-0.33520832657814026,
-0.1706191450357437,
-0.5494294762611389,
0.4059640169143677,
-0.17246633768081665,
0.111207515001297,
0.21315230429172516,
-0.1481490582227707,
-0.3614221215248108,
0.2268097847700119,
-0.059008605778217316,
0.41539832949638367,
0.30541640520095825,
-0.02395692653954029,
0.7924609184265137,
0.08385640382766724,
0.1268054097890854,
0.08210334926843643,
-0.5572648644447327,
0.011811008676886559,
0.6395809054374695,
-0.18962199985980988,
-0.3866786062717438,
-0.07485272735357285,
-0.1569920778274536,
-0.5125001668930054,
-0.8125210404396057,
0.2409115731716156,
-0.04617932811379433,
0.16656842827796936,
-0.18752531707286835,
-0.20632633566856384,
-0.08457032591104507,
0.1331285536289215,
0.08379915356636047,
0.07742749154567719,
0.020490577444434166,
0.015657538548111916,
0.012803938239812851,
0.29979759454727173,
0.2748582661151886,
-0.15870364010334015,
-0.8141106367111206,
-0.1061822921037674,
0.4289727210998535,
0.3780440092086792,
0.14931808412075043,
-0.40856602787971497,
-0.21401095390319824,
-0.7211629152297974,
0.4296010434627533,
0.4216451048851013,
0.3444502651691437,
0.03849728778004646,
-0.7413336634635925,
-0.395821750164032,
-0.4583480656147003,
0.26316794753074646,
-0.4358004927635193,
0.3469308018684387,
-0.39086300134658813,
-0.5287087559700012,
-2.415830373764038,
-0.15244650840759277,
0.35429438948631287,
-0.3178364336490631,
0.3870181143283844,
-0.701447069644928,
0.12634891271591187,
0.19756151735782623,
0.78689044713974,
-0.48769891262054443,
0.06579042226076126,
-0.3821592628955841,
-0.06429287791252136,
0.8561516404151917,
-0.27260127663612366,
0.3243945837020874,
-0.6816264986991882,
0.19564223289489746,
-0.03891807049512863,
-0.23284728825092316,
0.4421294331550598,
0.1286817193031311,
-0.3394751250743866,
-0.3741011321544647,
0.18406973779201508,
-0.15613135695457458,
-0.3698122203350067,
-0.8142064213752747,
0.5057680606842041,
-0.41702982783317566,
-0.3821718096733093,
-0.05848431959748268,
-0.15982428193092346,
-0.11504574120044708,
0.38186365365982056,
-4.236753940582275,
-0.03940752148628235,
-0.325488805770874,
0.5756344199180603,
0.09815146028995514,
-0.16436365246772766,
0.5242636799812317,
-0.449349969625473,
-0.20211970806121826,
0.08606231212615967,
0.39052316546440125,
-0.15156440436840057,
0.04555652663111687,
0.7260081768035889,
0.6281366348266602,
0.29424577951431274,
0.22767306864261627,
0.04229633882641792,
0.38256871700286865,
-0.19969166815280914,
-0.1666424423456192,
0.7873389720916748,
-0.04118942469358444,
0.24128223955631256,
-0.09343264251947403,
-0.14565838873386383,
0.305012047290802,
0.23452262580394745,
-1.2580610513687134,
0.3462904989719391,
-0.14364610612392426,
-0.11932860314846039,
0.22875812649726868,
-0.1220552995800972,
-0.8093551397323608,
-0.1075960099697113,
0.5234848856925964,
0.38690292835235596,
-0.014546781778335571,
-0.13884930312633514,
-0.7675005197525024,
0.24926936626434326,
-0.022560644894838333,
0.5965681672096252,
0.5144376754760742,
0.2017175704240799,
-0.5139603018760681,
-0.08313516527414322,
0.1913052499294281,
0.7694975137710571,
-0.17094500362873077,
-0.4750228524208069,
1.064578890800476,
0.6186361312866211,
0.22638656198978424,
-0.27851128578186035,
0.6861947178840637,
-0.2824571132659912,
0.11246335506439209,
0.5557599067687988,
0.8121992945671082,
0.273901104927063,
0.2930556535720825,
-0.7174115777015686,
0.5328171849250793,
-0.5282589793205261,
-0.4071602523326874,
-0.011798398569226265,
0.20039409399032593,
-0.05768284574151039,
-0.6231690645217896,
0.48582151532173157,
-0.07748124748468399,
-0.771827220916748,
0.26378336548805237,
-0.28415098786354065,
-0.48898178339004517,
0.18233974277973175,
0.45241284370422363,
0.17211034893989563,
0.22949734330177307,
-0.10382460802793503,
-0.13080137968063354,
0.6663323640823364,
0.09458581358194351,
-0.06385869532823563,
-0.18499846756458282,
0.22903545200824738,
-0.29470473527908325,
-0.07925260812044144,
0.2655440866947174,
0.28370219469070435,
-0.13242705166339874,
0.8196702599525452,
-0.19651493430137634,
1.080074667930603,
0.6273581981658936,
-0.4850395917892456,
0.6837554574012756,
-0.19758668541908264,
-0.00952497310936451,
-0.27033886313438416,
-0.40529417991638184,
0.39355653524398804,
-0.1526292860507965,
-1.0097676515579224,
-0.5694524049758911,
0.32766738533973694,
-0.12306061387062073,
-0.7280887961387634,
0.6217972040176392,
-0.30307260155677795,
-0.17181658744812012,
-0.2317281812429428,
0.8444510102272034,
0.163378044962883,
-0.24350476264953613,
0.8167321681976318,
0.9503984451293945,
0.17468209564685822,
0.2548227906227112,
0.5454345941543579,
0.6206323504447937,
-0.28097131848335266,
-0.29588767886161804,
0.16740745306015015,
0.2387562245130539,
0.11174352467060089,
-0.6401851773262024,
-0.27423688769340515,
-0.32645079493522644,
-0.4614834487438202,
-0.005073441658169031,
-0.6300526857376099,
0.02307458594441414,
-0.5209272503852844,
-0.1987708956003189,
0.4782174527645111,
-0.04143771529197693,
-0.49312812089920044,
0.06696940213441849,
-0.40606585144996643,
-1.0619845390319824,
0.5244425535202026,
0.48839473724365234,
0.44389763474464417,
0.3133028447628021,
-0.35486865043640137,
-0.22954663634300232,
0.5972316265106201,
0.031665295362472534,
-0.9933574795722961,
0.6076182723045349,
-0.9427326321601868,
-0.1698422133922577,
-0.18247127532958984,
0.13986366987228394,
0.33768919110298157,
-0.458516925573349,
-0.31235581636428833,
-0.09532003104686737,
-0.03806837275624275,
-0.6563212871551514,
0.041479889303445816,
0.5438666939735413,
-0.5502183437347412,
-0.14094635844230652,
-0.5112825632095337,
-0.513618528842926,
0.40693098306655884,
-0.35418814420700073,
0.10956655442714691,
-0.5084019303321838,
-0.1792200356721878,
0.5774433016777039,
-0.28612422943115234,
0.024484753608703613,
0.2667274475097656,
0.30892908573150635,
-0.5196472406387329,
-0.4343636929988861,
-0.23101814091205597,
-0.12322518229484558,
0.12755241990089417,
0.49555104970932007,
-0.20103485882282257,
0.057361263781785965,
-0.43221768736839294,
-0.6491624116897583,
0.1979295164346695,
-0.3548174500465393,
0.22607333958148956,
0.5844480395317078,
-0.015330529771745205,
-0.16558685898780823,
-0.28162452578544617,
0.03378349542617798,
0.5576679706573486,
0.18256257474422455,
-0.7082652449607849,
0.2454293966293335,
0.6788462996482849,
0.13656757771968842,
0.5489798784255981,
0.46904104948043823,
-0.6893768310546875,
0.7642253041267395,
0.3893655240535736,
-0.9206204414367676,
0.6058306097984314,
0.3010358214378357,
-1.134594440460205,
-0.22956600785255432,
0.7730761766433716,
-0.0779806524515152,
-0.18677248060703278,
0.44277557730674744,
0.25844278931617737,
-0.2493779957294464,
-0.30874064564704895,
0.689826488494873,
-0.5075341463088989,
-0.07627004384994507,
-0.43619775772094727,
-0.3818078637123108,
0.9301085472106934,
-0.09637973457574844,
-0.29803770780563354,
0.4052974581718445,
-0.0531906858086586,
-0.22009658813476562,
0.2192995250225067,
0.44180232286453247,
-0.003841591766104102,
-0.2890983819961548,
-0.07699542492628098,
-0.15078753232955933,
-0.03582972288131714,
-0.5071189999580383,
0.07923562824726105,
0.08603877574205399,
0.5026989579200745,
0.4480116367340088,
-0.31573113799095154,
-0.44902345538139343,
0.1789807230234146,
0.3931370973587036,
-0.24211964011192322,
-0.5305188894271851,
0.137146458029747,
0.18538160622119904,
-0.3281221091747284,
-0.9920795559883118,
-0.4333252012729645,
0.6885675191879272,
-0.0426117442548275,
-0.08018559962511063,
-0.0232126135379076,
0.14599573612213135,
-0.04508647695183754,
0.06390100717544556,
0.293830007314682,
-0.13455772399902344,
0.6259133219718933,
-0.3942851126194,
0.25869035720825195,
-0.1254318654537201,
0.48376980423927307,
0.888596773147583,
-0.1404976099729538,
-0.6181997656822205,
-0.06205982714891434,
-0.13085906207561493,
0.27254214882850647,
-0.015406998805701733,
0.12215912342071533,
0.19102251529693604,
-0.6549120545387268,
0.3055812418460846,
-0.07856380194425583,
0.5497370958328247,
0.23581956326961517,
0.27422034740448,
0.03992413729429245,
0.10727057605981827,
-0.27916279435157776,
-0.6763045191764832,
-0.17519108951091766,
0.05857575312256813,
0.08708036690950394,
-0.2066265195608139,
0.005266687832772732,
-0.025014974176883698,
0.3145529627799988,
0.2857407331466675,
0.2769463360309601,
-0.07245533168315887,
-0.12921392917633057,
-0.04693227261304855,
-0.21454550325870514,
-1.1174708604812622,
0.6205916404724121,
0.29554086923599243,
0.0856858491897583,
0.5104017853736877,
0.7616414427757263,
0.006092269439250231,
-0.3988637924194336,
0.30886369943618774,
-0.027905762195587158,
0.2526378035545349,
0.05847088247537613,
0.10834554582834244,
0.8240083456039429,
0.29464295506477356,
0.14858300983905792,
0.10455069690942764,
-0.6750116348266602,
-0.41143882274627686,
0.6311086416244507,
0.17817816138267517,
-0.1411166936159134,
0.5685176253318787,
0.2925899922847748,
-0.10024522244930267,
0.06902433186769485,
-0.49106475710868835,
-0.24339696764945984,
0.5895461440086365,
0.05216898396611214,
0.9613059163093567,
-0.27982622385025024,
-0.8766442537307739,
0.5552920699119568,
0.06835080683231354,
-0.3526906967163086,
0.35150307416915894,
-0.6853748559951782,
-0.2255263775587082,
0.3108316957950592,
0.8475381135940552,
0.0093517005443573,
0.06849639862775803,
-0.41180428862571716,
-0.5521523356437683,
0.40580084919929504,
-0.5422375202178955,
-0.07885568588972092,
0.4504885673522949,
0.016732577234506607,
0.436824768781662,
0.2782648205757141,
0.41663819551467896,
-0.7047743797302246,
-0.0334509052336216,
0.34027308225631714,
0.03671969100832939,
-0.19715595245361328,
-0.04695151373744011,
-2.146711587905884,
-0.05290167033672333,
-0.23392228782176971,
-0.3921791613101959,
0.38023489713668823,
-0.23741519451141357,
-0.28414613008499146,
0.3825070858001709,
-0.011957058683037758,
-0.37742117047309875,
0.43747347593307495,
0.1912132203578949,
-0.31651443243026733,
0.18634238839149475,
0.37987545132637024,
0.7753722071647644,
-0.0009720029192976654,
0.14044322073459625,
0.12384745478630066,
0.42142367362976074,
-0.3467518389225006,
-0.4576908349990845,
-0.017277125269174576,
-0.5101265907287598,
-0.19108453392982483,
-0.012712066993117332,
-0.22100265324115753,
-0.31114456057548523,
0.11384474486112595,
-0.15015581250190735,
0.21978990733623505,
0.17581503093242645,
0.23110726475715637,
0.20769734680652618,
0.43849921226501465,
-0.7933372259140015,
0.04796602949500084,
-0.6493423581123352,
0.5139582753181458,
-0.21648742258548737,
-0.3155059814453125,
-0.19477587938308716,
0.2212132066488266,
-0.06560875475406647,
-0.07073862850666046,
0.22357459366321564,
-0.03950545936822891,
-0.5765200853347778,
0.6739586591720581,
-0.9348106384277344,
0.049040861427783966,
-0.31070393323898315,
0.3750925660133362,
-0.15877442061901093,
0.7030138373374939,
0.1068740114569664,
0.016134312376379967,
0.41317903995513916,
-0.2253933548927307,
-0.6535702347755432,
0.08900529891252518,
0.03201664239168167,
-0.31399989128112793,
0.4083336889743805,
0.12482611835002899,
-0.23691482841968536,
-0.4749426543712616,
-0.08740747720003128,
0.1737169325351715,
-0.3031644821166992,
0.272417813539505,
0.1457042545080185,
0.616241991519928,
-0.036275558173656464,
-0.2892380654811859,
-0.11758895218372345,
0.35545459389686584,
0.3149169087409973,
0.5882208347320557,
-0.3304201662540436,
0.09819910675287247,
-0.16714608669281006,
-0.22233889997005463,
0.6226430535316467,
0.40003955364227295,
-4.684099197387695,
-0.20570696890354156,
-0.45112934708595276,
-0.6734495759010315,
-0.3272515833377838,
-0.18422305583953857,
0.32279306650161743,
0.27862977981567383,
0.30296599864959717,
0.11545701324939728,
-0.0970110148191452,
-0.1479863077402115,
-0.05765293166041374,
-0.6587525010108948,
0.3446604609489441,
0.7541925311088562
] |
224171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LT | LT | LT may refer to:
Companies and organisations
LTU International, a German airline (IATA code LT)
LJ Air, a Chinese airline (IATA code LT)
Larsen & Toubro, an Indian engineering conglomerate, officially known as L&T
Life Teen, a Roman Catholic organization for youth ministry
London Transport (brand), the name for various transport authorities
Lord & Taylor, a North American luxury department store chain
Lorien Trust, a company that runs live roleplaying games
Lucent Technologies (old company), which merged with Alcatel to form Alcatel-Lucent
Places
Lithuania (ISO 3166 code)
Lithuanian language (ISO 639-1 code)
Province of Latina, Italy (vehicle plate code)
Long Trail, a footpath in the American state of Vermont
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
Lactate threshold, a measurement used by athletes to determine the amount of strenuous work capable by their muscles
Lymphotoxin, a cytokine
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1, the cause of infectious laryngotracheitis in poultry
SV40 large T antigen, a proto-oncogene derived from polyomavirus SV40
Heat-labile enterotoxin, a toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Electronics and computing
.lt, Internet country code top-level domain for Lithuania
LaGrande Technology, former name for the Trusted Execution Technology (Intel's implementation of Trusted Computing)
Left total, in sound recording, the left channel of the stereo Left total/Right total downmix
Lightning Talk, a very short presentation lasting only a few minutes, given at a conference or similar forum.
Linear Technology, manufacturer of integrated circuits
Link Training, process by which the transmitter and receiver on a high-speed serial link communicate with each other in order to tune their equalization settings
Logic Theorist, a computer program written in 1955–56 to prove mathematical theorems; called "the first artificial intelligence program"
LanguageTool, an extension for many web browsers
Mathematics
Laplace transform
Less than
Logic Theorist, a computer program written in 1955–56 to prove mathematical theorems; called "the first artificial intelligence program"
Lorentz transformation
Vehicles
LT (car), an early Swedish automobile
LT, a trim level for Chevrolet vehicles
GM LT1 engine several engines by General Motors
Lincoln Mark LT
Volkswagen LT, a light truck
McLaren 675LT, a British supercar
Logistics Trainer, code name for the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft
Other uses in science and technology
Long ton, a unit of measurement
Other uses
Ladytron, a British electronic band
Lawrence Taylor, retired American Football outside linebacker
LaDainian Tomlinson, retired American Football running back
Lead time, the latency between initiation and execution, as in supply chain management
Left tackle, a position in American and Canadian football
Lieutenant, in military use
Lisbon Treaty, a 2007 agreement amending the constitutional basis of the European Union
Lithuanian language (ISO 639-1 code)
Lithuanian litas (Lt), former currency of Lithuania, replaced by the Euro in 2015
Living Things (Linkin Park album), 2012
Local Time, in the context of time zones
Looney Tunes, theatrical cartoon series
See also
BLT, a sandwich consisting of bacon, lettuce, tomato and bread
LTU (disambiguation) | [
0.38114309310913086,
-0.16849815845489502,
0.3659098744392395,
0.08696945756673813,
0.09003690630197525,
0.19906072318553925,
0.1588267832994461,
0.33966296911239624,
-0.18998125195503235,
0.1400255262851715,
-0.6963424682617188,
0.13491149246692657,
-0.15368880331516266,
0.19742010533809662,
0.0025807374622672796,
0.15777899324893951,
0.18505336344242096,
0.8141462802886963,
-0.4240746796131134,
-0.48574450612068176,
-0.46901369094848633,
0.1304512321949005,
0.1783246248960495,
-0.4745631217956543,
0.008498739451169968,
0.05560177564620972,
-0.2480785995721817,
0.03602217510342598,
-0.27711036801338196,
0.11601582169532776,
0.2870425879955292,
0.36373984813690186,
-0.461620569229126,
0.3893854320049286,
-0.03021988831460476,
-0.187782421708107,
-0.05500296875834465,
-0.28124484419822693,
-0.208277627825737,
-0.712375283241272,
0.152985081076622,
-0.29106447100639343,
0.1029374971985817,
-0.08288455009460449,
-0.4253508448600769,
-0.43528488278388977,
-1.6267082691192627,
0.1294509470462799,
-0.666240930557251,
0.5332608222961426,
0.3654926121234894,
0.26830828189849854,
-0.2881208658218384,
0.16172468662261963,
0.13571244478225708,
0.31461772322654724,
-0.15169382095336914,
-0.4340583086013794,
0.4582858383655548,
-0.8519538640975952,
0.9176964163780212,
0.033627111464738846,
-0.020219696685671806,
0.40181291103363037,
0.44794684648513794,
0.12513330578804016,
0.3543139696121216,
-0.120926633477211,
-0.8358772993087769,
-0.5212955474853516,
-0.0006925533525645733,
-0.2406644970178604,
0.1473216861486435,
0.17662018537521362,
-0.16635030508041382,
-0.47072991728782654,
-0.1005377396941185,
0.2058829814195633,
0.21801221370697021,
0.5098007321357727,
0.10846488922834396,
0.3098791539669037,
0.7839234471321106,
0.10598751157522202,
0.10204479843378067,
0.30065926909446716,
-0.6123052835464478,
0.24915777146816254,
-0.3213176131248474,
0.2915431261062622,
0.7564664483070374,
-0.10693832486867905,
0.728204607963562,
0.004950749222189188,
0.08465427160263062,
0.05936449393630028,
-0.01488138735294342,
-0.12180740386247635,
0.3100421130657196,
-0.032696809619665146,
-0.4083847999572754,
0.0027182530611753464,
-0.1989583820104599,
-0.3374796509742737,
-0.5106077790260315,
-0.0629008337855339,
-0.5104560256004333,
-0.11856868863105774,
0.24430368840694427,
-0.005942400544881821,
-0.2830826938152313,
-0.45374512672424316,
0.23814250528812408,
0.3647276759147644,
-0.1414143592119217,
-0.08150699734687805,
-0.28308460116386414,
-0.42523542046546936,
-0.3091762959957123,
0.16222219169139862,
0.14374837279319763,
0.058708593249320984,
-0.23390711843967438,
0.07467199862003326,
0.7235915064811707,
0.6083990931510925,
0.28482314944267273,
0.3528409004211426,
-0.17202405631542206,
0.19357144832611084,
0.4380897283554077,
0.8147342801094055,
-0.43571069836616516,
0.5287221670150757,
-0.35987764596939087,
0.22561249136924744,
-0.23279830813407898,
-0.23434016108512878,
0.34166672825813293,
-0.1777661144733429,
-1.2709197998046875,
-0.38936203718185425,
-0.5805319547653198,
-0.09342516213655472,
0.33465129137039185,
-0.17708240449428558,
-0.16319778561592102,
-0.07883583754301071,
-0.490189790725708,
-0.5056028366088867,
-0.1093185767531395,
-0.07047659158706665,
-0.636552631855011,
0.10384763777256012,
0.24110274016857147,
0.6071674823760986,
0.7456104159355164,
-0.35748040676116943,
0.13322243094444275,
0.23324216902256012,
-0.3874668776988983,
0.33372464776039124,
-0.4533034563064575,
0.366107702255249,
-0.07254651188850403,
0.03915894776582718,
0.37746188044548035,
0.28852495551109314,
-0.3431277275085449,
-0.11776001006364822,
-0.31441253423690796,
-0.19163060188293457,
0.37732136249542236,
0.11335652321577072,
-0.09822193533182144,
0.511677622795105,
0.1271551102399826,
-0.08542414009571075,
0.6390562653541565,
0.144874706864357,
-0.7359438538551331,
0.43612730503082275,
0.3527437746524811,
-0.047075461596250534,
0.43457067012786865,
-0.052387088537216187,
0.2875879406929016,
-0.0003696995845530182,
-0.3853614926338196,
-0.3228378891944885,
-0.5470473170280457,
-0.3989207148551941,
0.17951709032058716,
-0.5597602725028992,
0.8814947009086609,
-0.549582302570343,
-0.24684609472751617,
1.1643478870391846,
-0.10923004895448685,
0.33830204606056213,
-0.24891254305839539,
0.1614057570695877,
0.43227556347846985,
-0.42856597900390625,
-0.05226312577724457,
0.7010014057159424,
0.6044384837150574,
-0.10774919390678406,
-0.24996478855609894,
0.15046629309654236,
0.6579119563102722,
-0.39798828959465027,
0.4921356737613678,
-0.5383797287940979,
0.11674050986766815,
-0.6115280389785767,
-0.520781397819519,
0.323215126991272,
-0.1573527455329895,
-0.08305075764656067,
1.0837068557739258,
-0.4531902074813843,
-0.30764323472976685,
0.36304718255996704,
-0.270179808139801,
0.32032206654548645,
-0.18854457139968872,
0.14129456877708435,
0.41354987025260925,
-0.6474212408065796,
0.11265009641647339,
-0.333869993686676,
-0.2528913915157318,
-0.32135534286499023,
-0.1634632796049118,
0.12480827420949936,
0.17484427988529205,
-0.21155086159706116,
0.37276142835617065,
-0.06336098909378052,
-0.16169671714305878,
0.5184696316719055,
-0.12657606601715088,
-0.01283651776611805,
0.3522803485393524,
-0.296970009803772,
-0.19187119603157043,
-0.07877430319786072,
-0.14338131248950958,
0.13289828598499298,
0.11864734441041946,
0.2373349517583847,
-0.35665827989578247,
-0.056104328483343124,
0.11758265644311905,
-0.24985061585903168,
0.12535028159618378,
0.3680803179740906,
-0.2511366903781891,
0.049410853534936905,
-0.4802154004573822,
-0.08732248097658157,
-0.13786067068576813,
0.30150657892227173,
0.01129150390625,
-0.24755890667438507,
-0.9886154532432556,
-0.28109726309776306,
0.8825051188468933,
0.5072200298309326,
0.4324502944946289,
0.050713758915662766,
-0.2908826768398285,
-0.12745609879493713,
-0.6102271676063538,
-0.31234011054039,
0.6103600859642029,
0.4094199240207672,
-0.11466506868600845,
-0.23931874334812164,
-0.25283151865005493,
-0.2528620958328247,
0.4994699954986572,
-0.7027335166931152,
0.28375253081321716,
-0.10357517004013062,
-0.08189866691827774,
-0.17121616005897522,
-0.39368078112602234,
-0.05926124006509781,
0.24673505127429962,
-0.05214155837893486,
-0.11456379294395447,
0.2191731035709381,
0.3383990526199341,
0.24248497188091278,
0.4141993820667267,
-0.06040704622864723,
0.0029454748146235943,
-0.15567995607852936,
-0.3422735631465912,
0.3137194514274597,
-0.22618451714515686,
-0.36741089820861816,
0.5646014213562012,
-0.31973496079444885,
0.164980947971344,
-0.24174675345420837,
-6.057894706726074,
-0.22389546036720276,
-0.29684287309646606,
0.25418999791145325,
0.22910724580287933,
-0.29851147532463074,
0.7506731748580933,
0.2339027374982834,
-0.326534241437912,
-0.22406359016895294,
0.4217814803123474,
0.20134134590625763,
0.4066687226295471,
-0.060101468116045,
0.2903899550437927,
0.4762100875377655,
0.5643603205680847,
0.22201642394065857,
0.32605478167533875,
-0.06562529504299164,
-0.1211492046713829,
-0.11700909584760666,
0.35671770572662354,
0.3741866648197174,
-0.16927054524421692,
0.2084023803472519,
-0.09843555837869644,
0.07113680243492126,
-0.13634751737117767,
-0.322255939245224,
-0.15188178420066833,
-0.24546407163143158,
0.18022429943084717,
-0.2583079934120178,
0.039627429097890854,
-0.4289771318435669,
0.6405630707740784,
0.003343793097883463,
0.40040960907936096,
-0.2591596841812134,
-0.027252526953816414,
0.4598434567451477,
0.054985031485557556,
-0.7148102521896362,
0.1666758954524994,
-0.44273895025253296,
-0.3942774534225464,
0.6596066951751709,
-0.30216455459594727,
0.4846976697444916,
-0.1191830039024353,
0.22651460766792297,
-0.02933545410633087,
0.43341028690338135,
0.21500907838344574,
-0.36045998334884644,
0.27087125182151794,
-0.04479886591434479,
-0.11231906712055206,
0.5101959109306335,
0.21604342758655548,
-0.35455065965652466,
-0.0766482874751091,
-0.7509519457817078,
-0.04960257560014725,
0.060017723590135574,
-0.14149752259254456,
-0.5004965662956238,
0.13297505676746368,
-0.0735328420996666,
-0.12466847151517868,
-0.3578684329986572,
0.44483593106269836,
-0.5410881638526917,
-0.1029583066701889,
-0.8063534498214722,
0.5535129308700562,
0.22629770636558533,
0.02978583239018917,
0.6076453924179077,
-0.2088843584060669,
-0.2635062634944916,
-0.619437575340271,
-0.5100256204605103,
-0.10734707117080688,
-0.6407516002655029,
-0.06970762461423874,
0.3057688772678375,
-0.13487018644809723,
-0.27106592059135437,
1.0143845081329346,
-0.16318413615226746,
0.2149076759815216,
0.6445894837379456,
0.2781333923339844,
0.12659107148647308,
-0.23018312454223633,
0.3626173734664917,
-0.07109615951776505,
-0.447610467672348,
0.07704973220825195,
-0.17012593150138855,
0.1252593845129013,
-0.6582410335540771,
0.44407638907432556,
-0.24584026634693146,
-0.12665334343910217,
0.010903184302151203,
0.5986663103103638,
-0.04486595839262009,
0.13861165940761566,
0.008533364161849022,
-0.5778661370277405,
-0.4492741525173187,
-0.15643322467803955,
-0.13996994495391846,
-0.24408890306949615,
0.6082523465156555,
0.034858815371990204,
-0.0925321877002716,
-0.2687484920024872,
0.46826887130737305,
0.24943484365940094,
-0.1563756912946701,
-0.30773672461509705,
-0.062171269208192825,
-0.2263336032629013,
0.11441918462514877,
0.29616546630859375,
-0.09088922291994095,
0.36900919675827026,
0.6454581022262573,
0.4709877669811249,
0.15688687562942505,
-0.093502476811409,
-0.09787414968013763,
-0.4112771451473236,
-0.003469818737357855,
0.13394656777381897,
-0.634431004524231,
0.20188111066818237,
0.26908186078071594,
-0.0345732606947422,
0.11369703710079193,
0.3917238116264343,
0.5704586505889893,
-0.3636862635612488,
-0.2896241247653961,
0.18533845245838165,
0.14616747200489044,
0.3566876947879791,
-0.48267921805381775,
0.39123454689979553,
-0.20962832868099213,
-0.07190264761447906,
-0.13271522521972656,
0.08045977354049683,
0.08313580602407455,
-0.19366876780986786,
-0.2956312894821167,
0.029964590445160866,
0.1278744488954544,
-0.8433847427368164,
-0.007555999793112278,
0.5295560956001282,
-0.11887754499912262,
-0.1792663037776947,
-0.8532577753067017,
-0.30719485878944397,
0.4562966525554657,
0.17566068470478058,
-0.26348209381103516,
-0.5750262141227722,
-0.15013262629508972,
-0.3709380030632019,
0.38569751381874084,
-0.048498205840587616,
-0.3298017680644989,
0.07802528887987137,
0.29064151644706726,
0.311871737241745,
0.3002191483974457,
-0.16633956134319305,
0.5898614525794983,
0.3798564374446869,
-0.14728465676307678,
0.5572035312652588,
0.16200876235961914,
0.015972202643752098,
-0.2585025727748871,
-0.24429503083229065,
0.411128968000412,
0.47074028849601746,
0.33395183086395264,
-0.041895296424627304,
-0.5310213565826416,
-0.002747173886746168,
0.5574512481689453,
-0.13101840019226074,
-0.4368574023246765,
0.026417475193738937,
0.6360777020454407,
-0.010378425009548664,
-0.47393667697906494,
-0.39029860496520996,
-0.29805999994277954,
0.5064449310302734,
-0.34403979778289795,
0.06518670916557312,
-0.13958033919334412,
-0.7645556330680847,
-0.6018374562263489,
0.31658151745796204,
0.3674508333206177,
-0.3161473572254181,
-0.06273709237575531,
0.03794391080737114,
-0.2790147364139557,
-0.7866255640983582,
-0.6013378500938416,
0.16902029514312744,
0.002379442099481821,
-0.5374751091003418,
-0.24324670433998108,
-0.3837599754333496,
0.11195531487464905,
0.3464670777320862,
-0.8356575965881348,
0.46351149678230286,
-0.020049290731549263,
-0.3665963411331177,
-0.09241950511932373,
-0.2937072813510895,
0.4083247184753418,
-0.09688898921012878,
0.3525852859020233,
-0.07068780809640884,
-0.15211175382137299,
0.39053162932395935,
-0.08949429541826248,
0.23205585777759552,
0.4350129961967468,
0.10989316552877426,
-0.9503382444381714,
0.2601141035556793,
0.8591395616531372,
0.4057962894439697,
-0.6116054654121399,
-0.6292620897293091,
0.47169753909111023,
0.16527894139289856,
0.020895591005682945,
-0.2828882336616516,
0.29604917764663696,
0.9570460319519043,
-0.37236419320106506,
0.018390079960227013,
-0.20841769874095917,
-0.23028917610645294,
0.22217008471488953,
-0.5518723130226135,
-0.15113751590251923,
-0.16134192049503326,
0.18585258722305298,
0.032359760254621506,
0.44963520765304565,
-0.5033761858940125,
-0.10093022137880325,
-0.16159696877002716,
-0.26131895184516907,
0.04767372086644173,
0.10039958357810974,
1.0413564443588257,
0.28256067633628845,
0.2028941959142685,
0.018862590193748474,
0.2508299648761749,
-0.5584565997123718,
-0.08734448999166489,
0.02654780074954033,
-0.6387420296669006,
0.023538192734122276,
0.1992621272802353,
-0.396457314491272,
0.07529047876596451,
-0.36111992597579956,
0.5535074472427368,
0.2821647822856903,
-0.4488421082496643,
0.012148741632699966,
0.06999028474092484,
-0.10450088977813721,
-0.5258229374885559,
0.2413654625415802,
-0.5397942066192627,
-0.03996318578720093,
0.18089570105075836,
-0.20620526373386383,
0.3241324722766876,
0.06980482488870621,
-0.6983039379119873,
0.4650244116783142,
0.06064602732658386,
-0.7418074011802673,
0.1444777250289917,
0.44085073471069336,
-0.020199080929160118,
-0.5175843238830566,
0.45041412115097046,
-0.30210575461387634,
0.5242491960525513,
-0.6335641145706177,
-0.044109560549259186,
0.6371297240257263,
0.504753589630127,
0.031084727495908737,
0.00595470517873764,
-0.5770869255065918,
0.18137168884277344,
0.05228227376937866,
0.3585796356201172,
0.4024897813796997,
0.29861506819725037,
-0.26383599638938904,
-0.13514699041843414,
0.592189371585846,
-0.2850554585456848,
-0.14255915582180023,
0.4167023003101349,
0.8192309737205505,
0.584213376045227,
-0.3507532775402069,
-0.5243062376976013,
0.5395545959472656,
-0.21709959208965302,
-0.5862985253334045,
0.1086842492222786,
-0.5515140891075134,
-0.14137476682662964,
0.5498932003974915,
0.6677696704864502,
0.42261067032814026,
-0.3504452705383301,
-0.10023824125528336,
-0.3977164328098297,
0.4848085343837738,
0.1761634200811386,
0.18715225160121918,
-0.07632288336753845,
0.2530939280986786,
0.04498632624745369,
-0.12526586651802063,
-0.08686724305152893,
0.16425234079360962,
-0.32196009159088135,
-0.2693292796611786,
-0.07723388075828552,
-0.5015400052070618,
0.019057543948292732,
-0.4031919240951538,
-0.19959191977977753,
0.01764494553208351,
0.6052111387252808,
0.04685032740235329,
0.08706038445234299,
-0.2750663161277771,
0.44956833124160767,
-0.15617506206035614,
0.5986146330833435,
-0.014901453629136086,
0.15888424217700958,
0.49395719170570374,
-0.3663698434829712,
0.014790189452469349,
-0.23283657431602478,
0.15824885666370392,
0.4872657060623169,
0.5346333384513855,
-0.05873784422874451,
-0.0571279302239418,
-0.5127058625221252,
0.13933739066123962,
0.10287708044052124,
-0.4277227818965912,
0.19099467992782593,
-0.6587251424789429,
-0.0973234698176384,
0.1398811936378479,
-0.30787917971611023,
0.2370385080575943,
-0.07777527719736099,
-0.759739339351654,
-0.06631677597761154,
0.19187653064727783,
-0.06662606447935104,
-0.17493243515491486,
-0.1094270870089531,
0.4211655259132385,
0.19845052063465118,
0.10908951610326767,
-0.08888691663742065,
0.11836515367031097,
0.4579310119152069,
-0.7743279933929443,
-0.4089745879173279,
-0.04609295725822449,
-0.4025360941886902,
0.3779802620410919,
-0.27264857292175293,
0.09021949768066406,
0.8986734747886658,
-0.1695304960012436,
-0.03920624032616615,
0.3845350444316864,
0.014848642982542515,
0.22135937213897705,
0.3745211958885193,
-0.22591158747673035,
0.22325007617473602,
-0.20639678835868835,
-0.16567257046699524,
0.14907027781009674,
0.36097943782806396,
0.24107477068901062,
0.1894378811120987,
0.018397463485598564,
0.33610013127326965,
0.36870184540748596,
-0.9114065766334534,
0.875830352306366,
-0.3230690062046051,
-0.027492133900523186,
-0.30642232298851013,
0.13491690158843994,
-0.42007723450660706,
-0.04673301428556442,
-0.06226658821105957,
0.210579052567482,
-0.0013759478460997343,
-0.5294451713562012,
0.29526734352111816,
0.20339123904705048,
-0.18781456351280212,
0.10790113359689713,
0.09271955490112305,
0.2080090194940567,
-0.3153415322303772,
-0.290395051240921,
-0.4584678113460541,
-0.16492097079753876,
0.28013765811920166,
-0.4715038537979126,
0.5360189080238342,
0.1251235157251358,
0.5590974688529968,
0.039093032479286194,
0.205901637673378,
-0.19690878689289093,
0.08790086209774017,
0.33856135606765747
] |
224173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel%20Swedenborg | Emanuel Swedenborg | Emanuel Swedenborg (, ; born Emanuel Swedberg; 29 March 1772) was a Swedish pluralistic-Christian theologian, scientist, philosopher and mystic. He became best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell (1758).
Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. In 1741, at 53, he entered into a spiritual phase in which he began to experience dreams and visions, notably on Easter Weekend, on 6 April
1744.
His experiences culminated in a "spiritual awakening" in which he received a revelation that Jesus Christ had appointed him to write The Heavenly Doctrine to reform Christianity. According to The Heavenly Doctrine, the Lord had opened Swedenborg's spiritual eyes so that from then on, he could freely visit heaven and hell to converse with angels, demons and other spirits and the Last Judgment had already occurred in 1757, the year before the 1758 publication of De Nova Hierosolyma et ejus doctrina coelesti (English: Concerning the New Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrine).
Over the last 28 years of his life, Swedenborg wrote 18 published theological works—and several more that remained unpublished. He termed himself a "Servant of the Lord Jesus Christ" in True Christian Religion, which he published himself. Some followers of The Heavenly Doctrine believe that of his theological works, only those that were published by Swedenborg himself are fully divinely inspired. Others have regarded all Swedenborg's theological works as equally inspired, saying for example that the fact that some works were "not written out in a final edited form for publication does not make a single statement less trustworthy than the statements in any of the other works". The New Church, also known as Swedenborgianism, is a new religious movement originally founded in 1787 and comprising several historically-related Christian denominations that revere Swedenborg's writings as revelation.
Early life
Swedenborg's father, Jesper Swedberg (1653–1735), descended from a wealthy mining family, the first known paternal ancestor being Otte Persson from Sundborn parish, mentioned 1571. He travelled abroad and studied theology, and on returning home, he was eloquent enough to impress the Swedish king, Charles XI, with his sermons in Stockholm. Through the king's influence, he would later become professor of theology at Uppsala University and Bishop of Skara.
Jesper took an interest in the beliefs of the dissenting Lutheran Pietist movement, which emphasised the virtues of communion with God rather than relying on sheer faith (sola fide). Sola fide is a tenet of the Lutheran Church, and Jesper was charged with being a pietist heretic. While controversial, the beliefs were to have a major impact on his son Emanuel's spirituality. Jesper furthermore held the unconventional belief that angels and spirits were present in everyday life. This also came to have a strong impact on Emanuel.
In 1703–1709, Swedenborg lived in Erik Benzelius the Younger's house. Swedenborg completed his university course at Uppsala in 1709, and in 1710, he made his grand tour through the Netherlands, France and Germany before reaching London, where he would spend the next four years. It was also a flourishing centre of scientific ideas and discoveries. Swedenborg studied physics, mechanics and philosophy and read and wrote poetry. According to the preface of a book by the Swedish critic Olof Lagercrantz, Swedenborg wrote to his benefactor and brother-in-law Benzelius that he believed he might be destined to be a great scientist.
Scientific period
In 1715 Swedenborg returned to Sweden, where he devoted himself to natural science and engineering projects for the next two decades. A first step was his meeting with King Charles XII of Sweden in the city of Lund, in 1716. The Swedish inventor Christopher Polhem, who became a close friend of Swedenborg, was also present. Swedenborg's purpose was to persuade the king to fund an observatory in northern Sweden. However, the warlike king did not consider this project important enough, but did appoint Swedenborg to be assessor-extraordinary on the Swedish Board of Mines (Bergskollegium) in Stockholm.
From 1716 to 1718, Swedenborg published a scientific periodical entitled Daedalus Hyperboreus ("The Northern Daedalus"), a record of mechanical and mathematical inventions and discoveries. One notable description was that of a flying machine, the same he had been sketching a few years earlier.
In 1718, Swedenborg published an article that attempted to explain spiritual and mental events in terms of minute vibrations, or "tremulations".
Upon the death of Charles XII, Queen Ulrika Eleonora ennobled Swedenborg and his siblings. It was common in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centuries for the children of bishops to receive that honor, as a recognition of the services of their father. The family name was changed from Swedberg to Swedenborg.
In 1724, he was offered the chair of mathematics at Uppsala University, but he declined and said that he had dealt mainly with geometry, chemistry and metallurgy during his career. He also said that he did not have the gift of eloquent speech because of a stutter, as recognized by many of his acquaintances; it forced him to speak slowly and carefully, and there are no known occurrences of his speaking in public. The Swedish critic Olof Lagerkrantz proposed that Swedenborg compensated for his impediment by extensive argumentation in writing.
New direction of studies ahead of his time
During the 1730s, Swedenborg undertook many studies of anatomy and physiology. He had the first known anticipation of the neuron concept. It was not until a century later that science recognized the full significance of the nerve cell. He also had prescient ideas about the cerebral cortex, the hierarchical organization of the nervous system, the localization of the cerebrospinal fluid, the functions of the pituitary gland, the perivascular spaces, the foramen of Magendie, the idea of somatotopic organization, and the association of frontal brain regions with the intellect. In some cases, his conclusions have been experimentally verified in modern times.
In the 1730s, Swedenborg became increasingly interested in spiritual matters and was determined to find a theory to explain how matter relates to spirit. Swedenborg's desire to understand the order and the purpose of creation first led him to investigate the structure of matter and the process of creation itself. In the Principia, he outlined his philosophical method, which incorporated experience, geometry (the means by which the inner order of the world can be known) and the power of reason. He also outlined his cosmology, which included the first presentation of his nebular hypothesis. (There is evidence that Swedenborg may have preceded Kant by as much as 20 years in the development of that hypothesis.)
In 1735, in Leipzig, he published a three-volume work, Opera philosophica et mineralis ("Philosophical and mineralogical works") in which he tried to conjoin philosophy and metallurgy. The work was mainly appreciated for its chapters on the analysis of the smelting of iron and copper, and it was the work that gave Swedenborg his international reputation. The same year, he also published the small manuscript de Infinito ("On the Infinite") in which he attempted to explain how the finite is related to the infinite and how the soul is connected to the body. It was the first manuscript in which he touched upon such matters. He knew that it might clash with established theologies since he presented the view that the soul is based on material substances. He also conducted dedicated studies of the fashionable philosophers of the time such as John Locke, Christian von Wolff, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and Descartes and earlier thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus and Augustine of Hippo.
In 1743, at the age of 55, Swedenborg requested a leave of absence to go abroad. His purpose was to gather source material for Regnum animale (The Animal Kingdom, or Kingdom of Life), a subject on which books were not readily available in Sweden. The aim of the book was to explain the soul from an anatomical point of view. He had planned to produce a total of 17 volumes.
Journal of Dreams
By 1744, Swedenborg had traveled to the Netherlands. Around the time, he began having strange dreams. Swedenborg carried a travel journal with him on most of his travels and did so on this journey. The whereabouts of the diary were long unknown, but it was discovered in the Royal Library in the 1850s and was published in 1859 as Drömboken, or Journal of Dreams.
Swedenborg experienced many different dreams and visions, some greatly pleasurable, others highly disturbing. The experiences continued as he traveled to London to progress the publication of Regnum animale. This process, which one biographer has proposed as cathartic and comparable to the Catholic concept of Purgatory, continued for six months. He also proposed that what Swedenborg was recording in his Journal of Dreams was a battle between the love of himself and the love of God.
Visions and spiritual insights
In the last entry of the journal from 26–27 October 1744, Swedenborg appears to be clear as to which path to follow. He felt that he should drop his current project and write a new book about the worship of God. He soon began working on De cultu et amore Dei, or The Worship and Love of God. It was never fully completed, but Swedenborg still had it published in London in June 1745.
In 1745, Swedenborg was dining in a private room at a tavern in London. By the end of the meal, a darkness fell upon his eyes, and the room shifted character. Suddenly, he saw a person sitting at a corner of the room, telling him: "Do not eat too much!". Swedenborg, scared, hurried home. Later that night, the same man appeared in his dreams. The man told Swedenborg that he was the Lord, that he had appointed Swedenborg to reveal the spiritual meaning of the Bible and that he would guide Swedenborg in what to write. The same night, the spiritual world was opened to Swedenborg.
Scriptural commentary and writings
In June 1747, Swedenborg resigned his post as assessor of the board of mines. He explained that he was obliged to complete a work that he had begun and requested to receive half his salary as a pension. He took up afresh his study of Hebrew and began to work on the spiritual interpretation of the Bible with the goal of interpreting the spiritual meaning of every verse. From sometime between 1746 and 1747 and for ten years henceforth, he devoted his energy to the task. Usually abbreviated as Arcana Cœlestia or under the Latin variant Arcana Caelestia (translated as Heavenly Arcana, Heavenly Mysteries, or Secrets of Heaven depending on modern English-language editions), the book became his magnum opus and the basis of his further theological works.
The work was anonymous, and Swedenborg was not identified as the author until the late 1750s. It had eight volumes, published between 1749 and 1756. It attracted little attention, as few people could penetrate its meaning.
His life from 1747 to his death was spent in Stockholm, the Netherlands, and London. During the 25 years, he wrote another 14 works of a spiritual nature; most were published during his lifetime.
One of Swedenborg's lesser-known works presents a startling claim: that the Last Judgment had begun in the previous year (1757) and was completed by the end of that year<ref>[http://www.swedenborgdigitallibrary.org/contets/LJ.html The Last Judgment and Babylon Destroyed. All the Predictions in the Apocalypse are At this Day Fulfilled from Things Heard and Seen. From 'De Ultimo Judicio Et De Babylonia Destructa]</ref> and that he had witnessed it. According to The Heavenly Doctrine, the Last Judgment took place not in the physical world but in the World of Spirits, halfway between heaven and hell, through which all pass on their way to heaven or hell. The Judgment took place because the Christian church had lost its charity and faith, resulting in a loss of spiritual free will that threatened the equilibrium between heaven and hell in everyone's life.The Heavenly Doctrine also teaches that the Last Judgement was followed by the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, which occurred not by Christ in person but by a revelation from him through the inner, spiritual sense of the Word through Swedenborg.
In another of his theological works, Swedenborg wrote that eating meat, regarded in itself, "is something profane" and was not practised in the early days of the human race. However, he said, it now is a matter of conscience, and no one is condemned for doing it. Nonetheless, the early-days ideal appears to have given rise to the idea that Swedenborg was a vegetarian. That conclusion may have been reinforced by the fact that a number of Swedenborg's early followers were part of the vegetarian movement that arose in Britain in the 19th century. However, the only reports on Swedenborg himself are contradictory. His landlord in London, Shearsmith, said he ate no meat, but his maid, who served Swedenborg, said that he ate eels and pigeon pie.
In Earths in the Universe, it is stated that he conversed with spirits from Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Venus and the Moon, as well as spirits from planets beyond the Solar System. From the "encounters", he concluded that the planets of the Solar System are inhabited and that such an enormous undertaking as the universe could not have been created for just one race on a planet or one "Heaven" derived from its properties per planet. Many Heavenly societies were also needed to increase the perfection of the angelic Heavens and Heaven to fill in deficiencies and gaps in other societies. He argued: "What would this be to God, Who is infinite, and to whom a thousand or tens of thousands of planets, and all of them full of inhabitants, would be scarcely anything!" Swedenborg and the question of life on other planets has been extensively reviewed elsewhere.
Swedenborg published his work in London or the Netherlands to escape censorship by the Swedish Empire.Trobridge, G. Swedenborg, Life and Teaching (Swedenborg Foundation, 1976, p. 272).
In July 1770, at the age of 82, he traveled to Amsterdam to complete the publication of his last work. The book, Vera Christiana Religio (The True Christian Religion), was published there in 1771 and was one of the most appreciated of his works. Designed to explain his teachings to Lutherans, it is the most concrete of his works.
Later life
In the summer of 1771, he traveled to London. Shortly before Christmas, he suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed and confined to bed. His health improved somewhat, but he died in 1772. There are several accounts of his last months, made by those with whom he stayed and by Arvid Ferelius, a pastor of the Swedish Church in London, who visited him several times.
There is evidence that Swedenborg wrote a letter to John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, in February. Swedenborg said that he had been told in the world of spirits that Wesley wanted to speak with him. Wesley, startled since he had not told anyone of his interest in Swedenborg, replied that he was going on a journey for six months and would contact Swedenborg on his return. Swedenborg replied that that would be too late since Swedenborg would be going to the spiritual world for the last time on March 29. (Wesley later read and commented extensively on Swedenborg's work.) Swedenborg's landlord's servant girl, Elizabeth Reynolds, also said that Swedenborg had predicted the date and that he was as happy about it as if he was "going on holiday or to some merrymaking":
He was buried in the Swedish Church in Princes Square in Shadwell, London. On the 140th anniversary of his death, in 1912/1913, his remains were transferred to Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden, where they now rest close to the grave of the botanist Carl Linnaeus. In 1917, the Swedish Church in Shadwell was demolished, and the Swedish community that had grown around the parish moved to Marylebone. In 1938, Princes Square was redeveloped, and in his honour the local road was renamed Swedenborg Gardens. In 1997, a garden, play area and memorial, near the road, were created in his memory.
Veracity
Swedenborg's transition from scientist to revelator or mystic has fascinated many people. He has had a variety of both supporting and critical biographers. Some propose that he did not have a revelation at all but developed his theological ideas from sources which ranged from his father to earlier figures in the history of thought, notably Plotinus. That position was first taken by Swedish writer Martin Lamm who wrote a biography of Swedenborg in 1915. Swedish critic and publicist Olof Lagercrantz had a similar point of view, calling Swedenborg's theological writing "a poem about a foreign country with peculiar laws and customs".
Swedenborg's approach to proving the veracity of his theological teachings was to use voluminous quotations from the Old Testament and the New Testament to demonstrate agreement with the Bible, and this is found throughout his theological writings. A Swedish Royal Council considering heresy charges against two Swedish promoters of his theological writings concluded that "there is much that is true and useful in Swedenborg's writings". Victor Hugo suggested in passing, in Chapter 14 of Les Misérables, that Swedenborg, in company with Blaise Pascal, had "glided into insanity".
Scientific beliefs
Swedenborg proposed many scientific ideas during his lifetime. In his youth, he wanted to present a new idea every day, as he wrote to his brother-in-law Erik Benzelius in 1718. Around 1730, he had changed his mind, and instead believed that higher knowledge is not something that can be acquired, but that it is based on intuition. After 1745, he instead considered himself receiving scientific knowledge in a spontaneous manner from angels.
From 1745, when he considered himself to have entered a spiritual state, he tended to phrase his "experiences" in empirical terms, to report accurately things he had experienced on his spiritual journeys.
One of his ideas that is considered most crucial for the understanding of his theology is his notion of correspondences. But, in fact, he first presented the theory of correspondences only in 1744, in the first volume of Regnum Animale dealing with the human soul.
The basis of the correspondence theory is that there is a relationship among the natural ("physical"), the spiritual, and the divine worlds. The foundations of this theory can be traced to Neoplatonism and the philosopher Plotinus in particular. With the aid of this scenario, Swedenborg now interpreted the Bible in a different light, claiming that even the most apparently trivial sentences could hold a profound spiritual meaning. Swedenborg argued that it is the presence of that spiritual sense which makes the Word divine.
Prophetic accounts
Four incidents of purported psychic ability of Swedenborg exist in the literature. There are several versions of each story.
Fire anecdotes
On Thursday, 19 July 1759 a great and well-documented fire broke out in Stockholm, Sweden.Staffan Högberg, Stockholms historia (Stockholm's history), part 1, p. 342; in Swedish In the high and increasing wind it spread very fast, consuming about 300 houses and making 2000 people homeless.
When the fire broke out Swedenborg was at a dinner with friends in Gothenburg, about 400 km from Stockholm. He became agitated and told the party at six o'clock that there was a fire in Stockholm, that it had consumed his neighbour's home and was threatening his own. Two hours later, he exclaimed with relief that the fire had stopped three doors from his home. In the excitement following his report, word even reached the ears of the provincial governor, who summoned Swedenborg that same evening and asked for a detailed recounting.
At that time, it took two to three days for news from Stockholm to reach Gothenburg by courier, so that is the shortest duration in which the news of the fire could reach Gothenburg. The first messenger from Stockholm with news of the fire was from the Board of Trade, who arrived Monday evening. The second messenger was a royal courier, who arrived on Tuesday. Both of these reports confirmed every statement to the precise hour that Swedenborg first expressed the information. The accounts are fully described in Bergquist, pp. 312–313 and in Chapter 31 of The Swedenborg Epic.As noted above, primary source for these accounts is a letter from Immanuel Kant in 1768 and the Swedenborg collection by Tafel (Documents #271–273) According to Swedenborg's biographer Lars Bergquist, however, this event took place on Sunday, July 29 – ten days after the fire.
(Bergquist states, but does not document, that Swedenborg confirmed his vision of the fire incident to his good friend, Consul Christopher Springer, "one of the pillars of the church, ... a man of enviable reputation for virtue and intelligence", and that Swedenborg's innkeeper, Erik Bergström, heard Swedenborg affirming the story.)
It seems unlikely that the many witnesses to Swedenborg's distress during the fire, and his immediate report of it to the provincial governor,Johnson, p. 70 would have left room for doubt in the public eye of Swedenborg's report. If Swedenborg had only received news of the fire by the normal methods there would have been no issue of psychic perception recorded for history. Instead, "when the news of Swedenborg's extraordinary vision of the fire reached the capital, public curiosity about him was very much aroused."
A second fire anecdote, similar to the first one, but less cited, is the incident of the mill owner Bolander. Swedenborg warned him, again abruptly, of an incipient fire in one of his mills.
Queen of Sweden
The third event was in 1758 when Swedenborg visited Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden, who asked him to tell her something about her deceased brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia. The next day, Swedenborg whispered something in her ear that turned the Queen pale and she explained that this was something only she and her brother could know about.
Lost document
The fourth incident involved a woman who had lost an important document, and came to Swedenborg asking if a recently deceased person could tell him where it was, which he (in some sources) was said to have done the following night.
Although not typically cited along with these three episodes, there was one further piece of evidence: Swedenborg was noted by the seamen of the ships that he sailed between Stockholm and London to always have excellent sailing conditions. When asked about this by a friend, Swedenborg played down the matter, saying he was surprised by this experience himself and that he was certainly not able to do miracles.
Kant's view
In 1763, Immanuel Kant, then at the beginning of his career, was impressed by accounts of Swedenborg's psychic abilities and made inquiries to find out if they were true. He also ordered all eight volumes of the expensive Arcana Cœlestia (Heavenly Arcana or Heavenly Mysteries). One Charlotte von Knobloch wrote to Kant asking his opinion of Swedenborg's psychic experiences. Kant wrote a very affirmative reply, referring to Swedenborg's "miraculous" gift, and characterizing him as "reasonable, agreeable, remarkable and sincere" and "a scholar", in one of his letters to Moses Mendelssohn, and expressing regret that he (Kant) had never met Swedenborg.Benz 2001, p. 13. Joseph Green, his English friend, who investigated the matter for Kant, including by visiting Swedenborg's home, found Swedenborg to be a "sensible, pleasant and openhearted" man and here again, a scholar.
However, three years later, in 1766, Kant wrote and published anonymously a small book entitled Träume eines Geistersehers (Dreams of a Spirit-Seer) that was a scathing critique of Swedenborg and his writings. He termed Swedenborg a "spook hunter" "without official office or occupation". As rationale for his critique, Kant said he wanted to stop "ceaseless questioning" and inquiries about Dreams from "inquisitive" persons, both known and unknown. Kant's friend Moses Mendelssohn thought there was a "joking pensiveness" in Dreams that sometimes left the reader in doubt as to whether Dreams was meant to make "metaphysics laughable or spirit-seeking credible". In one of his letters to Mendelssohn, Kant refers to Dreams less-than-enthusiastically as a "desultory little essay".
Kant never closed off the possibility of mysticism or spirits in Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, and the exact relationship of his thought to Swedenborg's remains unclear, according to contemporary scholars.
Theology
Swedenborg claimed in The Heavenly Doctrine that the teachings of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ were revealed to him.
Swedenborg considered his theology a revelation of the true Christian religion that had become obfuscated through centuries of theology. However, he did not refer to his writings as theology since he considered it based on actual experiences, unlike theology, except in the title of his last work. Neither did he wish to compare it to philosophy, a discipline he discarded in 1748 because, he claimed, it "darkens the mind, blinds us, and wholly rejects the faith".
The foundation of Swedenborg's theology was laid down in Arcana Cœlestia (Heavenly Mysteries), published in eight Latin volumes from 1749 to 1756. In a significant portion of that work, he interprets the Biblical passages of Genesis and Exodus. He reviews what he says is the inner spiritual sense of these two works of the Word of God. (He later made a similar review of the inner sense of the book of Revelation in Apocalypse Revealed.) Most of all, he was convinced that the Bible describes a human's transformation from a materialistic to a spiritual being, which he calls rebirth or regeneration. He begins this work by outlining how the creation myth was not an account of the creation of Earth, but an account of man's rebirth or regeneration in six steps represented by the six days of creation. Everything related to mankind in the Bible could also be related to Jesus Christ, and how Christ freed himself from materialistic boundaries through the glorification of his human presence by making it Divine. Swedenborg examines this idea in his exposition of Genesis and Exodus.
Marriage
One often discussed aspect of Swedenborg's writing is his ideas on marriage. Swedenborg himself remained a bachelor all his life, but that did not hinder him from writing voluminously on the subject. His work on Marriage Love (Conjugial Love in older translations) (1768) was dedicated to this purpose.
A central question with regard to marriage is whether it stops at death or continues into heaven. The question arises due to a statement attributed to Jesus that there is no marriage in heaven (Luke 20:27–38, Matthew 22:23–32, and Mark 12:18–27). Swedenborg wrote The Lord God Jesus Christ on Marriage in Heaven as a detailed analysis of what he meant.
The quality of the relationship between husband and wife resumes in the spiritual world in whatever state it was at their death in this world. Thus, a couple in true marriage love remain together in that state in heaven into eternity. A couple lacking in that love by one or both partners, however, will separate after death and each will be given a compatible new partner if they wish. A partner is also given to a person who loved the ideal of marriage but never found a true partner in this world. The exception in both cases is a person who hates chaste marriage and thus cannot receive such a partner.
Swedenborg saw creation as a series of pairings, descending from the Divine love and wisdom that define God and are the basis of creation. This duality can be seen in the pairing of good and truth, charity and faith, God and the church, and husband and wife. In each case, the goal for these pairs is to achieve conjunction between the two component parts. In the case of marriage, the object is to bring about the joining together of the two partners at the spiritual and physical levels, and the happiness that comes as a consequence.
Trinity
Swedenborg rejected the common explanation of the Trinity as a Trinity of Persons, which he said was not taught in the early Christian church. There was, for instance, no mention in the Apostolic writings of any "Son from eternity". Instead he explained in his theological writings how the Divine Trinity exists in One Person, in One God, the Lord Jesus Christ, which he said is taught in Colossians 2:9. According to The Heavenly Doctrine, Jesus, the Son of God, came into the world because of the spread of evil here.Swedenborg, E. The Doctrine of the Lord (New York: Swedenborg Foundation, 1946)Swedenborg, E. The New Jerusalem and Its Heavenly Doctrine, particularly sections 280–310 New York: Swedenborg Foundation, 1951)
Swedenborg spoke in virtually all his works against what he regarded as the incomprehensible Trinity of Persons concept. He said that people of other religions opposed Christianity because of its doctrine of a Trinity of Persons. He considered the separation of the Trinity into three separate Persons to have originated with the First Council of Nicaea and the Athanasian Creed.
Sola Fide (Faith Alone)The Heavenly Doctrine rejects the concept of salvation through faith-alone (sola-fide in Latin), since he considered both faith and charity necessary for salvation, not one without the other, whereas the Reformers taught that faith-alone procured justification, although it must be a faith which resulted in obedience. The purpose of faith, according to The Heavenly Doctrine, is to lead a person to a life according to the truths of faith, which is charity, as is taught in 1 Corinthians 13:13 and James 2:20.
In other words, Swedenborg spoke sharply against the faith-alone doctrine of Luther and others. He held that justification before God was not based solely upon some imputed righteousness before God, and was not achievable merely by a gift of God's grace (sola gratia), granted without any basis in a person's actual behavior in life. Sola-fide was a doctrine averred by Martin Luther, John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli and others during the Protestant Reformation, and was a core belief especially in the theology of the Lutheran reformers Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.
Although the sola-fide doctrine of the Reformers also emphasized that saving faith was one that effected works (by faith-alone, but not by a faith which is alone), Swedenborg protested against faith-alone being the instrument of justification, and held that salvation is only possible through the conjunction of faith and charity in a person, and that the purpose of faith is to lead a person to live according to the truths of faith, which is charity. He further states that faith and charity must be exercised by doing good out of willing good whenever possible, which are good works or good uses or the conjunction perishes. In one section he wrote:
Later history
Swedenborg made no attempt to found a church.Benz, E. Emanuel Swedenborg. Visionary Savant in The Age of Reason (translated by Goodrick-Clarke (Swedenborg Foundation, 2002, p. 487). A few years after his death – 15 by one estimate – for the most part in England, small reading groups formed to study his teachings. As one scholar states, The Heavenly Doctrine particularly appealed to the various dissenting groups that sprang up in the first half of the 18th century who were "surfeited with revivalism and narrow-mindedness" and found his optimism and comprehensive explanations appealing.
A variety of important cultural figures, both writers and artists, were influenced by Swedenborg's writings, including Robert Frost, Johnny Appleseed, William Blake, Jorge Luis Borges, Daniel Burnham, Arthur Conan Doyle,
Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Flaxman, George Inness, Henry James Sr., Carl Jung, Immanuel Kant, Honoré de Balzac, Helen Keller, Czesław Miłosz, Joseph Smith, August Strindberg, D. T. Suzuki, and W. B. Yeats. His philosophy had a great impact on the Duke of Södermanland, later King Carl XIII, who as the Grand Master of Swedish Freemasonry (Svenska Frimurare Orden) built its unique system of degrees and wrote its rituals. In contrast, one of the most prominent Swedish authors of Swedenborg's day, Johan Henric Kellgren, called Swedenborg "nothing but a fool". A heresy trial was initiated in Sweden in 1768 against Swedenborg writings and two men who promoted them.
In the two and a half centuries since Swedenborg's death, various interpretations of his theology have been made, and he has also been scrutinized in biographies and psychological studies. Swedenborg, with his claimed new dispensation, has been considered by some to suffer from mental illness.
While the insanity explanation was not uncommon during Swedenborg's own time, it is mitigated by his activity in the Swedish Riddarhuset (the House of the Nobility), the Riksdag (the Swedish parliament), and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Additionally, the system of thought in his theological writings is considered by some to be remarkably coherent. Furthermore, he was characterized by his contemporaries as a "kind and warm-hearted man", "amiable in his meeting with the public", speaking "easily and naturally of his spiritual experiences",Trobridge, G.Swedenborg, Life and Teaching (Swedenborg Foundation, 1976, p. 202.). with pleasant and interesting conversation. An English friend of Kant's who visited Swedenborg at Kant's behest described Swedenborg as a "reasonable, pleasant and candid man and scholar". Of note here is Swedenborg's statement that he was commanded by the Lord to publish his writings and "Do not believe that without this express command I would have thought of publishing things which I knew in advance would make me look ridiculous and many people would think lies".
Works
Copies of the original Latin version in which Swedenborg wrote his revelation are available from the following sources.Online photocopy of first Latin edition published by Swedenborg From Bayside Church image database.The Works of Emanuel Swedenborg in Chronological Order, Emanuel Swedenborg Studies, accessed February 3, 2011 .
The common names used in a New Church listing are given parenthetically, followed by the titles in the original. All the titles listed were published by Swedenborg except The Spiritual Diary. Various minor reports and tracts have been omitted from the list.
1716–1718, (Daedalus Hyperboreus) Swedish: Daedalus Hyperboreus, eller några nya mathematiska och physicaliska försök. (English: The Northern inventor, or some new experiments in mathematics and physics)
1721, (Principles of Chemistry) Latin: Prodromus principiorum rerum naturalium: sive novorum tentaminum chymiam et physicam experimenta geometrice explicandi 1722, (Miscellaneous Observations) Latin: Miscellanea de Rebus Naturalibus 1734, (Principia) Latin: Opera Philosophica et Mineralia (English: Philosophical and Mineralogical Works), three volumes
(Principia, Volume I) Latin: Tomus I. Principia rerum naturlium sive novorum tentaminum phaenomena mundi elementaris philosophice explicandi (Principia, Volume II) Latin: Tomus II. Regnum subterraneum sive minerale de ferro (Principia, Volume III) Latin: Tomus III. Regnum subterraneum sive minerale de cupro et orichalco 1734, (The Infinite and Final Cause of Creation) Latin: Prodromus Philosophiz Ratiocinantis de Infinito, et Causa Finali Creationis; deque Mechanismo Operationis Animae et Corporis.
1742, ( The Soul Or Rational Psychology)
1744–1745, (The Animal Kingdom) Latin: Regnum animale, 3 volumes
1745, (The Worship and Love of God) Latin: De Cultu et Amore Dei, 2 volumes
1749–1756, (Arcana Cœlestia or Caelestia) (Heavenly Mysteries) Latin: Arcana Cœlestia, quae in Scriptura Sacra seu Verbo Domini sunt, detecta, 8 volumes
1758, (Heaven and Hell) Latin: De Caelo et Ejus Mirabilibus et de inferno. Ex Auditis et Visis. 1758, (The Last Judgment) Latin: De Ultimo Judicio 1758, (The White Horse) Latin: De Equo Albo de quo in Apocalypsi Cap. XIX. 1758, (Earths in the Universe) Latin: De Telluribus in Mundo Nostro Solari, quæ vocantur planetæ: et de telluribus in coelo astrifero: deque illarum incolis; tum de spiritibus & angelis ibi; ex auditis & visis. 1758, (The New Jerusalem and Its Heavenly Doctrine) Latin: De Nova Hierosolyma et Ejus Doctrina Coelesti 1763, (Doctrine of the Lord) Latin:Doctrina Novæ Hierosolymæ de Domino. 1763, (Doctrine of the Sacred Scripture) Latin: Doctrina Novæ Hierosolymæ de Scriptura Sacra. 1763, (Doctrine of Life) Latin: Doctrina Vitæ pro Nova Hierosolyma ex præceptis Decalogi. 1763, (Doctrine of Faith) Latin: Doctrina Novæ Hierosolymæ de Fide. 1763, (Continuation of The Last Judgement) Latin: Continuatio De Ultimo Judicio: et de mundo spirituali. 1763, (Divine Love and Wisdom) Latin: Sapientia Angelica de Divino Amore et de Divina Sapientia. Sapientia Angelica de Divina Providentia. 1764, (Divine Providence) Latin: Sapientia Angelica de Divina Providentia. 1766, (Apocalypse Revealed) Latin: Apocalypsis Revelata, in quae detegunter Arcana quae ibi preedicta sunt. 1768, (Conjugial Love, or Marriage Love) Latin: Deliciae Sapientiae de Amore Conjugiali; post quas sequumtur voluptates insaniae de amore scortatorio. 1769, (Brief Exposition) Latin: Summaria Expositio Doctrinæ Novæ Ecclesiæ, quæ per Novam Hierosolymam in Apocalypsi intelligitur. 1769, (Interaction of the Soul and the Body) Latin: De Commercio Animæ & Corporis. 1771, (True Christian Religion) Latin: Vera Christiana Religio, continens Universam Theologiam Novae Ecclesiae 1859, Drömboken, Journalanteckningar(Journal of Dreams)], 1743–1744
1983–1997, (Spiritual Diary) Latin: Diarum, Ubi Memorantur Experientiae Spirituales.
In popular culture
Swedenborg's book Heaven and its Wonders and Hell From Things Heard and Seen is a major contributor to the plot of the movie Things Heard & Seen, which premiered on Netflix in 2021.
See also
Swedenborg Society
List of Christian thinkers in science
Lord's New Church Which Is Nova Hierosolyma
The New Church (Swedenborgian)
General Church of the New Jerusalem
Swedenborgian Church of North America
Swedenborg Rite
Wayfarers Chapel, a National Monument to Emanuel Swedenborg
Notes
References
Sources
Ahlstrom, S.E. A Religious History of the American People (Yale 1972) Includes section on Swedenborg by this scholar.
Benz, Ernst, Emanuel Swedenborg: Visionary Savant in the Age of Reason (Swedenborg Foundation, 2002) , a translation of the thorough German language study on life and work of Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedenborg: Naturforscher und Seher by the noted religious scholar Ernst Benz, published in Munich in 1948.
Bergquist, Lars, Swedenborg's Secret, (London, The Swedenborg Society, 2005) , a translation of the Swedish language biography of Swedenborg, Swedenborgs Hemlighet, published in Stockholm in 1999.
Block, M. B. The New Church in the New World. A study of Swedenborgianism in America (Holt 1932; Octagon reprint 1968) A detailed history of the ideational and social development of the organized churches based on Swedenborg's works.
Crompton, S. Emanuel Swedenborg (Chelsea House, 2005) Recent biography of Swedenborg.
Johnson, G., ed. Kant on Swedenborg. Dreams of a Spirit-Seer and Other Writings. Translation by Johnson, G., Magee, G.E. (Swedenborg Foundation 2002) New translation and extensive set of supplementary texts.
Lamm, Martin, Swedenborg: En studie (1987; first ed. 1915). A popular biography that is still read and quoted. It is also available in English: Emanuel Swedenborg: The Development of His Thought, Martin Lamm (Swedenborg Studies, No. 9, 2001),
Lagercrantz, Olof, Dikten om livet på den andra sidan (Wahlström & Widstrand 1996), . In Swedish.
Leon, James, Overcoming Objections to Swedenborg's Writings Through the Development of Scientific Dualism An examination of Swedenborg's discoveries. The author is a professor of psychology (1998; published in New Philosophy, 2001)
Moody, R. A. Life after Life (Bantam 1975) Reports correlation of near-death experience with Swedenborg's reports of life after death.
Price, R. Johnny Appleseed. Man and Myth (Indiana 1954) Definitive study of this legendary man. Includes details of his interest in Swedenborg and the organizational New Church
Robsahm, Carl, Hallengren, Anders (translation and comments), Anteckningar om Swedenborg (Föreningen Swedenborgs Minne: Stockholm 1989), . Hallengren writes that the first complete publication of the Robsam manuscript was in R. L. Tafel's Documents, Vol. I, 1875 (see section "Further reading")
Schuchard, Marsha Keith. 2011. [https://brill.com/view/title/20552 Emanuel Swedenborg, Secret Agent on Earth and in Heaven: Jacobites, Jews and Freemasons in Early Modern Sweden. Brill.
Sigstedt, C.,The Swedenborg Epic. The Life and Works of Emanuel Swedenborg (New York: Bookman Associates, 1952). The whole book is available online at Swedenborg Digital Library.
Further reading
Newer material
The Arms of Morpheus—Essays on Swedenborg and Mysticism, ed. Stephen McNeilly (London: Swedenborg Society, 2007), .
Between Method and Madness—Essays on Swedenborg and Literature, ed. Stephen McNeilly (London: Swedenborg Society, 2005), .
In Search of the Absolute—Essays on Swedenborg and Literature, ed. Stephen McNeilly (London: Swedenborg Society, 2005), .
On the True Philosopher and the True Philosophy—Essays on Swedenborg, ed. Stephen McNeilly (London: Swedenborg Society, 2005), .
Swedenborg and His Influence, ed. Erland J. Brock, (Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania: The Academy of the New Church, 1988), .
Jonathan S. Rose, ed. Emanuel Swedenborg: Essays for the New Century Edition on His Life, Work, and Impact (West Chester, Pennsylvania: Swedenborg Foundation, 2002), . 580 pages. Multiple scholars contributed to this collection of information on Swedenborg, his manuscripts, and his cultural influence. Republished in 2004 under new title, Scribe of Heaven: Swedenborg's Life, Work, and Impact .
Wilson van Dusen, The Presence of Other Worlds, Swedenborg Foundation, Inc., New York, Harper & Row, 1974.
"The Madness Hypothesis," a special issue of The New Philosophy (1998;101: whole number), a journal produced by the Swedenborg Scientific Association, reviews the question of Swedenborg's sanity in scholarly detail, making the case that he was in fact quite sane.
Donald L. Rose, ed., Afterlife: A Guided Tour of Heaven and Its Wonders. Swedenborg Foundation, 2006. (abridged version of Heaven and Hell)
D. T. Suzuki, translated by Andrew Bernstein, Afterword by David Loy, Swedenborg: Buddha of the North. Swedenborg Foundation, 1996. (Brilliantly shows relevance of Swedenborg's ideas to Buddhist thought.)
Nemitz, K., "The Man and His Work".
Larsen, T, Larsen, Lawrence, JF, Woofenden WR. Emanuel Swedenborg. A Continuing Vision. Swedenborg Foundation, 1988
Sig Synnestvedt, ed., The Essential Swedenborg: Basic Religious Teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. Swedenborg Foundation, 1970.
Older material of importance (some of it not in print)
The most extensive work is: RL Tafel, Documents concerning the Life and Character of Swedenborg, collected, translated and annotated (3 vols., Swedenborg Society, 1875–1877);
J. Hyde, A Bibliography of the Works of Emanuel Swedenborg (Swedenborg Society).
Kant's Träume eines Geistersehers (1766; the most recent edition in English is from 1975, );
J. G. Herder's "Emanuel Swedenborg," in his Adrastea (Werke zur Phil. und Gesch., xii. 110–125).
Transactions of the International Swedenborg Congress (London, 1910), summarized in The New Church Magazine (August 1910).
Swedenborg and Esoteric Islam (Swedenborg Studies, No 4) by Henry Corbin, Leonard Fox
Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Swedenborg; or, the Mystic", in Emerson: Essays and Lectures (New York, New York: The Library of America, 1983), .
William White, Emmanuel Swedenborg, His Life and Writings, 2nd Ed., Rev. (xx, 767 p.; London, Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1868) – This is the second of White's two biographies of Swedenborg, the first one published in 1856 (White, W. Swedenborg: his life and writings Bath : I. Pitman, Phonetic Institution, 1856) and this second one in 1867. White worked for the Swedenborg Society in London and wrote an affirmative biography of Swedenborg. However, he was fired for publishing spiritist books and selling them at the Society's store, as well as otherwise interfering with the Society's function. White's response was the 1867 biography, in which he, in Tafel's words, "turn[ed] a complete somersault in his convictions," and wrote a highly derogatory biography of Swedenborg and his teachings. (The Swedenborg Epic footnote # 769) (R. Tafel, Documents Concerning the Life and Character of Emanuel Swedenborg, Vol. 3, p. 1284. London. Swedenborg Society 1890)
1688 births
1772 deaths
18th-century apocalypticists
18th-century Christian mystics
18th-century essayists
18th-century Latin-language writers
18th-century non-fiction writers
18th-century male writers
18th-century occultists
18th-century philosophers
18th-century Swedish writers
Afterlife in Christianity
Age of Enlightenment
Age of Liberty people
Angelic visionaries
Burials at Uppsala Cathedral
Christian philosophers
Christian theologians
Consciousness researchers and theorists
Enlightenment philosophers
Epistemologists
Founders of philosophical traditions
History of philosophy
History of religion
History of science
Intellectual history
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Metaphilosophers
Metaphysicians
Metaphysics writers
Moral philosophers
Mystics
New Age predecessors
New Thought mystics
Ontologists
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of love
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Philosophical cosmologists
Philosophy writers
Social critics
Social philosophers
Spiritual mediums
18th-century Swedish astronomers
Swedish Christians
Swedish ethicists
Swedish expatriates in the Dutch Republic
Swedish male non-fiction writers
Swedish nobility
Swedish philosophers
18th-century Swedish scientists
Swedish spiritual writers
Swedish theologians
Theorists on Western civilization
Uppsala University alumni
Writers about religion and science
Writers from Stockholm | [
-0.04446316137909889,
0.3380352258682251,
-0.21598991751670837,
0.28337734937667847,
-0.14114460349082947,
1.0279384851455688,
1.3331900835037231,
-0.3953092098236084,
-0.6493549942970276,
0.030026180669665337,
-0.3039376437664032,
0.11173351109027863,
-0.2475438266992569,
0.5405682325363159,
-0.08262581378221512,
0.11455048620700836,
0.2892042100429535,
-0.49592432379722595,
-0.4078649878501892,
0.06537708640098572,
-0.02073114551603794,
-0.16025112569332123,
0.6187071800231934,
-0.11459128558635712,
0.039168793708086014,
0.04521913081407547,
0.013845284469425678,
-0.22254429757595062,
-0.10790914297103882,
0.01075646374374628,
-0.2728256285190582,
0.3644515573978424,
-0.14899903535842896,
0.003216629149392247,
-0.35790884494781494,
0.6800991892814636,
-0.5209247469902039,
-0.19309823215007782,
0.02999948151409626,
0.23935440182685852,
-0.35793769359588623,
0.16716818511486053,
0.555953323841095,
0.0054393052123487,
-0.1143207922577858,
-0.12551797926425934,
-1.7053083181381226,
0.6194278597831726,
-0.8864947557449341,
0.10828687250614166,
0.13152730464935303,
-0.09072116762399673,
0.1278146207332611,
0.5855957865715027,
-0.581154465675354,
0.10022785514593124,
-0.9278332591056824,
-0.47945642471313477,
0.304100900888443,
-0.13322897255420685,
0.6672958731651306,
0.41357627511024475,
0.698691725730896,
0.03570540249347687,
0.20234797894954681,
0.1354597508907318,
-0.5153313875198364,
0.24610693752765656,
-0.26420480012893677,
-0.548248291015625,
-0.3420450687408447,
0.4659990072250366,
-0.305013507604599,
0.09836512804031372,
0.6774013042449951,
-0.8780227303504944,
0.019937565550208092,
0.450801283121109,
0.2674080431461334,
-0.4737936854362488,
-0.19259759783744812,
-0.15899233520030975,
0.9984641671180725,
0.19914762675762177,
0.13728773593902588,
-0.1379999816417694,
-0.004961728118360043,
-0.12698966264724731,
-0.6497042179107666,
-0.825384259223938,
0.4060031771659851,
-0.13054326176643372,
0.3482506275177002,
0.2634251117706299,
0.07080010324716568,
0.44626709818840027,
-0.03616777062416077,
0.6529818773269653,
-1.0873990058898926,
0.124409519135952,
0.07224170863628387,
0.2716047167778015,
0.15690873563289642,
-0.18065904080867767,
0.6050125360488892,
0.05356808379292488,
0.3631002604961395,
-0.12378355860710144,
-0.28847625851631165,
0.28592854738235474,
-0.8254069089889526,
0.4326942265033722,
-0.04926065355539322,
0.3062146008014679,
-0.08445198833942413,
0.5087189078330994,
0.41882357001304626,
-1.0843983888626099,
-0.20316274464130402,
0.13288885354995728,
0.04409894719719887,
0.6657078266143799,
0.23140877485275269,
-0.11214099079370499,
-0.22178013622760773,
-0.4797523617744446,
-0.08248496800661087,
0.6620339155197144,
-0.6339254379272461,
0.07717064768075943,
0.15271154046058655,
0.7551135420799255,
-0.17828752100467682,
0.05971849709749222,
-0.5120088458061218,
0.39971616864204407,
0.4929620027542114,
-0.1675342470407486,
-0.632924497127533,
0.8978791832923889,
-0.2858463227748871,
-0.6510839462280273,
-0.40243130922317505,
-0.08892147243022919,
0.24175211787223816,
-0.3077995777130127,
0.2593573331832886,
-0.3526621162891388,
-0.6433372497558594,
0.16346248984336853,
-0.7235215306282043,
0.47916826605796814,
0.289470374584198,
-0.35011184215545654,
0.2514355480670929,
0.19876420497894287,
-0.1104772612452507,
0.8051352500915527,
0.025394270196557045,
0.17177742719650269,
0.23803672194480896,
0.047113269567489624,
-0.2704106271266937,
-0.21173787117004395,
0.3415733277797699,
-0.43960970640182495,
0.3912878632545471,
0.3222709596157074,
-0.1761079579591751,
-0.40007561445236206,
-0.31464719772338867,
-0.5814646482467651,
0.17389532923698425,
0.3443686366081238,
-0.10621252655982971,
0.6294915676116943,
0.464961975812912,
0.042465098202228546,
0.3534630239009857,
-0.36643463373184204,
-0.6416926980018616,
-0.23224271833896637,
-0.2401101142168045,
-0.008788018487393856,
0.0337778702378273,
0.36015981435775757,
0.40173473954200745,
0.5762316584587097,
0.3576144576072693,
-0.18831206858158112,
-0.5166538953781128,
-0.5477114319801331,
-0.025067461654543877,
0.5764289498329163,
1.0506956577301025,
-0.12390308082103729,
-0.7294207811355591,
0.3515065610408783,
-0.1635379195213318,
0.4654143154621124,
-0.006343009416013956,
-0.9006414413452148,
-0.6973559856414795,
0.20903068780899048,
0.6911565065383911,
0.28048115968704224,
0.1382867395877838,
-0.23535697162151337,
0.501649796962738,
0.16081778705120087,
-0.06749207526445389,
-1.0837979316711426,
0.24572734534740448,
0.05018692836165428,
-0.4797245264053345,
-0.24640223383903503,
-0.5012984275817871,
-0.11544414609670639,
0.35770052671432495,
-0.09749464690685272,
-0.019784515723586082,
0.16684678196907043,
-0.03015575185418129,
0.9094724059104919,
0.19797374308109283,
0.7161890864372253,
-0.1981259137392044,
0.44716858863830566,
-0.12422855943441391,
-0.7522674798965454,
-0.036962345242500305,
-0.39999011158943176,
0.3459247946739197,
-0.13739463686943054,
-0.04450327530503273,
0.052420344203710556,
-0.3355395495891571,
0.07364606112241745,
-0.05758541822433472,
-1.00838041305542,
0.47124460339546204,
0.1368168741464615,
-0.18817271292209625,
0.6016373634338379,
0.5393451452255249,
0.5344331860542297,
-0.5807967185974121,
-0.6853229403495789,
-0.41499802470207214,
-0.0492301881313324,
-0.4307957887649536,
0.5886048674583435,
-0.12552069127559662,
0.13150382041931152,
-0.04272804781794548,
-0.3833853304386139,
0.6901066303253174,
0.03960369899868965,
-0.045899201184511185,
0.386069118976593,
-0.03884698823094368,
-0.07246547192335129,
0.00980357639491558,
0.02101895958185196,
-0.16929073631763458,
0.1299402266740799,
0.45676201581954956,
-0.5210145115852356,
0.14977478981018066,
0.23712657392024994,
0.09226874262094498,
-0.3072771728038788,
-0.3926286995410919,
0.4039897620677948,
-0.26936760544776917,
-1.0752202272415161,
0.24176661670207977,
-0.4920142889022827,
-0.001290867105126381,
-0.07837596535682678,
-0.8537249565124512,
0.6394731998443604,
-0.5101836323738098,
0.191619411110878,
-0.5149292945861816,
-0.4209551215171814,
-0.21322400867938995,
-0.20445261895656586,
0.5294342637062073,
0.20176953077316284,
-0.30822136998176575,
0.9184349775314331,
-0.18060728907585144,
-0.3020366430282593,
0.056982919573783875,
0.16887517273426056,
0.01733170635998249,
-0.7064277529716492,
0.1341327428817749,
0.1892920434474945,
-1.225541353225708,
0.03720639646053314,
0.18760868906974792,
0.5876509547233582,
0.24191544950008392,
0.01367117464542389,
-0.44762933254241943,
0.28541168570518494,
-5.317527770996094,
-0.20341825485229492,
0.3181108236312866,
-0.33884403109550476,
0.03726891428232193,
0.7544616460800171,
0.4778243899345398,
-0.03270968049764633,
0.45628058910369873,
-0.08631537109613419,
0.4614854156970978,
-0.15283547341823578,
-0.17582635581493378,
0.5518262982368469,
0.3526948094367981,
0.6063041090965271,
0.03276051580905914,
0.18200138211250305,
-0.2576018273830414,
0.11226449906826019,
-0.04856504872441292,
-0.19270479679107666,
-0.26784032583236694,
0.777360200881958,
0.09707849472761154,
-0.09960564970970154,
-0.04174766317009926,
0.08012227714061737,
-0.4159320294857025,
-0.29094770550727844,
-0.21286557614803314,
0.2755557894706726,
-0.22792045772075653,
-0.26449692249298096,
0.7040724754333496,
0.33462172746658325,
0.4077223837375641,
0.5298066139221191,
0.02700088731944561,
0.3807202875614166,
0.22979028522968292,
0.11970654129981995,
-0.44623324275016785,
0.23401346802711487,
-0.11726369708776474,
-0.15876391530036926,
-0.2684418559074402,
0.7964480519294739,
-0.5397388339042664,
0.09631194174289703,
0.13152961432933807,
-0.2646827697753906,
-0.039010126143693924,
-0.5165417790412903,
0.2451397180557251,
0.38146597146987915,
0.40732863545417786,
0.010753710754215717,
-0.5336764454841614,
0.07030096650123596,
0.4982728660106659,
-0.1209341362118721,
-0.29538553953170776,
-0.050369471311569214,
-0.11641358584165573,
-0.07681718468666077,
0.15016360580921173,
0.07199721038341522,
0.3759371042251587,
-0.37400001287460327,
-0.23955541849136353,
1.4111677408218384,
0.22308261692523956,
-1.523356318473816,
-0.2201305329799652,
-0.3223855197429657,
-0.6099346876144409,
-0.2244490683078766,
-0.7098745703697205,
-0.06957985460758209,
-0.11361560225486755,
-0.7090840339660645,
-0.02105790004134178,
1.2249279022216797,
1.1329572200775146,
0.28586986660957336,
-0.45106467604637146,
-0.031719472259283066,
-0.5579156279563904,
-0.24319052696228027,
-0.2694096863269806,
-0.36111316084861755,
-0.28184273838996887,
-0.1319521814584732,
-0.11084755510091782,
0.5173677802085876,
-0.8405503630638123,
0.31256529688835144,
0.6392040848731995,
0.41739368438720703,
0.4555317163467407,
0.32672417163848877,
0.6322518587112427,
0.27023404836654663,
0.0656353160738945,
0.005396935623139143,
-0.5146028995513916,
0.005714560393244028,
0.47712400555610657,
0.2750973105430603,
0.14484018087387085,
0.30221670866012573,
0.04645432159304619,
-0.33652159571647644,
-0.02742975950241089,
-0.1944521814584732,
-0.19349105656147003,
1.0945165157318115,
0.33012697100639343,
0.04603288322687149,
-0.5461245179176331,
-0.08385074883699417,
-0.01143568940460682,
-0.6082693934440613,
0.06682682782411575,
-0.10422863811254501,
-0.004782965872436762,
-0.027281390503048897,
-0.2066449224948883,
-0.0737728700041771,
0.3639651834964752,
0.44764307141304016,
0.17846253514289856,
-0.30076152086257935,
0.07927755266427994,
-0.14781704545021057,
-0.1690477728843689,
-0.5081996321678162,
-0.0486939437687397,
0.16997143626213074,
-0.17218579351902008,
-0.5166650414466858,
0.8527418971061707,
0.5892366766929626,
-0.09465490281581879,
-0.2931443154811859,
0.17041152715682983,
0.28095656633377075,
-0.2216995805501938,
0.8100886344909668,
-0.15056966245174408,
0.20328891277313232,
1.226913332939148,
-0.11473238468170166,
-0.024425875395536423,
-0.23011036217212677,
0.05913707986474037,
0.5771524906158447,
-0.11996304243803024,
-0.17666466534137726,
-0.10641394555568695,
-0.483982652425766,
-0.9633599519729614,
-0.7404318451881409,
-0.052756939083337784,
0.16113893687725067,
-1.2862313985824585,
0.26530182361602783,
-0.23087206482887268,
0.11503159999847412,
-0.38621070981025696,
-1.0563123226165771,
-0.5571202039718628,
0.01907888613641262,
0.1869591623544693,
0.12512485682964325,
-0.023637983947992325,
0.6046132445335388,
-0.490547239780426,
-0.41897568106651306,
0.284854918718338,
-0.037463851273059845,
-0.5687758326530457,
-0.013870512135326862,
1.2032268047332764,
-0.2219342291355133,
-0.20099996030330658,
-0.8157927393913269,
-0.11027510464191437,
0.21555432677268982,
0.20383387804031372,
0.2350321263074875,
0.19277875125408173,
0.45265474915504456,
0.16960670053958893,
-0.3946090042591095,
0.06831107288599014,
0.5993776917457581,
0.10097043216228485,
-0.12318798154592514,
0.4669215679168701,
0.24273674190044403,
-0.32593482732772827,
-0.2454921305179596,
0.24873268604278564,
-0.5155441164970398,
-0.13707970082759857,
-0.17092804610729218,
0.05220933258533478,
0.9893361926078796,
-0.6201298236846924,
-0.3150502145290375,
-0.4558179974555969,
0.2735881805419922,
-0.21011127531528473,
0.13034990429878235,
0.35837677121162415,
-0.6548596620559692,
-0.7169116735458374,
-0.6000242829322815,
-0.4791394770145416,
-0.09058691561222076,
-0.4140176475048065,
-0.5364421606063843,
-0.3223589062690735,
-0.4535004496574402,
0.14250832796096802,
0.45385971665382385,
0.7649832367897034,
0.06705569475889206,
0.061404481530189514,
-0.008590750396251678,
-0.25349634885787964,
0.25382253527641296,
-0.38700300455093384,
-0.27502378821372986,
0.44050779938697815,
0.22591310739517212,
-0.16030554473400116,
0.1960228532552719,
0.5438710451126099,
0.3792512118816376,
-0.09313113987445831,
0.10352545231580734,
0.07361165434122086,
-0.2229219228029251,
0.48564985394477844,
-0.03368755057454109,
0.011403882876038551,
0.028993217274546623,
-0.013216101564466953,
-0.06527598202228546,
-0.20809659361839294,
-0.10613260418176651,
1.1830419301986694,
-0.41309282183647156,
0.25790873169898987,
0.4315222501754761,
0.047114625573158264,
-0.661986231803894,
0.37700170278549194,
0.3693331480026245,
-0.3543086647987366,
-0.22520270943641663,
-0.2201746702194214,
0.22626660764217377,
-0.36591264605522156,
-0.3173569440841675,
0.02442445605993271,
-0.34702861309051514,
-0.017935195937752724,
-0.8328738808631897,
-0.5019095540046692,
0.37045010924339294,
-0.649536669254303,
0.5490356683731079,
0.07063214480876923,
-0.14961618185043335,
0.5526372194290161,
-0.030848035588860512,
-0.8795398473739624,
0.3268220126628876,
-0.24492418766021729,
-0.589479923248291,
-0.5079291462898254,
-0.4781290590763092,
-0.5408670902252197,
-0.4957752525806427,
0.11150061339139938,
0.19305703043937683,
-0.650590181350708,
0.32780224084854126,
0.4582887589931488,
0.29652759432792664,
-0.0009400566923432052,
0.17585356533527374,
-0.12084539979696274,
0.4614019989967346,
-0.13037224113941193,
-0.09178780764341354,
-0.14438505470752716,
-0.039790283888578415,
0.7470548152923584,
-0.4139011800289154,
0.4042931795120239,
-0.024158410727977753,
-0.22087250649929047,
0.46023425459861755,
-0.6914719939231873,
0.021906569600105286,
0.629902184009552,
0.6693854928016663,
0.09263429790735245,
0.049133677035570145,
-0.6574586629867554,
-0.4040035605430603,
0.7324129343032837,
-0.04304429516196251,
-0.45746302604675293,
0.5522148609161377,
0.48222339153289795,
0.5954639911651611,
0.37359246611595154,
-0.8852230310440063,
0.0338594913482666,
0.05131367966532707,
0.4810817837715149,
0.20438428223133087,
-1.0814754962921143,
0.2896344065666199,
-0.2845883071422577,
-0.5133203864097595,
-0.4887879192829132,
1.1279168128967285,
-0.21508243680000305,
-0.0008155210525728762,
0.028315337374806404,
-0.3229416012763977,
-0.6301568150520325,
0.1251159906387329,
0.1874343305826187,
0.9835134744644165,
-0.28351807594299316,
0.434411883354187,
-0.24205534160137177,
0.01692095957696438,
-0.13625553250312805,
0.03695102408528328,
-0.15283244848251343,
0.4182696044445038,
0.48149123787879944,
-0.21176877617835999,
0.5653787851333618,
-0.8665229678153992,
0.20066720247268677,
0.051274437457323074,
0.29907336831092834,
-0.5023857355117798,
-0.6268366575241089,
-0.22763901948928833,
-0.2179269939661026,
-0.3088390529155731,
0.7662996053695679,
-0.14776363968849182,
0.20221003890037537,
0.3353930711746216,
0.1279129832983017,
-0.44170281291007996,
0.29957884550094604,
-0.21726317703723907,
0.16853784024715424,
-0.11525678634643555,
0.10120847076177597,
0.23704466223716736,
-0.13008178770542145,
-0.01981634460389614,
1.2184568643569946,
0.20361992716789246,
0.11794636398553848,
-0.14389178156852722,
-0.8503864407539368,
-0.02522699348628521,
0.43519818782806396,
-0.22080105543136597,
0.32449787855148315,
-0.11267665773630142,
0.11448690295219421,
0.1000843346118927,
-0.44453203678131104,
-0.3837672770023346,
0.21981720626354218,
-0.038336146622896194,
0.2427009791135788,
0.1900777965784073,
-1.2706857919692993,
0.5018833875656128,
0.030424516648054123,
0.5639615654945374,
-0.3548505902290344,
-0.5765499472618103,
-0.4182000458240509,
0.1845192164182663,
0.24118250608444214,
-0.04468659684062004,
-0.48101726174354553,
0.22929491102695465,
-0.07278810441493988,
0.320915162563324,
-0.683948814868927,
0.44669660925865173,
-0.13750942051410675,
-0.07940834015607834,
0.207083597779274,
-0.13938909769058228,
-0.4669128358364105,
0.20498870313167572,
0.8403525948524475,
-0.07996418327093124,
-0.09358713030815125,
0.16699285805225372,
0.3456379473209381,
0.3016729950904846,
-0.3797079026699066,
-0.21874579787254333,
-0.4555889070034027,
0.4344601631164551,
0.050986699759960175,
-0.0006969871465116739,
-0.2577272951602936,
-0.45822471380233765,
-0.15676349401474,
-0.523642361164093,
-0.3907806873321533,
-0.30053868889808655,
-0.02395576983690262,
-1.0664846897125244,
1.1040728092193604,
0.4455677270889282,
0.20931321382522583,
-0.8171806931495667,
0.6973037719726562,
0.35294878482818604,
-0.12947185337543488,
0.3515099585056305,
0.2106722742319107,
0.3781256377696991,
0.17867566645145416,
-0.1376182585954666,
0.33964166045188904,
0.17576391994953156,
0.34820953011512756,
-0.6586803197860718,
0.06828588247299194,
-1.0866308212280273,
0.5780760049819946,
0.2660023272037506,
0.25567007064819336,
-0.22788991034030914,
0.32045644521713257,
-0.04068395867943764
] |
224179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZ | CZ | CZ, C-Z, C/Z, or Cz may refer to:
Czech Republic, ISO 3166 country code CZ
.cz, internet country code top-level domain for the Czech Republic
Businesses and organisations
C/Z Records, an American record label
Česká zbrojovka firearms (ČZ)
Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod, a Czech firearms manufacturer
CZ-USA, U.S. division
Česká zbrojovka Strakonice (ČZ a.s.), a Czech manufacturer of forklifts and formerly motorcycles and firearms
Cizeta, an Italian car manufacturer named for its founder, Claudio Zampolli (C.Z.)
China Southern Airlines, IATA airline designator CZ
Science and technology
Cubic zirconia, a synthetic gemstone
Haplogroup CZ (mtDNA), in human mitochondrial genetics
Controlled Z gate, a type of Quantum logic gate
Long March (rocket family), or Chang Zheng
Cz, an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system
Changpeng Zhao, founder and CEO of cryptocurrency exchange Binance
Other uses
Cz (digraph), in the Polish language
Casa Zimbabwe, a student housing unit in Berkeley, California, U.S.
Citizendium, an online encyclopedia project
CZ, vehicle registration prefix of Province of Catanzaro, Italy
Cz, a character from Scrapped Princess
See also | [
0.6339800357818604,
0.31571006774902344,
0.287829726934433,
0.28241655230522156,
0.06481537967920303,
0.16813254356384277,
0.0008451789617538452,
0.743783175945282,
-0.6217848062515259,
-0.021344171836972237,
-0.9033421277999878,
-0.18328125774860382,
-0.32833123207092285,
0.31078290939331055,
-0.45360708236694336,
1.0235977172851562,
0.3774334490299225,
0.905202329158783,
-0.39044618606567383,
-0.4371401369571686,
0.24666890501976013,
-0.13061809539794922,
0.17438767850399017,
-0.294924259185791,
-0.1766410619020462,
0.10024652630090714,
-0.3135068416595459,
0.31355413794517517,
-0.28679412603378296,
0.4850274920463562,
0.46844592690467834,
0.3696966767311096,
0.5369724035263062,
0.3313918113708496,
0.22966180741786957,
0.0944892019033432,
-0.4659767150878906,
-0.4907451570034027,
-0.26241424679756165,
-0.7166686058044434,
0.3498004972934723,
-0.2872663140296936,
-0.0870242491364479,
0.29585471749305725,
-0.018297607079148293,
-0.38626471161842346,
-1.22042715549469,
0.967724621295929,
-0.19126258790493011,
-0.2764233648777008,
0.2967398166656494,
0.2822355628013611,
-0.10339836776256561,
0.3052500784397125,
-0.035597655922174454,
0.1020919606089592,
-0.7755687832832336,
-0.9163722991943359,
0.5810773372650146,
0.07937005162239075,
0.5531429648399353,
-0.566291093826294,
-0.1384809911251068,
0.5076683163642883,
0.3773006498813629,
0.2870558798313141,
-0.09603045135736465,
0.35067951679229736,
-0.2409614771604538,
-0.5057426691055298,
-0.5050678253173828,
0.00028663064585998654,
0.269812673330307,
-0.28738510608673096,
-0.48498672246932983,
0.22504232823848724,
-0.4558609426021576,
-0.29896900057792664,
0.2994110584259033,
0.519940972328186,
0.028613628819584846,
-0.2598734200000763,
0.3624334931373596,
-0.0008008443401195109,
0.8368499279022217,
0.04095612093806267,
-0.9025148749351501,
0.20637694001197815,
-0.24171783030033112,
0.8114951848983765,
-0.1184588372707367,
0.19659535586833954,
0.5966229438781738,
-0.25326627492904663,
-0.19821079075336456,
-0.3037075102329254,
-0.2672509253025055,
0.05327681824564934,
0.10102664679288864,
0.20568646490573883,
-0.2888071835041046,
0.5114661455154419,
-0.5151955485343933,
0.04512381553649902,
-0.6560505628585815,
-0.1846604198217392,
-0.045561496168375015,
0.013830841518938541,
0.5838258862495422,
0.3679690659046173,
-0.4753916561603546,
-0.7038675546646118,
0.01080511324107647,
0.42934778332710266,
0.046666309237480164,
-0.18038398027420044,
0.26201069355010986,
-0.16093379259109497,
0.18833142518997192,
0.35814982652664185,
-0.4938430190086365,
0.36951035261154175,
-0.024021083489060402,
-0.32638663053512573,
1.1066913604736328,
0.4772733747959137,
0.2719244956970215,
0.02475295215845108,
-0.1891091763973236,
0.302519291639328,
-0.18064557015895844,
0.7233496308326721,
0.07743029296398163,
-0.11802330613136292,
-0.1400926262140274,
0.1198931634426117,
-0.1824646145105362,
-0.5407884120941162,
0.260011225938797,
0.34113365411758423,
-0.3334238827228546,
-0.2892257571220398,
-0.07370110601186752,
0.12320680171251297,
0.22562365233898163,
0.32562175393104553,
-0.325227290391922,
-0.04975586012005806,
0.025990944355726242,
0.04705200716853142,
0.14294961094856262,
-0.02981152944266796,
-0.34663528203964233,
-0.06561271846294403,
-0.817582905292511,
0.2714088261127472,
-0.05325954407453537,
0.2682960331439972,
-0.032672833651304245,
0.16767793893814087,
-0.20902206003665924,
0.38122162222862244,
-0.08968732506036758,
0.06151241809129715,
0.09565604478120804,
-0.4766673743724823,
0.5648766756057739,
0.13238199055194855,
-0.5730718970298767,
0.006146391853690147,
-0.6370314359664917,
-0.3040304481983185,
0.6165667772293091,
0.2188185155391693,
-0.2321375161409378,
0.33824825286865234,
0.6352899670600891,
-0.1360660344362259,
0.34710511565208435,
-0.0037178965285420418,
-0.43904370069503784,
0.6112992167472839,
-0.17005027830600739,
0.2802611291408539,
0.12387596815824509,
0.2330317497253418,
0.238857701420784,
-0.5895203351974487,
-0.26834097504615784,
0.21055816113948822,
-0.40518918633461,
-0.2154783457517624,
0.1314467489719391,
-0.3049563467502594,
0.8860861659049988,
-0.3807457983493805,
-0.42366644740104675,
0.27915361523628235,
-0.9210483431816101,
0.6626932621002197,
-0.7727657556533813,
-0.13629312813282013,
0.6634010076522827,
0.19060206413269043,
-0.5009334683418274,
0.2681830823421478,
0.1806042343378067,
0.398716002702713,
0.3564186096191406,
0.08420702069997787,
-0.11708680540323257,
-0.058945927768945694,
0.6478342413902283,
-0.15252016484737396,
-0.22042696177959442,
-0.5345761775970459,
0.18770965933799744,
-0.011827914975583553,
-0.2997342050075531,
0.32340773940086365,
0.9661263227462769,
-0.7958821058273315,
-0.35565707087516785,
0.42829540371894836,
-0.17919833958148956,
0.3580733835697174,
-0.013560624793171883,
0.6171735525131226,
0.35332614183425903,
-0.2152990698814392,
-0.48759937286376953,
-0.23151713609695435,
-0.06486347317695618,
-0.05087267979979515,
-0.36412855982780457,
0.5238482356071472,
0.01630605198442936,
0.0544995553791523,
0.3305372893810272,
-0.12455326318740845,
-0.250326931476593,
0.5640251040458679,
0.08009091019630432,
0.014716912992298603,
-0.057160746306180954,
0.06532679498195648,
-0.3509194850921631,
-0.20870612561702728,
-0.2772183120250702,
0.20276883244514465,
-0.012295051477849483,
0.30164727568626404,
0.28537923097610474,
-0.111698679625988,
-0.27043968439102173,
-0.16347263753414154,
0.5916597843170166,
-0.1845085471868515,
-0.2647804617881775,
0.13462065160274506,
-0.7185091376304626,
-0.31099727749824524,
-0.2328847050666809,
-0.010220369324088097,
-0.2754736840724945,
-0.38635703921318054,
-0.178188756108284,
0.2605818212032318,
0.7298364043235779,
-0.13393709063529968,
-0.46156975626945496,
-0.22030951082706451,
0.24276761710643768,
-0.27401477098464966,
-0.5586652159690857,
0.24752160906791687,
-0.013528358191251755,
0.26614928245544434,
-0.07138838618993759,
-0.4992300271987915,
-0.4775965213775635,
0.058181025087833405,
0.17380470037460327,
-0.5858247876167297,
0.16447515785694122,
0.09119787067174911,
-0.24982666969299316,
-0.8070333003997803,
-0.5189692974090576,
-0.5555737614631653,
-0.4750255346298218,
0.14527437090873718,
-0.2533979117870331,
-0.004929198883473873,
0.19851547479629517,
-0.3063828647136688,
-0.38057947158813477,
0.1406516134738922,
-0.045586004853248596,
-0.24387487769126892,
-0.3092670440673828,
0.9503009915351868,
-0.6150886416435242,
-0.012400869280099869,
0.27630019187927246,
0.04911155253648758,
-0.317363977432251,
0.6052693724632263,
-5.764119625091553,
0.8933997750282288,
-0.6664193272590637,
-0.11355619877576828,
-0.15708427131175995,
-0.15781985223293304,
0.9498328566551208,
-0.10163719952106476,
-0.03201400116086006,
-0.199928417801857,
-0.25449591875076294,
-0.24549029767513275,
-0.5308038592338562,
0.2814585268497467,
-0.08136436343193054,
0.19078335165977478,
-0.2928239405155182,
0.011925391852855682,
0.005480386316776276,
0.08720770478248596,
0.42272767424583435,
-0.04773577302694321,
0.7127971649169922,
-0.13042964041233063,
0.6302140951156616,
0.13297149538993835,
-0.15088914334774017,
0.015940994024276733,
-0.6537020206451416,
-0.07976772636175156,
-0.17690540850162506,
-0.28403425216674805,
-0.437153697013855,
0.03951691836118698,
-0.24389401078224182,
-0.02247355505824089,
0.4976627826690674,
0.2843582034111023,
0.1402732878923416,
0.19505420327186584,
0.21753251552581787,
0.6411280035972595,
0.36972302198410034,
-0.6403859853744507,
0.1682690978050232,
-0.12426982074975967,
-0.3615708649158478,
0.048559240996837616,
-0.9806448221206665,
0.6198236346244812,
0.08776906877756119,
-0.45991095900535583,
-0.08345203846693039,
-0.059845492243766785,
0.3240757882595062,
-0.31917810440063477,
0.3207859694957733,
-0.07413564622402191,
-0.5003748536109924,
0.48168429732322693,
0.1710914820432663,
-0.15945230424404144,
0.4027032256126404,
-0.7645626664161682,
-0.21770831942558289,
-0.1466808021068573,
-0.8221909403800964,
-0.2452772855758667,
-0.1323222517967224,
0.576033353805542,
-0.12357421964406967,
0.384347528219223,
-0.34600868821144104,
-0.6237604022026062,
-0.16262513399124146,
-0.4792708456516266,
-0.15343621373176575,
-0.2333446890115738,
-0.14631153643131256,
0.5778434872627258,
0.12354707717895508,
-0.16508501768112183,
-0.4302743375301361,
0.38633713126182556,
0.031559646129608154,
-0.29453468322753906,
-0.3033634126186371,
0.5656889081001282,
0.34390705823898315,
-0.06880148500204086,
0.9224766492843628,
-0.7011098861694336,
0.47835806012153625,
-0.03458252549171448,
-0.14000868797302246,
-0.19996261596679688,
0.6678456664085388,
-0.6560964584350586,
-0.38542404770851135,
-0.27404269576072693,
0.12514927983283997,
-0.10705361515283585,
-0.11853057891130447,
-0.704099714756012,
0.32375001907348633,
-0.49727392196655273,
0.1419912427663803,
-0.17592716217041016,
0.8109943270683289,
0.16376985609531403,
0.10454397648572922,
-0.3093389868736267,
-0.5029082298278809,
-0.5982316732406616,
0.09038148820400238,
-0.6639589667320251,
-0.10309678316116333,
-0.12230689078569412,
0.20820066332817078,
-0.2440512627363205,
0.1586141586303711,
0.4146451950073242,
-0.10246329009532928,
0.5532222390174866,
-0.46010154485702515,
-0.2624100148677826,
-0.10229921340942383,
0.24816809594631195,
0.08773375302553177,
0.2823602855205536,
-0.25454050302505493,
0.31702351570129395,
0.5611369609832764,
-0.3089537024497986,
0.3775148093700409,
0.9494829773902893,
0.08883841335773468,
-0.07182753086090088,
-0.14714986085891724,
-0.4069903790950775,
0.3399771749973297,
-0.12647227942943573,
-0.15617094933986664,
0.3386657238006592,
0.433908075094223,
0.23062214255332947,
-0.2560828924179077,
0.007927537895739079,
-0.3278776705265045,
-0.17616930603981018,
0.16927652060985565,
-0.010074916295707226,
0.7432603240013123,
0.8258634209632874,
0.1319555938243866,
-0.17766572535037994,
0.34420350193977356,
0.9766884446144104,
0.26978445053100586,
0.04040021821856499,
0.8016504049301147,
-0.14397205412387848,
-0.5354421138763428,
-0.015029164962470531,
0.7938523888587952,
-0.33467379212379456,
-0.024272218346595764,
-0.09288740158081055,
-0.0580143928527832,
0.8279712200164795,
0.30565890669822693,
-0.2002440243959427,
-0.4816698133945465,
-0.5917038321495056,
-0.5239376425743103,
-0.00553261348977685,
-0.02649766393005848,
-0.08168552070856094,
0.29071539640426636,
0.3357882797718048,
0.300731360912323,
-0.4015028774738312,
0.30499666929244995,
0.7569289803504944,
0.18090645968914032,
0.020557638257741928,
0.031354621052742004,
0.4220307767391205,
0.4473567306995392,
-0.2924497723579407,
0.32415786385536194,
-0.7559918761253357,
0.05828316509723663,
0.5185685753822327,
0.09903410822153091,
-0.8159075975418091,
-0.006172134540975094,
0.9671251773834229,
-0.4407027065753937,
-0.049899276345968246,
-0.018449516966938972,
0.601685106754303,
-0.20350369811058044,
0.19304727017879486,
0.22531193494796753,
0.37594112753868103,
0.7818465232849121,
-0.09416929632425308,
-0.37863513827323914,
-0.06899300217628479,
-0.6229904294013977,
-0.9989920854568481,
0.006481762044131756,
0.6061764359474182,
-0.04108746349811554,
-0.05398648604750633,
0.06284698843955994,
0.2850230038166046,
-0.3425622880458832,
-0.5212693214416504,
-0.2220945805311203,
0.22254511713981628,
0.024450596421957016,
-0.13591745495796204,
-0.15692128241062164,
0.40716344118118286,
0.10640610754489899,
-0.09597578644752502,
0.0689489021897316,
-0.07144289463758469,
0.0626416876912117,
-0.11137069761753082,
0.2817752957344055,
0.02564588002860546,
-0.4629703760147095,
-0.7631662487983704,
-0.26844698190689087,
-0.020919138565659523,
-0.09568727761507034,
0.0031647360883653164,
-0.26840317249298096,
-0.04512310028076172,
0.41799336671829224,
-0.15522557497024536,
0.3211151957511902,
0.1499423384666443,
-0.11195183545351028,
-0.01845446228981018,
-0.5741817951202393,
0.4488147795200348,
-0.4643835723400116,
-0.045291006565093994,
-0.2887767255306244,
-0.6461453437805176,
0.8255125284194946,
0.43030136823654175,
-0.392823725938797,
-0.2302640974521637,
0.33257368206977844,
0.40941867232322693,
-0.6451799273490906,
-0.37304121255874634,
0.29645249247550964,
0.5461256504058838,
-0.3390076160430908,
0.7545992732048035,
-0.44794324040412903,
-0.042160529643297195,
-0.054338522255420685,
-0.41802525520324707,
-0.5981349945068359,
-0.21116545796394348,
1.368316411972046,
0.44533729553222656,
-0.14582696557044983,
0.02150607481598854,
0.18830378353595734,
-0.19874554872512817,
-0.44777217507362366,
0.26408255100250244,
-0.34980154037475586,
0.11458264291286469,
0.20762872695922852,
0.0994151309132576,
0.2600947320461273,
-0.2238057553768158,
-0.09185720235109329,
0.35476306080818176,
-0.11322157829999924,
0.29770708084106445,
-0.44248220324516296,
0.540300190448761,
-0.32045671343803406,
0.2411668747663498,
-0.19366496801376343,
-0.7586512565612793,
0.08418942242860794,
0.46602675318717957,
0.6144847869873047,
0.057255081832408905,
-1.0190469026565552,
0.35561224818229675,
0.5702407360076904,
-0.5309054851531982,
0.42448657751083374,
0.2604614794254303,
-0.49211448431015015,
0.06062828376889229,
0.0422181561589241,
0.17878523468971252,
0.040971554815769196,
-0.4116957485675812,
0.5981598496437073,
0.2134939432144165,
-0.44884613156318665,
-0.03675073757767677,
0.3681667149066925,
-0.540312647819519,
0.03961833938956261,
-0.3664970397949219,
0.4896529018878937,
0.578748881816864,
0.3941757380962372,
-0.1153445914387703,
-0.7097784876823425,
0.3835904598236084,
-0.580185055732727,
-0.03295250982046127,
-0.3844830095767975,
0.1136312186717987,
0.06133618950843811,
-0.5257681608200073,
-0.14559660851955414,
0.10726234316825867,
-0.06526260823011398,
-0.33199363946914673,
-0.34934550523757935,
-0.13784831762313843,
-0.3521764874458313,
0.7774062752723694,
-0.10334398597478867,
0.3183595538139343,
-0.006982713006436825,
0.3297100365161896,
0.15423060953617096,
0.3949645459651947,
-0.07042520493268967,
-0.11041829735040665,
0.01549193263053894,
-0.464155912399292,
0.6119228005409241,
0.5068209767341614,
-0.27598637342453003,
0.3491092324256897,
-0.5622309446334839,
0.32139071822166443,
-0.07384518533945084,
0.19487261772155762,
-0.7104411125183105,
-0.5182012319564819,
0.08160143345594406,
0.08505363017320633,
0.43960022926330566,
-0.058230940252542496,
-0.4724994897842407,
-0.07382760941982269,
0.6059229969978333,
-0.35001254081726074,
0.42129814624786377,
-0.2106073796749115,
-0.20548604428768158,
-0.13125208020210266,
0.04602671414613724,
0.4203678071498871,
-0.03246565908193588,
-0.7728122472763062,
0.23307040333747864,
0.6297728419303894,
-0.6396548748016357,
-0.2827025055885315,
-0.37673982977867126,
0.09428494423627853,
-0.0813947468996048,
-0.6088419556617737,
-0.08045816421508789,
-0.22810329496860504,
-0.1797652542591095,
-0.27457132935523987,
-0.1327568143606186,
0.24365045130252838,
0.06790976971387863,
-0.535240650177002,
0.7167227864265442,
-0.21238726377487183,
-0.07326686382293701,
0.0014235720736905932,
-0.5594085454940796,
0.9144557118415833,
0.8115618824958801,
0.24309605360031128,
0.19184237718582153,
-0.28902366757392883,
-0.4126911163330078,
0.004953260999172926,
-0.47226446866989136,
0.11268571764230728,
0.07504517585039139,
0.15215376019477844,
-0.20691968500614166,
0.20300818979740143,
0.3558979034423828,
0.09908369928598404,
-0.3142857253551483,
0.8567167520523071,
-0.1168067678809166,
0.23737779259681702,
1.1174527406692505,
-0.03712518885731697,
-0.04101743549108505,
-0.7638479471206665,
0.23163875937461853,
-0.5761528611183167,
0.214862659573555,
0.3913267254829407,
0.04072895273566246,
-0.24215532839298248,
0.5161291360855103,
0.23333749175071716,
-0.6840381026268005,
0.3158094584941864,
-0.2955840229988098,
0.1272359937429428,
-0.3770407438278198,
0.6768808960914612,
-0.7425772547721863,
-0.019291065633296967,
0.4951060116291046,
0.27845850586891174,
-0.30977898836135864,
-0.18859168887138367,
0.19153137505054474,
-0.058194100856781006,
-0.20639151334762573,
-0.2800872027873993,
0.06794512271881104,
0.29858025908470154,
-0.3632185161113739,
0.35598623752593994,
-1.1072685718536377,
-0.09472011029720306,
0.26864463090896606,
-0.2184680998325348,
0.4450192153453827,
-0.18916097283363342,
0.8136637806892395,
-0.5421820282936096,
-0.13182732462882996,
-0.4679986834526062,
0.366134375333786,
0.5713825225830078
] |
224180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK | DK | DK (or variants) may refer to:
In arts and entertainment
Film and television
DK (film), a 2015 Indian film
Derek "DK" Kitson, a character in the television series Third Watch, played by Derek Kelly
Dark Kingdom (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling stable
Music
DK (band), a Soviet rock band
Deekay, a music production team
Danity Kane, an American female music group
Darren Knott, British disc jockey and record producer
Dead Kennedys, American punk band
DK (South Korean singer)
Other media
Diels–Kranz numbering, a standard system for referencing the works of the pre-Socratic philosophers
Donkey Kong (character), a video game character
Diddy Kong, a video game character
Dixie Kong, a female video game character
Businesses and organizations
Democratic Coalition (Hungary), a political party in Hungary
Design School Kolding (Danish: Designskolen Kolding)
Digital Keystone, a technology company in Mountain View, California
Digital Kitchen, a creative digital agency with offices in Seattle, Chicago, and Los Angeles
DK (Dorling Kindersley), an international book publisher
Dravidar Kazhagam, a political party in India
Eastland Air (IATA airline code DK)
German Banking Industry Committee (German Die Deutsche Kreditwirtschaft)
Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia (IATA airline code DK)
DK Entertainment, Danila Kozlovsky's Productions Studios
Delek US, NYSE Ticker Symbol DK, a downstream energy company
People
DK (born 1997), South Korean singer, a member of band Seventeen (South Korean band)
DK Metcalf (born 1997), American football wide receiver
Darryl Kile (1968–2002), American professional baseball pitcher
Donna Karan (born 1948), fashion designer and creator of the DKNY label
Dinesh Karthik (born 1985), Indian Cricketer
Danila Vladimirovich Kashin (born 1996), Russian video blogger, rap artist and EDM producer
Keiichi Tsuchiya, known as the Drift King for his nontraditional use of drifting in non-drifting racing events and his role in popularizing drifting as a motorsport
Places
Denmark (ISO 3166-2 country code DK, licence plate code DK)
.dk, the country code top-level Internet domain for Denmark
Dakshina Kannada, a district in Karnataka, India
Democratic Kampuchea, name of present-day Cambodia from 1975 to 1979
DK, the county code for Dickinson County, Kansas.
In science and technology
Decikelvin (dK), an SI unit of thermodynamic temperature
DK (automobile), a Danish automobile from the early 1950s
Relative permittivity of a dielectric
Other uses
Team DK, a defunct esports team | [
0.1246768981218338,
0.17024098336696625,
-0.14860491454601288,
0.29206371307373047,
-0.11992374807596207,
0.018877284601330757,
0.23071417212486267,
-0.06791011989116669,
-0.09781847894191742,
0.13853946328163147,
-0.6759246587753296,
-0.10478529334068298,
-0.060248225927352905,
0.7915061116218567,
0.18432748317718506,
0.6946454048156738,
0.34908509254455566,
0.23674070835113525,
-0.17378579080104828,
-0.7430931329727173,
-0.2781643569469452,
-0.2049904465675354,
0.6867626309394836,
-0.3976764976978302,
-0.09021204710006714,
0.2362280935049057,
-0.09642603993415833,
-0.01977512054145336,
-0.510402262210846,
0.3146352469921112,
0.2073209434747696,
-0.021398406475782394,
0.27428123354911804,
0.3745935261249542,
0.05473107099533081,
0.41267839074134827,
-0.15752074122428894,
-0.06515784561634064,
0.06307744234800339,
-0.548811137676239,
0.09959650039672852,
-0.45775306224823,
0.3201052248477936,
0.32833629846572876,
-0.8410415649414062,
-0.1750955432653427,
-1.2571309804916382,
0.5305877923965454,
-0.5071337223052979,
-0.2501565217971802,
0.255487859249115,
0.05370299518108368,
-0.43218663334846497,
-0.09847646951675415,
0.07556770741939545,
0.09370055794715881,
0.33959782123565674,
-0.44013211131095886,
0.1270778626203537,
-0.603477418422699,
0.48512768745422363,
-0.09471020847558975,
0.09556400775909424,
0.004381006583571434,
0.06877809017896652,
0.25135427713394165,
0.08113621920347214,
0.26471322774887085,
-0.6917644143104553,
-0.42868509888648987,
0.2094101756811142,
0.36392876505851746,
0.03503990173339844,
0.15575668215751648,
0.1981814205646515,
-0.13535651564598083,
0.19195888936519623,
0.17852093279361725,
0.25346440076828003,
-0.09664491564035416,
0.032064128667116165,
-0.2946687638759613,
0.5767186880111694,
0.5302172899246216,
0.034360356628894806,
-0.2766953706741333,
-0.09007089585065842,
0.029737252742052078,
-0.6729758977890015,
0.20197661221027374,
-0.2669684588909149,
-0.5170344114303589,
0.5024492144584656,
0.2391297072172165,
-0.41966113448143005,
0.2555950880050659,
0.49250704050064087,
-0.3091842830181122,
0.5857548713684082,
-0.21403570473194122,
-0.10746095329523087,
-0.24523796141147614,
-0.1545657515525818,
-0.3103563189506531,
-0.5716968178749084,
0.20544563233852386,
-0.2004978209733963,
0.06633129715919495,
-0.36953216791152954,
0.26797181367874146,
-0.28561931848526,
0.027969777584075928,
0.13117028772830963,
0.31496506929397583,
-0.051910150796175,
-0.20028401911258698,
-0.22247321903705597,
-0.4341166019439697,
-0.25290074944496155,
0.4827710688114166,
0.28662797808647156,
0.2452154904603958,
-0.3459736704826355,
0.14221611618995667,
0.25240540504455566,
0.10949044674634933,
-0.1315561980009079,
0.038565777242183685,
-0.23560813069343567,
-0.24296055734157562,
0.48766374588012695,
0.037683725357055664,
-0.22352942824363708,
0.14855408668518066,
-0.3975842595100403,
-0.2713848352432251,
-0.013911348767578602,
-0.4181601107120514,
-0.08362904191017151,
0.2755565941333771,
-0.4229561388492584,
-0.1044812947511673,
-0.7596545219421387,
0.00036164518678560853,
0.6248533725738525,
-0.16722364723682404,
0.2663879096508026,
0.34585079550743103,
-0.17248445749282837,
0.07471300661563873,
-0.3789401054382324,
0.05567040666937828,
-0.07730001956224442,
-0.08579139411449432,
-0.3029743432998657,
0.434563547372818,
-0.10423315316438675,
-0.36845147609710693,
0.25021815299987793,
0.1994822770357132,
0.240714892745018,
0.2384386956691742,
-0.24414262175559998,
0.5367375016212463,
0.3231350779533386,
-0.13287629187107086,
0.4242733120918274,
-0.257000595331192,
-0.9904932379722595,
-0.3457106649875641,
-0.2936311662197113,
0.29194095730781555,
0.20096322894096375,
0.035642657428979874,
-0.22138850390911102,
0.3877626955509186,
0.005150021053850651,
0.0051125516183674335,
0.2809660732746124,
0.14696872234344482,
-0.813717246055603,
0.10494545847177505,
0.01741213910281658,
-0.19220973551273346,
-0.05004732310771942,
-0.18159805238246918,
0.11690185219049454,
-0.4609357416629791,
0.06483184546232224,
0.015456135384738445,
-0.8457068204879761,
-0.052046652883291245,
-0.04574773460626602,
-0.2704246938228607,
0.9344395399093628,
-0.2419329583644867,
-0.09015835076570511,
0.42059755325317383,
0.32464030385017395,
0.6171225309371948,
0.10282371938228607,
-0.5311400294303894,
0.4804275631904602,
-0.2201385647058487,
-0.01160657312721014,
0.5723453760147095,
0.5592710375785828,
0.20353898406028748,
0.46361735463142395,
-0.06836796551942825,
0.25285983085632324,
-0.23435160517692566,
0.37754562497138977,
0.1505846381187439,
0.20463648438453674,
-0.30813831090927124,
-0.981934130191803,
-0.18395641446113586,
-0.4255235195159912,
0.14677537977695465,
0.2698240876197815,
0.23436817526817322,
-0.3821231722831726,
0.12372881919145584,
-0.14550870656967163,
1.11460542678833,
0.3720278739929199,
0.28499144315719604,
0.16068235039710999,
-0.8068177700042725,
-0.016602149233222008,
0.42994868755340576,
-0.43748125433921814,
-0.4289710521697998,
0.14695225656032562,
0.17914661765098572,
0.49203649163246155,
-0.05692022293806076,
0.41600683331489563,
-0.40217384696006775,
-0.03703032061457634,
0.10894563794136047,
0.021252702921628952,
-0.09273980557918549,
0.033026423305273056,
0.16157612204551697,
0.34615275263786316,
0.2733040452003479,
-0.38374316692352295,
-0.11222778260707855,
0.0109635628759861,
0.31799548864364624,
0.15764251351356506,
0.07897890359163284,
0.38788220286369324,
0.1659853160381317,
0.038074202835559845,
-0.14613556861877441,
-0.42551812529563904,
-0.275716096162796,
-0.7536720037460327,
0.02950195223093033,
0.08901610225439072,
-0.05660576745867729,
-0.3154798150062561,
0.11524783074855804,
-0.45116880536079407,
0.1417894959449768,
0.4861450493335724,
-0.013965226709842682,
-0.07101237028837204,
-0.08614838868379593,
-0.20239055156707764,
0.10087116062641144,
-0.6893149018287659,
-0.3728707730770111,
0.2598983347415924,
0.04060092195868492,
-0.22123301029205322,
-0.659118115901947,
-0.2992360293865204,
0.1512795388698578,
0.3457910120487213,
-0.3264188766479492,
0.04685429856181145,
-0.2455185353755951,
-0.44852834939956665,
-0.4560651183128357,
-0.10605284571647644,
-0.25049421191215515,
0.07527734339237213,
0.28054705262184143,
-0.12340383231639862,
0.07549829035997391,
-0.055337946861982346,
-0.20934998989105225,
0.15479663014411926,
0.1398310363292694,
-0.11976435780525208,
0.34322279691696167,
-0.4172239899635315,
0.3924192786216736,
0.2723290026187897,
0.37471243739128113,
0.8609304428100586,
-0.1157224029302597,
-0.1883806735277176,
0.19009774923324585,
-6.174160003662109,
0.1744261085987091,
-0.010679604485630989,
0.21289870142936707,
0.7034466862678528,
-0.10499036312103271,
0.4428984522819519,
-0.004586312919855118,
-0.22311162948608398,
-0.39713379740715027,
-0.4683924913406372,
-0.26680129766464233,
-0.2748149335384369,
0.03702724352478981,
-0.11591720581054688,
-0.16305366158485413,
0.6301304697990417,
0.01893635466694832,
-0.3253871202468872,
-0.03405534476041794,
-0.4473974406719208,
0.6614741086959839,
0.10523722320795059,
0.593409538269043,
0.1363171935081482,
0.07792546600103378,
-0.5427265167236328,
-0.09455688297748566,
-0.3000306487083435,
-0.4956015348434448,
-0.504820704460144,
0.23867033421993256,
-0.3871561288833618,
0.48735809326171875,
0.2614652216434479,
-0.02133118361234665,
0.46274054050445557,
-0.3324987590312958,
0.2759064733982086,
-0.3962203860282898,
0.20198790729045868,
0.8277803063392639,
-0.21966508030891418,
-0.6251218318939209,
0.7736957669258118,
0.03738247603178024,
-0.5144472122192383,
0.1165170967578888,
-0.3431442975997925,
0.06760526448488235,
0.4556635916233063,
-0.1204809695482254,
0.22650589048862457,
0.5678236484527588,
0.38121435046195984,
-0.14660876989364624,
0.41895556449890137,
0.09258075058460236,
-0.3277123272418976,
0.5001447796821594,
0.29075363278388977,
-0.22124068439006805,
-0.33716079592704773,
-0.7026951313018799,
-0.04990855231881142,
-0.329917311668396,
0.07802602648735046,
-0.06824252754449844,
0.231022909283638,
0.1887095719575882,
-0.6343927979469299,
-0.05936756357550621,
0.13786008954048157,
-0.910110354423523,
0.16391317546367645,
-0.20582100749015808,
0.23611746728420258,
0.14982353150844574,
-0.14413754642009735,
0.6917262077331543,
-0.043621037155389786,
0.2709321975708008,
0.3699190318584442,
-0.468707799911499,
-0.5734469294548035,
-0.970804750919342,
-0.0556115061044693,
0.8184921145439148,
0.17785567045211792,
0.0522053986787796,
0.08341914415359497,
-0.1733829230070114,
0.1892622709274292,
0.2530132830142975,
0.20458567142486572,
0.34507596492767334,
0.18308866024017334,
0.36903294920921326,
-0.3473590314388275,
-0.06247945502400398,
0.4075028896331787,
-0.21744246780872345,
-0.09839342534542084,
-0.6560044288635254,
-0.3994089663028717,
-0.16535133123397827,
0.15146225690841675,
0.3699982464313507,
0.2755713164806366,
-0.18091651797294617,
0.1210075169801712,
0.036901868879795074,
-0.08147404342889786,
-0.620512843132019,
0.7832242250442505,
-0.28183698654174805,
-0.2273966521024704,
0.5353552103042603,
0.40487948060035706,
0.07296707481145859,
-0.03730418160557747,
0.42590516805648804,
-0.7775002717971802,
-0.08376484364271164,
-0.6394743323326111,
0.1371086835861206,
-0.19019587337970734,
0.13275955617427826,
0.6120324730873108,
0.026155078783631325,
-0.032777585089206696,
0.4032766819000244,
0.07696399092674255,
-0.05254204571247101,
0.326681524515152,
-0.32429179549217224,
-0.0053927041590213776,
0.03500397503376007,
-0.4606947600841522,
-0.21613465249538422,
0.5376120805740356,
-0.15682998299598694,
-0.0681845173239708,
0.33212459087371826,
0.2164790779352188,
-0.3530723452568054,
-0.21436581015586853,
0.2739954888820648,
0.38012704253196716,
-0.04565362259745598,
0.23818011581897736,
0.24129247665405273,
0.8642657399177551,
-0.379816472530365,
0.35209497809410095,
-0.17086894810199738,
-0.07121602445840836,
0.025059731677174568,
0.166105717420578,
-0.14532136917114258,
0.4165205955505371,
-0.054375216364860535,
-1.1331034898757935,
-0.22947776317596436,
0.5795935392379761,
-0.017462624236941338,
-0.032595016062259674,
-0.6871513724327087,
0.36548227071762085,
0.29467707872390747,
-0.012482116930186749,
0.06863250583410263,
-0.5036798119544983,
0.08820100128650665,
0.09130524843931198,
0.22371426224708557,
0.2677655816078186,
-0.226470947265625,
0.31482720375061035,
0.26942169666290283,
0.08807545900344849,
-0.10673356801271439,
-0.01484385970979929,
0.20406481623649597,
0.40471819043159485,
-0.12567238509655,
-0.28164297342300415,
0.10316936671733856,
-0.17109769582748413,
0.15052931010723114,
0.26335522532463074,
0.06703467667102814,
0.045636940747499466,
0.1546284705400467,
0.262864887714386,
-0.179580956697464,
0.10217826068401337,
0.9374222159385681,
0.018712583929300308,
-0.11105084419250488,
0.5356333255767822,
0.18959349393844604,
-0.5391223430633545,
-0.4024643301963806,
0.9833358526229858,
-0.35541537404060364,
0.8116784691810608,
-0.06493707746267319,
-0.10732290893793106,
-0.026110505685210228,
-0.2793392241001129,
-0.4898768365383148,
-0.30469635128974915,
-0.5016034841537476,
-0.01440800353884697,
-0.221565380692482,
0.2917882800102234,
-0.6035686135292053,
-0.3597228229045868,
-0.19270190596580505,
0.01609206572175026,
-0.542556881904602,
-0.4555218517780304,
0.46213671565055847,
-0.2717435956001282,
-0.4243963658809662,
0.3562993109226227,
-0.2915889322757721,
-0.04505183920264244,
-0.13982829451560974,
-0.33124369382858276,
0.13724632561206818,
-0.2210162729024887,
0.21630685031414032,
-0.22148892283439636,
-0.31988847255706787,
0.19437839090824127,
0.5480225682258606,
0.02436545118689537,
-0.17880108952522278,
0.4132559597492218,
0.2989279329776764,
0.18264888226985931,
-0.5323618054389954,
-0.06632253527641296,
0.2803512513637543,
0.0921950489282608,
-0.1449417918920517,
-0.26960140466690063,
0.23260551691055298,
0.33165404200553894,
-0.12728068232536316,
-0.011927119456231594,
0.06027272343635559,
0.5838149785995483,
-0.8835840821266174,
-0.12025924026966095,
-0.34348106384277344,
0.08668282628059387,
0.1544778048992157,
-0.43364524841308594,
0.048779718577861786,
-0.2468259632587433,
0.2045620232820511,
-0.45850083231925964,
0.17814402282238007,
-0.6320412755012512,
-0.49753254652023315,
0.04661935940384865,
-0.477783739566803,
-0.45985010266304016,
0.4060095250606537,
0.9295617938041687,
0.5129769444465637,
0.22658878564834595,
-0.014352703467011452,
0.13298559188842773,
-0.31005558371543884,
-0.3400139808654785,
-0.02210451290011406,
-0.2302761822938919,
0.47185078263282776,
-0.1337561160326004,
-0.5723045468330383,
0.5885968208312988,
-0.9728304147720337,
0.46556711196899414,
-0.22131496667861938,
-0.16367091238498688,
-0.4714356064796448,
0.03616682440042496,
0.36567825078964233,
-0.10840936005115509,
0.2300523817539215,
-0.6522522568702698,
-0.30870625376701355,
0.3150961995124817,
0.23109622299671173,
0.2777274250984192,
0.21493235230445862,
0.017591509968042374,
0.2884027361869812,
-0.07541005313396454,
-0.329694002866745,
0.0489092580974102,
0.21324396133422852,
-0.16514576971530914,
-0.8355529308319092,
0.013710233382880688,
0.19870661199092865,
0.2213708460330963,
-0.21731528639793396,
0.13092565536499023,
0.10755982249975204,
0.3535884916782379,
-0.05252884700894356,
0.6401620507240295,
-0.19164851307868958,
0.15918339788913727,
0.08969324082136154,
0.5260682106018066,
0.3131020963191986,
0.42966094613075256,
-0.19913996756076813,
0.2449755072593689,
-0.06596033275127411,
0.2951177656650543,
0.05472583696246147,
0.7403712272644043,
0.7589802742004395,
0.3147233724594116,
-0.21864859759807587,
0.13484004139900208,
0.37355899810791016,
-0.20960089564323425,
-0.29817718267440796,
-0.20942243933677673,
0.16254575550556183,
0.2083645462989807,
0.26089751720428467,
-0.225083589553833,
0.13128362596035004,
0.0027416120283305645,
0.12973837554454803,
0.21409405767917633,
0.23177087306976318,
0.27503079175949097,
-0.4169751703739166,
-0.29540103673934937,
0.351661741733551,
0.2830755114555359,
0.1109727993607521,
-0.2939302921295166,
-0.325209379196167,
0.43328097462654114,
-0.02388344705104828,
0.06753875315189362,
-0.4122597873210907,
-0.4616408944129944,
-0.13769525289535522,
0.10927999019622803,
-0.5337093472480774,
0.504692792892456,
-0.0007360000163316727,
-0.3909757733345032,
-0.23467084765434265,
-0.18813316524028778,
-0.3628312349319458,
0.27749690413475037,
-0.1089380532503128,
0.024733906611800194,
0.16393889486789703,
-0.5079242587089539,
-0.2647545337677002,
-0.19427460432052612,
-0.41163933277130127,
0.9154642224311829,
0.15256869792938232,
-0.17614176869392395,
0.0394173339009285,
-0.6175441741943359,
-0.13565018773078918,
-0.5852237939834595,
-0.3698478937149048,
0.3611968755722046,
-0.06735032051801682,
-0.27128806710243225,
0.2723126709461212,
-0.3494151532649994,
0.10543335974216461,
0.4037892818450928,
-0.5317644476890564,
-0.18409064412117004,
-0.09428220987319946,
-0.10302801430225372,
-0.014391102828085423,
-0.13778404891490936,
0.3172854483127594,
0.5027075409889221,
0.39704591035842896,
0.24174322187900543,
-0.04477061331272125,
-0.013636295683681965,
-0.05032972991466522,
-0.6486450433731079,
0.06095382571220398,
-0.5905228853225708,
-0.17308712005615234,
-0.13534118235111237,
0.32202139496803284,
0.47774162888526917,
-0.4015614092350006,
-0.1316411793231964,
0.8540112972259521,
0.07313873618841171,
0.0788392424583435,
0.8793632388114929,
0.2680165767669678,
0.5433310866355896,
-0.8464639782905579,
-0.08174888789653778,
0.06047102063894272,
0.31613725423812866,
0.38648924231529236,
-0.1546035259962082,
0.21013297140598297,
0.3752613365650177,
0.28960981965065,
-0.7243719100952148,
0.5814169049263,
-0.2768586575984955,
-0.5100557804107666,
-0.34206995368003845,
0.3705730140209198,
-0.7546064257621765,
-0.3139151334762573,
-0.1278618425130844,
0.7614724636077881,
0.1350347399711609,
-0.5486472249031067,
-0.11622608453035355,
0.29967162013053894,
0.13641826808452606,
-0.0037091816775500774,
-0.11060293763875961,
0.2595837414264679,
-0.24774755537509918,
-0.46298953890800476,
-0.132873073220253,
0.3024659752845764,
0.1958412230014801,
-0.2807520627975464,
0.3411829173564911,
-0.04304409772157669,
0.09844758361577988,
-0.24096539616584778,
-0.03279769793152809,
-0.2553756535053253,
0.534704327583313,
-0.23958566784858704
] |
224181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR | FR | FR or fr may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
Frankfurter Rundschau, a German newspaper
Ryanair (IATA airline d
Places
France, by ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and NATO code
French language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code "fr")
Franc, a unit of currency
.fr, the country code Top Level Domain for France
Freiburg, Germany (vehicle registration code FR)
Freistadt, Austria (vehicle registration code FR)
Frontier Regions, a group of small administrative units in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan
Province of Frosinone, Italy (ISO 3166-2:IT code FR)
Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland (ISO 3166-2:CH code FR)
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
French catheter scale, a scale for medical catheters
Elias Magnus Fries (1794-1878), Swedish mycologist and botanist; author abbreviation Fr.
Computing
.fr, the country code Top Level Domain for France
Fujitsu FR (Fujitsu RISC), a microprocessor
Product code used by Farbrausch, e.g. fr-019
Full Rate, a speech coding standard used in GSM
Other uses in science and technology
Ryan FR Fireball, a mixed-power US Navy fighter aircraft
Flame retardant
Flash release, a technique used in wine pressing
Francium, a chemical element with symbol Fr
Franklin (unit), unit of electrical charge
Front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout of an automobile design
Froude number, in physics
Other uses
Friday, the 6th day of week
Father (title), a title for a Catholic clergyman, especially a priest
Frater (Fr.), in Roman Catholicism, a monk who is not a priest
Fr., a title by male members of organisations such as AMORC
Fasch Repertorium, a catalogue of the works of the Baroque composer Johann Friedrich Fasch
Federal Register, a US government official journal
Ffestiniog Railway, a tourist attraction in Gwynedd, Wales
Formula Renault, a racing class
Formula Regional (disambiguation)
Franc, a unit of currency
French language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code "fr")
FR is commonly used as an abbreviation of Pokémon FireRed
See also
RF (disambiguation)
F (disambiguation)
R (disambiguation) | [
0.20755727589130402,
0.21304242312908173,
0.27516239881515503,
0.05057382956147194,
-0.36066684126853943,
0.209974467754364,
0.04311676323413849,
0.5316301584243774,
-0.4043528139591217,
0.25052309036254883,
-0.8611750602722168,
0.681391716003418,
0.0947536751627922,
-0.02928461693227291,
0.3177030682563782,
-0.03890196233987808,
0.08509466797113419,
0.732833206653595,
-0.20808516442775726,
-0.6779071688652039,
-0.6271563768386841,
0.08850206434726715,
0.5907577276229858,
-0.3125278651714325,
0.25602591037750244,
-0.28361743688583374,
-0.07648275792598724,
0.018604133278131485,
-0.40088778734207153,
-0.03146810457110405,
0.32612061500549316,
0.7160068154335022,
-0.023879852145910263,
0.215626060962677,
0.09243173152208328,
-0.07271614670753479,
0.39091646671295166,
-0.5742623209953308,
-0.4904041588306427,
-0.5025261044502258,
-0.032548319548368454,
-0.3431926369667053,
0.14314104616641998,
0.26260867714881897,
-0.5838794112205505,
-0.6106391549110413,
-1.279158353805542,
0.5486966967582703,
-0.5742776989936829,
0.4218981862068176,
-0.19347041845321655,
0.1458432823419571,
0.15189293026924133,
0.38908377289772034,
-0.32573649287223816,
0.6220892071723938,
-0.6424973607063293,
-0.09492584317922592,
0.41829946637153625,
-0.6539316773414612,
0.7051870822906494,
-0.3279644846916199,
0.25057077407836914,
0.15737469494342804,
0.45329925417900085,
-0.0804467648267746,
0.1722220480442047,
0.00634347228333354,
-0.6794610619544983,
-0.5367556810379028,
-0.4611175060272217,
-0.8582298755645752,
-0.08072846382856369,
0.15790590643882751,
0.028828701004385948,
-0.7573729753494263,
-0.23984481394290924,
0.21996408700942993,
-0.47265759110450745,
0.11910989880561829,
0.03052421286702156,
0.43537193536758423,
0.5755089521408081,
-0.5113664269447327,
0.19845013320446014,
0.1841256022453308,
-0.5935916304588318,
-0.022217126563191414,
0.12392851710319519,
0.24394921958446503,
0.11542762815952301,
-0.09127581119537354,
0.653269350528717,
-0.07235921174287796,
-0.03120468184351921,
0.021058158949017525,
0.24063284695148468,
-0.20210762321949005,
0.1714782863855362,
0.20007862150669098,
-0.2739942669868469,
-0.03388936445116997,
0.4783746600151062,
-0.07712040841579437,
-0.4709782898426056,
-0.02562640979886055,
-0.2912936806678772,
-0.5350902080535889,
0.4978220760822296,
-0.08243327587842941,
-0.46844473481178284,
-0.34214702248573303,
-0.01854083128273487,
0.060399290174245834,
-0.23248684406280518,
-0.3331487476825714,
0.20585350692272186,
-0.3759375512599945,
0.021461358293890953,
-0.019841806963086128,
0.11322756856679916,
0.578378438949585,
0.09371157735586166,
-0.11526921391487122,
0.5212571620941162,
-0.17435407638549805,
0.3943381905555725,
0.3775550127029419,
-0.5927602648735046,
0.10319499671459198,
0.0042676255106925964,
0.45477646589279175,
-0.2519356906414032,
0.09285371005535126,
-0.21649782359600067,
-0.12898167967796326,
-0.016413114964962006,
-0.2426985204219818,
0.3518840968608856,
0.15565845370292664,
-0.5175569653511047,
-0.281293660402298,
-0.6503853797912598,
-0.254932701587677,
0.35245442390441895,
-0.33921486139297485,
-0.18679079413414001,
-0.20267224311828613,
-0.044362105429172516,
-0.5980077981948853,
-0.11058715730905533,
-0.5700393319129944,
-0.14964447915554047,
0.44547101855278015,
0.21973654627799988,
0.4493626654148102,
0.33829936385154724,
-0.05084282532334328,
0.13098447024822235,
0.3123812675476074,
0.1115427017211914,
0.10613608360290527,
-0.3879743814468384,
0.09679300338029861,
-0.029209177941083908,
0.010431789793074131,
-0.01503293588757515,
0.7357937693595886,
-0.34706515073776245,
-0.3037024736404419,
-0.2528704106807709,
-0.27489906549453735,
0.3931765854358673,
-0.04733830690383911,
-0.039281487464904785,
0.6193612813949585,
0.4317254424095154,
-0.27396753430366516,
0.43858620524406433,
0.1914384812116623,
-0.6358528137207031,
0.616089940071106,
0.19245702028274536,
0.06030971184372902,
-0.17051036655902863,
-0.1510045975446701,
0.2283407598733902,
-0.10771676898002625,
0.1343739628791809,
0.4610412120819092,
-0.5537623167037964,
-0.5634962916374207,
0.008904068730771542,
-1.0107792615890503,
0.7429628372192383,
-0.35722804069519043,
-0.09521462023258209,
0.5889075398445129,
-0.17507413029670715,
0.04298402741551399,
-0.5195204019546509,
-0.05337876081466675,
0.6225770711898804,
-0.14500781893730164,
-0.4667362868785858,
0.4150627851486206,
0.29110729694366455,
0.28880906105041504,
-0.10011419653892517,
0.13866661489009857,
0.4087841510772705,
-0.13952742516994476,
0.8758542537689209,
-0.4159170985221863,
-0.07189362496137619,
-0.3665255904197693,
-0.5087191462516785,
0.1619482785463333,
-0.35116249322891235,
0.14182104170322418,
0.7928865551948547,
-0.48471471667289734,
-0.17551261186599731,
0.8234919905662537,
-0.3281030058860779,
0.23483502864837646,
0.601891040802002,
0.26259151101112366,
0.5258656144142151,
-0.7470592260360718,
0.49708282947540283,
-0.4059118628501892,
-0.02352996915578842,
-0.08662895858287811,
-0.2938286364078522,
0.11022555828094482,
0.02791142463684082,
0.07098643481731415,
0.34617698192596436,
-0.33248358964920044,
0.29072654247283936,
0.2611630856990814,
-0.13579431176185608,
0.04583170264959335,
0.4321111738681793,
0.14626622200012207,
-0.015254700556397438,
0.010689552873373032,
0.1933271735906601,
0.022245798259973526,
0.596639096736908,
0.20090824365615845,
0.14379346370697021,
-0.3711879253387451,
-0.16712696850299835,
-0.22398202121257782,
0.6327531337738037,
0.7683549523353577,
0.130990669131279,
0.23005688190460205,
-0.3568653464317322,
-0.4994983375072479,
-0.19073133170604706,
0.3123280704021454,
0.05894813686609268,
-0.10979805886745453,
-0.7511227130889893,
-0.2810191810131073,
0.27785107493400574,
0.5266315937042236,
0.1657591164112091,
0.06502269208431244,
-0.5942779779434204,
0.19728313386440277,
-0.04642537608742714,
-0.3235696852207184,
0.15113316476345062,
0.6388236284255981,
-0.6419543027877808,
-0.2841376066207886,
-0.5355063080787659,
0.2435605227947235,
0.618790864944458,
-0.83579421043396,
0.053270984441041946,
0.011621902696788311,
-0.013666166923940182,
-0.32303091883659363,
-0.11432817578315735,
-0.13735902309417725,
-0.2210119068622589,
-0.3734254539012909,
0.02410697378218174,
0.22999824583530426,
0.37729400396347046,
-0.2599269151687622,
0.6448343992233276,
0.274848610162735,
-0.09500449150800705,
-0.5174144506454468,
-0.0493929460644722,
0.4782973825931549,
-0.1690041720867157,
-0.17743098735809326,
0.6592391729354858,
-0.1820336878299713,
-0.2030125856399536,
-0.13551324605941772,
-6.134631156921387,
-0.10056023299694061,
-0.13047577440738678,
-0.4019355773925781,
-0.22281593084335327,
-0.09578060358762741,
0.5601653456687927,
-0.34649237990379333,
-0.3105703890323639,
-0.35492008924484253,
-0.05618499964475632,
0.06986348330974579,
-0.035624127835035324,
0.17330017685890198,
0.07581216096878052,
0.5075808763504028,
0.17209552228450775,
0.010491244494915009,
-0.05220607668161392,
0.1210518330335617,
-0.11268851161003113,
0.07249639928340912,
0.45571064949035645,
0.7371864318847656,
0.15700823068618774,
0.03646606579422951,
-0.05489366501569748,
0.01392991840839386,
-0.07966535538434982,
0.07943720370531082,
-0.05682862550020218,
-0.0937267541885376,
0.22131645679473877,
-0.12883128225803375,
0.2782784402370453,
-0.5339393019676208,
0.7277529835700989,
-0.1492994874715805,
0.36284440755844116,
-0.09133372455835342,
0.2149440050125122,
0.5599790215492249,
0.16158223152160645,
-0.6327492594718933,
0.21391350030899048,
-0.35364633798599243,
-0.8174557685852051,
0.26755955815315247,
-0.6525658369064331,
0.606147825717926,
-0.028892751783132553,
-0.10100404173135757,
0.17873573303222656,
0.35736900568008423,
0.18109190464019775,
-0.03010241501033306,
0.5931591987609863,
0.06431233137845993,
-0.15483956038951874,
0.1938689649105072,
0.10889597237110138,
0.12246473133563995,
-0.28832167387008667,
-0.32269981503486633,
-0.7019948363304138,
0.040700942277908325,
-0.48119932413101196,
-0.30195415019989014,
0.4727925658226013,
-0.07533659785985947,
-0.4799206256866455,
0.1441488415002823,
0.42100951075553894,
-0.6378563642501831,
-0.19093051552772522,
-0.5968242883682251,
0.06511187553405762,
0.3961443603038788,
0.02497534267604351,
0.6371126174926758,
0.1471097618341446,
0.047173868864774704,
-0.5537654757499695,
-0.6812862157821655,
-0.06101531907916069,
-0.6429693698883057,
-0.150093674659729,
0.4433063268661499,
0.2990191876888275,
0.03841166943311691,
0.6338881254196167,
-0.17556987702846527,
0.6013309955596924,
0.2305576056241989,
0.15408383309841156,
0.23558029532432556,
0.2396157681941986,
-0.27806830406188965,
0.350814551115036,
-0.1838379055261612,
0.7525299787521362,
0.15415740013122559,
-0.17624466121196747,
-0.7463016510009766,
-0.18566271662712097,
0.2401735782623291,
-0.2157479077577591,
0.24366654455661774,
0.6319829821586609,
0.04355509579181671,
-0.21486379206180573,
-0.17986299097537994,
-0.4767446517944336,
-0.50017249584198,
0.208639457821846,
-0.22353649139404297,
-0.6787919998168945,
0.2844579219818115,
0.4195641577243805,
-0.25537747144699097,
0.11047305166721344,
0.007209797389805317,
-0.4382612407207489,
-0.24661099910736084,
-0.09765035659074783,
0.30264681577682495,
-0.16121748089790344,
-0.17654404044151306,
0.16209359467029572,
0.23266613483428955,
0.05051105096936226,
-0.018678370863199234,
0.43687504529953003,
0.11140409111976624,
0.5570920705795288,
0.14212073385715485,
0.28814202547073364,
-0.07496733963489532,
-0.11791013926267624,
-0.8984524607658386,
0.25680506229400635,
0.0870271846652031,
-0.125874862074852,
-0.03431813418865204,
0.2774919867515564,
0.6085910201072693,
-0.6037754416465759,
-0.11565522849559784,
0.35617953538894653,
0.5598896145820618,
0.41596320271492004,
-0.023548049852252007,
0.5084673166275024,
0.17086058855056763,
-0.49877333641052246,
-0.02414906956255436,
0.33322471380233765,
0.30765751004219055,
-0.39353102445602417,
-0.2906566262245178,
0.7316426634788513,
-0.21022696793079376,
-0.7409994006156921,
0.04452849179506302,
0.43291011452674866,
-0.10146097093820572,
-0.02515656314790249,
-0.2903827130794525,
-0.09170442819595337,
0.5485358834266663,
-0.2225170135498047,
-0.06310594826936722,
-0.6010310053825378,
0.12175095826387405,
-0.03708566352725029,
0.12172620743513107,
0.172157883644104,
0.04795023053884506,
0.6101897358894348,
0.5639746785163879,
0.3258657157421112,
-0.3020845651626587,
0.03645281121134758,
0.5998166799545288,
0.29381081461906433,
-0.2910255491733551,
0.6189186573028564,
0.2060188353061676,
-0.2820044755935669,
-0.0181930810213089,
0.03456733375787735,
0.21087734401226044,
0.23861151933670044,
0.2972956895828247,
0.25823143124580383,
-0.8392534852027893,
-0.2106546312570572,
0.006233514286577702,
-0.15086005628108978,
-0.09776997566223145,
0.11049053817987442,
0.37033170461654663,
-0.5977615714073181,
-0.5073112845420837,
-0.04644708335399628,
0.06430085003376007,
0.34286925196647644,
-0.526174783706665,
-0.11893374472856522,
0.33117932081222534,
-0.710692822933197,
-0.40975138545036316,
0.05555969849228859,
0.33557215332984924,
-0.11448901146650314,
0.2697112560272217,
-0.1154659315943718,
-0.08577446639537811,
-0.7425885796546936,
-0.2570140063762665,
0.12762987613677979,
-0.12274084985256195,
-0.25360816717147827,
-0.2859324514865875,
-0.06659932434558868,
0.5197325944900513,
0.3356603682041168,
-0.6385602355003357,
0.14219531416893005,
-0.4425179660320282,
-0.1948685646057129,
0.12417583912611008,
-0.01426719967275858,
0.20590101182460785,
-0.05952306091785431,
0.230616956949234,
-0.20786599814891815,
0.11151675879955292,
-0.19702373445034027,
-0.27975067496299744,
0.022487856447696686,
0.6134641766548157,
-0.3542441725730896,
-0.4653129279613495,
-0.14579299092292786,
0.6563490629196167,
0.3860575556755066,
-0.33810847997665405,
-0.5278781056404114,
0.17724324762821198,
-0.313201367855072,
-0.12248004227876663,
-0.16581793129444122,
0.1683925837278366,
0.5352843999862671,
-0.7856331467628479,
-0.16460920870304108,
0.25035133957862854,
-0.16409167647361755,
0.2049490213394165,
-0.2588234841823578,
-0.21449054777622223,
0.048895012587308884,
0.3621637523174286,
0.47365090250968933,
0.5327783823013306,
-0.471397340297699,
-0.07684241980314255,
-0.15463951230049133,
0.13355542719364166,
0.022659126669168472,
0.2567119896411896,
0.4907812476158142,
0.4303646683692932,
0.2329314649105072,
0.1835780292749405,
-0.31724658608436584,
-0.32577380537986755,
-0.5019347071647644,
0.19974595308303833,
-0.732480525970459,
-0.29141271114349365,
0.13658034801483154,
-0.3159301280975342,
0.5268435478210449,
-0.43007901310920715,
0.170610710978508,
0.48354870080947876,
-0.702816903591156,
0.0795326977968216,
0.1741640865802765,
-0.01788993924856186,
-0.3000631332397461,
0.6143084168434143,
-0.3852071464061737,
-0.135036900639534,
0.15665818750858307,
0.2013835310935974,
-0.2438032627105713,
0.29147201776504517,
-0.5009179711341858,
-0.018738271668553352,
0.4629315733909607,
-0.7401625514030457,
0.24286025762557983,
0.26236504316329956,
-0.3065454959869385,
-0.3247078061103821,
-0.07954314351081848,
-0.7546444535255432,
0.010756575502455235,
-0.35576099157333374,
-0.27809736132621765,
0.3743269741535187,
0.2886446416378021,
0.2231515496969223,
0.17432741820812225,
-0.5223926901817322,
-0.022727089002728462,
0.03352772817015648,
0.43585073947906494,
-0.03855697810649872,
0.26681917905807495,
-0.1557377129793167,
-0.7203464508056641,
0.23431767523288727,
-0.3115975260734558,
-0.14049743115901947,
0.244416281580925,
0.18383008241653442,
0.6200680732727051,
0.20235992968082428,
-0.38972797989845276,
0.4325108230113983,
-0.551048994064331,
-0.5997944474220276,
0.14218829572200775,
-0.336704283952713,
-0.21386763453483582,
0.6025251150131226,
0.44692373275756836,
0.41627237200737,
-0.2840842008590698,
0.11323491483926773,
0.09326481819152832,
0.38619929552078247,
-0.07223781943321228,
0.13706260919570923,
-0.20084597170352936,
0.1489844173192978,
0.11745397001504898,
0.07121165096759796,
-0.019469769671559334,
0.24650397896766663,
-0.26344969868659973,
-0.4303658902645111,
-0.31965816020965576,
-0.11815261840820312,
0.17724408209323883,
-0.17442788183689117,
-0.3403201103210449,
0.3596104085445404,
0.5065188407897949,
0.01742255687713623,
0.13230755925178528,
-0.04550671949982643,
-0.15516166388988495,
-0.12781739234924316,
0.19981184601783752,
0.14128224551677704,
-0.20024268329143524,
0.45799973607063293,
-0.42397037148475647,
-0.1344238668680191,
-0.06700675189495087,
0.18012875318527222,
0.4415665566921234,
0.3813701868057251,
-0.20762377977371216,
0.417325496673584,
-0.9303732514381409,
-0.16929760575294495,
-0.33162203431129456,
-0.09495647996664047,
0.05419950187206268,
-0.22653427720069885,
0.03205173462629318,
-0.08171872794628143,
0.08303771167993546,
-0.1903330683708191,
0.051659803837537766,
-0.5241090059280396,
-0.1574627310037613,
0.13477610051631927,
0.24900270998477936,
-0.0916518047451973,
-0.36698880791664124,
0.47612616419792175,
0.5339323878288269,
-0.13932563364505768,
-0.018485279753804207,
-0.3104926347732544,
-0.16262108087539673,
-0.38087400794029236,
-0.3905043601989746,
-0.3485265076160431,
0.03602832555770874,
0.10602094978094101,
-0.7419623136520386,
0.2490827590227127,
0.5531911849975586,
-0.23032589256763458,
-0.16656048595905304,
0.693493664264679,
0.056297026574611664,
0.3866165578365326,
0.6483445167541504,
0.07231581956148148,
0.1609819233417511,
-0.3900083005428314,
0.2845413386821747,
0.0828096866607666,
0.44658684730529785,
0.02005884237587452,
0.44243714213371277,
0.11048649996519089,
0.07468657940626144,
0.5142876505851746,
-0.5940960049629211,
0.07218318432569504,
-0.18399520218372345,
0.20233669877052307,
-0.4226428270339966,
0.7732642292976379,
-0.567542314529419,
-0.10499677807092667,
0.36546969413757324,
-0.061247892677783966,
-0.24592889845371246,
-0.013278218917548656,
0.255449116230011,
0.14844109117984772,
-0.1905614137649536,
0.1009630635380745,
-0.028984693810343742,
0.26112842559814453,
0.1793353110551834,
-0.4111979901790619,
-0.28101781010627747,
0.19741500914096832,
0.4951222538948059,
-0.42762747406959534,
0.7764459848403931,
-0.08302386850118637,
0.0009755849605426192,
0.06680547446012497,
0.04147748276591301,
-0.10429099947214127,
0.47741594910621643,
0.1048223227262497
] |
224182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Christoph%20Oetinger | Friedrich Christoph Oetinger | Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (2 May 1702 – 10 February 1782) was a German Lutheran theologian and theosopher.
Biography
Oetinger was born at Göppingen. He studied philosophy and Lutheran theology at Tübingen (1722-1728), and was impressed by the works of Jakob Böhme, and also devoted attention to Leibniz and Wolff. On the completion of his university course, Oetinger spent some years travelling. In 1730 he visited Count Zinzendorf at Herrnhut, remaining there some months as teacher of Hebrew and Greek. During his travels, in his eager search for knowledge, he made the acquaintance of mystics and separatists, Christians and learned Jews, theologians and physicians alike. The Philadelphians influenced him to accept apocatastasis, the belief that all people would eventually be saved; he wove this into his theological system, depending chiefly upon I Corinthians 15 and Ephesians 1:9-11.
After some delay he was ordained to the ministry, and held several pastorates (since 1738). While pastor (from 1746) at Walddorf near Tübingen, he studied alchemy and made many experiments, his idea being to use his knowledge for symbolic purposes. These practices exposed him to the attacks of persons who misunderstood him. “My religion,” he once said, “is the parallelism of Nature and Grace.”
Oetinger translated a part of Emanuel Swedenborg's philosophy of heaven and earth, and added notes of his own. In 1760 he defended Swedenborg's work and invited him to Germany. His treatise Swedenborg's and other Earthly and Heavenly Philosophies was published in 1765. This and his translations of Swedenborg brought upon him the censure of his ecclesiastical superiors, but he was protected by the Duke of Württemberg, and later was appointed superintendent of the churches in the district of Weinsberg. He subsequently held the same position in Herrenberg, and afterward he became prelate at Murrhardt (appointed 1765; entered office 1766), where he died.
Bibliography
Die Werke Friedrich Christoph Oetingers. Chronologisch-systematische Bibliographie 1707–2014, bearbeitet von Martin Weyer-Menkhoff und Reinhard Breymayer. (Berlin; München; Boston [, Massachusetts, USA] : ) (Walter) de Gruyter (GmbH), [März] 2015 (Bibliographie zur Geschichte des Pietismus, Band 3. Im Auftrag der Historischen Kommission zur Erforschung des Pietismus [Hannover, bei der Union Evangelischer Kirchen in der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland] hrsg. von Hans Schneider, Hans Otte, Hans-Jürgen Schrader). – VIII, 445 pp.
Print: ; .
eBook (PDF): e-.
eBook (EPUB): e-.
Print/eBook: .
Oetinger's autobiography was published by Julius Hamberger in 1845 and later by Julius Rößle:
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Selbstbiographie. Genealogie der reellen Gedanken eines Gottesgelehrten. Hrsg. und mit Einführung versehen von J[ulius] Roessle. Metzingen: Ernst Franz Verlag 1990,
The English translation with commentaries:
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Genealogy of the Well-Grounded Thoughts of a Theologian [Genealogie der reellen Gedanken eines Gottesgelehrten] Reutlingen 1818 - Stuttgart 1859. In: Herzog, Frederick: European pietism reviewed. San Jose, California: Pickwick Publications (2003) (Princeton Theological Monograph Series; 50), pp. (103)-177 (pp. [105]-108: Editor's Introduction]).
Oetinger published about seventy works, in which he expounded his theosophic views. A collected edition, Sämtliche Schriften (1st section, Homiletische Schriften, 5 vols., 1858–1866; 2nd section, Theosophische Werke, 6 vols., 1858–1863), was prepared by Karl Christian Eberhard Ehmann, who also edited Oetinger's Leben und Briefe (1859). See also C. A. Auberlen: Die Theosophie Friedr. Chr. Oetinger's (1847; 2nd ed., 1859), and Herzog: Friedrich Christoph Ötinger (1902).
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Biblisches und Emblematisches Wörterbuch. Herausgegeben von Gerhard Schäfer in Verbindung mit Otto Betz [Tübingen], Reinhard Breymayer, Eberhard [Martin] Gutekunst, Ursula Hardmeier [, geb. Paschke], Roland Pietsch, Guntram Spindler. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 1999.
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Inquisitio in sensum communem et rationem... (1753) Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1964.
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Die Lehrtafel der Prinzessin Antonia. Herausgegeben von Reinhard Breymayer und Friedrich Häußermann. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 1977,
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Theologia ex idea vitae deducta. Herausgegeben von Konrad Ohly. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter 1979,
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph. Die Wahrheit des sensus communis oder des allgemeinen Sinnes... Ehmann, 1861.
Notes
References
This work in turn cites:
K. F. C. Ehmann, Oetinger's Leben und Briefe (1859)
C. A. Auberlen, Die Theosophie Friedr. Chr. Oetinger's (1847; 2nd ed., 1859)
Herzog, Friedrich Christoph Ötinger (1902)
Further reading
a) Pre 1945:
This work in turn recommends monographs by Auberlin (1847), Ehmann (1859) and Wächter (1885).
b) 1945–1990:
Breymayer, Reinhard, ed.. "Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph 1702 - 1782". In Heiner Schmidt [Hauptbearbeiter und Hrsg.], Quellenlexikon zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, vol. 24. (Duisburg:) Verlag für Pädagogische Dokumentation 2000, pp. 106 – 114.
Breymayer, Reinhard: Oetinger (Frédéric-Christophe), in: Dictionnaire de spiritualité ascétique et mystique. Doctrine et histoire. Fondé par M[arcel] Viller, F[erdinand] Cavallera, J[oseph] de Guibert, S. J. Continué par A[ndre] Rayez, A[ndre] Derville et A[made] Solignac, S. J. avec le concours d'un grand nombre de collaborateurs, tome 11. Nabinal - Ozanam. Paris 1982, p. 682, col. 2 - p. 685, col. 1.
Erb, Peter Christian, ed. Pietists: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 1983 - - Wurttemberg Pietism: Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687 - 1752) & Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702-1782), p. 253 - 288.
Gadamer, Hans Georg. "Oetinger als Philosoph". Kleine Schriften, III, 89-100.
Yeide, Jr., Harry Elwood. A Vision of the Kingdom of God. The Social Ethic of Friedrich Christoph Oetinger. Ph.D. Diss. (in religion) Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1965 [unpublished].
c) newest literature:
Weyer-Menkhoff, Martin. Christus, das Heil der Natur. Entstehung und Systematik der Theologie Friedrich Christoph Oetingers. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1990 (Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Pietismus, vol. 27), pp. 272–326 Bibliography.
Weyer-Menkhoff, Martin. Friedrich Christoph Oetinger. Bildbiographie. Wuppertal und Zürich: R. Brockhaus / Metzingen: Ernst Franz Verlag 1990, (R. Brockhaus), (Franz).
Yeide, Jr., Harry [Elwood]. Studies in Classical Pietism. The Flowering of the Ecclesiola. New York; Washington, DC; Baltimore [et alibi] Peter Lang 1997 (Studies in Church History, vol. 6), pp. 109–123 with notes 1–45 on pp. 172–176.
Herzog, Frederick. European pietism reviewed. San Jose, California: Pickwick Publications (2003) (Princeton Theological Monograph Series; 50), pp. (35)-38: Sacred Philosophy? Oetinger.
Weyer-Menkhoff, Martin. The Pietist Theologians. An Introduction to Theology in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Edited by Carter Lindberg. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell (2005) (The Great Theologians. A comprehensive series devoted to highlighting the major theologians of different periods), pp. 239–255: Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702-1782).
Mathesis, Naturphilosophie und Arkanwissenschaft im Umkreis Friedrich Christoph Oetingers (1702-1782). Hrsg. von Sabine Holtz, Gerhard Betsch und Eberhard Zwink in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde und Historische Hilfswissenschaften der Universität Tübingen. Stuttgart. Franz Steiner Verlag 2005 (Contubernium. Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, vol. 63). - VIII, 314 pp. - .
Breymayer, Reinhard. "Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph (pseudonyms: Halatophilus Irenaeus, Bibliophilus Irenaeus)". Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism. Edited by Wouter J[acobus] Hanegraaff in collaboration with Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, Jean-Pierre Brach. Leiden / Boston: E. J. Brill 2005, vol. 2, pp. 889–894.
Wouter J[acobus] Hanegraaff. Swedenborg, Oetinger, Kant: Three Perspectives on the Secrets of Heaven. The Swedenborg Foundation, West Chester, Pennsylvania 2007 (Swedenborg Studies Series, no. 18) , pp. 67–85: "Friedrich Christoph Oetinger".
Tonino Griffero. Il corpo spirituale. Ontologie "sottili" da Paolo di Tarso a Friedrich Christoph Oetinger. Mimesis Edizioni, Milano (2006 [2007]), . [pp. 417 – 510 bibliography.]
Douglas H. Shantz. "The Harvest of Pietist Theology: F.C. Oetinger’s Quest for Truth as recounted in his Selbstbiographie of 1762", in Tradition and Formation: Claiming An Inheritance. Essays in Honour of Peter C[hristian] Erb, edited by Michel Desjardins and Harold Remus. Kitchener: Pandora Press, 2008, pp. 121–134.
Reinhard Breymayer. Prälat Oetingers Neffe Eberhard Christoph v. Oetinger [...]. 2nd, improved, edition. Tübingen: Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck 2010, . [Relations between F. C. Oetinger and his family to Goethe - The wife of F. C. Oetinger's nephew E. C. v. Oetinger was a relative and formerly a girlfriend ('Amasia') of Goethe: Charlotte Louise Ernestine Edle von Oetinger, née von Barckhaus genannt von Wiesenhütten.
Ulrike Kummer: Autobiographie und Pietismus. Friedrich Christoph Oetingers Genealogie der reellen Gedancken eines Gottes=Gelehrten. Untersuchungen und Edition. Frankfurt am Main/New York: Peter Lang 2010, [First critical edition of Oetinger's autobiography, with commentary. Covering also the alchemic and hermetic tradition relevant for Oetinger.]
Reinhard Breymayer: Zwischen Prinzessin Antonia von Württemberg und Kleists Käthchen von Heilbronn. Neues zum Magnet- und Spannungsfeld des Prälaten Friedrich Christoph Oetinger. Dußlingen: Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck, 2010. - 229 pp. 4°. - . [Oetinger's sympathy for cabbala and magnetism as relevant for Hölderlin, Hegel and Heinrich von Kleist.]
Hermann Ehmer: "Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph". In: Religion. Past & Present. Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion. Edited by Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browning (+), Bernd Janowski, Eberhard Jüngel, vol. 9. Brill, Leiden/Boston 2011, p. 279.
Reinhard Breymayer: Goethe, Oetinger und kein Ende. Charlotte Edle von Oetinger, geborene von Barckhaus-Wiesenhütten, als Wertherische "Fräulein von B..". Heck, Dußlingen 2012. - .
Reinhard Breymayer: Friedrich Christoph Steinhofer. Ein pietistischer Theologe zwischen Oetinger, Zinzendorf und Goethe. Mit der Lösung eines quellenkritischen Problems bei Karl Barth und einem Exkurs über die Bedeutung von Tugendlehre und Biblischen Summarien für die Lehrtafel in Steinhofers Amtsort Teinach. Heck, Dußlingen 2012. - .
Reinhard Breymayer (ed.): Johann Friedrich Jüdler, Friedrich Christoph Oetinger, Erhard Weigel: Realvorteile zum Informieren. Johann Friedrich Jüdlers ehmaligen Schulmeisters zu Stetten im Ramstal [Remstal] Realvorteile zum Informieren für die Anfänger in deutschen und lateinischen Schulen nach den Absichten der Realschule zu Berlin. Aus dem Mund und Gespräch des Herrn Spezialsuperintendenten Oetingers geschöpft und dem Druck übergeben <1758>. (Commented edition and reprint of the publication Heilbronn [Neckar] : Johann Friedrich Majer, 1758.) - Noûs-Verlag Thomas Leon Heck, 2014. - .
Reinhard Breymayer: Astronomie, Kalenderstreit und Liebestheologie. Von Erhard Weigel [...] über Friedrich Christoph Oetinger und Philipp Matthäus Hahn zu Friedrich Schiller, Johann Andreas Streicher, Franz Joseph Graf von Thun und Hohenstein, Mozart und Beethoven. Heck, Dußlingen, 2016. - .
1702 births
1782 deaths
People from Göppingen
People from the Duchy of Württemberg
German Theosophists
Radical Pietism
University of Tübingen alumni | [
-0.4538837969303131,
0.9561205506324768,
-0.4041142463684082,
0.2260943204164505,
-0.4605828821659088,
0.771075427532196,
1.6646192073822021,
-0.1970730870962143,
-0.3251412510871887,
-0.793745219707489,
-0.044311750680208206,
-0.3279901146888733,
0.32578009366989136,
0.6426251530647278,
-0.13230058550834656,
0.47627609968185425,
0.24795858561992645,
-0.3140956163406372,
-0.9603570103645325,
-0.32852843403816223,
-0.21713396906852722,
-0.5531973242759705,
0.15169629454612732,
0.23045548796653748,
-0.2266567200422287,
0.14570525288581848,
0.16753391921520233,
-0.5716173648834229,
0.5867186188697815,
-0.04036754369735718,
0.1932038813829422,
1.0072760581970215,
0.12625834345817566,
0.28310340642929077,
-0.49532824754714966,
0.4453413784503937,
-0.3877010643482208,
-0.12313098460435867,
0.26278752088546753,
0.26056334376335144,
-0.32661712169647217,
0.19418583810329437,
0.3406679034233093,
0.44235581159591675,
-0.05255845934152603,
-0.7475203275680542,
-2.451087713241577,
0.27836424112319946,
-1.1145164966583252,
-0.5159307718276978,
0.24570435285568237,
-0.08445961773395538,
0.7047340273857117,
0.9699600338935852,
-0.6272023916244507,
0.12709897756576538,
-0.8130517601966858,
-0.18253889679908752,
0.44068560004234314,
-0.3161267936229706,
0.5037096738815308,
0.3275400996208191,
0.37685132026672363,
-0.09251793473958969,
0.47144633531570435,
0.05064806714653969,
-0.5329906344413757,
0.7846625447273254,
0.19473186135292053,
-0.8413777947425842,
-0.5898996591567993,
0.10069253295660019,
0.3158945143222809,
-0.1294134557247162,
0.7897324562072754,
-0.7432280778884888,
0.02273007482290268,
0.28267839550971985,
0.23765142261981964,
-0.20129647850990295,
-0.4186114966869354,
-0.011604241095483303,
1.1986998319625854,
0.25209981203079224,
0.10202819854021072,
0.10296555608510971,
0.0674661323428154,
0.18176627159118652,
-0.6036710739135742,
-0.7069233059883118,
0.1868213713169098,
-0.4240204691886902,
0.11747438460588455,
0.5808143615722656,
0.5483258366584778,
0.290297269821167,
-0.182612806558609,
0.0739419162273407,
-0.6405366659164429,
0.26761767268180847,
0.18839459121227264,
-0.013896790333092213,
0.43434664607048035,
-0.2484176605939865,
0.15346771478652954,
-0.14066167175769806,
-0.19471709430217743,
-0.02422892488539219,
-0.3083220422267914,
0.1530216634273529,
-0.9183157086372375,
0.48020800948143005,
-0.37275001406669617,
-0.01465042307972908,
-0.5381865501403809,
0.20218117535114288,
0.25694936513900757,
-1.375579833984375,
-0.38664931058883667,
-0.2949531376361847,
0.006623480934649706,
0.7337376475334167,
-0.08176539838314056,
0.22265946865081787,
-0.7884013652801514,
-0.23939402401447296,
-0.2947219908237457,
0.8242201209068298,
-0.3698689639568329,
0.19419217109680176,
0.4321640133857727,
1.4223017692565918,
0.28955748677253723,
-0.37597936391830444,
-0.5360032916069031,
0.004084535408765078,
0.6749609708786011,
-0.13401952385902405,
-0.38019827008247375,
0.23822705447673798,
-0.38048604130744934,
-0.2559131383895874,
-0.7979760766029358,
-0.17234700918197632,
0.19121308624744415,
-0.22541311383247375,
0.06645635515451431,
-0.06527958065271378,
0.00491276616230607,
0.053964268416166306,
-0.1670587658882141,
0.10973677784204483,
0.03910809010267258,
-0.10639414936304092,
-0.22535021603107452,
0.5504727363586426,
0.2741515040397644,
0.36154529452323914,
0.021798482164740562,
0.31614750623703003,
0.38018837571144104,
-0.4438789486885071,
-0.7200213670730591,
-0.10454391688108444,
0.5605764389038086,
-0.006003033835440874,
0.20770716667175293,
0.12351896613836288,
-0.3869161307811737,
-0.33931764960289,
-0.507336437702179,
-0.21673038601875305,
-0.2881847321987152,
-0.009102302603423595,
0.5246972441673279,
0.5130035281181335,
-0.08887690305709839,
0.4633663594722748,
-0.024527430534362793,
-0.36662688851356506,
-1.0138800144195557,
-0.2781978249549866,
0.12708017230033875,
0.1180160790681839,
0.3318193852901459,
0.6134192943572998,
0.23464065790176392,
0.3653450608253479,
0.6960042715072632,
-0.3764021694660187,
-0.6934980750083923,
-1.0714603662490845,
0.2869943678379059,
0.3706566095352173,
1.1505590677261353,
0.32231712341308594,
-0.30654630064964294,
0.07823994010686874,
-0.15605255961418152,
0.6107443571090698,
-0.2744303047657013,
-0.75923752784729,
-0.5861073732376099,
0.35823529958724976,
0.33259740471839905,
0.8022207021713257,
0.02850118838250637,
-0.15169686079025269,
-0.09496922045946121,
0.29686373472213745,
0.53952956199646,
-0.38816583156585693,
0.02120331861078739,
0.7949323654174805,
-0.5424835085868835,
-0.07806403189897537,
-0.8369690775871277,
0.10458914190530777,
0.15218442678451538,
-0.11519041657447815,
0.11883728206157684,
0.2820065915584564,
0.23797370493412018,
1.143864393234253,
-0.08739660680294037,
0.8564040064811707,
-0.6145250201225281,
0.37622779607772827,
-0.061055198311805725,
-0.9112040996551514,
0.2624199390411377,
0.28079450130462646,
0.4240467846393585,
-0.17639602720737457,
0.5055246949195862,
-0.1422506421804428,
-0.3432127833366394,
-0.32071423530578613,
0.31846022605895996,
-0.9058583974838257,
0.5628558993339539,
0.4064638614654541,
-0.5043186545372009,
0.5560671091079712,
0.2565714418888092,
0.8712376952171326,
-0.24397434294223785,
-0.6071615815162659,
-0.40530917048454285,
0.1079803928732872,
0.2594457268714905,
0.4471108913421631,
-0.015136521309614182,
-0.25799936056137085,
-0.31946566700935364,
0.10156448930501938,
0.5867322087287903,
0.1944509744644165,
0.11994148045778275,
0.43637600541114807,
0.7046446204185486,
-0.21810702979564667,
0.3127760887145996,
-0.4000180959701538,
-0.5538180470466614,
-0.4054367244243622,
0.43178272247314453,
-0.09695755690336227,
0.08027759194374084,
-0.19460643827915192,
-0.06293699890375137,
-0.2730158567428589,
-0.7493906617164612,
0.04354070872068405,
-0.28524041175842285,
-1.035269021987915,
-0.12818041443824768,
0.3254678547382355,
-0.1133936420083046,
-0.5917321443557739,
-0.29230499267578125,
0.7475559115409851,
-0.39073026180267334,
0.3249042332172394,
-0.4033989906311035,
0.05265512317419052,
0.057509519159793854,
-0.18564721941947937,
0.03674748167395592,
0.0498676523566246,
0.008724306710064411,
0.9029122591018677,
-0.35755592584609985,
-0.12130611389875412,
0.08652881532907486,
0.6869664192199707,
-0.251615047454834,
-1.0853403806686401,
0.49938347935676575,
0.044523049145936966,
-1.389813780784607,
-0.05554257333278656,
0.5161125659942627,
0.5689578056335449,
-0.08190209418535233,
-0.18124301731586456,
-0.18479886651039124,
-0.1450018435716629,
-4.784738063812256,
-0.3918842077255249,
0.16525469720363617,
-0.11141116917133331,
-0.22175148129463196,
0.827520489692688,
0.7355488538742065,
-0.6934399604797363,
-0.1970895230770111,
0.13607345521450043,
0.6967830061912537,
0.002693332266062498,
0.06832686066627502,
0.4488462805747986,
0.5343707203865051,
0.7677440047264099,
0.6941651105880737,
0.14401760697364807,
0.024596337229013443,
-0.43398720026016235,
0.19229449331760406,
-0.3449487090110779,
0.14793945848941803,
0.3736889064311981,
0.5103009939193726,
-0.2431449443101883,
-0.059203021228313446,
0.2805841267108917,
-0.5792142152786255,
-0.559704601764679,
0.48105084896087646,
0.1481311023235321,
-0.4766225814819336,
0.3815537691116333,
0.26322147250175476,
0.05382782593369484,
0.5392345190048218,
1.0941091775894165,
-0.1614295393228531,
0.35323795676231384,
0.13272832334041595,
0.1467396765947342,
-0.5998457670211792,
0.07616126537322998,
-0.2853003144264221,
-0.16056641936302185,
-0.45487216114997864,
0.5428611636161804,
-0.5818113684654236,
0.5883883833885193,
-0.10920888930559158,
-0.3234466314315796,
0.058298736810684204,
-0.19044972956180573,
0.017939463257789612,
0.1963013857603073,
0.047291163355112076,
0.039397355169057846,
-0.4448358714580536,
-0.008192076347768307,
0.34444671869277954,
-0.050567928701639175,
0.03190340846776962,
-0.12303194403648376,
0.17690744996070862,
-0.32261794805526733,
-0.04044025018811226,
-0.07827656716108322,
0.42374688386917114,
-0.7683773040771484,
-0.25242507457733154,
1.2143043279647827,
0.3601352274417877,
-0.9416772723197937,
-0.0981966182589531,
-0.48494046926498413,
-0.560044527053833,
-0.5528655648231506,
-0.9575040936470032,
0.12489713728427887,
0.2779916524887085,
-0.6900483965873718,
-0.28862401843070984,
1.357165813446045,
1.4892971515655518,
0.8204213380813599,
-0.6967157125473022,
-0.07142417132854462,
-0.4950314164161682,
-0.45706263184547424,
-0.3576276898384094,
-0.47222524881362915,
0.012309961020946503,
0.28677982091903687,
-0.40712785720825195,
0.7962450981140137,
-0.30555590987205505,
-0.09103734791278839,
0.3002113997936249,
0.7642377614974976,
0.2742862403392792,
0.422384649515152,
0.3954061269760132,
0.2983337640762329,
0.6740407943725586,
-0.141752690076828,
-0.09377405792474747,
0.12162727117538452,
0.9529872536659241,
0.6637303829193115,
0.006708438973873854,
0.2145870327949524,
0.3936088979244232,
-0.18525917828083038,
-0.270105242729187,
-0.8361634612083435,
-0.3926548957824707,
0.691448450088501,
0.2690630853176117,
0.07367289066314697,
0.14626814424991608,
0.0829739049077034,
0.02897457592189312,
-0.8699626326560974,
-0.565595805644989,
0.09121295064687729,
-0.33813995122909546,
-0.4655141234397888,
-0.3920643627643585,
0.11806762218475342,
-0.12293253093957901,
0.3357158899307251,
-0.08465788513422012,
-0.1242891177535057,
-0.1836748719215393,
-0.15162354707717896,
-0.1654699295759201,
-0.6355258822441101,
-0.2815709114074707,
-0.3815254867076874,
0.17092949151992798,
-0.09682951122522354,
-0.23499560356140137,
0.44297730922698975,
0.5274372100830078,
0.17632251977920532,
0.8551540374755859,
-0.09039275348186493,
-0.7767511010169983,
0.9017064571380615,
-0.20527872443199158,
-0.33793291449546814,
1.052043080329895,
-0.18496039509773254,
-0.030778134241700172,
0.22538936138153076,
-0.02166934311389923,
0.21531052887439728,
0.18266744911670685,
0.03905796632170677,
-0.5097066164016724,
0.02287496253848076,
-0.8814632296562195,
-0.10906902700662613,
0.2882126569747925,
0.16824300587177277,
-0.6769727468490601,
0.22239989042282104,
-0.2372034788131714,
0.6823421716690063,
0.1161312535405159,
-0.2065843641757965,
-0.6769387125968933,
0.3737432360649109,
0.054147571325302124,
0.1832578033208847,
0.6017045974731445,
0.3971840739250183,
-0.13159221410751343,
-0.3418087959289551,
0.2172432243824005,
-0.02386271208524704,
-0.17549562454223633,
-0.056138768792152405,
0.5451858639717102,
0.22272738814353943,
-0.8844212889671326,
-0.4420098662376404,
-0.5368017554283142,
-0.2238709032535553,
0.5233660340309143,
-0.1732516586780548,
-0.06771042943000793,
0.4402525722980499,
0.12019148468971252,
-0.7640000581741333,
0.18054409325122833,
-0.46109649538993835,
-0.15749438107013702,
-0.6461988091468811,
0.15090440213680267,
0.27460184693336487,
-0.3525976240634918,
0.16733896732330322,
-0.3547705113887787,
-1.0712193250656128,
0.003524499014019966,
-0.0051482669077813625,
-0.4299834072589874,
0.9443069696426392,
-0.2883653938770294,
-0.5021814703941345,
-0.4256893992424011,
0.9046933650970459,
-0.5316283702850342,
-0.1488720178604126,
0.5239645838737488,
-0.4624474048614502,
-1.0403860807418823,
-0.2081778645515442,
-0.7890415191650391,
-0.0673203244805336,
-0.33368200063705444,
-0.3850723206996918,
-0.3335115313529968,
-0.24048222601413727,
0.267001748085022,
0.2243121713399887,
0.4575074315071106,
0.19128355383872986,
-0.020841019228100777,
-0.2903193533420563,
0.12606561183929443,
-0.09165512025356293,
-0.44754940271377563,
-0.8145837783813477,
0.15248684585094452,
0.4029316306114197,
-0.5580304861068726,
-0.08799653500318527,
0.2624812424182892,
0.9211775660514832,
0.4363573491573334,
-0.31584984064102173,
-0.015498755499720573,
-0.3443164825439453,
0.3486154079437256,
0.006224024575203657,
0.26581430435180664,
0.2002716064453125,
-0.03562513738870621,
0.1595839262008667,
-0.6897487044334412,
-0.548454761505127,
0.9058247208595276,
-0.1844378113746643,
-0.11866339296102524,
0.4068952798843384,
0.010908829048275948,
-0.40014100074768066,
0.14075525104999542,
0.5507540106773376,
0.5296409726142883,
-0.3777472674846649,
-0.18462465703487396,
0.18990904092788696,
-0.08127915859222412,
-0.47156140208244324,
-0.2712351977825165,
-0.010754124261438847,
-0.39915895462036133,
-0.5095416903495789,
-0.50395667552948,
-0.05704199895262718,
-0.1542595624923706,
0.3885476887226105,
-0.14064568281173706,
-0.48215237259864807,
0.33826470375061035,
-0.0601547509431839,
-0.9333760142326355,
-0.47309133410453796,
-0.09945017099380493,
-0.8998466730117798,
-0.8942818641662598,
-0.7879112362861633,
-0.5343968272209167,
-0.1087404191493988,
-0.435192734003067,
0.18074576556682587,
-0.7593578696250916,
0.08909032493829727,
-0.2081146240234375,
0.6044340133666992,
0.08122636377811432,
0.3823188543319702,
-0.20285363495349884,
0.04870413988828659,
-0.5018205642700195,
-0.36543363332748413,
-0.26615163683891296,
0.3197711706161499,
1.089693307876587,
-0.3135574758052826,
0.5971682667732239,
0.4530017673969269,
-0.35597559809684753,
0.03203210607171059,
-0.503229022026062,
-0.5469843745231628,
0.6068692803382874,
-0.025059498846530914,
-0.0916423499584198,
0.171685129404068,
-0.5357465744018555,
0.045646119862794876,
0.7779063582420349,
0.24299992620944977,
-0.2588907778263092,
0.39020004868507385,
0.2847277820110321,
-0.2554146647453308,
1.0071730613708496,
-0.4420126676559448,
-0.1001276895403862,
0.18803398311138153,
0.5752114653587341,
-0.010626217350363731,
-0.5845693349838257,
0.23124241828918457,
-0.16511134803295135,
0.07285936921834946,
-0.411045104265213,
0.7833138108253479,
-0.17305368185043335,
0.5114342570304871,
-0.05949416756629944,
-0.5396777987480164,
-0.7530813813209534,
0.03222674876451492,
-0.30906057357788086,
1.3872443437576294,
-0.18402475118637085,
-0.07390548288822174,
-0.2874927520751953,
0.20847424864768982,
-0.5769396424293518,
0.09749024361371994,
0.22932273149490356,
0.09636989235877991,
0.6648123860359192,
0.0928848534822464,
-0.11026590317487717,
-0.49361544847488403,
-0.08634524047374725,
0.16902586817741394,
0.8741413950920105,
-0.4851985573768616,
-0.28312769532203674,
-0.06654258817434311,
0.048071179538965225,
-0.6972730755805969,
0.6452001333236694,
-0.2908443510532379,
-0.689559817314148,
0.006486117374151945,
-0.09164654463529587,
-0.3213050961494446,
-0.47034651041030884,
-0.013288727030158043,
0.10586299002170563,
-0.7335524559020996,
0.4592440128326416,
0.7891762852668762,
1.0648820400238037,
-0.08069100230932236,
0.8753398656845093,
-0.2537209391593933,
0.12757913768291473,
0.8506350517272949,
-0.7418938875198364,
0.2561948895454407,
-0.015738368034362793,
0.00942925363779068,
0.26226186752319336,
-0.09254847466945648,
-0.36492449045181274,
-0.0029962847474962473,
0.306267648935318,
-0.7537057995796204,
0.44452810287475586,
-0.45335572957992554,
0.30698850750923157,
0.06991174817085266,
-1.3098220825195312,
0.3287437856197357,
-0.269510954618454,
1.210836410522461,
-0.0662217065691948,
-1.0818376541137695,
-0.47817155718803406,
0.06871957331895828,
0.12293551862239838,
0.0748816579580307,
-0.23655791580677032,
0.28781425952911377,
-0.40088266134262085,
0.7891784906387329,
-0.618675708770752,
0.8049154877662659,
0.3005760908126831,
0.1426464319229126,
-0.5454760789871216,
0.42906251549720764,
-0.6008979082107544,
-0.3781508803367615,
0.9709163308143616,
-0.02356741391122341,
-0.0981408953666687,
0.49745985865592957,
0.6198717951774597,
0.008792946115136147,
-0.09295187145471573,
-0.45429527759552,
-0.035577137023210526,
0.2733663320541382,
0.19413109123706818,
0.2058679759502411,
-0.015352502465248108,
0.5550400614738464,
-0.14027084410190582,
0.13885261118412018,
-0.5938176512718201,
0.0764765664935112,
-0.4759569466114044,
-0.4680340588092804,
0.8359957933425903,
0.20332936942577362,
0.44548049569129944,
-0.3731551468372345,
0.4498542249202728,
-0.0026580768171697855,
0.4001447856426239,
0.18423044681549072,
-0.45528075098991394,
0.48468074202537537,
-0.12554524838924408,
-0.13234072923660278,
0.19093140959739685,
0.48579078912734985,
0.31995588541030884,
-0.2551631033420563,
0.47088903188705444,
-0.8813449144363403,
0.49197185039520264,
0.0032761921174824238,
-0.37342995405197144,
-0.485520601272583,
0.7674952149391174,
-0.07211439311504364
] |
224184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA | VA | VA, Va and variants may refer to:
Places
Vä, Sweden, a village
Vatican City (ISO 3166-1 country code VA)
Virginia, United States postal abbreviation
Businesses and organizations
Businesses
VA Software (also known as "VA Research" and "VA Linux Systems") a company that eventually became Geeknet
VA Tech Wabag, a company with headquarters in Austria and India
Virgin Atlantic, a worldwide airline owned by Richard Branson of the Virgin group
Virgin Australia (IATA code since 2011)
V Australia (IATA code 2009–2011)
Viasa (IATA code 1960–1997)
Organizations
United States Department of Veterans Affairs, a department of the US government
VA (Public & Science), Swedish scientific organisation
Vermont Academy, boarding and day high school in Saxtons River, VT
VA, post nominal letters of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
VA, nickname for the French association football club Valenciennes FC
Virtual airline (hobby), flight simulation hobby organization
Voluntary aided school, type of state-funded school in England and Wales
Media and entertainment
Va (film), a 2010 Tamil-language movie
Vampire Academy, series of 6 best-selling books
Victoria & Albert Museum, more usually given as "V&A"
Violent Apathy, punk rock band from Kalamazoo, MI
Virtual Adepts, a "tradition" in the role-playing game Mage: The Ascension
Virtual Analog, musical instruments that emulate analog synthesizers
Visual arts
Voice actor, actor who provides voices for animated characters or non-visual media
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
Valproic acid, an often-used anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug
Vascular anomaly, in medicine
Ventral anterior nucleus, a component of the thalamus in the central nervous system
Ventricular arrhythmia
Visual acuity, a quantitative measure of visual perception
Computing and systems
.va, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City
Validation Authority, in public key infrastructure
Virtual address, a computer memory location in virtual address space
Vertical alignment, a technology used in a modern liquid-crystal display
Visual analytics, business intelligence visualization tools
Vulnerability assessment, the process of identifying and quantifying vulnerabilities in a system
Mathematics and physics
Vertex algebra
Vertical asymptote, in mathematics
Volt-ampere, the SI unit of apparent power measurement, equivalent to the watt
Space and aviation
VA, the design maneuvering speed of an aircraft
Vozvraschaemyi Apparat or VA spacecraft, a Soviet reentry vehicle
Other uses
Various Artists, used in the description of a music album which contains tracks that have been compiled from several different artists
Va people, an ethnic group in China and Myanmar
Value added, in economics
Variable annuity, a financial instrument
Vice admiral, a military rank
Virtual assistant, an independent contractor providing assistance to clients via the internet
Volatile acidity or vinegar taint, high acetic acidity in wine
Amateur radio callsign prefix for Canada, e.g. as in "VA1BOB" | [
0.5505382418632507,
0.04603603854775429,
0.4292134642601013,
0.3411940634250641,
-0.05303493142127991,
0.8868955969810486,
0.4557616412639618,
0.3008723855018616,
-0.3595903813838959,
0.04223956540226936,
-0.5584060549736023,
0.08061833679676056,
-0.20064714550971985,
0.5816246271133423,
0.16446608304977417,
-0.03193007409572601,
0.23954267799854279,
0.8108500242233276,
0.10937283933162689,
-0.6353150606155396,
-0.42742154002189636,
-0.011021069251000881,
0.6444294452667236,
-0.6375584602355957,
-0.3140294551849365,
-0.10001923143863678,
-0.2770979404449463,
-0.19388365745544434,
0.00039496435783803463,
0.4007824659347534,
-0.04380279779434204,
0.642630398273468,
-0.24056433141231537,
0.36405837535858154,
-0.00974330771714449,
-0.2893761098384857,
0.16424646973609924,
0.09963355213403702,
-0.13702693581581116,
-0.3067322373390198,
-0.15219123661518097,
-0.6489933729171753,
0.5963559746742249,
-0.09833958745002747,
-0.17792026698589325,
-0.448723703622818,
-1.0689250230789185,
0.19843073189258575,
-0.644257128238678,
0.2917475402355194,
-0.44898468255996704,
0.34574568271636963,
-0.0983097180724144,
0.21927635371685028,
0.28198468685150146,
0.43370774388313293,
-0.1995438039302826,
-0.4526427984237671,
0.24235114455223083,
-1.0255591869354248,
0.6150068044662476,
0.28170034289360046,
0.2096172422170639,
0.3865811824798584,
0.12908196449279785,
-0.2694433033466339,
0.3187856078147888,
0.10521811246871948,
-0.33233219385147095,
-0.8765668272972107,
-0.4528067409992218,
-0.30113837122917175,
-0.23208652436733246,
-0.41526126861572266,
-0.1065826416015625,
-0.2433227002620697,
0.07110673934221268,
0.40414994955062866,
0.34204593300819397,
0.529729962348938,
0.0720839574933052,
0.011666352860629559,
0.7060807347297668,
0.23622871935367584,
0.16168078780174255,
0.23663216829299927,
-0.47713351249694824,
-0.21563632786273956,
-0.0907624363899231,
-0.21556951105594635,
0.14848282933235168,
-0.29525819420814514,
0.9235724806785583,
0.012894739396870136,
-0.3452301025390625,
-0.04622717946767807,
0.2800028920173645,
-0.2706860899925232,
0.4595361649990082,
-0.41904133558273315,
-1.0486507415771484,
-0.19682298600673676,
-0.03281030431389809,
-0.44758540391921997,
-0.20315735042095184,
-0.16442808508872986,
-0.4878727197647095,
0.3244129717350006,
0.3901023268699646,
-0.03260260447859764,
-0.45615535974502563,
-0.1967577338218689,
0.2241005003452301,
0.1434391438961029,
0.01461594644933939,
-0.13162702322006226,
-0.05951917916536331,
-0.7700587511062622,
0.060021575540304184,
0.03082069754600525,
0.7014418244361877,
0.77126145362854,
0.08250588923692703,
-0.23679302632808685,
0.35814547538757324,
0.10250858217477798,
0.7516302466392517,
-0.06210188567638397,
-0.24279043078422546,
0.3587409257888794,
-0.11151673644781113,
0.6733161211013794,
-0.3000478744506836,
0.7745687365531921,
-0.12180149555206299,
0.2709798216819763,
-0.4116346836090088,
-0.014006318524479866,
0.5778116583824158,
0.02766602486371994,
-0.6999587416648865,
-0.409367173910141,
-0.8672544360160828,
0.05304677411913872,
0.5345138311386108,
0.37405309081077576,
0.3270665109157562,
0.03347524255514145,
-0.3958035707473755,
-0.6598101854324341,
0.04154976084828377,
-0.3369658291339874,
0.15287213027477264,
0.17904095351696014,
0.08718328177928925,
0.37072357535362244,
0.8823211193084717,
-0.12690794467926025,
0.2938638925552368,
-0.12943106889724731,
0.03988058492541313,
0.40196850895881653,
-0.20193547010421753,
0.5177263617515564,
0.29872187972068787,
0.1850244253873825,
-0.3009014129638672,
0.6371375322341919,
-0.48476022481918335,
0.2041986733675003,
-0.4694540500640869,
-0.057681839913129807,
0.5354608297348022,
0.02480025216937065,
-0.6040470004081726,
0.5337355732917786,
0.7606480717658997,
-0.20013698935508728,
0.3661317527294159,
0.17741167545318604,
-0.48001089692115784,
0.4368356764316559,
-0.03650391474366188,
0.03267359733581543,
-0.030018677935004234,
-0.05341152101755142,
0.4501018822193146,
-0.2729990780353546,
0.09021398425102234,
-0.24476301670074463,
-0.3312547504901886,
-0.4577072858810425,
0.2938901484012604,
-0.3724270462989807,
0.5802012085914612,
-0.04904621094465256,
-0.21484775841236115,
1.1933234930038452,
0.2621866464614868,
0.40377509593963623,
0.05565208941698074,
0.2478109449148178,
0.23524679243564606,
-0.37742844223976135,
-0.5708421468734741,
0.5399550199508667,
0.367570698261261,
-0.17392081022262573,
-0.03654724732041359,
0.17400392889976501,
0.22757844626903534,
-0.4163517653942108,
-0.05529669672250748,
-0.35872983932495117,
0.5835862755775452,
-0.16892562806606293,
-0.7728080749511719,
0.009085978381335735,
0.03815816715359688,
-0.35817158222198486,
0.81050044298172,
-0.6058425307273865,
0.08604157716035843,
-0.06429304927587509,
-0.04956443980336189,
0.27455800771713257,
0.25832661986351013,
-0.05770114064216614,
0.11761852353811264,
-0.8649551868438721,
0.32810476422309875,
-0.31776484847068787,
-0.3777998685836792,
-0.585555911064148,
0.48936235904693604,
0.058259107172489166,
0.2722940146923065,
-0.12404689192771912,
0.48001107573509216,
-0.2488478571176529,
-0.15804153680801392,
0.2587200105190277,
0.09659729897975922,
0.1856273114681244,
0.21001331508159637,
-0.17575253546237946,
0.05588029697537422,
-0.6217697858810425,
-0.2513137757778168,
0.19793793559074402,
-0.34203600883483887,
0.14766910672187805,
-0.4510687589645386,
0.5051652789115906,
-0.007695079315453768,
0.27529364824295044,
0.17137151956558228,
0.4177979826927185,
-0.18720528483390808,
-0.20662645995616913,
-0.41823405027389526,
0.2497527301311493,
0.18669377267360687,
0.6358636021614075,
0.4151078760623932,
-0.5235684514045715,
-0.5167377591133118,
-0.4780207872390747,
0.40440571308135986,
0.40885457396507263,
-0.03908621892333031,
-0.23835773766040802,
-0.26740512251853943,
0.16327343881130219,
-0.14511579275131226,
-0.28112563490867615,
-0.4209856688976288,
0.4983752965927124,
-0.16887852549552917,
-0.15912075340747833,
0.02554933913052082,
0.1484939604997635,
0.7098047733306885,
-0.7208960652351379,
0.11242104321718216,
-0.05976459011435509,
0.24802261590957642,
0.09860426932573318,
-0.032001376152038574,
-0.286000519990921,
0.12344767898321152,
-0.22324523329734802,
-0.2124575972557068,
0.267432302236557,
0.28260692954063416,
-0.02726557105779648,
0.44284752011299133,
0.41291284561157227,
0.15293660759925842,
0.03569753095507622,
-0.5350751280784607,
0.11428797990083694,
-0.02139367163181305,
-0.4706876873970032,
0.6590482592582703,
-0.11984899640083313,
0.15560951828956604,
-0.5832473039627075,
-5.950531959533691,
0.08642611652612686,
-0.2303660809993744,
-0.2623266577720642,
0.2226715236902237,
0.14858552813529968,
0.1741805225610733,
-0.0770326778292656,
-0.5297541618347168,
-0.3951498866081238,
0.7801653742790222,
0.4944242835044861,
0.04124918580055237,
0.3453906774520874,
-0.04372088238596916,
0.36412933468818665,
0.49126532673835754,
0.28665733337402344,
-0.014353160746395588,
-0.36442458629608154,
-0.25026842951774597,
0.06201598048210144,
0.4413791596889496,
0.3501730263233185,
0.2723909914493561,
0.3430818021297455,
-0.6138829588890076,
0.09482388943433762,
-0.21782085299491882,
-0.3096545934677124,
-0.3574433922767639,
-0.12607282400131226,
-0.00107168301474303,
0.26955631375312805,
-0.10515116900205612,
-0.03775642812252045,
0.4763904809951782,
-0.35939687490463257,
0.452815979719162,
-0.1596979796886444,
0.300432026386261,
0.2701553702354431,
0.22269819676876068,
-0.4266422390937805,
-0.0243124570697546,
-0.13787950575351715,
-0.4045567214488983,
0.7474773526191711,
0.021723972633481026,
0.6846120953559875,
0.02721599116921425,
-0.08392766863107681,
-0.21146391332149506,
0.5101668238639832,
0.11825776100158691,
0.09582678973674774,
0.38829994201660156,
0.2311060130596161,
-0.1019713506102562,
0.46622976660728455,
0.3745966851711273,
-0.3949143588542938,
0.03576996549963951,
-0.7238895297050476,
-0.3713037371635437,
0.07661379128694534,
-0.19435308873653412,
0.03847341611981392,
0.359965056180954,
0.037253234535455704,
-0.23972187936306,
-0.31120163202285767,
0.25189679861068726,
-0.8190743923187256,
-0.22349606454372406,
-0.916948676109314,
0.25328904390335083,
0.11100157350301743,
-0.38715240359306335,
0.5820446610450745,
-0.06446030735969543,
-0.04446308687329292,
-0.4478384852409363,
-0.8050448298454285,
-0.15878169238567352,
-0.5916818380355835,
-0.48004573583602905,
0.3307764232158661,
0.032872382551431656,
-0.19720031321048737,
0.5711874961853027,
-0.3033851683139801,
0.3776431381702423,
0.07771600037813187,
0.34939685463905334,
0.49727943539619446,
-0.054489292204380035,
0.06314875185489655,
0.029016129672527313,
0.006988276727497578,
-0.2759314775466919,
-0.11233893036842346,
-0.4175284206867218,
-0.7548031806945801,
-0.18617960810661316,
0.3738888204097748,
-0.06573246419429779,
-0.4334273338317871,
0.8086037635803223,
0.00021478533744812012,
0.025379154831171036,
0.07522745430469513,
0.042020998895168304,
-0.8691949844360352,
0.1358913630247116,
-0.40064290165901184,
-0.352791428565979,
0.5186305046081543,
0.5487780570983887,
-0.3108145296573639,
-0.1232273280620575,
0.0821051225066185,
0.1458655148744583,
0.06093272194266319,
-0.31770363450050354,
0.23515063524246216,
-0.11901016533374786,
0.38930976390838623,
-0.1376771777868271,
-0.1637369990348816,
0.2230718731880188,
0.3930363655090332,
0.5018001198768616,
-0.060511860996484756,
0.02321995608508587,
-0.005353574641048908,
0.1551198810338974,
-0.14105196297168732,
0.14976245164871216,
-0.26691457629203796,
0.1613955795764923,
-0.05752331018447876,
-0.43889734148979187,
0.24368031322956085,
0.23707832396030426,
0.6280599236488342,
-0.01836187206208706,
0.09885141998529434,
0.23071128129959106,
0.06258846074342728,
0.29533833265304565,
-0.5636621117591858,
0.5826584696769714,
-0.02826699987053871,
-0.4686717987060547,
-0.5489513874053955,
0.10300885885953903,
-0.03605233132839203,
-0.19513124227523804,
-0.08495757728815079,
0.38380035758018494,
-0.4326837658882141,
-1.0527976751327515,
-0.21200481057167053,
0.0518263503909111,
-0.49194079637527466,
0.0006756684160791337,
-0.6551784873008728,
-0.28314271569252014,
0.15278944373130798,
0.3384541869163513,
-0.18231850862503052,
-0.2546331584453583,
0.12883296608924866,
-0.23045614361763,
0.4032987952232361,
-0.011383532546460629,
-0.38655102252960205,
0.03567948564887047,
0.2800540328025818,
0.33201509714126587,
0.15131913125514984,
-0.3999563455581665,
-0.05435200408101082,
-0.1269722580909729,
-0.3571070730686188,
0.148931622505188,
0.03254183754324913,
0.06766237318515778,
0.2217673361301422,
-0.7429977059364319,
0.5026829242706299,
0.578842282295227,
0.11794760823249817,
0.1857215166091919,
-0.5378502011299133,
-0.17049036920070648,
0.7998518943786621,
-0.3150385022163391,
-0.4211294651031494,
0.10336626321077347,
0.3689684569835663,
-0.5264920592308044,
-0.3529258668422699,
0.17515629529953003,
-0.010876067914068699,
0.8463037610054016,
-0.08413277566432953,
0.4584299325942993,
-0.1698591411113739,
-0.4329727590084076,
-0.5510073304176331,
-0.07156402617692947,
0.7998518347740173,
-0.430295467376709,
0.2324884533882141,
-0.15248820185661316,
0.14456169307231903,
-0.7417122721672058,
-0.8343387842178345,
0.05156613141298294,
-0.24185927212238312,
-0.6640124320983887,
-0.34517717361450195,
-0.7048574090003967,
0.4692247807979584,
0.4465351104736328,
-0.7669611573219299,
0.4927794337272644,
-0.3087320923805237,
-0.28035515546798706,
-0.3348580300807953,
-0.5240767002105713,
0.4163455069065094,
0.09430163353681564,
0.11774487793445587,
0.02757374197244644,
-0.5984215140342712,
-0.03897545486688614,
-0.14969554543495178,
-0.22399166226387024,
0.5997209548950195,
-0.431928813457489,
-0.8111956715583801,
-0.5301917195320129,
-0.023736312985420227,
0.011766242794692516,
-0.32063618302345276,
-0.3325628638267517,
0.08898501843214035,
-0.1245991587638855,
-0.5012263059616089,
0.08861648291349411,
0.2353198230266571,
0.8051241040229797,
-0.14078134298324585,
-0.027173787355422974,
0.05894729495048523,
-0.058821290731430054,
-0.02479896880686283,
-0.3192097842693329,
-0.5937339663505554,
-0.7458785176277161,
0.5033583045005798,
-0.2905004024505615,
0.1023903489112854,
-0.1399184912443161,
0.00977294147014618,
-0.6045933365821838,
-0.5358963012695312,
0.5219849944114685,
0.4069248139858246,
0.7010899186134338,
0.5711321830749512,
0.15855665504932404,
-0.4043258726596832,
0.34785377979278564,
-0.4778994619846344,
0.15345905721187592,
0.11070196330547333,
-0.47792667150497437,
0.025374703109264374,
0.1443747580051422,
-0.47677937150001526,
0.241417795419693,
-0.9487850666046143,
0.4390617907047272,
-0.07042273879051208,
-0.5906032919883728,
0.12357848137617111,
0.3545110821723938,
0.32884714007377625,
-0.17889824509620667,
0.3681924641132355,
-0.30422243475914,
-0.036489371210336685,
0.34335190057754517,
0.13029000163078308,
0.40289679169654846,
-0.13276782631874084,
-0.6780382990837097,
0.034306228160858154,
0.39221030473709106,
-0.26482877135276794,
0.4194734990596771,
0.16939586400985718,
-0.36184820532798767,
-0.6519335508346558,
0.21637214720249176,
-0.19265347719192505,
0.3096849322319031,
-0.665617048740387,
0.495869517326355,
0.5349546670913696,
0.23575171828269958,
0.030964156612753868,
0.15293370187282562,
-0.3896404504776001,
-0.016311032697558403,
-0.3060302734375,
0.3508765995502472,
0.3800387978553772,
0.40009745955467224,
-0.1407429426908493,
-0.1288706362247467,
0.3354773223400116,
-0.185819610953331,
-0.03623297065496445,
0.7287685871124268,
0.5638337135314941,
0.5183032751083374,
-0.12748722732067108,
-0.10312557220458984,
0.3242666721343994,
-0.21850194036960602,
-0.577259361743927,
-0.44104358553886414,
-0.6135825514793396,
-0.7962328195571899,
0.27069777250289917,
0.5021609663963318,
0.09542005509138107,
0.20290033519268036,
0.023466896265745163,
-0.21737784147262573,
0.6075010299682617,
0.1625548005104065,
0.19079473614692688,
-0.0573943629860878,
-0.13465788960456848,
-0.4410683810710907,
-0.0013883797219023108,
-0.26594632863998413,
0.09845514595508575,
-0.2233210802078247,
-0.27065953612327576,
-0.050998494029045105,
-0.5111587643623352,
-0.03909417986869812,
-0.49336209893226624,
-0.24864992499351501,
-0.15655939280986786,
0.5549615621566772,
0.07881814241409302,
-0.10170423984527588,
-0.2833142876625061,
0.386569082736969,
-0.4873026907444,
0.41183847188949585,
-0.5040232539176941,
0.12012998759746552,
0.9192022085189819,
-0.21987980604171753,
0.26194387674331665,
-0.3644690215587616,
0.47572895884513855,
0.3394329249858856,
0.439785361289978,
0.03496662527322769,
0.05127241089940071,
-0.4435720443725586,
-0.44654807448387146,
0.40567272901535034,
-0.4346023499965668,
0.66093510389328,
-0.5052763819694519,
0.1360354721546173,
0.18065504729747772,
-0.04556800425052643,
0.06524583697319031,
0.08993440121412277,
-0.6483035683631897,
0.2604392468929291,
0.13822387158870697,
-0.0267417524009943,
-0.07452478259801865,
-0.17321079969406128,
0.2405269891023636,
0.3055083751678467,
0.308270663022995,
0.4204215705394745,
-0.18315786123275757,
0.1609145700931549,
-0.21851004660129547,
-0.29604390263557434,
-0.1398039609193802,
-0.32426148653030396,
0.08733803778886795,
-0.3994077146053314,
0.5778787732124329,
0.3495732843875885,
0.06660458445549011,
0.060095857828855515,
0.27367517352104187,
0.26238399744033813,
0.3736707866191864,
0.7037054300308228,
0.323285847902298,
-0.04042934998869896,
-0.3788471817970276,
-0.09400694817304611,
-0.005109941586852074,
0.48637107014656067,
0.14895522594451904,
0.2612362205982208,
-0.22229541838169098,
0.43965455889701843,
0.640708863735199,
-0.7589138746261597,
0.3665812909603119,
-0.3758959472179413,
-0.22299277782440186,
-0.5904640555381775,
0.21513935923576355,
-0.6550694704055786,
0.10308428108692169,
-0.006202948745340109,
0.8512424230575562,
-0.25803273916244507,
-0.40942057967185974,
-0.09083936363458633,
0.054576050490140915,
0.043579597026109695,
0.2033713012933731,
0.2890055477619171,
-0.04365535080432892,
-0.20271217823028564,
-0.7475258708000183,
-0.6371709108352661,
0.12720534205436707,
0.05264868587255478,
-0.326665997505188,
0.8807454109191895,
-0.4663744568824768,
0.5805973410606384,
0.13464544713497162,
0.19613151252269745,
0.21169669926166534,
0.17412567138671875,
0.7013928294181824
] |
224186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LV | LV | LV, Lv or lv may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Experience level or Level (video gaming), in video games and/or role-playing games
LV (album), a live EP by the rock band Chickenfoot
Businesses and organizations
LEVEL (airline) (IATA code LV since 2017)
Albanian Airlines (IATA code LV, 1991–2011)
Lehigh Valley Railroad (AAR reporting mark LV)
Liverpool Victoria, an English friendly society, commonly known as LV=
Louis Vuitton, a French fashion house
People
Luther Vandross (1951–2005), American R&B singer and songwriter
L.V. (singer) (born 1957), American R&B singer
Lü (surname) (吕), a Chinese family name
LV (musical duo) (2007–present), electronic music duo
Places
Las Vegas Valley the area in Nevada that includes
Las Vegas, a city in Nevada
The Las Vegas Strip
other meanings see Las Vegas (disambiguation)
Latvia (ISO 3166 country code LV)
Lehigh Valley, an area in Pennsylvania
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
Left ventricle of the heart
Left ventricular Ventricular assist device (LV unit)
Computing
.lv, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Latvia
LabVIEW, a system-design platform and development environment
LaserVision, a home video format and optical disc storage medium
Logical volume, in computer storage
Other uses in science and technology
Launch vehicle, a rocket
Light value, in photography
Lightvessel, a ship which acts as a lighthouse
Livermorium, chemical element 116
Low voltage
Other uses
55 (number), in Roman numerals
Latvian language (ISO 639-1 code LV)
Ljudski vrt, an association football stadium in Maribor, Slovenia
Luncheon Voucher, a UK meal voucher
Lü (surname) or Lv, romanization of Chinese name
Argentina (aircraft registration prefix LV) | [
0.7885026931762695,
0.1274511218070984,
0.3226909637451172,
-0.2658870220184326,
0.26775217056274414,
0.34032702445983887,
0.018875401467084885,
0.21254658699035645,
-0.3782893121242523,
-0.25467240810394287,
-0.412203311920166,
0.23267975449562073,
-0.18673920631408691,
0.09988757222890854,
-0.15368784964084625,
0.38126376271247864,
0.2786434590816498,
0.5230791568756104,
-0.3312915861606598,
-0.25886014103889465,
-0.15057669579982758,
0.0495796725153923,
0.42196956276893616,
-0.28044593334198,
-0.2789451479911804,
0.11516273021697998,
-0.17361930012702942,
-0.10908278822898865,
-0.07361522316932678,
0.5178357362747192,
0.13979381322860718,
0.40359464287757874,
0.4717711806297302,
-0.11014700680971146,
0.0036009205505251884,
0.04387999698519707,
0.12478485703468323,
-0.15082916617393494,
0.26441866159439087,
-0.2534697353839874,
0.307547390460968,
-0.6000046133995056,
0.28391990065574646,
-0.07146436721086502,
-0.5162065625190735,
-0.3895701467990875,
-1.6808489561080933,
0.3959890604019165,
-0.2697810232639313,
0.2656136453151703,
0.023132482543587685,
0.4711649417877197,
-0.5604311227798462,
0.4247555732727051,
0.17089959979057312,
0.48134467005729675,
-0.03565659746527672,
-0.4286540150642395,
0.415499746799469,
-0.45585528016090393,
0.7015041708946228,
0.11340771615505219,
0.2773142457008362,
-0.057909369468688965,
-0.0222427099943161,
0.09077579528093338,
-0.12388112396001816,
0.255155086517334,
-0.737315833568573,
-0.8030580282211304,
0.011295939795672894,
0.014387061819434166,
0.3067169189453125,
-0.41364362835884094,
-0.15492039918899536,
0.029863687232136726,
-0.0950508788228035,
-0.14797502756118774,
0.22748009860515594,
0.49333956837654114,
0.018482675775885582,
0.35580238699913025,
0.8656268119812012,
0.5149068832397461,
0.0067544966004788876,
0.4253796637058258,
-0.5961586833000183,
0.15849629044532776,
0.017419440671801567,
-0.14940154552459717,
0.19588610529899597,
-0.506251871585846,
0.8359250426292419,
-0.02913699671626091,
0.1308262050151825,
0.09637001901865005,
0.31047266721725464,
0.006161101628094912,
0.1365743726491928,
-0.5032333135604858,
-0.4319884777069092,
0.23308183252811432,
0.01632423885166645,
-0.23240572214126587,
-0.7442578077316284,
-0.010199000127613544,
-0.16210511326789856,
-0.030005428940057755,
0.12004313617944717,
-0.23045307397842407,
-0.4832511246204376,
-0.09114624559879303,
0.0464528389275074,
0.2714332044124603,
0.12390671670436859,
-0.07026543468236923,
-0.38133254647254944,
-0.10858315229415894,
0.025622468441724777,
0.24204905331134796,
-0.5695697665214539,
0.2097775638103485,
-0.06694529950618744,
0.15249721705913544,
0.4170178472995758,
0.33162522315979004,
0.4256688952445984,
0.39844629168510437,
-0.5777184367179871,
-0.06113092601299286,
0.6644207835197449,
0.4833707809448242,
0.24509049952030182,
0.447635680437088,
-0.18674390017986298,
0.2333601713180542,
0.014117454178631306,
-0.32500869035720825,
0.2948104739189148,
-0.24103988707065582,
-0.963395893573761,
-0.290353924036026,
-0.3554286062717438,
-0.11824981123209,
-0.012059245258569717,
-0.21190370619297028,
0.18694008886814117,
0.025706827640533447,
-0.6712978482246399,
-0.596947193145752,
0.5017423629760742,
-0.3559654951095581,
-0.33420664072036743,
-0.5345039367675781,
0.2971668243408203,
0.3398745059967041,
0.2815047800540924,
-0.32543888688087463,
-0.14022138714790344,
-0.09092964231967926,
-0.3326413631439209,
0.4577421545982361,
-0.1326722800731659,
0.2547115981578827,
0.5036062002182007,
-0.19947515428066254,
-0.13677509129047394,
0.025680899620056152,
-0.4164005517959595,
-0.25843125581741333,
-0.23643091320991516,
-0.14883379638195038,
0.4501616656780243,
0.17040902376174927,
-0.28087541460990906,
0.31526845693588257,
0.8756876587867737,
0.24613532423973083,
0.5622848272323608,
0.2841659486293793,
-0.5846258997917175,
-0.04092030227184296,
-0.03324450924992561,
-0.050435762852430344,
-0.028430920094251633,
-0.037185024470090866,
0.17950382828712463,
-0.1388266533613205,
0.01767662726342678,
-0.4749281406402588,
-0.5212934613227844,
-0.1350550353527069,
0.08589218556880951,
-0.41026681661605835,
1.1733403205871582,
-0.32235947251319885,
-0.5688636302947998,
0.6502988338470459,
0.30450955033302307,
0.502322793006897,
-0.06415189802646637,
0.19379477202892303,
0.5441569089889526,
-0.14415590465068817,
-0.21673572063446045,
0.45141497254371643,
0.33320170640945435,
0.1460765302181244,
-0.3275005519390106,
-0.07063661515712738,
0.507197916507721,
-0.40849900245666504,
0.3260089159011841,
0.29323428869247437,
0.3507169783115387,
-0.3859281539916992,
-0.7282140851020813,
0.0496809184551239,
-0.02661036141216755,
-0.02733185887336731,
0.47323036193847656,
-0.34041333198547363,
-0.592665433883667,
0.23061354458332062,
-0.35883986949920654,
0.3285170793533325,
-0.05328897014260292,
0.32617706060409546,
0.36357051134109497,
-0.6676727533340454,
-0.4588346779346466,
-0.23761063814163208,
-0.6881029605865479,
0.03245215117931366,
-0.02169330231845379,
0.3933906853199005,
0.49668776988983154,
-0.32429060339927673,
0.34071800112724304,
-0.17886921763420105,
-0.10553168505430222,
0.21334901452064514,
-0.3245934545993805,
-0.44964689016342163,
-0.1798611879348755,
-0.008384179323911667,
0.08453327417373657,
-0.03356669843196869,
-0.01908618025481701,
0.4168873131275177,
-0.015048925764858723,
0.5748116970062256,
-0.35636210441589355,
0.526637077331543,
0.0700303316116333,
-0.016236739233136177,
0.3253275156021118,
0.2434990555047989,
-0.01876460202038288,
-0.1840478628873825,
-0.3274485468864441,
-0.16462188959121704,
0.2158808559179306,
-0.037751540541648865,
-0.005402487702667713,
-0.15063732862472534,
-0.609825849533081,
-0.00036429849569685757,
0.631629467010498,
0.4617791771888733,
-0.03541601821780205,
0.22025471925735474,
-0.20644080638885498,
0.22681908309459686,
-0.756415843963623,
0.23881523311138153,
0.42606526613235474,
-0.2515493631362915,
-0.18140240013599396,
-0.7356215715408325,
-0.1175619587302208,
-0.11364330351352692,
0.5885869264602661,
-0.5431352257728577,
0.18426577746868134,
-0.39046135544776917,
0.15541821718215942,
-0.04030296951532364,
0.031092854216694832,
-0.42488884925842285,
-0.07314950227737427,
0.016007740050554276,
0.16639947891235352,
-0.10041113197803497,
0.5512027144432068,
0.3295888304710388,
0.28084689378738403,
0.18844127655029297,
0.1049005314707756,
0.15079720318317413,
-0.34630298614501953,
-0.21173310279846191,
-0.212654247879982,
-0.27940720319747925,
0.4819519817829132,
0.20991893112659454,
0.008914230391383171,
0.009130931459367275,
-6.198738098144531,
0.36355698108673096,
-0.1727079302072525,
-0.1292322278022766,
-0.28281205892562866,
-0.05036497116088867,
0.13638655841350555,
-0.12264704704284668,
-0.12656235694885254,
-0.17161771655082703,
0.022017156705260277,
0.06345121562480927,
-0.04178256914019585,
0.24078522622585297,
-0.03544788435101509,
0.37572818994522095,
0.4696819484233856,
0.62836754322052,
-0.32785549759864807,
-0.07765980064868927,
-0.2986253499984741,
0.040020205080509186,
-0.04926662892103195,
0.6858715415000916,
0.00945722870528698,
0.6919713616371155,
0.12892667949199677,
0.0912269577383995,
-0.29878151416778564,
-0.003351597348228097,
-0.3009641170501709,
-0.0884491577744484,
-0.19680877029895782,
0.03482886403799057,
0.11006299406290054,
-0.24829073250293732,
0.45869767665863037,
-0.3083096444606781,
0.6845923662185669,
-0.11570855230093002,
-0.169485405087471,
0.7831911444664001,
-0.3621724545955658,
-1.1034867763519287,
-0.19378280639648438,
0.10772547125816345,
-0.5322754383087158,
0.3808271288871765,
-0.31867894530296326,
0.29341134428977966,
0.15011660754680634,
-0.2257508784532547,
0.23660174012184143,
0.3493487238883972,
0.4709399938583374,
0.2618735432624817,
0.09548640251159668,
0.21835200488567352,
-0.26870784163475037,
0.2674046754837036,
0.4903721809387207,
-0.28689074516296387,
-0.36499151587486267,
-0.60981684923172,
-0.3541203439235687,
-0.18780826032161713,
-0.3975737392902374,
-0.27649086713790894,
0.4757903516292572,
0.3799372911453247,
0.4066421091556549,
-0.1753023862838745,
0.13788023591041565,
-0.7281051278114319,
-0.2188388854265213,
-0.5382665395736694,
-0.0027086783666163683,
0.2557361423969269,
-0.00917747151106596,
0.7622545957565308,
-0.14150653779506683,
0.33773118257522583,
-0.03202245756983757,
-0.4991630017757416,
-0.6638457179069519,
-0.4287108778953552,
0.15311720967292786,
0.5628362894058228,
-0.34024778008461,
-0.018584460020065308,
0.5515416264533997,
-0.30537644028663635,
-0.23629356920719147,
0.6784205436706543,
-0.035727061331272125,
-0.07292407751083374,
0.3330780267715454,
0.048962097615003586,
-0.19523456692695618,
0.20534242689609528,
0.6378754377365112,
-0.19070829451084137,
0.11508319526910782,
-0.4687883257865906,
-0.10362301766872406,
-0.024998899549245834,
-0.48328232765197754,
-0.1947004348039627,
0.8404594659805298,
-0.084359310567379,
-0.17766736447811127,
-0.22051042318344116,
-0.13801370561122894,
-0.6533832550048828,
0.47333410382270813,
-0.26258376240730286,
-0.02544962801039219,
0.685257613658905,
0.044893015176057816,
-0.3221847712993622,
-0.08458978682756424,
0.12911376357078552,
-0.21325448155403137,
-0.5558673143386841,
-0.10061725974082947,
0.3806178569793701,
-0.02816801704466343,
-0.009818162769079208,
-0.3015654683113098,
0.11827670782804489,
0.1887965351343155,
0.4080919921398163,
0.46758490800857544,
0.3433082699775696,
0.1868763118982315,
-0.2566433846950531,
-0.42507344484329224,
0.168199822306633,
0.10871521383523941,
-0.2995249927043915,
0.13029775023460388,
-0.009992851875722408,
0.016840945929288864,
0.011307165026664734,
0.5564649701118469,
0.5751551985740662,
-0.06268923729658127,
-0.3195023536682129,
0.08785492181777954,
0.08474847674369812,
0.5369679927825928,
-0.13836704194545746,
0.4685688614845276,
0.06567957252264023,
0.19439706206321716,
0.040194299072027206,
-0.19868668913841248,
-0.27406904101371765,
0.009076898917555809,
-0.4359494745731354,
0.231191486120224,
-0.1516629308462143,
-0.9929078817367554,
0.06402377039194107,
-0.08672776818275452,
-0.15046828985214233,
0.06757566332817078,
-0.34024032950401306,
-0.16395112872123718,
-0.07829054445028305,
0.07014227658510208,
-0.6519563794136047,
-0.07569997012615204,
-0.06761250644922256,
-0.2134222388267517,
-0.011488830670714378,
-0.10919257253408432,
-0.7907726764678955,
0.2513202130794525,
-0.07035461068153381,
0.006572861224412918,
-0.45515045523643494,
-0.07690761238336563,
0.3696403503417969,
-0.11622942239046097,
-0.4919396936893463,
0.46014726161956787,
0.11752021312713623,
0.1774183064699173,
-0.008343547582626343,
-0.40705806016921997,
-0.032697174698114395,
0.2115420252084732,
0.4452010691165924,
-0.16842369735240936,
-0.29685062170028687,
0.010037272237241268,
0.3069891929626465,
-0.4077809453010559,
-0.4827457666397095,
0.06576085090637207,
0.2680918574333191,
-0.2601410150527954,
-0.5220752358436584,
0.08176272362470627,
-0.2183333933353424,
0.514890730381012,
-0.05217890441417694,
-0.20003639161586761,
0.13077156245708466,
-0.8026036620140076,
-0.6266198754310608,
0.35686084628105164,
0.11110015958547592,
0.0657138004899025,
0.192762553691864,
0.058681465685367584,
0.2812679708003998,
-0.524522602558136,
-0.5020528435707092,
0.2048046886920929,
-0.22183772921562195,
-0.7364084124565125,
0.012876918539404869,
-0.05455685406923294,
0.3248821198940277,
-0.27995359897613525,
-0.8169029355049133,
0.5558292269706726,
-0.24084581434726715,
-0.14919766783714294,
-0.13483214378356934,
-0.1908799707889557,
0.5790144801139832,
-0.1868870109319687,
0.3673812747001648,
-0.6810499429702759,
-0.14314353466033936,
0.2761167883872986,
-0.09357156604528427,
0.18180608749389648,
0.40751945972442627,
0.08252318203449249,
-0.6952094435691833,
-0.008234933950006962,
0.6862403750419617,
-0.015819724649190903,
-0.27081215381622314,
-0.4556852877140045,
0.1267196387052536,
0.43682220578193665,
-0.18802079558372498,
0.08494411408901215,
0.06479232013225555,
0.9031919836997986,
-0.37520283460617065,
0.07143356651067734,
-0.21651174128055573,
-0.024015024304389954,
0.5816768407821655,
-0.44104212522506714,
0.20521168410778046,
-0.5017110109329224,
0.3196246922016144,
0.13620716333389282,
0.6457446813583374,
-0.35013821721076965,
0.02627125196158886,
-0.3143810033798218,
-0.18314574658870697,
0.1003730297088623,
0.5593989491462708,
0.5481067895889282,
0.47089847922325134,
-0.14355003833770752,
-0.2959088385105133,
-0.08928936719894409,
-0.6619096398353577,
0.18719610571861267,
-0.06445702165365219,
-0.6244697570800781,
-0.1479758620262146,
0.07636971026659012,
-0.182697594165802,
0.2716607451438904,
-0.5139182209968567,
0.2071828544139862,
0.32603946328163147,
-0.42430785298347473,
-0.123018279671669,
-0.1193864494562149,
0.3597610890865326,
-0.3780783712863922,
0.06297289580106735,
-0.23426036536693573,
-0.17303234338760376,
-0.02516963519155979,
0.12254446744918823,
0.6735233068466187,
0.010801786556839943,
-0.6760779619216919,
0.4188964366912842,
-0.026390591636300087,
-0.5192633867263794,
0.4709186851978302,
0.11287974566221237,
-0.13531926274299622,
-0.48620784282684326,
0.03786454349756241,
-0.029748694971203804,
0.6475207805633545,
-0.4595356583595276,
-0.23131415247917175,
0.8315709829330444,
0.2024640291929245,
0.26971977949142456,
-0.2301628440618515,
-0.13233551383018494,
0.2594764530658722,
0.13215027749538422,
0.015709511935710907,
0.3654969334602356,
0.8659148812294006,
-0.10610274970531464,
-0.09792312234640121,
-0.16313642263412476,
-0.09798087924718857,
-0.11941078305244446,
0.46585017442703247,
0.44629573822021484,
0.734366774559021,
-0.1973734050989151,
0.2218238264322281,
0.6476523876190186,
-0.18596912920475006,
-0.4994252324104309,
-0.2057301253080368,
-0.7523327469825745,
-0.299500435590744,
0.3384096622467041,
0.183806911110878,
0.27287551760673523,
0.1346587985754013,
0.03332825005054474,
0.36961114406585693,
0.23069040477275848,
0.05588723346590996,
-0.2874695062637329,
0.05850044637918472,
0.023432929068803787,
-0.20049263536930084,
-0.080446757376194,
0.024804256856441498,
-0.06444220244884491,
-0.14156682789325714,
-0.310508131980896,
0.27533501386642456,
-0.20397192239761353,
-0.2478329986333847,
0.006190147716552019,
0.013369339518249035,
0.0357062965631485,
0.6538503766059875,
-0.3531646132469177,
-0.2354738712310791,
-0.501052975654602,
-0.018871532753109932,
-0.20718230307102203,
0.210472971200943,
0.03973658010363579,
0.31529501080513,
0.7646527886390686,
-0.3032279908657074,
0.24784362316131592,
-0.1804019957780838,
0.2318379282951355,
0.7412936687469482,
0.5267871022224426,
0.015516934916377068,
0.26395732164382935,
-0.13434258103370667,
-0.2288845181465149,
0.21689473092556,
-0.4252459704875946,
0.031068744137883186,
-0.6622030735015869,
0.11497906595468521,
-0.0070569878444075584,
0.04184359684586525,
-0.24274320900440216,
0.034538671374320984,
-0.7963208556175232,
-0.38222140073776245,
-0.08702879399061203,
0.18563823401927948,
-0.2581019103527069,
-0.13044236600399017,
0.7544291615486145,
0.28913018107414246,
0.31072378158569336,
0.0617721751332283,
-0.48254334926605225,
0.3753776252269745,
-0.7093071341514587,
-0.4308062195777893,
0.05573320761322975,
-0.6684720516204834,
-0.1232897937297821,
-0.20699439942836761,
0.38583776354789734,
0.6570063233375549,
-0.010360237210988998,
0.20103396475315094,
0.7239325642585754,
0.10233507305383682,
0.1814671903848648,
0.503302276134491,
0.02636488527059555,
0.18894244730472565,
-0.4459385275840759,
-0.04472539201378822,
0.13548843562602997,
0.27049800753593445,
0.15377405285835266,
-0.046066951006650925,
-0.0003650933504104614,
0.023337936028838158,
0.17330913245677948,
-0.43231436610221863,
0.6282134652137756,
-0.11673697829246521,
-0.29799553751945496,
-0.24325576424598694,
-0.010262388736009598,
-0.452887624502182,
-0.3509126901626587,
0.325537770986557,
0.2832910418510437,
-0.035678040236234665,
-0.5419142246246338,
0.19512073695659637,
0.008550741709768772,
-0.47824931144714355,
0.0698438286781311,
-0.16837525367736816,
0.16100695729255676,
-0.23947741091251373,
-0.18159186840057373,
-0.3776547908782959,
-0.0019660000689327717,
0.037794653326272964,
0.14522331953048706,
0.5532785058021545,
0.22726425528526306,
0.545174777507782,
-0.05962490662932396,
-0.18905718624591827,
-0.10403049737215042,
0.019028520211577415,
0.026704812422394753
] |
224187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn | Cn | CN, Cn, cn and other variants may refer to:
Companies
Canadian National Railway, reporting mark CN
China Netcom, a former telecommunication service provider in China, NYSE symbol
Collegiate Network, supporting college publications
Grand China Air IATA code CN
Islands Nationair, an airline based in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, IATA code CN
Westward Airways (Nebraska), a former airline, IATA code CN (dissolved 2005)
Media and entertainment
Cartoon Network, an American cable channel
List of international Cartoon Network channels
Places
China (People's Republic of China), ISO 3166 country code CN
CN Centre, an arena in Prince George, British Columbia
CN Tower, communications and observation tower in Toronto, Ontario
Station code for Cirebon railway station
Mathematics, science, and technology
Biology
Computational neuroethology, the study of animal behavior and its control by the nervous system
Cranial nerves, CN 0 to CN XII
Chemistry
CN gas, a substituted acetophenone used as a riot control agent
Copernicium, a chemical element with symbol Cn and atomic number 112
Cyanide, any chemical compound that contains a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom, -CN
Cyano radical, molecular formula ·CN
Cyanogen, a colorless, toxic gas with a pungent odor, (CN)2
Computing
.cn, country code top-level domain for mainland China
Cloud native computing, an approach in software development
Common Name, an attribute of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol protocol family
Common Name, an attribute of X.509 public-key certificates
VIA CN, a 64-bit CPU for personal computers
Mathematics
Cn (mathematics), a classical root system
cn (elliptic function), one of Jacobi's elliptic functions
Other uses in mathematics, science, and technology
Carrier-to-noise ratio C/N, the signal-to-noise ratio of a modulated signal
Curve number, a parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall
cN, abbreviation for centinewton, a force equal to one hundredth of a newton
Classical nova, a type of cataclysmic variable star
Other uses
Cn (digraph), a digraph used in English for a few words of Greek origin
Cnaeus (disambiguation) or Gnaeus (disambiguation), popular Roman praenomens
Combined Nomenclature, EU customs coding
Vehicle registration code for County Cavan, Ireland
Vehicle registration code for Province of Cuneo, Italy
Aircraft registration code for Morocco
Group CN, a category of prototype racing cars
See also
CNN, an American basic cable and satellite television channel | [
0.4009103775024414,
0.3742907643318176,
0.10699934512376785,
0.5174010396003723,
-0.06569338589906693,
0.32061654329299927,
-0.060146842151880264,
0.8130163550376892,
-0.6174232363700867,
0.1601712852716446,
-0.3242337703704834,
-0.01684166118502617,
-0.1283559650182724,
0.5701799392700195,
-0.1907770335674286,
0.3569878935813904,
-0.024768158793449402,
0.930980384349823,
-0.2063244730234146,
-0.5859997868537903,
-0.5370168089866638,
-0.17356686294078827,
0.5355618596076965,
-0.4327560067176819,
0.046425238251686096,
0.09628983587026596,
-0.16967840492725372,
0.09800870716571808,
-0.12419244647026062,
0.3458872139453888,
0.0636015310883522,
0.32275423407554626,
0.13543851673603058,
0.21094809472560883,
-0.060978084802627563,
-0.10775463283061981,
0.20469841361045837,
-0.4252023994922638,
-0.21979255974292755,
-0.5867871642112732,
0.18509022891521454,
-0.3750869035720825,
-0.016038546338677406,
0.27656668424606323,
-0.3390016257762909,
0.06560143083333969,
-1.224210262298584,
0.5660349726676941,
-0.3498503565788269,
0.23573923110961914,
-0.45050644874572754,
-0.0913071557879448,
-0.03407052159309387,
0.13858738541603088,
-0.1753506064414978,
0.3502647578716278,
-0.18293392658233643,
-0.06673707813024521,
0.4506185054779053,
-1.0410900115966797,
0.32728374004364014,
0.07812751084566116,
0.31713345646858215,
0.7998447418212891,
0.5823767781257629,
-0.1333790123462677,
0.2424907237291336,
0.4735732078552246,
-0.5895199179649353,
-0.04458962008357048,
0.11292649060487747,
-0.10847670584917068,
0.0804608017206192,
0.274589478969574,
0.16356737911701202,
-0.4834391474723816,
-0.18999309837818146,
-0.11467909812927246,
0.07192940264940262,
0.4273081421852112,
-0.11945249885320663,
0.21150243282318115,
0.39001360535621643,
-0.2861015200614929,
0.354912668466568,
-0.032158397138118744,
-0.8392686247825623,
0.19777096807956696,
-0.3410404920578003,
0.021441975608468056,
-0.21518340706825256,
0.06122361868619919,
0.4833708107471466,
-0.07524372637271881,
-0.3181711435317993,
0.06693577766418457,
0.11714853346347809,
-0.2314082384109497,
0.47865232825279236,
-0.23252536356449127,
-0.49263691902160645,
-0.5899717211723328,
0.3454434275627136,
-0.25386011600494385,
-0.6760327816009521,
-0.3475344479084015,
-0.18458479642868042,
-0.0033834262285381556,
0.335356742143631,
-0.08250932395458221,
-0.48290714621543884,
-0.08943386375904083,
0.12450924515724182,
0.35394129157066345,
-0.20543307065963745,
-0.6043840646743774,
-0.18133027851581573,
-0.5022690892219543,
-0.005768531933426857,
-0.1317702978849411,
0.19638007879257202,
0.34653961658477783,
-0.21226634085178375,
-0.4436526894569397,
0.33318430185317993,
0.4397366940975189,
0.09689956903457642,
-0.4023931324481964,
-0.27852120995521545,
-0.5161104202270508,
0.27325788140296936,
0.5415441989898682,
-0.30810844898223877,
-0.00018183019710704684,
-0.11940580606460571,
0.07452265918254852,
-0.4204919934272766,
-0.2353854924440384,
0.43218111991882324,
0.13658523559570312,
-0.9053978323936462,
-0.3352791965007782,
-0.4391862452030182,
-0.11237789690494537,
0.1362198293209076,
0.022751811891794205,
-0.3728189468383789,
0.23462235927581787,
-0.2184770256280899,
-0.17700891196727753,
-0.07558690011501312,
-0.2970767319202423,
-0.19648253917694092,
-0.1748681664466858,
-0.05080965533852577,
0.3379952907562256,
0.42487019300460815,
-0.2170451283454895,
0.6603209972381592,
-0.003515481948852539,
-0.09390213340520859,
0.22454263269901276,
-0.2912963628768921,
0.1183043047785759,
-0.0021503029856830835,
0.14533135294914246,
-0.174855038523674,
0.30006036162376404,
-0.6125451922416687,
-0.26532986760139465,
-0.17039352655410767,
-0.22681312263011932,
0.6882346272468567,
0.461640864610672,
-0.2127046287059784,
-0.19382344186306,
0.009547485038638115,
-0.19327253103256226,
0.3808388113975525,
0.09881535172462463,
-0.6566821932792664,
0.19583307206630707,
0.27416303753852844,
-0.32535701990127563,
-0.3535095155239105,
-0.056162379682064056,
0.09433665871620178,
-0.1482553333044052,
-0.004335994832217693,
0.09971378743648529,
-0.11355108767747879,
-0.5066657066345215,
0.007822372019290924,
-1.0595778226852417,
0.9616877436637878,
0.0021231987047940493,
-0.11670002341270447,
1.1933852434158325,
-0.32045793533325195,
0.2656248211860657,
-0.05503114312887192,
-0.028566472232341766,
0.7460223436355591,
-0.35848188400268555,
-0.38805606961250305,
0.7206867337226868,
0.41748252511024475,
0.1549643874168396,
0.1631898134946823,
-0.09269510954618454,
0.09064287692308426,
-0.43780335783958435,
0.34884434938430786,
-0.04652431234717369,
0.2381037175655365,
-0.7906965017318726,
-0.17065609991550446,
0.008996001444756985,
-0.3449345529079437,
0.020972849801182747,
0.9373468160629272,
-0.31951388716697693,
-0.10414747893810272,
0.3547244668006897,
-0.6806087493896484,
0.4206908345222473,
0.4045541286468506,
0.5025215744972229,
0.15309152007102966,
-0.26852530241012573,
0.46602505445480347,
-0.07641089707612991,
-0.1322597861289978,
-0.3769233524799347,
0.2618797719478607,
0.05309554934501648,
0.38162991404533386,
0.05464457720518112,
0.26515087485313416,
0.0010761328740045428,
-0.17878152430057526,
-0.004456376191228628,
-0.19319061934947968,
0.22319871187210083,
0.5377199053764343,
-0.5324939489364624,
-0.15983495116233826,
-0.16850818693637848,
-0.05260756239295006,
-0.0576491504907608,
0.20175768435001373,
0.2099931389093399,
0.0801740512251854,
-0.03743485361337662,
0.2949202060699463,
-0.0015024482272565365,
0.35552406311035156,
0.11178142577409744,
-0.011976419016718864,
-0.14450614154338837,
-0.046848077327013016,
-0.46384477615356445,
-0.5732384920120239,
0.14387147128582,
0.10698314756155014,
-0.49248936772346497,
-0.25167524814605713,
-0.2754189968109131,
0.5108210444450378,
0.6107631921768188,
0.0725611224770546,
0.022665131837129593,
-0.007725955918431282,
-0.08485839515924454,
-0.14848069846630096,
-0.08503236621618271,
-0.16019155085086823,
0.49307265877723694,
-0.42919886112213135,
-0.11173433810472488,
-0.34660908579826355,
-0.13534028828144073,
0.36418837308883667,
-0.48961344361305237,
0.026897598057985306,
-0.007404140662401915,
-0.32473063468933105,
-0.3640807271003723,
-0.5054193139076233,
-0.31358662247657776,
-0.045288439840078354,
-0.5883815884590149,
-0.0005683720228262246,
0.15084308385849,
0.35900744795799255,
0.11826296895742416,
0.29109087586402893,
0.2459043562412262,
-0.022440500557422638,
-0.44033461809158325,
-0.4155399799346924,
-0.0809146836400032,
-0.2794992923736572,
-0.21417585015296936,
0.38565000891685486,
0.2293635755777359,
0.26149582862854004,
-0.4781119227409363,
-6.127211093902588,
0.012825828976929188,
-0.4503833055496216,
-0.2412693202495575,
0.33775433897972107,
-0.3873860239982605,
0.16484835743904114,
0.07441350817680359,
0.17916974425315857,
0.30238041281700134,
0.487277090549469,
0.3298271596431732,
-0.18257522583007812,
0.2161760777235031,
-0.02455676905810833,
0.06069663539528847,
0.3668110966682434,
0.2898443043231964,
-0.16654396057128906,
-0.18048247694969177,
0.06353249400854111,
0.40344399213790894,
0.5953139066696167,
0.49071189761161804,
0.3585732877254486,
0.5618125796318054,
-0.43935152888298035,
0.028645608574151993,
-0.3263421952724457,
-0.09366443008184433,
-0.19631585478782654,
-0.4074818789958954,
0.12953819334506989,
0.00537477619946003,
-0.053595755249261856,
-0.3760170042514801,
0.5215177536010742,
-0.048246122896671295,
0.3400813937187195,
-0.09772501140832901,
0.02070324309170246,
0.26355117559432983,
0.09048505872488022,
-0.47451335191726685,
0.38938283920288086,
-0.287428617477417,
-0.6441444158554077,
0.28849101066589355,
-0.11428955942392349,
0.7272214293479919,
-0.1355511099100113,
0.3639471232891083,
0.27500656247138977,
0.41212448477745056,
0.1576044112443924,
-0.4887859523296356,
-0.038893915712833405,
-0.3038446009159088,
-0.45014476776123047,
0.37887245416641235,
0.3461412191390991,
-0.02447110414505005,
-0.10345091670751572,
-0.740631639957428,
-0.5212132930755615,
-0.22506867349147797,
-0.44153106212615967,
0.08263543993234634,
0.6159458160400391,
-0.23755818605422974,
-0.8143036365509033,
-0.10648677498102188,
0.42101410031318665,
-0.7833061814308167,
-0.11784817278385162,
-0.6649802327156067,
-0.1678805649280548,
0.6192430853843689,
0.0013761959271505475,
0.5856757164001465,
-0.18327467143535614,
0.4111070930957794,
-0.5596868395805359,
0.025619393214583397,
-0.11813981831073761,
-0.4239470362663269,
-0.3829406499862671,
0.4130956828594208,
0.4494059979915619,
0.2653892934322357,
0.8685112595558167,
-0.06865614652633667,
0.7478943467140198,
0.16901347041130066,
-0.026980195194482803,
-0.01797744631767273,
0.16496288776397705,
0.17171621322631836,
0.04844500496983528,
-0.5431106686592102,
0.27654775977134705,
0.026727519929409027,
-0.059769030660390854,
-0.7042011022567749,
-0.04979837313294411,
-0.7594537734985352,
0.16921469569206238,
-0.048990119248628616,
0.2634543776512146,
0.35498422384262085,
-0.1100652664899826,
-0.10719030350446701,
-0.4411115348339081,
-0.5073870420455933,
0.011727534234523773,
-0.0562622956931591,
-0.3444492220878601,
0.3810980021953583,
0.2923097610473633,
-0.2681177854537964,
0.057086534798145294,
0.4479050040245056,
-0.22039316594600677,
0.3160162568092346,
-0.38732609152793884,
0.04304658994078636,
-0.06061803176999092,
0.3076523542404175,
0.21605035662651062,
-0.20843611657619476,
-0.08865818381309509,
0.4219248592853546,
0.7864683866500854,
0.09950326383113861,
0.05498642101883888,
0.043800197541713715,
0.13806556165218353,
-0.019366348162293434,
0.009763575159013271,
-0.40856873989105225,
0.17524105310440063,
0.5037386417388916,
-0.5219321250915527,
0.18178409337997437,
0.07822082191705704,
0.8989593982696533,
-0.23462501168251038,
0.30988171696662903,
0.12414596974849701,
0.3473421037197113,
0.10189605504274368,
-0.590116560459137,
0.35779520869255066,
0.36431798338890076,
-0.3888304829597473,
-0.10634781420230865,
0.2234143167734146,
0.22085843980312347,
-0.3573387563228607,
-0.054232992231845856,
0.3992331027984619,
-0.0951835885643959,
-0.3820415735244751,
-0.13495013117790222,
0.6374207139015198,
-0.3150980472564697,
-0.10064752399921417,
-0.32365289330482483,
-0.20949982106685638,
0.34949061274528503,
0.1870213747024536,
-0.16945433616638184,
-0.5458477735519409,
0.07244139164686203,
0.19341406226158142,
0.30222874879837036,
0.334353506565094,
-0.20730562508106232,
0.6106843948364258,
0.6338992118835449,
0.17296910285949707,
-0.3347362279891968,
-0.18660420179367065,
0.39836353063583374,
0.1294066458940506,
-0.2859220802783966,
0.3275125026702881,
0.03580663725733757,
0.4448598325252533,
0.1208026260137558,
0.3678426444530487,
-0.05303747579455376,
0.1611083745956421,
0.4671840965747833,
0.428794264793396,
-0.24983029067516327,
0.035971011966466904,
0.5679321885108948,
-0.08341934531927109,
-0.1889643669128418,
-0.30573490262031555,
0.5547246336936951,
-0.408438503742218,
-0.2483004331588745,
0.3950345814228058,
-0.13172782957553864,
0.7046477198600769,
-0.4081299304962158,
0.040467385202646255,
-0.04966151341795921,
-0.5949763059616089,
-0.14639399945735931,
0.43639111518859863,
0.23639173805713654,
0.27266398072242737,
-0.047714777290821075,
0.19755364954471588,
-0.06495383381843567,
-0.6831283569335938,
-0.6602094173431396,
-0.0034421193413436413,
0.11608701199293137,
-0.33665376901626587,
-0.31203529238700867,
-0.489054411649704,
0.4257633090019226,
0.29569464921951294,
-0.45343831181526184,
0.14621512591838837,
-0.21678879857063293,
-0.1235869824886322,
0.02994558773934841,
-0.31057828664779663,
0.3682910203933716,
0.18076097965240479,
-0.03820166364312172,
0.2121213674545288,
-0.22246472537517548,
0.34696266055107117,
0.12803323566913605,
0.549375057220459,
0.5224038362503052,
0.24310530722141266,
-0.45945000648498535,
-0.1953076869249344,
0.5183877944946289,
0.5308454632759094,
-0.4061833620071411,
-0.13772577047348022,
0.10638009756803513,
0.4375993609428406,
-0.6612603068351746,
-0.3421875536441803,
-0.08625369518995285,
0.6001472473144531,
-0.6747137904167175,
-0.28999316692352295,
0.16437700390815735,
-0.15487399697303772,
-0.12856139242649078,
-0.29859620332717896,
-0.32959622144699097,
-0.5017956495285034,
0.4806539714336395,
-0.07735908776521683,
0.5795428156852722,
-0.7699161767959595,
-0.2268628627061844,
-0.060841042548418045,
-0.7268898487091064,
0.3468782305717468,
0.5464495420455933,
0.64137202501297,
0.6720094084739685,
0.27678871154785156,
-0.12500828504562378,
-0.08557429164648056,
-0.06359227001667023,
-0.1927122324705124,
-0.38295039534568787,
-0.35399380326271057,
0.14276257157325745,
-0.17114165425300598,
-0.3686644434928894,
0.18835067749023438,
-0.7975755929946899,
0.06768838316202164,
0.27909043431282043,
-0.5752136707305908,
0.28236114978790283,
-0.23275090754032135,
0.119191013276577,
-0.05599098652601242,
-0.12411496043205261,
-0.5473988652229309,
-0.3187578320503235,
0.44559627771377563,
0.3894418179988861,
0.293530136346817,
0.6164392232894897,
-1.3046514987945557,
0.2860501706600189,
0.1577485203742981,
-1.002995491027832,
0.11108299344778061,
0.2607124149799347,
-0.17094874382019043,
-0.3998819589614868,
0.04596893861889839,
-0.07133670896291733,
0.6013479828834534,
-0.5979455709457397,
-0.008170688524842262,
0.28934547305107117,
0.28614524006843567,
0.06239444017410278,
0.0743614211678505,
-0.8395293354988098,
-0.07343535125255585,
-0.09420976042747498,
0.22758160531520844,
0.600353479385376,
0.14192555844783783,
-0.08841320872306824,
-0.20754243433475494,
0.5351375341415405,
-0.24681968986988068,
-0.0701640397310257,
0.48314353823661804,
0.4435676634311676,
0.46200618147850037,
-0.21821419894695282,
-0.4099419116973877,
0.19246521592140198,
-0.23411084711551666,
-0.5742767453193665,
-0.08655351400375366,
-0.050894513726234436,
-0.3201926052570343,
0.607589602470398,
0.6074454188346863,
0.34733691811561584,
-0.642615556716919,
-0.4021855592727661,
-0.24495944380760193,
0.6784082055091858,
0.39911219477653503,
0.16892942786216736,
-0.10452451556921005,
0.25556474924087524,
0.10060828179121017,
-0.1403980404138565,
-0.11242660135030746,
0.2999551594257355,
-0.24134035408496857,
-0.022063078358769417,
-0.43095657229423523,
-0.298858106136322,
0.3507506251335144,
-0.016774309799075127,
-0.32937368750572205,
0.32538217306137085,
0.3683927059173584,
-0.05292340740561485,
-0.03359521925449371,
-0.3102336823940277,
0.26471027731895447,
-0.2583455443382263,
0.11950228363275528,
-0.09762581437826157,
-0.4372875690460205,
0.4015168249607086,
-0.34238117933273315,
-0.21666979789733887,
-0.4954026937484741,
0.4265330731868744,
0.09021767973899841,
0.49766749143600464,
-0.11914508044719696,
0.44768616557121277,
-0.41032037138938904,
-0.3745776414871216,
-0.17702575027942657,
-0.5563123226165771,
0.3558082580566406,
-0.1684960573911667,
-0.08541666716337204,
0.344918429851532,
-0.4911002218723297,
0.20085127651691437,
0.024695541709661484,
-0.6853204965591431,
0.006823687348514795,
0.3049052655696869,
0.45245930552482605,
-0.03171515092253685,
-0.23752419650554657,
0.1277010142803192,
0.09559683501720428,
0.31724250316619873,
0.26045092940330505,
-0.05480756238102913,
0.30293023586273193,
-0.11497175693511963,
-0.4284292459487915,
-0.21048621833324432,
-0.24152632057666779,
0.021751580759882927,
-0.27529028058052063,
-0.1753184199333191,
-0.2140670120716095,
0.16214632987976074,
-0.09204685688018799,
0.17925427854061127,
0.18012988567352295,
0.25245359539985657,
0.6937808990478516,
0.10426349192857742,
0.1432836949825287,
-0.1259423792362213,
-0.3433895707130432,
-0.3452759385108948,
0.7166808843612671,
0.5777001976966858,
0.041551679372787476,
-0.374555766582489,
0.18118873238563538,
0.276239275932312,
-0.9175702333450317,
0.4433918595314026,
-0.29093462228775024,
-0.30632540583610535,
-0.8996402025222778,
0.4410850703716278,
-0.6984930038452148,
-0.33386674523353577,
-0.27112263441085815,
0.5794563293457031,
0.36433035135269165,
-0.10440222173929214,
0.1208459883928299,
0.3102266192436218,
0.17340391874313354,
-0.04889553412795067,
0.3759036958217621,
0.09738624840974808,
-0.08802391588687897,
-0.5153017640113831,
-0.8113481998443604,
-0.017864393070340157,
0.059031713753938675,
0.08742035180330276,
0.5260520577430725,
0.10725537687540054,
0.2743898630142212,
-0.3094540238380432,
0.4813559353351593,
0.13876254856586456,
0.647610604763031,
0.35978594422340393
] |
224188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HR | HR | HR, Hr or hr may refer to:
Arts and media
Film and television
H.R. Pufnstuf, a children's television series from 1969
HR, a 2013 television drama starring Alicia Silverstone
HR, a criminal organisation in the American TV series Person of Interest
Other media
HR (girl group), Japan
Hessischer Rundfunk (Hessian Broadcasting), Germany
Homestar Runner, an Internet cartoon
HyperRogue, a roguelike video game
Fictional characters
H. R. Wells, a character from The Flash television series
Business and finance
Human resources, personnel
Human resource management
Ukrainian hryvnia, currency
Government and politics
Human rights
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union
United States House of Representatives
Languages
hr (ISO 639-1 code) for the Croatian language
, a two-letter combination used in some languages
Reduction of /hr/ to /r/ in Old/Middle English
People
H.R. (born 1956), lead singer of American band Bad Brains
Places
HR (ISO 3166-1 code) for Croatia
HR postcode area, UK, covering six post towns around Hereford, England
Hampton Roads, a region of south-eastern Virginia
IN-HR (ISO 3166 code) for Haryana, a state in North India
Religion
HR, an honorific abbreviating His Reverence or Her Reverence
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
HR (gene), encoding protein hairless
Haemodynamic response, delivery of blood to tissues
Heart rate
Homologous recombination, in genetics
Hypersensitive response, of plants to infection
Hydroxyethylrutoside, a class of drugs
Computing
, an HTML element
.hr, Internet code for Croatia
HR (software), mathematical theory generator
Half Rate (HR or GSM-HR), a speech coding system
Other uses in science and technology
Hazard ratio
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (H-R, HRD), in astronomy and astrophysics
High-resolution high-definition (HRHD, HR, HRHDTV or HR.HDTV) image resolution
Hour (hr)
HR, Bright Star Catalogue prefix
Sports
Home run in baseball
Transportation
Former Scots Highland Railway
Hahn Air, IATA airline code
Holden HR, a car 1966-1968
Haryana Roadways State Transport, India | [
0.6797749996185303,
0.44873878359794617,
0.07781703025102615,
0.4411587715148926,
0.1797841340303421,
-0.08367534726858139,
-0.056067269295454025,
0.01773783378303051,
-0.4672003388404846,
-0.6717969179153442,
-0.805400013923645,
0.7367938756942749,
0.2535219192504883,
-0.07957783341407776,
-0.17306934297084808,
0.29782405495643616,
0.11069527268409729,
0.5118374228477478,
0.04350309446454048,
-0.44349533319473267,
-0.5718362927436829,
0.07146280258893967,
0.05224502831697464,
-0.6417641639709473,
0.37293684482574463,
-0.11966364830732346,
-0.09868995100259781,
0.18531447649002075,
-0.3191390931606293,
0.14596331119537354,
-0.1701989620923996,
-0.1793881505727768,
-0.10099144279956818,
0.32691535353660583,
-0.3578522801399231,
0.11283902823925018,
-0.03550120070576668,
-0.2887153625488281,
-0.08593703806400299,
-0.838087260723114,
0.06344056129455566,
-0.18190230429172516,
-0.14403752982616425,
-0.13908278942108154,
-0.6757423281669617,
-0.5942535996437073,
-1.85014808177948,
-0.1779012531042099,
-0.5232030153274536,
0.4063594341278076,
-0.105152428150177,
0.3867539167404175,
0.13906779885292053,
0.1890721619129181,
-0.3275573253631592,
0.6799772381782532,
0.36602047085762024,
0.06770732253789902,
0.06968224048614502,
-0.08063343167304993,
0.4696943461894989,
-0.2265460342168808,
-0.06440101563930511,
0.19255000352859497,
0.9422183036804199,
-0.7122095823287964,
0.40483152866363525,
-0.3426384925842285,
-0.19431115686893463,
-0.44236740469932556,
0.06005134806036949,
-0.26801472902297974,
0.11697788536548615,
0.019259698688983917,
-0.4706597328186035,
0.09656065702438354,
0.14410220086574554,
-0.19321027398109436,
-0.2119886428117752,
-0.25031089782714844,
-0.4563262164592743,
0.5849138498306274,
0.24661706387996674,
0.4388124942779541,
0.28844454884529114,
-0.013103162869811058,
-0.20643731951713562,
0.0935494601726532,
-0.4093080759048462,
0.6254565715789795,
0.47356364130973816,
-0.29150229692459106,
0.6894974112510681,
-0.07277347147464752,
0.2599612772464752,
-0.07537605613470078,
0.2550014555454254,
-0.39512205123901367,
0.12924085557460785,
-0.15405653417110443,
-0.4541968107223511,
-0.009955164976418018,
0.3343448042869568,
-0.16562840342521667,
0.019611403346061707,
0.022616928443312645,
0.48180070519447327,
-0.26305443048477173,
0.32221174240112305,
-0.07403606176376343,
-0.1431914120912552,
0.10416790843009949,
0.12262403219938278,
0.4625239968299866,
-0.19170939922332764,
-0.1659887433052063,
0.05211281031370163,
0.19172877073287964,
-0.28013715147972107,
0.25336700677871704,
0.24135121703147888,
0.4982382357120514,
0.10239829868078232,
-0.35238420963287354,
0.0254305899143219,
0.1540951430797577,
0.4259738326072693,
0.39669162034988403,
-0.45614367723464966,
-0.37754493951797485,
0.14218629896640778,
0.3644504249095917,
-0.37450090050697327,
0.23493264615535736,
-0.03383297845721245,
0.17593035101890564,
-0.08254875987768173,
-0.16149501502513885,
0.20627368986606598,
-0.1294889897108078,
-0.44146203994750977,
-0.15650615096092224,
-0.21777914464473724,
-0.2749967575073242,
0.2904597818851471,
-0.4354272484779358,
0.2349725216627121,
-0.29793858528137207,
-0.43282365798950195,
0.16622807085514069,
0.1066158264875412,
0.10641553997993469,
-0.42340219020843506,
0.00031037753797136247,
-0.049114979803562164,
0.3283296227455139,
0.8634332418441772,
-0.3493950366973877,
0.045227162539958954,
0.30663707852363586,
0.3039264380931854,
0.048694878816604614,
-0.5977717638015747,
-0.204550638794899,
-0.3777630031108856,
-0.3093717098236084,
0.11418892443180084,
0.6607116460800171,
-0.23237138986587524,
0.12566405534744263,
-0.2139650136232376,
-0.11470408737659454,
0.13340745866298676,
-0.16251148283481598,
-0.24405263364315033,
0.39138054847717285,
-0.07563570141792297,
0.29435116052627563,
0.5893893837928772,
0.23631925880908966,
-0.35294681787490845,
0.2358362227678299,
0.34590938687324524,
0.09843636304140091,
0.39702603220939636,
-0.27618297934532166,
0.46855539083480835,
-0.10208326578140259,
0.03155980259180069,
-0.428697407245636,
-0.42411503195762634,
-0.5037640333175659,
0.032616447657346725,
-0.5735180377960205,
0.5619863867759705,
-0.2139282524585724,
-0.4790564477443695,
0.726275622844696,
-0.006785959471017122,
0.35794827342033386,
0.12487521022558212,
-0.05730214715003967,
0.3389204740524292,
-0.4967197775840759,
-0.16801635921001434,
0.38224488496780396,
0.520433783531189,
0.079600028693676,
-0.5436269640922546,
0.16086462140083313,
0.14484365284442902,
-0.05910295248031616,
0.5211338996887207,
-0.3609718978404999,
0.6303244829177856,
-0.059441983699798584,
-0.6779679656028748,
0.08936689794063568,
-0.5182853937149048,
0.07532782852649689,
0.9648117423057556,
-0.2577173113822937,
-0.03334619849920273,
0.45013728737831116,
-0.32894816994667053,
0.5716767907142639,
0.07144756615161896,
-0.15134833753108978,
0.27364709973335266,
-0.5695900321006775,
0.33195629715919495,
-0.1443619281053543,
-0.1188855916261673,
0.05428815633058548,
-0.5902870297431946,
0.4142356216907501,
0.14788036048412323,
0.01707315631210804,
0.12309439480304718,
-0.3646591901779175,
-0.32452303171157837,
0.4022408425807953,
-0.26393401622772217,
0.5260819792747498,
0.07712096720933914,
0.014892617240548134,
-0.29680782556533813,
-0.04520638659596443,
-0.08393190056085587,
0.004004941787570715,
-0.05755588784813881,
0.2510986626148224,
-0.012180340476334095,
-0.29477354884147644,
-0.20017962157726288,
-0.48467350006103516,
0.25606366991996765,
-0.10707448422908783,
0.1397932767868042,
0.015702035278081894,
-0.11054085940122604,
-0.18005941808223724,
0.21762725710868835,
0.16242210566997528,
-0.06759189814329147,
-0.023104913532733917,
-0.16868484020233154,
-0.4129388630390167,
-0.21105268597602844,
0.4421958327293396,
-0.04094263166189194,
0.18268553912639618,
0.1108962669968605,
-0.30046823620796204,
-0.07042187452316284,
-0.7179453372955322,
0.6174811720848083,
0.048887256532907486,
-0.34407201409339905,
-0.7150829434394836,
0.11815912276506424,
0.35823485255241394,
0.5983209013938904,
-0.08455914258956909,
-0.038868434727191925,
-0.5320039391517639,
-0.32245853543281555,
-0.1586454212665558,
-0.12253798544406891,
-0.07772265374660492,
-0.1438748985528946,
0.2747724652290344,
-0.0130474753677845,
0.03227764740586281,
0.8099231123924255,
0.3158413767814636,
0.09051043540239334,
0.3197842240333557,
-0.1137240082025528,
-0.3276612162590027,
-0.33731892704963684,
0.5280128121376038,
-0.4884067177772522,
-0.34430167078971863,
-0.0073500690050423145,
-0.2582325041294098,
-0.07291920483112335,
-0.1744169443845749,
-6.200405120849609,
-0.316476047039032,
-0.3923840820789337,
-0.23892827332019806,
-0.004917125683277845,
-0.24180996417999268,
0.3371240496635437,
0.029452869668602943,
-0.05618131905794144,
0.042768657207489014,
0.07196248322725296,
-0.16681720316410065,
0.22249560058116913,
0.4651270806789398,
0.7836769819259644,
0.034240033477544785,
0.3138550817966461,
0.14222651720046997,
-0.025640446692705154,
0.21651779115200043,
-0.03962790220975876,
0.2399846315383911,
0.09197939187288284,
0.24089936912059784,
0.28245657682418823,
-0.5523752570152283,
-0.3545123040676117,
0.2281138151884079,
-0.23054488003253937,
-0.021782414987683296,
0.13206909596920013,
0.3375512361526489,
-0.09963590651750565,
0.31536194682121277,
0.3023248612880707,
-0.32703107595443726,
0.9242380261421204,
-0.18956518173217773,
0.6878331303596497,
-0.5743574500083923,
0.43803098797798157,
0.27478381991386414,
-0.07749664783477783,
-0.3377392590045929,
0.15803667902946472,
-0.02826087735593319,
-0.2003297656774521,
0.12632723152637482,
-0.16989021003246307,
-0.05869614705443382,
-0.2298429012298584,
0.5389341115951538,
0.18408837914466858,
-0.4292972683906555,
0.3201664984226227,
-0.08619535714387894,
0.4152774512767792,
0.35123610496520996,
-0.026270659640431404,
0.025768931955099106,
0.1704024374485016,
-0.40725135803222656,
0.19992855191230774,
-0.45580026507377625,
-0.4660903513431549,
-0.0881735309958458,
-0.35606709122657776,
-0.5486661791801453,
0.7630987167358398,
-0.17871834337711334,
-0.22561609745025635,
0.3190140426158905,
0.7355181574821472,
-0.7732088565826416,
-0.156847283244133,
-0.44223880767822266,
0.35026031732559204,
0.50545334815979,
-0.061217036098241806,
-0.00029195082606747746,
0.10439992696046829,
-0.18529412150382996,
-0.05066710710525513,
-0.03129934147000313,
0.06253374367952347,
-0.3727499544620514,
0.12810106575489044,
0.4458956718444824,
0.16141889989376068,
0.09539767354726791,
0.8099186420440674,
-0.19034035503864288,
0.22507528960704803,
0.6212491393089294,
0.05413893237709999,
-0.10112074762582779,
0.24143731594085693,
0.016639014706015587,
0.11231931298971176,
-0.32004597783088684,
0.12769272923469543,
-0.1282416582107544,
-0.1911911815404892,
-0.5456710457801819,
-0.2740664482116699,
-0.32617825269699097,
-0.1280519813299179,
-0.22302718460559845,
0.9369992613792419,
-0.39765873551368713,
-0.017731186002492905,
0.16418594121932983,
-0.4032321870326996,
-0.041984621435403824,
0.13120988011360168,
-0.1937076598405838,
-0.710667073726654,
0.45044466853141785,
0.18511763215065002,
0.024628980085253716,
-0.08180434256792068,
-0.4263233244419098,
-0.4098481833934784,
-0.16910898685455322,
-0.6805709004402161,
0.004766215570271015,
-0.13857023417949677,
0.0022647131700068712,
-0.13576704263687134,
0.1388363391160965,
0.7403538823127747,
0.489912211894989,
0.2713543772697449,
-0.05158859118819237,
0.0486331433057785,
0.04955515265464783,
0.1468404233455658,
0.6188873648643494,
-0.11675067245960236,
-0.5763745307922363,
0.12311913818120956,
0.009848174639046192,
-0.16769537329673767,
-0.20923341810703278,
0.5192400813102722,
-0.04706569015979767,
-0.3960568606853485,
0.1755744367837906,
0.3090898394584656,
0.3091728389263153,
-0.35617655515670776,
0.11844518780708313,
0.06308925151824951,
-0.06948989629745483,
0.1397007554769516,
-0.4720596671104431,
-0.42100822925567627,
-0.3300589919090271,
0.12359704822301865,
-0.6873348355293274,
0.0974116325378418,
-0.11419150233268738,
-1.033982515335083,
-0.04604726284742355,
0.20393073558807373,
-0.39138391613960266,
-0.5583126544952393,
-0.18044160306453705,
-0.0606193020939827,
0.7128307819366455,
0.16322989761829376,
-0.1467699408531189,
-0.4165683686733246,
-0.41170719265937805,
-0.10716981440782547,
0.21333126723766327,
0.5889515280723572,
0.299941748380661,
-0.01698204129934311,
0.2385360151529312,
0.42124995589256287,
-0.3195592761039734,
-0.19068515300750732,
-0.20791099965572357,
0.12859506905078888,
-0.16100281476974487,
-0.06843492388725281,
0.12613333761692047,
-0.352456271648407,
-0.12118365615606308,
-0.04877085983753204,
-0.1978462040424347,
0.4133497476577759,
-0.13430342078208923,
0.2362259179353714,
-0.059753332287073135,
0.3884543478488922,
0.1318282037973404,
-0.3757457733154297,
-0.276637464761734,
0.47760313749313354,
0.6385770440101624,
-0.9766636490821838,
-0.22703401744365692,
0.1798364818096161,
-0.3116592466831207,
-0.06341644376516342,
-0.21810808777809143,
-0.29510119557380676,
0.43000540137290955,
-0.6073893904685974,
0.3622463345527649,
-0.08571313321590424,
-0.008266125805675983,
-0.03486615791916847,
-0.11806195974349976,
0.1573324054479599,
0.15005360543727875,
-0.12629106640815735,
-0.5906540155410767,
0.6604390144348145,
-0.062256090342998505,
-0.3975800573825836,
0.0723298117518425,
-0.34003588557243347,
-0.5516790151596069,
0.3189627528190613,
-0.08591285347938538,
0.03736389800906181,
-0.48617324233055115,
-0.11103911697864532,
0.03364745154976845,
0.09725010395050049,
0.3055110573768616,
0.17513972520828247,
-0.3531067371368408,
0.05724025145173073,
0.2559128999710083,
0.3771466910839081,
-0.48252201080322266,
-0.1276424378156662,
0.5486855506896973,
-0.10443877428770065,
-0.41285157203674316,
0.16942545771598816,
0.7148454785346985,
0.2569822072982788,
-0.4011775553226471,
-0.48491066694259644,
0.40908101201057434,
0.33003684878349304,
-0.45288655161857605,
-0.35524556040763855,
0.08214651793241501,
0.07452710717916489,
-0.5428849458694458,
0.09234152734279633,
0.008201302960515022,
0.052424632012844086,
0.6607334613800049,
-0.1912190318107605,
-0.35857880115509033,
-0.4213608205318451,
-0.19079464673995972,
0.21733203530311584,
0.7602201700210571,
-0.6892799735069275,
0.10866069793701172,
-0.11818931251764297,
-0.19253301620483398,
0.21480807662010193,
0.6619051694869995,
0.0324351042509079,
0.403964102268219,
0.8779186606407166,
0.09189318120479584,
0.05416065454483032,
-0.2520343065261841,
-0.14436958730220795,
-0.002285000402480364,
0.07871505618095398,
0.17960906028747559,
0.1507934331893921,
-0.4967275857925415,
0.308148592710495,
-0.7217115759849548,
0.8170306086540222,
0.2860080301761627,
-0.7709605693817139,
-0.0008324694936163723,
-0.18916884064674377,
0.20353679358959198,
-0.45378535985946655,
0.5427403450012207,
-0.41855841875076294,
-0.5341340899467468,
0.5561256408691406,
0.3795306980609894,
0.4089185893535614,
0.18300753831863403,
-0.4717235267162323,
0.04454818367958069,
-0.02678908407688141,
-0.5262150168418884,
0.5837357640266418,
0.3340606689453125,
0.04987476021051407,
-0.6926575899124146,
-0.09709514677524567,
-0.625586986541748,
-0.20735223591327667,
-0.2997455596923828,
0.4531492292881012,
0.6683651804924011,
-0.20708930492401123,
-0.4429702162742615,
0.2314092516899109,
-0.08846044540405273,
0.6462319493293762,
-0.2696722447872162,
-0.07804375886917114,
-0.26319798827171326,
0.5356569886207581,
-0.41753408312797546,
0.023691978305578232,
0.25439658761024475,
-0.07825608551502228,
0.0675058513879776,
0.2705449163913727,
0.14139845967292786,
0.4640238583087921,
0.13818056881427765,
0.08472670614719391,
0.44068461656570435,
0.09950418770313263,
-0.5909262299537659,
0.11444387584924698,
-0.36656662821769714,
0.07255440205335617,
0.2759134769439697,
0.7949185371398926,
0.31614288687705994,
0.07365185767412186,
0.5619580149650574,
0.012694365344941616,
0.13293437659740448,
0.34054580330848694,
0.14012980461120605,
-0.5690575242042542,
0.08583928644657135,
-0.03420553728938103,
-0.17438645660877228,
0.09819580614566803,
-0.03327660635113716,
0.115730419754982,
-0.4445333182811737,
0.20200428366661072,
0.006385170388966799,
0.27704212069511414,
-0.19683396816253662,
0.1611872762441635,
0.03614712134003639,
0.36756154894828796,
-0.17804601788520813,
0.09024849534034729,
-0.7042087316513062,
0.3491206765174866,
-0.27448520064353943,
0.05665048584342003,
0.06171112135052681,
-0.3151828646659851,
0.6872868537902832,
-0.5418312549591064,
0.16717737913131714,
-0.028910448774695396,
-0.2465936690568924,
0.6173437237739563,
0.009714832529425621,
0.2464609146118164,
0.03728257864713669,
0.11147398501634598,
-0.021971208974719048,
0.14609014987945557,
-0.6104027628898621,
-0.06663265824317932,
0.07475297898054123,
-0.1595013290643692,
0.3426806628704071,
-0.015841305255889893,
-0.014985325746238232,
0.2727002203464508,
-0.10128607600927353,
0.24284367263317108,
0.14657165110111237,
-0.19103164970874786,
0.2308824509382248,
-0.4529488980770111,
0.6578211188316345,
0.487797349691391,
0.02250702492892742,
-0.4499208331108093,
0.2187938243150711,
-0.2782696783542633,
-0.009802119806408882,
-0.44038137793540955,
-0.3578256666660309,
-0.4659944772720337,
-0.08091186732053757,
-0.2625272274017334,
0.018703699111938477,
0.33091071248054504,
-0.34214240312576294,
0.07491172105073929,
0.3107544183731079,
0.21662165224552155,
0.32612261176109314,
0.6676051616668701,
-0.20022308826446533,
0.4232215881347656,
-0.2184106856584549,
0.2129383385181427,
0.29103758931159973,
0.44452542066574097,
-0.013659141026437283,
-0.08451355248689651,
0.09910179674625397,
-0.10632586479187012,
0.48988136649131775,
-0.016950037330389023,
0.4743116796016693,
-0.5064934492111206,
0.3114524781703949,
-0.657413125038147,
0.7841959595680237,
-0.017351415008306503,
-0.2564188241958618,
-0.13985510170459747,
0.1610473245382309,
0.5453853011131287,
-0.4822123944759369,
-0.32065916061401367,
-0.002221397589892149,
0.025726884603500366,
0.1780814379453659,
-1.0593295097351074,
0.2529343366622925,
-0.0005150024662725627,
-0.1428193300962448,
-0.43001049757003784,
-0.11575742065906525,
-0.06612101197242737,
-0.8682916760444641,
0.6914042234420776,
0.2833801209926605,
-0.23466865718364716,
0.21887944638729095,
0.29008084535598755,
-0.9031612277030945,
-0.30847927927970886,
0.20105302333831787
] |
224189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%2C%20Finland | Nokia, Finland | Nokia () is a town and a municipality on the banks of the Nokianvirta River (part of the Kokemäki River) in the region of Pirkanmaa, some west of Tampere in Finland. The distance to Tampere Airport from Nokia is using road connections when circling Lake Pyhäjärvi. Its neighboring municipalities are Hämeenkyrö, Pirkkala, Sastamala, Tampere, Vesilahti and Ylöjärvi. As of it has a population of and it is one of the fastest-growing cities in the area; today, Nokia is the largest municipality of Finland by population, and the second largest municipality in Pirkanmaa after Tampere.
Etymology and heraldry
The origin of the name Nokia is obscure. In modern Finnish, noki means soot and nokia is its inflected plural, although this form of the word is rarely if ever used. The most common theory claims the name actually originates from the archaic Finnish word nois (pl. nokia) or nokinäätä ("soot marten"), meaning sable. After the sable was hunted to extinction in Finland, the word was applied to any dark-coated fur animal, such as the marten, which are found in the area to this day. The sable is enshrined on the Nokia coat of arms. However, later research has appeared to indicate that sables never inhabited Finland in the first place, and the name nois may actually refer to the beaver. The coat of arms was designed by Gustaf von Numers and was confirmed on October 25, 1951.
History
The first literary reference to Nokia is in a 1505 document in connection with the Nokia Manor.
Nokia was the setting of one of the largest battles in the Club War, a 1596 peasant uprising against feudal lords. The peasants, armed with clubs, took up residence in Nokia Manor and won several skirmishes against the feudal cavalry, but were decisively defeated by Klaus Fleming on 1–2 January 1597. Thousands of clubmen were slain and their leader Jaakko Ilkka, who had fled, was captured a few weeks later and executed. The Club War was the last major peasant revolt in Finland, and it permanently consolidated the hold of the nation state. Much later, in the Finnish Civil War (1918), Nokia (along with neighboring Tampere) was a Socialist stronghold and saw some combat.
Nokia used to reach out to the current heart of Tampere, with the Pispala area a part of Nokia's Suur-Pirkkala area. Suur-Pirkkala was eventually split into Pohjois- and Eteläis-Pirkkala (Northern and Southern). In 1938 Pohjois-Pirkkala was renamed as Nokia and Southern Pirkkala restored its original Pirkkala name. Nokia was designated as a city in 1977.
Industrial history
The eponymous telecommunications giant Nokia was founded by Fredrik Idestam in 1865 as a pulp mill. The Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) (founded 1898) set up a factory in Nokia in 1904. These two companies and the Cable Company Ltd (Kaapelitehdas Oy) amalgamated in 1967 forming Nokia Corporation. Different branches of this conglomerate were split into several companies or sold off around 1990. The rubber works still operates in Nokia as Nokian Tyres and the paper mill as Essity.
The telecommunication company Nokia no longer has any operations in the city of Nokia. Despite the company having been founded in Nokia, the headquarters were moved to Espoo, and the main factories are in Salo, both nearly 200 kilometres south of Nokia. The only current presence of the company in the city is the Nokia mansion, which is sometimes used for private parties for the company's executive staff. The city has repeatedly been asked to commemorate the company it gave birth to, but it has always declined, on the grounds that mobile phones were never produced there.
Nokia does have engineering and design facilities 15 kilometers away in nearby Tampere.
Present
Today's Nokia is famous for its spa, factory shops, waterways, and events. Nokia also enjoys good road and air connections. The largest companies are AGCO Power, Nokian Tyres, Purso, Patria Aviation and Essity paper mill. From a religious perspective, Nokia is best known for the charismatic Nokia Revival which began in 1990. Nokia is also known for its own fast food cuisine, Kuuma koira. Due to the closeness of Tampere studio facilities, Nokia has been also used as a filming location. For example, Eric Sykes' The Big Freeze and Finnish TV production Korpelan Kujanjuoksu have been prominently filmed there.
Demographics
The following graph shows the population development of the town since 1964.
Notable natives and residents
Tapio Rautavaara – athlete, musician, actor was born in Pirkkala, in an area which is now Nokia
Kari Peitsamo – musician
Anssi Salmela – ice hockey player
Juuso Välimäki – ice hockey player
Marko Asell – olympic wrestler
Markku Aro – singer
Elsa Rautee – poet
Toivo Kärki – composer, musician, producer and arranger was born in Pirkkala, in an area which is now Nokia
Kikka – pop singer
Sami Välimäki – professional golfer
Statistics
Distances to the other cities and towns
Tampere –
Sastamala –
Hämeenlinna –
Pori –
Rauma –
Turku –
Helsinki –
Vaasa –
Twin towns – sister cities
Nokia is twinned with:
Karlstad Municipality, Sweden
Moss, Norway
Horsens Municipality, Denmark
Blönduós, Iceland
See also
Finnish national road 11
Ikaalinen, another spa town in the Pirkanmaa region
Nokia railway station
Nokia water crisis
Siuro, a village in Nokia
Notes
References
External links
Town of Nokia – Official Website
Cities and towns in Finland
Populated places established in 1922 | [
0.31637224555015564,
0.30809286236763,
0.36021578311920166,
0.3618992567062378,
0.673372209072113,
0.6288790106773376,
0.5231990814208984,
0.03621901571750641,
-0.09839943796396255,
0.055955834686756134,
0.011713442392647266,
-0.1271747648715973,
-0.289764940738678,
0.4800977110862732,
-0.6465282440185547,
0.06323664635419846,
0.47142961621284485,
0.8233553767204285,
0.10798915475606918,
-0.3440930247306824,
-0.5829413533210754,
0.036854613572359085,
0.6053857207298279,
0.6694399118423462,
0.07105301320552826,
-0.24060696363449097,
0.4442700147628784,
0.5891557335853577,
0.3953956663608551,
0.2857755124568939,
-0.11297120153903961,
0.9271938800811768,
-0.15228353440761566,
-0.535200297832489,
0.4977666139602661,
-0.03527306765317917,
-0.14198000729084015,
-0.043986976146698,
0.14762689173221588,
-0.18395905196666718,
0.29131945967674255,
0.3572033941745758,
-0.28505954146385193,
0.06918364763259888,
-0.09864027798175812,
-0.5423638224601746,
-0.9458206295967102,
0.6336330771446228,
-0.332233726978302,
0.4025629758834839,
-0.9520701766014099,
-0.07872836291790009,
0.24173203110694885,
0.5385240316390991,
0.13617044687271118,
0.32896968722343445,
-0.8355938196182251,
0.2609887421131134,
0.1238652914762497,
-0.08400052785873413,
-0.10859604179859161,
0.3319776654243469,
-0.5338804721832275,
-0.1935630440711975,
0.4650861918926239,
0.25624239444732666,
0.5549651980400085,
-0.10628633946180344,
0.2024325132369995,
-0.4828959107398987,
-0.10602480918169022,
0.09752234816551208,
0.06446436792612076,
-0.2663322985172272,
-0.13038912415504456,
-0.028753019869327545,
-0.1488494724035263,
-0.06313018500804901,
0.3281308710575104,
0.2232811003923416,
0.30327266454696655,
-0.672516405582428,
0.9213554263114929,
0.002490416867658496,
0.8197636008262634,
-0.014656377956271172,
-0.5080623626708984,
-0.11725642532110214,
-0.9090449810028076,
0.07199274003505707,
-0.04236849024891853,
0.3086593449115753,
0.6541548371315002,
0.30628859996795654,
-0.21130824089050293,
0.38150128722190857,
-0.6799200177192688,
0.580863356590271,
0.38211730122566223,
0.8258780241012573,
-0.3058251440525055,
-0.010897409170866013,
0.3868256211280823,
0.1641443967819214,
-0.6846988797187805,
-0.6709003448486328,
-0.23695848882198334,
-0.00888458639383316,
0.17732736468315125,
-0.3061392307281494,
-0.48487868905067444,
-0.00796930119395256,
0.35307949781417847,
0.1271211802959442,
-0.29813531041145325,
0.2803090810775757,
-0.09978844970464706,
0.20840303599834442,
-0.6725839376449585,
-0.13189154863357544,
0.09618209302425385,
1.0840775966644287,
-0.09705366939306259,
0.2936483323574066,
-0.3618079721927643,
0.5797603726387024,
0.272457093000412,
0.5650453567504883,
-0.12789322435855865,
-0.30519452691078186,
0.09663654863834381,
0.9966480731964111,
-0.8659541010856628,
0.14389009773731232,
0.5192713141441345,
-0.17686249315738678,
0.22701655328273773,
0.25040870904922485,
0.7075151205062866,
0.11335373669862747,
-0.6478335857391357,
-0.17413125932216644,
-0.6092429757118225,
0.269339382648468,
-0.17117393016815186,
-0.2790504992008209,
-0.4711090326309204,
-0.3266563415527344,
0.32246237993240356,
-0.24453504383563995,
0.36602574586868286,
0.6640951633453369,
0.05678059533238411,
-0.005087299272418022,
-0.2795352637767792,
0.022191401571035385,
0.15676836669445038,
0.12951689958572388,
0.04550708085298538,
0.44279202818870544,
0.0791236087679863,
-0.21682946383953094,
0.09581749141216278,
0.2801629602909088,
0.07008279860019684,
0.4672119617462158,
0.29518282413482666,
0.30089983344078064,
0.47561368346214294,
0.5368945002555847,
0.09656920284032822,
-0.11432188004255295,
0.17326796054840088,
-0.48106318712234497,
-0.10140974074602127,
-0.2019766867160797,
0.48007744550704956,
0.43646469712257385,
-0.07437103986740112,
-0.8804150223731995,
-0.9044461250305176,
0.3953395187854767,
0.1346888542175293,
-0.14267918467521667,
0.09247536957263947,
0.6687494516372681,
-0.044972822070121765,
0.21078543365001678,
-0.5888711214065552,
-0.4355907738208771,
0.09962673485279083,
-0.9389207363128662,
0.6812124848365784,
-0.23776426911354065,
0.873273491859436,
0.7199959754943848,
0.2676951587200165,
-0.343779057264328,
-0.19533441960811615,
0.43197643756866455,
-0.2206086665391922,
-0.6292219161987305,
0.8191353678703308,
-0.12638810276985168,
-0.6897287964820862,
0.4056239724159241,
0.19008271396160126,
-0.2179192155599594,
-0.2971065044403076,
0.4173372983932495,
-0.08803979307413101,
-0.7228482365608215,
0.5314407348632812,
-0.10625378787517548,
0.06547138094902039,
-0.31690552830696106,
-0.2564248740673065,
0.12283610552549362,
0.23217114806175232,
-0.46636417508125305,
0.45650073885917664,
-0.01823793351650238,
-0.08535750955343246,
0.18672676384449005,
0.45949214696884155,
1.279767394065857,
0.5247732996940613,
0.46685296297073364,
-0.11382880061864853,
-0.22299355268478394,
-0.12594836950302124,
0.19943569600582123,
0.12213965505361557,
0.0025413120165467262,
0.3301103115081787,
-0.2616974413394928,
0.1072489395737648,
0.26126790046691895,
0.4534880220890045,
-0.13019227981567383,
0.27692076563835144,
0.08967927098274231,
-0.7399219274520874,
0.35448765754699707,
0.9156412482261658,
0.6769413352012634,
-0.22002233564853668,
-0.3668358027935028,
-0.15881723165512085,
-0.3462095558643341,
0.22654113173484802,
-0.5832940340042114,
0.056646060198545456,
-0.23770329356193542,
-0.03371977061033249,
-0.20119845867156982,
0.15234826505184174,
-0.16618531942367554,
-0.3020152747631073,
-0.030490895733237267,
-0.48212024569511414,
-0.09068858623504639,
0.08283957839012146,
0.5274385809898376,
-0.07967875897884369,
-0.2065400928258896,
0.04991978406906128,
-1.1140016317367554,
0.5858222842216492,
0.20641262829303741,
0.14603139460086823,
-0.5005519986152649,
-0.27689361572265625,
0.10395793616771698,
-0.061199501156806946,
-0.20401816070079803,
-0.9311066269874573,
0.4212375581264496,
-0.8845412731170654,
0.006391503848135471,
0.53054279088974,
0.7326360940933228,
-0.5687569379806519,
-1.3037017583847046,
-0.14036798477172852,
-0.3122608959674835,
-0.0016015218570828438,
-0.22912852466106415,
-0.40358108282089233,
0.01750912331044674,
-0.17767886817455292,
-0.196633443236351,
-0.8648567199707031,
0.20046231150627136,
0.2530481815338135,
0.2522698640823364,
0.04743724688887596,
0.5127487182617188,
0.38924357295036316,
-0.29082638025283813,
-0.7693650126457214,
0.00879775732755661,
-0.3878112733364105,
-0.035987067967653275,
-0.39646369218826294,
-0.1976020187139511,
-0.07016576826572418,
-0.17944972217082977,
-5.157270908355713,
0.31898435950279236,
-0.5413892269134521,
-0.4412710964679718,
0.16153979301452637,
-0.0860496461391449,
0.5567198991775513,
-0.10336045920848846,
0.21935738623142242,
-0.044392649084329605,
-0.1039847582578659,
0.05959363281726837,
-0.09937557578086853,
1.277601718902588,
0.5706802010536194,
0.2843432128429413,
0.3650519847869873,
-0.3250533640384674,
0.6924315094947815,
-0.4570322334766388,
-0.16255344450473785,
0.561744213104248,
0.004434989765286446,
0.6532964706420898,
0.284995973110199,
0.8358132243156433,
-0.3064036965370178,
-0.13345924019813538,
-0.9364812970161438,
-0.6778805255889893,
-0.9343173503875732,
-0.18383534252643585,
0.45237472653388977,
-0.015982871875166893,
0.06544312089681625,
0.096555195748806,
-0.11700662225484848,
0.694998562335968,
0.04616417735815048,
-1.1843860149383545,
0.07974851876497269,
0.7036493420600891,
0.07201642543077469,
0.027913739904761314,
0.8171105980873108,
-1.0501728057861328,
-0.5582212805747986,
-0.062411755323410034,
-0.33430394530296326,
0.9100842475891113,
0.15141646564006805,
0.20878879725933075,
0.8241866230964661,
0.4848048686981201,
-0.09249074757099152,
-0.2808540463447571,
0.5230922102928162,
-0.5476687550544739,
0.035625360906124115,
0.6364898085594177,
-0.418891578912735,
-0.1505378931760788,
-0.03761119768023491,
-1.1258682012557983,
-0.2094915360212326,
-0.2765028774738312,
-0.09379779547452927,
-0.31594642996788025,
-0.2643128037452698,
0.1322169303894043,
-0.5005033612251282,
-0.023097800090909004,
0.035150907933712006,
-1.0461713075637817,
-0.2961789667606354,
-0.5482205748558044,
-0.5226259827613831,
0.12128429114818573,
-0.2935239374637604,
0.0601922832429409,
-0.4084606170654297,
-0.24722613394260406,
-0.47269207239151,
0.9661673307418823,
0.08120900392532349,
-0.3385629951953888,
-0.3207372725009918,
-0.38194260001182556,
0.6362882852554321,
-0.561859667301178,
0.6111503839492798,
-0.44343122839927673,
0.1511142998933792,
0.03757564723491669,
-0.069290891289711,
0.3561466634273529,
-0.03935138136148453,
-0.06716524809598923,
0.3649166226387024,
-0.5611537098884583,
0.6126276254653931,
-0.13521456718444824,
0.06913536041975021,
-0.0013537431368604302,
-0.07166308909654617,
-0.646027684211731,
0.25249743461608887,
0.18752123415470123,
0.17397238314151764,
0.0059022000059485435,
-0.1410720944404602,
-0.437246710062027,
-0.49738574028015137,
-0.38612592220306396,
0.10294774174690247,
-0.89519202709198,
-0.4446362555027008,
0.7149155735969543,
0.630495548248291,
0.2748469412326813,
0.1809621900320053,
0.1525304615497589,
0.7592111229896545,
0.018196363002061844,
-0.8755805492401123,
-0.22893686592578888,
-0.2706449329853058,
0.11592227965593338,
-0.5563777685165405,
0.23908215761184692,
-0.5218466520309448,
0.44250860810279846,
0.009227752685546875,
-0.4273660182952881,
0.2842836380004883,
-0.3504864275455475,
-0.24221321940422058,
-0.48346492648124695,
0.2283957153558731,
-0.22680968046188354,
0.7795129418373108,
-0.37117093801498413,
-0.706222414970398,
0.3594004213809967,
0.0019438226008787751,
0.09248951077461243,
-0.22929665446281433,
0.04997148737311363,
-0.7494468688964844,
-0.0027187636587768793,
-0.9832606911659241,
-1.0706243515014648,
0.2905622124671936,
-0.4214304983615875,
0.1515258550643921,
0.3972792327404022,
0.11214727908372879,
0.34793806076049805,
-0.4110412299633026,
0.5280539989471436,
0.45266032218933105,
-0.4194766879081726,
-0.8801685571670532,
0.19333741068840027,
0.653252363204956,
-0.7752408385276794,
-1.1941674947738647,
-0.1564590185880661,
-0.5794209241867065,
0.3785407543182373,
0.19115054607391357,
-0.12855549156665802,
-0.5215322971343994,
-0.1592918336391449,
0.1160898432135582,
-0.6605200171470642,
0.2277323454618454,
0.9713719487190247,
-0.29589349031448364,
0.04743396118283272,
0.7462078928947449,
-0.25212377309799194,
-0.3949200510978699,
0.44959500432014465,
0.4137144684791565,
0.04492563009262085,
-0.03913801908493042,
0.07389124482870102,
-0.18789266049861908,
0.4263666272163391,
0.3323550820350647,
0.03657951578497887,
-0.06614034622907639,
-0.2889564633369446,
0.0900052860379219,
-1.5788497924804688,
0.11920766532421112,
0.24017514288425446,
-0.189020037651062,
-0.4917968809604645,
0.21014854311943054,
0.781477153301239,
-0.6628991961479187,
0.7366588115692139,
0.0730244368314743,
-0.5798815488815308,
0.39119070768356323,
0.5124424695968628,
-0.20394501090049744,
0.4605262279510498,
-1.2185709476470947,
-0.6726799011230469,
0.23024213314056396,
0.3209374248981476,
-0.7693817019462585,
-0.05944488197565079,
0.33513978123664856,
0.10974837839603424,
-0.5613664984703064,
-0.1767870932817459,
-0.3930051028728485,
-0.19022949039936066,
-0.07995399087667465,
-1.0148911476135254,
-0.5632264018058777,
0.24883374571800232,
0.3439503312110901,
-0.13932818174362183,
0.015491261146962643,
-0.9789661169052124,
-0.12758709490299225,
0.18908554315567017,
0.783254086971283,
0.09478630870580673,
0.031025715172290802,
-0.1005084440112114,
-0.07358608394861221,
0.5696943998336792,
0.16988298296928406,
0.6505411863327026,
0.6957295536994934,
0.29184505343437195,
-0.13862833380699158,
-0.3120836615562439,
-0.1869972050189972,
0.41479700803756714,
0.5024343729019165,
0.19740068912506104,
-1.6783795356750488,
0.35858219861984253,
0.17517690360546112,
-0.07737091183662415,
-0.9304443597793579,
-0.6229320168495178,
1.298648476600647,
-0.6513755321502686,
0.12485223263502121,
1.1317174434661865,
0.3594053387641907,
0.05745171383023262,
-0.46816399693489075,
-1.138319730758667,
-0.2903534471988678,
0.18434129655361176,
0.386726438999176,
0.03893357887864113,
0.03860509395599365,
-0.35750526189804077,
0.36275556683540344,
-0.29609471559524536,
-0.33079230785369873,
-0.048439934849739075,
0.9226797819137573,
-0.1736076921224594,
-0.3501106798648834,
-0.10171129554510117,
-0.1638466715812683,
0.09188450127840042,
-0.027749251574277878,
-0.20885425806045532,
-0.11639636009931564,
0.1993085891008377,
0.006656687241047621,
-0.3165595829486847,
-0.7189299464225769,
-0.8946682810783386,
0.03356531634926796,
0.0037784953601658344,
-0.33508193492889404,
0.04041557013988495,
-0.3801461458206177,
-0.7453941106796265,
0.09679586440324783,
0.12485350668430328,
0.2619275152683258,
0.2071424275636673,
-0.15086327493190765,
0.5944063663482666,
0.10239610075950623,
0.5004070997238159,
-0.5710932612419128,
0.6985060572624207,
0.06321290880441666,
-0.8172314167022705,
-0.2103634923696518,
0.3193220794200897,
0.0041482406668365,
-0.38716042041778564,
-0.07785142958164215,
0.37366554141044617,
0.06045239791274071,
-0.1240353137254715,
0.2014428675174713,
0.9598749279975891,
0.30545103549957275,
0.2071339637041092,
0.2805149257183075,
-0.8997975587844849,
-0.20568512380123138,
0.4154606759548187,
0.2376725822687149,
-0.334236204624176,
0.36176326870918274,
0.6473844647407532,
0.44391191005706787,
0.9684725999832153,
0.0560479499399662,
0.12440160661935806,
0.5090731382369995,
0.5818211436271667,
0.15612995624542236,
-0.24829068779945374,
-0.2314928025007248,
0.6969653964042664,
-0.3894406259059906,
-0.15079064667224884,
-0.08880206942558289,
-0.30626150965690613,
-0.2787816524505615,
0.46009141206741333,
1.1955293416976929,
0.5789061188697815,
-0.22000417113304138,
-0.05703539773821831,
0.42419102787971497,
0.3465436100959778,
0.08121921867132187,
0.325154185295105,
-0.12006329745054245,
-0.4709400236606598,
0.3108627200126648,
-0.20899690687656403,
-0.38529786467552185,
-0.9063714742660522,
-0.5061076283454895,
0.4219009578227997,
-0.046119481325149536,
-0.6388567686080933,
0.38010528683662415,
0.49279531836509705,
0.0026444613467901945,
-1.1072754859924316,
0.1180875226855278,
0.14502979815006256,
-0.13687023520469666,
-0.4239659011363983,
-0.2018323540687561,
-0.4294881522655487,
0.3482958674430847,
0.5133719444274902,
0.11390183120965958,
0.09613701701164246,
0.21518763899803162,
-0.1820056289434433,
-0.2532688081264496,
0.3881162703037262,
-0.2064076066017151,
0.07910887897014618,
-0.17621973156929016,
0.17630864679813385,
-0.4702983498573303,
0.41680219769477844,
-0.08165028691291809,
-0.31657111644744873,
-0.5304293632507324,
-0.4815209209918976,
0.1401251256465912,
-0.42692241072654724,
0.03384271264076233,
-0.13512249290943146,
0.49902471899986267,
-0.6834118366241455,
0.20927150547504425,
0.42128393054008484,
-0.9592753648757935,
-0.12972861528396606,
-0.07894612103700638,
-0.044263508170843124,
0.45277079939842224,
0.3044564425945282,
0.38209283351898193,
0.05859978869557381,
0.23713330924510956,
0.5901569724082947,
-0.02738919109106064,
0.7397418022155762,
-0.09182452410459518,
0.19223465025424957,
-0.19216343760490417,
-0.09750852733850479,
0.4302673637866974,
0.4633495509624481,
0.09338337182998657,
0.08393692225217819,
-0.08700112998485565,
0.5682253837585449,
0.3379957377910614,
-0.5569555759429932,
-0.13124138116836548,
0.02504388615489006,
-0.03998861461877823,
-0.7737735509872437,
0.41316333413124084,
-0.0661194920539856,
0.30280667543411255,
-0.37435317039489746,
0.34096434712409973,
0.145663782954216,
-0.049607858061790466,
0.14640174806118011,
0.03152789920568466,
0.003797067329287529,
-0.5149555802345276,
-0.018758144229650497,
-0.19003257155418396,
0.02272060513496399,
-0.012940115295350552,
0.2682912051677704,
0.6510101556777954,
-0.35105761885643005,
-0.32254424691200256,
-0.13310229778289795,
0.025843391194939613,
0.5899134278297424,
-0.4027905762195587,
0.44695141911506653,
-1.0841132402420044,
-0.6072235703468323,
-0.8018450140953064,
0.14049874246120453,
0.10153640806674957,
-0.47089123725891113,
0.8538514971733093,
-0.3145590126514435,
-0.13484430313110352,
0.15837271511554718,
0.13526944816112518,
-1.0554776191711426,
0.17432337999343872,
0.5300409197807312
] |
224190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP | JP | JP may refer to:
People
JP (musician) (born 1984), American singer–songwriter
Jayaprakash Narayan (1902–1979), Indian independence activist
Jonathan Putra (born 1982), British–American actor & television host
JP Karliak (born 1981), American actor, voice actor and comedian
JP Tokoto (born 1993), American basketball player for Hapoel Tel Aviv of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Places
Japan (ISO 3166-1 country code: JP)
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, Boston, U.S.
Arts and media
JP (album)
Jp (magazine), US jeep magazine
Jönköpings-Posten, a newspaper published in Sweden
Jurassic Park, an American media franchise
Jyllands-Posten, a newspaper published in Denmark
Science and technology
.jp, the Internet country-code top-level domain for Japan
Jackson-Pratt drain, a surgical drain
Military prefix for jet propellant fuels such as JP-4, JP-7, JP-8
"JP", Formula 3 cars built by Joe Potts
Other uses
Adria Airways (IATA code JP)
Janata Party, an Indian political party
Jubilee Party, a Kenyan political party
Justice Party, a South Korean political party
Justice of the peace, a judicial officer
See also
Jaypee (disambiguation)
JPS (disambiguation)
Jean-Pierre (disambiguation)
Jean-Pierre (given name) | [
0.4441443681716919,
0.25915098190307617,
-0.4152727425098419,
0.010943782515823841,
-0.4866006672382355,
0.440342515707016,
0.7486321330070496,
0.05343405529856682,
-0.37684130668640137,
0.031800586730241776,
-0.6781182289123535,
-0.031666044145822525,
-0.2283477485179901,
0.4108349680900574,
-0.15473727881908417,
0.18869401514530182,
0.11596748232841492,
0.8592350482940674,
-0.2612893879413605,
-0.3123813569545746,
-0.3141976594924927,
0.24118545651435852,
0.22882860898971558,
-0.18793471157550812,
0.019924329593777657,
0.2756638824939728,
-0.1393461972475052,
0.034042444080114365,
-0.18517091870307922,
-0.09736014157533646,
-0.3375336229801178,
0.29117533564567566,
0.21702469885349274,
0.36299756169319153,
0.31564533710479736,
-0.12343227118253708,
-0.4667547047138214,
0.10603538900613785,
0.37141335010528564,
0.09937877953052521,
0.39290469884872437,
-0.23648513853549957,
0.20423278212547302,
0.22441749274730682,
-0.6479288339614868,
-0.4718560576438904,
-1.8490043878555298,
0.18868720531463623,
-0.756962776184082,
0.05636736750602722,
0.4811495840549469,
-0.04107626900076866,
0.11048897355794907,
0.3720003068447113,
-0.24579861760139465,
0.3128143846988678,
-0.06549964100122452,
-0.693360447883606,
0.352891206741333,
-0.355703741312027,
0.7853056788444519,
-0.29340535402297974,
-0.17032313346862793,
0.08915037661790848,
0.24355073273181915,
0.584442675113678,
0.3950502574443817,
0.26393112540245056,
-0.39004114270210266,
-0.3715988099575043,
0.08633021265268326,
-0.21253643929958344,
-0.03941178321838379,
0.25620511174201965,
-0.6756641864776611,
-0.6024147272109985,
0.0033222229685634375,
0.07953803241252899,
-0.31099075078964233,
0.2989000380039215,
-0.1711500734090805,
-0.27938205003738403,
0.405785471200943,
0.19037456810474396,
0.21989144384860992,
0.0926147922873497,
-0.28480270504951477,
0.04647459462285042,
-0.5915820002555847,
0.3379212021827698,
0.2763286828994751,
0.3926168382167816,
0.036273449659347534,
0.07612345367670059,
-0.5378490686416626,
-0.26855912804603577,
-0.16122792661190033,
0.1666157990694046,
0.570527195930481,
-0.31132081151008606,
-0.4816455841064453,
-0.12718766927719116,
0.4677227735519409,
0.18046870827674866,
-0.5021835565567017,
-0.20511746406555176,
-0.1682620495557785,
-0.020579257979989052,
-0.08394190669059753,
-0.061290111392736435,
0.39461806416511536,
0.1357463300228119,
0.19540280103683472,
0.09234971553087234,
-0.2053317278623581,
0.16702327132225037,
0.05204910784959793,
-0.6671984791755676,
-0.45709264278411865,
0.0688474252820015,
0.09003491699695587,
0.46455174684524536,
0.07802460342645645,
0.16030405461788177,
0.18751811981201172,
0.21035732328891754,
0.5900905132293701,
0.2421562522649765,
0.2644268274307251,
0.11470922827720642,
0.08674705773591995,
0.595673143863678,
0.00711428327485919,
0.18479491770267487,
0.17716701328754425,
-0.30862846970558167,
-0.31956207752227783,
0.022236689925193787,
0.020310912281274796,
-0.42623820900917053,
-0.4440600872039795,
-0.1448705792427063,
-0.45311418175697327,
-0.15652811527252197,
0.4044133424758911,
0.07742445915937424,
-0.7645854353904724,
-0.3314848840236664,
-0.29160377383232117,
-0.29733824729919434,
-0.20440712571144104,
0.39255186915397644,
0.06796010583639145,
-0.07527615875005722,
-0.45785704255104065,
0.36569586396217346,
0.35360464453697205,
-0.06027214601635933,
0.15773198008537292,
0.30397868156433105,
-0.3543781340122223,
0.19752293825149536,
-0.34310632944107056,
-0.23491379618644714,
-0.12016385048627853,
-0.4246819317340851,
0.6074120402336121,
0.11146616190671921,
-0.625579833984375,
0.11885683238506317,
-0.5033172369003296,
-0.712400496006012,
-0.23346036672592163,
0.1398143768310547,
-0.32843607664108276,
-0.10140930116176605,
0.6414611339569092,
0.0034395509865134954,
0.3748224377632141,
0.039360225200653076,
-0.670239269733429,
0.24103227257728577,
-0.19219793379306793,
-0.42988455295562744,
0.31957364082336426,
0.21853546798229218,
-0.05523034557700157,
0.159493550658226,
0.24840784072875977,
0.04420103877782822,
-0.2556084096431732,
-0.5151859521865845,
-0.12173072248697281,
-0.25625479221343994,
0.8421509265899658,
0.06053795665502548,
-0.42637673020362854,
0.8885713815689087,
0.5692323446273804,
0.7908958196640015,
-0.26840683817863464,
-0.017194384709000587,
0.15491649508476257,
-0.374865859746933,
-0.394509494304657,
0.21440982818603516,
1.0595192909240723,
0.34602925181388855,
0.31675466895103455,
-0.009452198632061481,
0.0700472965836525,
-0.040432289242744446,
0.12806770205497742,
-0.6519753932952881,
-0.08105477690696716,
-0.27077794075012207,
-0.4343332350254059,
0.006423166021704674,
-0.02538665011525154,
-0.595009982585907,
1.017767071723938,
-0.44151556491851807,
0.19746902585029602,
0.40480169653892517,
0.32338157296180725,
1.5604729652404785,
0.4057251513004303,
0.15450386703014374,
0.24053643643856049,
-0.559647262096405,
0.6162961721420288,
-0.19494619965553284,
-0.1763077974319458,
-0.19831638038158417,
-0.5164077281951904,
0.1245354637503624,
0.5354770421981812,
-0.3453289866447449,
0.15484939515590668,
-0.08096741139888763,
-0.07476942986249924,
0.44056519865989685,
-0.07094170898199081,
-0.33299940824508667,
0.4116620719432831,
-0.20452746748924255,
0.014301441609859467,
-0.3664191663265228,
-0.14103476703166962,
0.12670333683490753,
0.1543211042881012,
0.015570368617773056,
-0.07162359356880188,
0.025956232100725174,
0.14880578219890594,
-0.17415611445903778,
0.03109363093972206,
0.27349260449409485,
-0.054244715720415115,
-0.06795215606689453,
-0.9429465532302856,
0.10508421808481216,
0.15018528699874878,
-0.0926983505487442,
-0.2067423164844513,
-0.06683435291051865,
0.21622730791568756,
-0.3193454146385193,
0.4822927415370941,
0.30222517251968384,
0.12780682742595673,
0.18124832212924957,
-0.14578890800476074,
0.33080288767814636,
-0.08351892977952957,
-0.19751965999603271,
0.037966642528772354,
0.3248264789581299,
-0.4437939524650574,
-0.9193475842475891,
0.06072303652763367,
0.364948034286499,
-0.1995847076177597,
-0.6443523168563843,
0.04772644117474556,
-0.1254730373620987,
-0.4038316607475281,
-0.4332039952278137,
-0.20744995772838593,
0.3545795977115631,
0.042651865631341934,
0.4474548399448395,
-0.10748942941427231,
-0.13246983289718628,
0.5586454272270203,
0.1727040410041809,
0.3192937672138214,
-0.20105257630348206,
-0.30244067311286926,
-0.3042397201061249,
-0.44125500321388245,
0.16959407925605774,
-0.6659605503082275,
-0.21939754486083984,
0.733683168888092,
0.184255450963974,
0.02580290101468563,
-0.04971220716834068,
-6.041871547698975,
0.023731457069516182,
-0.2412942498922348,
0.13916882872581482,
0.4550073742866516,
-0.052624329924583435,
0.8098631501197815,
-0.3576251268386841,
-0.011190764605998993,
-0.0629991814494133,
0.005110282450914383,
0.25331345200538635,
0.20965251326560974,
0.2270270586013794,
0.05214089900255203,
0.31436312198638916,
0.681115984916687,
0.24467214941978455,
0.08463200181722641,
0.17718371748924255,
-0.0814729705452919,
0.3128201961517334,
-0.01247877161949873,
0.7464138269424438,
0.16133402287960052,
0.11477579176425934,
-0.07449232041835785,
0.35916775465011597,
-0.5545685291290283,
-0.48216021060943604,
-0.31212788820266724,
-0.12990601360797882,
0.40994003415107727,
0.2831368148326874,
-0.20567239820957184,
-0.16318325698375702,
0.5130279660224915,
0.031011328101158142,
0.15735378861427307,
-0.18131697177886963,
-0.01652432233095169,
0.32065796852111816,
-0.2744044363498688,
-0.4481496512889862,
-0.11528243869543076,
-0.42526939511299133,
-0.7772273421287537,
0.04208458587527275,
-0.04469642415642738,
-0.072061687707901,
0.13710445165634155,
-0.07306011021137238,
0.31569361686706543,
0.1950279027223587,
0.2540321350097656,
-0.21934553980827332,
0.7478527426719666,
0.580118715763092,
-0.19584640860557556,
-0.06819172203540802,
0.8822554349899292,
-0.14766734838485718,
0.006537829991430044,
-0.7687807083129883,
-0.22663182020187378,
-0.4131135046482086,
-0.08480288833379745,
-0.3420771062374115,
0.025804361328482628,
0.4278012216091156,
-0.6263986229896545,
-0.20749728381633759,
-0.10331054776906967,
-0.9912680983543396,
-0.11985119432210922,
-0.14797180891036987,
0.005720232613384724,
0.16690997779369354,
-1.1407406330108643,
0.6130066514015198,
-0.058952510356903076,
0.06901797652244568,
-0.11456101387739182,
0.22140558063983917,
0.06411124765872955,
-0.389436274766922,
-0.13317419588565826,
0.2856464385986328,
-0.008333936333656311,
-0.21229057013988495,
0.5357199907302856,
-0.25272148847579956,
0.3806561231613159,
0.380119651556015,
0.3119331896305084,
0.3449038565158844,
0.30782780051231384,
0.11216643452644348,
-0.044267646968364716,
-0.3495187759399414,
-0.26282423734664917,
-0.13185559213161469,
-0.3138114809989929,
-0.4160171151161194,
0.319316029548645,
-0.05678887292742729,
-0.10306837409734726,
0.1950063705444336,
0.38088709115982056,
0.26579752564430237,
0.08834756910800934,
0.003676029620692134,
-0.12037559598684311,
-0.5437930822372437,
0.3936779201030731,
-0.08100800216197968,
-0.24636787176132202,
0.25672510266304016,
0.3594379723072052,
0.16354906558990479,
-0.03291025757789612,
0.6667992472648621,
-0.3946496844291687,
0.3666474223136902,
0.10412655770778656,
-0.1597689986228943,
-0.6435149312019348,
-0.028555380180478096,
-0.06662287563085556,
0.17628635466098785,
0.5878220796585083,
0.5798308849334717,
0.5591471791267395,
0.2929252088069916,
0.12670136988162994,
-0.021591786295175552,
-0.2689867317676544,
-0.5516325831413269,
-0.16023772954940796,
-0.32663989067077637,
0.5617601275444031,
-0.07002822309732437,
-0.37007007002830505,
0.6465054154396057,
0.3333415985107422,
0.23619888722896576,
-0.5097169876098633,
-0.20951960980892181,
0.0013504759408533573,
0.1742711216211319,
0.20875237882137299,
-0.7666334509849548,
0.681792676448822,
0.2953574061393738,
-0.5254254341125488,
-0.5654930472373962,
-0.6077451705932617,
0.2073976993560791,
-0.22994740307331085,
-0.07580406218767166,
0.5017817616462708,
-0.3538424074649811,
-0.8286100625991821,
-0.37744662165641785,
0.10821690410375595,
-0.44922760128974915,
0.5431764721870422,
-0.15402083098888397,
0.11287999153137207,
0.46176964044570923,
0.4275127947330475,
0.07115859538316727,
-0.1717289537191391,
-0.21871663630008698,
0.04324965924024582,
0.1639268696308136,
0.8157675266265869,
0.5612452626228333,
-0.07381606847047806,
0.09306900203227997,
0.3660614490509033,
0.06245549023151398,
0.0928635448217392,
0.3049720525741577,
0.37640661001205444,
-0.09562402218580246,
0.5058178901672363,
-0.059951018542051315,
-0.4028930366039276,
-0.22245968878269196,
-0.1824246495962143,
-0.045097071677446365,
0.6134776473045349,
0.3717809021472931,
-0.08112626522779465,
-0.7762383818626404,
0.8460217118263245,
0.32968276739120483,
-0.22010467946529388,
0.17634299397468567,
-0.08436360210180283,
0.33906057476997375,
-0.4972309470176697,
-0.206803098320961,
0.20582786202430725,
-0.63205885887146,
-0.31304246187210083,
0.1294984519481659,
0.12150851637125015,
-0.22062192857265472,
-0.26432639360427856,
-0.2158023864030838,
0.32880839705467224,
-0.3959513306617737,
-0.29274094104766846,
0.08158241957426071,
0.36607977747917175,
0.2014584094285965,
0.10828296095132828,
-1.1716103553771973,
-0.25928449630737305,
0.3610800504684448,
-0.5038117170333862,
-0.24300630390644073,
0.19466611742973328,
0.6814070343971252,
0.1077577993273735,
-0.4614308476448059,
0.10637766122817993,
-0.3430204391479492,
-0.6427251100540161,
0.08504007756710052,
-0.2966497540473938,
0.4573500156402588,
-0.5058027505874634,
-0.2103642374277115,
0.22411778569221497,
0.31164783239364624,
0.5204042196273804,
0.19687749445438385,
-0.12684014439582825,
0.3251502811908722,
0.18159952759742737,
-0.5060173273086548,
-0.5347304940223694,
0.6924698352813721,
0.12141264230012894,
-0.12108748406171799,
-0.540233314037323,
0.5108884572982788,
0.08385487645864487,
-0.1582030951976776,
-0.5398679375648499,
-0.1500667929649353,
0.49366283416748047,
-0.15068881213665009,
-0.34068894386291504,
-0.0213063582777977,
0.012726200744509697,
0.25530126690864563,
-0.3003525137901306,
-0.3291572630405426,
-0.03882571682333946,
-0.0626450926065445,
-0.4764048457145691,
0.37115010619163513,
-0.4977366328239441,
-0.25792014598846436,
-0.20547731220722198,
-0.5300342440605164,
-0.5518126487731934,
0.6102273464202881,
-0.07533146440982819,
0.4324398636817932,
0.01353909820318222,
0.017197594046592712,
0.015530651435256004,
-0.17362014949321747,
-0.37375593185424805,
-0.517405092716217,
-0.4123115539550781,
-0.21366430819034576,
0.16619719564914703,
-0.42259517312049866,
0.5015681982040405,
-0.6829445958137512,
0.2492920458316803,
-0.10025431960821152,
-0.4707503318786621,
-0.08932469040155411,
-0.4773026704788208,
0.1206500232219696,
-0.02193537726998329,
0.22548508644104004,
-0.7437869310379028,
-0.04664267227053642,
0.27947676181793213,
0.3912746012210846,
-0.4263327121734619,
-0.5888567566871643,
-0.33445245027542114,
0.30372485518455505,
0.515400230884552,
-0.1578458696603775,
0.28310146927833557,
0.38828957080841064,
0.11621768027544022,
-0.678338348865509,
-0.037690769881010056,
0.08058341592550278,
-0.009847412817180157,
-0.06613974273204803,
0.8089004755020142,
0.6449499726295471,
-0.012034809216856956,
0.4101661443710327,
0.15703292191028595,
-0.8769495487213135,
0.13851730525493622,
-0.32621505856513977,
0.3063123822212219,
-0.5714887380599976,
0.49170228838920593,
-0.04021577537059784,
-0.0397648811340332,
0.5452150106430054,
-0.09169989824295044,
-0.028127875179052353,
0.39611297845840454,
0.4263753592967987,
0.715175986289978,
-0.4317101836204529,
-0.5495550036430359,
-0.23441365361213684,
0.14102688431739807,
-0.5059979557991028,
-0.16203992068767548,
-0.5246888995170593,
-0.3540722727775574,
0.20475037395954132,
0.25049617886543274,
0.7406262755393982,
-0.31493616104125977,
-0.2210988998413086,
0.029096199199557304,
0.14633336663246155,
0.1126866266131401,
0.2537195384502411,
-0.07148969918489456,
0.15349529683589935,
0.14120368659496307,
0.3905695676803589,
-0.39792531728744507,
0.10024357587099075,
0.30000391602516174,
0.010945843532681465,
-0.4023345410823822,
-0.4555489420890808,
0.12236598134040833,
0.1868118792772293,
0.20812802016735077,
0.024847816675901413,
0.3802497684955597,
0.2166968137025833,
-0.16118131577968597,
-0.5849046111106873,
-0.04587581008672714,
-0.22158367931842804,
0.023185227066278458,
0.03888098523020744,
0.017031123861670494,
0.4632014334201813,
-0.45813488960266113,
0.19267892837524414,
0.39357051253318787,
0.12521211802959442,
0.4852917194366455,
-0.19361023604869843,
-0.3228777348995209,
-0.30456122756004333,
-0.29251110553741455,
-0.14243720471858978,
-0.2626030743122101,
-0.7484421730041504,
0.48959770798683167,
0.1946837157011032,
-0.31719377636909485,
0.3931966722011566,
-0.5705860257148743,
0.1078527569770813,
0.028026269748806953,
-0.10009240359067917,
0.12050320208072662,
0.1530066281557083,
-0.25768789649009705,
0.17645356059074402,
-0.5372228622436523,
0.4119248390197754,
0.895651638507843,
0.16432659327983856,
0.13111308217048645,
0.0229263287037611,
0.2608994245529175,
0.260788232088089,
-0.2849165201187134,
-0.16527564823627472,
-0.7051018476486206,
-0.13077755272388458,
-0.7313037514686584,
0.4299294054508209,
0.6240552067756653,
-0.13872109353542328,
0.144515722990036,
0.28548958897590637,
0.19889770448207855,
0.10969957709312439,
0.8271095752716064,
-0.02726193703711033,
0.013445240445435047,
0.19093279540538788,
-0.032003287225961685,
-0.2921130955219269,
0.18868465721607208,
0.4379745125770569,
-0.17548877000808716,
0.00010870689584407955,
0.5122388601303101,
-0.20635248720645905,
-0.9254612922668457,
0.029986761510372162,
-0.2082640677690506,
0.20327985286712646,
-0.14969713985919952,
0.4327857494354248,
-0.3730418086051941,
-0.4195607602596283,
0.17386029660701752,
0.8198958039283752,
0.1549113392829895,
-0.6812872886657715,
-0.009666903875768185,
0.022111404687166214,
-0.13710710406303406,
0.31641682982444763,
0.10776315629482269,
0.38193732500076294,
-0.19171305000782013,
-0.47892001271247864,
-0.5446062088012695,
0.3919234573841095,
0.13782842457294464,
-0.06172060966491699,
0.24765077233314514,
0.2737521231174469,
0.0042661027982831,
-0.021923795342445374,
0.11524996906518936,
0.14482106268405914,
0.4647870659828186,
-0.2580082416534424
] |
224192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In | In | IN, In or in may refer to:
Places
India (country code IN)
Indiana, United States (postal code IN)
Ingolstadt, Germany (license plate code IN)
Businesses and organizations
Independent Network, a UK-based political association
Indiana Northeastern Railroad (Association of American Railroads reporting mark)
Indian Navy, a part of the India military
Infantry, the branch of a military force that fights on foot
MAT Macedonian Airlines (IATA designator IN)
Nam Air (IATA designator IN)
Science and technology
.in, the internet top-level domain of India
Inch (in), a unit of length
Indium (symbol In), a chemical element with atomic number 49
Intelligent Network, a telecommunication network standard
Intra-nasal (insufflation), a method of administrating some medications and vaccines
Integrase, a retroviral enzyme
Other uses
In (album), by the Outsiders, 1967
In (Korean name), a family name and an element in given names
"In", an episode of Minder
Imperishable Night, the eighth official game in the Japanese Touhou series
Indonesian language (former ISO 639-1 language code; "id" used since November 3, 1989)
In Nomine, a title given to any of numerous short pieces of English polyphonic instrumental or vocal music during the 16th and 17th centuries
See also
Inn (disambiguation)
INS | [
0.14867271482944489,
0.15729448199272156,
0.051737431436777115,
0.15150830149650574,
0.12011326849460602,
0.3869589567184448,
0.11759801208972931,
0.3373848795890808,
-0.5183758735656738,
-0.029262371361255646,
-0.505725085735321,
-0.5505475401878357,
-0.44125545024871826,
0.518253743648529,
0.30182990431785583,
0.49502813816070557,
0.36955031752586365,
0.5433152914047241,
-0.2583279609680176,
-0.2365238517522812,
-0.16388462483882904,
0.1198391318321228,
0.2856503129005432,
0.24229289591312408,
0.38798242807388306,
-0.11699509620666504,
-0.19538626074790955,
-0.3656165599822998,
-0.2613815665245056,
-0.09249301999807358,
0.16233952343463898,
0.17291298508644104,
-0.04040525481104851,
0.5062481164932251,
0.01692642830312252,
-0.45677685737609863,
-0.3813284635543823,
-0.5021487474441528,
0.034279804676771164,
-0.33998483419418335,
-0.2606813609600067,
-0.7028046250343323,
0.40477949380874634,
-0.07438373565673828,
-0.4179545044898987,
-0.6231382489204407,
-1.7475818395614624,
0.6654338836669922,
-0.39823833107948303,
0.7160098552703857,
0.03890682011842728,
-0.06682506203651428,
0.22701281309127808,
0.4495675563812256,
-0.03067091666162014,
0.6456834673881531,
0.05298282206058502,
-0.37987759709358215,
0.3708382546901703,
-0.7391915917396545,
0.9766930937767029,
0.0425853431224823,
-0.3286544978618622,
0.0008950528572313488,
0.5109710097312927,
0.5833669900894165,
-0.012591077014803886,
-0.18119677901268005,
-0.23866938054561615,
-0.48877349495887756,
-0.5032097697257996,
-0.2174769937992096,
-0.358329176902771,
0.09995461255311966,
-0.09955942630767822,
-0.07214494794607162,
-0.15644456446170807,
0.38206055760383606,
-0.3061027228832245,
0.29273372888565063,
-0.4832105040550232,
-0.24649055302143097,
0.34135952591896057,
-0.3598938286304474,
0.5871192216873169,
-0.1244993731379509,
-1.1626372337341309,
0.04164404422044754,
0.01724664308130741,
-0.013406387530267239,
0.4542069733142853,
-0.0712280347943306,
0.5350620150566101,
0.36797744035720825,
-0.29591718316078186,
0.09080580621957779,
0.1522459238767624,
-0.27236703038215637,
0.4674484133720398,
-0.13646751642227173,
-0.5558684468269348,
-0.3716909885406494,
0.3749099373817444,
0.33240652084350586,
-0.4451638162136078,
-0.2029217928647995,
-0.4056798219680786,
0.2106136530637741,
0.7145569920539856,
-0.02384861372411251,
-0.3761938214302063,
-0.21909518539905548,
0.3015825152397156,
-0.09365475177764893,
-0.08758962899446487,
-0.2223748117685318,
-0.028393536806106567,
0.07344681769609451,
-0.09017626196146011,
-0.2914360761642456,
-0.34090572595596313,
0.7183936238288879,
0.4579046666622162,
0.2872545123100281,
0.6737704873085022,
0.23753949999809265,
0.2259223610162735,
0.34057143330574036,
-0.49246594309806824,
0.3214297294616699,
-0.4655449688434601,
0.381334125995636,
-0.01425183191895485,
0.4269747734069824,
0.13535702228546143,
-0.43033602833747864,
-0.41556262969970703,
-0.09614913165569305,
0.5668473243713379,
0.2140756994485855,
-0.7769759893417358,
0.06711246073246002,
-0.32297489047050476,
-0.1600324809551239,
0.20065422356128693,
-0.3892916738986969,
-0.32530689239501953,
-0.24507860839366913,
-0.1759326159954071,
-0.10768058896064758,
0.20763179659843445,
-0.03389783576130867,
-0.09275984764099121,
0.23098637163639069,
-0.27790766954421997,
0.16933536529541016,
0.2667335569858551,
0.18575289845466614,
0.3208255171775818,
0.06308908015489578,
-0.018340731039643288,
0.2715170979499817,
0.06641016900539398,
0.025398481637239456,
-0.14116765558719635,
-0.2650660574436188,
0.047553811222314835,
0.13457584381103516,
-0.016473326832056046,
0.3870929181575775,
-0.2693415880203247,
-0.4969039261341095,
0.766204297542572,
0.16094645857810974,
-0.4360552728176117,
-0.21642079949378967,
0.1424093395471573,
-0.1876438856124878,
0.17160609364509583,
0.1571868509054184,
-0.47741782665252686,
0.0899987742304802,
-0.3825169503688812,
-0.3368978798389435,
-0.2492426633834839,
0.028807170689105988,
0.09301681071519852,
0.0036154615227133036,
0.019096748903393745,
-0.11184699833393097,
0.37242743372917175,
-0.6009067893028259,
-0.49880287051200867,
-0.9178732633590698,
0.63776695728302,
-0.5264972448348999,
-0.3054457902908325,
0.7736784219741821,
0.18446388840675354,
0.28448572754859924,
-0.12450218945741653,
-0.09223205596208572,
0.5798048973083496,
0.03141830861568451,
-0.1125582829117775,
0.7091172933578491,
0.22979280352592468,
0.24550504982471466,
0.14792418479919434,
0.179306760430336,
0.4542911648750305,
-0.17931407690048218,
0.5432241559028625,
-0.5793334245681763,
0.5323252081871033,
-0.5706035494804382,
-0.3718752861022949,
-0.13487429916858673,
0.08343413472175598,
0.19367896020412445,
1.2617735862731934,
-0.5604258179664612,
0.14759743213653564,
0.4887368679046631,
-0.17929188907146454,
0.488665372133255,
-0.15902936458587646,
0.44112062454223633,
0.2279907912015915,
-0.44757673144340515,
0.30814477801322937,
-0.7467549443244934,
0.2119649350643158,
-0.23025618493556976,
-0.45149070024490356,
-0.13038070499897003,
0.49458014965057373,
0.05966965854167938,
0.974592924118042,
-0.24810965359210968,
-0.32522082328796387,
0.5070894956588745,
0.1819184571504593,
-0.05253800377249718,
0.24382427334785461,
-0.1341487020254135,
0.03503391519188881,
-0.9240339398384094,
0.1357559710741043,
0.008925380185246468,
0.22965484857559204,
0.0730733647942543,
-0.24968737363815308,
-0.18332675099372864,
0.10362847149372101,
-0.41016802191734314,
0.08500640094280243,
0.2519252896308899,
0.30075952410697937,
0.08689574897289276,
-0.3725959062576294,
-0.02844359166920185,
0.10665552318096161,
0.23047436773777008,
-0.34405627846717834,
0.11250916123390198,
-0.5076966285705566,
-0.4292500615119934,
0.5464716553688049,
0.5865824222564697,
0.46427232027053833,
0.344770222902298,
-0.25444504618644714,
-0.1758205145597458,
-0.2670094072818756,
0.16366058588027954,
0.24412550032138824,
0.6404885649681091,
-0.456034392118454,
-0.45373472571372986,
-0.26772239804267883,
-0.3652409613132477,
0.3496645987033844,
-0.6713292002677917,
0.3087221384048462,
-0.44616085290908813,
0.043444979935884476,
-0.3579593598842621,
-0.564387857913971,
0.09126252681016922,
0.2537219226360321,
0.08227784186601639,
0.12656176090240479,
0.06368400156497955,
0.6184806227684021,
-0.013190710917115211,
0.0019550337456166744,
0.3019421100616455,
0.10916349291801453,
-0.6167198419570923,
-0.5745953917503357,
0.42537352442741394,
-0.3743228316307068,
0.0032420754432678223,
0.21613872051239014,
-0.30412721633911133,
-0.0831485316157341,
-0.11551076173782349,
-6.061609745025635,
0.31401365995407104,
-0.3326743245124817,
-0.27804237604141235,
-0.13094523549079895,
-0.04005022346973419,
0.6713203191757202,
0.0725245252251625,
0.0011983233271166682,
-0.22466285526752472,
0.1555989682674408,
0.08272147178649902,
-0.04000227153301239,
0.01678183302283287,
-0.28555992245674133,
0.40005940198898315,
0.09117913991212845,
0.4431179165840149,
-0.37005615234375,
0.26817142963409424,
0.21711789071559906,
0.4048989713191986,
0.3374626040458679,
0.6536197662353516,
0.6174294948577881,
-0.006029718555510044,
-0.6053027510643005,
0.1691277027130127,
-0.25255611538887024,
-0.2718546986579895,
-0.11239684373140335,
0.17316196858882904,
0.06538750231266022,
-0.07631240785121918,
0.005690279882401228,
0.2388881891965866,
0.5413366556167603,
-0.12085629999637604,
0.3417086601257324,
-0.07016751170158386,
-0.5644032955169678,
0.8746436238288879,
0.29599428176879883,
-0.6437432765960693,
0.057637009769678116,
-0.035171058028936386,
-0.44070595502853394,
-0.0029250208754092455,
-0.3833502233028412,
0.418760746717453,
-0.3467003405094147,
0.002203257754445076,
0.42623382806777954,
0.5080996751785278,
0.14511330425739288,
0.15082506835460663,
0.3853904902935028,
0.4045025408267975,
-0.20712296664714813,
-0.06549812853336334,
0.27854055166244507,
-0.1010436937212944,
-0.5359793901443481,
-0.8302120566368103,
0.262528657913208,
-0.5011257529258728,
-0.5423668026924133,
-0.027710990980267525,
0.3574909567832947,
0.4872465133666992,
-0.37053734064102173,
-0.09216959774494171,
0.45992016792297363,
-0.8048274517059326,
0.06800458580255508,
-0.7181234955787659,
0.15632596611976624,
-0.11422646045684814,
-0.2493649274110794,
0.37420758605003357,
-0.49245744943618774,
0.2706083357334137,
0.0514027401804924,
0.19983164966106415,
-0.09972032904624939,
-0.22262811660766602,
-0.4026469588279724,
-0.5801406502723694,
-0.13098056614398956,
-0.2306889444589615,
0.7382457852363586,
-0.35342711210250854,
0.3301332890987396,
-0.26930201053619385,
0.1760147213935852,
0.24755948781967163,
0.33911627531051636,
-0.2554645836353302,
0.01849767565727234,
-0.5030629634857178,
0.5905643105506897,
-0.36732473969459534,
-0.3078363239765167,
-0.28894901275634766,
-0.14045950770378113,
-0.05038851127028465,
-0.3697236180305481,
0.3885011672973633,
0.9887784123420715,
-0.6091187596321106,
-0.3807401657104492,
0.03882209211587906,
-0.7984812259674072,
-0.7243809103965759,
0.06498795002698898,
-0.052394799888134,
-0.13721255958080292,
-0.04480625316500664,
0.37530869245529175,
-0.16909025609493256,
0.06952415406703949,
0.2175908237695694,
-0.13050997257232666,
0.36507338285446167,
-0.445703387260437,
-0.09234840422868729,
-0.3241947889328003,
-0.17840345203876495,
0.3350490629673004,
0.3558864891529083,
0.1690852791070938,
0.4140259027481079,
0.05815238505601883,
-0.08855212479829788,
-0.042351797223091125,
0.059334587305784225,
0.30062153935432434,
0.37485525012016296,
0.1103566363453865,
-0.5008161067962646,
0.2769051492214203,
-0.13329996168613434,
-0.2091996818780899,
0.0819992870092392,
0.20958757400512695,
0.2230493426322937,
-0.4139315187931061,
-0.29556477069854736,
-0.150678813457489,
0.055476848036050797,
0.30242639780044556,
-0.5554962754249573,
0.6043775081634521,
0.17687596380710602,
-0.12267541885375977,
-0.4097536504268646,
-0.07671545445919037,
0.4024195373058319,
-0.44935300946235657,
-0.029724914580583572,
0.6019846796989441,
0.13613355159759521,
-0.2577556371688843,
-0.019072802737355232,
0.3375379145145416,
-0.13915663957595825,
0.13002003729343414,
-0.2127121388912201,
0.004489108920097351,
0.6740405559539795,
0.7042732238769531,
-0.34215247631073,
-0.3122934103012085,
-0.2734590768814087,
-0.10267610102891922,
-0.10601724684238434,
0.06493531167507172,
0.20588473975658417,
0.1542254090309143,
0.46595391631126404,
0.3528422713279724,
-0.8067551255226135,
-0.3002443015575409,
0.8248932361602783,
0.2514076232910156,
-0.09962204098701477,
0.2456960380077362,
-0.06171078234910965,
0.42363104224205017,
-0.05002636834979057,
-0.049249909818172455,
-0.26314622163772583,
0.2815980911254883,
-0.18124984204769135,
-0.1746341586112976,
-0.22501498460769653,
-0.2384304404258728,
0.2273540049791336,
-0.7693111300468445,
0.03901134058833122,
0.2806684374809265,
-0.34347352385520935,
-0.6136757731437683,
-0.10998109728097916,
-0.07074188441038132,
-0.2961796820163727,
0.5534785985946655,
-0.45598283410072327,
-0.1747322380542755,
-0.6421502828598022,
-0.32520729303359985,
-0.31176382303237915,
0.23034946620464325,
0.26180851459503174,
-0.12984612584114075,
0.46409767866134644,
0.02674739807844162,
-0.01879200153052807,
-0.5852866172790527,
-0.6396501064300537,
0.32527628540992737,
0.13749654591083527,
0.0637984350323677,
-0.3208121061325073,
0.09767790883779526,
0.39780768752098083,
0.054978203028440475,
-0.4175194501876831,
0.5223830938339233,
-0.10491394251585007,
-0.43309953808784485,
0.03409363701939583,
-0.13975194096565247,
0.4267553687095642,
-0.015473081730306149,
-0.43406614661216736,
-0.2055959403514862,
-0.8419070243835449,
0.12219714373350143,
0.45375296473503113,
0.017022181302309036,
0.3833828568458557,
0.08708570897579193,
-0.5143371820449829,
-0.4178134500980377,
0.6413681507110596,
0.1605299562215805,
-0.32790347933769226,
-0.6361088156700134,
0.4924664795398712,
0.004843003116548061,
-0.19434714317321777,
-0.29474660754203796,
-0.3869507610797882,
0.5771416425704956,
0.2714823782444,
0.0949096754193306,
0.3639344573020935,
-0.06528814882040024,
0.44576185941696167,
-0.2749567925930023,
-0.49434956908226013,
-0.2520124018192291,
0.09085123986005783,
-0.35943901538848877,
0.046639520674943924,
-0.6992635130882263,
0.09387018531560898,
-0.16952349245548248,
-0.4193195402622223,
-0.4154350161552429,
0.0588885098695755,
1.0838048458099365,
-0.2172510176897049,
0.7978051900863647,
-0.051331765949726105,
-0.16955448687076569,
0.057732656598091125,
0.04977380856871605,
-0.044023092836141586,
-0.49665799736976624,
-0.31198617815971375,
0.18292605876922607,
0.041750986129045486,
0.8657388091087341,
-0.24953944981098175,
0.06976606696844101,
0.2856457829475403,
-0.6289122700691223,
-0.03816834092140198,
-0.036575984209775925,
-0.11031423509120941,
-0.3951767385005951,
0.3683902621269226,
-0.14708158373832703,
-0.24837331473827362,
0.34775689244270325,
0.4806884229183197,
0.5567905902862549,
-0.4021594226360321,
-0.4574233591556549,
0.4134300649166107,
0.19818788766860962,
-0.3726837635040283,
-0.06148959696292877,
0.12346813827753067,
0.16915464401245117,
-0.3463396430015564,
0.38100919127464294,
-0.47495386004447937,
0.47736498713493347,
-0.23897869884967804,
0.7714982032775879,
0.7491168975830078,
-0.08108516782522202,
-0.05952169746160507,
0.2622622847557068,
-0.6770116686820984,
0.07342155277729034,
-0.08431268483400345,
0.27484676241874695,
-0.5091280341148376,
0.2481977641582489,
0.05397218465805054,
-0.17997078597545624,
0.33332526683807373,
0.09045764803886414,
-0.22068186104297638,
-0.019531140103936195,
0.6254291534423828,
0.6166963577270508,
-0.16025756299495697,
-0.012312160804867744,
-0.1980050951242447,
-0.31489717960357666,
-0.6622247695922852,
0.025899020954966545,
-0.5595104098320007,
-0.3463872969150543,
0.48588669300079346,
0.17754030227661133,
0.5928027033805847,
-0.3290785849094391,
0.2175513654947281,
0.07285264879465103,
0.1849481463432312,
0.06968191266059875,
0.21071191132068634,
-0.4748959243297577,
-0.014665024355053902,
0.12209657579660416,
0.14869345724582672,
-0.1602349579334259,
0.32671645283699036,
-0.45107337832450867,
-0.1761733591556549,
-0.12988297641277313,
-0.5267518162727356,
0.19067513942718506,
-0.4055369198322296,
0.5235514640808105,
0.31327393651008606,
0.4921035170555115,
-0.06495694816112518,
-0.06943127512931824,
-0.20729410648345947,
0.1870707869529724,
-0.31925836205482483,
-0.14199446141719818,
-0.41071003675460815,
0.31929880380630493,
0.5148593783378601,
-0.50334632396698,
-0.38279587030410767,
-0.042719338089227676,
0.5105248093605042,
0.2700311243534088,
0.36950811743736267,
-0.06011808663606644,
0.013106042519211769,
-0.16384559869766235,
-0.3410347104072571,
-0.3946419060230255,
-0.745195209980011,
0.3909715414047241,
-0.10042902827262878,
0.3164898753166199,
0.4835619628429413,
-0.6895950436592102,
0.3958013355731964,
-0.04636983945965767,
-0.5403030514717102,
0.1759847104549408,
-0.20805934071540833,
0.0849849060177803,
-0.24001263082027435,
-0.3130795359611511,
0.8106841444969177,
0.6250396370887756,
0.2679007053375244,
0.45054662227630615,
-0.4147130846977234,
0.04314596951007843,
-0.21939121186733246,
-0.3378264307975769,
0.10600124299526215,
-0.4430331289768219,
0.23044395446777344,
-0.4350224733352661,
0.4500724971294403,
0.31411996483802795,
-0.03671494498848915,
0.22268502414226532,
0.3928748369216919,
0.13124608993530273,
0.20110851526260376,
0.4584830105304718,
0.02037040702998638,
0.23718047142028809,
-0.17315532267093658,
-0.012528440915048122,
-0.16222748160362244,
0.1671065092086792,
0.0760873556137085,
-0.04201114550232887,
-0.3940505087375641,
0.4684453010559082,
0.6796737909317017,
-0.5195090174674988,
0.5649561285972595,
-0.3482634127140045,
-0.19034583866596222,
-0.6969646215438843,
0.7128210067749023,
0.034443654119968414,
0.08620629459619522,
-0.02540550008416176,
0.17025011777877808,
0.07557658106088638,
0.3452562689781189,
-0.17266294360160828,
0.10918543487787247,
-0.5813416242599487,
0.07675594836473465,
-0.05564986169338226,
0.3883820176124573,
-0.7217152714729309,
-0.017379213124513626,
-0.32831859588623047,
0.03528299182653427,
0.1369500756263733,
0.10853707790374756,
0.4700336456298828,
0.3405683636665344,
0.532478392124176,
-0.22060847282409668,
0.39035463333129883,
-0.3806775212287903,
0.5819700360298157,
0.4761076867580414
] |
224193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID | ID | ID or its variants may refer to:
Identity document, a document used to verify a person's identity
Identifier, a symbol which uniquely identifies an object or record
People
I. D. Ffraid (1814–1875), Welsh poet and Calvinistic Methodist minister
I. D. McMaster (1920s–2004), American assistant district attorney
I. D. Serebryakov (1917–1998), Russian lexicographer and translator
Places
İd or Narman, a town in Turkey
Idaho, US (postal abbreviation ID)
Indonesia, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code "ID"
Indonesian language, ISO 639-1 language code "ID"
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
The Id (band), an English new wave/synthpop band
Albums
I.D. (album), a 1989 album by The Wailers Band
ID (Michael Patrick Kelly album), a 2017 studio album by Michael Patrick Kelly
Id (Siddharta album), 1999
[id] (Veil of Maya album), 2010
ID, an album by Anna Maria Jopek
The Id (album), a 2001 studio album by Macy Gray
Songs
ID (song), a 2015 single by Kygo
I.D., a 2004 song by Kasabian from their self-titled album
Periodicals
I.D. (magazine), an American magazine focusing on Architecture, Graphic and Industrial Design
i-D, a British fashion magazine
Ideas and Discoveries (i.D.), a magazine covering science, with heavy interest in social science
Television
"I.D." (Law & Order), an episode of Law & Order
Investigation Discovery, an American cable television channel
Film
I.D. (1995 film), a British film about football hooliganism
I.D. (2012 film), an Indian Hindi drama
The Id (film), a 2016 American thriller/horror film
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
I.D. (play), 2003 British play by Anthony Sher
Id (comics), a manhwa by Kim Daewoo, art by A. T. Kenny'
Id, a fictional kingdom in The Wizard of Id, an American comic strip
iD (video game), a 1986 computer game
Brands and enterprises
ID (public relations), a public relations firm
ID Labs, an American music production and engineering team
iD Mobile, a telephone network owned by Carphone Warehouse
Interlink Airlines (IATA airline code ID), an airline based in Johannesburg, South Africa
Batik Air (IATA airline code ID), an airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia
Citroën ID, a variant of the Citroën DS car
Volkswagen I.D. series, a series of concept cars that have been promoted into production
Volkswagen I.D., the first concept car in the series
id Software, an American video game developer
Finance
International dollar, common name for the Geary–Khamis dollar, a hypothetical unit of currency
Invoice discounting, a form of short-term borrowing for businesses
Politics
Inclusive Democracy, a project that aims for direct, economic, social, and ecological democracy
Independent Democrats, a political party in South Africa
Identity and Democracy, a political group in the European Parliament
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
Ide (fish), also spelled Id
Infectious disease
Infectious dose
Intellectual disability, a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
Computing
Id (programming language), a parallel functional programming language
iD (software), an editor for OpenStreetMap geodata
id (Unix), a command to retrieve group and user identification
.id, the Internet Top Level Domain code for Indonesia
id, the generic object datatype in the Objective-C programming language
Instruction decoder, a decoder in CPUs
Internet Draft, a working document of the IETF
Design and engineering
Industrial design, a process of designing products for mass production
Information design, the practice of presenting information in a way that fosters understanding
Inside diameter, also 'inner diameter' or 'I.D.'; a dimension commonly used to specify the size of tubing or pipe
Interaction design, the practice of designing interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services
Interior design, the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building
Instructional design, the study of creating better instructional experiences
Mathematics
Identity function, a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument
Influence diagram, a graphical and mathematical representation of a decision situation
Icosidodecahedron, a uniform polyhedron
Psychology
Id (psychology), one of the tri-part psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche
Id, one of the parts of the psychic apparatus, in socionics
Other uses
ID (classification), a Paralympic rowing classification
Id., Latin, short for idem (translation: "the same"), used in legal citations to refer to the previous citation
Indonesian language (ISO 639-1 code "id"), a standardized register of Malay
Id (cuneiform), a common-use sign in cuneiform texts
Intelligent design, a pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God
See also
1D (disambiguation)
LD (disambiguation)
Identification (disambiguation) | [
0.5771790742874146,
0.1677895039319992,
-0.0398913212120533,
0.3293760120868683,
0.16568435728549957,
-0.2667526304721832,
-0.11169010400772095,
-0.01712886430323124,
-0.24070093035697937,
-0.3713175356388092,
-0.22773224115371704,
0.30967262387275696,
0.18455913662910461,
-0.0594111829996109,
-0.21672910451889038,
0.2765691876411438,
0.22133219242095947,
0.5204715132713318,
-0.22118666768074036,
-0.22756029665470123,
-0.5646073818206787,
-0.3327285349369049,
-0.3027935028076172,
-0.815115749835968,
0.3933851420879364,
0.1556263566017151,
0.09272947907447815,
-0.36043471097946167,
-0.9154061079025269,
0.017266863957047462,
0.24865718185901642,
-0.28688129782676697,
0.1177041307091713,
0.379166841506958,
-0.23033225536346436,
-0.01561498548835516,
-0.40445762872695923,
-0.5055091381072998,
-0.3177589774131775,
-0.8417080640792847,
-0.09118011593818665,
-0.3831755220890045,
0.020223069936037064,
0.26878759264945984,
-0.4614896774291992,
-0.5642523169517517,
-1.4620105028152466,
0.17245768010616302,
-0.5662716031074524,
0.3345276117324829,
-0.38125020265579224,
0.059140145778656006,
-0.3577452003955841,
0.416727751493454,
0.41258981823921204,
0.09328144788742065,
-0.21539008617401123,
-0.9170535802841187,
0.006153397727757692,
-0.32446911931037903,
0.7787654399871826,
-0.21413561701774597,
0.4234720766544342,
0.19844022393226624,
0.8330100178718567,
0.1452302187681198,
-0.2003665268421173,
-0.00349614885635674,
-0.5706644058227539,
-0.5413331389427185,
-0.3799126148223877,
-0.2498975545167923,
-0.24050426483154297,
0.05489583685994148,
-0.3316866457462311,
0.24778319895267487,
0.10583323240280151,
-0.17720286548137665,
-0.4307296574115753,
0.28380483388900757,
-0.299396812915802,
0.5932819247245789,
0.3769826292991638,
0.04094766825437546,
0.43276268243789673,
-0.21288974583148956,
-0.805528461933136,
0.4738776683807373,
0.06111172214150429,
0.36541563272476196,
0.6942958831787109,
0.20482371747493744,
0.19823627173900604,
0.02495196834206581,
-0.20356722176074982,
0.1669131964445114,
-0.1802617907524109,
-0.0212229173630476,
0.23985053598880768,
-0.0201445072889328,
0.015873342752456665,
-0.23193466663360596,
0.3222145736217499,
-0.45089346170425415,
-0.5506194829940796,
-0.09673638641834259,
-0.1613100916147232,
0.06580429524183273,
0.252083957195282,
0.3138984441757202,
-0.4041557312011719,
0.33685675263404846,
0.29120153188705444,
0.13027626276016235,
-0.11209440976381302,
0.22845512628555298,
0.4570710361003876,
0.28769201040267944,
-0.08001181483268738,
-0.05176630616188049,
0.1449625939130783,
0.3712962865829468,
0.09461081773042679,
-0.5223243832588196,
0.3368547856807709,
0.08858171105384827,
0.22677674889564514,
0.7393428683280945,
-0.4007772207260132,
-0.23211218416690826,
-0.10323502123355865,
0.6154436469078064,
0.06931973993778229,
0.20200856029987335,
-0.2120746374130249,
0.11608768254518509,
0.036070920526981354,
-0.31754070520401,
0.41219112277030945,
-0.144382506608963,
-0.6670451164245605,
-0.6411205530166626,
-0.285252183675766,
0.035075388848781586,
0.09681358188390732,
-0.3714495301246643,
0.544394314289093,
-0.020389169454574585,
-0.14309950172901154,
0.5079830288887024,
-0.11508310586214066,
-0.17097388207912445,
0.10849931836128235,
0.11723440140485764,
-0.05815545469522476,
-0.07790779322385788,
0.409763365983963,
0.14468014240264893,
-0.09322275966405869,
-0.05376056581735611,
0.24346767365932465,
0.1950625777244568,
-0.7521858215332031,
0.14248254895210266,
0.1640126258134842,
-0.3368339240550995,
-0.08953419327735901,
0.48221030831336975,
0.5217729806900024,
-0.19589141011238098,
-0.0021073457319289446,
-0.40113744139671326,
-0.13158118724822998,
0.33718347549438477,
-0.022715816274285316,
0.3650262653827667,
0.05542871356010437,
-0.13000081479549408,
0.8227095007896423,
0.4663397967815399,
-0.6532965302467346,
0.19433525204658508,
0.02651364542543888,
-0.014215702190995216,
-0.01840759813785553,
0.05692416802048683,
0.21386201679706573,
0.007882337085902691,
-0.3658328354358673,
-0.5392240881919861,
-0.3190383017063141,
-0.3633313477039337,
-0.18346117436885834,
-0.7221106290817261,
0.61394864320755,
-0.4495185911655426,
-0.19557395577430725,
1.37515389919281,
-0.3178572356700897,
0.12787780165672302,
-0.13187411427497864,
-0.21612250804901123,
0.41801345348358154,
0.033364322036504745,
0.05375320836901665,
0.1109892800450325,
0.6867800951004028,
0.3380001485347748,
-0.03911666199564934,
-0.005718738306313753,
0.527985692024231,
0.27638038992881775,
0.5549739003181458,
-0.01550438441336155,
0.03020450286567211,
0.27726244926452637,
-0.6042745113372803,
0.14807383716106415,
-0.1990639865398407,
0.010393277741968632,
1.0864163637161255,
-0.20865783095359802,
-0.3200334310531616,
0.6748491525650024,
-0.5664373636245728,
0.7203086614608765,
-0.1362411379814148,
0.16751860082149506,
0.787982702255249,
-0.8333166837692261,
0.21368393301963806,
-0.2674473226070404,
0.33841681480407715,
-0.21822263300418854,
-0.23029370605945587,
0.25375086069107056,
0.3904159665107727,
-0.14607024192810059,
0.5908429026603699,
-0.2686789035797119,
0.08293076604604721,
-0.1310756653547287,
-0.45305389165878296,
0.005475508980453014,
0.6023722887039185,
0.11797334998846054,
-0.2022997885942459,
-0.08023948222398758,
-0.19005967676639557,
0.252969354391098,
0.2581128776073456,
0.09050752967596054,
0.1253497153520584,
-0.08345813304185867,
0.3251756429672241,
-0.09035738557577133,
-0.39723846316337585,
-0.2183731645345688,
0.13972598314285278,
0.2007548063993454,
-0.4104291796684265,
0.43458154797554016,
-0.13167957961559296,
-0.07557302713394165,
-0.5505828261375427,
0.05181589350104332,
-0.1824045330286026,
0.3215143382549286,
-0.31825223565101624,
0.9007520079612732,
0.394191712141037,
0.10245859622955322,
-0.6312882304191589,
-0.12032388895750046,
-0.41446635127067566,
0.24380189180374146,
0.47855064272880554,
0.09792410582304001,
-0.05351613461971283,
-0.48753824830055237,
-0.1548869013786316,
0.04916880652308464,
0.5021734833717346,
-0.749984860420227,
0.35862594842910767,
-1.184356927871704,
-0.18911990523338318,
-0.3993793725967407,
-0.4834808111190796,
-0.3711804151535034,
-0.09838929027318954,
0.7938892245292664,
0.22363895177841187,
0.19381162524223328,
0.8239594101905823,
0.20800210535526276,
0.20745544135570526,
0.32073673605918884,
0.09948740899562836,
-0.1869521141052246,
-0.19313517212867737,
0.11885236948728561,
-0.059397514909505844,
-0.3312174379825592,
0.12920548021793365,
0.07175745069980621,
0.03342389687895775,
0.09941202402114868,
-5.98323917388916,
0.320654034614563,
-0.18964813649654388,
0.0234102550894022,
-0.09172729402780533,
0.3246314227581024,
0.9053248763084412,
0.05966106057167053,
-0.0908392071723938,
-0.1677275449037552,
0.08568861335515976,
0.14878354966640472,
0.21489080786705017,
0.37783554196357727,
0.32647690176963806,
0.19290964305400848,
0.29101404547691345,
0.09116210043430328,
-0.2900424003601074,
0.6080933213233948,
-0.45354917645454407,
0.019912919029593468,
-0.10025641322135925,
0.5877943634986877,
0.2003757506608963,
-0.3419717848300934,
-0.01856228895485401,
-0.06054547429084778,
0.021762393414974213,
-0.23586413264274597,
0.0247881468385458,
0.1263628453016281,
0.1451357752084732,
-0.16136609017848969,
-0.043170515447854996,
0.06528972089290619,
0.4773963391780853,
0.020121894776821136,
-0.04607391729950905,
-0.9460114240646362,
-0.03004295565187931,
0.49730101227760315,
0.5293373465538025,
-0.34689193964004517,
0.4444889724254608,
-0.25569915771484375,
-0.2125198245048523,
-0.2795175611972809,
-0.5269197821617126,
0.010164309293031693,
-0.5062718987464905,
0.18284299969673157,
-0.012674858793616295,
-0.25239792466163635,
-0.19678840041160583,
-0.039931412786245346,
0.7174880504608154,
0.2306826412677765,
-0.8843627572059631,
0.4197564125061035,
0.39062562584877014,
-0.8554762005805969,
0.14116834104061127,
-0.648699939250946,
-0.5120108723640442,
-0.25255754590034485,
-0.8303821682929993,
-0.7617625594139099,
0.5817987322807312,
0.49636656045913696,
-0.3570716083049774,
0.2672092020511627,
0.08911654353141785,
-0.6108450293540955,
0.2345014065504074,
-0.4478585720062256,
-0.05278437212109566,
0.1353069394826889,
-0.13823921978473663,
-0.02349301055073738,
-0.19890661537647247,
-0.10388308763504028,
-0.17553316056728363,
0.4099942445755005,
0.06613896042108536,
-0.024006003513932228,
0.005657982546836138,
0.2715567946434021,
-0.20026709139347076,
-0.06448892503976822,
1.4151484966278076,
0.27232858538627625,
0.25243809819221497,
-0.08009140938520432,
-0.05296754837036133,
0.07143672555685043,
0.3840753436088562,
-0.3940395414829254,
0.14462950825691223,
-0.1752517968416214,
0.5522717833518982,
0.029163962230086327,
-0.3278058171272278,
-0.8011766076087952,
-0.1645244061946869,
-0.21113483607769012,
-0.5032761693000793,
0.17041367292404175,
1.066229224205017,
-0.3442356288433075,
-0.3857384920120239,
0.3927099406719208,
-0.2447182983160019,
-0.9525881409645081,
0.01054587122052908,
0.19452977180480957,
-0.1698915660381317,
0.4655486047267914,
0.8008089065551758,
-0.40328285098075867,
-0.020008163526654243,
0.4228034019470215,
-0.15113942325115204,
-0.3558083176612854,
-0.9296897649765015,
-0.473720908164978,
0.10703364759683609,
0.14081254601478577,
-0.07520034909248352,
-0.24606110155582428,
0.5743851065635681,
0.8478402495384216,
-0.22887732088565826,
-0.04108419269323349,
-0.21346443891525269,
0.21371591091156006,
-0.19486792385578156,
0.21795395016670227,
-0.3421243131160736,
-0.9379666447639465,
0.5541176199913025,
-0.6741247773170471,
0.470418244600296,
0.22879794239997864,
0.18234515190124512,
-0.40446552634239197,
-0.2449619323015213,
-0.17283344268798828,
-0.02588050626218319,
0.15176831185817719,
-0.028965668752789497,
-0.3646909296512604,
0.42176488041877747,
0.1400424838066101,
-0.1063351109623909,
-0.039773114025592804,
0.46348315477371216,
-0.01484239473938942,
0.19733309745788574,
-0.8497636318206787,
0.04987458884716034,
0.06370338052511215,
-0.3132456839084625,
-0.13240757584571838,
0.30570948123931885,
0.08870668709278107,
-0.5933354496955872,
0.09573006629943848,
0.12910380959510803,
0.816630482673645,
-0.08189991861581802,
-0.2806353271007538,
-0.3587607443332672,
-0.3575897812843323,
-0.028242217376828194,
-0.11907639354467392,
-0.09501337260007858,
0.4656389355659485,
-0.08344022184610367,
0.10866749286651611,
0.41372209787368774,
-0.5330507159233093,
-0.2763209939002991,
0.013615662232041359,
0.6466929912567139,
-0.11230462044477463,
0.3194229304790497,
0.09434200078248978,
-0.4573170244693756,
-0.5007624626159668,
-0.01387158315628767,
-0.3148422837257385,
0.1705785095691681,
-0.1492832750082016,
-0.22127680480480194,
-0.09807261824607849,
0.20142211019992828,
0.4508531093597412,
-0.23985296487808228,
-0.22314830124378204,
0.21582362055778503,
0.40734606981277466,
-0.8513983488082886,
-0.2689264118671417,
-0.16351176798343658,
-0.31157591938972473,
0.12439609318971634,
-0.3757401406764984,
-0.31744498014450073,
0.057470694184303284,
-0.5733150243759155,
-0.286404013633728,
-0.3070423901081085,
-0.10827430337667465,
-0.04667070508003235,
0.4131036102771759,
-0.13665440678596497,
-0.5500462055206299,
-0.3132850229740143,
-0.12003663182258606,
0.7760230302810669,
0.45965591073036194,
0.383505642414093,
0.4936734735965729,
0.17048493027687073,
-0.21628044545650482,
0.13559021055698395,
0.07978831231594086,
0.2557988166809082,
0.04175789654254913,
-0.12083125114440918,
-0.06492751091718674,
0.28104186058044434,
-0.004697216209024191,
-0.6399607062339783,
-0.32316264510154724,
0.0492510125041008,
0.3610689640045166,
0.37949469685554504,
0.18947607278823853,
0.14360076189041138,
0.468193382024765,
-0.2448485642671585,
-0.758993923664093,
0.07293657958507538,
0.24436962604522705,
-0.4562133848667145,
-0.09879319369792938,
-0.6268055438995361,
0.6387894749641418,
-0.17531007528305054,
0.017267223447561264,
-0.35087937116622925,
-0.23358416557312012,
0.4307340383529663,
0.5433833599090576,
0.22878745198249817,
-0.4296221435070038,
0.07249104976654053,
0.4996356964111328,
0.21262182295322418,
-0.13972687721252441,
-0.05356661230325699,
0.011098618619143963,
0.6249316930770874,
0.1289404332637787,
-0.12493475526571274,
0.3241909146308899,
0.5131423473358154,
-0.27794966101646423,
-0.21944697201251984,
0.11896864324808121,
0.8062650561332703,
0.5377508401870728,
0.2285359501838684,
-0.32682231068611145,
0.102031409740448,
-0.08801113069057465,
-0.2510569989681244,
0.1884879767894745,
-0.4324611723423004,
-0.17753030359745026,
0.5136206746101379,
-0.2576717436313629,
-0.06266874074935913,
-0.09981228411197662,
0.44335660338401794,
0.17866191267967224,
-0.5701844096183777,
-0.49318230152130127,
-0.32586929202079773,
0.1423594355583191,
-0.006372571457177401,
0.4732408821582794,
-0.169022336602211,
-0.07115016877651215,
0.30705174803733826,
0.5690658688545227,
0.1471148580312729,
0.05921627953648567,
-0.3708120882511139,
0.3291148245334625,
0.3301166892051697,
-0.7201097011566162,
0.463140070438385,
0.17026342451572418,
0.2470201849937439,
-0.5882595181465149,
-0.3319259285926819,
-0.26964226365089417,
-0.19649308919906616,
-0.2183140069246292,
0.6388950347900391,
0.33700335025787354,
-0.5549097657203674,
-0.11277585476636887,
0.47559013962745667,
-0.39256811141967773,
-0.08845266699790955,
-0.17434318363666534,
0.24369226396083832,
-0.6951589584350586,
0.23531179130077362,
0.2150508314371109,
-0.33774900436401367,
0.11091076582670212,
0.00954257883131504,
-0.22110658884048462,
0.19242173433303833,
0.2660052180290222,
0.7686026692390442,
0.08221621811389923,
0.2807404696941376,
0.4866448640823364,
-0.3720927834510803,
-0.03819762542843819,
0.014794682152569294,
-0.44600433111190796,
-0.5479918718338013,
1.1578253507614136,
0.19032181799411774,
0.727778971195221,
-0.016812430694699287,
0.02407800778746605,
-0.4366980195045471,
0.6250385642051697,
0.002837263746187091,
0.4161110818386078,
-0.17330284416675568,
0.294423371553421,
0.33750152587890625,
-0.11147874593734741,
-0.02042045257985592,
-0.029743697494268417,
-0.3492893576622009,
-0.4796816110610962,
-0.16942939162254333,
-0.31384891271591187,
-0.3765755295753479,
-0.20776613056659698,
-0.2786966562271118,
0.47430652379989624,
0.3755597174167633,
0.05160119757056236,
-0.01429628487676382,
-0.23016664385795593,
0.41358160972595215,
-0.2625091075897217,
0.4655170738697052,
-0.1291835904121399,
0.014419996179640293,
0.35860714316368103,
-0.629029393196106,
0.4236285090446472,
0.14270314574241638,
-0.35686665773391724,
0.73274165391922,
0.20300878584384918,
-0.5987017750740051,
-0.4701438546180725,
0.11474885791540146,
0.016042359173297882,
-0.10636220872402191,
-1.3141587972640991,
0.05436941981315613,
-0.14248694479465485,
0.04215935245156288,
0.3496357798576355,
-0.1961006373167038,
0.3587037920951843,
0.10123735666275024,
-0.5352303385734558,
0.5051640272140503,
-0.35544225573539734,
-0.0875471904873848,
0.20124013721942902,
-0.510958194732666,
0.7565159797668457,
0.4740082323551178,
0.03489695116877556,
-0.5544126629829407,
0.30463969707489014,
0.15270709991455078,
-0.47908520698547363,
-0.5107620358467102,
0.40984922647476196,
-0.4182926416397095,
0.17264622449874878,
-0.4020152688026428,
0.04992220923304558,
0.5141339302062988,
-0.3133333623409271,
0.1379919946193695,
0.21769434213638306,
-0.002200499875470996,
0.42462974786758423,
0.5425334572792053,
-0.06333629041910172,
-0.04735761880874634,
-0.10682917386293411,
0.1610032171010971,
0.019983185455203056,
0.3772399127483368,
0.1393781304359436,
-0.4047865569591522,
0.3567712903022766,
0.24235795438289642,
0.5391665101051331,
-0.3896658420562744,
0.26283028721809387,
-0.38231390714645386,
0.13674987852573395,
-0.23855441808700562,
0.574427604675293,
-0.49829694628715515,
0.3351089358329773,
0.0612807460129261,
0.12545564770698547,
0.09503266215324402,
-0.059721652418375015,
-0.2260303944349289,
-0.20086736977100372,
0.030385376885533333,
0.2568095028400421,
-0.2542981207370758,
0.44282975792884827,
-0.45741841197013855,
-0.14082497358322144,
-0.7195820212364197,
-0.13178186118602753,
-0.07630093395709991,
-0.38215532898902893,
0.43126988410949707,
0.06377531588077545,
-0.3068031668663025,
0.5467106699943542,
0.2808883488178253,
-0.6298850178718567,
-0.6029324531555176,
0.6392961740493774
] |
224194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG | SG | SG, Sg or sg may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
"SG" (song), a 2021 song by DJ Snake, Ozuna, Lisa, and Megan Thee Stallion
Gibson SG, an electric guitar manufactured by Gibson Guitar Corporation
SG Wannabe, a South Korean music group
Other media
Spy Groove, an American animated television series stylized on screen and in promotional materials as SG
Stargate, a Canadian-American military science fiction media franchise running from 1994, 1997–2011
SuicideGirls, a softcore pornographic website
Steins;Gate (S;G), a science fiction visual novel game developed by 5pb. and Nitroplus
Sabado Gigante, a Spanish-language weekly variety show with Don Francisco airing from 1962-2015
Businesses and organizations
sweetgreen, an American restaurant chain, ticker symbol SG.
SG Automotive, a Chinese vehicle and component manufacturer
SG (cigarette), a Portuguese cigarette brand produced by Tabaqueira, an Altria subsidiary
Sempati Air (IATA airline code SG, from 1968 to 1998)
Jetsgo (IATA airline code SG, from 2001 to 2005)
Saint Gabriel's College, a private school in Bangkok, Thailand
Scots Guards, a British Army Regiment
Société Générale, a European financial services company
Special Group (India), a confidential special forces unit of India
SpiceJet (IATA airline code SG, since 2005)
Straż Graniczna, a Polish border guard formation
System Group, an Iranian software development company
Places
Singapore (ISO 3166-1 country code SG)
Canton of St. Gallen, a canton in Switzerland
Science and technology
.sg, the top-level domain of Singapore
Samsung Galaxy, series of mobile computing devices
Seaborgium (symbol Sg), chemical element 106 on the periodic table
Sega Genesis, a game console
SG-43 Goryunov, Stankovyi Goryunova Model 1943, a Soviet medium machine gun
Specific gravity (symbol SG), the weight of a volume of fluid or solution as compared to the weight of the same volume of water
Standard gamble, a direct method to measure the QALY weight
Stress granule
Sport
Shooting guard, a basketball position
Sanspareils Greenlands, a cricket equipment manufacturer
Other uses
Sango language (ISO 639-1 code "sg")
Shotgun, often in the context of buckshot size
Star of Gallantry, an Australian gallantry decoration | [
0.2953346073627472,
-0.07962583005428314,
-0.20335713028907776,
0.40081489086151123,
-0.3797040581703186,
0.1422593891620636,
-0.1776191145181656,
0.26895228028297424,
-0.19813869893550873,
0.030939610674977303,
-0.5487937927246094,
0.0596625842154026,
-0.02126125991344452,
0.7375743985176086,
-0.058972690254449844,
0.4942270517349243,
0.2993304431438446,
0.2469024658203125,
-0.45781704783439636,
-0.44446083903312683,
-0.5147838592529297,
0.19203968346118927,
0.7427493333816528,
-0.5716707110404968,
0.0635412260890007,
0.2806522250175476,
-0.19064950942993164,
0.10017533600330353,
-0.24831315875053406,
0.4629213213920593,
-0.1588536500930786,
0.37826937437057495,
0.27780845761299133,
0.21780121326446533,
-0.10010607540607452,
-0.19923914968967438,
-0.6405312418937683,
-0.006197448819875717,
-0.07339058071374893,
-0.7813498377799988,
0.5061297416687012,
-0.489616334438324,
0.5750111937522888,
0.035718340426683426,
-0.25007960200309753,
-0.1833653301000595,
-1.1167527437210083,
0.7832055687904358,
-0.7805086970329285,
0.13360930979251862,
-0.3543153703212738,
0.5613202452659607,
-0.38824662566185,
0.19213919341564178,
0.0909212976694107,
0.39504989981651306,
0.1349056363105774,
-0.3089522123336792,
-0.008758190087974072,
-0.6961050033569336,
0.5234479308128357,
0.15929196774959564,
0.006154660135507584,
-0.09945336729288101,
0.18767686188220978,
-0.14683473110198975,
0.39240291714668274,
0.3375132977962494,
-0.4410235285758972,
-0.6548628807067871,
-0.11597541719675064,
0.11799848824739456,
0.04843942075967789,
-0.10944540053606033,
-0.1402054876089096,
-0.3524068295955658,
0.43793368339538574,
0.6101806163787842,
0.03589056059718132,
0.2883859872817993,
0.0834554061293602,
0.4879797101020813,
1.147578477859497,
0.5507643222808838,
-0.2768149673938751,
-0.15942887961864471,
0.03729138523340225,
0.2614395022392273,
-0.3996976912021637,
-0.030945852398872375,
-0.32700544595718384,
-0.7085990905761719,
0.9262614846229553,
0.07620987296104431,
-0.35465550422668457,
-0.025303930044174194,
-0.09053783118724823,
-0.24527880549430847,
0.4326890707015991,
0.030874039977788925,
0.0008095873054116964,
-0.09905587881803513,
-0.5113994479179382,
-0.4340555667877197,
-0.6340031623840332,
0.13218283653259277,
0.39074963331222534,
-0.28452005982398987,
0.042787689715623856,
0.21243028342723846,
-0.08604598045349121,
-0.05674126371741295,
0.15682369470596313,
0.5038347840309143,
0.49201321601867676,
0.3543681502342224,
0.06843480467796326,
-0.44166719913482666,
-0.5099653601646423,
0.17192745208740234,
0.5705655813217163,
-0.028621703386306763,
0.0981384664773941,
-0.15562431514263153,
0.5645970106124878,
0.34685176610946655,
0.4879019856452942,
0.11204060167074203,
-0.36108794808387756,
-0.2352687120437622,
0.24315662682056427,
0.4269043803215027,
-0.4002440869808197,
0.24132570624351501,
-0.05726172402501106,
-0.35503700375556946,
0.04459214210510254,
-0.2975246012210846,
-0.08456546813249588,
0.12304764986038208,
-0.8984856009483337,
-0.19152861833572388,
-0.8484867811203003,
-0.6696467995643616,
0.6072397828102112,
-0.06657867133617401,
-0.09002254158258438,
-0.053113903850317,
-0.49508389830589294,
0.05592871457338333,
-0.358097106218338,
-0.44387441873550415,
-0.30381327867507935,
-0.26902270317077637,
0.22754916548728943,
-0.012911992147564888,
-0.04100988805294037,
0.1994272619485855,
0.1827494353055954,
-0.12370194494724274,
0.42161306738853455,
0.4660017192363739,
-0.67667156457901,
0.10607533156871796,
-0.0831451341509819,
-0.27338123321533203,
0.002840509871020913,
0.2595742344856262,
-0.25394850969314575,
0.03254402428865433,
0.12683959305286407,
-0.09505479782819748,
-0.3162849247455597,
0.43892037868499756,
-0.184091717004776,
0.2363915890455246,
0.5666787028312683,
0.33474063873291016,
0.4575389325618744,
0.22267509996891022,
-0.5026177167892456,
-0.14252004027366638,
0.23965784907341003,
-0.1953524649143219,
-0.07580377161502838,
-0.16545340418815613,
0.17415067553520203,
-0.021834133192896843,
0.3217138350009918,
-0.14232903718948364,
-0.5975532531738281,
-0.11526911705732346,
0.3808050751686096,
-0.3425557613372803,
0.8824012279510498,
0.17452695965766907,
-0.4311550259590149,
0.6598477959632874,
-0.015061686746776104,
0.16523253917694092,
0.04261389374732971,
-0.1652061939239502,
0.6481672525405884,
-0.36487752199172974,
-0.7749757766723633,
0.11429750174283981,
0.4640769362449646,
-0.3205495774745941,
-0.4391629993915558,
-0.4293603003025055,
-0.042770013213157654,
-0.20579573512077332,
0.3246017396450043,
-0.2366456389427185,
0.04625501483678818,
-0.3806517422199249,
-0.957151472568512,
0.01733371987938881,
-0.2972668409347534,
-0.3913954794406891,
0.45200178027153015,
-0.2051709145307541,
-0.3665841519832611,
0.03718692436814308,
-0.03771410882472992,
1.1563361883163452,
-0.20395676791667938,
-0.32791024446487427,
0.12826694548130035,
-0.07336342334747314,
-0.11407458037137985,
-0.07653437554836273,
-0.1726733297109604,
0.042888518422842026,
0.015429467894136906,
0.5630480647087097,
0.44676125049591064,
-0.06597629189491272,
0.31534627079963684,
-0.3234403729438782,
0.07199842482805252,
0.39149120450019836,
-0.800911545753479,
0.2767619490623474,
0.4586164653301239,
-0.2146933376789093,
-0.1251527965068817,
-0.23268112540245056,
-0.36864396929740906,
0.08084574341773987,
-0.18896141648292542,
0.3747316300868988,
0.11008884757757187,
0.7978931069374084,
0.0455089695751667,
-0.10292079299688339,
-0.06623359024524689,
-0.3457741439342499,
0.10297555476427078,
-0.08352819085121155,
-0.5774617195129395,
-0.5354469418525696,
0.3685202896595001,
-0.033376891165971756,
-0.3722172677516937,
-0.43596330285072327,
-0.22879436612129211,
-0.15969227254390717,
0.2950599491596222,
0.32448455691337585,
0.03791942819952965,
0.23998574912548065,
-0.35657837986946106,
-0.013720802031457424,
-0.41049423813819885,
-0.7862999439239502,
0.13013404607772827,
-0.2927516996860504,
-0.05467116832733154,
-1.1444681882858276,
0.12897801399230957,
0.3648812472820282,
0.6338773369789124,
-0.5185572504997253,
-0.27441704273223877,
-0.39785701036453247,
-0.22445042431354523,
-0.02062324807047844,
0.21945999562740326,
-0.43632975220680237,
-0.002260791137814522,
0.32988402247428894,
-0.5246656537055969,
0.19865579903125763,
0.3137381672859192,
0.24107828736305237,
0.08964574337005615,
0.0991707295179367,
0.1638123244047165,
0.22934401035308838,
-0.3071797490119934,
-0.08839482069015503,
0.31172433495521545,
-0.011947392486035824,
0.4744637906551361,
-0.18411009013652802,
0.21542982757091522,
-0.07786167412996292,
-6.106159687042236,
-0.1676483452320099,
-0.17951072752475739,
-0.13210515677928925,
0.09924105554819107,
0.5156778693199158,
0.4054664969444275,
-0.03129388019442558,
0.1740425080060959,
-0.5660427808761597,
-0.484591007232666,
0.22317393124103546,
-0.1698550581932068,
-0.011251061223447323,
-0.18988186120986938,
0.2819463610649109,
0.06050918251276016,
0.15182073414325714,
-0.14870648086071014,
-0.06606687605381012,
0.36304333806037903,
0.34810397028923035,
0.15200848877429962,
0.4518308937549591,
0.343647301197052,
0.17298750579357147,
-0.8961324095726013,
-0.03287208825349808,
0.2515360116958618,
0.1374223679304123,
0.034621965140104294,
0.20505636930465698,
-0.09234926104545593,
-0.18437013030052185,
0.14404043555259705,
0.13835403323173523,
0.6626341938972473,
0.11621755361557007,
0.8306851387023926,
-0.2689324915409088,
-0.07764720171689987,
0.2530428469181061,
0.5187584161758423,
-0.5301507711410522,
0.6738545894622803,
0.36942577362060547,
-0.3077498972415924,
0.17269885540008545,
-0.11346358805894852,
0.6417510509490967,
-0.03131869062781334,
-0.4186757504940033,
0.0032019764184951782,
-0.18540871143341064,
0.22759857773780823,
-0.09317651391029358,
-0.07796218991279602,
0.5964498519897461,
-0.2582443356513977,
0.2028224617242813,
0.47798246145248413,
-0.4482724666595459,
-0.13976410031318665,
-0.48311784863471985,
-0.2549716532230377,
-0.2433701902627945,
-0.3655077815055847,
0.23937244713306427,
0.33529379963874817,
0.2898956537246704,
-0.09662022441625595,
0.17110350728034973,
-0.17134597897529602,
-0.812336266040802,
0.2742510139942169,
-0.442283570766449,
-0.3888842463493347,
0.37873968482017517,
-0.3450165092945099,
0.47573497891426086,
-0.1954728662967682,
-0.05589313432574272,
-0.3637058436870575,
-0.17158129811286926,
-0.6831572651863098,
-0.5573811531066895,
-0.16566817462444305,
-0.18503005802631378,
-0.31514421105384827,
0.42939186096191406,
0.3677479028701782,
-0.368584543466568,
0.316915899515152,
0.274215966463089,
0.6022379994392395,
0.09369644522666931,
0.5553843379020691,
0.41702786087989807,
0.049462467432022095,
0.006208565551787615,
0.4071645438671112,
-0.3278438448905945,
0.13216166198253632,
-0.5231103301048279,
-0.23440629243850708,
-0.20782609283924103,
0.12179280072450638,
-0.2935786247253418,
0.7406750321388245,
-0.18443061411380768,
-0.02253248542547226,
-0.20100557804107666,
-0.2794041335582733,
-0.23757213354110718,
0.8060398697853088,
-0.21365955471992493,
-0.3402693569660187,
0.7447595596313477,
0.8852702379226685,
-0.3217748701572418,
0.11984053254127502,
0.3089359700679779,
-0.03857981041073799,
-0.08378720283508301,
-0.1083771362900734,
0.2903393805027008,
-0.0555938296020031,
0.10392675548791885,
0.3621255159378052,
-0.1595524400472641,
0.33938470482826233,
0.38048943877220154,
-0.09495731443166733,
-0.32562851905822754,
0.047138333320617676,
-0.2883453667163849,
-0.18278367817401886,
-0.06025758385658264,
-0.10436876118183136,
-0.5977085828781128,
0.4187561869621277,
-0.41972729563713074,
0.19696088135242462,
0.310272216796875,
0.07935542613267899,
0.4228648245334625,
0.4168045222759247,
-0.3301282227039337,
0.5030880570411682,
0.4701192080974579,
0.4505539536476135,
-0.14854943752288818,
0.8641718626022339,
-0.2559569180011749,
0.15852153301239014,
-0.19552788138389587,
0.2092992067337036,
-0.35589003562927246,
-0.36640793085098267,
-0.28885599970817566,
0.5546432733535767,
-0.3110120892524719,
-0.9579005837440491,
-0.023403579369187355,
-0.16146881878376007,
-0.15803638100624084,
-0.17410503327846527,
-0.5212718844413757,
0.34761133790016174,
0.13638152182102203,
0.9589235186576843,
-0.14387311041355133,
-0.25119549036026,
-0.09674442559480667,
-0.023739777505397797,
0.396152526140213,
0.030305849388241768,
-0.3655148148536682,
0.38682860136032104,
0.2872363328933716,
-0.056483298540115356,
-0.012547953054308891,
0.16332703828811646,
0.00023492323816753924,
0.055209290236234665,
-0.4527705907821655,
0.05585498735308647,
0.46205979585647583,
-0.6052289605140686,
0.5026943683624268,
-0.478544145822525,
0.17395266890525818,
0.1747101992368698,
-0.17075856029987335,
-0.09315326809883118,
0.06613155454397202,
-0.3030640184879303,
0.6652863621711731,
0.12460818886756897,
-0.3104662597179413,
0.19479261338710785,
-0.05004449188709259,
-0.18023855984210968,
-0.4355078935623169,
0.7362764477729797,
-0.32951056957244873,
-0.024833664298057556,
-0.3491973280906677,
-0.41452911496162415,
-0.12670353055000305,
-0.40242627263069153,
0.006745937280356884,
0.2686176598072052,
-0.41933634877204895,
-0.2353568822145462,
-0.11306017637252808,
-0.2027178704738617,
-0.341558575630188,
-0.6358430981636047,
-0.3229825794696808,
0.38073304295539856,
0.05726331099867821,
-0.1429036259651184,
0.1679493486881256,
-0.3587130010128021,
-0.025472871959209442,
0.16818445920944214,
-0.6223776340484619,
-0.007184210233390331,
-0.47083455324172974,
-0.41623878479003906,
0.02995114214718342,
-0.29202914237976074,
0.12396321445703506,
-0.3067777454853058,
0.0750320553779602,
0.03568696603178978,
0.028387505561113358,
0.6085262894630432,
0.40783974528312683,
0.22702594101428986,
-0.427513986825943,
-0.4115462303161621,
-0.5898486971855164,
-0.17954881489276886,
0.47286999225616455,
-0.1309541016817093,
-0.06961052864789963,
-0.5357124209403992,
0.3224009871482849,
-0.08445990830659866,
-0.7687149047851562,
-0.2347501814365387,
-0.27579769492149353,
0.7964266538619995,
-0.7622898817062378,
0.06569468230009079,
-0.3707355558872223,
-0.2220517098903656,
-0.10966002196073532,
0.046079594641923904,
-0.06325536966323853,
-0.909908652305603,
0.17473579943180084,
-0.2271222621202469,
0.5613900423049927,
-0.1673373281955719,
0.2956056296825409,
-0.02144656702876091,
0.10809206962585449,
0.16950623691082,
0.36720985174179077,
0.4689479172229767,
0.821210503578186,
-0.0900338739156723,
-0.2582879066467285,
-0.1585734486579895,
-0.0506957545876503,
-0.16114333271980286,
0.015002978034317493,
-0.3851480782032013,
0.44680431485176086,
0.08928763121366501,
-0.37830445170402527,
0.139164999127388,
-0.6905299425125122,
0.6172627806663513,
-0.16948457062244415,
-0.13226795196533203,
-0.24029605090618134,
-0.010660119354724884,
0.18099148571491241,
0.3455420136451721,
0.24900968372821808,
-0.17558149993419647,
-0.2345980405807495,
0.3465651869773865,
-0.36194518208503723,
0.22410385310649872,
0.16396579146385193,
-0.42247483134269714,
0.04555719718337059,
0.5206894874572754,
-0.4781731963157654,
0.03058723919093609,
-0.008615159429609776,
0.2024303525686264,
-0.28950753808021545,
-0.0925334244966507,
-0.09293977171182632,
0.522825300693512,
-0.2338624894618988,
0.05898952856659889,
0.5593047142028809,
-0.3035929799079895,
-0.06937570869922638,
0.21465763449668884,
-0.12657050788402557,
0.43347063660621643,
0.20742221176624298,
0.6006525158882141,
0.2845070958137512,
0.752239465713501,
0.344160795211792,
0.06298832595348358,
-0.25297802686691284,
0.19501863420009613,
-0.49142876267433167,
0.6707946062088013,
0.4926346242427826,
0.3026244640350342,
-0.7317333817481995,
-0.014941445551812649,
0.7421907186508179,
-0.3115415871143341,
-0.5582371354103088,
-0.01741217076778412,
0.1316961646080017,
-0.3450899124145508,
0.9297360181808472,
0.5656864047050476,
-0.2249007374048233,
-0.3292470872402191,
0.2016400396823883,
-0.040890008211135864,
0.20197725296020508,
0.2518828213214874,
0.004576347302645445,
-0.19544048607349396,
-0.02635645680129528,
-0.23557262122631073,
0.11315641552209854,
-0.09975634515285492,
-0.3103852868080139,
0.2741333842277527,
-0.19749461114406586,
0.06232624873518944,
-0.19076085090637207,
0.15987692773342133,
-0.1350734680891037,
-0.1399432122707367,
-0.08135019242763519,
0.9242597818374634,
-0.06958622485399246,
-0.15817402303218842,
0.29810163378715515,
-0.10645139217376709,
0.04283585026860237,
0.1758643537759781,
-0.28879696130752563,
0.226787269115448,
0.7351123094558716,
-0.737860918045044,
0.059636183083057404,
-0.29730021953582764,
0.2601791322231293,
0.578229546546936,
0.7285932302474976,
0.07125792652368546,
0.08313910663127899,
-0.46496039628982544,
0.039716631174087524,
-0.07129674404859543,
-0.5624577403068542,
0.6817310452461243,
-0.06601611524820328,
0.3990512192249298,
0.3007092773914337,
-0.15558913350105286,
0.19676709175109863,
0.3554341793060303,
-0.8869805932044983,
0.2021438330411911,
-0.06388373672962189,
-0.04518213868141174,
-0.175338014960289,
0.2978340983390808,
0.511006236076355,
-0.02015640027821064,
0.5569167733192444,
0.3695227801799774,
-0.16482406854629517,
0.16511759161949158,
0.2777303159236908,
-0.4569254219532013,
0.06628144532442093,
-0.5129232406616211,
0.0352705754339695,
-0.21793192625045776,
0.3973120152950287,
0.1486610323190689,
-0.22304591536521912,
0.06750942766666412,
0.2289705127477646,
-0.05439820885658264,
-0.39994126558303833,
0.377217561006546,
0.07816793024539948,
-0.050404079258441925,
-0.7372562885284424,
-0.21418967843055725,
0.2647302746772766,
0.012251955457031727,
0.7463700771331787,
-0.3109378516674042,
0.24868705868721008,
0.40232038497924805,
-0.22241654992103577,
-0.35286977887153625,
0.3491869866847992,
-0.42107486724853516,
-0.08774135261774063,
-0.32849207520484924,
0.22703900933265686,
0.2967967391014099,
-0.40343600511550903,
0.22445568442344666,
-0.21048304438591003,
-0.18526193499565125,
-0.4723902642726898,
-0.08454971760511398,
0.06768037378787994,
-0.2709881663322449,
-0.23432095348834991,
-0.4888889193534851,
-0.009686331264674664,
0.26651275157928467,
0.004454867448657751,
-0.5414839386940002,
-0.13031108677387238,
0.08867746591567993,
-0.16129712760448456,
0.7024132013320923,
-0.11098095029592514,
0.4379750192165375,
-0.17693106830120087,
0.5638759732246399,
0.029814032837748528,
0.11400087922811508,
-0.176126629114151
] |
224195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR | TR | TR or tr may stand for
Arts and entertainment
Gaming
Tomb Raider, one of the most successful video game franchises
Terminal Reality, an American video game developer
A currency in online game TalesRunner
The Terran Republic in the game PlanetSide
Music
Korg TR, a variant of the Korg Triton music workstation synthesizer
Trill, notation for musical ornament
TR-808, TR-909 etc., 1980s Roland drum machines
Businesses and organizations
Scoot, IATA code since 2017
Tiger Airways, IATA code between 2003 and 2017
Tomahawk Railway, reporting mark
Transbrasil, IATA airline code until 2001
Team Rubicon, commonly used abbreviation
Talyllyn Railway, a Welsh railway
Thomson Reuters, a Canadian multinational media conglomerate
Texas Roadhouse, restaurant chain in the United States
Tokyu Railways. See Tokyu Corporation.
Language
Tr, a digraph
Turkish language (ISO 639 alpha-1 code "tr")
People
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States
Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909
The , a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
T. Rajendar, Indian filmmaker and politician
Places
TR postcode area, UK postal code for the Truro area
Travelers Rest, South Carolina, US
Turkey (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code TR)
Science, technology, and mathematics
Biology and medicine
Thyroid hormone receptor, a nuclear receptor
Tricuspid regurgitation, within the heart
Repetition time, magnetic resonance imaging
Taxonomic rank
Computing
.tr, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey
tr (Unix), command to translate characters
Table row, an HTML element
Vehicles
Thai Rung Union Car
Toronto Rocket, a rolling stock of the Toronto subway
Triumph Motor Company. a sports car designation, e.g. TR2
Other uses in science, technology, finance, and mathematics
TR-1, a version of the Lockheed U-2 aircraft
Technical Report, a type of ISO document
Trace (linear algebra)
Ton of refrigeration
Total return
Other uses
Textus Receptus: Printed Greek New Testament translation sources
Training routines (Scientology)
Tax return
Tax refund | [
-0.07514456659555435,
-0.05544512718915939,
-0.008173004724085331,
0.40531009435653687,
-0.04199815168976784,
0.15432344377040863,
-0.6363744735717773,
0.49452924728393555,
-0.1895906627178192,
-0.1873386949300766,
-0.431532084941864,
0.48011377453804016,
0.12090058624744415,
0.5065711140632629,
0.12799255549907684,
0.47481265664100647,
0.0003662167291622609,
0.16092689335346222,
-0.5345166921615601,
-0.17815044522285461,
-0.33341535925865173,
0.16579002141952515,
0.5551707148551941,
-0.4263288974761963,
-0.308853417634964,
0.1585710346698761,
-0.12764959037303925,
0.20281274616718292,
-0.692365825176239,
0.3602741062641144,
-0.10798788070678711,
0.32722222805023193,
-0.2598590850830078,
-0.11479733884334564,
-0.35337382555007935,
-0.22292956709861755,
-0.44665420055389404,
0.269901305437088,
-0.23306219279766083,
-0.8845760226249695,
0.27497947216033936,
-0.4112180173397064,
0.5373697876930237,
0.4118739068508148,
-0.6394020318984985,
0.00274686049669981,
-1.2556426525115967,
0.2627438008785248,
-0.7703413367271423,
-0.03859981894493103,
-0.0656580775976181,
0.5802109837532043,
-0.2732219696044922,
0.3728124499320984,
0.07143237441778183,
0.3768978416919708,
-0.25334566831588745,
-0.3772710859775543,
0.07638251781463623,
-0.6293370723724365,
0.5545423030853271,
0.24828726053237915,
-0.313319593667984,
0.06165095791220665,
0.09621144086122513,
0.011094832792878151,
-0.10113223642110825,
-0.3255106508731842,
-0.7004625797271729,
-0.3097415268421173,
-0.01723012514412403,
0.03408448025584221,
-0.1282282918691635,
-0.02753160335123539,
-0.34451162815093994,
-0.20315393805503845,
0.06987336277961731,
0.31480884552001953,
-0.011229362338781357,
0.14169450104236603,
-0.23335695266723633,
0.1936744749546051,
1.4152002334594727,
0.13959528505802155,
0.33004230260849,
-0.27635830640792847,
-0.20991234481334686,
-0.0912565141916275,
-0.5149914026260376,
0.012185078114271164,
0.2151891142129898,
-0.7996494770050049,
0.6807543635368347,
0.2893405258655548,
-0.17515499889850616,
-0.04915308579802513,
-0.0691830962896347,
-0.0470726303756237,
0.017282666638493538,
0.3066590130329132,
0.0055404286831617355,
-0.028061730787158012,
0.28180477023124695,
-0.2655044496059418,
-0.2921011745929718,
0.1716376692056656,
-0.008105075918138027,
0.019135188311338425,
-0.012706726789474487,
-0.006638995371758938,
-0.6739171147346497,
0.0006865238538011909,
0.5753276348114014,
0.2933349907398224,
-0.04475204646587372,
-0.23251239955425262,
-0.24379540979862213,
-0.2272656410932541,
-0.14700426161289215,
-0.17295677959918976,
0.503666341304779,
0.23177815973758698,
0.15497390925884247,
-0.11639819294214249,
0.43293309211730957,
0.4752357006072998,
0.6554199457168579,
0.22576045989990234,
-0.5256755948066711,
-0.05432087555527687,
0.23964537680149078,
0.7862299084663391,
-0.2291121929883957,
0.37095537781715393,
-0.12841282784938812,
-0.19065313041210175,
0.36394670605659485,
-0.3692256212234497,
0.5545465350151062,
0.37493830919265747,
-0.8187965750694275,
-0.2629207968711853,
-0.4744272232055664,
-0.23140642046928406,
0.11601120978593826,
-0.43460723757743835,
0.22044776380062103,
-0.16228047013282776,
0.0020582617726176977,
-0.01850617118179798,
0.015726296231150627,
-0.20165863633155823,
-0.29279825091362,
-0.06686905771493912,
0.025236494839191437,
-0.008426402695477009,
0.221540629863739,
-0.19128069281578064,
0.13543635606765747,
0.07488027960062027,
-0.1651846170425415,
0.3177278935909271,
-0.4552057087421417,
0.02999958209693432,
0.1730194091796875,
-0.18495048582553864,
0.07709503173828125,
0.30800193548202515,
-0.24448265135288239,
0.0948273092508316,
-0.33013612031936646,
0.28607606887817383,
0.442985475063324,
0.27951478958129883,
-0.31521016359329224,
0.0462598092854023,
0.45691773295402527,
0.3648964464664459,
0.28273916244506836,
-0.15435531735420227,
-0.5492951273918152,
-0.07454675436019897,
0.09600719064474106,
-0.488775372505188,
0.1293473243713379,
-0.37186115980148315,
0.3066708743572235,
-0.22795189917087555,
-0.0999920517206192,
-0.10430038720369339,
-0.6422159075737,
-0.09510502219200134,
0.14705906808376312,
-0.48131534457206726,
0.8849934935569763,
-0.3243332505226135,
-0.7576116323471069,
0.24709893763065338,
-0.028045909479260445,
0.443400502204895,
-0.2937520742416382,
-0.13196122646331787,
0.38907262682914734,
-0.18334783613681793,
-0.17630413174629211,
0.19699688255786896,
0.16259923577308655,
-0.1893598735332489,
0.14372336864471436,
0.0030352137982845306,
0.3894805610179901,
-0.32742562890052795,
0.28642332553863525,
-0.12471619993448257,
0.20926429331302643,
-0.5595864057540894,
-0.8391848802566528,
-0.04077531024813652,
-0.44290292263031006,
-0.14116331934928894,
0.4433782994747162,
-0.35705089569091797,
-0.04821694642305374,
0.41702866554260254,
-0.3259665369987488,
0.5527985095977783,
-0.5051841735839844,
0.0890611782670021,
0.4516253173351288,
-0.3460058569908142,
0.07567138224840164,
0.2266818732023239,
-0.18923082947731018,
-0.3365328907966614,
0.2897312343120575,
-0.03253588825464249,
0.3578060269355774,
-0.22917082905769348,
0.04811955988407135,
0.03387230634689331,
-0.2572532594203949,
0.5120953321456909,
-0.7093253135681152,
0.12706035375595093,
0.31643590331077576,
-0.2706643342971802,
-0.05854807049036026,
-0.10805456340312958,
-0.2692771255970001,
0.07836703211069107,
-0.19957421720027924,
0.3829076588153839,
-0.1788637340068817,
-0.07102815061807632,
-0.23205991089344025,
0.3304814398288727,
0.037629954516887665,
-0.09104347229003906,
-0.3720856308937073,
-0.04504257068037987,
-0.6785371899604797,
0.12203051894903183,
-0.252373069524765,
-0.052404530346393585,
-0.07682627439498901,
-0.7276805639266968,
-0.5506525039672852,
-0.04452705755829811,
0.8715962171554565,
0.6999585032463074,
-0.14149673283100128,
0.16452383995056152,
-0.4499564468860626,
-0.17912928760051727,
-0.45796656608581543,
-0.5813286900520325,
-0.2275460660457611,
-0.3717847764492035,
-0.05442532151937485,
-0.7185322642326355,
-0.21011178195476532,
0.3472699522972107,
0.5853807330131531,
-0.3327414095401764,
-0.3569280505180359,
-0.03999652341008186,
0.320036381483078,
0.0912829339504242,
0.417525976896286,
-0.4469131529331207,
-0.42008674144744873,
0.3014260232448578,
-0.22260823845863342,
0.2614020109176636,
0.6624091863632202,
0.18997161090373993,
0.5695765614509583,
-0.12864993512630463,
0.024066731333732605,
-0.4309496283531189,
-0.7042901515960693,
0.19723637402057648,
-0.10500813275575638,
0.03747845068573952,
0.771095871925354,
-0.272445410490036,
-0.3925268054008484,
-0.10944700986146927,
-6.121326923370361,
-0.11189928650856018,
-0.6201313138008118,
-0.7136266827583313,
0.10281486064195633,
0.4611673057079315,
0.6307386755943298,
0.23059242963790894,
-0.38264602422714233,
-0.4789457321166992,
-0.45788517594337463,
0.2723451256752014,
-0.16573378443717957,
0.6467642784118652,
0.7237300276756287,
-0.01043988298624754,
0.4141949415206909,
0.3395523428916931,
-0.287350058555603,
0.007754877675324678,
0.3640941083431244,
-0.2186007797718048,
0.4002230763435364,
0.8340596556663513,
0.17647160589694977,
0.5647116899490356,
-0.3234131634235382,
-0.10513921082019806,
0.19656111299991608,
-0.3275643587112427,
0.05690700188279152,
0.4557754099369049,
-0.2837381362915039,
-0.33564430475234985,
0.2541971802711487,
-0.10128173977136612,
0.6251416802406311,
0.17763102054595947,
0.7658497095108032,
-0.12838208675384521,
0.0072398255579173565,
0.5994640588760376,
0.5174623727798462,
-0.3478364944458008,
0.16833364963531494,
0.00690946402028203,
-0.2777194678783417,
0.41456809639930725,
-0.2643969655036926,
0.5373131036758423,
-0.38886716961860657,
-0.3373296558856964,
0.30630701780319214,
0.09490854293107986,
0.21810857951641083,
-0.2210136204957962,
0.3840470612049103,
0.14280705153942108,
0.009853167459368706,
0.24943140149116516,
0.4844776391983032,
-0.333902508020401,
-0.2556713819503784,
-0.7541225552558899,
-0.5169581174850464,
-0.20847445726394653,
-0.294771283864975,
0.007355647161602974,
0.5702642202377319,
0.5700852870941162,
-0.4188652038574219,
-0.2592201828956604,
0.06841659545898438,
-0.7306766510009766,
0.4435938596725464,
0.04913444444537163,
-0.03487883508205414,
0.22906479239463806,
-0.18132922053337097,
0.5690007209777832,
-0.3126583993434906,
-0.11723849922418594,
-0.3493432402610779,
-0.3560768663883209,
-0.5881097316741943,
-0.5428025126457214,
-0.5062599182128906,
0.3956778347492218,
-0.12206991016864777,
0.14500081539154053,
0.6158213019371033,
-0.5281332731246948,
0.47576698660850525,
-0.08036868274211884,
0.5379016995429993,
0.2702617049217224,
0.4355260133743286,
-0.04750531539320946,
0.33481723070144653,
0.11968222260475159,
0.4881216883659363,
-0.171819269657135,
0.32881492376327515,
-0.4470299482345581,
-0.5632238984107971,
-0.2989557981491089,
-0.07320074737071991,
-0.08030273765325546,
0.578692615032196,
-0.11978284269571304,
0.005105131771415472,
0.09573964774608612,
-0.37355002760887146,
-0.3606608510017395,
0.14658653736114502,
-0.03813428431749344,
-0.28689149022102356,
0.3148777484893799,
0.2025669515132904,
-0.14686773717403412,
0.057284459471702576,
0.019931353628635406,
-0.48813140392303467,
-0.08939982950687408,
0.05217287689447403,
-0.14403481781482697,
0.09610017389059067,
0.020706921815872192,
0.23952694237232208,
-0.24943655729293823,
0.15181732177734375,
0.0801575556397438,
0.4538310766220093,
0.21117444336414337,
0.29982638359069824,
-0.05513111874461174,
-0.24043479561805725,
0.18685615062713623,
0.0723755732178688,
-0.5909714102745056,
0.19418221712112427,
-0.5428227186203003,
0.22634655237197876,
0.3009653389453888,
0.2853057384490967,
-0.12918639183044434,
0.13645030558109283,
-0.041687335819005966,
0.6054202914237976,
0.5451644062995911,
0.11653672158718109,
0.027141885831952095,
0.7580556273460388,
-0.47425687313079834,
-0.12067155539989471,
-0.1998487114906311,
-0.12979111075401306,
0.0674520879983902,
-0.04212402552366257,
-0.40202009677886963,
0.3584039807319641,
-0.22096937894821167,
-0.7895450592041016,
0.293539822101593,
0.02378152683377266,
-0.038956254720687866,
-0.17973637580871582,
-0.7076189517974854,
0.1906367540359497,
0.34126436710357666,
0.06019783020019531,
0.04181358963251114,
0.0055589512921869755,
-0.2119266390800476,
0.12454216927289963,
-0.24654269218444824,
0.15107280015945435,
-0.09871926158666611,
-0.0370488315820694,
-0.16445504128932953,
-0.051436372101306915,
0.4339793026447296,
-0.005762203596532345,
0.3405717611312866,
0.15539096295833588,
-0.16610269248485565,
-0.08679570257663727,
0.8311081528663635,
-0.2009214162826538,
-0.050949327647686005,
-0.10466770827770233,
0.43667569756507874,
0.18421508371829987,
-0.020487457513809204,
-0.22910909354686737,
0.15693676471710205,
0.10947833210229874,
0.9930660128593445,
-0.024785926565527916,
-0.46267205476760864,
0.5989547967910767,
0.13487887382507324,
-0.20065248012542725,
-0.1684112846851349,
0.7291715145111084,
-0.12443041056394577,
0.576088547706604,
-0.43808692693710327,
-0.12460986524820328,
0.02208057790994644,
-0.268411785364151,
-0.4311538338661194,
0.22293923795223236,
-0.19363000988960266,
-0.2768537104129791,
-0.2185722291469574,
0.394353449344635,
-0.3672463595867157,
-0.8142514824867249,
0.16969916224479675,
0.19985957443714142,
0.24941860139369965,
-0.11356751620769501,
0.27365630865097046,
-0.5353703498840332,
-0.32517072558403015,
0.23386149108409882,
-0.30986207723617554,
-0.05829380825161934,
-0.241904154419899,
-0.06998924165964127,
-0.11841318756341934,
-0.17855104804039001,
-0.18396702408790588,
0.11990062892436981,
-0.06231508404016495,
-0.21314001083374023,
0.06939847022294998,
-0.04791983589529991,
-0.08423472195863724,
0.42063450813293457,
0.18721060454845428,
0.291912704706192,
-0.4681316316127777,
-0.40385475754737854,
0.2484535127878189,
0.47108256816864014,
-0.2538008987903595,
-0.8783417344093323,
0.46665388345718384,
0.818966805934906,
-0.4258764684200287,
-0.9295049905776978,
-0.27015218138694763,
0.5410469174385071,
-0.5119498372077942,
-0.00579451397061348,
-0.017031043767929077,
-0.015624209307134151,
0.26129305362701416,
-0.23098783195018768,
-0.16742326319217682,
-0.3454781174659729,
0.00648581562563777,
0.09711416065692902,
0.1366054266691208,
-0.1336698830127716,
-0.1269257664680481,
0.3521296977996826,
-0.19311469793319702,
-0.13129819929599762,
0.3814382553100586,
1.1987462043762207,
0.4576999843120575,
0.17442063987255096,
-0.3235286772251129,
0.015688039362430573,
-0.2592063844203949,
-0.10821140557527542,
0.027909988537430763,
-0.19700437784194946,
0.30499106645584106,
0.07829666137695312,
-0.4482078552246094,
0.25596365332603455,
-0.4327542185783386,
0.29440248012542725,
-0.49075180292129517,
0.007013644557446241,
0.022010115906596184,
-0.20207203924655914,
0.362029105424881,
0.10417036712169647,
0.4876871705055237,
-0.4941306710243225,
-0.21632681787014008,
0.41015544533729553,
-0.1434698849916458,
0.25540030002593994,
0.46467190980911255,
-0.2842247784137726,
0.4235075116157532,
0.6359779834747314,
-0.4993300437927246,
0.6233609914779663,
0.08199718594551086,
0.34176555275917053,
-0.32614558935165405,
-0.14889228343963623,
-0.12530893087387085,
0.3195428252220154,
-0.4094541668891907,
0.1825650930404663,
0.7395062446594238,
0.32493841648101807,
0.011436136439442635,
0.7047331929206848,
-0.35766685009002686,
0.5797516107559204,
0.2582947015762329,
0.48683324456214905,
0.2910721004009247,
0.3815528452396393,
0.06658858805894852,
0.2435821294784546,
0.0068674408830702305,
-0.15062463283538818,
-0.7576130628585815,
0.8518063426017761,
0.16556252539157867,
0.8651555776596069,
0.3221440315246582,
0.07814184576272964,
0.13213571906089783,
-0.7631875872612,
-0.4530055522918701,
0.059158556163311005,
-0.0655902847647667,
-0.1492001712322235,
0.785956859588623,
0.34195274114608765,
-0.17182286083698273,
-0.25727835297584534,
-0.11326207965612411,
-0.17668215930461884,
0.2982528805732727,
0.20542627573013306,
-0.07261249423027039,
-0.5745090842247009,
-0.048120953142642975,
0.18670104444026947,
-0.08034060150384903,
-0.26684167981147766,
0.06515152007341385,
0.41596367955207825,
-0.5950551629066467,
-0.05387628823518753,
-0.10948416590690613,
0.2443339228630066,
0.035605523735284805,
-0.036689627915620804,
0.7940220236778259,
0.40210938453674316,
-0.21364761888980865,
-0.5234618782997131,
0.2172211855649948,
0.1366410106420517,
-0.3321705162525177,
0.3853430449962616,
0.07008916139602661,
0.5026953220367432,
0.8184277415275574,
-0.432417631149292,
0.2523278594017029,
-0.24845018982887268,
-0.4205332398414612,
0.8226683735847473,
0.2631710171699524,
-0.35501763224601746,
0.06350139528512955,
-0.8993265628814697,
-0.30773869156837463,
-0.07024823129177094,
-0.29310178756713867,
0.6920941472053528,
-0.1702309101819992,
0.01285590324550867,
-0.17861859500408173,
-0.28152135014533997,
0.1809433251619339,
0.38194993138313293,
-0.8056653738021851,
0.013966572470963001,
-0.258848637342453,
-0.19422423839569092,
-0.3710023760795593,
-0.308989018201828,
0.32587072253227234,
-0.05548296868801117,
0.38409265875816345,
0.32323649525642395,
0.1603417992591858,
0.4886836111545563,
0.013575089164078236,
-0.7075755596160889,
-0.050516966730356216,
-0.3679865300655365,
0.10332513600587845,
-0.2617798447608948,
0.3402456045150757,
0.45123958587646484,
0.09904785454273224,
-0.1225818395614624,
0.5835858583450317,
-0.14797645807266235,
-0.2205459177494049,
0.5873227119445801,
-0.17471271753311157,
0.1254158914089203,
-0.42302343249320984,
0.1332244724035263,
-0.10592670738697052,
0.46101027727127075,
0.10195563733577728,
0.03273298218846321,
-0.27159029245376587,
0.5449119806289673,
0.09628177434206009,
-0.8513895273208618,
0.2976057827472687,
-0.12090271711349487,
-0.2054116278886795,
-0.3977853059768677,
0.603691041469574,
-0.07459816336631775,
-0.493732213973999,
0.03666628897190094,
0.010650179348886013,
-0.09627076238393784,
-0.49490779638290405,
-0.00641915388405323,
0.41029223799705505,
-0.22233986854553223,
-0.10718324035406113,
-0.26038670539855957,
0.04088572412729263,
-0.3451550304889679,
-0.28504839539527893,
-0.9832746982574463,
0.10847843438386917,
0.13222497701644897,
-0.17856387794017792,
0.17846275866031647,
0.0547846183180809,
0.4760383665561676,
-0.3763626217842102,
-0.08027546107769012,
-0.11872720718383789,
0.2364204376935959,
0.29587027430534363
] |
224198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20John%20Garth%20Wilkinson | James John Garth Wilkinson | James John Garth Wilkinson (3 June 1812 – 18 October 1899), was an English homeopathic physician, social reformer, translator and editor of Swedenborg's works, and a writer on Swedenborgian topics.
Life
The son of James John Wilkinson (died 1845), a writer on mercantile law and judge of the County Palatine of Durham, he was born in London. Wilkinson studied medicine and worked at Newcastle Infirmary and Guy's Hospital. He was a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1834. He became an independent medical practitioner at Store Street, Bedford Square in 1835. However, he became disillusioned with orthodox medicine and later took up homeopathy.
Attracted by the works of William Blake, he studied the Songs of Experience. He was also inspired by Emanuel Swedenborg, to the elucidation of whose writings he devoted much of his life.
He died at Finchley Road, South Hampstead, where he had lived for nearly fifty years. He was commemorated by a bust and portrait in the rooms of the Swedenborgian Society in Bloomsbury Street, London.
Works
Between 1840 and 1850 he edited Swedenborg's treatises on The Doctrine of Charity, The Animal Kingdom, Outlines of a Philosophic Argument on the Infinite, and Hieroglyphic Key to Natural and Spiritual Mysteries.
Wilkinson's preliminary discourses to these translations and his criticisms of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's comments on Swedenborg displayed an aptitude not only for mystical research, but also for original philosophic debate. The vigour of his thought won admiration from Henry James, Sr. (father of the novelist) and from Ralph Waldo Emerson, through whom he met Thomas Carlyle and James Anthony Froude; and his speculation further attracted Alfred Tennyson, the Oliphants and Edward Maitland.
He wrote an able sketch of Swedenborg for the Penny Cyclopaedia, and a standard biography, Emanuel Swedenborg (1849); but these were not his only interests. He was a traveller, a linguist, well versed in Scandinavian literature and philology, the author of mystical poems entitled Improvisations from the Spirit (1857), a social and medical reformer, a convinced opponent of vaccination and vivisection. Wilkinson was a vegetarian.
Wilkinson criticized vivisection as unethical and unnecessary cruelty inflicted on animals in his book On Human Science: Good and Evil, and on Divine Revelation, published in 1876. He was an advocate of nature conservation and women's rights.
Anti-vaccination
Wilkinson was an anti-vaccinationist. He contributed to The Vaccination Inquirer and completed a series of Vaccination Tracts in 1879.
Legacy
Henry James, Sr. became a Swedenborgian, and named a son after Wilkinson: Garth Wilkinson James, also known as Wilkie James, an officer of the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry under Robert Gould Shaw.
Selected publications
Emanuel Swedenborg: A Biography (1849)
The Human Body and its Connexion With Man (1851)
The Homoeopathic Principle Applied to Insanity (1857)
On Human Science: Good and Evil, and on Divine Revelation (1876)
Vaccination Tracts (1879)
Epidemic Man and His Visitations (1893)
The New Jerusalem and the Old Jerusalem (1894)
Notes
References
Bibliography
Lines, Richard. "James John Garth Wilkinson 1812–1899: Author, Physician, Swedenborgian". Journal of the New Church Historical Society. Chester, 2002. (Available on-line.)
Wilkinson, Clement John. James John Garth Wilkinson. London, 1911. (Available on-line.)
1812 births
1899 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
British anti-vaccination activists
Anti-vivisectionists
English animal rights scholars
English Swedenborgians
English translators
English writers
Homeopaths
Medical doctors from London
Vegetarianism activists | [
0.5554446578025818,
0.5672945380210876,
-0.3159838020801544,
-0.6517131924629211,
0.0021181481424719095,
0.6811203956604004,
0.9925610423088074,
-0.15890607237815857,
0.17198000848293304,
-0.07728783786296844,
-0.4046093821525574,
-0.06860217452049255,
-0.505664050579071,
0.5641214847564697,
0.12958404421806335,
0.1303132325410843,
0.08804749697446823,
-0.18383465707302094,
-0.09878304600715637,
0.12429593503475189,
-0.25239098072052,
-0.12950262427330017,
0.561899721622467,
0.03909787908196449,
-0.02277211658656597,
0.001453622942790389,
0.3188857138156891,
-0.4513759911060333,
-0.6441758275032043,
-0.008556412532925606,
0.3489418029785156,
0.4455380439758301,
0.4556482434272766,
0.2711181342601776,
-0.07985813170671463,
0.5266242027282715,
-0.6859697103500366,
-0.24403858184814453,
0.040897220373153687,
0.3190756142139435,
-0.4495370388031006,
0.28610488772392273,
0.7018793821334839,
0.22800865769386292,
-0.4226485788822174,
-0.146331325173378,
-1.7735306024551392,
0.16048574447631836,
-0.5656441450119019,
-0.13566499948501587,
0.00548261683434248,
-0.1653273105621338,
1.0347521305084229,
0.07869131118059158,
-0.18108300864696503,
0.3414224088191986,
-0.48192527890205383,
-0.17078392207622528,
0.15125811100006104,
-0.12809473276138306,
0.8605355620384216,
-0.06422307342290878,
0.468042254447937,
-0.03588692471385002,
0.34483373165130615,
0.5520308017730713,
-0.780832827091217,
0.5750946998596191,
-0.3302112817764282,
0.060214608907699585,
-0.32928523421287537,
0.5806342959403992,
0.1918344348669052,
0.650378406047821,
0.28130823373794556,
0.11716866493225098,
0.08937302976846695,
0.2848757207393646,
0.730617880821228,
0.019854269921779633,
0.021210452541708946,
0.09185661375522614,
0.6763448119163513,
0.6945114135742188,
0.24705153703689575,
0.06315631419420242,
-0.6391400098800659,
0.2391800880432129,
-0.2720238268375397,
0.054384734481573105,
-0.07873784750699997,
-0.23059627413749695,
-0.07008557766675949,
0.13031281530857086,
-0.40988174080848694,
0.37956491112709045,
-0.13593608140945435,
0.09920156002044678,
-0.6799948215484619,
-0.39646846055984497,
0.28885406255722046,
0.22726260125637054,
0.15518718957901,
0.28061631321907043,
-0.12573422491550446,
0.10689172893762589,
-0.33244407176971436,
-0.521519124507904,
0.014270897023379803,
0.4075557291507721,
-1.0747936964035034,
0.19166842103004456,
-0.3592182397842407,
-0.0088034737855196,
0.3113798499107361,
0.9360546469688416,
0.18367497622966766,
-0.8868159055709839,
-0.624874472618103,
-0.531509518623352,
-0.4493449628353119,
-0.25555652379989624,
-0.10853009670972824,
0.12132703512907028,
-0.38584232330322266,
0.01593674346804619,
0.02088797464966774,
0.37757015228271484,
-0.3524329960346222,
0.42973366379737854,
0.3167749047279358,
0.7794110178947449,
-0.3744352161884308,
-0.4448024034500122,
-0.5473853945732117,
0.019568873569369316,
0.7200070023536682,
0.05243636667728424,
-0.28886809945106506,
0.42548978328704834,
-0.1527482569217682,
-0.2517428994178772,
-0.7382820248603821,
-0.20892925560474396,
0.22635440528392792,
-0.24137209355831146,
-0.044572606682777405,
-0.27945467829704285,
-0.3621757924556732,
-0.11052773147821426,
-0.43653228878974915,
0.3448431193828583,
0.2702481150627136,
-0.23672860860824585,
-0.3195720911026001,
0.5274232029914856,
0.30243203043937683,
0.37177345156669617,
0.5182415843009949,
-0.2638668715953827,
0.07220513373613358,
0.04874332994222641,
-0.18776825070381165,
-0.07982524484395981,
0.38103970885276794,
-0.3996679186820984,
0.30907729268074036,
-0.42623114585876465,
-0.13144999742507935,
0.06538812816143036,
-0.163154736161232,
-0.19279369711875916,
0.13122890889644623,
0.010076159611344337,
0.3603464961051941,
0.9745654463768005,
0.7166489958763123,
0.547409176826477,
0.44655969738960266,
-0.9320533871650696,
-0.6821672916412354,
-0.44529077410697937,
0.18334630131721497,
-0.08522532135248184,
0.02045547030866146,
0.17214392125606537,
0.7470962405204773,
-0.4153771698474884,
-0.000014555240340996534,
0.10050095617771149,
-0.4070793390274048,
-0.7965874671936035,
0.26957276463508606,
-0.21767523884773254,
0.9140778183937073,
0.39937469363212585,
0.29010775685310364,
0.38721662759780884,
-0.4363986551761627,
0.6946298480033875,
0.18873828649520874,
-0.07142661511898041,
-0.2864415943622589,
-0.09846904873847961,
-0.3598562180995941,
0.25002968311309814,
0.006881615612655878,
-0.009307198226451874,
0.22918151319026947,
0.4019838571548462,
0.6817265152931213,
-0.4317074120044708,
0.338577538728714,
0.3170488178730011,
-0.4105410873889923,
-0.46184080839157104,
-0.035931263118982315,
-0.5746580958366394,
0.3097567558288574,
-0.2543238401412964,
-0.11556267738342285,
0.4667046368122101,
0.0013614862691611052,
0.8888920545578003,
0.7361544370651245,
0.9169073104858398,
-0.12752382457256317,
0.07869603484869003,
-0.406197190284729,
-0.5578527450561523,
-0.3632369935512543,
0.1099705770611763,
0.6604987382888794,
-0.0896424651145935,
0.38020434975624084,
-0.533678412437439,
-0.42991650104522705,
-0.3896075189113617,
-0.24877429008483887,
-0.23077763617038727,
0.6193164587020874,
-0.4213544428348541,
-0.4784209728240967,
0.49399900436401367,
0.5049500465393066,
0.04805399477481842,
-0.24065691232681274,
-0.16005398333072662,
0.3248656988143921,
-0.03987988457083702,
0.616118311882019,
0.6465902328491211,
0.6314853429794312,
0.29278719425201416,
-0.031404972076416016,
-0.40039873123168945,
0.1226472333073616,
0.25794917345046997,
0.06908106803894043,
0.23359240591526031,
-0.15653057396411896,
0.19817420840263367,
0.012946739792823792,
-0.2212926149368286,
-0.31541696190834045,
-0.020006509497761726,
0.16580025851726532,
-0.7167456746101379,
-0.09179381281137466,
-0.5359956622123718,
0.5736576914787292,
-0.1622816026210785,
-0.609448254108429,
0.6215581893920898,
-0.17865632474422455,
-0.6134206652641296,
0.25569215416908264,
-0.009925569407641888,
-0.36958053708076477,
-0.39657002687454224,
-0.07321595400571823,
0.7146078944206238,
-0.3577806353569031,
-0.10897631198167801,
-0.8461418151855469,
-0.4556368887424469,
-0.34176114201545715,
-0.3232565224170685,
0.14816337823867798,
0.25140923261642456,
-0.031017763540148735,
1.033396601676941,
-0.1345289647579193,
-0.29942208528518677,
-0.607583224773407,
0.07022818922996521,
-0.7267622351646423,
-0.4442879259586334,
0.06055965647101402,
0.10607165098190308,
-0.5099747180938721,
0.28040051460266113,
0.4967738687992096,
0.5269679427146912,
0.29969048500061035,
-0.3498499393463135,
-0.28153741359710693,
0.2755317986011505,
-5.378478050231934,
0.16780945658683777,
0.2923771142959595,
-0.5150094628334045,
0.6657352447509766,
0.4422287344932556,
0.863723635673523,
-0.14252880215644836,
0.17211505770683289,
-0.28216513991355896,
0.2931022346019745,
-0.09389302134513855,
0.0037295075599104166,
0.3198956549167633,
0.9909720420837402,
0.8042240142822266,
0.010580784641206264,
0.19098828732967377,
0.5509300231933594,
0.3270508944988251,
0.3455865681171417,
0.04262308403849602,
0.11685626953840256,
0.7480071783065796,
0.15409541130065918,
0.1623760610818863,
-0.516046404838562,
0.4112720489501953,
-0.5570184588432312,
-0.23067596554756165,
0.258352130651474,
0.29764246940612793,
-0.11273674666881561,
-0.26596537232398987,
0.05519648268818855,
0.04394488036632538,
-0.03676501289010048,
0.7913509607315063,
-0.20315766334533691,
-0.015702735632658005,
0.028540249913930893,
0.0736469104886055,
-0.3146181106567383,
0.2890963852405548,
0.1192629337310791,
-0.11802277714014053,
-0.9802243709564209,
0.12594375014305115,
-0.26908567547798157,
0.5210096836090088,
-0.11391578614711761,
-0.1716119945049286,
0.08906297385692596,
-0.031116938218474388,
-0.6356387138366699,
0.005716684740036726,
0.09072058647871017,
-0.14754267036914825,
-0.9085521697998047,
-0.12112654000520706,
0.01944078877568245,
-0.5459430813789368,
0.017546875402331352,
-0.24944525957107544,
-0.11833144724369049,
-0.035360876470804214,
0.027059359475970268,
-0.5273916125297546,
0.027593107894062996,
-0.04816491901874542,
-0.3556823134422302,
1.3967307806015015,
0.34138816595077515,
-1.3981431722640991,
-0.2665599286556244,
-0.28532472252845764,
-0.3777148425579071,
-0.00201460556127131,
-0.3236623704433441,
-0.23495835065841675,
0.1604529172182083,
-0.06527912616729736,
-0.17865902185440063,
1.5338590145111084,
0.5706958770751953,
-0.6083698868751526,
-0.5505318641662598,
-0.23325461149215698,
-0.6430948972702026,
-0.42700299620628357,
-0.6669377684593201,
-0.11958787590265274,
-0.11687036603689194,
0.38413006067276,
0.11025091260671616,
0.36128565669059753,
-0.42708781361579895,
0.7027351260185242,
0.26997634768486023,
-0.19021126627922058,
-0.02695944905281067,
0.15774095058441162,
-0.25586438179016113,
-0.06118146702647209,
0.3590814769268036,
-0.12248952686786652,
-0.4514617323875427,
0.057655900716781616,
-0.0809948742389679,
0.09152323007583618,
-0.08896102011203766,
-0.049292899668216705,
-0.22264225780963898,
0.05875779688358307,
-0.27254509925842285,
-0.3756779432296753,
0.0031160840298980474,
0.3793870806694031,
0.7254410982131958,
0.30641376972198486,
-0.6730518937110901,
0.43201521039009094,
-0.24078653752803802,
-0.25740569829940796,
0.07441084086894989,
-0.07615268230438232,
0.6409884691238403,
-0.49703729152679443,
-0.24632059037685394,
0.27415353059768677,
0.07507307082414627,
0.3316921889781952,
0.04335664585232735,
-0.15734323859214783,
-0.24609780311584473,
-0.34827014803886414,
-0.6327505707740784,
-0.1493699699640274,
-0.442033052444458,
0.038534585386514664,
-0.11932038515806198,
-0.32659637928009033,
0.6373853087425232,
0.5639711618423462,
0.6054133176803589,
-0.09397842735052109,
0.22474390268325806,
0.5599579215049744,
-0.22829851508140564,
0.7348366975784302,
-0.26314592361450195,
-0.660074770450592,
0.8390906453132629,
-0.6262744069099426,
0.052171740680933,
-0.14438065886497498,
-0.16710598766803741,
0.4294211268424988,
-0.4286145865917206,
-0.5616251230239868,
-0.26379817724227905,
-0.02258182317018509,
-0.4652653634548187,
-0.03148335963487625,
0.014827756211161613,
0.25247907638549805,
-0.8635677099227905,
-0.039940666407346725,
-0.8754677176475525,
0.33342844247817993,
-0.10749755054712296,
-0.35027286410331726,
-0.5225827693939209,
0.4914458096027374,
0.8583729267120361,
0.22665542364120483,
-0.4977862238883972,
0.5440296530723572,
-0.028740737587213516,
-0.08117691427469254,
0.11346092820167542,
-0.20813968777656555,
-0.31985121965408325,
0.3336046636104584,
1.3889315128326416,
0.05198181793093681,
-0.3308660387992859,
-1.0663377046585083,
0.05944176763296127,
0.2390022873878479,
0.524914562702179,
0.019214771687984467,
0.520368754863739,
0.7505351305007935,
-0.1579887419939041,
-0.26628783345222473,
0.1442304104566574,
-0.4356025457382202,
0.4323394298553467,
-0.8411586880683899,
0.3307884633541107,
0.5019373893737793,
-0.2346360981464386,
0.3911381959915161,
0.2319062054157257,
-1.05153489112854,
-0.6453299522399902,
-0.2637874186038971,
-0.6643938422203064,
1.0991178750991821,
-0.3071158528327942,
-0.32240521907806396,
0.02105235494673252,
0.8000485301017761,
-0.6553159952163696,
-0.2136952430009842,
0.02056806907057762,
0.07800815254449844,
-0.1477372646331787,
-0.15876249969005585,
-0.7485753297805786,
-0.6895056962966919,
-0.32062527537345886,
0.006055294070392847,
-0.3889618515968323,
0.07464072108268738,
0.5152458548545837,
0.35465171933174133,
1.0855185985565186,
-0.5980954170227051,
-0.4849686324596405,
0.3597549498081207,
0.25276246666908264,
0.5349675416946411,
-0.027170149609446526,
0.014308054931461811,
0.5221596956253052,
0.3874433636665344,
0.027541175484657288,
0.36822763085365295,
0.07135290652513504,
0.8921310305595398,
0.03460690379142761,
-0.4560229480266571,
-0.031227994710206985,
0.059439558535814285,
0.6615671515464783,
-0.2328050136566162,
-0.3872297406196594,
0.18724067509174347,
0.1328628957271576,
-0.10156963765621185,
-0.13435372710227966,
-0.2182704359292984,
0.9387813210487366,
-0.7534764409065247,
0.010225648991763592,
0.10794724524021149,
0.08618737012147903,
-0.6384900808334351,
-0.009989199228584766,
-0.19671788811683655,
-0.17918218672275543,
0.002600269392132759,
0.42229244112968445,
0.3789193332195282,
-0.14362122118473053,
-0.3031917214393616,
0.32433611154556274,
-0.10839803516864777,
-0.3615793287754059,
-0.9719175100326538,
0.03859291970729828,
0.6924194097518921,
-0.16817501187324524,
0.257015198469162,
-0.05716397985816002,
-0.3895007371902466,
0.6768485307693481,
-0.023407524451613426,
-0.4154359996318817,
-0.38227978348731995,
0.14264395833015442,
-0.7839808464050293,
-0.0157528854906559,
-0.6131887435913086,
-0.40181443095207214,
-0.2948371469974518,
-0.18855462968349457,
-0.31690514087677,
-0.7203900218009949,
0.25023552775382996,
0.3499106168746948,
-0.0042566261254251,
-0.593333899974823,
0.22284682095050812,
-0.2613050043582916,
0.3465171456336975,
-0.3405139148235321,
-0.6427813768386841,
-0.1355166733264923,
0.311609148979187,
0.7913495302200317,
-0.13777878880500793,
0.5442963242530823,
0.004468874074518681,
-0.13708484172821045,
-0.18935473263263702,
-0.49961644411087036,
-0.0349007286131382,
0.5964147448539734,
0.4642094075679779,
0.25915199518203735,
0.3933301568031311,
-0.5394578576087952,
-0.6225146055221558,
0.1950734406709671,
-0.4840771555900574,
-0.3057209253311157,
0.5418451428413391,
0.291025310754776,
0.29574573040008545,
0.5545631051063538,
-0.536034345626831,
-0.040002819150686264,
0.43049588799476624,
0.19529606401920319,
0.19795024394989014,
-0.35916486382484436,
0.28497326374053955,
-0.19971759617328644,
-0.246720552444458,
-0.009033601731061935,
1.2341880798339844,
-0.0869208499789238,
0.2192409485578537,
-0.3888128399848938,
-0.41595974564552307,
-0.4655390977859497,
0.4808771014213562,
0.3998227119445801,
1.013712763786316,
-0.3155342936515808,
0.09709193557500839,
-0.42279934883117676,
0.31372544169425964,
-0.0556013286113739,
-0.07830435037612915,
0.010136788710951805,
0.3109035789966583,
0.31681960821151733,
0.15637312829494476,
0.5740094780921936,
-0.467951238155365,
-0.044340889900922775,
0.3116273581981659,
0.16733133792877197,
-0.5541948080062866,
-0.24783919751644135,
0.0024550266098231077,
-0.471286803483963,
-0.08091843873262405,
0.27813589572906494,
-0.37129729986190796,
-0.2786182165145874,
-0.0058222427032887936,
0.10067174583673477,
-0.9983968734741211,
0.09676127135753632,
0.582446813583374,
0.5579410195350647,
-0.6416893005371094,
0.1543378233909607,
0.3268015384674072,
0.16680018603801727,
-0.4624851644039154,
1.1861419677734375,
0.2953881621360779,
0.05540982261300087,
0.11829016357660294,
-0.9303478598594666,
0.22070619463920593,
0.06656811386346817,
-0.7564396262168884,
0.23506221175193787,
0.25303027033805847,
-0.8179102540016174,
0.24606718122959137,
-0.3285260498523712,
-0.44402214884757996,
0.34759533405303955,
-0.1337738037109375,
-0.3101660907268524,
0.02665851078927517,
-0.9461958408355713,
0.05179878696799278,
0.2859590947628021,
0.7788001894950867,
0.1473163366317749,
-0.517439603805542,
-0.35982608795166016,
-0.179740771651268,
0.08582597225904465,
-0.0011775139719247818,
-0.25664472579956055,
0.4393644630908966,
-0.28602316975593567,
0.7795511484146118,
-0.7922317981719971,
0.6994969844818115,
-0.4040612280368805,
0.32081833481788635,
-0.4738696217536926,
0.23743268847465515,
-0.30644914507865906,
-0.2523210048675537,
0.2763644754886627,
-0.2777404487133026,
-0.5466075539588928,
-0.42144060134887695,
0.15090321004390717,
0.1252719610929489,
-0.30016934871673584,
-0.6450933218002319,
-0.46959513425827026,
0.009980370290577412,
0.2042994201183319,
-0.07551780343055725,
0.03350253030657768,
0.521082878112793,
0.06443370133638382,
-0.2400868535041809,
-0.5472307801246643,
-0.6187447309494019,
0.20119428634643555,
-0.4560955762863159,
0.23947013914585114,
0.753899097442627,
0.17251504957675934,
-0.21516123414039612,
0.42822811007499695,
-0.5169281959533691,
-0.217186838388443,
-0.013157305307686329,
0.10562518984079361,
-0.19747304916381836,
0.44419801235198975,
-0.5636066198348999,
-0.0699235275387764,
0.5464155077934265,
0.37764042615890503,
-0.1458563357591629,
-0.3439905345439911,
-0.776565670967102,
0.45464015007019043,
-0.0799022912979126,
0.11090831458568573,
-0.3602336049079895,
0.7804733514785767,
-0.38144582509994507
] |
224199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodensee%E2%80%93Toggenburg%20railway | Bodensee–Toggenburg railway | The Bodensee–Toggenburg railway is a mainly single-track standard-gauge line connecting on Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and the Toggenburg region in Eastern Switzerland. It was built by the Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn (BT), a former railway company, which existed from 1910 until its merger with the "old" Südostbahn (SOB) to form the "new" Südostbahn (SOB) on 1 January 2001. Today, the line together with the Wattwil–Ebnat-Kappel section forms the eastern network of the Südostbahn.
The BT consisted of the standard gauge adhesion railway from Romanshorn to St. Gallen St. Fiden (19.13 km) opened on 3 October 1910 and the standard gauge adhesion line from to Wattwil (31.74 km), as well as the line from Ebnat-Kappel to Nesslau-Neu St. Johann (7.85 km) opened on 1 October 1912.
The connecting sections of line from St. Gallen St. Fiden to St. Gallen HB and from Wattwil to Ebnat-Kappel were controlled by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), as it leased the Wattwil–Ebnat-Kappel section from the BT.
History
The first railway lines in Eastern Switzerland followed the river valleys and thus resulted in some large detours to the east for travel to the canton capital of St. Gallen. After the construction of the St. Gallen Winkeln–Herisau railway by the Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Localbahnen, (later called the Appenzeller Bahn—Appenzell Railway; AB—and now part of the Appenzell Railways) had shown that it was possible to build railways at relatively low costs in the hilly terrain of the Alpine foothills, a large number of projects emerged in the Alpine foothills between Lake Constance and Lake Zürich. Some of the projects provided for lines connecting with the Appenzell Railway, other projects were developed independently of the AB. A narrow-gauge line through the Ricken and Wasserfluh passes would have meant a winding, slow connection. A standard gauge railway was therefore required for the important intra-cantonal connection between Rapperswil and St. Gallen. In particular, the ennet dem Ricken ("beyond the Ricken" in Swiss German) group built political pressure in favour of the project.
As a result, the St. Gallen Grand Council agreed on 17 May 1887 to a request for a government loan of Swiss francs (CHF) 7000 for preparatory work for a rail link from the Linth area via the Toggenburg to St. Gallen. The first expert opinion recommended a gap between Ebnat and Uznach, but this would still have required a detour via Wil to reach St. Gallen. An initiative committee (Initiativkomitee) for a St. Gallen–Herisau–Degersheim–Neckertal–Wattwil–Rapperwil railway link was formed in Degersheim in 1889. The leader was the Degersheim embroidery manufacturer Isidor Grauer-Frey, who also campaigned for an extension of the line beyond Rapperswil to Zug in order to make a connection to the Gotthard Railway. The maximum grade of 5.0% planned for the Zürichsee–Gotthardbahn—the later Schweizerische Südostbahn (SOB)—seemed to him unsuitable for main-line traffic. In 1889, the Grand Council granted the initiative committee a contribution of CHF 5,000 to submit an application for a concession for a St. Gallen–Zug railway. This concession was granted by the Federal Assembly on 27 June 1890.
There were still 15 years of disputes over the route ahead, with Grauer-Frey always vehemently opposed to local requests to use the line to promote local development. He was not able to determine all aspects of the route, but it was still possible to plan a relatively direct St. Gallen–Rapperswil route that met the standards of a main line. In addition, it proved possible to meet the goal of not exceeding a maximum grade of 1.8% as it was decided that climbing the Ricken pass would be avoided by building a base tunnel under the Ricken instead.
The project approved difficult to finance. After lengthy negotiations, the federation agreed—after it had been decided to buy and nationalise the large private railways in 1898—that the federal railway company would build the Ricken Railway if the canton of St. Gallen acquired the Wil–Ebnat-Kappel railway (Toggenburgerbahn) and handed it over to the new company. Contracts were concluded in 1901 with the soon to be nationalised United Swiss Railways (Vereinigte Schweizerbahnen; VSB). The Federal Assembly approved this deal on 19 December 1901 and transferred the Wattwil–Rapperswil line to the VSB on 20 December 1901.
Grauer-Frey's vision of a continuation of the line from Rapperswil to Zug remained unfulfilled and the concession expired after the Federal Assembly rejected a further extension of time on 22 December 1906. Nearly 90 years later, this dream re-emerged for a short time with a proposal for a "Hirzel Tunnel" under the New Railway Link through the Alps project. In contrast, the St. Gallen–Romanshorn and the Ebnat–Nesslau Neu St. Johann projects, which were promoted by other initiators, were combined with the St. Gallen–Wattwil line into a single concession (Federal Decrees of 19 December 1902 and 11 April 1907).
St. Gallen–Romanshorn and the extension to Obertoggenburg
A project was proposed for a metre-gauge interurban tramway on the St. Gallen–Wittenbach–Kügeliswinden–Neukirch–Amriswil route in 1889. Arbon also sought the construction of a narrow-gauge railway to St. Gallen via Roggwil. The St. Gallen municipal council however, wanted a standard gauge railway to the port of Romanshorn, which served the Lake Constance train ferries. At that time, Romanshorn was an important hub for freight traffic between Switzerland and Germany because the Basel Rhine ports did not start operating until 1922. Coal, iron and other goods were carried from Romanshorn to St. Gallen via Rorschach.
The line was opposed vigorously. The original project envisaged a 980 metre-long tunnel through the Rosenberg ridge from . The line would then run along the Sitter river to the village of Wittenbach. It was then decided to share the SBB line from St. Gallen to St. Finden and the SBB built the double-track Rosenberg Tunnel in place of the single-track surface line through the city that had been built in 1856. Large civil engineering structures were not required, with the exception of the Bruggwald Tunnel. The Federal Assembly granted the concession for the line on 15 April 1898.
When the project of the Bodensee–Toggenburg Railway became known publicly, every village in the St. Gallen-Thurgau border area sought the best possible access from the railway line. A station serving the Muolen-Steinebrunn community was not approved by the population and had to be dropped. The original proposal envisaged an Egnach station before the junction with the Lake Line (Seelinie). Egnach wanted its own connection to the BT even though it already had a station on the Lake Line. Finally Neukirch and Egnach agreed to have a common station with a corresponding double name.
The branch line from Wil to Ebnat of the Toggenburg Railway had been opened in 1870. In 1890, the St. Gallen Executive Council added an extension from Ebnat to Nesslau to the project. The Federal Assembly granted the concession on 17 June 1898. With a change in the statutes, the Ebnat-Kappel–Nesslau Neu St. Johann line became part of the Bodensee–Toggenburg railway on 6 February 1909. Shortly before the start of construction, alternative projects for narrow-gauge tramways appeared. A plan for a railway from Ebnat to Unterwasser was presented in 1907 and another plan for a railway from Wattwil to Buchs was presented in 1908. Because the BT already had the concession to Nesslau, the Federal Assembly granted a concession for a narrow-gauge railway from Nesslau only as far as Buchs on 24 June 1910.
Construction
The new Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) began the construction of the Ricken Tunnel between Wattwil and Kaltbrunn on 17 November 1903. The breakthrough took place, after delays caused by firedamp, on 30 March 1908.
The first preparatory work for the construction of the Wasserfluh Tunnel was started in Lichtensteig on 27 December 1905, beginning with the construction of the BT. The first works on the 99 metre-high Sitter Viaduct did not start until the summer of 1908. The construction workers coming from Italy and Croatia were often ignorant of the German language and tensions arose between the population and the workers.
The BT had to contend with countless difficulties in its construction, so that the opening, which had been planned for the spring of 1910, had to be postponed for half a year. The BT had serious disputes with the Appenzeller Bahn (AB), as its line to St. Gallen competed with part of the BT line. Its station near the village of Herisau had to be relocated at the expense of BT. The SBB refused the BT the use of platform 1 in , which made the construction of a bridge over the SBB line from Bruggen necessary.
Part of the Bruggwald Tunnel collapsed during construction on 22 June 1909, resulting in seven casualties and a strike. The company commissioned to construct the Wasserfluh Tunnel was affected by two work stoppages and financial difficulties. The BT cancelled the contract and finished the tunnel under its own direction; seven people were killed during this work. Heavy and prolonged rainfall resulted in dozens of landslides, the repair of which caused much effort and expense. One side of the Hohenbühl embankment at Roggwil-Berg slipped only a few weeks before the line was opened.
Opening
The Romanshorn–St. Gallen St. Fiden and the St. Gallen–Wattwil lines were opened together with the Ricken Railway between Wattwil and Uznach on 1 October 1910. The first train consisted of rolling stock from BT and SBB. Scheduled traffic started on 3 October 1910.
The extension of the Toggenburg line from Ebnat-Kappel to Nesslau was finally opened on 30 September 1912. Operations commenced on the 7.6 km-long line on 1 October 1912. It overcomes a height difference of 119 metres. It required three tunnels and several bridges.
Station buildings
The BT did not build the station buildings as standardised types, but like the Rhaetian Railway, it built station that were intended to reflect building types found in the area. The BT station buildings and the joint station in Lichtensteig were built according to drafts by the St. Gallen architect Salomon Schlatter.
The station buildings in Wittenbach, Häggenschwil, Muolen and Steinebrunn are based on Thurgau half-timbered houses. The buildings in Wittenbach and Steinebrunn are characterised by Mansard roofs and coupled windows, while in Häggenschwil and Muolen there are evenly distributed windows with shutters. Mogelsberg and Brunnadern received stations modelled on a Toggenburg farm house (a variety of Swiss chalet) with a timber-frame extension. Schachen in the Appenzell region had a station with a wood shingle screen that is typical of that region.
The stations buildings of Roggwil-Berg and Neukirch-Egnach show similarities with the country houses that the wealthy of St. Galler and Konstanz built in the 18th century. The larger stations of Haggen, Herisau and Degersheim resemble the factory buildings of the area.
Operations of the SBB
The BT had procured its own rolling stock, but entered a contract with the SBB for its operation, because it hoped for financial savings as a result. However, a review in 1915 showed that handling its own operations would have lower costs. Negotiations with the SBB soon led to an agreement with the SBB proposing to maintain the continuous operations between Romanshorn and Rapperswil and between Wil and Nesslau and to use the rolling stock and personnel of the two railways in natural proportions. The BT took over its own operation on 1 May 1917. The necessary facilities for vehicle maintenance were built in Herisau for this purpose.
Extension to the Rhine Valley
The opening of the postal bus route from Nesslau to Wildhaus on 1 May 1918 led to a significant increase in traffic on the railway line to Nesslau.
As soon as the First World War was over, a project was developed to build an electric metre-gauge railway on the Nesslau-Wildhaus-Buch route called the Toggenburg-Werdenberg-Bahn (Toggenburg-Werdenberg Railway; TWB). With a 6.5% grade and curves with a minimum radius of 60 to 70 metres, the western end of the line would not have caused much difficulty. The summit was planned at Wildhaus, right in the middle of the 32 kilometre-long route. The route down the eastern ramp from Wildhaus via Gamserberg to Gams would have passed through a spiral tunnel. The Gams–Buchs line would have been built as a tramway. The costs were estimated at a remarkably low CHF 9.5 million.
The BT submitted an application for a 15.1-kilometre extension of its line to Wildhaus in 1944. The maximum slope would have been 5.0%. In addition to four tunnels, stations were planned in Stein, Alt St. Johann, Unterwasser and Wildhaus. The project, which was intended as a work-creation measure, was not realised because there was very low unemployment after the war.
Railmotor operations
In 1926 two BCFm 2/4 petrol-powered railmotors were delivered to the BT, which allowed a reduction in the operating costs of some local trains and the operation of additional trains. Since the concept of "light operation" proved to be successful, not only locomotives, but also railcars were procured for the electrification of the line. The engines were removed from two petrol railmotors and they were converted into railcar trailers. The fact that they were not kept as a reserve for independent operations over unelectrified lines, such as the diesel railcar of the Appenzeller Bahn, suggests that their petrol engines were not completely satisfactory.
Electrification
Electrification was already an issue during the construction of the line, but the SBB opposed it. From a technical point of view, there was still a great deal of uncertainty and no cost savings compared to steam operation. The First World War, which caused coal prices to rise, changed this view quickly. On 18 October 1920, BT's Board of Directors decided to electrify the St. Gallen–Wattwil–Nesslau line, but it rescinded this decision a year later, after coal prices had quickly returned to normal.
On 4 October 1926, there was an accident in the Ricken Tunnel (carbon monoxide poisoning of the train crew of a stopped freight train), which forced the SBB to electrify the tunnel immediately.
As a result, continuous steam operation to Rapperswil was not possible from 15 May 1927, so the board of directors of BT decided to fully electrify the BT lines on 12 April 1930. The Confederation and the cantons (with the involvement of the municipalities) granted the BT an electrification loan of CHF 3.9 million. In order to ensure continuous electrification, BT had to lease the Wattwil–Ebnat-Kappel line from the SBB because the latter did not intend to electrify the Toggenburg Railway in the foreseeable future—although the line was electrified during the Second World War.
The St. Gallen–Nesslau line has been operated electrically since 4 October 1931 and the Romanshorn–St. Gallen line since 24 January 1932.
Cooperation with the SOB
With the commencement of the electric operation on the Südostbahn (SOB) in 1939, new possibilities for cooperation opened up. In 1940, direct trains were introduced between St. Gallen and some of which were extended to on Sundays from 1945 and then daily from 1947. Thus the Direkte Linie Nordostschweiz–Zentralschweiz (north-east Switzerland–central Switzerland direct line) was created, which is now marketed as the Voralpen Express.
At the start of electrical operations, the SOB locomotives had not been delivered, so initially, both the BT and the SBB assisted with locomotives and railcars.
The idea to merge train operations and workshops was considered for the first time in 1955. The project failed, however, and the close cooperation in offering through trains found no equivalent in other areas of operations.
Development of the modern private railway
Apart from electrification, the condition of BT changed little during the first forty years. The highly-engineered lines in the foothills of the Alps created a debt burden and interest charges that were an enormous burden for the company. In the 1930s, the financial situation deteriorated so much that a partial renovation of the line was necessary in 1942/43 at the expense of the Federation and the cantons of St. Gallen and Thurgau. It was not until a new Railways Act was passed by the federal government in 1958 that the way was clear for the comprehensive renewal of the infrastructure and rolling stock fleet.
The BT equipped its lines with automatic block signaling between 1954 and 1956. It used its proprietary Teleblock system, which was cheaper than the usual systems thanks to the use of telephone relays. For its fiftieth anniversary, BT was able to commission push–pull operations with BDe 4/4 set No. 50. This train was equipped with fluorescent tube lighting, rubber-covered gangway connections and a built-in end-of-train device. Two BDe 2/4 + ABt local push–pull trains were built in its own workshop and put into operation in 1961 and 1965.
With its first investment program, the rolling stock fleet was expanded in 1966–68 with three other BDe 4/4 push–pull trains and twelve Einheitswagen I (Swiss "unity coach 1", built between 1956 and 1967) and the mechanical signal boxes were replaced by relay interlockings. A second stage included the upgrade of the entire infrastructure. The focus of the upgrade of the Wittenbach–St.Gallen–Herisau–Degersheim section in 1973–1982 was to create a modern suburban line with customer-friendly station facilities. In a third stage, in 1984, six three-coach phase-controlled push–pull trains RBDe 4/4 + B + ABt were procured, which were used in regional transport. The fourth investment program enabled the purchase of six Re 4/4 locomotives in 1987/88, These were the world's first frequency changer locomotives with three-phase asynchronous motors and gate turn-off thyristors. The first section of double track was opened in Gübsensee in 1989, allowing half-hourly services between St. Gallen and Wattwil.
The “end” of the BT
Under new leadership and in a changed political environment in the 1990s, talks began again on closer cooperation between the BT and the SOB. A retroactive merger was agreed to form a new Schweizerischen Südostbahn based in St. Gallen to take effect retroactively on 1 January 2001.
With the exception of the Lötschberg railway of the BLS, BT had the largest number of engineering structures per kilometre of its owned line of any Swiss railway company. The large number of tunnels and bridges led to high construction and maintenance costs.
Construction
Tunnels
BT's lines included 17 tunnels with a total length of 6.927 km, of which the Bruggwald and the Wasserfluh Tunnels were more than 1 km long. Thus, 12.45% of the property length was underground.
Bridges
BT's lines had 85 bridges over 2 metres in length (of which 16 are more than 60 metres in length) with a total length of 3.150 km. 5.66% of its property ownership consisted of bridge sections. In addition, the BT had the highest railway bridge in Switzerland, the 99 metre-high Sitter Viaduct. The brick structure with a 120 metre-long half-timbered central section was also the longest bridge of the BT.
Bridges over 40 m long:
Operations
Operation by the Bodensee-Toggenburg-Bahn
Because the BT's line basically consisted only of sections with connections that belonged to the SBB, personnel and rolling stock were always deployed across company boundaries. This was always with track access charges calculated on the basis of kilometres of track used, initially only in relation to the SBB, later with the establishment of the operation of the "direct line" in central Switzerland also in relation to the SOB.
A special feature is the double track between Lichtensteig and Wattwil. The western track formerly belonged to the SBB and the eastern track to the BT. Operationally, it was not a conventional double track line until 2006, but two adjacent single tracks. Trains could not run on the other track until the installation of a signal box and an adjustment of the tracks in 1977/78 (although traffic to/from Herisau only runs on track 2). Operation on the alternative track is used especially in the case of delays. Previously only the mountain-side (western) track could be used for D4 traffic (22.5 t axle load, 8.0 t/m linear load) and the other track could only be used for C3 traffic (20.0 t axle load, 7.2 t/m linear load). Since 2018 both tracks can be used for D4 traffic.
The BT had no less than seven joint stations.
(SBB)
(SBB)
(SBB, TB, SGA/AB)
Herisau (AB)
Lichtensteig (SBB)
Wattwil (SBB)
Ebnat-Kappel (SBB, until 1931)
Under the SOB, the ownership of the assets of the former BT was adjusted between the SBB and the SOB during 2006 and responsibility for the operation of the Lichtensteig–Wattwil–Ebnat-Kappel section has belonged to the SOB since then. Specifically, the SBB have transferred its shares in these assets to the SOB in exchange for the former BT’s shares in St. Gallen station.
Operations by the Südostbahn
The line of the Bodensee-Toggenburg Railway company is now operated as part of the St. Gallen S-Bahn. The fastest service is the hourly Voralpen-Express (VAE) of the SOB from St.Gallen via Rapperswil to Lucerne and the RegioExpress from St.Gallen via Romanshorn and Konstanz to Kreuzlingen, which Thurbo operates every two hours. The whole line from Nesslau to Romanshorn is served by line S8, operated by Thurbo, which extends from Romanshorn to . These services are supplemented by the S4 circular line (St. Gallen–Uznach–Sargans–St. Gallen) of the SOB. The S81 service (Herisau–Wittenbach) operates only in the peak hours.
The Südostbahn wants to reduce journey times from Wattwil to Nesslau to under half an hour in order to be able to run half-hourly rather than hourly services. Therefore the line will be upgraded as far as possible for higher speeds in 2019. Between Wattwil and Ebnat-Kappel trains will be able to run at 140 km/h. The exit speed from Wattwil station will be increased around 2021. The reversal of the service in Nesslau has been carried out automatically without intervention by a driver since 2017.
Important freight traffic consists of block trains to the Häggenschwil-Winden tank farm and freight trains to serve a private railway siding in St. Gallen Haggen.
References
Notes
Footnotes
Sources
Railway lines in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1910
1910 establishments in Switzerland
Defunct railway companies of Switzerland | [
-0.2847902774810791,
0.028211887925863266,
0.1477542370557785,
-0.0869230180978775,
0.46614423394203186,
0.1657067984342575,
0.4377186596393585,
0.5707281231880188,
-0.31975340843200684,
-0.5110821723937988,
-0.43505755066871643,
-0.5840491056442261,
-0.27684593200683594,
0.7206948399543762,
-0.2311943620443344,
0.37547311186790466,
0.3049377501010895,
-0.06283842027187347,
0.009583628736436367,
-0.7608813047409058,
0.29843592643737793,
0.12025391310453415,
0.7849885821342468,
0.5809646248817444,
0.08734668046236038,
-0.6833640933036804,
0.21909186244010925,
0.7054722905158997,
0.32347431778907776,
-0.2801758348941803,
0.2028103470802307,
0.12046968936920166,
-0.07131566107273102,
-0.1320437639951706,
-0.13450083136558533,
0.32138219475746155,
0.3867292106151581,
-0.7183007001876831,
-0.06123213842511177,
-0.30415284633636475,
-0.2969681918621063,
0.7213579416275024,
-0.7146169543266296,
-0.0863371193408966,
0.44832664728164673,
-0.09040619432926178,
-0.6936835050582886,
0.18849313259124756,
-0.9103455543518066,
-0.07803699374198914,
-0.7047906517982483,
0.5678738355636597,
0.5619673132896423,
0.7502745985984802,
0.2443700134754181,
-0.09698547422885895,
-0.9204224348068237,
0.46637070178985596,
0.6189543008804321,
-0.3156115710735321,
0.2606922388076782,
0.4056761860847473,
-0.2316310703754425,
0.2652908265590668,
0.07705909758806229,
0.40873271226882935,
-0.1060093343257904,
0.6234241127967834,
-0.4723040759563446,
-0.009646020829677582,
-0.11296909302473068,
-0.6963244080543518,
-0.019060129299759865,
0.13523223996162415,
0.36787545680999756,
-0.5478798151016235,
-0.09702733159065247,
-0.5581907629966736,
-0.2512223422527313,
-0.0866643562912941,
-0.24999910593032837,
0.3399773836135864,
0.873420774936676,
-0.1802634596824646,
0.8060309886932373,
0.521843671798706,
-0.5548455119132996,
0.036332227289676666,
-0.38657647371292114,
0.3000507950782776,
-0.20337525010108948,
-0.05674200505018234,
-0.1523529291152954,
-0.47090211510658264,
0.07060354948043823,
-0.6175479888916016,
-0.3028242290019989,
0.2778206467628479,
0.10106350481510162,
0.8166838884353638,
0.4840630888938904,
-0.13517619669437408,
0.3089081943035126,
-0.07213614881038666,
-0.5134459137916565,
-0.9630270004272461,
-0.4823344647884369,
-0.3073362410068512,
-0.5787063837051392,
-0.19739627838134766,
-1.0813575983047485,
0.16777098178863525,
-0.388822466135025,
-0.09186466038227081,
-0.12149746716022491,
-0.26581886410713196,
-0.22728528082370758,
-0.9731707572937012,
0.3501869738101959,
0.05024397745728493,
0.47555631399154663,
0.6345589756965637,
-0.34932196140289307,
0.2973991334438324,
0.294207900762558,
0.14117063581943512,
-0.41771572828292847,
0.8074280023574829,
-0.4200490713119507,
0.005850260145962238,
0.7312831282615662,
0.5990672707557678,
0.44675910472869873,
-0.28868353366851807,
-0.015706824138760567,
-0.30641451478004456,
0.47873440384864807,
0.3462315499782562,
0.33625495433807373,
0.17083168029785156,
-1.496124029159546,
-0.24593712389469147,
-0.36665764451026917,
-0.45901423692703247,
0.5487865209579468,
0.27431169152259827,
-0.7587749361991882,
-0.5948554873466492,
-0.05800288915634155,
-0.5501640439033508,
-0.0707748681306839,
0.20563869178295135,
-0.8563522696495056,
-0.008444711565971375,
-0.7625032067298889,
0.979999303817749,
0.953369677066803,
0.27985891699790955,
-0.06909704208374023,
0.06431518495082855,
0.5386252403259277,
0.30963432788848877,
-0.18256959319114685,
0.3719414174556732,
0.6952036619186401,
-0.5061097741127014,
0.08021046221256256,
-0.1632772535085678,
0.33467167615890503,
-0.3949376940727234,
0.2901812493801117,
-0.04329316318035126,
-0.026455754414200783,
-1.1870533227920532,
0.2592931389808655,
-0.11026940494775772,
0.2504257559776306,
0.2608373761177063,
0.17210809886455536,
-0.7656611204147339,
-0.5180183053016663,
0.344428151845932,
0.2176281362771988,
0.06911148875951767,
-0.4481574296951294,
0.13157451152801514,
-0.4798749089241028,
0.1625048965215683,
-0.3265601098537445,
-0.22467106580734253,
0.03553672134876251,
-0.7531428933143616,
0.6950922012329102,
-0.09303802996873856,
0.7318490743637085,
0.005557002499699593,
-0.18643486499786377,
0.6929441094398499,
-0.5963522791862488,
0.13299702107906342,
0.18722251057624817,
-0.7876686453819275,
-0.07678381353616714,
0.16979092359542847,
-0.7669406533241272,
0.4096103310585022,
-0.49229228496551514,
-0.2886803150177002,
-0.22496482729911804,
0.06276774406433105,
-0.02566293440759182,
-0.2943723499774933,
0.7076916694641113,
-0.3411617577075958,
0.5849677920341492,
-0.17947466671466827,
-0.5461869835853577,
-0.05401008948683739,
-0.07056345045566559,
-0.013932542875409126,
0.4784901738166809,
0.24508532881736755,
-0.4815496504306793,
0.6537343859672546,
-0.6330323815345764,
0.4573148787021637,
0.2132488638162613,
1.1319257020950317,
-0.28000617027282715,
-0.07973048835992813,
0.4445776641368866,
0.37675750255584717,
-0.020705318078398705,
-0.4411487877368927,
0.3137383759021759,
-0.16201457381248474,
-0.24589742720127106,
-0.2823813855648041,
0.30028200149536133,
-0.19741594791412354,
0.7183857560157776,
0.20599018037319183,
-0.8569092154502869,
0.44667279720306396,
-0.027334123849868774,
0.6743062734603882,
0.32309937477111816,
0.48082566261291504,
-0.545295774936676,
-0.298883318901062,
0.05437708646059036,
0.374728262424469,
0.05363411083817482,
-0.14147305488586426,
0.1664755493402481,
-0.856721043586731,
0.3482515811920166,
0.1405649483203888,
0.1152491495013237,
0.8015527725219727,
0.361233115196228,
-0.8445056676864624,
-0.6460413336753845,
-0.44914358854293823,
-0.8307474851608276,
-0.2982923090457916,
-0.34282782673835754,
-0.63755863904953,
0.13894693553447723,
0.7747719287872314,
0.3607768416404724,
0.00003934757114620879,
-0.5179545283317566,
-0.3814782500267029,
-0.1474318951368332,
-0.5249183773994446,
-0.4153206944465637,
0.40005362033843994,
-0.69718998670578,
0.42287617921829224,
0.0641350969672203,
0.3838815987110138,
0.30750054121017456,
-0.560814619064331,
-0.11189081519842148,
0.029681144282221794,
0.5659950971603394,
0.5800215601921082,
-0.24069085717201233,
0.4504033327102661,
0.014625532552599907,
0.18279841542243958,
-0.200459286570549,
0.05923265591263771,
0.7530477046966553,
0.15715527534484863,
-0.07217777520418167,
-0.04043155908584595,
0.46714648604393005,
-0.4704241454601288,
-0.5869817733764648,
0.2752421796321869,
-0.08653708547353745,
-0.26108813285827637,
-0.4135800302028656,
-0.33329787850379944,
-0.05153818055987358,
-0.2202974259853363,
-5.084592342376709,
0.08594474196434021,
-0.4049374759197235,
0.11752859503030777,
-0.184389129281044,
0.02620621956884861,
0.13651303946971893,
-0.032990116626024246,
0.40401527285575867,
-0.37408536672592163,
0.5703369975090027,
-0.187973290681839,
0.03160884603857994,
0.10522328317165375,
0.046185724437236786,
0.4407537281513214,
-0.04929681494832039,
-0.1092701181769371,
0.23419184982776642,
0.03886796161532402,
-0.21980471909046173,
-0.19570812582969666,
0.42953622341156006,
0.497356116771698,
0.2581735849380493,
0.5149000883102417,
-0.6262871026992798,
0.046405576169490814,
-0.7293755412101746,
-0.5411357879638672,
0.6029859781265259,
-0.6858665943145752,
0.24471506476402283,
-0.2767947316169739,
0.11291199177503586,
-0.39094972610473633,
0.5028089880943298,
1.0242996215820312,
0.671417236328125,
-0.08622328191995621,
-0.21939052641391754,
1.0687295198440552,
0.2199370265007019,
-0.31310901045799255,
0.21354664862155914,
-0.7320743799209595,
-0.7470714449882507,
0.25523728132247925,
-0.28349998593330383,
1.4800822734832764,
0.29621437191963196,
-0.19100691378116608,
1.310184359550476,
-0.44697579741477966,
-0.15920668840408325,
-0.2550835907459259,
-0.27216681838035583,
-0.3526480793952942,
-0.24319690465927124,
0.36530694365501404,
-0.07254312932491302,
0.17386844754219055,
-0.0021919815335422754,
-0.28326064348220825,
-0.6514636278152466,
-0.09569031745195389,
-0.12168116122484207,
0.6296488642692566,
0.1568249762058258,
0.14179091155529022,
-0.7130955457687378,
1.04328453540802,
0.0501176118850708,
-0.5919375419616699,
0.17205174267292023,
-0.7754310369491577,
-0.7353160381317139,
-0.09069609642028809,
0.7017332911491394,
-0.3213525712490082,
-0.05488930270075798,
-0.18001146614551544,
0.1715952605009079,
0.777275025844574,
1.6707823276519775,
-0.07581683248281479,
-0.5542617440223694,
-0.2645464837551117,
0.15650124847888947,
-0.41050994396209717,
0.042116258293390274,
-0.5490655899047852,
0.1661350429058075,
0.5457112193107605,
-0.9257422685623169,
1.0112395286560059,
-0.52015221118927,
0.0562593936920166,
0.04496012628078461,
-0.7645502090454102,
1.0057828426361084,
-0.3152143657207489,
0.23372158408164978,
0.29482555389404297,
0.005873720161616802,
0.002624447923153639,
0.909284234046936,
0.031248917803168297,
0.5227122902870178,
0.11838134378194809,
-0.25871145725250244,
-0.2708263397216797,
-0.39591270685195923,
-0.6329464316368103,
0.263913631439209,
-0.10921189188957214,
-1.4769474267959595,
0.9776407480239868,
-0.2092667520046234,
-0.177252858877182,
0.24547486007213593,
0.454400897026062,
0.7522398233413696,
-0.39661186933517456,
-0.08499672263860703,
0.35612693428993225,
-0.041593052446842194,
0.4426954984664917,
0.11816198378801346,
0.4541259706020355,
-0.3606019616127014,
-0.16055648028850555,
-0.239768847823143,
-0.7607423663139343,
-0.018401453271508217,
-0.22883187234401703,
-0.28988006711006165,
-0.2574205696582794,
0.09208375215530396,
-0.08710877597332001,
0.4484953284263611,
0.3706386387348175,
-0.5165485143661499,
-0.015888385474681854,
0.01800663210451603,
0.9522580504417419,
0.16027706861495972,
-0.2852773070335388,
-0.6896842122077942,
-0.16964611411094666,
-0.30819573998451233,
-0.4763825833797455,
0.17089791595935822,
-0.10093743354082108,
-0.5437589883804321,
-0.1320476531982422,
0.24639824032783508,
0.5242446660995483,
0.3030581772327423,
0.12706750631332397,
0.025031188502907753,
-0.729763388633728,
-0.22666598856449127,
0.25692421197891235,
-0.020999707281589508,
0.9268232583999634,
-0.40201422572135925,
-0.4356178939342499,
-0.5174828767776489,
0.08161524683237076,
0.05857514590024948,
-0.2953484356403351,
-0.2771646976470947,
0.03755693510174751,
-0.3040856719017029,
0.3836338222026825,
-0.4484032392501831,
-0.0017853056779131293,
0.05813325196504593,
-0.2433723509311676,
-0.3306881785392761,
-0.4827074110507965,
0.11583397537469864,
0.7016525864601135,
0.12471802532672882,
-0.3778717517852783,
-0.22541455924510956,
0.8963679075241089,
-0.14479465782642365,
-0.2890535295009613,
0.9598981738090515,
-0.23573723435401917,
0.05248167738318443,
0.7050440311431885,
-0.018172992393374443,
-1.3811978101730347,
-0.23791365325450897,
-0.4041875898838043,
-0.1689554750919342,
-0.8866075277328491,
-0.049383312463760376,
0.28505149483680725,
-0.6767462491989136,
0.8256262540817261,
0.3457094132900238,
-0.35823172330856323,
0.33843886852264404,
0.2500056028366089,
-0.5573952794075012,
0.2651926279067993,
-0.638123095035553,
-0.3958747982978821,
0.6602564454078674,
0.8137774467468262,
-0.956283688545227,
-0.02335107885301113,
0.49382880330085754,
-0.42172184586524963,
-0.5634676814079285,
0.28550857305526733,
-0.5082187056541443,
-0.18512937426567078,
-0.6369963884353638,
-0.371549516916275,
-0.7743789553642273,
0.9921988844871521,
0.9263646006584167,
-0.6219956278800964,
0.40651336312294006,
-0.26210346817970276,
0.23506905138492584,
-0.1400575190782547,
0.5608556866645813,
0.04755076766014099,
0.31683245301246643,
-0.2943194508552551,
0.2894720435142517,
0.28277426958084106,
0.4019116461277008,
0.9464906454086304,
0.9516563415527344,
0.9479959607124329,
0.1522788107395172,
-0.3212261497974396,
0.2283046543598175,
0.1040915995836258,
0.82882159948349,
-0.7370861768722534,
-0.587944746017456,
0.3375730514526367,
0.13213998079299927,
0.19333279132843018,
-0.954075813293457,
-0.14668922126293182,
0.7366378307342529,
-0.3566393554210663,
-0.6568669676780701,
0.28494349122047424,
0.12025787681341171,
0.31245142221450806,
0.036936286836862564,
-0.006691657938063145,
-0.12441320717334747,
-0.008679036982357502,
0.7286201119422913,
-0.22184176743030548,
-0.07541976869106293,
-0.06494288146495819,
0.3469686508178711,
0.008396582677960396,
0.5602348446846008,
-0.23959669470787048,
0.38778311014175415,
-0.4805094599723816,
0.047991953790187836,
0.3271839916706085,
0.14194832742214203,
-0.32434824109077454,
0.5345754623413086,
-0.08875694870948792,
-0.6822754740715027,
-0.601356029510498,
-0.13695171475410461,
-0.4996488690376282,
0.052680790424346924,
-0.5060416460037231,
-0.3013794720172882,
0.025713417679071426,
-0.7355881333351135,
0.09624381363391876,
-0.24479618668556213,
-0.7106624245643616,
-0.4154837429523468,
0.3155648410320282,
0.2404114305973053,
0.2192317545413971,
-0.020471902564167976,
0.1701628565788269,
0.2051372230052948,
0.47751715779304504,
-0.46292227506637573,
0.24064749479293823,
-0.23073641955852509,
-0.6600868701934814,
0.02239939384162426,
0.4147810935974121,
-0.08018733561038971,
-0.3461757004261017,
0.49347901344299316,
0.22139842808246613,
0.5270602107048035,
0.03796952962875366,
-0.4774762690067291,
1.050618290901184,
0.22265882790088654,
0.44930753111839294,
0.5386655330657959,
0.010930685326457024,
0.4413778781890869,
0.696246325969696,
-0.23631970584392548,
0.2997717261314392,
0.7778511047363281,
0.6386184096336365,
0.02284405566751957,
0.791716456413269,
0.1540636569261551,
-0.32547256350517273,
-0.30480465292930603,
0.6298695206642151,
0.04562002047896385,
-0.04845324158668518,
-0.4690953493118286,
0.6615254878997803,
-0.302649587392807,
-0.0946148931980133,
0.08764858543872833,
-0.42102041840553284,
-0.4656873941421509,
0.36352214217185974,
-0.2338620275259018,
0.5441641807556152,
-0.580970823764801,
-0.39784419536590576,
0.07556623220443726,
0.6416962742805481,
-0.3011351525783539,
-0.020104065537452698,
0.3023640215396881,
-0.017327893525362015,
0.9735845327377319,
0.25553831458091736,
-0.04687724635004997,
-0.48607343435287476,
-0.4285644292831421,
0.5856931209564209,
0.2843484580516815,
-0.11215189844369888,
-0.07051776349544525,
0.10851125419139862,
0.2614928185939789,
0.1974925696849823,
-0.29080381989479065,
-0.3153545558452606,
-0.7241706252098083,
-0.656327486038208,
-0.3850634694099426,
-0.7172397971153259,
-0.19819648563861847,
0.03203767165541649,
-0.1671743541955948,
-0.256022185087204,
0.18037456274032593,
-0.03643728792667389,
-0.06286077201366425,
0.05208522826433182,
0.1596621721982956,
0.480667382478714,
0.2645106911659241,
0.3736577033996582,
-0.300775408744812,
0.6384278535842896,
-0.24088841676712036,
0.004219776950776577,
-0.8827369213104248,
-0.7681782245635986,
-0.3346138000488281,
-0.41722479462623596,
-0.1919456571340561,
-0.33702990412712097,
-0.31105682253837585,
-0.25308457016944885,
-0.42083150148391724,
0.010606533847749233,
-0.32194894552230835,
-0.06817079335451126,
-0.40968847274780273,
0.7693470120429993,
-0.16387616097927094,
-0.16249994933605194,
-0.21670104563236237,
0.9106913805007935,
0.11159899830818176,
0.5490151643753052,
-0.04520368203520775,
0.8179726600646973,
-0.25558438897132874,
0.4050277769565582,
-0.16676481068134308,
0.42335957288742065,
0.8072876334190369,
-0.26081883907318115,
-0.36570411920547485,
0.6477711200714111,
0.5048356056213379,
-0.03748065233230591,
0.3804474472999573,
-0.31907618045806885,
-0.18714666366577148,
-0.49928271770477295,
0.2107301503419876,
-0.595600962638855,
0.10038352757692337,
0.5544474124908447,
0.40090957283973694,
-0.4315934181213379,
-0.0386042483150959,
0.0743413195014,
-0.27547693252563477,
0.8704580664634705,
0.4017829895019531,
0.24115458130836487,
-0.3592084050178528,
-0.34765052795410156,
-0.4899347424507141,
-0.1621675044298172,
0.3944127559661865,
0.11727206408977509,
0.47778889536857605,
0.046507351100444794,
0.010224156081676483,
-0.09860873222351074,
0.7446985244750977,
0.2935483455657959,
-0.4517991840839386,
-0.3015515208244324,
-0.055623412132263184,
-0.7547880411148071,
-1.358252763748169,
0.20126952230930328,
-0.1650378406047821,
0.14061763882637024,
0.2881203889846802,
-0.14869335293769836,
0.18383371829986572,
-0.5491412281990051,
0.3299061357975006,
-0.6193872690200806,
0.3468814790248871,
-0.6479378938674927
] |
224206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR | BR | BR, Br or br may refer to:
In arts and entertainment
Bad Religion, a Californian punk rock band
Battle Royale, a video game genre
(Bavarian Broadcasting), a regional broadcasting service in Germany
Blade Runner (franchise)
Blade Runner, a 1982 film by Ridley Scott
Blade Runner 2049, its 2017 sequel, directed by Denis Villeneuve
Bleacher Report (B/R), an online sports media network
Bohemian Rhapsody, which refers to two things:
the 1975 single, a song from Queen's 1975 album A Night at the Opera,
or the film of the same name, released in 2018
Businesses and organizations
Bangladesh Railway, a government owned rail transport authority.
Baskin Robbins, chain of ice cream shops
British Rail, the main state-owned railway operator in Great Britain from 1948 until it was privatised from 1994 to 1997
EVA Air (IATA code BR), a Taiwanese international airline
British Caledonian, a defunct British airline whose IATA code was BR
Red Brigades (Italian: ), an Italian militant leftist group
Business Recorder, a Pakistani financial newspaper
Banana Republic, American Clothing store
Mathematics, science, and technology
Bromine (Br), chemical element with atomic number 35
Newline element in:
XHTML (<br />)
HTML (<br>)
Polybutadiene, a type of rubber
Bus request, a control bus signal
Brotli, a data format specification
Bluetooth basic rate mode
Bilirubin, a bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme
BR, the abbreviation assigned to the herbarium of Meise Botanic Garden as the repository of herbarium specimens
Places
BR postcode area, a group of eight postal districts in southeast London
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Bison Range, Montana
Brăila, Romania (vehicle plate code BR)
Brazil (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and FIPS 104 code BR)
, country code top-level domain for Brazil
Province of Brindisi (ISO 3166-2 subdivision code BR)
Brown County, Kansas (Kansas state county code BR, used on the state's license plates)
Other uses
Bambatha Rifles, an infantry regiment of the South African Army
Belarusian ruble, currency symbol
B&R or B+R, Bike and ride, bicycle parks with public transport connections
Breton language (ISO 639-1 language code br)
Brother (Christian), abbreviated form of address
Br., abbreviated botanical authority for Robert Brown as Br., more commonly R.Br.
See also
Battle Royale (disambiguation) | [
0.20039033889770508,
0.11657876521348953,
-0.3611348271369934,
-0.046361230313777924,
-0.2367202341556549,
-0.0824912041425705,
0.09112509340047836,
0.2526141405105591,
-0.39107421040534973,
0.11506374925374985,
-0.27736958861351013,
0.6084960103034973,
0.4460262060165405,
0.49608609080314636,
0.037454426288604736,
0.4720822870731354,
0.17809782922267914,
0.004394419025629759,
-0.05987418442964554,
-0.340765118598938,
-0.3732677698135376,
0.21981513500213623,
0.6534715890884399,
0.04678400233387947,
-0.15671341121196747,
0.09095457941293716,
0.049476008862257004,
0.15896712243556976,
-0.38860398530960083,
-0.001424483023583889,
0.01747560314834118,
-0.11422306299209595,
-0.050629984587430954,
0.1760026514530182,
0.03346874564886093,
0.02493935078382492,
-0.277167409658432,
-0.1617020070552826,
-0.1501423716545105,
-0.7783016562461853,
0.05649949982762337,
-0.23157808184623718,
0.51691734790802,
0.2942981719970703,
-0.48936399817466736,
0.43679165840148926,
-1.064670205116272,
0.6359296441078186,
-0.5207400321960449,
0.1384904384613037,
-0.00016447548114228994,
0.6364074945449829,
0.19672957062721252,
0.16992098093032837,
0.09223770350217819,
0.21050025522708893,
0.07090909779071808,
0.007357944268733263,
0.04188775271177292,
-0.8537842035293579,
0.6503833532333374,
0.21838192641735077,
0.2052743136882782,
0.021294323727488518,
-0.06485790759325027,
0.0654987022280693,
-0.09828174114227295,
-0.17399097979068756,
-0.3449297845363617,
-0.5207415223121643,
0.14444702863693237,
-0.4346419870853424,
0.022792432457208633,
0.13039574027061462,
-0.016612663865089417,
-0.46470290422439575,
0.09361620247364044,
0.11357562988996506,
-0.018706487491726875,
0.11633395403623581,
-0.057908859103918076,
0.07193838059902191,
1.0718104839324951,
0.5560188293457031,
0.058067236095666885,
-0.0055839624255895615,
0.30309000611305237,
0.27488818764686584,
-0.29610633850097656,
-0.07381094992160797,
-0.5194593071937561,
-0.7156103253364563,
0.7001248002052307,
0.38430607318878174,
-0.4267612397670746,
-0.3240920603275299,
0.39364102482795715,
-0.3234521746635437,
0.24318525195121765,
-0.25101393461227417,
-0.16761928796768188,
-0.18430830538272858,
0.1808091551065445,
-0.17953239381313324,
-0.6396520733833313,
0.30909618735313416,
-0.15232904255390167,
0.3401995301246643,
0.11752226948738098,
-0.022198835387825966,
0.22819185256958008,
0.17257334291934967,
-0.18442778289318085,
0.35940784215927124,
0.3155233860015869,
-0.5495894551277161,
-0.5441939234733582,
-0.6765814423561096,
-0.16527538001537323,
0.14834283292293549,
0.28217411041259766,
0.08308084309101105,
0.26985761523246765,
0.2544369697570801,
0.054588593542575836,
0.32099875807762146,
0.38667693734169006,
0.1419825553894043,
-0.3402814567089081,
0.009346045553684235,
0.3447466492652893,
0.4101274609565735,
-0.4036535620689392,
0.011151575483381748,
-0.39710143208503723,
0.121830053627491,
-0.15503056347370148,
-0.3861471712589264,
0.1664753407239914,
0.28197142481803894,
-0.7593993544578552,
-0.30705299973487854,
-0.30195754766464233,
-0.13359297811985016,
0.5694646239280701,
-0.7158907651901245,
0.334509938955307,
-0.16419154405593872,
0.07079407572746277,
-0.4808156490325928,
0.021816274151206017,
0.1213596984744072,
-0.48994776606559753,
-0.4140768051147461,
-0.10862410813570023,
0.5148367881774902,
0.176280677318573,
-0.2594626843929291,
0.010871974751353264,
0.10169202834367752,
-0.15909764170646667,
0.3696590065956116,
-0.41668906807899475,
0.174494668841362,
0.18878819048404694,
-0.059365592896938324,
0.19284473359584808,
0.4077277183532715,
-0.12255381047725677,
-0.2046869695186615,
-0.4507022202014923,
0.09404507279396057,
0.020765069872140884,
0.09606775641441345,
-0.5729727149009705,
0.5281885266304016,
0.4692842960357666,
0.31222838163375854,
0.30835220217704773,
0.2548392415046692,
-0.44726091623306274,
0.07846846431493759,
0.18631063401699066,
0.09958436340093613,
-0.020382395014166832,
-0.27982938289642334,
0.1412653625011444,
-0.0286905188113451,
-0.016774563118815422,
-0.08157730847597122,
-0.6075842976570129,
-0.484376460313797,
0.3098946511745453,
-0.4983825385570526,
0.9578474760055542,
-0.20953820645809174,
-0.5424984693527222,
0.5122063159942627,
-0.14799252152442932,
0.21377220749855042,
-0.09081513434648514,
0.005909437779337168,
0.1724577397108078,
-0.37659284472465515,
-0.5185859799385071,
-0.14610318839550018,
0.4696379601955414,
-0.09712352603673935,
-0.044284090399742126,
-0.4804604947566986,
0.1882505714893341,
-0.1978207528591156,
0.3614985942840576,
-0.06597285717725754,
0.3519449532032013,
-0.10650555789470673,
-0.8826992511749268,
0.2880946397781372,
0.06616859138011932,
-0.5041770935058594,
0.3746319115161896,
-0.31068316102027893,
-0.4492897689342499,
-0.06669746339321136,
0.08357556164264679,
0.9182649254798889,
-0.4336470663547516,
0.10572726279497147,
0.43284255266189575,
-0.6796448826789856,
0.24713456630706787,
0.693960428237915,
-0.5134401321411133,
-0.06411179155111313,
0.09616424888372421,
0.23385274410247803,
0.231785386800766,
-0.32223445177078247,
0.34396153688430786,
-0.07754351943731308,
0.20160849392414093,
0.4607006907463074,
-0.2892441153526306,
0.38176119327545166,
0.12724687159061432,
-0.234669491648674,
0.02099546417593956,
0.02716388739645481,
-0.4411084055900574,
0.06245960295200348,
-0.05031708627939224,
0.4233035743236542,
-0.22382113337516785,
0.681337296962738,
-0.17890022695064545,
0.12637171149253845,
0.06715361028909683,
0.1819596141576767,
0.15130239725112915,
0.10997703671455383,
-0.22954849898815155,
-0.35083842277526855,
0.03985488787293434,
0.3180375397205353,
-0.11661551147699356,
0.02358984760940075,
-0.7170103192329407,
-0.2056947648525238,
0.29043400287628174,
0.5392638444900513,
-0.23386092483997345,
0.1473671942949295,
-0.40299496054649353,
0.2267754077911377,
0.1820494681596756,
-0.4107591509819031,
0.15374812483787537,
0.18731757998466492,
-0.39772340655326843,
-0.4346844553947449,
-0.6449816823005676,
0.3981086015701294,
0.6123852133750916,
-0.7035369873046875,
-0.4302508533000946,
-0.14903266727924347,
0.004735817667096853,
0.10686236619949341,
0.17903952300548553,
0.16559343039989471,
-0.2547147572040558,
0.3480859696865082,
0.06659521907567978,
0.06008778139948845,
0.3004128038883209,
-0.10609619319438934,
0.32296517491340637,
-0.19518055021762848,
-0.09185676276683807,
-0.13096778094768524,
-0.7726351022720337,
0.017082901671528816,
-0.16031259298324585,
-0.13368132710456848,
0.7438853979110718,
-0.014872872270643711,
-0.03918670117855072,
-0.21182489395141602,
-6.399473667144775,
0.02449631318449974,
-0.030127298086881638,
-0.5492451190948486,
0.22060714662075043,
0.17385073006153107,
-0.011492793448269367,
-0.020118817687034607,
-0.31814467906951904,
-0.35739225149154663,
-0.03465137630701065,
0.11615787446498871,
-0.1405031383037567,
0.0842018648982048,
-0.08031609654426575,
0.024569619446992874,
0.32006916403770447,
0.23553551733493805,
-0.4650791585445404,
0.005098130088299513,
0.11488118767738342,
0.08104921132326126,
0.15621693432331085,
0.5589838624000549,
-0.1932464987039566,
0.43004369735717773,
-0.2588028311729431,
0.28540289402008057,
0.34444546699523926,
-0.1632218211889267,
0.3231995403766632,
0.11553942412137985,
0.18063168227672577,
0.11455227434635162,
0.15881651639938354,
-0.14443592727184296,
0.3424890637397766,
-0.05895983800292015,
0.4600338339805603,
-0.18065831065177917,
-0.22371160984039307,
0.6221875548362732,
-0.15629778802394867,
-0.9102502465248108,
0.4646039605140686,
-0.1323533058166504,
-0.28429242968559265,
0.2982613742351532,
0.019153760746121407,
0.17513234913349152,
0.30066823959350586,
-0.10308007150888443,
0.3451767563819885,
0.546718180179596,
0.4823427200317383,
-0.14045822620391846,
-0.14935889840126038,
-0.2821791172027588,
-0.07567959278821945,
0.10711194574832916,
0.10091394186019897,
0.014958848245441914,
-0.14155879616737366,
-0.40815362334251404,
-0.15701234340667725,
-0.195059671998024,
-0.21455472707748413,
-0.1750204712152481,
0.3227996528148651,
0.3281557261943817,
0.03791119530797005,
-0.3746303915977478,
0.18699386715888977,
-0.7857983708381653,
-0.37162545323371887,
-0.25050604343414307,
-0.006169026717543602,
0.1683599054813385,
0.0595351904630661,
0.41068458557128906,
-0.00914751086384058,
0.08386993408203125,
0.007444816175848246,
-0.6236926913261414,
-0.22340932488441467,
-0.5767176747322083,
0.07794203609228134,
0.2115858942270279,
-0.0121779665350914,
-0.08519480377435684,
0.5736827254295349,
-0.009422017261385918,
-0.05986727029085159,
0.3526158332824707,
0.24890832602977753,
0.22784371674060822,
-0.00849108211696148,
0.13398976624011993,
0.14669065177440643,
0.16451133787631989,
0.3289622664451599,
-0.17577961087226868,
0.3411785364151001,
-0.21620221436023712,
-0.047758884727954865,
0.05444113910198212,
0.3549392521381378,
-0.07082106918096542,
0.7941716909408569,
-0.21223251521587372,
-0.252836674451828,
-0.12049125880002975,
-0.12283805757761002,
-0.3871649205684662,
0.5969220995903015,
-0.32303884625434875,
-0.378311425447464,
-0.09110266715288162,
0.468129426240921,
-0.2926604151725769,
0.11761794984340668,
0.2723378837108612,
-0.39785662293434143,
-0.4124756455421448,
-0.030183903872966766,
-0.02711242251098156,
0.12205847352743149,
0.059910111129283905,
0.3426406681537628,
-0.20223408937454224,
-0.1486905962228775,
0.32080987095832825,
0.2161267250776291,
0.027368413284420967,
0.2563077509403229,
-0.10077770054340363,
-0.3258638381958008,
0.01882854849100113,
-0.3591514825820923,
-0.3147176206111908,
0.28906363248825073,
-0.3362313508987427,
-0.10125342011451721,
0.2198650985956192,
0.35645994544029236,
0.21722941100597382,
0.08573412895202637,
-0.07890031486749649,
0.28670457005500793,
0.24699631333351135,
0.2838658392429352,
0.09082768857479095,
0.8310321569442749,
-0.3295135200023651,
-0.054989274591207504,
-0.04487474635243416,
0.10842975229024887,
-0.09421340376138687,
-0.07309620827436447,
-0.24549709260463715,
0.23425519466400146,
-0.14659325778484344,
-0.668874204158783,
0.2466106414794922,
0.03340378776192665,
-0.12637938559055328,
-0.02518429234623909,
-0.7694271206855774,
0.2986103594303131,
-0.1358148157596588,
0.6404226422309875,
-0.11689360439777374,
-0.21768684685230255,
-0.00450812466442585,
-0.3133833408355713,
0.3620156943798065,
-0.03460846468806267,
-0.4971064031124115,
0.2913721799850464,
0.35067978501319885,
0.1745019555091858,
-0.006014999467879534,
0.1887490600347519,
0.32937493920326233,
0.28146734833717346,
-0.3190683424472809,
-0.23837585747241974,
0.17251481115818024,
-0.30677732825279236,
0.18636813759803772,
-0.07556165754795074,
0.08626255393028259,
0.5883045196533203,
0.035335246473550797,
-0.2181653082370758,
-0.28300464153289795,
-0.17090323567390442,
0.33194249868392944,
-0.04824470728635788,
-0.5767834782600403,
0.4759925901889801,
0.0636892318725586,
-0.38253501057624817,
-0.4005157947540283,
0.6338702440261841,
-0.7087975144386292,
0.28899022936820984,
-0.23084890842437744,
-0.5823438763618469,
-0.06786047667264938,
-0.3531621992588043,
-0.21764089167118073,
0.509982705116272,
0.03107459284365177,
-0.07713739573955536,
-0.33328762650489807,
0.016135279089212418,
-0.3955145478248596,
-0.43775203824043274,
-0.26970142126083374,
0.16973279416561127,
0.053429700434207916,
-0.298747181892395,
0.3377420902252197,
-0.7660732865333557,
0.09031027555465698,
0.21822068095207214,
-0.864737331867218,
-0.18372002243995667,
-0.1442231833934784,
-0.3009413778781891,
-0.05002039298415184,
-0.30881035327911377,
-0.12083569169044495,
0.1080813780426979,
0.08459347486495972,
0.08822429180145264,
-0.07618123292922974,
0.2760334014892578,
0.15415732562541962,
0.1727205365896225,
0.318313330411911,
-0.09495421499013901,
0.00970778614282608,
0.4386979639530182,
0.6902517676353455,
-0.07230444252490997,
-0.11904852837324142,
-0.3583996891975403,
0.2128399759531021,
0.32549524307250977,
-0.19668403267860413,
-0.26201528310775757,
0.13349495828151703,
0.38169676065444946,
-0.5696611404418945,
0.1754487007856369,
-0.22466622292995453,
-0.058377064764499664,
0.40953853726387024,
-0.516837477684021,
0.17517292499542236,
-0.18976819515228271,
-0.18382446467876434,
0.04717061668634415,
0.21979355812072754,
-0.055273961275815964,
-0.47771769762039185,
-0.18828094005584717,
-0.13607387244701385,
0.2174418866634369,
0.5112473964691162,
0.6069318056106567,
0.43498659133911133,
0.2856791019439697,
-0.10033293068408966,
-0.5502868294715881,
-0.6036669015884399,
0.31113120913505554,
0.15899662673473358,
-0.4411848783493042,
0.14346221089363098,
-0.36655092239379883,
-0.6320993304252625,
0.08751150965690613,
-0.6305271983146667,
0.6254001259803772,
-0.3026793897151947,
-0.1285303235054016,
-0.4317687153816223,
-0.28616639971733093,
-0.18582524359226227,
0.24412953853607178,
0.3199516236782074,
-0.25012800097465515,
0.09415582567453384,
0.11590844392776489,
0.036703381687402725,
-0.12117068469524384,
0.5571700930595398,
-0.07394787669181824,
0.279157429933548,
0.011414769105613232,
-0.45178958773612976,
0.12512899935245514,
0.06970784068107605,
0.10788732022047043,
-0.3741071820259094,
-0.1149185374379158,
-0.3021777868270874,
0.42254939675331116,
-0.1899781972169876,
-0.011101938784122467,
0.7930617332458496,
0.03201349824666977,
0.06993447989225388,
0.3895934820175171,
-0.13452689349651337,
0.224216029047966,
0.14386345446109772,
0.3613397479057312,
0.3576087951660156,
0.5549542307853699,
-0.26558226346969604,
0.2904526889324188,
0.07886509597301483,
-0.14327898621559143,
-0.05926542729139328,
0.363422691822052,
0.35230717062950134,
0.5756282210350037,
-0.35244348645210266,
0.3129875361919403,
0.524699866771698,
-0.5640382766723633,
-0.21558931469917297,
0.22733254730701447,
-0.23754748702049255,
-0.28429079055786133,
0.3927702307701111,
0.3238306939601898,
-0.3418840765953064,
-0.6233509182929993,
-0.14925488829612732,
0.20216818153858185,
0.020672164857387543,
0.2571447491645813,
-0.19121958315372467,
-0.3869653046131134,
0.26670756936073303,
-0.2545936703681946,
0.07109443098306656,
0.06642332673072815,
0.15590500831604004,
0.7317217588424683,
-0.2940416634082794,
0.188180074095726,
0.07013404369354248,
0.18921180069446564,
-0.057175781577825546,
-0.1738971769809723,
0.06577932089567184,
0.788139283657074,
-0.1913418173789978,
-0.22521795332431793,
0.09672975540161133,
-0.5231655836105347,
0.14821834862232208,
-0.0191196221858263,
0.04731450229883194,
0.14387023448944092,
0.4734644889831543,
-0.4257258474826813,
-0.2639090418815613,
-0.2314302772283554,
0.08802071213722229,
0.3911648094654083,
0.33702966570854187,
0.05474453046917915,
-0.014073106460273266,
-0.5446701049804688,
-0.029012152925133705,
0.02500983700156212,
-0.43072643876075745,
0.23098282516002655,
-0.3371394872665405,
0.14592504501342773,
0.1246735006570816,
-0.1616889089345932,
-0.2660943269729614,
0.025520943105220795,
-0.5368316769599915,
0.043354786932468414,
0.1182926595211029,
-0.4523964524269104,
-0.4978945255279541,
-0.2829591929912567,
0.46315690875053406,
0.053802669048309326,
0.3535597026348114,
0.12691187858581543,
0.14559519290924072,
0.07445333153009415,
0.197611004114151,
-0.71077960729599,
-0.19135475158691406,
-0.5275815725326538,
0.16135986149311066,
-0.5172722339630127,
0.23587651550769806,
0.4095507860183716,
-0.42585983872413635,
0.08921956270933151,
0.1557663530111313,
-0.16054052114486694,
-0.22519409656524658,
0.2791406214237213,
0.06082882732152939,
0.26933953166007996,
-0.44427618384361267,
0.11664889007806778,
0.24369074404239655,
0.15108084678649902,
0.5431973338127136,
0.11751063168048859,
0.006006634794175625,
0.38106876611709595,
0.06878679990768433,
-0.49391692876815796,
0.2484634965658188,
-0.06062331795692444,
-0.2592027187347412,
-0.16681592166423798,
0.2678293287754059,
0.0299520343542099,
-0.8031599521636963,
0.49132785201072693,
0.051886215806007385,
-0.11422140896320343,
-0.42229029536247253,
0.26375719904899597,
0.5162996649742126,
0.25419268012046814,
-0.06322058290243149,
-0.23747451603412628,
0.05178000032901764,
0.18996116518974304,
0.029748722910881042,
-0.6415483951568604,
0.2486623078584671,
0.21778932213783264,
-0.3464452624320984,
0.5655766129493713,
0.09129545837640762,
0.40428033471107483,
-0.18366821110248566,
-0.02211763523519039,
-0.09156812727451324,
0.2858208417892456,
-0.14319057762622833
] |
224207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BG | BG | BG or bg may refer to:
Organizations
Businesses
Bergdorf Goodman, a department store on 5th Avenue, New York, US
Bord Gáis Energy, an Irish gas supplier
Bowman Gilfillan, a South African law firm
British Gas (disambiguation) (privatised and later split between BG plc and Centrica)
BG Group, one part of the demerged British Gas plc
Education
Bishop Grosseteste University, a higher education institution in Lincoln, UK
Bishop Guertin High School, Nashua, New Hampshire, US
Bowling Green State University, Ohio, US
Bones Gate, a fraternity at Dartmouth College, US
Music
Bee Gees (BGs), an English-Australian music group
B.G. (rapper) ("Baby Gangsta" or "B. Gizzle"), stage name of American rapper Christopher N. Dorsey
B.G. Knocc Out, American rapper
B.G., the Prince of Rap, Bernard Greene, American rapper and dance music artist
Benny Goodman, American jazz musician
Boris Grebenshchikov, Russian singer and poet, leader of the band Aquarium
BarlowGirl, an American all-female Christian rock band
Places
Europe
Belgrade, the capital of Serbia
Province of Bergamo (vehicle registration plate code), Italy
Birmingham (vehicle registration plate code), England
Blaenau Gwent, a county borough in Wales
Bosnia and Herzegovina (WMO country code)
Bulgaria (ISO country code)
Bundesgrenzschutz (vehicle registration plate code), Germany
United States
Bowling Green, Kentucky
Bowling Green, Ohio
Buffalo Grove, Illinois
Elsewhere
Bangladesh (obsolete NATO country code)
British Guiana, former name of Guyana
Police and military
Border guard, police that operate at sovereign borders
Brigadier general, a military rank (more often written "BGen")
Great Lakes BG, a US Navy dive-bomber aircraft
Science and technology
bg (Unix), a Unix command for background processes
.bg, the ccTLD for Bulgaria
Basal ganglia, a group of nuclei in the brain
Blood glucose or blood sugar level
Bus grant, a control bus signal
Transportation
Brake Gangwayed, a type of railway coach
Broad gauge, in railways
Biman Bangladesh Airlines (IATA airline code BG)
Bingham and Garfield Railway, in Utah, US
Other uses
Bulgarian language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code: bg)
Bangkok Glass F.C., a football team
See also
BGS (disambiguation) | [
0.7577309608459473,
0.3514123260974884,
-0.04396867752075195,
-0.46209222078323364,
-0.06287062913179398,
0.14760485291481018,
0.008336663246154785,
0.2632293701171875,
-0.24379117786884308,
-0.0003963181807193905,
-0.49808526039123535,
-0.005089797079563141,
-0.277849018573761,
0.6538304686546326,
-0.22481127083301544,
0.3060070872306824,
0.791435956954956,
0.5554090142250061,
-0.41249215602874756,
-0.6166534423828125,
-0.2530493438243866,
-0.11674655973911285,
0.5640786290168762,
0.0617213249206543,
0.42380568385124207,
0.48121485114097595,
0.4049130380153656,
0.2930048406124115,
-0.09061192721128464,
0.2628494203090668,
0.6448619365692139,
0.1333361715078354,
0.07512844353914261,
0.2641263008117676,
0.4380371570587158,
0.3315970301628113,
-0.1426216959953308,
-0.6153032779693604,
-0.1712108999490738,
-0.783976674079895,
-0.08384235203266144,
-0.26610085368156433,
0.03788250312209129,
0.5222588181495667,
-0.7094159722328186,
0.0005776147590950131,
-1.8047372102737427,
0.2388283759355545,
-0.4020352363586426,
-0.1193419098854065,
0.23578061163425446,
0.1906251311302185,
-0.13286133110523224,
0.06765921413898468,
-0.039326779544353485,
0.08642319589853287,
-0.055087532848119736,
-0.13126690685749054,
0.4507701098918915,
-1.0375237464904785,
0.5094983577728271,
-0.06004500016570091,
0.30767327547073364,
0.09629657119512558,
0.4184025228023529,
-0.0978579893708229,
-0.16366641223430634,
0.4088003635406494,
-0.6349589824676514,
0.006860152818262577,
-0.4922811686992645,
-0.2791461646556854,
0.11468449234962463,
-0.1183030903339386,
-0.5360926985740662,
0.15789149701595306,
-0.15735237300395966,
-0.27545011043548584,
0.23822784423828125,
-0.008762025274336338,
0.03159631788730621,
0.36720600724220276,
0.20178203284740448,
-0.0342068113386631,
0.345379501581192,
0.5642549395561218,
-0.6674507856369019,
-0.14857898652553558,
-0.32381463050842285,
1.0679727792739868,
-0.33483728766441345,
-0.41922739148139954,
0.45116713643074036,
-0.14815542101860046,
-0.2467004656791687,
-0.03119167499244213,
0.5163969993591309,
-0.3807516396045685,
0.48654600977897644,
-0.27869725227355957,
-0.2834416627883911,
0.06643874943256378,
-0.03134438768029213,
0.28978949785232544,
-0.376670777797699,
0.024868497624993324,
-0.33853617310523987,
-0.4127708077430725,
-0.06581362336874008,
-0.3910057544708252,
0.0989406481385231,
-0.17480501532554626,
-0.10348641127347946,
0.3895874619483948,
0.07006281614303589,
0.7526556849479675,
0.37260884046554565,
0.14015839993953705,
-0.39913511276245117,
0.2473156452178955,
0.26547592878341675,
0.7434998154640198,
-0.8761616945266724,
-0.12799538671970367,
0.5164507627487183,
-0.1036343201994896,
0.206007719039917,
0.21441274881362915,
-0.21384817361831665,
-0.2318984717130661,
0.16312411427497864,
0.10459751635789871,
0.28550997376441956,
-0.002724795136600733,
-0.17269562184810638,
-0.10272452980279922,
-0.1536741703748703,
-0.3016708493232727,
-0.07610852271318436,
0.23081617057323456,
-0.6389278769493103,
-0.037212759256362915,
-0.45212802290916443,
-0.3838888704776764,
0.6897324919700623,
-0.5398520231246948,
-0.085746631026268,
0.11113200336694717,
-0.32385995984077454,
0.5419076681137085,
-0.0026656833942979574,
-0.10734228789806366,
-0.3592987060546875,
0.17717327177524567,
-0.05202286317944527,
0.3245742619037628,
0.1292577087879181,
-0.1214556023478508,
-0.33818110823631287,
0.2295653074979782,
-0.03771045058965683,
0.4403832256793976,
0.14718733727931976,
0.38851284980773926,
-0.10818490386009216,
0.07874912768602371,
0.24079643189907074,
-0.12013806402683258,
-1.102219581604004,
-0.12959417700767517,
-0.2191285789012909,
-0.7353574633598328,
-0.04003798961639404,
-0.4464787244796753,
-0.14927774667739868,
-0.01973777264356613,
0.4103747308254242,
-0.1906547099351883,
0.5168757438659668,
-0.10933138430118561,
-0.37338998913764954,
0.17817021906375885,
0.5248140096664429,
-0.13230261206626892,
-0.02849643863737583,
-0.27671366930007935,
0.11309927701950073,
-0.4276673495769501,
0.11893416196107864,
0.09081890434026718,
-0.3254224359989166,
-0.1287134885787964,
0.4032597839832306,
-0.5357749462127686,
0.5453382134437561,
-0.34137243032455444,
-0.5697845220565796,
0.6953291296958923,
-0.0904768705368042,
0.07082641124725342,
-0.26534876227378845,
0.13573260605335236,
0.01425655372440815,
-0.784701943397522,
-0.16774961352348328,
0.5841649770736694,
0.6564683318138123,
0.10456912219524384,
0.20333975553512573,
-0.2833576202392578,
0.5806053280830383,
-0.5594606399536133,
0.4429710805416107,
-0.14795294404029846,
0.513932466506958,
-0.525719940662384,
-0.5343148112297058,
0.10262041538953781,
-0.11982151865959167,
0.18480929732322693,
0.5851724743843079,
-0.34613314270973206,
0.005500709637999535,
-0.16676391661167145,
-0.22856196761131287,
0.45502734184265137,
0.13799208402633667,
-0.23819349706172943,
0.5161325931549072,
-0.2680853307247162,
0.5632018446922302,
0.25248077511787415,
0.08876266330480576,
-0.4184949994087219,
-0.16905778646469116,
0.43793201446533203,
-0.7275829315185547,
-0.23321202397346497,
0.3929665982723236,
-0.1351863145828247,
-0.24499139189720154,
0.19152051210403442,
-0.8407811522483826,
-0.034829281270504,
0.23188544809818268,
0.04996566101908684,
0.2018565684556961,
0.4539269506931305,
-0.21697455644607544,
0.26166194677352905,
0.253673791885376,
0.232087641954422,
0.11538654565811157,
0.18706689774990082,
0.3453800082206726,
-0.2257881611585617,
-0.21031054854393005,
0.04503935948014259,
0.015898702666163445,
-0.43133676052093506,
-0.7180372476577759,
-0.4711650311946869,
0.29575487971305847,
0.5154135227203369,
-0.14846688508987427,
-0.17200465500354767,
-0.24754026532173157,
-0.038967229425907135,
0.37040281295776367,
-0.10849898308515549,
0.1160973533987999,
-0.36676734685897827,
0.15458017587661743,
0.17791104316711426,
0.03575282543897629,
-0.26702576875686646,
0.7337198853492737,
-0.05283580347895622,
-0.24931439757347107,
-0.41915634274482727,
0.2152605801820755,
0.2816180884838104,
0.08395425230264664,
-0.5716845393180847,
-0.060704123228788376,
-0.009507318027317524,
-0.13672898709774017,
-0.023301290348172188,
0.05741773545742035,
0.20548862218856812,
0.08569354563951492,
0.18667177855968475,
-0.1199231892824173,
-0.23716090619564056,
0.4637240171432495,
0.1536458134651184,
-0.0522596500813961,
-0.06455647200345993,
-0.4009055495262146,
0.20181849598884583,
-0.26046013832092285,
0.6109296679496765,
-0.5801661610603333,
0.034859079867601395,
0.5808714628219604,
-0.25950920581817627,
-0.18483637273311615,
0.2967028319835663,
-6.019197463989258,
0.4562007188796997,
0.19973398745059967,
0.18884742259979248,
0.29217278957366943,
-0.5929231643676758,
0.24989797174930573,
-0.029172560200095177,
-0.04055916517972946,
-0.1361355185508728,
0.08785811811685562,
-0.13629662990570068,
0.43750613927841187,
0.05160749703645706,
0.19173090159893036,
0.5809072852134705,
0.6138277053833008,
0.0734182670712471,
0.07711681723594666,
0.3484762907028198,
0.2537645697593689,
-0.08895736932754517,
-0.2418825775384903,
0.014984240755438805,
0.06818218529224396,
-0.09987056255340576,
-0.7209344506263733,
0.3550766706466675,
-0.5267559885978699,
-0.2525542080402374,
0.15751497447490692,
-0.10798870772123337,
-0.24428649246692657,
0.008691796101629734,
0.07944539189338684,
0.10429105162620544,
0.6344854831695557,
-0.15904788672924042,
0.29538390040397644,
0.18794891238212585,
0.8559696078300476,
0.6423063278198242,
-0.35972872376441956,
-0.14800859987735748,
0.42174938321113586,
-0.04948044568300247,
-0.7550705075263977,
0.11790948361158371,
-0.5474892258644104,
0.2714864909648895,
0.4552546441555023,
0.07396898418664932,
0.1351730227470398,
-0.3269362449645996,
0.11916060000658035,
-0.0593213327229023,
0.15807528793811798,
-0.22485600411891937,
-0.029648613184690475,
0.532584011554718,
0.3729064464569092,
0.2631910443305969,
0.14977218210697174,
-0.5952016115188599,
-0.29545384645462036,
-0.5752547383308411,
-0.5777108073234558,
-0.08390439301729202,
0.48849910497665405,
-0.024640215560793877,
-0.06534507870674133,
0.18170146644115448,
-0.08402557671070099,
-0.862284779548645,
-0.28793418407440186,
-0.7308669090270996,
0.3857107162475586,
0.27555128931999207,
0.42572298645973206,
0.14023293554782867,
0.10521887242794037,
0.30805981159210205,
0.33558163046836853,
0.10835783183574677,
0.029946928843855858,
-0.35237616300582886,
-0.39809659123420715,
1.0700057744979858,
-0.5723334550857544,
-0.07591858506202698,
0.13888677954673767,
0.3907693922519684,
0.31451359391212463,
1.0519524812698364,
0.17071779072284698,
0.23115870356559753,
-0.09484288841485977,
0.22855783998966217,
0.11422168463468552,
-0.22261978685855865,
0.5108844637870789,
-0.20083148777484894,
-0.39029955863952637,
-0.48765966296195984,
-0.47919729351997375,
-0.1957385092973709,
-0.19125689566135406,
0.01625804789364338,
0.2717156708240509,
-0.15260334312915802,
0.10893568396568298,
0.40034666657447815,
-0.18796828389167786,
-0.46337461471557617,
0.679069995880127,
-0.2728102505207062,
-0.848310112953186,
0.44876939058303833,
0.37533846497535706,
-0.28833919763565063,
0.24918176233768463,
0.2804141342639923,
-0.2566588819026947,
-0.11037168651819229,
-0.6430991888046265,
-0.3002048432826996,
-0.012212235480546951,
0.5536395907402039,
0.06826053559780121,
-0.03282836824655533,
0.15838724374771118,
0.04770709201693535,
0.1826791763305664,
0.34052881598472595,
-0.06692218780517578,
-0.3081896901130676,
-0.48784908652305603,
0.12361885607242584,
-0.1452445387840271,
-0.06430968642234802,
0.30741703510284424,
0.37867259979248047,
0.007067498750984669,
0.014857342466711998,
0.2899366319179535,
0.532781720161438,
-0.3462149202823639,
0.5266222357749939,
-0.11653485894203186,
-0.08489242941141129,
0.4707303047180176,
0.0016405812930315733,
0.533034086227417,
-0.3773833215236664,
-0.01013671513646841,
-0.20248937606811523,
-0.08520383387804031,
0.4042941927909851,
0.18382541835308075,
-0.7173802256584167,
0.4730547070503235,
-0.16817611455917358,
-1.08810293674469,
-0.20872940123081207,
0.3159365952014923,
0.28964850306510925,
0.21931464970111847,
0.11866647005081177,
-0.2304448038339615,
0.44866660237312317,
0.522250235080719,
-0.3167036175727844,
-0.52996426820755,
-0.47444894909858704,
0.18211503326892853,
0.5341728925704956,
0.3200792968273163,
-0.5255091786384583,
-0.012482094578444958,
0.14929021894931793,
0.29604968428611755,
-0.39736175537109375,
0.12842559814453125,
0.3191710412502289,
0.3996894657611847,
-0.14137911796569824,
0.12594519555568695,
0.14931508898735046,
-0.6840314269065857,
-0.1375049650669098,
0.13163426518440247,
-0.6111462116241455,
0.8366715908050537,
0.6160702109336853,
0.22035129368305206,
-0.6779126524925232,
0.1704414188861847,
0.6010894179344177,
-0.5192816257476807,
-0.44562315940856934,
0.1590382605791092,
0.34782156348228455,
-1.0967528820037842,
0.13162586092948914,
0.23020587861537933,
-0.3141308128833771,
0.3113265931606293,
-0.29182854294776917,
-0.25731244683265686,
0.4678956866264343,
-0.27659639716148376,
-0.157382071018219,
0.038443513214588165,
-0.1356571614742279,
-0.41406312584877014,
-0.22911950945854187,
0.28688597679138184,
-0.1487804800271988,
-0.28633585572242737,
-0.4704793393611908,
0.1805199384689331,
-0.27561166882514954,
-0.4409511387348175,
0.20643121004104614,
0.17644184827804565,
0.7587285041809082,
-0.0846158042550087,
-0.44128382205963135,
0.32192108035087585,
-0.3956989645957947,
-0.5414295196533203,
0.09857817739248276,
-0.6436019539833069,
0.1244375929236412,
-0.15185457468032837,
0.19240203499794006,
0.1519881635904312,
0.2890540361404419,
0.3473068177700043,
-0.29936712980270386,
-0.10199809819459915,
0.2520376741886139,
-0.24937990307807922,
-0.8797476887702942,
0.1285523772239685,
0.14353595674037933,
0.5319170355796814,
0.047782618552446365,
-0.28882548213005066,
0.43270987272262573,
0.12172699719667435,
-0.16510136425495148,
0.2582300305366516,
0.30814293026924133,
0.4594101905822754,
-0.4908337891101837,
-0.1920880675315857,
-0.7011988759040833,
-0.1766117811203003,
0.03180176392197609,
-0.21506978571414948,
0.1302463710308075,
-0.7483228445053101,
0.21254639327526093,
0.121680349111557,
0.34947970509529114,
-0.8753607273101807,
-0.22508375346660614,
0.01033224631100893,
-0.4890809655189514,
0.1482037603855133,
0.4545593559741974,
0.4695134162902832,
0.6172051429748535,
0.14551274478435516,
-0.2287386953830719,
0.16564318537712097,
-0.8506564497947693,
0.0168101005256176,
0.052208803594112396,
-0.582602858543396,
0.17586350440979004,
0.14014913141727448,
-0.7174232602119446,
0.7204093337059021,
-1.0408902168273926,
0.3603355586528778,
0.28733915090560913,
-0.5924360752105713,
-0.08352139592170715,
0.11578752100467682,
-0.08454146236181259,
-0.37404826283454895,
-0.28113633394241333,
-1.0371683835983276,
-0.34318864345550537,
0.2704921364784241,
-0.30663758516311646,
0.77531898021698,
0.4520445168018341,
-0.32661592960357666,
0.09389502555131912,
0.026733700186014175,
-0.1504226177930832,
0.6148289442062378,
0.22152234613895416,
-0.5245407223701477,
-0.7342574596405029,
0.09133867919445038,
-0.9051780700683594,
-0.36500871181488037,
-0.7570918798446655,
0.22699542343616486,
0.3962276577949524,
-0.5209808349609375,
0.03295484930276871,
0.32444411516189575,
-0.549127459526062,
0.35312560200691223,
0.0353294312953949,
0.07219838351011276,
0.33151504397392273,
0.7387863993644714,
0.2165573090314865,
0.09848778694868088,
0.246739462018013,
0.2412196695804596,
-0.06632255017757416,
0.36576372385025024,
-0.06440563499927521,
0.29210686683654785,
-0.13482388854026794,
-0.11631327867507935,
0.6204653978347778,
0.013075746595859528,
0.20084473490715027,
-0.03798125684261322,
-0.4895402491092682,
-0.6169958710670471,
0.4056743383407593,
0.33159035444259644,
0.2670169770717621,
-0.14960671961307526,
0.23970624804496765,
-0.39417240023612976,
0.4721454381942749,
0.47618746757507324,
-0.22455085813999176,
-0.11199155449867249,
0.6632856726646423,
0.09048551321029663,
-0.06275254487991333,
-0.07019249349832535,
-0.02106454409658909,
-0.36916518211364746,
-0.19065740704536438,
0.2713785469532013,
-0.2768411934375763,
-0.483771413564682,
-0.252469539642334,
0.14096710085868835,
0.07324415445327759,
0.6688083410263062,
-0.19035302102565765,
-0.15659981966018677,
-0.5742306113243103,
0.05376551300287247,
-0.1248893141746521,
0.23644699156284332,
0.7055845856666565,
-0.018984897062182426,
0.4555024802684784,
-0.5451314449310303,
0.1493593454360962,
-0.09578315913677216,
-0.0209632758051157,
0.3432460129261017,
0.5558298826217651,
0.17319369316101074,
0.31293633580207825,
0.004091814626008272,
0.2746312618255615,
-0.5318173766136169,
-0.40436041355133057,
0.0493767186999321,
-0.5318160653114319,
-0.2476409375667572,
0.40229907631874084,
-0.5717371702194214,
0.41050273180007935,
-0.029207127168774605,
-0.4384249746799469,
-0.3776395916938782,
0.12386731058359146,
0.24705921113491058,
-0.08976663649082184,
-0.20297415554523468,
0.6856781840324402,
0.061887357383966446,
0.3152744770050049,
-0.11251102387905121,
0.14090734720230103,
0.08579721301794052,
-0.32525351643562317,
-0.12299011647701263,
-0.2373531609773636,
-0.3377162218093872,
0.4635368883609772,
-0.1877099722623825,
0.2486385703086853,
0.5241826176643372,
-0.14532333612442017,
-0.18039575219154358,
0.5924325585365295,
0.3328148126602173,
0.5994121432304382,
0.5976747870445251,
0.29057538509368896,
-0.29516857862472534,
-0.15086759626865387,
0.20535601675510406,
-0.05305621400475502,
0.46233779191970825,
0.381878137588501,
-0.231220543384552,
-0.045873381197452545,
-0.13779045641422272,
0.11865923553705215,
-0.70045405626297,
0.5739825367927551,
-0.013402958400547504,
-0.328602135181427,
-0.486502468585968,
0.19216902554035187,
-0.7113481163978577,
-0.5946326851844788,
0.13656191527843475,
0.4221368134021759,
0.13780885934829712,
-0.37401705980300903,
-0.16492672264575958,
-0.11353050172328949,
0.32531851530075073,
-0.08558573573827744,
-0.5235788226127625,
0.25331753492355347,
0.16381743550300598,
-0.21551549434661865,
-0.40601688623428345,
0.14065499603748322,
0.16329143941402435,
-0.6830628514289856,
0.22069492936134338,
0.23028063774108887,
0.20786917209625244,
-0.37676265835762024,
0.01722874492406845,
-0.21898873150348663,
0.2057071328163147,
-0.16997094452381134
] |
224208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE | DE | DE, de, or dE may refer to:
Human names
De (surname), a Bengali family name
de, a nobiliary particle
Dé (footballer) (1940–1992), Brazilian footballer
Places
Dé, Mali, a commune and town in Mali
De River, Mizoram, India
Germany (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code)
.de, the ccTLD for Germany
Delaware (United States postal symbol)
DE postcode area, for Derby and surrounding areas of England
Linguistics
De (Cyrillic) (Д, д), a letter in the Cyrillic script
German language (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 code)
De (kana) (で, デ), a Japanese hiragana/katakana
de (interjection)
de-, an English prefix conveying negation
Downward entailing, a linguistic expression that denotes a monotone decreasing function
Military
Defence Estates, an agency of the UK Ministry of Defence
Desert Eagle, a large-caliber semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Magnum Research
Destroyer escort (US Navy hull classification symbol)
Science, technology, and mathematics
Desktop environment, a graphical user interface commonly based on a desktop metaphor
Dextrose equivalent, the relative sweetness of sugars
Diatomaceous earth, a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock mineral
Differential equation, an equation which derivatives of a function appear as variables
Differential evolution, a method of mathematical optimization
Design engineer, engineer whose specialty is in design
Doctor of Engineering, a degree equivalent to a Ph.D. in engineering
Dwarf elliptical galaxy (dE), in astronomy
Dynamics Explorer, a NASA satellite mission
Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in genetics
ΔE (color space) (dE), a mathematical measurement of the distance between two points in a Lab color space
Other uses
Condor (airline) (IATA code), a German airline
De (Chinese), a concept of integrity in Daoism and virtue in Confucianism
Defensive end, a position in American and Canadian football
Distance education, studying through a correspondence course
Douwe Egberts, a coffee brand
Digital Extremes, a Canadian-operated computer and video game development studio
Daily Express, a British tabloid newspaper
John Deere (NYSE stock ticker symbol), an American machinery manufacturer
De, a scale degree in tonic sol-fa (sharpened form of doh)
See also
Department of Education, a common government department | [
0.08975031226873398,
0.2148830145597458,
-0.5472040176391602,
0.23570865392684937,
-0.234950989484787,
0.5762243866920471,
0.23026570677757263,
-0.19831331074237823,
-0.31623339653015137,
-0.27262595295906067,
-0.39633381366729736,
-0.48000138998031616,
-0.06240949407219887,
0.4685291647911072,
-0.08882945775985718,
0.5462663173675537,
-0.08304482698440552,
0.5469159483909607,
0.010651210322976112,
-0.3100489675998688,
-0.5760359168052673,
-0.08764632046222687,
0.05185255780816078,
0.14220112562179565,
0.08000343292951584,
0.44966599345207214,
0.3468097448348999,
0.11749279499053955,
0.007726299576461315,
-0.050520483404397964,
0.116145558655262,
0.32481059432029724,
0.25464287400245667,
0.527673065662384,
0.04600922763347626,
0.03913670778274536,
-0.5759528279304504,
-0.6759040355682373,
-0.18758855760097504,
-1.0064157247543335,
-0.05812094733119011,
-0.8745710253715515,
0.01561220083385706,
0.28166794776916504,
-0.5553625822067261,
-0.15272380411624908,
-1.2790465354919434,
0.5971932411193848,
-0.7730154991149902,
-0.008653152734041214,
-0.014116454869508743,
-0.08771375566720963,
0.22197338938713074,
0.23087455332279205,
-0.07361903041601181,
0.18347609043121338,
-0.3804265856742859,
-0.35503920912742615,
0.23246236145496368,
-0.7789981961250305,
0.8971042633056641,
0.048100847750902176,
0.15483799576759338,
0.03887996822595596,
0.0064329481683671474,
0.26808834075927734,
0.16314248740673065,
-0.07493607699871063,
-0.3358360826969147,
-0.28238940238952637,
-0.35532474517822266,
0.1346873641014099,
-0.27010685205459595,
0.4315580129623413,
-0.444497674703598,
-0.2877788841724396,
-0.15614216029644012,
0.017181791365146637,
-0.12330656498670578,
0.5819224119186401,
-0.45111891627311707,
-0.6625539064407349,
0.9076209664344788,
-0.6141173839569092,
0.30035099387168884,
0.1826440542936325,
-0.38583794236183167,
0.17138244211673737,
-0.34897956252098083,
0.12372848391532898,
0.005964606534689665,
-0.22095069289207458,
-0.12527836859226227,
0.20699216425418854,
-0.2161455750465393,
0.23831242322921753,
0.08731082081794739,
-0.06089318171143532,
0.4863698482513428,
-0.08990952372550964,
-0.10617344081401825,
-0.46532899141311646,
0.46992313861846924,
0.1125359833240509,
-0.3726123869419098,
-0.5116895437240601,
-0.5070520043373108,
0.15601429343223572,
-0.07192978262901306,
-0.18652582168579102,
-0.007067116443067789,
0.09193523228168488,
0.2164355218410492,
-0.2501813471317291,
-0.08606097847223282,
-0.4765971601009369,
0.3067060708999634,
0.25852730870246887,
-0.3483794629573822,
-0.008618413470685482,
0.03317098319530487,
0.9308416247367859,
0.36508601903915405,
0.2871737480163574,
0.6318765878677368,
0.28238245844841003,
0.23571865260601044,
0.017110083252191544,
-0.6758013367652893,
0.3601527214050293,
0.37671929597854614,
0.5755010843276978,
0.015404321253299713,
0.040864404290914536,
-0.4060078561306,
-0.6030513048171997,
-0.04789351299405098,
-0.05089680105447769,
0.08980703353881836,
-0.4071802496910095,
-0.9375274777412415,
0.12395049631595612,
-0.4971662759780884,
0.2318277806043625,
0.6959365010261536,
-0.06794733554124832,
-0.05824879929423332,
0.1462291181087494,
0.25328510999679565,
-0.028791911900043488,
0.045271746814250946,
-0.3433563709259033,
0.035915128886699677,
0.06507144123315811,
-0.5714488625526428,
0.31478118896484375,
-0.5242410898208618,
0.09029191732406616,
0.23072798550128937,
0.42826762795448303,
0.0807591900229454,
-0.28098198771476746,
-0.03366865962743759,
0.16208982467651367,
0.3329056203365326,
-0.20793862640857697,
0.17972376942634583,
0.027482066303491592,
-0.09553322941064835,
0.23211215436458588,
-0.2557844817638397,
-0.7079033851623535,
-0.03172128647565842,
-0.4524088501930237,
-0.5470765829086304,
0.035534631460905075,
-0.23840385675430298,
-0.30205345153808594,
0.24666127562522888,
0.19171077013015747,
-0.4557746350765228,
-0.07903449982404709,
-0.2665005922317505,
-0.23503607511520386,
-0.10594842582941055,
0.20655976235866547,
0.2966572046279907,
0.1802361011505127,
0.3885479271411896,
0.4500892460346222,
-0.3471032381057739,
-0.13949789106845856,
-0.15579739212989807,
-0.7780245542526245,
0.5248891711235046,
-0.18182508647441864,
-0.3633716404438019,
0.6612600088119507,
-0.010994037613272667,
0.6480916142463684,
-0.5817968249320984,
-0.20144858956336975,
0.8378313183784485,
-0.4199553430080414,
-0.17784956097602844,
0.2486056238412857,
0.3273351192474365,
0.5454355478286743,
0.3515361547470093,
0.4324938654899597,
0.26716849207878113,
-0.2969089150428772,
0.3842938244342804,
-0.01062486320734024,
0.4224455952644348,
-0.3457987308502197,
0.17381159961223602,
-0.6451168656349182,
-0.12844374775886536,
0.030172353610396385,
0.37308987975120544,
-0.8314602375030518,
-0.3842146396636963,
0.7512829303741455,
0.3324553072452545,
0.61729896068573,
0.26821407675743103,
0.16404898464679718,
0.8301121592521667,
-0.43331432342529297,
0.34197506308555603,
0.016022903844714165,
0.5771444439888,
-0.2275838404893875,
0.08610702306032181,
0.05248613283038139,
0.3999873399734497,
-0.4730474352836609,
0.30743467807769775,
0.02046448551118374,
0.057075124233961105,
0.5199416875839233,
0.22447650134563446,
-0.48224908113479614,
0.8272170424461365,
0.17134393751621246,
0.11012354493141174,
-0.14818346500396729,
0.13278479874134064,
0.26630231738090515,
0.3453846871852875,
0.37087714672088623,
0.4213014245033264,
-0.3145029544830322,
0.007594542112201452,
-0.27303341031074524,
0.2574867904186249,
0.16996966302394867,
-0.10982273519039154,
-0.17030982673168182,
-0.8131653070449829,
0.04300578311085701,
0.17058192193508148,
0.058717869222164154,
0.11681395024061203,
-0.0717780813574791,
-0.31612780690193176,
0.08272004127502441,
0.6394992470741272,
0.652932345867157,
-0.19169119000434875,
0.22974880039691925,
-0.20754554867744446,
-0.17463210225105286,
-0.30089041590690613,
-0.34964656829833984,
0.1733301728963852,
0.5596667528152466,
-0.4699205756187439,
-0.8765971660614014,
-0.07532336562871933,
0.21136608719825745,
0.09490605443716049,
-1.1806007623672485,
0.12516309320926666,
-0.07041717320680618,
-0.09212595224380493,
-0.5187408328056335,
-0.6056891083717346,
0.17478930950164795,
0.13625484704971313,
0.21564847230911255,
-0.13883893191814423,
0.48341262340545654,
0.24952416121959686,
-0.8189674615859985,
-0.029174506664276123,
0.07868465036153793,
0.06955758482217789,
-0.3221838176250458,
-0.02404080145061016,
0.3587908148765564,
-0.34341365098953247,
0.18774572014808655,
0.4540090262889862,
0.21164023876190186,
-0.058114029467105865,
0.40429964661598206,
-6.066723346710205,
-0.003107143798843026,
0.029612025246024132,
-0.02960202842950821,
-0.18325649201869965,
0.33093518018722534,
0.7144289612770081,
0.0639725923538208,
0.36850109696388245,
-0.19099217653274536,
-0.15956412255764008,
0.0771547481417656,
-0.10881050676107407,
-0.3346025049686432,
0.010220109485089779,
0.3216243386268616,
0.3242585361003876,
0.2559606730937958,
-0.11252850294113159,
0.2886509299278259,
0.17511899769306183,
0.6922128796577454,
0.019001564010977745,
0.938267707824707,
0.18087774515151978,
-0.030750907957553864,
-0.40816619992256165,
0.03068806603550911,
-0.7378095388412476,
-0.7119322419166565,
0.07000622153282166,
0.19955334067344666,
0.09966389834880829,
0.0946735069155693,
-0.1719721555709839,
0.3935447931289673,
0.34295302629470825,
0.08729441463947296,
-0.06973829120397568,
-0.2314838021993637,
-0.3266458809375763,
0.022997835651040077,
0.21388739347457886,
-1.039825677871704,
-0.5037493705749512,
0.02526424638926983,
-0.438718318939209,
0.23904050886631012,
-0.002454842207953334,
0.5426914095878601,
-0.3407994508743286,
-0.36031702160835266,
0.36819303035736084,
0.08318962901830673,
0.38493409752845764,
-0.05169094353914261,
0.6647511720657349,
0.21030330657958984,
-0.3307444751262665,
0.6343052983283997,
0.7424437403678894,
0.08845415711402893,
-0.17934024333953857,
-1.077446699142456,
-0.05404506251215935,
-0.15660026669502258,
-0.06458809971809387,
-0.4394780099391937,
-0.03563801944255829,
0.45220473408699036,
-0.7064740657806396,
0.2470310777425766,
0.19955699145793915,
-0.9642348289489746,
-0.006320759654045105,
-0.24795085191726685,
-0.18275141716003418,
-0.08225967735052109,
-0.6195328235626221,
0.33273544907569885,
-0.11686854064464569,
-0.06287500262260437,
-0.11221760511398315,
-0.01572786457836628,
-0.1775083839893341,
-0.38591593503952026,
-0.834055483341217,
-0.004416190553456545,
0.15093159675598145,
0.5269810557365417,
0.8545883893966675,
0.141250878572464,
0.05262969061732292,
0.23460498452186584,
0.36428380012512207,
0.26112258434295654,
0.13772939145565033,
-0.1227162629365921,
0.21425212919712067,
-0.5702541470527649,
0.16199003159999847,
0.12607461214065552,
0.21648088097572327,
-0.053417135030031204,
-0.011207008734345436,
-0.21635988354682922,
-0.557469367980957,
0.23473244905471802,
0.45754191279411316,
-0.15330040454864502,
-0.05621804669499397,
-0.23139026761054993,
-0.6172974109649658,
-0.5405948162078857,
0.2387976348400116,
0.09946540743112564,
0.25293391942977905,
0.26653674244880676,
0.09047964215278625,
-0.16621313989162445,
0.028622731566429138,
0.40863850712776184,
-0.772786557674408,
0.3316512703895569,
0.08197775483131409,
-0.15428270399570465,
-0.33907637000083923,
0.15670736134052277,
0.0879397913813591,
0.40586113929748535,
-0.16750453412532806,
0.3492170572280884,
-0.050199251621961594,
-0.13334845006465912,
0.09488796442747116,
-0.08194853365421295,
-0.42859506607055664,
-0.49839097261428833,
0.24253781139850616,
-0.5269902944564819,
0.16135552525520325,
-0.4049232006072998,
0.0273505337536335,
0.09264463186264038,
0.522768497467041,
-0.09615453332662582,
-0.2070903182029724,
-0.7241270542144775,
0.035731974989175797,
0.6717732548713684,
0.6199355125427246,
-0.2101224660873413,
0.7052222490310669,
-0.18251678347587585,
-0.685420572757721,
-0.42165249586105347,
0.2694661617279053,
0.10877640545368195,
-0.34054937958717346,
-0.2696519196033478,
0.3416348397731781,
-0.5794490575790405,
-0.7841979265213013,
0.22514455020427704,
0.18537095189094543,
0.1564047485589981,
0.16755671799182892,
-0.04778744652867317,
0.13148871064186096,
0.22719806432724,
0.27663707733154297,
-0.37067875266075134,
-0.7194018959999084,
-0.2351965308189392,
0.005204128101468086,
-0.13662052154541016,
0.09402409195899963,
0.6858434677124023,
0.13146531581878662,
0.09709581732749939,
0.031136151403188705,
-0.12174279987812042,
-0.03291861340403557,
0.825800895690918,
0.34847891330718994,
-0.09322041273117065,
0.16215728223323822,
0.0699576884508133,
-0.28606244921684265,
-0.2586878538131714,
0.03821863234043121,
0.11654222011566162,
0.4771862328052521,
0.18289324641227722,
-0.14737188816070557,
-0.40149468183517456,
0.16390466690063477,
0.48726600408554077,
-0.16267113387584686,
-0.04822210595011711,
0.0922325849533081,
0.1535307615995407,
-0.3088003695011139,
-0.06756076961755753,
0.09374717622995377,
-0.3483433425426483,
0.18084725737571716,
0.09353180229663849,
-0.6849973201751709,
-0.16412353515625,
-0.47299566864967346,
-0.6673739552497864,
0.008091552183032036,
0.03618891164660454,
-0.13991256058216095,
0.14585232734680176,
0.517113447189331,
-0.19305641949176788,
-0.33345428109169006,
-0.6929804682731628,
-0.27718690037727356,
0.1156393513083458,
0.34329938888549805,
-0.07726190239191055,
0.05976146087050438,
0.5908311009407043,
0.25270840525627136,
-0.2541956901550293,
0.171685129404068,
0.3428981900215149,
-0.5800446271896362,
0.3019591271877289,
-0.10384306311607361,
-0.014158050529658794,
-0.45774221420288086,
-0.33623743057250977,
0.3312993049621582,
0.04254037141799927,
0.14989958703517914,
0.2961166203022003,
0.1391131579875946,
0.36063021421432495,
0.11310293525457382,
-0.7161719799041748,
0.2676459550857544,
0.33023208379745483,
-0.020591210573911667,
-0.44091904163360596,
-0.574434757232666,
0.49186715483665466,
0.12584850192070007,
-0.0367644764482975,
-0.4212908446788788,
-0.16697044670581818,
0.561094343662262,
-0.512305736541748,
-0.1341286599636078,
-0.09659556299448013,
0.1272861808538437,
0.40208351612091064,
-0.021935375407338142,
0.1260382980108261,
0.5225128531455994,
0.15238560736179352,
-0.335409015417099,
0.438079297542572,
-0.3865700364112854,
-0.09020135551691055,
0.323826402425766,
-0.3547140061855316,
-0.11373031884431839,
-0.18109582364559174,
0.9148395657539368,
0.6770852208137512,
0.1824457347393036,
-0.11315096914768219,
-0.4287683069705963,
0.21018433570861816,
-0.23059915006160736,
-0.4702848494052887,
-0.5634652376174927,
0.06282757967710495,
0.5939427614212036,
-0.13641981780529022,
0.44396594166755676,
-0.4832245409488678,
-0.16815656423568726,
-0.0524214506149292,
-0.31274181604385376,
-0.24075457453727722,
-0.10963515192270279,
-0.009715404361486435,
-0.020372381433844566,
0.9040689468383789,
-0.32544174790382385,
0.08645263314247131,
-0.09834358841180801,
0.6348912715911865,
-0.14022496342658997,
-0.4527379870414734,
-0.05345672741532326,
0.7571729421615601,
0.1935541331768036,
-0.2853841781616211,
-0.20804184675216675,
0.3998356759548187,
0.8459658622741699,
-0.19530875980854034,
0.0948418378829956,
-0.24673844873905182,
0.39732491970062256,
-0.42903271317481995,
0.5155842304229736,
0.6361443996429443,
-0.35222941637039185,
0.32909852266311646,
0.07621722668409348,
-0.13318441808223724,
0.03166922926902771,
-0.2853572964668274,
0.43951934576034546,
-0.2635900378227234,
0.6116419434547424,
0.2656039297580719,
-0.13229134678840637,
0.6169610619544983,
-0.2339220941066742,
-0.2694273591041565,
0.273294061422348,
0.290993869304657,
0.44838792085647583,
-0.11857284605503082,
-0.5718479156494141,
-0.1961030215024948,
-0.45022812485694885,
-0.36827439069747925,
0.16024650633335114,
-0.02812870219349861,
0.19021859765052795,
0.24667933583259583,
-0.08213460445404053,
0.36724716424942017,
-0.31895139813423157,
0.16246356070041656,
0.2135346382856369,
0.19798851013183594,
0.2702759802341461,
0.12451139092445374,
0.12702958285808563,
0.04560503736138344,
-0.196597158908844,
0.176873579621315,
0.005780369509011507,
0.4008348286151886,
-0.343656063079834,
0.09725688397884369,
-0.3186037242412567,
-0.11882652342319489,
0.2429298609495163,
0.15685857832431793,
0.235163614153862,
-0.36553189158439636,
0.11520316451787949,
0.13751061260700226,
0.005703880917280912,
-0.38502931594848633,
-0.16036556661128998,
-0.22707465291023254,
-0.24110852181911469,
-0.1839313507080078,
0.22480149567127228,
0.25800809264183044,
-0.4560818076133728,
0.3755525052547455,
0.18857304751873016,
-0.41283589601516724,
0.34011781215667725,
0.08125654608011246,
0.05701303109526634,
-0.16299234330654144,
-0.6147556304931641,
-0.2673860788345337,
-0.4627174735069275,
-0.4868488013744354,
-0.14198879897594452,
-0.67383873462677,
-0.119926318526268,
0.15479126572608948,
0.13736805319786072,
0.29290565848350525,
0.5175296664237976,
-0.434471070766449,
-0.4220549762248993,
-0.31489989161491394,
-0.07017798721790314,
-0.014117022976279259,
-0.31646665930747986,
0.8680052757263184,
0.6340183615684509,
-0.21276021003723145,
0.0803462341427803,
-0.09183408319950104,
-0.19388478994369507,
-0.41686978936195374,
-0.06239389255642891,
-0.14800342917442322,
-0.24924467504024506,
0.25041550397872925,
-0.8147776126861572,
0.6851112246513367,
0.3089630901813507,
-0.5413954257965088,
0.2272459715604782,
0.6666851043701172,
0.012029029428958893,
0.09602079540491104,
0.24746017158031464,
-0.2501894533634186,
0.23542125523090363,
-0.14141182601451874,
0.46318116784095764,
0.18478240072727203,
-0.09072992205619812,
-0.12167437374591827,
-0.18156291544437408,
-0.2662223279476166,
0.41342321038246155,
0.6151816844940186,
-1.0075843334197998,
0.1401432901620865,
0.3393998146057129,
0.08347025513648987,
-0.32493162155151367,
0.4214800298213959,
-0.7961606383323669,
-0.3828352093696594,
0.35348382592201233,
0.3692735433578491,
-0.30415070056915283,
-0.2556341588497162,
0.1882866770029068,
0.027523474767804146,
-0.22256794571876526,
0.4459497034549713,
-0.28441762924194336,
0.1794818788766861,
-0.4994603991508484,
-0.13199743628501892,
-0.2674293518066406,
0.33518701791763306,
0.6124283671379089,
0.35559117794036865,
0.2006172388792038,
0.21266810595989227,
0.3686883747577667,
-0.43957096338272095,
-0.03878868743777275,
-0.5131494998931885,
0.5054663419723511,
0.2774726450443268
] |
224209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GR | GR | GR may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Film and television
Golmaal Returns, a 2008 Bollywood film
Generator Rex, an animated TV series
Guilty Remnant, a cult-like organization portrayed in The Leftovers, an HBO television series
Gaming
Game Revolution, a video game review web site
GeneRally, a racing game
GamesRadar, a website owned by Future Publishing
Ghost Recon, a video game series
Ghost Reveries, a 2005 album by Opeth
Companies, groups, and organizations
Aurigny Air Services (IATA airline designator)
Gemini Air Cargo (IATA airline designator)
Globalise Resistance, a UK anti-capitalist group
Gonnema Regiment, an infantry regiment of the South African Army
Goodrich Corporation, an aerospace manufacturer in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Greetings & Readings, an independent bookseller
Toyota Gazoo Racing, Toyota's racing division
Places
Garden Reach, a neighbourhood of Indian city Kolkata
Giurgiu County, a county in Romania
Graubünden, a canton of Switzerland
Grand Rapids, MI, a city in western Michigan
Greece (ISO and NATO country code GR)
.gr, the internet country code top-level domain for Greece
Groningen (province), a Dutch province (ISO code NL-GR)
Province of Grosseto, a Tuscan province of Italy
People
A Royal cypher
George VI of the United Kingdom, via the Royal cipher for "Georgivs Rex"
George V of the United Kingdom, via the Royal cipher for "Georgivs Rex"
Georgius Rex, Latin form of King George
Science and technology
Biology
Glucocorticoid receptor, a ligand-activated intracytoplasmatic transcription factor
Glutathione reductase, an important cellular antioxidative enzyme
Computing and the internet
.gr, the internet country code top-level domain for Greece
GoodReads, a social cataloging website with database of books, annotations, and reviews
Google Reader, an RSS reader service from Google
Graphics Resolution, a graphics mode for Apple II-family computers
Technology
Ricoh GR digital cameras, a series of digital cameras manufactured by Ricoh
Ricoh GR (large sensor compact camera), the current line of cameras in the GR series
GR series guitar synthesizers produced since 1977 by the Roland Corporation of Japan
Toyota GR engine series of petrol-fuelled V6 engines, produced since 2002
Other sciences
GR, the METAR reporting code for hail 5 mm (0.20 in) or greater in diameter
Galois ring, in mathematics
General relativity, a theory of gravitation proposed by Albert Einstein
Gradian, a unit of plane angle
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik informal title of Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, a classical book in mathematics
Grain (measure) (gr), a unit of mass
Grashof number, noted as "Gr" in physics
Gutenberg–Richter law
Other uses
G.R., for General Register, when citing Supreme Court cases in the Philippines
GR footpath, a type of long-distance footpath in western Europe
Gabriel Richard High School, a private high school in Michigan
Ghost Rider (disambiguation)
Golden Retriever, a type of dog breed
Government relations, relations between an organisation and the government
Gwoyeu Romatzyh, a system of romanization for Chinese
London North Eastern Railway, has a reporting mark of GR.
Good Riddance (band), a punk rock band from Santa Cruz, California
See also
GRS (disambiguation)
R (disambiguation)
G (disambiguation)
RG (disambiguation) | [
0.18112918734550476,
0.2096712589263916,
0.03707011416554451,
0.42939743399620056,
-0.11577675491571426,
0.2751346826553345,
-0.0602324940264225,
0.3508448004722595,
-0.34284403920173645,
0.1317792683839798,
-0.5607483983039856,
0.1803406924009323,
0.21221546828746796,
0.670984148979187,
0.12437710165977478,
0.4468685984611511,
0.14510104060173035,
0.5029832720756531,
-0.1964997947216034,
-0.6341174840927124,
-0.49764132499694824,
-0.047524403780698776,
0.45396891236305237,
-0.3735235631465912,
-0.25496992468833923,
0.42559725046157837,
-0.14608004689216614,
0.1867150366306305,
-0.4069993495941162,
0.3900839686393738,
-0.23751169443130493,
0.4475434720516205,
-0.041063159704208374,
0.32383954524993896,
-0.18973803520202637,
0.2377287894487381,
-0.40296217799186707,
0.017583508044481277,
-0.19543401896953583,
-0.6704215407371521,
0.43030035495758057,
-0.31809380650520325,
0.4151846766471863,
0.1285800039768219,
-0.6224389672279358,
-0.07997219264507294,
-1.4774901866912842,
0.5479302406311035,
-0.6176003813743591,
0.2631314694881439,
-0.08642972260713577,
0.5361706614494324,
0.10404905676841736,
0.12758006155490875,
-0.07866092771291733,
0.44526010751724243,
-0.08116921037435532,
-0.11061563342809677,
0.5056338310241699,
-0.7734806537628174,
0.5711385011672974,
-0.15711700916290283,
-0.1935432106256485,
0.24654044210910797,
-0.07317633181810379,
-0.009188096038997173,
0.19338808953762054,
0.1358337253332138,
-0.057413067668676376,
-0.4023100435733795,
-0.05614173784852028,
-0.2571595013141632,
-0.014554332941770554,
0.06760504096746445,
-0.00030325973057188094,
0.012132138945162296,
0.28888407349586487,
0.15628108382225037,
-0.26477310061454773,
0.38951995968818665,
0.04732579365372658,
0.1493150293827057,
1.019564151763916,
0.04893730208277702,
0.2856399416923523,
-0.39650988578796387,
-0.17563758790493011,
0.36235135793685913,
-0.445084810256958,
0.12082433700561523,
0.14517463743686676,
-0.6278166770935059,
0.6519691348075867,
0.24476079642772675,
-0.22326666116714478,
-0.07947105914354324,
0.27624616026878357,
-0.6321201920509338,
0.3542567491531372,
0.16502755880355835,
-0.25266513228416443,
-0.4248853027820587,
-0.008197726681828499,
-0.1512639969587326,
-0.5550122261047363,
0.11690197885036469,
-0.38387438654899597,
-0.3385726809501648,
0.22063104808330536,
0.10515718907117844,
0.01342376321554184,
0.37797221541404724,
-0.15482936799526215,
0.4182529151439667,
0.042769014835357666,
-0.2946177124977112,
-0.17023535072803497,
-0.46284252405166626,
-0.08802025020122528,
0.2321895956993103,
0.6243480443954468,
0.5221869349479675,
0.11603280156850815,
-0.010101272724568844,
0.3160446584224701,
0.29574599862098694,
0.5068776607513428,
0.13404235243797302,
-0.4921550452709198,
0.021691225469112396,
0.38813865184783936,
0.37098169326782227,
-0.26280003786087036,
0.22611291706562042,
-0.12236767262220383,
0.07693686336278915,
-0.08262225985527039,
-0.48893821239471436,
0.24030598998069763,
0.06760277599096298,
-0.5101488828659058,
-0.39727649092674255,
-0.8305824398994446,
-0.30297598242759705,
0.5586509704589844,
-0.23914684355258942,
-0.1568955034017563,
-0.05275074765086174,
-0.2223334163427353,
-0.27891984581947327,
-0.04559954255819321,
-0.060230936855077744,
-0.24023088812828064,
-0.33590126037597656,
-0.050954073667526245,
0.2818273603916168,
0.035672377794981,
-0.12655691802501678,
0.3579650819301605,
0.17001308500766754,
0.020183132961392403,
0.4641464948654175,
-0.5028653144836426,
0.11594850569963455,
-0.07351294159889221,
0.26456698775291443,
0.13596977293491364,
0.4891163110733032,
-0.5115429759025574,
-0.19246476888656616,
-0.307733416557312,
0.21332404017448425,
0.4125518202781677,
0.2591971457004547,
-0.39465323090553284,
0.3847489058971405,
0.6203852891921997,
0.40593892335891724,
0.4673992395401001,
0.16979022324085236,
-0.5699232816696167,
-0.2253313958644867,
0.20934511721134186,
-0.06539139896631241,
-0.2962343990802765,
-0.12879660725593567,
0.15351015329360962,
-0.22075915336608887,
0.18404044210910797,
0.04556819796562195,
-0.7997546195983887,
-0.23969165980815887,
0.6760361194610596,
-0.8928805589675903,
0.8374297618865967,
0.18418072164058685,
-0.033814672380685806,
0.8514997363090515,
-0.08631844818592072,
-0.009897143580019474,
0.04884831979870796,
-0.3558603823184967,
0.5277912616729736,
-0.26144006848335266,
-0.4844222962856293,
0.4578895568847656,
0.47295886278152466,
-0.07932974398136139,
-0.3736667335033417,
-0.2742055654525757,
0.09276948869228363,
-0.0270391795784235,
0.3856925964355469,
0.11110392957925797,
0.5414924621582031,
-0.3294311463832855,
-1.0082588195800781,
0.05751911178231239,
-0.4176209568977356,
-0.40835481882095337,
0.45548632740974426,
-0.5032714605331421,
-0.25820192694664,
0.1875351518392563,
-0.4734719693660736,
0.8196600675582886,
-0.04369557648897171,
-0.12564882636070251,
1.0475682020187378,
-0.7625105381011963,
0.2775566279888153,
0.31509512662887573,
-0.37584903836250305,
-0.35905417799949646,
0.06954145431518555,
0.20511369407176971,
0.2662726938724518,
-0.15887731313705444,
0.45371705293655396,
-0.2357877790927887,
-0.21571269631385803,
0.28353285789489746,
-0.14973284304141998,
0.08003269135951996,
0.5547276735305786,
-0.13657909631729126,
0.0061372872442007065,
0.0966683179140091,
-0.4127595126628876,
0.00886300764977932,
0.19672323763370514,
0.6195076107978821,
0.07595247775316238,
0.23252882063388824,
0.11747639626264572,
0.15911370515823364,
0.2044258415699005,
0.09453798830509186,
-0.11793629825115204,
-0.024374008178710938,
-0.2674948573112488,
-0.3774391710758209,
0.10987623780965805,
0.07890407741069794,
-0.04003579914569855,
-0.5617973208427429,
-0.4637771546840668,
-0.36449965834617615,
0.4274154007434845,
0.6643472909927368,
-0.25138118863105774,
0.2820809483528137,
-0.3420114815235138,
0.3912828862667084,
-0.08454156666994095,
-0.305155485868454,
0.04412464424967766,
0.4071400463581085,
-0.4586433172225952,
-0.5112296938896179,
-0.5147266387939453,
0.35534948110580444,
0.3648008406162262,
-0.5130821466445923,
-0.16492487490177155,
0.1349051296710968,
-0.10062746703624725,
0.05157060921192169,
-0.05685868859291077,
-0.1623600423336029,
-0.12527649104595184,
0.1286371499300003,
0.19193893671035767,
0.20477066934108734,
0.4394233524799347,
0.15558786690235138,
0.2528687119483948,
0.14176400005817413,
-0.012325677089393139,
0.03265079855918884,
-0.37887510657310486,
0.19494253396987915,
0.0306995939463377,
-0.10205307602882385,
0.3449181020259857,
-0.026179127395153046,
-0.24704614281654358,
-0.028893711045384407,
-6.1862077713012695,
-0.16416588425636292,
-0.05915088579058647,
-0.29086366295814514,
0.06682305783033371,
0.2795095145702362,
0.33405861258506775,
0.008838913403451443,
-0.32974836230278015,
-0.13688410818576813,
0.1714586764574051,
0.05312040075659752,
0.07044024765491486,
0.15785011649131775,
0.07358595728874207,
0.07053153961896896,
0.5178660154342651,
0.7746549844741821,
-0.3731185495853424,
0.21212120354175568,
-0.05512652173638344,
0.39904093742370605,
0.3416561186313629,
0.4284856915473938,
-0.06393340229988098,
0.7060040235519409,
-0.9247642755508423,
-0.07336617261171341,
0.09271953999996185,
-0.09263545274734497,
-0.021092766895890236,
0.10417115688323975,
-0.24306778609752655,
-0.012040033005177975,
0.1988075077533722,
0.15038803219795227,
0.37170499563217163,
-0.140252023935318,
0.5376619696617126,
-0.25242775678634644,
-0.049689825624227524,
0.5309511423110962,
-0.09119375795125961,
-0.5778942704200745,
0.458479642868042,
-0.2575224041938782,
-0.3602595627307892,
0.36596113443374634,
0.0015759305097162724,
0.32502779364585876,
-0.14648805558681488,
-0.350273996591568,
0.07176762819290161,
0.6055222749710083,
0.4103536307811737,
-0.11655351519584656,
0.12377773970365524,
0.15532520413398743,
-0.09393404424190521,
0.1644068956375122,
0.4619658589363098,
-0.40251877903938293,
-0.3605461120605469,
-0.43680378794670105,
-0.3953090012073517,
-0.3419279456138611,
-0.17264072597026825,
-0.1306452602148056,
0.6277341246604919,
-0.0643262192606926,
-0.22522352635860443,
-0.11266219615936279,
0.2928392291069031,
-0.8326663970947266,
-0.31907615065574646,
-0.3269495368003845,
0.08923174440860748,
0.03819146752357483,
-0.4630586802959442,
0.585407018661499,
0.0015803903806954622,
-0.09553404152393341,
-0.14617879688739777,
-1.1229897737503052,
-0.4711044132709503,
-0.4481029510498047,
-0.13370393216609955,
0.31257814168930054,
-0.26395246386528015,
-0.06027603521943092,
0.3802705407142639,
-0.17589591443538666,
0.48514577746391296,
0.3146294057369232,
0.49185502529144287,
0.3928643465042114,
0.604895830154419,
0.19535745680332184,
-0.07650139182806015,
-0.050091683864593506,
0.14144295454025269,
-0.4379517138004303,
0.4625944197177887,
-0.2924492657184601,
-0.2483675479888916,
0.123726487159729,
0.172186940908432,
-0.2185777872800827,
0.9430441856384277,
-0.2381293624639511,
-0.05243562161922455,
-0.07594259828329086,
-0.16104058921337128,
-0.521157443523407,
0.3305203914642334,
-0.25326478481292725,
-0.10852757841348648,
0.4107651710510254,
0.4430856704711914,
-0.29215487837791443,
0.4553452432155609,
0.2004082351922989,
-0.8194661736488342,
-0.17729850113391876,
-0.538621187210083,
0.0553487092256546,
0.0005535973468795419,
-0.05308318883180618,
0.32602185010910034,
0.018053017556667328,
-0.0665508359670639,
0.16583369672298431,
0.13922952115535736,
0.07747255265712738,
0.4508746564388275,
-0.33685892820358276,
-0.180221825838089,
0.14296334981918335,
-0.32508984208106995,
-0.44891634583473206,
0.6473710536956787,
-0.33240896463394165,
-0.20541533827781677,
0.2535763084888458,
0.4002531170845032,
0.38571810722351074,
0.21858374774456024,
-0.12378635257482529,
0.2874862551689148,
0.347584992647171,
0.1894465535879135,
-0.017178257927298546,
0.81047123670578,
-0.2633671462535858,
-0.2403087466955185,
-0.4422731101512909,
0.21634845435619354,
-0.193133145570755,
0.06940974295139313,
-0.2490207701921463,
0.49722370505332947,
-0.08572185784578323,
-1.1533244848251343,
-0.12041376531124115,
0.38833725452423096,
-0.2899039685726166,
-0.03610245883464813,
-0.37058624625205994,
0.06278600543737411,
0.28601598739624023,
0.23055294156074524,
-0.03378445655107498,
-0.5224156379699707,
0.161757692694664,
-0.15826062858104706,
0.26027897000312805,
0.2725569009780884,
-0.4600849449634552,
0.30046796798706055,
0.5017699599266052,
0.0774167999625206,
0.13499850034713745,
-0.1599729210138321,
-0.14674325287342072,
0.20278620719909668,
-0.3466978669166565,
0.02800620160996914,
0.31430166959762573,
-0.21167710423469543,
-0.2674194276332855,
-0.10348109900951385,
0.07067840546369553,
0.401235967874527,
0.12834545969963074,
0.036898739635944366,
-0.47304362058639526,
-0.14046283066272736,
0.2477809488773346,
-0.009550953283905983,
-0.4168863296508789,
0.59619140625,
0.10184498876333237,
-0.528731107711792,
-0.2964738607406616,
0.4369293451309204,
-0.3928462564945221,
0.22576487064361572,
-0.5281429290771484,
-0.16440176963806152,
-0.08883778005838394,
-0.34343260526657104,
0.007067818194627762,
-0.14483267068862915,
0.06321336328983307,
0.07370474934577942,
-0.42849138379096985,
0.2697281539440155,
0.006570590194314718,
-0.5871673822402954,
-0.16259758174419403,
-0.14499853551387787,
-0.16154171526432037,
-0.07789786159992218,
0.05371125414967537,
-0.5214430689811707,
0.031702920794487,
0.3604651987552643,
-0.750289261341095,
-0.19572316110134125,
-0.17983047664165497,
-0.4625741243362427,
-0.09932363033294678,
0.008027293719351292,
0.04987214878201485,
-0.18028242886066437,
-0.00794786587357521,
0.2679409682750702,
-0.2862284183502197,
0.413972407579422,
-0.17008881270885468,
0.20062798261642456,
-0.0009798365645110607,
0.07974536716938019,
-0.39164695143699646,
-0.10574790090322495,
0.2706667184829712,
0.15641449391841888,
-0.24046127498149872,
-0.24490955471992493,
0.5588263869285583,
0.051853280514478683,
-0.26375657320022583,
-0.11159448325634003,
-0.1252772957086563,
0.6325057148933411,
-0.469685822725296,
0.13333624601364136,
-0.33008211851119995,
-0.1456747055053711,
0.42747876048088074,
-0.3377722501754761,
-0.36392447352409363,
-0.27940744161605835,
-0.16617923974990845,
-0.050634171813726425,
0.2285398691892624,
-0.25348028540611267,
-0.3857843577861786,
-0.2734450697898865,
-0.5731300115585327,
0.32763880491256714,
0.8652282953262329,
0.8231639862060547,
0.780211865901947,
0.3066909909248352,
-0.04163768142461777,
-0.3896612823009491,
-0.5017296671867371,
-0.26409855484962463,
0.0709964856505394,
-0.26955974102020264,
0.10825448483228683,
-0.16662633419036865,
-0.5975950956344604,
0.23088300228118896,
-0.9716018438339233,
0.4831989109516144,
-0.37951168417930603,
-0.3629893362522125,
-0.4705947935581207,
-0.11079511046409607,
0.16127383708953857,
0.09922106564044952,
0.31554165482521057,
-0.2387588620185852,
-0.41856759786605835,
-0.31897759437561035,
-0.0018178601749241352,
-0.1832008957862854,
0.4729398787021637,
-0.6899436712265015,
0.15416693687438965,
0.16944652795791626,
-0.722015380859375,
0.3173019289970398,
0.1325031965970993,
-0.08261141180992126,
-0.47663405537605286,
0.00150004040915519,
-0.585193932056427,
0.4187746047973633,
-0.3206999599933624,
0.0822281464934349,
0.4983980655670166,
0.3831014931201935,
0.23932647705078125,
0.17683568596839905,
-0.6828426122665405,
0.292557030916214,
0.2027522176504135,
0.6021986603736877,
0.5989030003547668,
0.7117775678634644,
-0.3782944679260254,
-0.21233399212360382,
0.2911818325519562,
-0.278359055519104,
-0.1429138332605362,
0.5871308445930481,
0.21591350436210632,
0.7383054494857788,
-0.42351609468460083,
-0.11588171869516373,
0.42309466004371643,
-0.793465793132782,
-0.35301780700683594,
0.08501140773296356,
-0.056922800838947296,
-0.4541241228580475,
0.45839110016822815,
0.3189491927623749,
-0.04282312095165253,
-0.3493066728115082,
-0.24567577242851257,
-0.26545819640159607,
0.16508090496063232,
0.16712310910224915,
-0.015348321758210659,
-0.0809265673160553,
0.24364200234413147,
-0.33757930994033813,
-0.40735355019569397,
-0.3750910758972168,
0.37505438923835754,
0.1904536783695221,
-0.5760541558265686,
0.16951984167099,
-0.008640979416668415,
0.03531699255108833,
0.07632818073034286,
-0.021648170426487923,
-0.07115732878446579,
0.5265580415725708,
0.20440760254859924,
0.12254723906517029,
0.057951197028160095,
0.10677643120288849,
-0.09838235378265381,
0.13182920217514038,
-0.2953800559043884,
0.0019684648141264915,
0.7803190350532532,
-0.4314185678958893,
0.054865337908267975,
-0.030776510015130043,
0.26614347100257874,
0.4235883057117462,
0.4420686662197113,
0.10756125301122665,
0.24351400136947632,
-0.45997339487075806,
-0.3457435071468353,
0.17146596312522888,
-0.3856135904788971,
0.846119225025177,
-0.3236483335494995,
0.17944025993347168,
-0.018118102103471756,
-0.04693600535392761,
-0.2602929472923279,
0.12641018629074097,
-0.5996962785720825,
-0.19064880907535553,
0.4177817404270172,
-0.07767139375209808,
-0.18561415374279022,
-0.14207936823368073,
0.5858588814735413,
0.08979575335979462,
0.30759161710739136,
0.04869440197944641,
-0.2059093564748764,
-0.0011550553608685732,
0.2141699343919754,
-0.46414822340011597,
-0.408033162355423,
-0.37261077761650085,
0.23937496542930603,
-0.6131647229194641,
0.46034371852874756,
0.5049686431884766,
-0.1540040671825409,
-0.03205449879169464,
0.5119279026985168,
-0.22897429764270782,
-0.31355464458465576,
0.41557344794273376,
0.22636567056179047,
0.373155802488327,
-0.3141373097896576,
0.14445973932743073,
0.3645446002483368,
0.5539175868034363,
0.16013240814208984,
-0.044503577053546906,
-0.5440769791603088,
0.5154291391372681,
-0.06380327045917511,
-0.31296253204345703,
0.37976181507110596,
-0.11766400188207626,
-0.24403509497642517,
-0.36869800090789795,
0.8741248250007629,
-0.4810623526573181,
-0.4764082729816437,
0.12388743460178375,
-0.011667663231492043,
-0.15089555084705353,
-0.4382205605506897,
-0.1462884545326233,
0.0014728843234479427,
0.1376262903213501,
-0.2146506905555725,
-0.3420700132846832,
0.3823903799057007,
-0.2022462636232376,
-0.3796911835670471,
-0.4470030963420868,
0.19803330302238464,
0.10863004624843597,
-0.2828041911125183,
0.23473231494426727,
-0.16133201122283936,
0.20060691237449646,
0.04633553698658943,
0.03980850428342819,
0.10895131528377533,
0.479360967874527,
0.27203452587127686
] |
224214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RO | RO | Ro or RO may refer to:
Organizations
Red Orchestra (espionage), a series of Soviet spy rings
Reserve Officers' Training Corps, an American armed forces training program
Royal Ordnance, a British armaments manufacturer
Reach Out (non-profit), an Australian information website
TAROM, a Romanian airline
Places
Rø, Denmark
Ro, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
Ro, Greece, a small Greek island
Rö Church, in Stockholm County, Sweden
Romania (ISO 3166-1 country code RO)
Rondônia, Brazil
Science and technology
.ro, the top level internet domain for Romania
Ro (antigen)
Autoantigen Ro, a protein
Ro (volume), an Egyptian unit of measurement
Radio occultation, a technique for measuring the properties of an atmosphere
Reactor operator, a person who controls a nuclear reactor
Relaxation oscillator, an electronic oscillator
Reverse osmosis, a filtration method
Read-only access, a computer software attribute
Receive only, a type of teleprinter
Right only, a method of manipulating stereophonic sound
Other
Ro (language), an a priori constructed language
Ro (kana), a Japanese character
Ro (title), a Fijian title of nobility
Ro (video game), a 2008 IOS puzzle game
Romanian language
Ro (dubious Danish king)
Ro (pharaoh) (fl. 32nd century BC), Egyptian pharaoh
Ro Laren, character in Star Trek: The Next Generation TV show
Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom), a British order requiring renewable electricity generation
Restraining order, a legal injunction
A shortened variety of the first name Rohit
Residentie Orchestra, Dutch Orchestra based in Den Haag
See also
R0 (disambiguation)
Rho (disambiguation)
ROH (disambiguation)
Roll-on/roll-off, ships designed to carry wheeled cargo | [
0.4711218476295471,
-0.25549283623695374,
-0.024005569517612457,
0.12262038141489029,
0.0843549445271492,
0.33247265219688416,
0.17745570838451385,
0.40698713064193726,
-0.5905430316925049,
0.19194982945919037,
-0.8979590535163879,
-0.03587030991911888,
-0.7088193297386169,
0.3729303181171417,
-0.24382002651691437,
0.4281807541847229,
0.010004042647778988,
0.7835813760757446,
-0.03779741749167442,
-0.25165724754333496,
-0.30678418278694153,
0.09659677743911743,
0.40268340706825256,
0.009585000574588776,
0.07760453969240189,
-0.26419615745544434,
-0.03635342791676521,
0.1066819280385971,
-0.28236138820648193,
0.5140632390975952,
0.10156738013029099,
0.5656486749649048,
-0.32057416439056396,
0.24248209595680237,
0.111702561378479,
0.25275811553001404,
-0.18738523125648499,
-0.07694222778081894,
-0.1499321311712265,
-0.4878828823566437,
0.15182091295719147,
-0.1088295578956604,
0.17177850008010864,
0.0755130872130394,
-0.05999153107404709,
-0.5197222232818604,
-1.2845245599746704,
0.9645460247993469,
-0.39198940992355347,
0.4285981059074402,
-0.239029198884964,
0.4043194055557251,
0.14476563036441803,
0.23938918113708496,
-0.024288052693009377,
0.49748656153678894,
-0.4246941804885864,
-0.45238566398620605,
0.5069995522499084,
-0.5549139380455017,
0.4239968955516815,
0.06437468528747559,
-0.0657152608036995,
0.22110167145729065,
0.33313262462615967,
0.006475017871707678,
0.020129969343543053,
0.03324311971664429,
-0.34880754351615906,
-0.8246505856513977,
-0.0293804332613945,
-0.27692222595214844,
-0.39840373396873474,
-0.08516886830329895,
-0.5493244528770447,
-0.6988524198532104,
-0.28795555233955383,
0.24294891953468323,
-0.4130930006504059,
0.575948178768158,
0.07574920356273651,
-0.29819533228874207,
0.5659869313240051,
-0.34616386890411377,
0.595081627368927,
-0.19830404222011566,
-1.1229997873306274,
0.25810888409614563,
-0.13346262276172638,
-0.03782224282622337,
0.4172373116016388,
0.022685470059514046,
0.7189449071884155,
0.09580123424530029,
-0.010268495418131351,
0.14707015454769135,
0.05802733451128006,
-0.03291953355073929,
0.16790463030338287,
0.05192099139094353,
-0.47981029748916626,
0.05526648089289665,
0.14501690864562988,
0.06953708827495575,
-0.25228333473205566,
-0.1165296882390976,
-0.11014601588249207,
0.18604211509227753,
0.22488516569137573,
0.10821962356567383,
-0.4411921799182892,
0.10649602115154266,
0.23913148045539856,
0.11802994459867477,
-0.16490010917186737,
-0.26265016198158264,
0.1454153209924698,
-0.2539151906967163,
-0.05066494271159172,
0.08466073870658875,
0.21550911664962769,
0.5763540267944336,
-0.20116661489009857,
0.2413235902786255,
0.4429198205471039,
0.31662294268608093,
0.5071246027946472,
0.39425337314605713,
-0.5774933099746704,
0.3920641541481018,
0.24084649980068207,
0.5522070527076721,
-0.32861778140068054,
0.5359068512916565,
-0.19173727929592133,
0.057607367634773254,
-0.1431654542684555,
0.01358290296047926,
0.48641452193260193,
0.13139618933200836,
-1.0150556564331055,
-0.29554763436317444,
-0.42702874541282654,
-0.13392138481140137,
0.34163060784339905,
-0.4079597294330597,
-0.32959428429603577,
-0.2764308750629425,
0.1274457424879074,
-0.5424813628196716,
0.06317295134067535,
-0.27045467495918274,
-0.2829209864139557,
-0.17035774886608124,
-0.20564773678779602,
0.33297619223594666,
0.47968098521232605,
-0.1892491579055786,
0.31660032272338867,
0.20088455080986023,
-0.09245123714208603,
0.2141399383544922,
-0.15311510860919952,
0.23264136910438538,
-0.06391184031963348,
0.05569082871079445,
0.3746846914291382,
0.5290913581848145,
-0.2426023632287979,
0.4274851977825165,
-0.33110305666923523,
0.27247264981269836,
0.874136209487915,
0.11016394197940826,
-0.4126972556114197,
0.27475249767303467,
0.29844096302986145,
0.018892573192715645,
-0.08089644461870193,
0.08750617504119873,
-0.5110962986946106,
0.2595774531364441,
-0.35360977053642273,
-0.15880337357521057,
-0.041497573256492615,
0.1123964712023735,
0.5317220687866211,
0.10768773406744003,
-0.40902137756347656,
0.22789403796195984,
-0.1961478441953659,
-0.3887150287628174,
-0.07572392374277115,
-0.34479185938835144,
0.9543634653091431,
-0.258807897567749,
-0.2638823390007019,
0.8068562150001526,
-0.13415558636188507,
0.7026538252830505,
-0.6011695265769958,
-0.32612165808677673,
0.61423259973526,
-0.4181082844734192,
-0.3102571368217468,
0.20844444632530212,
0.3749646246433258,
-0.0342986062169075,
0.23095786571502686,
0.1520436555147171,
0.14291836321353912,
-0.5656709671020508,
0.4446025788784027,
-0.5082003474235535,
0.41040945053100586,
-0.2550542652606964,
-0.7793638110160828,
-0.02932557463645935,
-0.20120419561862946,
0.011060429736971855,
0.5718554854393005,
-0.5183101892471313,
-0.470377117395401,
0.21360069513320923,
-0.18129204213619232,
0.5115346312522888,
0.1947513073682785,
0.4184989929199219,
0.43824875354766846,
-0.556529700756073,
0.4626137912273407,
-0.3726312220096588,
0.045841895043849945,
-0.30775386095046997,
-0.3123580813407898,
0.08143411576747894,
0.26919642090797424,
-0.2552774250507355,
0.5511948466300964,
-0.1529196947813034,
-0.1325317621231079,
0.617729663848877,
-0.1279706209897995,
-0.04957957938313484,
0.4443478286266327,
-0.1443631798028946,
0.1487950086593628,
-0.3720734715461731,
0.0317336842417717,
0.03040493279695511,
-0.06443735212087631,
0.10275406390428543,
-0.37815460562705994,
-0.10704559832811356,
0.22646883130073547,
-0.3972225785255432,
0.5961432456970215,
0.4357013404369354,
-0.11790074408054352,
-0.4065963923931122,
-0.5243056416511536,
-0.31800442934036255,
-0.1498173624277115,
0.1313866674900055,
0.4230518937110901,
-0.013718091882765293,
-0.615814745426178,
-0.23387695848941803,
0.9795316457748413,
0.6742638945579529,
-0.03330772742629051,
0.04555422440171242,
-0.1585281938314438,
0.15517358481884003,
-0.2811047434806824,
-0.36622175574302673,
-0.09347428381443024,
0.631890594959259,
-0.2891506254673004,
-0.2955535650253296,
-0.2965373396873474,
-0.008686655201017857,
0.2741738259792328,
-0.7196096181869507,
-0.18132393062114716,
0.1099255383014679,
-0.08827844262123108,
-0.05754475295543671,
-0.5343703627586365,
-0.12283464521169662,
-0.369338721036911,
-0.2140655815601349,
-0.15714991092681885,
0.14900504052639008,
0.07052741199731827,
-0.06689221411943436,
-0.00971964281052351,
0.27204617857933044,
0.12800444662570953,
-0.2941698431968689,
-0.3084523677825928,
0.4476374387741089,
-0.2694941759109497,
-0.07569227367639542,
0.40133216977119446,
0.11096352338790894,
-0.056986574083566666,
0.04032747820019722,
-6.1424407958984375,
0.12800541520118713,
-0.3997865617275238,
-0.15420004725456238,
-0.20680470764636993,
0.14710082113742828,
0.5535166263580322,
-0.0018002409487962723,
0.23055651783943176,
-0.5364609956741333,
-0.03259803354740143,
-0.02681613340973854,
-0.37899529933929443,
0.2917231321334839,
0.10125047713518143,
0.45745357871055603,
0.08260896801948547,
0.29404985904693604,
-0.09383124858140945,
0.03800789639353752,
-0.18122269213199615,
0.23238800466060638,
0.22713004052639008,
0.7696777582168579,
0.015102282166481018,
0.5834661722183228,
-0.3640143871307373,
-0.057947754859924316,
-0.4558810293674469,
-0.7943567037582397,
-0.22210128605365753,
-0.06875606626272202,
0.05889882147312164,
-0.21970278024673462,
0.33502426743507385,
0.023344026878476143,
0.5217772126197815,
0.02458571270108223,
0.2510586380958557,
-0.10172681510448456,
-0.3588052988052368,
0.7171852588653564,
0.23194780945777893,
-0.5596066117286682,
0.2395036816596985,
-0.4109288156032562,
-0.47120580077171326,
0.1412764936685562,
-0.42244237661361694,
0.6618249416351318,
-0.04283926635980606,
-0.1765548586845398,
0.11115356534719467,
0.13403205573558807,
0.13587498664855957,
-0.006876992527395487,
0.3864443302154541,
0.4889205992221832,
0.13975875079631805,
0.41331982612609863,
0.38691970705986023,
0.06078265607357025,
-0.1238868236541748,
-0.7000766396522522,
-0.2845395803451538,
0.0011886657448485494,
-0.12353233247995377,
-0.48220932483673096,
0.32930752635002136,
0.19042763113975525,
-0.5796517133712769,
0.3281516134738922,
-0.3047972023487091,
-0.8589929342269897,
-0.3023786246776581,
-0.38578662276268005,
-0.05236921086907387,
-0.013910620473325253,
-0.04151274263858795,
0.6919848918914795,
-0.4743648171424866,
-0.1436377912759781,
-0.26273947954177856,
-0.3524056077003479,
-0.19306907057762146,
-0.3388862609863281,
-0.2061992883682251,
0.21198728680610657,
-0.013933765701949596,
0.11800406873226166,
0.6977105140686035,
-0.5068393349647522,
0.38971075415611267,
0.03625452145934105,
0.2555566728115082,
0.44429582357406616,
0.16260480880737305,
-0.403225302696228,
0.1602083146572113,
-0.5422458648681641,
0.1489342451095581,
-0.5003602504730225,
0.0034701903350651264,
-0.22377239167690277,
-0.15161749720573425,
-0.01610986888408661,
0.08524990826845169,
0.4661860466003418,
0.5309203863143921,
-0.04147086665034294,
-0.00854403991252184,
0.15628531575202942,
-0.3914782404899597,
-0.5251521468162537,
0.5046775341033936,
-0.14941687881946564,
0.18646255135536194,
0.5094295740127563,
0.21966631710529327,
-0.25999337434768677,
-0.13953737914562225,
-0.11675256490707397,
0.2657119035720825,
0.3470533788204193,
-0.1863223910331726,
-0.15684542059898376,
-0.30276983976364136,
-0.018706470727920532,
0.1660090684890747,
0.3114621341228485,
0.17916202545166016,
0.4318903386592865,
0.10095527768135071,
0.044550713151693344,
0.3254624009132385,
0.0415533222258091,
-0.07221788913011551,
-0.19555261731147766,
0.32984575629234314,
0.020859401673078537,
0.31301349401474,
-0.13512861728668213,
-0.13326378166675568,
0.4030372202396393,
0.15157534182071686,
0.4786812365055084,
-0.38632217049598694,
-0.2263869047164917,
0.06069834157824516,
0.06634755432605743,
0.14380699396133423,
-0.04492887482047081,
0.15328453481197357,
-0.293417751789093,
-0.06067415326833725,
-0.2691645324230194,
0.23909243941307068,
0.34885382652282715,
-0.14500370621681213,
-0.1379440873861313,
0.6453161239624023,
0.05402570217847824,
-1.0783748626708984,
0.13400867581367493,
0.33879807591438293,
-0.708242654800415,
-0.10623369365930557,
-0.4583818018436432,
0.02043159119784832,
0.6832714676856995,
0.14109760522842407,
-0.457107275724411,
-0.3355232775211334,
-0.5693164467811584,
-0.04184412583708763,
0.10861959308385849,
-0.14222541451454163,
-0.03883013874292374,
0.019987596198916435,
0.006349620409309864,
0.21739204227924347,
0.10670296102762222,
-0.1165025383234024,
0.6910720467567444,
0.07188025861978531,
-0.03791969269514084,
0.25925835967063904,
0.15142697095870972,
0.16384758055210114,
-0.45223233103752136,
-0.027361886575818062,
0.23615685105323792,
0.08390168100595474,
0.4367932081222534,
-0.10158788412809372,
-0.674644947052002,
-0.3517058789730072,
0.7263965606689453,
-0.022403864189982414,
0.17320206761360168,
-0.11131506413221359,
0.3615645170211792,
-0.5458230376243591,
-0.35324692726135254,
0.07532009482383728,
0.18092568218708038,
0.5807172060012817,
0.2025643140077591,
-0.15745817124843597,
-0.06896641105413437,
-0.8458395600318909,
-0.6982632875442505,
0.05220666155219078,
0.37955576181411743,
-0.6008011698722839,
0.08815262466669083,
0.32121986150741577,
-0.14855818450450897,
-0.8532047867774963,
-0.36272644996643066,
-0.4114797115325928,
0.16693608462810516,
-0.07431745529174805,
-0.4632849395275116,
-0.05134788528084755,
0.5085480213165283,
0.217957004904747,
-0.7064744234085083,
0.23065108060836792,
0.0979536697268486,
-0.21892960369586945,
0.05357101932168007,
0.04814235493540764,
0.28262636065483093,
-0.17244099080562592,
0.5000343322753906,
0.00019483239157125354,
-0.38789674639701843,
0.3854134678840637,
0.3838362395763397,
0.3265557885169983,
0.061018697917461395,
0.004378319252282381,
-0.3273905813694,
0.06175437942147255,
0.46539148688316345,
0.39513203501701355,
-0.20598706603050232,
-0.4154168963432312,
0.3522757589817047,
-0.10662075877189636,
-0.15923509001731873,
-0.295478880405426,
-0.2732217311859131,
0.433092325925827,
-0.36275118589401245,
0.3374684154987335,
0.0059968335554003716,
0.05539173632860184,
0.17709901928901672,
-0.4027772545814514,
-0.6969655752182007,
-0.08619844913482666,
0.05147494375705719,
0.12496230751276016,
-0.04628029465675354,
-0.5099789500236511,
-0.4223143458366394,
-0.11980706453323364,
-0.5781629085540771,
-0.04792485758662224,
0.42868858575820923,
1.2468727827072144,
0.4684598445892334,
-0.2924290597438812,
0.14460419118404388,
0.3318530321121216,
-0.32312172651290894,
-0.4796428978443146,
0.030796868726611137,
-0.7344393730163574,
0.16521666944026947,
-0.07946431636810303,
-0.4996517300605774,
0.3124922215938568,
-0.547497034072876,
0.07500425726175308,
0.3757351338863373,
-0.6349989771842957,
0.21091961860656738,
-0.13520975410938263,
-0.3485668897628784,
-0.24001383781433105,
0.38109341263771057,
-0.1875688135623932,
-0.2182270884513855,
-0.03488104045391083,
0.3785748779773712,
-0.15933772921562195,
0.027708588168025017,
-1.1331900358200073,
0.5256980061531067,
-0.14262990653514862,
-0.8301897048950195,
0.4197961091995239,
0.2019377052783966,
0.022377928718924522,
-0.0064412313513457775,
0.4519598186016083,
-0.1321677416563034,
0.22853852808475494,
-0.4762592017650604,
0.28377455472946167,
0.8242595791816711,
0.017918791621923447,
0.535502016544342,
0.12071139365434647,
-0.6770027279853821,
0.18869177997112274,
0.09059156477451324,
0.36733612418174744,
0.2290603220462799,
0.2304568886756897,
0.1733977049589157,
0.10562917590141296,
0.6314077973365784,
-0.0124617675319314,
-0.06402578949928284,
0.32163023948669434,
0.5850394368171692,
0.37470364570617676,
-0.008214687928557396,
-0.2928141951560974,
0.08476275205612183,
-0.6476510167121887,
-0.6169494986534119,
0.16021491587162018,
-0.7447675466537476,
-0.2851320207118988,
0.5351396799087524,
0.28787681460380554,
0.42657601833343506,
-0.2057753950357437,
0.07660358399152756,
-0.1748228520154953,
0.34019050002098083,
0.23463037610054016,
0.034172363579273224,
-0.3326401710510254,
0.059046752750873566,
0.05847975239157677,
-0.15883339941501617,
-0.15407130122184753,
0.2579326927661896,
-0.05729919672012329,
-0.20878975093364716,
-0.30991455912590027,
-0.4654013514518738,
-0.260406494140625,
-0.02815747633576393,
0.20259849727153778,
0.1427452713251114,
0.3622196614742279,
0.2233382910490036,
-0.04051866754889488,
0.07439181208610535,
0.04150470346212387,
-0.3723861575126648,
0.17920413613319397,
-0.4171365201473236,
0.4254729151725769,
0.5007889866828918,
-0.38974595069885254,
0.13285568356513977,
-0.11336760222911835,
0.08210933953523636,
0.517759382724762,
0.5552672147750854,
-0.24862469732761383,
-0.02196344919502735,
-0.6881164908409119,
0.41105973720550537,
0.07940499484539032,
-0.765137255191803,
0.2712806761264801,
-0.43372151255607605,
0.05201810970902443,
-0.39028844237327576,
0.20632532238960266,
0.24150706827640533,
0.0793721005320549,
-0.6018479466438293,
0.026577364653348923,
0.1913900077342987,
0.0975087508559227,
-0.11689667403697968,
-0.3009181022644043,
0.5066520571708679,
0.5635042190551758,
0.4129566252231598,
0.24493995308876038,
-0.20190860331058502,
0.20202386379241943,
-0.022011730819940567,
-0.7022705078125,
-0.011732173152267933,
-0.30731067061424255,
-0.0717768594622612,
-0.311240017414093,
0.2557883858680725,
0.4038379490375519,
-0.2863658368587494,
0.41645175218582153,
0.3046598434448242,
-0.004200071096420288,
0.36820346117019653,
0.563278079032898,
-0.2303667515516281,
0.07852888107299805,
-0.09746305644512177,
0.050769586116075516,
-0.4092331528663635,
0.07386120408773422,
0.2702251970767975,
0.038697294890880585,
-0.5529119372367859,
0.22788137197494507,
0.276205837726593,
-0.6748461723327637,
0.018302297219634056,
-0.16354379057884216,
-0.26336923241615295,
-0.48289912939071655,
0.4034353792667389,
-0.35592058300971985,
-0.5248667001724243,
-0.008222323842346668,
0.299674928188324,
0.134468212723732,
-0.3865775465965271,
0.161661297082901,
0.15071022510528564,
-0.29835188388824463,
0.13423681259155273,
0.38954219222068787,
0.3707624673843384,
-0.6189281344413757,
0.030162187293171883,
-0.19384871423244476,
0.32986173033714294,
0.002847213763743639,
-0.5250256657600403,
0.4854658544063568,
0.24717411398887634,
0.3675895631313324,
-0.2798294723033905,
0.5631668567657471,
-0.3337395489215851,
0.707610011100769,
0.10562029480934143
] |
224216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern%E2%80%93L%C3%B6tschberg%E2%80%93Simplon%20railway | Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway | The Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway (BLS), known between 1997 and 2006 as the BLS Lötschbergbahn, was a Swiss railway company. In 2006 the company merged with Regionalverkehr Mittelland AG to form a new company called BLS AG.
The Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway was the largest standard gauge network on the Swiss Railway system apart from the Swiss Federal Railways. The railway had not been built at the time that the Federal government took control of the five big Swiss standard gauge railway companies in 1902 and so it led a separate existence, being considered the largest of the Swiss "private" railways, although the majority of its capital was owned by the cantonal government of Bern, with the Confederation holding about one fifth.
History
Origins
With the opening of the Gotthard line in 1882 the canton of Bern became separated from the main north–south route. The administration, not being happy with the situation, made full use of its federal rights to build its own line but it could not rely on financial aid from the Swiss Confederation, the authorities being vehemently opposed to any rival transit route. Bern had to look elsewhere to raise the necessary funds and these were to come from an unexpected source. In 1871, due to the Franco-Prussian War, France had surrendered Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. As part of this annexation, the French-Swiss border crossing at Basel was lost.
Because of this, business circles in Paris were interested in co-financing a viable international transit route through Switzerland. Several alternative routes via Frutigen–Lötschberg were proposed but eventually, the Pro-Lötschberg Initiative Committee won the day. The Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway was founded on 27 July 1906 and within a few months construction work commenced.
The Lötschberg tunnel
Possibly because of French finance the construction of the "Mountain Route" the 58 km Frutigen–Brig line, was assigned to a French construction consortium, the major civil engineering work on the section being single-track Lötschberg Tunnel. Construction began on 15 October 1906 but within months the Swiss federal authorities ordered the BLS to enlarge the tunnel to double track and to profile its access ramps to suit. Money was not forthcoming for the provision of a double track line throughout and only the Lötschberg Tunnel itself was constructed in this way. Due to an accident on 24 July 1908 in which rock, washed with alpine waters, collapsed into the tunnel gallery killing 25 Italian miners, construction work was halted for six months before the gallery was sealed and plans made to bypass the site. The plan was to construct three curves inside the mountain and extending the length of the tunnel to . The breakthrough was finally made on 31 March 1911.
With the completion of the access ramps, the other civil engineering works on the line, 33 tunnels, 3 avalanche galleries and 22 bridges, together with the provision of electrical support masts, power stations, sub-stations, etc., the line, powered at 15,000 volts, alternating current, 16⅔ Hz was officially opened on 19 June 1913.
Take overs and wartime changes
In 1913 the BLS made a successful takeover of the Lake Thun railway (TSB) (Thun/Scherzligen–Interlaken–Bönigen), and became the operating company for three other companies in the area, the Bern–Neuchâtel railway (BN), the Gürbetal–Bern–Schwarzenburg railway (GBS) and the Spiez–Erlenbach-Zweisimmen railway (SEZ) adding some to its system. The BLS/TSB merger meant that the Lötschbergbahn also became the proprietor of the shipping company on Lake Thun and Lake Brienz.
In 1915, to shorten the distance through the Jura Mountains, to the French border, the company inaugurated the Grenchenberg line between Moutier and Lengnau, which included the Grenchenberg tunnel.
Following World War I, in 1919, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles, and Basel was restored as a border crossing between France and Switzerland. As a consequence, the importance of Delle as a border crossing point into France became less. Transit traffic was more and more routed via Basle/St Louis. Freight traffic between Germany and Italy, which could be routed via the Lötschberg line meant that the company was able to offset the loss of transit via Delle.
Double-track and piggyback
Problems with the operation of a single line railway were being seriously felt in the 1960s, but it was not until 1976 that the Federal Council gave their approval to loan of CHF 620,000,000 to upgrade the line to double track, the work to be carried in several stages, commencing the following year. The line, entirely double-track, was officially inaugurated on 8 May 1992.
At the end of 1993, the Swiss Confederation commissioned the BLS to provide a "piggyback" corridor along its line for road vehicles with a width of and a corner height of . The construction work began in January 1994 and the opening was delayed, due to geological problems on the southern side of the Simplon, until 11 June 2001. Since opening, the "rolling highway", the transportation of trucks by rail from Germany to Italy via Lötschberg, has made a considerable contribution towards transferring transit traffic from road to rail.
In 1994 the BLS moved 9.2 million passengers.
Politics and railways
The economic, political and legal operating environment for European railways changed to such an extent towards the end of the 20th century that restructuring amongst railway operators became inevitable. Liberalisation and competition also started to make an impact on railways. (Using EU legislation Britain's railway network can probably show best and worst what happened with its divisions and fragmentation). Although not bound by EU directives Switzerland is surrounded by EU countries and as details arrived from Brussels notice was taken of happenings elsewhere. The BLS Lötschbergbahn reacted early and realigned itself strategically. On 1 January 1997, the jointly-operated BN, GBS and SEZ railways merged with BLS to form BLS Lötschbergbahn AG. The organisation was also changed, the company being now based around the three profit-focused core business of infrastructure, passenger traffic and cargo.
On 15 May 2001, in order to secure their future, the BLS and SBB agreed on a new task-sharing arrangement. This was largely implemented as part of the timetable changes made on 12 December 2004 when the BLS took over the running of the SBB's S-Bahn lines and with it, system responsibility for Bern's S-Bahn network, the second largest in the country. This was accompanied by the transfer of long-distance railway operations from the BLS to the SBB. Within the cargo sector the SBB assumed overall control for full-load traffic in Switzerland. Transit and block train traffic has been subject to competition since the signing of the 2001 agreement. The SBB became responsible for rail network management across Switzerland.
On 27 September 1992, the Swiss people voted with an overwhelming majority in favour of the NRLA project. In voting "Yes" the Swiss people gave their approval for the construction of two transverse routes through the Alps, one at the Gotthard, the other at the Lötschberg. The original NRLA Lötschberg project provided for two single bore tunnels between Frutigen and the Rhône valley, a distance of . For financial reasons the tunnel length was shortened to , and the greater part of one of the bores was only be constructed as a shell.
The new base line was inaugurated on 15 June 2007 and full standard traffic started with the new timetable on 9 December 2007. In full operation trains are able to travel through the Lötschberg Base Tunnel at speeds of . Since the completion of NRLA and the opening of the new Lötschberg Base Tunnel, the BLS is responsible for the operation of train services along the entire Lötschberg–Simplon route.
Creation of BLS AG
In June 2006, following their respective Annual General Meetings and with the approval of the shareholders, the Regionalverkehr Mittelland AG and the BLS Lötschbergbahn AG were merged to form the BLS AG. The new undertaking belongs to the canton of Bern (55.8%), the Swiss Confederation (21.7%), further cantons and private persons (22.5%). The BLS AG was actually founded on 24 April 2006, when the cantons of Berne, Lucerne, Solothurn, Valais and Neuchâtel exchanged their BLS and RM shares for BLS AG ones.
As a result of the fusion of the companies, the BLS AG becomes the second biggest traffic undertaking in Swiss standard-gauge railways after the Swiss Federal Railways. The BLS AG operates regional traffic in an area which lies between the Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Lucerne and the Jura Mountains and the Simplon Massif. It is also responsible for operating most routes of the Bern S-Bahn, together with some of those of the Lucerne S-Bahn.
Route
The directly owned main line of the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway ran from Thun, where it connected with the Swiss Federal Railways through Spiez and the Lötschberg Tunnel to Brig, where it connects with the Swiss Federal Railways owned Simplon Tunnel to Italy. The route between Thun and Spiez formed part of Lake Thun line, which also serves a terminus at Interlaken, whilst from Spiez to Brig the Lötschberg line was used.
This classic main line formed part of a longer route, from the border with France and Germany through the Simplon Tunnel to the border with Italy and Milan. As part of one variant of this route, the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway also owned and built the Grenchenberg line between Moutier and Lengnau, which included the Grenchenberg tunnel, and shortened the distance between the French border at Delle and Bern. However most of this longer route was always operated by other railway companies.
Besides the lines mentioned above, the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway also operated several other independently owned operating companies in the canton of Bern, including the Bern–Neuchâtel railway (BN), the Gürbetal–Bern–Schwarzenburg railway (GBS) and the Spiez–Erlenbach-Zweisimmen railway (SEZ). In 1997, the ownership of these lines was taken over by the Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway.
Between 2004 and 2006, when it was subsumed into the BLS AG, the company also operated extensive commuter services as part of the Bern S-Bahn network. The BLS network operated trains over of standard gauge track, but the BLS actually owned only . The whole network was electrified at 15 kV 16⅔ Hz.
Locomotives and multiple units
The Bern–Lötschberg–Simplon railway operated the following locomotives and multiple units.
Class Re 4/4 (Re 425)
Re 425 170–190 are fitted with ETCS and thus able to pull trains over NBS Mattstetten – Rothrist and through Lötschberg Base Tunnel. Other Re 425 could act in MU as second or third engine and, if required, also behind an Re 465.
Re 425 191–195 were fitted with Railvox public address system and thus primarily used for
push-pull services. There are 6 driving trailers for passenger services. By December 2010 the use of such consists for additional trains of S-Bahn Bern ended. Five consists are in use around Spiez (2011).
Third field of use are the car shuttles through (old) Lötschberg Tunnel. A total of 9 driving trailers is available for this purpose.
Class Re4/4 II (Re 420)
Other classes
Abbreviations
BBC = Brown, Boveri & Cie
MFO = Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon
SAAS = Société Anonyme des Ateliers de Sécheron, Geneva
SLM = Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works, Winterthur
Business activities
The BLS was engaged in the following activities:
Maintenance of the infrastructure used by the BLS,
Passenger rail transportation
Since a 1994 agreement with the SBB, the BLS has operated many suburban services in Bern, and runs regional services towards Neuchâtel, Luzern and Brig using SBB lines
BLS was part of the consortium Cisalpino, together with SBB-CFF-FFS and Trenitalia. Later BLS left Cislapino, and in December 2009 Cisalpino ceased operations
Rail freight transportation via the BLS Cargo subsidiary (in 2002 870 million ton-kilometres of freight were conveyed)
Rail transportation of accompanied cars through the Lötschberg tunnel
Rail transportation of trucks between Switzerland and Italy via RAlpin SA (a BLS subsidiary), the SBB, and Hupac (a Swiss road-rail transporter company)
Lake transport ferries on Lakes Thun and Brienz.
See also
Rail transport in Switzerland
Table of turn tunnels
References
Florian Inäbnit, Jürg Aeschlimann: Bern–Neuenburg-Bahn. Die Linie Bern–Neuenburg der BLS. Prellbock Druck & Verlag, Leissigen 2001.
Ulf Degener: Neue Wege im Alpentransit. Umorientierung bei der BLS Lötschbergbahn. In: Lok Magazin. GeraNova, München 41/2002,255, S. 25–26.
W. Brügger: Das Frutigbuch. Heimatkunde für die Landschaft Frutigen. Kapitel "Die Bahnen". Paul Haupt, Bern 1977, pp. 419–437.
External links
BLS AG
Defunct railway companies of Switzerland
fr:Chemin de fer du Lötschberg
it:BLS SA
nl:BLS Lötschbergbahn
ja:BLS AG | [
0.09225821495056152,
0.17270536720752716,
0.041153643280267715,
0.08983830362558365,
-0.006416057236492634,
0.14779089391231537,
0.2794048488140106,
0.8292524814605713,
-0.21225985884666443,
-0.19511547684669495,
-0.173097163438797,
-0.622947096824646,
-0.373045414686203,
0.6512746810913086,
-0.2758655250072479,
0.16846728324890137,
0.24495196342468262,
-0.07503842562437057,
-0.1783626824617386,
-0.8700994253158569,
0.39526575803756714,
0.3580866754055023,
0.7282218337059021,
0.4345692992210388,
-0.1372166872024536,
-0.1918276697397232,
-0.14159707725048065,
0.5666493773460388,
0.2921719551086426,
-0.4651246666908264,
0.4992890954017639,
0.19550855457782745,
0.0004974585608579218,
0.10020151734352112,
-0.1133643388748169,
0.4259812533855438,
0.14701421558856964,
-0.8241360187530518,
-0.5002219080924988,
-0.1522274762392044,
0.03079502284526825,
0.6378536820411682,
-0.8389500975608826,
0.2912840247154236,
0.8289846181869507,
-0.4469617009162903,
-1.0213505029678345,
0.14750948548316956,
-0.867423415184021,
-0.02446335181593895,
-0.6267239451408386,
0.20253075659275055,
0.1367090493440628,
1.023019790649414,
-0.08720158040523529,
0.1544216424226761,
-0.706332802772522,
0.2386101484298706,
0.6896886825561523,
-0.04319191724061966,
0.49002552032470703,
0.13669942319393158,
-0.22671914100646973,
0.3447912633419037,
0.27763140201568604,
0.1120089590549469,
-0.08002299815416336,
0.892221212387085,
-0.19188058376312256,
-0.4129565358161926,
-0.07081311196088791,
-0.5178213119506836,
0.15482528507709503,
0.1465069055557251,
0.19354620575904846,
-0.6958107948303223,
0.03116089105606079,
-0.6769165992736816,
-0.40889522433280945,
-0.2627454400062561,
-0.19557668268680573,
0.5289328694343567,
0.9196635484695435,
0.01235936302691698,
0.6445220112800598,
0.21254092454910278,
-0.8159769773483276,
-0.1563633233308792,
-0.3647512197494507,
0.6811531782150269,
-0.6180084347724915,
-0.1120254173874855,
0.39504939317703247,
-0.47608110308647156,
-0.011785306967794895,
-0.2862448990345001,
-0.530445396900177,
0.18200913071632385,
0.2793530821800232,
0.46332523226737976,
-0.04208417609333992,
0.4677254557609558,
-0.4066048562526703,
0.16832198202610016,
-0.8875421285629272,
-0.7052719593048096,
-0.03379739820957184,
-0.3088255822658539,
-0.48708170652389526,
-0.027499474585056305,
-0.8041611313819885,
0.2099056839942932,
-0.30708709359169006,
0.15976393222808838,
0.1474914401769638,
-0.17159096896648407,
0.1717243790626526,
-0.3866303265094757,
0.23575930297374725,
0.32167449593544006,
0.5392338037490845,
0.9370750188827515,
-0.36519476771354675,
-0.2599276304244995,
0.3975124955177307,
-0.018772702664136887,
-0.2813214361667633,
0.6839858889579773,
-0.4858633279800415,
0.5296010375022888,
1.0140740871429443,
1.0146502256393433,
0.3743991553783417,
-0.34148943424224854,
-0.17849811911582947,
-0.20907780528068542,
0.343445748090744,
0.2648509740829468,
-0.24579814076423645,
0.09657923132181168,
-1.3741528987884521,
-0.10506580770015717,
-0.23329393565654755,
-0.0956772118806839,
0.2903080880641937,
0.14626547694206238,
-0.3723672330379486,
-0.41206881403923035,
-0.23326729238033295,
-0.6646607518196106,
0.3192257285118103,
-0.21088768541812897,
-0.2634081542491913,
-0.20809625089168549,
-0.6116271615028381,
1.4034743309020996,
0.8549116253852844,
0.0891648456454277,
-0.08708686381578445,
0.3556760549545288,
0.38129884004592896,
0.35843706130981445,
-0.29287463426589966,
0.31732702255249023,
0.2678461968898773,
-0.1720428615808487,
0.09525550156831741,
-0.1421748548746109,
0.7861836552619934,
-0.12419496476650238,
-0.2322307825088501,
-0.5044763088226318,
-0.17362096905708313,
-0.6791723966598511,
-0.061387110501527786,
0.0062667131423950195,
0.5614809393882751,
0.4218858480453491,
-0.07045236974954605,
-0.4861110746860504,
-0.5461167097091675,
0.3396344482898712,
0.148505300283432,
0.3249812126159668,
-0.15733815729618073,
0.4560317397117615,
-0.014994976110756397,
-0.15708382427692413,
-0.17551684379577637,
-0.37652134895324707,
-0.1246890053153038,
-0.628250241279602,
0.7976537346839905,
-0.7198499441146851,
1.0658690929412842,
-0.10631052404642105,
-0.7923212647438049,
0.5966925024986267,
-0.5467762351036072,
0.4118724465370178,
-0.08295132964849472,
-0.22072182595729828,
-0.04877554625272751,
0.10635074228048325,
-0.25523972511291504,
0.32274624705314636,
0.03235519677400589,
-0.04220057278871536,
0.12146280705928802,
0.04433198273181915,
0.28898078203201294,
0.005130740813910961,
0.5214781761169434,
0.11337164789438248,
0.5860126614570618,
-0.34871047735214233,
-0.3939058184623718,
0.12613992393016815,
0.05367676913738251,
0.10159621387720108,
0.856483519077301,
-0.3025585412979126,
-0.6414540410041809,
0.6199429035186768,
-0.39958977699279785,
0.346986323595047,
0.22448550164699554,
0.9337226152420044,
0.11832750588655472,
-0.2604174315929413,
0.4761776030063629,
0.47788479924201965,
0.5923570394515991,
-0.3681759834289551,
-0.12197380512952805,
0.21793857216835022,
-0.602825939655304,
-0.5670527815818787,
0.1439536213874817,
0.07710756361484528,
0.7332642674446106,
0.14578771591186523,
-0.7286977767944336,
0.43372073769569397,
-0.04579857736825943,
0.5860847234725952,
-0.3694128394126892,
0.46140843629837036,
-0.593987762928009,
-0.20136328041553497,
0.2525204122066498,
0.3310947120189667,
-0.2380814552307129,
-0.31980445981025696,
-0.09693362563848495,
-0.8459483981132507,
0.16803711652755737,
-0.2633010745048523,
0.23561684787273407,
0.7070985436439514,
0.37712234258651733,
-0.663239598274231,
-0.10727930068969727,
-0.1081126406788826,
-0.8656359314918518,
-0.619537353515625,
-0.18485037982463837,
-0.2293967455625534,
-0.1688780039548874,
0.5609310269355774,
0.2678307294845581,
-0.18677352368831635,
-0.48939135670661926,
0.061068564653396606,
0.5118100643157959,
-0.19395095109939575,
-0.5262724161148071,
0.23433125019073486,
-0.5142167806625366,
0.3842984735965729,
-0.2170000970363617,
0.35290512442588806,
0.34966328740119934,
-0.2894206643104553,
-0.3579047918319702,
0.4649506211280823,
0.33370429277420044,
0.7302588820457458,
-0.0540367029607296,
0.10079552978277206,
0.3078576624393463,
0.22498244047164917,
-0.4427732229232788,
-0.31051531434059143,
0.5421250462532043,
0.27048933506011963,
-0.6514865756034851,
0.03225510194897652,
0.6207472085952759,
-0.1963462233543396,
-0.7968570590019226,
0.22308817505836487,
-0.400533527135849,
-0.24538378417491913,
-0.08120707422494888,
0.11993853747844696,
-0.4248403310775757,
-0.26981714367866516,
-5.101109504699707,
0.07808510959148407,
-0.3071160614490509,
-0.16937711834907532,
-0.46844401955604553,
0.21949242055416107,
-0.0674591064453125,
-0.4174307882785797,
0.5445497035980225,
0.275881826877594,
0.8314918875694275,
-0.5971446633338928,
-0.1282506287097931,
0.2277025729417801,
0.23110860586166382,
0.26403769850730896,
0.31693166494369507,
0.16948433220386505,
0.38230058550834656,
-0.3190838694572449,
-0.11910908669233322,
-0.25605180859565735,
0.22364816069602966,
0.3038720190525055,
0.08520150184631348,
0.8928115963935852,
-0.4583505392074585,
0.06833665817975998,
-0.6586831212043762,
-0.5687577724456787,
0.5010177493095398,
-0.42236968874931335,
0.18668827414512634,
0.08718903362751007,
-0.06157107278704643,
-0.6366536021232605,
0.6086243391036987,
0.8333987593650818,
0.330382376909256,
-0.2704194486141205,
0.16449430584907532,
0.9081591367721558,
-0.01109786331653595,
-0.40956223011016846,
-0.04571760073304176,
-0.4945557117462158,
-1.1991381645202637,
0.562541127204895,
-0.5572389960289001,
1.3450146913528442,
0.3714316785335541,
-0.19569052755832672,
0.7822718024253845,
-0.1867860108613968,
-0.2514054477214813,
-0.5826488733291626,
-0.17121000587940216,
-0.5545926690101624,
-0.2874491512775421,
1.0652494430541992,
0.17967726290225983,
0.1360691636800766,
-0.03861280903220177,
-0.3044382929801941,
-0.39347732067108154,
-0.17453815042972565,
-0.3384299874305725,
0.17108827829360962,
0.6932685971260071,
0.2894444465637207,
-0.2901637554168701,
1.1546066999435425,
0.03557262569665909,
-0.7012101411819458,
0.34061112999916077,
-0.7694901823997498,
-0.5204885601997375,
0.11492141336202621,
0.43846288323402405,
0.4652860462665558,
0.5606940984725952,
-0.32669538259506226,
0.27164533734321594,
0.5731513500213623,
1.3914703130722046,
0.3221072554588318,
-0.22380633652210236,
-0.015466323122382164,
-0.2889856696128845,
0.0021559507586061954,
0.5368749499320984,
-0.44574296474456787,
-0.052805230021476746,
0.8626896142959595,
-1.1796493530273438,
0.6358464956283569,
-0.36485573649406433,
0.05649811401963234,
-0.3099628984928131,
-0.8018275499343872,
0.7899038195610046,
-0.3943786919116974,
0.27257004380226135,
-0.13574056327342987,
-0.42994198203086853,
-0.3005697429180145,
0.2364494651556015,
-0.20219960808753967,
0.010927241295576096,
0.30792343616485596,
-0.1030656099319458,
-0.09089968353509903,
-0.1523461639881134,
-0.4908337891101837,
0.4947830140590668,
-0.01899031363427639,
-1.0352303981781006,
0.8846654295921326,
-0.12497610598802567,
0.052067745476961136,
0.31012582778930664,
0.05461006611585617,
0.7254100441932678,
-0.7202734351158142,
-0.4272408187389374,
0.36855509877204895,
-0.08022560924291611,
0.6608784198760986,
0.21756362915039062,
0.510969340801239,
-0.43245795369148254,
0.1849132925271988,
-0.5117466449737549,
-0.5252543687820435,
-0.17364197969436646,
-0.19889727234840393,
-0.7431662082672119,
0.1610521525144577,
0.5328717827796936,
0.055124204605817795,
0.27640530467033386,
0.187360480427742,
-0.3699406087398529,
0.2087457776069641,
-0.2539843022823334,
0.9071023464202881,
0.36775562167167664,
-0.8998022675514221,
-0.4717842638492584,
-0.18856455385684967,
-0.4311337471008301,
-0.4485807716846466,
0.0200840774923563,
0.3958491384983063,
-0.10401450097560883,
-0.6900297403335571,
0.45386868715286255,
0.40844887495040894,
0.1077805683016777,
-0.22657622396945953,
0.15910734236240387,
-0.39607173204421997,
-0.5196936726570129,
0.5116721391677856,
0.28118640184402466,
0.3852207362651825,
-0.23535437881946564,
-0.5521907806396484,
-0.4020790159702301,
0.6890724301338196,
0.2226438671350479,
-0.7150774598121643,
-0.41265955567359924,
-0.07931358367204666,
0.004558662883937359,
0.21787920594215393,
-0.55705326795578,
-0.6943239569664001,
-0.052086684852838516,
-0.3858793079853058,
-0.234619602560997,
-0.41907498240470886,
0.2117815762758255,
0.698840856552124,
0.047843970358371735,
-1.0147284269332886,
-0.24630199372768402,
0.30165135860443115,
-0.007519744336605072,
-0.4619588851928711,
0.7478684186935425,
-0.3488164246082306,
0.2120412141084671,
0.669788122177124,
0.09834344685077667,
-1.357710838317871,
-0.7437002062797546,
-0.17221568524837494,
-0.23239009082317352,
-0.9236432909965515,
-0.1990983635187149,
0.07803791016340256,
-0.12111969292163849,
0.3637770116329193,
0.3065382242202759,
-0.42897844314575195,
0.3424602448940277,
0.4143941402435303,
-0.8572385907173157,
0.659903347492218,
-0.99555504322052,
-0.34571465849876404,
0.5199368000030518,
0.6438945531845093,
-0.9637972116470337,
0.08137685060501099,
0.6646373867988586,
-0.06696827709674835,
-1.1397836208343506,
-0.10875560343265533,
-0.3964151442050934,
0.07517900317907333,
-0.9329309463500977,
-0.10642102360725403,
-1.1083087921142578,
0.9044556021690369,
0.6290196776390076,
-0.7158649563789368,
0.5320841670036316,
-0.33563411235809326,
0.021196911111474037,
-0.6080842614173889,
0.47308146953582764,
-0.22234471142292023,
0.12512847781181335,
-0.13803642988204956,
0.1789272427558899,
0.24245518445968628,
0.6772769093513489,
0.5754604935646057,
0.6168493032455444,
0.43558454513549805,
0.2918792963027954,
-0.6680219769477844,
0.639009952545166,
-0.1041075736284256,
0.5409035682678223,
-0.6631779074668884,
-0.1858069747686386,
0.3123316168785095,
0.0988512933254242,
0.09897143393754959,
-0.7275722026824951,
-0.27324536442756653,
1.0605942010879517,
-0.06524017453193665,
-0.6449810266494751,
0.07921569049358368,
0.13294294476509094,
0.15122705698013306,
-0.19319726526737213,
0.015601257793605328,
-0.2827660143375397,
0.18895553052425385,
0.33454152941703796,
0.1739950180053711,
0.4261005222797394,
-0.502051055431366,
0.5586541891098022,
0.2950054407119751,
0.6705785393714905,
-0.5466122627258301,
0.025374647229909897,
0.33677417039871216,
0.16978715360164642,
-0.09203378856182098,
0.09065753221511841,
-0.8117388486862183,
0.6258564591407776,
-0.4053618907928467,
-0.8752157688140869,
-0.1081138402223587,
0.43599748611450195,
-0.3910543620586395,
-0.20555554330348969,
-1.070860505104065,
-0.18238849937915802,
0.14801336824893951,
-0.7716718912124634,
0.7321886420249939,
-0.40446755290031433,
-0.17407314479351044,
-0.689922571182251,
-0.18617404997348785,
-0.03169463947415352,
-0.22086183726787567,
-0.23336392641067505,
0.0920996144413948,
-0.030175844207406044,
0.7787126898765564,
-0.44355636835098267,
0.3650883436203003,
-0.040684401988983154,
-0.4410298466682434,
-0.3882697820663452,
0.5772698521614075,
-0.06758027523756027,
-0.04595056548714638,
0.22534482181072235,
0.04572562500834465,
0.23400792479515076,
-0.334224671125412,
-0.5212165117263794,
0.7718989849090576,
-0.088346928358078,
0.18007123470306396,
0.5952800512313843,
-0.008568478748202324,
0.3248397707939148,
0.4818355143070221,
0.36521297693252563,
0.3465757369995117,
1.017303466796875,
-0.009451203979551792,
-0.44756850600242615,
0.9189167618751526,
0.1943138986825943,
-0.09155551344156265,
-0.2514919638633728,
-0.0052277701906859875,
0.03725023567676544,
-0.4500250816345215,
-0.5295463800430298,
0.4850314259529114,
0.04097576439380646,
0.10960109531879425,
-0.04823201894760132,
-0.5806720852851868,
-0.09470835328102112,
0.061232928186655045,
-0.3504689931869507,
0.8845665454864502,
-0.559247612953186,
-0.2716464102268219,
-0.11195851862430573,
0.7878605127334595,
0.085039883852005,
-0.1512528508901596,
0.40878793597221375,
0.052242208272218704,
0.8170837759971619,
0.10809183865785599,
-0.29011502861976624,
-0.2246612310409546,
-0.18357490003108978,
0.4543372094631195,
0.13070076704025269,
0.21225948631763458,
-0.08432919532060623,
0.37826666235923767,
0.38370057940483093,
-0.10875081270933151,
-0.11681968718767166,
-0.16685310006141663,
-0.5848292112350464,
-0.47361505031585693,
-0.4151919186115265,
-0.502227783203125,
-0.09116155654191971,
0.019866494461894035,
-0.20737631618976593,
0.1848251223564148,
-0.151635080575943,
0.13856031000614166,
0.2546912133693695,
0.3765330910682678,
0.6315603852272034,
0.4976724684238434,
0.10117118060588837,
0.4178095757961273,
0.1263161301612854,
0.5450719594955444,
-0.3805619776248932,
-0.6483508944511414,
-0.9433462619781494,
-0.7901026606559753,
0.05690615996718407,
-0.22031699120998383,
-0.07035298645496368,
-0.7268481254577637,
-0.31286677718162537,
-0.6411644220352173,
-0.15080967545509338,
0.13656377792358398,
-0.43890380859375,
-0.06541073322296143,
-0.539496660232544,
0.6176939010620117,
0.4363759458065033,
-0.420864075422287,
0.21190211176872253,
0.42355889081954956,
0.17406772077083588,
0.5216819047927856,
-0.2587442398071289,
0.39860597252845764,
-0.31335920095443726,
0.4321845471858978,
-0.18715523183345795,
0.3347699046134949,
0.09998999536037445,
-0.3047201633453369,
-0.45968034863471985,
0.676192581653595,
0.30322977900505066,
0.31762391328811646,
0.719366192817688,
-0.5517265796661377,
-0.2945009768009186,
-0.18549507856369019,
0.14878195524215698,
-0.47602471709251404,
0.2410409301519394,
0.3229673206806183,
0.39488184452056885,
-0.513027012348175,
-0.048717278987169266,
-0.1182137057185173,
0.05932268127799034,
0.7548230290412903,
0.45948556065559387,
0.11524897813796997,
-0.03920885547995567,
-0.33983802795410156,
-0.6281865835189819,
-0.8024855256080627,
0.09594837576150894,
-0.30771201848983765,
0.9251095056533813,
-0.315148264169693,
-0.17479977011680603,
-0.01592271402478218,
0.5309000015258789,
0.05831784009933472,
-0.04147007316350937,
0.07532899081707001,
-0.07776234298944473,
-0.5197657942771912,
-0.7660744190216064,
-0.012309426441788673,
0.07509849220514297,
0.06944742053747177,
0.4474058151245117,
0.10776342451572418,
0.8265250325202942,
-0.2188071310520172,
-0.05085434392094612,
-0.8031207323074341,
0.48828989267349243,
-0.6423664689064026
] |
224217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB | LB | LB, lb or lb. may refer to:
Businesses and organizations
L Brands, an American clothing retailer
Lane Bryant, a plus-size clothing retailer
Laurier Brantford, a satellite campus of Wilfrid Laurier University in Brantford, Ontario, Canada
Movement for Unification (), a nationalist Albanian political party in Kosovo
Ljubljana Bank (), a bank named after and based in Ljubljana, Slovenia that operated in SFR Yugoslavia
airline (IATA code)
Places
Labrador (former postal abbreviation)
Lebanon (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code)
Long Beach, California
Los Baños, Laguna (an abbreviation commonly used to address the town of Los Baños)
Science and technology
Mathematics and computing
.lb, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Lebanon
Lattice Boltzmann methods, a class of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for fluid simulation
Liberty BASIC, a programming language
Binary logarithm,
Lower bound, a mathematical concept in order theory
Units of measurement
Pound (mass)
Pound-force
Other uses in science and technology
"L" shaped electrical conduit body with the outlet in the Back ("LB")
Lysogeny broth (also known as Luria or Luria-Bertani broth), a microbial growth medium
Sport
Left back, a defensive position in Association football
Linebacker, a position in American and Canadian football
Other uses
LB (car ferries), one of several ferries on the HH Ferry route between Elsinore, Denmark and Helsingborg, Sweden
Luxembourgish language (ISO 639 alpha-2 code)
Letterboxing (filming) | [
0.29155316948890686,
0.03108658827841282,
-0.10177135467529297,
-0.39430493116378784,
-0.5084006786346436,
0.38643136620521545,
-0.2810665965080261,
-0.4305817484855652,
-0.30814847350120544,
-0.2805784046649933,
-0.07175810635089874,
0.46193766593933105,
-0.00387101573869586,
0.1601332575082779,
-0.14946229755878448,
1.0192346572875977,
0.48571866750717163,
0.19018270075321198,
0.5892566442489624,
-0.0332944430410862,
0.015552718192338943,
0.030119638890028,
0.37962305545806885,
-0.3213805556297302,
-0.21649165451526642,
0.22487008571624756,
0.05022667348384857,
-0.37472477555274963,
-0.6951583623886108,
-0.07967040687799454,
0.05739755555987358,
0.6689147353172302,
0.4572133421897888,
-0.1514272391796112,
0.11644972860813141,
-0.17286287248134613,
0.6371448636054993,
0.15486279129981995,
0.17818468809127808,
-0.8185797333717346,
-0.36687231063842773,
-0.5149672031402588,
0.228215292096138,
0.3087327182292938,
-0.2812136113643646,
0.1358433961868286,
-1.2318800687789917,
-0.45077595114707947,
-0.8199289441108704,
-0.12105541676282883,
0.1861884891986847,
0.45301002264022827,
0.03642689809203148,
0.2304244190454483,
-0.2683705687522888,
0.7355358600616455,
-0.7467708587646484,
-0.506138026714325,
0.6747996807098389,
-0.38501471281051636,
0.4765874147415161,
0.03492090478539467,
-0.0912596732378006,
0.27845636010169983,
0.25303563475608826,
-0.1785457283258438,
-0.28287723660469055,
0.6962723135948181,
-0.1864752620458603,
-0.2840108871459961,
-0.2535169720649719,
-0.17245247960090637,
0.22291551530361176,
-0.2439531832933426,
0.1867714673280716,
-0.09802300482988358,
-0.4365810751914978,
0.26575249433517456,
0.5912707448005676,
-0.13810694217681885,
0.13403823971748352,
-0.06501641869544983,
-0.18832646310329437,
-0.2846795320510864,
0.6546324491500854,
0.1785161942243576,
-0.09573286771774292,
0.039138663560152054,
-0.246639683842659,
1.5144927501678467,
0.23466868698596954,
-0.022458039224147797,
0.23072576522827148,
0.22543668746948242,
-0.08115614205598831,
-0.2243340015411377,
0.29997214674949646,
0.17291362583637238,
0.20142674446105957,
-0.1560061275959015,
0.016628095880150795,
-0.23829033970832825,
0.8507006168365479,
0.003868748201057315,
-0.17248766124248505,
0.11853423714637756,
-0.5465858578681946,
-0.5843963027000427,
0.09857869893312454,
-0.04681489244103432,
-0.47765183448791504,
0.15904533863067627,
-0.09166663885116577,
-0.4156062602996826,
-0.46606069803237915,
-0.449653685092926,
0.09625973552465439,
-0.7982799410820007,
-0.09884581714868546,
0.4044511020183563,
0.07798518240451813,
0.6876266598701477,
-0.3095167875289917,
0.2542697489261627,
0.3342243432998657,
-0.016110530123114586,
0.44961628317832947,
0.39765819907188416,
0.30722007155418396,
0.16584186255931854,
0.27192726731300354,
0.5979611873626709,
0.418539434671402,
0.14371061325073242,
-0.2335982620716095,
-0.14157193899154663,
-0.28172507882118225,
-0.1034044697880745,
0.01215257029980421,
-0.2611478269100189,
-0.7321192026138306,
-0.24743446707725525,
0.0841280147433281,
-0.13470274209976196,
0.37134304642677307,
-0.4080112874507904,
-0.1167508214712143,
-0.017726561054587364,
0.2874477803707123,
0.374537855386734,
0.33759307861328125,
-0.024739688262343407,
-0.22851133346557617,
0.3262872099876404,
0.03481123968958855,
0.09227634966373444,
0.2496354579925537,
-0.8580532073974609,
-0.20497453212738037,
0.27531880140304565,
-0.21453608572483063,
-0.013815879821777344,
-0.04878672584891319,
-0.07656547427177429,
-0.027489453554153442,
-0.5743255615234375,
0.40823403000831604,
-0.07298767566680908,
-0.5260741114616394,
0.3217688202857971,
-0.6298890709877014,
-0.20477519929409027,
0.17620159685611725,
0.24983586370944977,
-0.4122130870819092,
-0.13617397844791412,
0.3523235321044922,
0.29360929131507874,
0.5529516339302063,
0.1780051440000534,
-0.3368891179561615,
0.14491543173789978,
0.16758693754673004,
-0.13217681646347046,
0.4058395326137543,
0.10790205001831055,
0.8365288376808167,
-0.3602246940135956,
-0.09251542389392853,
0.2666155695915222,
-0.3642881512641907,
-0.37905314564704895,
0.40922364592552185,
-0.09608770906925201,
0.8971600532531738,
-0.4308009743690491,
-0.3481948673725128,
0.17189769446849823,
0.3421824276447296,
0.254645973443985,
-0.09337764978408813,
0.30645880103111267,
0.7006260752677917,
-0.38047054409980774,
-0.327560693025589,
0.10300075262784958,
0.680283784866333,
0.1683713048696518,
0.07709800451993942,
0.04307758808135986,
0.35323840379714966,
0.0029645750764757395,
-0.296421080827713,
-0.4171909987926483,
-0.13954764604568481,
-0.17710170149803162,
0.10572735965251923,
0.41340112686157227,
0.15523302555084229,
-0.028630336746573448,
0.4891972839832306,
-0.33292263746261597,
0.11856333166360855,
0.19624923169612885,
-0.6108531355857849,
0.571534276008606,
0.05099073052406311,
0.3667263984680176,
0.11588405817747116,
-0.1422644555568695,
0.28560373187065125,
-0.5081095099449158,
-0.4659941792488098,
0.024293720722198486,
-0.4103047847747803,
0.43717268109321594,
0.08374916762113571,
0.04230039566755295,
0.005304988939315081,
-0.18743394315242767,
-0.04362744465470314,
0.6978682279586792,
-0.036339402198791504,
-0.03651389107108116,
-0.09592339396476746,
0.05957372486591339,
0.1855957806110382,
0.4041619300842285,
-0.29351890087127686,
-0.02243937738239765,
0.44663453102111816,
-0.09483140707015991,
0.5203692317008972,
0.12396959960460663,
0.27590715885162354,
-0.629142701625824,
-0.36435502767562866,
-0.0025084579829126596,
0.2883141338825226,
-0.23909738659858704,
-0.7022964954376221,
0.042405758053064346,
0.7517371773719788,
-0.6805024147033691,
-0.1504334658384323,
-0.42970114946365356,
-0.8792712092399597,
-0.205632284283638,
-0.06150268763303757,
-0.0923708900809288,
0.48030000925064087,
0.40676578879356384,
-0.14144183695316315,
-0.2566634714603424,
-0.036661431193351746,
-0.37224099040031433,
0.9168590903282166,
0.2847552001476288,
-0.37407734990119934,
-0.547274112701416,
-0.11340777575969696,
0.10900722444057465,
0.44853082299232483,
-0.20707428455352783,
0.4274615943431854,
-0.09415260702371597,
0.1915200799703598,
-0.08856857568025589,
-0.14253820478916168,
-0.24783630669116974,
-0.36431246995925903,
0.19803938269615173,
-0.5024743676185608,
-0.01068320032209158,
0.3092535734176636,
0.10579899698495865,
-0.1846970170736313,
0.3768947422504425,
0.5606348514556885,
-0.25556260347366333,
0.2562672197818756,
0.6099057793617249,
-0.48675280809402466,
-0.1813727617263794,
0.04716251417994499,
-0.43671736121177673,
-0.5807126760482788,
0.5429114103317261,
-6.0234694480896,
0.13211961090564728,
-0.5408344864845276,
0.2621506452560425,
0.5005864500999451,
-0.2775335907936096,
0.3624829351902008,
0.1278890073299408,
0.1169978529214859,
0.0968666821718216,
-0.01493036188185215,
-0.25947028398513794,
0.17438505589962006,
-0.10285095125436783,
0.16570182144641876,
0.7306455969810486,
0.8174774646759033,
-0.18277505040168762,
0.20191650092601776,
0.8700741529464722,
0.24932244420051575,
-0.10037558525800705,
0.17941735684871674,
-0.05701953172683716,
-0.19642426073551178,
0.48114752769470215,
0.005546332336962223,
0.3568328022956848,
-0.4212585985660553,
-0.26257771253585815,
-0.48290061950683594,
-0.1904629021883011,
0.29223892092704773,
-0.29848793148994446,
0.3779945373535156,
0.15766800940036774,
0.22297605872154236,
0.0025826666969805956,
0.14771007001399994,
0.015657691285014153,
0.0042177592404186726,
0.45659270882606506,
0.07746835798025131,
-0.4033486247062683,
0.5550524592399597,
0.005793863907456398,
-0.2082536518573761,
-0.1498822569847107,
-0.42784279584884644,
-0.4831041395664215,
-0.17220021784305573,
-0.1716228872537613,
0.30651336908340454,
-0.008874503895640373,
0.40882644057273865,
0.029574168846011162,
0.049835916608572006,
-0.024831771850585938,
0.08442718535661697,
0.3535206615924835,
0.04034162685275078,
-0.828366756439209,
-0.21471843123435974,
0.07801780104637146,
-0.4396613538265228,
-0.08048630505800247,
-0.18050692975521088,
0.02498098462820053,
0.5163969993591309,
0.4970758855342865,
-0.6283581852912903,
0.03237888962030411,
0.7326234579086304,
-0.7572975158691406,
0.2565061151981354,
-0.5297397971153259,
-0.034127283841371536,
0.034154124557971954,
0.17543309926986694,
0.15487883985042572,
-0.07973678410053253,
-0.4226929247379303,
-0.21861159801483154,
0.43382176756858826,
0.09946070611476898,
-0.5869827270507812,
-0.1751762181520462,
0.37409669160842896,
-0.38836467266082764,
0.441541850566864,
-0.03324947506189346,
-0.07141265273094177,
-0.02331426925957203,
0.1556907445192337,
-0.4153187572956085,
-0.06605040282011032,
0.45306023955345154,
-0.17542630434036255,
0.37052997946739197,
-0.06451516598463058,
0.4841020107269287,
-0.3591350317001343,
0.17280378937721252,
-1.0674071311950684,
-0.23038345575332642,
-0.4006338119506836,
-0.14508101344108582,
0.5632375478744507,
0.540707528591156,
0.10868523269891739,
0.1531694382429123,
0.2118334323167801,
-1.0581772327423096,
-0.3696029484272003,
0.6107494831085205,
-0.0792631134390831,
-0.46500498056411743,
0.15076346695423126,
0.023804495111107826,
0.14560051262378693,
-0.13384497165679932,
0.01950814388692379,
-0.028418632224202156,
-0.7843641638755798,
-0.29665422439575195,
0.02714812569320202,
0.19017750024795532,
-0.06073261797428131,
-0.21239832043647766,
0.15413157641887665,
-0.03592545911669731,
0.07672883570194244,
0.28811874985694885,
0.05797962844371796,
-0.7074072360992432,
0.32485881447792053,
0.2911166846752167,
0.12452424317598343,
-0.026811517775058746,
-0.635674774646759,
0.4194508194923401,
0.06107399985194206,
-0.0007842897321097553,
-0.007549697067588568,
0.06385286897420883,
0.6538330912590027,
-0.289712131023407,
0.28840720653533936,
-0.27569228410720825,
0.2154909372329712,
0.5376763343811035,
-0.06648099422454834,
0.3374752700328827,
-0.10322866588830948,
-0.0370355099439621,
0.04822056367993355,
-0.07208827137947083,
0.18118467926979065,
0.18996238708496094,
-1.3591370582580566,
0.23227594792842865,
0.12807121872901917,
-0.9340096712112427,
-0.09351228177547455,
-0.2696440517902374,
-0.21850280463695526,
-0.13937528431415558,
-0.3578498065471649,
0.08134958148002625,
0.5016207098960876,
-0.12381548434495926,
-0.8600849509239197,
-0.7145057916641235,
0.09557812660932541,
-0.3563886284828186,
0.005701344460248947,
0.2787182033061981,
-0.4756344258785248,
0.21736206114292145,
-0.008169598877429962,
0.3880179822444916,
-0.4428038001060486,
0.11624555289745331,
0.25885209441185,
0.2905934154987335,
-0.2724495828151703,
-0.35470718145370483,
0.42940014600753784,
-0.07590846717357635,
-0.05771385505795479,
0.2521404027938843,
-0.12781241536140442,
0.8626512885093689,
0.4522191882133484,
0.04978737607598305,
0.17497077584266663,
0.4566434323787689,
1.1231353282928467,
-0.34084171056747437,
-0.11170278489589691,
-0.056273434311151505,
0.8824714422225952,
-0.44876745343208313,
0.09214609116315842,
0.3712022304534912,
0.04274781420826912,
0.5031960606575012,
0.041299764066934586,
-0.25444838404655457,
0.37157386541366577,
-0.2476344108581543,
-0.3729235827922821,
0.3412095606327057,
0.7163329124450684,
-0.09865345805883408,
-0.09002331644296646,
-0.0176398865878582,
-0.04129369929432869,
0.1593865305185318,
-0.9293121695518494,
0.13638874888420105,
-0.288376122713089,
-0.44209253787994385,
-0.25510939955711365,
-0.4545374810695648,
-0.07140828669071198,
0.1177532747387886,
-0.7084639668464661,
0.27514728903770447,
0.05575370043516159,
-0.25704529881477356,
0.151820108294487,
-0.09519842267036438,
0.6232286095619202,
-0.040088359266519547,
-0.04309755191206932,
0.07575219869613647,
0.4072766602039337,
-0.18289971351623535,
-0.6795241832733154,
0.17217609286308289,
0.7267542481422424,
0.32188934087753296,
-0.5596116781234741,
-0.42777520418167114,
0.43842265009880066,
0.4001266658306122,
-0.4546191096305847,
-0.32325437664985657,
0.1271437406539917,
-0.24584949016571045,
-0.7106138467788696,
-0.3566114008426666,
0.026644252240657806,
0.8796734809875488,
-0.5808959007263184,
-0.132311150431633,
-0.2942264676094055,
0.18429318070411682,
0.6668112277984619,
0.37749847769737244,
0.556930422782898,
0.03513789921998978,
0.3569023609161377,
-0.26216498017311096,
0.4938582479953766,
-0.15407098829746246,
-0.4441159963607788,
0.18932440876960754,
-0.06976282596588135,
-0.10453559458255768,
0.3827745318412781,
0.250010222196579,
1.0640432834625244,
0.49526071548461914,
0.2565452754497528,
-0.39362674951553345,
-0.7901141047477722,
-0.2942408323287964,
0.248480424284935,
-0.45262840390205383,
0.15385271608829498,
0.09570303559303284,
-0.16971902549266815,
0.007757484447211027,
-0.331820011138916,
-0.2779455780982971,
0.2147110104560852,
-0.18102522194385529,
0.12916472554206848,
-0.15323498845100403,
-0.519705057144165,
-0.38414666056632996,
-0.2844966948032379,
-0.46893537044525146,
0.43809518218040466,
-0.15353970229625702,
-0.3513718545436859,
0.5037356615066528,
-0.4986760914325714,
-1.1214854717254639,
0.5866125226020813,
-0.23490269482135773,
-0.19052062928676605,
0.5632309913635254,
-0.2225905805826187,
-0.09544054418802261,
-0.3407388925552368,
0.03864279389381409,
0.03779739513993263,
-0.20807771384716034,
-0.39209794998168945,
-0.1040579080581665,
0.5294691324234009,
-0.34571823477745056,
-0.26011013984680176,
0.5052815675735474,
0.08173904567956924,
-0.42246782779693604,
0.3813834488391876,
0.021373741328716278,
-0.05103154107928276,
0.648596465587616,
0.11698268353939056,
-0.4178032875061035,
0.22487500309944153,
-0.4606122076511383,
-0.5993812084197998,
0.4320110082626343,
-0.3272499144077301,
0.05044356361031532,
0.16652041673660278,
-0.3965857923030853,
0.7697160243988037,
0.033123623579740524,
0.0409313440322876,
0.3682398498058319,
-0.07360155135393143,
0.15573635697364807,
0.604928731918335,
0.0017186610493808985,
0.5144816040992737,
0.088401198387146,
-0.0397501103579998,
-0.5436550974845886,
-0.028620997443795204,
-0.3123284876346588,
-0.7566616535186768,
-0.1270696222782135,
-0.028940241783857346,
-0.1718485802412033,
0.01588769257068634,
0.4333460032939911,
-0.15088187158107758,
-0.5226348638534546,
-0.142785906791687,
0.19917242228984833,
-0.6800272464752197,
-0.3353930711746216,
0.09738536924123764,
0.2573458254337311,
0.32720017433166504,
0.5337512493133545,
-0.17596140503883362,
-0.11952006816864014,
-0.24952660501003265,
-0.03172944858670235,
-0.787001371383667,
-0.24744679033756256,
0.3641027808189392,
-0.20441757142543793,
0.3592149317264557,
-0.3546451926231384,
0.3835396468639374,
0.18351353704929352,
0.5533928871154785,
0.05457906797528267,
0.31664469838142395,
-0.43502089381217957,
0.20103934407234192,
0.03168931603431702,
-0.4442988932132721,
-0.9878806471824646,
-0.8204872608184814,
-0.0062892865389585495,
-0.1639031022787094,
-0.5030159950256348,
-0.08122666925191879,
0.037945959717035294,
0.027229730039834976,
0.1001705527305603,
-0.46345770359039307,
0.1467670202255249,
-0.2780056595802307,
0.1061864122748375,
-0.15370596945285797,
-0.11313563585281372,
0.9440944194793701,
0.3409135937690735,
0.37099790573120117,
-0.33035942912101746,
0.3871954679489136,
-0.13028787076473236,
-0.11124380677938461,
-0.2161397635936737,
-0.261117547750473,
-0.2287941873073578,
0.43418973684310913,
-0.4805253744125366,
0.45098185539245605,
0.458115816116333,
-0.47360116243362427,
-0.2906705141067505,
0.4029136002063751,
0.05907059460878372,
0.29355135560035706,
0.5778362154960632,
-0.7570057511329651,
0.22186370193958282,
-0.07771794497966766,
-0.06651438027620316,
0.061876080930233,
0.31720566749572754,
0.15829549729824066,
0.2105417549610138,
0.1185128390789032,
0.3269788920879364,
-0.07666315138339996,
-0.7125612497329712,
0.233220636844635,
-0.7072436809539795,
0.5032458901405334,
-0.815183699131012,
0.04107186943292618,
-0.27007386088371277,
-0.1840333342552185,
0.5003888607025146,
0.25060901045799255,
-0.01700095646083355,
-0.01694088988006115,
0.45415300130844116,
-0.1223076656460762,
0.012450321577489376,
-0.07459557056427002,
0.1596040278673172,
0.33794596791267395,
-0.10821182280778885,
-0.6474147439002991,
-0.07459986954927444,
0.621275007724762,
0.08227599412202835,
-0.2670263946056366,
0.36580732464790344,
0.17372214794158936,
0.07892267405986786,
0.4931575655937195,
0.023734895512461662,
-0.6807482242584229,
-0.3495456278324127,
-0.2494267076253891
] |
224218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE | EE | EE, Ee or ee may refer to:
Arts and media
EE, the production code for the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Power of the Daleks
E. E. Cummings, American poet
Ee (band), American indie-rock band
Businesses and organizations
Edmonton Elks, a Canadian Football League franchise based in Edmonton, Alberta
EE Limited, a British mobile phone network
El Paso Electric, a public utility company trading as EE on the New York Stock Exchange
The English Electric Company Limited, a British-based industrial manufacturer of electrical components
Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture, also known as the Entente Européenne (EE) or the European Association of Poultry, Pigeon, Cage Bird, Rabbit and Cavy Breeders
Evangelism Explosion, a method of evangelism used in a number of countries
Language
ee, an English language digraph
Ewe language (ISO 639-1 code EE)
Places
Ee, Dongeradeel, a town in Friesland, Netherlands
Ee (island), an island in the Cook Islands
Estonia (ISO country code EE)
.ee, the ccTLD of Estonia
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
Environmental enteropathy, in medicine, is a condition believed to be due to frequent intestinal infections
Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic gastrointestinal disorder
Estradiol enanthate, an estrogen which is used in combined injectable birth control
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy, a genetic disorder
Ethinylestradiol, an estrogen which is used in combined birth control pills
Expressed emotion, in psychology
Chemistry
Enantiomeric excess, in chemistry
Ethoxyethyl ethers, a protecting group in chemistry
Computing and telecommunications
Easy Editor, a text editor for the BSD computer operating system
Emotion Engine, the CPU in PlayStation 2 game consoles
Execution environment, such as Preboot Execution Environment
Google Earth Engine, a GIS cloud computing platform
Other uses in science and technology
Electrical engineering
Electronic engineering
EE (calculator key) (enter exponent), to enter numbers in scientific or engineering notation
Environmental engineering
End entity, a client communicating with certificate authority by means of Certificate Management Protocol
Transportation
Aero Airlines, whose IATA code is EE
EE (Eighth Avenue Local), an early local variant of the E
EE (Queens-Broadway Local), a route from Forest Hills to Whitehall Street, merged into the N in 1976
Extreme E, an electric offroad rally racing series
Other uses
-ee, a suffix for an object of a verb
EE, a brassiere cup size
EE, a North American standard shoe width
Ee Peng Liang, Singaporean businessman
See also
EEE (disambiguation)
E (disambiguation)
EEC | [
0.47937795519828796,
0.008592117577791214,
-0.21639712154865265,
-0.29133209586143494,
0.00848779734224081,
0.2104569524526596,
0.2107851356267929,
0.050383638590574265,
-0.21711109578609467,
-0.005172362085431814,
-0.6063553690910339,
0.6979188919067383,
-0.23204852640628815,
-0.10938061028718948,
-0.37411344051361084,
0.287838876247406,
0.24596276879310608,
0.4989543557167053,
-0.3198550343513489,
-0.2881734073162079,
-0.39105239510536194,
-0.24840424954891205,
-0.12378474324941635,
0.0882546529173851,
-0.07779941707849503,
0.30950143933296204,
0.046582769602537155,
-0.4035981297492981,
0.2009534239768982,
-0.06781255453824997,
0.15022282302379608,
-0.21887680888175964,
0.21230995655059814,
0.09456343203783035,
-0.3735632002353668,
0.12315735220909119,
-0.7726687788963318,
-0.12577228248119354,
-0.5094131827354431,
-0.3871362507343292,
0.0019607406575232744,
-0.4527777433395386,
0.1642841100692749,
0.010381078347563744,
-0.8567625284194946,
-0.3175339102745056,
-1.8665742874145508,
0.06535855680704117,
-1.0198338031768799,
0.8785211443901062,
-0.3561241626739502,
0.6066045165061951,
-0.12790945172309875,
0.37454819679260254,
0.06807563453912735,
-0.0011183916358277202,
-0.11039653420448303,
-0.5980362892150879,
0.3279367983341217,
-0.16077984869480133,
0.8595799803733826,
-0.4566134810447693,
-0.06397722661495209,
0.23527860641479492,
-0.41971343755722046,
0.10498026013374329,
0.12661753594875336,
0.10106232762336731,
-0.5497233271598816,
-0.5551949143409729,
0.011758875101804733,
0.19555461406707764,
-0.26884737610816956,
-0.20828448235988617,
-0.2988970875740051,
-0.15888342261314392,
0.1868194043636322,
-0.09028589725494385,
0.19405488669872284,
0.22473613917827606,
0.19126275181770325,
0.3114529252052307,
0.822300910949707,
0.2698325216770172,
0.2804465591907501,
-0.03963533788919449,
-0.28572356700897217,
0.4365733861923218,
-0.02939528040587902,
0.24149075150489807,
0.12699681520462036,
-0.5814509987831116,
0.24898135662078857,
-0.3408431112766266,
-0.02312823198735714,
0.5192482471466064,
-0.13754868507385254,
-0.3950424790382385,
0.2623610496520996,
-0.14942876994609833,
-0.08465752005577087,
0.05086589977145195,
0.03266909345984459,
-0.33083897829055786,
-0.6450994610786438,
0.12943211197853088,
0.2652106285095215,
-0.33551257848739624,
0.020017853006720543,
0.2666867673397064,
-0.44836729764938354,
0.43181705474853516,
0.08402828127145767,
0.12656919658184052,
0.09104807674884796,
-0.01764628291130066,
0.13303476572036743,
0.23309031128883362,
-0.48325663805007935,
0.4163926839828491,
0.1689838021993637,
0.5844627618789673,
0.4390045404434204,
0.24844735860824585,
0.4450361430644989,
0.23515480756759644,
-0.34451743960380554,
0.4066125154495239,
-0.7200150489807129,
-0.15800532698631287,
0.19995597004890442,
0.5592122077941895,
-0.3172141909599304,
-0.20229734480381012,
-0.34107691049575806,
0.137084499001503,
0.2537659704685211,
0.49710580706596375,
0.24887385964393616,
0.07175570726394653,
-0.9440551996231079,
0.13611657917499542,
-0.6773388981819153,
0.008119256235659122,
0.06965942680835724,
-0.5584810972213745,
0.007705025374889374,
0.07557093352079391,
-0.22835834324359894,
-0.015377200208604336,
0.08222967386245728,
-0.6586900353431702,
0.23069752752780914,
-0.3828607201576233,
0.180905282497406,
0.5080459713935852,
-0.14946605265140533,
0.44713687896728516,
0.20030227303504944,
-0.1085171326994896,
0.07140272110700607,
0.440761536359787,
-0.1857767552137375,
0.12586094439029694,
0.12384271621704102,
-0.16071344912052155,
-0.1982222944498062,
0.21298037469387054,
0.3432498872280121,
0.41498324275016785,
0.1151437982916832,
-0.29155734181404114,
0.5298901796340942,
0.3158245086669922,
-0.24130046367645264,
-0.10089170932769775,
0.4011092483997345,
0.6010717749595642,
0.187408447265625,
0.06214192882180214,
-0.5766907930374146,
0.09683962166309357,
0.14199352264404297,
-0.6177881360054016,
-0.22474142909049988,
-0.002303589368239045,
0.47782281041145325,
-0.25741899013519287,
-0.07929200679063797,
0.14471688866615295,
-0.1437510997056961,
-0.05976780131459236,
0.4007464647293091,
-1.1015483140945435,
0.6385918855667114,
-0.25652024149894714,
-0.21980047225952148,
0.7742430567741394,
-0.48315930366516113,
0.3673727214336395,
0.7635366320610046,
-0.19808721542358398,
0.8469949960708618,
-0.18503625690937042,
0.1503244936466217,
0.2572479546070099,
0.10843052715063095,
0.43576762080192566,
-0.14016759395599365,
0.023679638281464577,
0.21441233158111572,
0.07580873370170593,
0.4214329719543457,
0.11025479435920715,
0.18369950354099274,
-0.01421255525201559,
-0.15083308517932892,
-0.21683377027511597,
-0.09301497042179108,
-0.22393055260181427,
0.5144202709197998,
-0.35661640763282776,
-0.09573594480752945,
0.059498488903045654,
-0.12583205103874207,
0.4015122056007385,
0.3046184778213501,
-0.20667420327663422,
0.8051031231880188,
-0.6741213202476501,
-0.5521659851074219,
0.22671961784362793,
-0.06294450908899307,
0.3769892454147339,
0.21115338802337646,
-0.42155858874320984,
0.36194106936454773,
-0.157960906624794,
0.2040785253047943,
-0.4736159145832062,
0.32097864151000977,
-0.35114187002182007,
-0.4706892967224121,
0.036541420966386795,
0.5380285978317261,
-0.17497481405735016,
0.10930205881595612,
0.12494895607233047,
-0.0851343646645546,
0.12357773631811142,
0.023872097954154015,
0.16554172337055206,
0.1516907662153244,
0.3453826606273651,
0.3680011034011841,
-0.4074517488479614,
-0.13394491374492645,
-0.18026944994926453,
0.6796945333480835,
0.6396859884262085,
-0.3035312592983246,
-0.23099066317081451,
0.3442580997943878,
-0.15274526178836823,
0.528931736946106,
-0.4336034655570984,
-0.5329528450965881,
-0.40298205614089966,
0.13750842213630676,
0.32536080479621887,
0.43149787187576294,
0.3863561749458313,
0.05437347665429115,
-0.48902156949043274,
-0.2555370032787323,
-0.35788676142692566,
0.561805009841919,
-0.3086043894290924,
-0.23388706147670746,
-0.3752087652683258,
-0.11231546103954315,
0.11619420349597931,
0.1903308629989624,
-0.514884352684021,
0.27445313334465027,
0.010730416513979435,
-0.4684015214443207,
-0.5643271803855896,
-0.12925639748573303,
-0.17939767241477966,
0.04388047009706497,
0.30912184715270996,
-0.22230888903141022,
-0.17618945240974426,
0.4050334692001343,
0.1442897617816925,
0.05400136858224869,
0.931397020816803,
0.06471981108188629,
-0.02094145491719246,
0.13037239015102386,
0.709760308265686,
-0.39543333649635315,
0.2916613817214966,
-0.017062686383724213,
-0.10484947264194489,
0.030906543135643005,
-0.14272935688495636,
-6.139463424682617,
-0.03379375860095024,
-0.04896942526102066,
0.20689493417739868,
-0.017494913190603256,
0.30288049578666687,
0.48282769322395325,
0.1485305279493332,
0.03311989828944206,
-0.4306851327419281,
-0.11588383466005325,
-0.3156428933143616,
-0.20820629596710205,
0.3257805407047272,
0.11723392456769943,
0.051474954932928085,
-0.19544029235839844,
0.24510815739631653,
-0.03212711960077286,
0.2973899245262146,
-0.1071825921535492,
0.022359557449817657,
0.21312715113162994,
0.3195662498474121,
0.22258532047271729,
-0.254824697971344,
-0.26647090911865234,
-0.0986478328704834,
-0.03485630452632904,
-0.27936822175979614,
-0.07653837651014328,
-0.5052814483642578,
-0.2728978395462036,
-0.20419378578662872,
0.05978459119796753,
-0.14039188623428345,
1.2001911401748657,
-0.16061444580554962,
0.5280295610427856,
-0.7740468978881836,
-0.5494641661643982,
0.2211458384990692,
0.28374961018562317,
-0.5760548114776611,
-0.0067857373505830765,
0.3667944073677063,
0.14122729003429413,
-0.13623960316181183,
-0.10124607384204865,
0.17640738189220428,
-0.5687318444252014,
0.4170272648334503,
-0.03310638666152954,
-0.019756875932216644,
0.1510300189256668,
0.20257063210010529,
-0.3286273777484894,
0.4668881893157959,
-0.10959969460964203,
0.358975350856781,
0.2746107876300812,
-0.49074846506118774,
-0.35537996888160706,
-0.6173667311668396,
-0.33814847469329834,
0.13741712272167206,
-0.5819529294967651,
-0.19669152796268463,
0.5637490153312683,
-0.3030276596546173,
0.07357881218194962,
0.01949673518538475,
-0.17043069005012512,
-0.9426838159561157,
-0.1023791953921318,
-0.12549033761024475,
0.08857712894678116,
0.21569693088531494,
0.02598467655479908,
0.2175915390253067,
-0.48687034845352173,
-0.5096400380134583,
0.24636147916316986,
0.18622906506061554,
-0.30854663252830505,
-0.2733038067817688,
-0.20582783222198486,
0.047463126480579376,
0.028330324217677116,
0.6969711780548096,
0.4454200565814972,
0.0034163452219218016,
-0.29120904207229614,
0.7745193243026733,
0.5338600873947144,
0.21413575112819672,
0.5389688014984131,
0.03859706223011017,
0.32070109248161316,
0.0053003160282969475,
-0.31370818614959717,
0.21117328107357025,
0.35143378376960754,
-0.7918387055397034,
-0.006987795699387789,
-0.38645997643470764,
-0.7134819030761719,
0.2267443984746933,
0.850268542766571,
-0.723813533782959,
-0.2606411278247833,
0.11414602398872375,
-0.6120820045471191,
0.16103065013885498,
0.33893874287605286,
0.14853684604167938,
0.23924164474010468,
0.47734734416007996,
0.7228108048439026,
-0.4795658588409424,
-0.5790160298347473,
0.46487876772880554,
-0.400259792804718,
-0.5215827822685242,
0.23858065903186798,
-0.014783919788897038,
-0.029715122655034065,
0.37192463874816895,
-0.05579813942313194,
0.02672332525253296,
-0.4807437062263489,
0.03001660294830799,
0.16044631600379944,
-0.09684058278799057,
0.23392286896705627,
-0.02566700242459774,
-0.3495638072490692,
0.13827835023403168,
-0.18304114043712616,
-0.4656262695789337,
-0.06079310178756714,
-0.5419731140136719,
0.6458116769790649,
0.11327750980854034,
0.8499815464019775,
-0.40465840697288513,
0.22108474373817444,
-0.6717650890350342,
0.22334757447242737,
-0.2581884562969208,
0.7511153221130371,
0.12128455191850662,
0.8781149983406067,
-0.3309079706668854,
-0.1686239242553711,
-0.18370836973190308,
-0.20530129969120026,
-0.15719346702098846,
-0.5230774879455566,
-0.36070701479911804,
0.7648060917854309,
-0.23438923060894012,
-0.6360630989074707,
0.006596796214580536,
0.5447950959205627,
0.14141300320625305,
-0.051940981298685074,
-0.21794533729553223,
0.059655774384737015,
-0.012558252550661564,
0.046309567987918854,
0.07772710919380188,
-0.4505217671394348,
0.3069090247154236,
-0.024373061954975128,
0.18967707455158234,
-0.5154184699058533,
0.06808041781187057,
0.18984584510326385,
-0.036870043724775314,
0.48170873522758484,
-0.05031247064471245,
-0.6414443850517273,
0.121185302734375,
0.38438287377357483,
-0.5926159024238586,
-0.01620545983314514,
0.12529975175857544,
-0.3071245551109314,
-0.321980744600296,
0.05249163508415222,
0.09645809233188629,
0.3557479679584503,
-0.1845901757478714,
-0.8940407633781433,
0.13897179067134857,
-0.24418571591377258,
0.036299336701631546,
0.2596338391304016,
-0.21911294758319855,
0.27118030190467834,
-0.0012253946624696255,
-0.2218165248632431,
-0.9291989207267761,
0.02580408938229084,
-0.5739805698394775,
-0.3389545679092407,
-0.3820015788078308,
-0.6033313870429993,
0.4784229099750519,
-0.1624726951122284,
-0.21955890953540802,
-0.2859419882297516,
0.37220925092697144,
-0.14580321311950684,
-0.1685560792684555,
-0.43532007932662964,
-0.1965651661157608,
-0.01445008721202612,
-0.6490764021873474,
0.09662485867738724,
0.04964331164956093,
-0.02861332707107067,
0.3728380501270294,
-0.25881633162498474,
-0.3117449879646301,
0.5093254446983337,
-0.07850707322359085,
0.46614912152290344,
0.15546302497386932,
-0.32132411003112793,
0.5168827772140503,
-0.11605948209762573,
0.6532092094421387,
-0.36258238554000854,
-0.19685986638069153,
0.3634966313838959,
0.11839640140533447,
0.0389733612537384,
0.4504667818546295,
0.47759175300598145,
0.2359381467103958,
0.030102532356977463,
-0.537842869758606,
0.18943531811237335,
0.8513085246086121,
-0.007896516472101212,
-0.5989941358566284,
-0.7331441640853882,
0.04297831654548645,
0.1558253914117813,
-0.15916822850704193,
-0.17858530580997467,
-0.11508459597826004,
0.38355985283851624,
-0.8499205112457275,
0.38716208934783936,
-0.18244129419326782,
-0.009553806856274605,
-0.27420148253440857,
-0.053350333124399185,
-0.34796997904777527,
-0.028777629137039185,
0.393147736787796,
0.09104207903146744,
0.6065528988838196,
-0.7672963738441467,
-0.1390044242143631,
0.0879444032907486,
-0.3045797348022461,
0.12549011409282684,
-0.2504687011241913,
0.30476507544517517,
1.0580706596374512,
0.5811668634414673,
-0.26258501410484314,
0.038114696741104126,
-0.37262076139450073,
-0.1218397319316864,
-0.29644522070884705,
-0.24950453639030457,
0.4179821014404297,
0.2887870669364929,
0.059856608510017395,
0.2704828381538391,
-0.6209132075309753,
0.07250624895095825,
-0.20105789601802826,
-0.05712825804948807,
0.17512106895446777,
-0.010500289499759674,
0.6425979733467102,
0.1764032244682312,
-0.009816520847380161,
-0.2118714451789856,
0.05750099569559097,
-0.01637200079858303,
0.08671554923057556,
0.1950518637895584,
-0.49905866384506226,
-0.3087075650691986,
-0.08205340057611465,
0.3385869264602661,
-0.3479043245315552,
-0.08224670588970184,
0.417852520942688,
0.11871132999658585,
-0.31071311235427856,
-0.3249538540840149,
-0.13226886093616486,
0.19082574546337128,
-0.26591789722442627,
-0.20438633859157562,
0.8056712746620178,
-0.29761338233947754,
-0.10380946099758148,
0.800441324710846,
-0.5554916858673096,
0.1020679622888565,
0.0933460146188736,
0.42085540294647217,
0.18315844237804413,
0.13654491305351257,
0.23360095918178558,
-0.48494696617126465,
0.38847237825393677,
0.16903333365917206,
0.17992286384105682,
0.2288355827331543,
0.28515270352363586,
0.8294530510902405,
0.2213251143693924,
0.0021590297110378742,
0.5841162800788879,
-0.591571033000946,
-0.7896115183830261,
0.20112556219100952,
0.04174913838505745,
0.2741244435310364,
0.937149703502655,
0.39382845163345337,
0.6853724718093872,
0.32942935824394226,
-0.020246556028723717,
-0.1268365979194641,
0.22944314777851105,
-0.007228711154311895,
0.09796316176652908,
-0.033779509365558624,
-0.009411764331161976,
0.19634725153446198,
-0.009846046566963196,
-0.046364810317754745,
0.06545688211917877,
-0.09278328716754913,
-0.2134304642677307,
-0.3441939949989319,
-0.280948281288147,
0.22243870794773102,
-0.08776359260082245,
-0.06694463640451431,
0.31827598810195923,
0.2975691556930542,
0.14432698488235474,
-0.20622539520263672,
0.2580103278160095,
0.1547391414642334,
-0.22373810410499573,
0.141889289021492,
-0.13265028595924377,
0.1331503838300705,
0.16802585124969482,
-0.5338510274887085,
-0.11862887442111969,
-0.34698477387428284,
0.3024088442325592,
0.8076230883598328,
0.464142769575119,
0.05070003867149353,
-0.4464910626411438,
-0.24391166865825653,
-0.21131101250648499,
0.13056045770645142,
-0.5016754865646362,
0.45480048656463623,
-0.09863904863595963,
-0.11745394021272659,
0.25534990429878235,
-0.15283866226673126,
0.4071076810359955,
-0.4161744713783264,
-0.268362820148468,
0.1389111578464508,
-0.44055142998695374,
0.05960942804813385,
0.35413265228271484,
-0.3350767195224762,
0.7768636345863342,
0.3643934428691864,
-0.1081463173031807,
0.0678301602602005,
0.09038247168064117,
-0.02788701467216015,
-0.34363970160484314,
-0.42891013622283936,
0.6405755281448364,
-0.3545732796192169,
-0.3634807765483856,
-0.09267677366733551,
0.4685719311237335,
0.5387206077575684,
0.13989996910095215,
0.11459930986166,
0.5381194353103638,
-0.16868461668491364,
0.13594233989715576,
0.523421049118042,
0.09520582854747772,
-0.015683915466070175,
-0.15577012300491333,
-0.2724910378456116,
0.5051730871200562,
-0.29280325770378113,
0.06148742139339447,
-0.4592166543006897,
0.5431565642356873,
0.37425661087036133,
-0.07754639536142349,
-0.5803890228271484,
0.08014169335365295,
-0.14578893780708313,
-0.04062247648835182,
-0.33673566579818726,
0.2764871120452881,
-0.65720534324646,
0.07086092978715897,
-0.000702626770362258,
-0.20013906061649323,
-0.20757149159908295,
-0.1327362060546875,
-0.08380250632762909,
0.025950299575924873,
-0.11652917414903641,
0.02144060842692852,
-0.4245375692844391,
0.033380042761564255,
-0.09664832055568695,
-0.41041746735572815,
-0.19318252801895142,
-0.09456440806388855,
0.05125979334115982,
-0.38001200556755066,
-0.04328949376940727,
-0.003900637850165367,
-0.1126665323972702,
-0.025827813893556595,
0.2672252357006073,
-0.09241347014904022,
0.2847031056880951,
0.050460003316402435
] |
224219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX | MX | MX, Mx, mX, or mx may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
MX (band), a Brazilian thrash metal band
Monsta X, occasionally shortened to "MX"
mX (newspaper)
"MX", a song by Deftones on the album Around the Fur
MX (album), a 1993 album by David Murray
Mylo Xyloto, a 2011 album by Coldplay
MX Player, an Indian video on demand and streaming platform
MX (series), a trilogy of motocross racing video games
Businesses and organizations
Mexicana de Aviación (1921-2010), IATA code MX
Montreal Exchange
Moon Express, an American spaceflight company
Science and technology
Computing and the internet
.mx, the Internet top-level domain of Mexico
Macromedia Studio MX, a web content software program
Maximum mode, a processor hardware mode
MX record, an Internet data element used for routing email
OpenMx, a structural equation modeling software application
WinMX, a file sharing program
Juniper MX-Series a family of ethernet routers and switches designed by Juniper Networks
Weapons
MX missiles, a series of experimental equipment
MX missile, usually referring to the LGM-118 Peacekeeper
Other uses in science and technology
Maxwell (unit), measuring magnetic flux
Murexide, an ammonium compound
Mutagen X, an organochloride
MX, a designation for letter beacons, a type of radio transmission
Cherry MX switches for mechanical keyboards
Meizu MX series, a series of phones designed by Meizu
Other uses
MX, Roman numeral for the number 1010
Mexico (ISO 3166 country code MX)
Motocross, a sport
Malcolm X (1925-1965), African-American civil rights activist and Nation of Islam spokesperson
Mx (title), a gender-neutral honorific
See also
Model X (disambiguation)
M10 (disambiguation) | [
0.9556911587715149,
0.13279332220554352,
-0.2282695472240448,
0.345586359500885,
-0.46648719906806946,
0.3370514214038849,
-0.0510978102684021,
0.4781593680381775,
-0.3069808781147003,
0.054577067494392395,
-0.369993656873703,
0.49219948053359985,
-0.30788877606391907,
0.1319674700498581,
-0.2227107584476471,
0.07222352921962738,
-0.002195567823946476,
0.5047848224639893,
-0.5730549693107605,
-0.005174323450773954,
-0.2357630580663681,
0.04366789013147354,
0.9170662760734558,
-0.5291028022766113,
-0.16882437467575073,
0.08663637936115265,
-0.26883068680763245,
0.26158463954925537,
-0.31282827258110046,
0.6253599524497986,
0.178912952542305,
0.36238232254981995,
0.13326303660869598,
-0.10421490669250488,
-0.30290988087654114,
0.37863925099372864,
-0.14060217142105103,
0.053606752306222916,
0.19593437016010284,
-1.0066149234771729,
0.5093380212783813,
-0.3604690432548523,
0.11377253383398056,
0.051339369267225266,
-0.255161851644516,
-0.18270443379878998,
-1.4385035037994385,
0.8355920910835266,
-0.6549378633499146,
0.34166833758354187,
-0.01498173177242279,
0.4767446517944336,
-0.030692916363477707,
0.34252533316612244,
0.20459863543510437,
0.346544086933136,
-0.255263090133667,
-0.4178735911846161,
-0.16615046560764313,
-0.43276074528694153,
0.6965799331665039,
-0.01901138573884964,
0.2875441610813141,
-0.1725427657365799,
-0.09379658102989197,
0.10996898263692856,
0.043618593364953995,
0.08808019757270813,
-0.0877285897731781,
-0.3334144353866577,
0.01689145900309086,
-0.20611436665058136,
-0.04925733432173729,
0.004603689536452293,
-0.142621710896492,
-0.48716089129447937,
0.047990165650844574,
0.36021438241004944,
0.42962634563446045,
0.7390878796577454,
0.020626576617360115,
0.39075204730033875,
1.1316927671432495,
0.4119265079498291,
0.09475941956043243,
-0.2822437286376953,
-0.11542076617479324,
0.24336843192577362,
-0.6310898661613464,
-0.22000379860401154,
-0.08064799010753632,
-0.6857873797416687,
0.8262309432029724,
0.4088943898677826,
-0.1734202355146408,
-0.21423521637916565,
0.15850114822387695,
-0.33179041743278503,
-0.07053366303443909,
0.1458103060722351,
0.1466987133026123,
-0.04498806223273277,
-0.2267094999551773,
-0.21402209997177124,
-0.3468080461025238,
0.03268161788582802,
-0.18608003854751587,
-0.2713445723056793,
0.37577900290489197,
-0.11791715025901794,
-0.019043143838644028,
-0.031412407755851746,
0.15072417259216309,
0.17891021072864532,
0.2784201502799988,
-0.22303545475006104,
-0.3333871364593506,
-0.4792976677417755,
-0.0816810131072998,
0.21788613498210907,
-0.2828502058982849,
0.04406950995326042,
0.23840737342834473,
-0.27033835649490356,
0.042917702347040176,
0.7387127876281738,
0.5031378865242004,
0.1120300367474556,
-0.46550893783569336,
0.020929928869009018,
0.06187690049409866,
0.4712766408920288,
-0.036019280552864075,
-0.11572722345590591,
0.29280686378479004,
-0.248209148645401,
0.06315971165895462,
-0.5538909435272217,
-0.005780984181910753,
0.06148739904165268,
-0.3988202214241028,
-0.49768832325935364,
-0.7050299048423767,
-0.46352556347846985,
0.5165992379188538,
-0.41091737151145935,
-0.007278755772858858,
-0.04157111793756485,
-0.45597633719444275,
-0.4127185642719269,
-0.24161900579929352,
-0.337270051240921,
-0.5551005005836487,
-0.3202562630176544,
0.14477324485778809,
-0.0006310573662631214,
-0.09859000891447067,
-0.39187586307525635,
0.11426018923521042,
-0.03584262728691101,
-0.10198163241147995,
0.282435804605484,
-0.5121983885765076,
-0.06176888197660446,
-0.20009304583072662,
-0.21516257524490356,
-0.0638640746474266,
0.48597511649131775,
-0.4188096523284912,
-0.17688234150409698,
-0.18402455747127533,
0.005408705677837133,
0.17110584676265717,
0.47114282846450806,
0.05760883167386055,
0.5416824221611023,
0.959138810634613,
0.10348355770111084,
-0.009231450036168098,
0.5986490845680237,
-0.6196529269218445,
0.30641430616378784,
0.2910383939743042,
0.2764071524143219,
0.12570224702358246,
-0.339222252368927,
0.15245717763900757,
0.03895346820354462,
0.3656690716743469,
-0.08452389389276505,
-0.5628616213798523,
-0.1995670646429062,
0.3643503487110138,
-0.6245168447494507,
0.9009687304496765,
-0.19461047649383545,
-0.756935179233551,
0.48329171538352966,
-0.03832714259624481,
0.5111919045448303,
0.05229303985834122,
0.2445458322763443,
0.3320210576057434,
-0.49622952938079834,
-0.6116381883621216,
-0.14386817812919617,
0.3531043231487274,
-0.3423091173171997,
-0.24637623131275177,
0.12916876375675201,
0.2302442491054535,
-0.47023922204971313,
0.06910999119281769,
-0.20644152164459229,
-0.5176075100898743,
-0.48407378792762756,
-0.6777246594429016,
0.4480574131011963,
-0.3823402523994446,
-0.21600137650966644,
0.8260111212730408,
-0.20379947125911713,
-0.7422003746032715,
-0.23008468747138977,
0.09148507565259933,
1.0842347145080566,
-0.11696155369281769,
0.14150185883045197,
0.5744328498840332,
-0.5755970478057861,
0.4271211326122284,
0.48469194769859314,
-0.25062888860702515,
-0.20724539458751678,
0.14200624823570251,
0.43672385811805725,
0.7162772417068481,
-0.286477267742157,
0.12078828364610672,
-0.2711767852306366,
0.004559304099529982,
0.6342527270317078,
-0.22910714149475098,
0.2867639660835266,
0.40685513615608215,
-0.15929123759269714,
-0.10585884749889374,
-0.31640881299972534,
-0.724941611289978,
0.5085679888725281,
0.0588189959526062,
0.39453816413879395,
-0.25653713941574097,
0.060471996665000916,
-0.4509578347206116,
0.044133853167295456,
0.3085762560367584,
-0.029238417744636536,
-0.13431136310100555,
0.2734946608543396,
-0.37527796626091003,
-0.5538691878318787,
0.1939202845096588,
0.2668023109436035,
-0.09096504747867584,
-0.5620226263999939,
-0.16957727074623108,
-0.2219354510307312,
0.03919293358922005,
0.2645770013332367,
-0.002844371600076556,
0.46123161911964417,
-0.36671629548072815,
0.3552798926830292,
-0.2350119650363922,
-0.40974804759025574,
-0.1049300953745842,
0.25083523988723755,
-0.240927591919899,
-0.8205269575119019,
-0.5435280799865723,
0.8263378143310547,
0.4750550091266632,
-0.6377124190330505,
-0.31528240442276,
-0.0037544104270637035,
0.12010426074266434,
-0.5391818881034851,
-0.16119353473186493,
-0.011008971370756626,
-0.28154850006103516,
0.30101504921913147,
0.04050299525260925,
0.12190185487270355,
0.2293316125869751,
-0.16131049394607544,
0.4429224729537964,
-0.17168109118938446,
-0.14227697253227234,
-0.2822055220603943,
-0.5881280899047852,
-0.00733801769092679,
-0.24063485860824585,
-0.5234741568565369,
0.445046991109848,
0.05742279440164566,
-0.11012927442789078,
-0.37009260058403015,
-6.102238655090332,
0.15880517661571503,
-0.5134812593460083,
-0.6576715111732483,
0.13433490693569183,
0.13474388420581818,
0.07784033566713333,
-0.09712402522563934,
-0.28376641869544983,
-0.49096959829330444,
-0.3142044246196747,
0.18600668013095856,
0.05339273065328598,
0.08877324312925339,
-0.30194664001464844,
-0.08826339244842529,
0.12448772042989731,
0.2480841428041458,
-0.23498809337615967,
-0.07238225638866425,
0.03702866658568382,
-0.003856063587591052,
0.36683860421180725,
0.6279613375663757,
0.12531407177448273,
0.1137215793132782,
-0.36765849590301514,
-0.14845046401023865,
0.21910664439201355,
-0.21581493318080902,
-0.02863283082842827,
0.177498459815979,
-0.11891980469226837,
-0.023045821115374565,
-0.05571817606687546,
0.40454238653182983,
0.579715371131897,
-0.16756226122379303,
0.41021546721458435,
-0.048905324190855026,
-0.15290527045726776,
0.3573830723762512,
0.404361754655838,
-1.3290220499038696,
0.4707939922809601,
-0.07319256663322449,
-0.5561062693595886,
0.3061818778514862,
-0.18196067214012146,
0.4835701286792755,
0.23601190745830536,
-0.5001912117004395,
-0.07817921042442322,
0.20668542385101318,
0.27934685349464417,
-0.3130691647529602,
0.5231823921203613,
-0.001723548979498446,
0.09358269721269608,
0.2648751735687256,
0.6791093349456787,
-0.1799333393573761,
-0.25757312774658203,
-0.6531072854995728,
-0.4026692509651184,
-0.1625390350818634,
0.0627005472779274,
-0.013346931897103786,
0.6671769618988037,
0.2521648705005646,
0.22773371636867523,
-0.16276445984840393,
-0.14375090599060059,
-0.8579465746879578,
-0.3503767251968384,
-0.11954142153263092,
-0.023137163370847702,
0.19147183001041412,
-0.753699779510498,
0.5120125412940979,
-0.053345050662755966,
0.0034305246081203222,
-0.2548952102661133,
-0.633571207523346,
-0.45803648233413696,
-0.6694278717041016,
-0.29399627447128296,
0.2878172695636749,
-0.10004369169473648,
0.3308790922164917,
0.9381400346755981,
-0.6587138772010803,
0.3834061622619629,
0.10670139640569687,
0.3058199882507324,
0.06281864643096924,
0.19541703164577484,
0.38840562105178833,
0.04118834808468819,
0.0393514409661293,
-0.17806264758110046,
-0.08308260142803192,
0.3302379846572876,
-0.3457152843475342,
0.16531731188297272,
-0.2059064656496048,
0.023201387375593185,
-0.20001889765262604,
0.7814240455627441,
-0.06967057287693024,
-0.19420844316482544,
-0.4060695469379425,
-0.29243454337120056,
-0.7378615736961365,
0.11936000734567642,
-0.2274533063173294,
-0.05318695679306984,
0.1097460687160492,
0.3995558023452759,
-0.05302317067980766,
-0.2608836889266968,
0.3501869738101959,
-0.09340406954288483,
-0.07880055159330368,
-0.14994315803050995,
0.32238081097602844,
-0.09546223282814026,
0.38959455490112305,
0.8078803420066833,
-0.10030070692300797,
0.0598551444709301,
0.44070255756378174,
0.3467008173465729,
0.35602617263793945,
0.030987020581960678,
0.19954437017440796,
-0.1123381033539772,
-0.2259984314441681,
0.1414484828710556,
-0.6946884989738464,
0.6903643608093262,
-0.153758704662323,
0.15406638383865356,
0.31213057041168213,
0.8163425922393799,
0.5911091566085815,
0.09235907346010208,
-0.35394981503486633,
0.07086846232414246,
0.5671120882034302,
0.45047950744628906,
-0.05747222155332565,
0.36423638463020325,
-0.16415952146053314,
-0.13861604034900665,
-0.036018941551446915,
0.05491233617067337,
-0.27437451481819153,
-0.35536646842956543,
-0.3760393559932709,
0.3367876708507538,
-0.3305036425590515,
-0.5408284068107605,
-0.018140370026230812,
-0.08440351486206055,
0.23231804370880127,
-0.11376266926527023,
-0.6304075121879578,
-0.18484260141849518,
0.0157353226095438,
0.22008116543293,
-0.19877269864082336,
-0.1560206115245819,
0.00747853284701705,
-0.015456919558346272,
0.16761311888694763,
0.2670520544052124,
-0.18565067648887634,
0.6103602647781372,
0.22582955658435822,
-0.11630482226610184,
0.10659942030906677,
0.010324002243578434,
-0.027870599180459976,
0.25485342741012573,
-0.3168908655643463,
-0.05578048899769783,
0.1133781224489212,
0.07643560320138931,
0.09772984683513641,
-0.24872352182865143,
0.6741135716438293,
0.27477195858955383,
-0.04503588750958443,
0.06871653348207474,
-0.48586738109588623,
0.024968186393380165,
0.2588917016983032,
-0.006320607382804155,
-0.3109165132045746,
0.024373000487685204,
0.3164788782596588,
0.14124703407287598,
-0.25753507018089294,
0.2940031588077545,
-0.3383098840713501,
-0.017547646537423134,
-0.2940426170825958,
-0.38873663544654846,
-0.6457340121269226,
-0.45444026589393616,
-0.25874072313308716,
-0.08609495311975479,
0.33243614435195923,
-0.031883351504802704,
0.2849092185497284,
0.4151749610900879,
0.12174379825592041,
-0.8584166765213013,
-0.43641912937164307,
0.17270131409168243,
0.1195961982011795,
-0.24534040689468384,
0.39058253169059753,
-0.6123011112213135,
0.21290560066699982,
0.2195422649383545,
-0.5528804659843445,
0.2900713086128235,
-0.06567154824733734,
0.16886769235134125,
0.4224136173725128,
-0.39180099964141846,
0.2748594284057617,
0.014526069164276123,
0.09601616859436035,
-0.0952514261007309,
0.09046098589897156,
0.09318432211875916,
-0.1325307935476303,
0.4688952565193176,
0.021073486655950546,
0.0078009129501879215,
-0.07491698861122131,
-0.2634041905403137,
0.3205246329307556,
0.12356261163949966,
-0.0507582388818264,
-0.7516168355941772,
0.19263418018817902,
-0.08009056001901627,
-0.4009528160095215,
-0.2912372052669525,
0.10007766634225845,
0.5164990425109863,
-0.5950519442558289,
-0.35706421732902527,
-0.4038454294204712,
-0.03580029308795929,
0.1542327105998993,
-0.12971895933151245,
-0.06365019828081131,
-0.5753939151763916,
0.24552065134048462,
-0.055896274745464325,
0.5497475862503052,
-0.06791173666715622,
0.09755898267030716,
0.1481548249721527,
0.03082006797194481,
-0.1655297428369522,
0.79081791639328,
0.6000800728797913,
0.5798133015632629,
0.05430642142891884,
0.0002505723387002945,
-0.03288506343960762,
-0.5729285478591919,
-0.0640387162566185,
0.15672343969345093,
-0.040012359619140625,
0.48568031191825867,
-0.037692900747060776,
-0.4068613350391388,
0.02508203685283661,
-0.4626733958721161,
0.4575863480567932,
-0.13165821135044098,
-0.17183178663253784,
-0.24012379348278046,
-0.2884494364261627,
0.41590791940689087,
0.6460962891578674,
0.6753572821617126,
-0.22973190248012543,
-0.09242881089448929,
0.4438595175743103,
-0.13460664451122284,
0.14774112403392792,
0.06672829389572144,
-0.4402758479118347,
-0.05283735319972038,
0.15362800657749176,
-0.6246359348297119,
0.13033056259155273,
-0.037960756570100784,
0.11632604151964188,
-0.20161986351013184,
-0.15515387058258057,
0.3034474849700928,
0.336017370223999,
-0.2787657380104065,
-0.11961747705936432,
0.7405786514282227,
-0.17026148736476898,
0.25271913409233093,
0.4533359110355377,
-0.4989776015281677,
0.15669427812099457,
0.1792566478252411,
0.3002634346485138,
0.16875994205474854,
0.364304780960083,
0.06546208262443542,
0.16774453222751617,
-0.06775511801242828,
0.053898997604846954,
0.04593343660235405,
0.31217822432518005,
0.39615708589553833,
0.8086585402488708,
-0.4759754240512848,
-0.4033375680446625,
0.36084282398223877,
-0.29348433017730713,
-0.5214628577232361,
-0.26195862889289856,
0.22446472942829132,
-0.743808388710022,
0.7418064475059509,
0.26826030015945435,
0.1790301501750946,
-0.5599813461303711,
0.006090157199651003,
0.11169692873954773,
0.2201709747314453,
0.048460837453603745,
0.06187358871102333,
0.32651033997535706,
0.15705212950706482,
-0.12632828950881958,
-0.0009139734320342541,
-0.1484876126050949,
-0.2679397165775299,
0.37548986077308655,
-0.4087919294834137,
0.18531374633312225,
-0.13211287558078766,
0.04078938812017441,
-0.12237899005413055,
-0.29094263911247253,
0.08277706056833267,
0.7596781849861145,
-0.26262983679771423,
-0.058873288333415985,
-0.07311642169952393,
-0.14869113266468048,
-0.19169779121875763,
0.16541121900081635,
0.01627645455300808,
-0.06750931590795517,
0.5626426339149475,
-0.6054801940917969,
0.16013245284557343,
-0.21117311716079712,
0.07336083054542542,
0.716858983039856,
0.7046791911125183,
-0.2712513506412506,
0.34455662965774536,
-0.6298871636390686,
-0.03413250669836998,
-0.014471226371824741,
-0.32516899704933167,
0.7921625375747681,
0.07954227924346924,
0.15657933056354523,
0.21398963034152985,
-0.08224762231111526,
-0.31571266055107117,
0.2326076179742813,
-0.6069669127464294,
0.20492951571941376,
0.15194207429885864,
0.06623892486095428,
-0.2831190228462219,
-0.45776432752609253,
0.6867802143096924,
-0.22318272292613983,
0.0017854971811175346,
0.319746732711792,
-0.26685231924057007,
0.2546379566192627,
-0.13250017166137695,
-0.599997341632843,
0.10182783007621765,
-0.5754110217094421,
-0.24570591747760773,
-0.6490218639373779,
0.35791197419166565,
0.49734872579574585,
-0.39445674419403076,
0.15989619493484497,
0.3529924750328064,
-0.2798539400100708,
-0.2913971245288849,
0.2215152531862259,
-0.24093851447105408,
-0.049613017588853836,
-0.3516479432582855,
0.3317059874534607,
0.1829182207584381,
0.37294524908065796,
0.5571556687355042,
-0.07904297858476639,
-0.12812332808971405,
0.7988773584365845,
-0.10158165544271469,
-0.4950674772262573,
0.32380110025405884,
-0.12943123281002045,
0.09430331736803055,
-0.13724294304847717,
0.18193958699703217,
-0.49065253138542175,
-0.42489275336265564,
0.1252775490283966,
0.31114086508750916,
0.07684478163719177,
-0.6649539470672607,
0.37417787313461304,
0.3911968469619751,
0.06256359815597534,
-0.35045382380485535,
0.2901087701320648,
0.20918674767017365,
0.20927077531814575,
0.0563596673309803,
-1.1606451272964478,
-0.057710032910108566,
0.07653407752513885,
0.10527042299509048,
0.3708288073539734,
-0.27441731095314026,
0.9385005235671997,
-0.0912688672542572,
0.35834524035453796,
-0.20734520256519318,
0.3668820858001709,
-0.1540461629629135
] |
224220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Is%20the%20Place | Space Is the Place | Space Is the Place is an 85-minute Afrofuturist science fiction film made in 1972 and released in 1974. It was directed by John Coney, written by Sun Ra and Joshua Smith, and features Sun Ra and his Arkestra. A soundtrack was released on Evidence Records.
Background
During the late-1960s and early-1970s, Sun Ra and his ensemble made several forays to California. In 1971, Sun Ra taught a course, "The Black Man in the Cosmos", at University of California, Berkeley. Over the course of these California visits, Sun Ra came to the attention of Jim Newman, who produced the film Space Is the Place starring Sun Ra and his Arkestra, and based, in part, on Sun Ra's Berkeley lectures.
Plot
Sun Ra, who has been reported lost since his European tour in June 1969, lands on a new planet in outer space with his crew, known as "the Arkestra", and decides to settle African Americans on this planet. The medium of transportation he chooses for this resettlement is music. He travels back in time and returns to the Chicago strip club where he used to play piano with the name "Sonny Ray" in 1943, where he confronts the Overseer (Ray Johnson), a pimp-overlord, and they agree on a game of cards for the fate of the Black race.
In present time (the early 1970s), Ra disembarks from his spaceship in Oakland and tries to spread word of his plans. He meets with young African Americans at an Oakland youth centre and opens an "Outer Space Employment Agency" to recruit people eager to move to the planet. He also agrees with Jimmy Fey (Christopher Brooks) — an employee of the Overseer — to arrange radio interviews, a record album, and eventually a concert that will help him dictate his message.
As the card game between Ra and the Overseer is played, and it becomes clear that the Overseer is winning, Ra's plans to recruit local black youth for his new utopian space colony suffer setbacks. Many of them are suspicious of Ra, accusing him of faking his outer-spatial origin as a gimmick to boost his record sales. He is kidnapped by a team of white NASA scientists who threaten him with violence, desperate to learn the secrets to his space-travel technology. As Ra's concert rapidly approaches, he is saved by three local teenagers, who escort him to the music hall just in time.
At the concert, as the Arkestra play their signature free jazz, the NASA scientists appear and attempt to assassinate Ra with a pistol. One of the teenagers jumps in front of the bullet, saving Ra's life, and as he is bleeding out on the stage, Sun Ra waves his hand and the teenager, his friends, and Ra himself all disappear from the music hall. One by one, black people across Oakland vanish into thin air and reappear on Ra's spaceship.
Jimmy Fey resists leaving Earth on Ra's spaceship, but Ra doesn't let Fey leave; Ra takes Fey's "black parts" with him onto the spaceship, leaving his "white parts" behind on Earth. Fey, now acting white, leaves the Overseer, who loses the duel. As Ra's spaceship launches off into the cosmos and music begins playing, a montage implies that Earth is destroyed in its wake.
Production and release
Space is the Place emerged from Dilexi, an "experimental art series" produced by Jim Newman and directed by John Coney. Wishing to build on his forays into filming avant garde music, Newman recruited Coney to film concert footage of Ra and His Arkestra; Coney then hired Seth Hill to act as cinematographer. Filming of Arkestra performance footage was followed shortly by a scant number of loosely scripted dramatic scenes. Hill was then asked to create "a story to tie all the disparate elements together." To this end, Hill enlisted the help of Joshua Smith, a friend from film school whose fascination with "the culture of pimps and whores" would result in the blaxploitation themes underpinning those scenes in the film not involving Sun Ra. According to assistant director Tom Bullock, the "seemingly death-defying existential leaps in logic and continuity" that resulted from the film's fragmented production were resolved in post-production by editor Barbara Pokras.
Two cuts exist of the film. The first, sometimes referred to as "Sun Ra's edit", is abridged to 64 minutes; for decades following its limited initial release, Space is the Place could only be found on VHS in this form. The second, uncut version runs 82 minutes, and was made available for the first time in 2003, when the film was re-released by Plexifilm. Following another lapse out of print, both cuts of Space is the Place were released together for the first time by Harte Recordings in 2015.
Some of the dialogue is sampled in C-Mos' "2 Million Ways" (Axwell Remix) (2006).
The film inspired The Bright Light Social Hour's album Space Is Still the Place (2015).
There are some interesting cars featured in the production. Apart from the 1971 Cadillac Eldorado convertible - licence # 388FUX, there are a number of classic British cars: a Triumph TR6, a Rover P5 and Sun Ra and his associates are driven and interviewed in a 1940s Lagonda.
Interpretation
Ra's greatest adversary in his quest is the Overseer, an incarnation of evil in the Black community who poses himself to be a community leader and a man of charity, but who, in fact, is a tool of the white power structure. On the other hand, Jimmy Fey is a representative of black people in the entertainment industry and mass media; he means well, but his intentions have been co-opted by the normalizing, status quo-reinforcing forces of white-led capitalism.
It has also been suggested that Space Is the Place can be interpreted as Sun Ra's response to the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, with whom Ra was engaged in a performative struggle for the imagery of the future of the black race. Daniel Kreiss writes:While he does not condemn the party by name, Sun Ra ultimately finds limited value in terrestrial community programs, an allusion to the Panthers, and posits that only the band's use of technology and music will liberate the people by changing consciousness.
See also
Afrofuturism in film
Africanfuturism
List of American films of 1974
References
External links
1974 films
1970s science fiction films
American avant-garde and experimental films
American space adventure films
Blaxploitation films
English-language films
Films about race and ethnicity
Jazz films
Sun Ra
African-American films
American films
Afrofuturist films
1970s avant-garde and experimental films | [
0.20410467684268951,
0.6724656224250793,
-0.1173100546002388,
0.21545736491680145,
0.4140666425228119,
0.015583102591335773,
-0.3456645905971527,
0.06820345669984818,
-0.35890355706214905,
-0.14779646694660187,
-0.1951024979352951,
-0.14207829535007477,
-0.38913607597351074,
0.3906171917915344,
-0.015696687623858452,
-0.15069793164730072,
0.27520883083343506,
-0.2079947292804718,
0.4270412027835846,
-0.35047322511672974,
-0.14306364953517914,
-0.12438447773456573,
-0.075999915599823,
-0.18799996376037598,
-0.4601852297782898,
0.34493497014045715,
-0.17690354585647583,
0.4835672974586487,
0.29639193415641785,
0.22953519225120544,
0.23439447581768036,
-0.2775394916534424,
-0.0875357985496521,
-0.26492077112197876,
0.3877212107181549,
-0.08634979277849197,
-0.5525847673416138,
0.08172842115163803,
-0.687565267086029,
-0.5954770445823669,
0.23700231313705444,
0.24096183478832245,
0.6034715175628662,
0.17889414727687836,
-0.22304698824882507,
-0.05595635250210762,
-1.4772558212280273,
0.031221618875861168,
-1.1160993576049805,
-0.1709556132555008,
-0.09105243533849716,
0.14828258752822876,
0.8069213628768921,
0.24236218631267548,
0.2163579910993576,
0.6395139098167419,
-0.3846319019794464,
0.20673762261867523,
0.0011941874399781227,
-0.6372852921485901,
0.3565434217453003,
-0.06256836652755737,
0.6876175999641418,
-0.21859335899353027,
-0.08583062142133713,
0.15678592026233673,
-0.011177166365087032,
-0.03352852538228035,
1.1877692937850952,
-0.05788244679570198,
-0.256862998008728,
0.20709021389484406,
-0.20402860641479492,
0.7778590321540833,
-0.6220532655715942,
-0.26652806997299194,
0.6744234561920166,
0.013722374103963375,
-0.04669986292719841,
0.4537675380706787,
-0.448135107755661,
-0.3436991572380066,
0.4830957055091858,
0.19649511575698853,
0.09679590910673141,
-0.19090300798416138,
-0.42139482498168945,
0.12126681208610535,
-0.38692760467529297,
0.47107911109924316,
-0.7310754060745239,
-0.3713698089122772,
-0.2901569902896881,
0.6526902914047241,
-0.1627558320760727,
-0.20382551848888397,
0.3395640254020691,
-0.2129746973514557,
0.36655932664871216,
0.3335295021533966,
-0.05368991941213608,
0.08984432369470596,
0.10470172017812729,
-0.265447199344635,
-0.24839752912521362,
-0.30806073546409607,
-0.12054500728845596,
-1.1003514528274536,
0.5477152466773987,
0.42354878783226013,
0.05611773207783699,
0.4684883952140808,
-0.0685393288731575,
-0.19850337505340576,
0.12349583208560944,
0.39351338148117065,
-0.11424794048070908,
0.10647445172071457,
-0.43537503480911255,
0.0935569554567337,
-0.09489350020885468,
0.36195775866508484,
-0.1357761174440384,
0.48860153555870056,
-0.3826736807823181,
0.4833050072193146,
0.3085474371910095,
0.5404975414276123,
-0.942429780960083,
0.14373601973056793,
0.08520809561014175,
-0.025108974426984787,
0.280766099691391,
0.022452879697084427,
-0.09521814435720444,
0.11392827332019806,
0.9098429083824158,
-0.42211541533470154,
-0.1343853622674942,
-0.22654768824577332,
0.21317815780639648,
0.3770737051963806,
-0.7174410820007324,
0.26977109909057617,
0.3592798113822937,
-0.40308281779289246,
0.5534936189651489,
-0.3354869782924652,
-0.001541754580102861,
0.1564033329486847,
0.22846317291259766,
0.18742483854293823,
0.6074928045272827,
-0.7378709316253662,
-0.5198227763175964,
-0.181160569190979,
-0.5870026350021362,
0.29898911714553833,
0.29350993037223816,
0.08159135282039642,
0.07293085008859634,
0.44566166400909424,
-0.118006132543087,
-0.34944239258766174,
-0.33325615525245667,
-0.49864116311073303,
0.3608767092227936,
0.18233928084373474,
0.016344696283340454,
0.14830629527568817,
-0.1253473311662674,
0.5194823145866394,
-0.06116040423512459,
-0.24660173058509827,
-0.2944214642047882,
0.18772520124912262,
1.0173935890197754,
0.5207093358039856,
0.15103594958782196,
0.11288377642631531,
-0.46394866704940796,
0.09871481359004974,
0.08239631354808807,
0.2792411744594574,
0.6759185791015625,
-0.5510438084602356,
0.33601507544517517,
-0.1803765594959259,
0.14497387409210205,
0.6415351629257202,
-1.0681912899017334,
-0.4612082540988922,
0.1801353543996811,
-0.8918712139129639,
1.002541184425354,
-0.16344036161899567,
-0.21455688774585724,
0.13342417776584625,
0.03495694696903229,
0.7745261788368225,
-0.35715800523757935,
-0.002827935153618455,
0.8685520887374878,
0.16879862546920776,
0.13915465772151947,
-0.1421229988336563,
-0.22048135101795197,
0.34192755818367004,
0.42857158184051514,
0.44447842240333557,
0.29804617166519165,
0.0519241988658905,
0.37158820033073425,
0.5023840069770813,
0.5220798254013062,
-0.3025541603565216,
-0.019822316244244576,
0.25173044204711914,
-0.2616289556026459,
0.06271201372146606,
1.053862452507019,
-0.22595366835594177,
-0.234518364071846,
0.5996621251106262,
-0.3904951214790344,
0.9752848148345947,
0.1996060460805893,
0.0515335351228714,
0.48300936818122864,
-0.1439274102449417,
-0.13864268362522125,
0.3882739543914795,
-0.2471151202917099,
-0.876567542552948,
0.46639350056648254,
0.3416876196861267,
0.7958096265792847,
-0.7023849487304688,
0.7096645832061768,
0.12424798309803009,
0.13317428529262543,
-0.12924374639987946,
-0.2545410692691803,
-0.040857475250959396,
0.44509732723236084,
-0.33552810549736023,
0.19169868528842926,
0.08787819743156433,
-0.6561674475669861,
0.1269489824771881,
-0.2749496102333069,
0.10672464221715927,
0.40300145745277405,
0.2479834407567978,
0.013115317560732365,
-0.42453715205192566,
-0.44533953070640564,
-0.6372818946838379,
0.4365280568599701,
-0.16672669351100922,
0.5496051907539368,
0.04352736100554466,
0.5434534549713135,
-0.25762757658958435,
-0.3289518356323242,
-0.8074864745140076,
-0.16221609711647034,
-0.27043142914772034,
-0.6605496406555176,
0.3425494134426117,
-0.013427486643195152,
-0.14806218445301056,
0.14907455444335938,
0.32453063130378723,
-0.3934107720851898,
-0.25585395097732544,
0.23094876110553741,
0.07462818175554276,
-0.21726450324058533,
-0.6243558526039124,
0.7619190812110901,
0.32864686846733093,
0.09395953267812729,
-0.1385316699743271,
0.4852904677391052,
0.32940563559532166,
-0.2871083617210388,
-0.17411434650421143,
-0.7981731295585632,
-0.07970061153173447,
-0.17280685901641846,
0.27526089549064636,
-0.10814771801233292,
-0.44318991899490356,
0.05243455991148949,
0.6254372000694275,
-0.3944726884365082,
-0.310430645942688,
-0.11069115996360779,
0.34805017709732056,
0.07524584233760834,
0.6762099862098694,
-0.5913357734680176,
0.18453215062618256,
0.12900352478027344,
-0.5342905521392822,
-0.2525933086872101,
-0.7214189767837524,
-5.686066150665283,
0.4176163077354431,
-0.0672316774725914,
0.3404516875743866,
-0.2965683937072754,
0.10144392400979996,
0.7368660569190979,
-0.4553886651992798,
0.14088699221611023,
-0.3929039239883423,
-0.7042865753173828,
-0.5850303173065186,
-0.27098995447158813,
0.5934664011001587,
0.41630351543426514,
0.12014897167682648,
-0.28532692790031433,
0.2809049189090729,
-0.4526784420013428,
0.20486897230148315,
-0.4175173044204712,
-0.18769551813602448,
-0.20517271757125854,
-0.4232679009437561,
0.3164200484752655,
0.2981288433074951,
-0.7349743247032166,
-0.09699468314647675,
-0.47895848751068115,
-0.14115549623966217,
0.03895072638988495,
-0.003964159172028303,
-0.16394557058811188,
-0.726510226726532,
-0.05451681837439537,
0.7168793678283691,
-0.17611108720302582,
-0.4868067800998688,
0.28972992300987244,
-0.4519636332988739,
-0.2530196011066437,
0.38279595971107483,
-0.0733601525425911,
-0.3238617181777954,
0.6204437017440796,
-0.2315768599510193,
-0.3881404399871826,
-0.571882426738739,
0.08307582885026932,
0.6282744407653809,
0.2538049519062042,
0.20634037256240845,
0.2305719554424286,
-0.2492857426404953,
-0.23838946223258972,
0.274376779794693,
0.26627224683761597,
0.5552576184272766,
-0.10689662396907806,
-0.20405972003936768,
0.23920032382011414,
-0.22329187393188477,
0.11399159580469131,
-0.8644434213638306,
-0.11903467774391174,
-0.13530826568603516,
-0.19186164438724518,
0.8559423089027405,
0.1229160726070404,
0.6936960816383362,
0.2375616729259491,
0.16660930216312408,
-0.01267380639910698,
-0.8269492983818054,
-0.19450518488883972,
-0.15759284794330597,
0.03129317983984947,
-0.5663561820983887,
0.21541745960712433,
0.12241629511117935,
0.22105547785758972,
-0.14740703999996185,
0.34824123978614807,
0.7326936721801758,
-0.08381938934326172,
-0.8600527048110962,
-0.16994662582874298,
-0.12207062542438507,
-0.4990667402744293,
0.1810130625963211,
0.5345520973205566,
-0.22332032024860382,
-0.3740274906158447,
0.35760852694511414,
0.5496641993522644,
-0.05178356543183327,
0.30481719970703125,
0.07200302928686142,
0.5319780707359314,
-0.28778722882270813,
0.2058873027563095,
-0.41187119483947754,
-0.05640648677945137,
-0.13993766903877258,
0.012595569714903831,
-0.19518640637397766,
-0.23471330106258392,
0.6120247840881348,
0.564586877822876,
-0.010387655347585678,
0.024329598993062973,
0.04296161234378815,
-0.034916166216135025,
-0.9856963157653809,
0.6275591850280762,
-0.16112308204174042,
-0.1702551543712616,
0.4298248291015625,
0.25100165605545044,
0.1273878812789917,
-0.11805801093578339,
0.4656922221183777,
-0.36666372418403625,
0.11527018249034882,
-0.3859933912754059,
0.4556441307067871,
0.4209960699081421,
-0.22403742372989655,
-0.157414510846138,
0.23430858552455902,
-0.3472222089767456,
0.5156688690185547,
0.2728813588619232,
-0.09947697818279266,
0.17522402107715607,
-0.5372723937034607,
-0.2591889798641205,
-0.20624753832817078,
0.28805819153785706,
-0.014022019691765308,
-0.12183474749326706,
-0.2029702514410019,
0.33552348613739014,
0.12134702503681183,
0.16005325317382812,
0.3617223799228668,
0.2083260864019394,
-0.022768542170524597,
-0.050059251487255096,
0.14307205379009247,
0.4081031382083893,
-0.7266321182250977,
0.5968477129936218,
-0.4584839344024658,
-0.3690096139907837,
-0.5203766822814941,
-0.19243201613426208,
-0.04664183780550957,
0.20608459413051605,
-0.5056005120277405,
0.6145638823509216,
-0.046560779213905334,
-0.8286903500556946,
-0.09281884878873825,
-0.22081358730793,
-0.3495353162288666,
-0.04900019243359566,
-0.6359797716140747,
-0.5200268626213074,
0.33055514097213745,
0.49817103147506714,
-0.7173628807067871,
-0.07504992932081223,
-0.20499154925346375,
-0.08602254837751389,
0.4756336212158203,
0.06549087166786194,
0.27283501625061035,
0.3540985584259033,
-0.08532282710075378,
-0.21055234968662262,
0.38128194212913513,
-0.3798769414424896,
-0.5942345857620239,
0.4817933142185211,
-0.5031366348266602,
-0.7951978445053101,
-0.2246680110692978,
0.12055022269487381,
-0.34127235412597656,
0.019718827679753304,
0.6588137149810791,
0.3347102701663971,
0.15250231325626373,
-0.666886031627655,
-0.6033809781074524,
-0.013963290490210056,
0.22679142653942108,
-0.5580059289932251,
-0.6549720168113708,
-0.48383858799934387,
0.4504447281360626,
-0.8515212535858154,
0.471822053194046,
0.6504400968551636,
-0.24697351455688477,
0.6801632046699524,
0.4645136892795563,
-0.08988256752490997,
0.407695472240448,
-0.7951759696006775,
0.10079613327980042,
-0.6051661968231201,
-0.3602410852909088,
-0.9457879066467285,
0.3766898512840271,
0.019130483269691467,
-0.629623532295227,
-0.08902116864919662,
-0.34626373648643494,
0.024513881653547287,
-0.2160339653491974,
-0.5361250042915344,
-0.1923457235097885,
-1.038527488708496,
0.3380569815635681,
0.7687263488769531,
-0.5504310131072998,
-0.3837856948375702,
-0.42211398482322693,
-0.3866458237171173,
-0.10086287558078766,
0.4901221990585327,
-0.10276000201702118,
-0.9720776677131653,
-0.3120325207710266,
0.09801178425550461,
-0.45344963669776917,
0.22633148729801178,
0.5403939485549927,
0.5140262246131897,
0.22870434820652008,
0.3131847679615021,
-0.3013235628604889,
0.339799702167511,
0.6097321510314941,
-0.22638939321041107,
0.13211767375469208,
-0.6337005496025085,
0.020342806354165077,
-0.12127550691366196,
-0.5662002563476562,
-0.4559759497642517,
-0.6878063082695007,
0.5986365675926208,
-0.5677653551101685,
0.07155211269855499,
0.28800681233406067,
0.1966722011566162,
-0.090422123670578,
0.23764273524284363,
0.03157179057598114,
-0.47516652941703796,
0.10055923461914062,
-0.02055344730615616,
0.4291527271270752,
0.4456542730331421,
-0.20957037806510925,
0.5389313697814941,
-0.518830418586731,
0.20718654990196228,
0.08592789620161057,
0.2122582644224167,
0.26772674918174744,
0.3849702477455139,
-0.3331576883792877,
-0.42796194553375244,
-0.41722917556762695,
0.12562352418899536,
-0.7578636407852173,
-0.51820969581604,
0.7501773834228516,
0.21027639508247375,
-0.2613523304462433,
0.299457311630249,
-0.40106067061424255,
-0.2209176868200302,
-0.25176578760147095,
-0.2349802404642105,
-0.2759772837162018,
-0.1800718456506729,
-0.35760748386383057,
0.1814543753862381,
0.18892855942249298,
0.13277104496955872,
-0.29659679532051086,
0.39587870240211487,
0.2078225314617157,
-0.36282122135162354,
-0.5487906336784363,
-0.6978588104248047,
0.666522204875946,
0.3863125443458557,
-0.6071521639823914,
0.9474213123321533,
-0.2986496090888977,
0.32560476660728455,
-0.4107656180858612,
-0.026233037933707237,
0.04675984010100365,
0.34916722774505615,
-0.5135321021080017,
0.1959705948829651,
0.5110918283462524,
-0.9973393678665161,
0.19137859344482422,
0.4971824586391449,
-0.3752036690711975,
0.3830944299697876,
0.35615965723991394,
-0.2716784179210663,
-0.25434616208076477,
0.31090396642684937,
0.2522391974925995,
0.23092225193977356,
0.6105179190635681,
-0.402656614780426,
0.3548475503921509,
0.25944098830223083,
-0.47898009419441223,
0.1329604536294937,
0.10065919905900955,
0.0465797558426857,
0.37184906005859375,
-0.11623754352331161,
-0.010862892493605614,
-0.0030874619260430336,
-0.5039297342300415,
-0.05855396389961243,
0.41752251982688904,
-0.19280363619327545,
0.11248505115509033,
0.02244136855006218,
0.17226897180080414,
-0.21587501466274261,
0.1091303750872612,
0.35672491788864136,
0.893477737903595,
0.3383468687534332,
0.22905763983726501,
0.27756190299987793,
0.30272170901298523,
0.2019510269165039,
-0.3473382294178009,
0.309528112411499,
-0.03584199398756027,
0.7767030000686646,
0.06403913348913193,
0.16087257862091064,
0.6978878378868103,
-0.03592507913708687,
-0.19914546608924866,
0.31966492533683777,
0.5924661159515381,
-0.11048585176467896,
0.40025660395622253,
-0.1942920833826065,
-1.2841581106185913,
0.33516204357147217,
-0.19249114394187927,
0.1484435349702835,
0.5749101638793945,
-0.21862147748470306,
0.13894431293010712,
0.24201500415802002,
0.4342520236968994,
-0.08488728851079941,
0.1709199696779251,
-0.3020220100879669,
0.2549062669277191,
0.277339905500412,
-0.033593349158763885,
-0.45941823720932007,
-0.2763576805591583,
0.06550666689872742,
0.10717830806970596,
-0.021678747609257698,
0.4082539677619934,
0.05159614980220795,
-0.36874493956565857,
0.4762022793292999,
-0.6304015517234802,
-0.2523425817489624,
-0.2639661133289337,
-0.4677680730819702,
-0.29397013783454895,
-0.06351578235626221,
0.5124490857124329,
0.30829057097435,
-0.0697900652885437,
0.044850606471300125,
-0.2074909210205078,
-0.004027924500405788,
0.5144996643066406,
0.09071029722690582,
-0.09070485830307007,
-0.9730799794197083,
-0.11786907911300659,
-0.9723672866821289,
1.1456589698791504,
0.08003375679254532,
-0.4407113492488861,
-0.10757835954427719,
0.5622991323471069,
-0.012546415440738201,
0.5296998023986816,
0.46710681915283203,
0.4982379376888275,
0.430179625749588,
-0.18068505823612213,
-0.45020821690559387,
-0.47088223695755005,
-0.5027832984924316,
0.3578677475452423,
-0.4065409302711487,
-0.6375368237495422,
1.0351225137710571,
0.11077362298965454,
-0.11418143659830093,
0.550088107585907,
0.19601835310459137,
0.3078690767288208,
-0.5009488463401794,
0.07889152318239212,
-0.3195672333240509,
-0.2570836544036865,
0.45817336440086365,
0.8933994174003601,
0.2777809798717499,
-0.4039158225059509,
-0.02625936083495617,
-0.4406758248806,
-0.06895054876804352,
-0.11617742478847504,
0.12484681606292725,
-0.013779505155980587,
0.06006412208080292,
-0.4220975935459137,
-0.6740998029708862,
0.246040478348732,
0.31289055943489075,
-0.5316997766494751,
0.2367899864912033,
-0.39642059803009033,
-0.5237375497817993,
0.10840294510126114,
0.04568585008382797,
-0.4755311906337738,
0.20598965883255005,
0.3587893843650818
] |
224222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES | ES | Es, ES, or similar may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
An alternate name for the musical note E♭ (E-flat)
E's, a manga series by Satoru Yuiga
Es (film), the German title of It, a 1966 West German film directed by Ulrich Schamoni
ES (Eternal Sabbath), a manga by Fuyumi Soryo
ES, a supplement of the Evening Standard newspaper
Businesses, organizations, and products
Gibson ES Series, a line of guitars
Lexus ES, a series of automobiles
E-mini S&P, a futures contract on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (symbol ES)
Eurostar (National Rail abbreviation ES)
DHL International Aviation ME (IATA airline code ES)
Language
Es, a phonetic spelling of the Latin alphabet letter S
-es, a word ending
Spanish language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
Es (cyrillic), a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet that looks like the Latin letter C
Places
Spain (ISO 3166-1 country code)
.es, top-level Internet domain for Spain
El Salvador (FIPS 10-4 country code)
Espírito Santo, a state in Brazil (ISO 3166-2:BR code)
Eš, a village in the Czech Republic
ES, an abbreviation for "elementary school", as seen on some maps, etc. (e.g., Matsukage ES, Yawatahama, Japan)
CIA cryptonym for Guatemala
Science and technology
Computing
.es, the top-level Internet domain for Spain
Es (operating system), an operating system originally developed by Nintendo and since 2008 by Google
es (Unix shell), a Unix command shell and functional programming language
ES EVM, a Soviet series of IBM computer clones
ES register, in x86 computer architecture
ECMAScript, popularly known as JavaScript
Elasticsearch, a search engine
Elementary stream, part of the MPEG communication protocol
Expert system, software which automates decision making
Other uses in science and technology
Edison screw, a type of lightbulb socket whose sizes are preceded with ES (e.g. ES14, ES27)
Einsteinium, the chemical element with symbol Es
Embryonic stem cell, a type of pluripotent stem cell derived from an early-stage embryo
Exasecond (Es), an SI unit of time
Exasiemens (ES), an SI unit of electric conductance
Other uses
Es, the German term for the id, one of the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche
Série économique et sociale, a specialization within the French academic "baccalauréat" degree
Expected shortfall, a measure of risk
See also
ES engine (disambiguation) | [
0.3345387876033783,
0.012190119363367558,
-0.19854174554347992,
0.17928899824619293,
-0.1213269978761673,
0.3128403425216675,
-0.20556730031967163,
0.33085930347442627,
-0.10736317932605743,
-0.18846887350082397,
-0.31137123703956604,
0.6127402186393738,
0.15052203834056854,
0.4863728880882263,
-0.20429672300815582,
0.27855753898620605,
0.24881894886493683,
0.6876276731491089,
-0.6554453372955322,
-0.6637002825737,
-0.3771474361419678,
-0.17747800052165985,
0.610771656036377,
-0.5375148057937622,
0.14967605471611023,
0.1475866585969925,
-0.12364891916513443,
-0.03214142844080925,
0.14527224004268646,
0.47262319922447205,
0.3219045102596283,
0.8590117692947388,
-0.26731082797050476,
0.3015955984592438,
-0.6389544010162354,
-0.28543028235435486,
-0.5273712873458862,
0.017044028267264366,
0.12956435978412628,
-0.8020723462104797,
-0.011202164925634861,
-0.1643449068069458,
0.8908655047416687,
0.11798205971717834,
-0.13985523581504822,
-0.779087483882904,
-1.7760560512542725,
0.3536001145839691,
-0.7246562242507935,
0.42504939436912537,
0.18654657900333405,
0.7570468783378601,
0.0040298872627317905,
0.6209069490432739,
-0.042344044893980026,
0.5168457627296448,
-0.1814044713973999,
-0.3496910035610199,
0.41669896245002747,
-0.7005282640457153,
0.8061647415161133,
0.09928879141807556,
0.3988811671733856,
0.2341850996017456,
-0.032252803444862366,
0.0684644877910614,
0.06854597479104996,
-0.40255674719810486,
-0.297280877828598,
-0.16741983592510223,
0.038391437381505966,
-0.3413827121257782,
-0.28563904762268066,
-0.5585429668426514,
0.24756909906864166,
-0.42888814210891724,
-0.11942442506551743,
0.21999996900558472,
0.03247315064072609,
0.6725168228149414,
0.2526543438434601,
0.19165152311325073,
1.0047928094863892,
0.16410942375659943,
0.029520327225327492,
0.2615027129650116,
-0.4795984923839569,
0.22376643121242523,
-0.33688822388648987,
-0.03754376620054245,
0.2124696671962738,
-0.7366914749145508,
0.4775908887386322,
-0.10902705788612366,
-0.5634524822235107,
-0.10449469089508057,
0.2831493616104126,
-0.4615483582019806,
0.12779594957828522,
0.14768123626708984,
0.07123516499996185,
0.0008972572395578027,
-0.05185244232416153,
-0.4926316440105438,
-0.6315857768058777,
0.23348379135131836,
-0.03458383306860924,
-0.027928151190280914,
0.3928620219230652,
0.2306627482175827,
-0.31431844830513,
-0.11044080555438995,
0.3282645642757416,
0.41464775800704956,
-0.06144213303923607,
-0.32939615845680237,
-0.16819757223129272,
-0.034461550414562225,
-0.3480530381202698,
0.4591518044471741,
0.1733524203300476,
0.00930295791476965,
0.3024614155292511,
0.3214692771434784,
0.35519570112228394,
0.3641965091228485,
0.24282602965831757,
0.22260171175003052,
-0.21272192895412445,
0.17112784087657928,
0.39864063262939453,
0.48079660534858704,
0.11092814058065414,
0.1369001567363739,
-0.1262950599193573,
-0.08591092377901077,
0.36509352922439575,
-0.3241962790489197,
-0.25276508927345276,
0.30946487188339233,
-0.6202268004417419,
-0.2080112099647522,
-0.7641976475715637,
-0.70951908826828,
0.2890923321247101,
-0.6648734211921692,
-0.12031904608011246,
-0.19787636399269104,
-0.030895082280039787,
-0.31612303853034973,
0.485074520111084,
-0.5460110902786255,
-0.4177744388580322,
-0.08498809486627579,
0.22982896864414215,
-0.1200268343091011,
-0.12348080426454544,
0.13046257197856903,
-0.11598056554794312,
-0.20112411677837372,
-0.21047689020633698,
0.255490779876709,
-0.47959277033805847,
0.2185831069946289,
-0.028222844004631042,
-0.1278107464313507,
-0.27104678750038147,
0.6775904893875122,
-0.5862029790878296,
0.27803000807762146,
0.317523717880249,
0.11228559166193008,
0.00797421857714653,
0.07960345596075058,
-0.26290783286094666,
0.7317439913749695,
0.3471955358982086,
0.4769267439842224,
0.3692719340324402,
0.4346088171005249,
-0.5205485820770264,
0.08871657401323318,
0.16703839600086212,
-0.5205919146537781,
-0.34274032711982727,
0.12031779438257217,
0.13515274226665497,
0.09416431188583374,
-0.16900275647640228,
-0.03918781504034996,
-0.9430373907089233,
-0.3944205641746521,
0.5490612983703613,
-0.5865913033485413,
0.957898736000061,
-0.2583295702934265,
-0.36366763710975647,
0.5903420448303223,
-0.4792436361312866,
0.15131260454654694,
-0.1970883011817932,
-0.0890326127409935,
0.7219306826591492,
-0.3784274756908417,
-0.4020243287086487,
0.20591527223587036,
0.23404181003570557,
-0.0169172715395689,
-0.15555337071418762,
-0.13660204410552979,
0.2975318133831024,
-0.19747604429721832,
0.4702792763710022,
-0.045692943036556244,
0.3937298357486725,
-0.25100356340408325,
-0.8348261713981628,
-0.013746384531259537,
-0.2296959012746811,
-0.2801373302936554,
0.34384214878082275,
-0.32400912046432495,
-0.4866359829902649,
-0.26051056385040283,
-0.21508216857910156,
0.4340062439441681,
0.23564372956752777,
-0.10193812847137451,
0.4545169174671173,
-0.4356329143047333,
0.09649091213941574,
-0.19011487066745758,
0.2275763601064682,
-0.3154812157154083,
0.03275895491242409,
0.3884269595146179,
0.2443208396434784,
0.11867348104715347,
0.5639492273330688,
-0.3969706594944,
0.28199058771133423,
0.4475853741168976,
-0.31411173939704895,
0.10449042171239853,
0.44708308577537537,
-0.029668401926755905,
-0.07508339732885361,
-0.0642920732498169,
-0.5226909518241882,
0.12393739819526672,
-0.13318419456481934,
0.6309550404548645,
-0.08832921832799911,
0.1812215894460678,
-0.2446027398109436,
-0.2561061680316925,
0.2581983506679535,
0.3099643588066101,
0.08065557479858398,
0.1918986588716507,
-0.5990697145462036,
-0.3452537953853607,
0.41106197237968445,
0.003082619747146964,
-0.11228958517313004,
-0.11311659961938858,
-0.18981297314167023,
-0.4722444713115692,
0.2909160852432251,
0.3198055326938629,
0.08227912336587906,
0.39369308948516846,
-0.10106321424245834,
0.4953283369541168,
-0.3207409679889679,
-0.6741889119148254,
0.11433269828557968,
0.11190388351678848,
-0.15681342780590057,
-0.21558015048503876,
-0.17415517568588257,
0.5052369832992554,
0.7894279360771179,
-0.7108774781227112,
-0.14873208105564117,
-0.08596806973218918,
-0.0169404074549675,
-0.37598609924316406,
0.06205723062157631,
-0.4015355408191681,
0.12885931134223938,
0.6981926560401917,
-0.4510258138179779,
-0.36437302827835083,
0.33765822649002075,
0.41783711314201355,
0.04089814051985741,
0.42393094301223755,
0.11360099911689758,
-0.5514758825302124,
0.022731512784957886,
0.3467652201652527,
0.11846859753131866,
0.09568851441144943,
0.6141582727432251,
0.21189945936203003,
0.09270171076059341,
0.04603490233421326,
-6.096388816833496,
0.02892916277050972,
-0.37346741557121277,
-0.519124448299408,
0.09126743674278259,
0.17215512692928314,
0.6139131188392639,
-0.41109538078308105,
-0.03896380960941315,
-0.5652872323989868,
0.1349886804819107,
0.12444530427455902,
0.1514492630958557,
0.09317697584629059,
-0.27713820338249207,
0.36835864186286926,
-0.03247755765914917,
0.2942686080932617,
-0.1498367190361023,
0.2825338840484619,
0.15547803044319153,
-0.29044923186302185,
0.2192339152097702,
0.8925026655197144,
0.10158231109380722,
0.10704774409532547,
-0.6420618891716003,
0.04526056721806526,
0.21906210482120514,
-0.09261132031679153,
-0.13202707469463348,
-0.19344888627529144,
0.08413654565811157,
-0.5075247287750244,
0.029144195839762688,
-0.0011109306942671537,
0.48515528440475464,
-0.24341906607151031,
0.40199384093284607,
0.23901431262493134,
-0.23339352011680603,
0.4524531066417694,
0.22462110221385956,
-0.7273756861686707,
-0.003774114651605487,
-0.022064857184886932,
-0.13439223170280457,
0.32690584659576416,
0.029842188581824303,
0.6033726334571838,
0.12492885440587997,
-0.047544706612825394,
-0.17075657844543457,
-0.05097148194909096,
0.4690159261226654,
0.013628093525767326,
-0.05263388901948929,
0.3708610236644745,
0.1007670909166336,
0.1406351774930954,
0.4220573902130127,
-0.08233082294464111,
-0.4211784601211548,
-0.3948964774608612,
-0.39822208881378174,
-0.1298142969608307,
-0.13028277456760406,
0.02491103485226631,
0.24171657860279083,
0.24584296345710754,
0.08216531574726105,
-0.14270947873592377,
0.14131329953670502,
-0.9378446340560913,
-0.15318140387535095,
0.028081215918064117,
0.15534527599811554,
0.04178363457322121,
-0.3063434362411499,
0.5373923778533936,
-0.08274202048778534,
-0.20943127572536469,
-0.07923915982246399,
-0.2606910467147827,
-0.18853652477264404,
-0.6953529715538025,
-0.45697900652885437,
-0.02848285809159279,
-0.2362225502729416,
0.4206104576587677,
0.7937933206558228,
-0.3379271328449249,
0.005000960547477007,
0.5582510828971863,
0.39239177107810974,
-0.26001331210136414,
0.3131062686443329,
0.2535378634929657,
0.19719886779785156,
-0.3194889724254608,
0.04497972130775452,
0.14409364759922028,
0.5883326530456543,
-0.008174153976142406,
-0.2137690633535385,
-0.25388476252555847,
0.05811414495110512,
-0.040598176419734955,
0.9687737226486206,
-0.623091995716095,
-0.3509017527103424,
-0.26236197352409363,
-0.5536161661148071,
-0.6070592999458313,
0.40063202381134033,
-0.5207274556159973,
-0.11200211197137833,
0.31418344378471375,
0.23224429786205292,
-0.34946325421333313,
-0.009453981183469296,
0.11313802748918533,
-0.34232211112976074,
-0.4650615155696869,
-0.4009517431259155,
0.29389652609825134,
-0.03009422868490219,
0.2409202754497528,
0.0722188651561737,
0.14537474513053894,
-0.08364813029766083,
0.3861418664455414,
-0.05292059853672981,
0.24905015528202057,
0.3300691843032837,
0.07583775371313095,
-0.4560180604457855,
-0.042265236377716064,
0.12330086529254913,
-0.4926871955394745,
0.3024921417236328,
-0.4901144206523895,
-0.03170091658830643,
0.024592775851488113,
0.5095147490501404,
0.9316354990005493,
-0.06784171611070633,
-0.7621980905532837,
0.2567470073699951,
0.37363338470458984,
0.29978904128074646,
0.09294360876083374,
0.43628713488578796,
-0.07420583814382553,
-0.321837842464447,
0.01529481541365385,
-0.21617792546749115,
-0.2644047737121582,
-0.40120816230773926,
-0.41577526926994324,
0.5252346992492676,
0.01594436727464199,
-0.9068493247032166,
-0.03881217911839485,
0.30033746361732483,
-0.11649517714977264,
-0.30950504541397095,
-0.4473051130771637,
0.24429869651794434,
0.22542700171470642,
0.38166823983192444,
-0.11406170576810837,
-0.01071728765964508,
0.1325182020664215,
-0.30163368582725525,
0.3437851369380951,
-0.2383141964673996,
-0.4588717520236969,
0.06318210065364838,
0.007567997556179762,
0.5231636762619019,
0.167899489402771,
-0.046196579933166504,
0.18642054498195648,
0.043405260890722275,
-0.7509199976921082,
-0.04054176062345505,
0.2265477329492569,
-0.40322867035865784,
0.03959197178483009,
-0.07832156866788864,
-0.05098304897546768,
0.2235838770866394,
0.16909177601337433,
-0.4728642404079437,
-0.2719692587852478,
-0.30364540219306946,
0.09845371544361115,
0.11866753548383713,
-0.29804277420043945,
0.2313770055770874,
0.05330759659409523,
-0.021728767082095146,
-0.34806132316589355,
0.005611475091427565,
-0.4595886766910553,
0.2568378746509552,
0.16130119562149048,
-0.3921411335468292,
-0.01414117868989706,
-0.542709231376648,
-0.6926835179328918,
0.28063058853149414,
0.23207449913024902,
-0.17035555839538574,
0.2042117416858673,
0.6328689455986023,
-0.3383162021636963,
-0.37665972113609314,
-0.48826107382774353,
0.24218721687793732,
0.053612031042575836,
-0.4604683518409729,
-0.08194390684366226,
-0.17347973585128784,
0.18009380996227264,
0.4889554977416992,
-0.6487941741943359,
0.4574589431285858,
-0.14488905668258667,
-0.5983536243438721,
0.3063283860683441,
0.014489773660898209,
0.20223689079284668,
-0.4021516442298889,
0.33115002512931824,
-0.2439776360988617,
-0.4397134482860565,
0.47591859102249146,
0.18170717358589172,
0.2275789976119995,
-0.049483973532915115,
-0.13929647207260132,
-0.007133599370718002,
-0.042529501020908356,
0.6699270009994507,
-0.09987822920084,
-0.55874103307724,
-0.29528698325157166,
0.3414883315563202,
-0.23615388572216034,
-0.542010486125946,
-0.18368643522262573,
-0.04593117535114288,
0.594271719455719,
-0.4866923391819,
0.029666045680642128,
0.39710533618927,
-0.23004934191703796,
0.3424948751926422,
-0.33448997139930725,
0.28536897897720337,
-0.4947110116481781,
0.2699991762638092,
-0.10712860524654388,
0.6096990704536438,
-0.34520357847213745,
-0.004832867532968521,
0.1816861480474472,
0.22782538831233978,
0.19422943890094757,
0.3561059534549713,
1.0068612098693848,
0.9491615891456604,
0.3188626766204834,
-0.38902515172958374,
-0.6608309745788574,
-0.525312602519989,
-0.7410845756530762,
0.04058688506484032,
-0.6126777529716492,
-0.170487180352211,
0.12427566200494766,
-0.38543641567230225,
-0.10643764585256577,
-0.35960158705711365,
0.39022883772850037,
-0.2555820643901825,
-0.08925491571426392,
-0.14073365926742554,
-0.23762938380241394,
0.028457926586270332,
0.19609619677066803,
0.19388777017593384,
-0.21838891506195068,
-0.17966683208942413,
0.1356951743364334,
-0.25430217385292053,
0.11075601726770401,
-0.010007699020206928,
-0.28343665599823,
0.11611656099557877,
0.37536534667015076,
-0.12337139248847961,
0.3749515414237976,
0.33250007033348083,
-0.07122856378555298,
-0.05468619987368584,
-0.3809179961681366,
0.07811109721660614,
0.3000386953353882,
-0.5012193918228149,
-0.378904789686203,
0.6955863237380981,
0.034863103181123734,
-0.11097503453493118,
0.3090582489967346,
-0.1480730026960373,
0.4409841299057007,
0.07007637619972229,
0.5612348318099976,
0.2192109227180481,
0.5481536388397217,
0.07373585551977158,
-0.5781638026237488,
0.07860179245471954,
0.10269435495138168,
0.051513198763132095,
-0.03685038164258003,
0.5494032502174377,
1.0119717121124268,
0.1345416158437729,
-0.20068633556365967,
0.23199298977851868,
-0.34499800205230713,
-0.39183780550956726,
-0.05901848524808884,
-0.6272078156471252,
-0.02799161709845066,
0.5936889052391052,
0.3802337646484375,
-0.12777955830097198,
-0.18779462575912476,
-0.09236163645982742,
0.0018972412217408419,
0.10959834605455399,
0.3573438227176666,
-0.15520016849040985,
-0.3241572976112366,
-0.3119485080242157,
0.030735701322555542,
-0.0859103798866272,
0.3115686774253845,
-0.16437312960624695,
0.21060261130332947,
0.08811036497354507,
0.09285424649715424,
-0.12654224038124084,
0.2595818340778351,
0.09943722933530807,
-0.36909928917884827,
0.3356243669986725,
1.318902611732483,
-0.36526814103126526,
-0.06346654891967773,
0.5454325079917908,
-0.43050992488861084,
-0.5357645153999329,
0.10145409405231476,
-0.43988826870918274,
0.043808337301015854,
-0.09067518264055252,
-0.6235836148262024,
-0.10859619826078415,
0.003428386291489005,
0.38840246200561523,
0.5829371809959412,
0.4751901924610138,
0.2771322727203369,
0.5228489637374878,
-0.5917233228683472,
-0.05538029596209526,
-0.03932414948940277,
-0.5794320702552795,
0.8836098909378052,
-0.262462854385376,
0.016152197495102882,
-0.04074809327721596,
-0.05631474778056145,
-0.16381217539310455,
0.1027579978108406,
-0.6730227470397949,
0.24383674561977386,
-0.04876423254609108,
-0.15068896114826202,
-0.23488590121269226,
-0.15842576324939728,
0.9254295825958252,
-0.24374082684516907,
0.11060834676027298,
0.10234826803207397,
-0.07617107033729553,
-0.06593819707632065,
-0.37954074144363403,
-0.5835581421852112,
0.2887091338634491,
-0.23869501054286957,
0.42762473225593567,
-0.4781474471092224,
0.4148181080818176,
0.2872884273529053,
-0.18107947707176208,
0.41260650753974915,
0.0736551433801651,
-0.22828546166419983,
-0.6720897555351257,
0.4715209901332855,
0.2019176185131073,
0.07988787442445755,
-0.29331278800964355,
0.1791103333234787,
-0.013656878843903542,
-0.12082555890083313,
0.3653770983219147,
-0.45363155007362366,
0.21450817584991455,
0.4159422814846039,
0.23359666764736176,
-0.2879026234149933,
0.12985961139202118,
-0.22145262360572815,
0.06282125413417816,
-0.26197195053100586,
0.6711058616638184,
-0.0862676277756691,
0.04017781838774681,
0.15799784660339355,
-0.015803175047039986,
0.14102846384048462,
-0.4333811402320862,
0.3525182604789734,
0.4541678726673126,
-0.23445512354373932,
-0.0396479070186615,
-0.007826699875295162,
0.3091670572757721,
-0.34993094205856323,
-0.385225385427475,
-0.4168511927127838,
0.05283486470580101,
0.025213703513145447,
-0.7321072816848755,
0.16049844026565552,
0.0029718419536948204,
0.47019216418266296,
-0.5971667766571045,
0.42185404896736145,
-0.16286006569862366,
0.6330771446228027,
-0.5362042188644409
] |
224224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelig | Zelig | Zelig is a 1983 American mockumentary film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen and Mia Farrow. Allen plays Leonard Zelig, a nondescript enigma, who, apparently out of his desire to fit in and be liked, unwittingly takes on the characteristics of strong personalities around him. The film, presented as a documentary, recounts his period of intense celebrity in the 1920s, including analyses by contemporary intellectuals.
The film was nominated for numerous awards, including the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Costume Design. It was well received by critics, receiving a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.
Style
Zelig was photographed and narrated in the style of 1920s black-and-white newsreels, which are interwoven with archival footage from the era and re-enactments of real historical events. Color segments from the present day include interviews of real and fictional personages, including Saul Bellow and Susan Sontag.
Plot
Set in the 1920s and 1930s, the film concerns Leonard Zelig (Woody Allen), a nondescript man who has the ability to transform his appearance to that of the people who surround him. He is first observed at a party by F. Scott Fitzgerald, who notes that Zelig related to the affluent guests in a refined Boston accent and shared their Republican sympathies, but while in the kitchen with the servants, he adopted a coarser tone and seemed to be more of a Democrat. He soon gains international fame as a "human chameleon".
Interviewed in one of the witness shots, Bruno Bettelheim makes the following comment:
Dr. Eudora Fletcher (Mia Farrow) is a psychiatrist who wants to help Zelig with this strange disorder when he is admitted to her hospital. Through the use of hypnotism, she discovers Zelig yearns for approval so strongly that he physically changes to fit in with those around him. Dr. Fletcher eventually cures Zelig of his compulsion to assimilate, but goes too far in the other direction; for a brief period he is so intolerant of others' opinions that he gets into a brawl over whether or not it is a nice day.
Dr. Fletcher realizes that she is falling in love with Zelig. Because of the media coverage of the case, both patient and doctor become part of the popular culture of their time. However, fame is the main cause of their division. Numerous women claim that he married and impregnated them, causing a public scandal. The same society that made Zelig a hero destroys him.
Zelig's illness returns, and he tries to fit in once more, before he disappears. Dr. Fletcher finds him in Germany working with the Nazis before the outbreak of World War II. Together they escape, as Zelig uses his ability to imitate one more time, mimicking Fletcher's piloting skills and flying them back home across the Atlantic upside down. They eventually return to America, where they are proclaimed heroes and marry to live full happy lives.
Cast
With Susan Sontag, Irving Howe, Saul Bellow, Bricktop, Dr. Bruno Bettelheim, and Professor John Morton Blum as themselves.
Production
Allen used newsreel footage, and inserted himself and other actors into it, using bluescreen technology. To provide an authentic look to his scenes, Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras depicted in the film, and even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage. The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump (1994) and various television advertisements much easier to accomplish.
The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect. Contrasting the film's vintage black-and-white film footage, these persons appear in color segments as themselves, commenting in the present day on the Zelig phenomenon as if it really happened. They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow, political writer Irving Howe, historian John Morton Blum, and the Paris nightclub owner Bricktop.
Also appearing in the film's vintage footage are Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Río, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Göring, James Cagney, Jimmy Walker, Lou Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Adolphe Menjou, Claire Windsor, Tom Mix, Marie Dressler, Bobby Jones, and Pope Pius XI.
In the time it took to complete the film's special effects, Allen filmed A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy and Broadway Danny Rose. This is Orion Pictures' last film to be released through Warner Bros.
Release
Before being shown at the Venice Film Festival, the film opened on six screens in the US and grossed US$60,119 on its opening weekend; it eventually earned US$11.8 million in North America.
Critical reaction
Zelig has an approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus reads: "Wryly amusing, technically impressive, and ultimately thought-provoking, Zelig represents Woody Allen in complete command of his craft".
In his review in the New York Times, Vincent Canby observed:
Variety said the film was "consistently funny, though more academic than boulevardier", and the Christian Science Monitor called it "amazingly funny and poignant". Time Out described it as "a strong contender for Allen's most fascinating film", while TV Guide said, "Allen's ongoing struggles with psychoanalysis and his Jewish identity – stridently literal preoccupations in most of his work – are for once rendered allegorically. The result is deeply satisfying". Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, calling it "a beautifully made but slight fable." Pauline Kael wrote that when the film was over "I felt good, but I was still a little hungry for a movie. There's a reason 'Zelig' seems small; there aren't any characters in it, not even Zelig."
Colin Greenland reviewed Zelig for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Woody Allen's most irresistable film for quite a while. He has found a new way to make fun of his own neuroses without exposing us to the egoism which became so overbearing in Manhattan or Stardust Memories."
It ranked 588th among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly listed the work as one of Allen's finest, lauding it as "a spot-on homage to vintage newsreels and a seamless exercise in technique." The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey also named it as a career highlight and argued, "The special effects, in which Allen is seamlessly inserted into vintage newsreels, are still astonishing, and draw out the aching tragicomedy of Zelig's plight. He's the original man who wasn't there." Calum Marsh of Slant magazine wrote, "We are infinitely pliable. That's the thesis of Zelig, Allen's wisest film, which has much to say about the way a person can be bent and contorted in the name of acceptance. Its ostensibly wacky conceit ... is grounded in an emotional and psychological reality all too familiar to shrug off as farce. We'll go very far out of our way to avoid conflict. Zelig seizes on that weakness and forces us to recognize it."
Awards and nominations
56th Academy Awards
Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee)
Academy Award for Best Costume Design (Santo Loquasto, nominee)
37th British Academy Film Awards
BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Editing (nominee)
BAFTA Award for Best Makeup (nominee)
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen (nominee)
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Gordon Willis, nominee)
41st Golden Globe Awards
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (nominee)
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen, nominee)
Saturn Award for Best Direction (nominee)
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography (winner)
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mia Farrow, winner; tied with Linda Hunt for The Year of Living Dangerously)
Belgian Film Critics Association: Grand Prix (winner)
David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor (Allen, winner)
Venice Film Festival Pasinetti Award for Best Film (winner)
Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film (winner)
Soundtrack
Leonard the Lizard (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells
Doin' the Chameleon (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells
Chameleon Days (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Performed by Mae Questel
You May Be Six People, But I Love You (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Bernie Kuce, Steve Clayton and Tony Wells
Reptile Eyes (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman - Sung by Rose Marie Jun
The Changing Man Concerto (1983) - Composed by Dick Hyman
I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling (1929) - Music by Fats Waller (as Thomas 'Fats' Waller) and Harry Link - Sung by Roz Harris
I'm Sitting on Top of the World (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Sung by Norman Brooks
Ain't We Got Fun (1921) - Music by Richard A. Whiting - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars
Sunny Side Up (1929) - Music and Lyrics by Ray Henderson, Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars
I'll Get By (1928) - Music by Fred E. Ahlert - Performed by The Ben Bernie Orchestra
I Love My Baby, My Baby Loves Me (1925) - Music by Harry Warren - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars
Runnin' Wild (1922) - Music by A.H. Gibbs - Performed by The Charleston City All Stars
A Sailboat in the Moonlight (1937) - Written by Carmen Lombardo and John Jacob Loeb (as John Loeb) - Performed by The Guy Lombardo Orchestra
Charleston (1923) - Music by James P. Johnson - Performed by Dick Hyman
Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)(1922) - Written by Fred Fisher - Performed by Dick Hyman
Five Feet Two, Eyes of Blue (1925) - Music by Ray Henderson - Performed by Dick Hyman
Anchors Aweigh (1906) - Music by Charles A. Zimmerman - Modified by Domenico Savino (1950) - Performed by Dick Hyman
Take Me Out to the Ballgame (1908) - Music by Albert von Tilzer
The Internationale (1888) - Music by Pierre De Geyter
See also
Environmental dependency syndrome
The Belonging Kind
References
Bibliography
External links
American films
1983 films
American fantasy-comedy films
American independent films
American satirical films
American black-and-white films
1980s fantasy-comedy films
English-language films
Films directed by Woody Allen
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in 1928
Films set in 1929
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in 1930
Films set in 1931
Films set in 1932
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
Great Depression films
American mockumentary films
Orion Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Woody Allen
Films produced by Robert Greenhut
Cultural depictions of Charles Lindbergh
Cultural depictions of Charlie Chaplin
Cultural depictions of Al Capone
Cultural depictions of William Randolph Hearst
Cultural depictions of Josephine Baker
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
Cultural depictions of Hermann Göring
Cultural depictions of James Cagney
Cultural depictions of Babe Ruth
1983 comedy films | [
-0.22580091655254364,
0.1995607614517212,
-0.1609126478433609,
0.008092552423477173,
0.21010637283325195,
0.26533403992652893,
0.13081473112106323,
0.1640232503414154,
-0.007638375740498304,
0.21665255725383759,
-0.14317278563976288,
0.3146793246269226,
-0.06656800210475922,
0.16989153623580933,
-0.2563709616661072,
0.017425619065761566,
-0.12979762256145477,
0.5036630034446716,
0.0462271124124527,
-0.5891097784042358,
-0.16353175044059753,
-0.5303181409835815,
0.2670048773288727,
-0.05090893805027008,
-0.03176078572869301,
0.16149234771728516,
0.45330145955085754,
-0.31732502579689026,
0.05648864805698395,
0.4017292857170105,
0.371950626373291,
0.19711537659168243,
0.48346585035324097,
-0.18998382985591888,
-0.1316857635974884,
0.28441449999809265,
-0.7336517572402954,
0.2160695195198059,
0.12906581163406372,
-0.39666905999183655,
-0.07655242830514908,
0.05129246786236763,
0.2286718487739563,
-0.35694342851638794,
-0.09435055404901505,
-0.13924281299114227,
-2.109788417816162,
-0.007345190737396479,
-0.6318073272705078,
-0.7750712037086487,
0.08216582983732224,
0.2690526843070984,
0.5088213086128235,
-0.03566434979438782,
-0.26319584250450134,
0.12140661478042603,
-0.1529008001089096,
-0.30038756132125854,
0.17739364504814148,
0.12079067528247833,
0.4270991086959839,
0.051088009029626846,
0.4190015494823456,
-0.37661200761795044,
0.21308587491512299,
0.45895275473594666,
-0.06730307638645172,
0.38091009855270386,
0.0681593045592308,
-0.41053521633148193,
-0.04277220368385315,
-0.27366483211517334,
0.09001193940639496,
-0.6630202531814575,
0.0651705414056778,
-0.08029446005821228,
0.814274251461029,
0.1399165838956833,
0.44403505325317383,
0.4310280680656433,
-0.3503277897834778,
-0.0743262767791748,
0.7872983813285828,
1.0319041013717651,
-0.22911974787712097,
-0.23294703662395477,
-0.20372316241264343,
0.4970816671848297,
-0.24037285149097443,
0.9492759704589844,
-0.6652617454528809,
-0.5132328867912292,
-0.13917772471904755,
0.12429621070623398,
0.3425387144088745,
0.260465532541275,
0.35212984681129456,
-0.1287062019109726,
0.17420877516269684,
0.09418125450611115,
0.23849637806415558,
0.44843024015426636,
-0.18599483370780945,
-0.5334930419921875,
-0.361306369304657,
0.062435638159513474,
0.23193760216236115,
-0.7958757281303406,
0.07752369344234467,
0.195633664727211,
-0.42036622762680054,
0.0827670693397522,
-0.2584318518638611,
-0.2799367606639862,
-0.16222016513347626,
0.7353103160858154,
0.5250905156135559,
-0.09322457760572433,
-0.1090393140912056,
0.544451892375946,
0.005403469316661358,
0.3687518537044525,
0.11036476492881775,
0.06549441814422607,
0.24361072480678558,
0.5490193963050842,
-0.03500072658061981,
0.28328046202659607,
-0.7184493541717529,
0.23822981119155884,
0.12126629054546356,
0.09603436291217804,
0.21466386318206787,
-0.1062474176287651,
-0.011871944181621075,
-0.5972771644592285,
0.6363105773925781,
-0.14720211923122406,
0.06564982235431671,
0.2293325662612915,
-0.16618463397026062,
0.4110032916069031,
-0.9654083847999573,
0.17042699456214905,
0.6872199773788452,
-0.08154425770044327,
0.12144054472446442,
-0.20206469297409058,
-0.3415682017803192,
-0.15827396512031555,
-0.36416390538215637,
0.41060030460357666,
-0.14809413254261017,
-0.56377774477005,
-0.3978159725666046,
0.38968050479888916,
-0.08083748072385788,
-0.21649503707885742,
0.17986489832401276,
0.2070702165365219,
-0.19514121115207672,
0.05829969793558121,
-0.0173767302185297,
-0.141728013753891,
-0.05904961749911308,
-0.5195180177688599,
0.5189134478569031,
-0.36581072211265564,
-0.10001412034034729,
0.24802230298519135,
-0.3230261206626892,
0.19236253201961517,
0.17849643528461456,
0.2389182150363922,
-0.196439728140831,
0.2840341329574585,
0.630377471446991,
0.12094700336456299,
0.10930974036455154,
-0.039683058857917786,
-0.5140694379806519,
0.11378292739391327,
0.6182553768157959,
0.22579382359981537,
0.31363412737846375,
-0.08884517103433609,
0.17986872792243958,
-0.43061330914497375,
0.004442375618964434,
-0.03014666773378849,
-0.07318183779716492,
-0.4799063801765442,
0.9195277690887451,
0.24182145297527313,
0.8635192513465881,
0.3795187175273895,
-0.4479333460330963,
-0.25653406977653503,
-0.11421907693147659,
-0.15413260459899902,
-0.5008081793785095,
-0.30408740043640137,
0.6054843664169312,
0.15407654643058777,
-0.13248880207538605,
0.06285939365625381,
0.3138224184513092,
0.027965666726231575,
-0.03197024017572403,
0.17582300305366516,
-0.091702401638031,
-0.13131847977638245,
0.5844026207923889,
-0.5583242774009705,
0.021703524515032768,
-0.15541882812976837,
-0.3399081826210022,
-0.04578854888677597,
-0.41108638048171997,
0.2024214267730713,
0.22836080193519592,
-0.07997949421405792,
-0.7088614702224731,
-0.34153351187705994,
0.3455001711845398,
0.8070957064628601,
0.5265597105026245,
0.1692758947610855,
-0.22999082505702972,
-0.1080707311630249,
-0.5629407167434692,
0.5015309453010559,
0.1032523587346077,
-0.32419058680534363,
0.34364575147628784,
0.15242084860801697,
0.42082297801971436,
-0.36303508281707764,
0.08549290150403976,
-0.36139535903930664,
0.24173931777477264,
0.37667006254196167,
-0.18671047687530518,
0.3341531753540039,
-0.5050369501113892,
0.045437075197696686,
0.4697684943675995,
-0.05763821303844452,
-0.2818744480609894,
0.18024303019046783,
0.0726233571767807,
0.33278873562812805,
0.33396798372268677,
-0.1098255142569542,
0.363238662481308,
-0.15909096598625183,
-0.04059041291475296,
-0.21839623153209686,
0.48436716198921204,
-0.035462986677885056,
0.35798919200897217,
-0.21228055655956268,
0.08392082899808884,
0.13491737842559814,
-0.14875221252441406,
-0.3495958745479584,
-0.4146166443824768,
0.07860566675662994,
-0.15089601278305054,
0.1419244259595871,
0.47970470786094666,
0.06072184816002846,
0.45170143246650696,
0.042853426188230515,
-0.274948388338089,
0.28880634903907776,
-0.1383070945739746,
0.012348715215921402,
-0.40206894278526306,
-0.4711407423019409,
0.5076643824577332,
0.8487488627433777,
-0.026654256507754326,
0.09149457514286041,
-0.05392654612660408,
0.21298730373382568,
0.01822231523692608,
0.049167465418577194,
0.029362080618739128,
-0.6425149440765381,
-0.10839056223630905,
0.3686882555484772,
-0.1840142011642456,
-0.1306445151567459,
-0.3234710991382599,
0.3202834129333496,
-0.29260963201522827,
0.4930834472179413,
-0.4848725199699402,
0.4334062337875366,
-0.18935710191726685,
1.0843383073806763,
-0.3510282337665558,
-0.15248575806617737,
0.4426251947879791,
0.16495461761951447,
-0.041448432952165604,
0.0009411795763298869,
-6.083621501922607,
0.2993907630443573,
-0.12231221795082092,
0.3599667251110077,
0.5466316342353821,
0.01506059244275093,
0.0582696869969368,
-0.4440869092941284,
-0.45718568563461304,
0.22935493290424347,
-0.5883986949920654,
0.27577781677246094,
-0.9577221274375916,
0.1417909860610962,
0.3876500129699707,
-0.1555163562297821,
0.018036475405097008,
-0.12014402449131012,
0.024598587304353714,
0.48300981521606445,
-0.06596741825342178,
-0.20412731170654297,
-0.18338726460933685,
0.11011592298746109,
0.3284759819507599,
-0.0042641726322472095,
-0.09224003553390503,
-0.10745440423488617,
-0.8255181312561035,
-0.0026638382114470005,
-0.2859608232975006,
-0.1962808221578598,
-0.6947296261787415,
0.6467645764350891,
-0.0016056245658546686,
0.16744907200336456,
0.4608737528324127,
-0.4468216001987457,
0.5723683834075928,
0.15906445682048798,
-0.35513144731521606,
0.6235499978065491,
-0.9169332981109619,
0.33127525448799133,
0.7183695435523987,
-0.22582212090492249,
-0.2684272229671478,
-0.5181470513343811,
-0.22454164922237396,
-0.19311028718948364,
0.8265231847763062,
-0.4694274961948395,
-0.09732585400342941,
0.0675920695066452,
0.4808817207813263,
0.0504157654941082,
-0.07058456540107727,
0.1528858095407486,
0.1260679066181183,
0.0961761474609375,
0.5469391942024231,
-0.1412484049797058,
0.07668232917785645,
-0.515776515007019,
-0.6507894396781921,
-0.14490434527397156,
-0.2748570740222931,
-0.30521416664123535,
-0.027072325348854065,
0.20246382057666779,
0.1572311818599701,
0.36532554030418396,
-0.13556548953056335,
-0.8251546025276184,
0.2658090591430664,
-0.09100718796253204,
-0.2602573335170746,
-0.26277872920036316,
-0.2210116982460022,
0.28537288308143616,
-0.11518631875514984,
-0.350821852684021,
0.4882615804672241,
0.1419791579246521,
-0.029846029356122017,
0.02466052584350109,
-0.25975948572158813,
-0.2684953212738037,
-0.011415638960897923,
-0.2186773270368576,
-0.19323043525218964,
-0.44876545667648315,
-0.2629087567329407,
0.6029975414276123,
0.5268016457557678,
0.09796703606843948,
0.24579539895057678,
0.1429116129875183,
0.02605368383228779,
-0.10325288772583008,
-0.39321157336235046,
-0.13748349249362946,
0.1849851757287979,
0.08087598532438278,
0.3460629880428314,
-0.18367817997932434,
0.41265034675598145,
0.35529854893684387,
0.7967047691345215,
-0.3620622158050537,
-0.020204385742545128,
0.3077569305896759,
-0.10769326239824295,
-0.4462824761867523,
0.3006487786769867,
0.13452497124671936,
-0.3726171851158142,
0.10168944299221039,
0.556072473526001,
0.5529049038887024,
0.15586908161640167,
0.021708708256483078,
-0.4143669307231903,
-0.36323192715644836,
-0.313350647687912,
0.35085275769233704,
0.059115029871463776,
0.217963308095932,
-0.0027968883514404297,
0.04884415119886398,
-0.3328618109226227,
0.22614774107933044,
0.19895149767398834,
-0.18508070707321167,
0.37942221760749817,
-0.6294628977775574,
-0.6957901120185852,
-0.30091801285743713,
-0.3679693341255188,
0.13680046796798706,
0.44564664363861084,
0.06609586626291275,
-0.016238652169704437,
0.43166401982307434,
0.23361222445964813,
-0.25641074776649475,
-0.050234295427799225,
-0.38762322068214417,
-0.2783503532409668,
-0.3280295133590698,
0.18261195719242096,
-0.1224975734949112,
0.7270222902297974,
-0.38823166489601135,
-0.05210833624005318,
0.06994742155075073,
0.1096133217215538,
-0.12563298642635345,
0.0072136265225708485,
-0.11586220562458038,
0.42432543635368347,
-0.14187021553516388,
-0.9951038956642151,
0.0056634447537362576,
0.04145153984427452,
0.44548025727272034,
-0.0853375643491745,
-0.2758772671222687,
-0.1872471123933792,
0.0065990942530334,
0.36340460181236267,
-0.044320493936538696,
-0.20914289355278015,
0.10154737532138824,
-0.24842607975006104,
0.6091708540916443,
-0.07380244135856628,
-0.12646983563899994,
0.08278565853834152,
-0.36920949816703796,
-0.33289283514022827,
-0.44166967272758484,
-0.2679140567779541,
0.07416047900915146,
-0.05939899757504463,
-0.18430645763874054,
-0.5785164833068848,
0.21600809693336487,
-0.5155717134475708,
0.2420881688594818,
-0.05199851095676422,
0.2299528867006302,
0.3296006917953491,
0.10184484720230103,
-0.730165958404541,
-0.32974478602409363,
0.370688796043396,
0.52066969871521,
-0.08782297372817993,
-0.19088996946811676,
0.016514977440238,
-0.03625832125544548,
-0.555081307888031,
0.17716924846172333,
0.7522624731063843,
-0.6401047706604004,
-0.04980635643005371,
0.36365827918052673,
-0.3238392472267151,
0.6137871146202087,
-0.17769089341163635,
-0.6259000897407532,
-0.058074016124010086,
-0.12158114463090897,
-0.16713334619998932,
0.16887766122817993,
0.4090157449245453,
0.07968728989362717,
0.02980356104671955,
0.0785527303814888,
-0.45129939913749695,
-0.555810272693634,
-0.8386833071708679,
-0.12492760270833969,
-0.8012956380844116,
0.11614268273115158,
-0.0688425675034523,
-0.42969971895217896,
0.2075805813074112,
-0.13423721492290497,
-0.28860893845558167,
0.4853980541229248,
-0.004922505468130112,
-0.04173979163169861,
-0.2885594666004181,
-0.5701513290405273,
0.10883426666259766,
0.5077778100967407,
-0.09559737145900726,
-0.18434374034404755,
0.4427584707736969,
0.5260443687438965,
-0.06910140812397003,
0.5604639649391174,
0.42558178305625916,
0.28558114171028137,
-0.6900199055671692,
-0.5577171444892883,
-0.6489209532737732,
0.15123261511325836,
0.1368652582168579,
0.07139846682548523,
-0.5221825838088989,
-0.09834906458854675,
0.25288376212120056,
-0.48088401556015015,
-0.44914090633392334,
0.012712611816823483,
-0.3070373237133026,
-0.09303591400384903,
-0.20468533039093018,
0.6045437455177307,
-0.8719372749328613,
0.2216077297925949,
-0.1959477663040161,
0.338485985994339,
0.17559798061847687,
-0.25524458289146423,
0.043783240020275116,
0.0640527680516243,
-0.0004147877043578774,
-0.12003592401742935,
0.29469412565231323,
0.5745704770088196,
-0.21175719797611237,
0.06718845665454865,
-0.3535948693752289,
-0.2611505091190338,
-0.30588725209236145,
-0.195356085896492,
-0.2991143465042114,
0.4634121358394623,
-0.21170558035373688,
-0.5090400576591492,
0.05659427121281624,
-0.33318808674812317,
0.1630823016166687,
-0.37759363651275635,
-0.19519904255867004,
0.42879292368888855,
-0.22749736905097961,
0.32720455527305603,
-0.34724777936935425,
0.028520308434963226,
-0.07398280501365662,
-0.08982790261507034,
0.1784278303384781,
-0.19792643189430237,
-0.34674590826034546,
-0.5273016095161438,
-0.3814021348953247,
0.6372775435447693,
0.4889558255672455,
-0.3892599642276764,
0.3534272015094757,
-0.20313507318496704,
-0.34344953298568726,
-0.4337226152420044,
0.06009659543633461,
-0.06149895489215851,
-0.35976842045783997,
-0.2708975076675415,
-0.08042915910482407,
0.8311977386474609,
-0.7730475664138794,
-0.21100221574306488,
0.5926270484924316,
0.08778994530439377,
0.5282298922538757,
0.3642290532588959,
-0.13702070713043213,
-0.2884024381637573,
0.7064477801322937,
-0.6666366457939148,
-0.24427221715450287,
-0.30924472212791443,
0.677580714225769,
0.7130343914031982,
0.4516153931617737,
0.41661083698272705,
0.42523321509361267,
-0.7983469367027283,
0.3522213101387024,
0.32474616169929504,
0.8708562254905701,
-0.539040744304657,
0.27588701248168945,
0.0645071491599083,
-0.19657181203365326,
0.6203938722610474,
-0.23950724303722382,
0.15183715522289276,
0.2640833556652069,
0.733301043510437,
0.21561884880065918,
-0.16092725098133087,
0.568656325340271,
0.42909544706344604,
0.046592675149440765,
0.02047145366668701,
0.2343071848154068,
0.14340363442897797,
-0.3835011124610901,
-0.5367131233215332,
0.488425076007843,
-0.3433757722377777,
0.3849276602268219,
0.06198670715093613,
-0.5983277559280396,
0.23968355357646942,
-0.18931125104427338,
-0.03922139108181,
0.44650357961654663,
0.16727431118488312,
0.4292372167110443,
0.338217169046402,
-0.3666171133518219,
-0.8477292656898499,
0.10511075705289841,
-0.09561362862586975,
0.0418948233127594,
0.30135858058929443,
-0.07390276342630386,
0.343720942735672,
0.21683180332183838,
0.12736043334007263,
-1.1003612279891968,
0.020897388458251953,
-0.2552449405193329,
0.40740877389907837,
-0.09598859399557114,
0.5941831469535828,
-0.042251020669937134,
0.19290630519390106,
0.5882404446601868,
-0.027369119226932526,
0.09209703654050827,
-0.05909060686826706,
0.5018295645713806,
-0.7600895762443542,
0.20058079063892365,
-0.2717137634754181,
0.10187775641679764,
-0.10504305362701416,
-0.43005552887916565,
0.2772911489009857,
-0.4310983121395111,
0.34030741453170776,
-0.1924399435520172,
-0.006104673258960247,
0.13881799578666687,
0.8989840149879456,
-0.32757261395454407,
0.1615372747182846,
-0.2936456501483917,
0.08119793236255646,
-0.3731972575187683,
-0.2032749354839325,
-0.3527132570743561,
0.4126150608062744,
0.33094027638435364,
-0.21854092180728912,
-0.2219393253326416,
0.44152817130088806,
0.08565916866064072,
0.3893696963787079,
0.7113694548606873,
0.3311578631401062,
-0.025270354002714157,
-0.42064863443374634,
-0.10680826008319855,
-0.2850521206855774,
-0.2127739042043686,
-0.1147472932934761,
-0.14671878516674042,
0.31987521052360535,
0.4550701081752777,
-0.815403401851654,
-0.1301446259021759,
0.07049793750047684,
-0.14909178018569946,
0.619469165802002,
-0.31784379482269287,
0.17062948644161224,
-0.040422119200229645,
-0.6203441023826599,
0.4156757891178131,
0.0892966166138649,
0.2855691909790039,
-0.10380873084068298,
0.05219052731990814,
-0.44987475872039795,
-0.5301322937011719,
-0.02178165316581726,
-0.5489791631698608,
-0.3500173091888428,
0.01548023335635662,
-0.10326863825321198,
0.024650543928146362,
0.14722028374671936,
0.015306293033063412,
0.14308255910873413,
-0.10863182693719864,
-0.5216739773750305,
-0.34249600768089294,
0.12626996636390686,
-0.26255497336387634,
-0.41604724526405334,
0.6494359970092773,
0.013706413097679615
] |
224225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe | Renfe | Renfe-Operadora (; from the Spanish acronym Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles - Spanish National Railway Network) is the state-owned company which operates freight and passenger trains on the , the and the Spanish railway networks.
It was created in 2005 upon the split of the old Renfe national company into ADIF (which inherited the infrastructure) and Renfe-Operadora (which inherited the rolling stock). It enjoyed a monopoly on high-speed rail services in Spain until 2021.
History
As stated previously, the name "Renfe" is derived from that of the former Spanish National Railway Network, Renfe (acronym of Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles—Renfe" is derived from that of the former Spanish National Railway Network, Renfe (acronym of Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoless) created on 24 January 1941 with the nationalisation of Spain's railways. As per EU Directive 91/440, Renfe was divided into Renfe-Operadora (operations) and ADIF (infrastructure) on 1 January 2005. At the same time, the existing RENFE double-arrowed logo (nicknamed the "galleta", Spanish for biscuit), first introduced in 1971 and given a facelift in 1983, with a sans-serif font, and again in 2000, with a mixed-case italic font, has been replaced by a dark purple lower-case wordmark designed by Interbrand, and also replaces some of the separate logos used by the other sectors, although the old Renfe logo remains in use in some stations in Spain and on maps to indicate an ADIF station.
The Railway Sector Act, 2003 separated the management, maintenance and construction of rail infrastructure from train operation. The first activity is now the responsibility of Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF), the legal successor of RENFE, while the newly created Renfe-Operadora (commercial name "Renfe Operadora" or simply "Renfe") owns the rolling stock and remains responsible for the planning, marketing and operation of passenger and freight services (though no longer with a legal monopoly).
Renfe Operadora inherited the management model of the business units of the old Renfe, which made Renfe Operadora responsible for the operation of the following passenger and freight services. In January 2006, Renfe Operadora restructured the main business units into four:
Dirección General de Servicios Públicos de Cercanías y Media Distancia (General Public Utilities Directorate for Suburban and Medium Distance): responsible for commuter services (Cercanías), medium-distance high-speed rail AVE services and medium-range regional services (:es:Regionales and :es:Media Distancia). However, control of some Cercanías services were transferred to Spain's Autonomous communities.
Dirección General de Servicios de Larga Distancia (General Directorate of Long Distance Services): responsible for long-distance intercity and high-speed rail services (except medium-distance AVE services and Media Distancia, which is managed by the above business unit).
Dirección General de Servicios de Mercancías y Logística (General Directorate for Freight and Logistics Services): responsible for freight services.
Dirección General de Fabricación y Mantenimiento (General Directorate of Manufacturing and Maintenance): responsible for rolling stock maintenance and manufacture (also known as Integria)
The Spanish state railways are currently engaged in a transformation and modernisation project. Key to this effort is a major overhaul of their out-dated ICT (information and communication technology) systems through an ICT renewal project scheduled for completion at the end of 2010 under the responsibility of Corporate Director of Information Systems Óscar Gómez Barbero. So far, the company has introduced improvements to their internet ticket sales and adopted new ICT management practices within a "more industrial" organisational model, though Mr. Gomez has publicly acknowledged the difficulties in transforming what still remains a very hierarchical organisation.
Structure
In June 2013, Renfe's board agreed to restructure the organisation into four separate companies, responsible for:
Operating passenger trains;
Freight;
Rolling stock maintenance;
Train leasing
These four would be underneath a single holding company.
Figures
Operations
The company operates some of railways, of them electrified. Most of the tracks are constructed to the broad "Iberian gauge" of , the same as that used in Portugal but wider than the international gauge of which is standard in neighbouring France, most of western and central Europe, and most of the rest of the world. The newer high-speed (AVE) network has been built to the international standard gauge of for the connection to the rest of the European railway system. For this reason, the gauge is generally termed "European gauge" in Spain.
The Spanish high-speed system is called AVE (Alta Velocidad Española, meaning "Spanish High Speed"). The logo incorporates a feature which resembles a bird (ave in Spanish). The high-speed lines are built to the standard European gauge ().
Construction of the high-speed rail line between Madrid and Seville began in 1988 and operation commenced in 1991. Train speed on the Seville line is . The second high-speed rail line (Madrid to Barcelona) was completed in 2007 with the inaugural service commencing at 06:00 on 20 February 2008. The operational speed on this route is . The greater part of the line (Madrid to Lleida) was placed into service on 11 October 2003, with connection to Huesca from Zaragoza. The third high-speed line (Madrid to Toledo) was opened in November 2005, followed by the spur from Córdoba to Málaga as far as Antequera in 2007. Another high-speed route from Madrid to Valladolid was opened in 2007, the line from Madrid to Valencia was opened in 2010 and the first stage of the high-speed line in Galicia opened in 2011. A line to Lisbon is being designed.
Other lines operated by Renfe include Euromed, a moderate-speed line between Barcelona and Alicante.
In addition to intercity transport, Renfe operates commuter train systems, known as Cercanías (or Rodalies in Catalonia and Cercanías-Aldirikoak in the Basque Country), in eleven metropolitan areas, including Madrid and Barcelona. In some cities, Renfe shares the market with other commuter railway operators, such as FGC in Barcelona.
Passenger rolling stock
Renfe Operadora utilises the following rolling stock and commercial products inside of its two divisions:
Suburban and Medium Distance (DGSPCMD)
Cercanías (Commuter Rail Services)
Mainline Medium Distance Services
High-Speed Medium Distance Services
Long Distance (DGSLD)
Mainline Long Distance Services
High-Speed Long Distance Services
Prototype Rolling Stock
Future Rolling Stock
Class numbers
All classes are designated by three numbers. The first digit has a special meaning:
1xx: High speed multiple unit
2xx: Electric locomotive
3xx: Diesel locomotive
4xx: Electric multiple unit (EMU)
5xx: Diesel multiple unit (DMU)
6xx: Hybrid locomotive
7xx: Hybrid multiple unit (HMU)
8xx: Trams which can run on railways
See also
Renfe Feve
History of rail transport in Spain
Rail transport in Spain
Transport in Spain
Notes
1.Operated by CP in Portugal.
2.Managed by Elipsos under the brand Renfe-SNCF en Cooperación/en Coopération.
References
External links
Train tickets from France and Spain
Railway companies of Spain
Companies based in the Community of Madrid
Government-owned companies of Spain
Spanish brands
Spanish companies established in 2005
Railway companies established in 2005 | [
0.23352666199207306,
-0.17679350078105927,
0.09285744279623032,
0.2628091871738434,
-0.055485572665929794,
0.009438715875148773,
-0.40460240840911865,
0.855596661567688,
-0.4409949481487274,
0.05564219877123833,
-0.020152689889073372,
0.8548162579536438,
0.21588972210884094,
0.753750205039978,
-0.33471956849098206,
0.282079815864563,
0.28398844599723816,
0.12764707207679749,
0.43699026107788086,
-0.5912977457046509,
-0.5633023381233215,
0.0965423509478569,
0.5019363760948181,
0.23779039084911346,
0.07896174490451813,
-0.8711093664169312,
-0.11823873221874237,
0.3484537601470947,
-0.3224165141582489,
0.18379925191402435,
0.6583256721496582,
-0.03812846541404724,
-0.22138766944408417,
0.5440471768379211,
-0.3143536150455475,
0.2907206118106842,
0.13678327202796936,
-0.906671404838562,
-0.32749485969543457,
-0.40242838859558105,
-0.026068491861224174,
-0.49883565306663513,
-0.5274069309234619,
0.06902637332677841,
-0.11487412452697754,
0.08352936804294586,
-0.5754454731941223,
0.3817371428012848,
-0.11919432133436203,
0.17339801788330078,
-0.7912445664405823,
0.6980167031288147,
0.043909523636102676,
0.5328584313392639,
-0.2513967752456665,
0.16303715109825134,
-0.7144350409507751,
0.1534998118877411,
-0.22096861898899078,
-0.7497020959854126,
0.2819110155105591,
0.6374043226242065,
0.03600430488586426,
0.39368337392807007,
0.22844569385051727,
-0.11696697771549225,
0.31550127267837524,
0.21569712460041046,
-0.9113650918006897,
-0.21436843276023865,
-0.30771633982658386,
-0.3665328323841095,
-0.0235354732722044,
-0.36310848593711853,
-0.20529179275035858,
-0.7843789458274841,
-0.48293131589889526,
-0.3719082474708557,
-0.4726298749446869,
0.7567565441131592,
0.20685380697250366,
0.3679909110069275,
0.4933512508869171,
-0.3188667893409729,
0.801891565322876,
0.22056688368320465,
-0.4499475955963135,
0.17895658314228058,
-0.5799938440322876,
0.36106353998184204,
-0.429397314786911,
0.16634692251682281,
0.6238692998886108,
-0.3848036527633667,
-0.2213643491268158,
-0.08669339865446091,
0.4099818170070648,
0.011668264865875244,
-0.042712464928627014,
0.5703176856040955,
-0.3645646870136261,
0.03825386241078377,
-0.5264624953269958,
-0.25420302152633667,
-0.7314642071723938,
-0.1359492838382721,
-0.3155830204486847,
-0.013726955279707909,
-0.09862387925386429,
-0.07318302989006042,
-0.47334930300712585,
-0.3043005168437958,
-0.2621733248233795,
0.2219649702310562,
-0.05566058307886124,
-0.7714149355888367,
-0.014560204930603504,
-0.2678658962249756,
0.3912397027015686,
0.090926893055439,
0.26710739731788635,
0.24792136251926422,
-0.07746824622154236,
-0.15700972080230713,
-0.03730858117341995,
0.567267119884491,
0.4345405399799347,
-0.022217918187379837,
-0.6546393632888794,
-0.18111078441143036,
0.8630512952804565,
0.47350379824638367,
-0.15577438473701477,
0.19610612094402313,
-0.23619520664215088,
-0.36373257637023926,
-0.2928087115287781,
0.3645126521587372,
0.5711836218833923,
0.1382036805152893,
-0.9891473650932312,
-0.1306006908416748,
-0.13591685891151428,
-0.05028931796550751,
0.2834590673446655,
-0.1711317002773285,
-0.016374099999666214,
-0.039850033819675446,
0.038521137088537216,
-0.4684261381626129,
0.06064502149820328,
-0.23186126351356506,
-0.4939621090888977,
0.27304622530937195,
-0.4521925151348114,
0.22881649434566498,
0.5626010298728943,
-0.3534996807575226,
0.31076130270957947,
0.19338518381118774,
-0.13853348791599274,
-0.08482516556978226,
-0.008453820832073689,
0.7150136828422546,
-0.4939996600151062,
-0.0972759947180748,
-0.1251327246427536,
0.8481997847557068,
0.193594828248024,
-0.6039358377456665,
-0.2091626524925232,
-0.5425061583518982,
0.429787278175354,
-0.34938767552375793,
-0.5708874464035034,
-0.04711597412824631,
-0.22164388000965118,
-0.23634596168994904,
-0.02586968243122101,
0.03918587416410446,
-0.4289168417453766,
0.7184517979621887,
0.0024244242813438177,
0.5419914126396179,
-0.33933401107788086,
-0.2967348098754883,
-0.09883392602205276,
0.05150936171412468,
-0.05782442167401314,
-0.26113131642341614,
-0.49485793709754944,
-0.5556878447532654,
-0.18854255974292755,
-0.8371580243110657,
0.26533782482147217,
-0.03182924911379814,
-0.44009366631507874,
0.8430045247077942,
-0.5564884543418884,
0.39949530363082886,
-0.20593944191932678,
0.061635758727788925,
0.4991004168987274,
-0.29885298013687134,
-0.06348707526922226,
0.06626950204372406,
0.3759633004665375,
0.2733214199542999,
-0.12059375643730164,
0.011991209350526333,
-0.23023991286754608,
0.10935217142105103,
0.6270524263381958,
-0.5182069540023804,
0.3839629590511322,
-0.5259571671485901,
-0.033429935574531555,
-0.04567129909992218,
0.08555596321821213,
0.30457159876823425,
0.8260934948921204,
-0.11081957817077637,
-0.4937197268009186,
0.6327841877937317,
-0.43810752034187317,
0.19577725231647491,
0.16155537962913513,
0.4138934016227722,
0.5125411748886108,
0.019798561930656433,
0.023172087967395782,
-0.34043821692466736,
0.011418839916586876,
-0.10047154128551483,
0.14524595439434052,
0.5178589224815369,
-0.1741146743297577,
0.10175317525863647,
-0.027799930423498154,
-0.15462331473827362,
0.33232247829437256,
0.5302907228469849,
-0.011562294326722622,
0.5701573491096497,
0.6550753116607666,
0.12786491215229034,
-0.3231959044933319,
0.28991782665252686,
-0.5124901533126831,
0.011694959364831448,
0.045409929007291794,
0.07548873871564865,
0.2627580463886261,
0.21697984635829926,
-0.07674968242645264,
-0.5896762609481812,
0.5083722472190857,
0.08347529172897339,
0.1434122622013092,
0.365093857049942,
-0.14000646770000458,
-0.3076001703739166,
-0.6374900341033936,
0.22128114104270935,
-0.016401639208197594,
-0.691011905670166,
-0.40535104274749756,
-0.10593626648187637,
0.7535237073898315,
0.30224448442459106,
0.17621353268623352,
-0.010797949507832527,
0.05418303608894348,
0.19375495612621307,
-0.23870879411697388,
-0.2057233601808548,
0.4065234065055847,
0.4698169529438019,
-0.7013880610466003,
0.11031435430049896,
-0.46307599544525146,
-0.08380646258592606,
-0.061889518052339554,
-0.6341444849967957,
-0.2259538769721985,
0.2953631281852722,
0.2144712209701538,
-0.49645429849624634,
-0.24115604162216187,
0.2502886950969696,
-0.1413189172744751,
-0.15457318723201752,
-0.0745522528886795,
0.08211450278759003,
-0.2929772138595581,
-0.18243715167045593,
0.13076350092887878,
0.24911527335643768,
0.5582520961761475,
-0.6000232696533203,
-0.5025132298469543,
-0.03225218132138252,
0.10595638304948807,
0.09149876981973648,
0.5009106993675232,
0.2565138339996338,
-0.19925127923488617,
0.15280699729919434,
-5.923253059387207,
0.1535431444644928,
-0.6013767123222351,
-0.33339232206344604,
0.2628677189350128,
-0.3159598708152771,
0.1960674375295639,
0.2807689905166626,
0.15143942832946777,
-0.4257034659385681,
0.016972746700048447,
0.26054537296295166,
-0.0417674295604229,
0.18190085887908936,
-0.21442431211471558,
0.2423837035894394,
0.1448616087436676,
0.3216031789779663,
0.18988865613937378,
-0.005010398104786873,
-0.28237688541412354,
-0.6479054689407349,
0.2882533073425293,
0.9415028095245361,
0.19988438487052917,
-0.03237589821219444,
-0.28422775864601135,
-0.38919419050216675,
-0.5955953001976013,
-0.0928310975432396,
0.545727014541626,
-0.4168316125869751,
0.17794926464557648,
0.10629912465810776,
0.32857269048690796,
-0.545945405960083,
0.5913992524147034,
-0.13299351930618286,
0.10191845148801804,
-0.24349205195903778,
-0.3849528133869171,
0.5440142154693604,
-0.19871816039085388,
-0.4069032371044159,
-0.31904059648513794,
-0.2631239593029022,
-0.45030686259269714,
0.18079830706119537,
-0.15985652804374695,
1.1803462505340576,
-0.10456961393356323,
0.036308590322732925,
0.5715987086296082,
-0.1189509779214859,
0.1600867062807083,
-0.024174444377422333,
-0.21692992746829987,
-0.6226766705513,
-0.37811392545700073,
0.9079307317733765,
0.44645318388938904,
0.0969592034816742,
-0.2131674438714981,
-0.4517551064491272,
-0.5947718620300293,
-0.0356481708586216,
-0.3227764666080475,
-0.5010184645652771,
1.001413345336914,
0.21108317375183105,
-0.19037707149982452,
0.2128283679485321,
0.17935656011104584,
-0.5780887603759766,
0.0851316899061203,
-0.47052982449531555,
-0.3057784140110016,
0.37359338998794556,
0.4009692072868347,
0.014216374605894089,
-0.02857542410492897,
-0.2855946123600006,
0.01097413431853056,
-0.604387104511261,
-0.21174749732017517,
-0.21893227100372314,
0.47288525104522705,
0.15947449207305908,
0.0855402797460556,
0.08741680532693863,
0.7791215777397156,
-0.5043882727622986,
0.7384921312332153,
-0.02599881775677204,
-0.2996489703655243,
0.2950804531574249,
-0.4411267936229706,
0.7047783732414246,
0.11946304142475128,
-0.7366371750831604,
0.5492958426475525,
-0.16597449779510498,
0.2817784249782562,
-0.3770090937614441,
0.2648014724254608,
-0.4228467643260956,
0.44526317715644836,
0.2738560438156128,
0.6019633412361145,
0.055311981588602066,
-0.19590307772159576,
-0.02543502300977707,
-0.6420368552207947,
-0.8177183270454407,
0.10621900856494904,
0.17985258996486664,
-0.2931402623653412,
0.36628782749176025,
0.15029655396938324,
0.04166208952665329,
0.5889453887939453,
0.3868443965911865,
-0.02321218140423298,
-0.3292959928512573,
-0.35463953018188477,
0.13948233425617218,
0.26843440532684326,
0.49831879138946533,
0.6247454285621643,
-0.5209361910820007,
0.14774109423160553,
-0.03429272770881653,
0.3299679756164551,
-0.29189053177833557,
0.4550755023956299,
0.01847914420068264,
0.018207328394055367,
-0.37858718633651733,
0.14680975675582886,
-0.3543168306350708,
-0.02002088725566864,
-0.16919434070587158,
-0.16342416405677795,
-0.18725880980491638,
0.31909236311912537,
0.1610289216041565,
-0.7370114326477051,
-0.4189026355743408,
-0.4899902045726776,
-0.19576923549175262,
0.5931283235549927,
-0.31787729263305664,
-0.16552868485450745,
0.04090610891580582,
-0.6040322184562683,
-0.2038724273443222,
0.3340151011943817,
-0.1860407590866089,
-0.22935162484645844,
-0.0009071874083019793,
0.19731777906417847,
-0.5048472285270691,
-0.39476123452186584,
0.3589334785938263,
0.7130298018455505,
0.08214402198791504,
-0.41462019085884094,
-0.8567184805870056,
0.1728125810623169,
0.5959558486938477,
-0.23449738323688507,
-0.09193310886621475,
-0.29150211811065674,
-0.4708886742591858,
0.20005324482917786,
0.4181385934352875,
-0.30793440341949463,
-0.07854266464710236,
0.6718084812164307,
0.7184797525405884,
-0.0054531460627913475,
0.13108660280704498,
-0.14046326279640198,
0.25229036808013916,
-0.44950732588768005,
-0.018694110214710236,
-0.2860943675041199,
0.5920059680938721,
-0.12078127264976501,
-0.15298208594322205,
0.5404826998710632,
-0.07947801798582077,
0.21402926743030548,
0.17898344993591309,
-0.3141832947731018,
-0.5486879348754883,
-0.7318257689476013,
0.3952215611934662,
0.20703944563865662,
-0.3280511200428009,
-0.050800129771232605,
0.4839393198490143,
-0.4863569438457489,
-0.1527368128299713,
-0.04834809899330139,
-0.33466991782188416,
0.41955646872520447,
0.20595979690551758,
-0.39579108357429504,
0.22704212367534637,
-0.6723647713661194,
-0.633072555065155,
0.032623253762722015,
0.6105044484138489,
-0.238355815410614,
-0.1871621012687683,
0.2529700994491577,
-0.7378094792366028,
-0.6051040887832642,
-0.3040410280227661,
-0.07363346219062805,
0.24897654354572296,
-0.10557518899440765,
0.14756689965724945,
-0.7059872150421143,
0.6020556092262268,
0.40390777587890625,
-1.3792978525161743,
0.054007381200790405,
-0.11506713181734085,
0.35217300057411194,
0.030651602894067764,
-0.07039032131433487,
0.7310097217559814,
-0.2504735589027405,
0.22133110463619232,
0.20518332719802856,
0.3985907733440399,
0.31896188855171204,
0.1848708540201187,
0.4468179941177368,
0.31939563155174255,
-0.15598134696483612,
-0.16455167531967163,
0.3512575030326843,
0.5726405382156372,
0.39492276310920715,
-0.3110775053501129,
-0.048446133732795715,
0.2299717217683792,
-0.20519568026065826,
-0.43608734011650085,
-0.5394326448440552,
0.5775299668312073,
0.34612300992012024,
0.004343010019510984,
-0.06309377402067184,
-0.21333202719688416,
-0.04146928712725639,
-0.13705159723758698,
-0.08340112864971161,
-0.3522511124610901,
-0.13997994363307953,
0.06055716797709465,
0.2329380214214325,
0.036701031029224396,
-0.2489505112171173,
-0.4016229212284088,
0.5037404894828796,
-0.06298542767763138,
0.34318026900291443,
0.09868384152650833,
0.441516637802124,
0.6143485903739929,
0.28751158714294434,
0.21064890921115875,
-0.06310184299945831,
-0.27801215648651123,
-0.12244237214326859,
0.21975331008434296,
-0.7583346962928772,
-0.16711129248142242,
-0.325051873922348,
0.13036459684371948,
-0.10460443049669266,
-0.33120670914649963,
-0.013094131834805012,
0.1998624950647354,
-0.30179864168167114,
-0.00942074041813612,
-0.025170940905809402,
-0.26902252435684204,
0.11350962519645691,
-0.2912006974220276,
-0.5105090737342834,
-0.03649621456861496,
-0.29994598031044006,
0.2184239625930786,
-0.006873312871903181,
0.43295133113861084,
-0.44173121452331543,
0.5413540005683899,
-0.02903595380485058,
-0.1295815259218216,
0.010592777281999588,
0.18945159018039703,
0.641349732875824,
0.39922896027565,
-0.02320079505443573,
-0.22688351571559906,
0.0815981850028038,
-0.34258008003234863,
0.06419354677200317,
0.7934809327125549,
0.02569110132753849,
0.4831821024417877,
0.48356080055236816,
-0.4597115218639374,
0.012872053310275078,
0.36396661400794983,
0.6649129986763,
0.42414891719818115,
0.030383117496967316,
-0.0042262147180736065,
0.1595461219549179,
0.8677785396575928,
-0.3128070831298828,
-0.18446855247020721,
0.41687729954719543,
-0.007227979134768248,
0.29672667384147644,
0.02990930713713169,
-0.5586696267127991,
0.3236040472984314,
-0.1927107274532318,
-0.4183502197265625,
0.11740272492170334,
-0.09538380801677704,
-0.35512641072273254,
0.5675441026687622,
0.7169880867004395,
0.7277643084526062,
-0.49026909470558167,
0.11034925282001495,
0.09638510644435883,
0.41056787967681885,
0.047648925334215164,
0.28279078006744385,
-0.41132020950317383,
0.01663222163915634,
0.31844791769981384,
0.2262948602437973,
0.2808160185813904,
0.2802111506462097,
-0.0026143030263483524,
-0.04817117005586624,
-0.1540655791759491,
0.4543877840042114,
0.17774131894111633,
-0.4311164617538452,
-0.18868640065193176,
0.7080589532852173,
0.4511178135871887,
-0.14572376012802124,
-0.37615135312080383,
0.021796006709337234,
-0.18097606301307678,
-0.2530100643634796,
-0.23479332029819489,
-0.04238286241889,
-0.24295584857463837,
0.025083869695663452,
-0.37811368703842163,
0.21835748851299286,
-0.20752248167991638,
0.35096368193626404,
0.29894402623176575,
0.523099422454834,
-0.13515444099903107,
0.645068883895874,
-0.5784652829170227,
0.07866133749485016,
0.06975557655096054,
-0.18179501593112946,
-0.398660272359848,
-0.6627601385116577,
0.15933455526828766,
-0.33292314410209656,
-0.40668490529060364,
0.05010225996375084,
-0.1226283460855484,
-0.26225021481513977,
-0.09574466943740845,
0.2517438232898712,
0.1113523617386818,
-0.15341155230998993,
-0.22319862246513367,
0.6402148604393005,
0.31092387437820435,
-0.501988410949707,
0.4314679503440857,
0.7633629441261292,
0.28413382172584534,
0.22226481139659882,
-0.3830532729625702,
-0.41872963309288025,
-0.3008497655391693,
-0.004115269985049963,
-0.28731569647789,
-0.6892606616020203,
0.2097962498664856,
-0.42325493693351746,
-0.37055185437202454,
0.000046709345042472705,
-0.4647703468799591,
0.23120053112506866,
0.8279784917831421,
-0.29411882162094116,
0.033417582511901855,
-0.1621732860803604,
0.4508223831653595,
0.14297154545783997,
0.08678102493286133,
0.4565339684486389,
0.5745069980621338,
-0.4291633367538452,
0.5249342918395996,
0.47046390175819397,
-0.7387568354606628,
0.5574260950088501,
-0.14850525557994843,
-0.3817700147628784,
-0.2843775451183319,
0.0562114417552948,
-0.9651290774345398,
-0.2890159785747528,
-0.2214878797531128,
-0.1769164353609085,
0.38312044739723206,
0.051459312438964844,
0.021996626630425453,
0.6097888946533203,
0.7559546232223511,
-0.21889092028141022,
0.1991945505142212,
-0.38852939009666443,
-0.13661973178386688,
0.06057549640536308,
-0.9369467496871948,
0.48594528436660767,
0.42722100019454956,
0.1665172129869461,
0.5594900846481323,
0.3781588673591614,
0.3683093786239624,
-0.35386937856674194,
0.5045458078384399,
-0.558704137802124,
0.526131272315979,
-0.15009719133377075
] |
224227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Federal%20Railways | Swiss Federal Railways | Swiss Federal Railways (, SBB; , CFF; , FFS) is the national railway company of Switzerland. It is usually referred to by the initials of its German, French, and Italian names, either as SBB CFF FFS, or used separately. The Romansh version of its name, Viafiers federalas svizras, is not officially used. The official English abbreviation is "SBB", instead of the English acronym.
The company, founded in 1902, is headquartered in Bern. It used to be a government institution, but since 1999 it has been a special stock corporation whose shares are held by the Swiss Confederation and the Swiss cantons. It is currently the largest rail and transport company of Switzerland, and operates on most standard gauge lines of the Swiss network. It also heavily collaborates with most other transport companies of the country, such as the BLS, one of its main competitors, to provide fully integrated timetables with cyclic schedules.
SBB was ranked first among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for its intensity of use, quality of service, and safety rating. While many rail operators in continental Europe have emphasised the building of high-speed rail, SBB has invested in the reliability and quality of service of its conventional rail network, on both national and regional scales. In addition to passenger rail, SBB operates cargo and freight rail service, through its subsidiary SBB Cargo, and has large real estate holdings in Switzerland.
Organisation
Swiss Federal Railways is divided into three divisions and eight groups. The divisions manage the relevant operational businesses. These divisions are:
Passenger traffic
Infrastructure
Real estate
The former division Cargo became an independent group company at the start of 2019.
SBB's eight groups manage the company and support the operational business of the divisions with service and support functions. These groups are:
Finance
HR
IT
Communications
Corporate Development
Safety & Quality
Legal and Compliance
Supply Chain Management
The corporation is led in an entrepreneurial manner. A performance agreement between Swiss Federal Railways and the Swiss Confederation defines the requirements and is updated every four years. At the same time the compensation rates per train and track-kilometre are defined.
A subsidiary, SBB GmbH, is responsible for passenger traffic in Germany. It operates the Wiesentalbahn and the Seehas services. Other subsidiaries are THURBO, RegionAlps, AlpTransit Gotthard AG, Cisalpino, and TiLo (the latter in conjunction with Italian authorities). Swiss Federal Railways hold significant shares of the Zentralbahn and Lyria SAS.
The Stiftung Historisches Erbe der SBB ("SBB Historic") was founded in 2002. This foundation takes care of historic rolling stock and runs a technical library in Bern, document and photographic archives, and the SBB poster collection.
Figures
All figures from 2018:
Length of railway network: 3,134 km in standard gauge and 98 km metre gauge
Percentage electrified routes: 100%
Employees: 32,309
Passengers carried per day: 1.25 million
Passenger-kilometer per inhabitant and year:
Stations open to passengers: 795
Customer Punctuality: 90.1% of all passengers reached their destination - measured from departure station including any necessary changes - with less than 3 minutes of delay (either 2 or 1 minute delay, or on time)
Customer-weighted connection punctuality: 96.7%
Freight per year: 53.5 million tons
Stations with freight traffic: 193
Railway tunnels: 321
Railway Tunnels total length:
Longest Tunnel: (Gotthard Base Tunnel) world record
Railway Bridges: 6,015
Railway bridges total length:
Electric multiple units (fixed compositions of power cars and coaches): 522
Power Cars: 121
Mainline locomotives: 648 (passenger services: 335 / freight services: 313)
Shunting locomotives: 222 (45/76/ infrastructure: 101)
Shunting tractors: 250 (22/39/189)
Passenger coaches: 2,208
Freight wagons: 5,324
Hydroelectric plants: 8
Electricity produced and procured: 4,200 GWh
Electricity used for railway operations: 2,339 GWh
Proportion of traction current from renewable sources: 91.9%
The Swiss Federal Railways rail network is totally electrified. The metre gauge Brünigbahn was SBB's only non-standard gauge line, until it was out-sourced and merged with the Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn to form the Zentralbahn, in which SBB holds shares.
History
In the 19th century, all Swiss railways were owned by private ventures. The economic and political interests of these companies led to lines being built in parallel and some companies went bankrupt in the resulting competition. On 20 February 1898 the Swiss people agreed in a referendum to the creation of a state-owned railway company.
Later that year, the Federal Assembly approved the purchase of Schweizerische Centralbahn (SCB) to operate trains on behalf of the federal government. The first train running on the account of the Swiss Confederation ran during the night of New Year's Eve 1900/New Year's Day 1901 from Zurich via Bern to Geneva, and received a ceremonial welcome upon arriving in Bern. SBB's management board was first formed in mid-1901, and added Schweizerische Nordostbahn (NOB) to the system on 1 January 1902. This date is now observed as the "official" birthday of SBB.
The following railway companies were nationalised:
Aargauische Südbahn (ASB)
Bötzbergbahn (BöB)
Schweizerische Nordostbahn (NOB)
Schweizerische Centralbahn (SCB)
Toggenburgerbahn (TB)
Vereinigte Schweizerbahnen (VSB)
Tösstalbahn including the Wald-Rüti Railway (WR)
Wohlen-Bremgarten Railway (WB)
Jura-Simplon-Bahn (JS) including the Brünigbahn (the latter in 1903)
Other companies were included later, and the rail network was extended. It is still growing today.
On 1 January 1999 the Swiss Federal Railway has been excluded from the Federal Administration and became a fully state-owned (the federal state owns 100% of all shares) limited company regulated by public law ().
First class compartments were discontinued on 3 June 1956, and second and third class accommodation was reclassified as first and second class, respectively.
In 1982 SBB introduced the Taktfahrplan ("clockface timetable"), with trains for certain destinations leaving every 60 minutes, greatly simplifying the timetable.
On 12 December 2004 the first phase of Bahn2000, an ambitious programme to improve the company's services, was put into effect. The core element was the Zurich-Bern-Basel triangle, where travel times between the cities was reduced to under one hour, resulting in good connections from these stations for most trains. Some connections between cities got two trains in each direction per hour or more, and the S-Bahn services were intensified to four or more trains per hour. Because of these changes 90% of the timetable was changed, 12% more trains were scheduled and travel times generally improved. It was the greatest timetable change since the introduction of the Taktfahrplan.
For this change to be possible, large parts of the infrastructure had to be modified and many stations were rebuilt, for instance the line from Ziegelbrücke to Sargans or Bern main station which got the "wave of Bern", a platform over the tracks to provide better access to the platforms and the city centre.
On 22 June 2005 a short circuit on a long-distance power transmission line in central Switzerland led to a chain reaction. The entire Swiss railway network was out of service during rush hour and an estimated 200,000 people and 1,500 trains were stuck at stations or somewhere on the track. It turned out that the SBB power transmission network was overloaded and did not provide enough redundancy to tolerate the shutdown of the four cable Amsteg-Steinen power line due to construction work. So, the power grid was split in two parts, the northern half being overloaded and the southern half having a load reduction for the SBB power plants are situated in the southern part (the Alps), while most of the power is needed in the northern part (the Swiss plateau). The situation led to high voltage fluctuations and finally breakdown and emergency shutdown of the entire power supply.
In the same year, the Swiss Federal Railways received the Wakker Prize, an award given out by the Swiss Heimatschutz (an institution aiming to preserve significant buildings), which is usually only granted to communes, for their extraordinary efforts. The Swiss Federal Railways have many listed buildings from well-known architects such as Herzog & de Meuron, Santiago Calatrava, and Max Vogt.
In May 2010, SBB's first integrated network control centre opened in Lausanne, to supervise all of SBB's network in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Another integrated control centre will be opened in Zurich.
All trains and most buildings have been made non-smoking since the timetable change of 11 December 2005.
By the end of 2006, the corporation was handed over from the long-term CEO Benedikt Weibel to his successor Andreas Meyer.
On 13 January 2019, Bloomberg reported that SBB was in talks with German aviation company Lilium GmbH to create air taxis to carry customers from train stations to their final destination.
Clock
The Swiss Federal Railways clock designed by Hans Hilfiker has become a national icon. It is special in that it stops for just over a second at the end of each minute, to wait for a signal from the master clock which sets it going again — thus keeping all station clocks synchronised.
The clock owes its technology to the particular requirements of operating a railway. First, railway timetables do not list seconds; trains in Switzerland always leave the station on the full minute. Secondly, all the clocks at a railway station have to run synchronously in order to show reliable time for both passengers and railway personnel anywhere on or around the station.
The station clocks in Switzerland are synchronized by receiving an electrical impulse from a central master clock at each full minute, advancing the minute hand by one minute. The second hand is driven by an electrical motor independent of the master clock. It requires only about 58.5 seconds to circle the face, then the hand pauses briefly at the top of the clock. It starts a new rotation as soon as it receives the next minute impulse from the master clock. This movement is emulated in some of the licensed timepieces made by Mondaine.
Rolling stock
Mainline locomotives
Steam engines of the early days of the Swiss Federal Railways were, among others, the Ed 2x2/2, E 3/3, A 3/5, B 3/4 and C 5/6.
The first electric trial runs using single-phase alternating current were made in 1903 on the line Seebach – Wettingen together with the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO), using the future Ce 4/4 locomotives ("Eva" and "Marianne"). The electrification of the network started 1919, motivated by the coal shortages during the First World War, and new electric locomotives were introduced: Ce 6/8 II/Ce 6/8 III "Crocodile" (1920–1926), Be 4/6 (1920), Be 4/7 (1921), Ae 3/6 I (1921), Ae 3/6 II (1924), Ae 3/6 III (1925), Ae 4/7 (1927) and Ae 4/6 (1941). A shift of paradigms happened in 1946, when the age of modern bogie-based locomotives without trailing axles started with the Re 4/4 I (1946), followed by the Ae 6/6 (1952), Re 4/4 II/Re 4/4 III (1964–1971), Re 6/6 (1972), Re 450 (1989) and Re 460/Re 465 "Lok 2000" (1992–1994).
The delivery of the last Re 465 marked the end of the Swiss locomotive industries with the closure of the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works. The Swiss Federal Railways were split into three divisions: Passenger, Freight and Infrastructure, each with independent locomotive supply policies. Because the Passenger division got all modern Re 460s and opted for multiple unit trains, mainline locomotives were bought only by the Cargo division, namely Re 482 "Traxx F140 AC" (2002), Re 484 "Traxx F140 MS" (2004) and Re 474 "ES64 F4" (2004).
Multiple units
The first multiple units originated from the Seetalbahn, which was formed in 1922. Larger series were uncommon until after 1950: Be 4/6 (1923), De 4/4 (1927), BDe 4/4 (1952), RBe 4/4 (1959), RBDe 560 "NPZ" (1984) and RABe 520 "GTW" (2002).
The first multiple unit trainsets were bought for the introduction of the Taktfahrplan on the line Zurich–Meilen–Rapperswil in 1967: RABDe 12/12 "Mirage" (1965) and RABDe 8/16 "Chiquita" (1976). Multiple unit trainsets started to prevail in the 1990s, especially for commuter traffic: RABDe 500 "ICN" (1999), RABe 523 (et al.) "FLIRT" (2004), RABe 514 "DTZ" (2006), and RABe 503 (2008). While locomotive-hauled trains are rarely seen in commuter traffic nowadays, they are still the usual in intercity traffic. In 2011, Stadler's RABe 511 were introduced in Zurich's S-Bahn and in 2012 was introduced as a Regional Express between Geneva and Romont and Geneva and Vevey and Bern and Biel.
Some of the most popular historic multiple unit trainsets are the Roten Pfeile ("Red Arrows") (RAe 2/4) and the "Churchill-Pfeil" (RAe 4/8). In international traffic the Trans-Europ-Express (TEE) diesel trainsets appeared in 1957, but were replaced by four-systems electric trainsets RAe TEEII in 1961.
On 12 May 2010, the Swiss Federal Railways announced its largest order of rolling stock; buying 59 double-deck EMUs (Twindexx) from Bombardier, plus an option for another 100 trainsets. The new trains were originally intended to be delivered starting in 2012, but due to several delays, deliveries began in 2017 and end by 2020.
In addition, SBB has received and, as of 2016, is still in the process of delivering, New Pendolinos and has ordered 29 SMILEs, with an option for 92 more, expected to enter service in 2019.
Languages
SBB uses three official languages: German, French, and Italian. The Romansh-speaking regions in the canton of Grisons of Switzerland is served mostly by the Rhaetian Railway. Trains are branded "SBB CFF FFS".
Stations are named and signposted exclusively in the language of the locality. Stations of bilingual cities are named and signposted in both local languages (e.g. Biel/Bienne and Fribourg/Freiburg). The timetable only uses such official names regardless of the languages of the timetable.
Announcements in stations are usually made in local languages. However, in stations frequently used by foreigners (airports or tourism regions), in-station announcements are also made in English. On-board welcome announcements are made in all official languages of the regions served by that train, with the additional English ones onboard IC trains. Then the stops are announced in the pre-recorded local language of the town. For stations of bilingual cities, the language of announcement changes at the time of stop: when trains travelling from the French-speaking region to the German-speaking region via the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne, announcements are made in French until arriving at Bienne, and then switch to German after departing from Biel. Upon arriving at big hubs, the train conductor takes the microphone to announce in all official languages of the regions served by that train (plus English onboard IC trains) that the train is arriving, if the train is on time or not, and next connections at the station.
For instance, the main station in the German-speaking Zurich is signposted as Zürich HB (short for Zürich Hauptbahnhof) exclusively in German, while its French name (Zurich gare centrale), Italian name (Zurigo stazione centrale), and English name (Zurich Main Station) are used in websites and announcements in respective languages.
Services
Train services
SBB has the following services:
R: Regio (Regionalzug): stops at all stations
S: S-Bahn (commuter train): organized as a rapid transit system in major agglomerations, with several lines and generally high frequent service.
RE: RegioExpress: local trains to access within a region.
IR: InterRegio: are the workhorses of Swiss transit. They reach across two or three cantons, for instance from Geneva, along Lake Geneva through Vaud, and all the way to Brig at the far end of the Valais.
IC: InterCity: stops at major cities (Geneva, Lausanne, Fribourg etc.). For the 2017–2018 timetable, the SBB gave numbers to all IC and IR lines.
ICN: InterCity Tilting Train Similar to the IC, but using tilting trains instead of standard/double-decked trains. The ICN designation was discontinued as of 10 December 2017, with former ICN services now being branded as IC, but still run by tilting trains.
EXT: Charter train or special train added when an exceptionally heavy traffic is expected.
Regional trains are sometimes operated by another Swiss railways operator (for example, the Bern S-Bahn services operated by the BLS AG.)
SBB also operates international EuroCity and EuroNight trains while within Switzerland, while Deutsche Bahn operates InterCityExpress services to, from, and (a few services) within the country serving Swiss cities such as Interlaken, Bern, Basel, Zürich, and Chur. Under the name TGV Lyria the French railway company SNCF operates TGV connections to Switzerland. Lyria SAS, a company established under French law, is a subsidiary of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF – French National Railway Company) which owns 74%, and the Chemins de Fer Fédéraux Suisses (CFF – Swiss Federal Railways) which owns 26%. TGV Lyria serves several Swiss cities including Geneva, Lausanne, Basel, Zürich, Bern, and Interlaken. It also provides services to certain locations including Brig in the Valais especially during the winter season to provide a connection for tourists mainly visiting the south-eastern Swiss Alps. These connections are marketed under the name of TGV Lyria des Neiges.
Lines
In 2018, the SBB gave numbers to all IC and IR lines (like a subway network) to ease connections. The lines are:
InterCity:
InterRegio :
Regio Express:
|}
Customer services
SBB offers additional services for customers. SBB Digital promotes new digital services for customers. For example, SBB started a collaboration with Uber, with the recruiting matchmaking service, Jacando, and their own co-working space in Zurich. SBB has won CRM awards in Switzerland for their SBB Digital activities.
Airline codeshare
SBB codeshares with American Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, and United Airlines out of Zurich Airport.
See also
List of stock used by Swiss Federal Railways
PostBus Switzerland
Rail transport in Switzerland
Swiss Travel System
Public transport in Switzerland
Gotthardbahn
Gotthard Base Tunnel
Lötschberg Base Tunnel
Rail 2000
NRLA
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
English SBB website
We are SBB
The SBB cargo website
The CityNightLine website in German, Dutch, or English
Rail transport in Switzerland
Transport in Switzerland
Railway companies established in 1902
Railteam
Government-owned companies of Switzerland
Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
Companies owned by the federal government of Switzerland
Swiss companies established in 1902
Swiss brands | [
0.5392378568649292,
0.05442897975444794,
-0.06300070136785507,
0.18580569326877594,
0.21519529819488525,
0.1728711873292923,
0.16111254692077637,
0.633773148059845,
-0.9286047220230103,
-0.14998528361320496,
-0.13997019827365875,
-0.21836045384407043,
-0.30031618475914,
0.266752153635025,
-0.4024272859096527,
0.3694503903388977,
0.06758181005716324,
0.33338817954063416,
0.31938254833221436,
-0.5817285180091858,
-0.24849283695220947,
0.3087039887905121,
0.884431004524231,
0.23079141974449158,
-0.19775018095970154,
-0.33196383714675903,
0.27622559666633606,
0.5026174783706665,
-0.20777097344398499,
0.25481536984443665,
0.5906285047531128,
-0.041972748935222626,
-0.16721293330192566,
0.11748054623603821,
-0.18916472792625427,
0.04412402957677841,
0.33914247155189514,
-0.9161863923072815,
-0.12111436575651169,
-0.7612419724464417,
0.040943343192338943,
-0.1482039988040924,
-0.4736369848251343,
0.4024970531463623,
0.11404196918010712,
-0.4343509376049042,
-0.5352828502655029,
0.30873966217041016,
-0.3451318144798279,
0.3275640904903412,
-1.0338687896728516,
0.2016313225030899,
0.18288210034370422,
0.578070878982544,
-0.08913656324148178,
-0.09593541920185089,
-0.9065332412719727,
0.13595858216285706,
0.30342167615890503,
-0.6282377243041992,
0.4816799461841583,
0.1592489331960678,
0.37792959809303284,
0.23732341825962067,
0.6003131866455078,
0.06235017627477646,
-0.05746658891439438,
0.6777446866035461,
-0.44169697165489197,
0.007768699899315834,
-0.1101561188697815,
-0.5420259237289429,
-0.07396859675645828,
0.0544559545814991,
0.3053150773048401,
-0.48612117767333984,
-0.19184733927249908,
-0.28873008489608765,
-0.5206685066223145,
0.13128258287906647,
-0.32545819878578186,
0.9481213688850403,
0.6044028401374817,
-0.10709265619516373,
0.7549311518669128,
0.3794777989387512,
-0.7272010445594788,
0.0928720012307167,
-0.19522404670715332,
0.5907297134399414,
-0.1327257752418518,
0.07130942493677139,
0.5542576313018799,
-0.8180251121520996,
0.04250159114599228,
-0.23951339721679688,
-0.13133956491947174,
-0.078829325735569,
0.39692422747612,
0.4609793722629547,
0.021735886111855507,
-0.44122886657714844,
-0.4204694926738739,
-0.02990964613854885,
-0.35529825091362,
-0.5459093451499939,
-0.21233601868152618,
-0.5312573313713074,
-0.13992533087730408,
-0.28907594084739685,
-0.38628265261650085,
-0.36986100673675537,
-0.3327775001525879,
0.04765096679329872,
0.1816350668668747,
-0.14731082320213318,
-0.17322760820388794,
-0.6387929320335388,
0.21367324888706207,
0.27777665853500366,
0.4175328016281128,
0.2909463346004486,
-0.17385374009609222,
-0.4675883948802948,
0.18881061673164368,
-0.17578788101673126,
0.3463149666786194,
0.2776370942592621,
-0.3260246515274048,
-0.09637879580259323,
0.5352193117141724,
0.9546937346458435,
-0.022540200501680374,
0.29257166385650635,
-0.10997715592384338,
-0.38684970140457153,
0.020788174122571945,
0.38449588418006897,
-0.0746973305940628,
0.3804718255996704,
-1.1796329021453857,
0.023614700883626938,
0.0816054418683052,
-0.4715116024017334,
0.2178521305322647,
-0.439731240272522,
-0.27672073245048523,
-0.360217422246933,
-0.10003438591957092,
-0.28034070134162903,
-0.018362881615757942,
-0.12734447419643402,
-0.3768218755722046,
0.4145549535751343,
-0.6883339881896973,
0.6137276291847229,
1.324323296546936,
0.08265688270330429,
0.44665762782096863,
0.010810316540300846,
0.006534676533192396,
-0.04177869111299515,
-0.24301861226558685,
0.19095255434513092,
0.09813728928565979,
0.2905031442642212,
0.07834767550230026,
0.26637640595436096,
0.2772877812385559,
-0.08478211611509323,
0.039620570838451385,
-0.5639849901199341,
-0.014026536606252193,
-0.3555362820625305,
-0.10813654214143753,
-0.3812507688999176,
-0.35385599732398987,
0.13490451872348785,
0.35424378514289856,
-0.15191438794136047,
-0.44275593757629395,
0.16818292438983917,
0.3346036672592163,
0.2257012128829956,
-0.0628410056233406,
-0.12295704334974289,
0.03872506320476532,
-0.14643271267414093,
-0.1311323046684265,
-0.033778827637434006,
0.012288742698729038,
-0.5947036147117615,
0.458464652299881,
-0.7103905081748962,
0.814217209815979,
-0.5159585475921631,
-0.7769268751144409,
0.8664734363555908,
-0.6903565526008606,
0.264816015958786,
-0.016978099942207336,
-0.21352344751358032,
0.42269840836524963,
0.08210376650094986,
-0.35318025946617126,
0.6370320916175842,
0.12655633687973022,
0.02552434429526329,
-0.11577728390693665,
-0.35595235228538513,
0.14397254586219788,
-0.5275269150733948,
0.36718034744262695,
-0.2401331514120102,
0.3635174632072449,
-0.056021325290203094,
-0.34422916173934937,
0.09793666750192642,
-0.04713398218154907,
0.09853803366422653,
0.9333399534225464,
-0.2408427894115448,
-0.43019214272499084,
0.6949544548988342,
-0.6509912610054016,
-0.3183560073375702,
0.2188265472650528,
0.6125155687332153,
0.22423827648162842,
-0.07410386949777603,
0.18913576006889343,
-0.6257493495941162,
0.10743936151266098,
-0.003780545899644494,
-0.19271472096443176,
0.35097736120224,
-0.4649805426597595,
0.32059046626091003,
0.023209920153021812,
0.04504132270812988,
0.2475973218679428,
0.5893371105194092,
-0.782392144203186,
0.33010244369506836,
0.11137130856513977,
0.04277260601520538,
-0.20778919756412506,
0.33325648307800293,
-0.5366895794868469,
-0.17434397339820862,
0.11919128894805908,
0.25755155086517334,
0.05502333119511604,
-0.1643601655960083,
-0.02473175711929798,
-0.6999288201332092,
0.8026242256164551,
0.3969680666923523,
0.22854889929294586,
0.5033084750175476,
0.11845682561397552,
-0.8261924982070923,
-0.8171219229698181,
0.16705389320850372,
-0.28302961587905884,
-0.5529463291168213,
-0.6018170714378357,
-0.3129112422466278,
-0.16919612884521484,
0.8730312585830688,
0.5923400521278381,
0.15516486763954163,
-0.17344731092453003,
-0.006254094652831554,
0.7054635882377625,
-0.007555428892374039,
0.28273576498031616,
0.21737369894981384,
-0.685822606086731,
0.29102930426597595,
-0.5701659321784973,
0.4002625644207001,
0.5339789390563965,
-0.5858516693115234,
-0.11616431176662445,
-0.33029335737228394,
0.24845413863658905,
0.1871323436498642,
-0.2975712716579437,
0.2210730016231537,
0.30713534355163574,
0.26575908064842224,
0.025710565969347954,
-0.1849788874387741,
0.18146730959415436,
-0.19357435405254364,
-0.1795421838760376,
0.43486925959587097,
0.19801776111125946,
-0.24611550569534302,
-0.41907161474227905,
0.09912171959877014,
0.3155820071697235,
-0.29978147149086,
0.4182574450969696,
0.010013883002102375,
-0.4060228168964386,
-0.2026902586221695,
-5.559067249298096,
-0.12315821647644043,
-0.2782575786113739,
-0.21278487145900726,
-0.0814991220831871,
0.09711121022701263,
0.12238713353872299,
0.011347291991114616,
0.4605996012687683,
0.015215650200843811,
0.17483939230442047,
-0.03969419002532959,
-0.023686693981289864,
0.017560921609401703,
-0.5353244543075562,
0.25415781140327454,
0.2163659930229187,
0.1578826755285263,
0.05191508308053017,
0.2269429713487625,
-0.17812132835388184,
-0.15123187005519867,
0.4165121912956238,
0.3076480031013489,
0.12443432956933975,
0.08003834635019302,
-1.0906668901443481,
0.03221416100859642,
-0.33194637298583984,
-0.13740912079811096,
0.48618030548095703,
-0.5253465175628662,
0.45677587389945984,
-0.49487894773483276,
0.15260663628578186,
-0.6614171266555786,
0.6699746251106262,
0.6451187133789062,
0.2610841691493988,
-0.3539064824581146,
-0.13037042319774628,
0.7045100927352905,
0.208912655711174,
-0.5816294550895691,
0.025127673521637917,
-0.49562981724739075,
-0.95194011926651,
0.08236897736787796,
-0.26337528228759766,
1.0598362684249878,
-0.08824891597032547,
0.1573304980993271,
0.6079111695289612,
-0.388386607170105,
-0.16093438863754272,
-0.4725985527038574,
-0.09834878146648407,
-0.20921871066093445,
-0.30705004930496216,
0.814271092414856,
0.16185516119003296,
0.3657030761241913,
-0.19005396962165833,
-0.03430008143186569,
-0.4161387085914612,
-0.09808771312236786,
-0.8106588125228882,
0.5349509716033936,
0.44412797689437866,
-0.04665909335017204,
-0.32434049248695374,
0.6316137313842773,
0.42290619015693665,
-0.9620401859283447,
0.013257691636681557,
-1.1297918558120728,
-0.24931484460830688,
0.01119877491146326,
0.49289247393608093,
0.19094915688037872,
-0.13960261642932892,
0.006951361428946257,
-0.3033527433872223,
0.2748335897922516,
1.1259466409683228,
0.31786268949508667,
-0.06998581439256668,
0.3069523572921753,
-0.04615500941872597,
0.07031817734241486,
0.25372016429901123,
-0.5993998646736145,
0.5783483982086182,
0.3464037775993347,
-0.6134260296821594,
0.3504267930984497,
-0.04674816504120827,
0.43203204870224,
0.054829344153404236,
-1.1214327812194824,
0.7809088230133057,
-0.29288721084594727,
-0.1310252845287323,
-0.3989035189151764,
-0.08415138721466064,
-0.33540186285972595,
0.18658772110939026,
0.4513770639896393,
0.029412265866994858,
0.5262896418571472,
-1.0319437980651855,
-0.7074275016784668,
-0.719928503036499,
-0.3474826514720917,
0.18548519909381866,
0.09089744091033936,
-1.4632387161254883,
0.3844146132469177,
0.08770554512739182,
0.44040703773498535,
0.09882837533950806,
0.5628315210342407,
0.4955000579357147,
-0.23477931320667267,
-0.06877800822257996,
0.24069175124168396,
-0.11548738181591034,
0.03254017233848572,
0.7027751207351685,
0.08531124144792557,
-0.2043294757604599,
0.47621387243270874,
0.07551771402359009,
-0.2477467954158783,
0.4112912714481354,
0.2990330159664154,
-0.0216335691511631,
0.10330824553966522,
0.34107545018196106,
-0.6499545574188232,
0.180832639336586,
0.18515931069850922,
-0.2702537477016449,
0.3505934774875641,
0.01651778072118759,
0.8176771402359009,
-0.1459084153175354,
-0.20541290938854218,
-0.4280681908130646,
0.24125227332115173,
0.7343940138816833,
-0.6989851593971252,
0.026570279151201248,
0.11277886480093002,
-0.30423903465270996,
-0.36496344208717346,
0.6830500364303589,
0.3939191997051239,
0.060491930693387985,
-0.45024222135543823,
0.40420740842819214,
-0.8524418473243713,
-0.15464477241039276,
0.25018057227134705,
0.5846867561340332,
0.026148539036512375,
-0.16517870128154755,
-0.9640540480613708,
-0.4013376533985138,
0.6007363796234131,
0.13533072173595428,
-0.488778680562973,
-0.13143068552017212,
-0.20946741104125977,
-0.05780290067195892,
0.09427516907453537,
-0.6313313841819763,
-0.5923609137535095,
0.0761614441871643,
0.4951326549053192,
-0.4000644087791443,
0.09424692392349243,
0.3058582544326782,
0.6953275203704834,
0.016579151153564453,
-0.356375515460968,
0.0872284322977066,
0.6662167906761169,
-0.06994064152240753,
-0.2582479417324066,
0.955015242099762,
-0.25256016850471497,
0.3905948996543884,
0.5394058227539062,
-0.07404402643442154,
-0.6273011565208435,
-0.7821447253227234,
0.3718542456626892,
-0.11243658512830734,
-0.8537614941596985,
-0.08066911995410919,
0.37882521748542786,
-0.1857234388589859,
-0.056951239705085754,
0.16988037526607513,
0.1576419621706009,
0.14315885305404663,
-0.07717631757259369,
-0.32470837235450745,
0.2744632065296173,
-1.0570342540740967,
-0.4897237718105316,
0.37765514850616455,
0.4798901379108429,
-0.6946233510971069,
-0.160909041762352,
0.025692546740174294,
-0.6454710960388184,
-0.9435700178146362,
0.06183535233139992,
-0.3626566529273987,
0.12002892047166824,
-0.22312451899051666,
-0.2578442692756653,
-0.44990304112434387,
0.7053314447402954,
0.5073033571243286,
-0.6374963521957397,
0.18785972893238068,
-0.2842518389225006,
0.040350932627916336,
-0.40839457511901855,
0.18559594452381134,
-0.3124459683895111,
-0.06239956617355347,
-0.051743701100349426,
0.4934515655040741,
0.3767378032207489,
0.8223787546157837,
0.44128382205963135,
0.11935494095087051,
0.6064627766609192,
0.14977172017097473,
-0.9369786977767944,
0.37324902415275574,
0.23330675065517426,
1.0031325817108154,
-0.8311578631401062,
-0.06398848444223404,
0.4305986166000366,
0.07453399151563644,
-0.2886398732662201,
-0.5587155222892761,
0.018780512735247612,
0.671180248260498,
-0.29618534445762634,
-0.5068921446800232,
-0.29733529686927795,
0.1528574824333191,
-0.49469810724258423,
-0.3040258586406708,
-0.13149964809417725,
-0.018287960439920425,
0.42925184965133667,
0.15604785084724426,
-0.15601804852485657,
0.07277529686689377,
-0.12211175262928009,
0.6978939175605774,
-0.15459628403186798,
0.37892410159111023,
-0.3773905634880066,
-0.03446910157799721,
0.4770355820655823,
0.1462048888206482,
0.17489328980445862,
-0.09063217788934708,
-0.17321565747261047,
-0.045550618320703506,
0.2541062533855438,
-0.6742115616798401,
-0.16276966035366058,
-0.13259655237197876,
-0.30630290508270264,
0.19154416024684906,
-1.189976453781128,
-0.18982160091400146,
0.4311297535896301,
-0.6827021837234497,
0.18059971928596497,
-0.27660807967185974,
-0.6754385232925415,
-0.14627684652805328,
0.09754291921854019,
-0.38573142886161804,
-0.053987056016922,
-0.31991374492645264,
-0.061602551490068436,
0.12764421105384827,
0.6386035680770874,
-0.6592035889625549,
0.3062552511692047,
-0.17903271317481995,
-0.4108279347419739,
-0.310274600982666,
0.14127732813358307,
-0.06802316009998322,
-0.4305102527141571,
0.4834643304347992,
-0.11330707371234894,
-0.19269922375679016,
-0.5009839534759521,
-0.14872553944587708,
0.8564282059669495,
-0.3536916673183441,
0.3584814965724945,
0.34903502464294434,
-0.7198827862739563,
0.15412184596061707,
0.5748196840286255,
0.4086204469203949,
0.4952844977378845,
0.634742796421051,
0.1227588802576065,
-0.34353870153427124,
1.3075597286224365,
0.21213963627815247,
-0.2416229397058487,
-0.03739679232239723,
0.14717283844947815,
0.21122178435325623,
-0.20788921415805817,
-0.5158412456512451,
0.41253662109375,
0.07522930949926376,
-0.15565043687820435,
0.1871008723974228,
0.40098491311073303,
-0.2444605827331543,
0.27489587664604187,
-0.08809870481491089,
0.502826452255249,
-0.794073224067688,
-0.269464373588562,
0.02143639512360096,
0.7162286043167114,
-0.06098143756389618,
0.0005403155228123069,
0.3122521936893463,
0.39035484194755554,
0.786604642868042,
0.21885134279727936,
0.02676759660243988,
0.5849046111106873,
-0.308065801858902,
0.2508017420768738,
-0.05121242627501488,
0.21258416771888733,
0.4990305006504059,
-0.1539604514837265,
0.4024754762649536,
0.05277293547987938,
0.18486975133419037,
-0.19417239725589752,
-0.042174432426691055,
-0.1168920174241066,
-0.20545119047164917,
-0.3285239338874817,
-0.5454474687576294,
-0.2451637238264084,
-0.22381673753261566,
0.23639628291130066,
-0.5112531781196594,
-0.10487966984510422,
-0.079582080245018,
0.6293318271636963,
0.08333922177553177,
0.7241100072860718,
-0.048385899513959885,
0.3248685896396637,
-0.11797420680522919,
0.3584241271018982,
-0.2764121890068054,
-1.0275943279266357,
-0.6688050627708435,
-0.39963218569755554,
-0.10408168286085129,
-0.2742088735103607,
-0.06820664554834366,
-0.0004887537215836346,
-0.34770941734313965,
-0.4539889395236969,
-0.06640595197677612,
0.2493245005607605,
0.2243451327085495,
-0.4216717779636383,
-0.24517618119716644,
0.9139401912689209,
0.5182966589927673,
-0.3915574848651886,
0.46674656867980957,
0.09230563789606094,
0.22714848816394806,
0.1258661448955536,
-0.03624262660741806,
0.013499384745955467,
-0.06657657027244568,
0.2815491557121277,
0.16936372220516205,
-0.24175085127353668,
0.1781105250120163,
-0.2630734145641327,
-0.10477842390537262,
0.6221093535423279,
0.020142337307333946,
0.5061415433883667,
0.6272228360176086,
-0.7370806336402893,
-0.045143719762563705,
-0.25949835777282715,
0.22342932224273682,
0.09176681190729141,
0.4158220887184143,
0.7645333409309387,
0.462129682302475,
-0.1847143918275833,
0.39125004410743713,
0.29607701301574707,
-0.4908473491668701,
0.955015242099762,
-0.3974122703075409,
-0.32463547587394714,
-0.28559938073158264,
-0.15923698246479034,
-0.7686536312103271,
-0.3856203854084015,
0.34194979071617126,
-0.6405816078186035,
0.10889501124620438,
-0.23691032826900482,
0.08204776048660278,
0.46567997336387634,
0.4711810052394867,
-0.08415651321411133,
0.3079203963279724,
-0.05223793536424637,
-0.1534499078989029,
-0.0889754444360733,
-1.0739120244979858,
-0.047965213656425476,
0.1927247792482376,
-0.16387386620044708,
0.7741317749023438,
0.1727462261915207,
0.43121692538261414,
-0.023116694763302803,
0.8482308387756348,
-0.34592199325561523,
0.5120763778686523,
-0.02642839215695858
] |
224230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philmont%20Scout%20Ranch | Philmont Scout Ranch | Philmont Scout Ranch is a ranch located in Colfax County, New Mexico, near the village of Cimarron; it covers 140,177 acres (219 sq mi; 567 km²) of wilderness in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of the Rocky Mountains. Donated by oil baron Waite Phillips, the ranch is owned and operated by the Boy Scouts of America. It is a National High Adventure Base where crews of Scouts and Venturers take part in backpacking treks and other outdoor activities. By land area, it is one of the largest youth camps in the world. During the season, between June 8 and August 22, an estimated 22,000 Scouts and adult leaders backpack through the Ranch's extensive backcountry. More than 1,130 seasonal staff are responsible for the Ranch's summer operations.
Philmont is also home to the Philmont Training Center, the National Scouting Museum and the Seton Memorial Library. The Training Center is the primary location for BSA's national volunteer training programs. Philmont is a working ranch, maintaining small herds of cattle, horses, burros, and bison.
The only documented Tyrannosaurus rex track in the world was discovered within the camp's boundaries in 1993 in North Ponil Canyon by the Anasazi Trail Camp. It was formally identified in 1994.
There are three other high adventure camps that the BSA owns and maintains: the Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases in Minnesota, as well as Manitoba and Ontario in Canada; Florida National High Adventure Sea Base in the Florida Keys; and Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve in southern West Virginia.
Location and geography
Philmont is located in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of the Rocky Mountains of New Mexico. The closest village is Cimarron, New Mexico. The address of the ranch is usually given as 17 Deer Run Rd., Cimarron, New Mexico, 87714. It is also about west-northwest of Springer, New Mexico, and southwest of Raton, New Mexico. Philmont is about across (east to west) at its widest point, and about long (north to south). There are no mountains to the south or east of Philmont. The interior of the ranch is mountainous but a small part of the eastern area is prairie.
Philmont's lowest point is the southeast corner at and the highest point is the peak of Baldy Mountain, located on the ranch's northwest boundary, at . Aside from Baldy, the ranch contains a number of prominent peaks. The South Country is home to a series of six difficult peaks, namely Mount Phillips, Comanche Peak, Big Red, Bear Mountain, Black Mountain, and Schaefers Peak, as well as Trail Peak, which is popular for its nearness to Beaubien, and the wreckage of the crash of a B-24 bomber in 1942 near its summit. Of the ranch's various peaks with trail access, Black Mountain is widely considered the most difficult, followed closely by Baldy and Big Red.
The most recognizable landmark is the Tooth of Time at , a granite monolith protruding vertically from an east-west ridge. Tooth of Time Ridge, and the latitude line on which it sits, marks the boundary between the central and southern sections of Philmont. The boundary between the central and northern sections is around U.S. Route 64, which runs just south of the narrowest part of the 'I'-shape, which is only a few miles across. Other prominent landmarks on the ranch include Grizzly Tooth, Window Rock, Deer Lake Mesa, Wilson's Mesa and Urraca Mesa.
History
Native Americans of the Jicarilla Apache tribe and Ute tribe once inhabited Philmont. A few Native American archaeological sites exist in the northern section nearby the 'Indian Writings' camp, and various camps seek to preserve Philmont's Native American heritage.
On April 22, 1942, a B-24 Liberator crashed into the side of Trail Peak. Waite Philips led a rescue crew up, but the seven men on board died on impact. Among the casualties was Eagle Scout Roland L. Jeffries and Star Scout Charles O. Reynard Jr. Some of the wreckage still remains, including a wing and propeller, and because of its location, it is the world's most visited airplane crash site.
Private ownership
The Santa Fe Trail crossed the plains just southwest of Philmont in the mid-1800s. The Tooth of Time owes its name to this trail; travelers knew that once they passed it, they had only one week to go until they reached Santa Fe, New Mexico. Philmont's strategic location along the trail spurred some interest in it. In 1841, Carlos Beaubien and Guadalupe Miranda obtained a large land grant from the Mexican government, including the present ranch. Soon the grant fell into the hands of Beaubien's son-in-law Lucien Maxwell, who played an important role in developing and settling it. Maxwell sold the ranch to the Maxwell Land Grant and Railroad Company, which gave up and handed it on to a Dutch development company, which decided to parcel it out to ranchers.
One of the most prominent ranchers was Jesus Gil Abreu, who ran the Abreu Rayado Ranch from the 1870s to his death in 1901. Operating from the Rayado Settlement, he raised cattle, goats, and sheep and grew crops. The family owned this property until 1911, when they sold most of it off. One of the sons remained on the ranch near the site of Abreu, a present staffed camp, and his homestead was preserved for years. The building was made of adobe, was abandoned and eventually collapsed. The foundation of this building now serves as the foundation for the Abreu cantina. The house was reconstructed in 1998 about uphill.
The history of mining at Philmont dates back to the years immediately after the Civil War. U.S. soldiers were stationed in the West after the war, as the U.S. Army was driving out the Native Americans in the United States. The story is that some of these soldiers stationed at Fort Union traded with Native Americans for copper float. According to the story, some of the soldiers went up Baldy Mountain in 1866 in search of this copper but found gold. They could not stay to mine the gold due to the approaching winter and the area was overrun by miners by the time they returned in the spring. Scores of gold mines were excavated and operated into the early 20th century on what was once the Baldy Mining District, now modern day Philmont. It is a common joke at Philmont that some day the mines under Baldy will collapse and Phillips will be the highest mountain in Philmont. The Contention Mine, located at Cyphers Mine, and the Aztec Mine, located at French Henry, are open to guided tours.
Wealthy oil magnate and wilderness enthusiast Waite Phillips amassed a large part of the old land grant in the 1920s, totaling over . Phillips built a large residence in the lowlands of Philmont. He turned the ranch into a private game reserve for himself and friends, and built a number of hunting lodges and day-use camps. He chose not to provide electricity at the remote camps. A few of these original camps, including Fish Camp and the Hunting Lodge, have been preserved, complete with wood-burning stoves, oil lamps, and unique design features indicative of Phillips's often eccentric taste.
Donated to Boy Scouts
Phillips sometimes allowed others, including a few Boy Scout troops, to visit his ranch. He was so impressed with the Scouts that in 1938, during the Great Depression, he donated of his land to the Boy Scouts of America. His only condition was that the property be used "for the benefit of the members of the Boy Scout organization". He donated a second, larger section of land later in the 1930s, requiring only that this section pay its fair share of taxes on any portion devoted to competitive commercial operations.
In 1941, Phillips added more Philmont property, including the Villa Philmonte, bringing the total to . Contrary to popular belief, Phillips did not donate his entire ranch to the Boy Scouts, but only that portion of the property that provided the most recreational value. The total donation comprised about 40% of the ranch. To help fund maintenance of Philmont, he also donated the Philtower office building in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1963, vice-president of the National Council Norton Clapp contributed funds to purchase another of land within the Maxwell Land Grant, consisting of the Baldy Mountain mining area. In 2015, the Boy Scouts of America purchased that was once operated as a camp called Cimarroncita Ranch.
In 1989, the Boy Scouts obtained a renewable special use permit to the Valle Vidal Unit of the Carson National Forest from the United States Forest Service. This allowed Scouts to hike and camp in the area. Philmont operates three staffed camps—Whiteman Vega, Seally Canyon, and Ring Place—and two trail camps in that area. Those camps serve around 3,000 Scouts each summer. In return, each camper is asked to contribute three hours of conservation work in the Valle on projects approved by the Forest Service.
Rich Cabins, a historical farming cabin on Ted Turner's Vermejo Park Ranch, is operated as a staff camp.
Camp name
The camp was initially named the "Philturn Rockymountain Scoutcamp". The word 'Philturn' is derived from Waite Phillips' name, together with the "Good Turn" he did by donating the property. The ranch's name was changed to the "Philmont Scout Ranch and Explorer Base".
Early organization
In its early days, Philmont had a half dozen "base camps" constructed at strategic locations. Visiting Scouts lived at one of these camps for a week and could take day hikes to surrounding locations. To visit a different area, the Scouts packed their gear onto burros and hiked to another base camp. Today the program is based on backpacking, and Scouts carry all their gear, living in tents while on expedition.
Programs and activities
Trek
The standard and most popular Philmont program is the backpacking trek. A typical Philmont trek lasts 12 days and covers anywhere from to . In recent years, the option of 7 and 9-day treks has proved to be popular as well. Every year, about 30 different trek itineraries are offered, ranging from "challenging" to "super strenuous." The individual routes may change each year based on feedback from staff as well as campers.
Each trek covers distinct regions, peaks, and camps. A group of Scouts on a trek is called a crew; most crews are assembled in their local council by troops, Venturing crews, or the council itself. A crew consists of four to ten Scouts, accompanied by two to four adult leaders. Some of the Scouts within the crew are designated as the chaplain's aide, Wilderness Pledge Guide, and the crew leader. A contingent consists of one or more crews from the same council (see Boy Scouts of America: Organization), traveling together. Sister crews are crews that may follow different itineraries but are from the same troop or contingent. Around 360 participants arrive at base camp every day in the peak of the season. The first crews depart with their guide, known as a Ranger, in the second week of June, and the last crews depart in the second week of August.
Trek experience
Crews travel to Philmont on their own via aircraft, chartered bus, or Amtrak, to the cities near Philmont. The Southwest Chief runs between Los Angeles Union Station and Chicago Union Station, and serves a station in Raton. Scouts can take a shuttle from the Amtrak station to Philmont. Private plane service operates at Raton Municipal Airport, but no commercial flights land there. Nearby commercial airports are the Albuquerque International Sunport, Santa Fe Municipal Airport, Denver International Airport, Colorado Springs Airport, and Pueblo Memorial Airport, with service to Denver. Commercial chartered buses are available to and from the airports and some cities. Some crews elect to drive by themselves.
A typical crew arrives in Base Camp, checks in at the Welcome Center, and meets its Ranger, a trained staff member from the Ranger Department. They will assist the crew in the various Base Camp processing procedures, which consist of completing all paperwork at Registration, verifying their itinerary with Logistics, checking out gear at Outfitting Services (such as a dining fly, bear ropes, bear bags, and water purification tablets), and receiving health checks at the Infirmary.
A crew also receives several days' worth of trail food, packaged in bags which feed two people each; the exact quantity depends on the crew's itinerary and the day on which it is scheduled to reach the next commissary (see below), but is usually three days worth of food. Scouts with diet needs are required to bring their own food. Philmont also provides optional cooking supplies.
The crew spends its first night in the trailbound side of Tent City, where the trekkers sleep in canvas tents. The next morning, they eat breakfast at the dining hall, have their crew photo taken, and board a bus to one of the ranch's several trailheads (called "turnarounds" because they consist of a loop in the road for the bus to turn around).
The Ranger verifies the trekkers' general backpacking knowledge and teaches them specific Philmont procedures, such as bear bags and latrine (known as 'red roofs') usage. Participants are encouraged not to urinate in the latrines. According to Philmont staff, this breaks down feces in the latrines, making the smell more noticeable. First thing after reaching a camp, the crew sets up a bear bag by throwing ropes over preplaced horizontal cables stretching between trees. The bag is then filled with all of the food not being prepared until later days on the trail. The bag is then secured to the rope, and hoisted into the air. The rope is secured to two different anchor points (trees, etc.) with sticks placed underneath the ropes to protect any flora used in the process. After preparing, eating, and cleaning dinner, food particles and any other smellable items not placed in the first bear bag are then raised in the second bear bag (known as the 'oops bag') which is suspended from a carabiner on the top of the rope that is attached to the original bear bag. Rangers stay with their crews on the trail for two days and depart on the morning of the third day. In the next eight days the crew will hike through the Philmont wilderness, staying at various staffed camps and unstaffed "trail camps" scattered about the Ranch. On the final day, the crew returns to Base Camp, sometimes by bus from a turnaround or by climbing over the Tooth of Time and hiking directly into Base Camp. During the final day at Base Camp, the crew cleans up, returns any Philmont-issued supplies, and attends the closing campfire.
Conservation Department
There are six divisions of the Conservation Department in the summer, each led by an Associate Director of Conservation - Work Crew, Forestry Crew, Conservationists, GIS, Environmental Education (ROCS, Trail Crew Trek), and Order of the Arrow Trail Crew. Work Crews are staff groups who are responsible for maintaining and creating campsites and trails. Trail Crews and other staff known as Advanced Teams are the first Conservation staffers to begin hiking and clearing the trails, one month prior to the first participants' arrival. Conservationists live in staff camps or spike camps and lead conservation projects for treks passing through their camp. The GIS staff map trails, campsites, and other features of the Philmont Backcountry. In recognition of the 100th anniversary of the BSA, Northrop Grumman donated high-resolution geospatial data of the ranch to Philmont. GIS and the Conservation Department use the data to create enhanced maps and improve conservation efforts throughout the ranch. The Division of Forestry's priority is forest fuels reduction. Using chainsaws, a masticator, a skidder, and a portable sawmill, these crews create defensible space around staff camps and strategic shaded fuel breaks to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire and improve the health and productivity of Philmont's forests while utilizing the wood in construction projects around the Ranch. Slash from the thinning projects is piled and burned and a prescribed fire program is being developed to maintain desired forest condition. The Forestry crews work year-round, and each staff member receives detailed training in chainsaw operations, as well as an overview of forest management and fire ecology.
Roving Outdoor Conservation School
The Roving Outdoor Conservation School (ROCS), started in 2000, is a twenty-one day trek program that is open to males and females between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one. ROCS is an educational backpacking experience rooted in conservation and environmental science education. Throughout the trek participants have lessons rooted in environmental science, visits from guest speakers, and the opportunity to work on conservation projects with the Philmont Conservation Department and the U.S. Forest Service in the Valle Vidal Unit of the Carson National Forest. While on the trail participants learn about ecology, botany, dendrology, geology, hydrology, forestry, soil science, fire ecology, environmental policy, leave no trace principles, environmental ethics, conservation techniques, and wildlife, range, and land management practices. Participants tackle conservation projects ranging from trailbuilding to meadow encroachment to timber stand improvement to erosion control to streambed restoration. Participants are exposed to the land management challenges facing the West, as well as the rest of America. The program focuses on empowering participants so that they may transfer what they learn on the trail to their lives back home.
Trail Crew Trek
Trail Crew Trek is a fourteen-day education experience rooted in service through conservation. Participants build trail for seven days and then go on a seven-day educational trek throughout Philmont, involving hands-on experience with a variety of conservation projects on the ranch and visits from guest speakers involved in conservation and resource management.
Order of the Arrow Trail Crew
Order of the Arrow Trail Crew is a fourteen-day program for Order of the Arrow members aged 16 to 21 that gives participants an opportunity to work on various conservation projects around the ranch. Order of the Arrow Trail Crews follow the same format as Trail Crew Treks - one week building trail and then a self-planned, week-long trek. Many Order of the Arrow lodges and sections offer scholarships to Order of the Arrow members.
Rayado Program
The Rayado program is a select, strenuous twenty day backpacking program designed for experienced Scouts. Rayado crews are accompanied by two rangers and experience a number of challenges geared toward developing personal growth, a sense of stewardship for the environment, and leadership skills. Rayado participants are challenged physically, mentally, and spiritually as they hike Philmont's most challenging trails, visit parts of the backcountry that are never seen by regular trek participants, and take part in activities that are not available to other Scouts. This includes difficult rock climbing and instruction in outdoor leadership, wilderness problem-solving, and advanced outdoor skills which include wilderness backpacking, navigation and travel, expeditio behavior and group dynamics, advanced cooking, wilderness stewardship, and wilderness first aid and backcountry emergency procedures. A Rayado Trek encourages personal growth, teamwork, and leadership ability.
Participants must be at least 15 and less than 21 years old, be in excellent physical condition, and skilled in Leave No Trace camping. Applicants must submit a letter of recommendation from an adult Scouter detailing their character and back country experience. Applications must be approved by a parent or guardian, a unit leader, and the local council executive. During 2019, two Rayado programs are scheduled. The cost per person is $800 in 2019 and $845 in 2020. Rayado scholarships, presented by the Philmont Staff Association, are annually awarded to deserving campers who wish to take part in the Rayado program. Scholarships generally cover the full cost of the Rayado Program, but a number of smaller partial scholarships are also available and all Rayado participants are encouraged to apply. Transportation to and from Philmont is the responsibility of the camper and is not covered in the scholarships.
Rayado crews are put together by Philmont staff and consist of people from different parts of the country. A person may only be a Rayado participant once; a ranger may only be assigned to a Rayado crew once; and staff members are disqualified from participation in Rayado treks except as rangers.
The Rayado Program was once known as the Kit Carson Program.
Ranger Department
The Ranger Department was founded in 1957 by Clarence E. Dunn, Jack Rhea and Dr. Ray Loomis, the former of which served as chief ranger for 14 years. Rangers are responsible for ensuring that all participants know all required skills and procedures needed for backcountry treks, and for coaching the youth leadership to help them develop their skills and confidence and have a successful trek. They hike along with crews on the 12-day treks for the first two days on the trail, during which time they teach and observe the crew. They are also responsible for Search and rescue on Philmont property and in surrounding areas. The Ranger Department also includes Mountain Trek Rangers who lead the week-long Mountain Treks that originate in the Philmont Training Center.
Ranger Trainers, experienced staff who have finished one or more seasons as a Ranger, train and supervise Rangers. Each trainer oversees from 8-10 Rangers in a Ranger Training Crew and are expected to lead two backpacking crews per summer. In the summer of 2013 there were roughly 240 people in the ranger department, organized into 25 training crews. Upper ranger leadership consists of coordinators for the Rayado, Mountain Trek, Service Academy, and scheduling programs, four Associate Chief Rangers, and the Chief Ranger. During the summer of 2007, the Philmont Staff Association coordinated a 50th Anniversary Ranger Reunion at the ranch. Over 300 former Rangers attended this event.
Ranch Hands
A program in which young men and women can earn a discounted eight-day Cavalcade trek at Philmont by participating in an eight-day work session. Participants work with the Horse Department staff taking care of Philmont's 250 head of horses and 80 head of burros. Participants help by hauling hay and feed, saddling horses, helping keep the horses shod, and assisting on Philmont trail rides. The work can be strenuous and requires top physical and mental conditioning. After the eight-day work session, the Ranch Hands crew gathers together and embarks on an eight-day Cavalcade under the leadership of a Horseman and Wrangler.
National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience
National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience (NAYLE) is a high-intensity Boy Scout leadership course taught at Philmont Scout Ranch. It is based on backcountry high adventure skills and began in the summer of 2006 replacing the previous National Junior Leader Instructor Course. The course is available to Boy Scouts and Venturers aged 14 through 20 who have completed their local council National Youth Leadership Training (NYLT) course and is held during six one-week sessions. Based at Philmont's Rayado Ridge Leadership Camp and taught at various locations across Philmont Scout Ranch, the program hones youth leadership skills through ethical decision making and participation in Philmont Ranger backcountry training.
Kanik
Kanik (Inuit qanik for "snowflake") is the winter camping program of Philmont Scout Ranch. This cold weather camping program is based on a similar program called Okpik at Charles L. Sommers in Ely, Minnesota, part of the BSA's Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases. The main goal of the program is to teach participating crews how to camp comfortably in the cold winter months. Philmont has had a winter camping program since 1982, but it wasn't until 1990 that the more expanded Kanik program began. Kanik is considered as one of Philmont's two second season programs; the other being Autumn Adventure.
Attending Kanik
Sessions for the Kanik program are available from December 28 to March 31. Between Christmas and New Year's Day a special discounted holiday trek is offered. Weather conditions vary; if there is adequate snow for cross-country skiing, then crews are given the opportunity to hike in the Philmont backcountry. The program allows for weekend treks, however, Philmont recommends that crews plan to attend for 3 to 4 days to become fully trained and fully participate in winter activities. Crew sizes usually range from 6-10 with 2 adult advisors required to participate. Generally, the maximum number of total participants for each session is limited to 40 participants or 4 crews; unlike the several thousand participants during Philmont's summer season. This is done in part to insure safe evacuation out of the backcountry in the event of a blizzard.
Program options
On the first night crews arrive, they are housed indoors in dorm rooms at Philmont's Base Camp. Subsequent nights are spent in the Philmont backcountry in tents (or in snow shelters if conditions permit) often at Miranda or sometimes the Hunting Lodge. After an initial period of training led by trained Kanik guides, several program options are available to each crew depending upon its interest and the weather and snow conditions. Some program options include: cross-country skiing, snow camping, winter ecology, hiking, and the use of winter tools and equipment. In 2004, a down hill ski package was added to the program options. For an extra fee crews can add a day of down hill skiing/snowboarding to their trek at Angel Fire Ski Resort that includes all meals, housing, a 2-hour ski lesson, lift ticket, and ski equipment rental. This added ski package is not available to crews on the holiday trek.
Awards
Each participant who completes training is awarded a distinctive patch as a remembrance of Philmont Kanik. Much like the Philmont arrowhead patch awarded after the completion of a Philmont summer trek and service project, the Kanik patch can only be earned.
Other programs
Cavalcades are similar to standard treks, but are conducted on horseback. The packing restrictions are even more intense than a regular trek as participants are only allowed one standard sleeping bag stuff sacks to pack everything into, including their sleeping bags. The participants focus more on horse care than on other programs at the camp, though they still do take part in many other activities. Calvalcades last only 7 days total, with 2 days being in base camp.
Mountain Treks are six-day backpacking experiences for youth PTC participants.
Philmont Autumn Adventure program
Guided activities such as fishing, winter camping, and skiing, are offered throughout the year.
Historic programs
Philbreak
The Philbreak program ran from 2003 to 2009, and returned in 2019. It was an 'alternative spring break' program started in 2003 to help restore Philmont Scout Ranch after devastating forest fires. From 2004 to 2007, the participants worked on the Urraca Trail, which is intended as a day hike for those attending the Philmont Training Center. Participants in the seven-day program were expected to work eight- or nine-hour days in all types of conditions. The program took place during three separate weeks during March. Participants also had an opportunity to take a ski break at Angel Fire. In 2008, the design of the program switched to mirror that of Philmont's Kanik. Participants spent three days and two nights in Philmont's backcountry as well as provided service on the final day. The program ended in 2010. In 2019, after the Ute Park Fire in 2018, Philbreak returned with four week-long sessions in March to help with fire mitigation.
Philmont facilities
Camps
Philmont operates from one large base camp, including Camping Headquarters, the National Scouting Museum, the Philmont Training Center and Villa Philmonte, fire response facilities, cattle headquarters, and an administration area. During the 2012 season there were 34 staffed camps and 77 unstaffed or "trail camps". Only some trail camps have a potable water source. Camps without water are referred to as "dry camps". Most of Philmont's camps are about apart. Old camps are closed or relocated and new camps are opened every few years. Some camp sites are closed due to changing safety protocols. For example, camps were once located on top of Urraca Mesa and in the Baldy Saddle but these are unlikely to reopen because the locations are at risk for lightning strikes.
Commissaries
Campers and hikers initially obtain camping food from the services building at Base Camp. Commissaries at Philmont are usually a small warehouse that is stocked weekly with trail food for campers, groceries for backcountry staff, and various other supplies. Some commissaries include a trading post that sells a small variety of odds and ends, including postcards, postage, and games, along with repair kits, white gas for crews' stoves, and other backpacking necessities. To limit the quantity and weight of consumables carried by a crew, most crews stop at a commissary every 3–4 days to replenish their food supplies.
Commissaries are located at Baldy Town, Phillips Junction, Ute Gulch, Ponil, Apache Springs, Rich Cabins, Ring Place, and Miners Park.
Kit Carson Museum
The Kit Carson Museum is a living museum that operates in the summer in Rayado, located south of Philmont's headquarters. Interpreters demonstrate 1850s period frontier skills and crafts including blacksmithing, cooking, shooting and farming. The museum also features exhibits about frontiersmen Kit Carson and Lucien Maxwell who founded a colony at Rayado.
Chase Ranch
Starting Nov. 1, 2013, Philmont Scout Ranch started running the Chase Ranch. Chase Ranch is adjacent to Philmont Scout Ranch. The ranch is near the Ponil Creek, a mile north of the Cimarron River. Chase Ranch, like Philmont is a working cattle ranch with Herefords, that were introduced on to the ranch in 1883.
Gretchen Sammis Chase started Chase Ranch Foundation with the goal of educating young people in the ranching experience.
Chapels
Philmont has a Protestant, Catholic, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Jewish Chapel at the Camping Headquarters. There is an interfaith chapel at the Philmont Training Center. There are also several chapels in the backcountry.
In the Rayado campground, Philmont has the Chapel of the Holy Child, on the east side of State Road 21 in the old town of Rayado, New Mexico.
National Scouting Museum
In 2018, the National Scouting Museum opened at Philmont.
The National Scouting Museum features exhibits about the Boy Scouts of America, Philmont history, and the history, art, and natural history of the area.
Housed within the National Scouting Museum, the Seton Memorial Library contains the library, personal art, and natural history collections of a co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America, Ernest Thompson Seton. This research library contains Seton's personal collection and an extensive collection of volumes pertaining to western lore and the history of the area.
Awards
By meeting the challenge of Philmont, participants are considered to be worthy of awards. The awards represent the Philmont experience that can never be sold or traded; only earned.
Arrowhead Award
An individual camper award is presented by their adult adviser when they have:
Attended opening campfire--"The New Mexico Story."
Completed a Philmont-approved itinerary with your crew.
Completed three hours of staff supervised conservation work or a camp improvement project on Philmont and took advantage of every opportunity to learn about and improve our ecology, and practiced the art of outdoor living in ways that minimize pollution of soil, water, and air.
Fulfilled the personal commitment to the Wilderness Pledge.
Lived the Scout Oath and Law
50-Miler Award
All Philmont itineraries can qualify crew members for the 50-Miler Award as it relates to distance. 3 of the 10 required service hours must be done at Philmont. Even if the award's requirements are completed at Philmont, the unit's leader must file an application for the group at their local council's service center.
"We All Made It"
The "We All Made It" plaque (WAMI Award) is an award presented by Philmont to each crew (leader) that:
Demonstrated good camping practices and Scouting spirit.
Followed an approved itinerary and camped only when scheduled.
Fulfilled the commitment to the Wilderness Pledge.
Took advantage of every opportunity to learn about and improve our ecology, and practiced the art of outdoor living in ways that minimize pollution of soil, water, and air.
Wilderness Pledge Guia
Philmont has asked each participant to sign the Philmont Wilderness Pledge which declares that he or she will do everything possible to preserve the beauty and wonder of the Philmont Wilderness and neighboring properties through good Scout Camping. Youth Crew members and adults are eligible to participate in the program.
The Wilderness Pledge includes Ranger-led training in all Philmont camping practices, including Leave No Trace, information on Philmont bear and wildlife procedures, daily discussions on the trail that focus on each of the seven principles of Leave No Trace, and to give three hours of conservation work under the direction of a member of the Philmont Staff. (This requirement is also one of the requirements to earn the Philmont Arrowhead Patch. These hours count for both awards.)
Duty to God Award
Under the guidance of a crew chaplain's aide, each participant in a trek may work to fulfill the requirements of the Duty to God Award. Requirements include attendance at a religious service, participation in at least three daily devotionals and leading Grace before a meal.
Previous awards
The "P", "Dollar", or "Silver Dollar" patch set was available from 1942 through 1956. The full set consisted of the base round "P" Philmont patch ringed by six specialty segment awards, plus additional staff and "Mountainman" segments below the ring of segments. The ring segments included a Sportsman segment for shooting field sports, a Camper (black pot) segment for woods housekeeping (precursor to Leave No Trace), a Horseman yellow spur segment, a beaver lodge Conservation segment, and Woodsman and Naturalist segments. Below that ring was the coveted Mountainman award for those who completed multiple requirements while attending for three years, and who "have proven themselves to be in love with the out-of-doors".
Philmont traditions
Philmont Hymn
The "Philmont Hymn" is the ranch's official song and was written by John Benton Westfall (1928-May 9, 2009) in 1947 when he was 19. Westfall was the lone staffer at Visto Grande (then called Cimarron Bench Camp) at the time. Westfall, who at the time was a student at Pittsburg State University wrote the song on a trip home to Kansas on a train from Philmont influenced by the "click-click, click-click" of the tracks. He later became a professional Scouter in Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma and worked as a salesman for Phillips Petroleum.
<blockquote><poem>Silver on the sage,
Starlit skies above,
Aspen-covered hills,
Country that I love.Philmont, here's to thee,
Scouting paradise,
Out in God's country,
Tonight.
Wind in whispering pines,
Eagle soaring high,
Purple mountains rise,
Against an azure sky.Philmont, here's to thee,
Scouting paradise,
Out in God's country,
Tonight.</poem></blockquote>
Philmont Grace
The "Philmont Grace" (also known as the Worth Ranch Grace or simply the Wilderness Grace) is a prayer recited before meals at many Boy Scout camps and events around the U.S. It was originally written in 1929 by A. J. Fulkerson, Camp Director at Worth Ranch Scout Camp in Palo Pinto County, Texas.
The version of the grace, as it is used at Philmont, is:
For food, for raiment,
For life, for opportunity,
For friendship and fellowship,
We thank Thee, O Lord. Amen.
Ranger Bell
The bell located in front of the camper dining hall is used by the Rangers before lunch and dinner. Four Rangers climb on the bell where one of them tells a story that ends with "and all I could think about was ..." At this point, all the Rangers present break out in the Ranger Song. During the song, the four Rangers conduct a trust fall. The teller of the story ends by ringing the bell.Ranger Song''
I want to go back to Philmont,
I want to go back to Philmont
Where the old Rayado flows,
Where the rain come a seepin'
In the tent where you're a sleepin'
And the waters say hello
I want to wake up in the morning
With my socks all wringing wet,
For it brings back fondest memories,
That a Ranger can't forget.
I want to hike once more the canyon floor
From Scribblins to Old Camp,
With my pack sack a-creakin',
And my back with sweat a-reekin',
And my legs begin to cramp.
I want to hike again with such great men
As made those famous treks,
From Beaubien to Porky
And from Cito to Car-Max
Natural disasters
1960 tornado
On June 25, 1960, a Fujita scale F0 tornado swept through Philmont's base camp area, downing about 300 tents located on a flat near Ranch Headquarters and depositing camping gear over Tooth of Time Ridge. Four 1960 National Jamboree troops from New Mexico—Troops 78, 79, 80 and 82—had gathered at Philmont for a shakedown camp. Three other New Mexico troops had gone to Camp Zia for their shakedown. The troops each had 32 boys, two Assistant Scout Masters and one Scout Master. Troops were camping in wall tents which they had decorated before going to the Jamboree. Each wall tent had a wooden frame with a thick wooden roof pole for support. The boys were learning how to cook over charcoal fires and the fires had just been started for the evening meal. The twister arrived without warning. As the wind suddenly increased, boys ran to secure the tents, but to no avail. The winds swept up tents, fires, men and boys, rolling nearby automobiles and leveling the camp. Injuries included broken bones, blunt force injuries from flying debris—including shattered roof poles—and burns from charcoal fires and equipment ignited by the fires. The twister also leveled a nearly completed cinder block chapel. After the passage of the storm, gear and equipment could be seen in the funnel cloud as it left the area. Camping equipment was found as far as 14 miles away from the campsite and was recovered by ranch hands. Boys were housed for the night in other facilities, and the next day boys passed among piles of recovered equipment to reclaim what they could. Although there were no fatalities, 33 Boy Scouts and a Scout leader received injuries.
1965 flash flood
On June 17, 1965, a large flash flood occurred at Philmont. Heavy rain throughout the area caused waters in Rayado Canyon and the Cimarron River to rise to extreme levels; up to 12.42 feet at the highest. After June 17, water levels gradually decreased over the course of several days. The impacts of the flood included the destruction of several campsites and the loss of many old photographs and documents kept at Philmont, however no injuries or deaths resulted from the flood. The flood occurred during an El Niño year.
Ponil Complex Fire
The Ponil Complex Fire started on June 2, 2002 and burned until June 17. The burn zone covered total; of Philmont, of the Elliott Barker Wildlife Area, of the Valle Vidal, of the WS Ranch and of the UU Bar Ranch. One third of the burn zone was totally burned while another third was only lightly to moderately burned. About one third of the burn zone escaped relatively unharmed, due to being sections of valleys that the fire jumped over or being not as dried out and likely to burn because of nearby water.
The burn zone is currently revegetating, some areas of which were reseeded while others began recovering naturally.
2015 flash flood
On the morning of June 27, 2015, heavy rain occurred in a great portion of Philmont, causing a flash flood. The flood also affected some other nearby areas in Colfax County that morning, including highways and small towns around Philmont. One youth Scout, Alden Brock, who was situated in a campsite within the staff camp Indian Writings, drowned while being swept away by the flood and died. Alden's death received nationwide attention, especially from the Scouting community.
Ute Park Fire
On May 31, 2018, a wildfire started one mile east of the community Ute Park, New Mexico. The cause remains under investigation. By the morning of June 1, the Ute Park Fire had almost doubled in size to , burning entirely on private land, including Philmont Scout Ranch. Twelve structures at Philmont, all unoccupied and non-residential, were reported as burned. All backcountry treks at Philmont Scout Ranch for the entire 2018 summer season were cancelled, though PTC courses—including the National Advanced Youth Leadership Experience—remained in session. The fire burned a total of 26,000 acres at Philmont, damaging 200 campsites.
Notable former staff
Wally Berg – Ranger in the 1970s and Director of Conservation; first American to summit Lhotse in 1990.
Steve Fossett – Ranger in 1961; also served on the Philmont Ranch Committee, Later a record-breaking aviator.
Donald Rumsfeld – 1949 guide (forerunner to the Rangers), later United States Secretary of Defense.
R.W. Hampton – Wrangler from 1974–1976; cowboy and later a nationally recognized singer.
David Goldfein – Ranger in 1980; US Air Force General and 21st Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.
Astronaut training
NASA and the USGS used the site to geologically train the Apollo Astronauts in June 1964. In the words of Phinney, the site was "...probably more like lunar geology." Training included recognizing "both igneous and sedimentary rocks, orientation with geologic maps, measuring and describing stratigraphic sections, strike and dip measurements, recording of field notes ... and geophysical traverses that included taking measurements with magnetometers, gravimeters and seismometers in an attempt to determine subsurface structure." Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 12's Pete Conrad and Alan Bean, Apollo 15's David Scott, and Apollo 17's Gene Cernan. Notable geologist instructors included G.D. Robinson.
2019 mortgage
Philmont was mortgaged in March 2019, from JPMorgan Chase. Although the mortgage occurred in March 2019, members of the Philmont oversight community did not learn of it until approximately November 2019. An oversight committee member said that this violated agreements made when the land was donated in 1938. The BSA disputed his assertion.
See also
Chase Ranch
James P. Fitch
Geography and ecology of Philmont Scout Ranch
Girl Scout National Center West
Mount Phillips (New Mexico)
Vermejo Park Ranch
Wilderness Grace
References
Further reading
External links
Villa Philmonte, National Scouting Museum, Chase Ranch, and Kit Carson Museum at Rayado
Geologic history of Philmont Scout Ranch
Database of Philmont trek itineraries
First person interview with Elliot "Chope" and Virginia Phillips, son and daughter-in-law of Waite Phillips
Boy Scouts of America
Ranches in New Mexico | [
0.243003711104393,
0.3310745656490326,
0.019748320803046227,
0.04260615259408951,
0.7906122207641602,
-0.4576604664325714,
0.45150071382522583,
0.15697939693927765,
0.29976242780685425,
0.016464300453662872,
-0.4484628140926361,
0.10291930288076401,
0.18812455236911774,
0.08007947355508804,
-1.0497894287109375,
0.576461136341095,
0.767960250377655,
0.6885362267494202,
0.08655589818954468,
-0.8178680539131165,
0.07873469591140747,
-0.518226683139801,
-0.1988917738199234,
0.7360357642173767,
-0.35518679022789,
0.8867189288139343,
0.23366095125675201,
-0.17634300887584686,
0.2558532655239105,
0.5762285590171814,
-0.09858032315969467,
0.25042086839675903,
-0.1313711404800415,
-0.8965758085250854,
0.09209343791007996,
-0.12968875467777252,
0.27168741822242737,
-0.42183181643486023,
-0.018553992733359337,
-0.45757049322128296,
0.5615110397338867,
-0.11497022956609726,
0.21928134560585022,
0.1535693109035492,
0.053701985627412796,
0.40515586733818054,
-0.8709377646446228,
0.2741388976573944,
-0.29121097922325134,
-0.46272769570350647,
-0.7543638348579407,
0.04319263994693756,
-0.18979017436504364,
0.14512676000595093,
0.44769689440727234,
0.5475408434867859,
-0.6963415145874023,
-0.20775245130062103,
0.41077500581741333,
-0.099898561835289,
-0.4496956169605255,
0.6080659627914429,
0.2580554187297821,
-0.27187061309814453,
-0.1524280458688736,
-0.2981739938259125,
0.2286282777786255,
0.1562083214521408,
0.631611704826355,
-0.5188603401184082,
0.33460533618927,
0.24751067161560059,
-0.0036452924832701683,
-0.0086067421361804,
-0.1600317656993866,
0.06974788010120392,
-0.44327378273010254,
0.42408809065818787,
-0.34561923146247864,
0.3889232277870178,
0.2778608500957489,
0.16311496496200562,
0.5571885108947754,
-0.37483927607536316,
-0.02993587963283062,
0.39050522446632385,
-0.4042004942893982,
-0.2866755425930023,
-0.4816737771034241,
0.34046754240989685,
-0.386553555727005,
-0.11809369921684265,
0.13375626504421234,
0.36054641008377075,
0.28599902987480164,
-0.4963388741016388,
-0.07316669821739197,
0.14993861317634583,
-0.19329343736171722,
0.3758131265640259,
-0.2604125142097473,
0.8853210210800171,
0.5617130398750305,
0.12009871006011963,
-0.6639121174812317,
0.005697983782738447,
-0.3496485650539398,
-0.4115891456604004,
-0.21421287953853607,
-0.11738517880439758,
-0.6382874250411987,
-0.03171105682849884,
0.1436382383108139,
0.0962190181016922,
-0.12386712431907654,
0.20895475149154663,
0.469414085149765,
-0.3513025939464569,
-0.00029943493427708745,
-0.2068990170955658,
0.5352665781974792,
1.335574984550476,
-0.2918570935726166,
0.19854557514190674,
0.010783545672893524,
0.5209006667137146,
0.7298661470413208,
0.2113054096698761,
-0.1272372454404831,
0.00913060363382101,
-0.4627422094345093,
0.18698395788669586,
0.1733839213848114,
0.22531317174434662,
0.2819811999797821,
-0.4366423785686493,
-0.29368191957473755,
-0.2314981371164322,
-0.03664897382259369,
0.3431542217731476,
-0.6232852935791016,
-0.44146937131881714,
0.1597018986940384,
0.12211258709430695,
0.9144031405448914,
-0.12896527349948883,
-0.06460761278867722,
-0.9649893641471863,
-0.45023056864738464,
0.009080889634788036,
0.30450019240379333,
-0.2616939842700958,
0.30792132019996643,
-0.34530898928642273,
-0.44334840774536133,
0.625445544719696,
0.4994064271450043,
-0.13098029792308807,
0.2530931234359741,
-0.13204243779182434,
-0.011382268741726875,
0.08308950066566467,
0.35352811217308044,
0.28615790605545044,
0.1661681830883026,
0.20909342169761658,
0.39919760823249817,
-0.03493548929691315,
-0.26389214396476746,
0.9585374593734741,
-0.34008100628852844,
0.027164209634065628,
-0.10465472936630249,
-0.42525964975357056,
-0.3305649757385254,
-0.6601141095161438,
0.39983639121055603,
0.7771234512329102,
-0.27510395646095276,
0.3325073719024658,
-0.5846877694129944,
0.2054777443408966,
-0.02457188069820404,
-0.35604771971702576,
-0.1973884552717209,
-0.11194609850645065,
0.37870392203330994,
-0.19450201094150543,
-0.38421329855918884,
-0.33442452549934387,
-0.6132404208183289,
-0.5203762054443359,
0.6187236905097961,
-0.39031219482421875,
1.1995253562927246,
0.11460664123296738,
0.13545292615890503,
0.3408018946647644,
-0.052037715911865234,
0.18817391991615295,
-0.349678099155426,
-0.035156525671482086,
0.8694025278091431,
-0.3349975645542145,
-0.6242355108261108,
0.03665196895599365,
0.20446905493736267,
-0.1715996414422989,
0.118084616959095,
0.030427925288677216,
-0.08459039032459259,
0.3502599895000458,
0.5919296145439148,
0.8327169418334961,
-0.4575575888156891,
-0.1057482659816742,
-0.281828373670578,
0.14083771407604218,
0.8267936706542969,
-0.7428128719329834,
0.33795374631881714,
0.09409575164318085,
0.20189113914966583,
0.037563495337963104,
-0.8270906805992126,
0.2174769788980484,
0.25546395778656006,
-0.10611043125391006,
0.5037484765052795,
0.08548729866743088,
0.08594817668199539,
-0.4892944395542145,
0.11703385412693024,
-0.21143624186515808,
0.4221840500831604,
0.02961665950715542,
-0.3591136038303375,
-0.5946428179740906,
0.07424991577863693,
-0.3524940311908722,
-0.27785614132881165,
-0.10828661173582077,
-0.47512441873550415,
0.22428469359874725,
0.001534590614028275,
0.643341064453125,
-0.4502984881401062,
0.813338041305542,
0.01852324604988098,
-0.26520273089408875,
0.13091257214546204,
0.19822663068771362,
0.363542377948761,
-0.10997439920902252,
0.21839171648025513,
0.1326635777950287,
-0.35024580359458923,
-0.21563370525836945,
0.5919752717018127,
-0.6748024225234985,
0.14375458657741547,
0.25800496339797974,
-0.5321857333183289,
0.5464398264884949,
0.30642110109329224,
-0.6724252700805664,
-0.23813237249851227,
-0.44390788674354553,
0.0830116719007492,
0.20895794034004211,
0.3269619047641754,
0.1654229611158371,
0.042563073337078094,
0.5293591618537903,
0.19778253138065338,
-0.020208824425935745,
-0.1767800748348236,
-0.2862204611301422,
-0.3937308192253113,
-0.5652859807014465,
0.35955262184143066,
0.30176615715026855,
0.26347774267196655,
-0.247061625123024,
-0.2745412290096283,
-0.5486202836036682,
0.16434770822525024,
-0.337611585855484,
-0.4003402590751648,
-0.1571301817893982,
0.1465054750442505,
0.13212500512599945,
-0.10128677636384964,
0.8044884204864502,
-0.3366481065750122,
0.4734906256198883,
0.17008663713932037,
-0.09292395412921906,
0.7946861982345581,
-0.571856677532196,
-0.05019688978791237,
0.01716669835150242,
-0.7520553469657898,
0.13568413257598877,
0.19430577754974365,
0.12763457000255585,
-0.12406127154827118,
-0.23690368235111237,
-5.427528381347656,
1.11518132686615,
-0.7043190002441406,
-0.455465167760849,
-0.11480846256017685,
-0.3335023522377014,
0.04181072488427162,
-0.4576505720615387,
-0.14094623923301697,
0.3678820729255676,
-0.2138659656047821,
-0.2593384087085724,
0.5652848482131958,
0.4849562644958496,
0.7354012727737427,
0.3103342652320862,
0.02194078639149666,
-0.44825977087020874,
0.6246557235717773,
-0.015434821136295795,
0.14935652911663055,
-0.014551992528140545,
-0.10768891125917435,
0.2082260400056839,
0.2285327911376953,
0.6916844248771667,
-0.9183112382888794,
-0.10023033618927002,
-0.517464816570282,
-0.2486194372177124,
0.18724723160266876,
-0.009883704595267773,
-0.4386391043663025,
0.34696081280708313,
-0.26290473341941833,
0.7671543955802917,
0.6768602132797241,
-0.19208993017673492,
-0.2574988901615143,
-0.31298863887786865,
0.6904910802841187,
0.12929323315620422,
-0.0772223174571991,
-0.12382066249847412,
0.23232649266719818,
-0.04633985832333565,
-0.2549324631690979,
0.11250593513250351,
0.25659528374671936,
0.43312975764274597,
0.40681517124176025,
0.22838950157165527,
0.48665952682495117,
0.026024391874670982,
-0.133029967546463,
-0.38816145062446594,
0.2687217891216278,
-0.17990635335445404,
-0.4627349078655243,
0.7866551280021667,
0.4069511294364929,
-0.8875486850738525,
-0.039959292858839035,
-0.2975585460662842,
0.22133029997348785,
0.20894105732440948,
0.06424689292907715,
-0.15267133712768555,
0.3058406710624695,
-0.004104097839444876,
0.3671778738498688,
0.21454299986362457,
-0.5586673617362976,
-0.7571940422058105,
0.13161179423332214,
-0.8054748177528381,
-0.6500980854034424,
-0.18327775597572327,
-0.831001341342926,
0.7672921419143677,
0.08569958060979843,
-0.09533442556858063,
-0.030273793265223503,
0.277692586183548,
0.002933946903795004,
-0.08215318620204926,
-0.08160131424665451,
0.13248692452907562,
-0.30230847001075745,
-0.5398184061050415,
0.5908609628677368,
-0.03308195620775223,
0.09797924757003784,
-0.001759928185492754,
-0.20711344480514526,
0.28417694568634033,
0.3704211115837097,
0.36617764830589294,
0.01110263541340828,
0.16035079956054688,
1.130139946937561,
-0.23706620931625366,
0.3763321340084076,
-0.5689589977264404,
-0.9215706586837769,
-0.46059054136276245,
0.38787171244621277,
0.1633949726819992,
0.3388312757015228,
-0.19381852447986603,
0.008485062047839165,
0.21513761579990387,
-0.6421658992767334,
-0.18255656957626343,
0.43766820430755615,
0.1156998723745346,
-0.4830321967601776,
0.43208619952201843,
0.8391497731208801,
0.5940055847167969,
0.46284326910972595,
0.034478046000003815,
-0.3354974389076233,
-0.06997377425432205,
-0.42716050148010254,
-0.6673311591148376,
0.5326632857322693,
-0.23713649809360504,
-0.029970567673444748,
-0.025729510933160782,
0.07508069276809692,
-0.0026070515159517527,
0.28370705246925354,
-0.04717385396361351,
-0.40368059277534485,
0.061630502343177795,
-0.6796008944511414,
-0.7157589793205261,
0.4003291726112366,
0.42083418369293213,
-0.3857164680957794,
0.03400784358382225,
-0.25155988335609436,
1.0283191204071045,
-0.22119781374931335,
0.04005018249154091,
-0.5370956063270569,
-0.7057357430458069,
-1.130218267440796,
0.43640103936195374,
-0.10171434283256531,
0.15548175573349,
-0.5431727170944214,
-0.6782912015914917,
0.00016632309416309,
-0.4534669816493988,
-0.6477978825569153,
0.26771262288093567,
0.736043393611908,
-0.14881183207035065,
0.2623029053211212,
-0.4833042621612549,
-0.8281807899475098,
0.5151019096374512,
-0.008902101777493954,
-0.5046132802963257,
-0.37143945693969727,
-0.7700940370559692,
-0.8720319271087646,
0.6823737621307373,
0.6791036128997803,
-0.8723342418670654,
0.16931898891925812,
-0.44452032446861267,
-0.019406147301197052,
0.17166508734226227,
-0.13165119290351868,
-0.27157655358314514,
-0.18206778168678284,
-0.4729269742965698,
-0.13408611714839935,
-0.0762748122215271,
-0.2160777449607849,
0.3709770441055298,
0.09761074185371399,
-0.7738627791404724,
-0.43412113189697266,
-0.22495007514953613,
0.1269664615392685,
-0.050178542733192444,
0.27755576372146606,
-0.3168562054634094,
0.18154767155647278,
0.4340561032295227,
-0.15670351684093475,
-0.4161943197250366,
0.022834105417132378,
0.4224318563938141,
-0.14274922013282776,
-0.17597036063671112,
-0.21039141714572906,
-0.07010036706924438,
-0.23533377051353455,
0.44802752137184143,
-0.06696426868438721,
-0.4833986461162567,
0.09869420528411865,
0.4627784490585327,
-1.1244693994522095,
0.5051435828208923,
-0.490366131067276,
-0.35484054684638977,
0.2756078541278839,
-0.016205841675400734,
0.04020072892308235,
0.2969159781932831,
0.18560431897640228,
-0.3102132976055145,
-0.9494438767433167,
-0.09948348999023438,
-0.2411172240972519,
-0.12074839323759079,
0.043443333357572556,
-0.4773380756378174,
-0.5894283652305603,
0.3290179967880249,
0.2333168089389801,
-0.612163245677948,
0.544379711151123,
-0.5817580223083496,
-0.22363156080245972,
-0.1793784350156784,
0.03187095373868942,
-0.27439582347869873,
0.06131483614444733,
0.7591612339019775,
-0.2915746569633484,
0.3648800551891327,
0.5798937082290649,
0.3563670516014099,
0.1083015576004982,
0.6742785573005676,
0.06770219653844833,
-0.6933465600013733,
-0.2992623746395111,
0.23429778218269348,
0.31535252928733826,
-0.49643680453300476,
-0.8579465746879578,
0.6097477674484253,
0.22854620218276978,
-0.5179035663604736,
-0.10252848267555237,
0.12490729987621307,
1.3297336101531982,
-0.8192943334579468,
-0.15868711471557617,
-0.07012220472097397,
0.0025058300234377384,
0.26718398928642273,
0.5102458596229553,
0.14566701650619507,
-0.5349485278129578,
-0.05236002802848816,
0.3265294134616852,
-0.15270136296749115,
0.15042586624622345,
-1.0833156108856201,
-0.1060696616768837,
-0.6749514937400818,
0.4090498685836792,
0.07030284404754639,
0.04570390284061432,
0.844857931137085,
-0.5666588544845581,
-0.13664878904819489,
0.2903095483779907,
-0.5122433304786682,
-0.972413957118988,
-0.3488633632659912,
-0.7117890119552612,
0.07290627807378769,
-0.19195131957530975,
-0.10710999369621277,
-0.17123199999332428,
-0.6125051379203796,
-0.6131222248077393,
-0.5936283469200134,
-0.921903133392334,
0.2509769797325134,
-0.601399838924408,
-0.2829069495201111,
0.0798964574933052,
-0.7597352862358093,
0.17923370003700256,
0.10578805208206177,
0.24728181958198547,
-0.11333556473255157,
-0.14172399044036865,
0.1777951568365097,
-0.48484915494918823,
0.9636621475219727,
-0.24980153143405914,
-0.4611608684062958,
-0.009235145524144173,
-0.2094765156507492,
0.5163441896438599,
-0.12355712056159973,
-0.010308046825230122,
-0.21756690740585327,
0.18741068243980408,
0.14929267764091492,
0.15239974856376648,
0.6051353812217712,
-0.7184044718742371,
0.3057035207748413,
0.53071129322052,
0.16764265298843384,
0.322709858417511,
0.4784623086452484,
0.2049022763967514,
0.3306814730167389,
0.8378833532333374,
0.13169267773628235,
-0.1839413344860077,
1.2773382663726807,
-0.711344838142395,
-0.3232317268848419,
0.6471063494682312,
0.017979152500629425,
0.20680522918701172,
-0.6465351581573486,
-0.38396310806274414,
0.625187337398529,
-0.5218403935432434,
0.01451671589165926,
-0.551074206829071,
-0.2998057007789612,
-0.6318011283874512,
0.360711008310318,
-0.19839946925640106,
0.6419209837913513,
0.21873518824577332,
-0.029370272532105446,
-0.4207165539264679,
-0.1497652381658554,
0.374027818441391,
-0.26464518904685974,
0.17355060577392578,
0.06840188056230545,
-0.0897497907280922,
-0.21838383376598358,
-0.08964436501264572,
-0.47777000069618225,
-0.12759973108768463,
-0.20257213711738586,
0.12829573452472687,
0.4551948010921478,
-0.6636529564857483,
0.38949915766716003,
0.3911249041557312,
0.014569271355867386,
0.4175961911678314,
-0.18386679887771606,
0.11069902777671814,
-0.4211626350879669,
-0.015233776532113552,
-0.427092969417572,
-0.4811161756515503,
0.6550713181495667,
0.40372687578201294,
0.35701724886894226,
0.016480976715683937,
0.09578866511583328,
0.05575881898403168,
0.618128776550293,
0.17974169552326202,
0.7007548809051514,
0.14468452334403992,
0.2815975546836853,
0.3246981203556061,
0.60514235496521,
-0.2408154159784317,
-0.6748691201210022,
0.5742359757423401,
-0.5469805598258972,
-0.08664737641811371,
0.645273745059967,
-0.18352475762367249,
-0.2454405426979065,
0.5264660716056824,
-0.41515427827835083,
-0.20713624358177185,
-0.0897378996014595,
0.4910932779312134,
0.18259678781032562,
0.06635017693042755,
0.562897801399231,
0.3456241190433502,
-0.21511627733707428,
-0.011586370877921581,
-0.027555782347917557,
0.8798070549964905,
0.020732346922159195,
0.1894834041595459,
0.10107798874378204,
-0.6723981499671936,
0.23651376366615295,
0.2216186225414276,
0.28607144951820374,
0.23823697865009308,
0.058842457830905914,
-0.21155866980552673,
0.5134175419807434,
0.09956622868776321,
0.5557325482368469,
0.7653672099113464,
-0.16756513714790344,
-0.19855111837387085,
-0.6180649399757385,
-0.033102136105298996,
-0.4085713326931,
0.23084266483783722,
1.159827709197998,
0.19226069748401642,
0.025851160287857056,
0.10144903510808945,
-0.06709354370832443,
-0.7213283181190491,
0.8886467814445496,
1.0418765544891357,
-0.7413522601127625,
-0.6222957372665405,
0.2714672386646271,
-0.07111300528049469,
-1.4267137050628662,
0.23553045094013214,
0.7719084620475769,
0.5964770913124084,
-0.364043653011322,
0.2410186380147934,
-0.12296938896179199,
-0.10929855704307556,
-0.22961828112602234,
0.45512741804122925,
0.5199301242828369,
-0.5796199440956116,
-0.8463948369026184,
-0.9656814932823181,
0.9266221523284912,
-0.06698103249073029,
-0.11111397296190262,
-0.16589806973934174,
-0.5217247009277344,
-0.011341296136379242,
0.19639603793621063,
0.4937576949596405,
-0.13864795863628387,
0.19873763620853424,
-0.3866340219974518
] |
224231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ | KZ | KZ, K-Z, Kz, or kz may refer to:
Arts and media
K-Z, a 1972 Italian documentary film
Kz (film), a 2006 documentary film
Kuhns Zeitschrift, the former colloquial name for the linguistics journal Historische Sprachforschung
People
KZ Okpala, American basketball player
KZ Tandingan (born 1992), Filipino singer
KZ, member of the Japanese music group Livetune
Places
Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, or Kaabah of Zoroaster, a 5th-century BCE tower at Naqsh-e Rustam, an archaeological site in Iran
Kazakhstan (ISO 3166 code: KZ)
KidZania
Konzentrationslager, the German term for Nazi concentration camps (1933–1945)
Transportation
Nippon Cargo Airlines (IATA airline code: KZ)
Kramme & Zeuthen, Danish aeroplane builders, see Skandinavisk Aero Industri
Kuaizhou, a Chinese family of carrier rockets
Toyota KZ engine, a diesel engine made for passenger cars
Other uses
.kz, the Internet country code top-level domain for Kazakhstan
Kz, the symbol for the Angolan kwanza, the currency of Angola
kz (digraph), in Esperanto
Korkine–Zolotarev lattice basis reduction algorithm
Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter | [
0.29985475540161133,
0.4476865828037262,
-0.020948635414242744,
0.15838630497455597,
-0.14442917704582214,
0.6054574251174927,
0.4019763469696045,
0.2620609700679779,
-0.463758647441864,
-0.010252601467072964,
-0.8026275038719177,
-0.16691581904888153,
0.008162882179021835,
0.5383806228637695,
-0.2594451606273651,
0.2690592110157013,
0.3937390446662903,
0.732498288154602,
-0.7879133820533752,
-0.20182976126670837,
-0.2310476005077362,
-0.11361370235681534,
0.6329487562179565,
-0.20828206837177277,
0.17909841239452362,
0.3627695143222809,
-0.1633334904909134,
0.18575158715248108,
0.051201656460762024,
0.6345745921134949,
0.27187931537628174,
0.5827804803848267,
0.2850503623485565,
0.05064661055803299,
-0.3067559599876404,
0.1808798760175705,
-0.1901685744524002,
0.25624898076057434,
0.27516087889671326,
-0.38595834374427795,
0.27572745084762573,
0.0522528812289238,
0.3466644287109375,
0.04391798377037048,
-0.5207759737968445,
-0.6110774278640747,
-2.160673141479492,
0.23497943580150604,
-0.8824909329414368,
-0.31717076897621155,
0.3140748143196106,
0.050454091280698776,
0.27678701281547546,
-0.13982315361499786,
-0.3829275667667389,
0.752809464931488,
-0.33897262811660767,
-0.5710799694061279,
0.4674713611602783,
-0.3130395710468292,
0.43488508462905884,
-0.08989179879426956,
0.0006474343244917691,
0.38287314772605896,
-0.02345428615808487,
0.001960496185347438,
0.1626439243555069,
-0.0012874151580035686,
-0.06998678296804428,
-0.36771273612976074,
-0.035405922681093216,
0.39094141125679016,
0.18909671902656555,
-0.2725398540496826,
-0.23167406022548676,
-0.13160258531570435,
-0.2852133512496948,
0.08784210681915283,
0.05957135558128357,
-0.06421507894992828,
-0.12529172003269196,
0.0239273514598608,
0.5761105418205261,
0.18939568102359772,
0.002746003679931164,
-0.28049468994140625,
-0.3224886357784271,
-0.004277204163372517,
-0.7261601686477661,
0.49545347690582275,
-0.14423240721225739,
-0.36173519492149353,
0.6001559495925903,
0.1585874706506729,
-0.31960994005203247,
0.3004360795021057,
-0.3449617326259613,
0.1099056750535965,
0.3751924932003021,
0.09113189578056335,
-0.37069782614707947,
0.20569998025894165,
-0.03095623478293419,
0.02980956621468067,
-0.5365421175956726,
-0.026086298748850822,
-0.3910248875617981,
0.41567274928092957,
-0.439961701631546,
0.1592211276292801,
-0.2917436361312866,
-0.25722062587738037,
0.1980605125427246,
0.4415893256664276,
0.02487196959555149,
-0.19533461332321167,
0.025613265112042427,
-0.7756858468055725,
-0.37234148383140564,
0.06530215591192245,
-0.5419774055480957,
0.3954717516899109,
-0.1482163667678833,
0.17908738553524017,
0.406390905380249,
0.22845961153507233,
0.43311914801597595,
-0.030012238770723343,
-0.27607399225234985,
0.34650918841362,
0.16011792421340942,
0.3465617895126343,
0.21334095299243927,
0.2009439915418625,
-0.0660078302025795,
-0.028174707666039467,
-0.12630708515644073,
-0.4749181866645813,
-0.19972479343414307,
0.3831908106803894,
-0.40169593691825867,
-0.08500471711158752,
-0.5958884358406067,
0.1901288479566574,
0.5769835710525513,
-0.2616308331489563,
-0.03880481794476509,
-0.1329711675643921,
-0.09675152599811554,
-0.08548492193222046,
-0.2507057189941406,
-0.08216942101716995,
-0.4084348976612091,
-0.09149069339036942,
-0.43094608187675476,
0.19989223778247833,
-0.17837505042552948,
-0.3521554470062256,
0.5347363352775574,
0.19081957638263702,
-0.41662314534187317,
0.41070571541786194,
-0.43130776286125183,
0.16523349285125732,
-0.18502949178218842,
-0.5107973217964172,
0.25251665711402893,
0.42854440212249756,
-0.5323951840400696,
-0.16219888627529144,
-0.11811172217130661,
0.1048315092921257,
-0.205337256193161,
0.32168036699295044,
-0.3866535723209381,
0.059502698481082916,
0.502724826335907,
0.1404273957014084,
0.021147700026631355,
0.4867660105228424,
-0.4897785484790802,
0.3430851399898529,
-0.16190871596336365,
-0.3006129860877991,
0.1498127579689026,
0.011357787996530533,
-0.07289238274097443,
-0.05912487208843231,
0.13920271396636963,
-0.32652026414871216,
-0.5687411427497864,
-0.5333558320999146,
0.09601744264364243,
-0.05361173301935196,
0.7897873520851135,
0.4075332581996918,
-0.09972944110631943,
0.6079868078231812,
-0.004361915402114391,
0.4745267331600189,
-0.0001607082231203094,
-0.37329861521720886,
0.30551454424858093,
-0.12648341059684753,
-0.5106713175773621,
0.43971651792526245,
0.5597836971282959,
0.17444923520088196,
-0.010633093304932117,
-0.08521439880132675,
0.055659689009189606,
-0.10610724240541458,
0.29991671442985535,
0.09136731177568436,
0.02475975640118122,
-0.2571841776371002,
-0.4395674467086792,
0.013384721241891384,
-0.2363378405570984,
0.06743522733449936,
0.839035153388977,
-0.5246773958206177,
-0.1318480372428894,
-0.1993902027606964,
-0.20763155817985535,
1.0927011966705322,
0.34863314032554626,
0.04951607808470726,
0.17869719862937927,
-0.4506739377975464,
0.006148012820631266,
0.1307569444179535,
0.06736926734447479,
-0.2578732669353485,
-0.06062612682580948,
0.6048570275306702,
0.40181824564933777,
-0.011751698330044746,
0.09385479986667633,
-0.47530052065849304,
-0.01995224691927433,
0.5687952041625977,
0.24807463586330414,
-0.12810398638248444,
0.40931203961372375,
-0.13347949087619781,
-0.11840089410543442,
-0.4099249541759491,
-0.49091246724128723,
0.2955736517906189,
0.046799078583717346,
0.3715157210826874,
-0.13762296736240387,
-0.0048657190054655075,
-0.20502541959285736,
-0.025911811739206314,
0.26597169041633606,
-0.23180855810642242,
-0.10692298412322998,
-0.19481348991394043,
-0.15947870910167694,
-0.232895627617836,
0.41166457533836365,
-0.1158914789557457,
-0.13271822035312653,
-0.30540046095848083,
0.28191208839416504,
-0.2773924171924591,
0.4674065411090851,
-0.01527712307870388,
-0.02053872123360634,
-0.05550146847963333,
0.027383428066968918,
0.14578969776630402,
-0.5526857376098633,
-0.5046569108963013,
0.10626258701086044,
0.02500377967953682,
-0.12475137412548065,
-0.6039891839027405,
-0.2960614264011383,
0.3595696687698364,
0.2352716326713562,
-0.4148011803627014,
0.2357245236635208,
0.03620954975485802,
-0.43427178263664246,
-0.199671670794487,
-0.22720782458782196,
-0.3943972885608673,
-0.10141606628894806,
0.39838147163391113,
-0.23320090770721436,
-0.36413100361824036,
0.15478090941905975,
0.24827729165554047,
0.08884402364492416,
-0.004739447962492704,
-0.12212604284286499,
-0.3426167070865631,
-0.44578632712364197,
0.5221362709999084,
-0.24804715812206268,
0.4244692623615265,
0.7040694355964661,
0.05599838122725487,
-0.15024207532405853,
0.10218583792448044,
-6.268773555755615,
0.3300219774246216,
-0.014499110169708729,
-0.059984754770994186,
0.23915986716747284,
-0.2972167730331421,
0.49139949679374695,
-0.4006306827068329,
0.14183025062084198,
-0.4273788034915924,
-0.0006684078834950924,
0.03376451134681702,
-0.29474133253097534,
0.3340136408805847,
-0.0017884621629491448,
0.1698949933052063,
-0.11445820331573486,
0.8136172294616699,
-0.2212304174900055,
-0.1843905746936798,
0.12135132402181625,
0.19591903686523438,
0.2959347367286682,
0.5573678016662598,
0.2561987042427063,
0.31144386529922485,
-0.20079226791858673,
0.25877389311790466,
-0.7515121102333069,
-0.30657538771629333,
-0.46751105785369873,
-0.17565487325191498,
-0.4854061007499695,
0.6678460240364075,
0.09903553873300552,
0.27275797724723816,
0.5872853994369507,
-0.1301632821559906,
0.27663758397102356,
-0.04669263958930969,
-0.09408733248710632,
0.6652367115020752,
-0.3550264537334442,
-0.8562008142471313,
0.2725541889667511,
0.04204438999295235,
-0.3515770435333252,
0.0362640805542469,
-0.27287256717681885,
0.11609368026256561,
0.3183373808860779,
-0.46564194560050964,
0.30057698488235474,
0.5649571418762207,
0.2943969964981079,
-0.2993925213813782,
0.25102296471595764,
0.20038631558418274,
-0.09336049109697342,
0.22058553993701935,
0.4274147152900696,
0.041408687829971313,
0.10757192224264145,
-1.1885844469070435,
-0.27334389090538025,
-0.4317525327205658,
0.15616843104362488,
0.1577627956867218,
-0.11204716563224792,
0.0313761942088604,
-0.39854946732521057,
-0.14001402258872986,
0.06854849308729172,
-0.73456871509552,
-0.13389873504638672,
-0.127569317817688,
-0.40473672747612,
-0.04142647981643677,
-0.6012136936187744,
0.862299382686615,
-0.30113282799720764,
-0.19887001812458038,
0.12032948434352875,
-0.046598777174949646,
-0.10156694799661636,
-0.7640766501426697,
-0.12791617214679718,
0.22820650041103363,
-0.28264158964157104,
0.14943204820156097,
0.5315020084381104,
-0.6140841245651245,
0.18337388336658478,
0.48758625984191895,
0.293499618768692,
0.48321056365966797,
-0.02772935852408409,
-0.34057092666625977,
0.11525125801563263,
-0.0290139839053154,
0.3663138151168823,
-0.35754671692848206,
0.08997373282909393,
-0.10292043536901474,
0.1888745129108429,
0.0927443578839302,
0.08270713686943054,
0.05788863077759743,
0.8422749042510986,
0.029560618102550507,
0.0440310500562191,
0.21893538534641266,
-0.3049111068248749,
-0.7468737959861755,
0.41398265957832336,
-0.3750808835029602,
-0.41238558292388916,
0.022253772243857384,
0.3426351547241211,
0.33580225706100464,
0.09040004014968872,
0.376482218503952,
-0.32561618089675903,
0.3898894786834717,
-0.4802456796169281,
-0.24660009145736694,
-0.2292756885290146,
0.07419516146183014,
0.225785493850708,
-0.01340542547404766,
0.08598583936691284,
0.45992234349250793,
0.6648058295249939,
-0.0034066736698150635,
0.32598134875297546,
0.24362488090991974,
-0.05020840838551521,
-0.5938244462013245,
-0.1439725011587143,
-0.40363770723342896,
0.20082855224609375,
-0.171712726354599,
-0.2826713025569916,
0.3268790543079376,
0.2840299606323242,
0.39396172761917114,
-0.22285620868206024,
-0.14472919702529907,
-0.21254298090934753,
0.12410792708396912,
-0.22692915797233582,
-0.2424105852842331,
0.39590978622436523,
0.10068082064390182,
-0.2608111500740051,
-0.1671343594789505,
-0.10778848826885223,
0.233674556016922,
-0.1747104376554489,
-0.2776033878326416,
0.6735623478889465,
-0.40300437808036804,
-0.7731896638870239,
0.05601179227232933,
0.09908177703619003,
-0.1892603486776352,
0.18244774639606476,
-0.295157790184021,
0.05279776453971863,
0.4523181617259979,
0.6135879158973694,
-0.2735356390476227,
-0.49641257524490356,
0.047781653702259064,
-0.2033362090587616,
-0.07800328731536865,
0.20169106125831604,
-0.23809914290905,
0.11439474672079086,
0.3050995171070099,
-0.10000117123126984,
0.030003691092133522,
0.22474393248558044,
0.3127192556858063,
0.38255637884140015,
0.11928647011518478,
-0.1660589575767517,
-0.11437062919139862,
-0.4676873981952667,
0.09368434548377991,
0.21325212717056274,
-0.14118699729442596,
0.2010667324066162,
0.5709778666496277,
0.16330109536647797,
-0.58938068151474,
0.2775990068912506,
0.5139066576957703,
0.06906085461378098,
0.11623721569776535,
0.12648048996925354,
0.4587957561016083,
-0.522132933139801,
0.3388150930404663,
0.48247724771499634,
-0.35692501068115234,
0.5305980443954468,
0.2405773401260376,
0.17761288583278656,
-0.61556077003479,
-0.6722740530967712,
-0.5354990363121033,
-0.002155071357265115,
0.54612797498703,
-0.2753686010837555,
-0.13659298419952393,
0.374142050743103,
0.006401240825653076,
-0.07139711081981659,
-0.608833909034729,
0.2060205340385437,
-0.2128494828939438,
-0.3464129567146301,
0.03500004857778549,
-0.4103291928768158,
0.672478199005127,
-0.053976502269506454,
-0.5005505681037903,
0.18686461448669434,
-0.267880916595459,
0.01454111561179161,
0.012647395022213459,
0.2258376181125641,
0.23997794091701508,
-0.4320610761642456,
-0.2772065997123718,
0.20637530088424683,
0.027093490585684776,
0.0062064421363174915,
-0.0250085461884737,
0.15338502824306488,
0.38369977474212646,
0.12521404027938843,
-0.1987161636352539,
-0.28335484862327576,
0.5322210192680359,
-0.3011450171470642,
0.372900128364563,
-0.4150606393814087,
0.049990274012088776,
0.006373475305736065,
-0.6809525489807129,
-0.1868780553340912,
-0.24668288230895996,
0.8008301854133606,
-0.502292275428772,
-0.33991503715515137,
0.08489231765270233,
0.21710707247257233,
0.26764383912086487,
-0.34834879636764526,
-0.1157139241695404,
-0.37786370515823364,
0.1307263970375061,
-0.49806368350982666,
0.7897932529449463,
-0.8664963841438293,
-0.36828821897506714,
-0.08092282712459564,
-0.2299991250038147,
-0.37696996331214905,
0.17376236617565155,
0.41928207874298096,
0.28937533497810364,
0.07298143208026886,
0.06920213252305984,
-0.252259224653244,
-0.008480815216898918,
-0.556367814540863,
0.06078808009624481,
-0.4315447211265564,
0.06005818024277687,
-0.11059253662824631,
-0.27338743209838867,
-0.014325703494250774,
-0.38561439514160156,
0.36561474204063416,
0.14074550569057465,
-0.02295634150505066,
0.3050879240036011,
-0.3092727065086365,
0.18781831860542297,
-0.2332877367734909,
0.5153308510780334,
-0.32920727133750916,
-0.37669408321380615,
0.31801605224609375,
0.2649850845336914,
-0.053894877433776855,
-0.011977864429354668,
-0.5476386547088623,
-0.062064945697784424,
0.24367022514343262,
-0.37235790491104126,
0.4903304874897003,
0.2258431762456894,
-0.11533229053020477,
-0.4978301525115967,
0.061690039932727814,
-0.1543591022491455,
0.18015621602535248,
-0.038840483874082565,
0.4870116114616394,
0.5071533918380737,
-0.5307934880256653,
0.07319340854883194,
0.3706507682800293,
-0.3943939805030823,
0.41590961813926697,
0.10700198262929916,
0.3512150049209595,
0.0024777480866760015,
0.4016166031360626,
0.21118834614753723,
-0.20897416770458221,
0.2155715972185135,
0.03982853516936302,
-0.13346756994724274,
0.21513591706752777,
0.6002447009086609,
0.5349563956260681,
-0.10347699373960495,
-0.18997250497341156,
0.25673314929008484,
0.05663968622684479,
-0.37542325258255005,
-0.2692045271396637,
-0.3176896572113037,
-0.3093099594116211,
0.49231868982315063,
0.09208329021930695,
0.09455254673957825,
-0.5112372636795044,
-0.06375229358673096,
-0.06605961173772812,
-0.02259012684226036,
0.33174794912338257,
0.05199439823627472,
0.02920764870941639,
-0.23920737206935883,
-0.023674853146076202,
0.2646046280860901,
-0.2776910364627838,
0.03877625614404678,
0.3644554316997528,
-0.0025240187533199787,
0.05596952512860298,
0.001119507011026144,
-0.33345577120780945,
0.1081901267170906,
0.5093153119087219,
-0.008932648226618767,
0.845843493938446,
-0.2853357195854187,
-0.4011262357234955,
-0.1607428640127182,
-0.2024219036102295,
-0.3801017999649048,
0.2747374475002289,
-0.07715530693531036,
0.06082538515329361,
0.22676075994968414,
-0.302415132522583,
0.4506627321243286,
0.20173922181129456,
0.18932314217090607,
0.1693417727947235,
0.3652036488056183,
-0.036589499562978745,
0.2104882299900055,
-0.0403108224272728,
-0.10911393165588379,
0.042074043303728104,
-0.3878563642501831,
0.5758377313613892,
0.10517348349094391,
-0.06500890851020813,
0.0923636332154274,
-0.10767174512147903,
0.12528130412101746,
0.44913628697395325,
-0.4170064926147461,
0.2074512541294098,
-0.012699635699391365,
0.06868547946214676,
0.33733198046684265,
-0.6059781312942505,
0.6416917443275452,
0.3184816837310791,
0.10378602892160416,
-0.32763007283210754,
-0.227087140083313,
-0.20913533866405487,
0.22081659734249115,
-0.4058419466018677,
-0.25304722785949707,
-0.6746343970298767,
0.03978922218084335,
-0.19146713614463806,
0.4133828282356262,
0.25018981099128723,
-0.15196484327316284,
0.15025219321250916,
0.23728275299072266,
0.0000760233961045742,
0.45287787914276123,
0.7927238345146179,
0.18031130731105804,
0.19622677564620972,
-0.4902926981449127,
0.07102974504232407,
-0.6081125736236572,
0.07031293213367462,
0.5158924460411072,
-0.13150714337825775,
-0.1609349101781845,
0.4681950509548187,
-0.03252948448061943,
-0.9481841325759888,
0.037155911326408386,
0.20108002424240112,
0.03221333399415016,
-0.31069880723953247,
0.535302996635437,
-0.6887153387069702,
-0.15966761112213135,
0.39187878370285034,
0.7336231470108032,
0.2616164982318878,
-0.5146496295928955,
0.19665701687335968,
-0.14077019691467285,
0.27167990803718567,
-0.09514495730400085,
0.03456120565533638,
0.4542805552482605,
-0.16059470176696777,
-0.05980188772082329,
-0.5807495713233948,
0.04959587752819061,
-0.14149008691310883,
-0.234599307179451,
0.2816545069217682,
-0.07135305553674698,
0.4082198441028595,
-0.1562749147415161,
-0.12039168179035187,
-0.2650129795074463,
0.488261878490448,
-0.6262449622154236
] |
224232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KG | KG | KG, Kg, kG or kg may refer to:
Units of measurement
kg, the kilogram, the SI base unit of mass
kG or kGs, the kilogauss, a unit of measurement of magnetic induction
People
KG (wrestler), ring name of Syuri (born 1989)
K. G. Cunningham (born 1939), Australian radio presenter and cricketer
Kevin Garnett (born 1976), nicknamed KG, American basketball player
Kyle Gass (born 1960), nicknamed KG, American musician of Tenacious D
Kagiso Rabada (born 1995), nicknamed KG, South African cricketer
Places
Bad Kissingen, Germany, vehicle registration code KG
Kragujevac, Serbia, vehicle registration code KG
Kyrgyzstan, ISO 3166 country code KG
.kg, Internet country code top-level domain for Kyrgyzstan
Transportation
LAI – Línea Aérea IAACA, a Venezuelan airline, IATA airline designator KG
Ship's center of gravity above keel
Other uses
K.G. (album), a 2020 album by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
Kammergericht, the highest state court in Berlin, Germany
Kampfgruppe, a military combat formation
Kindergarten, pre-school education
Klein–Gordon equation, a relativistic wave equation
Knight of the Garter, a member of a British order of chivalry
Kommanditgesellschaft, a German limited partnership business entity
Kompas Gramedia, a company in Indonesia
Kongo language, ISO 639-1 language code KG
See also
Kampong or kampung, Malay and Indonesian word for village, found in place names
King, the title given to a male monarch | [
0.0830080658197403,
-0.10964889824390411,
0.0023829066194593906,
0.16187217831611633,
-0.5755674839019775,
0.41681161522865295,
0.4605101943016052,
-0.5386452674865723,
-0.45202064514160156,
0.2762916386127472,
-0.3230382800102234,
-0.06973691284656525,
0.138051375746727,
-0.09903410822153091,
-0.26632165908813477,
0.5497850775718689,
-0.08338028937578201,
0.23944778740406036,
0.01996503584086895,
-0.19119340181350708,
0.05355992540717125,
-0.045595135539770126,
0.6398659944534302,
-0.37075507640838623,
0.16625329852104187,
0.02598331868648529,
0.13526754081249237,
0.41940179467201233,
-0.35321173071861267,
0.12588538229465485,
-0.37372973561286926,
0.33969512581825256,
0.29115551710128784,
0.3708346486091614,
0.04703431949019432,
-0.1784173846244812,
-0.26343226432800293,
0.26684895157814026,
0.1816665530204773,
-0.8673703074455261,
0.19270126521587372,
-0.1625836193561554,
-0.3241967558860779,
0.1197826936841011,
-0.23145002126693726,
-0.8129546046257019,
-1.0862535238265991,
0.02363733947277069,
-0.7161320447921753,
-0.1291448026895523,
0.11695283651351929,
0.03582256659865379,
-0.095423623919487,
0.17894665896892548,
0.09283845871686935,
0.3835811913013458,
-0.729222297668457,
-0.3063209652900696,
0.2945792078971863,
-0.44916656613349915,
0.1452297866344452,
0.1945132613182068,
-0.10791590064764023,
-0.101091168820858,
0.6463151574134827,
0.11856604367494583,
0.2227366417646408,
0.23164595663547516,
-0.21501417458057404,
-0.7325564026832581,
-0.03345276042819023,
0.01341276615858078,
0.20029371976852417,
-0.017301712185144424,
0.5508272647857666,
-0.5818770527839661,
-0.14254005253314972,
-0.07910328358411789,
0.3364918828010559,
0.2695884704589844,
-0.1307920664548874,
-0.2626306414604187,
-0.09634345769882202,
0.34354209899902344,
-0.08543793112039566,
0.1793775111436844,
-0.07019248604774475,
0.2423040121793747,
-0.4362841844558716,
0.7314439415931702,
0.44406232237815857,
0.08248148113489151,
0.922121524810791,
0.10866496711969376,
-0.1695043295621872,
0.2531868815422058,
-0.4130403697490692,
0.13154995441436768,
0.1418735682964325,
-0.32137271761894226,
-0.06278526782989502,
-0.0518294982612133,
0.07245754450559616,
-0.1595982313156128,
-0.360934853553772,
-0.3693448007106781,
0.06996408849954605,
-0.06304825842380524,
0.0753750130534172,
0.12113603949546814,
-0.7364078164100647,
-0.06432528048753738,
0.04765556380152702,
0.19257330894470215,
0.0028373082168400288,
-0.024602185934782028,
0.029392337426543236,
-0.4221048057079315,
-0.37442949414253235,
0.5165176391601562,
-0.09349195659160614,
0.26525115966796875,
-0.1319141536951065,
0.137766033411026,
0.4248355031013489,
-0.01683436892926693,
0.4296691417694092,
0.6886249780654907,
-0.08769182860851288,
0.08154097199440002,
-0.012627671472728252,
0.3776490390300751,
0.14952582120895386,
0.5064263343811035,
0.1393093466758728,
0.14740201830863953,
0.001881390460766852,
-0.32359984517097473,
-0.4353533983230591,
0.2232850044965744,
-0.8226760029792786,
-0.1882009208202362,
-0.26701420545578003,
-0.02375808358192444,
-0.06779889762401581,
-0.33300089836120605,
0.10473426431417465,
-0.21150736510753632,
-0.015253499150276184,
0.42313656210899353,
-0.21845655143260956,
-0.060302045196294785,
0.03157782927155495,
-0.04541343078017235,
0.053497280925512314,
-0.3223697245121002,
0.35190656781196594,
-0.40439796447753906,
0.22207000851631165,
-0.08718086779117584,
-0.4130229353904724,
0.09971509873867035,
-0.6230710744857788,
-0.29117685556411743,
-0.1610105037689209,
-0.7489210963249207,
0.5182231664657593,
-0.008973109535872936,
-0.8862876296043396,
-0.08612985908985138,
-0.07697199285030365,
-0.16727061569690704,
-0.026835381984710693,
0.5774714350700378,
-0.6164700388908386,
-0.35070574283599854,
0.1269741654396057,
0.32955455780029297,
0.6885737776756287,
0.02813185565173626,
-0.5394603610038757,
-0.08777797967195511,
-0.10121236741542816,
0.13711875677108765,
0.46917805075645447,
-0.005333826411515474,
0.2575593590736389,
-0.17810256779193878,
0.050203632563352585,
0.1656944900751114,
-0.24382640421390533,
-0.12193214893341064,
-0.13145342469215393,
-0.03691812977194786,
0.7709112763404846,
-0.030605465173721313,
0.006292215082794428,
0.1634698063135147,
-0.1026017889380455,
0.6833738088607788,
0.1681080311536789,
-0.16981293261051178,
0.29777956008911133,
-0.07697519659996033,
-0.3142892122268677,
0.21199455857276917,
0.37903887033462524,
0.20161017775535583,
0.1464843899011612,
0.3633947968482971,
0.19569304585456848,
-0.0809168890118599,
0.06942518055438995,
-0.792963445186615,
-0.49673014879226685,
0.10876338928937912,
-0.12461526691913605,
0.5070324540138245,
0.014548860490322113,
0.06366825103759766,
1.142016887664795,
-0.3005762994289398,
0.15100811421871185,
-0.14797702431678772,
-0.20518948137760162,
0.7669073939323425,
0.19175246357917786,
0.17641158401966095,
-0.11013120412826538,
-0.7533025145530701,
0.011396323330700397,
-0.34965386986732483,
0.0009547358495183289,
0.23925384879112244,
-0.3813072443008423,
0.2785584330558777,
0.2526002526283264,
-0.25404855608940125,
0.3767092823982239,
-0.5819264650344849,
0.18474304676055908,
0.8630033731460571,
0.12211495637893677,
0.20399384200572968,
0.11847236752510071,
0.47102853655815125,
0.03797437250614166,
0.16699720919132233,
-0.8749842643737793,
-0.3704593777656555,
0.12410518527030945,
-0.17515654861927032,
0.13287624716758728,
0.3939124345779419,
0.0610339529812336,
-0.4434688687324524,
-0.14480623602867126,
0.012883338145911694,
0.29700955748558044,
0.1290271133184433,
-0.05825186148285866,
-0.11018431931734085,
0.21854491531848907,
-0.39497214555740356,
-0.42564842104911804,
-0.03458387777209282,
-0.21731829643249512,
-0.3217298686504364,
-0.12825769186019897,
-0.039115216583013535,
0.6275388598442078,
0.5202100872993469,
-0.3485408127307892,
-0.325079083442688,
-0.26103559136390686,
-0.4714907705783844,
0.4223312437534332,
0.12936416268348694,
-0.37842029333114624,
-0.7043783664703369,
-0.3886207342147827,
0.12941475212574005,
0.6746728420257568,
0.16155216097831726,
0.4137362539768219,
-0.8107344508171082,
-0.5887210369110107,
-0.0904112309217453,
-0.14010782539844513,
-0.47988829016685486,
-0.2526306211948395,
0.5480028390884399,
-0.5131065845489502,
-0.2187647670507431,
0.4324701428413391,
-0.027908068150281906,
-0.39979350566864014,
0.28362253308296204,
0.5293800830841064,
0.3368115723133087,
-0.46802663803100586,
0.4676663875579834,
-0.20703649520874023,
-0.0660097524523735,
0.007995115593075752,
-0.5461505055427551,
-0.2937307059764862,
0.5002261996269226,
-6.0272908210754395,
0.22132156789302826,
-0.4960191547870636,
0.3254942297935486,
-0.04021194949746132,
0.11032178997993469,
0.5780246257781982,
0.17848335206508636,
-0.34662455320358276,
-0.017721692100167274,
0.19314931333065033,
-0.09958235174417496,
0.24142898619174957,
-0.07432970404624939,
0.27050450444221497,
0.4523233473300934,
0.421562135219574,
0.4751305878162384,
0.24441125988960266,
0.2983019948005676,
0.23048026859760284,
-0.004328862298280001,
-0.3987278938293457,
0.5055708885192871,
0.20049455761909485,
0.2845049202442169,
-0.23333777487277985,
0.1986692100763321,
-0.37709513306617737,
-0.2662276029586792,
-0.782802164554596,
0.08500640094280243,
-0.012976408936083317,
-0.18254615366458893,
0.6285682916641235,
-0.07453302294015884,
0.418483704328537,
0.2076544165611267,
0.3258647620677948,
-0.42350050806999207,
0.12873952090740204,
0.2755581736564636,
0.13248945772647858,
-0.8193521499633789,
0.7513430118560791,
-0.4114548861980438,
-0.1418534815311432,
0.1719772219657898,
-0.6041608452796936,
-0.18606145679950714,
0.38845425844192505,
-0.37237635254859924,
0.12254466116428375,
0.054236676543951035,
0.29136282205581665,
0.3685680627822876,
0.26325473189353943,
0.5419021844863892,
-0.33616167306900024,
0.5532935857772827,
-0.18577361106872559,
-0.28315263986587524,
0.09318546205759048,
-0.6429343819618225,
-0.3535265624523163,
-0.09514924138784409,
-0.08971615135669708,
-0.07419513165950775,
0.29329603910446167,
0.3407628834247589,
-0.8903995752334595,
0.0013054142473265529,
0.33358296751976013,
-0.4618160128593445,
0.3676142692565918,
0.08919209241867065,
0.06508544832468033,
0.35023507475852966,
-0.49199622869491577,
0.29776498675346375,
-0.622549295425415,
-0.6335743069648743,
-0.009903892874717712,
0.16996292769908905,
0.13206198811531067,
-0.636294960975647,
-0.21774287521839142,
-0.2932232916355133,
0.02379889227449894,
0.4375530183315277,
0.6228392720222473,
-0.25852084159851074,
0.1922978162765503,
-0.03702344000339508,
0.013459703885018826,
-0.3361138701438904,
0.28528863191604614,
-0.20587299764156342,
0.22971393167972565,
-0.1476222425699234,
0.2109483927488327,
-0.36272570490837097,
0.13508139550685883,
-1.0293447971343994,
-0.03314519673585892,
-0.22074435651302338,
-0.07875136286020279,
0.2187497317790985,
1.355559229850769,
-0.06431406736373901,
0.3478226661682129,
-0.21600493788719177,
-0.5324985384941101,
-0.44290870428085327,
0.3449285924434662,
-0.12459564954042435,
-0.1608535349369049,
0.19692888855934143,
0.5868003368377686,
0.28080540895462036,
-0.2171265035867691,
0.18629714846611023,
-0.10409651696681976,
-0.5293430089950562,
-0.1303987354040146,
-0.2894870340824127,
0.25807270407676697,
0.19679300487041473,
-0.3503481149673462,
0.12677115201950073,
0.09781695902347565,
0.7409675717353821,
0.24402084946632385,
-0.3259446918964386,
-0.1683942824602127,
0.9926396012306213,
0.22598734498023987,
-0.5336529612541199,
-0.35869717597961426,
-0.9608679413795471,
0.2571529746055603,
-0.13215889036655426,
0.15624773502349854,
0.0908609926700592,
0.12948086857795715,
0.5306445360183716,
0.04369860514998436,
0.08440503478050232,
-0.22719459235668182,
0.3619473874568939,
0.5565521121025085,
-0.08351083099842072,
0.3082904815673828,
0.34547653794288635,
-0.12359429150819778,
0.13184663653373718,
0.06904120743274689,
0.5415489673614502,
0.33482950925827026,
-0.6261953711509705,
0.25747787952423096,
-0.0165848508477211,
-0.9354023933410645,
-0.5393939018249512,
0.24691234529018402,
-0.3702864646911621,
-0.5583894848823547,
-0.017093850299715996,
0.36484816670417786,
0.6866476535797119,
0.2832978069782257,
-0.9090982675552368,
-0.9225513339042664,
-0.17643867433071136,
-0.16336041688919067,
0.00790178868919611,
-0.021184151992201805,
-0.31624457240104675,
-0.15728233754634857,
0.34368059039115906,
0.5705806016921997,
-0.19065630435943604,
0.17047041654586792,
0.08356091380119324,
0.16374103724956512,
0.5273776650428772,
-0.002491503721103072,
-0.1556907296180725,
-0.227867990732193,
0.3707549273967743,
-0.034947093576192856,
-0.20360948145389557,
0.4221559464931488,
0.426435261964798,
0.18630512058734894,
0.09041903167963028,
-0.015886705368757248,
0.917740523815155,
-0.3464397192001343,
0.1998411864042282,
0.40774479508399963,
0.6663596630096436,
-0.49471262097358704,
-0.2986302375793457,
0.54820317029953,
-0.19055408239364624,
0.4808162450790405,
-0.011358959600329399,
0.4980587661266327,
-0.20301131904125214,
-0.587957501411438,
-0.40223488211631775,
-0.057197656482458115,
0.667201817035675,
-0.4050004780292511,
0.32336369156837463,
0.14944300055503845,
0.12594707310199738,
-0.1275406777858734,
-0.6188945174217224,
0.2662366032600403,
0.1300441473722458,
-0.6801701188087463,
-0.33325842022895813,
-0.22566847503185272,
0.08918853104114532,
0.2985750436782837,
-0.22130954265594482,
-0.14028748869895935,
-0.24285949766635895,
-0.07016569375991821,
-0.3813953399658203,
-0.13529188930988312,
0.08967024832963943,
-0.20199163258075714,
-0.06546598672866821,
0.1873253881931305,
0.2643626034259796,
0.07511066645383835,
-0.2428562492132187,
0.8061383366584778,
0.6652928590774536,
-0.19485118985176086,
0.02553289756178856,
-0.46019628643989563,
0.3685241639614105,
0.34873372316360474,
-0.37478283047676086,
-0.22644129395484924,
0.06520852446556091,
0.024994639679789543,
-0.5265344381332397,
-0.5377023220062256,
-0.2657654881477356,
1.0399903059005737,
-0.6477843523025513,
0.3168448209762573,
-0.18846385180950165,
0.17488303780555725,
0.21928468346595764,
0.23302915692329407,
0.2180057018995285,
-0.382771372795105,
-0.18613825738430023,
-0.36081212759017944,
0.5018061399459839,
-0.6634804606437683,
0.3018825352191925,
-0.1282034069299698,
-0.31845977902412415,
-0.16894635558128357,
0.4367322027683258,
0.0612824447453022,
0.8210692405700684,
-0.15122507512569427,
0.5097780227661133,
-0.2705497443675995,
-0.35040244460105896,
-0.4569401443004608,
0.3675324320793152,
-0.3578050434589386,
0.2446822226047516,
0.49248966574668884,
-0.09290886670351028,
0.13349267840385437,
-0.16015610098838806,
0.3304947316646576,
0.07600381970405579,
-0.5096334218978882,
0.3187922239303589,
-0.039209283888339996,
-0.29764384031295776,
-0.6759967803955078,
0.11800240725278854,
-0.36793065071105957,
-0.029778065159916878,
-0.055670030415058136,
-0.10037767887115479,
0.4546792805194855,
-0.16330765187740326,
-0.9547153115272522,
0.970335066318512,
-0.12967582046985626,
-0.4445142447948456,
0.00889669917523861,
-0.2737041711807251,
0.3428395688533783,
-0.5119152069091797,
0.2194475382566452,
-0.03440765663981438,
-0.006226096302270889,
-0.20866264402866364,
0.0011096635134890676,
0.14395864307880402,
-0.38789477944374084,
-0.33497968316078186,
0.33887484669685364,
-0.205036923289299,
-0.1878383755683899,
-0.02452804706990719,
0.745906412601471,
0.006474052555859089,
0.3477545976638794,
0.3489990532398224,
-0.31512293219566345,
0.17512091994285583,
-0.2356567680835724,
-0.3314667344093323,
0.21498382091522217,
0.19815881550312042,
0.5503287315368652,
0.023105761036276817,
-0.33849626779556274,
0.5010905861854553,
0.3798675537109375,
-0.24632048606872559,
0.23168544471263885,
0.1973269134759903,
-0.11975664645433426,
1.130406141281128,
0.1334610879421234,
0.21579355001449585,
-0.13025158643722534,
0.060842592269182205,
-0.046957340091466904,
0.1836717128753662,
-0.17074234783649445,
-0.2983880341053009,
0.005677677690982819,
-0.24270038306713104,
-0.11533983796834946,
-0.13305571675300598,
0.12109896540641785,
-0.8303999304771423,
-0.47280335426330566,
0.09431766718626022,
-0.06326767802238464,
-1.120038390159607,
-0.5385346412658691,
0.057326413691043854,
0.3291338086128235,
-0.20956383645534515,
0.8575151562690735,
-0.11660660803318024,
-0.029023967683315277,
-0.014791122637689114,
-0.2885359525680542,
-0.6129763722419739,
0.14207597076892853,
-0.2304176539182663,
-0.27996909618377686,
0.24745671451091766,
-0.2123618721961975,
0.09144613146781921,
-0.292583167552948,
0.6153154969215393,
0.2629627585411072,
0.26504555344581604,
-0.41300612688064575,
-0.0982251688838005,
0.10236845910549164,
-0.27813035249710083,
-0.36862388253211975,
-0.673912525177002,
-0.14167074859142303,
-0.1537134200334549,
0.24593886733055115,
0.29899299144744873,
-0.02799035795032978,
0.47620826959609985,
0.6880093812942505,
-0.40611326694488525,
0.12982600927352905,
0.2466069459915161,
-0.5558050870895386,
-0.31376782059669495,
-0.3620480000972748,
0.727486252784729,
0.40544164180755615,
0.2880144417285919,
-0.021720455959439278,
-0.22294266521930695,
-0.15226222574710846,
0.2595861256122589,
-0.43628808856010437,
-0.17654749751091003,
-0.6179606914520264,
-0.03988456353545189,
-0.4082139730453491,
0.46063023805618286,
0.7281786799430847,
-0.6769875288009644,
0.12266992032527924,
-0.06316216289997101,
0.12184536457061768,
0.6544176340103149,
0.5370737910270691,
-0.4884786605834961,
0.1496402770280838,
-0.48000407218933105,
-0.18555401265621185,
-0.49124768376350403,
0.4556960165500641,
0.6113752126693726,
0.3125442564487457,
0.09958875924348831,
0.46771523356437683,
-0.3496006429195404,
-0.3764099180698395,
-0.13629312813282013,
-0.562218427658081,
0.4444724917411804,
-0.736416757106781,
0.5951362252235413,
-0.4170282483100891,
-0.11386758834123611,
0.439888596534729,
0.7555422782897949,
-0.09083587676286697,
-0.2975372076034546,
0.3556174635887146,
0.09373659640550613,
0.37798866629600525,
0.25843214988708496,
0.4053688943386078,
0.4022150933742523,
-0.14420688152313232,
-0.08040256798267365,
-0.7446890473365784,
0.14802633225917816,
-0.1512197107076645,
-0.38675060868263245,
1.020472764968872,
0.0006011453806422651,
0.24000869691371918,
0.3489047884941101,
0.2674853205680847,
-0.9177696704864502,
0.0930762067437172,
-0.31400954723358154
] |
224243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrovaradin | Petrovaradin | Petrovaradin (, ) is a historic town in the Serbian province of Vojvodina, now a part of the city of Novi Sad. As of 2011, the urban area has 14,810 inhabitants. Lying on the right bank of the Danube, across from the main part of Novi Sad, it is built around the Petrovaradin Fortress, historical anchor of the modern city.
Name
Petrovaradin was founded by Celts, but its original name is not known. During Roman administration it was known as Cusum. After the Romans conquered the region from the Celtic tribe of Scordisci, they built the Cusum fortress where present Petrovaradin Fortress now stands. In addition, the town received its name from the Byzantines, who called it Petrikon or Petrikov (Πετρικον) and who presumably named it after Saint Peter.
In documents from 1237, the town was first mentioned under the name Peturwarod (Pétervárad), which was named after Hungarian lord Peter, son of Töre. Petrovaradin was known under the name Pétervárad during Hungarian administration, Varadin or Petervaradin during Ottoman administration, and Peterwardein during Habsburg administration.
Today, the municipality is known in Serbian as Петроварадин, in Hungarian as Pétervárad, and in German as Peterwardein.
Geography
Petrovaradin is located in the Syrmia region, on the Danube river and Fruška Gora, a horst mountain with elevation of 78–220 m (municipality up to 451 m). The northern part of Fruška Gora consists of massive landslide zones, but they are not active, except in Ribnjak neighborhood (between Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin fortress).
History
Human settlement in the territory of present-day Petrovaradin has been traced as far back as the Stone Age (about 4500 BC). This region was conquered by Celts (in the 4th century BC) and Romans (in the 1st century BC).
The Celts founded the first fortress at this location. It was part of the tribal state of the Scordisci, which had its capital in Singidunum (present-day Belgrade). During the Roman administration, a larger fortress was built (in the 1st century) with the name Cusum and was included into Roman Pannonia. Subsequently, the fortress was included into the Pannonia Inferior and the Pannonia Secunda. In the 5th century, Cusum was devastated by the invasion of the Huns.
The town was then conquered by Ostrogoths, Gepids, and Lombards. By the end of the 5th century, Byzantines had reconstructed the town and called it by the names Cusum and Petrikon or Petrikov. It was part of the Byzantine province of Pannonia. Subsequently, it passed into the hands of Avars, Franks, Bulgarians and Byzantines again. During Bulgarian administration, the town was known as Petrik and was part of the domain of duke Sermon, while during subsequent Byzantine administration, it was part of the Theme of Sirmium.
Later, the town became part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
Between 1522 and 1526, Petrovaradin was a base for the early Ŝajkaš regiments, but in 1526, the Ottoman Empire took Petrovaradin after a two-week battle waged against combined forces of Croats, Serbs and Hungarians.
In the war of 1683-1699 with the Habsburg Monarchy, the Ottomans abandoned Petrovaradin. In 1690, they returned for just two years. After that, Petrovaradin remained under Habsburg control as a part of the Slavonian Military Frontier.
In 1695, a military force of Serbs—600 infantry and 200 cavalry—under Captain Pane Božić were brought to Petrovaradin to serve. One thousand Serbs worked on the construction of the Citadel and fortifications under the guidance of military engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.
During Hungarian administration, the town was firstly part of the Bolgyán County and then part of the Syrmia County, while during Ottoman administration, it was firstly part of the vassal duchy of Syrmia ruled by Serb duke Radoslav Čelnik (1527-1530), and then part of the Sanjak of Syrmia.
During the Ottoman administration, Petrovaradin had 200 houses and three mosques. There was also a Christian quarter with 35 houses populated with Croats.
Petrovaradin was the site of a notable battle on August 5, 1716 in which the Habsburg Monarchy led by the Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the forces of the Ottomans led by the Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha. Habsburg forces led by Prince Eugene later defeated the Ottomans at Belgrade before the Ottomans sued for peace at Požarevac.
During the Habsburg administration, Petrovaradin was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier (Slavonian general command - Petrovaradin regiment). In 1848–49, the town was part of Serbian Vojvodina, but in 1849, it was returned under the administration of the Military Frontier. With the abolishment of the Military Frontier in 1881, the town was included into the Syrmia County of Croatia-Slavonia, which was the autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary.
In 1918, the town firstly became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, then part of the Kingdom of Serbia and finally part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia). Between 1918 and 1922, the town was part of the Syrmia County, between 1922 and 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast, and between 1929 and 1941 part of the Danube Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. From 1918 to 1936, Yugoslav Royal Air Force was based in Petrovaradin. During World War II (1941–1944), the town was occupied by the Axis Powers and it was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. Since the end of the war in this part of Yugoslavia in 1944, the town was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which from 1945 was part of the new socialist Serbia within socialist Yugoslavia.
Settlements and neighborhoods
Neighborhoods and parts of Petrovaradin are: Petrovaradin Fortress, Podgrađe Tvrđave (which is a fortified part of Petrovaradin and part of Petrovaradin Fortress complex), Stari Majur (which is part of Petrovaradin where offices of Petrovaradin local community are located), Novi Majur, Bukovački Plato (Bukovački Put), Sadovi, Široka Dolina, Širine, Vezirac, Trandžament, Ribnjak, Mišeluk, Alibegovac, Radna Zona Istok, Marija Snežna (Radna Zona Istok), and Petrovaradinska Ada (Ribarska Ada).
Between 2002 and 2019, Petrovaradin had a status of separate municipality within the city of Novi Sad, but its administrative bodies were never established and the status was mostly formal. Apart from the town, the municipality covered the area on the right Danube bank: town of Sremska Kamenica; and villages of Stari Ledinci, Novi Ledinci and Bukovac, with some 34,000 residents in total. The municipality status was terminated by a City Assembly decision in 2019.
Demographics
In 1961 Petrovaradin had 8,408 inhabitants; in 1971 10,477; in 1981 10,338; in 1991 11,285; and in 2002 13,973. By city's registry estimation, from mid-2005, Petrovaradin town had 15,266 inhabitants.
Ethnic groups
Municipality
According to the 2011 census, the total population of the territory of present-day Petrovaradin municipality was 33,865, of whom 27,328 (80.69%) were ethnic Serbs. All settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority.
Town
During the Ottoman administration, Petrovaradin was mostly populated by Muslims, while some Serbs lived there as well in the Christian quarter. According to Habsburg census from 1720, inhabitants of Petrovaradin mostly had German and Serbo-Croatian names and surnames. During the subsequent period of the Habsburg administration and in one part of the 20th century, the largest ethnic group in the Petrovaradin town were ethnic Croats. According to the 1910 census the town had 5,527 residents, of which 3,266 spoke Croatian (59.09%), 894 German (16.18%), 730 Serbian (13.21%), 521 Hungarian (9.43%) and 159 Slovak (2.88%). Since 1971 census, largest ethnic group in Petrovaradin are Serbs. Today, there are a couple of neighborhoods with sizable number of Croats in Petrovaradin, like Stari Majur and Podgrađe Tvrđave.
Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):
Politics
Between 1980 and 1989, Petrovaradin was a municipality within the city of Novi Sad. From 1989 to 2002, Novi Sad's municipalities were abolished and territory of the former Petrovaradin municipality was part of Novi Sad municipality, which included the whole territory of the present-day City of Novi Sad. The city municipalities of Novi Sad were formally re-established in 2002, with Petrovaradin as the second one, since it was a requirement to obtain a city status at the time. In 2007, after the update of the law of local government, the requirement for multiple municipalities for city status was lifted (and 20 additional cities were proclaimed). However, the renewed 2008 city statute also foresaw formation of two separate municipalities, but they have never been established, and the whole city was run solely by the city administration. Petrovaradin only has a local community office. In March 2019, a new city statute was adopted, abolishing any separate municipalities.
Culture
Notable people
Josip Jelačić - Croatian ban and army general, born in Petrovaradin.
Kosta Nađ, general in the Yugoslav National Liberation Army
See also
List of places in Serbia
List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina
Notes and references
Notes
Petrovaradin, Enciklopedija Novog Sada, knjiga 20, Novi Sad, 2002
Radenko Gajić, Petrovaradinska tvrđava - Gibraltar na Dunavu, Sremski Karlovci, 1993
mr Agneš Ozer, Petrovaradinska tvrđava - vodič kroz vreme i prostor, Novi Sad, 2002
mr Agneš Ozer, Petrovaradin Fortress - A Guide through time and space, Novi Sad, 2002
Veljko Milković, Petrovaradin kroz legendu i stvarnost, Novi Sad, 2001
Veljko Milković, Petrovaradin i Srem - misterija prošlosti, Novi Sad, 2003
Veljko Milković, Petrovaradinska tvrđava - podzemlje i nadzemlje, Novi Sad, 2005
Military Heritage did a feature about the Muslim Turks versus Christian Nobility 1716 battle and crusade at Peterwardein, and the success of Prince Eugene of Savoy (Ludwig Heinrich Dyck, Military Heritage, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp 48 to 53, and p. 78), ISSN 1524-8666.
Henderson, Nicholas. Prince Eugene of Savoy. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1964
Mckay, Derek. Prince Eugene of Savoy. London: Thames and Hudson. 1977
Nicolle, David and Hook, Christa. The Janissaries. Botley: Osprey Publishing. 2000
Setton, Kenneth M. Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1991
References
External links
Petrovaradin Fortress 360Virtual Tour
Novi Sad Interactive Map
Populated places on the Danube
Populated places in South Bačka District
Municipalities of Novi Sad
Roman towns and cities in Serbia
Populated places in Syrmia
Novi Sad neighborhoods
Towns in Serbia | [
-0.08154509216547012,
0.6046966910362244,
-0.10668085515499115,
-0.38481375575065613,
-0.3167518675327301,
0.5874496698379517,
0.693034291267395,
-0.0996902585029602,
-0.01826591230928898,
-0.13440150022506714,
0.4626902639865875,
-0.2399587333202362,
-0.5379074215888977,
0.8859214782714844,
-0.5309127569198608,
0.5921021103858948,
0.5733813047409058,
0.19029293954372406,
0.9619245529174805,
-0.08870215713977814,
0.11255817115306854,
-0.2568914592266083,
-0.19917461276054382,
0.18148072063922882,
-0.4217855632305145,
0.1037834957242012,
0.38661277294158936,
0.36764082312583923,
-0.4457915127277374,
0.2878684401512146,
-0.5436461567878723,
0.4630343019962311,
-0.45492058992385864,
-0.17224012315273285,
0.21747846901416779,
0.30344921350479126,
0.47072935104370117,
-0.6169313192367554,
-0.3428822457790375,
-0.6261085271835327,
-0.1049199253320694,
0.16575857996940613,
-0.05269353464245796,
0.45960167050361633,
0.06664492934942245,
-1.0917998552322388,
-0.7639439702033997,
1.0923064947128296,
-0.6144192218780518,
-0.20785339176654816,
-0.26653754711151123,
0.19830825924873352,
0.3766619861125946,
-0.12169736623764038,
-0.05314367264509201,
0.45312198996543884,
-0.6549985408782959,
0.2721412181854248,
0.7426459789276123,
0.22730804979801178,
0.19146019220352173,
0.8263078927993774,
-0.06464254856109619,
-0.3156156837940216,
0.4258164167404175,
0.41364261507987976,
-0.4789503216743469,
0.3274632394313812,
0.23900745809078217,
-0.6213178634643555,
-0.7342622876167297,
0.20907330513000488,
0.24753938615322113,
-0.4545501172542572,
-0.37784862518310547,
-0.05376916751265526,
-0.7303764224052429,
-0.20167502760887146,
0.15347591042518616,
-0.46224069595336914,
0.46623948216438293,
-0.2588098347187042,
0.5388196110725403,
-0.13158509135246277,
0.7200464010238647,
-0.5287459492683411,
-0.47856712341308594,
-0.6339169144630432,
-0.26299864053726196,
0.3227141201496124,
-0.42453891038894653,
0.04401626065373421,
0.3931002914905548,
0.13886350393295288,
-0.06246872618794441,
-0.23730900883674622,
-1.1997746229171753,
0.34761425852775574,
-0.25829052925109863,
0.4956754446029663,
-0.45490869879722595,
0.4799330234527588,
0.6314737796783447,
0.07589119672775269,
-0.18470808863639832,
-0.8732734322547913,
-0.5736492276191711,
0.2834457755088806,
-0.36450809240341187,
-0.2569376230239868,
-1.1214194297790527,
0.3926135301589966,
-0.2827973961830139,
-0.057116612792015076,
0.1902061253786087,
0.6979719400405884,
0.07903188467025757,
-0.06244414299726486,
-0.3335597813129425,
-0.3705361783504486,
-0.28609851002693176,
0.4627231955528259,
-0.6379750370979309,
0.216099351644516,
-0.25249338150024414,
0.28556403517723083,
0.2942321002483368,
0.036834098398685455,
-0.5579624176025391,
0.9379100203514099,
-0.09305007010698318,
1.3133741617202759,
-0.3303925395011902,
0.09694986045360565,
0.011116351932287216,
-0.15969356894493103,
0.06934383511543274,
-0.03525634482502937,
-0.046852339059114456,
0.1322104036808014,
-0.47559553384780884,
0.23244556784629822,
-0.5961962342262268,
0.22476421296596527,
0.39688169956207275,
-0.007472498342394829,
0.11833100020885468,
-0.5051083564758301,
-0.17047955095767975,
-1.0478898286819458,
0.3094119131565094,
-0.26224613189697266,
-0.015189098194241524,
0.5426537394523621,
-0.5602436065673828,
0.3091079890727997,
-0.014578425325453281,
-0.3470238447189331,
0.3761482834815979,
0.25480785965919495,
0.7250692248344421,
0.17554761469364166,
0.7273148894309998,
0.6209713220596313,
0.4271771311759949,
-0.5169910192489624,
0.053247105330228806,
0.1940537542104721,
0.5942314267158508,
0.40923991799354553,
-0.5402109026908875,
0.10015775263309479,
0.2038288414478302,
-0.40727588534355164,
0.49752169847488403,
0.09830871224403381,
0.16714127361774445,
0.15562130510807037,
-0.4667799174785614,
-0.7245728969573975,
-0.791357159614563,
0.3999597728252411,
-0.33364805579185486,
0.2931477427482605,
0.3956460952758789,
0.4948206841945648,
0.11814720928668976,
0.221882164478302,
0.08054877817630768,
-0.27574509382247925,
0.356907457113266,
-0.511695146560669,
-0.3370312750339508,
-0.1016489714384079,
1.5142492055892944,
0.6080808639526367,
-0.5577880144119263,
-0.2339450716972351,
-0.07014406472444534,
0.8969966769218445,
-0.9325342774391174,
-0.5824483633041382,
0.22421635687351227,
0.01104930229485035,
0.19361089169979095,
-0.038620475679636,
0.23861265182495117,
-0.016493964940309525,
0.5114645957946777,
1.109541654586792,
1.0515825748443604,
-0.30889222025871277,
0.02628452144563198,
-0.16791008412837982,
0.2569490075111389,
-0.44485360383987427,
0.24206267297267914,
0.3262377679347992,
-0.06127418577671051,
-0.3165573477745056,
0.3553297817707062,
-0.25053727626800537,
-0.1919552981853485,
0.6727461814880371,
0.10964487493038177,
0.36649855971336365,
0.2581479251384735,
0.23359766602516174,
-0.27785685658454895,
-0.6421039700508118,
-0.07080463320016861,
0.4822027087211609,
0.4536113440990448,
0.1921808123588562,
-0.9409428834915161,
-0.30581775307655334,
-0.3131018877029419,
-0.46383681893348694,
0.16955316066741943,
-0.49720653891563416,
-0.24020366370677948,
0.2697470486164093,
-0.14332251250743866,
0.09997163712978363,
0.5008336305618286,
0.5263831615447998,
0.07013655453920364,
0.39115867018699646,
-0.3102165758609772,
-0.550303041934967,
-0.010468406602740288,
-0.15204402804374695,
0.4325259327888489,
-0.567080557346344,
0.3957045078277588,
-0.025455035269260406,
0.038176994770765305,
-0.22545453906059265,
-0.5097114443778992,
0.10478288680315018,
-0.4143635332584381,
0.3954126536846161,
0.11839332431554794,
0.4249820113182068,
-0.1479431688785553,
-0.02542802132666111,
0.19822511076927185,
0.15661518275737762,
0.6811168193817139,
0.07419892400503159,
-0.302545428276062,
-0.5755590796470642,
-0.8698005080223083,
-0.02661862038075924,
0.5272981524467468,
-0.23993037641048431,
-0.5873782634735107,
-0.03441494703292847,
-0.3523431122303009,
-0.1960269957780838,
0.4003443717956543,
0.5880984663963318,
-0.08321267366409302,
-0.6511139869689941,
-0.5410143136978149,
-0.021243078634142876,
-0.20388253033161163,
0.01449915673583746,
0.11131291091442108,
-0.2025478631258011,
-0.2796701192855835,
-0.3817603290081024,
-0.48033443093299866,
0.8206937909126282,
-0.3130223751068115,
0.0574733167886734,
-0.3500009775161743,
-0.16586998105049133,
0.7997602224349976,
-0.434416800737381,
-0.8566934466362,
0.0034883220214396715,
-0.5062150955200195,
0.05708381533622742,
-0.14767734706401825,
0.07074662297964096,
0.03711387515068054,
-0.12362922728061676,
-4.82874059677124,
0.3438720703125,
-0.30893388390541077,
-0.15081825852394104,
0.12065524607896805,
-0.48797670006752014,
0.5462208390235901,
-0.40594005584716797,
0.13501329720020294,
0.4155815839767456,
-0.7747833728790283,
-0.2382204830646515,
-0.240012526512146,
0.9024659991264343,
0.8612399697303772,
0.44972550868988037,
1.1029525995254517,
0.601421594619751,
0.2677387595176697,
0.05438515543937683,
-0.18788227438926697,
0.37796980142593384,
-0.22507309913635254,
0.48922792077064514,
0.42787542939186096,
0.812628984451294,
-0.49276596307754517,
0.25182461738586426,
-1.1815781593322754,
-0.7352436184883118,
-0.2180306762456894,
0.24051760137081146,
0.08749958127737045,
0.4138283133506775,
0.16507740318775177,
0.386044442653656,
0.5990263819694519,
0.4032917022705078,
0.6154999732971191,
-0.25045135617256165,
-0.08268299698829651,
0.4725935459136963,
-0.009628762491047382,
0.5361925363540649,
0.5794695615768433,
-0.34747791290283203,
-0.835605263710022,
0.49762484431266785,
-0.5083411335945129,
0.992592990398407,
0.2761971950531006,
-0.15364359319210052,
0.9556884765625,
0.4416266083717346,
0.3264545202255249,
-0.3642997741699219,
0.42872509360313416,
-0.4651757478713989,
-0.424395889043808,
1.2428385019302368,
0.2617937922477722,
-0.4075312912464142,
0.07190639525651932,
-0.5423852801322937,
0.46466267108917236,
-1.046026349067688,
0.30599677562713623,
-0.15935151278972626,
-0.1544063836336136,
0.6052744388580322,
0.24392598867416382,
0.944614052772522,
-1.2670319080352783,
-0.9070312976837158,
0.2953602969646454,
-0.5242061614990234,
-0.7860007286071777,
0.16619957983493805,
-0.22796007990837097,
0.30516383051872253,
-0.250174343585968,
-0.29033803939819336,
-0.898255467414856,
0.9402630925178528,
-0.015543092042207718,
0.05227860063314438,
0.14205771684646606,
0.11426065862178802,
-0.8847477436065674,
-0.26077431440353394,
0.5596467852592468,
-0.29004889726638794,
-0.09971025586128235,
-0.34022635221481323,
-0.7247863411903381,
0.47947484254837036,
-0.035669781267642975,
0.01645324006676674,
-0.23348693549633026,
-0.3936432898044586,
0.31278061866760254,
-0.31303688883781433,
0.28618940711021423,
0.005542338825762272,
-0.11023880541324615,
-0.9535122513771057,
-0.12996816635131836,
0.11838357150554657,
0.6163179874420166,
-0.24475382268428802,
-0.15979276597499847,
0.012179662473499775,
-0.13914375007152557,
-0.5219025611877441,
0.9067102074623108,
0.23180828988552094,
-0.07558276504278183,
0.9153531789779663,
-0.09602703154087067,
0.21905799210071564,
0.40353357791900635,
-0.3596343994140625,
-0.5559545159339905,
0.2288493663072586,
0.1426735520362854,
0.03897132724523544,
-0.284472793340683,
-0.20413455367088318,
-0.09812561422586441,
-0.10327790677547455,
0.1834283322095871,
-0.23041582107543945,
-0.5485283732414246,
-0.3845517635345459,
0.2756982147693634,
-0.2837381660938263,
-0.49807634949684143,
-0.7498369812965393,
0.5564160346984863,
-0.12030039727687836,
0.20933736860752106,
-0.3696776330471039,
-0.1409296989440918,
0.04323992505669594,
0.07862293720245361,
0.368228554725647,
0.32844752073287964,
-0.05741367116570473,
-0.7374266982078552,
0.31848546862602234,
-1.0550472736358643,
-0.3011139929294586,
-0.04683689773082733,
-0.9060481190681458,
-0.12197459489107132,
-0.24843895435333252,
0.18846583366394043,
1.061568021774292,
0.10577615350484848,
0.08415774255990982,
-0.3034365177154541,
-0.26179239153862,
-0.8666938543319702,
0.4228709042072296,
0.47566500306129456,
-0.8222357630729675,
-0.7087281346321106,
-0.5582530498504639,
-0.1839895099401474,
0.7920762300491333,
-0.0792556181550026,
-0.6670235395431519,
-1.3497471809387207,
-0.2288295179605484,
0.6697861552238464,
-1.226349115371704,
0.09046512842178345,
0.6576877236366272,
-0.1701323390007019,
-0.16977018117904663,
0.05324671044945717,
0.6218422055244446,
-0.18120847642421722,
0.4964444637298584,
0.6930390000343323,
-0.27019646763801575,
-0.9206827878952026,
-0.373005211353302,
0.0754915177822113,
-0.529453456401825,
0.023663373664021492,
-0.21330726146697998,
0.29037266969680786,
-0.40153321623802185,
0.11490055918693542,
-1.2877765893936157,
0.2595394551753998,
0.28369349241256714,
0.12789620459079742,
-0.40598151087760925,
0.10740231722593307,
0.5164268016815186,
-0.5165624022483826,
0.9718996286392212,
-0.007991380989551544,
-0.41098642349243164,
1.2259690761566162,
0.9418990015983582,
-0.40569058060646057,
0.4555141031742096,
-0.0473000593483448,
-1.393162727355957,
-0.3959493041038513,
0.47004714608192444,
-0.45602792501449585,
0.29914391040802,
0.3526935577392578,
-0.23164978623390198,
-1.1062242984771729,
-0.3195644021034241,
-0.1055656224489212,
-0.42060530185699463,
-0.4284849762916565,
-0.33465951681137085,
-0.578143298625946,
-0.1616707146167755,
-0.10604897886514664,
-0.44293075799942017,
0.048527251929044724,
-0.34935152530670166,
0.38237956166267395,
0.10881973803043365,
0.7813549041748047,
0.19359326362609863,
0.2536837160587311,
-0.22312581539154053,
-0.48875364661216736,
0.12647458910942078,
0.4205203056335449,
0.3307040333747864,
0.32137590646743774,
0.9233605265617371,
0.15693669021129608,
-0.4014896750450134,
0.5333940386772156,
-0.1187123954296112,
0.18020449578762054,
0.13039690256118774,
-0.5679261684417725,
0.4880773723125458,
0.5977460741996765,
0.0742332860827446,
-0.9947335720062256,
-0.39156004786491394,
0.43611133098602295,
-0.22303414344787598,
0.08154639601707458,
1.1602551937103271,
0.25325125455856323,
0.8614717721939087,
-0.1484767347574234,
0.4967362582683563,
0.07659640163183212,
0.05522872880101204,
0.4462915062904358,
-0.14529290795326233,
0.2097996324300766,
-0.1844342052936554,
0.6717284917831421,
-0.9061226844787598,
-0.37581145763397217,
-0.8943702578544617,
0.5165538191795349,
0.10212136059999466,
-0.4661884903907776,
-0.39530181884765625,
0.34443727135658264,
-0.41431882977485657,
0.11050953716039658,
-0.4737294614315033,
-0.5509499907493591,
0.030958125367760658,
0.14384590089321136,
-0.22661402821540833,
-0.4497833847999573,
-0.4885333776473999,
0.01917356252670288,
0.19628264009952545,
-0.8077747225761414,
0.3752349019050598,
-0.7152185440063477,
-0.04752011597156525,
-0.39831218123435974,
0.4167712926864624,
0.2939366400241852,
-0.4085075855255127,
0.08047974854707718,
0.2770586311817169,
-0.8058893084526062,
0.5836127996444702,
-0.6736486554145813,
0.39445915818214417,
0.8013589382171631,
0.09237364679574966,
0.21941043436527252,
0.655584990978241,
0.030484706163406372,
-0.5170528888702393,
-0.15777555108070374,
0.33112451434135437,
-0.2392479032278061,
0.3376661241054535,
0.5095447897911072,
0.786132276058197,
-0.2939373552799225,
0.48876920342445374,
0.7183012366294861,
0.10459894686937332,
0.06120229884982109,
0.4236622452735901,
-0.036685869097709656,
-0.5553675889968872,
0.3751467168331146,
0.17823146283626556,
0.10763796418905258,
0.6839727163314819,
-0.2150757908821106,
-0.47819003462791443,
0.24166667461395264,
0.3758268654346466,
-0.00955198984593153,
0.18958061933517456,
-0.32584095001220703,
0.2865056097507477,
-0.6548839211463928,
-0.5144091844558716,
0.41473788022994995,
-0.08923101425170898,
0.03658876195549965,
0.6422433853149414,
0.4630480408668518,
0.03585989028215408,
-0.24837565422058105,
0.20808956027030945,
0.3635454773902893,
-0.18308702111244202,
0.6325594782829285,
-0.06438621133565903,
0.13928735256195068,
-0.35328444838523865,
0.17768140137195587,
-0.2241847813129425,
0.0014418596401810646,
-0.05240083113312721,
-0.03162262961268425,
0.20377789437770844,
0.4405135214328766,
-0.5344871282577515,
-0.30763745307922363,
0.16025690734386444,
0.29481205344200134,
-0.6457154154777527,
-0.21415364742279053,
-0.20003202557563782,
-0.49878036975860596,
0.050941187888383865,
0.31152498722076416,
-0.5634288787841797,
-0.08693363517522812,
0.7640843987464905,
0.9993962049484253,
0.611162006855011,
0.20983770489692688,
-0.11522859334945679,
0.5763202905654907,
0.24645055830478668,
0.8376895785331726,
0.5718234181404114,
-0.012282739393413067,
0.8216171264648438,
-0.3991534113883972,
0.6020521521568298,
-0.2415178120136261,
-0.08583911508321762,
-0.2843325138092041,
-0.6462400555610657,
-0.22602756321430206,
-0.15465421974658966,
-0.3017217218875885,
-0.741601288318634,
-0.007718050852417946,
-0.5011199116706848,
-0.7364839315414429,
0.06845809519290924,
-1.247215747833252,
-0.32751408219337463,
-0.05828347057104111,
0.5469659566879272,
0.29594141244888306,
0.34175944328308105,
-0.1755358725786209,
0.053863801062107086,
-0.13732858002185822,
0.46434977650642395,
-0.23319119215011597,
0.31736233830451965,
-0.5274555087089539,
0.07825113832950592,
-0.5273816585540771,
0.7366449236869812,
-0.2626146972179413,
-0.44042572379112244,
0.07034283131361008,
0.3284909427165985,
-1.0950552225112915,
0.46618732810020447,
0.5087442994117737,
-0.3277316987514496,
0.38170289993286133,
-0.3006845712661743,
0.13275577127933502,
-0.2682948708534241,
0.1923264116048813,
0.04311492666602135,
-0.32000356912612915,
-0.6797361373901367,
0.2048701047897339,
0.5867038369178772,
-0.7542725205421448,
-0.40957334637641907,
0.08018894493579865,
-0.04432239755988121,
0.2144223153591156,
-0.052443016320466995,
-0.5706965923309326,
-0.022589920088648796,
0.5707356929779053,
1.20542311668396,
0.5719517469406128,
-0.5394764542579651,
-0.08347489684820175,
0.25766289234161377,
0.5153568983078003,
0.6419419050216675,
-0.39354196190834045,
0.3003745973110199,
-1.0652583837509155,
-0.1417669951915741,
-0.055725399404764175,
-0.13451315462589264,
0.38537707924842834,
0.1478225290775299,
0.3236706554889679,
-0.33030831813812256,
0.17757830023765564,
-0.392520934343338,
-0.36404189467430115,
-1.0166356563568115,
0.36767977476119995,
0.04850532114505768
] |
224245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian%20Railway | Rhaetian Railway | The Rhaetian Railway (; ; ), abbreviated RhB, is a Swiss transport company that owns the largest network of all private railway operators in Switzerland. Headquartered in Chur, the RhB operates all the railway lines of the Swiss canton of Grisons, except for the line from Sargans to the cantonal capital, Chur, which are operated by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS), as well as the line from Disentis/Mustér to the Oberalp Pass and further on to Andermatt, Uri, which is operated by Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB). Inaugurated in 1888 and expanded from 1896 onwards in various sections, the RhB network is located almost entirely within Grisons, with one station across the Italian border at Tirano.
The Rhaetian Railway serves a number of major tourist destinations, such as St. Moritz and Davos. One of the RhB lines, the Bernina Railway, crosses the Bernina Pass at above sea level and runs down to Tirano, Lombardy in Italy.
In 2008, the RhB section from the Albula/Bernina area (the part from Thusis to Tirano, including St. Moritz) was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Albula-Bernina line is the first rail line in the world to be photographed and put on Google Street View. The company also operates several historic trains on the network.
History
The establishment of the Rhaetian Railway traces back to Dutchman Willem Jan Holsboer, who proposed a railway line from Landquart to Davos in 1888. Holsboer founded the Lanquart-Davos AG to begin construction of a standard-gauge line, but the mountainous terrain lacked sufficient space. On 29 June 1888, a ground-breaking ceremony took place for a narrow-gauge railway instead.
In 1895, Holsboer changed his company's name to the Rhaetian Railway () to reflect his plans for network expansion. In 1897, a referendum was held for the Rhaetian Railway to bid on operations of the Graubünden/Grisons State Railways.
During the years 1907 to 1910, the Rhaetian Railway, in collaboration with the federal and cantonal governments, undertook a large-scale expansion of its network. In 1896, the Chur-Thusis line opened; this was followed by the Albula line in 1903 and the series of expansion projects carried on until 1922.
All RhB lines are wide and electrified:
(the Bernina railway from St Moritz to Tirano) is electrified at 1000 V DC.
is electrified at 11 kV 16.7 Hz (including since 1997 Chur-Arosa and the new Vereina tunnel).
The network contains 84 tunnels (the longest being the Vereina Tunnel, opened on 19 November 1999, and the Albula Tunnel) and 383 bridges. The maximum gradient is 7% on the Bernina railway, 6% on the Chur–Arosa line and 4.5% on Landquart–Davos line.
Network
Current passenger services as operated by the RhB (2016):
In 2002 the annual traffic carried by the RhB was 300 million passenger-kilometres and 54 million tonne-kilometres of freight. 80% of the passenger income comes from tourist traffic, although 40% of passengers are local commuters.
Landquart–Davos line
Landquart railway station in Graubünden is the starting point of the Rhaetian Railway, historically as part of the Landquart-Davos line, operationally as the company's main workshop, and topologically as the 0 kilometre point of the company's core network. The Landquart-Davos line is the oldest in the Rhaetian Railway network.
After leaving Landquart, the line to Davos generally follows the river Landquart upstream as far as Klosters Platz. Along the way, it crosses the river three times and passes by the award-winning Sunniberg Bridge, the centerpiece of the Klosters bypass road.
Just south of Klosters Platz, the tracks cross the river the last time and come to two tunnels. One of these is for the Vereina line (see below). The other, the Klosters loop tunnel, takes the Davos line through a 90-degree loop towards the west. The line to Davos begins to climb at 4.5% gradient and then loops 180 degrees back towards the east, inside the Cavadürli loop tunnel. It continues to climb through dense larch and other coniferous forests to the Davos Laret.
The highest point on the line is the next stop, Davos Wolfgang at . Then the line leads back down and along Lake Davos to Davos Dorf, and the terminus at Davos Platz.
Davos–Filisur line
The connecting line from Davos Platz to the Albula Railway at Filisur passes through wild gorges, and is technically very interesting, not only due to its famous Wiesen Viaduct.
The Davos–Filisur line is long, runs through 14 tunnels extending a total of in length, and crosses 28 bridges. It was electrified in 1919.
Landquart–Thusis line
Starting in the Rhine valley, the Landquart-Thusis line runs more or less parallel with the Swiss Federal Railways' Sargans-Landquart-Chur standard gauge line as far as Chur (). The line to Thusis then simply follows the course of the Rhine to Bonaduz (). From there, it enters the Domleschg Valley and follows the Posterior Rhine from Rhäzüns () to Thusis ().
Albula line (Thusis–St. Moritz)
This line begins in Thusis (697 m). It continues toward Tiefencastel (851 m) following the Albula and then crosses the Landwasser Viaduct before arriving at Filisur (1032 m). Shortly after Filisur the line passes its first spiral tunnel then continues to Bergün/Bravuogn (1373 m).
Between Bergün/Bravuogn and Preda (1789 m), at the end of the valley, the line has to achieve a difference in height of about 400 metres inside a horizontal distance of 5 kilometres, without using rack-and-pinion, but with many spirals. Then the line enters the Albula Tunnel at 1,815 metres under the Albula Pass. It emerges in the Val Bever, where it reaches Bever (1,708 m) on the Engadin plain. The line continues toward Samedan (1,721 m) and arrives at St.Moritz (1,775 m).
Albula tunnel
In 2009 it was announced that an examination of the Albula Tunnel conducted in 2006 had found major degradation of the tunnel, with over 60% of the lining in need of replacement. Furthermore, the bores are small by modern standards, and cabling, signalling and drainage all need replacement. As a result, it was announced that an inquiry would decide between two options for action: a comprehensive renewal of the existing tunnel, or the construction of a new bore to modern standards. As a result of this inquiry, RhB decided to build a new tunnel. Construction began in 2015, with the new tunnel opening in 2022 and the project completed including refurbishment of the old tunnel in 2023.
Reichenau–Disentis/Mustér line
The Reichenau to Disentis/Mustér line links the rest of the Rhaetian Railway network with the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn. It branches from the line to Thusis behind the shared Rhine bridge.
The line, which was opened progressively between 1903 and 1912, has been electrified since 1922.
In contrast with the accompanying road, which rises about 500 metres towards Flims and Laax, the railway to Disentis/Mustér runs slowly up the narrow "Ruinaulta gorge". On this part of the line, its associated engineering structures dominate the otherwise pristine natural landscape.
At Ilanz, the railway line and road merge paths once again. Their combined pathways then rise slowly and evenly to Disentis/Mustér.
The main traffic on the Reichenau–Disentis/Mustér line is RegioExpress passenger trains operating at hourly intervals. Several times a day, there are Glacier Express trains in each direction.
Timetabled goods trains also operate on the line to serve industry in the Vorderrhein area and supplied cement for the construction of the normal gauge Gotthard Base Tunnel with train IDs starting with 5. Usually three pairs of trains serve Disentis/Mustér with a Ge 6/6 II and a few additional trains go only to Ilanz with a Ge 4/4 II.
Engadin line (Pontresina–Scuol-Tarasp)
This line, which runs up the Engadin valley, was constructed in two stages. The Samedan–Pontresina section was opened on by the Rhaetian Railway on 1 July 1908, simultaneously with the Pontresina–Morteratsch section, which formed part of the then-independent Bernina Railway. The actual Engadine line, between Bever and Scuol-Tarasp, was opened on 1 July 1913, and was the first Rhaetian Railway line to be electrified from the start at 11 kV 16⅔ Hz AC.
Since the opening of the Engadin line, Pontresina has been a dual system station, as the Bernina Railway operates on 1,000 V DC. Track 3 at Pontresina station has a switchable catenary, and is used for trains, such as the Heidi Express, operating through the station and needing to change from one of the two electification systems to the other.
Between Samedan and Bever, the Engadin line shares its track with the Albula Railway. With the opening of the Vereina Tunnel and line in November 1999, the Engadin line, at both Lavin (Sagliains car shuttle train station) and Susch (Sasslatsch II car shuttle train station), acquired a direct connection to the Prättigau at Klosters, on the Landquart–Davos line.
Bernina line (St. Moritz–Tirano, originally Berninabahn)
This line begins at St.Moritz and runs towards Pontresina (1,774 m) in Val Bernina. It ascends progressively through the valley to the Bernina Pass over the Morteratsch station (1,896 m) (with the Morteratsch Glacier and Piz Bernina, the highest summit of the Eastern Alps, in sight). After Morteratsch, the line runs towards Bernina Diavolezza (2,093 m), where an aerial tramway leads to Diavolezza, and Ospizio Bernina station. This station, next to Lago Bianco, stands at the line's summit at 2,253 m above sea and holds the title of the highest point of the entire Rhetian Railway network and among all adhesion railways in Europe.
Alp Grüm (2,091 m) is the first station to the immediate south of the summit. It is situated above Lago Palü and right below Piz Palü and Palü Glacier. After negotiating many hairpin turns, the line reaches Cavaglia (1,693 m) above Val Poschiavo; after that, the line descends across the valley towards the Swiss Italian-speaking town of Poschiavo (1,014 m).
After Poschiavo, the line runs next to Lago Poschiavo and calls at Le Prese (964 m) and Miralago (965 m). The descent continues towards Brusio (780 m), after which the line runs across the famous spiral bridge, Brusio Viaduct. After the spiral bridge, the line passes through the Swiss border town of Campocologno (553 m) before entering Italy at Tirano RhB station (430 m).
Arosa line (originally Chur–Arosa-Bahn (ChA))
The railway line from Chur to Arosa is known as the (or ), and is often abbreviated as "ChA" (Chur-Arosa). Work began in 1912 on the route and the line opened on 12 December 1914. The railway leads up from Chur to Arosa (a total climb of ) via a number of tunnels, bridges and other structures, including the Langwieser Viaduct - a structure of national importance. In 1942 the line became part of the RhB company and network; however the line ran on a separate electric system to the remainder of the network until 1997. Before then it was 2400 V DC - now it is 11 kV 16.7 Hz AC. The gauge has always been as per the rest of the RhB network.
It is a single track railway, with the exception of a short double track section along Engadinstrasse in Chur, with a number of passing loops along the route: at all stations with the exception of Chur Stadt (and formerly Sassal), as well as at Chur Sand depot and at Haspelgrube near Arosa. The maximum incline is 6% but there is no rack-and-pinion used.
A short section of the line runs along the streets of Chur and is known as the Chur ('town railway'). In Chur, the line starts on Bahnhofplatz, in front of the main railway station, where that station's platforms for the Arosabahn are, though there is a second stop in Chur only 760 metres from the main station.
A 5-kilometre tunnel through the Mittenberg had been planned as an alternative route for the lower section of the line, avoiding running through the centre of Chur. This plan was finally dropped in 1996 as the considerable expense could not be justified.
Currently the train service (Regio) R4 provides the passenger service on the line and is shown as timetable 930 in the Swiss national timetables. It is well used by tourists coming to and from the resort at Arosa. The line also carries a substantial amount of freight.
Bellinzona–Mesocco line (originally Ferrovia Bellinzona–Mesocco)
This line is not connected to the others. It opened in 1907 and was owned by the Rhaetian Railway between 1942 and 2003. Passenger services ceased in 1972, but a limited freight traffic continued until 2003. The private association (SEFT, Società Esercizio Ferroviario Turistico) operated it as a heritage railway for tourists over of the original of line until part of the concession was withdrawn in 2013 to allow road construction. The road construction had been started in July 2014.
Vereina line
Rolling stock
Apart from the normal passenger coaches and the panoramic coaches used for the branded Bernina Express tourist services, the railway attaches to the back of trains, according to need:
yellow open trucks with wooden benches called
art deco Pullman coach AS 1143, which may be hired by private parties
Corporate information
Statistics
Travellers per year (2008): 10.7 million
Revenue (2008): 308,700,000 sFr.
Profit (2008): 1,700,000 sFr.
Employees (2008): 1,348
Total rolling stock (2008): 1,294
Ownership
The RhB is 51.3% owned by the Cantonal government of Graubünden, 43.1% by the Swiss Confederation, 4.6% by private shareholders and 1% by a collection of local communities.
The RhB has its headquarters at Bahnhofstrasse 25, Chur.
Accidents and incidents
On 13 August 2014, a passenger train was struck by a landslide and derailed at Tiefencastel, Graubünden, on the Albula Railway. Eleven people were injured.
In popular culture
In 1997, the Rhaetian Railway was used as the prototype for the Nord Express in the 20th Century Fox animated motion picture Anastasia. Not only was the Rhaetian Railway featured in the film, but several landmarks were also included: the Landwasser Viaduct and a 1912 Mittelthurgau-Bahn Ec 3/5 Class 2-6-2 tank locomotive No. 3 with an added tender. This 1912 locomotive was portrayed as a Russian continental steam locomotive (fictional). It was modified with the smoke deflectors and the smoke-box door from a Danish State Railways Class R 963. The locomotive's fictitious number being used in the movie was 2747, as this was a reference to the address of the Fox Animation Studios on East Camelback Road in Phoenix, Arizona. The Landwasser Viaduct was portrayed as a tall, 4-storey viaduct in Poland as a type of Roman aqueducts.
See also
Bernina Express
Hakone Tozan Railway: Japanese private mountain railway, twinning railway with RhB.
List of mountain railways in Switzerland
List of heritage railways and funiculars in Switzerland
List of narrow-gauge railways in Switzerland
List of railway companies in Switzerland
Table of turn tunnels
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links
RhB official website (English)
The Rhaetian Network Image presentations of famous Rhaetian lines
Rail-info.ch description
Railfaneurope.net, RhB photos
World Heritage Sites in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Railway companies of Switzerland
Transport in Graubünden
Transport in Lombardy
Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Railway companies established in 1888
Swiss companies established in 1888
Heritage railways in Switzerland | [
0.14773398637771606,
0.13192225992679596,
0.2665034532546997,
-0.24000364542007446,
0.21176759898662567,
0.14936482906341553,
0.47786590456962585,
0.26263588666915894,
-0.6840726137161255,
0.040643900632858276,
-0.4721193313598633,
0.12171504646539688,
-0.1454121172428131,
0.3845537602901459,
-0.21616749465465546,
0.5719096660614014,
-0.06362546980381012,
0.4163133502006531,
0.030211200937628746,
-1.0357133150100708,
-0.12473402172327042,
0.06777916848659515,
0.9431874752044678,
-0.04620029404759407,
0.21175454556941986,
-0.5210224986076355,
0.15410612523555756,
0.6791017055511475,
0.0640939250588417,
-0.30274611711502075,
0.5994511246681213,
0.01121453382074833,
-0.5110456943511963,
-0.12096374481916428,
0.04849734902381897,
0.1790071278810501,
0.5249622464179993,
-0.777364194393158,
-0.20861874520778656,
-0.38839682936668396,
0.11545757204294205,
0.035261061042547226,
-0.14388497173786163,
0.2940734922885895,
-0.09260556101799011,
-0.026080980896949768,
-0.5847815275192261,
0.12984304130077362,
-0.32079723477363586,
-0.012866337783634663,
-0.7815744280815125,
0.4705427289009094,
0.22614902257919312,
0.5493234992027283,
-0.19937486946582794,
0.18044108152389526,
-1.185385823249817,
-0.03784843906760216,
0.26773545145988464,
-0.6044191718101501,
0.2669301927089691,
0.5407930612564087,
0.031272877007722855,
0.16557440161705017,
0.46516525745391846,
0.4422483742237091,
-0.2785097062587738,
0.7784053087234497,
-0.32706621289253235,
-0.24148210883140564,
0.0616961345076561,
-0.6927748918533325,
-0.006729073356837034,
0.42352429032325745,
0.44843631982803345,
-0.2624117434024811,
-0.28241750597953796,
-0.33009523153305054,
-0.08179707080125809,
0.025755850598216057,
0.0641220360994339,
0.4554086923599243,
1.1060205698013306,
0.09139791131019592,
0.6654281616210938,
0.7217263579368591,
-0.18468442559242249,
0.26885294914245605,
-0.4926304519176483,
0.030821535736322403,
-0.22970905900001526,
-0.34275883436203003,
0.3017972409725189,
-0.24316084384918213,
-0.20669423043727875,
-0.302763968706131,
-0.07878009229898453,
0.02773275412619114,
0.07607793807983398,
0.5322327017784119,
-0.046573203057050705,
0.4788537621498108,
-0.23471565544605255,
-0.2887592017650604,
-0.4726301431655884,
-0.06387770175933838,
-0.37647727131843567,
-0.06086913123726845,
-0.7154402732849121,
0.01693032495677471,
-0.6269707083702087,
-0.11186312139034271,
-0.3541187345981598,
0.058471690863370895,
0.3008618950843811,
-0.32347261905670166,
-0.03373817354440689,
-0.7438572645187378,
0.2208217978477478,
0.04890541359782219,
0.6410578489303589,
0.6477789878845215,
-0.14695881307125092,
-0.07254107296466827,
-0.20380094647407532,
0.054887376725673676,
0.3575035333633423,
0.4354887008666992,
-0.640140950679779,
-0.2951592803001404,
0.9517422914505005,
0.6698561906814575,
0.2058388739824295,
0.4317689836025238,
-0.26365354657173157,
-0.04519690200686455,
0.377956360578537,
0.6828569173812866,
0.7636349201202393,
0.5288478136062622,
-1.2550545930862427,
-0.45261067152023315,
0.0691644698381424,
-0.5780664682388306,
-0.036991871893405914,
-0.3861842453479767,
-0.28562548756599426,
-0.45842719078063965,
-0.00544723542407155,
-0.15873177349567413,
0.25543317198753357,
-0.08317858725786209,
-0.4160626530647278,
0.14949217438697815,
-0.8171712160110474,
0.6267940998077393,
0.8494630455970764,
-0.36975324153900146,
0.4625476896762848,
-0.02323842979967594,
-0.05956404283642769,
0.2672595977783203,
-0.3605591356754303,
0.5907943248748779,
0.4184172451496124,
0.13165609538555145,
-0.18979962170124054,
0.2760690152645111,
0.28341108560562134,
-0.707889974117279,
-0.25675880908966064,
-0.20228680968284607,
0.2729635238647461,
-0.43570178747177124,
-0.2704884707927704,
0.328506737947464,
0.27629587054252625,
0.41400450468063354,
0.14065693318843842,
-0.5077917575836182,
-0.4103209674358368,
0.20051994919776917,
0.2878686189651489,
-0.18613019585609436,
0.34651848673820496,
-0.1478072553873062,
0.2278262823820114,
-0.3634337782859802,
-0.09401176124811172,
-0.4358510971069336,
-0.4123202860355377,
-0.8601911664009094,
0.6055499315261841,
-0.8214776515960693,
0.8273779153823853,
-0.34395840764045715,
-0.8932456970214844,
0.6688180565834045,
-0.7130587100982666,
0.29185017943382263,
0.26949384808540344,
-0.4680687189102173,
-0.05021730065345764,
0.10942013561725616,
-0.20221446454524994,
0.009749489836394787,
-0.038675811141729355,
0.07525530457496643,
-0.02126888372004032,
-0.062399543821811676,
-0.10483001172542572,
-0.2584182620048523,
0.3088693618774414,
-0.2936546802520752,
0.2073306292295456,
-0.3899519145488739,
-0.22669292986392975,
0.13988113403320312,
-0.09678694605827332,
0.3554403781890869,
1.0275605916976929,
-0.12467804551124573,
-0.7998221516609192,
1.058296799659729,
-0.6040545701980591,
0.274846613407135,
0.11685436218976974,
0.36148694157600403,
0.12565158307552338,
-0.48326432704925537,
0.03149127960205078,
0.10091403871774673,
-0.08709535747766495,
-0.3202696442604065,
0.43508410453796387,
0.11630863696336746,
-0.34295356273651123,
0.11609221249818802,
-0.005769548937678337,
-0.21944721043109894,
0.5890133380889893,
0.5417792797088623,
-0.6136336922645569,
0.5809867978096008,
0.13182005286216736,
0.4550393521785736,
-0.20000028610229492,
0.5027297139167786,
-0.7420041561126709,
-0.3069847822189331,
-0.2013704776763916,
0.1879303753376007,
-0.19232413172721863,
0.09892961382865906,
0.41011592745780945,
-0.7516728043556213,
0.8319559097290039,
0.15988725423812866,
-0.10636454075574875,
0.36238935589790344,
-0.13016058504581451,
-0.5299370884895325,
-0.7115987539291382,
0.13776840269565582,
0.051689956337213516,
0.01140067633241415,
-0.44845861196517944,
-0.9609982967376709,
0.5328441262245178,
0.7413821816444397,
-0.08698976784944534,
0.1637946218252182,
-0.4309270977973938,
0.15068337321281433,
-0.013803024776279926,
-0.217328280210495,
-0.15342649817466736,
0.31185969710350037,
-0.8671466112136841,
0.17295455932617188,
-0.32826653122901917,
0.3642929494380951,
0.3017273545265198,
-0.44039762020111084,
-0.14667916297912598,
-0.12998461723327637,
0.46395865082740784,
0.27132201194763184,
-0.11782895028591156,
0.2269139587879181,
0.06220416724681854,
-0.15413828194141388,
0.09065154194831848,
-0.1995043158531189,
0.1131364181637764,
-0.12194572389125824,
0.376885324716568,
0.32752639055252075,
0.7388469576835632,
-0.18335887789726257,
-1.0072697401046753,
-0.2506673038005829,
0.010399981401860714,
0.008707585744559765,
0.33397725224494934,
-0.37543100118637085,
-0.31662294268608093,
-0.2383451610803604,
-5.580667018890381,
-0.2612799406051636,
-0.10451603680849075,
-0.16098156571388245,
0.2880541682243347,
0.2359374761581421,
0.09577912092208862,
-0.2239336222410202,
0.16491398215293884,
0.1414550393819809,
0.6024660468101501,
0.01928924210369587,
-0.18490201234817505,
0.16423796117305756,
0.08062611520290375,
0.39949366450309753,
0.4771903157234192,
0.4805690348148346,
0.28930091857910156,
-0.42998114228248596,
-0.03809082508087158,
-0.2269938588142395,
0.30210843682289124,
0.49107393622398376,
0.4209398627281189,
0.6599429249763489,
-0.4646139442920685,
-0.20238786935806274,
-0.4413937032222748,
-0.35937201976776123,
0.6279094815254211,
-0.3065795600414276,
0.42477157711982727,
0.12124738097190857,
0.06979963183403015,
-0.6005920171737671,
0.735772430896759,
0.6040626168251038,
0.43851009011268616,
-0.3823179304599762,
0.13109777867794037,
0.8790823221206665,
0.07427899539470673,
-0.7562548518180847,
-0.18656650185585022,
-0.6480012536048889,
-0.9019991755485535,
-0.1656184196472168,
-0.13570937514305115,
1.6400630474090576,
0.03283455967903137,
0.0379219725728035,
1.0633960962295532,
0.0356927365064621,
-0.021543335169553757,
-0.04155265539884567,
-0.18434010446071625,
-0.22822171449661255,
0.2328340858221054,
0.4760172665119171,
0.508722186088562,
0.27793633937835693,
-0.6053481101989746,
-0.247099369764328,
-0.8327663540840149,
0.08724840730428696,
-0.4234210252761841,
0.18512052297592163,
0.4735388159751892,
-0.13154034316539764,
-0.5357707738876343,
0.1706659197807312,
0.2449406385421753,
-0.6006947159767151,
0.035819005221128464,
-0.6199676394462585,
-0.33217141032218933,
0.1052810549736023,
0.5854557156562805,
0.04310993850231171,
-0.015973322093486786,
-0.17570526897907257,
-0.1049519032239914,
-0.13380716741085052,
0.8468393683433533,
0.14349600672721863,
-0.06019312143325806,
0.06741590797901154,
0.10183276236057281,
-0.0801985040307045,
0.3854507803916931,
-1.016319751739502,
0.3238508403301239,
0.5908766984939575,
-0.34000980854034424,
0.8251592516899109,
-0.3505129814147949,
0.11139243841171265,
0.6630617380142212,
-0.7885316014289856,
0.95355623960495,
0.05459093302488327,
0.07332543283700943,
0.28870025277137756,
-0.036439526826143265,
-0.42938968539237976,
0.15443457663059235,
-0.08715382218360901,
0.3382953107357025,
0.5724382996559143,
-0.3704531490802765,
-0.2583881616592407,
-0.5038514137268066,
-0.42017045617103577,
-0.012982419691979885,
-0.11473497003316879,
-1.307418942451477,
0.2178623080253601,
-0.15652702748775482,
0.19280025362968445,
0.15627892315387726,
0.1734020859003067,
0.39219197630882263,
-0.08637150377035141,
-0.46811801195144653,
0.17408472299575806,
0.012557325884699821,
0.5017481446266174,
0.16817539930343628,
0.032656408846378326,
-0.28995877504348755,
-0.38316816091537476,
0.27775466442108154,
-0.2877713441848755,
0.36017706990242004,
0.03596210479736328,
0.06163143366575241,
-0.26074790954589844,
0.11743321269750595,
-0.2570446729660034,
-0.19034697115421295,
-0.09238085895776749,
-0.5247567296028137,
0.49909836053848267,
0.02034180425107479,
0.5630851984024048,
-0.07100290805101395,
-0.23417936265468597,
-0.2957214415073395,
0.04888254031538963,
0.10417206585407257,
-0.21182860434055328,
0.6827341914176941,
0.007061266340315342,
-0.28299200534820557,
-0.6384813189506531,
0.44314882159233093,
0.3147794008255005,
-0.055921852588653564,
-0.37287890911102295,
0.5415123701095581,
-0.12588448822498322,
-0.7591552734375,
0.33058714866638184,
0.5088983774185181,
-0.044296085834503174,
0.13907696306705475,
-0.8897196650505066,
-0.43800652027130127,
0.2859026789665222,
-0.11063902825117111,
-0.21960201859474182,
-0.17747436463832855,
-0.07726608216762543,
-0.33311334252357483,
0.21302327513694763,
-0.8138918876647949,
-0.1664036363363266,
0.1116892620921135,
0.14592567086219788,
-0.22269341349601746,
0.3082839548587799,
0.014733734540641308,
0.7352748513221741,
-0.00857823807746172,
-0.32863491773605347,
-0.0312116127461195,
0.19656868278980255,
0.0493989959359169,
-0.3356477618217468,
0.8767988681793213,
0.09688770025968552,
-0.005073045380413532,
0.3142624795436859,
-0.48619726300239563,
-0.8926776647567749,
-0.5409350395202637,
0.23407399654388428,
0.11907090991735458,
-0.7349634766578674,
0.21002665162086487,
0.271767795085907,
-0.2503029704093933,
0.05393800139427185,
0.545444667339325,
-0.28566449880599976,
0.19174471497535706,
0.09559429436922073,
-0.46407824754714966,
0.20173709094524384,
-0.9368346333503723,
-0.9249066710472107,
0.48033642768859863,
0.5557173490524292,
-0.8312450051307678,
-0.08786935359239578,
-0.03540695086121559,
-0.5633848905563354,
-0.731155514717102,
0.11112796515226364,
-0.5193154215812683,
-0.1602591872215271,
-0.5428259372711182,
-0.1655133217573166,
-0.6803337335586548,
0.6170872449874878,
0.5028085112571716,
-0.6907511949539185,
-0.22978636622428894,
-0.6403169631958008,
0.12061662971973419,
-0.511885404586792,
0.3899955451488495,
0.048624128103256226,
-0.13255122303962708,
0.29912590980529785,
0.15510834753513336,
0.3499545753002167,
0.9114501476287842,
0.5177452564239502,
0.16408000886440277,
0.6488898396492004,
0.14943210780620575,
-0.6915156245231628,
0.45331254601478577,
0.6292338967323303,
0.6258796453475952,
-0.807551383972168,
-0.2553541362285614,
0.17814676463603973,
0.27134206891059875,
0.13782401382923126,
-0.5771798491477966,
-0.33866775035858154,
0.5582809448242188,
-0.5475684404373169,
-0.1085156500339508,
-0.2703866958618164,
0.02629907615482807,
-0.21887874603271484,
-0.683437168598175,
-0.27629026770591736,
-0.1005769893527031,
0.11639904230833054,
0.376242071390152,
0.11421681940555573,
0.0001394370337948203,
-0.38231995701789856,
0.4708605706691742,
-0.1806480884552002,
0.023485850542783737,
-0.1464528888463974,
0.17569543421268463,
0.16744187474250793,
-0.24310971796512604,
0.062207065522670746,
0.1685798317193985,
-0.4767163097858429,
0.68439120054245,
0.46509137749671936,
-1.025079369544983,
-0.28325268626213074,
-0.06709031015634537,
-0.00523395137861371,
-0.1711411327123642,
-0.7839149832725525,
-0.5505102276802063,
0.1162075325846672,
-0.7173477411270142,
0.19118276238441467,
-0.16854992508888245,
-0.5003803968429565,
-0.18111859261989594,
0.05945555865764618,
-0.30238109827041626,
0.2291967123746872,
-0.47777819633483887,
0.24649226665496826,
-0.09719066321849823,
0.43467825651168823,
-0.4856163263320923,
0.2116311937570572,
0.1988234668970108,
-0.586441695690155,
-0.16996321082115173,
0.4273606836795807,
0.10668909549713135,
-0.5051395893096924,
0.5020005106925964,
-0.23350319266319275,
0.2519719898700714,
-0.003018308198079467,
-0.17075559496879578,
0.9006290435791016,
0.02225397899746895,
0.2476503700017929,
0.3375188708305359,
-0.3558530807495117,
0.4274779260158539,
0.6564914584159851,
0.4935547113418579,
0.6508543491363525,
0.4668290913105011,
0.12950582802295685,
-0.27185744047164917,
1.3703627586364746,
-0.12258228659629822,
0.08291660249233246,
-0.19269104301929474,
0.05071071907877922,
0.3226163983345032,
0.056025002151727676,
-0.6188875436782837,
0.5996379256248474,
-0.006114390213042498,
-0.4113789200782776,
0.41139689087867737,
-0.02920473925769329,
-0.32371002435684204,
0.19207192957401276,
0.015183969400823116,
0.655490517616272,
-0.5027897953987122,
-0.5300359129905701,
0.10281449556350708,
0.6464142203330994,
-0.19066406786441803,
-0.37748247385025024,
0.26459190249443054,
0.44410786032676697,
0.5173900127410889,
0.4747418463230133,
0.06897309422492981,
0.2504746615886688,
-0.1337037831544876,
0.588243305683136,
-0.3568602502346039,
0.23884722590446472,
0.11238457262516022,
-0.0082852803170681,
0.5561598539352417,
-0.0008978820987977087,
-0.1466955691576004,
-0.3496176600456238,
-0.529448926448822,
-0.6160068511962891,
-0.5509402751922607,
-0.5606754422187805,
-0.11258724331855774,
-0.02263723500072956,
-0.19344733655452728,
-0.007051529362797737,
-0.2683780789375305,
-0.05899958312511444,
-0.11869301646947861,
0.3138332664966583,
0.47870829701423645,
0.4624919295310974,
-0.1062820702791214,
0.17856469750404358,
-0.7620325088500977,
0.45228111743927,
0.11511696130037308,
-0.07975669950246811,
-0.8327369689941406,
-0.28637057542800903,
-0.21989843249320984,
-0.408943235874176,
-0.09884613007307053,
-0.1571272760629654,
-0.11702849715948105,
0.015247062779963017,
-0.05700135976076126,
-0.20410488545894623,
-0.26993051171302795,
-0.35103729367256165,
-0.23119549453258514,
0.34384211897850037,
0.18154816329479218,
-0.29229798913002014,
0.38430285453796387,
0.46963560581207275,
0.2648147642612457,
0.10229659080505371,
-0.08775661140680313,
0.10627377033233643,
-0.19037330150604248,
0.3652864396572113,
-0.05462232232093811,
-0.2328435629606247,
0.12273115664720535,
-0.2956898510456085,
-0.27883753180503845,
0.2599843442440033,
0.1403176635503769,
0.09905403107404709,
0.33285602927207947,
-0.3706243634223938,
0.17306876182556152,
-0.020782949402928352,
0.1289089024066925,
0.3151583671569824,
0.41488438844680786,
0.09298131614923477,
0.35585615038871765,
-0.18010452389717102,
0.40021592378616333,
0.18905967473983765,
-0.6054641008377075,
0.8366137742996216,
0.05327153578400612,
-0.3890184760093689,
-0.3834211826324463,
-0.02870883420109749,
-0.5419824719429016,
-0.3588833808898926,
-0.12888602912425995,
-0.4019664525985718,
0.48495179414749146,
-0.101801797747612,
0.11170607060194016,
0.25496768951416016,
0.8961943984031677,
0.22494696080684662,
0.22662927210330963,
-0.12793563306331635,
-0.22552475333213806,
-0.32486864924430847,
-0.9741553068161011,
0.11646910011768341,
0.04770508408546448,
-0.5423886179924011,
0.6886985898017883,
0.18804101645946503,
0.7389413118362427,
-0.24991779029369354,
0.6523138880729675,
-0.38307833671569824,
0.6532403826713562,
-0.6206403374671936
] |
224246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux%20Oberland%20Bernois%20Railway | Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway | The Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway (, , abbreviated MOB), is a railway operating in southwest Switzerland, one of the oldest electric railways in the country; its main line, in length, built to gauge, connects Montreux, Gstaad, and Zweisimmen, where passengers can transfer to the BLS AG owned, and standard gauge, Zweisimmen to Spiez line. There is also a branch-line from Zweisimmen to Lenk.
History and route
The main line of the MOB was opened in stages, the first, from Montreux to Les Avants () on 17 December 1901, followed by the Les Avants to Montbovon () section on 1 October 1903. The next stages from Montbovon to Château-d'Œx () and then Gstaad () followed on 19 August 1904 and 20 December 1904 respectively, the final of the line reaching Zweisimmen on 6 July 1905. The spur line to Lenk was opened in 1912.
From the very start, the MOB had the character of a mainline railway and, at an early stage, through trains with dining and saloon coaches were introduced. The creation of the Golden Mountain Pullman Express in 1931 was unfortunately at a time of world economic crisis and this accounted for its lack of success. The saloon coaches 103–106 built for this train by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) were sold to the Rhaetian Railway in 1939, where they are still in use (As 1141–44). Two of the original (1913–14 built) coaches have been restored by the MOB and are used for "Chocolate train" services in the summer months, but still regularly find work on the main line "Classic train" services on Sundays throughout the year. The modern successor of this luxury train is the Golden Pass Panoramic Express, which for the past few years has aroused growing enthusiasm.
The MOB begins its journey in Montreux, departing trains normally making use of platform 5 and arrivals platform 6, between the Swiss Federal Railway platforms and those of the rack and pinion railway to the Rochers de Naye. Winding its way up through the vineyards above Lake Geneva via Chamby, as far as Les Avants, the line passes through the crown tunnel under the Col de Jaman to reach the Saane Valley. In Montbovon there is a connection to the Transports Publics Fribourgeois (TPF; previously GFM) network. Following the Saane upstream, passing the famous hot-air ballooning centre of Château-d'Oex, it leaves the French-speaking canton of Vaud near Rougemont and enters the German-speaking canton of Berne. After Saanen the planners would have liked a direct ascent of the Saanenmöser Pass but without the aid of a rack and pinion system this was impossible and the line was diverted to loop around the village of Gstaad, adding greatly to the development and prosperity of the community. Beyond Gstaad railway station it begins the climb to the head of Saanenmöser Pass, the highest point on the line at 1270 m (3937 ft). On the other side it descends the Simmen Valley to Zweisimmen, where there is a connection to the standard gauge line of the BLS to Spiez.
Over the years, while passenger traffic boomed, freight traffic diminished with 2006 seeing the end of cement transport between Montreux and Saanen and the transport of standard gauge wagons on transporter bogies between Zweisimmen and stations to Rougemont and Lenk. By the end of the year the MOB was a passenger only operation, however in Spring 2007 the company purchased nine gravel (hopper) wagons and two surplus locomotives from the TPF. The MOB now operates this transport from Grandvillard (on the TPF line) to Saanen.
The Lenk branch retraces this route for a very short distance before continuing on its own trackbed. Because of its poor state of repair, this line was closed on 14 June 1975, however, it was fully modernized between 1977 and 1979, having new tracks and overhead lines, reopening on 27 September 1979. New rolling stock was purchased (* in the list below) to operate this line together with the weekdays school service between Zweisimmen and Saanen. Since reopening it has been included in the regular operating schedule of the MOB with timetabled connections to the main line services.
To celebrate the centenary of the opening of the Lenk line (June 2012), the MOB arranged a week of festivities with a dinner, special fares and operation and display of rolling stock usually to be found on museum lines, particularly that at Blonay-Chamby.
(Source: Journal du Pays d'Enhaut, published 24 May 2012)
Modernisation program
In Spring 2008 the MOB announced a four-year plan to modernise the railway infrastructure and rebuild stations to bring them all into the 21st century. This programme began with the demolition of little used facilities; the goods shed in Gstaad and the shed in Château-d'Œx, this latter structure being replaced by a free-standing shelter, for example. During 2008 much work took place on the overhead line equipment with replacement supports being positioned along the line although not brought into use they stand ready for the new wiring. It is expected that this work will continue, up to 4 nights per week through to December 2009, subject to weather conditions. New deeper ballasting has taken place along many sections of the line and this will be continued until the line has all been done.
The work at Gstaad consisted of a complete rebuilding of the platforms to full height and simplification of the track layout. After almost 100 years the station got platform canopies and passenger operated lifts linked by a pedestrian underpass. During this rebuilding the station was reduced to a single line. The canopy is of wooden construction supported on metal uprights. The new layout gives the original platform as No.1 with the new island platform being Nos. 2 and 3. This work was officially opened, if not fully finished, on 13 June 2009.
At Saanenmöser station a straightforward relaying and alignment took place through late 2008 / early 2009 which maintained the passing and siding facility at that location.
During the early part of 2010, by the end of May, the stations underwent a rebranding along with those of other lines which come under the "Golden Pass" banner. All were fitted with signs bearing the new "Golden Pass" logo and name alongside the station nameboards, which were retained in their original colours.
One of the smallest stations / halts, Les Combes, between Château-d'Œx and Rougemont, was given a new, raised platform during Autumn 2011 leaving only the waiting shelter as original, quite a lot of money spent for so few passengers.
Work commenced on the rebuilding of Château-d'Œx station in mid – September 2013 and plans were published in the local newspaper with details of the work which is carried out in three phases and completed by the end of 2014. Throughout the work the passing loop facility was maintained and raised platforms constructed reached by subways from the station front. Construction work was delayed and the station officially reopened on 28 November 2015.
(Source : 24 heures, Vaud edition, various dates in April/May 2009)
(Source : Journal du Pays d'Enhaut, 1 October 2009)
(Source : Journal du Pays d'Enhaut, 12 September 2013)
(Source : Journal du Pays d'Enhaut, 26 November 2015)
Timetables and train formations
From the beginning of 2011 timetable there are two Golden Pass Panoramic services, with VIP seating (domed end cars), departing Montreux at 09h45 (Train 3118) and 15h45,(Train Nos 2128), the Lenk branch ceases to be served, the "through" working only lasting one year (2010). It is normally made up in the following formation and operate in the "push–pull" mode :
Ast / Brs / As / Locomotive / BDs / Bs* / Arst* : This is the length limit of the train due to platform lengths. Trains may be shorter off-season.
In the reverse direction the Golden Pass trains with VIP (domed observation cars) seating are the 12h26 (Train 2119) and 18h20 from Zweisimmen (Train 2131).
There are other Golden Pass trains without VIP seating (dome end cars) and these depart Montreux at 07h45, 11h49, 14h47 and 17h45 (Trains 2112, 2124, 2228 and 2134) and from Zweisimmen at 08h26, 10h26, 14h26 and 17h05 (Trains 2111, 3115, 3123 and 2229). These trains are locomotive hauled and use stock not required for the trains with VIP seating. The formation, which is flexible, is usually as follows :
Locomotive / As / As / BDs / Bs / Bs
This leaves a surplus of one domed observation car (two in use on the Golden Pass panorama and one on the "Chocolate Train")
Golden Pass Classic trains operate daily departing Montreux at 08h47 and 13h45 (Trains 2216 and 3126), returning from Zweisimmen at 11h09 and 16h26 (Trains 2217 and 2127) and are made up in the following formation :
Locomotive / As / As / Brs / Bs / Non-Classic Type BD (to provide cycle / luggage space)
The Golden Pass "Chocolate Train" operates in June, September and October every Monday, Wednesday and Friday and in July and August Monday to Friday, departing Montreux at 09h12 (Train 2118) but no return working is shown in the timetable. Until the end of the 2008 season it was made up in the following formation which ran throughout between Montreux and Broc Fabrique:
Locomotive / Belle Epoque Ars / Belle Epoque As / Other vehicles as required (usually Panorama type and/or Non-Classic type BD).
In the 2009 timetable the formation was changed and only operated between Montreux and Gruyere only with a coach connection to Broc (Due to operating problems), as follows:
Locomotive (Usually 6003 Saanen, in special Chocolate Train livery) / Belle Epoque Ars / Belle Epoque Ars / Golden Pass Panorama observation car (No. 116 or 117) operating in "Push – Pull" mode.
Other trains Montreux–Zweisimmen may be pulled by a Ge 4/4, GDe 4/4 or an ABDe 8/8 and they can have up to five coaches.
Local services operate connecting Montreux to Fontanivent (Mon – Fri ), Chernex, Sonzier and Les Avants, operated by Be 2/6 7001–7004 and from Château-d'Oex, Saanen or Gstaad to Zweisimmen. The branch-line from Zweisimmen to Lenk offers a regular service timetabled to connect into and out of the MOB main line services. These trains are operated by Be 4/4 5001–5004.
Locomotives and motor coaches
For decades the traffic on the MOB was handled by electric motor coaches available in four-, six- and eight-axle designs. In 1983, four locomotives of the type GDe 4/4 were bought, to be followed in 1994 by four newer and more powerful Ge 4/4 locomotives from the same manufacturer. These are similar to the ones purchased by the RhB and BAM. Any of these locomotives can be seen working the principal trains.
In December 2006, the TPF relinquished its freight operations to the SBB Cargo, and its two GDe 4/4 locomotives became surplus to requirements. In April 2007, these were purchased by the MOB and have since been allocated numbers following on from those of their new owners.
The MOB is run with 900 V DC overhead contact and has gradients of up to 7.3% (1 in 13.5).
Withdrawn and Preserved Items
Note 1: Class Be 4/4 after rebuild operate as the centre-car (non driving motor) of a three-car set made up as Bt – BDe4/4 – ABt. The Bt vehicles are numbered 241 – 244 and the ABt vehicles 341 – 344. Bt242 carries R+J Builders plate 70671 – 2005.
Note 2: Class Be 2/6, No's 7001 to 7004, are listed under the stock owned by the Chemins de fer électriques Veveysans (CEV) but they also work short journeys over the MOB from Montreux to Fontanivent, Sonzier and Les Avants.
Note 3: These units operate in pairs [ie xx02 + xx03] with coaches between-
Abbreviations
ABB/BBC Asea-Brown-Boveri AG / Brown, Boveri & Cie
ACMV Ateliers de constructions mécaniques de Vevey
O&K Orenstein & Koppel
R+J Ramseier and Jenzer, Biel.
SAAS Société Anonyme des Ateliers de Sécheron, Geneva.
SLM Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works, Winterthur
SIG Schweizerische Industriegesellschaft, Neuhausen am Rheinfall
SWS Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik, Schlieren ZH
Livery
In 2009 a decision was made to change the livery on all rolling stock except for the Golden Pass Panorama and Golden Pass Classic trains. This was to include the various railways and funiculars marketed under the "Golden Pass" banner and the buses operated by the company. The colour scheme is to be a gold (lower portion) and white (upper portion) with all stock being rebranded "Golden Pass". The new colours will be applied to the stock as it passes through works, although the "Golden Pass" logo will be applied as soon as practicable. The first vehicle to be reliveried, First / Second Composite Coach AB307, appeared in traffic on 27 August 2010 (1).
(Source : Journal de Pays d'Enhaut, 1 October 2009)
((1) Source : Journal de Pays d'Enhaut, 26 August 2010)
Passenger rolling stock
The passenger carrying rolling stock can be divided into the categories: "Classic", "Panoramic", "Ordinary" and "Saanenland".
Classic stock
"Classic" stock are six Pullman type coaches, two from 1914 and four rebuilt in 2004–06 on structures from 1964. Details are as follows:
Type Ars : Belle Epoque, First Class saloon built in 1914, No. 101. Along with As 102 this normally works as part of the "Chocolate Train" formation.
Type As : Belle Epoque, First Class saloon with 36 seats, built in 1914, No. 102. This coach served as prototype for the CIWL coaches and also for the rebuilds of 2004–06. Along with Ars 101 this is normally to be found in the "Chocolate Train" formation.
Type As : Pullman Saloon Car, First Class Nos. 103 and 107. Built in 1964 and rebuilt in 2004/05, Air Conditioned. No. 103 has 36 seats, No. 107 has 38.
Type Brs : Second Class Pullman "Cave Car" (Buffet), No. 201. Built in 1964 and rebuilt in 2005 with air conditioning and seats for 47 passengers.
Type Bs : Second Class Pullman Saloon Car, No. 202. Built in 1964 and rebuilt in 2006 with air conditioning and seats for 56 passengers.
Panoramic stock
"Panoramic" stock is that used on the Golden Pass Panoramic services and includes the observation vehicles used at each end of train when the locomotive is centrally situated. Most "panoramic" coaching stock has been built by the former Biel-based coach work builder Ramseier+Jenzer. All coaches are air conditioned.
These include:
Type As : First Class saloon coach, Nos. 110, 111, 112, 114, built 1976–83 and 118–119, built 1992–93. These coaches were originally seated 2+2 but since been changed to 2+1, reducing their seating capacity to 33. Coach No.110 was the last of these coaches to carry the dark blue and cream livery and have the 2+2 seating. It entered Chernex workshops in early May 2008 for rebuilding and returned to service at the end of September.
Type Ast : First Class Observation Car, Nos. 116 (named Lausanne) and 117 (named Château-d'Oex), built 1985–86. These vehicles have 8 seats in the "Observation Dome", now facing Montreux.
Type Arst: First Class Observation Car, Nos., 151 and 152, built in 1993 by Breda. With a seating capacity of 27 plus 8 seats within the "Observation Dome", now facing Zweisimmen.
Type Bs : Second Class saloon, Nos. 251 and 252, built in 1993 by Breda as As 153–154. With a seating capacity of 48. These coaches were nearly identical to those delivered to FO and BVZ, now Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB).
Type Bs : Second Class saloon, Nos. 222, 223, built 1982 and 226, 227 built 1989.
Type BDs : Second Class saloon with disabled compartment and wheelchair lift, Nos. 220 (a), 224 and 225, built 1979–83, rebuilt 2001–02.
Type Brs : Second Class buffet, Nos. 221 and 228, built 1979 and 1985 (as Ars 115) and rebuilt 1987/95.
Note (a). BDs No.220 was outshopped from Chernex in late June 2010, following a press demonstration the previous month, as the first vehicle to be fitted on axle-less, dual gauge bogies to be tested for readiness for the route running to Interlaken.
Ordinary stock
The "Ordinary" stock is used on all services not operated by the Panoramic and Classic coaches. These are painted in a light blue and cream livery and can be hauled by locomotives or railcars. They also include driving trailers (Voiture pilote). These are
Type ABt : Driving Trailer Composite, Nos. 5301 to 5304. Withdrawn and rebuilt with new bodies and bogies by R+J / Raility, renumbered 341 to 344 as part of "Saanenland" sets 5001 to 5004 inc. (See Below)
Type ABDt: Driving Trailer Composite with guards/luggage compartment, No. 3301 (At July 2009 working with 3001 in Engineers Dept. use).
Type A : First Class saloon, Nos. 105 and 106. (No.A105 was made available for sale in Spring 2010, No.A106 was repainted in "Golden Pass" livery, Spring 2011).
Type AB : First/Second Composite, Nos. 303 to 308. AB307 became the first vehicle to outshopped in the new gold/white livery in August 2010.
Type B : Second Class saloon, No. 207, "Marmotte Paradis" (Rochers de Naye) Livery. This coach, along with A105, was made available for sale in Spring 2010.
Type B : Second Class saloon, No. 208, Painted in a special livery depicting road transport from the stagecoach to the early motor car. Lettered "Saanenland – Enhaut".
Type B : Second Class saloon, Nos. 203, 209 to 213 and 215 to 218.
Type B : Second Class saloon, No. 214. Painted in a white livery advertising KPT, the insurers of the MOB.
Type BD : Second Class saloon with guards/parcels compartment, Nos. 204 to 206
Type BD : Short, Single Second Class saloon with guards/parcels compartment, Nos.32 and 33.
Type D : Short length, Guards / Parcels / Cycle vehicle, No. 31
Saanenland stock
"Saanenland" stock is specially liveried for work over the Zweisimmen to Lenk line and local services between Zweisimmen and Saanen. The stock works in conjunction with motor vehicles of type Be 4/4, Nos. 5001–4 and these sets are usually worked as fixed formations of Bt-Be 4/4-ABt, the first being ready for traffic in 2004 was 243-5003-343. 244-5004-344 followed in 2006 and 242-5002-342 left Chernex works for traffic on 20 August 2008. The final unit, No. 241 – 5001 – 341 left Chernex on 7 July 2009 and was seen in Zweissimann two days later having worked a service from Montreux. The driving trailers that replaced ABt 5301-04 are:
Type Bt : Second class driving trailer, Nos. 241 to 244.
Type ABt: First / Second Composite driving trailer, Nos. 341 to 344.
x43 and x44 were built by Ramseier+Jenzer and fitted with SIG-type bogies, x41 and x42 are built by Raility, the successor company of R+J, and will receive Alstom Centro 1000 bogies with air suspension on delivery.
New stock on order
On 22 June 2007 the MOB gave details to the press that it had placed orders with Raility of Biel for eight new air-conditioned coaches with large panoramic windows and low-floor access and seating. The coaches will have standard-level seating at the vestibule ends, with a central section of low-floor seating containing the access doors which will assist those with restricted mobility. They will also contain handicapped-accessible toilets. The coaches will be fitted with a new type of bogie "Centro 1000" incorporating air suspension, produced by Alstom. The first of these, number Bs230, was delivered from Chernex works into traffic during mid-May 2010. The livery is all over white with the lettering in gold showing the new "golden pass" symbol and lettered Transgoldenpass. The blue lettering "bls" is also featured. the second of the coaches is expected to be ready for traffic in June 2010. Four of the new coaches will be put between the two halves of ABDe 8/8 4001–4004, forming three-car-EMUs.
The first of these to enter full revenue – earning service did so in mid-December 2010 when 231 and 232 were formed as a regular part of the "Golden Pass Panorama" trains 3118/2119/2128/2131
Source : MOB/Raility press release together with personal observation.
Variable gauge bogies
On 18 May 2010, MOB invited press and officials to demonstrate the first Panoramic coach (BDs 220) fitted with variable gauge bogies to allow through running across the / break-of-gauge. The axle-less bogie was developed by MOB and engineered by Prose of Winterthur. Some components were designed for the Centro 1000 bogie and built by Alstom. Apart from changing the gauge, the bogies also adjust the height of the coaches to suit the different platform heights on the two gauges. MOB announced commercial service with variable gauge trains for 2015.
The date of commercial through running Montreux to Interlaken has been postponed several times. Delays in manufacturing due to COVID-19 have been cited in 2020 and 2021. In spring 2021 launch date was set to 11 December 2022.
Accidents and incidents
On 3 January 2018, one of three carriages of a train was blown off the tracks in high winds at Lenk. Eight people were injured.
See also
List of heritage railways and funiculars in Switzerland
List of narrow-gauge railways in Switzerland
Sources, further reading
References
Sources
Michel Grandguillaume, Gérald Hadorn, Sébastien Jarne and Jean-Louis Rochaix: Chemin de fer Montreux Oberland Bernois. Du Léman au Pays-d'Enhaut, Vol 1. Bureau vaudois d'addresses (BVA), Lausanne,
Michel Grandguillaume, Gérald Hadorn, Sébastien Jarne and Jean-Louis Rochaix: Chemin de fer Montreux Oberland Bernois, Du Léman au Pays-d'Enhaut, Vol 2. Bureau vaudois d'addresses (BVA), Lausanne,
75 Jahre MOB, 75 ans MOB, 1901–1976. (Bilingual: French and German), Chemin de fer Montreux-Oberland Bernois (MOB), Montreux, 1976, no ISBN.
Edward W. Paget Tomlinson, Roger Kaller and Pierre Stauffer: Die Montreux-Berner Oberland-Bahn, Le Montreux-Oberland Bernois, The Montreux-Oberland Bernois Railway. (Trilingual: English, French and German), Chemin de fer Montreux-Oberland Bernois (MOB), Montreux, 1985, no ISBN.
Jean-Michel Hartmann: Zauber der MOB, Magie du MOB. (Bilingual: Franch and German), Ott Verlag, Thun, 1985.
External links
Montreux-Oberland Bernois Railway (Goldenpass)
Close-up view of MOB's variable bogie in action
Railway companies of Switzerland
Railway companies established in 1901
Swiss companies established in 1901
Heritage railways in Switzerland | [
-0.12817111611366272,
0.2425440549850464,
0.3233337104320526,
0.07346826791763306,
0.2238706350326538,
0.15324147045612335,
0.9207755923271179,
0.38087624311447144,
-0.2447884976863861,
-0.3286312222480774,
-0.40994685888290405,
-0.02242673933506012,
-0.0593971312046051,
0.2763609290122986,
-0.31136634945869446,
0.1810223013162613,
0.454233855009079,
0.09824991226196289,
-0.1513998955488205,
-0.8263561725616455,
0.10683205723762512,
-0.30146583914756775,
0.812119722366333,
0.4085935652256012,
-0.3270544707775116,
-0.5773746371269226,
-0.050562404096126556,
0.42150527238845825,
0.23884126543998718,
-0.16961312294006348,
-0.18609163165092468,
0.37077796459198,
-0.11161894351243973,
-0.36199018359184265,
-0.15489274263381958,
0.5027610659599304,
0.6260971426963806,
-0.6110124588012695,
-0.19113558530807495,
-0.2590414881706238,
0.10206135362386703,
0.07151129841804504,
-0.35169118642807007,
0.1664387285709381,
-0.022486282512545586,
-0.21557801961898804,
-0.6550101041793823,
0.42898473143577576,
-0.7636539936065674,
0.2539788484573364,
-1.1384602785110474,
0.2955758571624756,
0.33368951082229614,
0.8958429098129272,
-0.07265909016132355,
0.1788974106311798,
-1.0726836919784546,
0.027005862444639206,
0.9103078842163086,
-0.595371425151825,
0.205040842294693,
0.751157820224762,
-0.32296431064605713,
0.23211729526519775,
-0.21298342943191528,
0.3991048038005829,
0.031535554677248,
0.7346143126487732,
-0.020226556807756424,
-0.5598339438438416,
0.07799156755208969,
-0.559548556804657,
0.30305540561676025,
0.20243655145168304,
0.20385728776454926,
-0.6305596828460693,
-0.30212703347206116,
-0.3760489821434021,
-0.34180593490600586,
0.12388680130243301,
-0.24512939155101776,
0.4640926122665405,
0.9897072315216064,
-0.2738575041294098,
0.7268198728561401,
0.6662641763687134,
-0.5121056437492371,
0.03161785751581192,
-0.5470155477523804,
0.3262659013271332,
-0.7720059752464294,
-0.2604156732559204,
-0.022256294265389442,
-0.2295261025428772,
0.16557230055332184,
-0.32119548320770264,
-0.2435794472694397,
-0.019043156877160072,
0.3788844048976898,
0.7619672417640686,
0.27587294578552246,
-0.02263535186648369,
0.01033235713839531,
0.2370554655790329,
-0.4324980080127716,
-0.25733762979507446,
-0.285364031791687,
-0.43776223063468933,
-0.21718831360340118,
-0.24168547987937927,
-0.936847448348999,
0.007036389317363501,
-0.3558008372783661,
-0.14370331168174744,
0.456786185503006,
-0.3820701539516449,
0.30672967433929443,
-0.7675687074661255,
0.34929221868515015,
0.20151068270206451,
0.6582913398742676,
0.8489189743995667,
-0.31085649132728577,
-0.14217674732208252,
0.01818193309009075,
0.14034445583820343,
0.004662548657506704,
0.6713541150093079,
-0.28969240188598633,
0.3523246943950653,
0.5427698493003845,
0.6252250671386719,
0.5314014554023743,
0.01522065605968237,
0.0874103307723999,
-0.36077895760536194,
0.0026051881723105907,
0.5162607431411743,
-0.017753396183252335,
0.40662121772766113,
-1.272464394569397,
-0.1057075560092926,
-0.043164800852537155,
-0.3711589276790619,
0.006197012960910797,
0.031890079379081726,
-0.4758074879646301,
-0.4878050982952118,
0.3428732752799988,
-0.4037960469722748,
-0.05017586797475815,
-0.11076004058122635,
-0.4416563808917999,
-0.020695820450782776,
-0.5732986927032471,
0.8465845584869385,
0.7583797574043274,
0.05891384929418564,
0.1443580836057663,
0.1384897083044052,
0.5217293500900269,
0.28560671210289,
-0.3672640025615692,
0.5411446690559387,
0.19953902065753937,
-0.06980866938829422,
0.2437077909708023,
-0.036075327545404434,
0.3544923663139343,
-0.2519020140171051,
-0.20479309558868408,
-0.36414068937301636,
-0.08215631544589996,
-0.5473433136940002,
-0.03439801186323166,
0.21634477376937866,
0.4357273280620575,
0.18700207769870758,
-0.15357741713523865,
-0.04194889962673187,
-0.44421541690826416,
0.45956265926361084,
0.08288677036762238,
-0.4860325753688812,
0.17581520974636078,
0.11782146245241165,
-0.1175524890422821,
-0.09654857963323593,
-0.2996141016483307,
-0.10614398121833801,
-0.04176243394613266,
-0.575061559677124,
0.571179986000061,
-0.8847074508666992,
0.884044349193573,
0.12539635598659515,
-0.8203065395355225,
0.9721236824989319,
-0.5503674745559692,
0.24641619622707367,
0.4372665286064148,
-0.4267188012599945,
0.5213245153427124,
-0.027607129886746407,
-0.5621631145477295,
0.10504963248968124,
-0.06608875840902328,
-0.058101002126932144,
-0.14273452758789062,
0.1571393758058548,
0.21475012600421906,
-0.29286497831344604,
0.5006275177001953,
-0.20460014045238495,
0.19335907697677612,
-0.15041686594486237,
-0.2738877236843109,
0.10115476697683334,
0.20429623126983643,
0.06651174277067184,
0.9709535837173462,
-0.19366377592086792,
-0.43832823634147644,
0.7317071557044983,
-0.6201708316802979,
0.23075485229492188,
0.7031403183937073,
0.8457654118537903,
0.23220592737197876,
-0.2158450037240982,
0.3550593852996826,
0.27546146512031555,
0.10439114272594452,
-0.19654513895511627,
0.10697707533836365,
0.43412843346595764,
-0.22297830879688263,
-0.24154457449913025,
0.15023356676101685,
-0.21268902719020844,
0.3844946622848511,
0.5529643893241882,
-0.591847836971283,
0.6553603410720825,
0.37392327189445496,
0.4741728603839874,
0.02395263873040676,
0.8990978002548218,
-0.3232469856739044,
-0.6020787954330444,
0.20520932972431183,
0.3628923296928406,
-0.03947928547859192,
-0.08689254522323608,
0.5062586069107056,
-0.5167887210845947,
0.5261139869689941,
0.33682024478912354,
0.18442335724830627,
0.7005547881126404,
0.3974829912185669,
-0.5588584542274475,
-0.7500936388969421,
0.11660882085561752,
-0.3842102587223053,
-0.31988921761512756,
-0.44371870160102844,
-0.7271857857704163,
0.441548228263855,
0.71342933177948,
0.06238169968128204,
0.2605992257595062,
-0.6226704120635986,
0.3890317976474762,
0.3504073917865753,
-0.041372641921043396,
-0.5584234595298767,
0.5886270403862,
-0.571416974067688,
0.2787614166736603,
-0.15867120027542114,
0.5155320763587952,
0.3471395671367645,
0.152080699801445,
-0.00896906852722168,
-0.14174318313598633,
0.3890945315361023,
0.225005105137825,
-0.3739830255508423,
0.10692598670721054,
0.23345591127872467,
-0.3247678875923157,
0.00795937143266201,
0.09242929518222809,
0.3341920077800751,
0.17402106523513794,
-0.043710872530937195,
0.006460406351834536,
0.5314746499061584,
-0.4270334243774414,
-0.5555754899978638,
0.013387753628194332,
-0.14992980659008026,
-0.2521955668926239,
-0.16082477569580078,
-0.16298224031925201,
0.0283048152923584,
-0.5461757183074951,
-5.49682092666626,
0.15117168426513672,
-0.35132431983947754,
-0.17909058928489685,
-0.2594813108444214,
-0.1607900857925415,
-0.14576351642608643,
-0.2405378818511963,
0.1858471781015396,
0.31870049238204956,
0.38620972633361816,
-0.1149611547589302,
-0.12503628432750702,
0.30398353934288025,
-0.06464166939258575,
0.5157451033592224,
-0.1635710746049881,
0.0001807181688491255,
0.19681328535079956,
-0.3097386062145233,
0.022716233506798744,
-0.1749860793352127,
0.40109798312187195,
0.4449905753135681,
0.33535733819007874,
0.20931918919086456,
-0.8510737419128418,
0.24082520604133606,
-0.39373186230659485,
-0.257791131734848,
0.5712265372276306,
-0.37848055362701416,
0.412788063287735,
0.03168707713484764,
0.08732966333627701,
-0.21704566478729248,
0.6481776833534241,
0.4859240651130676,
0.5530040860176086,
-0.5683251023292542,
-0.03262036293745041,
0.7450364232063293,
0.039197977632284164,
-0.30937615036964417,
0.0750502198934555,
-0.4424474537372589,
-1.0168755054473877,
0.13200779259204865,
-0.09719467908143997,
1.0608088970184326,
0.16179262101650238,
-0.3231276571750641,
0.8669785261154175,
-0.14210450649261475,
-0.27779334783554077,
-0.4457874298095703,
-0.15418505668640137,
0.03235935792326927,
-0.21801744401454926,
0.6805158257484436,
0.08257932215929031,
-0.08548106998205185,
-0.2644849419593811,
-0.6208562254905701,
-0.1671757698059082,
-0.0946684330701828,
-0.11282453685998917,
0.2715294361114502,
0.43075570464134216,
0.26451653242111206,
-0.38193291425704956,
0.8568570017814636,
-0.0658264085650444,
-0.6762298941612244,
0.3207898437976837,
-0.9330384731292725,
-0.5330691933631897,
0.1867665797472,
0.05167488008737564,
0.14722320437431335,
0.274095356464386,
-0.437909871339798,
0.13220945000648499,
0.30020201206207275,
1.0843735933303833,
0.21076849102973938,
-0.41911792755126953,
-0.29541531205177307,
0.31621792912483215,
0.07604566961526871,
0.6781542897224426,
-0.39720165729522705,
0.35274121165275574,
0.053656283766031265,
-0.7889995574951172,
0.5682089924812317,
-0.1656566858291626,
0.0972445011138916,
-0.014425455592572689,
-0.7883139848709106,
0.5621020793914795,
-0.3049176335334778,
0.14482758939266205,
-0.06537581980228424,
-0.33745962381362915,
-0.19819340109825134,
0.205614373087883,
0.14691674709320068,
0.45308396220207214,
0.35199981927871704,
-0.38887739181518555,
-0.1688256561756134,
-0.654181718826294,
-0.4484703838825226,
0.15282918512821198,
0.2593458294868469,
-1.158921241760254,
0.476906955242157,
0.11872951686382294,
0.04555054008960724,
0.6200500726699829,
0.42965203523635864,
0.7831591367721558,
-0.42833173274993896,
-0.2477097064256668,
-0.0010875393636524677,
-0.0022397134453058243,
0.759127676486969,
0.24421478807926178,
0.02330961264669895,
-0.3374125361442566,
0.17662081122398376,
-0.32590821385383606,
-0.6686291694641113,
0.09336861222982407,
-0.10901614278554916,
-0.09287834167480469,
-0.42551857233047485,
0.613834023475647,
0.22787410020828247,
0.4895356297492981,
-0.07526899874210358,
-0.5571213364601135,
0.49871185421943665,
-0.21758702397346497,
0.7171194553375244,
0.15558238327503204,
-0.414142906665802,
-1.0397348403930664,
-0.23740914463996887,
0.11856430768966675,
-0.31535255908966064,
-0.11208441853523254,
0.36292093992233276,
-0.35160452127456665,
-0.318747878074646,
0.42319709062576294,
0.2985144555568695,
-0.0707654058933258,
0.01596326380968094,
0.40439486503601074,
-0.4089345932006836,
-0.3736347258090973,
0.357729971408844,
0.27965247631073,
0.3483269214630127,
-0.15479257702827454,
-1.1970710754394531,
-0.5544562339782715,
0.4468427300453186,
0.11849319189786911,
-0.3410578966140747,
-0.33717069029808044,
-0.5950977206230164,
-0.06870628148317337,
-0.06410986930131912,
-0.5722602009773254,
-0.05317980796098709,
0.24671997129917145,
-0.2947440445423126,
-0.11220096796751022,
-0.36457809805870056,
0.3002881705760956,
0.5945301651954651,
0.12539122998714447,
-0.9504666328430176,
-0.34529995918273926,
0.5771826505661011,
-0.05843885987997055,
-0.3512057065963745,
0.41072747111320496,
-0.0632757619023323,
0.1684759110212326,
0.2283976525068283,
0.11572737246751785,
-1.0528115034103394,
-0.3922443091869354,
0.015337438322603703,
-0.27838677167892456,
-0.8465718626976013,
-0.364989697933197,
-0.04047374427318573,
-0.41536998748779297,
0.7720828056335449,
0.2751392424106598,
0.02586309239268303,
-0.1913371980190277,
0.04925863444805145,
-0.5877832174301147,
0.3551749289035797,
-0.8997282981872559,
-0.5260206460952759,
0.9967491626739502,
0.5960686802864075,
-0.7388632297515869,
-0.24079112708568573,
-0.12872005999088287,
-0.44505688548088074,
-1.0908324718475342,
0.15890707075595856,
-0.44120514392852783,
-0.05868809297680855,
-0.599993109703064,
-0.19266654551029205,
-1.0641965866088867,
0.43441396951675415,
0.7886375784873962,
-0.7019469738006592,
0.612711489200592,
-0.38115304708480835,
0.15114253759384155,
0.04032253473997116,
0.4466269910335541,
-0.034795258194208145,
-0.043994367122650146,
-0.0999905988574028,
0.09610719233751297,
0.49828091263771057,
0.3501943051815033,
0.7236727476119995,
0.1787327378988266,
0.4659808278083801,
0.22315800189971924,
-0.6262859106063843,
0.3269607126712799,
0.298937052488327,
0.5372510552406311,
-0.693315863609314,
-0.3745197355747223,
0.457795113325119,
-0.13989771902561188,
0.08129113167524338,
-0.44324031472206116,
-0.06596042960882187,
0.7161325216293335,
-0.6116693615913391,
-0.6034269332885742,
0.10886259377002716,
0.010922012850642204,
0.1619967818260193,
-0.11195700615644455,
-0.4454033672809601,
-0.20536242425441742,
0.15420158207416534,
0.027577798813581467,
-0.1304776519536972,
0.1291237622499466,
-0.593718409538269,
0.40430396795272827,
-0.28984349966049194,
0.5624409317970276,
-0.4991031587123871,
0.07421151548624039,
0.7930542826652527,
-0.025875966995954514,
0.09086130559444427,
0.021927062422037125,
-0.3072013556957245,
0.34738245606422424,
-0.47317659854888916,
-0.9113733768463135,
-0.17372854053974152,
0.3435533344745636,
-0.28989291191101074,
-0.017391720786690712,
-0.7345418930053711,
-0.04516257345676422,
-0.17195016145706177,
-0.7058678865432739,
0.5617667436599731,
-0.31903547048568726,
-0.30740150809288025,
-0.4843878149986267,
-0.11930350959300995,
0.06585413217544556,
0.22564265131950378,
0.10210727155208588,
0.07946620881557465,
-0.2667703628540039,
0.09332869946956635,
-0.4444378614425659,
0.5069828629493713,
-0.08607028424739838,
-0.8998563289642334,
-0.3542291522026062,
0.440585732460022,
-0.041667189449071884,
-0.5429378151893616,
0.029004797339439392,
0.09223843365907669,
-0.06963788717985153,
0.2225726991891861,
-0.15133443474769592,
0.9222140312194824,
0.2025834023952484,
0.44921761751174927,
0.20758070051670074,
-0.2324020117521286,
-0.15125183761119843,
0.6830625534057617,
0.10384499281644821,
0.5229619145393372,
0.6431454420089722,
-0.009910046122968197,
0.12752270698547363,
1.4007375240325928,
-0.15152478218078613,
-0.5389895439147949,
-0.11050128936767578,
0.22812862694263458,
-0.011808409355580807,
-0.05818787217140198,
-0.7938635945320129,
0.822138249874115,
-0.05368568003177643,
0.07110846042633057,
-0.05296823009848595,
-0.01109011285007,
0.13726551830768585,
0.28026291728019714,
-0.2258402705192566,
1.1836057901382446,
-0.6341999769210815,
-0.41077667474746704,
0.16048820316791534,
0.6529301404953003,
-0.15847407281398773,
-0.05045463889837265,
0.16615283489227295,
-0.036147572100162506,
0.775005578994751,
-0.1419103443622589,
-0.32370132207870483,
-0.3288120627403259,
-0.5919191241264343,
0.29281848669052124,
-0.30314069986343384,
0.2728625535964966,
-0.06381626427173615,
0.3760640323162079,
0.5165826082229614,
-0.10343559831380844,
-0.22877472639083862,
-0.5451881289482117,
-0.4034518301486969,
-0.6269916892051697,
-0.2759750187397003,
-0.16927558183670044,
-0.310078501701355,
0.15744297206401825,
-0.2307436168193817,
0.4970730245113373,
-0.01864379458129406,
0.15866677463054657,
-0.13567113876342773,
0.29696276783943176,
0.21745257079601288,
0.9208526611328125,
-0.1482105851173401,
0.15002046525478363,
-0.059068463742733,
0.5678673982620239,
-0.4316183626651764,
-0.13026459515094757,
-0.4705277383327484,
-0.5947152972221375,
-0.043884001672267914,
-0.06731906533241272,
-0.5257412195205688,
-0.7337642312049866,
-0.36798444390296936,
-0.41051891446113586,
-0.3120438754558563,
0.07546728849411011,
-0.14633648097515106,
-0.3630402088165283,
-0.1694515347480774,
0.5658502578735352,
0.30044734477996826,
-0.278945654630661,
0.19526641070842743,
0.6181031465530396,
-0.09683529287576675,
0.5398005247116089,
0.08681858330965042,
0.2731894254684448,
-0.49784374237060547,
0.0076665314845740795,
-0.15948721766471863,
0.15035687386989594,
0.6838906407356262,
-0.2235405445098877,
-0.3997666537761688,
0.24513068795204163,
0.4982471168041229,
0.2917930483818054,
0.22897033393383026,
-0.421228289604187,
0.04570406302809715,
-0.49258020520210266,
-0.11164728552103043,
-0.46230196952819824,
0.4581266939640045,
0.6956285834312439,
0.33855006098747253,
-0.5972706079483032,
0.26401400566101074,
-0.1288127452135086,
-0.33736497163772583,
0.7233064770698547,
0.41685181856155396,
0.01386405248194933,
-0.3856799900531769,
0.18824048340320587,
-0.7132487893104553,
-0.35805025696754456,
0.03514024615287781,
-0.022811299189925194,
0.4712318778038025,
0.011499091051518917,
-0.09191639721393585,
-0.10817944258451462,
0.7873952984809875,
0.2921559512615204,
-0.04787058010697365,
0.4339946508407593,
-0.09720724821090698,
-0.6182487607002258,
-0.9526601433753967,
-0.25262632966041565,
0.12127857655286789,
-0.0022023667115718126,
0.17486229538917542,
-0.07956871390342712,
0.26632630825042725,
-0.07125137746334076,
0.4114948809146881,
-0.5877859592437744,
0.38913196325302124,
-0.7214421033859253
] |
224248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%E2%80%93Bolyai%E2%80%93Gerwien%20theorem | Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem | In geometry, the Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem, named after William Wallace, Farkas Bolyai and Paul Gerwien, is a theorem related to dissections of polygons. It answers the question when one polygon can be formed from another by cutting it into a finite number of pieces and recomposing these by translations and rotations. The Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem states that this can be done if and only if two polygons have the same area.
Wallace had proven the same result already in 1807.
According to other sources, Bolyai and Gerwien had independently proved the theorem in 1833 and 1835, respectively.
Formulation
There are several ways in which this theorem may be formulated. The most common version uses the concept of "equidecomposability" of polygons: two polygons are equidecomposable if they can be split into finitely many triangles that only differ by some isometry (in fact only by a combination of a translation and a rotation). In this case the Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem states that two polygons are equidecomposable if and only if they have the same area.
Another formulation is in terms of scissors congruence: two polygons are scissors-congruent if they can be decomposed into finitely many polygons that are pairwise congruent. Scissors-congruence is an equivalence relation. In this case the Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem states that the equivalence classes of this relation contain precisely those polygons that have the same area.
Proof sketch
The theorem can be understood in a few steps. Firstly, every polygon can be cut into triangles. There are a few methods for this. For convex polygons one can cut off each vertex in turn, while for concave polygons this requires more care. A general approach that works for non-simple polygons as well would be to choose a line not parallel to any of the sides of the polygon and draw a line parallel to this one through each of the vertices of the polygon. This will divide the polygon into triangles and trapezoids, which in turn can be converted into triangles.
Secondly, each of these triangles can be transformed into a right triangle and subsequently into a rectangle with one side of length 1. Alternatively, a triangle can be transformed into one such rectangle by first turning it into a parallelogram and then turning this into such a rectangle. By doing this for each triangle, the polygon can be decomposed into a rectangle with unit width and height equal to its area.
Since this can be done for any two polygons, a "common subdivision" of the rectangle in between proves the theorem. That is, cutting the common rectangle (of size 1 by its area) according to both polygons will be an intermediate between both polygons.
Notes about the proof
First of all, this proof requires an intermediate polygon. In the formulation of the theorem using scissors-congruence, the use of this intermediate can be reformulated by using the fact that scissor-congruences are transitive. Since both the first polygon and the second polygon are scissors-congruent to the intermediate, they are scissors-congruent to one another.
The proof of this theorem is constructive and doesn't require the axiom of choice, even though some other dissection problems (e.g. Tarski's circle-squaring problem) do need it. In this case, the decomposition and reassembly can actually be carried out "physically": the pieces can, in theory, be cut with scissors from paper and reassembled by hand.
Nonetheless, the number of pieces required to compose one polygon from another using this procedure generally far exceeds the minimum number of polygons needed.
Degree of decomposability
Consider two equidecomposable polygons P and Q. The minimum number n of pieces required to compose one polygon Q from another polygon P is denoted by σ(P,Q).
Depending on the polygons, it is possible to estimate upper and lower bounds for σ(P,Q). For instance, Alfred Tarski proved that if P is convex and the diameters of P and Q are respectively given by d(P) and d(Q), then
If Px is a rectangle of sides a·x and a·(1/x) and Q is a rectangle of size a, then Px and Q are equidecomposable for every x > 0. An upper bound for σ(Px,Q) is given by
Since σ(Px,Q) = σ(P(1/x),Q), we also have that
Generalisations
The analogous statement about polyhedra in three dimensions, known as Hilbert's third problem, is false, as proven by Max Dehn in 1900. The problem has also been considered in some non-Euclidean geometries. In two-dimensional hyperbolic and spherical geometry, the theorem holds. However, the problem is still open for these geometries in three dimensions.
References
External links
Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien Theorem
Scissors Congruence - An interactive demonstration of the Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem.
Video showing a sketch of the proof
An Example of the Bolyai–Gerwien Theorem by Sándor Kabai, Ferenc Holló Szabó, and Lajos Szilassi, the Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
A presentation about Hilbert's third problem at College of Staten Island CUNY - Abhijit Champanerkar.
Optimal dissection of a unit square in a rectangle
Euclidean plane geometry
Theorems in discrete geometry
Geometric dissection | [
-0.24872106313705444,
0.735942006111145,
-0.5088174343109131,
-0.31983786821365356,
-0.7548786401748657,
0.39830413460731506,
0.4254179894924164,
-0.6653501987457275,
-0.16242143511772156,
-0.454487681388855,
-0.07700090110301971,
-0.10005355626344681,
-0.34034857153892517,
0.4862067699432373,
0.1051570251584053,
0.6571454405784607,
0.7511616945266724,
-0.13792967796325684,
-0.8389226794242859,
-0.24483855068683624,
0.46063846349716187,
-0.4388423562049866,
0.12731821835041046,
-0.18389594554901123,
-0.22830137610435486,
0.2422894388437271,
0.37663474678993225,
0.4800772964954376,
0.04552934318780899,
0.49340203404426575,
0.16440249979496002,
0.7035057544708252,
0.39318111538887024,
-0.2938181161880493,
-0.14096911251544952,
0.13438065350055695,
0.4650346040725708,
-0.4168849587440491,
0.06641405075788498,
-0.2057158201932907,
0.6111950278282166,
0.05764465406537056,
-0.12410376965999603,
0.22587956488132477,
-0.37026914954185486,
-0.7616163492202759,
-1.6104955673217773,
0.4629386067390442,
-0.6620071530342102,
-0.4947141110897064,
-0.36997947096824646,
0.12652850151062012,
0.26225754618644714,
0.5025383234024048,
-0.5230734348297119,
0.5285119414329529,
-0.5059890151023865,
-0.2374325692653656,
0.7788558006286621,
-0.03840208426117897,
0.5548223257064819,
0.26062068343162537,
0.38057219982147217,
0.24584397673606873,
0.13371141254901886,
0.9179526567459106,
-0.3301279842853546,
0.2820794880390167,
-0.6824602484703064,
0.23695148527622223,
-0.10579539835453033,
0.21914984285831451,
-0.19540448486804962,
0.4709390699863434,
0.036072712391614914,
-0.16301247477531433,
-0.1518733650445938,
-0.1641055792570114,
0.598538875579834,
-0.16637489199638367,
-0.5453264117240906,
-0.03474687412381172,
0.26112693548202515,
0.04447044059634209,
0.24500055611133575,
-0.06343963742256165,
-0.6799910068511963,
0.30238714814186096,
-0.8400838971138,
-0.2943926155567169,
0.032598674297332764,
-0.09860963374376297,
0.31495577096939087,
0.10424701124429703,
-0.1391684114933014,
-0.04854908585548401,
0.2877783477306366,
0.12521697580814362,
0.33394065499305725,
0.13454341888427734,
0.16780097782611847,
-0.09097178280353546,
-0.15499956905841827,
0.053154297173023224,
-0.45666036009788513,
-0.5934526920318604,
-0.5358008742332458,
-0.29369840025901794,
-0.06699188798666,
0.0357944630086422,
-0.7505256533622742,
0.2908402681350708,
0.36517012119293213,
-0.20564237236976624,
0.019006041809916496,
-0.10570288449525833,
0.45909222960472107,
-0.044229015707969666,
-0.15145960450172424,
0.520393967628479,
-0.3742423951625824,
0.4938318133354187,
-0.2987568974494934,
0.8523358702659607,
-0.2178657203912735,
-0.10450560599565506,
-0.1392909437417984,
0.9890326857566833,
-1.0593971014022827,
0.3440295457839966,
0.09424861520528793,
0.7245928645133972,
0.6381818056106567,
-0.07164288312196732,
0.06737809628248215,
-1.03809654712677,
-0.5526609420776367,
-0.18495264649391174,
-0.4113735854625702,
0.06255009025335312,
-0.9648756980895996,
-0.1951863169670105,
-0.5021327137947083,
0.09779565036296844,
0.156920924782753,
-0.04474840685725212,
-0.21660831570625305,
-0.18810345232486725,
-0.07008044421672821,
-0.08657237142324448,
0.02064012549817562,
-0.14474987983703613,
-0.6418421268463135,
0.08760233968496323,
-0.18959785997867584,
0.7338970899581909,
0.2214617282152176,
0.40354424715042114,
-0.12561702728271484,
0.3242577612400055,
0.19427387416362762,
-0.10146920382976532,
-0.3493666350841522,
-0.29447630047798157,
0.32473719120025635,
-0.8650508522987366,
0.7494277954101562,
0.2999763786792755,
0.028605155646800995,
0.764447033405304,
-0.112667977809906,
-0.5344557166099548,
0.3169783651828766,
-0.42094990611076355,
0.12135983258485794,
0.2335871160030365,
0.23956884443759918,
0.0501474104821682,
0.07871728390455246,
-0.03159666061401367,
-0.9296737909317017,
0.056469306349754333,
0.2873634397983551,
-0.10435693711042404,
0.39885053038597107,
0.5010471343994141,
0.2795577049255371,
-0.1689019650220871,
0.10605497658252716,
-0.36312589049339294,
-0.4282793700695038,
-0.39052319526672363,
0.4725539982318878,
-0.31987324357032776,
1.2576649188995361,
0.6781274080276489,
-0.6887884140014648,
0.2761937081813812,
-0.34880155324935913,
0.4081757962703705,
-0.29327258467674255,
-0.5405212044715881,
-0.23505695164203644,
0.47024092078208923,
-0.18419696390628815,
0.9637250900268555,
-0.0010038380278274417,
-0.042698197066783905,
-0.2938094139099121,
0.8922440409660339,
0.35849976539611816,
-0.4240539073944092,
0.4700544476509094,
0.029813632369041443,
-0.20234711468219757,
0.17902293801307678,
-0.4252346158027649,
-0.26582616567611694,
0.0022065225057303905,
0.05009075999259949,
0.5312392115592957,
0.2434888631105423,
-0.16234566271305084,
0.4656974673271179,
0.10318229347467422,
0.8016687035560608,
0.4832587242126465,
0.6233558654785156,
0.19060863554477692,
-0.2893221378326416,
-0.5575262308120728,
0.31455403566360474,
0.6244176030158997,
-0.5510728359222412,
0.18664774298667908,
-0.05746951326727867,
0.3042452037334442,
-0.45366352796554565,
0.7402908205986023,
-0.28006404638290405,
-0.1258702129125595,
0.171243816614151,
-0.24145841598510742,
-0.16022944450378418,
-0.17465123534202576,
0.023933986201882362,
-0.7534887790679932,
0.19461661577224731,
0.14852164685726166,
-0.1494070142507553,
0.05239252373576164,
0.394192099571228,
0.031754009425640106,
-0.4698199927806854,
-0.021812180057168007,
0.24308902025222778,
0.32646870613098145,
-0.3934013843536377,
0.3573312759399414,
0.4412175118923187,
0.1159331351518631,
-0.08007950335741043,
0.022679628804326057,
-0.7843711376190186,
-0.361758291721344,
-0.4569780230522156,
-0.6035498976707458,
-0.17383715510368347,
0.8703034520149231,
-0.07189928740262985,
0.10054749995470047,
-0.6626960635185242,
-0.8510708808898926,
-0.029301030561327934,
-0.8384304046630859,
-0.3120289146900177,
-0.5882484316825867,
-0.16063758730888367,
-1.3980969190597534,
-0.26109325885772705,
0.18396152555942535,
0.7800880074501038,
-0.008672293275594711,
-0.19310146570205688,
-0.6051648259162903,
-0.10068119317293167,
-0.46287909150123596,
-0.3033533990383148,
0.4599004089832306,
-0.4622751772403717,
-0.3538946807384491,
0.6884303092956543,
-0.1622050553560257,
-0.2741675078868866,
0.027239540591835976,
0.9988051056861877,
-0.537790060043335,
-0.7717410326004028,
0.21186646819114685,
-0.6321377754211426,
-0.6007895469665527,
0.12340380251407623,
-0.1408320665359497,
-0.1463887095451355,
-0.4318469166755676,
0.18420805037021637,
-0.42835673689842224,
0.5520559549331665,
-5.438793182373047,
0.23274126648902893,
-0.5965874195098877,
0.021788207814097404,
-0.12502241134643555,
0.36394503712654114,
0.21774064004421234,
-0.039528604596853256,
-0.03578738123178482,
-0.4150483310222626,
0.24979868531227112,
-0.841471791267395,
-0.7515900135040283,
0.7154069542884827,
0.3938761055469513,
0.1945236772298813,
0.20904912054538727,
-0.6189072132110596,
0.4644789695739746,
0.5071467757225037,
0.044080790132284164,
-0.205286905169487,
-0.39674144983291626,
-0.3276377320289612,
0.00020512149785645306,
0.2654774487018585,
0.1647627204656601,
0.541218101978302,
-0.720058798789978,
-0.008668987080454826,
-0.6230908632278442,
-0.3099201023578644,
-0.23940995335578918,
0.050722021609544754,
-0.24479489028453827,
0.3831581771373749,
0.5114470720291138,
0.03139811009168625,
0.37262672185897827,
0.13771434128284454,
-0.4570643901824951,
0.7682042717933655,
0.09278078377246857,
0.21335624158382416,
0.29304638504981995,
-0.641901433467865,
-0.33899199962615967,
0.3365526497364044,
-0.12560898065567017,
0.6093356609344482,
0.30808594822883606,
0.0681276023387909,
0.24992366135120392,
0.14553622901439667,
-0.20652508735656738,
0.1284891664981842,
0.21896712481975555,
-0.6272883415222168,
-0.855453610420227,
0.6122320294380188,
0.5199741721153259,
-0.4985979497432709,
0.5744964480400085,
-0.30141201615333557,
0.12211955338716507,
-0.325156033039093,
-0.41389137506484985,
-0.16937649250030518,
-0.15815933048725128,
-0.138606995344162,
-0.3766792118549347,
0.9960814118385315,
-0.6962920427322388,
-0.7576248645782471,
0.028486669063568115,
-0.15201836824417114,
0.022332392632961273,
0.0286801066249609,
0.18277797102928162,
0.3913394510746002,
-0.2704593241214752,
-0.8215001821517944,
-0.7699816823005676,
0.9071128368377686,
0.16967612504959106,
-0.1813218593597412,
-0.4817165434360504,
0.22733207046985626,
-0.3803142309188843,
-0.07193402200937271,
0.6360424160957336,
-0.08586721867322922,
0.7180317640304565,
0.6291570067405701,
0.09620704501867294,
0.271632581949234,
0.2987612783908844,
0.5097586512565613,
0.6164996027946472,
0.12810486555099487,
-0.14351437985897064,
-0.46518489718437195,
0.16223199665546417,
0.044753458350896835,
0.2378092110157013,
-0.49807557463645935,
-0.48187413811683655,
0.7578063011169434,
0.4432721734046936,
-0.13296574354171753,
-0.13846319913864136,
0.13119834661483765,
-0.6634775400161743,
-0.06084576994180679,
0.7061012387275696,
0.026515977457165718,
-0.14079168438911438,
0.16865074634552002,
0.6224277019500732,
0.007986324839293957,
-0.03413894400000572,
0.7978245615959167,
0.14689308404922485,
0.01407974399626255,
0.19072885811328888,
-0.13630539178848267,
-0.07440739125013351,
0.3498208820819855,
-0.11668502539396286,
0.27732616662979126,
-0.4628080427646637,
1.0781925916671753,
0.05167936161160469,
-0.1366773545742035,
0.010927870869636536,
-0.25421959161758423,
-0.810480535030365,
-0.31157639622688293,
-0.21435551345348358,
-0.38156211376190186,
1.0382916927337646,
-0.011555229313671589,
-0.2195439636707306,
-0.19870483875274658,
0.6831141710281372,
0.07065265625715256,
0.03626353666186333,
-0.4073348343372345,
-0.5449495315551758,
0.8007285594940186,
0.05518956109881401,
-0.513386070728302,
0.9480997323989868,
-0.23577414453029633,
0.23442159593105316,
0.3554794192314148,
-0.138560488820076,
0.43463554978370667,
0.31510409712791443,
-0.3638384938240051,
0.6048561334609985,
0.07995717227458954,
-0.6891539096832275,
-0.09504903852939606,
-0.4272562861442566,
-0.13336537778377533,
-0.43095213174819946,
-0.0646311491727829,
-0.9776612520217896,
0.35573431849479675,
0.22963351011276245,
0.15920644998550415,
-0.27973708510398865,
-0.23641414940357208,
0.12299271672964096,
0.17451269924640656,
0.24683775007724762,
0.07934795320034027,
-0.029268890619277954,
-0.8591836094856262,
0.15416568517684937,
-0.6029055118560791,
-0.3050115406513214,
0.9283664226531982,
0.9999632835388184,
-0.13362348079681396,
-0.18991664052009583,
-0.1626279503107071,
-0.5682823657989502,
-0.4127714931964874,
0.43097376823425293,
-0.3700433671474457,
-0.04320201277732849,
0.012210126966238022,
-0.008430122397840023,
-0.13691632449626923,
0.5199586749076843,
0.2059083878993988,
-0.3941941559314728,
-0.17406202852725983,
-0.2900100350379944,
0.29300615191459656,
-0.25054439902305603,
0.5473062992095947,
0.5556618571281433,
-0.7617160677909851,
-0.07392548769712448,
-0.2672436833381653,
-0.7810683846473694,
0.09112916141748428,
-0.19171203672885895,
-0.6546642780303955,
-0.45329535007476807,
-0.4015156626701355,
-0.4789832532405853,
0.18702417612075806,
0.4655725955963135,
-0.03556838631629944,
-0.5142157673835754,
-0.33026543259620667,
0.2804569900035858,
-0.6308491826057434,
0.11295846104621887,
-0.06292633712291718,
-0.4663885831832886,
0.3480413854122162,
-0.08420636504888535,
-0.017631113529205322,
0.508319616317749,
0.04571252316236496,
-0.1674446165561676,
-0.16453416645526886,
-0.004599093459546566,
0.16718599200248718,
-0.40441569685935974,
-0.5127391219139099,
-0.48261111974716187,
0.6446213722229004,
-0.9593759775161743,
-0.34188511967658997,
0.666545569896698,
0.21525666117668152,
0.39329540729522705,
-0.30189061164855957,
0.23444513976573944,
0.03067706897854805,
0.28248295187950134,
-0.44994911551475525,
-0.12470363825559616,
0.7554009556770325,
0.027141215279698372,
0.49521663784980774,
-0.4929720461368561,
-0.09840575605630875,
0.5765535235404968,
0.53697270154953,
0.01477782428264618,
-0.2519875168800354,
0.6142055988311768,
0.7270117998123169,
-0.338358074426651,
0.18516507744789124,
-0.3178784251213074,
-0.06750598549842834,
-0.5680617690086365,
0.3217633366584778,
0.2579132616519928,
-0.11911796778440475,
0.2936576008796692,
-0.038420937955379486,
-0.08081601560115814,
-0.8629311919212341,
0.2931723892688751,
0.2762601971626282,
-0.4802687466144562,
0.22979089617729187,
-0.056123897433280945,
0.5848422050476074,
-0.5238300561904907,
-0.34342920780181885,
-0.6271657347679138,
-0.050652433186769485,
0.32996103167533875,
-0.2894936800003052,
-0.16549240052700043,
0.1360849291086197,
0.21284259855747223,
0.4317525625228882,
-0.22973419725894928,
0.38019195199012756,
-0.7711704969406128,
0.13073459267616272,
-0.6804676651954651,
-0.06618187576532364,
-0.09343437850475311,
0.3731604516506195,
0.3912588357925415,
1.040391206741333,
-0.1458892971277237,
-0.19790610671043396,
-0.3386673629283905,
0.1888483166694641,
-0.02237965352833271,
-0.37713637948036194,
-0.016823049634695053,
0.4777134358882904,
0.6195940971374512,
-0.1021181121468544,
-0.11317354440689087,
-0.0728573352098465,
0.5225462317466736,
0.32473859190940857,
-0.3921518623828888,
0.4063872694969177,
-0.5827445983886719,
-0.26263949275016785,
0.6190681457519531,
-0.14925719797611237,
0.1496645212173462,
0.22950372099876404,
-0.19438661634922028,
0.23144575953483582,
0.4406425952911377,
-0.5298303961753845,
-0.7988208532333374,
0.4781292676925659,
0.042921170592308044,
-0.1543000489473343,
-0.23580701649188995,
0.5041053891181946,
0.22928062081336975,
0.09902936220169067,
-0.7527064681053162,
0.364148885011673,
0.3276907205581665,
-0.07974414527416229,
-0.2106543332338333,
-0.8469208478927612,
0.5318123698234558,
0.4989365041255951,
0.4783044755458832,
0.7933921217918396,
-0.4917227625846863,
0.1031348779797554,
-0.1639738380908966,
0.5409230589866638,
-0.42569395899772644,
-0.021461714059114456,
-0.05523552745580673,
0.4765623211860657,
0.4072706997394562,
-0.21372532844543457,
0.034405916929244995,
-0.4074615240097046,
-0.09801830351352692,
0.029949838295578957,
0.12229426950216293,
-0.35480237007141113,
0.13807177543640137,
0.52065110206604,
-0.021019788458943367,
0.02532641403377056,
-0.3134314715862274,
0.01871088147163391,
-0.3795102536678314,
0.24997922778129578,
0.7952839732170105,
-0.24270594120025635,
0.12713488936424255,
0.040453214198350906,
-0.05175086483359337,
0.2504507303237915,
-0.049062579870224,
0.8430818915367126,
0.4003719091415405,
-0.2804133892059326,
0.31877943873405457,
-0.07434696704149246,
0.09768451750278473,
-0.030055712908506393,
0.4051057696342468,
0.10807057470083237,
-0.3889053165912628,
-0.40250250697135925,
-0.45523568987846375,
-0.2669227123260498,
-0.1627330631017685,
0.32219186425209045,
0.15228793025016785,
-0.05756498500704765,
0.22598204016685486,
-0.4550386369228363,
-0.23136264085769653,
0.18144230544567108,
-0.4184565842151642,
0.5048125386238098,
-0.807320237159729,
1.2136375904083252,
0.8058249950408936,
-0.09356667101383209,
-0.18134048581123352,
-0.07171110808849335,
0.7714046835899353,
-0.1202777698636055,
-0.6200321316719055,
0.2456633299589157,
0.00907827541232109,
0.4076840877532959,
-0.8214096426963806,
0.23705536127090454,
0.1337292641401291,
-0.1540680229663849,
-0.13081569969654083,
0.396293967962265,
0.07209644466638565,
-0.3361333906650543,
0.25505468249320984,
-0.1024286225438118,
-0.1333208531141281,
-0.5946391224861145,
-0.1636391431093216,
-0.32230913639068604,
-0.53702712059021,
0.2615547776222229,
0.22161650657653809,
0.4079068601131439,
0.3167167603969574,
-0.2377290576696396,
0.6599233746528625,
0.35915136337280273,
0.11513437330722809,
0.14740467071533203,
-0.5245136618614197,
-0.16726680099964142,
0.021774280816316605,
-0.32274603843688965,
0.5164749622344971,
0.5721152424812317,
0.12024825811386108,
-0.6372119784355164,
0.3702678680419922,
-0.1381683498620987,
-0.7650144100189209,
0.9272831082344055,
-0.15102173388004303,
0.6491888165473938,
-0.37615954875946045,
-0.345418781042099,
-0.4824962317943573,
0.38868874311447144,
0.6542362570762634,
0.17322824895381927,
0.035677433013916016,
-0.4880062937736511,
0.09866026788949966,
-0.36741387844085693,
0.1266142576932907,
-0.40369799733161926,
0.005639534909278154,
0.33565789461135864
] |
224249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfrau%20Railway | Jungfrau Railway | The Jungfrau Railway (, JB) is a mountain railway in the Bernese Alps, connecting Kleine Scheidegg in the Bernese Oberland to the Jungfraujoch, across the Valais border. The railway, which uses a and racks, runs from the station of Kleine Scheidegg () to the Jungfraujoch (). It is the highest railway in Switzerland and Europe, the Jungfraujoch being the highest railway station on the continent and well above the perennial snow line. As a consequence, the railway runs essentially within the Jungfrau Tunnel, built into the neighbouring Eiger and Mönch, to protect the line from snow and extreme weather. Another particularity of the Jungfrau Railway is the high elevation of its starting point, at the hub of Kleine Scheidegg, also the highest in Europe.
The Jungfrau Railway got its name from the highest of the three high peaks above it: the Jungfrau (; ), the latter mountain being the initial goal of the project. A lift connecting the summit of the Jungfrau with an underground railway was planned. In 1912, the project finally ended at the Jungfraujoch, the saddle between the Mönch and Jungfrau. It was nevertheless one of the highest railways in the world at the time of inauguration.
The Jungfrau Railway includes three additional stations. The initial open-air section culminates just after Eigergletscher (2,320 m), at around 2,350 metres, which makes it the second highest open-air railway in Switzerland. The two other stations are located in the Jungfrau Tunnel, where passengers can disembark for a short time to observe the neighbouring mountains through windows built into the mountainside. The lower one, Eigerwand, gives access to windows in the north face of the Eiger. The upper one, Eismeer, gives access to windows in the east face of the Eiger, overlooking the Eismeer (the "sea of ice"). The line is electrified at 3-phase 1,125 volts 50 Hertz, and is one of four lines in the world using three-phase electric power.
At Kleine Scheidegg the JB connects with the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), which has two routes down the mountain, running respectively to the villages of Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald. From both villages, branches of the Berner Oberland-Bahn (BOB) connect to the Swiss Federal Railways at Interlaken.
The line is owned by the Jungfraubahn AG, a subsidiary of the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, a holding company that also owns the Wengernalpbahn, Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn. Through that holding company it is part of the Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Berner Oberland-Bahn and Schynige Platte-Bahn.
History
1860 (approximately) - there were many different plans for a mountain railway on the Jungfrau, which failed due to financial problems.
1894 the industrialist Adolf Guyer-Zeller received a concession for a rack railway, which began from the Kleine Scheidegg railway station of the Wengernalpbahn (WAB), with a long tunnel through the Eiger and Mönch up to the summit of the Jungfrau.
1896 construction began. The construction work proceeded briskly.
1898 the Jungfrau Railway opened as far as the Eigergletscher railway station, at the foot of the Eiger.
1899 Six workers are killed in an explosion. There is a four-month strike by workers. Adolf Guyer-Zeller dies in Zürich on 3 April. The section from Eigergletscher station to Rotstock station opens on 2 August
1903 The section from Rotstock station to Eigerwand station opens on 28 June.
1905 The section from Eigerwand station to Eismeer station opens on 25 July
1908 There is an explosion at Eigerwand station.
1912 21 February, sixteen years after work commenced, the tunneling crew finally breaks through the glacier in Jungfraujoch. Jungfraujoch station was inaugurated on 1 August.
1924 "The house above the clouds" at Jungfraujoch is opened on 14 September.
1931 The research station at the Jungfraujoch is opened.
1937 The Sphinx Observatory is opened. A snowblower is purchased and this results in year-round operation.
1942 Relocation of the company offices from Zürich to Interlaken.
1950 The dome is installed on the Sphinx Observatory.
1951 The adhesion section between Eismeer station and Jungfraujoch station is converted to rack operation.
1955 A second depot at Kleine Scheidegg is constructed. The post office inaugurates its relay station on the Jungfraujoch.
1972 The panoramic windows are installed at Eigerwand and Eismeer. The Jungfraujoch mountain house and tourist house are destroyed by fire on 21 October.
1975 A new tourist house is opened.
1987 A new mountain house is opened on 1 August.
1991 A new station hall is opened at the Jungfraujoch.
1993 The small Kleine Scheidegg depot is extended.
1996 The covered observation deck at the Sphinx Observatory is opened.
1997 For the first time the annual visitor numbers exceed 500,000.
2000 On 1 June a daily record number of 8,148 visitors is achieved.
Stations
Kleine Scheidegg,
Eigergletscher,
Eigerwand,
Eismeer,
Jungfraujoch,
Source:
Openings
Rotstock Station (closed in 1903)
Stollenloch
2008 proposals
In early 2008, Jungfraubahn Holding AG announced it is exploring the futuristic idea of an efficient fast form of access to the Jungfraujoch as an addition to the rack railway. A feasibility study has been commissioned. The additional access would be the world's longest tunnel-lift system. The study is to show if and how such a tunnel-lift system - for example as a fast lift or funicular - from the Lauterbrunnen Valley to the Jungfraujoch could be realised without disturbing the unique landscape of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The attractiveness of the cogwheel railway should thus be enhanced, as guests could use the fast lift for the uphill or downhill journey. Through a marked reduction in travelling time, the trip to the Jungfraujoch could also become a half-day excursion.
These plans have later been abandoned and the company is currently (2017) planning to build an aerial cableway between Grindelwald Grund and Eigergletscher.
Rolling stock
Since most of the railway is inside a tunnel, it was designed to run with electricity from conception. The latest rolling stock consists of twin-unit motorcoaches carrying up to 230 people per train which operate at 12.5 km/h on the steepest parts of the ascent. The motors function at two speeds which allows the units to operate at double this speed on the less steep part of the ascent (above Eismeer station).
The motors will operate in a regenerative mode which allows the trains to generate electricity during the descent, which is fed back into the power distribution system. Approximately 50% of the energy required for an ascent is recovered during the descent. It is this generation that regulates the descent speed.
Motive power delivered since 1992 (numbers 211...224) no longer has directly fed three phase motors but is equipped similarly to a normal single phase locomotive. This rolling stock can travel at variable speed which allowed to cut journey time from 52 to 35 min with the timetable starting 11 December 2016. Pre-1992 rolling stock can no longer be used in regular traffic and most of the earlier trains have been scrapped.
Snow clearing equipment is essential on the open section of line between Kleine Scheidegg railway station and Eigergletscher railway station. Originally snow ploughs were used but more recently snow blowing equipment has been brought into service.
The railway also operates some dedicated freight vehicles to supply the visitor facilities at Jungfraujoch, including a tank to transport additional water.
Main characteristics
See also
List of mountain railways in Switzerland
Rail transport in Switzerland
Wetterhorn Elevator, another ambitious project in the region aiming at the Wetterhorn
References
External links
Jungfrau Railways website
Jungfraurailway: Why the highest of Europe didn't end higher 'Tim Travel' on YouTube
"Alpine Climbing by Railroad" Popular Mechanics, December 1911, pp. 830–831.
Transport in the Alps
Bernese Oberland
Mountain railways
Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Railway companies of Switzerland
Electric railways in Switzerland
Railway lines in Switzerland
Railways using three-phase power
Railway lines opened in 1898
Rack railways in Switzerland
Transport in the canton of Bern
Transport in Valais
Tourist attractions in the Canton of Bern
1898 establishments in Switzerland
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange | [
-0.024645259603857994,
0.15189266204833984,
0.38070690631866455,
-0.25302854180336,
0.30823448300361633,
0.4089529812335968,
1.236041784286499,
0.2517530918121338,
-0.19468584656715393,
-0.41117560863494873,
-0.6497450470924377,
-0.4705221951007843,
-0.25120091438293457,
0.529740571975708,
-0.599774181842804,
0.5033476948738098,
0.21540051698684692,
0.08668047189712524,
-0.2120286375284195,
-1.3636282682418823,
0.41363847255706787,
-0.29124322533607483,
0.3100351393222809,
0.052665483206510544,
0.000301906606182456,
-0.48369473218917847,
-0.36023300886154175,
0.8674560189247131,
0.4754255414009094,
-0.24963274598121643,
0.2030736207962036,
-0.1397503912448883,
0.28436365723609924,
-0.15987099707126617,
-0.0752752497792244,
0.9105716943740845,
0.4680548310279846,
-0.6736681461334229,
0.3224387466907501,
0.15123863518238068,
-0.021450329571962357,
0.5142136216163635,
-0.5088254809379578,
0.20011746883392334,
-0.01668774150311947,
-0.2589658498764038,
-1.0169284343719482,
-0.08921703696250916,
-0.5173165798187256,
0.0640852078795433,
-0.6113767623901367,
0.693178653717041,
0.1511223167181015,
0.543565034866333,
-0.01461044605821371,
0.010385275818407536,
-0.8692389726638794,
0.2587730288505554,
0.7370880246162415,
-0.5878512859344482,
0.24527648091316223,
0.3009922504425049,
-0.33370351791381836,
0.3304581940174103,
-0.004500357434153557,
0.32362452149391174,
-0.2652897834777832,
0.8602192401885986,
-0.19992664456367493,
-0.6264212727546692,
0.015457856468856335,
-0.3716491162776947,
0.3925548195838928,
-0.27900955080986023,
0.06705771386623383,
-0.3896971344947815,
-0.7442603707313538,
-0.2848150134086609,
-0.33887147903442383,
0.028857791796326637,
0.17401008307933807,
-0.017521709203720093,
0.9813771843910217,
-0.019796647131443024,
0.7147446870803833,
0.6376761198043823,
-0.47218000888824463,
-0.16171708703041077,
-0.6758641600608826,
0.4884835183620453,
-0.6805371046066284,
-0.1684413105249405,
-0.30190300941467285,
-0.233490988612175,
0.05248541384935379,
0.10273898392915726,
-0.0776837021112442,
-0.08936535567045212,
0.1385752409696579,
0.559257984161377,
0.5545366406440735,
0.29207634925842285,
0.2546420991420746,
0.18796712160110474,
-0.5487257838249207,
-0.5876582264900208,
-0.2202313244342804,
-0.5342435836791992,
-0.5350983738899231,
-0.13345205783843994,
-1.145398736000061,
0.3010675311088562,
-0.5052067041397095,
0.1293010115623474,
0.4733779728412628,
-0.0012711826711893082,
-0.1064489483833313,
-0.9289551973342896,
0.34687545895576477,
0.001014305162243545,
0.8723160624504089,
0.739910364151001,
-0.4734213054180145,
0.08392264693975449,
0.3849601149559021,
0.12960267066955566,
-0.519398033618927,
0.9480115175247192,
-0.38708174228668213,
0.12080463767051697,
0.9273692965507507,
0.5786120295524597,
0.7050656676292419,
-0.1271895170211792,
0.03244231641292572,
-0.11204452067613602,
0.2360186129808426,
0.4081287682056427,
0.1871166229248047,
0.43182405829429626,
-1.4199638366699219,
-0.07948329299688339,
0.2997944951057434,
-0.7215766310691833,
0.4082059860229492,
0.2899206578731537,
-0.7728943824768066,
-0.7860801815986633,
-0.3453052043914795,
-0.7894383072853088,
-0.12428617477416992,
0.3346199691295624,
-0.46983346343040466,
0.025516459718346596,
-0.7709025740623474,
0.8442860841751099,
0.5692213177680969,
0.27328211069107056,
0.2910451889038086,
-0.1386268138885498,
0.34669387340545654,
0.10716278851032257,
-0.28600388765335083,
0.6911667585372925,
0.39424529671669006,
-0.008687152527272701,
0.3121967911720276,
-0.26101893186569214,
-0.10131236910820007,
-0.3442319333553314,
-0.01833334192633629,
0.007192878518253565,
0.07076992839574814,
-0.3268824517726898,
0.16587382555007935,
-0.13354232907295227,
0.40542739629745483,
0.5285431742668152,
-0.14115704596042633,
-0.4690854549407959,
-0.4737493693828583,
0.4761107265949249,
0.015694763511419296,
0.06233023479580879,
-0.027109596878290176,
0.15711963176727295,
-0.2019316703081131,
-0.19849035143852234,
-0.20205438137054443,
-0.4011252224445343,
0.08219856768846512,
-0.16209129989147186,
0.4806167185306549,
-0.5365985631942749,
0.9655336141586304,
-0.16436372697353363,
-0.15542954206466675,
0.5809855461120605,
-0.909645140171051,
0.22081024944782257,
0.6090664863586426,
-0.7940793037414551,
0.39544057846069336,
0.34409308433532715,
-0.12708234786987305,
0.25507092475891113,
-0.16571953892707825,
0.07371862232685089,
0.009110272862017155,
0.04544016346335411,
0.024053260684013367,
-0.1147509291768074,
0.17381779849529266,
-0.22902140021324158,
0.22447837889194489,
-0.12892386317253113,
-0.6762253046035767,
0.17628534138202667,
-0.24811215698719025,
0.10839447379112244,
0.9535853266716003,
0.044801585376262665,
-0.7749862670898438,
0.3580944836139679,
-0.6678017973899841,
0.788008451461792,
0.7472026348114014,
1.00307035446167,
-0.2417890429496765,
-0.41965967416763306,
0.5534013509750366,
0.4363090991973877,
0.3670876622200012,
-0.19034385681152344,
0.36097288131713867,
0.2870018482208252,
-0.1624528020620346,
-0.3144204914569855,
0.4956120550632477,
-0.6063269376754761,
0.3808031380176544,
0.07839106768369675,
-0.8170425891876221,
0.6605960130691528,
0.33514493703842163,
0.7218496203422546,
0.06601552665233612,
0.7184469103813171,
-0.9978844523429871,
-0.4238108992576599,
-0.05553027614951134,
0.6639881134033203,
-0.12728716433048248,
0.07407638430595398,
0.026649074628949165,
-0.6630327701568604,
0.122963085770607,
0.32982444763183594,
0.21348288655281067,
1.0954384803771973,
0.46206897497177124,
-0.406122624874115,
-0.30184292793273926,
-0.278800368309021,
-0.8492745161056519,
0.33004453778266907,
-0.12797732651233673,
-0.49007660150527954,
0.301418662071228,
0.5163828730583191,
-0.09364970028400421,
0.07809466123580933,
-0.667316198348999,
0.23848611116409302,
-0.40571752190589905,
-0.31972238421440125,
-0.49589210748672485,
0.3837744891643524,
-0.493283212184906,
0.4681013822555542,
0.16069476306438446,
0.09591858088970184,
0.6072846055030823,
-0.22593846917152405,
0.2037917822599411,
0.019761035218834877,
0.3101448118686676,
0.42472177743911743,
-0.44667184352874756,
-0.14510630071163177,
0.09519588202238083,
0.08434717357158661,
-0.17659041285514832,
0.03534318134188652,
0.13290643692016602,
-0.05976780131459236,
0.14187847077846527,
0.4939058721065521,
0.9838567972183228,
-0.18372634053230286,
-0.6616575717926025,
-0.015132499858736992,
-0.13725079596042633,
-0.21458525955677032,
-0.5837267637252808,
-0.23762454092502594,
-0.1629582643508911,
-0.26141563057899475,
-5.036281585693359,
0.3218201696872711,
-0.21206484735012054,
-0.05189229175448418,
-0.47696056962013245,
-0.030033640563488007,
-0.0035663277376443148,
-0.30406856536865234,
-0.017024775967001915,
-0.01978577859699726,
0.43284109234809875,
-0.5786560773849487,
-0.2569616734981537,
-0.010038548149168491,
-0.12948377430438995,
0.34915438294410706,
-0.3531610667705536,
0.42174190282821655,
0.25110793113708496,
-0.3448616564273834,
-0.3088405132293701,
-0.037268832325935364,
0.2920578718185425,
-0.009833097457885742,
0.5601003170013428,
0.3918476104736328,
-0.6274982690811157,
-0.29389113187789917,
-0.7178944945335388,
-0.4620591998100281,
0.5752436518669128,
-0.68873530626297,
-0.41131600737571716,
0.17549578845500946,
-0.1260184943675995,
-0.3083149492740631,
0.7978174090385437,
0.6328304409980774,
0.8888922929763794,
-0.001307147671468556,
-0.059682369232177734,
0.7566683888435364,
-0.12346839904785156,
-0.587307870388031,
0.46675509214401245,
-0.3637984097003937,
-1.0180977582931519,
0.19615843892097473,
-0.5819119811058044,
0.8242294192314148,
0.125681534409523,
-0.26611045002937317,
1.0729972124099731,
-0.754688560962677,
0.014279932714998722,
-0.174220010638237,
-0.6254773139953613,
-0.05760878697037697,
0.2213432937860489,
0.8131536245346069,
0.4107103645801544,
-0.3003430962562561,
-0.5710235238075256,
-0.48062288761138916,
-0.66416996717453,
-0.09558526426553726,
0.0479184053838253,
0.2620662450790405,
0.47391316294670105,
-0.10833920538425446,
-0.4513109028339386,
1.1543817520141602,
0.23760683834552765,
-0.768963098526001,
0.002527362434193492,
-1.0315665006637573,
-0.8203710913658142,
-0.09926987439393997,
-0.14570720493793488,
0.35912445187568665,
0.20506468415260315,
-0.49975916743278503,
0.3425898253917694,
0.3555588722229004,
1.407210350036621,
0.05171540752053261,
-0.45949211716651917,
0.13822035491466522,
0.7052357196807861,
0.03323386237025261,
0.2073325663805008,
-0.6039826273918152,
0.05622435361146927,
0.4187241494655609,
-0.928032398223877,
1.3037422895431519,
-0.1679350882768631,
-0.35383275151252747,
-0.6986705660820007,
-0.7300664782524109,
0.4650896489620209,
-0.2685776352882385,
0.3225650489330292,
0.2454698234796524,
-0.03045949898660183,
-0.25163960456848145,
0.6982957124710083,
0.024147627875208855,
0.7703628540039062,
0.48758748173713684,
-0.20397445559501648,
-0.08652174472808838,
-0.25280192494392395,
-0.6805286407470703,
0.35306844115257263,
-0.34014585614204407,
-1.283173680305481,
1.0177674293518066,
-0.3195013999938965,
-0.11351562291383743,
0.2394331693649292,
0.10229480266571045,
0.5471920967102051,
-0.8818606734275818,
-0.3392650783061981,
0.34592247009277344,
-0.2539100646972656,
0.7623408436775208,
0.11207354813814163,
0.45828160643577576,
-0.36398136615753174,
0.13663655519485474,
-0.27654898166656494,
-0.3856810927391052,
-0.35462304949760437,
-0.1746772974729538,
-0.3285790979862213,
-0.24693144857883453,
0.29644858837127686,
0.1660965085029602,
0.6877787113189697,
0.36145225167274475,
-0.9298839569091797,
0.24121318757534027,
-0.18938618898391724,
0.9492101073265076,
0.09768976271152496,
-0.3508419692516327,
-0.6952406764030457,
-0.17177331447601318,
-0.15473856031894684,
-0.2856108248233795,
-0.09516171365976334,
0.30585768818855286,
-0.24650096893310547,
-0.4916841685771942,
0.14219500124454498,
0.4299364984035492,
0.40428709983825684,
0.24250413477420807,
0.05705081671476364,
-0.5161070227622986,
-0.41913092136383057,
0.042908672243356705,
0.43545016646385193,
0.7441589832305908,
-0.2293848842382431,
-0.5046405792236328,
-0.4005156457424164,
0.39598149061203003,
0.10844546556472778,
-0.43006882071495056,
-0.049116041511297226,
-0.27862584590911865,
-0.6225839257240295,
0.5131799578666687,
-0.39903756976127625,
-0.26359352469444275,
0.06020071357488632,
-0.06903375685214996,
-0.3474176228046417,
-0.42800891399383545,
0.5195139646530151,
0.912406325340271,
-0.05620991811156273,
-0.7010027766227722,
0.18156570196151733,
0.613487720489502,
-0.08886894583702087,
-0.2891170084476471,
0.7873422503471375,
-0.16930904984474182,
0.08498704433441162,
0.5085117220878601,
-0.015205844305455685,
-1.5103106498718262,
-0.6408145427703857,
0.0036981350276619196,
-0.23472392559051514,
-0.6015846133232117,
-0.09827574342489243,
0.010031414218246937,
-0.3864273130893707,
1.0035969018936157,
0.26307523250579834,
-0.3005567491054535,
0.03663695976138115,
0.32270190119743347,
-0.8128378987312317,
0.19713596999645233,
-0.8343353271484375,
-0.44748035073280334,
0.6471124291419983,
0.5677255392074585,
-0.720022439956665,
0.13058744370937347,
-0.06092291325330734,
-0.4243236184120178,
-1.010625958442688,
0.19929486513137817,
-0.3884449005126953,
-0.015019344165921211,
-0.8440552949905396,
-0.09085650742053986,
-0.717863142490387,
0.2679874300956726,
0.2491759955883026,
-0.6033721566200256,
0.6107735633850098,
-0.39044052362442017,
0.1648494005203247,
-0.10197168588638306,
0.6245304942131042,
-0.0049451785162091255,
-0.21188925206661224,
-0.23150336742401123,
-0.02133340761065483,
0.09355854988098145,
0.6880099773406982,
0.5117495656013489,
0.7714537978172302,
0.6364203095436096,
0.179851233959198,
-0.7813370227813721,
0.34922873973846436,
-0.020663965493440628,
0.3598701059818268,
-0.834507942199707,
-0.2690879702568054,
0.5472631454467773,
0.22021588683128357,
0.07642268389463425,
-0.4837723970413208,
-0.1675925999879837,
0.9025958180427551,
-0.03161210939288139,
-0.6424760818481445,
-0.040349483489990234,
0.11537778377532959,
0.10090035945177078,
0.09283702820539474,
0.055427443236112595,
-0.11572819203138351,
0.06749679148197174,
0.1662188470363617,
-0.05624952167272568,
-0.4198600947856903,
-0.4228198528289795,
0.3126102089881897,
-0.395977258682251,
0.5025365948677063,
-0.15203705430030823,
-0.07596360146999359,
-0.04624733701348305,
-0.008698593825101852,
0.671164333820343,
-0.01605365239083767,
-0.481237530708313,
0.31090041995048523,
0.087339386343956,
-0.7394460439682007,
-0.4002312123775482,
-0.44242194294929504,
-0.2403448075056076,
-0.2170560508966446,
-0.5860705375671387,
0.0037250174209475517,
0.26966187357902527,
-0.7616128921508789,
0.5968530178070068,
-0.5311985611915588,
-0.27109673619270325,
-0.3283902406692505,
0.19350586831569672,
0.3049231469631195,
0.05848260596394539,
0.2272656261920929,
0.015720266848802567,
-0.18737436830997467,
0.19405324757099152,
-0.3984895646572113,
0.09279715269804001,
-0.08328955620527267,
-0.6864063739776611,
0.06251046061515808,
0.44205614924430847,
-0.4121897518634796,
-0.7134585976600647,
0.394241601228714,
-0.20743507146835327,
0.10464461147785187,
0.13877734541893005,
-0.45301342010498047,
1.102362871170044,
0.09830144792795181,
0.6889201998710632,
0.5608769059181213,
0.2485004961490631,
0.0791468396782875,
0.7326241135597229,
0.3548973500728607,
0.5925971865653992,
0.8361518383026123,
0.23412230610847473,
-0.07783988118171692,
0.6967264413833618,
0.1098131388425827,
-0.12799015641212463,
-0.26121315360069275,
0.4445970356464386,
0.08454722911119461,
-0.5741217136383057,
-0.28828367590904236,
0.4220028817653656,
-0.061574652791023254,
-0.11471713334321976,
0.35329970717430115,
-0.1481391340494156,
0.029554303735494614,
-0.05523296073079109,
-0.3071078062057495,
1.2663185596466064,
-0.31514590978622437,
0.02350112795829773,
0.24875745177268982,
0.5349934101104736,
-0.013826754875481129,
0.08688338845968246,
0.5245785117149353,
0.20247489213943481,
0.7601220011711121,
0.26277390122413635,
-0.4539845287799835,
-0.6108350157737732,
-0.4178764820098877,
0.36860522627830505,
-0.001045971643179655,
0.009781134314835072,
-0.7021554112434387,
0.771405041217804,
0.37193259596824646,
0.2526288628578186,
-0.32773083448410034,
-0.30426573753356934,
-0.6907597184181213,
-0.8870012164115906,
-0.4269420802593231,
-0.3676241338253021,
-0.5833256840705872,
0.3487847149372101,
-0.469094455242157,
0.11022117733955383,
-0.2965882420539856,
0.2578226923942566,
0.0035544028505682945,
0.3068627119064331,
0.4446573555469513,
0.8382390737533569,
-0.39323341846466064,
0.49065202474594116,
0.023307323455810547,
0.6497393846511841,
-0.14828643202781677,
0.06188526749610901,
-0.3018048107624054,
-0.3286922872066498,
0.10250013321638107,
-0.32227957248687744,
-0.024006398394703865,
-0.5828505754470825,
-0.31774941086769104,
0.22555674612522125,
0.06402962654829025,
-0.11201529949903488,
0.2066890448331833,
0.05223558843135834,
-0.10782697796821594,
0.660288393497467,
0.35085663199424744,
-0.06256413459777832,
-0.2492249757051468,
0.19684450328350067,
-0.24777302145957947,
0.4435250759124756,
-0.17348594963550568,
0.4092346131801605,
-0.5370995402336121,
0.1494731456041336,
0.29147276282310486,
0.4406359791755676,
0.6137362122535706,
-0.1757763773202896,
-0.6202707886695862,
0.6637604236602783,
0.10216548293828964,
0.16934289038181305,
0.6699020266532898,
-0.3288736939430237,
-0.17236670851707458,
-0.743011474609375,
-0.26547983288764954,
-0.20614321529865265,
0.4792410433292389,
0.6129086017608643,
0.12565110623836517,
-0.2582116723060608,
-0.2998501658439636,
-0.13326731324195862,
-0.40603938698768616,
0.3026147484779358,
0.5059753656387329,
0.08043250441551208,
-0.06105499714612961,
-0.18815992772579193,
-1.1962326765060425,
-0.28716784715652466,
0.3701421916484833,
-0.22099970281124115,
0.6268945336341858,
-0.34699758887290955,
-0.07359570264816284,
-0.22205908596515656,
0.6490441560745239,
0.11034298688173294,
0.37685608863830566,
0.3586407005786896,
-0.31685662269592285,
-0.9883041977882385,
-0.8795146346092224,
-0.04173540323972702,
-0.4104749858379364,
-0.22196650505065918,
0.4641174077987671,
-0.30162546038627625,
0.5195137858390808,
0.06867637485265732,
0.07739312201738358,
-0.4640332758426666,
0.2874690890312195,
-1.0470569133758545
] |
224252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wengernalp%20Railway | Wengernalp Railway | The Wengernalp Railway (, WAB) is a long rack railway line in Switzerland. It runs from Lauterbrunnen to Grindelwald via Wengen and Kleine Scheidegg, making it the world's longest continuous rack and pinion railway. The name refers to the alpine meadow of Wengernalp, above Wengen.
The line is normally operated in two sections, with trains from either direction terminating at Kleine Scheidegg. At the latter station, most passengers transfer to the Jungfrau Railway for the continuation of the journey to the highest railway station in Europe at Jungfraujoch. There are generally no roads to Wengen/Mürren, and the train is the main access.
The line is owned by the Wengernalpbahn AG, a subsidiary of the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, a holding company that also owns the Jungfraubahn and Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren, Harderbahn, and Firstbahn. Through that holding company it is part of the Allianz - Jungfrau Top of Europe marketing alliance, which also includes the separately owned Berner Oberland-Bahn and Schynige Platte-Bahn.
History
In 1875, the first plans for a railway on the route later taken by the Wengernalp line were drawn up, but the high projected costs meant that the concession expired. Fifteen years later, in 1890, Leo Heer-Bétrix gained a new 80-year concession to build and operate the railway. The Wengernalpbahn was founded.
Construction work commenced in 1891, and the following year the first steam locomotive reached Wengen on 18 April and Kleine Scheidegg on 10 August. The full length of the line, from Lauterbrunnen to Grindelwald, opened on 20 June 1893 as a summer only service.
The electrification of the line between Lauterbrunnen and Kleine Scheidegg was completed on 3 June 1909 using 1500 V DC, with electric locomotives positioned, for safety reasons, at the lower end of the trains. The section between Grindelwald and Kleine Scheidegg followed on 24 June 1910. Steam operation ceased in 1912.
On 7 July 1910, a new route, longer but less steep, was opened between Lauterbrunnen to Wengen. The older route was retained for nearly a hundred more years, being finally decommissioned and dismantled in 2009 because of the steep gradient of 25% and concern over geological stability on parts of the route.
In 1913, winter operations commenced between Lauterbrunnen to Kleine Scheidegg, followed by year round operations over the same section in 1925. Winter operations between Grindelwald and Kleine Scheidegg started in 1934, followed by year round operations in 1960.
In 1942, the headquarters of the railway moved from Zurich to Interlaken. In 1947, the first motorcoaches were purchased. The following year the partly underground turning triangle at Kleine Scheidegg was constructed.
In 1990, an avalanche shelter was built on the Lauterbrunnen side of the operation, whilst in 1995 Wengen station was rebuilt to include a freight delivery terminal. In 2005, Wengernalp station platforms were extended from 127 m to 181 m usable length. In 2011, a new double track loop was opened between Wengen and Allmend, allowing the introduction of a clock-face timetable between Lauterbrunnen and Kleine Scheidegg.
Operations
The line is built to 800 mm gauge ( gauge), and uses the Riggenbach rack system, as modified by Arnold Pauli. Modern stock uses Strub rack system.
Nowadays, most passenger trains are made up of railcars, the powered car still being positioned at the lower end of the train, and so train compositions do not usually cross Kleine Scheidegg to travel directly from Lauterbrunnen over to Grindelwald. However, a triangular junction specially built into the mountainside at Kleine Scheidegg allows the train to be turned if necessary so that it can also be used on the other side of the col. The newest of these trains reach 28 km/h on the steepest stretch.
At peak periods, additional trains can be put into operation at short intervals ahead of the scheduled train, allowing capacity to be optimised according to demand. This demands an extremely flexible organisation procedure and enormous care and attention with regard to dispatching trains. Since most of the line is single track, the extra trains display a green disk with a diagonal white line on the front to indicate to station staff and signal operators that there is a train following in the same direction
The busiest stretch of railway runs from Lauterbrunnen to Wengen as this is also used to transport goods to traffic-free Wengen.
The railway operates two workshops at Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald Grund.
Stations
The line serves the following stations:
Lauterbrunnen
Wengwald
Wengen
Allmend
Wengernalp
Kleine Scheidegg
Alpiglen
Brandegg
Grindelwald Grund
Grindelwald
Timetables
A regular interval timetable is operated between Grindelwald and Kleine Scheidegg with trains running every half-hour morning and afternoon, except between late October and mid December when the service is hourly. Journey time is 33 minutes up and 39 minutes down.
Between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen, trains run all year every half-hour until early evening, followed by an hourly service. During mornings and afternoons they continue to Kleine Scheidegg, again half-hourly except between late October and mid December when the service is hourly. Journey time is 43 minutes up and 50 minutes down.
Before December 2011, the Lauterbrunnen - Wengen - Kleine Scheidegg service was formed of 5 trains running at irregular intervals in every 2-hour period. Journey times varied between 44 and 51 minutes up and 54 and 60 minutes down.
Following the construction of the new loop between Wengen and Allmend, the number of trains in each direction has been reduced from 5 to 4 in each 2-hour period, but departure and journey times have been standardised.
Between December and March, extra trains are run on some evenings between Grindelwald and Alpiglen to carry passengers to the floodlit Eiger Run sledging course.
Rolling stock
Locomotives
Railcars
The earliest railcars still in service, numbers 101 and 102 ( BDhe 4/4, built by SLM/BBC ) date from 1947, No.102 being refurbished 1985. Of the other 14 cars of this class, No's. 104 and 106–118, built between 1954 and 1964, which still survive, ten have been refurbished (all except 104 / 7 / 9 / 10) since 2000. No. 114 was refurbished along with 102 in 1985 but was returned to works in 2002 to be brought up to the newer specifications.
In 1970 a new class of railcar ( BDhe 4/4 ) was introduced, numbered 119 to 124, built by a consortium of SIG, SLM, SAAS and BBC. These were refurbished in 1998. Four further cars, class BDhe 4/8, numbered 131 to 134, and built by SLM ( Works Nos. 5363–66 inclusive ) with electrical equipment by BBC, arrived in 1988 with the latest additions, a series of four "Panorama" cars of Class Bhe 4/8, built by Stadler arriving in 2004.
Driving trailer cars
The earliest coaches still listed to the company are three dating from 1893 and a single example from 1901. These have all been rebuilt twice, the final one in 1995 by the von Roll company. Later examples date from the period 1959 to 2003, some of the earlier of these have rebuilt. Building of the stock has been carried out by SIG, with electrical equipment by Brown Boveri / Asea Brown Boveri and later by Stadler with electrical equipment by Steck, (except No. 231 which was built by SLM with electrical equipment by ABB).
The line also operates with an extensive collection of goods stock, in the main used for services between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen.
See also
List of mountain railways in Switzerland
Rail transport in Switzerland
Jungfraubahn
References
External links
Jungfrau Railways website (English)
Transport in the Alps
Railway lines in Switzerland
Mountain railways
800 mm gauge railways in Switzerland
Railway companies of Switzerland
Bernese Oberland
Railway lines opened in 1893
Rack railways in Switzerland
Transport in the canton of Bern
1500 V DC railway electrification
Railway companies established in 1893
Swiss companies established in 1893 | [
0.5454415678977966,
0.08373524993658066,
0.2573888897895813,
-0.10496322810649872,
0.12763763964176178,
0.2060413509607315,
0.8624112010002136,
0.3317050039768219,
-0.5648496747016907,
-0.23217307031154633,
-0.018137289211153984,
-0.18683885037899017,
-0.17795036733150482,
0.5166947841644287,
-0.7376561760902405,
0.09177687764167786,
0.12069106847047806,
0.38811472058296204,
0.12086199969053268,
-1.3116774559020996,
0.39395734667778015,
-0.12761054933071136,
0.33263057470321655,
0.19734111428260803,
-0.12948954105377197,
-0.21856652200222015,
-0.16583377122879028,
0.2809222638607025,
0.3143543303012848,
-0.03295362368226051,
-0.03699544817209244,
0.44920632243156433,
0.0738203376531601,
-0.26104748249053955,
-0.07474787533283234,
0.29408130049705505,
0.5779906511306763,
-0.8782449960708618,
-0.19520030915737152,
-0.08641313761472702,
-0.2533566951751709,
0.1498175859451294,
-0.5495057106018066,
0.19101373851299286,
0.21603454649448395,
-0.2570744752883911,
-0.7417126893997192,
0.2702592611312866,
-1.0767168998718262,
0.17037759721279144,
-1.2792471647262573,
0.15516197681427002,
0.24886052310466766,
0.8393460512161255,
0.27390655875205994,
0.14605386555194855,
-0.8241928219795227,
0.18491962552070618,
0.790066123008728,
-0.19376897811889648,
0.008438007906079292,
0.22121797502040863,
-0.2412179857492447,
0.21423505246639252,
0.2254064530134201,
0.43578410148620605,
0.039184264838695526,
0.8042364716529846,
0.22047646343708038,
-0.6576308608055115,
0.05191924795508385,
-0.6518611907958984,
-0.14803625643253326,
-0.010565025731921196,
0.23334796726703644,
-0.5929027795791626,
-0.3069988191127777,
-0.513761043548584,
-0.3102206587791443,
0.006454568821936846,
-0.1572738140821457,
0.3440164625644684,
1.1304763555526733,
0.08847121894359589,
0.6511497497558594,
0.18902607262134552,
-0.4830694794654846,
0.0887833684682846,
-0.2721022665500641,
0.4229261875152588,
-0.5608658194541931,
-0.44318926334381104,
0.06534294784069061,
-0.5478873252868652,
-0.1995907872915268,
0.0864802822470665,
-0.21966227889060974,
0.14627787470817566,
0.3630741834640503,
0.7009017467498779,
0.30609890818595886,
0.11584270000457764,
0.17428918182849884,
-0.0859990268945694,
-0.4632362425327301,
-0.37741076946258545,
-0.21709279716014862,
-0.4175340533256531,
-0.43072235584259033,
-0.09879995882511139,
-0.8963474035263062,
0.48797473311424255,
-0.5971907377243042,
-0.12583975493907928,
0.359855979681015,
0.26730167865753174,
0.6106082797050476,
-0.8591808080673218,
0.30171188712120056,
0.26947370171546936,
0.9353716969490051,
0.8615568280220032,
-0.15094596147537231,
0.24037359654903412,
0.5755703449249268,
-0.19312267005443573,
-0.051286667585372925,
0.8354300856590271,
-0.26186105608940125,
0.27757102251052856,
0.7024462819099426,
1.2215081453323364,
0.5287343263626099,
-0.13710300624370575,
-0.05124529451131821,
-0.07420197129249573,
0.14350174367427826,
0.6861549019813538,
-0.09346283972263336,
-0.056177202612161636,
-1.5194278955459595,
0.12853744626045227,
0.03589853271842003,
-0.18713855743408203,
0.43986329436302185,
0.4592938721179962,
-0.4981371760368347,
-0.6856905817985535,
-0.23844081163406372,
-0.5348641276359558,
0.29610174894332886,
0.02802964858710766,
-0.1537202149629593,
0.03719967231154442,
-0.6584557294845581,
0.6852216720581055,
0.6873226761817932,
0.5577736496925354,
0.21959209442138672,
0.17776116728782654,
0.5283207297325134,
0.23053522408008575,
-0.2933501601219177,
0.5609402656555176,
0.4896477162837982,
-0.25676020979881287,
0.20313194394111633,
0.022761285305023193,
0.12572087347507477,
-0.009565289132297039,
-0.11618871986865997,
-0.2312527298927307,
0.06487153470516205,
-0.7211364507675171,
0.1374824047088623,
-0.20579680800437927,
0.6839853525161743,
0.3329172432422638,
0.2519136369228363,
-0.431270033121109,
-0.40136751532554626,
0.2034178227186203,
0.2555813789367676,
0.07120557874441147,
0.13310307264328003,
0.35250359773635864,
-0.24486705660820007,
0.026542706415057182,
-0.37431585788726807,
-0.17604957520961761,
0.22238151729106903,
-0.6186729073524475,
0.6956419944763184,
-0.6593834161758423,
0.8077728748321533,
0.07986284047365189,
-0.6794843077659607,
0.676823079586029,
-0.789332389831543,
0.1367216408252716,
0.017208032310009003,
-0.2914913594722748,
0.4774748682975769,
0.13519145548343658,
-0.6727943420410156,
0.5454049706459045,
-0.10840614140033722,
-0.06269390136003494,
0.166725292801857,
0.08266045898199081,
0.34877926111221313,
-0.057447854429483414,
-0.14033107459545135,
-0.11412262916564941,
0.1837061196565628,
0.1964157521724701,
-0.16740795969963074,
0.19341009855270386,
0.23788565397262573,
0.13184033334255219,
0.8762333989143372,
0.12330092489719391,
-0.4561515748500824,
0.4278929531574249,
-0.2827805280685425,
0.4420055150985718,
0.5489998459815979,
0.9207796454429626,
0.2488953024148941,
-0.4596770703792572,
0.4866511821746826,
0.15439338982105255,
0.3127197325229645,
-0.17352840304374695,
0.0175752155482769,
0.07364717870950699,
0.09807140380144119,
-0.40257498621940613,
0.7545967698097229,
-0.34462258219718933,
0.5003246068954468,
0.38274797797203064,
-0.5691136121749878,
0.5617323517799377,
0.3122309744358063,
0.5073056221008301,
0.06526139378547668,
0.44398096203804016,
-0.5805849432945251,
-0.5025191903114319,
0.2564719319343567,
0.72828209400177,
-0.21894468367099762,
-0.4596426784992218,
0.13830788433551788,
-0.5040213465690613,
0.279888778924942,
0.3589939773082733,
0.5240586996078491,
0.6669259667396545,
0.45302218198776245,
-0.46941423416137695,
-0.16940782964229584,
0.042867179960012436,
-0.5179728269577026,
-0.6154593229293823,
-0.4033942222595215,
-0.5857503414154053,
0.5013282895088196,
0.3723906874656677,
0.1418600231409073,
0.13788866996765137,
-0.8394491076469421,
0.022565366700291634,
0.3890204429626465,
-0.12381862103939056,
-0.4543919265270233,
0.380141019821167,
-0.4596574008464813,
0.21442900598049164,
0.08871442079544067,
0.5573930144309998,
0.538813591003418,
-0.38744622468948364,
0.14092226326465607,
-0.01618475280702114,
0.4991711676120758,
0.6363456845283508,
-0.33855244517326355,
-0.2884766757488251,
-0.10615048557519913,
0.08002715557813644,
-0.1415659636259079,
0.13635972142219543,
0.4804382622241974,
-0.1440085768699646,
-0.2946518063545227,
-0.05652007833123207,
0.6904914379119873,
-0.510174036026001,
-0.6873540878295898,
0.37060055136680603,
-0.4170099198818207,
-0.4991391897201538,
-0.5580403804779053,
-0.04409143328666687,
0.0792340412735939,
-0.7111955285072327,
-5.230149745941162,
0.257827490568161,
-0.02317018434405327,
0.027401024475693703,
-0.4594454765319824,
-0.19284066557884216,
-0.08584853261709213,
-0.2388833910226822,
0.018132176250219345,
0.029233451932668686,
0.36082425713539124,
-0.31901270151138306,
0.2944289445877075,
0.30809634923934937,
0.06520537286996841,
0.5269235372543335,
0.21295030415058136,
0.1036703810095787,
0.1207459419965744,
-0.3620910942554474,
-0.6608315110206604,
-0.060109589248895645,
0.4282405376434326,
0.1477091759443283,
0.16200989484786987,
0.24824224412441254,
-0.25262802839279175,
-0.08914444595575333,
-0.8494284152984619,
-0.6547731161117554,
0.5644685626029968,
-0.5318017601966858,
0.03456897661089897,
-0.1851612627506256,
-0.2882688045501709,
-0.30476897954940796,
0.6542659401893616,
0.6428483128547668,
0.8891600370407104,
-0.20047315955162048,
0.2938253879547119,
1.05092191696167,
0.08281867206096649,
-0.18301165103912354,
0.4846673607826233,
-0.21632173657417297,
-1.2138859033584595,
-0.0069365170784294605,
-0.3538046181201935,
1.0155069828033447,
0.266628623008728,
-0.5519059300422668,
0.8753633499145508,
-0.6496047973632812,
-0.19520165026187897,
-0.24247312545776367,
-0.3369735777378082,
0.05016441270709038,
-0.17157261073589325,
0.7691548466682434,
0.39091572165489197,
-0.1988344043493271,
-0.16379617154598236,
-0.606852114200592,
-0.6083127856254578,
0.1886080503463745,
-0.22910678386688232,
0.04167359694838524,
0.36227327585220337,
-0.2092711329460144,
-0.5282937288284302,
0.9733936786651611,
0.13633471727371216,
-0.783252477645874,
0.19839002192020416,
-0.8620691895484924,
-0.7687660455703735,
0.12226372957229614,
0.23617225885391235,
0.16623704135417938,
0.4022653102874756,
-0.6243373155593872,
0.10942685604095459,
0.355775386095047,
1.0275980234146118,
0.27728593349456787,
-0.16420100629329681,
-0.5236143469810486,
0.26381731033325195,
-0.03569452837109566,
0.5870044231414795,
-0.34774288535118103,
-0.18699094653129578,
0.39300188422203064,
-0.8836144208908081,
1.0704981088638306,
-0.22912739217281342,
-0.12316081672906876,
-0.12406618893146515,
-0.7719693183898926,
0.6122612357139587,
-0.57154381275177,
-0.0718512162566185,
-0.26722609996795654,
-0.2383129596710205,
0.3636966049671173,
0.3616531491279602,
0.0396028570830822,
0.4625452160835266,
0.39554736018180847,
-0.26028379797935486,
-0.18156613409519196,
-0.3526797592639923,
-0.5842762589454651,
0.43621712923049927,
-0.3334437608718872,
-1.2334883213043213,
0.758889377117157,
0.023497555404901505,
-0.3120018243789673,
0.616814374923706,
0.5771435499191284,
1.0931599140167236,
-0.8365684747695923,
0.01818748190999031,
0.03899657353758812,
-0.011079923249781132,
0.4057309925556183,
0.037249524146318436,
0.2864813506603241,
-0.35796117782592773,
0.3655003607273102,
-0.034666333347558975,
-0.5849015116691589,
-0.2957933843135834,
0.04030243679881096,
-0.8443225026130676,
-0.3392888903617859,
0.6731008887290955,
0.17509037256240845,
0.6278834342956543,
-0.23880520462989807,
-0.6601788997650146,
0.4518974721431732,
-0.26028555631637573,
1.0234403610229492,
0.26490074396133423,
-0.3770979344844818,
-0.8823685646057129,
-0.07437819987535477,
-0.3242660462856293,
-0.5118403434753418,
0.21682623028755188,
-0.07160128653049469,
-0.3978056311607361,
-0.3143678903579712,
0.35902756452560425,
0.1926279366016388,
0.18905951082706451,
0.10034068673849106,
0.21688486635684967,
-0.07618626207113266,
-0.28498581051826477,
0.3635441064834595,
0.20765157043933868,
0.3906010389328003,
0.2312932163476944,
-0.5430406332015991,
-0.5715523958206177,
0.32745423913002014,
0.07372021675109863,
-0.2761894464492798,
-0.45221737027168274,
-0.2647101581096649,
-0.3444792330265045,
0.3469131588935852,
-0.5284533500671387,
0.07275409996509552,
-0.045955970883369446,
-0.20718137919902802,
-0.21530406177043915,
0.1573410928249359,
0.4859880805015564,
0.44737881422042847,
0.0745495930314064,
-0.9474078416824341,
-0.4504120945930481,
0.6198721528053284,
-0.44220802187919617,
-0.12191539257764816,
0.5021843314170837,
0.03581639379262924,
0.3931105136871338,
0.693371593952179,
-0.5441834926605225,
-1.2851330041885376,
-0.6130989193916321,
0.20963717997074127,
-0.23748134076595306,
-0.5799390077590942,
0.05448850616812706,
-0.20013876259326935,
-0.4358247220516205,
0.47430774569511414,
0.14722232520580292,
-0.5003483295440674,
0.1371719241142273,
0.2106105387210846,
-0.6028120517730713,
0.14620141685009003,
-1.1526389122009277,
-0.4895074665546417,
0.5999587774276733,
0.6900585889816284,
-0.8549895882606506,
-0.24418720602989197,
0.20081977546215057,
-0.19891257584095,
-1.1600974798202515,
-0.006533155683428049,
-0.28355303406715393,
-0.1652309000492096,
-0.3431665599346161,
-0.13848084211349487,
-0.8001053929328918,
0.6504323482513428,
0.7578273415565491,
-0.7643758654594421,
0.8611595034599304,
-0.25455421209335327,
-0.19363419711589813,
-0.3019268214702606,
0.6248612403869629,
0.019935233518481255,
-0.2873402535915375,
-0.0784415528178215,
0.22843888401985168,
0.32475847005844116,
0.5269217491149902,
0.3659123182296753,
0.48306822776794434,
0.9769838452339172,
0.018754756078124046,
-0.5000136494636536,
0.4210464656352997,
-0.346553772687912,
0.09362951666116714,
-0.7001000642776489,
-0.1857357919216156,
0.26014068722724915,
0.024660339578986168,
0.1123039498925209,
-0.27836164832115173,
-0.20391836762428284,
1.0590970516204834,
-0.19741350412368774,
-0.4026852548122406,
0.08969322592020035,
0.23063145577907562,
-0.036124613136053085,
0.057746678590774536,
-0.11448811739683151,
-0.49235275387763977,
0.48269712924957275,
0.15422244369983673,
-0.35052353143692017,
-0.22117109596729279,
-0.24256303906440735,
0.1361086368560791,
-0.6223042011260986,
0.33029353618621826,
-0.3644569218158722,
-0.06709945201873779,
-0.03160715475678444,
-0.10503784567117691,
0.25192058086395264,
0.1447073519229889,
-0.8005585670471191,
0.8511562943458557,
-0.6482489109039307,
-0.9727523326873779,
-0.23413006961345673,
0.10828243941068649,
-0.6154016852378845,
-0.14942149817943573,
-0.4648998975753784,
-0.34310102462768555,
-0.10054019838571548,
-0.6587225794792175,
0.7001503705978394,
-0.34715157747268677,
-0.6016460061073303,
-0.44100821018218994,
0.3889506459236145,
0.2588867247104645,
0.039185572415590286,
-0.11185182631015778,
0.11235462129116058,
-0.37331220507621765,
0.1633833646774292,
-0.6656691431999207,
-0.1314922422170639,
-0.1253453642129898,
-0.7045007348060608,
0.09842472523450851,
0.07699671387672424,
-0.21032612025737762,
-0.5999282002449036,
0.19827979803085327,
-0.13958418369293213,
-0.1938059777021408,
0.24936901032924652,
-0.4101649224758148,
0.9657162427902222,
-0.1219775602221489,
0.4828626811504364,
0.6069056391716003,
-0.1670726090669632,
-0.00623724889010191,
0.5863496661186218,
0.3732006847858429,
0.3043667674064636,
0.9524347186088562,
0.3760391175746918,
-0.2563997209072113,
0.8955016732215881,
0.17276093363761902,
-0.29117435216903687,
-0.14126117527484894,
-0.06482625007629395,
0.1349199116230011,
-0.25713440775871277,
-0.5330957174301147,
0.4518740475177765,
0.06804163753986359,
0.1323780119419098,
-0.35036689043045044,
-0.12260713428258896,
-0.23358650505542755,
0.09849437326192856,
-0.4260964095592499,
1.1097338199615479,
-0.3510430157184601,
-0.2693501114845276,
0.16127772629261017,
0.5048417448997498,
-0.28673920035362244,
-0.1193554550409317,
0.5657820701599121,
0.04889052361249924,
0.7678855657577515,
-0.06527195125818253,
0.09335587918758392,
-0.5823594927787781,
-0.5680285692214966,
0.3009008765220642,
-0.1856060028076172,
0.035895686596632004,
-0.44106319546699524,
0.30704712867736816,
0.506705641746521,
-0.15235497057437897,
-0.48580223321914673,
-0.14180584251880646,
-0.1509014368057251,
-0.6516342163085938,
-0.42213788628578186,
-0.3462992310523987,
-0.5605716109275818,
0.22321046888828278,
0.036800552159547806,
0.269819051027298,
-0.1339922696352005,
-0.08735500276088715,
-0.2592206299304962,
0.532134473323822,
0.09992101043462753,
0.5593641996383667,
-0.18892019987106323,
-0.26999256014823914,
0.15256069600582123,
0.8747680187225342,
-0.1626259684562683,
-0.3296113610267639,
-0.5436403751373291,
-0.41096413135528564,
-0.03484317287802696,
-0.41702234745025635,
0.05220366269350052,
-0.610875129699707,
-0.334609717130661,
-0.1512317806482315,
0.03529378026723862,
0.4282454252243042,
-0.3377426564693451,
-0.04270822927355766,
-0.3130476772785187,
0.7037407159805298,
0.7475526332855225,
-0.2932818830013275,
0.083932064473629,
0.661207377910614,
-0.3816697597503662,
0.4965028166770935,
-0.19716884195804596,
0.46227914094924927,
-0.6429908871650696,
0.3709302544593811,
0.06649443507194519,
0.5679477453231812,
0.4040270149707794,
0.14840464293956757,
-0.35284969210624695,
0.5163499712944031,
0.3255464434623718,
-0.39483150839805603,
0.7592896223068237,
-0.38700759410858154,
-0.17286618053913116,
-0.17547765374183655,
-0.2083844691514969,
-0.5859766602516174,
0.16833239793777466,
0.4723595082759857,
0.32938969135284424,
-0.47037625312805176,
-0.33372852206230164,
-0.13746106624603271,
-0.4648985266685486,
0.4128628671169281,
-0.10703122615814209,
-0.1384902149438858,
-0.4414542019367218,
-0.14433203637599945,
-1.002684473991394,
-0.0859459713101387,
0.2744310200214386,
0.1461396962404251,
0.8625738024711609,
-0.23957209289073944,
0.053308699280023575,
-0.2766323983669281,
0.8627769351005554,
0.14809317886829376,
0.02857980877161026,
0.1425718069076538,
0.27514341473579407,
-0.60231614112854,
-1.0229926109313965,
0.05659753829240799,
-0.3084985613822937,
-0.2660183906555176,
0.7034286260604858,
-0.10422196239233017,
0.14195100963115692,
0.2859915494918823,
0.5239977240562439,
-0.32540374994277954,
0.03690236061811447,
-0.4189755916595459
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.