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225370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%20in%20sports | 1861 in sports | 1861 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics
Events
The National Association establishes the December annual meeting, a change from March, meeting twice during calendar 1860. Membership slips from 59 to 55 clubs and then the outbreak of the American Civil War in the spring sharply cuts both inter-city travel and the number of matches played in greater New York City. Some clubs practically disband.
Boxing
Events
18 June — Jem Mace defeats Sam Hurst in eight rounds at Medway Island to win the Heavyweight Championship of England. Hurst retires from boxing.
John C. Heenan retains the Championship of America but there is no record of any fights involving him in 1861.
Cricket
Events
20 October — the first English team to tour Australia sets sail from Liverpool. The team is captained by H. H. Stephenson. No first-class matches are played.
England
Most runs – Robert Carpenter 883 @ 30.44 (HS 106)
Most wickets – Edgar Willsher 87 @ 11.65 (BB 8–27)
Football
Events
Foundation of Richmond FC and Sale Sharks which are two of the oldest senior rugby union clubs
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris senior
Horse racing
Events
The inaugural running of the Melbourne Cup in Australia is won by Archer. The Melbourne Cup is a race for three-year-olds and above, over a distance of 3,200 metres (approximately two miles).
England
Grand National – Jealousy
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Nemesis
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Diophantus
The Derby – Kettledrum
The Oaks – Brown Duchess
St. Leger Stakes – Caller Ou
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Archer
Canada
Queen's Plate – Wild Irishman
Rowing
The Boat Race
23 March — Oxford wins the 18th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
Harvard–Yale Regatta – not contested 1861 to 1863
References
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225371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%20in%20sports | 1862 in sports | 1862 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Eckfords
Events
National Association membership drops from 55 to 33 clubs, shedding every one outside greater New York except the Victory club of Troy, which plays only local matches.
Death of Jim Creighton, aged just 21 and the sport's first great player, perhaps from organ damage sustained on the field. A memorial is established at Green-Wood Cemetery.
Boxing
Events
Joe Coburn challenges John C. Heenan for the American Championship. Heenan refuses to fight and Coburn claims the title.
28 January — Jem Mace successfully defends his British Championship against Tom King, winning in the 43rd round.
26 November — Tom King becomes British Champion after defeating Jem Mace at Medway in the 21st round.
Cricket
Events
26 August — Surrey v. All-England Eleven at The Oval. Edgar Willsher of All-England is no-balled six times in succession by John Lillywhite for bowling with his hand above the shoulder. For some years previously, Willsher and others have bowled in this way and the incident at The Oval puts the issue into context. The drama is exaggerated when Willsher and the other eight professionals in the England team walk off the field. Play continues next day but with a replacement umpire.
England
Most runs – Thomas Hayward 661 @ 31.47 (HS 117)
Most wickets – George Tarrant 96 @ 10.07 (BB 8–16)
Football
Events
An impromptu team formed in Nottingham around this time is understood to have been the original Notts County. Although County will be formally constituted in December 1864, the club will celebrate its centenary in 1962.
Invention of the India rubber bladder enables the modern ball to be created with the bladder inside a hard outer casing, at first made of leather. During the days of "mob football", the ball in an organised game had often been an inflated pig's bladder but in fact it could have been made of any material (for example, tin can football is still played now) with no rules about its size either. In certain games that were somewhat less civilised, such as among soldiers after a battle, human skulls are known to have been used.
29 December — Bramall Lane, which opened as a cricket ground in 1855, hosts its first football match between Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C. under Sheffield Rules. Bramall Lane will become the home of first Sheffield Wednesday (1867–1887) and then of Sheffield United from 1889. It is the oldest stadium in the world that stages professional football matches.
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris senior
Horse racing
England
Grand National – The Huntsman
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Hurricane
2,000 Guineas Stakes – The Marquis
The Derby – Caractacus
The Oaks – Feu de Joie
St. Leger Stakes – The Marquis
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Archer (second successive title)
Canada
Queen's Plate – Palermo
Rowing
The Boat Race
12 April — Oxford wins the 19th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Ski jumping
Events
First recorded competition held in Trysil
References
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225373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863%20in%20sports | 1863 in sports | 1863 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Eckfords
Events
The champion Eckford club of Brooklyn, New York wins all ten matches against National Association members, a run that began in August 1862
Boxing
Events
5 May — Joe Coburn defeats Mike McCoole after 67 rounds and is now widely recognised as American Champion.
10 December — Tom King defeats John C. Heenan in the 24th round to retain the English Championship title. This is Heenan's final fight.
Cricket
Events
8 January — formation of Yorkshire County Cricket Club out of the Sheffield Match Fund Committee that has been established in 1861. Yorkshire CCC plays its initial first-class match v. Surrey at The Oval on 4, 5 & 6 June. It is a rain-affected draw, evenly balanced.
12 August — formation of Hampshire County Cricket Club. A number of previous county organisations including the famous Hambledon Club have existed in Hampshire during the previous hundred years or more, but none have survived indefinitely.
15 December — formation of Middlesex County Cricket Club at a meeting in the London Tavern.
An organisation in Cheltenham is believed to have been the forerunner of Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, which has definitely been founded by 1871. Exact details of the club's foundation have been lost.
England
Most runs – Will Mortlock 736 @ 26.28 (HS 106)
Most wickets – George Wootton 87 @ 9.74 (BB 8–9)
Football
Rules
26 October — foundation by local clubs of the Football Association (FA) in London. The first set of Laws is drafted, based mainly on the Cambridge University Rules. The purpose is to regulate English football under a single code of rules, but the rugby football clubs do not join because of the ball handling issue. Their attempt at compromise between the "dribbling" and "handling" codes is rejected by the dribblers and so rugby football becomes in time an entirely separate sport. The FA rules establish association football (aka football or "soccer") as a distinct sport.
Apart from their main purpose of introducing standard rules of play and procedure, the Laws seek to differentiate between association football and rugby football. The essential difference in the two codes is encapsulated in Laws 9 and 11 which state that no (outfield) player shall run with the ball (in his hands) and that no (outfield) player shall throw the ball or pass it to another with his hands. The Laws will be amended later to clarify the situation at throw ins and during possession by goalkeepers but the FA is emphatic from the start that "hand ball" is illegal during normal play.
These Laws are originally known as the "London Rules" because they are only adopted by some London clubs and hardly anywhere else. Several clubs exist in Sheffield at the time and they play to the so–called Sheffield Rules. Gradually the FA, led by Charles Alcock, manages to persuade the clubs that a uniform set of rules is desirable and, after many adaptations and compromises, the FA rules eventually become standard.
The rejection of handling causes the "Rugby rules" clubs and colleges to withdraw from the FA and they will eventually found the Rugby Football Union in 1871.
Clubs founded
Probable foundation of Stoke City as Stoke Ramblers, although it is not known to have played any matches until 1868. If founded in 1863, it is the second oldest senior professional club playing association football after Notts County.
Foundation of the original Bradford Football Club, playing rugby rules, which in 1907 will become Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C.
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Willie Park senior
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Emblem
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Lady Augusta
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Macaroni
The Derby – Macaroni
The Oaks – Queen Bertha
St. Leger Stakes – Lord Clifden
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Banker
Canada
Queen's Plate – Touchstone
Rowing
The Boat Race
28 March — Oxford wins the 20th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
References
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225374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864%20in%20sports | 1864 in sports | 1864 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Association football
Events
7 December — Notts County, then called Notts FC, is formally established and remains the oldest club in the Football League
Australian rules football
Carlton Football Club was founded in Victoria on July.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics
Events
The Atlantic club of Brooklyn, New York suffers only one early tie. One match is at Rochester against the Young Canadian club of Woodstock, Ontario, 75–11.
New rules empower the umpire to "call" balls (bad pitches) and eventually award first base on balls, practically limiting the number of pitches and the length of each batsman's turn.
Boxing
Events
Tom King retires and the English Championship becomes vacant till 1866.
American Champion Joe Coburn tries unsuccessfully to set up a fight with former English Champion Jem Mace. There are challenges to Coburn from Mike McCoole and Jimmy Elliott.
Cricket
Events
Law 10 is rewritten by MCC to allow a bowler to bring his arm through at any height providing he keeps it straight and does not "throw" the ball. The issue of overarm bowling has crystallised in the Willsher-Lillywhite incident of August 1862.
The concept of a champion county gains popularity when newspapers begin to publish tables of inter-county match results
12 January — formation of Lancashire County Cricket Club at a meeting in Manchester
27–29 January — Otago v. Canterbury at Dunedin is the start of first-class cricket in New Zealand
Madras v. Calcutta is the start of first-class cricket in India
First issue of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
England
Most runs – Will Mortlock 855 @ 34.20 (HS 105)
Most wickets – James Grundy 99 @ 11.31 (BB 9–19)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris senior
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Travers Stakes at Saratoga Springs, New York is won by Kentucky
England
Grand National – Emblematic
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Tomato
2,000 Guineas Stakes – General Peel
The Derby – Blair Athol
The Oaks – Fille de l'Air
St. Leger Stakes – Blair Athol
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Lantern
Canada
Queen's Plate – Brunette
Rowing
The Boat Race
19 March — Oxford wins the 21st Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
29 July — Yale wins the fifth Harvard–Yale Regatta, its first victory. The Race is resumed after three years off although the American Civil War will continue to next April.
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of Huddersfield RLFC which is the oldest Rugby Football League member
References
Sports by year | [
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225375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865%20in%20sports | 1865 in sports | 1865 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Association football
Events
Nottingham Forest, then called Forest FC, is founded in December by its parent hockey club. It is the third oldest club in the Football League after Notts County and Stoke City. Forest and Notts County play each other twice in the 1865–66 season so the Nottingham derby is the oldest fixture among teams playing in major association football leagues worldwide.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics
Events
The champion Atlantic club of Brooklyn, New York wins all 18 matches, a two-season run with one tie.
In double contrast to the first war year 1861, National Association membership remains low but baseball-season travel and competition increase.
Boxing
Events
With Tom King having retired, the English Championship remains vacant.
American Champion Joe Coburn refuses to fight his challengers and the title is claimed by Bill Davis, Mike McCoole and Jimmy Elliott.
2 November — Jimmy Elliott is about to fight Bill Davis at Point Pelee Island in Canada when police intervene and the event is cancelled; the title remains vacant with the same three claimants.
Cricket
Events
15–16 February — earliest inter-colonial match in the West Indies is Barbados v. Demerara (now Guyana) at Bridgetown; recognised as the start of West Indian first-class cricket.
3 March — formation of Worcestershire County Cricket Club.
22 June — W. G. Grace, still only 16, makes his first-class debut playing for Gentlemen of the South v. Players of the South.
Thomas Humphrey is the first batsman to score 1,000 runs in an English first-class season.
England
Most runs – Thomas Humphrey 1,223 @ 29.82 (HS 106)
Most wickets – James Lillywhite 87 @ 13.18 (BB 7–30)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Andrew Strath
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Alcibiade
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Siberia
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Gladiateur
The Derby – Gladiateur
The Oaks – Regalia
St. Leger Stakes – Gladiateur
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Toryboy
Canada
Queen's Plate – Lady Norfolk
Rowing
The Boat Race
8 April — Oxford wins the 22nd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of Bath RFC and Hull F.C.
References
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225376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866%20in%20sports | 1866 in sports | 1866 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Association football
Events
Foundation of Upton Park F.C.
Athletics
Events
The Amateur Athletics Club (AAC) is founded and becomes the governing body of athletics in the United Kingdom, hosting the first national championships and introducing a definition of "amateur" that will determine eligibility for athletics competitions until the late 20th century.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Brooklyn Atlantics
Events
National Association membership triples and geographic scope explodes, from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas to Portland, Maine. The association hears cases of professionalism at the center and there is no longer a clear and official NABBP champion.
Boxing
Events
6 August — Jem Mace defeats Joe Goss in the 21st round and reclaims the vacant English Championship.
19 September — Mike McCoole defeats Bill Davis in the 34th round at Rhodes Point, near St Louis, and underlines his claim to the American Championship. The third claimant Jimmy Elliott does not fight anyone this year.
Cricket
Events
George Wootton's tally of 119 wickets establishes a new record for an English season.
England
Most runs – Harry Jupp 1,140 @ 31.66 (HS 165)
Most wickets – George Wootton 119 @ 14.09 (BB 8–69)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Willie Park senior
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Irish Derby Stakes at The Curragh is won by Selim
England
Grand National – Salamander
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Repulse
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Lord Lyon
The Derby – Lord Lyon
The Oaks – Tormentor
St. Leger Stakes – Lord Lyon
Australia
Melbourne Cup – The Barb
Canada
Queen's Plate – Beacon
Ireland
Irish Derby Stakes – Selim
Rowing
The Boat Race
24 March — Oxford wins the 23rd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of Harlequins FC, Rochdale Hornets and Swinton RLFC
Yacht racing
The American schooners Vesta, Henrietta and Fleetwing cross the Atlantic Ocean from Sandy Hook to the Needles, Isle of Wight in the first organised offshore race. The Henrietta, owned by 21-year-old James Gordon Bennett, Jr., and captained by Samuel S. Samuels won the race in 13 days, 21 hours and 55 minutes.
References
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225377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20in%20sports | 1954 in sports | 1954 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
NFL Championship: the Cleveland Browns won 56–10 over the Detroit Lions at Cleveland Stadium
Orange Bowl (1953 season):
The Maryland Terrapins lose 7–0 to the Oklahoma Sooners; still voted national champions by the AP and Coaches Poll
Artistic gymnastics
1954 World Championships
Men's all-around champion – Viktor Chukarin, USSR
Women's all-around champion – Galina Rud'ko, USSR
Team competition champions – men's – USSR; women's – USSR
Association football
FIFA World Cup
1954 World Cup held in Switzerland. West Germany beat Hungary 3–2.
England
First Division – Wolverhampton Wanderers win the 1953–54 title.
FA Cup – West Bromwich Albion beat Preston North End 3–2.
Spain
La Liga won by Real Madrid
Italy
Serie A won by F.C. Internazionale Milano
West Germany
German football championship won by Hannover 96
France
French Division 1 won by Lille OSC
Portugal
Primeira Liga won by Sporting C.P.
Other events
May 8 – The Asian Football Confederation is founded in Manila.
June 15 – UEFA is founded in Basel.
Athletics
May 6 – Roger Bannister breaks the four-minute mile barrier with a time of 3:59.4
August 25 to 29 August – European Championships held at Berne, capital of Switzerland
Australian rules football
Victorian Football League
5 June: Champion Essendon full-forward John Coleman has his career ended by a serious knee injury
Footscray wins the 58th VFL Premiership by defeating Melbourne 15.12 (102) to 7.9 (51) in the Grand Final.
Brownlow Medal awarded to Roy Wright (Richmond)
South Australian National Football League
Port Adelaide begins a record run of six consecutive SANFL premierships by beating West Adelaide 11.13 (79) to 10.16 (76) in a highly controversial Grand Final.
Magarey Medal won by Len Fitzgerald (Sturt)
West Australian National Football League
wins its third successive premiership and eighth overall beating 21.14 (140) to 9.8 (62).
Sandover Medal awarded to Merv McIntosh (Perth)
Baseball
January 14 – Former Yankees great Joe DiMaggio marries actress Marilyn Monroe in a union of heavily publicized media stars.
St. Louis Browns move to Baltimore, Maryland, becoming the new Baltimore Orioles.
World Series – New York Giants win 4 games to 0 over the Cleveland Indians
Basketball
FIBA World Championship –
Gold: United States
Silver: Brazil
Bronze: Philippines
NCAA Men's Basketball Championship –
La Salle wins 92–76 over Bradley
NBA Finals –
Minneapolis Lakers win 4–3 over the Syracuse Nationals
March 13 – Milan High School, enrollment 161, defeated Muncie Central High School (enrollment over 1,600) 32–30 to win the Indiana state title. The 1986 movie classic Hoosiers was very loosely based on the story of this Milan team.
Boxing
September 17 in New York City, Rocky Marciano retained his World Heavyweight title with an 8th-round knockout of Ezzard Charles
December 12 – death of Ed Sanders (24), American heavyweight soon after a fight with Willie James in which he lost consciousness
Canadian football
The BC Lions started play in the Western Interprovincial Football Union as the ninth professional team.
After the 1954 season, the Ontario Rugby Football Union stops challenging for the Grey Cup, permanently establishing that trophy as one to be awarded only to professional teams.
These changes result in the Grey Cup being an East vs. West competition. Although the Canadian Football League was not technically founded until 1958, 1954 is often referred to as the start of the "modern era" of Canadian professional football. It is also considered to be the year the CFL was founded in substance if not in name.
In the Grey Cup, the Edmonton Eskimos win 26–25 over the Montreal Alouettes.
The Canadian Intermediate-Senior championship was awarded to the Winnipeg Rams. The team consisted of Rich Kolisnyk (quarterback), Mel Kotch, Bob Jones, Tom Brisson, Bill Ritchie, Len Sigurdson, Walt Van Wynsberg, Lorne Miller, Gerry Duguid, Harry Makin, Art Makin, Jerry Lavitt, John Thorney, Bill Barrett, Jim Thorney, Al McBride, Bill Senyk, Bob Bouchard, Ray Charambura, Nick Miller, Dick Hebertson, Ron Stephenson, Al Passman, Mort Corrin, Bill Yee, Norm Lampe, Dede Brown, Joe Sawchuk, Art Brockhill, Lew Miles, Ken Freeman, Bill Thomas, Ron Cooke, Pete Sawchuk, Harry Snider, Harold Neufeld and their mascot Ken Kolisnyk.
Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships –
Men's champion: Hayes Alan Jenkins, United States
Ladies’ champion: Gundi Busch, Germany
Pair skating champions: Frances Dafoe & Norris Bowden, Canada
Ice dancing champions: Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy, Great Britain
Golf
Men's professional
Masters Tournament – Sam Snead
U.S. Open – Ed Furgol
British Open – Peter Thomson
PGA Championship – Chick Harbert
PGA Tour money leader – Bob Toski – $65,820
Men's amateur
British Amateur – Doug Bachli
U.S. Amateur – Arnold Palmer
Women's professional
Women's Western Open – Betty Jameson
U.S. Women's Open – Babe Zaharias
Titleholders Championship – Louise Suggs
LPGA Tour money leader – Patty Berg – $16,011
Harness racing
Little Brown Jug for pacers won by Adios Harry
Hambletonian for trotters won by Newport Dream
Australian Inter Dominion Harness Racing Championship –
Pacers: Tennessee Sky
Horse racing
Steeplechases
Cheltenham Gold Cup – Four Ten
Grand National – Royal Tan
Hurdle races
Champion Hurdle – Sir Ken
Flat races
Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Rising Fast
Canada – Queen's Plate won by Collisteo
France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Sica Boy
Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by Zarathustra
English Triple Crown Races:
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Darius
The Derby – Never Say Die
St. Leger Stakes – Never Say Die
United States Triple Crown Races:
Kentucky Derby – Determine
Preakness Stakes – Hasty Road
Belmont Stakes – High Gun
Ice hockey
Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer during the regular season: Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings
Hart Memorial Trophy for the NHL's Most Valuable Player: Al Rollins, Chicago Black Hawks
Stanley Cup – Detroit Red Wings win 4 games to 3 over the Montreal Canadiens
World Hockey Championship
Men's champion: USSR wins 7–2 over Canada's East York Lyndhursts.
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Engineers defeat University of Minnesota Golden Gophers 5–4 in overtime in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Motorsport
Rugby league
May 5 – 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final replay is won 8–4 by Warrington against Halifax before a world record crowd for a rugby football match of either code of over 120,000 at Odsal Stadium.
May 8 – 1953–54 Northern Rugby Football League season culminates in Warrington's 8–7 win over Halifax in the Championship Final at Maine Road before 36,519.
September 18 – 1954 NSWRFL season culminates in South Sydney's 23–15 win over Newtown in the grand final at the Sydney Cricket Ground before a crowd of 45,759
November 13 – first World Cup tournament culminates in Great Britain's 16 – 12 win over France in the final.
December 13 – the final match of the 1953–54 European Championship was played, with England finishing on top of the tournament ladder to claim the championship.
Rugby union
60th Five Nations Championship series is shared by England, France and Wales. This is the first time that France either wins or shares the title.
Skiing
ISF World Championships –
Men's combined champion: Stein Eriksen, Norway
Women's combined champion: Ida Schöpfer, Switzerland
Snooker
World Snooker Championship – Fred Davis beats Walter Donaldson 39-21
Tennis
Australia
Australian Men's Singles Championship – Mervyn Rose (Australia) defeats Rex Hartwig (Australia) 6–2, 0–6, 6–4, 6–2
Australian Women's Singles Championship – Thelma Coyne Long (Australia) defeats Jenny Staley Hoad (Australia) 6–3, 6–4
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Jaroslav Drobný (Egypt) defeats Ken Rosewall (Australia) 13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Maureen Connolly Brinker (USA) defeats Louise Brough Clapp (USA) 6–2, 7–5
France
French Men's Singles Championship –
French Women's Singles Championship –
USA
American Men's Singles Championship – Vic Seixas (USA) defeats Rex Hartwig (Australia) 3–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4
American Women's Singles Championship – Doris Hart (USA) defeats Louise Brough (USA) 6–8, 6–1, 8–6
Davis Cup
1954 Davis Cup – 3–2 at White City Stadium (grass) Sydney, Australia
Multi-sport events
Asian Games held in Manila, the Philippines
Central American and Caribbean Games held in Mexico City, Mexico
1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Vancouver, Canada
Awards
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Willie Mays, Major League Baseball
Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Babe Didrikson Zaharias, LPGA golf
References
Sports by year | [
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225378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867%20in%20sports | 1867 in sports | 1867 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Football
England
Formation of the Sheffield FA, which continues to promote its own Sheffield Rules. The Sheffield FA establishes the local Youdan Cup, the first organised football tournament, which is won by Hallam FC.
4 September — The Wednesday founded by members of the Wednesday Cricket Club in Sheffield. As is so often the case, a football club is founded by cricketers who need a winter activity to keep fit. The club name acknowledges that Wednesday was the day on which members take an afternoon off work for practice. The Wednesday is originally based at Bramall Lane, then a multi–sports complex that had originally opened for cricket in 1854.
Scotland
Queen's Park founded in Glasgow; it is the oldest association football club in Scotland.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Union of Morrisania
Events
The National baseball club of Washington (original Washington Nationals) tours from Ohio to Missouri, playing ten matches in 17 days. Like the Excelsiors tour of New York state in 1860, the Nationals boost the game and demonstrate advanced points of play to fans and players. Several top teams will tour on a similar national scale in the next few years.
Boxing
Events
Publication of the Marquess of Queensberry rules which had been written in 1865. These rules prescribe the use of gloves, the ten second count, the three minute round and the one minute's rest between rounds.
10 May — Jimmy Elliott defeats Bill Davis in the 9th round at Point Pelee Island in Canada. Davis has now lost to both Elliott and Mike McCoole who continue to claim the American Championship, but these two will never meet in the ring.
31 August — McCoole defeats Aaron Jones in the 34th round at Busenbord's Station, Ohio.
15 October — Jem Mace is due to defend the English Championship against Ned O'Baldwin in London but the bout is prevented by the authorities. There is by this time considerable opposition to bareknuckle boxing in England and fights are becoming impossible to stage at all, let alone profitably. Mace reacts to the latest ban by taking his trade to America, leaving the English Championship as a dead title. Competitive boxing in Great Britain is effectively terminated until after the foundation of the National Sporting Club in 1891.
The demise of bareknuckle boxing in England is consistent with the spread of Victorian ethics and morality. The influential newspaper industry has fuelled distaste for prizefighting by widely publicising the brutality of the 1860 Heenan–Sayers fight. The Queensberry Rules with their demand for gloves and timings are an establishment reaction to the furore and are designed to "clean up" a sport that is out of touch with Victorian values.
Cricket
Events
George Wootton's tally of 142 wickets breaks his own record for an English season
England
Most runs – Thomas Humphrey 946 @ 26.27 (HS 144)
Most wickets – George Wootton 142 @ 11.58 (BB 8–15)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris senior
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Belmont Stakes is won by Ruthless
England
Grand National – Cortolvin
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Achievement
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Vauban
The Derby – Hermit
The Oaks – Hippia
St. Leger Stakes – Achievement
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Tim Whiffler
Canada
Queen's Plate – Wild Rose
Ireland
Irish Derby Stakes – Golden Plover
USA
Belmont Stakes – Ruthless
Lacrosse
Events
William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, rewrites the rules written by the Montreal Lacrosse Club in 1856.
First lacrosse game using Beers' rules is played at Upper Canada College, who lose to the Toronto Cricket Club by a score of 3–1.
Rowing
The Boat Race
13 April — Oxford wins the 24th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
Four oarsmen from Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada win the World Championship in Paris, becoming Canada's first world champions and earning the "Paris Crew" nickname.
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of Wasps RFC
References
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225379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868%20in%20sports | 1868 in sports | 1868 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – New York Mutuals
Events
A few clubs count base hits and total bases on hits for every player, beside the commonplace "official scoring" of runs and times put out (hands lost)
In December the National Association permits full professionalism for 1869. The Cincinnati Red Stockings recruit with great success.
Boxing
Events
With the arrival in America of English boxers Jem Mace and Tom Allen, there are several claimants for the American Championship including Joe Coburn and Bill Davis, but the most credible claims remain with Jimmy Elliott and Mike McCoole.
27 May — Mike McCoole is due to meet Joe Coburn at Cold Spring Station, Indiana, in a fight billed as for the Heavyweight Championship of America, but police intervene and the fight is not held. Coburn and his trainer, Jim Cusick, are arrested.
4 September — McCoole is due to fight former champion John C. Heenan near St. Louis, Missouri, but the fight is cancelled. McCoole continues to claim the American Championship.
12 November — McCoole's only serious rival Jimmy Elliott defeats Charley Gallagher in the 23rd round at Peach Island, near Detroit, Michigan.
Cricket
Events
A team of Australian Aboriginals tours England, the first organised group of Australian cricketers to travel overseas and the first overseas team to complete a tour of England, although none of the matches have subsequently been given first-class status.
England
Most runs – Harry Jupp 965 @ 24.74 (HS 134)
Most wickets – James Southerton 150 @ 13.86 (BB 8–34)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris junior
Horse racing
Events
Formosa becomes the first horse to win four classic races in a single year, although one victory is a dead heat.
England
Grand National – The Lamb (first of two wins)
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Formosa
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Formosa and Moslem (dead heat)
The Derby – Blue Gown
The Oaks – Formosa
St. Leger Stakes – Formosa
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Glencoe II
Canada
Queen's Plate – Nettie
Ireland
Irish Derby Stakes – Madeira
USA
Belmont Stakes – General Duke
Lacrosse
Events
White players in Upstate New York begin playing lacrosse and it spreads through the New York City metropolitan area, where teams are soon organized.
Rowing
The Boat Race
4 April — Oxford wins the 25th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
The world champion "Paris Crew" from Saint John, New Brunswick wins the Championship of America in Springfield, Massachusetts
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of York FC (initially rugby union, then Northern Union, i.e. rugby league)
References
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225380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20current%20members%20of%20the%20Queen%27s%20Privy%20Council%20for%20Canada | List of current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada | Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada use the title The Honourable if they are ordinary members. Prime Ministers, Governors General and Chief Justices automatically are given the title The Right Honourable. While Governors General have the right to the title Right Honourable upon being sworn into office they are not inducted into the Privy Council until the end of their term unless they were previously members of the council by virtue of another office. Other eminent individuals such as prominent former Cabinet ministers are sometimes also given the title Right Honourable. Leaders of opposition parties and provincial premiers are not automatically inducted into the Privy Council. Opposition leaders are brought in from time to time either to commemorate a special event such as the Canadian Centennial in 1967, the patriation of the Constitution or, in order to allow them to be advised on sensitive issues of national security under the Security of Information Act. Paul Martin inaugurated a practice of inducting parliamentary secretaries into the Privy Council but this has not been continued by his successors.
Current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (year sworn in)
Royalty
HRH The Prince of Wales (2014)
Former governors general
The Right Honourable Edward Schreyer (1984)
The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson (2005)
The Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean (2012)
The Right Honourable David Johnston (2018)
Current and former prime ministers
The Right Honourable Jean Chrétien (1967)
The Right Honourable Joe Clark (1979)
The Right Honourable Brian Mulroney (1984)
The Right Honourable Kim Campbell (1989)
The Right Honourable Paul Martin (1993)
The Right Honourable Stephen Harper (2004)
The Right Honourable Justin Trudeau (2015)
Current and former Chief Justices of Canada
The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin (2000)
The Right Honourable Richard Wagner (2017)
Current and former Cabinet ministers (by prime minister at induction)
Pierre Trudeau
The Honourable Otto Emil Lang (1968)
The Honourable André Ouellet (1972)
The Honourable Marc Lalonde (1972)
The Honourable J. Judd Buchanan (1974)
The Honourable Marcel Lessard (1975)
The Honourable Monique Bégin (1976)
The Honourable Jean-Jacques Blais (1976)
The Honourable Francis Fox (1976)
The Honourable Anthony Chisholm Abbott (1976)
The Honourable Iona Campagnolo (1976)
The Honourable John Mercer Reid (1978)
Joe Clark
The Honourable David Samuel Horne MacDonald (1979)
The Honourable Elmer MacIntosh MacKay (1979)
The Honourable Arthur Jacob Epp (1979)
The Honourable John Allen Fraser (1979)
The Honourable David Crombie (1979)
The Honourable Henry Perrin Beatty (1979)
Pierre Trudeau (second ministry)
The Honourable James Sydney Clark Fleming (1980)
The Honourable Charles Lapointe (1980)
The Honourable Edward C. Lumley (1980)
The Honourable Yvon Pinard (1980)
The Honourable Lloyd Axworthy (1980)
The Honourable Paul James Cosgrove (1980)
The Honourable Judith A. Erola (1980)
The Honourable Jacob Austin (1981)
The Honourable Serge Joyal (1981)
The Honourable David Collenette (1983)
The Honourable Céline Hervieux-Payette (1983)
The Honourable Roger Simmons (1983)
The Honourable Roy MacLaren (1983)
The Honourable Joseph Mario Jacques Olivier (1984)
John Turner
The Honourable Herb Breau (1984)
The Honourable Joseph Roger Rémi Bujold (1984)
Brian Mulroney
The Honourable Jack Burnett Murta (1984)
The Honourable Otto Jelinek (1984)
The Honourable Thomas Edward Siddon (1984)
The Honourable Charles James Mayer (1984)
The Honourable Walter Franklin McLean (1984)
The Honourable Thomas McMillan (1984)
The Honourable Patricia Carney (1984)
The Honourable André Bissonnette (1984)
The Honourable Benoît Bouchard (1984)
The Honourable Michel Côté (1984)
The Honourable Barbara McDougall (1984)
The Honourable Monique Vézina (1984)
The Honourable Frank Oberle, Sr. (1985)
The Honourable Lowell Murray (1986)
The Honourable Pierre H. Cadieux (1986)
The Honourable Jean Charest (1986)
The Honourable Thomas Hockin (1986)
The Honourable Monique Landry (1986)
The Honourable Bernard Valcourt (1986)
The Honourable Gerry Weiner (1986)
The Honourable Douglas Grinslade Lewis (1987)
The Honourable Pierre Blais (1987)
The Honourable Lucien Bouchard (1988)
The Honourable Gerry St. Germain (1988)
The Honourable John Horton McDermid (1988)
The Honourable Mary Collins (1989)
The Honourable Alan Redway (1989)
The Honourable Gilles Loiselle (1989)
The Honourable Marcel Danis (1990)
The Honourable Pauline Browes (1991)
The Honourable Pierre H. Vincent (1993)
Kim Campbell
The Honourable Jim Edwards (1993)
The Honourable Robert Douglas Nicholson (1993)
The Honourable Barbara Jane Sparrow (1993)
The Honourable Peter McCreath (1993)
The Honourable Ian Angus Ross Reid (1993)
The Honourable Larry Schneider (1993)
The Honourable Garth Turner (1993)
Jean Chrétien
The Honourable David Anderson (1993)
The Honourable Ralph Goodale (1993)
The Honourable David Dingwall (1993)
The Honourable Brian Tobin (1993)
The Honourable Joyce Fairbairn (1993)
The Honourable Sheila Copps (1993)
The Honourable Sergio Marchi (1993)
The Honourable John Manley (1993)
The Honourable Douglas Young (1993)
The Honourable Michel Dupuy (1993)
The Honourable Art Eggleton (1993)
The Honourable Marcel Massé (1993)
The Honourable Anne McLellan (1993)
The Honourable Allan Rock (1993)
The Honourable Ethel Blondin-Andrew (1993)
The Honourable Lawrence MacAulay (1993)
The Honourable Raymond Chan (1993)
The Honourable Fernand Robichaud (1993)
The Honourable Jon Gerrard (1993)
The Honourable Lucienne Robillard (1995)
The Honourable Jane Stewart (1996)
The Honourable Stéphane Dion (1996)
The Honourable Pierre Pettigrew (1996)
The Honourable Martin Cauchon (1996)
The Honourable Don Boudria (1996)
The Honourable Hedy Fry (1996)
The Honourable Lyle Vanclief (1997)
The Honourable Herb Dhaliwal (1997)
The Honourable Jim Peterson (1997)
The Honourable Andy Mitchell (1997)
The Honourable David Kilgour (1997)
The Honourable Gilbert Normand (1997)
The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw (1998)
The Honourable George Baker (1999)
The Honourable Robert Daniel Nault (1999)
The Honourable Maria Minna (1999)
The Honourable Elinor Caplan (1999)
The Honourable Denis Coderre (1999)
The Honourable Bernard Boudreau (1999)
The Honourable Sharon Carstairs (2001)
The Honourable Robert Thibault (2001)
The Honourable Rey Pagtakhan (2001)
The Honourable Susan Whelan (2002)
The Honourable Gar Knutson (2002)
The Honourable Denis Paradis (2002)
The Honourable John McCallum (2002)
The Honourable Stephen Owen (2002)
The Honourable Bill Graham (2002)
The Honourable Gerry Byrne (2002)
The Honourable Jean Augustine (2002)
The Honourable Wayne Easter (2002)
The Honourable Maurizio Bevilacqua (2002)
The Honourable Paul DeVillers (2002)
The Honourable Claude Drouin (2002)
The Honourable Steven W. Mahoney (2003)
Paul Martin
The Honourable Albina Guarnieri (2003)
The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes (2003)
The Honourable Joseph McGuire (2003)
The Honourable Bob Speller (2003)
The Honourable Geoff Regan (2003)
The Honourable Tony Valeri (2003)
The Honourable David Pratt (2003)
The Honourable Irwin Cotler (2003)
The Honourable Judy Sgro (2003)
The Honourable Hélène Chalifour Scherrer (2003)
The Honourable John Efford (2003)
The Honourable Liza Frulla (2003)
The Honourable Joe Comuzzi (2003)
The Honourable Joe Volpe (2003)
The Honourable Carolyn Bennett (2003)
The Honourable Jacques Saada (2003)
The Honourable Joe Fontana (2003)
The Honourable John Godfrey (2003)
The Honourable Scott Brison (2003)
The Honourable Ujjal Dosanjh (2004)
The Honourable Ken Dryden (2004)
The Honourable David Emerson (2004)
The Honourable Tony Ianno (2004)
The Honourable Belinda Stronach (2005)
Stephen Harper
The Honourable Jean-Pierre Blackburn (2006)
The Honourable Marjory LeBreton (2006)
The Honourable Monte Solberg (2006)
The Honourable Chuck Strahl (2006)
The Honourable Gary Lunn (2006)
The Honourable Peter Gordon MacKay (2006)
The Honourable Loyola Hearn (2006)
The Honourable Stockwell Day (2006)
The Honourable Carol Skelton (2006)
The Honourable Vic Toews (2006)
The Honourable Rona Ambrose (2006)
The Honourable Michael D. Chong (2006)
The Honourable Diane Finley (2006)
The Honourable Gordon O'Connor (2006)
The Honourable Beverley J. Oda (2006)
The Honourable John Baird (2006)
The Honourable Maxime Bernier (2006)
The Honourable Lawrence Cannon (2006)
The Honourable Tony Clement (2006)
The Honourable Josée Verner (2006)
The Honourable Michael Fortier (2006)
The Honourable John Reynolds (2006)
The Honourable Peter Van Loan (2006)
The Honourable Jay Hill (2006)
The Honourable Jason Kenney (2007)
The Honourable Gerry Ritz (2007)
The Honourable Helena Guergis (2007)
The Honourable Christian Paradis (2007)
The Honourable Diane Ablonczy (2007)
The Honourable James Moore (2008)
The Honourable Leona Aglukkaq (2008)
The Honourable Steven John Fletcher (2008)
The Honourable Gary Goodyear (2008)
The Honourable Peter Kent (2008)
The Honourable Denis Lebel (2008)
The Honourable Rob Merrifield (2008)
The Honourable Lisa Raitt (2008)
The Honourable Gail Shea (2008)
The Honourable Lynne Yelich (2008)
The Honourable Rob Moore (2010)
The Honourable John Duncan (2010)
The Honourable Julian Fantino (2011)
The Honourable Ted Menzies (2011)
The Honourable Steven Blaney (2011)
The Honourable Edward Fast (2011)
The Honourable Joe Oliver (2011)
The Honourable Peter Penashue (2011)
The Honourable Tim Uppal (2011)
The Honourable Alice Wong (2011)
The Honourable Bal Gosal (2011)
The Honourable Kerry-Lynne D. Findlay (2013)
The Honourable Shelly Glover (2013)
The Honourable Chris Alexander (2013)
The Honourable Khristinn Kellie Leitch (2013)
The Honourable Kevin Sorenson (2013)
The Honourable Pierre Poilievre (2013)
The Honourable Candice Bergen (2013)
The Honourable Greg Rickford (2013)
The Honourable Michelle Rempel (2013)
The Honourable Ed Holder (2014)
The Honourable Erin O'Toole (2015)
Justin Trudeau
The Honourable Dominic LeBlanc (2004)
The Honourable Navdeep Singh Bains (2005)
The Honourable William Francis Morneau (2015)
The Honourable Jody Wilson-Raybould (2015)
The Honourable Judy M. Foote (2015)
The Honourable Chrystia Freeland (2015)
The Honourable Jane Philpott (2015)
The Honourable Jean-Yves Duclos (2015)
The Honourable Marc Garneau (2015)
The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau (2015)
The Honourable James Gordon Carr (2015)
The Honourable Mélanie Joly (2015)
The Honourable Diane Lebouthillier (2015)
The Honourable Kent Hehr (2015)
The Honourable Catherine McKenna (2015)
The Honourable Harjit Singh Sajjan (2015)
The Honourable MaryAnn Mihychuk (2015)
The Honourable Amarjeet Sohi (2015)
The Honourable Maryam Monsef (2015)
The Honourable Carla Qualtrough (2015)
The Honourable Hunter Tootoo (2015)
The Honourable Kirsty Duncan (2015)
The Honourable Patricia A. Hajdu (2015)
The Honourable Bardish Chagger (2015)
The Honourable Ginette Petitpas Taylor (2016)
The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne (2017)
The Honourable Karina Gould (2017)
The Honourable Ahmed Hussen (2017)
The Honourable Seamus O'Regan (2017)
The Honourable David McGuinty (2018)
The Honourable William Sterling Blair (2018)
The Honourable Mary Ng (2018)
The Honourable Filomena Tassi (2018)
The Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson (2018)
The Honourable David Lametti (2019)
The Honourable Bernadette Jordan (2019)
The Honourable Joyce Murray (2019)
The Honourable Marco E.L. Mendicino (2019)
The Honourable Steven Guilbeault (2019)
The Honourable Anita Anand (2019)
The Honourable Mona Fortier (2019)
The Honourable Marc Miller (2019)
The Honourable Deborah Schulte (2019)
The Honourable Daniel Vandal (2019)
The Honourable Randy Boissonnault (2021)
The Honourable Sean Fraser (2021)
The Honourable Gudie Hutchings (2021)
The Honourable Marci Ien (2021)
The Honourable Helena Jaczek (2021)
The Honourable Kamal Khera (2021)
The Honourable Pascale St-Onge (2021)
(all those listed joined the Privy Council as Cabinet ministers unless otherwise indicated)
Other parliamentarians (not otherwise listed above)
Former Speakers of the House of Commons
The Honourable John Bosley (1986)
The Honourable Peter Milliken (2012)
Former Speakers of the Senate
The Honourable Dan Hays (2007)
The Honourable Noël Kinsella (2015)
Current and former government representatives/leaders in the Senate (who were not cabinet ministers)
The Honourable Claude Carignan (2013)
The Honourable V. Peter Harder (2016)
The Honourable Marc Gold (2020)
Current and former federal Leaders of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition
The Honourable Grant Hill (2004)
The Honourable Michael Ignatieff (2010)
The Honourable Thomas Mulcair (2012)
The Honourable Preston Manning (2013)
The Honourable Deborah Grey (2013)
The Honourable Andrew Scheer (2017)
Other former party leaders
The Honourable Ed Broadbent (1982)
The Honourable Audrey McLaughlin (1991)
The Honourable Bob Rae (1998)
The Honourable Bill Blaikie (2004)
Current and former Chief Government Whips (who were not cabinet ministers)
The Honourable Karen Redman (2004)
The Honourable Andrew Leslie (2016)
The Honourable Pablo Rodríguez (2017)
The Honourable Mark Holland (2018)
The Honourable Steven MacKinnon (2021)
Members of Parliament appointed by nature of being parliamentary secretaries (appointed 2003–2005, only period where all parliamentary secretaries are sworn into Privy Council)
The Honourable John McKay (2003)
The Honourable Jerry Pickard (2003)
The Honourable Gurbax Malhi (2003)
The Honourable Larry Bagnell (2003)
The Honourable Brenda Chamberlain (2003)
The Honourable Walt Lastewka (2003)
The Honourable Dan McTeague (2003)
The Honourable Mark Eyking (2003)
The Honourable Georges Farrah (2003)
The Honourable Eleni Bakopanos (2003)
The Honourable Paul Bonwick (2003)
The Honourable Joseph Louis Jordan (2003)
The Honourable Shawn Murphy (2003)
The Honourable Jim Karygiannis (2003)
The Honourable David Price (2003)
The Honourable Roger Gallaway (2003)
The Honourable Susan Barnes (2003)
The Honourable André Harvey (2003)
The Honourable Roy Cullen (2004)
The Honourable Marlene Jennings (2004)
The Honourable Judi Longfield (2004)
The Honourable Paul Harold Macklin (2004)
The Honourable Patricia Anne Torsney (2004)
The Honourable Bryon Wilfert (2004)
Other current and former parliamentarians
The Honourable Lorne Nystrom (1992)
The Honourable Raymond Speaker (1999)
The Honourable Leonard Gustafson (2009)
The Honourable Frances Lankin (2009)
The Honourable Rick Casson (2010)
The Honourable Laurie Hawn (2010)
The Honourable Ron Cannan (2012)
The Honourable Mike Lake (2012)
The Honourable Gerald Comeau (2013)
The Honourable Omar Alghabra (2020)
The Honourable Greg Fergus (2021)
The Honourable Rob Oliphant (2021)
Current and former provincial premiers (not otherwise listed above)
The Honourable Alexander B. Campbell (1967)
The Honourable Brian Peckford (1982)
The Honourable James Matthew Lee (1982)
The Honourable David Peterson (1992)
The Honourable Frank McKenna (1999)
The Honourable Gary Filmon (2001)
The Honourable Roy Romanow (2003)
The Honourable Philippe Couillard (2010)
Former Clerks of the Privy Council
The Honourable Paul M. Tellier (1992)
The Honourable Jocelyne Bourgon (1998)
The Honourable Kevin G. Lynch (2009)
The Honourable Wayne G. Wouters (2014)
Former members of the Security Intelligence Review Committee (not otherwise listed above)
The Honourable J. J. Michel Robert (1991)
The Honourable Jim Grant (1996)
The Honourable Baljit Singh Chadha (2003)
The Honourable Aldéa Landry (2005)
The Honourable Denis Losier (2008)
The Honourable L. Yves Fortier (2013)
The Honourable Cyril Eugene McLean (2014)
The Honourable Ian Carl Holloway (2015)
The Honourable Marie-Lucie Morin (2015)
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act established the Security Intelligence Review Committee, and required members to be named from members of the Queen's Privy Council who were not members of the Senate or House of Commons at the time of their appointment. As such, appointees, if not already members of the Privy Council, were sworn in prior to being named to the committee. In 2019, the SIRC was replaced by the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency.
Other prominent Canadians
The Honourable John C. Polanyi (1992)
The Honourable Richard Cashin (1992)
The Honourable Antonine Maillet (1992)
The Honourable Charles Bronfman (1992)
While traditionally appointment to the Order of Canada has been utilised to recognize prominent Canadians, Brian Mulroney appointed 18 Canadians to the Privy Council on Canada Day in 1992 in commemoration of Canada's 125th anniversary, and two more (the late W.O. Mitchell and Maurice Richard) later that year. The appointments were somewhat controversial and have yet to be repeated. Conrad Black, who was one of the 18 appointed, was expelled from the Privy Council in 2014 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Longest-serving current Privy Counsellors
This is a list of the longest-serving current members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
See also
Lists of historical members of the Privy Council for Canada
Notes
References
External links
Official list of Privy Councillors.
Queen's Privy Council
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225381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869%20in%20sports | 1869 in sports | 1869 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Princeton Tigers
Events
6 November — the first American intercollegiate football game is played, between Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights, although the rules are closer to modern Association football (soccer). Rutgers wins by 6 "runs" to 4.
A second game is played a week later at Princeton who win this 8–0.
Baseball
Events
The Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first all-professional team in baseball with ten salaried players.
Boxing
Events
15 June — Mike McCoole defeats British challenger Tom Allen on a ninth round disqualification near St. Louis, Missouri. McCoole continues to claim the disputed American Championship but his main rival Jimmy Elliott is inactive this year.
Future champion Allen is the most active fighter in 1869. Besides losing to McCoole, he defeats Bill Davis in the 43rd round; and has two fights against Charley Gallagher, losing the first in the second round and drawing the rematch. Meanwhile, the last English Champion Jem Mace is touring America and giving sparring exhibitions only.
Cricket
Events
The demise of the original Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club, which had played first-class cricket since 1819. A team called Cambridgeshire will be formed to play in two specially arranged matches, one in 1869 v. Yorkshire and one in 1871 v. Surrey. After that, Cambridgeshire will cease to be a first-class team.
England
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1,320 @ 57.39 (HS 180)
Most wickets – James Southerton 136 @ 15.36 (BB 8–68)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris junior
Horse racing
England
Grand National – The Colonel (first of two consecutive wins)
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Scottish Queen
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Pretender
The Derby – Pretender
The Oaks – Brigantine
St. Leger Stakes – Pero Gomez
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Warrior
Canada
Queen's Plate – Bay Jack
Ireland
Irish Derby Stakes – The Scout
USA
Belmont Stakes – Fenian
Rowing
The Boat Race
17 March — Oxford wins the 26th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Sydney University Football Club forms the first football club in Australia, playing Rugby rules.
Foundation of Preston Grasshoppers
References
Sports by year | [
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225382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870%20in%20sports | 1870 in sports | 1870 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Princeton Tigers
Events
Columbia Lions joins the college football circuit and loses to Rutgers Scarlet Knights in its only game. Princeton Tigers beats Rutgers. Columbia doesn't play Princeton.
Association football
Scotland
Formation of Stranraer FC
International
5 March — the first international match between England and Scotland is a 0–0 draw at Kennington Oval but it is not officially recognised by FIFA as there is no Scottish FA in existence at the time
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Base Ball Players champion – Chicago White Stockings
Events
Openly there are fifteen professional teams in the field. Harvard college's strongest team tours during the summer and wins 6 of 16 against the pros.
14 June — Atlantic of Brooklyn defeats the Cincinnati Red Stockings 8 to 7 in 11 innings, the first Red Stockings defeat since 3 October 1868.
Boxing
Events
10 May — Jem Mace returns to competitive boxing and fights Tom Allen, nominally for the now-defunct English Championship at Kennerville, Louisiana. Mace wins with a tenth-round knockout which confirms that he is still the best English fighter. Claims are made on behalf of Mace that he is also the holder of the American Championship and this fight was the first world heavyweight championship bout. Having not fought either Jimmy Elliott or Mike McCoole and strong anti-British sentiment within the mostly Irish-American boxing community at that time, these claims are still debated.
12 December — American Championship claimant Jimmy Elliott is arrested and convicted of highway robbery and assault with intent to kill. He is sentenced to 16 years and 10 months at the Eastern Penitentiary in Philadelphia, eventually serving more than eight years.
Elliott's rival Mike McCoole is inactive this year but, with Elliott out of contention, McCoole has the strongest claim to the American Championship with Mace now his main rival.
Cricket
Events
2, 3 & 4 June — Gloucestershire County Cricket Club plays its initial first-class match v. Surrey at Durdham Downs, near Bristol.
Formation of Derbyshire County Cricket Club
England
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1,808 @ 54.78 (HS 215)
Most wickets – James Southerton 210 @ 14.62 (BB 8–67)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris junior
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse Racecourse is won by Sir Robert Peel.
England
Grand National – The Colonel (second consecutive win)
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Hester
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Macgregor
The Derby – Kingcraft
The Oaks – Gamos
St. Leger Stakes – Hawthornden
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Nimblefoot
Canada
Queen's Plate – John Bell
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Sir Robert Peel
Irish Derby Stakes – Billy Pitt
USA
Belmont Stakes – Kingfisher
Rowing
The Boat Race
6 April — Cambridge wins the 27th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
In Australia, the inaugural Australian Universities Boat Race is won by Melbourne in 31 mins 4 seconds
Rugby football
Events
Foundation of Leeds RLFC
Alcock's Football Annual lists approximately 75 clubs playing Rugby School football rules. These clubs have different interpretations of the laws as played at Rugby School.
The Nelson club of New Zealand starts to play Rugby School rules, the first club in that country to do so.
May 14 - The first game of rugby in New Zealand is played in Nelson between Nelson College and the Nelson Rugby Football Club.
In November, an anonymous surgeon writes to The Times complaining that Rugby football is dangerous. The letter fuels agreement in the sport to form a ruling body which will regulate the laws.
Yacht racing
America's Cup
8 August — the New York Yacht Club wins the first America's Cup challenge race, as Magic defeats British challenger Cambria'', of the Royal Thames Yacht Club.
References
Sports by year | [
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225383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%20in%20sports | 1953 in sports | 1953 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
NFL Championship: the Detroit Lions won 17–16 over the Cleveland Browns at Briggs Stadium
Association football
England
First Division – Arsenal win the 1952–53 title.
FA Cup – Blackpool beat Bolton Wanderers 4–3 in what is known as "The Matthews Final", although it is Stan Mortensen who scores a winning hat-trick for Blackpool.
England lose 6–3 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium their first ever loss to a team from Continental Europe at home.
Scotland
Coronation Cup (football) – Celtic beat Hibernian 2–0 at Hampden Park.
Spain
La Liga won by Barcelona F.C.
Italy
Serie A won by F.C. Internazionale Milano
West Germany
German football championship won by 1. FC Kaiserslautern
France
French Division 1 won by Stade de Reims
Portugal
Primeira Liga won by Sporting C.P.
Australian rules football
Victorian Football League
23 May: Fitzroy, against a brilliant Footscray defence, kick the lowest VFL/AFL score since 1899, 1.0 (6) to 10.6 (66). Fitzroy seemed doomed to the first 0.0 (0) score in VFL history until Allan Ruthven scored a goal with ten minutes to go.
4 July: Geelong beats Collingwood’s previous record of 20 consecutive wins, beating 12.14 (86) to 13.7 (85).
1 August: Collingwood ends a run of 26 unbeaten games (including a draw with ) by Geelong, beating them 10.15 (75) to 7.13 (55)
26 September: Collingwood wins the 57th VFL Premiership, beating Geelong 11.11 (77) to 8.17 (65)
Brownlow Medal awarded to Bill Hutchison (Essendon)
South Australian National Football League:
3 October: West Torrens wins the last of its four SANFL premierships, beating Port Adelaide 9.13 (67) to 8.12 (60)
Magarey Medal won by Jim Deane (South Adelaide)
Western Australian National Football League:
8 August: Bernie Naylor kicks a WANFL record 23 goals against , including twelve in one quarter.
10 October: win their second consecutive premiership and seventh overall, beating 18.12 (120) to 8.13 (61)
Sandover Medal awarded to Merv McIntosh (Perth)
Baseball
World Series – New York Yankees won 4 games to 2 over the Brooklyn Dodgers
The Boston Braves of the National League moved to Milwaukee, becoming the first MLB franchise to relocate in 50 years.
Basketball
NCAA Men's Basketball Championship –
Indiana wins 69–68 over Kansas
NBA Finals –
Minneapolis Lakers won 4 games to 1 over the New York Knicks
The eighth European basketball championship, Eurobasket 1953, is won by the Soviet Union.
The fifteenth South American Basketball Championship in Montevideo is won by Uruguay.
Boxing
September 24 in New York City – Rocky Marciano retains his World Heavyweight title with a TKO over Roland La Starza in the 11th round.
October in New York City – Bobo Olson scored a 15-round decision over Randy Turpin to win the World Middleweight Championship
Bowling
Nine-pin bowling
Nine-pin bowling World Championships –
Men's champion: Alfred Beierl, Austria
Women's champion: Jelena Šincek, Yugoslavia
Men's team champion: Yugoslavia
Women's team champion: Austria
Canadian football
Grey Cup – Hamilton Tiger-Cats win 12–6 over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Cricket
England
County Championship – Surrey
Minor Counties Championship – Berkshire
Most runs – Bill Edrich 2557 @ 47.35 (HS 211)
Most wickets – Bruce Dooland 172 @ 16.58 (BB 7–19)
Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Keith Miller, Neil Harvey, Johnny Wardle, Willie Watson, Tony Lock
Australia
Sheffield Shield – South Australia
Most runs – Neil Harvey 1659 @ 63.80 (HS 205)
Most wickets – Hugh Tayfield 70 @ 27.91 (BB 7–71)
South Africa make their first tour of Australia since 1931–32, and tie the five-Test series two-all with one draw
India
Ranji Trophy – Holkar
New Zealand
Plunket Shield – Otago
Following their Australian tour, South Africa tour New Zealand, winning a two-Test series one-nil with one draw
South Africa
Currie Cup – Western Province
West Indies
India make their first tour of the West Indies, losing a five-test series 0–1 with four draws.
Cycling
Giro d'Italia won by Fausto Coppi of Italy
Tour de France – Louison Bobet of France
UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race – Fausto Coppi of Italy
Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships –
Men's champion: Hayes Alan Jenkins, United States
Ladies’ champion: Tenley Albright, United States
Pair skating champions: Jennifer Nicks & John Nicks, Great Britain
Ice dancing champions: Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy, Great Britain
Golf
Men's professional
Masters Tournament – Ben Hogan
U.S. Open – Ben Hogan
PGA Championship – Walter Burkemo
British Open – Ben Hogan
PGA Tour money leader – Lew Worsham – $34,002
Ryder Cup – United States wins 6½ to 5½ over the British team.
Men's amateur
British Amateur – Joe Carr
U.S. Amateur – Gene Littler
Women's professional
Women's Western Open – Louise Suggs
U.S. Women's Open – Betsy Rawls
Titleholders Championship – Patty Berg
LPGA Tour money leader – Louise Suggs – $19,816
Harness racing
Little Brown Jug for pacers won by Keystoner
Hambletonian for trotters won by Helicopter
Australian Inter Dominion Harness Racing Championship –
Pacers: Captain Sandy
Horse racing
Steeplechases
Cheltenham Gold Cup – Knock Hard
Grand National – Early Mist
Hurdle races
Champion Hurdle – Sir Ken
Flat races
Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Wodalla
Canada – Queen's Plate won by Canadiana
France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by La Sorellina
Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by Chamier
English Triple Crown Races:
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Nearula
The Derby – Pinza
St. Leger Stakes – Premonition
United States Triple Crown Races:
Kentucky Derby – Dark Star
Preakness Stakes – Native Dancer
Belmont Stakes – Native Dancer
Ice hockey
World Hockey Championship
Men's champion: Sweden defeated West Germany and Switzerland.
Canada did not participate in the World Hockey Championship, the government claiming it was not worth the expense.
Stanley Cup – Montreal Canadiens win 4 games to 1 over the Boston Bruins
Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer during the regular season: Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings
Hart Memorial Trophy for the NHL's Most Valuable Player: Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship – University of Michigan Wolverines defeat University of Minnesota Golden Gophers 7–3 in Colorado Springs, CO
HC Kometa Brno was founded in South Moravian Region, Czechoslovakia, present day of Czech Republic.
Motorsport
Rugby league
1952–53 European Rugby League Championship / 1953–54 European Rugby League Championship
1953 New Zealand rugby league season
1953 NSWRFL season
1952–53 Northern Rugby Football League season / 1953–54 Northern Rugby Football League season
Rugby union
59th Five Nations Championship series is won by England
Snooker
World Snooker Championship – Fred Davis beats Walter Donaldson 37–34
Tennis
Australia
Australian Men's Singles Championship – Ken Rosewall (Australia) defeats Mervyn Rose (Australia) 6–0, 6–3, 6–4
Australian Women's Singles Championship – Maureen Connolly Brinker (USA) defeats Julia Sampson Hayward (USA) 6–3, 6–2
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Vic Seixas (USA) defeats Kurt Nielsen (Denmark) 9–7, 6–3, 6–4
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Maureen Connolly Brinker (USA) defeats Doris Hart (USA) 8–6, 7–5
France
French Men's Singles Championship –
French Women's Singles Championship –
USA
American Men's Singles Championship –
American Women's Singles Championship –
Events
Maureen Connolly becomes the first woman to win the Grand Slam in tennis.
Davis Cup
1953 Davis Cup – 3–2 at Kooyong Stadium (grass) Melbourne, Australia
Multi-sport events
Pan Arab Games held in Alexandria, Egypt
Awards
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Ben Hogan, PGA golf
Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Maureen Connolly, Tennis
References
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225384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871%20in%20sports | 1871 in sports | 1871 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – none
Events
The 1871 college football season is the only one since the first season in 1869 until the present day that no games are played in the entire season. Thus 1871 is the only year since play began in which no college football national champion can be named, retrospectively or otherwise.
Association football
England
Inaugural FA Cup competition begins with four matches played on 11 November. The 15 clubs entering the competition are all amateur and mainly from the London area: Barnes, Civil Service, Clapham Rovers, Crystal Palace (1861), Donnington School, Hampstead Heathens, Harrow Chequers, Hitchin, Maidenhead, Marlow, Reigate, Priory, Royal Engineers, Upton Park, The Wanderers and Queen's Park (Glasgow).
The Wanderers win the Cup on 16 March 1872.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players champion – Philadelphia Athletics
Events
March — ten NABBP clubs found the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the first professional sports league. (Today it is commonly considered the first major league and usually called simply the "National Association" or "NA".) Thirty-three clubs establish a parallel amateur NAABBP that withers away.
There are nine NA teams in the field and Athletic of Philadelphia wins the championship in the final game, 30 October.
Boxing
Events
With the main American Championship title claimant Mike McCoole inactive this year, attention focuses on two fights between Jem Mace and Joe Coburn. Both fights are drawn and Mace continues to state his claim to the American Championship. However, having suffered a hand injury in his second fight with Coburn, Mace relinquishes all his title claims and returns to exhibition boxing.
McCoole is now generally regarded as the champion by default, his main challenger being Tom Allen who was defeated by McCoole in 1869.
Cricket
Events
Derbyshire plays its inaugural first-class match v. Lancashire at Old Trafford on 26 & 27 May.
England
Most runs – W. G. Grace 2,739 @ 78.25 (HS 268), a staggering feat on the pitches of the time. Richard Daft has the next highest average among batsmen playing 10 innings or more, with 37.66, less than half of Grace's figure. Harry Jupp has the next highest runs aggregate, with 1,068. Grace makes ten centuries in the season, while no other player can manage more than one.
Most wickets – James Southerton 151 @ 15.72 (BB 8–63)
Gaelic football
During the 1860s and 1870s, rugby and association football have started to become popular in Ireland. According to Gaelic football historian Jack Mahon, caid has begun to give way to a "rough-and-tumble game" which even allows tripping.
County Limerick is the stronghold of the native game around this time and the Commercials Club, founded by employees of Cannock's Drapery Store, is one of the first to impose a set of rules that is later adopted by other clubs in the county.
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – no competition.
The Open has been administered since 1860 by Prestwick Golf Club but controversy prevents the tournament being held in 1871, the only exception outside the two World Wars. Finally it is agreed that Prestwick will henceforth organise the tournament jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.
Horse racing
England
Grand National – The Lamb (second win, having also won in 1868)
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Hannah
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Bothwell
The Derby – Favonius
The Oaks – Hannah
St. Leger Stakes – Hannah
Australia
Melbourne Cup – The Pearl
Canada
Queen's Plate – Floss
Ireland
Irish Grand National – The Doe
Irish Derby Stakes – Maid of Athens
USA
Belmont Stakes – Harry Bassett
Rowing
The Boat Race
1 April — Cambridge wins the 28th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other
There is no Harvard–Yale Regatta. From the third Race in 1859, the only exceptions outside major wars are 1871 and 1896.
Rugby football
Events
26 January — the Rugby Football Union (RFU) is founded at the Pall Mall Restaurant, which is situated near Trafalgar Square at 1 Cockspur Street, London. The formation of the RFU establishes the "handling game" as a different sport to the "dribbling game" that is increasingly being played under the auspices of the Football Association.
21 clubs are represented at the meeting: Blackheath, Richmond, Ravenscourt Park, West Kent, Marlborough Nomads, Wimbledon Hornets, Gipsies, Civil Service, Law Club, Wellington College, Guy's Hospital, Flamingoes, Clapham Rovers, Harlequins, King's College, St Paul's School, Queen's House, Lausanne, Addison, Mohicans, Belsize Park. Algernon Rutter of Richmond is elected the first president. A committee is selected to produce a definitive national set of Rugby Football laws.
27 March — the first ever official international fixture in any kind of football takes place with a rugby football game between Scotland and England. Scotland (i.e., Scottish members of the RFU) defeats England (i.e., English members of the RFU) by 1 goal & 1 try to 1 try at Raeburn Place in Edinburgh. The match is played by teams of 20–a–side and the game lasts for 50 minutes each way.
Foundation of Worcester RFC
Yacht racing
America's Cup
The New York Yacht Club retains the America's Cup as Columbia and its substitute Sappho defeat British challenger Livonia of the Royal Harwich Yacht Club.
References
Sports by year | [
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225385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20sports | 1952 in sports | 1952 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
NFL Championship: the Detroit Lions won 17–7 over the Cleveland Browns at Cleveland Stadium
Sugar Bowl (1951 season):
The Tennessee Volunteers lose 28–13 to the Maryland Terrapins; still awarded the national championship by the AP and Coaches Poll
1952 college football season:
The Michigan State Spartans win the college football national championship (don't play in a bowl game the following January)
Association football
England
First Division – Manchester United win the 1951–52 title.
FA Cup – Newcastle United beat Arsenal 1–0.
Spain
La Liga won by Barcelona.
Italy
Serie A won by Juventus.
Germany
German football championship won by VfB Stuttgart.
France
French Division 1 won by OGC Nice.
Portugal
Primeira Liga won by Sporting C.P.
Australian rules football
Victorian Football League
June 14: In an effort to promote the code outside its traditional strongholds in the southern and western states, the League holds a “National Day Round” of matches in selected interstate and country venues: Albury, Euroa, Yallourn, Sydney, Brisbane and Hobart. Despite flooding rains, attendances were high enough to deem the venture a success though it was never repeated.
Geelong wins the 56th VFL Premiership by defeating Collingwood 13.8 (86) to 5.10 (40) in the 1952 VFL Grand Final
Brownlow Medal awarded to Roy Wright (Richmond) and Bill Hutchison (Essendon)
South Australian National Football League
October 4: North Adelaide beat Norwood 23.15 (153) to 6.9 (45) in the most one-sided SANFL Grand Final until 2004.
Magarey Medal awarded to Len Fitzgerald (Sturt)
Western Australian National Football League
October 11: win their sixth premiership beating 12.19 (91) to 10.10 (70)
Sandover Medal awarded to Steve Marsh (South Fremantle)
Baseball
January 31 – The Hall of Fame elects two new members – Harry Heilmann, with 203 votes, and Paul Waner with 195. Waner, a .333 career hitter, rapped out 3,152 hits and struck out just 376 times in 9,459 career at–bats. Heilmann was similarly skilled with the bat, winning four batting titles with the Tigers and finishing his career with a .342 average
World Series – New York Yankees win 4 games to 3 over the Brooklyn Dodgers
Basketball
NCAA Men's Basketball Championship –
Kansas wins 80–63 over St. John's
NBA Finals
Minneapolis Lakers win four games to three over the New York Knicks
Spain
Saski Baskonia was founded in Vitoria Gasteiz on December 3.
Boxing
June 25 at Yankee Stadium, Joey Maxim defeats Sugar Ray Robinson by knockout to retain his world light heavyweight title. This is the only knockout Robinson would ever suffer.
August 11 – death in a road accident of Dave Sands (26), Australian Aborigine middleweight rated third in the world at the time
September 23 at Philadelphia, Rocky Marciano knocked out Jersey Joe Walcott in the 13th round to win the World Heavyweight Championship.
Canadian football
Grey Cup – Toronto Argonauts win 21–11 over the Edmonton Eskimos
Cricket
Events
16 October–18 October, Delhi – Pakistan plays its first Test match, against India. India won by an innings and 70 runs.
England
County Championship – Surrey
Minor Counties Championship – Buckinghamshire
Most runs – Len Hutton 2567 @ 61.11 (HS 189)
Most wickets – Johnny Wardle 172 @ 19.27 (BB 7–49)
Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Fred Trueman, Harold Gimblett, Tom Graveney, David Sheppard, Stuart Surridge
India make a fourth tour of England, and lose the four-Test series three games to nil
Australia
Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
Most runs – Lindsay Hassett 855 @ 61.07 (HS 229)
Most wickets – Bill Johnston 54 @ 20.62 (BB 7–114)
The West Indies make a second tour of Australia, losing as in the first four Tests to one
India
Ranji Trophy – Bombay
England make a second tour of India, drawing the five-test series with one victory each and three draws
New Zealand
Plunket Shield – Canterbury
South Africa
Currie Cup – Natal
Cycling
Giro d'Italia won by Fausto Coppi of Italy
Tour de France – Fausto Coppi of Italy
UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race – Heinz Müller of Germany
Field hockey
Olympic Games (Men's Competition) in Helsinki, Finland
Gold Medal: India
Silver Medal: The Netherlands
Bronze Medal: Great Britain
Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships –
Men's champion: Dick Button, United States
Ladies’ champion: Jacqueline du Bief, France
Pair skating champions: Ria Falk & Paul Falk, Germany
Ice dancing champions: Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy, Great Britain
In this year, ice dancing introduced as part of the World Figure Skating Championships.
American defending champion Dick Button becomes first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition; performs a triple loop in the Olympic free skate in Oslo
Golf
Men's professional
Masters Tournament – Sam Snead
U.S. Open – Julius Boros
PGA Championship – Jim Turnesa
British Open – Bobby Locke
PGA Tour money leader – Julius Boros – $37,033
Men's amateur
British Amateur – Harvie Ward
U.S. Amateur – Jack Westland
Women's professional
Women's Western Open – Betsy Rawls
U.S. Women's Open – Louise Suggs
Titleholders Championship – Babe Zaharias
LPGA Tour money leader – Betsy Rawls – $14,505
Harness racing
Little Brown Jug for pacers won by Meadow Rice
Hambletonian for trotters won by Sharp Note
Australian Inter Dominion Harness Racing Championship –
Pacers: Avian Derby
Horse racing
Steeplechases
Cheltenham Gold Cup – Mont Tremblant
Grand National – Teal
Hurdle races
Champion Hurdle – Sir Ken
Flat races
Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Dalray
Canada – Queen's Plate won by Epigram
France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Nuccio
Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by Thirteen of Diamonds
English Triple Crown Races:
2000 Guineas Stakes – Thunderhead
The Derby – Tulyar
St. Leger Stakes – Tulyar
United States Triple Crown Races:
Kentucky Derby – Hill Gail
Preakness Stakes – Blue Man
Belmont Stakes – One Count
Ice hockey
World Hockey Championship
Men's champion: Canada defeated the United States
Stanley Cup – Detroit Red Wings win 4 games to 0 over the Montreal Canadiens
Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer during the regular season: Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings
Hart Memorial Trophy – for the NHL's Most Valuable Player: Gordie Howe, Detroit Red Wings
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship – Michigan Wolverines defeat Colorado College Tigers 4–1 in Colorado Springs, Colorado
November 1 – Hockey Night in Canada makes its television debut on CBC. It is the oldest sports-related TV program still airing.
Motorsport
Professional wrestling
WWE is founded by Roderick James "Jess" McMahon and Joseph Raymond "Toots" Mondt.
Rugby league
1952–53 European Rugby League Championship / 1951–52 European Rugby League Championship
1952 New Zealand rugby league season
1952 NSWRFL season
1952–53 Northern Rugby Football League season / 1951–52 Northern Rugby Football League season
Rugby union
58th Five Nations Championship series is won by Wales who complete the Grand Slam
Skiing
Alpine skiing
Men's Olympic gold medals:
Downhill: Zeno Colò, Italy
Slalom: Othmar Schneider, Austria
Giant Slalom: Stein Eriksen, Norway
Women's Olympic gold medals:
Downhill: Trude Jochum-Beiser, Austria
Slalom: Andrea Mead Lawrence, United States
Giant Slalom: Andrea Mead Lawrence, United States
Snooker
Schism in snooker means two world championships are held:
World Snooker Championship (World Professional Match-play Championship): Fred Davis beats Walter Donaldson 38–35
World Snooker Championship (BACC event): Horace Lindrum beats Clark McConachy 94–49
Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
Men's All-round Champion – Hjalmar Andersen (Norway)
Tennis
Australia
Australian Men's Singles Championship – Ken McGregor (Australia) defeats Frank Sedgman (Australia) 7–5, 12–10, 2–6, 6–2
Australian Women's Singles Championship – Thelma Coyne Long (Australia) defeats Helen Angwin (Australia) 6–2, 6–3
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Frank Sedgman (Australia) defeats Jaroslav Drobný (Egypt) 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Maureen Connolly Brinker (USA) defeats Louise Brough Clapp (USA) 6–4, 6–3
France
French Men's Singles Championship –
French Women's Singles Championship –
USA
American Men's Singles Championship –
American Women's Singles Championship –
Davis Cup
1952 Davis Cup – 4–1 at Memorial Drive Tennis Centre (grass) Adelaide, Australia
Volleyball
Men's World Championship in Moscow, Soviet Union
Gold Medal: Soviet Union
Silver Medal: Czechoslovakia
Bronze Medal: Bulgaria
Olympic Games
1952 Summer Olympics takes place in Helsinki, Finland
United States wins the most medals (76), and the most gold medals (40).
Emil Zátopek wins marathon.
1952 Winter Olympics takes place in Oslo, Norway
Norway wins the most medals (16), and the most gold medals (7).
Awards
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Bob Mathias, Track and field
Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Maureen Connolly, Tennis
Notes
Awarded retrospectively by the VFL in 1989.
References
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225386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872%20in%20sports | 1872 in sports | 1872 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Princeton Tigers
Events
Five teams compete in the 1872 college football season: Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, Stevens Tech and Yale.
Association football
International
30 November — Scotland v. England in Glasgow is the first–ever official football international. The match is a goalless draw.
England
16 March — inaugural FA Cup final. The Wanderers 1–0 Royal Engineers at Kennington Oval in London. The goal is scored by Morton Betts. In its way, this first final marks the beginning of major competitive football.
The FA rules that the ball must have a circumference of between 68 cm and 71 cm. It must be spherical and must consist of an India rubber bladder enclosed within a casing made of leather or another approved material. Also, the ball must weigh at least 396 grams but no more than 453 grams. The prescribed weight is interesting because leather balls will become notorious for gaining weight when wet: the weight can almost double if the ball gets really soaked.
Scotland
February — Rangers F.C. is formed in Glasgow by four friends. The team's first pitch is on common land at Flesher's Haugh, Glasgow Green.
Aussie Rules Football
Essendon Football Club was founded in Victoria, Australia.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players champion – Boston Red Stockings
Events
The National Association (NA) permits pitching with a wrist snap, practically legalising the New York Mutuals.
Multiple NABBP champions Eckford and Atlantic from Brooklyn, New York join the NA but neither will regain prominence.
The original Boston Red Stockings win the NA pennant, beginning a four-year run
Boxing
Events
No fights of note take place in 1872. American Champion Mike McCoole and his challengers are inactive.
Cricket
Events
An experiment takes place at Lord's to study the effects of covering the pitch before the start of a match, the first time this is known to have been tried.
England
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1,485 @ 57.11 (HS 170*)
Most wickets – James Southerton 169 @ 13.07 (BB 8–20)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Morris junior
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Casse Tete
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Reine
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Prince Charlie
The Derby – Cremorne
The Oaks – Reine
St. Leger Stakes – Wenlock
Australia
Melbourne Cup – The Quack
Canada
Queen's Plate – Fearnaught
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Scots Grey
Irish Derby Stakes – Trickstress
USA
Belmont Stakes – Joe Daniels
Rowing
The Boat Race
23 March — Cambridge wins the 29th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Wigan RLFC founded
References
Bibliography
Rowland Bowen, Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970
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225387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873%20in%20sports | 1873 in sports | 1873 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Princeton Tigers
Events
19 October — representatives of Yale Bulldogs, Columbia Lions, Princeton Tigers and Rutgers Scarlet Knights meet at the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City to codify the first set of intercollegiate football rules.
Association football
England
FA Cup final – The Wanderers 2–0 Oxford University at Lillie Bridge in London
Scotland
13 March — formation of the Scottish Football Association (SFA). Queen's Park and Third Lanark are among the original members.
The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the Scottish Cup, is launched by the Scottish Football Association as a knockout cup competition ahead of the 1873–74 season.
Australian rules football
Events
St Kilda Football Club established.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players champion – Boston Red Stockings (second consecutive season)
Boxing
Events
23 September — Tom Allen becomes the undisputed Heavyweight Champion of America when he defeats Mike McCoole in the 7th round at "Chateau Island" near St. Louis, Missouri.
29 October — McCoole is arrested and later convicted for shooting another pugilist called Patsy Mavery at St. Louis. This ends his career.
18 November — Allen defends his title against Ben Hogan at Pacific City, Iowa. In the third round, Hogan claims a foul but is refused by the referee. A riot erupts and the bout is forced to end, being declared a draw. Allen retains the American Championship but does not fight again until 1876.
Canadian football
Events
Toronto Argonauts founded by the Argonaut Rowing Club
Cricket
Events
Player qualification rules are introduced with players having to decide at the start of a season whether they will play for their county of birth or their county of residence. Until now, it has been quite common for a player to play for two counties during the course of a single season. Increasing media interest in county cricket enables a semi-official championship to be inaugurated, based on media consensus.
England
Champion County – Gloucestershire shares the title with Nottinghamshire
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1805 @ 72.20 (HS 192*)
Most wickets – James Southerton 148 @ 13.96 (BB 8–113)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Tom Kidd
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Preakness Stakes is won by Survivor
England
Grand National – Disturbance
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Cecilia
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Gang Forward
The Derby – Doncaster
The Oaks – Marie Stuart
St. Leger Stakes – Marie Stuart
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Don Juan
Canada
Queen's Plate – Mignonette
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Torrent
Irish Derby Stakes – Kyrle Daly
USA
Preakness Stakes – Survivor
Belmont Stakes – Springbok
Rowing
The Boat Race
29 March — Cambridge wins the 30th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
3 March — formation of the Scottish Rugby Football Union in a meeting held at Glasgow Academy, Elmbank Street, Glasgow. Eight clubs are represented at the foundation: Glasgow Academicals; Edinburgh Academical Football Club; West of Scotland F.C.; University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club; Royal High School FP; Merchistonians; Edinburgh University and Glasgow University.
Gloucester RFC, Halifax, Hawick RFC, Salford RLFC, St Helens R.F.C., Wakefield Trinity RLFC and Widnes RLFC all established in 1873.
References
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225388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874%20in%20sports | 1874 in sports | 1874 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs
Events
Harvard Crimson plays McGill Redmen under rules taken from both association football and rugby football: it is hence arguably the first game of American football as a distinctive code
Association football
England
FA Cup final – Oxford University 2–0 Royal Engineers at Kennington Oval, London. The Oval becomes the regular venue for the FA Cup Final with this game, after Lillie Bridge was used in 1873. All finals until 1892 are played at The Oval.
March — Aston Villa founded by the Villa Cross Wesleyan Chapel near Aston Park in Birmingham.
Bolton Wanderers founded as a Sunday School team at Christ Church, Blackburn Street, Bolton.
The Football Association makes a rule change so that teams change ends at half time.
The first shin pads are introduced.
Scotland
21 March — inaugural Scottish Cup final is won 2–0 by Queen's Park against Clydesdale at Hampden Park, Glasgow.
Hearts, Greenock Morton and Hamilton Academical all founded.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players champion – Boston Red Stockings (third consecutive season)
Boxing
Events
No major bouts take place in 1874. Tom Allen retains the American Championship.
Cricket
Events
W. G. Grace becomes the first player to perform the double in an English season. In 21 first-class matches, he scores 1664 runs and takes 140 wickets.
England
Champion County – Gloucestershire
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1664 @ 52.00 (HS 179)
Most wickets – W. G. Grace 140 @ 12.70 (BB 7–18)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Mungo Park
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Reugny
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Apology
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Atlantic
The Derby – George Frederick
The Oaks – Apology
St. Leger Stakes – Apology
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Haricot
Canada
Queen's Plate – The Swallow
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Sailor
Irish Derby Stakes – Ben Battle
USA
Preakness Stakes – Culpepper
Belmont Stakes – Saxon
Ice hockey
Events
The Montreal Victorias hockey club, members of the Victoria Skating Club, begin play of ice hockey at the Victoria Skating Rink, leading to the first organized indoor game in 1875. The club does not formally exist until several years later, in 1877 or 1881.
Rowing
The Boat Race
28 March — Cambridge wins the 31st Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Coventry RFC, Newport RFC and Swansea RFC are all established in 1874
References
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225389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%20in%20sports | 1875 in sports | 1857 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Harvard Crimson
Events
13 November — first edition of "The Game", the annual contest between Yale Bulldogs and Harvard Crimson, is played under a modified set of rugby football rules known as "The Concessionary Rules". Yale loses 4–0, but finds that it prefers Harvard's adopted rugby style game.
Association football
England
FA Cup final – Royal Engineers 2–0 Old Etonians in a replay following a 1–1 draw (both games played at The Oval).
5 November — Blackburn Rovers founded at a meeting of enthusiasts in the St Leger Hotel, King William St, Blackburn.
Birmingham City founded as Small Heath Alliance by cricketers from Holy Trinity Church in the Bordesley Green area of Birmingham.
Introduction of crossbars.
Wing play develops and the practice of "middling" (i.e., crossing) the ball is found to be effective. Heading is also introduced, apparently by players in Sheffield. Billy Mosforth of Sheffield FC is noted for his "screw shot" which gives him the ability to "bend" the ball in flight.
Scotland
Scottish Cup final – Queen's Park 3–0 Renton at Hampden Park
Hibernian FC founded in Edinburgh by Irish immigrants who give the club the Roman name for Ireland.
Baseball
National championship
National Association of Professional Base Ball Players champion – Boston Red Stockings (fourth consecutive season)
Boxing
Events
No major bouts take place in 1875. Tom Allen retains the American Championship.
Cricket
Events
18 August — formation of Somerset County Cricket Club by a team of amateurs at a meeting in Sidmouth, Devonshire, immediately after a match against a local side.
England
Champion County – Nottinghamshire
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1,498 @ 32.56 (HS 152)
Most wickets – W. G. Grace 191 @ 12.94 (BB 9–48)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Willie Park senior
Horse racing
Events
Inaugural running of the Kentucky Derby is won by Aristides
England
Grand National – Pathfinder
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Spinaway
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Camballo
The Derby – Galopin
The Oaks – Spinaway
St. Leger Stakes – Craig Millar
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Wollomai
Canada
Queen's Plate – Young Trumpeter
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Scots Grey
Irish Derby Stakes – Innishowen
USA
Kentucky Derby – Aristides
Preakness Stakes – Tom Ochiltree
Belmont Stakes – Calvin
Ice hockey
Events
3 March — first organised and recorded indoor game of ice hockey is played at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal.
Rowing
The Boat Race
20 March — Oxford wins the 32nd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby football
Events
Barrow RLFC and Leinster Rugby are established in 1875
References
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225390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%20in%20sports | 1876 in sports | 1876 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Athletics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs
Events
23 November — representatives of Harvard Crimson, Yale Bulldogs, Princeton Tigers and Columbia Lions meet at the Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts to standardise a new code of rules based on the Canadian rugby game first introduced to Harvard by Canada's McGill University in 1874. The rules are based largely on the English Rugby Football Union's code, though one important difference is the introduction of the touchdown as the primary means of scoring instead of the field goal (a change that will later occur in rugby football itself). Three of the schools (Harvard, Columbia and Princeton) form an Intercollegiate Football Association as a result of the meeting. Yale will join in 1879.
Walter Camp enrolls at Yale University and will become perhaps the most important figure in college football history.
Association football
England
FA Cup final – The Wanderers 3–0 Old Etonians in a replay following a 1–1 draw (both games played at The Oval).
Middlesbrough FC founded as a winter activity by Middlesbrough Cricket Club.
Scotland
Scottish Cup final – Queen's Park 2–0 Third Lanark at Hampden Park (replay; following 1–1 draw at Hamilton Crescent)
Wales
Establishment of the Football Association of Wales, the world's third oldest football association.
25 March — Wales plays its first international match against Scotland in Glasgow, Scotland winning 4–0. Wales is the third oldest international football team.
Baseball
National championship
National League champions - Chicago White Stockings
Events
2 February — the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs (NL) is founded at the Grand Central Hotel in New York City. It is the first pro sports league, North American style: closed and territorial. Major League Baseball recognises this event as the beginning of "all-time history".
The venerable Mutuals and Athletics, holding the New York and Philadelphia franchises, are competitive failures on field and off. They cancel their final western trips and suffer expulsion, the last formerly amateur clubs in the majors.
Boxing
Events
After three years of inactivity, Tom Allen finally defends his American Championship title against Joe Goss at Boone County, Kentucky. Goss, another English fighter, takes the title when Allen is disqualified for a foul punch in the 14th round. Goss is another inactive champion and does not defend the title until May 1880.
Cricket
Events
14 January — formation of Essex County Cricket Club at a meeting in the Shire Hall, Chelmsford. There have been previous county organisations in Essex going back to the 18th century, focused mainly on Hornchurch Cricket Club.
W. G. Grace becomes the first player to score 2,000 runs and take 100 wickets in a season: 2,622 runs and 130 wickets in 26 matches.
Grace makes his highest first-class score of 344, for MCC v Kent at Canterbury in August. Two days later he makes 177 for Gloucestershire v Notts, and two days after that 318 not out for Gloucestershire v Yorkshire, the latter two innings against counties with exceptionally strong bowling attacks. Thus, in three consecutive innings, Grace scores 839 runs, and is only out twice. His 344 is the first triple century scored in first class cricket. William Ward's 278 scored in 1820 has stood as a record for 56 years; within a week Grace has bettered it twice.
England
Champion County – Gloucestershire
Most runs – W. G. Grace 2,622 @ 62.42 (HS 344)
Most wickets – Alfred Shaw 191 @ 13.61 (BB 8–37)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Bob Martin
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Regal
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Camelia
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Petrarch
The Derby – Kisber
The Oaks – dead heat between Camelia and Enguerrande
St. Leger Stakes – Petrarch
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Briseis
Canada
Queen's Plate – Norah P.
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Grand National
Irish Derby Stakes – Umpire
USA
Kentucky Derby – Vagrant
Preakness Stakes – Shirley
Belmont Stakes – Algerine
Ice skating
Events
7 January — the Glaciarium opens in Chelsea, London, as the world's first artificial ice rink.
Rowing
The Boat Race
8 April — Cambridge wins the 33rd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
The Harvard–Yale Regatta for the main event establishes the 4-mile distance and returns to the original eight-oar shells. Yale wins by 29 seconds on the Connecticut River.
Rugby football
Events
Cardiff RFC, Keighley RLFC, Kelso RFC, Oldham RLFC, Pontypridd RFC and Saracens are all established in 1876
Yacht racing
America's Cup
The New York Yacht Club retains the America's Cup as Madeleine defeats challenger Countess of Dufferin, of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club
References
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225391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%20in%20sports | 1877 in sports | 1877 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Athletics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs
Events
Disagreement about the number of players per team prevents Yale Bulldogs from joining Columbia Lions, Harvard Crimson and Princeton Tigers in the Intercollegiate Football Association
Association football
England
FA Cup final – The Wanderers 2–1 Oxford University at The Oval (after extra time).
A major step towards unity in football is achieved when the Sheffield FA joins The Football Association after the FA Laws are amended to effect an agreed compromise. One significant change to the Laws is the introduction of the throw–in to replace the kick–in.
Wolverhampton Wanderers founded as St Luke's FC by staff and pupils of St Luke's School in Blakenhall. The present name will be adopted in 1879 after St Luke's merges with Blakenhall Wanderers Cricket Club.
Scotland
Scottish Cup final – Vale of Leven 3–2 Rangers (second replay after two 1–1 draws)
Establishment of Clyde FC at Rutherglen and St Mirren FC at Paisley.
Wales
5 March — Wales plays its first home international match at the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham against Scotland. Scotland wins 2–0.
Australian rules football
Events
The South Australian Football Association is formed on 30 April. The first premiers are South Adelaide FC
The Victorian Football Association (now called the Victorian Football League) is formed on 17 May and is the highest level of the sport in Victoria until surpassed in 1897 by the breakaway Victorian Football League (now known as the Australian Football League). The first premiers are Carlton FC.
Baseball
National championship
National League champions – Boston Red Caps
Events
Star pitcher Jim Devlin and three other Louisville Grays are permanently expelled from the National League for arranging with gamblers to lose games. (Louisville finishes seven games behind Boston.)
Boxing
Events
Future world champion John L. Sullivan begins his career by fighting as an amateur in his native Boston. He wins his earliest known bout against Jack Scannell with a first-round knockout.
Cricket
Events
15–19 March — Australia v. England at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) will afterwards be recognised as the first-ever Test Match. Australia win by 45 runs with Charles Bannerman scoring 165*: the first Test century. William Midwinter, with 5–78 in England's first innings, is the first bowler to take five wickets in a Test innings.
31 March to 4 April — Australia v. England in the Second Test, also at the MCG. England win by 4 wickets.
10 & 12 November — South Australia v. Tasmania at Adelaide Oval is the earliest first-class match played by South Australia who win by an innings and 13 runs, their team including George Giffen.
England
Champion County – Gloucestershire
Most runs – W. G. Grace 1,474 @ 39.83 (HS 261)
Most wickets – W. G. Grace 179 @ 12.81 (BB 9–55)
Australia
Most runs – Charles Bannerman (HS 165*) and George Ulyett (HS 94) score 243 runs each @ 48.60
Most wickets – Alfred Shaw 17 wickets @ 11.76 (BB 5–19)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Jamie Anderson
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Austerlitz
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Belphoebe
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Chamant
The Derby – Silvio
The Oaks – Placida
St. Leger Stakes – Silvio
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Chester
Canada
Queen's Plate – Amelia
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Thiggin-Thue
Irish Derby Stakes – Redskin
USA
Kentucky Derby – Baden-Baden
Preakness Stakes – Cloverbrook
Belmont Stakes – Cloverbrook
Ice hockey
First set of ice hockey rules are published in the Montreal Gazette.
Founding of McGill University Hockey Club.
Lacrosse
Events
November — inaugural intercollegiate game is held between New York University and Manhattan College
Rowing
The Boat Race
24 March — the result of the 34th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is a dead heat
Rugby football
Events
Establishment of Broughton Rangers, Newcastle RFC, Nottingham R.F.C. and Olney RFC
Tennis
England
Inaugural Lawn Tennis Championship held at All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, south London. The first tournament stages only the men's singles championship won by Spencer Gore (England) who defeats William Marshall (England) in the final by 6–1, 6–2, 6–4.
The 1st pre-open era 1877 Men's Tennis tour gets underway 3 tournaments are staged this year between 19 July – 9 October 1877.
Notes
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225392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20current%20senators%20of%20Canada | List of current senators of Canada | This is a list of current members of the Senate of Canada (), the upper house of the Canadian Parliament. Unlike the Members of Parliament in the House of Commons, the 105 senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister. Senators originally held their seats for life; however, under the British North America Act, 1965, members may not sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 75. From 1867 to 2015, Prime ministers normally chose members of their own parties to be senators, though they sometimes nominated non-affiliated senators or members of opposing parties. The pattern of political affiliation in the Senate in the most recent era is distinct in several key respects from what has been the case historically. Since November 4, 2015, there has been no government caucus in the Senate because the Senate Liberal Caucus, which existed from 2014 until 2019, was not affiliated with the governing Liberal Party of Canada. On December 6, 2016, for the first time in Canadian history the number of senators without a partisan affiliation exceeded that of the largest caucus of senators with a partisan affiliation.
Seats are allocated on a regional basis, each of the four major regions receives 24 seats, and the remainder of the available seats being assigned to smaller regions. The four major regions are Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island), and the Western provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan). The seats for Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut are assigned apart from these regional divisions. The province of Quebec has 24 Senate divisions that are constitutionally mandated. In all other provinces, a Senate division is strictly an optional designation of the senator's own choosing, and has no real constitutional or legal standing. A senator who does not choose a special senate division is considered a senator for the province at large. The distribution of seats has been criticized for not being proportional per region. For example, Ontario has 40 percent of Canada's population but only 24 seats, while the smaller Atlantic provinces have a combined 30, and British Columbia, the third most populous province, only has six seats.
, there are 91 sitting senators. Of the sitting senators: 42 are members of the Independent Senators Group, 16 are members of the senate caucus of the Conservative Party of Canada, 14 are members of the Progressive Senate Group, 13 are members of the Canadian Senators Group, and 6 are non-affiliated. 14 seats are currently vacant.
Active senators have been appointed on the advice of four different prime ministers: Justin Trudeau, Stephen Harper, Paul Martin, and Jean Chrétien. George Furey is the longest-serving current senator; he was appointed on the advice of Jean Chretien in 1999. , there are 45 women in the Senate.
Current senators
Vacancies
Standings
Members of the Senate of Canada may sit as representatives of a political party if agreed by themselves and their party.
The current party standings in the Senate of Canada are as follows:
Membership changes since the last election
Standings changes since the last election
Appointment breakdown
Upcoming retirements
Twenty-six current senators are scheduled to retire before the end of 2025:
Diane Griffin, March 18, 2022, Canadian Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Prince Edward Island
Terry Mercer, May 6, 2022, Progressive Senate Group (Chrétien) - Nova Scotia (Northend Halifax)
Howard Wetston, June 3, 2022, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Ontario
Larry Campbell, February 28, 2023, Canadian Senators Group (Martin) - British Columbia (Vancouver)
Sandra Lovelace Nicholas, April 15, 2023, Progressive Senate Group (Martin) - New Brunswick
George Furey, May 12, 2023, Non-affiliated (Chrétien) - Newfoundland and Labrador
Patricia Bovey, May 15, 2023, Progressive Senate Group (J. Trudeau) - Manitoba
Dennis Patterson, December 30, 2023, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Nunavut
Renée Dupuis, January 17, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (The Laurentides)
Pierre-Hugues Boisvenu, February 12, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - Quebec (La Salle)
Percy Mockler, April 14, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - New Brunswick (St. Leonard)
Victor Oh, June 10, 2024, Conservative (Harper) - Ontario
Mobina Jaffer, August 20, 2024, Independent Senators Group (Chrétien) - British Columbia
Dennis Dawson, September 28, 2024, Progressive Senate Group, (Martin) - Quebec (Lauzon)
Diane Bellemare, October 13, 2024, Progressive Senators Group (Harper) - Quebec (Alma)
Ratna Omidvar, November 5, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Ontario
Stephen Greene, December 8, 2024, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Nova Scotia (Halifax — The Citadel)
Brent Cotter, December 18, 2024, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Saskatchewan
Nancy Hartling, February 1, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - New Brunswick
Jean-Guy Dagenais, February 2, 2025, Canadian Senators Group (Harper) - Quebec
Don Plett, May 14, 2025, Conservative (Harper) - Manitoba (Landmark)
Marc Gold, June 30, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (Stadacona)
Jane Cordy, July 2, 2025, Progressive Senate Group (Chrétien) - Nova Scotia
Judith Seidman, September 1, 2025, Conservative (Harper) - Québec (De la Durantaye)
Marie-Françoise Mégie, September 21, 2025, Independent Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - Quebec (Rougemont)
David Adams Richards, October 17, 2025, Canadian Senators Group (J. Trudeau) - New Brunswick
Longevity
Furthest year of retirement of existing senators, by prime minister
Dennis Dawson, appointed by Paul Martin, is due to retire on September 28, 2024
Pierrette Ringuette, appointed by Jean Chrétien, is due to retire on December 31, 2030
Michèle Audette, appointed by Justin Trudeau, is due to retire on July 20, 2046
Patrick Brazeau, appointed by Stephen Harper, is due to retire on November 11, 2049
See also
List of Senate of Canada appointments by prime minister
Notes
References
Senators, Current
Current
Senate
Current
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225393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City%20Transit%20Police | New York City Transit Police | The New York City Transit Police Department was a law enforcement agency in New York City that existed from 1953 (with the creation of the New York City Transit Authority) to 1995, and is currently part of the NYPD. The roots of this organization go back to 1936 when Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia authorized the hiring of special patrolmen for the New York City Subway. These patrolmen eventually became officers of the Transit Police. In 1949, the department was officially divorced from the New York City Police Department, but was eventually fully re-integrated in 1995 as the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department by New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani.
In 1997, the Transit Bureau became the Transit Division within the newly formed Transportation Bureau. In July 1999, the Transit Division once again became the Transit Bureau, but remained part of the Police Department. Headquarters for the NYPD Transit Bureau are located at 130 Livingston Street in Brooklyn Heights.
History
Since the 1860s, the New York City Subway's predecessors operated lines running at grade level and on elevated structures. Between 1900 and October 27, 1904, the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) built the first subway line in Manhattan. Both the IRT and the competing Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later BMT) were privately held operators who operated city-owned subway lines. They hired their own police. However, in 1932, the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND) opened; the IND lines originally had "station supervisors" employed to police them, their names having been taken from the New York City Police Department's hiring list.
The creation of the New York City Transit Police came about on November 17, 1933, six men were sworn in as New York State Railway Police. They were unarmed but were still responsible for the safety of the passengers on the IND as well as guarding property. Two years later, 20 "station supervisors, class B" were added for police duty. Responsible for assisting in the opening and closing of doors and announcing destinations, these 26 "specials" were soon given powers of arrest, but only on the IND line. In 1937, 160 more men were added to this police force. Additionally, 3 lieutenants, 1 captain, and 1 inspector from the NYPD were assigned as supervisors. When the privately run IRT and BMT were taken over by New York City in 1940, the small patrol force on the IND line nearly doubled in size. Now part of the Civil Service system, more Transit supervisors were needed. In 1942, the first promotional exam was given for the title of "special patrolman grade 2" – or what is now known as a sergeant.
The Code of Criminal Procedure was changed in 1947 granting transit patrolmen peace officer status and by 1950, the number of "specials" reached 563. The following year, exams were held for both Transit sergeants and lieutenants. In 1953, the New York City Transit Authority came into being and assumed control over all the subway lines from the old New York City Board of Transportation.
Beginning in 1949, the question as to who should supervise the Transit Police Department was one which was carefully scrutinized over the next five years by various city officials. The issue being considered was, "Should Transit be taken over by the NYPD?" In 1955, the decision was made that the Transit Police Department would become a separate and distinctly different department, ending almost two decades of rule by the NYPD. The Civil Service Commission established a new test for transit recruits, and on April 4, the first appointments from the list were made. An NYPD lieutenant, Thomas O'Rourke, was also designated the first commanding officer of the Transit Police Department. Soon after, Lieutenant O'Rourke along with 9 others, passed the captain's exam. Captain O'Rourke was then appointed as the first chief of the new department. With crime on the rise, the number of transit officers increased so that by 1966, the Department had grown to 2,272 officers. That year, Robert H. Rapp was appointed chief by the NYC Transit Authority. Under Chief Rapp, and at the direction of the mayor, an ambitious new anti-crime program got underway. The program had a goal of assigning an officer to each of New York City's subway trains between the hours of 8:00 PM and 4:00 AM. And the Transit Police Department continued to grow. By early 1975, the department comprised nearly 3,600 members.
In 1975, a former NYPD chief inspector and sometime City Council president, Sanford Garelik, was appointed chief of the Transit Police Department. Determined to reorganize the Transit Police Department, Chief Garelik was also successful in instilling a new sense of pride and professionalism among the ranks. However, the fiscal crisis that began that year was an unexpected blow – especially to transit cops. Over the next five years, layoffs and attrition would reduce their numbers to fewer than 2,800. On September 12, 1979, in a sweeping shake up, Chief Garelik was ousted and replaced by Chief James Meehan former Chief of Personnel of NYPD. New officers would not be hired until 1980. By that time, Transit Police was a very old department personnel wise, losing many officers each month to retirement. The first recruits were hired off the list of NYPD exam # 8155 given on June 30, 1979. This first wave of new hires was historic as it contained the first female officers ever sworn into the Transit Police. This required many of the older districts to be renovated to provide locker room facilities for women. Shortly thereafter, Transit Police resumed their own exams By the early 1990s the Transit Police Department had regained all of its former strength and had increased even further.
In 1991, the Transit Police gained federal accreditation under Chief William Bratton. The department became one of only 175 law-enforcement agencies in the country and only the second in the New York State to achieve that distinction, the other being Suffolk County Police. The following year it was also accredited by the State of New York, and by 1994, there were almost 4,500 uniformed and civilian members of the department, making it the sixth-largest police force in the United States. Bratton was also responsible for upgrading the antiquated radio system, changing the service weapon to a 9mm Glock, and greatly improving the morale of the department.
Over time, however, the separation between the NYPD and the NYC Transit Police Department created more and more problems. Redundancy of units, difficulty in communications and differences in procedures all created frustration and inefficiency. As part of his mayoral campaign, candidate Rudolph Giuliani pledged to end the long-unresolved discussion and merge all three of New York City's police departments (the NYPD, the Transit Police, and the NYC Housing Authority Police Department) into a single, coordinated force. Mayor Giuliani took office on January 1, 1994, and immediately appointed William Bratton as NYPD Police Commissioner whose great expertise at police work undertook the mission to fulfill Giuliani's promise. Discussions between the city and the New York City Transit Authority which included a threat of laying off the entire Transit Police Department, produced a memorandum of understanding, and at 12:01 Am on April 2, 1995, the NYC Transit Police was consolidated with the New York City Police Department to become a new bureau within the NYPD called NYPD Transit Bureau. This consolidation is unofficially referred to by some as "The Hostile Takeover Of 95." This term originated with the Transit Police Union, as well as the members of the Transit Police who were opposed to the merger. After a reorganization of the Department in February 1997, the Transit Bureau became the Transit Division within the newly formed Transportation Bureau. In July 1999, the Transit Division once again became the Transit Bureau. The true reasoning behind the consolidation was Giuliani's desire to create one police payroll instead of three separate ones, and to bring all three police departments under his direct control. Prior to April 2, 1995, neither the Transit Police nor the Housing Police was under the purview of the police commissioner, who was in turn the direct subordinate of the mayor. While Members of the Transit Police were paid by the Transit Authority, and those of the Housing Police was paid by the Housing Authority, the funds for the payrolls did not actually come from those agencies, but were provided monthly by The City of New York. Giuliani won his quest for the consolidation by withholding the payroll funds for both police departments.
Jobs of the Transit Police
One main task of the Transit Police was its defense of the subway system from defacement. Graffiti was very prominent throughout the subway system by the mid-1980s and the city government took a hard line in response. The Transit Police, and specifically a new unit called the Vandal Squad, led by its commanding officer, Lieutenant Kenneth Chiulli, began to fine and arrest those painting graffiti. Founded in 1980, the Vandal Squad's mission was to protect the subway system from serious criminal acts of destruction like kicking out windows and throwing seats out of train cars. It was only with the Clean Car Program of 1984 that graffiti became the primary focus of this specialized unit. They also made a policy to remove any work of graffiti within 24 hours. By the end of the 1980s, the Transit Police had effectively solved the problem of graffiti in the subway system.
The Transit Police also handled both quality of life crimes and violent crime in the subway system, with uniform officers, plain clothes anti-crime, as well as a detective squad in each district. While NYPD operated out of precincts, Transit Police operated out of districts with each district covering a different part of the system. Each district had at least 1 RMP patrol car on the surface to provide rapid response to stations requiring police action, and to transport officers with prisoners to central booking, or back to the district. The typical uniformed Transit Police officer worked alone. Plain clothes officers, such as anti-crime, worked in pairs. The Decoy Squad worked in a group, with each member playing a specific role. New hires known as probationary officers were most often assigned to the Tactical Patrol Force known as TPF. The TPF was responsible strictly for train patrol. TPF officers were assigned various trains that they were responsible for during their tour. Patrol required the officers to ride the train for the entire route which meant the TPF crossed both borough lines as well as District lines. At times this caused conflict between the TPF supervisors and the local district supervisors as to who truly had jurisdiction over the TPF. To combat fare evasion, Transit Police had the Summons Squad, whose officers worked in plain clothes in pairs, with the prime objective of issuing summonses system wide for fare evasion, littering and smoking.
Prior to the 1990s, all summons issued for fare evasion were appearance tickets in criminal court. The typical penalty was $10 or 2 days. After the creation of the Transit Adjudication Bureau (TAB), summonses were primarily handled by the Transit Adjudication Bureau, a division of New York Civil Court, with the fines going back to the Transit Authority. Even then, Criminal Court summonses could still be issued in lieu of a TAB summons but the TAB summons was the preferred option to help recoup the lost revenue from fare evasion.
The Transit Police also had their own internal affairs, with field investigative officers nicknamed "The Shoo-Fly Squad" by the rank and file officers. The shoo-flys would travel throughout the subway system with the express purpose of finding officers committing any form of violation while on post and giving that officer a "complaint". A common warning that a "shoo-fly" was in a particular area would be a radio check followed by a forward and backward count to five. Civilian complaints were handled at 370 Jay Street in Brooklyn.
Other specialized Transit Police units included the Emergency Medical Rescue Unit (EMRU) which handled major emergencies on the subway system, the most common being a passenger struck by train, referred to as "man under" if the passenger was run over, "space case" if the passenger had fallen into the gap between the train and the platform, and "dragging" if the passenger had been dragged by the train. A lesser known unit was the Surface Crime Unit (Bus Squad). It consisted of about sixty officers who patrolled the NYC buses and bus depots. There was also a K9 Unit for subway patrol, Vandals Squad to combat graffiti, the Decoy Squad to target robberies, Pickpocket Squad to go after pickpockets, and a Homeless Outreach Unit that would remove homeless persons from the subway and transport them to homeless shelters where various services were offered.
Line of duty deaths
During the existence of the New York City Transit Police Department, 13 officers died in the line of duty.
See also
List of law enforcement agencies in New York
Amtrak Police Department
Utah Transit Authority Police Department
BART Police
British Transport Police
South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service
New Jersey Transit Police Department
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police
New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department
Port Authority of New York & New Jersey Police Department
Transit police
Transportation in New York City
References
External links
New York City Police Department Transit Bureau
1933 establishments in New York City
1995 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct law enforcement agencies of New York (state)
History of New York City
Transit police departments of the United States | [
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225394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%20in%20sports | 1878 in sports | 1878 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Athletics
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
American football
College championship
College football national championship – Princeton Tigers
Events
Inaugural match between Phillips Andover and Phillips Exeter, believed to be the sport's oldest high school rivalry
Association football
England
FA Cup final – The Wanderers 1–0 Royal Engineers at The Oval. The Wanderers become the first team to complete a hat trick of FA Cup wins and it is their fifth (and final) win in total.
Accrington FC, known as "Th' Owd Reds", is founded in 1878 by the town cricket club and plays at Thorneyholme Road, which remains the home of Accrington Cricket Club to the present. Accrington FC, which folds in 1896, is not the same club as Accrington Stanley, which begins in 1891 as Stanley Villa (i.e., founded by residents of Stanley Street in Accrington). In 1893, Stanley Villa decides to adopt the town's name and becomes Accrington Stanley.
Everton F.C. founded as St Domingo's, a chapel team with a pitch on Stanley Park in Liverpool. The present name is adopted the following year at a pub meeting.
Ipswich Town founded and known as Ipswich A.F.C. until 1888 when it merges with Ipswich Rugby Club to form Ipswich Town Football Club
Manchester United founded as Newton Heath Cricket & Football Club by employees of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway.
Stoke Ramblers merges with Stoke Victoria Cricket Club, and becomes Stoke Football Club (in 1928, it is renamed Stoke City).
West Bromwich Albion founded as West Bromwich Strollers by workers at Salter's Spring Works in West Bromwich. They become Albion in 1879.
Scotland
Scottish Cup final – Vale of Leven 1–0 Third Lanark
Baseball
National championship
National League champions – Boston Red Caps
Events
Harry Wright leads Boston Red Caps to another pennant, once again with brother George Wright at shortstop and Andy Leonard in the outfield. This is six wins in seven years for them all, plus their membership of the 1869–70 Cincinnati Red Stockings.
Boxing
Events
Harry Buermeyer of the New York Athletic Club became the first official amateur heavyweight boxing champion in America, while recording the first knockout at Madison Square Garden by beating George Lee of the Union Athletic Club of Boston.
A number of fights scheduled to involve one or two of Joe Goss, Paddy Ryan and John J. Dwyer are all cancelled. Goss retains his American Championship title in his weight division.
Cricket
Events
Australia makes the inaugural first-class tour of England by an overseas team. The tour is a great success but includes no Test matches.
25–27 July — Lancashire versus Gloucestershire at Old Trafford is the first time that Gloucestershire visits Old Trafford and it causes ground records to be established. The match is drawn after rain interruptions but it earns a special place because it ultimately forms the nostalgic inspiration for the famous poem At Lord's by Francis Thompson.
31 July — official formation of Northamptonshire County Cricket Club at a meeting in the George Hotel, Kettering.
England
Champion County – Middlesex and Nottinghamshire shared title
Most runs – George Ulyett 1,270 @ 27.02 (HS 109)
Most wickets – Alfred Shaw 201 @ 10.95 (BB 7–41)
Australia
Most runs – Nat Thomson 101 @ 33.66 (HS 73)
Most wickets – Edwin Evans 18 @ 10.72 (BB 6–57)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Jamie Anderson
Horse racing
England
Grand National – Shifnal
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Pilgrimage
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Pilgrimage
The Derby – Sefton
The Oaks – Jannette
St. Leger Stakes – Jannette
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Calamia
Canada
Queen's Plate – King George
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Juggler
Irish Derby Stakes – Madame duBarry
USA
Kentucky Derby – Day Star
Preakness Stakes – Duke of Magenta
Belmont Stakes – Duke of Magenta
Ice hockey
Events
The Quebec Hockey Club is founded.
Rowing
The Boat Race
13 April — Oxford wins the 35th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Other events
The Harvard–Yale Regatta moves to its permanent location on the Thames River in New London.
Rugby football
Events
Formation of Leigh RLFC and London Scottish
Skiing
On the occasion of the Exposition Universelle in Paris, the Norwegian pavilion presents a display of skis. This ancestral means of locomotion draws the attention of visitors who buy many of them. Henry Duhamel experiments with a pair at Chamrousse in the Alps.
Tennis
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Frank Hadow (GB) defeated Spencer Gore (GB) 7–5 6–1 9–7
World
The 2nd pre-open era 1878 Men's Tennis tour gets underway 6 tournaments are staged this year between 9 July – 12 October 1878.
References
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225395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20sports | 1950 in sports | 1950 in Sports describes the year's events in world sport.
Popular sports during the 1950s were badminton and soccer. Also, 1950 was a huge year for horse racing – horse racing tripled in spectators and prize pools increased.
American football
NFL Championship: the Cleveland Browns won 30–28 over the Los Angeles Rams at Cleveland Stadium
Coaches Poll established to rank top 20 American college football teams
Association football
FIFA World Cup
1950 World Cup held in Brazil. Uruguay are the winners after beating Brazil in the final group decider.
United States defeats England 1–0 in one of the great upsets in sports history
England
First Division – Portsmouth win the 1949–50 title.
FA Cup – Arsenal beat Liverpool 2–0.France Olympique Lyonnais, officially rename from Lyon Olympique on August 3.
Athletics
The 4th European Athletics Championships were held from 23 August to 27 August at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels.
Australian rules football
The Victorian Football Association began playing as an affiliated member of the Australian National Football Council and playing under the same rules as the rest of the country. This ended a decade-long schism which had begun in 1938, during which the VFA had played under its own rival set of rules under which throwing the football in general play was legalised.
Victorian Football League
Essendon wins the 54th VFL Premiership (Essendon 13.14 (92) d North Melbourne 7.12 (54))
Brownlow Medal awarded to Allan Ruthven (Fitzroy)
Baseball
The Japanese Baseball League is reorganized, creating the modern Nippon Professional Baseball.
World Series – The New York Yankees sweep the Philadelphia Phillies four games to none.
Japan Series – In the inaugural Japan Series, the Mainichi Orions defeat the Shochiku Robins 4 games to 2.
BasketballNBA Finals
Minneapolis Lakers win four games to two over the Syracuse Nats
Boxing
January – Joey Maxim wins the light-heavyweight world title, stopping champion Freddie Mills in 10 rounds.
September 27 – Ezzard Charles retains his World Heavyweight Championship with a 15-round unanimous decision over Joe Louis in New York City.
Canadian football
Grey Cup – Toronto Argonauts win 13–0 over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Cycling
Giro d'Italia – Hugo Koblet of Switzerland
Tour de France – Ferdinand Kubler of Switzerland
Vuelta a España – Emilio Rodriguez of Spain
UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race – Briek Schotte of Belgium
Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships –
Men's champion: Dick Button, United States
Ladies' champion: Aja Zanova, Czechoslovakia
Pairs skating champions: Karol Kennedy & Michael Kennedy, United States
GolfMen's professional Masters Tournament – Jimmy Demaret
U.S. Open – Ben Hogan
PGA Championship – Chandler Harper
British Open – Bobby Locke
PGA Tour money leader – Sam Snead – $35,759Men's amateur British Amateur – Frank Stranahan
U.S. Amateur – Sam UrzettaWomen's professional Thirteen women golfers found the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA).
Women's Western Open – Babe Zaharias
U.S. Women's Open – Babe Zaharias
Titleholders Championship – Babe Zaharias
Babe Zaharias named Woman Athlete of the Half–Century by the Associated Press.
LPGA Tour money leader – Babe Zaharias – $14,800
Harness racing
Little Brown Jug for pacers – Dudley Hanover
Hambletonian for trotters – Lusty Song
Australian Inter Dominion Harness Racing Championship for pacers – Captain Sandy
Horse racing
The United States National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame is founded in Saratoga Springs, New York.Steeplechases Cheltenham Gold Cup – Cottage Rake for the third successive year
Grand National – FreebooterHurdle races Champion Hurdle – Hatton's GraceFlat races Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Comic Court
Canada – Queen's Plate won by McGill
France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Tantieme
Ireland – Irish Derby won by Dark Warrior
English Triple Crown Races:
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Palestine
The Derby – Galcador
St. Leger Stakes – Scratch
United States Triple Crown Races:
Kentucky Derby – Middleground
Preakness Stakes – Hill Prince
Belmont Stakes – Middleground
Ice hockey
Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer during the regular season: Ted Lindsay, Detroit Red Wings
Hart Memorial Trophy – for the NHL's Most Valuable Player: Charlie Rayner, New York Rangers
Stanley Cup – Detroit Red Wings win 4 games to 3 over the New York Rangers
World Hockey Championship
Men's champion: Canada's Edmonton Mercurys
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship – Colorado College Tigers defeat Boston University Terriers 13–4 in Colorado Springs, Colorado
Motorsport
Nordic skiingFIS Nordic World Ski Championships 13th FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1950 are held in the United States at Lake Placid (ski jumping) and Rumford, Maine (cross-country skiing). These are the first world championships since 1939.
RowingThe Boat Race 1 April — Cambridge wins the 96th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby leagueAustralia1950 NSWRFL seasonEngland1949–50 Northern Rugby Football League season/1950–51 Northern Rugby Football League season
Rugby unionFive Nations Championship 56th Five Nations Championship series is won by Wales who complete the Grand Slam
Snooker
World Snooker Championship – Walter Donaldson beats Fred Davis 51–46.
Speed skatingSpeed Skating World Championships Men's All-round Champion – Hjalmar Andersen (Norway)
Women's All-round Champion – Maria Isakova (USSR)
TennisAustralia Australian Men's Singles Championship – Frank Sedgman (Australia) defeats Ken McGregor (Australia) 6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 6–1
Australian Women's Singles Championship – Louise Brough (USA) defeats Doris Hart (USA) 6–4, 3–6, 6–4England Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Budge Patty (USA) defeats Frank Sedgman (Australia) 6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Louise Brough Clapp (USA) defeats Margaret Osborne duPont (USA) 6–1, 3–6, 6–1 France French Men's Singles Championship – Budge Patty
French Women's Singles Championship – Doris HartUSA American Men's Singles Championship – Arthur Larsen
American Women's Singles Championship – Margaret Osborne duPont Davis Cup'''
1950 Davis Cup – 4–1 at West Side Tennis Club (grass) New York City, United States
Multi-sport events
4th British Empire Games held in Auckland, New Zealand
References
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225424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugzwang | Zugzwang | Zugzwang (German for "compulsion to move", ) is a situation found in chess and other turn-based games wherein one player is put at a disadvantage because of their obligation to make a move; a player is said to be "in zugzwang" when any legal move will worsen their position.
Although the term is used less precisely in games such as chess, it is used specifically in combinatorial game theory to denote a move that directly changes the outcome of the game from a win to a loss. Putting the opponent in zugzwang is a common way to help the superior side win a game, and in some cases it is necessary in order to make the win possible.
The term zugzwang was used in German chess literature in 1858 or earlier, and the first known use of the term in English was by World Champion Emanuel Lasker in 1905. The concept of zugzwang was known to chess players many centuries before the term was coined, appearing in an endgame study published in 1604 by Alessandro Salvio, one of the first writers on the game, and in shatranj studies dating back to the early 9th century, over 1000 years before the first known use of the term. International chess notation uses the symbol "⊙" to indicate a zugzwang position.
Positions with zugzwang occur fairly often in chess endgames, especially in king and pawn endgames. According to John Nunn, positions of reciprocal zugzwang are surprisingly important in the analysis of endgames.
Etymology
The word comes from German Zug 'move' + Zwang 'compulsion', so that Zugzwang means 'being forced to make a move'. Originally the term was used interchangeably with the term zugpflicht 'obligation to make a move' as a general game rule. Games like chess and checkers have "zugzwang" (or "zugpflicht"): a player must always make a move on their turn even if this is to their disadvantage. Over time, the term became especially associated with chess.
According to chess historian Edward Winter, the term had been in use in German chess circles in the 19th century.Pages 353–358 of the September 1858 Deutsche Schachzeitung had an unsigned article "Zugzwang, Zugwahl und Privilegien". Friedrich Amelung employed the terms Zugzwang, Tempozwang and Tempozugzwang on pages 257–259 of the September 1896 issue of the same magazine. When a perceived example of zugzwang occurred in the third game of the 1896–97 world championship match between Steinitz and Lasker, after 34...Rg8, the Deutsche Schachzeitung (December 1896, page 368) reported that "White has died of zugzwang".
The earliest known use of the term zugzwang in English was on page 166 of the February 1905 issue of Lasker's Chess Magazine. The term did not become common in English-language chess sources until the 1930s, after the publication of the English translation of Nimzowitsch's My System in 1929.
History
The concept of zugzwang, if not the term, must have been known to players for many centuries. Zugzwang is required to win the elementary (and common) king and rook versus king endgame, and the king and rook (or differently-named pieces with the same powers) have been chess pieces since the earliest versions of the game.
Other than basic checkmates, the earliest published use of zugzwang may be in this study by Zairab Katai, which was published sometime between 813 and 833, discussing shatranj. After
1. Re3 Ng1
2. Kf5 Kd4
3. Kf4
puts Black in zugzwang, since 3...Kc4 4.Kg3 Kd4 5.Re1 and White wins.
The concept of zugzwang is also seen in the 1585 endgame study by Giulio Cesare Polerio, published in 1604 by Alessandro Salvio, one of the earliest writers on the game. The only way for White to win is 1.Ra1 Kxa1 2.Kc2, placing Black in zugzwang. The only legal move is 2...g5, whereupon White promotes a pawn first and then checkmates with 3.hxg5 h4 4.g6 h3 5.g7 h2 6.g8=Q h1=Q 7.Qg7#.
Joseph Bertin refers to zugzwang in The Noble Game of Chess (1735), wherein he documents 19 rules about chess play. His 18th rule is: "To play well the latter end of a game, you must calculate who has the move, on which the game always depends."
François-André Danican Philidor wrote in 1777 of the position illustrated that after White plays 36.Kc3, Black "is obliged to move his rook from his king, which gives you an opportunity of taking his rook by a double check [sic], or making him mate". Lasker explicitly cited a mirror image of this position (White: king on f3, queen on h4; Black: king on g1, rook on g2) as an example of zugzwang in Lasker's Manual of Chess. The British master George Walker analyzed a similar position in the same endgame, giving a maneuver (triangulation) that resulted in the superior side reaching the initial position, but now with the inferior side on move and in zugzwang. Walker wrote of the superior side's decisive move: "throwing the move upon Black, in the initial position, and thereby winning".
Paul Morphy is credited with composing the position illustrated "while still a young boy". After 1.Ra6, Black is in zugzwang and must allow mate on the next move with 1...bxa6 2.b7# or 1...B (moves) 2.Rxa7#.
Zugzwang in chess
There are three types of chess positions:
each side would benefit if it were their turn to move
only one player would be at a disadvantage if it were their turn to move
both players would be at a disadvantage if it were their turn to move.
The great majority of positions are of the first type. In chess literature, most writers call positions of the second type zugzwang, and the third type reciprocal zugzwang or mutual zugzwang. Some writers call the second type a squeeze and the third type zugzwang.
Normally in chess, having tempo is desirable because the player who is to move has the advantage of being able to choose a move that improves their situation. Zugzwang typically occurs when "the player to move cannot do anything without making an important concession".
Zugzwang most often occurs in the endgame when the number of pieces, and so the number of possible moves, is reduced, and the exact move chosen is often critical. The first diagram shows the simplest possible example of zugzwang. If it is White's move, they must either stalemate Black with 1.Kc6 or abandon the pawn, allowing 1...Kxc7 with a draw. If it is Black's move, the only legal move is 1...Kb7, which allows White to win with 2.Kd7 followed by queening the pawn on the next move.
The second diagram is another simple example. Black, on move, must allow White to play Kc5 or Ke5, when White wins one or more pawns and can advance their own pawn toward promotion. White, on move, must retreat their king, when Black is out of danger. The squares d4 and d6 are corresponding squares. Whenever the white king is on d4 with White to move, the black king must be on d6 to prevent the advance of the white king.
In many cases, the player having the move can put the other player in zugzwang by using triangulation. This often occurs in king and pawn endgames. Pieces other than the king can also triangulate to achieve zugzwang, such as in the Philidor position. Zugzwang is a mainstay of chess compositions and occurs frequently in endgame studies.
Examples from games
Fischer versus Taimanov, second match game
Some zugzwang positions occurred in the second game of the 1971 candidates match between Bobby Fischer and Mark Taimanov. In the position in the diagram, Black is in zugzwang because he would rather not move, but he must: a king move would lose the knight, while a knight move would allow the passed pawn to advance. The game continued:
85... Nf3
86. h6 Ng5
87. Kg6
and Black is again in zugzwang. The game ended shortly (because the pawn will slip through and promote):
87... Nf3
88. h7 Ne5+
89. Kf6 1–0
Fischer versus Taimanov, fourth match game
In the position on the right, White has just gotten his king to a6, where it attacks the black pawn on b6, tying down the black king to defend it. White now needs to get his bishop to f7 or e8 to attack the pawn on g6. Play continued:
57... Nc8
58. Bd5 Ne7
59. Bc4! Nc6
60. Bf7 Ne7
Now the bishop is able to make a tempo move. It is able to move while still attacking the pawn on g6, and preventing the black king from moving to c6.
61. Be8
and Black is in zugzwang. Knights are unable to lose a tempo, so moving the knight would allow the bishop to capture the pawns. The black king must give way.
61... Kd8
62. Bxg6! Nxg6
63. Kxb6 Kd7
64. Kxc5
and White has a won position. Either one of White's pawns will promote or the white king will attack and win the black kingside pawns and a kingside pawn will promote. Black resigned seven moves later. Andy Soltis says that this is "perhaps Fischer's most famous endgame".
Tseshkovsky versus Flear, 1988
This position from a 1988 game between Vitaly Tseshkovsky and Glenn Flear at Wijk aan Zee shows an instance of "zugzwang" where the obligation to move makes the defense more difficult, but it does not mean the loss of the game. A draw by agreement was reached eleven moves later.
Reciprocal zugzwang
A special case of zugzwang is reciprocal zugzwang or mutual zugzwang, which is a position such that whoever is to move is in zugzwang. Studying positions of reciprocal zugzwang is in the analysis of endgames. A position of mutual zugzwang is closely related to a game with a Conway value of zero in game theory.
In a position with reciprocal zugzwang, only the player to move is actually in zugzwang. However, the player who is not in zugzwang must play carefully because one inaccurate move can cause them to be put in zugzwang. That is in contrast to regular zugzwang, because the superior side usually has a waiting move to put the opponent in zugzwang.
The diagram on the right shows a position of reciprocal zugzwang. If Black is to move, 1... Kd7 is forced, which loses because White will move 2. Kb7, promote the pawn, and win. If White is to move the result is a draw as White must either stalemate Black with 1. Kc6 or allow Black to the pawn. Since each side would be in zugzwang if it were their move, it is a reciprocal zugzwang.
Trébuchet
An extreme type of reciprocal zugzwang, called trébuchet, is shown in the diagram. It is also called a full-point mutual zugzwang because it will result in a loss for the player in zugzwang, resulting in a full point for the opponent. Whoever is to move in this position must abandon their own pawn, thus allowing the opponent to capture it and proceed to promote their own pawn, resulting in an easily winnable position.
Mined squares
Corresponding squares are squares of mutual zugzwang. When there is only one pair of corresponding squares, they are called mined squares. A player will fall into zugzwang if they move their king onto the square and their opponent is able to move onto the corresponding square. In the diagram on the right, if either king moves onto the square marked with the dot of the same color, it falls into zugzwang if the other king moves into the mined square near them.
Zugzwang helps the defense
Zugzwang usually works in favor of the stronger side, but sometimes it aids the defense. In this position based on a game between Zoltán Varga and Peter Acs, it saves the game for the defense:
1... Kc4!!
Reciprocal zugzwang.
2. Nc3 Kb4
Reciprocal zugzwang again.
3. Kd3 Bg7
Reciprocal zugzwang again.
4. Kc2 Bh6
5. Kd3 Bg7
6. Nd5+ Kxa4
7. Ke4 Kb5
8. Kf5 Kc5
9. Kg6 Bd4
10. Nf4 Kd6
11. h6 Ke7
12. h7 Bb2
This position is a draw and the players agreed to a draw a few moves later.
Zugzwang in the middlegame and complex endgames
Alex Angos notes that, "As the number of pieces on the board increases, the probability for zugzwang to occur decreases." As such, zugzwang is very rarely seen in the middlegame.
Sämisch versus Nimzowitsch
The game Fritz Sämisch versus Aron Nimzowitsch, Copenhagen 1923, is often called the "Immortal Zugzwang Game". According to Nimzowitsch, writing in the Wiener Schachzeitung in 1925, this term originated in "Danish chess circles". Some consider the final position to be an extremely rare instance of zugzwang occurring in the middlegame. It ended with White resigning in the position in the diagram.
White has a few pawn moves which do not lose material, but eventually he will have to move one of his pieces. If he plays 1.Rc1 or Rd1, then 1...Re2 traps White's queen; 1.Kh2 fails to 1...R5f3, also trapping the queen, since White cannot play 2.Bxf3 because the bishop is pinned to the king; 1.g4 runs into 1...R5f3 2.Bxf3? Rh2 mate. Angos analyzes 1.a3 a5 2.axb4 axb4 3.h4 Kh8 (waiting) 4.b3 Kg8 and White has run out of waiting moves and must lose material. Best in this line is 5.Nc3!? bxc3 6.Bxc3, which just leaves Black with a serious positional advantage and an extra pawn. Other moves lose material in more obvious ways.
However, since Black would win even without the zugzwang, it is debatable whether the position is true zugzwang. Even if White could pass his move he would still lose, albeit more slowly, after 1...R5f3 2.Bxf3 Rxf3, trapping the queen and thus winning queen and bishop for two rooks. Wolfgang Heidenfeld thus considers it a misnomer to call this a true zugzwang position. See also Immortal Zugzwang Game: Objections to the sobriquet.
Steinitz versus Lasker
This game between Wilhelm Steinitz versus Emanuel Lasker in the 1896–97 World Chess Championship, is an early example of zugzwang in the middlegame. After Lasker's 34...Re8–g8!, Steinitz had no moves, and resigned. White's bishop cannot move because that would allow the crushing ...Rg2+. The queen cannot move without abandoning either its defense of the bishop on g5 or of the g2 square, where it is preventing ...Qg2#. White's move 35.f6 loses the bishop: 35...Rxg5 36. f7 Rg2+, forcing mate. The move 35.Kg1 allows 35...Qh1+ 36.Kf2 Qg2+ followed by capturing the bishop. The rook cannot leave the first , as that would allow 35...Qh1#. Rook moves along the first rank other than 35.Rg1 allow 35...Qxf5, when 36.Bxh4 is impossible because of 36...Rg2+; for example, 35.Rd1 Qxf5 36.d5 Bd7, winning. That leaves only 35.Rg1, when Black wins with 35...Rxg5! 36.Qxg5 (36.Rxg5? Qh1#) Qd6+ 37.Rg3 hxg3+ 38.Qxg3 Be8 39.h4 Qxg3+ 40.Kxg3 b5! 41.axb5 a4! and Black queens first. Colin Crouch calls the final position, "An even more perfect middlegame zugzwang than ... Sämisch–Nimzowitsch ... in the final position Black has no direct threats, and no clear plan to improve the already excellent positioning of his pieces, and yet any move by White loses instantly".
Podgaets versus Dvoretsky
Soltis writes that his "candidate for the ideal zugzwang game" is the following game , Podgaets–Dvoretsky, USSR 1974: 1. d4 c5 2. d5 e5 3. e4 d6 4. Nc3 Be7 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. h3 Bxf3 7. Qxf3 Bg5! 8. Bb5+ Kf8! Black exchanges off his , but does not allow White to do the same. 9. Bxg5 Qxg5 10. h4 Qe7 11. Be2 h5 12. a4 g6 13. g3 Kg7 14. 0-0 Nh6 15. Nd1 Nd7 16. Ne3 Rhf8 17. a5 f5 18. exf5 e4! 19. Qg2 Nxf5 20. Nxf5+ Rxf5 21. a6 b6 22. g4? hxg4 23. Bxg4 Rf4 24. Rae1 Ne5! 25. Rxe4 Rxe4 26. Qxe4 Qxh4 27. Bf3 Rf8!! 28. Bh1 28.Qxh4? Nxf3+ and 29...Nxh4 leaves Black a piece ahead. 28... Ng4 29. Qg2 (first diagram) Rf3!! 30. c4 Kh6!! (second diagram) Now all of White's piece moves allow checkmate or ...Rxf2 with a crushing attack (e.g. 31.Qxf3 Qh2#; 31.Rb1 Rxf2 32.Qxg4 Qh2#). That leaves only moves of White's b-pawn, which Black can ignore, e.g. 31.b3 Kg7 32.b4 Kh6 33.bxc5 bxc5 and White has run out of moves. 0–1
Fischer versus Rossetto
In this 1959 game between future World Champion Bobby Fischer and Héctor Rossetto, 33.Bb3! puts Black in zugzwang. If Black moves the king, White plays Rb8, winning a piece (...Rxc7 Rxf8); if Black moves the rook, 33...Ra8 or Re8, then 34.c8=Q+ and the black rook will be lost after 35.Qxa8, 35.Qxe8 or 35.Rxe7+ (depending on Black's move); if Black moves the knight, Be6 will win Black's rook. That leaves only pawn moves, and they quickly run out. The game concluded:
33... a5
34. a4 h6
35. h3 g5
36. g4 fxg4
37. hxg4 1–0
Zugzwang Lite
Jonathan Rowson coined the term Zugzwang Lite to describe a situation, sometimes arising in symmetrical opening variations, where White's "extra move" is a burden. He cites as an example of this phenomenon in Hodgson versus Arkell at Newcastle 2001. The position at left arose after 1. c4 c5 2. g3 g6 3. Bg2 Bg7 4. Nc3 Nc6 5. a3 a6 6. Rb1 Rb8 7. b4 cxb4 8. axb4 b5 9. cxb5 axb5 (see diagram). Here Rowson remarks, Both sides want to push their d-pawn and play Bf4/...Bf5, but White has to go first so Black gets to play ...d5 before White can play d4. This doesn't matter much, but it already points to the challenge that White faces here; his most natural continuations allow Black to play the moves he wants to. I would therefore say that White is in 'Zugzwang Lite' and that he remains in this state for several moves. The game continued 10. Nf3 d5 11. d4 Nf6 12. Bf4 Rb6 13. 0-0 Bf5 14. Rb3 0-0 15. Ne5 Ne4 16. h3 h5!? 17. Kh2. The position is still almost symmetrical, and White can find nothing useful to do with his extra move. Rowson whimsically suggests 17.h4!?, forcing Black to be the one to break the symmetry. 17... Re8! Rowson notes that this is a useful waiting move, covering e7, which needs protection in some lines, and possibly supporting an eventual ...e5 (as Black in fact played on his 22nd move). White cannot copy it, since after 18.Re1? Nxf2 Black would win a pawn. After 18. Be3?! Nxe5! 19. dxe5 Rc6! Black seized the initiative and went on to win in 14 more moves.
Another instance of Zugzwang Lite occurred in Lajos Portisch versus Mikhail Tal, Candidates Match 1965, again from the Symmetrical Variation of the English Opening, after 1. Nf3 c5 2. c4 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. g3 g6 5. Bg2 Bg7 6. 0-0 0-0 7. d3 a6 8. a3 Rb8 9. Rb1 b5 10. cxb5 axb5 11. b4 cxb4 12. axb4 d6 13. Bd2 Bd7 (see diagram). Soltis wrote, "It's ridiculous to think Black's position is better. But Mikhail Tal said it is easier to play. By moving second he gets to see White's move and then decide whether to match it." 14. Qc1 Here, Soltis wrote that Black could maintain equality by keeping the symmetry: 14...Qc8 15.Bh6 Bh3. Instead, he plays to prove that White's queen is misplaced by breaking the symmetry. 14... Rc8! 15. Bh6 Nd4! Threatening 15...Nxe2+. 16. Nxd4 Bxh6 17. Qxh6 Rxc3 18. Qd2 Qc7 19. Rfc1 Rc8 Although the pawn structure is still symmetrical, Black's control of the gives him the advantage. Black ultimately reached an endgame two pawns up, but White managed to hold a draw in 83 moves. See First-move advantage in chess#Symmetrical openings for more details.
Zugzwang required to win
Soltis listed some endgames in which zugzwang is required to win:
King and rook versus king
King and two bishops versus king
King, bishop, and knight versus king
Queen versus rook
Queen versus knight
Queen versus two bishops
Queen versus two knights.
The ending of king and pawn versus king also generally requires zugzwang to win.
See also
Corresponding squares
Forced move
Hearts (card game)
Key square
Null-move heuristic
Seki
Zwischenzug
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Levitsky vs. Frank James Marshall 1912
Chess terminology
Chess tactics
Chess theory
Game theory
German words and phrases
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] |
225431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Privy%20Seal | Lord Privy Seal | The Lord Privy Seal (or, more formally, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal) is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. Originally, its holder was responsible for the monarch's personal (privy) seal (as opposed to the Great Seal of the Realm, which is in the care of the Lord Chancellor) until the use of such a seal became obsolete. The office is currently one of the traditional sinecure offices of state or may be referred to as Minister without Portfolio. Today, the holder of the office is invariably given a seat in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
Though one of the oldest offices in European governments, it has no particular function today because the use of a privy seal has been obsolete for centuries; thus the office has generally been used as a kind of minister without portfolio. Since the premiership of Clement Attlee, the position of Lord Privy Seal has frequently been combined with that of Leader of the House of Lords or Leader of the House of Commons. The office of Lord Privy Seal, unlike those of Leader of the Lords or Commons, is eligible for a ministerial salary under the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975. The office does not confer membership of the House of Lords, leading to Ernest Bevin's remark on holding this office that he was "neither a Lord, nor a Privy, nor a Seal".
During the reign of Edward I, prior to 1307, the Privy Seal was kept by the Controller of the Wardrobe. The Lord Privy Seal was the president of the Court of Requests during its existence.
List of Lord Keepers of the Privy Seal
Lord Keepers of the Privy Seal (c. 1307–1714)
Lord Keepers of the Privy Seal (1714–present)
Notes
Other countries
Keeper of the seals of France
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan
Keeper of the Rulers' Seal of Malaysia
See also
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Keeper of the seals
Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
Lord Privy Seal (term), as used in the television news business
Citations
References
Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom
Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
Lists of British people
1307 establishments in England | [
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225441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Deliverance%20Church%20of%20God%20in%20Christ | Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ | Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ is a Pentecostal church located in Memphis, Tennessee. It was founded March 6, 1975 by the late Bishop Gilbert E. Patterson. The church's current pastor is Milton Hawkins. The Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ is one of the largest churches in the city of Memphis and the Church of God in Christ denomination.
History
G. E. Patterson founded the Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ as the Bountiful Blessings Temple of Deliverance in 1975. The Church became affiliated with the Church of God in Christ in 1988.
Gilbert Earl Patterson was born September 22, 1939 in the parsonage next door to the Church of God in Christ in Humboldt, Tennessee. He was the son of the late Bishop William Archie Patterson Sr. and Mary Louise Patterson. He was the brother of the late Elder William Archie Patterson Jr., Evangelist Mary Alice Patterson Hawkins, Supervisor Lee Ella Patterson Smith, and Evangelist Barbara Patterson Davis. He became a Christian in May 1951 at age 11 at Holy Temple Church of God in Christ in Memphis, where his father was the pastor. At that time, a revival was being held by Elder Johnny Brown.
In May 1952, the Patterson family moved to Detroit, Michigan. While in Detroit, at age 16 Patterson received the baptism in the Holy Ghost on September 16, 1956 at his father’s church (New Jerusalem Church of God in Christ). One month later young Patterson also felt called to the ministry, and he preached his first sermon on January 22, 1957. The sermon text was Isaiah 59:9; his subject was “We Wait For Light, But We Walk In Darkness”. He was licensed by his father in March 1957, and ordained by Bishop J. S. Bailey on August 28, 1958.
In Detroit Patterson graduated from Hutchins Intermediate and Central High School, and attended the Detroit Bible Institute. As a teenager Patterson was a choir member, lead singer in the New Jerusalem Ensemble and a part-time national evangelist. While still a teenager, he spoke at the National Holy Convocation of the Church of God in Christ and the International Youth Congress. On two occasions, he preached before Bishop C. H. Mason.
In December 1961 Patterson returned to Memphis as co-pastor of Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, and to attend LeMoyne College. At that time, Holy Temple had 80 adult members and only a few children. From December 1961 to June 1964, Holy Temple experienced no growth. However, in June Patterson led the congregation in three days and nights of abstinence, fasting and prayer. This was followed in July with a 30-day tent revival, held two blocks from the church. During the revival, 55 new members were added to the church. In 1965, Patterson became known as "God’s young apostle" because of his ability to gather large crowds. At that time, he also planned to establish missions and organize churches. He continued as co-pastor of Holy Temple, and the church grew between July 1964 and December 1974.
In 1969, following the death of Tennessee Bishop A. B. McEwen Sr., a rift began in the Patterson family. Many pastors in western Tennessee wanted Patterson’s father to return from Detroit to full-time service in Memphis as the bishop of West Tennessee. Presiding Bishop J. O. Patterson refused, using the Catholic Church as his example. He felt that the Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ should be the bishop of Memphis, as the Pope is bishop of Rome. Gilbert Patterson attempted to champion his father's cause, but failed. During the Convocation of 1974 the General Board supported the Presiding Bishop, and prepared to move against Bishop W. A. Patterson, Sr. and his son to remove them from Holy Temple. In an effort to end the feud and any further efforts against his father, Gilbert Patterson resigned from Holy Temple effective February 23, 1975.
In the meantime Gilbert Patterson purchased and remodeled the Mt. Vernon Baptist Church on Mississippi Boulevard, and opened Temple of Deliverance, the Cathedral of Bountiful Blessings, on March 2, 1975. On that day, 436 people joined the church from every denomination and religious organization in Memphis. The congregation outgrew the church almost immediately. In less than three years church membership grew to over 2,000, and immediate plans were made to build a larger place of worship. On October 8, 1978 (three years and seven months after its opening), Temple of Deliverance entered its new building. At a cost of $1.2 million, it was the first church built by African Americans in Memphis at a cost more than a million dollars. By 1984, the 1,200-seat sanctuary could no longer accommodate the 11:00 am worshippers. After filling chairs in the aisles the crowd frequently overflowed into the fellowship hall downstairs, where the worship could be viewed on a closed-circuit television screen. On July 5, 1987, Bishop C. D. Owens dedicated a new wing, seating approximately 600.
In September 1986, during a telephone conversation with his uncle, Presiding Bishop J. O. Patterson expressed a desire to see his nephew return to active membership in the Church of God in Christ. As a result of that conversation, the Presiding Bishop had Gilbert Patterson’s name added to the General Board’s agenda for the Convocation of 1986. Many board members had waited for this day, hoping for Patterson’s return. Board members such as O. T. Jones Jr., F. D. Washington, J. D. Husband, LeRoy Anderson and C. D. Owens were supporters; the most vocal was Patterson’s lifelong friend, Bishop Chandler D. Owens (who had not yielded to pressure to break ties with Patterson). During the November 1986 General Board meeting, the board voted 11–0 to invite Patterson to return to active ministry in the Church of God in Christ as a Jurisdictional Bishop in Memphis. The meeting was chaired by Bishop L.H. Ford, in the presiding bishop's absence. Therefore, the general board's November 1986 action was not executed by Bishop J. O. Patterson Sr. until January 29, 1988 at the Bishops' Conference in Jacksonville, Florida.
Bishop G. E. Patterson was elected to the General Board in 1992, and reelected in 1996. After conceding the last election for Presiding Bishop (which he lost by one vote), he was elected on November 14, 2000 by more than 900 votes. In 2005, Patterson announced that he was battling prostate cancer. Patterson died on March 20, 2007 at Methodist University Hospital in Memphis.
Ministerial design
Bountiful Blessing Television Broadcasts
It is the home church of the former Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ. Its services are carried on satellite by Black Entertainment Television, Trinity Broadcast Network and The Word Network. The church also owns radio station WBBP (1480 kHz) and Podium Records.
References
External links
Pentecostal churches in Tennessee
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Megachurches in Virginia
Christian organizations established in 1975
Churches in Memphis, Tennessee
1975 establishments in Tennessee | [
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225443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Edward%20Blake%20Sr. | Charles Edward Blake Sr. | Charles Edward Blake Sr. (born August 5, 1940) was the Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ, an 6 million-member Holiness Pentecostal denomination, that has now grown to become one of the largest predominantly African American Pentecostal denominations in the United States. On March 21, 2007, he became the Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ, Inc., as a result of Presiding Bishop Gilbert E. Patterson's death. In a November 2007 special election, he was elected to complete the unexpired term of his predecessor as Presiding Bishop. In November 2008, Bishop Blake was re-elected to serve a four-year term as Presiding Bishop. In November 2012, Bishop Blake was re-elected again to serve a four-year term as the Presiding Bishop. He was reelected to a third term as Presiding Bishop on November 15, 2016. On October 23, 2020, Bishop Blake announced that he would not seek a re-election as Presiding Bishop nor as a member of the General Board and that he would retire from the Office of Presiding Bishop and from the General Board in 2021. He officially retired on March 19, 2021, and was succeeded by Bishop J. Drew Sheard, Sr. as Presiding Bishop on March 20, 2021.
Blake was the fifth Presiding Bishop (and seventh leader) of the historically African-American denomination from 2007 to 2021. From 1985 until 2009, he was the Jurisdictional Prelate of the First Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of Southern California, overseeing more than 250 churches that compose the jurisdiction. He was succeeded by Bishop Joe L. Ealy.
Bishop Blake is married to Mae Lawrence Blake, a native of Michigan, and they have three children together, Charles Blake II (Jr.), Lawrence Blake, and Kimberly Blake, and they have eight grandchildren.
Biography
Bishop Blake is the pastor of the West Angeles Church of God in Christ (COGIC), one of the largest churches in the Western United States, with a membership of over 24,000, starting with only 50 members in 1969 when he became pastor.
In 1982, he was selected by Ebony magazine as one of the 15 "Greatest Preachers in America". Since 2007, Ebony has recognized Bishop Blake annually, as one of the 100+ most influential African Americans. Blake penned articles for Ebony and Christianity Today noting the importance of the Black churches influence on presidential elections.
He was a member of the General Board of COGIC from 1988 until 2021.
Bishop Blake is an ardent advocate of education and academic excellence, who holds multiple academic and honorary degrees, from various educational institutions. Most recently, Biola University, conferred an honorary doctorate upon him on June 12, 2010.
In response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in Africa, Blake founded and is president of the Pan African Children's Fund (PACF). Save Africa's Children, a program of PACF, currently provides support to over 220 orphanages throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
He was the founding Chair of the Board of Directors for, and has served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, and as a Board Member of the Board of Directors for the Interdenominational Theological Seminary. Blake has served as Chair of the Executive Committee, member of the Board of Directors of Oral Roberts University, and as a member of the Board of Directors of International Charismatic Bible Ministries.
Blake has also formerly served as an Advisory Committee Member of the Pentecostal World Conference, and as the founder and Co-chair of the Los Angeles Ecumenical Congress (LAEC), an interdenominational coalition of religious leaders and pastors. He has also been awarded the Salvation Army's William Booth Award, the Greenlining Institute's Big Heart Award, and was the designated recipient of the L.A. Urban League's Whitney M. Young Award for the year 2000. In 2009 he was appointed as a member of Barack Obama's Inaugural Advisory Council of the Office of Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships where he served for one year on the council. In 2016, Bishop Blake was appointed as the Co-Chairperson to the leadership council of the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America. On November 15, 2016, Bishop Blake was reelected as the Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ during the 2016 COGIC Election held by the COGIC General Assembly to a third four-year term. On October 23, 2020, Bishop Blake announced that he will not seek re-election as Presiding Bishop nor as a member of the General Board. He officially retired on March 19, 2021, and was succeeded by Bishop J. Drew Sheard, Sr. as Presiding Bishop on March 20, 2021.
Controversy
In 2014, at the St. Louis, MO COGIC International Holy Convocation, former COGIC Minister and Elder Earl Carter preached a controversial sermon on Saturday night that contained statements against the LGBTQ community that were taken as offensive and derogatory. Bishop Blake subsequently apologized for his remarks and rebuked him for his controversial statements by saying, "The Church of God in Christ does not compromise its stance against homosexuality as the Word of God condemns it as sin, but "this preacher's" (referring to Earl Carter) comments were unacceptably offensive and uncalled for, and will not be tolerated by the Church of God in Christ or its leadership." Earl Carter then proceeded to make allegations against Blake for impropriety, misconduct, and abuse of his power as Presiding Bishop. Countless church leaders across the COGIC and across several other denominations, and Bishop Blake's own family came to his defense against Carter's allegations boldly and without reservation. Elder Carter requested a Church trial before the General Assembly and Judicial Board, according to the Constitution of the COGIC, but was denied of it in 2016. He currently delivers YouTube and Facebook broadcasts of reports of alleged misconduct and impropriety within current leadership of COGIC and across other Christian (mainly African-American) denominations as well. Earl Carter has, since the incident, also left the Church of God in Christ denomination. Bishop Blake won a defamation lawsuit in 2016 against Earl Carter, who was ordered to remove all defamatory videos and to cease and desist from further conduct disparaging Bishop Blake. Carter was found in contempt of court for failing to obey the court order and was jailed until he removed all videos and agreed to comply. Elder Carter, upon being released, assumed the title and office of Bishop/Chief CEO of his newly organized nondenominational church fellowship, the 7000 Club (not to be confused with The 700 Club from Pat Robertson). Minister Carter continues to publish YouTube videos critical of COGIC church members.
References
External links
Church of God in Christ
West Angeles Church of God in Christ
Succession of Church of God in Christ Leaders
American bishops
American Pentecostal pastors
Members of the Church of God in Christ
Living people
1940 births
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
People from North Little Rock, Arkansas
People from Los Angeles County, California
Presiding Bishops of the Church of God in Christ
American television evangelists
African-American television personalities
Church of God in Christ pastors
Pentecostal theologians
Interdenominational Theological Center alumni
Oral Roberts University people | [
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225445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage%20Act%20of%201917 | Espionage Act of 1917 | The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law enacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War & National Defense) but is now found under Title 18 (Crime & Criminal Procedure). Specifically, it is ( et seq.)
It was intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of United States enemies during wartime. In 1919, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled through Schenck v. United States that the act did not violate the freedom of speech of those convicted under its provisions. The constitutionality of the law, its relationship to free speech, and the meaning of its language have been contested in court ever since.
Among those charged with offenses under the Act are German-American socialist congressman and newspaper editor Victor L. Berger, labor leader and five-time Socialist Party of America candidate, Eugene V. Debs, anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, former Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society president Joseph Franklin Rutherford, communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg, Cablegate whistleblower Chelsea Manning, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, Defense Intelligence Agency employee Henry Kyle Frese, and National Security Agency (NSA) contractor and whistleblower Edward Snowden. Rutherford's conviction was overturned on appeal. Although the most controversial sections of the Act, a set of amendments commonly called the Sedition Act of 1918, were repealed on December 13, 1920, the original Espionage Act was left intact.
Enactment
The Espionage Act of 1917 was passed, along with the Trading with the Enemy Act, just after the United States entered World War I in April 1917. It was based on the Defense Secrets Act of 1911, especially the notions of obtaining or delivering information relating to "national defense" to a person who was not "entitled to have it". The Espionage Act law imposed much stiffer penalties than the 1911 law, including the death penalty.
President Woodrow Wilson, in his December 7, 1915 State of the Union address, asked Congress for the legislation:
Congress moved slowly. Even after the U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Germany, when the Senate passed a version on February 20, 1917, the House did not vote before the then-current session of Congress ended. After the declaration of war in April 1917, both houses debated versions of the Wilson administration's drafts that included press censorship. That provision aroused opposition, with critics charging it established a system of "prior restraint" and delegated unlimited power to the president. After weeks of intermittent debate, the Senate removed the censorship provision by a one-vote margin, voting 39 to 38. Wilson still insisted it was needed: "Authority to exercise censorship over the press....is absolutely necessary to the public safety", but signed the Act without the censorship provisions on June 15, 1917, after Congress passed the act on the same day.
Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory supported passage of the act but viewed it as a compromise. The President's Congressional rivals were proposing to remove responsibility for monitoring pro-German activity, whether espionage or some form of disloyalty, from the Department of Justice to the War Department and creating a form of courts-martial of doubtful constitutionality. The resulting Act was far more aggressive and restrictive than they wanted, but it silenced citizens opposed to the war. Officials in the Justice Department who had little enthusiasm for the law nevertheless hoped that even without generating many prosecutions it would help quiet public calls for more government action against those thought to be insufficiently patriotic. Wilson was denied language in the Act authorizing power to the executive branch for press censorship, but Congress did include a provision to block distribution of print materials through the Post Office.
It made it a crime:
To convey information with the intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote its enemies' success. This was punishable by death or imprisonment for not more than 30 years or both.
To convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies when the United States is at war, to cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or to willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States. This was punishable by a maximum fine of $10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than 20 years or both.
The Act also gave the Postmaster General authority to impound or refuse to mail publications the postmaster determined to violate its prohibitions.
The Act also forbids the transfer of any naval vessel equipped for combat to any nation engaged in a conflict in which the United States is neutral. Seemingly uncontroversial when the Act was passed, this later became a legal stumbling block for the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, when he sought to provide military aid to Great Britain before the United States entered World War II.
Amendments
The law was extended on May 16, 1918, by the Sedition Act of 1918, actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act, which prohibited many forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States ... or the flag of the United States, or the uniform of the Army or Navy".
Because the Sedition Act was an informal name, court cases were brought under the name of the Espionage Act, whether the charges were based on the provisions of the Espionage Act or the provisions of the amendments known informally as the Sedition Act.
On March 3, 1921, the Sedition Act amendments were repealed, but many provisions of the Espionage Act remain, codified under U.S.C. Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 37.
In 1933, after signals intelligence expert Herbert Yardley published a popular book about breaking Japanese codes, the Act was amended to prohibit the disclosure of foreign code or anything sent in code. The Act was amended in 1940 to increase the penalties it imposed, and again in 1970.
In the late 1940s, the U.S. Code was re-organized and much of Title 50 (War) was moved to Title 18 (Crime). The McCarran Internal Security Act added in 1950 and was added the same year.
In 1961, Congressman Richard Poff succeeded after several attempts in removing language that restricted the Act's application to territory "within the jurisdiction of the United States, on the high seas, and within the United States" . He said the need for the Act to apply everywhere was prompted by Irvin C. Scarbeck, a State Department official who was charged with yielding to blackmail threats in Poland.
Proposed amendments
In 1989, Congressman James Traficant tried to amend to broaden the application of the death penalty. Senator Arlen Specter proposed a comparable expansion of the use of the death penalty the same year. In 1994, Robert K. Dornan proposed the death penalty for the disclosure of a U.S. agent's identity.
History
World War I
Much of the Act's enforcement was left to the discretion of local United States Attorneys, so enforcement varied widely. For example, Socialist Kate Richards O'Hare gave the same speech in several states but was convicted and sentenced to prison for five years for delivering her speech in North Dakota. Most enforcement activities occurred in the Western states where the Industrial Workers of the World was active. Finally, a few weeks before the end of the war, the U.S. Attorney General instructed U.S. Attorneys not to act without his approval.
A year after the Act's passage, Eugene V. Debs, Socialist Party presidential candidate in 1904, 1908, and 1912 was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for making a speech that "obstructed recruiting". He ran for president again in 1920 from prison. President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921 when he had served nearly five years.
In United States v. Motion Picture Film (1917), a federal court upheld the government's seizure of a film called The Spirit of '76 on the grounds that its depiction of cruelty on the part of British soldiers during the American Revolution would undermine support for America's wartime ally. The producer, Robert Goldstein, a Jew of German origins, was prosecuted under Title XI of the Act and received a ten-year sentence plus a fine of $5000. The sentence was commuted on appeal to three years.
Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson and those in his department played critical roles in the enforcement of the Act. He held his position because he was a Democratic party loyalist and close to the President and the Attorney General. When the Department of Justice numbered its investigators in the dozens, the Post Office had a nationwide network in place. The day after the Act became law, Burleson sent a secret memo to all postmasters ordering them to keep "close watch on ... matter which is calculated to interfere with the success of ... the government in conducting the war". Postmasters in Savannah, Georgia, and Tampa, Florida, refused to mail the Jeffersonian, the mouthpiece of Tom Watson, a southern populist, an opponent of the draft, the war, and minority groups. When Watson sought an injunction against the postmaster, the federal judge who heard the case called his publication "poison" and denied his request. Government censors objected to the headline "Civil Liberty Dead". In New York City, the postmaster refused to mail The Masses, a socialist monthly, citing the publication's "general tenor". The Masses was more successful in the courts, where Judge Learned Hand found the Act was applied so vaguely as to threaten "the tradition of English-speaking freedom". The editors were then prosecuted for obstructing the draft, and the publication folded when denied access to the mails again. Eventually, Burleson's vigorous enforcement overreached when he targeted supporters of the administration. The president warned him to exercise "the utmost caution", and the dispute proved the end of their political friendship.
In May 1918, sedition charges were laid under the Espionage Act against Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society president "Judge" Joseph Rutherford and seven other Watch Tower directors and officers over statements made in the society's book, The Finished Mystery, published a year earlier. According to the book Preachers Present Arms by Ray H. Abrams, the passage (from page 247) found to be particularly objectionable reads: "Nowhere in the New Testament is patriotism (a narrowly minded hatred of other peoples) encouraged. Everywhere and always murder in its every form is forbidden. And yet under the guise of patriotism civil governments of the earth demand of peace-loving men the sacrifice of themselves and their loved ones and the butchery of their fellows, and hail it as a duty demanded by the laws of heaven." The officers of the Watchtower Society were charged with attempting to cause insubordination, disloyalty, refusal of duty in the armed forces and obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service of the U.S. while it was at war. The book had been banned in Canada since February 1918 for what a Winnipeg newspaper described as "seditious and antiwar statements" and described by Attorney General Gregory as dangerous propaganda. On June 21 seven of the directors, including Rutherford, were sentenced to the maximum 20 years' imprisonment for each of four charges, to be served concurrently. They served nine months in the Atlanta Penitentiary before being released on bail at the order of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. In April 1919, an appeal court ruled they had not had the "intemperate and impartial trial of which they were entitled" and reversed their conviction. In May 1920 the government announced that all charges had been dropped.
Red Scare, Palmer Raids, mass arrests, deportations
During the Red Scare of 1918–19, in response to the 1919 anarchist bombings aimed at prominent government officials and businessmen, U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, supported by J. Edgar Hoover, then head of the Justice Department's Enemy Aliens Registration Section, prosecuted several hundred foreign-born known and suspected activists in the United States under the Sedition Act of 1918. This extended the Espionage Act to cover a broader range of offenses. After being convicted, persons including Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were deported to the Soviet Union on a ship the press called the "Soviet Ark".
Many of the jailed had appealed their convictions based on the U.S. constitutional right to the freedom of speech. The Supreme Court disagreed. The Espionage Act limits on free speech were ruled constitutional in the U.S. Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States (1919). Schenck, an anti-war Socialist, had been convicted of violating the Act when he sent anti-draft pamphlets to men eligible for the draft. Although Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes joined the Court majority in upholding Schenck's conviction in 1919, he also introduced the theory that punishment in such cases must be limited to such political expression that constitutes a "clear and present danger" to the government action at issue. Holmes' opinion is the origin of the notion that speech equivalent to "falsely shouting fire in a crowded theater" is not protected by the First Amendment.
Justice Holmes began to doubt his decision due to criticism from free speech advocates. He also met the Harvard Law professor Zechariah Chafee and discussed his criticism of Schenck.
Later in 1919, in Abrams v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a man who distributed circulars in opposition to American intervention in Russia following the Russian Revolution. The concept of bad tendency was used to justify speech restriction. The defendant was deported. Justices Holmes and Brandeis, however, dissented, with Holmes arguing that "nobody can suppose that the surreptitious publishing of a silly leaflet by an unknown man, without more, would present any immediate danger that its opinions would hinder the success of the government arms or have any appreciable tendency to do so."
In March 1919, President Wilson, at the suggestion of Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory, pardoned or commuted the sentences of some 200 prisoners convicted under the Espionage Act or the Sedition Act. By early 1921, the Red Scare had faded, Palmer left government, and the Espionage Act fell into relative disuse.
World War II
Prosecutions under the Act were much less numerous during World War II than during World War I. Associate Justice Frank Murphy noted in 1944 in Hartzel v. United States that "For the first time during the course of the present war, we are confronted with a prosecution under the Espionage Act of 1917." Hartzel, a World War I veteran, had distributed anti-war pamphlets to associations and business groups. The court's majority found that his materials, though comprising "vicious and unreasoning attacks on one of our military allies, flagrant appeals to false and sinister racial theories, and gross libels of the President", did not urge mutiny or any of the other specific actions detailed in the Act, and that he had targeted molders of public opinion, not members of the armed forces or potential military recruits. The court overturned his conviction in a 5–4 decision. The four dissenting justices declined to "intrude on the historic function of the jury" and would have upheld the conviction. In Gorin v. United States (early 1941), the Supreme Court ruled on many constitutional questions surrounding the act.
The Act was used in 1942 to deny a mailing permit to Father Charles Coughlin's weekly Social Justice, effectively ending its distribution to subscribers. It was part of Attorney General Francis Biddle's attempt to close down what he called "vermin publications". Coughlin had been criticized for virulently anti-Semitic writings.
The same year, a June front-page story by Stanley Johnston in the Chicago Tribune, headlined "Navy Had Word of Jap Plan to Strike at Sea", implied that the Americans had broken the Japanese codes before the Battle of Midway. The story resulted in the Japanese changing their codebooks and callsign systems. The newspaper publishers were brought before a grand jury for possible indictment, but proceedings were halted because of government reluctance to present a jury with the highly secret information necessary to prosecute the publishers, as well as concern that a trial would attract more attention to the case.
In 1945, six associates of Amerasia magazine, a journal of Far Eastern affairs, came under suspicion after publishing articles that bore similarity to Office of Strategic Services reports. The government proposed using the Espionage Act against them. However, it later softened its approach, changing the charges to Embezzlement of Government Property (now ). A grand jury cleared three of the associates, two associates paid small fines, and charges against the sixth man were dropped. Senator Joseph McCarthy said the failure to aggressively prosecute the defendants was a communist conspiracy. According to Klehr and Radosh, the case helped build his later notoriety.
Mid-20th century Soviet spies
Navy employee Hafis Salich sold Soviet agent Mihail Gorin information regarding Japanese activities in the late 1930s. Gorin v. United States (1941) was cited in many later espionage cases for its discussion of the charge of "vagueness", an argument made against the terminology used in certain portions of the law, such as what constitutes "national defense" information.
Later in the 1940s, several incidents prompted the government to increase its investigations into Soviet espionage. These included the Venona project decryptions, the Elizabeth Bentley case, the atomic spies cases, the First Lightning Soviet nuclear test, and others. Many suspects were surveilled, but never prosecuted. These investigations were dropped, as seen in the FBI Silvermaster Files. There were also many successful prosecutions and convictions under the Act.
In August 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted under Title 50, sections 32a and 34, in connection with giving nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. Anatoli Yakovlev was indicted as well. In 1951, Morton Sobell and David Greenglass were indicted. After a controversial trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were sentenced to death. They were executed in 1953, making their two sons orphans. The boys were adopted by another family. In the late 1950s, several members of the Soble spy ring, including Robert Soblen, and Jack and Myra Soble, were prosecuted for espionage. In the mid-1960s, the act was used against James Mintkenbaugh and Robert Lee Johnson, who sold information to the Soviets while working for the U.S. Army in Berlin.
1948 code revision
In 1948, some portions of the United States Code were reorganized. Much of Title 50 (War and National Defense) was moved to Title 18 (Crimes and Criminal Procedure). Thus Title 50 Chapter 4, Espionage, (Sections 31–39), became Title 18, 794 and following. As a result, certain older cases, such as the Rosenberg case, are now listed under Title 50, while newer cases are often listed under Title 18.
1950 McCarran Internal Security Act
In 1950, during the McCarthy Period, Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security Act over President Harry S. Truman's veto. It modified a large body of law, including espionage law. One addition was , which had almost exactly the same language as . According to Edgar and Schmidt, the added section potentially removes the "intent" to harm or aid requirement. It may make "mere retention" of information a crime no matter the intent, covering even former government officials writing their memoirs. They also describe McCarran saying that this portion was intended directly to respond to the case of Alger Hiss and the "Pumpkin Papers".
Judicial review, 1960s and 1970s
Brandenburg
Court decisions of this era changed the standard for enforcing some provisions of the Espionage Act. Though not a case involving charges under the Act, Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) changed the "clear and present danger" test derived from Schenck to the "imminent lawless action" test, a considerably stricter test of the inflammatory nature of speech.
Pentagon Papers
In June 1971, Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo were charged with a felony under the Espionage Act of 1917 because they lacked legal authority to publish classified documents that came to be known as the Pentagon Papers. The Supreme Court in New York Times Co. v. United States found that the government had not made a successful case for prior restraint of Free Speech, but a majority of the justices ruled that the government could still prosecute the Times and the Post for violating the Espionage Act in publishing the documents. Ellsberg and Russo were not acquitted of violating the Espionage Act. However, they were freed due to a mistrial based on irregularities in the government's case.
The divided Supreme Court had denied the government's request to restrain the press. In their opinions, the justices expressed varying degrees of support for the First Amendment claims of the press against the government's "heavy burden of proof" in establishing that the publisher "has reason to believe" the material published "could be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation".
The case prompted Harold Edgar and Benno C. Schmidt Jr. to write an article on espionage law in the 1973 Columbia Law Review. Their article was entitled "The Espionage Statutes and Publication of Defense Information". Essentially they found the law poorly written and vague, with parts of it probably unconstitutional. Their article became widely cited in books and in future court arguments on Espionage cases.
United States v. Dedeyan in 1978 was the first prosecution under (Dedeyan 'failed to report' that information had been disclosed). The courts relied on Gorin v. United States (1941) for precedent. The ruling touched on several constitutional questions, including vagueness of the law and whether the information was "related to national defense". The defendant received a 3-year sentence.
In 1979–80, Truong Dinh Hung (aka David Truong) and Ronald Louis Humphrey were convicted under 793(a), (c), and (e) as well as several other laws. The ruling discussed several constitutional questions regarding espionage law, "vagueness", the difference between classified information and "national defense information", wiretapping and the Fourth Amendment. It also commented on the notion of bad faith (scienter) being a requirement for conviction even under 793(e); an "honest mistake" was said not to be a violation.
1980s
Alfred Zehe, a scientist from East Germany, was arrested in Boston in 1983 after being caught in a government-run sting operation in which he had reviewed classified U.S. government documents in Mexico and East Germany. His attorneys contended without success that the indictment was invalid, arguing that the Espionage Act does not cover the activities of a foreign citizen outside the United States. Zehe then pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 8 years in prison. He was released in June 1985 as part of an exchange of four East Europeans held by the U.S. for 25 people held in Poland and East Germany, none of them American.
One of Zehe's defense attorneys claimed his client was prosecuted as part of "the perpetuation of the 'national-security state' by over-classifying documents that there is no reason to keep secret, other than devotion to the cult of secrecy for its own sake".
The media dubbed 1985 "Year of the Spy". U.S. Navy civilian Jonathan Pollard was charged with , for selling classified information to Israel. His 1986 plea bargain did not get him out of a life sentence, after a 'victim impact statement' including a statement by Caspar Weinberger. Larry Wu-Tai Chin, at CIA, was charged with for selling info to China. Ronald Pelton was dinged for , , & , for selling out to the Soviets, and ruining Operation Ivy Bells. Edward Lee Howard was an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the "decade of the spy", with dozens of arrests.
Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled "The Traitor" arguing against Pollard's release.
Morison
Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for Jane's, a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to Jane's because the "public should be aware of what was going on on the other side", meaning that the Soviets' new nuclear-powered aircraft carrier would transform the USSR's military capabilities. He said that "if the American people knew what the Soviets were doing, they would increase the defense budget." British intelligence sources thought his motives were patriotic. However, American prosecutors emphasized Morison's economic gain and complaints about his government job.
The prosecution of Morison was used as part of a broader campaign against leaks of information as a "test case" for applying the Act to cover the disclosure of information to the press. A March 1984 government report had noted that "the unauthorized publication of classified information is a routine daily occurrence in the U.S." but that the applicability of the Espionage Act to such disclosures "is not entirely clear". Time said that the administration, if it failed to convict Morison, would seek additional legislation and described the ongoing conflict: "The Government does need to protect military secrets, the public does need information to judge defense policies, and the line between the two is surpassingly difficult to draw."
On October 17, 1985, Morison was convicted in Federal Court on two counts of espionage and two counts of theft of government property. He was sentenced to two years in prison on December 4, 1985. The Supreme Court declined to hear his appeal in 1988. Morison became "the only [American] government official ever convicted for giving classified information to the press" up to that time. Following Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1998 appeal for a pardon for Morison, President Bill Clinton pardoned him on January 20, 2001, the last day of his presidency, despite the CIA's opposition to the pardon.
The successful prosecution of Morison was used to warn against the publication of leaked information. In May 1986, CIA Director William J. Casey, without citing specific violations of law, threatened to prosecute five news organizations–The Washington Post, The Washington Times, The New York Times, Time and Newsweek.
Soviet spies, late 20th century
Christopher John Boyce of TRW, and his accomplice Andrew Daulton Lee, sold out to the Soviets and went to prison in the 1970s. Their activities were the subject of the movie The Falcon and the Snowman.
In the 1980s, several members of the Walker spy ring were prosecuted and convicted of espionage for the Soviets.
In 1980, David Henry Barnett was the first active CIA officer to be convicted under the act.
In 1994, CIA officer Aldrich Ames was convicted under of spying for the Soviets; Ames had revealed the identities of several U.S. sources in the USSR to the KGB, who were then executed.
FBI agent Earl Edwin Pitts was arrested in 1996 under and of spying for the Soviet Union and later for the Russian Federation.
In 1997, senior CIA officer Harold James Nicholson was convicted of espionage for the Russians.
In 1998, NSA contractor David Sheldon Boone was charged with having handed over a 600-page technical manual to the Soviets c. 1988-1991 ().
In 2000, FBI agent Robert Hanssen was convicted under the Act of spying for the Soviets in the 1980s and Russia in the 1990s.
Other spies of the 1990s
1990s critiques
In the 1990s, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan deplored the "culture of secrecy" made possible by the Espionage Act, noting the tendency of bureaucracies to enlarge their powers by increasing the scope of what is held "secret".
In the late 1990s, Wen Ho Lee of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was indicted under the Act. He and other national security professionals later said he was a "scapegoat" in the government's quest to determine if information about the W88 nuclear warhead had been transferred to China. Lee had made backup copies at LANL of his nuclear weapons simulations code to protect it in case of a system crash. The code was marked PARD, sensitive but not classified. As part of a plea bargain, he pleaded guilty to one count under the Espionage Act. The judge apologized to him for having believed the government. Lee later won more than a million dollars in a lawsuit against the government and several newspapers for their mistreatment of him.
21st century
In 2001, retired Army Reserve Colonel George Trofimoff, the most senior U.S. military officer to be indicted under the Act, was convicted of conducting espionage for the Soviets in the 1970s–1990s.
Kenneth Wayne Ford Jr. was indicted under for allegedly having a box of documents in his house after he left NSA employment around 2004. He was sentenced to six years in prison in 2006.
In 2005, Pentagon Iran expert Lawrence Franklin, along with AIPAC lobbyists Rosen and Weissman were indicted under the Act. Franklin pleaded guilty to conspiracy to disclose national defense information to the lobbyists and an Israeli government official. Franklin was sentenced to more than 12 years in prison, but the sentence was later reduced to 10 months of home confinement.
Under the Obama and Trump administrations, at least eight Espionage Act prosecutions were related not to traditional espionage but either withholding information or communicating with members of the media. Out of a total of eleven prosecutions under the Espionage Act against government officials accused of providing classified information to the media, seven have occurred since Obama took office. "Leaks related to national security can put people at risk," the President said at a news conference in 2013. "They can put men and women in uniform that I've sent into the battlefield at risk. I don't think the American people would expect me, as commander in chief, not to be concerned about information that might compromise their missions or might get them killed."
Jeffrey Alexander Sterling, a former CIA officer was indicted under the Act in January 2011 for alleged unauthorized disclosure of national defense information to James Risen, a reporter for The New York Times, in 2003. Risen published the leaked material in his 2006 book State of War, which revealed details about the CIA's covert spy war with Iran. Risen refused to reveal the source of his information when subpoenaed twice by the Justice Department. The indictment stated that Sterling's motive was revenge for the CIA's refusal to allow him to publish his memoirs and its refusal to settle his racial discrimination lawsuit against the Agency.
Thomas Andrews Drake – In April 2010, Thomas Andrews Drake, an official with the NSA, was indicted under for alleged willful retention of national defense information. The case arose from investigations into his communications with Siobhan Gorman of The Baltimore Sun and Diane Roark of the House Intelligence Committee as part of his attempt to blow the whistle on several issues, including the NSA's Trailblazer project. Considering the prosecution of Drake, investigative journalist Jane Mayer wrote that "Because reporters often retain unauthorized defense documents, Drake's conviction would establish a legal precedent making it possible to prosecute journalists as spies."
Shamai Leibowitz – In May 2010, Shamai K. Leibowitz, a translator for the FBI, admitted sharing information with a blogger and pleaded guilty under to one count of disclosure of classified information. As part of a plea bargain, he was sentenced to 20 months in prison.
Stephen Jin-Woo Kim – In August 2010, Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, a contractor for the State Department and a specialist in nuclear proliferation, was indicted under for alleged disclosure in June 2009 of national defense information to reporter James Rosen of Fox News Channel, related to North Korea's plans to test a nuclear weapon.
Chelsea Manning – In 2010, Chelsea Manning, the United States Army Private First Class accused of the largest leak of state secrets in U.S. history, was charged under Article 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice, which incorporates parts of the Espionage Act . At the time, critics worried that the broad language of the Act could make news organizations, and anyone who reported, printed or disseminated information from WikiLeaks, subject to prosecution, although former prosecutors pushed back, citing Supreme Court precedent expanding First Amendment protections. On July 30, 2013, following a judge-only trial by court-martial lasting eight weeks, Army judge Colonel Denise Lind convicted Manning on six counts of violating the Espionage Act, among other infractions. She was sentenced to serve a 35-year sentence at the maximum-security U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth. On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence to nearly seven years of confinement dating from her arrest on May 27, 2010.
John Kiriakou – In January 2012, John Kiriakou, former CIA officer and later Democratic staffer on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, was charged under the Act with leaking information to journalists about the identity of undercover agents, including one who was allegedly involved in waterboarding interrogations of al-Qaeda logistics chief Abu Zubaydah. Kiriakou is alleged to have also disclosed an investigative technique used to capture Zubaydah in Pakistan in 2002. He was sentenced to 30 months in prison on January 25, 2013, and was released in 2015.
Edward Snowden – In June 2013, Edward Snowden was charged under the Espionage Act after releasing documents exposing the NSA's PRISM Surveillance Program. Specifically, he was charged with "unauthorized communication of national defense information" and "willful communication of classified intelligence with an unauthorized person".
Reality Leigh Winner – In June 2017, Reality Leigh Winner was arrested and charged with "willful retention and transmission of national defense information," a felony under the Espionage Act. Her arrest was announced on June 5 after The Intercept published an article describing Russian attempts to interfere with the 2016 presidential election, based on classified National Security Agency (NSA) documents leaked to them anonymously. On June 8, 2017, she pleaded not guilty and was denied bail. On June 21, 2018, Winner asked the court to allow her to change her plea to guilty and on June 26 she pleaded guilty to one count of felony transmission of national defense information. Winner's plea agreement with prosecutors called for her to serve five years and three months in prison followed by three years of supervised release.On August 23, 2018, at a federal court in Georgia, Winner was sentenced to the agreed-upon length of time for violating the Espionage Act. Prosecutors said her sentence was the longest ever imposed in federal court for an unauthorized release of government information to the media.
Terry J. Albury – Albury was indicted under the Espionage Act of 1917. In 2018, he pled guilty and was sentenced to 4 years in prison.[2]
Albury was a 17-year veteran of the FBI.[3] He stated that he was motivated to inform the public about the systematic racist and xenophobic practices he witnessed as the only black agent in the Minneapolis field office, and the son of an Ethiopian refugee[2] as he was tasked with surveillance of Muslim and immigrant communities.[3]
Julian Assange – On May 23, 2019, Australian editor, publisher, and activist Julian Assange was charged with violating the Espionage Act by seeking classified information. The case has been described as having significant implications for press freedom and the First Amendment.
Daniel Hale - in 2019, US Air Force veteran and military contractor Daniel Hale was indicted on three charges under the Espionage Act for leaking classified documents about the US military's drone program to a journalist. The journalist was not named in the indictment but is likely to be a reference to Jeremy Scahill, a journalist for The Intercept, who wrote Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield and published the Drone Papers. In April 2021, Hale pleaded guilty to one count, under the Espionage Act, of unlawful retention and transmission of "national defense information". The prosecution asked that a trial on the remaining charges be postponed until after sentencing.
Criticism
Numerous people have criticized the use of the Espionage Act against national security leakers. A 2015 study by the PEN American Center found that almost all of the non-government representatives they interviewed, including activists, lawyers, journalists, and whistleblowers, "thought the Espionage Act had been used inappropriately in leak cases that have a public interest component." PEN wrote, "experts described it as 'too blunt an instrument,' 'aggressive, broad and suppressive,' a 'tool of intimidation,' 'chilling of free speech,' and a 'poor vehicle for prosecuting leakers and whistleblowers.'"
Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg said, "the current state of whistleblowing prosecutions under the Espionage Act makes a truly fair trial wholly unavailable to an American who has exposed classified wrongdoing," and that "legal scholars have strongly argued that the US Supreme Court – which has never yet addressed the constitutionality of applying the Espionage Act to leaks to the American public – should find the use of it overbroad and unconstitutional in the absence of a public interest defense." Professor at American University Washington College of Law and national security law expert Stephen Vladeck has said that the law “lacks the hallmarks of a carefully and precisely defined statutory restriction on speech.” Trevor Timm, executive director of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, said, "basically any information the whistleblower or source would want to bring up at trial to show that they are not guilty of violating the Espionage Act the jury would never hear. It's almost a certainty that because the law is so broadly written that they would be convicted no matter what." Attorney and former whistleblower Jesselyn Radack notes that the law was enacted "35 years before the word 'classification' entered the government's lexicon" and believes that "under the Espionage Act, no prosecution of a non-spy can be fair or just." She added that mounting a legal defense to the Espionage Act is estimated to "cost $1 million to $3 million." In May 2019, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette editorial board published an opinion piece making the case for an amendment to allow a public-interest defense, as "the act has since become a tool of suppression, used to punish whistleblowers who expose governmental wrongdoing and criminality".
In an interview with Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting, journalist Chip Gibbons said that it was "almost impossible, if not impossible, to mount a defense" against charges under the Espionage Act. Gibbons said defendants are not allowed to use the term "whistleblower", mention the First Amendment, raise the issue of over-classification of documents, or explain the reasons for their actions.
See also
General topics
Industrial espionage
Sedition, espionage
Treason, misprision of treason
Related law
Alien and Sedition Acts (late 18th century)
Defense Secrets Act of 1911 (precursor)
Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
Venona project (evidence issues)
Executive Order 9835 (President Truman)
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Intelligence Identities Protection Act
Non-Detention Act (1971)
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1980s (inherited some language)
Economic Espionage Act of 1996
Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy
Related persons
Dreyfus affair
Seymour Stedman
Lynne Stewart
Rose Pastor Stokes
Persons considered whistleblowers and charged under the Act
Thomas Andrews Drake
Daniel Ellsberg
Stephen Jin-Woo Kim
John Kiriakou
Shamai Leibowitz
Chelsea Manning
Samuel Loring Morison
Edward Snowden
Jeffrey Alexander Sterling
Reality Winner
References
Further reading
Kohn, Stephen M. American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.
Murphy, Paul L. World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979.
Peterson, H.C., and Gilbert C. Fite. Opponents of War, 1917-1918. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957.
Preston, William Jr. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 2nd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
Rabban, David M. Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Scheiber, Harry N. The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties 1917-1921. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960.
Thomas, William H. Jr. Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.
External links
Original text of the Act
Strauss, Lon: Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Brown, Charlene Fletcher: Palmer Raids , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Thomas, William H.: Bureau of Investigation , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Secrecy and Security Library, Federation of American Scientists
Excerpt from the original (1917) U.S. Espionage Act
The United States v. Rose Pastor Stokes (1918)
Freedom of Speech, Zechariah Chafee, 1920 (Google Books ebook)
1917 in American law
United States federal criminal legislation
United States federal defense and national security legislation
United States government secrecy
65th United States Congress
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Political repression in the United States
United States home front during World War I
Espionage in the United States
Censorship in the United States
June 1917 events | [
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225453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%20%28coin%29 | Guinea (coin) | The guinea ( ; commonly abbreviated gn., or gns. in plural) was a coin, minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814, that contained approximately one-quarter of an ounce of gold. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, from where much of the gold used to make the coins was sourced. It was the first English machine-struck gold coin, originally worth one pound sterling, equal to twenty shillings, but rises in the price of gold relative to silver caused the value of the guinea to increase, at times to as high as thirty shillings. From 1717 to 1816, its value was officially fixed at twenty-one shillings.
When Britain adopted the gold standard the guinea became a colloquial or specialised term. Although the coin itself no longer circulated, the term guinea survived as a unit of account in some fields. Notable usages included professional fees (medical, legal, etc.), which were often invoiced in guineas, and horse racing and greyhound racing, and the sale of rams. In each case a guinea meant an amount of one pound and one shilling (21 shillings), or one pound and five pence (£1.05) in decimalised currency. The name also forms the basis for the Arabic word for the Egyptian pound الجنيه , as a sum of 100 qirsh (one pound) was worth approximately 21 shillings at the end of the 19th century.
Origin
The first guinea was produced on 6 February 1663; a proclamation of 27 March 1663 made the coins legal currency. One troy pound of (0.9133) fine gold (22 carat or 0.9167 pure by weight) would make guineas, each thus theoretically weighing 129.438 grains (8.385 grams crown gold, 7.688 grams fine gold, or 0.247191011 ozt (troy ounces) fine gold).
The coin was originally worth one pound, or twenty shillings, but an increase in the price of gold during the reign of King Charles II led to the market trading it at a premium. The price of gold continued to increase, especially in times of trouble, and by the 1680s, the coin was worth 22 silver shillings. Indeed, in his diary entries for 13 June 1667, Samuel Pepys records that the price was 24 to 25 shillings.
The diameter of the coin was throughout Charles II's reign, and the average gold purity (from an assay done in 1773 of samples of the coins produced during the preceding year) was 0.9100. "Guinea" was not an official name for the coin, but much of the gold used to produce the early coins came from Guinea (largely modern Ghana) in West Africa.
The coin was produced every year between 1663 and 1684, with an elephant appearing on some coins each year from 1663 to 1665 and 1668, and the elephant with a howdah on other coins minted from 1674 or 1675 onwards. The elephant, with or without a howdah, was the emblem of the Royal African Company (RAC), which had been granted a monopoly on English trade with Africa in slaves, gold and other goods, from 1672 until 1698; gold imported from Africa by the RAC bore the elephant emblem beneath the monarch's head on the coin.
Seventeenth century
The obverse and reverse of this coin were designed by John Roettiers (1631–). The obverse showed a fine right-facing bust of Charles II wearing a laurel wreath (amended several times during the reign), surrounded by the legend ("Charles II by the grace of God"), while the reverse showed four crowned cruciform shields bearing the arms of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, between which were four sceptres, and in the centre were four interlinked "C"s, surrounded by the inscription ("Of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King"). The edge was milled to deter clipping or filing, and to distinguish it from the silver half-crown which had edge lettering. Until 1669 the milling was perpendicular to the edge, giving vertical grooves, while from 1670 the milling was diagonal to the edge.
James II
John Roettiers continued to design the dies for this denomination during the reign of King James II. In this reign, the coins weighed with a diameter of , and were minted in all years between 1685 and 1688, with an average gold purity of 0.9094. Coins of each year were issued both with and without the elephant-and-castle mark. The king's head faces left in this reign, and is surrounded by the inscription ("James II by the grace of God"), while the reverse is the same as in Charles II's reign except for omitting the interlinked "C"s in the centre of the coin. The edge of the coins are milled diagonally.
Mary & William
With the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, his daughter Mary and her husband Prince William of Orange reigned jointly as co-monarchs. Their heads appear conjoined on the guinea piece in Roman style, with William's head uppermost, with the legend ("William and Mary by the grace of God"). In a departure from the previous reigns, the reverse featured a totally new design of a large crowned shield which bore the arms of England and France in the first and fourth quarters, of Scotland in the second quarter, and of Ireland in the third quarter, the whole ensemble having a small shield in the centre bearing the rampant lion of Nassau; the legend on the obverse read (Of "Magna Britannia" Great Britain, "Francia" France and "Hibernia" Ireland King and Queen) and the year. By the early part of this reign the value of the guinea had increased to nearly 30 shillings. The guineas of this reign weighed , were in diameter, and were the work of James and Norbert Roettiers. They were produced in all years between 1689 and 1694 both with and without the elephant and castle; in 1692 and 1693 the mark of the elephant alone was also used.
Following the death of Queen Mary from smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign as William III. The guinea coin was produced in all years from 1695 to 1701, both with and without the elephant and castle, the design probably being the work of Johann Crocker, also known as John Croker, since James Roettiers had died in 1698 and his brother Norbert had moved to France in 1695.
The coins of William III's reign weighed with an average gold purity of 0.9123. The diameter was until 1700 and in 1701. William's head faces right on his coins, with the legend , while the reverse design of William and Mary's reign was judged to be unsuccessful, so the design reverted to that used by Charles II and James II, but with a small shield with the lion of Nassau in the centre, with the legend and the year. The coin had a diagonal milled edge.
Eighteenth century
Queen Anne
During the reign of Queen Anne (1702–1714) guineas were produced in all years between 1702 and 1714 except for 1704. The 1703 guinea bears the word under the Queen's bust, to commemorate the origin of the gold taken from Spanish ships captured at the Battle of Vigo Bay.
With the Acts of Union 1707 creating a unified Kingdom of Great Britain through the union of the Parliament of Scotland with the Parliament of England, the design of the reverse of the first truly British guinea was changed. Until the Union, the cruciform shields on the reverse showed the arms of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland in order, separated by sceptres and with a central rose, and the legend ("Of Great Britain, France, and Ireland Queen") and the year. With the Act of Union, the English and Scottish arms appear conjoined on one shield, with the left half being the English arms and the right half being the Scottish arms, and the order of arms appearing on the shields becomes England and Scotland, France, England and Scotland, Ireland. The elephant and castle can appear on the coins of 1708 and 1709. The centre of the reverse design shows the Star of the Order of the Garter.
The coins weighed , were in diameter, and had a gold purity of 0.9134. The edge of the coin is milled diagonally.
The dies for all guineas of Queen Anne and King George I were engraved by John Croker, an immigrant originally from Dresden in the Duchy of Saxony.
George I
King George I's guinea coins were struck in all years between 1714 and 1727, with the elephant and castle sometimes appearing in 1721, 1722, and 1726. His guineas are notable for using five different portraits of the king, and the 1714 coin is notable for declaring him to be Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The coins weighed 8.3–8.4 grams, were 25–26 millimetres in diameter, and the average gold purity was 0.9135.
The 1714 obverse shows the right-facing portrait of the king with the legend ("George, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Fidei Defensor"), while the later coins bear the legend . The reverse follows the same general design as before, except the order of the shields is England and Scotland, France, Ireland, and Hanover, with the legend in 1714 ("Duke of Brunswick and Lueneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince Elector of the Holy Roman Empire") and the year, and in other years ("Duke of Brunswick and Lueneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire") and the year. The edge of the coin is milled diagonally.
The value of the guinea had fluctuated over the years from 20 to 30 shillings and back down to 21 shillings and sixpence by the start of George's reign. In 1717, Great Britain adopted the gold standard, at a rate of one guinea to 129.438 grains () of crown gold, which was 22 carat gold, and a royal proclamation in December of the same year fixed the value of the guinea at 21 shillings.
George II
King George II's guinea pieces are a complex issue, with eight obverses and five reverses used through the 33 years of the reign. The coins were produced in all years of the reign except 1742, 1744, 1754, and 1757. The coins weighed , and were in diameter except for some of the 1727 coins which were 24–25 mm. The average gold purity was 0.9140. Some coins issued between 1729 and 1739 carry the mark under the king's head, to indicate the gold was provided by the East India Company, while some 1745 coins carry the mark to indicate the gold came from Admiral George Anson's round-the-world voyage. In the early part of the reign the edge of the coin was milled diagonally, but from 1739 following the activities of a particularly bold gang of guinea filers for whom a reward was posted, the milling was changed to produce the shape of a chevron or arrowhead. In 1732 the old hammered gold coinage was demonetised, and it is thought that some of the old coins were melted down to create more guineas.
The obverse has a left-facing bust of the king with the legend ( between 1739 and 1743), while the reverse features a single large crowned shield with the quarters containing the arms of England+Scotland, France, Hanover, and Ireland, and the legend ("King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire").
Unlike the two-guinea and five-guinea coins, production of the guinea continued through much of the long reign of King George III.
George III
The guineas of King George III weighed and were in diameter, with an average gold purity (at the time of the 1773 assay) of 0.9146 (meaning it contained of gold). They were issued with six different obverses and three reverses in 1761, 1763–79, 1781–99, and 1813. All the obverses show right-facing busts of the king with the legend with different portraits of the king. The reverse of guineas issued between 1761 and 1786 show a crowned shield bearing the arms of England+Scotland, France, Ireland and Hanover, with the legend and the date ("King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire"). In 1787 a new design of reverse featuring a spade-shaped shield was introduced, with the same legend; this has become known as the spade guinea.
In 1774 almost 20 million worn guineas of King William III and Queen Anne were melted down and recoined as guineas and half-guineas.
Towards the end of the century gold began to become scarce and rise in value. The French Revolution and the subsequent French Revolutionary Wars had drained gold reserves and people started hoarding coins. Parliament passed a law making banknotes legal tender in any amount, and in 1799 the production of guineas was halted, although half- and third-guineas continued to be struck. Following the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, the king's titles changed, and an Order in Council of 5 November 1800 directed the Master of the Mint to prepare a new coinage, but although designs were prepared, the production of guineas was not authorised.
Nineteenth century
In 1813 it was necessary to strike 80,000 guineas to pay the Duke of Wellington's army in the Pyrenees, as the local people would accept only gold in payment. This issue has become known as the Military Guinea. At this time, gold was still scarce and the guinea was trading on the open market for 27 shillings in paper money, so the coining of this issue for the army's special needs was a poor deal for the government, and this was the last issue of guineas to be minted. The reverse of the military guinea is a unique design, showing a crowned shield within a Garter, with on the Garter, and ("King of the Britains, Defender of the Faith") around the edge, and "1813" between the edge inscription and the garter.
Replacement by the pound
In the Great Recoinage of 1816, the guinea was replaced by the pound as the major unit of currency, and in coinage by the sovereign.
Even after the guinea coin ceased to circulate, the guinea was long used as a unit of account worth 21 shillings (£1.05 in decimalised currency). The guinea had an aristocratic overtone, so professional fees, and prices of land, horses, art, bespoke tailoring, furniture, white goods and other "luxury" items were often quoted in guineas until a couple of years after decimalisation in 1971. The guinea was used in a similar way in Australia until that country converted to decimal currency in 1966, after which it became worth A$2.10.
Bids are still made in guineas for the sale of racehorses at auction, at which the purchaser will pay the guinea-equivalent amount but the seller will receive only that number of pounds. The difference (5p in each guinea) is traditionally the auctioneer's commission (which thus, effectively, amounts to 5% on top of the sales price free from commission). Many major horse races in Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand and Australia bear names ending in "Guineas", even though the nominal values of their purses today are much higher than the £1,050 or £2,100 suggested by their names.
Commemorative £2 coin (2013)
In 2013 the Royal Mint issued a £2 coin to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the minting of the first guinea coin. The new coin was designed by the artist Anthony Smith and features a reworking of the spade guinea from the late 18th century. The edge of the coin contains a quotation from the writer Stephen Kemble (1758–1822): "What is a guinea? ‘Tis a splendid thing." This was the first time in the United Kingdom that one coin has been used to celebrate another.
Gallery
See also
Angel (coin), the coin the guinea replaced.
Egyptian pound, the native name of which is derived from the guinea, to which it was approximately equal in value in the late 19th century.
Notes
References
External links
Online Coin Club / Coins from United Kingdom / Coin Type: Guinea
1663 introductions
Guinea
Coins of Australia
Coins of England
Coins of Great Britain
Coins of the United Kingdom | [
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] |
225458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosana%20Franco | Rosana Franco | Rosana Franco (born March 1, 1970) is a Mexican news person, as well as a sportscaster for Spanish-language television channel ESPN Deportes.
Early years
Franco was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Her father, Roberto Vazquez, was also a soccer player, who played for the UNAM Pumas team.
Franco as a small girl was interested in track and field and gymnastics. Her sports interests later included basketball. According to her, she also played baseball on the streets.
She graduated from Communications in Monterrey's Universidad Regiomontana.
Career
Rosana Franco entered the world of acting, participating as an actress in various Mexican films and commercials, but soon, she would begin to miss being involved in sports.
In 1998, Univision held auditions in three cities, including Guadalajara, to find a team of commentators for their weekly sports show, Republica Deportiva. Franco auditioned, and she was chosen, out of 500 people, to conduct the show, alongside Fernando Fiore and Jorge Gomez. She has said that she wants to use her position to champion women's rights. As part of Republica Deportiva, Franco reported on Primer Impactos sports section. She no longer appears on Republica Deportiva.
In April 2012, Franco was fired from Univision along with various other employees.
In October 2013, Franco was hired by Spanish sports network ESPN Deportes. Franco appears on morning sports show Raza Deportiva along with Omar Orlando Salazar, Leo Vega, David Faitelson, Rafael Ramos and Oscar Restrepo, the show also airs simultaneously on ESPN Deportes Radio. Franco also appears on sports talk show #Redes along with Carolina Guillén, Alfredo Lomeli and Poncho Vera.
Personal life
Franco has a son, born in 1990.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
People from Monterrey
Mexican television presenters
Mexican women television presenters
Universidad Regiomontana alumni | [
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225459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Sings%20the%20Blues%20%28film%29 | Lady Sings the Blues (film) | Lady Sings the Blues is a 1972 American biographical drama film directed by Sidney J. Furie about jazz singer Billie Holiday, loosely based on her 1956 autobiography which, in turn, took its title from Holiday's songs. It was produced by Motown Productions for Paramount Pictures. Diana Ross, in her feature film debut, portrayed Holiday, alongside a cast including Billy Dee Williams, Richard Pryor, James T. Callahan, and Scatman Crothers. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards in 1973, including Diana Ross for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
Plot
In New York City 1945, Eleanora Fagan aka Billie Holiday, is arrested on a drug charge.
In a flashback to 1928, Billie is working as a housekeeper in a brothel in Baltimore. When she returns to her aunt's house, she is home alone and is raped by a man who followed her home from the brothel. She runs away to her mother Sadie, who sets up a job cleaning for another brothel in the Harlem section of New York. The brothel is run by arrogant and selfish owner Lorraine, who pays Billie very little money. Eventually, Billie tires of scrubbing floors and becomes a prostitute, but later quits and returns to a nightclub to unsuccessfully audition to become a showgirl. After "Piano Man" accompanies Billie when she sings "All of Me", club owner Jerry books her as a singer in the show.
Billie's debut begins unsuccessfully until Louis McKay arrives and gives her a fifty dollar tip. Billie takes the money and sings "Them There Eyes". Billie takes a liking to Louis and begins a relationship with him. Eventually she is discovered by Harry and Reg Hanley, who sign her as a soloist for their southern tour in hopes of landing a radio network gig. During the tour, Billie witnesses the aftermath of the lynching of an African-American man, which presses her to record the controversial song "Strange Fruit". The harsh experiences on the tour result in Billie taking drugs, which Harry supplies after Billie collapses on stage. One night when Billie is performing, Louis comes to see Billie. In her dressing room, Louis notices her needle marks, knows that she is doing drugs, and tells her she is going home with him. Billie promises to stay off the drugs if Louis stays with her.
In New York, Reg and Louis arrange Billie's radio debut, but the station does not call her up to the stage to sing; the radio sponsors, a soap company, objected to her race. The group heads to Cafe Manhattan to drown their sorrows. Billie has too much to drink and asks Harry for drugs, saying that she does not want her family to know that the radio show upset her. He refuses and she throws her drink in his face. She is ready to leave, but Louis has arranged for her to sing at the Cafe, a club where she once aspired to sing. She obliges with one song but refuses an encore, leaving the club in urgent need of a fix. Louis, suspicious that Billie has broken her promise, takes her back to his home but refuses to allow her access to the bathroom or her kit. She fights Louis for it, pulling a razor on him. Louis leaves her to shoot up, telling her he does not want her there when he returns.
Billie returns to the Harlem nightclub, where her drug use intensifies until she hears of the death of Sadie. Billie checks herself into a drug clinic, but because she cannot afford her treatment the hospital secretly calls Louis, who comes to see her and agrees to pay her bills without her knowledge. Impressed with the initiative she has taken to straighten herself out, Louis proposes to her at the hospital. Just as things are looking up, Billie is arrested for possession of narcotics and removed from the clinic.
In prison, Billie goes through crippling withdrawal. Louis brings the doctor from the hospital to treat her, but she is incoherent. He puts a ring on her finger to remind her of his promise to marry her. When she finishes her prison sentence, Billie returns home and tells her friends that she does not want to sing anymore.
Billie marries Louis and pledges not to continue her career, but the lure of performing is too strong and she returns to singing with Louis as her manager. Unfortunately, her felony conviction has stripped her of her Cabaret Card, which would allow her to sing in NYC nightclubs. To restore public confidence and regain her license, Billie agrees to a cross-country tour. Billie's career takes off on the nightclub circuit.
Louis leaves for New York to arrange a comeback performance for Billie at Carnegie Hall. Despondent at Louis' absence and the never-ending stream of venues, Billie asks Piano Man to pawn the ring Louis gave her in exchange for drugs. While they are high that evening, Piano Man's drug connections arrive; he neither pawned the ring nor paid for the drugs. Piano Man is killed by the dealers. Within the hour, Louis and her promoter call Billie with news that they got Carnegie Hall. Louis returns to find a very fragile Billie who is traumatized and has fallen back into drugs. Louis takes her back to New York.
Billie plays to a packed house at Carnegie Hall. Her encore, "God Bless the Child", is overlaid with newspaper clippings highlighting subsequent events: the concert fails to sway the commission to restore her license; subsequent appeals are denied; she is later re-arrested on drug charges and finally dies when she is 44. Nevertheless, the Carnegie triumph is frozen in time.
Cast
Diana Ross as Billie Holiday
Billy Dee Williams as Louis McKay
Richard Pryor as Piano Man
James Callahan as Reg Hanley
Paul Hampton as Harry Hanley
Sid Melton as Jerry, the club owner
Virginia Capers as Sadie Fagan Holiday, Billie's mother
Yvonne Fair as Yvonne
Isabel Sanford as Madame
Jester Hairston as Fefe
Lynn Hamilton as Aunt Ida
Victor Morosco as Vic
Robert Gordy as The Hawk
Harry Caesar as The Rapist
Paulene Myers as Mrs. Edson
Scatman Crothers as Big Ben
Milton Selzer as The Doctor
Release
Home Media
The film was released on VHS and DVD on November 8, 2005. The film debuted on the Blu-ray format for the first time on February 23, 2021.
Reception
Box office
The film earned an estimated $9,050,000 in North American rentals in 1973.
Critical reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times described Ross as "an actress of exceptional beauty and wit, who is very much involved in trying to make a bad movie work ... her only apparent limitations are those imposed on her by a screenplay and direction seemingly designed to turn a legitimate legend into a whopper of a cliché." Variety wrote that "for the bulk of general audiences, the film serves as a very good screen debut vehicle for Diana Ross, supported strongly by excellent casting, handsome '30s physical values, and a script which is far better in dialog than structure." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four, writing that Ross had given "one of the great performances of 1972" and observing that the film "has most of the clichés we expect—but do we really mind clichés in a movie like this? I don't think so." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also awarded three out of four stars, writing, "The fact that 'Lady Sings the Blues' is a failure as a biography of legendary jazz singer Billie Holiday doesn't mean it can't be an entertaining movie. And it is just that—entertaining — because of an old fashioned grand dame performance by Diana Ross, late of the pop-rock scene, in the title role." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Ross gave "one of the truly fine screen performances, full of power and pathos and enormously engaging and sympathetic." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote that "when the movie was over I wrote 'I love it' on my pad of paper ... Factually it's a fraud, but emotionally it delivers. It has what makes movies work for a mass audience: easy pleasure, tawdry electricity, personality—great quantities of personality." Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that Ross did "a remarkable pastiche job on the tone and timbre of Billie Holiday's voice, [but] misses the elegant, almost literary wit of her phrasing," and found the presentation of Holiday's life story "offensively simplistic."
The film holds a 67% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 18 reviews.
Home Video releases
In 1979, Paramount Home Video released Lady Sings the Blues on VHS. Due to its length (144 Minutes), it had to be placed on two VHS tapes. The first tape was about 90 minutes long and the second tape about 50 minutes long. In other instances, it was released on one tape.
In the years after that, it would continue to be released on VHS and its rival Betamax on two VHS tapes. In the mid 1980s, it would be released on one VHS with the innovations of the time.
However, Paramount Home Video would take a step back in the early 1990s, releasing the movie on two VHS tapes yet again. This was a strange trend throughout the 1990s as many Paramount movies were re-released on two VHS tapes (such as Nashville; Ragtime; and even Samson and Delilah (1949), which is only 128 minutes long). With a reprint in the early 2000s, the movie left the VHS market.
It would continue to be released on DVD and Blu-ray throughout the years.
Awards and honors
The film was also screened at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"God Bless the Child" – Nominated
Soundtrack
Motown released a hugely successful soundtrack double-album of Ross' recordings of Billie Holiday songs from the film, also titled Lady Sings the Blues. The album went to number one on the Billboard Top LP's & Tape chart, for the week-ending dates of April 7 and 14, 1973.
Miscellaneous
Cafe Manhattan in the film may refer to Café Society, where Holiday first sang "Strange Fruit".
See also
Lady Day at Emerson's Bar and Grill – A 1986 play and 2016 television movie, starring Audra McDonald.
The United States vs. Billie Holiday – A 2021 biopic of Billie Holiday, starring Andra Day.
List of American films of 1972
References
External links
Films about the Ku Klux Klan
1972 films
Cultural depictions of Billie Holiday
1970s biographical drama films
African-American biographical dramas
American films
American biographical drama films
English-language films
African-American films
Biographical films about musicians
Films about drugs
Jazz films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films based on autobiographies
Films directed by Sidney J. Furie
Motown Productions films
Paramount Pictures films
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in 1928
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in 1936
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films scored by Michel Legrand
1972 drama films | [
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225460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimbaud%20%28surname%29 | Rimbaud (surname) | Rimbaud is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Arthur Rimbaud (1854–1891), French poet
Penny Rimbaud (born 1943), British writer, poet, philosopher, painter, musician, and activist
Robin Rimbaud or Scanner (born 1964), British electronic musician | [
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225464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travels%20with%20My%20Aunt | Travels with My Aunt | Travels with My Aunt (1969) is a novel written by English author Graham Greene.
The novel follows the travels of Henry Pulling, a retired bank manager, and his eccentric Aunt Augusta as they find their way across Europe, and eventually even further afield. Aunt Augusta pulls Henry away from his quiet suburban existence into a world of adventure, crime and the highly unconventional details of her past.
Plot summary
The novel's narrator is Henry Pulling, a conventional and uncharming bank manager who has taken early retirement in a suburban home, and who has little to look for except for tending the dahlias in his garden, reading in the complete works of Walter Scott left by his father, and some bickering with the ultra-conservative retired major living next door. The main choice he could still make is either to remain a bachelor or marry Miss Keene, who likes tatting and who might become his boring and respectable suburban wife.
His life suddenly changes when he meets his septuagenarian Aunt Augusta for the first time in over 50 years at his mother's funeral. Despite having little in common, they form a bond. On their first meeting, Augusta tells Henry that his mother was not truly his mother, and we learn that Henry's father has been dead for more than 40 years.
As they leave the funeral, Henry goes to Augusta's house and meets her lover Wordsworth – a man from Sierra Leone, who is deeply and passionately in love with her despite her being 75 years old. Henry finds himself drawn into Aunt Augusta's world of travel, adventure, romance and absence of bigotry.
He travels first with her to Brighton, where he meets one of his aunt's old acquaintances, and gains an insight into one of her many past lives. Here a psychic foreshadows that he will have many travels in the near future. This prediction inevitably becomes true as Henry is pulled further and further into his aunt's lifestyle, and delves deeper into her past.
Their voyages take them from Paris to Istanbul on the Orient Express; and as the journey unfolds, so do the stories of Aunt Augusta, painting the picture of a woman for whom love has been the defining feature of her life. He finds her to be amoral, contemptuous of conventional morality, having had numerous lovers and speaking forthrightly of having been a courtesan and prostitute in France and Italy. She is also no great respecter of the law, being involved in complicated scams and smuggling and being extremely good at outwitting the police of various countries – in which her nephew becomes her willing accomplice.
Adding to Henry's departure from his middle class mindset is his contact with Tooley, a young American female hippie who takes a liking to him, gets him to smoke marijuana with her and shares with him her own life story, her estrangement from her father who is a CIA operative, her complicated love life, and especially her concern that she may be pregnant. She is, in effect, a younger version of Aunt Augusta.
After tangling with the Turkish police and successfully hiding from them Aunt Augusta's contraband gold ingot, the aunt and nephew duo are deported from Turkey back to England. Henry returns to his quiet retirement, but tending his garden no longer holds the same allure to him. When he receives a letter from his aunt, he finally renounces his old life irrevocably to join her and the love of her life in South America.
By the book's end Henry has adopted Aunt Augusta's amoral outlook, and ends up in Paraguay, taking up the risky but highly profitable life of a smuggler illicitly running cigarettes and alcoholic drinks into Argentina – in partnership with his aunt and her lover Visconti, an escaped collaborator with the Nazis. Having on his arrival been beaten up and imprisoned by the police force of the dictator Stroessner, Henry eventually establishes a mutually profitable relationship with the police, with the help of the local CIA agent Mr. Tooley – the father of the hippie girl he met on the Orient Express. When last seen, Henry is busy making himself fluent in the Native American Guarani language, spoken by many of his smuggling associates, and is preparing to marry the daughter of the corrupt, bribe-taking Chief of Customs, once she turns sixteen. Meanwhile on the other side of the South Atlantic Miss Keene, whom Henry might have married, had immigrated to South Africa and is shocked to find herself adapting to her new, Apartheid-supporting environment and increasingly taking up its prevailing opinions.
As the story progresses it becomes apparent (though only explicitly acknowledged by Henry in the book's final pages) that Aunt Augusta is actually his mother and his presumed mother was actually his aunt. Her re-connection with him at her sister's funeral marked the beginning of her reclamation of her child.
Characters
The plot revolves around two main characters: Henry and Aunt Augusta.
Henry Pulling: A man in his mid-50s who worked his entire life as a banker. When the bank was bought, he took early retirement and took up gardening and tending his Dahlias. Over the course of his travels with Aunt Augusta, Henry is transformed from a character who longs for the safety and predictability of a quiet life to one who seeks adventure.
Aunt Augusta is the opposite of Henry. She is an amoral character who revels in sexual adventure and small-time swindles. She has worked as a prostitute and had several intense love affairs that she describes to Henry on their travels. The most important of these love affairs was one with Henry's father when she became pregnant with Henry, and another with a man named Mr Visconti. If Henry is on a journey from safety to adventure, Aunt Augusta is on a two-fold journey to reconnect with Henry, the son she now can know since his mother has died, and with Visconti, the lover whom she most wants to see again.
In addition to Henry and Aunt Augusta, there are two strong supporting characters.
Wordsworth: Aunt Augusta's current lover when she meets Henry. If Aunt Augusta is the amoral centre of the novel, Wordsworth is its moral centre. He is devoted to Augusta and will do anything that she asks. His love and devotion stand in stark opposition to Augusta's cavalier approach to her lovers. He even follows her to Paraguay and helps her reunite with Visconti. His morality and almost unmourned death serves as a counterpoint for Aunt Augusta's pleasure-focused life.
Mr Visconti: The previous lover who Aunt Augusta is seeking throughout the book. Visconti was a swindler before World War II who then helped the Nazis – specifically, Göring – loot art from wealthy Italians. In the aftermath of the war, he fled as a war criminal. He never expresses regret for his actions with the Nazis, and although Henry finds himself finally feeling ultimately alive as he takes up the career of a smuggler with Visconti, his unrepentant Nazi past is designed to draw into question the ultimate wisdom of Henry's move from his boring, safe life to Aunt Augusta's life of adventure.
George Cukor's film version changed the ending, letting Aunt Augusta choose for the loyal Wordsworth over the treacherous Visconti.
Adaptations
The novel was adapted, with large departures from the original story, for a film in 1972, written by Jay Presson Allen and Hugh Wheeler, and directed by George Cukor, starring Maggie Smith and Alec McCowen.
British playwright and actor Giles Havergal wrote a version for stage, first presented at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow on 10 November 1989. This stage version was reduced to a 50-minute, one-act version (with permission from Havergal) and first presented by the Backwell Playhouse Theatre Company as an entry into the Avon Association of Art One Act Festival on 21 February 2015.
A BBC radio dramatisation by René Basilico starred Charles Kay and Dame Hilda Bracket in the leading roles.
The novel was adapted as a musical and was produced at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2016, starring Patricia Hodge.
References
Further reading
External links
Sam Jordison, "Reading group: a critical look at Travels with My Aunt", The Guardian, 29 Jun 2012
"Graham Greene, Travels with my aunt (Review)" on Whispering Gums, March 1, 2017
1969 British novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels by Graham Greene
The Bodley Head books
Novels set in Europe | [
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225465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue%20%28novel%29 | Glue (novel) | Glue is a 2001 novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh. Glue tells the stories of four Scottish boys over four decades, through the use of different perspectives and different voices. It addresses sex, drugs, violence, and other social issues in Scotland, mapping "the furious energies of working-class masculinity in the late 20th century, using a compulsive mixture of Lothians dialect, libertarian socialist theory, and an irresistible black humour." The title refers not to solvent abuse, but the metaphorical glue holding the four friends together through changing times.
The four main characters are Terry Lawson (Juice Terry), Billy Birrell (Business Birrell), Andrew Galloway (Gally), Carl Ewart (DJ N-Sign). We first meet them as small children in 1970, then as teenagers around 1980, as young men around 1990 (on holiday in Munich), and as men in their late thirties around 2000 (during the Edinburgh Festival). The novel is split into five different sections.
Characters
Carl "The Milky Bar Kid" Ewart: Carl is, along with Billy, one of the four boys to have a stable family environment. This makes him one of the group’s most normal and well-adjusted members. His father, Duncan, instilled both a love of music and strong code of ethics in his son from a very young age. Carl is very philosophical and open minded, despite sometimes being self-centered and arrogant. He is close to his mates, especially Gally. He is called "The Milky Bar Kid" because of his white-blond hair. He eventually strikes it big as a DJ and his nickname becomes N-SIGN Ewart.
Parents: Duncan and Maria Ewart
Billy "Business" Birrell: Billy is the most driven member of the group. He is very honorable and believes in fairness. As a youth he gets involved in amateur boxing and eventually goes pro, becoming very successful, in part because of his involvement with some shady gangsters. Billy becomes the most successful member of the group, eventually running a bar after retiring from boxing. This, however, estranges him from his old friends.
Father: Wullie; Brother: Rab Birrell
Terence Henry "Juice Terry" Lawson: Terry is a self-centered waster whose main interests are sex and drinking. His father Henry deserted the family when he was a young child, fueling a lifelong hatred for the man. He also hates Walter Ulrich, the German man his mother married after his father left. He is very disrespectful to his mother and is very sexist. In the later parts of his life, he supports himself through theft and unemployment benefit. Terry is very arrogant and insults everyone, even his close friends. Despite his faults, he is a caring and faithful friend. His nickname Juice Terry is derived from the job he had as a teenager selling juice in the scheme.
Sister: Yvonne Lawson
Andrew "Gally" Galloway: Gally is the heart and soul of the group, yet suffers from an intense self-hatred. His father was a criminal who was incarcerated throughout Gally's childhood. Because of this, Gally became the man of the house, looking out for his mother and sister. He is a gentle and caring person, but is sometimes prone to fits of anger. He serves two terms in jail during the novel, and becomes HIV positive through using heroin to combat his depression. His depression is fueled by his relationship with Gail, a woman he lost his virginity to after being released from juvenile hall at 18 and subsequently impregnated. He married Gail, but their relationship suffered due to her infidelity. She takes his daughter from him after she is injured during one of their fights. All this leads to drastic actions by Gally which split the group apart.
Other characters
"Post" Alec Connolly: Terry's friend, an alcoholic and one time postman who assists Terry with house burglary.
"Polmont" McMurray: a largely silent acquaintance of the group whose actions have a major impact on Gally in particular.
Kathryn Joyner: a famous but troubled American singer whose chance meeting with Terry in one of the novel's comical scenes, leads to an unexpected night out in Edinburgh.
References
2001 British novels
Jonathan Cape books
Novels by Irvine Welsh
Novels set in Edinburgh
Trainspotting | [
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225467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely%20Tyson | Cicely Tyson | Cicely Louise Tyson (December 19, 1924January 28, 2021) was an American actress. In a career which spanned more than seven decades, she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women. Tyson received three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Black Reel Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, one Tony Award, an honorary Academy Award, and a Peabody Award.
Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career, Tyson garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder (1972); she was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Actress and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for her work in the film. Tyson's portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, based on the book by Ernest J. Gaines, won her further praise; among other accolades, the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
Tyson continued to act on film and television in the 21st century. In 2011, she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help. She also played the recurring role of Ophelia Harkness in the legal drama TV series How to Get Away With Murder since the show's inception in 2014, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series five times.
In addition to her screen career, Tyson appeared in various theater productions. She received a Vernon Rice Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. Tyson also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful, winning the Tony Award, the Outer Critics Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013. Tyson was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015. In November 2016, Tyson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest civilian honor in the United States. In 2020, she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.
Early life
Tyson was born in the Bronx, New York City, but soon relocated with her family to East Harlem. She was one of three children born to Fredericka (Huggins) Tyson, a domestic worker, and William Augustine Tyson, who worked as a carpenter and painter. Her parents were immigrants from Nevis in the West Indies. Her father arrived in New York City at age 21 and was processed at Ellis Island on August 4, 1919.
Tyson grew up in a religious atmosphere. She sang in the choir and attended prayer meetings at an Episcopal church in East Harlem. Tyson's mother was opposed to her becoming an actress and would not speak to her for a time. She changed her mind when she saw Cicely appear on stage.
Career
Early work
Tyson was discovered by a photographer for Ebony magazine and became a successful fashion model. Her first acting role was in the 1956 film Carib Gold and she first appeared onstage in Vinnette Carroll's production of Dark of the Moon at the Harlem YMCA in 1958. Tyson had small roles in the 1959 films Odds Against Tomorrow and The Last Angry Man, as well as the 1960 comedy, Who Was That Lady? 1n 1961, she made her television debut in the NBC series Frontiers of Faith.
In the early 1960s, Tyson appeared in the original cast of French playwright Jean Genet's The Blacks. She played the role of Stephanie Virtue Secret-Rose Diop; other notable cast members included Maya Angelou, James Earl Jones, Godfrey Cambridge, Louis Gossett Jr., and Charles Gordone. The show was the longest running off-Broadway non-musical of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. She won the 1961-1962 Vernon Rice Award (later known as the Drama Desk Award) for her performance in another off-Broadway production, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl.
Tyson, who once worked for a social services agency, was spotted by producer David Susskind in The Blacks and in Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright, and was cast for a role in the CBS TV series East Side/West Side (1963–1964), playing the secretary of a social worker played by George C. Scott. She was at the time the only African American regular member of a TV cast, The show was noted for its treatment of social issues, and one of its episodes, on an African-American couple in Harlem (played by James Earl Jones and Diana Sands), was blacked out in Atlanta and Shreveport, Louisiana.
In the mid-1960s she had a recurring role in the soap opera The Guiding Light. She appeared with Sammy Davis Jr. in the film A Man Called Adam (1966) and starred in the film version of The Comedians (1967) based on the Graham Greene novel. In 1968 Tyson had a featured role in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter.
Stardom
In 1972, Tyson played the role of Rebecca Morgan in the film Sounder. She was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Sounder, and also won the NSFC Best Actress and NBR Best Actress Awards.
In 1974, Tyson played the title role in the television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. Tyson's portrayal of a centenarian black woman's life from slavery until her death before the Civil rights movement won her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie and an Emmy Award for Actress of the Year – Special. Tyson was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work in this television film.
Tyson's television roles included: Binta in the 1977 miniseries Roots, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Coretta Scott King in the 1978 miniseries King, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Marva Collins in the 1981 television film The Marva Collins Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; and Muriel in the 1986 television film Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special.
Later career
In 1989, Tyson appeared in the television miniseries The Women of Brewster Place. In 1991, Tyson appeared in Fried Green Tomatoes as Sipsey. In the 1994–95 television series Sweet Justice, Tyson portrayed a civil rights activist and attorney named Carrie Grace Battle, a character she modeled after Washington, D.C. civil rights and criminal defense lawyer Dovey Johnson Roundtree. Her other notable film roles include the dramas Hoodlum (1997) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005), and the television films Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994) (for which she received her third Emmy Award) and A Lesson Before Dying (1999). In 2005, Tyson co-starred in Because of Winn-Dixie.
In 2010, Tyson appeared in Why Did I Get Married Too? and narrated the Paul Robeson Award-winning documentary Up from the Bottoms: The Search for the American Dream. In 2011, Tyson appeared in her first music video in Willow Smith's 21st Century Girl. That same year, she played Constantine Jefferson, a maid in Jackson, Mississippi, in the critically acclaimed period drama The Help. Set in the backdrop of the Civil Rights Movement, the film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
At the 67th Tony Awards, on June 9, 2013, Tyson won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Miss Carrie Watts in The Trip to Bountiful. Upon winning, the 88-year-old actress became the oldest recipient of the Best Actress Tony Award. She also won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for the role.
In 2013, Tyson played a supporting role in the horror film The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia. Beginning in 2014, Tyson guest-starred on How to Get Away with Murder as Ophelia Harkness, the mother of main character Annalise Keating (Viola Davis); for this role, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.
In 2020, she starred in the popular movie A Fall From Grace which was featured on Netflix.
Personal life
Tyson had a daughter when she was 17 years old. At the age of 18, Tyson married Kenneth Franklin on December 27, 1942. According to her divorce decree, her husband abandoned her after less than eighteen months of marriage. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1956.
Tyson began dating jazz trumpeter Miles Davis in the 1960s when he was in the process of divorcing dancer Frances Davis. Davis used a photo of Tyson for his 1967 album, Sorcerer. Davis told the press in 1967 that he intended to marry Tyson in March 1968 after his divorce was finalized, but he married singer Betty Davis that September.
Tyson and Davis rekindled their relationship in 1978. They were married on November 26, 1981, in a ceremony conducted by Atlanta mayor Andrew Young at the home of actor Bill Cosby. Their marriage was tumultuous due to Davis' volatile temper and infidelity. Davis credited Tyson with saving his life and helping him overcome his cocaine addiction. They resided in Malibu, California, and New York City, until she filed for divorce in 1988. Their divorce was finalized in 1989, two years before Davis died in 1991.
Tyson was godmother to the singer Lenny Kravitz, having been friends with his mother, actress Roxie Roker, as well as to Denzel Washington's daughter Katia and Tyler Perry's son Aman.
Tyson was an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She was a member of the Abyssinian Baptist Church of New York. She was a vegetarian. She was also a first-cousin of Louis Farrakhan, a longtime leader of the Nation of Islam.
Tyson's memoir, Just as I Am, was published on January 26, 2021, and she promoted the book during the last weeks of her life. When she was asked how she wanted to be remembered in an interview with Gayle King, Tyson said, "I've done my best. That's all."
Death
Tyson died on January 28, 2021, at the age of 96. Her funeral was held February 16 at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, and was attended by Tyler Perry, her godson Lenny Kravitz, and Bill and Hillary Clinton.
Filmography
Selected credits:
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968)
Sounder (1972)
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974)
Roots (1977)
A Woman Called Moses (1978)
Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
A Lesson Before Dying (1999)
Because of Winn-Dixie (2005)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
The Help (2011)
The Trip to Bountiful (2014)
How to Get Away with Murder (2015-2020)
House of Cards (2016)
Last Flag Flying (2017)
Awards and honours
Cicely Tyson is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Emmy Awards, and a Tony Award. Tyson has won three Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in television winning for, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974), and Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994). She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play her performance in The Trip to Bountiful in 2014. Tyson won her Honorary Academy Award in 2018 with the inscription reading, ""Whose unforgettable performances and personal integrity have inspired generations of filmmakers, actors and audiences."
Tyson has also received various honours for her lifetime achievement as a groundbreaking artist. In 2015, she received a Kennedy Center Honor. In 2016 she was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama. In 2020, she received a Career Achievement Peabody Award. That same year she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.
In 1977, Tyson was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. In 1980, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1982, Tyson was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award. The award is given to outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. In 1988, Tyson received a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women. In 1997, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
In 2005, Tyson was honored at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball. She was also honored by the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the National Council of Negro Women. Tyson was awarded the NAACP's 2010 Spingarn Medal for her contribution to the entertainment industry, her modeling career, and her support of civil rights. Tyson was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2015. She was awarded the United States' highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President Barack Obama in November 2016. In September 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that Tyson would receive an Academy Honorary Award. On November 18, 2018, Tyson became the first African-American woman to receive an honorary Oscar. In 2018, Tyson was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. One of 12 soundstages was named after Tyson in her honor at Tyler Perry Studios. She was chosen to be inducted into the Television Academy's Hall of Fame in 2020. In 2022, she was posthumously inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame in 2022.
Tyson received honorary degrees from Clark Atlanta University, Columbia University; Howard University; and Morehouse College, an all-male historically black college. The Cicely Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts, a magnet school in East Orange, New Jersey, was named after her in 2009.
Notes
References
External links
Interview titled Ms. Cicely Tyson's Fact-Finding Tour of Central Africa, 1985-11-05, In Black America, KUT Radio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress)
Cicely Tyson at Find a Grave
1924 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Actresses from New York City
African-American actresses
African-American memoirists
American film actresses
American memoirists
American women memoirists
American people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Delta Sigma Theta members
Kennedy Center honorees
Miles Davis
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Harlem
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Spingarn Medal winners
Tony Award winners
American musical theatre actresses
African-American women singers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women | [
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225468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha%20Mason | Marsha Mason | Marsha Mason (born April 3, 1942) is an American actress and director. She was nominated four times for the Academy Award for Best Actress: for her performances in Cinderella Liberty (1973), The Goodbye Girl (1977), Chapter Two (1979), and Only When I Laugh (1981). The first two films also won her Golden Globe Awards. She was married for ten years (1973–1983) to the playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon, who was the writer of three of her four Oscar-nominated roles.
Mason's film debut was in the 1966 film Hot Rod Hullabaloo. Her other films include Blume in Love (1973), The Cheap Detective (1978), Max Dugan Returns (1983), Heartbreak Ridge (1986), Stella (1990) and Drop Dead Fred (1991). On television, she appeared in the soap opera Love of Life (1971–72) and received an Emmy Award nomination for her recurring role on the sitcom Frasier (1997–98).
She has also had an extensive career on stage, making her Broadway debut as a replacement in the comedy Cactus Flower in 1968. She starred in a 1999 revival of The Prisoner of Second Avenue in London, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Comedy Album for the 2000 recording. In 2006, she starred in the American premiere production of Hecuba at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater. Her other Broadway credits include The Night of the Iguana (1996), Steel Magnolias (2005), and Impressionism (2009).
Mason guest-starred in Madam Secretary (2015–16) and The Good Wife (2016), and has had recurring roles on the ABC sitcom The Middle from 2010-2017 and the Netflix series Grace and Frankie since 2016.
Career
After seeing her 1973 film debut in Blume in Love, Neil Simon cast Mason in his Broadway play The Good Doctor. Shortly afterwards, Mason and Simon, a widower, fell in love and got married. That same year, Mason co-starred opposite James Caan in the 20th Century Fox film Cinderella Liberty, which netted her an Oscar nomination for Best Actress. In 1977, Mason's performance in Simon's smash hit film, The Goodbye Girl, won her a second Best Actress Academy Award nomination. In 1979, Simon successfully cast Mason as Jennie MacLaine in the screen adaptation of his hit play Chapter Two, which was based on Mason's relationship with Simon up to their marriage. The film proved to be another big hit, garnering her a third Oscar nomination for Best Actress.
In 1981, Mason starred along with Kristy McNichol, James Coco, and Joan Hackett in Only When I Laugh, Simon's film adaptation of his Broadway comedy-drama The Gingerbread Lady; it was another box-office success. For her performance as Georgia Hines, Mason was highly praised and earned a fourth Best Actress Oscar nomination.
Mason's Max Dugan Returns (1983), also written by Simon, grossed a modest $17.6 million at the box office. Despite a stellar cast led by Mason, Donald Sutherland, Jason Robards and Matthew Broderick, the film was a slow starter, becoming more popular after premiering on cable TV and VHS. By this time, Mason and Simon had divorced, and her film career lost momentum. She co-starred with Clint Eastwood in the 1986 film Heartbreak Ridge, which was fairly well received and a commercial success. Mason also played a supporting role in the 1990 motion picture Stella starring Bette Midler, a remake of the 1937 film Stella Dallas.
Mason played in a New York production of Harold Pinter's Old Times. She next directed the play Juno's Swans (1986), by E. Katherine Kerr, at the Second Stage Theatre in Los Angeles.
Her stage credits include Norman Mailer's The Deer Park, Israel Horovitz's The Indian Wants the Bronx, Neil Simon's The Good Doctor and Joseph Papp's 1974 Richard III at the Lincoln Center. Mason starred on Broadway in a revival of Night of the Iguana in 1996, and the following year in Michael Cristofer's Amazing Grace. Mason reunited with Goodbye Girl co-star Richard Dreyfuss and writer Neil Simon in Duncan Weldon and Emanuel Azenberg's production of The Prisoner of Second Avenue in 1999, which was performed at the L.A. Theatre Works shortly after a revival in London's West End. She earned a Grammy nomination in comedy.
She appeared in Charles L. Mee's Wintertime at the Second Stage theatre in New York. In August 2005 Mason starred as Hecuba at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater and on Broadway in Steel Magnolias, with Delta Burke, Frances Sternhagen, Rebecca Gayheart, Lily Rabe and Christine Ebersole. She appeared in A Feminine Ending at Playwrights Horizons, and in the Shakespeare Theater Company's performance of All's Well That Ends Well in Washington, D.C.
Mason's recent television work includes guest roles on Seinfeld, Lipstick Jungle, and Army Wives. Mason starred in her own series, Sibs, which ran from 1991–92. In 1997 and 1998, she had a recurring role on the TV show Frasier as Sherry Dempsey. In February 2010, she co-starred in California Suite at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles.
Mason played Patricia Heaton's mother in ABC comedy series The Middle from 2010 to its conclusion in 2018.
In April 2010, Mason co-starred with Keir Dullea and Matt Servitto in an Off-Broadway production of I Never Sang for My Father. For her performance as Margaret Garrison, Mason received good reviews.
Mason has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
She teaches at HB Studio (Herbert Berghof Studio) in New York City.
Personal life
Mason was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Jacqueline Helena (Rakowski) and James Joseph Mason, a printer. She and her younger sister, Linda (b. 1943), were raised Catholic and grew up in Crestwood. Mason is a graduate of Nerinx Hall High School and Webster University, both in Webster Groves. While at Webster, she performed in a variety of theatrical productions. She raced a Mazda RX-3 in SCCA events.
Mason was married to actor Gary Campbell from 1965 until they divorced in 1970. Her second marriage, to playwright Neil Simon, lasted from 1973 until their 1983 divorce.
A former long-time resident of New Mexico, she had a farm in Abiquiu that grew certified organic herbs. In the late 1990s, Mason sold herbs wholesale to companies both locally and regionally before starting a line of wellness and bath and body products called "Resting in the River". Now based in New York City, in 2018 she completed building a home on a hayfield in Litchfield County, Connecticut, where she currently resides.<ref>See the Article</ref|title=Stage and screen star Marsha Mason relishes ‘Rhine’ role |publisher=Washingtonblade.com |date=January 26, 2017 |accessdate=September 10, 2019}}</ref> Mason has been a frequent visitor of Eastern countries like India going back many decades and a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation since 1970.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Marsha Mason Papers at Webster University
St. Louis Walk of Fame
"Marsha Mason: A Conversation for Women's History Month", Broadway World, March 29, 2010
"With: Marsha Mason", American Theatre Wing, March 31, 2010
"SURVIVAL KIT: MARSHA MASON", WNYC, March 28, 2004
1942 births
Living people
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Emmy Award winners
Actresses from St. Louis
Writers from St. Louis
Webster University alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Missouri Democrats
Connecticut Democrats
New Mexico Democrats
California Democrats
New York (state) Democrats
American memoirists
Simon family
People from Abiquiú, New Mexico
Catholics from Missouri
Catholics from New Mexico
American women memoirists | [
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225473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella%20Liberty | Cinderella Liberty | Cinderella Liberty is a 1973 American drama film adapted by Daryl Ponicsan from his 1973 novel of the same name. The film tells the story of a sailor who falls in love with a prostitute and becomes a surrogate father for her 10-year-old mixed race son. The film stars James Caan, Marsha Mason, and Eli Wallach, and was produced and directed by Mark Rydell.
The title is derived from the plot point that the sailor, while receiving medical treatment at the Navy base's medical facility, is given what is called a "Cinderella Liberty" pass which allows him to freely leave the naval base as long as he is back by midnight curfew. The film is one of two 1973 film adaptations of Ponicsan's novels; the other was The Last Detail.
The movie was filmed in Seattle, Washington.
Plot
John J. Baggs, Jr. (James Caan), a U.S. Navy sailor and Vietnam veteran, checks into the Seattle naval base medical facility for minor treatment. His medical test results are delayed, preventing him from rejoining his ship when it sails. He gets a clean bill of health, but must wait at the base for reassignment to another ship, and is given a "Cinderella liberty" pass that allows him to come and go from the base until the midnight curfew. Shortly thereafter, the base loses his records, making him unable to be reassigned or receive pay or benefits, and keeping him stuck at the base on "Cinderella liberty" until his records are found.
On his first night in a bar, he is racing the clock to find a woman before midnight, and is attracted to Maggie (Marsha Mason), a prostitute hustling sailors at a pool table. He challenges her at pool, and later goes to her tenement apartment for a sexual encounter, discovering that she lives with her bi-racial 11-year-old son Doug (Kirk Calloway). Baggs later finds Doug out drinking beer, and lectures Maggie about her lack of motherly oversight towards her son. Noticing that Doug is often left to fend for himself, Baggs begins spending time with him, while also developing a relationship with Maggie, with whom he is falling in love. The couple almost break up when Baggs learns Maggie is pregnant by a man she knew before she met Baggs, but they reconcile and Baggs accepts responsibility for the unborn child as well.
At the base, Baggs runs into his former training instructor, an older sailor named Forshay (Eli Wallach), who treated Baggs brutally. After an initial fistfight, Baggs learns that Forshay has been demoted and is being discharged due to his mistreatment of recruits, one of whom had political connections. Forshay's love of the Navy has been the only constant in his life and Forshay has no family or relationships outside the Navy. Baggs feels sorry for him and becomes his friend, while not wanting to repeat the same pattern in his own life. After his discharge, Forshay loses his pension and is forced to take a menial job as a strip show barker.
Baggs attempts to create a normal family life for Maggie and Doug, and succeeds for a while despite the obstacles presented by his lack of pay and benefits. He and Maggie marry, but due to his lost records, the Navy refuses to recognize the marriage or grant Maggie and Doug the normal privileges given to a sailor's family. Doug, suspicious and cynical at first, bonds with Baggs, who manages to get Doug's painfully decayed teeth fixed at the naval base by an unqualified dental assistant. Maggie gives birth prematurely to a son, whom she names after Baggs, but the baby dies soon after birth, causing a distraught Maggie to return to prostitution in order to distract herself from her grief. The Navy finally locates Baggs' records and reassigns him to a new ship, also giving him $1400 in back pay. When he goes to tell Maggie, he finds she has departed for New Orleans with another man, and left Doug behind for Baggs to look after. In order to stay with Doug, Baggs gets Forshay to change places with him and ship out under his name. After waving goodbye to a happy Forshay, Baggs and Doug then head for New Orleans to look for Maggie.
Cast
James Caan as John Baggs Jr.
Marsha Mason as Maggie Paul
Kirk Calloway as Doug Paul
Eli Wallach as Lynn Forshay
Burt Young as Master at Arms
Dabney Coleman as the Exec
Bruno Kirby as Alcott
Allyn Ann McLerie as Miss Watkins (welfare worker)
Reception
Cinderella Liberty was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture and received Academy Awards nominations for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Marsha Mason), Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Music, Song (John Williams and Paul Williams for "Nice to Be Around").
In lamenting many of the film choices he made in the years immediately following his Oscar and Golden Globe nominated performance in The Godfather, Caan mentioned Cinderella Liberty as one of the exceptions to those regrets, commenting that he liked the film a lot.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
Soundtrack
See also
List of American films of 1973
The Last Detail
References
External links
1973 films
1973 romantic drama films
20th Century Fox films
American films
American romantic drama films
English-language films
Films scored by John Williams
Films about prostitution in the United States
Films directed by Mark Rydell
Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films set in Seattle
Films shot in Washington (state)
Films about the United States Navy | [
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225474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Anglo-Saxon%20Protestants | White Anglo-Saxon Protestants | In the United States, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants or WASPs are the white American Protestant elite, typically of British descent. WASP elites have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States. After 1945, many Americans criticized the WASP hegemony and disparaged them as part of "The Establishment". Although the social influence of wealthy WASPs has declined since the 1940s, the group continues to play a central role in American finance, politics and philanthropy.
Anglo-Saxon refers to people of British ancestry, but "WASP" is sometimes used more broadly by sociologists and others to include all Protestant Americans of Northern European or Northwestern European ancestry. WASP is also used for elites in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The 1998 Random House Unabridged Dictionary says the term is "sometimes disparaging and offensive".
Naming
The Angles and Saxons were Germanic tribes that migrated to Great Britain near the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. Anglian and Saxon kingdoms were established over most of what is present-day England, and collectively they came to identify themselves as "English", after England ('land of the Angles'), while the indigenous Celtic people were called British. Later, the name Anglo-Saxon was also applied to these people, reflecting their Germanic tribal origins; and, after the Norman conquest in 1066, Anglo-Saxon has been used to refer to the pre-invasion English people. The American Revolution was, in large-part, rooted in a mythical ideology that the American colonists were the descendents of the Anglo-Saxons who had fled to the New World to free themselves from the British Normans. Since the 19th century, Anglo-Saxon has been in common use in the English-speaking world, but not in Britain itself, to refer to Protestants of principally English descent. The W and P were added in the 1950s to form a humorous epithet to imply "waspishness" or someone likely to make sharp, slightly cruel remarks.
Political scientist Andrew Hacker used the term WASP in 1957, with W standing for 'wealthy' rather than 'white'. Describing the class of Americans that held "national power in its economic, political, and social aspects", Hacker wrote:
An earlier usage appeared in the African-American newspaper The New York Amsterdam News in 1948, when author Stetson Kennedy wrote:
The term was later popularized by sociologist and University of Pennsylvania professor E. Digby Baltzell, himself a WASP, in his 1964 book The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America. Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group by arguing that "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class."
Citing Gallup polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book The Power of Their Glory, "As befits a church that belongs to the worldwide Anglican Communion, Episcopalianism has the United Kingdom to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church."
WASP is also used in Australia and Canada for similar elites. WASPs traditionally have been associated with Episcopal (or Anglican), Presbyterian, United Methodist, Congregationalist, and other mainline Protestant denominations; but the term has expanded to include other Protestant denominations as well.
Anglo-Saxon in modern usage
The concept of Anglo-Saxonism and especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism evolved in the late 19th century, especially among American Protestant missionaries eager to transform the world. Historian Richard Kyle says:
Protestantism had not yet split into two mutually hostile camps – the liberals and fundamentalists. Of great importance, evangelical Protestantism still dominated the cultural scene. American values bore the stamp of this Anglo-Saxon Protestant ascendancy. The political, cultural, religious, and intellectual leaders of the nation were largely of a Northern European Protestant stock, and they propagated public morals compatible with their background.
Before WASP came into use in the 1960s, the term Anglo-Saxon served some of the same purposes. Like the newer term WASP, the older term Anglo-Saxon was used derisively by writers hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. The negative connotation was especially common among Irish Americans and writers in France. Anglo-Saxon, meaning in effect the whole Anglosphere, remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the Special Relationship of close diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the UK and complaints about perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. In December 1918, after victory in the World War, President Woodrow Wilson told a British official in London: “You must not speak of us who come over here as cousins, still less as brothers; we are neither. Neither must you think of us as Anglo-Saxons, for that term can no longer be rightly applied to the people of the United States....There are only two things which can establish and maintain closer relations between your country and mine: they are community of ideals and of interests." The term remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in Scottish Nationalist discourse. Irish-American humorist Finley Peter Dunne popularized the ridicule of "Anglo-Saxons", even calling President Theodore Roosevelt one. Roosevelt insisted he was Dutch. "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance", argues California politician Tom Hayden. The depiction of the Irish in the films of John Ford was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or 'lace-curtain Irish' ideas of respectability."
In Australia, Anglo or Anglo-Saxon refers to people of English descent, while Anglo-Celtic includes people of Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent.
In France, Anglo-Saxon refers to the combined impact of Britain and the United States on European affairs. Charles de Gaulle repeatedly sought to "rid France of Anglo-Saxon influence". The term is used with more nuance in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization.
Outside of Anglophone countries, the term Anglo-Saxon and its translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Variations include the German , French , Spanish anglosajón, Dutch and Italian .
19th-century Anglo-Saxonism
In the nineteenth century, Anglo-Saxons was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. It was often used in implying superiority, much to the annoyance of outsiders. For example, American clergyman Josiah Strong boasted in 1890:
In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo-Saxons (I use the term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than 120,000,000.
In 1893, Strong envisioned a future "new era" of triumphant Anglo-Saxonism:
Is it not reasonable to believe that this race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind?
Other European ethnicities
A 1969 Time article stated, "purists like to confine Wasps to descendants of the British Isles; less exacting analysts are willing to throw in Scandinavians, Netherlanders and Germans." The popular usage of the term has sometimes expanded to include not just Anglo-Saxon or English-American elites but also to people of other Protestant Northwestern European origin, including Protestant Dutch Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans. The sociologist Charles H. Anderson writes, "Scandinavians are second-class WASPs" but know it is "better to be a second-class WASP than a non-WASP".
Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey described a further expansion of the term's meaning:
The term WASP has many meanings. In sociology it reflects that segment of the U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. The term...has become more inclusive. To many people, WASP now includes most 'white' people who are not ... members of any minority group.
Apart from Protestant English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian Americans, other ethnic groups frequently included under the label WASP include Americans of French Huguenot descent, Scotch-Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, Protestant Americans of Germanic Northwestern European descent in general, and established Protestant American families of "vague" or "mixed" Germanic Northwestern European heritage.
Culture
Education
Expensive, private prep schools and universities have historically been associated with WASPs. Colleges such as the Ivy League, the Little Ivies, and the Seven Sisters colleges are particularly intertwined with the culture. Until roughly World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of white Protestants. While admission to these schools is generally based upon merit, many of these universities give a legacy preference for the children of alumni in order to link elite families (and their wealth) with the school. These legacy admissions allowed for the continuation of WASP influence on important sectors of the US.
Members of Protestant denominations associated with WASPs have some of the highest proportions of advanced degrees. Examples include the Episcopal Church with 76% of those polled having some college and the Presbyterian Church with 64%.
According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates have come from a Protestant background, while Protestants made up roughly 67% of the US population during that period. Of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972, 84.2% of those in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics were awarded to Protestants.
Politics
From 1854 until about 1964, white Protestants were predominantly Republicans. More recently, the group is split more evenly between the Republican and Democratic parties.
Wealth
Episcopalians and Presbyterians are among the wealthiest religious groups and were formerly disproportionately represented in American business, law, and politics. Some of the wealthiest and most affluent American families such as the Vanderbilts, Astors, Rockefellers, Du Ponts, Roosevelts, Forbes, Whitneys, and Morgans are white primarily mainline Protestant families.
Location
Like other ethnic groups, WASPs tend to concentrate within close proximity of each other. These areas are often exclusive and associated with top schools, high incomes, well-established church communities, and high real-estate values. For example, in the Detroit area, WASPs predominantly possessed the wealth that came from the new automotive industry. After the 1967 Detroit riot, they tended to congregate in the Grosse Pointe suburbs. In Chicagoland, white Protestants primarily reside in the North Shore suburbs, the Barrington area in the northwest suburbs, and in Oak Park and DuPage County in the western suburbs.
Social values
David Brooks, a columnist for The New York Times who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time." According to the essayist Joseph Epstein, WASPs developed a style of understated quiet leadership.
A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriageable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a débutante ball, such as the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.
Social Register
America's social elite was a small, closed group. The leadership was well-known to the readers of newspaper society pages, but in larger cities it was hard to remember everyone, or to keep track of the new debutantes and marriages. The solution was the Social Register, which listed the names and addresses of about 1 percent of the population. Most were WASPs, and they included families who mingled at the same private clubs, attended the right teas and cotillions, worshipped together at prestige churches, funded the proper charities, lived in exclusive neighborhoods, and sent their daughters to finishing schools and their sons away to prep schools. In the heyday of WASP dominance, the Social Register delineated high society. According to The New York Times, its influence had faded by the late 20th century:
Fashion
In 2007, The New York Times reported that there was a rising interest in the WASP culture. In their review of Susanna Salk's A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style, they stated that Salk "is serious about defending the virtues of WASP values, and their contribution to American culture."
By the 1980s, brands such as Lacoste and Ralph Lauren and their logos became associated with the preppy fashion style which was associated with WASP culture.
Social and political influence
The term WASP became associated with an upper class in the United States due to over-representation of WASPs in the upper echelons of society. Until the mid–20th century, industries such as banks, insurance, railroads, utilities, and manufacturing were dominated by WASPs.
The Founding Fathers of the United States were mostly educated, well-to-do, of British ancestry, and Protestants. According to a study of the biographies of signers of the Declaration of Independence by Caroline Robbins:
The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite, were residents of older settlements, and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of the population. Native or born overseas, they were of British stock and of the Protestant faith.
Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest—mostly immigrants and their descendants from Ireland and Germany as well as southern and eastern Europe—came to dominate Democratic Party politics in big cities through the ward boss system. Catholic politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility.
Political scientist Eric Kaufmann argues that "the 1920s marked the high tide of WASP control". In 1965 Canadian sociologist John Porter, in The Vertical Mosaic, argued that British origins were disproportionately represented in the higher echelons of Canadian class, income, political power, the clergy, the media, etc. However, more recently Canadian scholars have traced the decline of the WASP elite.
Post–World War II
According to Ralph E. Pyle:
Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it. Self-imposed diversity incentives opened the country's most elite schools. The GI Bill brought higher education to new ethnic arrivals, who found middle class jobs in the postwar economic expansion. Nevertheless, white Protestants remain influential in the country's cultural, political, and economic elite. Scholars typically agree that the group's influence has waned since 1945, with the growing influence of other ethnic groups.
After 1945, Catholics and Jews made strong inroads in getting jobs in the federal civil service, which was once dominated by those from Protestant backgrounds, especially the Department of State. Georgetown University, a Catholic school, made a systematic effort to place graduates in diplomatic career tracks. By the 1990s there were "roughly the same proportion of WASPs, Catholics, and Jews at the elite levels of the federal civil service, and a greater proportion of Jewish and Catholic elites among corporate lawyers." The political scientist Theodore P. Wright, Jr., argues that while the Anglo ethnicity of the U.S. presidents from Richard Nixon through George W. Bush is evidence for the continued cultural dominance of WASPs, assimilation and social mobility, along with the ambiguity of the term, has led the WASP class to survive only by "incorporating other groups [so] that it is no longer the same group" that existed in the mid-20th century.
Two famous confrontations signifying a decline in WASP dominance were the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., and the 1964 challenge by Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—an Episcopalian who had solid WASP credentials through his mother but whose father was Jewish and was seen by some as part of the Jewish community—to Nelson Rockefeller and the Eastern Republican establishment, which led to the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party being marginalized by the 1980s, overwhelmed by the dominance of Southern and Western conservatives. However, asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?", journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians ending with Republicans G.H.W. Bush, elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush, elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008. Mary Kenny argues that Barack Obama, although famous as the first Black president, exemplifies highly controlled "unemotional delivery" and "rational detachment" characteristic of WASP personality traits. Indeed he attended upper class schools such as Harvard and was raised by his WASP mother Ann Dunham and the Dunham grandparents in a family that dates to Jonathan Singletary Dunham born in Massachusetts in 1640. Inderjeet Parmar and Mark Ledwidge argue that Obama pursued a typically WASP-inspired foreign policy of liberal internationalism.
In the 1970s, a Fortune magazine study found one-in-five of the country's largest businesses and one-in-three of its largest banks was run by an Episcopalian. More recent studies indicate a still-disproportionate, though somewhat reduced, influence of WASPs among economic elites.
The reversal of WASP fortune was exemplified by the Supreme Court. Historically almost all its justices were of WASP or Protestant Germanic heritage. The exceptions included seven Catholics and two Jews. Since the 1960s, an increasing number of non-WASP justices have been appointed to the Court. From 2010 to 2017, the Court had no Protestant members, until the appointment of Neil Gorsuch in 2017.
The University of California, Berkeley, once a WASP stronghold, has changed radically: only 30% of its undergraduates in 2007 were of European origin (including WASPs and all other Europeans), and 63% of undergraduates at the University were from immigrant families (where at least one parent was an immigrant), especially Asian.
A significant shift of American economic activity toward the Sun Belt during the latter part of the 20th century and an increasingly globalized economy have also contributed to the decline in power held by Northeastern WASPs. James D. Davidson et al. argued in 1995 that while WASPs were no longer solitary among the American elite, members of the Patrician class remained markedly prevalent within the current power structure.
Other analysts have argued that the extent of the decrease in WASP dominance has been overstated. In response to increasing claims of fading WASP dominance, Davidson, using data on American elites in political and economic spheres, concluded in 1994 that, while the WASP and Protestant establishment had lost some of its earlier prominence, WASPs and Protestants were still vastly overrepresented among America's elite.
Hostile epithet
Sociologist John W. Dykstra in 1958 described the "white AngloSaxon Protestant" as "Mr. Bigot." Historian Martin Marty said in 1991 that WASPs “are the one ethnoreligioracial group that all can demean with impunity.”
In the 21st century, WASP is often applied as a derogatory label to those with social privilege who are perceived to be snobbish and exclusive, such as being members of restrictive private social clubs. Kevin M. Schultz stated in 2010 that WASP is "a much-maligned class identity....Today, it signifies an elitist snoot." A number of popular jokes ridicule those thought to fit the stereotype.
Occasionally, a writer praises the WASP contribution, as conservative historian Richard Brookhiser did in 1991 when he said the "uptight, bland, and elitist" stereotype obscures the "classic WASP ideals of industry, public service, family duty, and conscience to revitalize the nation." Likewise conservative writer Joseph Epstein praised WASP history in 2013 and asked, "Are we really better off with a country run by the self-involved, over-schooled products of modern meritocracy?" He deplores how the WASP element lost its self-confidence and came under attack as "The Establishment."
In media
American films, including Annie Hall and Meet the Parents, have used the conflicts between WASP families and urban Jewish families for comedic effect.
The 1939 Broadway play Arsenic and Old Lace, later adapted into a Hollywood film released in 1944, ridiculed the old American elite. The play and film depict "old-stock British Americans" a decade before they were tagged as WASPS.
The playwright A. R. Gurney (1930-2017), himself of WASP heritage, has written a series of plays that have been called "penetratingly witty studies of the WASP ascendancy in retreat". Gurney told the Washington Post in 1982:
In Gurney's play The Cocktail Hour (1988), a lead character tells her playwright son that theater critics "don't like us... They resent us. They think we're all Republicans, all superficial and all alcoholics. Only the latter is true."
Filmmaker Whit Stillman, whose godfather was E. Digby Baltzell, has made films dealing primarily with WASP characters and subjects. Stillman has been called the "WASP Woody Allen." His debut 1990 film Metropolitan tells the story of a group of college-age Manhattan socialites during débutante season. A recurring theme of the film is the declining power of the old Protestant élite.
See also
African-American upper class
American gentry
American upper class
Anglo-Celtic Australians
Anglosphere
Boston Brahmins
British Americans
Daughters of the American Revolution
Dominant minority
Donor Class
The Establishment
First Families of Virginia
High society (social class)
International Debutante Ball
Old money
Old Philadelphians
Old Stock Americans
Preppy
Social class in the United States
Social register
Transatlantic accent
Union League
Wealth in the United States
White-shoe firm
Yankee
References
Further reading
Aldrich, Nelson, IV. "The upper class, up for grabs," Wilson Quarterly (1993), 18#3 pp 65-72.
Aldrich, Nelson, IV. Old Money: The Mythology of Wealth (1997)
Beran, Michael Knox. "Five Best: Books on WASPs" Wall Street Journal July 9, 2021 online; 3 novels and 2 autobiographies
Beran, Michael Knox. WASPS: The Splendors and Miseries of an American Aristocracy (Pegasus Books, 2021) excerpt
Marty, Martin E. "Ethnicity: The Skeleton of Religion in America." Church History 41#1 (1972), pp. 5–21. online, emphasis on WASP role
Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. "...‘a foundation-hatched black’: Obama, the U.S. establishment, and foreign policy." International Politics 54.3 (2017): 373-388 online.
Schatz, Ronald W. "The Barons of Middletown and the Decline of the North-Eastern Anglo-Protestant Elite." Past & Present, no. 219, (2013), pp. 165–200. online loss of control of Middletown, Connecticut in late 1930s.
Wald, Eli. "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms." Stanford Law Review 60 (2007): 1803–1866. online
External links
Social Register Locater compiles all the major cities into one list
35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century; online free
Ethnic groups in the United States
British-American history
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
High society (social class)
Protestantism in the United States
Upper class culture in the United States
English phrases | [
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225476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Way%20We%20Were | The Way We Were | The Way We Were is a 1973 American romantic drama film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford. Arthur Laurents wrote both the novel and screenplay based on his college days at Cornell University and his experiences with the House Un-American Activities Committee.
A box-office success, the film was nominated for several awards and won the Academy Awards for Best Original Dramatic Score and Best Original Song for the theme song "The Way We Were". It ranked at number six on AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions survey of the top 100 greatest love stories in American cinema. The Way We Were is considered one of the great romantic films.
The soundtrack album became a gold record and hit the Top 20 on the Billboard 200, while the title song became a gold single, topping the Billboard Hot 100 and selling more than two million copies. Billboard named "The Way We Were" as the number 1 pop hit of 1974. In 1998, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and finished at number eight on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Songs list of top tunes in American cinema in 2004. It also was included in the list of Songs of the Century, by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.
Plot
Told partly in flashback, it is the story of Katie Morosky (Barbra Streisand) and Hubbell Gardiner (Robert Redford). Their differences are immense; she is a stridently vocal Marxist Jew with strong anti-war opinions, and he is a carefree White Anglo-Saxon Protestant with no particular political bent. While attending the same college, she is drawn to him because of his boyish good looks and his natural writing skill, which she finds captivating, although he does not work very hard at it. He is intrigued by her conviction and her determination to persuade others to take up social causes. Their attraction is evident, but neither of them acts upon it, and they lose touch after graduation.
The two meet again towards the end of World War II while Katie is working at a radio station, and Hubbell, having served as a naval officer in the South Pacific, is trying to return to civilian life. They fall in love despite the differences in their backgrounds and temperaments. Soon, however, Katie is incensed by the cynical jokes that Hubbell's friends make at the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and is unable to understand his indifference towards their insensitivity and shallow dismissal of political engagement. At the same time, his serenity is disturbed by her lack of social graces and her polarising postures. Hubbell breaks it off with Katie, but soon agrees to work things out, at least for a time.
When Hubbell is offered the opportunity to adapt his novel into a screenplay, Katie believes he is wasting his talent and encourages him to pursue writing as a serious challenge instead. Despite her growing frustration, they move to California where, without much effort, he becomes a successful screenwriter, and the couple enjoy an affluent lifestyle. As the Hollywood blacklist grows and McCarthyism begins to encroach on their lives, Katie's political activism resurfaces, jeopardising Hubbell's position and reputation.
Alienated by Katie's persistent abrasiveness, and although she is pregnant, Hubbell has a liaison with Carol Ann, his college girlfriend and the divorcee of J.J., his best friend. After the birth of their child, however, Katie and Hubbell decide to part, as she finally understands he is not the man she idealised when falling in love with him, and he always will choose the easiest way out, whether it is cheating in his relationship or writing predictable stories for sitcoms. Hubbell, though, is exhausted, unable to live on the pedestal Katie erected for him and face her disappointment in his decision to compromise his potential.
Katie and Hubbell meet by chance some years after their break-up in front of the Plaza Hotel in New York City. Hubbell is with a stylishly beautiful woman and, apparently content, is now writing for an unnamed television show that is broadcast live. Katie, now married, invites Hubbell to come for a drink with his lady friend, but he turns down the invitation. Hubbell enquires about their daughter Rachel, and if Katie's new husband is a good father to her. He shows no intention of meeting her, implying that he has not been a part of Rachel's life in the past, nor does he plan to be in her life in the future, to which Katie seems resigned, but content.
Katie has remained faithful to who she is; flyers in hand, she is agitating now for "Ban the bomb", the new political cause. Their past is behind them, and all the two share now (besides their daughter) is missing what they once had together, the memory of the way they were.
Cast
Barbra Streisand as Katie Morosky
Robert Redford as Hubbell Gardiner
Bradford Dillman as J.J.
Lois Chiles as Carol Ann
Patrick O'Neal as George Bissinger
Viveca Lindfors as Paula Reisner
Allyn Ann McLerie as Rhea Edwards
Murray Hamilton as Brooks Carpenter
Herb Edelman as Bill Verso
Diana Ewing as Vicki Bissinger
Sally Kirkland as Pony Dunbar
George Gaynes as El Morocco Captain
James Woods as Frankie McVeigh
Susan Blakely as Judianne
Production
In 1937, while an undergraduate at Cornell, Arthur Laurents was introduced to political activism by a student who became the model for Katie Morosky, a member of the Young Communist League and an outspoken opponent of Francisco Franco and his effort to take control of Spain via the Spanish Civil War. The fiery campus radical organised rallies and a peace strike, and the memory of her fervour remained with Laurents long after the two lost touch.
Laurents decided to develop a story with a similar character at its centre, but was unsure what other elements to add. He recalled a creative writing instructor named Robert E. Short, who felt he had a good ear for dialogue and had encouraged him to write plays. His first instinct was to create a crisis between his leading lady and her college professor, but he decided her passion needed to be politics, not writing. What evolved was a male character who had a way with words, but no strong inclination to apply himself to a career using them.
Because of his own background, Laurents felt it was important for his heroine to be Jewish and share his outrage at injustice. He also thought it was time a mainstream Hollywood film had a Jewish heroine, and because Barbra Streisand was the industry's most notable Jewish star, he wrote the role of Katie Morosky for her. Laurents had known Streisand for some time, having cast her in his 1962 Broadway musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale. Hubbell Gardiner, initially a secondary character, was drawn from several people Laurents knew. The first name was borrowed from urbane television producer Hubbell Robinson, who had hired Laurents to write an episode of ABC Stage 67. The looks and personality came from two primary sources - writer Peter Viertel and a man Laurents referred to only as "Tony Blue Eyes", an acquaintance who inspired the scene where the creative writing instructor reads Hubbell's short story to his class.
Laurents wrote a lengthy treatment for Ray Stark, who read it on a transcontinental flight and called the screenwriter the moment he arrived in Los Angeles to greenlight the project. Laurents had been impressed with They Shoot Horses, Don't They? and suggested Sydney Pollack to direct. Streisand was impressed that he had studied with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse in Manhattan and seconded the choice. Stark was less enthusiastic, but agreed because Pollack assured him he could deliver Robert Redford for the role of Hubbell, which Laurents had written with Ryan O'Neal in mind. O'Neal's affair with Streisand was at its end, and Stark wanted to avoid conflicts between the leads.
Laurents ultimately regretted recommending Pollack. The director demanded the role of Hubbell be made equal to that of Katie, and throughout filming, for unexplained reasons, he kept Laurents away from Redford. What was intended to be the final draft of the screenplay was written by Laurents and Pollack at Stark's condominium in Sun Valley, Idaho. Laurents, dismayed to discover very little of his work remained when it was completed, left the project. Over time, 11 writers, including Dalton Trumbo, Alvin Sargent, Paddy Chayefsky, and Herb Gardner, contributed to the script. The end result was a garbled story filled with holes that neither Streisand nor Redford liked. Laurents was asked to return and did so only after demanding and receiving an exorbitant amount of money.
Because the film's start date was delayed while it underwent numerous rewrites, Cornell was lost as a shooting location , as was Williams College, where the novel "The Graduate" had been written 10 years earlier. Union College in Schenectady, New York, was used, instead. Other locations included the village of Ballston Spa in upstate New York; Central Park; the beach in Malibu, California; and Union Station in Los Angeles, the latter for a scene Laurents felt was absurd and fought to have deleted, without success.
Laurents was horrified when he saw the first rough cut of the film. He thought it had a few good scenes, and some good moments in bad scenes, but overall, he thought it was a badly photographed, jumbled mess lacking coherence. Both stars appeared to be playing themselves more often than their characters, and Streisand often used a grand accent that Laurents felt hurt her performance. Pollack admitted the film was not good, accepted full responsibility for its problems, and apologised for his behaviour. The following day, he retreated to the editing room to improve it as much as possible. Laurents felt the changes made it better, but never as good as it could have been.
A decade after the film was released, Redford, having made peace with Laurents, contacted him to discuss the possibility of collaborating on a new project, and eventually the two settled on a sequel to The Way We Were. In it, Hubbell and his daughter, a radical like Katie, would meet, but be unaware of their relationship, and complications would ensue. Both agreed they did not want Pollack to be part of the equation. Laurents sent Redford the completed script, but aside from receiving a brief note acknowledging the actor had received it and looked forward to reading it, he never heard from him again. In 1982, Pollack approached Laurents about a sequel Stark had proposed, but nothing transpired following their initial discussion. In 1996, Streisand came across the sequel Laurents had written, and decided she wanted to produce and direct it, as well as co-star with Redford, but did not want to work with Stark. Laurents thought the script was not as good as he remembered it being, and agreed to rewrite it once Stark agreed to sell the rights to the characters and their story to Streisand. Again, nothing happened. The following year, Stark asked Laurents if he were interested in adapting the original film for a stage musical starring Kathie Lee Gifford. Laurents declined, and any new projects related to the film have been in limbo.
Soundtrack
The musical score for The Way We Were was composed by Marvin Hamlisch. A soundtrack album was released in January 1974 to much success. At the time of its initial release, the album peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200. On October 19, 1993, it was re-released on CD by Sony. It includes Streisand's rendition of "The Way We Were", which at the time of the film's release was a commercial success and her first number-one single in the United States. It entered the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1973 and charted for 23 weeks, eventually selling over a million copies and remaining number one for three non-consecutive weeks in February 1974. On the Adult Contemporary chart, it was Streisand's second top hit, following "People" a decade earlier. It was the title track of a Streisand album that reached number one.
Reception
In North America, the film was a massive commercial success, grossing $49,919,870. It ranked fifth among high-grossing films of the year, earning an estimated $10 million in North American rentals in 1973, and a total of $22,457,000 in its theatrical run.
Critical response
The Way We Were was featured on the Top Ten Films of 1973 by the National Board of Review. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and called it "essentially just a love story, and not sturdy enough to carry the burden of both radical politics and a bittersweet ending." He added "It's easy to forgive the movie a lot because of Streisand. She's fantastic. She's the brightest, quickest female in movies today, inhabiting her characters with a fierce energy and yet able to be touchingly vulnerable...The Redford character perhaps in reaction to the inevitable Streisand performance, is passive and without edges. The primary purpose of the character is to provide someone into whose life Streisand can enter and then leave. That's sort of thankless, but Redford handles it well." Ebert further added "Instead, inexplicably, the movie suddenly and implausibly has them fall out of love--and they split up without resolving anything, particularly the plot." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that "with Streisand as the film's intellectual mouthpiece—and listen, as a singer, God bless her—there is no way that the film's ideas are going to come off as anything but patronizing and tinged with comedy."
In her review, Pauline Kael noted, "the decisive change in the characters' lives which the story hinges on takes place suddenly and hardly makes sense." She was not the only critic to question the gap in the plot. Of the scene in the hospital shortly after Katie gives birth and they part indefinitely, Molly Haskell wrote, "She seems to know all about it, but it came as a complete shock to me." The sloppy editing was exposed in other ways, as well. In his review, critic John Simon wrote: "Some things, I suppose, never change, like the necktie Redford wears in two scenes that take place many years apart."
Variety called it "a distended, talky, redundant, and moody melodrama" and adds, "but Robert Redford has too little to work with in the script," and "The overemphasis on Streisand makes the film just another one of those Streisand vehicles where no other elements ever get a chance." Time Out London observed "[W]ith the script glossing whole areas of confrontation (from the Communist '30s to the McCarthy witch-hunts), it often passes into the haze of a nostalgic fashion parade. Although Streisand's liberated Jewish lady is implausible, and emphasises the period setting as just so much dressing, Redford's Fitzgerald-type character...is an intriguing trailer for his later Great Gatsby. It's a performance that brings more weight to the film than it deserves, often hinting at depths that are finally skated over."
Conversely, TV Guide awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "an engrossing, if occasionally ludicrous, hit tearjerker" and "a great campy romance."
As of January 2022, the film holds a rating of 65% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews. The consensus states: "The Way We Were isn't politically confrontational enough for its story of ideological opposites falling in love to feel authentic, but Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford's beaming star power gives this melodrama romantic lift."
Awards and nominations
In popular culture
In Gilda Radner's concert film Gilda Live, her character Lisa Loopner performs "The Way We Were" on the piano. Loopner says of the film "It's about a Jewish woman with a big nose and her blond boyfriend who move to Hollywood, and it's during the blacklist and it puts a strain on their relationship."
The Simpsons had three episodes, one called "The Way We Was" (first aired in 1991), "The Way We Weren't" (first aired in 2004), and "The Wayz We Were" (first aired in 2021), although their plots are unrelated to the film.
In season one of Gilmore Girls, Lorelei attempts to guess Dean's darkest secret is that he secretly wanted Robert Redford to dump his wife and children for Barbra Streisand. Dean admits that he has not seen "The Way We Were". In another episode of Gilmore Girls, Lorelei tells Sookie that she is reminded of The Way We Were because she hid from Luke the fact that she had lunch with Christopher. In season five of Gilmore Girls, Lorelei calls Luke after they have broken up and tells him that she was thinking about The Way We Were and reminded him of how Katie called Hubbell after they had broken up and asked him to come sit with her because he was her best friend and she needed her best friend.
On the show Friends, Rachel Green lists The Way We Were as the most romantic movie of all time.
In That '70s Show, Kitty Forman says that The Way We Were was a nice film after Eric explains a scene in Star Wars.
In Sex and the City, Carrie uses The Way We Were as an analogy for her relationship with Big. The girls proceed to sing the film's theme song, and later, when Carrie bumps into Big outside his engagement party, she quotes a line from the film.
In the movie The Jerk, Marie (Bernadette Peters) is sobbing over the demise of her relationship while a drunk Navin Johnson (Steve Martin) is writing checks for $1.09. He is badgering her and asks why she is crying and why she is wearing an old dress from one of their very first meetings. She responds "Because I just heard a song on the radio that reminded me of the way we were." "What was it?" he asks. She sobs in reply, "The Way We Were."
See also
List of American films of 1973
Notes
References
External links
McCarthyism and the Movies
Barbra Archives: The Way We Were cut scenes and song demos
1973 films
1973 romantic drama films
American films
American romantic drama films
Columbia Pictures films
English-language films
Films scored by Marvin Hamlisch
Films about the Hollywood blacklist
Films directed by Sydney Pollack
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in California
Films set in New York (state)
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
American interfaith romance films | [
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225477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Wishes%2C%20Winter%20Dreams | Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams | Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams is a 1973 American Technicolor drama film directed by Gilbert Cates, starring Joanne Woodward, Martin Balsam, Sylvia Sidney, and Tresa Hughes, and written by Stewart Stern. It tells the story of a New York City housewife who rethinks her relationships with her husband, her children, and her mother.
Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams garnered Academy Award nominations for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Joanne Woodward) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Sylvia Sidney).
Plot summary
Rita Walden is a depressed, middle-aged New Yorker. Always tired, Rita is prone to nightmares, and when she does dream more pleasant thoughts, they are of her childhood on the family farm. In her mind, she settled for second best when she married her ophthalmologist husband, Harry, as she still thinks about what life would have been like with the older farm boy on whom she had a crush at age 12½. She is constantly bickering with her mother, her sister Betty, and her grown-up daughter Anna, who has issues of her own. Rita is estranged from her son Bobby; she is in denial about his homosexual orientation. After Rita's mother dies suddenly, Rita is on the verge of a nervous breakdown in dealing with her mother's estate, especially when the family talks about selling her beloved farm, which she still intends to pass on to Bobby. Harry thinks that a European vacation would help Rita clear her mind, with the possibility of visiting Bobby, who is currently living in Amsterdam. Although Rita faces some crises on the trip, many of her conflicts do ease after she sees Harry revisit Bastogne for the first time since his days in World War II.
Cast
Joanne Woodward as Rita Walden
Martin Balsam as Harry Walden
Sylvia Sidney as Mrs. Pritchett
Tresa Hughes as Betty Goody
Dori Brenner (in her screen debut) as Anna
Ron Rickards as Bobby Walden
Win Forman as Fred Goody
Peter Marklin as Joel
Nancy Andrews as Mrs. Hungerford
Minerva Pious as Woman in Theatre
Sol Frieder as Man in Theatre
Helen Ludlam as Grandmother
Grant Code as Grandfather
Gaetano Lisi as Student in Theatre
Lee Jackson as Carl
See also
List of American films of 1973
External links
1973 films
1973 drama films
1973 LGBT-related films
American films
American drama films
American LGBT-related films
Columbia Pictures films
English-language films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about marriage
Films about vacationing
Films directed by Gilbert Cates
Films scored by Johnny Mandel
Films set in Belgium
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Belgium
Films shot in London
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in New York City
Films with screenplays by Stewart Stern | [
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225478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touching | Touching | Touching may refer to:
Touch, a sensation processed by the somatosensory system
Physical intimacy
Music
Touching (Paul Bley album), 1965
Touching (Eric Alexander album), 2012
Other
T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G, Paul Sharits film, 1968 | [
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225479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeness | Closeness | Closeness may refer to:
closeness (mathematics)
closeness (graph theory), the shortest path between one vertex and another vertex
the personal distance between two people in proxemics
Social connectedness
Closeness (album), a 1976 album by Charlie Haden
Closeness (film), a 2017 Russian film | [
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225481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Doesn%27t%20Live%20Here%20Anymore | Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore | Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore is a 1974 American comedy-drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Robert Getchell. It stars Ellen Burstyn as a widow who travels with her preteen son across the Southwestern United States in search of a better life. Kris Kristofferson, Billy "Green" Bush, Diane Ladd, Valerie Curtin, Lelia Goldoni, Vic Tayback, Jodie Foster, Alfred Lutter and Harvey Keitel are featured in supporting roles.
The film premiered at the 27th Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme d'Or, and was released theatrically on December 9, 1974, by Warner Bros. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $21 million on a $1.8 million budget. At the 47th Academy Awards, Burstyn won Best Actress, while Ladd and Getchell received nominations for Best Supporting Actress and Best Original Screenplay.
Plot
When in Socorro, New Mexico, housewife Alice Hyatt's husband, Donald, is killed in an auto accident, she decides to have a garage sale, pack what's left of her meager belongings, and take her precocious son Tommy to her childhood hometown of Monterey, California, where she hopes to pursue the singing career she abandoned when she married.
Their financial situation forces them to take temporary lodgings in Phoenix, Arizona, where she finds work as a lounge singer in a seedy bar. There she meets Ben, who is younger and uses his boyish charm to lure her into a sexual relationship that comes to a sudden end when his wife, Rita, confronts Alice. Ben breaks into Alice's apartment while Rita is there and physically assaults her in front of Alice for interfering with his extramarital affair. When Alice tells Ben to calm down, he also threatens her and continues to smash up the apartment. Fearing for their safety (and unable to afford repairs), Alice and Tommy quickly leave town.
Having spent most of the little money she earned on a new wardrobe, Alice is forced to delay her journey to the West Coast and accept a job as a waitress in Tucson so she can accumulate more cash. At the local diner, owned by a man named Mel, she eventually bonds with her fellow servers – independent, no-nonsense, outspoken Flo and quiet, timid, incompetent Vera – and meets divorced local rancher David, who is instantly attracted to Alice on her first day at Mel's diner. David soon realizes the way to Alice's heart is through Tommy.
Alice is initially hesitant to get involved with another man so quickly. However, she finds out that David is a good influence on Tommy, who has befriended wisecracking, shoplifting, Ripple-guzzling Audrey, a slightly older girl forced to fend for herself while her mother makes a living as a prostitute.
Alice warily falls in love with David but their relationship is threatened when Alice objects to his discipline of the perpetually bratty Tommy. The two reconcile, and David offers to sell his ranch and move to Monterey so Alice can try to fulfil her childhood dream of becoming another Alice Faye. In the end, Alice decides to stay in Tucson, coming to the conclusion that she can become a singer anywhere.
Cast
Ellen Burstyn as Alice Hyatt (née Graham), a woman in her thirties who once worked as a singer
Mia Bendixsen as 8-year-old Alice
Alfred Lutter as Tommy Hyatt, Alice's talkative preteen son
Kris Kristofferson as David, a regular customer of Mel and Ruby's Cafe
Billy "Green" Bush as Donald Hyatt, a truck driver, Alice's husband
Diane Ladd as Florence Jean Castleberry, a hardened, sharp-tongued waitress
Valerie Curtin as Vera, a shy, awkward waitress
Lelia Goldoni as Bea, Alice's friend and neighbor in Socorro
Lane Bradbury as Rita
Vic Tayback as Mel Sharples, a short-order cook who owns the diner
Jodie Foster as Audrey, a tomboyish girl with delinquent tendencies
Harvey Keitel as Ben, a hot-tempered man who assembles gun ammunition for a living
Murray Moston as Jacobs
Harry Northup as Joe & Jim's bartender
Director Martin Scorsese cameoed as a customer while Diane Ladd's daughter, future actress Laura Dern, appears as the little girl eating ice cream from a cone in the diner.
Production
The part of Alice was originally offered to Shirley MacLaine. MacLaine turned down the role. MacLaine admitted in a 2005 interview that she regretted this decision.
Ellen Burstyn was still in the midst of filming The Exorcist when Warner Bros. executives expressed interest in working with her on another project. Burstyn later recalled, "It was early in the woman's movement, and we were all just waking up and having a look at the pattern of our lives and wanting it to be different... I wanted to make a different kind of film. A film from a woman's point of view, but a woman that I recognized, that I knew. And not just myself, but my friends, what we were all going through at the time. So my agent found Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore... When I read it I liked it a lot. I sent it to Warner Brothers and they agreed to do it. Then they asked who I wanted to direct it. I said that I didn't know, but I wanted somebody new and young and exciting. I called Francis Coppola and asked who was young and exciting and he said 'Go look at a movie called Mean Streets and see what you think.' It hadn't been released yet, so I booked a screening to look at it and I felt that it was exactly what...Alice needed, because [it] was a wonderful script and well written, but for my taste it was a little slick. You know – in a good way, in a kind of Doris Day–Rock Hudson kind of way. I wanted something a bit more gritty."
Burstyn described her collaboration with director Martin Scorsese, making his first Hollywood studio production, as "one of the best experiences I've ever had". The director agreed with his star that the film should have a message. "It's a picture about emotions and feelings and relationships and people in chaos," he said. "We felt like charting all that and showing the differences and showing people making terrible mistakes ruining their lives and then realizing it and trying to push back when everything is crumbling – without getting into soap opera. We opened ourselves up to a lot of experimentation."
Scorsese's casting director auditioned 300 boys for the role of Tommy before they discovered Alfred Lutter. "I met the kid in my hotel room and he was kind of quiet and shy," Scorsese said. But when he paired him with Burstyn and suggested she deviate from the script, he held his own. "Usually, when we were improvising with the kids, they would either freeze and look down or go right back to the script. But this kid, you couldn't shut him up."
The film was shot on location predominantly in and around Tucson, but some scenes were shot in Amado, and Phoenix. A Mel's Diner still exists in Phoenix.
The soundtrack includes "All the Way from Memphis" by Mott the Hoople; "Roll Away the Stone" by Leon Russell; "Daniel" by Elton John; "Jeepster" by T-Rex; and "I Will Always Love You" by Dolly Parton. During her lounge act, Alice sings "Where or When" by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart; "When Your Lover Has Gone" by Einar Aaron Swan; "Gone with the Wind" by Allie Wrubel and Herb Magidson; and "I've Got a Crush on You" by George and Ira Gershwin. In a film clip from Coney Island, Betty Grable is heard singing "Cuddle Up a Little Closer, Lovey Mine" by Otto A. Harbach and Karl Hoschna; and in a film clip from Hello Frisco, Hello, Alice Faye performs "You'll Never Know" by Harry Warren and Mack Gordon.
Reception
Upon its release, the film received critical acclaim and grossed $21 million worldwide. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 88% "Fresh" rating from 33 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore finds Martin Scorsese wielding a somewhat gentler palette than usual, with generally absorbing results."
Vincent Canby of The New York Times called it a "fine, moving, frequently hilarious tale" and observed it "is an American comedy of the sort of vitality that dazzles European film critics and we take for granted. It's full of attachments and associations to very particular times and places, even in the various regional accents of its characters. It's beautifully written...and acted, but it's not especially neatly tailored... At the center of the movie and giving it a visible sensibility is Miss Burstyn, one of the few actresses at work today...who is able to seem appealing, tough, intelligent, funny, and bereft, all at approximately the same moment. It's Miss Burstyn's movie and part of the enjoyment of the film is in the director's apparent awareness of this fact... Two other performances must be noted, those of Diane Ladd and Valerie Curtin... Their marvelous contributions in small roles are a measure of the film's quality and of Mr. Scorsese's fully realized talents as one of the best of the new American film-makers."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "one of the most perceptive, funny, occasionally painful portraits of an American woman I've seen" and commented, "The movie has been both attacked and defended on feminist grounds, but I think it belongs somewhere outside ideology, maybe in the area of contemporary myth and romance." Ebert put the film at #3 of his list of the best films of 1975 (even though the film came out in '74).
The film did not go without its detractors, however. Variety thought the film was "a distended bore," saying it "takes a group of well-cast film players and largely wastes them on a smaller-than-life film — one of those 'little people' dramas that makes one despise little people."
TV Guide rated the film three out of four stars, calling it an "effective but uneven work" with performances that "cannot conceal the storyline's shortcomings."
Accolades
Television adaptation
The film inspired the sitcom Alice, which was broadcast by CBS from August 1976 through July 1985. The only member of the film cast to reprise his role was Vic Tayback as Mel (though his diner was moved to Phoenix). Alfred Lutter portrayed Tommy in the pilot episode but was replaced by Philip McKeon for the series. Diane Ladd joined the show later in its run, but in a role different from that she had played in the film.
Home media
Warner Home Video released the film on Region 1 DVD on August 17, 2004. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English and French and subtitles in English, French, and Spanish. Bonus features include commentary by Martin Scorsese, Ellen Burstyn, and Kris Kristofferson and Second Chances, a background look at the making of the film.
Book
A book chronicling the development of the film and its spin-off television series entitled Alice: Life Behind the Counter in Mel's Greasy Spoon (A Guide to the Feature Film, the TV Series, and More) was published by BearManor Media in September 2019.
See also
List of American films of 1974
References
External links
1974 films
1970s road comedy-drama films
1970s romantic comedy-drama films
American films
American feminist films
American road comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
1970s English-language films
1970s feminist films
Films about singers
Films about widowhood
Films adapted into television shows
Films directed by Martin Scorsese
Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films set in New Mexico
Films shot in Arizona
Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award
Warner Bros. films
Films set in Tucson, Arizona
Films set in Phoenix, Arizona
1974 comedy films
1974 drama films | [
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225482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie%20Garth | Jennie Garth | Jennifer Eve Garth (born April 3, 1972) is an American actress. She is known for starring as Kelly Taylor throughout the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise and Val Tyler on the sitcom What I Like About You (2002–06). In 2012, she starred in her own reality show, Jennie Garth: A Little Bit Country on CMT. Her memoir titled Deep Thoughts From a Hollywood Blonde was published by New American Library on April 1, 2014.
Early life
Garth was born in Urbana, Illinois, to John and Carolyn Garth. The youngest of seven children (though their only child together), Garth spent much of her youth on a 25-acre horse ranch between Sadorus and Arcola, Illinois. For a time the family stayed in Tuscola, Illinois; but eventually they settled in Glendale, Arizona, when Garth was around 13 years old. She studied dance and modeled, and was soon discovered at a local talent competition by Randy James, Hollywood scout and manager. She attended Greenway High School as a freshman and transferred to Apollo High School in her sophomore year. Determined to become an actress, Garth would receive audition materials from Los Angeles that she would work on with Jean Fowler, a local acting coach. She left school during her junior year to work in Los Angeles with James and later obtained her high school diploma in California.
Career
In 1990, she landed the role of Kelly Taylor in the series Beverly Hills, 90210. Over the course of the series, Garth's character went through occasional rough times, and dealt with difficult issues in her personal life and with her family. Garth appears in all ten seasons of the show. She directed two episodes which was the second most of any cast member. She won a Young Artist Award and was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for the role. She was also instrumental in launching the spin-offs Melrose Place and 90210, with the character of Kelly becoming a continuity icon by appearing in the most franchise episodes.
Her successful role on Beverly Hills, 90210 opened the door to several lead roles in made-for-TV films in the 1990s, including Danielle Steel's Star (1993), Without Consent (1994), Lies of the Heart: The Story of Laurie Kellogg (1994), Falling for You (1995), and An Unfinished Affair (1996). She also had minor and supporting roles in the theatrical films Telling You (1998), My Brother's War (1997), and Power 98 (1996).
Garth ranked No. 59 on the FHM 100 Sexiest Women of 2000, and #93 on the magazine's 100 Sexiest Women of 2001.
In 2002, Garth co-starred with Amanda Bynes in the WB sitcom What I Like About You as Valerie Tyler. She and Bynes appeared on the show for all four seasons. The show centered around the relationship of the Tyler sisters, along with their friendships and romances. In 2003, she starred in the television movies The Last Cowboy and the Christmas family drama Secret Santa, playing a journalist. She and the cast of Secret Santa won the 2004 CAMIE Award.
In 2005, she voiced her Beverly Hills, 90210 character Kelly Taylor, as well as an additional role in the Family Guy Presents Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, in the episode segment “Bango Was His Name-Oh!”. Garth also starred in the TV teen drama film Girl, Positive (2007), playing a teacher who was HIV positive. She and co-star Andrea Bowen (known for the series Desperate Housewives) each won a Prism Award for their performances. In 2007, Garth appeared on Dancing with the Stars: season five and was paired with Derek Hough. They reached the semi-finals in the competition.
In September 2008, Garth returned to the role of Kelly Taylor on the series premiere of The CW's spin-off series 90210. In the series, Garth's character, Kelly Taylor, is a Guidance Counselor at the fictional West Beverly High, where her half-sister Erin Silver attends. Kelly was reintroduced with a four-year-old son, whose father is ex-boyfriend Dylan McKay. The writers were eager to have her share scenes with former Beverly Hills, 90210 co-star Shannen Doherty, who reprised her role of Brenda Walsh.
On November 21, 2008, Garth appeared on the game show Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?. She won $100,000 for her charity, the American Heart Association, for which she is spokeswoman for its "Go Red for Women" campaign. This TV show also noted that Garth owns a horse ranch in Santa Barbara, California. In 2009, she played the role of Natasha in Candace Bushnell's Web series of The Boardroom. She also appeared in a cameo role on the December 7 episode of the children's television show Sesame Street, entitled "Mary Mary Quite Contrary". In January 2010, Garth starred in an iVillage web series created by NBC Universal, Garden Party, about farm life, fresh produce and healthy eating. On February 18, 2014, it was announced that production had started on The Jennie Garth Project, a ten-episode reality television series that aired on HGTV. It chronicled Garth as she renovated a home in Hollywood Hills, California for herself and her three children.
Garth released a memoir entitled Deep Thoughts from a Hollywood Blonde with Emily Heckman on April 1, 2014. On May 3, 2017, Garth launched MomGiftBox.com, "an online subscription box of products to indulge, inspire and pamper moms with every purchase benefiting a charity." Garth collaborated with Dune Jewelry and launched Travelling Heart Collection in February 2018.
Other ventures
In 1993, she released a workout video titled Body In Progress. She has appeared in infomercials for Keurig Vue beverage brewer and Wen healthy hair care system, and commercials for migraine headaches and RAINN Crisis hotline. In 2004, she appeared in a print ad for Wish-Bone salad dressings as part of their $25,000 Kitchen Makeover contest. In 2012, she appeared in a television commercial for clothing retailer Old Navy with Beverly Hills, 90210 co-stars Luke Perry and Jason Priestley. She has graced the cover of numerous magazines, including Veronica, TV Guide, Woman's World, Health, Entertainment Weekly, Cookie, Sassy, Soap Opera Digest and People.
In November 2020, Garth began a podcast titled 9021OMG with Beverly Hills 90210 co-star Tori Spelling, where the two, along with TV and radio personality Sisanie Villaclara, share memories from their time on the show.
In February 2021, Garth won $168,000 on ABC's Celebrity Wheel of Fortune. Garth donated the money to Central Illinois Foodbank in Springfield, Illinois.
Personal life
Garth was married to musician Daniel B. Clark from 1994 to 1996.
In 1995, Garth met her second husband, actor Peter Facinelli, while filming the movie An Unfinished Affair. Garth and Facinelli married on January 20, 2001, in a traditional Roman Catholic wedding mass. They have three daughters; Luca Bella (b. 1997), Lola Ray (b. 2002), and Fiona Eve (b. 2006). In March 2012, Facinelli filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in June 2013. Although there was no requirement to do so, Garth had converted to Catholicism when she married Facinelli.
Garth subsequently began dating actor David Abrams in the fall of 2014 after they met on a blind date, and they became engaged in April 2015. They married on July 11, 2015. Garth and Abrams separated in 2017. In April 2018, the couple filed for divorce. In February 2019, Garth appeared to have reconciled with Abrams filing a petition to dismiss the divorce proceedings.
In 2002 at age 30, Garth was diagnosed with a mitral valve prolapse and leaky heart valve, a condition she stated would require monitoring for the rest of her life. She revealed the diagnosis in 2009. "Down the road it’s something that could get more complicated or it could not," she commented. "People have had valve replacements and that kind of thing … but I’m prepared, that’s the key." She revealed in her memoir that she started suffering from anxiety at age 19, saying "I wouldn't say that I ever stepped over the line into full-blown agoraphobia, but I would say I definitely came close."
Filmography
Television
Film
Dancing with the Stars performances
In 2007, Garth appeared on season five of Dancing with the Stars and was paired with Derek Hough. They reached the semi-finals in the competition.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Dancing with the Stars profile
1972 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Illinois
Actresses from Phoenix, Arizona
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American women television producers
Former Roman Catholics
People from Urbana, Illinois
People with congenital heart defects
Television producers from Arizona
Television producers from Illinois | [
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225483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diahann%20Carroll | Diahann Carroll | Diahann Carroll (; born Carol Diann Johnson; July 17, 1935 – October 4, 2019) was an American actress, singer, model, and activist. She rose to prominence in some of the earliest major studio films to feature black casts, including Carmen Jones (1954) and Porgy and Bess (1959). In 1962, Carroll won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, a first for an African-American woman, for her role in the Broadway musical No Strings. In 1974 she starred in Claudine alongside James Earl Jones for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.
Her title role in Julia, for which she received the 1968 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress In a Television Series, was the first series on American television to star a black woman in a non-stereotypical role, and was a milestone both in her career and the medium. In the 1980s, she played the role of Dominique Deveraux, a mixed-race diva, in the prime time soap opera Dynasty. Carroll was the recipient of numerous stage and screen nominations and awards, including her Tony Award in 1962, Golden Globe Award in 1968 and five Emmy Award nominations. She died on October 4, 2019, from breast cancer.
Early years
Carol Diann Johnson was born in the Bronx, New York City, on July 17, 1935, to John Johnson, a subway conductor, and Mabel (Faulk), a nurse. While Carroll was still an infant, the family moved to Harlem, where she grew up except for a brief period in which her parents had left her with an aunt in North Carolina. She attended Music and Art High School, and was a classmate of Billy Dee Williams. In many interviews about her childhood, Carroll recalls her parents' support, and their enrolling her in dance, singing, and modeling classes. By the time Carroll was 15, she was modeling for Ebony. "She also began entering television contests, including Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, under the name Diahann Carroll." After graduating from high school, she attended New York University, where she majored in sociology, "but she left before graduating to pursue a show-business career, promising her family that if the career did not materialize after two years, she would return to college."
Career
Carroll's big break came at the age of 18, when she appeared as a contestant on the DuMont Television Network program, Chance of a Lifetime, hosted by Dennis James. On the show, which aired January 8, 1954, she took the $1,000 top prize for a rendition of the Jerome Kern/Oscar Hammerstein song, "Why Was I Born?" She went on to win the following four weeks. Engagements at Manhattan's Café Society and Latin Quarter nightclubs soon followed.
Carroll's film debut was a supporting role in Carmen Jones (1954), as a friend to the sultry lead character played by Dorothy Dandridge. That same year, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role in the Broadway musical, House of Flowers. A few years later, she played Clara in the film version of George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (1959), but her character's singing parts were dubbed by opera singer Loulie Jean Norman. The following year, Carroll made a guest appearance in the series Peter Gunn, in the episode "Sing a Song of Murder" (1960). In the next two years, she starred with Sidney Poitier, Paul Newman, and Joanne Woodward in the film Paris Blues (1961) and won the 1962 Tony Award for best actress (the first time for a Black woman) for portraying Barbara Woodruff in the Samuel A. Taylor and Richard Rodgers musical No Strings. Twelve years later, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her starring role alongside James Earl Jones in the film Claudine (1974), which part had been written specifically for actress Diana Sands (who had made guest appearances on Julia as Carroll's cousin Sara), but shortly before filming was to begin, Sands learned she was terminally ill with cancer. Sands attempted to carry on with the role, but as filming began, she became too ill to continue and recommended her friend Carroll take over the role. Sands died in September 1973, before the film's release in April 1974.
Carroll is known for her titular role in the television series Julia (1968), which made her the first African-American actress to star in her own television series who did not play a domestic worker. That role won her the Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress In A Television Series" for its first year, and a nomination for an Emmy Award in 1969. Some of Carroll's earlier work also included appearances on shows hosted by Johnny Carson, Judy Garland, Merv Griffin, Jack Paar, and Ed Sullivan, and on The Hollywood Palace variety show. In 1984, Carroll joined the nighttime soap opera Dynasty at the end of its fourth season as the mixed-race jet set diva Dominique Deveraux, Blake Carrington's half-sister. Her high-profile role on Dynasty also reunited her with her schoolmate Billy Dee Williams, who briefly played her onscreen husband Brady Lloyd. Carroll remained on the show and made several appearances on its short-lived spin-off, The Colbys until she departed at the end of the seventh season in 1987. In 1989, she began the recurring role of Marion Gilbert in A Different World, for which she received her third Emmy nomination that same year.
In 1991, Carroll portrayed Eleanor Potter, the doting, concerned, and protective wife of Jimmy Potter (portrayed by Chuck Patterson), in the musical drama film The Five Heartbeats (1991), also featuring actor and musician Robert Townsend and Michael Wright. She reunited with Billy Dee Williams again in 1995, portraying his character's wife Mrs. Greyson in Lonesome Dove: The Series. The following year, Carroll starred as the self-loving and deluded silent movie star Norma Desmond in the Canadian production of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical version of the film Sunset Boulevard. In 2001, Carroll made her animation debut in The Legend of Tarzan, in which she voiced Queen La, ruler of the ancient city of Opar.
In 2006, Carroll appeared in several episodes the television medical drama Grey's Anatomy as Jane Burke, the demanding mother of Dr. Preston Burke. From 2008 to 2014, she appeared on USA Network's series White Collar in the recurring role of June, the savvy widow who rents out her guest room to Neal Caffrey. In 2010, Carroll was featured in UniGlobe Entertainment's breast cancer docudrama titled 1 a Minute, and appeared as Nana in two Lifetime movie adaptations of Patricia Cornwell novels: At Risk and The Front.
In 2013, Carroll was present on stage at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards to briefly speak about being the first African-American nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. She was quoted as saying about Kerry Washington, nominated for Scandal, "she better get this award."
Personal life
Carroll was married four times. Her father boycotted the ceremony for her first wedding, in 1956, to record producer Monte Kay, which was presided over by Adam Clayton Powell Jr. at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. The marriage ended in 1962. Carroll gave birth to her daughter, Suzanne Kay (born September 9, 1960), who became a journalist and screenwriter.
In 1959, Carroll began a nine-year affair with the married actor Sidney Poitier. In her autobiography, Carroll said Poitier persuaded her to divorce her husband and said he would leave his wife to be with her. While she proceeded with her divorce, Poitier did not keep his part of the bargain. Eventually he divorced his wife. According to Poitier, their relationship ended because he wanted to live with Carroll for six months without her daughter present so he would not be "jumping from one marriage straight into another." She refused.
Carroll dated and was engaged to British television host and producer David Frost from 1970 until 1973. In February 1973, Carroll surprised the press by marrying Las Vegas boutique owner Fred Glusman. After four months of marriage Glusman filed for divorce in June 1973. Carroll filed a response, but did not contest the divorce, which was finalized two months later. Glusman was reportedly physically abusive.
On May 25, 1975, Carroll, then aged 39, married Robert DeLeon, the 24-year-old managing editor of Jet magazine. They met when DeLeon assigned himself to a cover story on Carroll about her 1975 Oscar nomination for Claudine. DeLeon had a child from a previous marriage. Carroll moved to Chicago where Jet was headquartered, but DeLeon soon quit his job so the couple relocated to Oakland. Carroll was widowed when DeLeon was killed in a car crash on March 31, 1977. Carroll's fourth and final marriage was to singer Vic Damone in 1987. The union, which Carroll admitted was turbulent, had a legal separation in 1991, reconciliation, and divorce in 1996.
Charitable work
Carroll was a founding member of the Celebrity Action Council, a volunteer group of celebrity women who served the women's outreach of the Los Angeles Mission, working with women in rehabilitation from problems with alcohol, drugs, or prostitution. She helped to form the group along with other female television personalities including Mary Frann, Linda Gray, Donna Mills, and Joan Van Ark.
Illness, death, and memorial
Carroll was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997. She said the diagnosis "stunned" her, because there was no family history of breast cancer, and she had always led a healthy lifestyle. She underwent nine weeks of radiation therapy and had been clear for years after the diagnosis. She frequently spoke of the need for early detection and prevention of the disease. She died on October 4, 2019, in Los Angeles, aged 84. Ms. Carroll was suffering from breast cancer and dementia at the time of her death.
Carroll's life was celebrated on November 24, 2019, at the Helen Hayes Theater in New York City where she was lauded for her work in entertainment.
Work
Film
Television
Theater
Discography
Diahann Carroll Sings Harold Arlen Songs (1957)
Best Beat Forward (1958)
The Persian Room Presents Diahann Carroll (1959)
Porgy and Bess (1959) (with the André Previn Trio)
The Magic of Diahann Carroll (with the André Previn Trio) (1960)
Fun Life (1961)
Modern Jazz Quartet — The Comedy (1962)
Showstopper! (1962)
The Fabulous Diahann Carroll (1962)
You're Adorable: Love Songs for Children (1967)
Nobody Sees Me Cry (1967)
Diahann Carroll (1974)
A Tribute to Ethel Waters (1978)
The Time of My Life (1997)
Awards and nominations
2011: Inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame
1992: Women in Film Crystal Award.
1998: Women in Film Lucy Award
2000: NAACP Image Award — Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters' First 100 Years
2005: NAACP Image Award — Soul Food
2016: Hollywood Legacy Award
References
Further reading
External links
Biographical video.
Diahann Carroll's oral history video excerpts.
1935 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
African-American actresses
20th-century African-American women singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Baptists from New York (state)
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Deaths from cancer in California
New York University alumni
People from Harlem
RCA Victor artists
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Tony Award winners
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
20th-century Baptists
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people | [
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225485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Austin%20Green | Brian Austin Green | Brian Austin Green (born Brian Green; July 15, 1973) is an American actor, producer, and former rapper, best known for his portrayal of David Silver on the television series Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000). Green was also a series regular on Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, Freddie, Wedding Band, and Anger Management.
Early life
Green was born in Van Nuys, California, the son of Joyce and George Green. He has some Scottish ancestry. His middle name, "Austin", was added to differentiate himself from another actor when he joined the Screen Actor's Guild as a child. Green grew up in North Hollywood and attended North Hollywood High School, after attending the Hamilton High School Academy of Music.
Career
Prior to his role on Beverly Hills, 90210, Green had a recurring role for three seasons (1986–1989) on the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing, playing the role of Brian Cunningham, the son of Abby Cunningham Ewing (Donna Mills). He reprised his role in the television miniseries Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac (1997). He appeared in the 1987 pilot of Good Morning, Miss Bliss as Adam Montcrief.
Producer Aaron Spelling stated that Green was cast as David Silver because of their similar personalities. The character was often scripted to reflect Green's own interests. As the series progressed, the character began to experiment with hip hop music and DJing, as did Green himself. In 1996, Green dropped "Austin" from his professional name and attempted a career as a rapper, releasing one album, titled One Stop Carnival, produced by The Pharcyde member Slimkid3. In the 1990s, he was a guest star on Growing Pains, Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Melrose Place, Saved by the Bell: The College Years, Fantastic Four, Mad TV, Biker Mice from Mars, Malibu Shores, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch and Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac.
Green appeared briefly in the multiple award-winning Showtime drama series Resurrection Blvd. as Luke Bonner (2001–2004), a police officer attending law school. He had a cameo on Hope & Faith where he met Megan Fox; they started dating in 2004. He appeared on the ABC sitcom Freddie (2005) starring Freddie Prinze, Jr. He was a guest star on The Twilight Zone, Las Vegas and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. He also appeared alongside former 90210 cast member Ian Ziering in the Tony Scott film Domino as parodies of themselves.
Green appeared in a horror short called Grace, which was set around a miscarriage gone bad, and features Gilmore Girls actress Liza Weil as his love interest. It premiered at the Fangoria Weekend of Horrors on June 2, 2006, and was reworked as a full-length feature film (2009). He was a guest star on George Lopez in 2006 as Chris.
Green played Derek Reese in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, a Resistance fighter sent to the past by the future John Connor. The character is the older brother of Kyle Reese (John Connor's father) and paternal uncle of John. Green was a recurring character in season 1 but became a regular at the start of season 2, following a positive response from critics and fans. His character is killed by a Terminator in the penultimate episode, but another Derek from an alternate timeline is introduced in the series finale and would have remained on the show if it had been renewed for a third season.
Green guest-starred on the season 7 finale of CSI: Miami as Anthony Green. Green was cast in The CW's new drama pilot Body Politic, along with Minka Kelly, Gabrielle Union, and Jason Dohring. The series was not picked up for fall 2009. Green said in an interview that he was co-producing a big screen adaptation of Fathom, starring Megan Fox. On September 27, 2009, Green made a guest appearance on the television series Saturday Night Live in a skit involving girlfriend (now wife) Megan Fox. In the skit Green played a version of the Transformer Bumblebee in which Bumblebee is merely a man wearing a Bumblebee mask. Green was cast as Clay in One Tree Hills seventh season. Green then left the cast because of scheduling conflicts and the role was then given to Robert Buckley; Green instead starred as superhero Callan in the Patrick Durham-directed movie Cross, which was released to DVD and download in May 2011.
In 2009, Green was cast as John Corben/Metallo in Smallville. He appeared in three episodes in the ninth season between 2009 and 2010, the first being the ninth-season premiere episode "Savior". The character is a war-time reporter, similar to the Silver Age John Corben. As a back-story for this version, he had been recently stationed in Afghanistan. When he meets Lois Lane, he expresses his distaste for vigilantes, particularly "the Blur" (Clark Kent) due to the hero saving a prison bus only for a convict to escape and slay his sister. After being struck in a hit and run, Corben awoke to find himself possessing cybernetic enhancements - including an artificial heart powered by kryptonite. After kidnapping Lois Lane as bait, the villain was confronted and defeated by Clark Kent. It was subsequently revealed in the episode “Conspiracy” that Zod's disciples were behind Corben's revival. Corben is "reactivated" in the episode "Upgrade" after Luthorcorp scientists are able to correct the initial design flaw in the Kryptonite heart that causes an adrenal overload and resulting psychosis. Though Green had expressed willingness to reprise the character in the 10th and final season, the character was portrayed by a body double for his final appearance in the episode "Prophecy" - presumably due to budget and the cameo nature of the appearance. Green's likeness would be used however for the character's appearance in the Season Eleven comic continuation.
In 2010, Green appeared in a multi-episode story arc on the ABC series Desperate Housewives. He plays Keith Watson, Bree's contractor and lover for the first part of the season.
In 2012, Green had a guest appearance in the sitcom Anger Management playing Sean, the boyfriend of Charlie's ex-wife, Jen in the first episode of the show. This episode broke a ratings record with 5.74 million viewers on its series debut night and ranks as the most-watched sitcom premiere in cable history. He returned to the show in the episode "Charlie Breaks Up With Kate" when Jen gets back with Sean. In June 2013, Green was promoted to series regular.
Green was a guest star in the finale episode of the second season of Happy Endings. He played Chris, who meets dateless Penny via Skype. He returned in the first episode of the third season "Cazsh Dummy Spillionaires". In the same year, Green starred in the television series Wedding Band, about a group of friends who perform at weddings. In the TBS comedy, Green plays Tommy, the frontman for Mother of the Bride, a group of four buddies who aren't ready to give up the dream of being rock stars. On January 22, 2013, TBS cancelled the series after one season because of low ratings.
In 2020, Green competed on season four of The Masked Singer as "Giraffe"; he was eliminated in his second appearance. Robin Thicke joined him in his encore of Kool and the Gang's "Get Down on It". He also served as a panelist on its spin-off series The Masked Dancer.
In September 2021, Green was announced as one of the celebrities competing on season 30 of Dancing with the Stars. His professional partner was girlfriend, Sharna Burgess, and he was the third celebrity to be eliminated from the show, ultimately placing 13th.
Personal life
Green won the celebrity portion of the Grand Prix of Long Beach in early 2010.
In April 2017, Green created a podcast entitled With Brian Austin Green.
Relationships
Green dated his Beverly Hills, 90210 co-star Tiffani Thiessen from 1992 to 1995.
In 1999, Green started dating his Beverly Hills, 90210 castmate Vanessa Marcil, whom he met on set. The two became engaged in July 2001 and had a son in 2002. They planned to wed that year, but ended their relationship in 2003.
In 2004, Green began dating actress Megan Fox, having first met on the set of Hope & Faith when he was 30 years old and she was 18. Fox said Green was initially hesitant to enter a relationship with her due to the age difference. Fox said, “I had to convince him that I was slightly more responsible and well-spoken and had other things to bring to the table besides being 18." They became engaged in 2006 but broke off their engagement in February 2009. Later that year, their home was targeted by a group of fashion-motivated criminals known as "The Bling Ring", who initially targeted them to steal Fox's designer clothes.
In June 2010, Green and Fox announced they were engaged again, and several days later on June 24, the two wed at the Four Seasons resort on the island of Hawaii. They have three sons together: Noah Shannon Green (born September 27, 2012), Bodhi Ransom Green (born February 12, 2014) and Journey River Green (born August 4, 2016). Fox filed for divorce from Green on August 21, 2015, a few days after the couple announced their separation. They reconciled in early 2016. On April 25, 2019, Fox filed to dismiss the divorce in Los Angeles, California. In May 2020, Green announced that he and Fox had separated after nearly 10 years of marriage. In November 2020, Fox filed for divorce from Green for a second time. They finalized their divorce on October 15, 2021.
In October 2020, Green is currently dating professional dancer Sharna Burgess. They announced they were expecting their first child together on February 4, 2022.
Philanthropy
Both Green and ex-wife Megan Fox are supporters of Generosity Water, and have funded the creation of over ten water wells for the organization. Through his podcast, Green organized a charity event to benefit the organization on September 1, 2018.
Green hosted a second fundraiser for the organization the following year, on August 31, 2019. To coincide with the release of BH90210, the event was Beverly Hills, 90210 themed. It was a recorded podcast at Torrance High School, which served as West Beverly High in the series. Green's fellow Beverly Hills, 90210 cast members Ian Ziering, Gabrielle Carteris, Carol Potter, Douglas Emerson, Joe E. Tata, and Christine Elise McCarthy were in attendance. Tori Spelling was initially slated to attend, but ultimately recorded a video message in the wake of scheduling conflicts. Jason Priestley and James Eckhouse recorded video messages as well.
In October 2019, Green and Fox cohosted the Omaze "Fight4theAmazon" campaign.
In 2021 Green and girlfriend Sharna Burgess took part in the Search4Smiles campaign supporting the Trueheart Search Engine, which donates 80% of their profits to charity.
Paparazzi lawsuit
In March 2012, photographer Delbert Shaw sued Green and ex-wife Fox in Los Angeles County Superior Court for allegedly assaulting him after he took photographs of the couple while Green and Fox were vacationing in Hawaii in 2010. In June 2012, Green said he was defending himself against Shaw and that Fox should not be included in the lawsuit.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Nominated for Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Drama Series for Knots Landing (1987)
Nominated for Best Young Actor in a Nighttime Drama Series for Knots Landing (1988)
Won Best Young Actor Starring in a TV Movie, Pilot or Special for Adventures in Babysitting (1989)
Nominated for Best Young Actor Supporting or Recurring Role For a TV Series for Beverly Hills, 90210 (1991)
Won Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series for Beverly Hills, 90210 (1992)
Won Palm Beach International Film Festival Special Jury Prize for a feature film directorial debut for Fish Without a Bicycle (2003)
Won Best Feature Philadelphia FirstGlance Film Festival for Fish Without a Bicycle (2003)
Won Prize Best Dramatic Feature Los Angeles DIY Film Festival for Fish Without a Bicycle (2003)
Discography
One Stop Carnival (1996)
Esthero: Wikked Lil' Grrrls (2005) (drums)
Wedding Band (2012–2013) (soundtrack released exclusively as singles on iTunes as Mother of the Bride)
References
External links
With Brian Austin Green Podcast
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles) alumni
American male child actors
American male film actors
American men podcasters
American podcasters
American male rappers
American male television actors
American people of Scottish descent
Epic Records artists
Living people
Male actors from Los Angeles
People from Van Nuys, Los Angeles
Rappers from Los Angeles
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
1973 births
North Hollywood High School alumni | [
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225487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine%20%28film%29 | Claudine (film) | Claudine is a 1974 American romantic comedy-drama film, produced by Third World Cinema and distributed by 20th Century Fox, starring James Earl Jones, Diahann Carroll, and Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs. Claudine was written by Lester Pine and Tina Pine, and directed by John Berry. The film was released on April 22, 1974, grossing about $6 million, a modest hit for the times. It was praised for showing a new dimension in black cinema during the height of blaxploitation.
Plot
The film tells the story of Claudine Price (Diahann Carroll), a single Black Harlem mother, living on welfare with six children, who finds love with a garbage collector, Rupert "Roop" Marshall (James Earl Jones). The pair's relationship is complicated by their poverty, the restrictions of the welfare system and the hostility of her children, particularly eldest son Charles (Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs), who believes that Roop will leave their mother just like her previous husbands had.
When Rupert is invited inside Claudine's shabby apartment, the children are rude and vulgar towards him.
Throughout the film, Miss Kabak, a social worker, visits Claudine at her home and asks her if she is employed and if she is dating anyone. Claudine always claims to be unemployed and single, to make sure to get the maximum amount of benefits, which she desperately needs. If Claudine has a job or dates anyone and receives gifts from her boyfriend, the social worker has to deduct any money or gifts from her benefits, forcing Claudine to lie. Having a husband would be even worse, and cause her to lose her benefits altogether. Claudine does have a job as a housekeeper, but her meager wages will not support the family without the welfare benefits. Adding to Claudine's stress and financial woes, her teenage daughter gets pregnant by a young man with no prospects for taking care of her or a baby.
Despite these problems, Claudine and Roop's relationship continues and the children warm up to him. Just before he is to announce his engagement to Claudine to the kids, Rupert is served papers for a court order relating to underpayment of child support of his own children; his work wages are garnished to pay the difference. Rupert is so upset that he disappears for a couple of days and loses contact with everyone. He moves out of his apartment, does not show up to work, and does not show up to the Father's Day celebration the children had prepared for him. Charles eventually finds Roop drunk at a bar and confronts him. Charles is angry at Rupert because he left his mother without any explanation and the two get into a scuffle at the bar. Later, Rupert shows up outside of Claudine's apartment, explains his absence and they reconcile.
After several hardships and debating the financial issues relating to welfare, the couple decide to marry. In the middle of the wedding, Charles runs inside the apartment with the police chasing after him for his activities at a political demonstration. The couple and the rest of the children run after Charles, leaving the ceremony, and board the police wagon. The film ends on a cheery note with the entire family, along with Rupert, walking happily hand in hand through the neighborhood.
Cast
Main characters
Claudine Price is played by Diahann Carroll. Claudine is a loving, 36-year-old single mother of six children. She cannot raise her children without the help of the welfare program. Her children are Charles, Charlene, Paul, Patrice, Francis, and Lurlene. Claudine had been married and abandoned twice and dated two men before she meets Rupert. She lives in a small, run-down apartment in Harlem, New York. Claudine works as a housekeeper for a wealthy, older, white woman who does not seem to like Claudine very much and pays her very poorly. Claudine eventually dates Rupert, and toward the end of the movie, they get married.
Rupert B. Marshall is played by James Earl Jones. Rupert is a cheery garbage collector who lives alone in his apartment. He meets Claudine when he stops at the house where Claudine works to pick up the garbage. He has several children from two previous marriages. He never gets to see his children but he does provide them with as much financial support as his low-paying job allows. With time, he gains the respect and attention of Claudine's children and they finally decide to accept him into their family.
Charles Price is Claudine's oldest son and is played by Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs. Charles is a member of a black activist group who fight for positive social change for the black community. Charles disapproves of his mother's relationship with Rupert because he thinks that Rupert will get Claudine pregnant and simply leave her, as his own father and others have done. Charles does not even consider the younger children his siblings because he hates the fact that Claudine had several children with different men. Therefore, one day, he confesses to his horrified mother that he has had a vasectomy because he does not want to procreate and be stuck in a situation similar to his mother's.
Charlene Price is Claudine's older daughter and is played by Tamu Blackwell. Claudine erupts with violence when she discovers her daughter is concealing her pregnancy, beating with her fists and a hairbrush. Claudine is crushed that Charlene has fallen into the same trap of early pregnancy that has diminished her own life. But her disappointment is soon replaced by compassion and determination to do what is best for her daughter.
Themes
Welfare and employment
In the film, Claudine receives financial aid from state welfare. Still, she receives barely enough money to provide basic necessities for herself and her six children, living in a slum-like neighborhood in Harlem. Claudine works as a housekeeper for an upper-middle class white woman but must conceal this so that her benefits will not be reduced. The constant struggle of a family living in poverty and unable to be honest about their circumstances is a major theme throughout the movie.
Marriage and family life
Claudine is forced to choose between the benefits her family desperately needs and her desire to form a new family with Roop. She is not a single mother by choice but because of the rules of the government's financial aid programs such as the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Marrying a kind man who will bring love and stability to herself and her family will mean that her income will be reduced below what they need for bare survival. This is a major theme in the movie, which shows that, despite the stereotypes of a "Welfare Queen", this mother is neither lazy nor promiscuous, but trapped in a Catch-22 of the government's making.
Systemic economic inequality
The third theme that occurs in the film is welfare and the Black community as a whole. The welfare system, sometimes handled comically, sometimes seriously, is a constant topic of conversation in the movie. Even Claudine's younger children are aware of what welfare is and ask Rupert if he receives assistance. The one person, other than Rupert, who clearly opposes the welfare system is Charles, Claudine's oldest son. Charles is a member of an activist group promoting social justice for Black people. Even though he understands that women like his mother face a nearly impossible struggle to break free from poverty and dependency, Charles opposes the welfare system because he believes it encourages passivity and discourages self-reliance. Charles believes in the creation of more job opportunities for Black people so that they can earn money and leave the welfare system.
Production
Filming
Production for the film began in August 1973. The location of this film was in the Harlem area Sugar Hill; Claudine's apartment was located near Edgecombe Avenue and 142nd street. The final shot of Claudine and her family walking together with Rupert was filmed several weeks after principal photography ended. Actor Ivan Dixon of Hogan's Heroes and Car Wash fame can be seen toward the end of the film in the crowd that follows Claudine as she hops into the police truck. He is wearing a red shirt. Dixon was a long time friend of Diahann Carroll and James Earl Jones.
Casting
Actress Diana Sands was originally cast as Claudine, but after only a week of filming, Sands fell ill and was not able to continue. Just before her death, Sands called Carroll and insisted that she take the role in her place.
Soundtrack
Curtis Mayfield wrote and produced the film's score and soundtrack, the vocals for which are performed by Gladys Knight & the Pips. The soundtrack for Claudine was released on Buddah Records, the group's record label, and "On & On", the film's theme song, was a #5 hit for Knight and the Pips on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart in 1974.
Reception
Box office
The film earned $3 million in North America.
Critical response
Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that while "not very far removed from a typical TV sitcom ... 'Claudine' is a first-rate American comedy that gives stature to a popular form. The difference between it and dozens of television comedies is the difference between interests, to say nothing of talents. It is also the first major film about black life to consider the hopes, struggles, defeats and frustrations of blacks who aren't either supercops, supermusicians, superstuds, superpimps or superpushers." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and wrote, "Carroll and Jones are accomplished players and provide the story with life and believability. Theirs is a funny and tender encounter; there's no way you can help but want them to stay together." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called it "an engrossing and effective movie which is somehow able to exist simultaneously as a high-spirited romantic comedy and as a fictionalized documentary grim and angering in its implications." Penelope Gilliatt of The New Yorker declared it "a sweet-spirited film, saddened and rollicking, full of courage." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post praised Jones for "a playful, winning performance" but found the film "a mishmash of situation and romantic comedy, domestic and romantic melodrama, and rather grand standing social commentary, with the action interrupted in order to permit one character or another to get a position paper off the writers' chests." Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin criticized the film for what he called "its patronising blacks-are-really-just-like-us attitude," stating, "Substitute white actors for the black cast, tone down the fashionably outspoken situations a little, and it would be just like one of those perennial Disney movies about happy families and the difficulty of living and loving in this problematic world."
Accolades
Home media
Claudine was released on DVD on January 14, 2003. On October 13, 2020, The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray and DVD, touting a new 4K restoration of the film.
See also
List of American films of 1974
Claudine - soundtrack album with songs performed by Gladys Knight & the Pips, written and produced by Curtis Mayfield
References
External links
Claudine: A Happy Home an essay by Danielle A. Jackson at the Criterion Collection
1974 films
1970s romantic comedy-drama films
20th Century Fox films
African-American romance films
English-language films
Films directed by John Berry
Films set in Harlem
Films shot in New York City
American romantic comedy-drama films
American films
1974 comedy films
1974 drama films | [
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225488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle%20Carteris | Gabrielle Carteris | Gabrielle Anne Carteris (born January 2, 1961) is an American actress and trade union leader. Her best known acting role was as Andrea Zuckerman during the early seasons of the 1990s television series Beverly Hills, 90210.
In 2012, Carteris was elected as executive vice president of SAG-AFTRA, a trade union representing over 100,000 actors and other professionals mainly in the United States. She assumed the position of acting president of the union following the death of the previous president, Ken Howard, on March 23, 2016. On April 9, 2016, Carteris was elected SAG-AFTRA president by national board to serve out the remainder of Howard's term. She was re-elected to the position in August 2017 and August 2019 by full membership vote.
Early years
Carteris was born in Scottsdale, Arizona, to Marlene, a realtor, and Ernest J. Carteris, a restaurant owner. She has a twin brother, James. Her father was of Greek ancestry whereas her mother is Jewish. Her parents separated six months after her birth. Carteris's mother moved with her children to San Francisco, California, where she set up a children's clothing store. While attending Redwood High School in Larkspur, California, she took an interest in the arts, studying ballet and performing as a mime on a European tour, at 16 years old. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College, in 1983, with a bachelor's degree in liberal arts.
Career
After graduating from Sarah Lawrence College, Carteris' early television career found her typically cast as a teenager in such fare as ABC Afterschool Specials, CBS Schoolbreak Special, and the long-running soap opera Another World. This trend of playing significantly younger would continue when, in 1990, Carteris was cast in her best known role as studious school newspaper editor Andrea Zuckerman on Beverly Hills, 90210. At age 29, she was the oldest cast member to portray a 15-year-old. By 1993, while working for the show, her GABCO Productions company signed a deal with Rysher TPE.
Carteris left the series in 1995 and became the host of her own television talk show, entitled Gabrielle, which lasted only one season. She worked regularly as an actor and voiceover artist, amassing a considerable amount of post-90210 credits in television, film, and video games. She has gone on to become a mainstay on the made-for-television movie circuit, starring in nearly a dozen such films. Her first, Seduced and Betrayed, was released in 1995. She later became a regular presence on network television, appearing in episodes of such television series as Touched by an Angel, King of the Hill, NYPD Blue, JAG, Criminal Minds, and N.C.I.S. among others. She has appeared in several feature films. Carteris provided the voice for the Motorola intelligent assistant "Mya".
SAG-AFTRA
Carteris became the executive vice president of SAG-AFTRA, following the Screen Actors' Guild (SAG) and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) merger, in 2012. She became acting president of the union, following the death of president Ken Howard, on March 23, 2016, and was elected president on April 9, 2016, by national board of the union to complete Howard's remainder of his two-year term. As of 2020, she is now on the 3rd two-year term as the president after defeating challengers such as Esai Morales in 2017 and Matthew Modine in 2019 both by direct votes by union membership. She also serves as vice president of the California Labor Federation. In August 2020, she announced that there will be sharp cuts including a raise in the earnings floor to qualify for next year's SAG-AFTRA Health Plan due to two consecutive years of deficits and projected losses in years to come. Carteris did not seek re-election in 2021, backing Fran Drescher as her successor instead.
Personal life
While filming the pilot of Beverly Hills, 90210, Carteris began dating Charles Isaacs, a stockbroker. In 1991, Isaacs moved to L.A. to be with her. After two years together, they got married on May 3, 1992, at Santa Barbara's Four Seasons resort. Carteris and Isaacs have two daughters named Kelsey Rose (born May 11, 1994) and Mollie Elizabeth (born February 8, 1999).
Filmography
Film
Television
Video Games
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Presidents of SAG-AFTRA
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American television talk show hosts
Actresses from California
Jewish American actresses
Actresses from San Francisco
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
American people of Greek-Jewish descent
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Activists from California
Trade union leaders
Women labour leaders
21st-century American Jews | [
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225489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie%20Perrine | Valerie Perrine | Valerie Ritchie Perrine (born September 3, 1943) is an American actress and model. For her role as Honey Bruce in the 1974 film Lenny, she won the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles, the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other film appearances include Superman (1978), The Electric Horseman (1979), and Superman II (1980).
Career
She played soft-core pornography actress Montana Wildhack in Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five (1972). Perrine was photographed nude for a pictorial layout in the May 1972 issue of Playboy, later appearing on the cover in August 1981. She then became the first actress to appear nude on American television by exposing her breasts during the May 4, 1973, PBS broadcast of Bruce Jay Friedman's Steambath on Hollywood Television Theater. Only a few PBS stations nationwide carried the program. Later in 1973, she appeared in the episode "When the Girls Came Out to Play" of the romantic anthology television series Love Story (1973).
In 1975, Perrine was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actress (Drama) and won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival for her role as comedian Lenny Bruce's wife, stripper Honey Bruce, in Bob Fosse's Lenny (1974).
She portrayed Carlotta Monti, mistress of W.C. Fields, in the biopic W.C. Fields and Me (1976). She played Miss Eve Teschmacher, moll of criminal mastermind Lex Luthor, in Superman (1978). For this role, she was nominated for the 1979 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She reprised her role as Miss Teschmacher in Superman II (1980).
Perrine played Charlotta Steele, ex-wife of a rodeo champion played by Robert Redford, in The Electric Horseman (1979). Her career grew uneven after an appearance in Can't Stop the Music (1980), for which she was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actress. This film has since become a cult classic. In 1982, she played the role of Marcy, the wife of a corrupt police officer, in The Border with Jack Nicholson. In 1986, she starred in the failed CBS comedy series Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills with Harvey Korman.
In the years since then, Perrine has worked in lower-profile projects, although she did have a small supporting role in the 2000 Mel Gibson film What Women Want. In 1995, Perrine made a guest appearance on the series Homicide: Life on the Street, playing an ex-wife of Richard Belzer's character, Detective John Munch.
Perrine is the subject of an upcoming documentary about her life, entitled Valerie.
Personal life
Perrine was born in Galveston, Texas, the daughter of Winifred "Renee" (née McGinley), a dancer who appeared in Earl Carroll's Vanities, and Kenneth I. Perrine, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. Kenneth I. Perrine was the grandson of Alfred Perrine of Wallkill, N.Y., a descendant of Staten Island Huguenot Daniel Perrin. The Perrine family dates its ancestry to the French family of Perrin, which intermarried with other Normans dating back to William the Conqueror in 1066. Her mother was Scottish (of Irish descent), from Helensburgh in Dunbartonshire.
Owing to her father's career, Perrine lived in many locations as the family moved to different posts.
Perrine was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2015 and underwent dental surgery in 2017 to restore her teeth after they became damaged due to the medications she had been taking for her illness.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1943 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Living people
Actresses from Texas
American female models
American film actresses
American television actresses
BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
People from Galveston, Texas
People with Parkinson's disease | [
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225490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th%20Canadian%20Parliament | 38th Canadian Parliament | The 38th Canadian Parliament was in session from October 4, 2004, until November 29, 2005. The membership was set by the 2004 federal election on June 28, 2004, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections, but due to the seat distribution, those few changes significantly affected the distribution of power. It was dissolved prior to the 2006 election.
It was controlled by a Liberal Party minority under Prime Minister Paul Martin and the 27th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led by Stephen Harper.
The Speaker was Peter Milliken. See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts for a list of the ridings in this parliament.
There was one session of the 38th Parliament:
The parliament was dissolved following a vote of non-confidence passed on 28 November by the opposition Conservatives, supported by the New Democratic Party and Bloc Québécois. Consequently, a federal election was held on 23 January 2006 to choose the next parliament.
Party standings
The party standings as of the election and as of dissolution were as follows:
Bills of the 38th Parliament
Important bills of the 38th parliament included:
Bill C-32 – the Department of Foreign Affairs Act to split DFAIT in two departments, was a surprise defeat for the government
Bill C-38 – the Civil Marriage Act, legalized Same-sex marriage across Canada.
Bill C-43 – the Canadian federal budget, 2005
Bill C-48 – an NDP add-on to the 2005 budget
Complete list of bills
Members
MPs who changed political parties
In early 2005 Ontario Member of Parliament (MP) Belinda Stronach crossed the floor to the Liberal Party after running for Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, and coming in second to Stephen Harper. She ended her public relationship with Conservative MP Peter MacKay.
Officeholders
Speakers
Hon. Peter Milliken (the Liberal member for Kingston and the Islands) was re-elected Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada by acclamation on October 4, 2004.
Hon. Daniel Hays (a Liberal Senator for Alberta) was the Speaker of the Senate .
Other Chair occupants
House of Commons
Deputy Speaker and Chair of Committees of the Whole – Hon Chuck Strahl (the Conservative Member for Chilliwack-Fraser Canyon).
Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole – Marcel Proulx (the Liberal Member for Hull—Aylmer).
Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole – Jean Augustine (the Liberal Member for Etobicoke—Lakeshore).
Senate
Hon. Shirley Maheu was the Speaker pro tempore of the Senate of Canada, (a Liberal Senator for Quebec).
Leaders
Prime Minister of Canada: Rt. Hon. Paul Martin (Liberal)
Leader of the Opposition: Hon. Stephen Harper (Conservative)
Bloc Québécois leader: Gilles Duceppe
New Democratic Party leader: Hon. Jack Layton
Floor leaders
The following were the parties' floor leaders during the 39th Parliament:
House of Commons
Government House Leader: Hon. Tony Valeri
Opposition House Leader:
Hon. John Douglas Reynolds (to January 27, 2005)
Jay D. Hill (from January 30, 2005)
Bloc Québécois House leader: Michel Gauthier
New Democratic Party House leader: Libby Davies
Senate
Leader of the Government in the Senate: Hon. Jacob Austin
Leader of the Opposition in the Senate: Hon. Noël Kinsella
Whips
The party whips in this party were as follows:
House of Commons
Chief Government Whip: Hon. Karen Redman
Official Opposition Whip:
Jay D. Hill (to January 27, 2005)
Hon. Robert Douglas Nicholson (from January 28, 2005)
Bloc Québécois Whip: Michel Guimond
New Democratic Party Whip: Yvon Godin
Senate
Government Whip: Hon. Rose-Marie Losier-Cool
Opposition Whip: Hon. Marjory LeBreton
By-elections
See also
List of Canadian federal electoral districts
List of Canadian federal parliaments
38th Canadian House of Commons seating plan
References
External links
Members of the House of Commons
Write to Members of Parliament
Succession
2004 establishments in Canada
2005 disestablishments in Canada
Paul Martin | [
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225494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gena%20Rowlands | Gena Rowlands | Virginia Cathryn "Gena" Rowlands (born June 19, 1930) is an American retired actress, whose career in film, stage, and television has spanned seven decades. A four-time Emmy and two-time Golden Globe winner, she is known for her collaborations with her late actor-director husband John Cassavetes in ten films, including A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Gloria (1980), which earned her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She also won the Silver Bear for Best Actress for Opening Night (1977). She is also known for her performances in Woody Allen's Another Woman (1988), and her son, Nick Cassavetes's film, The Notebook (2004). In 2021, Richard Brody of The New Yorker said, “The most important and original movie actor of the past half century-plus is Gena Rowlands.” In November 2015, Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances.
Early years
Rowlands was born on June 19, 1930, in Cambria, Wisconsin. Her mother, Mary Allen (Neal), was a housewife who later worked as an actress under the stage name Lady Rowlands. Her father, Edwin Myrwyn Rowlands, was a banker and state legislator. He was a member of the Wisconsin Progressive Party, and was of Welsh descent. She had a brother, David Rowlands.
Her family moved to Washington, D.C., in 1939, when Edwin was appointed to a position in the United States Department of Agriculture; moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1942, when he was appointed as branch manager of the Office of Price Administration; and later moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. From 1947–50, she attended the University of Wisconsin, where she was a popular student already renowned for her beauty. While in college, she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma. She left for New York City to study drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
Career
Early roles (1952–1967)
In the early 1950s, Rowlands performed with repertory theatre companies and at the Provincetown Playhouse. She made her Broadway debut in The Seven Year Itch and toured in a national production of the play. In 1956, she starred in the Broadway play Middle of the Night opposite Edward G. Robinson.
Rowlands costarred with Paul Stewart in the 26-episode syndicated TV series Top Secret (1954–55). She guest-starred on such anthology television series as Robert Montgomery Presents, Armstrong Circle Theatre, Studio One, Appointment with Adventure, The United States Steel Hour and Goodyear Television Playhouse, all in 1955. In 1959, Rowlands appeared in the western series Laramie, alongside her husband John Cassavetes in the detective series Johnny Staccato, and in the western series Riverboat, starring Darren McGavin. In 1961, she appeared in the adventure series The Islanders, set in the South Pacific, and in Target: The Corruptors!, starring Stephen McNally. She guest-starred in The Lloyd Bridges Show, the detective series 77 Sunset Strip, the westerns Bonanza and The Virginian, and Breaking Point, all in 1963. In 1964, she guest-starred in the medical drama Dr. Kildare and in two episodes of Burke's Law. She appeared in four episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, three of which were after the series had been renamed The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. In 1967, she was cast as socialite Adrienne Van Leyden in the prime-time ABC soap opera Peyton Place.
Rowlands made her film debut in The High Cost of Loving in 1958. In 1962, she starred in director David Miller's Lonely Are the Brave, with Kirk Douglas and Walter Matthau. She played the former lover of the Kirk Douglas character, now the wife of the Douglas character's best friend.
Cassavetes era (1963–1984)
Rowlands and Cassavetes made ten films together: A Child Is Waiting (1963), Faces (1968), Machine Gun McCain (1969), Minnie and Moskowitz (1971), A Woman Under the Influence (1974; nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress), Two-Minute Warning (1976), Opening Night (1977), Gloria (1980; nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress), Tempest (1982), and Love Streams (1984).
According to Boston University film scholar Ray Carney, Rowlands sought to suppress an early version of Cassavetes's first film, Shadows, that Carney says he rediscovered after decades of searching. Rowlands also became involved in the screenings of Husbands and Love Streams, according to Carney. The UCLA Film and Television Archive mounted a restoration of Husbands, as it was pruned down (without Cassavetes's consent, and in violation of his contract) by Columbia Pictures several months after its release, in an attempt to restore as much of the removed content as possible. At Rowlands's request, UCLA created an alternative print with almost ten minutes of content edited out, as Rowlands felt that these scenes were in poor taste. The alternative print is the only one that has been made available for rental.
Late career (1985–present)
In 1985, Rowlands played the mother in the critically acclaimed made-for-TV movie An Early Frost. She won an Emmy for her portrayal of former First Lady of the United States Betty Ford in the 1987 made-for-TV movie The Betty Ford Story.
In 1988, Rowlands starred in Woody Allen's dramatic film Another Woman. She played Marion Post, a middle-aged professor who is prompted to a journey of self-discovery when she overhears the therapy sessions of another woman (Mia Farrow). The review in Time Out described the character's trajectory: "Marion gets to thinking, and is appalled to realise that so many assumptions about her own life and marriage are largely unfounded: in her desire for a controlled existence, she has evaded the emotional truth about relationships with her best friend (Sandy Dennis), brother (Harris Yulin) and husband (Ian Holm)." Time Out praised the "marvellous" performances in the film, adding, "Rowlands' perfectly pitched approach to a demanding role is particularly stunning." Film4 called her performance "sublime", while Roger Ebert noted that it marked a considerable change in tone from her work with Cassavetes, thus showing "how good an actress Rowlands has been all along."
In 2002, Rowlands appeared in Mira Nair's HBO movie Hysterical Blindness, for which she won her third Emmy. Next year she appeared as Mrs. Hellman an episode from the third season of Numb3rs. She played a Nazi survivor whose whole family was killed. The family owned a painting that the Nazis confiscated. Later on the painting reappeared. The new owner lent the painting to an art gallery in Los Angeles but while on display it was stolen. F.B.I. agent Don Eppes, played by Rob Morrow, tries to figure out what really happened. Rowlands received rave reviews for this role. She has been a spokesperson for people who were persecuted by the Nazis so this role was a perfect match for her.
She was later seen in The Notebook (2004), which was directed by her son Nick Cassavetes. The same year, she won her first Daytime Emmy for her role as Mrs. Evelyn Ritchie in The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie. In 2005, she appeared opposite Kate Hudson, Peter Sarsgaard, and John Hurt in the gothic thriller The Skeleton Key.
In 2007, she played a supporting role opposite Parker Posey and Melvil Poupaud in Broken English, an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of Monk ("Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of NCIS as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks.
Personal life
Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at Carnegie Hall where they were both students. They had three children, all actor-directors: Nick, Alexandra, and Zoe. Rowlands married retired businessman Robert Forrest in 2012.
Rowlands has stated that she was a fan of actress Bette Davis while growing up. She played Davis's daughter in the 1979 made-for-TV film, Strangers.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Rowlands has been nominated for two Academy Awards, eight Primetime Emmy Awards, one Daytime Emmy Award, eight Golden Globe Awards, three Satellite Awards, and two SAG Awards. Some of her notable wins are a Silver Bear for Best Actress, three Primetime Emmy Awards and one Daytime Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two National Board of Review Awards, and two Satellite Awards.
In January 2015, Rowlands was presented with a lifetime achievement award by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association. She was also chosen by the Academy Awards board of governors to receive an Honorary Academy Award that same year. At the Governors Awards ceremony, she was honored by Laura Linney and Cate Blanchett who offered up tributes; and Rowland's son Nick Cassavettes presented the award to her. The press release described Rowland as "an original talent" whose "devotion to her craft has earned her worldwide recognition as an independent film icon".
Academy Awards
Primetime Emmy Award
Golden Globe Awards
Other Awards
References
Further reading
External links
1930 births
Living people
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Actresses from Wisconsin
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American people of Welsh descent
American people of Irish descent
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Actresses from Washington, D.C.
People from Cambria, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Silver Bear for Best Actress winners
Cassavetes family
Actors from Madison, Wisconsin
Daytime Emmy Award winners | [
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225495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino%20da%20Fiesole | Mino da Fiesole | Mino da Fiesole (c. 1429 – July 11, 1484), also known as Mino di Giovanni, was an Italian sculptor from Poppi, Tuscany. He is noted for his portrait busts.
Career
Mino's work was influenced by his master Desiderio da Settignano and by Antonio Rossellino, and is characterized by its sharp, angular treatment of drapery. Unlike most Florentine sculptors of his generation, Mino passed two lengthy sojourns in Rome, from about 1459 to 1464 and again from about 1473/1474 until 1480.
Mino was a friend and fellow-worker of Desiderio da Settignano and Matteo Civitali, all three being about the same age. Mino's sculpture is remarkable for its finish and delicacy of details, as well as for its spirituality and strong devotional feeling.
Of Mino's earlier works, the finest are in the cathedral of Fiesole, the altarpiece and tomb of Bishop Leonardo Salutati (died 1466)
His most arduous and complicated commissions, which define his intellectual and artistic nature, are an altarpiece and tombs for the church of the Benedictine monastery in Florence known as the Badia. (The monuments have been reinstalled in the rebuilt church.) The first, completed about 1468, was essentially a private commission for the Florentine jurist Bernardo Giugni.
The second, directly commissioned by the monks and finished in 1481, honored the memory of their founder, the tenth century Ugo, count of Tuscany.
The wall monuments exercised Mino's skills: portraits and bas-reliefs are worked into complex tectonic aedicular structures with elaborate highly individualistic decorative moldings.
Art historians have revelled in the extraordinary diversity of contemporary and ancient sources that Mino marshaled in these tombs, which distinguish him from other sculptors active in mid quattrocento Florence (Zuraw 1998).
The pulpit in Prato Cathedral, in which he collaborated with Antonio Rossellino, finished in 1473, is very delicately sculpted with bas-reliefs of great minuteness, but somewhat weakly designed.
In 1473 he went to Rome where he remained apparently about six years. It is doubtful if all the monuments there attributed to him are of his own hands; there is no question about the tomb of the Florentine Francesco Tornabuoni in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the remains of the monument to Pope Paul II in the crypt of St. Peter's, and the beautiful little marble tabernacle for the holy oils in St. Maria in Trastevere bears the inscription Opus Mini.
Several monuments in Santa Maria del Popolo have at times been attributed to Mino, for example the marble reredos given by Pope Alexander VI. The monuments there of Archbishop of Salerno Pietro Guglielmo Rocca (d. 1482) and Bishop of Burgos Ortega Gomiel (d. 1514), however, have also been attributed to the school of Andrea Bregno.
Some of Mino's portrait busts and profile bas-reliefs are preserved in the Bargello at Florence; they are full of life and expression, though without the extreme realism of Verrocchio and other sculptors of his time.
Several museums house Mino's work, some of which include Musée du Louvre in Paris, France, Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, Birmingham Museum of Art in Birmingham, Alabama, and National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
His other works include:
a portrait bust of Piero de Medici (1453), notable as "the oldest authenticated example we have of a post-classical portrait of a living person in the form of a marble bust".
a portrait bust of Niccolò Strozzi (1454)
a bust of Astorgio Manfredi (1455)
the ciborium over the high altar of Santa Maria Maggiore, in Rome
a bust of Diotisalvi Neroni, adviser to Piero de Medici (1464)
companion pieces of Charity and Faith, most probably designed for a wall tomb (1475/1480)
Giorgio Vasari's vita of Mino da Fiesole in his Lives of the Artists dismisses him as a mere follower of Desiderio da Settignano, his master.
Gallery
See also
Master of the Marble Madonnas
Notes
References
External links
Works by Mino da Fiesole
Italian Renaissance sculptors
Sculptors from Tuscany
Fiesole, Mino da
Fiesole, Mino da
Fiesole, Mino da
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors | [
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225497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Fletcher | Louise Fletcher | Estelle Louise Fletcher (born July 22, 1934) is an American actress, best known for her portrayal of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), which earned her an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. She is also well-known for her recurring role as the Bajoran religious leader Kai Winn Adami in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1993–99). She was nominated for Emmy Awards for her guest starring roles in the television series Picket Fences (1996) and Joan of Arcadia (2004).
Early life
Fletcher was born in Birmingham, Alabama, the second of four children of Estelle ( Caldwell) and the Reverend Robert Capers Fletcher, an Episcopal missionary from Arab, Alabama. Both of her parents were deaf and worked with the deaf and hard-of-hearing.
Fletcher's father founded more than 40 churches for the deaf in Alabama. Fletcher and her siblings Roberta, John, and Georgianna were all born without any hearing loss so she was taught to speak by a hearing aunt.
Career
Fletcher began appearing in several television series including Lawman (1958) and Maverick (1959). (The Maverick episode, "The Saga of Waco Williams" with James Garner, was the series' highest-rated episode.) Also in 1959, she appeared in the second episode of the original Untouchables TV series, (starring Robert Stack), "Ma Barker and Her Boys" as Elouise. Fletcher recalled having greater success being cast in Westerns due to her height: "I was tall, and no television producer thought a tall woman could be sexually attractive to anybody. I was able to get jobs on westerns because the actors were even taller than I was."
In 1960, Fletcher made two guest appearances on Perry Mason, as defendant Gladys Doyle in "The Case of the Mythical Monkeys," and Susan Connolly in "The Case of the Larcenous Lady". In the summer of 1960, she was cast as Roberta McConnell in the episode "The Bounty Hunter" of Tate, starring David McLean.
In 1974, she returned to film in Thieves Like Us, co-produced by her husband and Robert Altman, who also directed. When the two had a falling out on Altman's next project (Nashville (1975)), Altman decided to cast Lily Tomlin for the role of Linnea Reese, initially created for and by Fletcher. Meanwhile, director Miloš Forman saw Fletcher in Thieves and cast her as McMurphy's nemesis Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). Fletcher gained international recognition and fame for the role, winning the Academy Award for Best Actress, as well as a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe. She was only the third actress ever to win an Academy Award, BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for a single performance, after Audrey Hepburn and Liza Minnelli. When Fletcher accepted her Oscar, she used sign language to thank her parents.
After Cuckoo's Nest, Fletcher had mixed success in film. She made several financially and critically successful films, while others were box-office failures. Fletcher's film roles were in such features as Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), The Cheap Detective (1978), The Lady in Red (1979), The Magician of Lublin (1979), Brainstorm (1983), Firestarter (1984), Invaders From Mars (1986), Flowers in the Attic (1987), Two Moon Junction (1988), Best of the Best (1989), Blue Steel (1990), Virtuosity (1995), High School High (1996), and Cruel Intentions (1999, as Sebastian's aunt). Additionally, she played the character Ruth Shorter, a supporting role, in Aurora Borealis (2005), alongside Joshua Jackson and Donald Sutherland, and appeared in the Fox Faith film The Last Sin Eater (2007).
Fletcher co-starred in TV movies such as The Karen Carpenter Story (1989) (as Karen and Richard Carpenter's mother, Agnes), Nightmare on the 13th Floor (1990), The Haunting of Seacliff Inn (1994), and The Stepford Husbands (1996). From 1993 to 1999, she held a recurring role in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as the scheming Bajoran religious leader Kai Winn Adami. She also earned Emmy Award nominations for her guest roles on Picket Fences (1996), and later on Joan of Arcadia (2004). In 2009, Fletcher appeared in Heroes as the physician mother of character Emma Coolidge. In 2011, she appeared in Shameless as Grammy Gallagher, Frank Gallagher's foul-mouthed and hard-living mother who is serving a prison sentence for manslaughter related to a meth lab explosion. She portrayed the recurring role of Rosie on the series Girlboss (2017).
Personal life
Fletcher married literary agent and producer Jerry Bick in 1960, divorcing in 1977. The couple had two sons, John Dashiell Bick and Andrew Wilson Bick: Fletcher took an 11-year break from acting to raise them. Fletcher received an honorary degree from Gallaudet University in 1982.
In 1998, Fletcher was charged with reckless driving after she allegedly struck a police officer who was removing a deer carcass from a roadway. The police officer was injured in both legs and had to be hospitalized.
Filmography
Film
Television
Accolades
References
External links
1934 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Birmingham, Alabama
American film actresses
American television actresses
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Ramsay High School alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Western (genre) television actors | [
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225498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Iacocca | Lee Iacocca | Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca ( ; October 15, 1924 – July 2, 2019) was an American automobile executive best known for the development of the Ford Mustang and Ford Pinto cars while at the Ford Motor Company in the 1960s, and for reviving the Chrysler Corporation as its CEO during the 1980s. He was president and CEO of Chrysler from 1978 and chairman from 1979, until his retirement at the end of 1992. He was one of the few executives to preside over the operations of two of the Big Three automakers.
Iacocca authored or co-authored several books, including Iacocca: An Autobiography (with William Novak), and Where Have All the Leaders Gone?'’
Early life
Iacocca was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, to Nicola Iacocca and Antonietta Perrotta, Italian Americans (from San Marco dei Cavoti, Benevento) who had settled in Pennsylvania's steel-production belt. Members of his family operated a restaurant, Yocco's Hot Dogs. He was said to have been christened with the unusual name "Lido" because he was conceived during his parents' honeymoon in the Lido district in Venice. However, he denied this rumor in his autobiography, saying that is romantic but not true; his father went to Lido long before his marriage and was traveling with his future wife's brother.
Iacocca graduated with honors from Allentown High School in 1942, and Lehigh University in neighboring Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with a degree in industrial engineering. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi, the engineering honor society, and an alumnus of Theta Chi fraternity.
After graduating from Lehigh, he won the Wallace Memorial Fellowship and went to Princeton University, where he took his electives in politics and plastics. He then began a career at the Ford Motor Company as an engineer.
Career at Ford
Iacocca joined Ford Motor Company in August 1946. After a brief stint in engineering, he asked to be moved to sales and marketing, where his career flourished. While working in the Philadelphia district as assistant sales manager, Iacocca gained national recognition with his "56 for '56" campaign, offering loans on 1956 model year cars with a 20% down payment and $56 in monthly payments for three years. His campaign went national, and Iacocca was called to the Dearborn headquarters, where he quickly moved up through the ranks. On November 10, 1960, Iacocca was named vice-president and general manager of the Ford Division; in January 1965 Ford's vice-president, car and truck group; in 1967, executive vice-president; and president on December 10, 1970.
Iacocca participated in the design of several successful Ford automobiles, most notably the Ford Mustang, the Continental Mark III, the Ford Escort and the revival of the Mercury brand in the late 1960s, including the introduction of the Mercury Cougar and Mercury Marquis. He promoted other ideas that did not reach the marketplace as Ford products. These included cars ultimately introduced by Chrysler – the K car and the minivan. Iacocca also convinced company boss Henry Ford II to return to racing, claiming several wins at the Indianapolis 500, NASCAR and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Eventually, he became the president of the Ford Motor Company, but he clashed with Henry Ford II. He was fired on July 13, 1978, even though the company posted a $2 billion profit for the year.
Ford Pinto
In 1968, Iacocca foresaw the need for domestically produced, small, fuel-efficient vehicles, and proposed a vehicle that weighed less than 2,000 pounds and would be priced at less than $2,000. Although Ford's European subsidiary was already selling such a model (the Ford Escort), a team of Ford designers was assigned to create the exterior and interior of an entirely new car, which would be named Pinto. The Pinto entered production beginning with the 1971 model year. Iacocca was described as the "moving force" behind the Ford Pinto.
In 1977, there were allegations that the Pinto's structural design allowed its fuel-tank filler neck to break off and the fuel tank to be punctured in a rear-end collision, resulting in deadly fires. This case is a staple of engineering ethics courses as an example of a bad cost–benefit analysis. In 1978, all 1971-1976 Pintos were recalled and had safety shielding and reinforcements installed to protect the fuel tank.
Career at Chrysler
Iacocca was strongly courted by the Chrysler Corporation, at a time when the company appeared to be on the verge of going out of business and had just sold its loss-making Chrysler Europe division to Peugeot in an effort to generate cash because the company was losing millions already in North America. This was partially due to recalls of its Dodge Aspen and Plymouth Volare, both of which, Iacocca later said, were among the causes for Chrysler's woes and customer dissatisfaction. Iacocca joined Chrysler and began rebuilding the entire company from the ground up and bringing in many former associates from Ford.
Also from Ford, Iacocca brought to Chrysler the "Mini-Max" project, which, in 1983, bore fruit in the highly successful Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager. Henry Ford II had wanted nothing to do with the Mini-Max, a restyled version of the minivan, which Toyota was selling in huge numbers in Asia and Latin America, and his opinion doomed the project at Ford. Hal Sperlich, the driving force behind the Mini-Max at Ford, had been fired a few months before Iacocca. He had been hired by Chrysler, where the two would make automotive history together.
Iacocca arrived shortly after Chrysler's introduction of the subcompact Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon. Bearing a strong resemblance to the Volkswagen Rabbit, the front-wheel-drive Omni and Horizon became instant hits, selling over 300,000 units each in their debut year, showing what was to come for Chrysler. The Omni was a derivative of Chrysler Europe's Chrysler Horizon, one of the first deliberately designed "World Cars", which resulted in the American and European cars looking nearly identical externally. However, underneath remarkably similar-looking sheetmetal, engines, transmissions, suspensions, bumpers, and interior design were quite different. Initially the U.S. cars even used VW-based engines (while the European models used Simca engines), as American Chrysler did not have an engine of an appropriate size for the Omni until the 2.2L engine from the Chrysler K-Car became available. Ironically, some later year base model U.S. Omnis used a French Peugeot-based 1.6L engine.
1979 Chrysler bailout
Realizing that the company would go out of business if it did not receive a large infusion of cash, Iacocca approached the United States Congress in 1979 and successfully requested a loan guarantee. To obtain the guarantee, Chrysler was required to reduce costs and abandon some longstanding projects, such as the turbine engine, which had been ready for consumer production in 1979 after nearly 20 years of development.
Chrysler released the first of the K-Car line, the Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant, in 1981. Similar to the later minivan, these compact automobiles were based on design proposals that Ford had rejected during Iacocca's (and Sperlich's) tenure. Released in the middle of the major 1980-1982 recession, the small, efficient, and inexpensive front-wheel drive cars sold rapidly. In addition, Iacocca re-introduced the big Imperial as the company's flagship. The new model had all of the newest technologies of the time, including fully electronic fuel injection and all-digital dashboard.
Chrysler introduced the minivan, chiefly Sperlich's "baby", in late 1983. It led the automobile industry in sales for 25 years. Because of the K-cars and minivans, along with the reforms Iacocca implemented, the company turned around quickly and was able to repay the government-backed loans seven years earlier than expected.
Iacocca led Chrysler's acquisition of AMC in 1987, which brought the profitable Jeep division under the corporate umbrella. It created the short-lived Eagle division. By this time, AMC had already finished most of the work on the Jeep Grand Cherokee, which Iacocca wanted. The Grand Cherokee would not be released until 1992 for the 1993 model year, the same year that Iacocca retired.
Throughout the 1980s, Iacocca appeared in a series of commercials for the company's vehicles, employing the ad campaign, "The pride is back," to denote the turnaround of the corporation. He also voiced what was to become his trademark phrase: "If you can find a better car, buy it."
Iacocca retired as president, CEO, and chairman of Chrysler at the end of 1992.
1995 "Return" to Chrysler
In 1995, Iacocca assisted in billionaire Kirk Kerkorian's hostile takeover of Chrysler, which was ultimately unsuccessful. The next year, Kerkorian and Chrysler made a five-year agreement which included a gag order preventing Iacocca from speaking publicly about Chrysler.
In July 2005, Iacocca returned to the airwaves as Chrysler's pitchman, along with celebrities such as Jason Alexander and Snoop Dogg, to promote Chrysler's "Employee Pricing Plus" program; the ads reprise the "If you can find a better car, buy it" line, Iacocca's trademark of the 1980s. In return for his services, Iacocca and DaimlerChrysler agreed that his fees, plus a $1 donation per vehicle sold from July 1 through December 31, 2005, would be given to the Iacocca Foundation for type 1 diabetes research.
Chrysler's 2009 bankruptcy
In an April 2009 Newsweek interview, Iacocca reflected on his time spent at Chrysler and the company's current situation. He said:
Because of the Chrysler bankruptcy, Iacocca lost part of his pension from a supplemental executive retirement plan, and a guaranteed company car during his lifetime. The losses occurred after the bankruptcy court approved the sale of Chrysler to Chrysler Group LLC, with ownership of the new company by the United Auto Workers, the Italian carmaker Fiat and the governments of the United States and Canada.
Other work and activities
Books
In 1984, Iacocca co-authored (with William Novak) an autobiography, titled Iacocca: An Autobiography. It was the best selling non-fiction hardback book of 1984 and 1985. The book used heavy discounting which would become a trend among publishers in the 1980s. Iacocca donated the proceeds of the book's sales to type 1 diabetes research.
In 1988, Iacocca co-authored (with Sonny Kleinfeld) Talking Straight, a book meant as a counterbalance to Akio Morita's Made in Japan, a non-fiction book praising Japan's post-war hard-working culture. Talking Straight praised the innovation and creativity of Americans.
On April 17, 2007, Simon & Schuster published Iacocca's book, Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, co-written with Catherine Whitney.Catherine Whitney reference
Businesses
Iacocca partnered with producer Pierre Cossette to bring a production of The Will Rogers Follies to Branson, Missouri, in 1994. He also invested in Branson Hills, a 1,400-acre housing development.
In 1993, he had joined the board of MGM Grand, led by his friend Kirk Kerkorian. He started a merchant bank to fund ventures in the gaming industry, which he called "the fastest-growing business in the world". In 1995, he sold his interests in several Indian gaming projects to Full House Resorts, a casino operator led by his friend Allen Paulson, becoming a major shareholder and later a member of the board of directors.
Iacocca founded Olivio Premium Products in 1993. Olivio's signature product was an olive oil-based margarine product. Iacocca appeared in commercials for Olivio.
Iacocca joined the board of restaurant chain Koo Koo Roo in 1995. In 1998, he stepped up to serve as acting chairman of the troubled company, and led it through a merger with Family Restaurants (owner of Chi-Chi's and El Torito). He sat on the board of the merged company until stepping down in 1999.
In 1997, Iacocca founded Iacocca, a company formed to develop and market electric bikes with a top speed of 15 mph and a range of 20 miles between recharging at wall outlets. They produced E-Bike SX, which became the first widely popular electric bicycle in the US. In 1999, Iacocca became the head of EV Global Motors.
Activism and philanthropy
In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed Iacocca to head the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, which was created to raise funds for the restoration of the Statue of Liberty and the renovation of Ellis Island. Iacocca continued to serve on the board of the foundation until his death.
Following the death of Iacocca's wife Mary from type 1 diabetes, he became an active supporter of research for the disease. He was one of the main patrons of the research of Denise Faustman at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2000, Iacocca founded Olivio Premium Products, which manufactures the Olivio line of food products made from olive oil. He donated all profits from the company to type 1 diabetes research. In 2004, Iacocca launched Join Lee Now, a national grassroots campaign, to bring Faustman's research to human clinical trials in 2006.
Iacocca was an advocate of "Nourish the Children", an initiative of Nu Skin Enterprises, since its inception in 2002; he even served as its chairman. He helped donate a generator for the Malawi VitaMeal plant.
Iacocca led the fundraising campaign to enable Lehigh University to adapt and use vacant buildings formerly owned by Bethlehem Steel, including Iacocca Hall on the Mountaintop Campus of Lehigh University. Today these structures house the College of Education, the biology and chemical engineering departments, and The Iacocca Institute, which is focused on global competitiveness.
Acting
Iacocca played Park Commissioner Lido in "Sons and Lovers", the 44th episode of Miami Vice, which premiered on May 9, 1986. The name of the character is his birth name, which was not used in the public sphere due to the trouble of mispronunciation or misspelling.
Personal life
Marriages and family
Iacocca was married to Mary McCleary on September 29, 1956. They had two daughters. Mary Iacocca died from type 1 diabetes on May 15, 1983. Before her death, Iacocca became a strong advocate for better medical treatment of type 1 diabetes patients, who frequently faced debilitating and fatal complications, and he continued this work after her death.
Iacocca's second marriage was to Peggy Johnson. They married on April 17, 1986, but in 1987, after nineteen months, Iacocca had the marriage annulled. He married for the third time in 1991 to Darrien Earle. They were divorced three years later.
Later life and death
Carol Dweck, Ph.D., author of "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success," describes Iacocca as an exemplar of the "fixed mindset," a CEO leader whose inability to accept responsibility and learn from his mistakes ended up harming the companies he led and the people he employed. Iacocca resided in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, during his later life. He died on July 2, 2019, at his home in Bel Air, at the age of 94. The cause was complications of Parkinson's disease. His funeral was held on July 10, 2019 at St. Hugo of the Hills Roman Catholic Church and he was buried at White Chapel Memorial Cemetery in Troy, Michigan.
Politics
In his 2007 book, Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, Iacocca described how he considered running for president in 1988 and was in the planning stages of a campaign with the slogan "I Like I", before ultimately being talked out of it by his friend Tip O'Neill. Polls at the time confirmed that he had a realistic chance of winning.
Pennsylvania Governor Bob Casey discussed with Iacocca an appointment to the U.S. Senate in 1991 after the death of Senator John Heinz, but Iacocca declined.
Politically, Iacocca supported the Republican candidate George W. Bush in the 2000 presidential election. In the 2004 presidential election, however, he endorsed Bush's opponent, Democrat John Kerry. In Michigan's 2006 gubernatorial race, Iacocca appeared in televised political ads endorsing Republican candidate Dick DeVos, who lost. Iacocca endorsed New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson for President in the 2008 presidential election. In 2012, he endorsed Mitt Romney for president.
On December 3, 2007, Iacocca launched a website to encourage open dialogue about the challenges of contemporary society. He introduced topics such as health care costs, and the United States' lag in developing alternative energy sources and hybrid vehicles. The site also promotes his book Where Have All the Leaders Gone. It provides an interactive means for users to rate presidential candidates by the qualities Iacocca believes they should possess: curiosity, creativity, communication, character, courage, conviction, charisma, competence and common sense.
Awards
In 1985, Iacocca received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.
Bibliography
Iacocca: An Autobiography, Lee Iacocca and William Novak, 1986
Talking Straight, Lee Iacocca and Sonny Kleinfield, 1988
Liberty for All, Peter B. Kaplan, Lee Iacocca, Barbara Grazzini, 2002
Where Have All the Leaders Gone? 2008
In popular culture
The high amount of publicity that Iacocca received during his turnaround of Chrysler made him a celebrity and gave him a lasting impact in popular culture. In addition to his acting role in Miami Vice, Iacocca also made appearances on Good Morning America, Late Night With David Letterman and the 1985 Bob Hope TV special Bob Hope Buys NBC? while concurrently it was common to see depictions of elderly, bespeckled businessmen with charismatic, salesman-like personas, such as in an ad campaign by the Rainier Brewing Company. Iacocca's success serving as Chrysler's pitchman influenced other companies to feature executives in their marketing, such as how fast food chain Wendy's has successfully utilized company founder Dave Thomas as a corporate mascot since the early 1990s. Iacocca's image was also invoked by rival automaker Ford in the marketing campaign for the 1993 Mercury Villager minivan, which depicted a competing car company led by an unhappy boss with a physical resemblance to Iacocca viewing the Villager with consternation because it is outselling their minivan. Fictional businessmen and middle managers, such as Michael Scott on The Office, have been shown reading Iacocca's books and attempting to emulate his methods. In a manner similar to Ronald Reagan, period pieces produced in subsequent decades have used images of Iacocca and the Chrysler K-car to invoke the 1980s. The 2009 film Watchmen, which is set in an alternative history 1985, took this in a unique direction by showing Iacocca (portrayed by Walter Addison) being assassinated by the film's antagonists, which has been said to have angered Iacocca when he learned about it.
Iacocca, portrayed by Jon Bernthal, is a major character in the 2019 film Ford v Ferrari, which is a dramatization of the 1960s Ford GT40 program. The film was released shortly after Iacocca's death.
See also
Ford Mustang Iacocca Silver 45th Anniversary Edition
Ford Carousel garageable van project
References
Bibliography
Works by
Iacocca, Lee and Sonny Klenfield (1988) Talking Straight. Bantam.
Iacocca, Lee and William Novak (1986 reissue). Iacocca: An Autobiography''. Bantam.
Works about
External links
Iacocca Foundation
Iacocca Says "Detroit Is Living in the Past", National Public Radio
Lehigh University Engineering Heritage Initiative Iacocca Biography
1924 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in California
Actors from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Writers from Allentown, Pennsylvania
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
20th-century American businesspeople
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21st-century American non-fiction writers
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
American writers of Italian descent
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Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
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Chrysler executives
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Businesspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania
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Ford Mustang | [
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225499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Hospital%20%28British%20TV%20series%29 | General Hospital (British TV series) | General Hospital was a British daytime soap opera produced by ATV that ran on ITV from 1972 to 1979. It was not modelled after the American drama of the same name which is still airing today. Rather, it was an attempt to replicate the success of its predecessor, Emergency – Ward 10. The original theme music was "Girl in the White Dress" by the Derek Scott Orchestra which was used until 1975, when it was replaced by Johnny Pearson's "Red Alert" for the 60-minute episodes.
History
In 1972, ITV started to broadcast programmes on weekday afternoons, triggering a new wave of productions to fill in the extended schedules. Among the first of these shows, which were aimed at giving advertisers access to housewives, were the long-running rural soap Emmerdale Farm (YTV) and the twice-weekly medical drama General Hospital.
Set in a fictional Midlands town, the series followed the romantic and professional lives of its doctors and nurses. While the location and the characters names had been changed, in most other respects General Hospital was almost identical to its predecessor, Emergency – Ward 10, a deliberate attempt to recreate its success.
In 1975, after 270 twice-weekly episodes, General Hospital was given a prime time slot on Friday evening. The move saw the episode lengths double from 30 to 60 minutes, with each episode being more self-contained, while on-screen medical procedures, including detailed scenes of surgery, became more prominent.
Amongst the regular cast of the series was actor Tony Adams who played Doctor Neville Bywaters; he also appeared as Adam Chance in Crossroads. Among the other familiar faces to appear was Lynda Bellingham, who later was later cast as the mother in a series of commercials for Oxo stock cubes, and later as Helen Herriot in the series All Creatures Great and Small, based on the books by James Herriot. Other regulars included Carmen Munroe, who was also a regular presenter in the Play School children's programme team; and a young Sally Knyvette, who went on to appear in Blake's 7 and Emmerdale Farm.
By 1979, the "homely" feel of General Hospital was considered to be old-fashioned in the wake of newer, grittier dramas, and it was cancelled. Many episodes are missing from television archives.
Cast list
Lewis Jones as Mr William Parker-Brown, Consultant in trauma medicine and executive director
David Garth as Dr Matthew Armstrong, Consultant in emergency medicine and clinical lead
James Kerry as Dr Martin Baxter, Consultant in emergency medicine
Ian White as Dr Peter Ridge, Consultant in emergency medicine
Lynda Bellingham as Nurse Hilda Price, Senior sister/emergency nurse practitioner/clinical nurse manager
Barbara Kellerman Nurse Laura Hardy
Judy Buxton as Student Nurse Katy Shaw, Student nurse
Peggy Sinclair as Sister Ellen Chapman, Sister
Tony Adams as Dr Neville Bywaters, Consultant paediactrician
Eric Lander as Dr Richard Kirby, Specialist registrar in emergency medicine
Patricia Maynard as Dr Joanna Whitworth, Senior house officer
Pippa Reid as Sister Doreen Holland, Sister
John Halstead as Arnold Capper, Porter
Monica Grey as Sister Edwards, Chaplain
Jason Rose as Dr Herbert Chipato, Consultant general surgeon
Carmen Munroe as Sister Frances Washington, Sister
Carl Rigg as Dr Gregory Knight, Consultant cardiothoracic surgeon
Tom Adams as Mr Guy Wallman, Consultant general surgeon/CEO
Sally Knyvette as Nurse Rowland
Amber Thomas as Nurse Stevens
Donal Cox as Dr Donald Morley
Veronica Hurst as Dr Hamlyn
Harold Kasket as Dr Sterne
Petra Davies as Dr Petra Hunt
Ronald Leigh-Hunt as Dr Robert Thorne
Jenny Twigge as Dr Wadham
Rosemary Nicols as Dr Lacey
Jane How as Nurse Preston
Jonathan Dennis as Dr Rogers
John Line as Dr Robertson
Jean Rimmer as Sister Harrington
Pamela Allen as Sister Bellamy
DVD Releases
In August 2012 a DVD of the surviving episodes from the original 270 twice-weekly version of the show was released under the banner Series 1. The DVD includes episodes 1, 2, 3*, 4, 6*, 7*, 8*, 9*, 10*, 11*, 12*, 13*, 15*, 16*, 17*, 18*, 19*, 21*, 22*, 23*, 24*, 25*, 26*, 29, 32, 100, 126, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 258 (episodes marked with a "*" were made in colour but now only survive in Black and White).
A second volume containing the first prime time series was due for release in April 2013 but did not appear.
As of 15th July 2021, a few selected episodes from the series are available on BritBox, a subscription only service curated by the BBC and ITV. https://www.itv.com/presscentre/britbox/press-releases/britbox-july-2021-highlights
References
External links
1970s British television soap operas
1972 British television series debuts
1979 British television series endings
British television soap operas
ITV soap operas
Television series by ITV Studios
1970s British medical television series
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Associated Television (ATV)
Television shows shot at ATV Elstree Studios | [
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225500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sentient (disambiguation) | Sentience is the ability to perceive subjectively.
Sentient may also refer to:
Sentient (intelligence analysis system), an automated intelligence analysis system under development by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) of the United States federal government
Sentient (video game), a videogame developed by Psygnosis in 1997 for the PlayStation and PC
Sentient computing, a form of ubiquitous computing which uses sensors to perceive its environment and react accordingly
Sentient Information Systems, a Dutch software company specialized in data mining
Sentient diet, also referred to as Sattvic diet
Sentients, an alien race from Hot Wheels Battle Force 5
The Sentients, a faction in the online game Warframe, described as a race of terraforming machines from the Tau system
Sentience (EP), an EP by electronic music producer 1788-L. | [
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225501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero%20di%20Cosimo | Piero di Cosimo | Piero di Cosimo (2 January 1462 – 12 April 1522), also known as Piero di Lorenzo, was an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
He is most famous for the mythological and allegorical subjects he painted in the late Quattrocento; he is said to have abandoned these to return to religious subjects under the influence of Savonarola, the preacher who exercised a huge sway in Florence in the 1490s, and had a similar effect on Botticelli. The High Renaissance style of the new century had little influence on him, and he retained the straightforward realism of his figures, which combines with an often whimsical treatment of his subjects to create the distinctive mood of his works.
Vasari has many stories of his eccentricity, and the mythological subjects have an individual and quirky fascination. He trained under Cosimo Rosselli, whose daughter he married, and assisted him in his Sistine Chapel frescos.
He was also influenced by Early Netherlandish painting, and busy landscapes feature in many works, often forests seen close at hand. Several of his most striking secular works are in the long "landscape" format used for paintings inset into cassone wedding chests or spalliera headboards or panelling. He was apparently famous for designing the temporary decorations for Carnival and other festivities.
Biography
The son of a goldsmith, Lorenzo di Piero, Piero was born in Florence and apprenticed under the artist Cosimo Rosseli, from whom he derived his popular name and whom he assisted in the painting of the Sistine Chapel in 1481.
In the first phase of his career, Piero was influenced by the Netherlandish naturalism of Hugo van der Goes, whose Portinari Triptych (now at the Uffizi Gallery in Florence) helped to lead the whole of Florentine painting into new channels. From him, most probably, Cosimo acquired the love of landscape and the intimate knowledge of the growth of flowers and of animal life. The manner of Hugo van der Goes is especially apparent in the Adoration of the Shepherds, at the Berlin Museum.
He journeyed to Rome in 1482 with his master, Rosselli. He proved himself a true child of the Renaissance by depicting subjects of Classical mythology in such pictures as Venus, Mars, and Cupid, The Death of Procris, the Perseus and Andromeda series, at the Uffizi, and many others. Inspired to the Vitruvius' account of the evolution of man, Piero's mythical compositions show the bizarre presence of hybrid forms of men and animals, or the man learning to use fire and tools. The multitudes of nudes in these works shows the influence of Luca Signorelli on Piero's art.
During his lifetime, Piero acquired a reputation for eccentricity—a reputation enhanced and exaggerated by later commentators such as Giorgio Vasari, who included a biography of Piero di Cosimo in his Lives of the Artists. Reportedly, he was frightened of thunderstorms, and so pyrophobic that he rarely cooked his food; he lived on a diet of hard-boiled eggs, which he prepared 50 at a time while boiling glue for his artworks. He also resisted any cleaning of his studio, or trimming of the fruit trees of his orchard; he lived, wrote Vasari, "more like a beast than a man".
If, as Vasari asserts, he spent the last years of his life in gloomy retirement, the change was probably due to preacher Girolamo Savonarola, under whose influence he turned his attention once more to religious art. The death of his master Roselli may also have affected Piero's morose elder years. The Immaculate Conception with Saints, at the Uffizi, and the Holy Family, at Dresden, illustrate the religious fervour to which he was stimulated by Savonarola.
With the exception of the landscape background in Rosselli's fresco of the Sermon on the Mount, in the Sistine Chapel, there is no record of any fresco work from his brush. On the other hand, Piero enjoyed a great reputation as a portrait painter: the most famous of his work is in fact the portrait of a Florentine noblewoman, Simonetta Vespucci, mistress of Giuliano de' Medici. According to Vasari, Piero excelled in designing pageants and triumphal processions for the pleasure-loving youths of Florence, and gives a vivid description of one such procession at the end of the carnival of 1507, which illustrated the triumph of death. Piero di Cosimo exercised considerable influence upon his fellow pupils Albertinelli and Bartolomeo della Porta, and was the master of Andrea del Sarto.
Vasari gave Piero's date of death as 1521, and this date is still repeated by many sources, including the Encyclopædia Britannica. However, contemporary documents reveal that he died of plague on 12 April 1522. He is featured in George Eliot's novel Romola.
Selected works
Madonna and Child Enthroned with Sts. Peter, John the Baptist, Dominic, and Nicholas of Bari (1481–85) tempera and oil on panel, St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri
Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci (c. 1480) Oil on panel, 57 x 42 cm, Musée Condé, Chantilly, France
The Visitation with Saints Nicholas and Anthony (1489–1490) Wood, 184 x 189, National Gallery of Art, Washington
Venus, Mars, and Cupid (1490) Wood panel, 72 x 182 cm, Staatliche Museen, Berlin
Vulcan and Aeolus (c. 1490) Oil and tempera on canvas, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
St Mary Magdalene (1490s) Tempera on panel, 72,5 x 76 cm, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
Mystical Marriage of St. Catherine of Alexandria (1493) Oil on panel, Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence
Jason and Queen Hypsipyle with the Women of Lemnos (ca 1499) Private Collection
Tritons and Nereids, Oil on Panel, 37x158 cm, Milan, Altomani collection
Allegory (1500) Panel, National Gallery of Art, Washington
The Nativity with The Infant St. John (c.1500) Oil on panel, National Gallery of Art, Washington
St. John the Evangelest (1504–06) Oil on panel, Honolulu Museum of Art
The Discovery of Honey by Bacchus (c. 1505–1510) Oil on panel, Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts
The Finding of Vulcan on Lemnos (1495–1505) Oil and tempera on canvas, Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
Perseus Freeing Andromeda (c. 1515) Oil on wood, 70 x 123 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portraits of Giuliano and Francesco Giamberti da Sangallo (c. 1485) Diptych, wood panel, 47,5 x 33,5 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
The Death of Procris (c. 1500) Oil on panel, 65 x 183 cm, National Gallery, London
Virgin with Child, St. John the Baptist and an Angel (c. 1500–1510) Oil on panel, diameter 129 cm, São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo
The Adoration of the Christ Child (1505) Oil on wood, Galleria Borghese, Rome
The Forest Fire (c. 1505) Oil on panel, 71 x 202 cm, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Immaculate Conception with Saints (c. 1510 or c. 1498) Wood panel, 206 x 172 cm, Uffizi, Florence
The Misfortunes of Silenus (c.1505–1510) Oil on panel, Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts
The Myth of Prometheus (1515) Oil on panel, Alte Pinakothek, Munich and Musée des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg
The Building of a Palace (1515–20) oil on panel, 83 x 197 cm, Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota, Florida
Madonna and Child with Saints and Angels (c.1520) oil on wood panel, Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Gallery
References
Hartt, Frederick, History of Italian Renaissance Art, (2nd edn.)1987, Thames & Hudson (US Harry N Abrams),
External links
Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about di Cosimo and his works (see pages: 174-180).
Project Piero di Cosimo
1462 births
1522 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
16th-century Italian painters
Painters from Florence
Italian Renaissance painters
16th-century deaths from plague (disease) | [
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225502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann-Margret | Ann-Margret | Ann-Margret Olsson (born April 28, 1941), known mononymously as Ann-Margret, is a Swedish-American actress, singer, and dancer.
As an actress, Ann-Margret is known for her roles in State Fair (1962), Bye Bye Birdie (1963), Viva Las Vegas (1964), The Cincinnati Kid (1965), Carnal Knowledge (1971), The Train Robbers (1973), Tommy (1975), Magic (1978), The Villain (1979), 52 Pick-Up (1986), Newsies (1992), Grumpy Old Men (1993), Grumpier Old Men (1995), and Going in Style (2017). She has won five Golden Globe Awards and been nominated for two Academy Awards, two Grammy Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and six Emmy Awards. In 2010, she won an Emmy Award for her guest appearance on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
Her singing and acting careers span six decades, starting in 1961; initially, she was billed as a female version of Elvis Presley. She has a sultry, vibrant contralto voice. She had a minor success in 1961 and a charting album in 1964, and she scored a disco hit in 1979. She recorded a critically acclaimed gospel album in 2001 and an album of Christmas songs in 2004.
Early life
Ann-Margret Olsson was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the daughter of Anna Regina (née Aronsson) and Carl Gustav Olsson, a native of Örnsköldsvik. The family moved back to Valsjöbyn, Jämtland. She later described Valsjöbyn as a small town of "lumberjacks and farmers high up near the Arctic Circle".
Ann-Margret and her mother joined her father in the United States in November 1946, and her father took her to Radio City Music Hall on the day they arrived. They settled in Wilmette, Illinois, outside of Chicago. She became a naturalized American citizen in 1949.
Ann-Margret took her first dance lessons at the Marjorie Young School of Dance, showing natural ability from the start, easily mimicking all the steps. Her parents were supportive, and her mother made all of her costumes by hand. To support the family, Ann-Margret's mother became a funeral parlor receptionist after her husband suffered a severe injury on his job. While a teenager, Ann-Margret appeared on the Morris B. Sachs Amateur Hour, Don McNeill's Breakfast Club, and Ted Mack's Amateur Hour. She attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, and continued to star in theater.
In 1959, she enrolled at Northwestern University in nearby Evanston, Illinois, and she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. She did not graduate.
As part of a group known as the Suttletones, she performed at the Mist nightclub in Chicago and went to Las Vegas for a promised club date which fell through after the group arrived. They traveled to Los Angeles, California, and through agent Georgia Lund, they secured club dates in Newport Beach, California and Reno, Nevada. The group went to the Dunes in Las Vegas, which also headlined Tony Bennett and Al Hirt at that time. George Burns heard of her performance, and she auditioned for his annual holiday show, in which she and Burns performed a softshoe routine. Variety proclaimed that "George Burns has a gold mine in Ann-Margret ... she has a definite style of her own, which can easily guide her to star status".
Career
Music
Ann-Margret began recording for RCA Victor in 1961. Her first RCA Victor recording was "Lost Love". Her debut album, And Here She Is: Ann-Margret, was recorded in Hollywood, arranged and conducted by Marty Paich. Later albums were produced in Nashville with Chet Atkins on guitar, the Jordanaires (Elvis Presley's backup singers), and the Anita Kerr Singers, with liner notes by mentor George Burns. She had a sexy, throaty contralto singing voice, and RCA Victor attempted to capitalize on the 'female Elvis' comparison by having her record a version of "Heartbreak Hotel" and other songs stylistically similar to Presley's. She scored the minor success "I Just Don't Understand" (from her second LP), which entered the Billboard Top 40 in the third week of August 1961 and stayed six weeks, peaking at number 17. The song was later covered in live performances by The Beatles and was recorded during a live performance at the BBC (recorded on July 16, 1963, and broadcast on August 20, 1963). Her only charting album was Beauty and the Beard (1964), on which she was accompanied by trumpeter Al Hirt. Ann-Margret appeared on The Jack Benny Program in 1961 (season 11, episode 24). She also sang at the Academy Awards presentation in 1962, singing the Oscar-nominated song "Theme from Bachelor in Paradise." Her contract with RCA Victor ended in 1966.
In 1962, Ann-Margret was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she had hits on the dance charts, the most successful being 1979's "Love Rush," which peaked at number eight on the disco/dance charts.
In 2001, working with Art Greenhaw, she recorded the album God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions. The album went on to earn a Grammy nomination (forty years since her first) and also a Dove Award nomination for best album of the year in a gospel category. Her album Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection, also produced and arranged by Greenhaw, was recorded in 2004.
Acting
1960s
In 1961, she filmed a screen test at 20th Century Fox and was signed to a seven-year contract. Ann-Margret made her film debut in a loan-out to United Artists in Pocketful of Miracles, with Bette Davis. It was a remake of the 1933 movie Lady for a Day. Both versions were directed by Frank Capra.
Then came a 1962 remake of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical State Fair, in which she played the "bad girl" role of Emily opposite Bobby Darin and Pat Boone. She had previously tested for the part of Margie, the "good girl", but she seemed to be too seductive for that role according to the studio bosses, who then decided to make the switch. The two roles represented two sides of her real-life personality – shy and reserved offstage, but wildly exuberant and sensuous onstage. In her autobiography, the actress wrote that she changed "from Little Miss Lollipop to Sexpot-Banshee" once the music began.
Her next starring role, as the all-American teenager Kim from Sweet Apple, Ohio, in Bye Bye Birdie (1963), made her a major star. The premiere at Radio City Music Hall, 16 years after her first visit to the famed theater, was the highest first-week grossing film to date at the Music Hall. Life put her on the cover for the second time and announced that the "torrid dancing almost replaces the central heating in the theater." She was then asked to sing "Baby Won't You Please Come Home" at President John F. Kennedy's private birthday party at the Waldorf-Astoria, one year after Marilyn Monroe's famous "Happy Birthday".
Ann-Margret met Elvis Presley on the MGM soundstage when the two filmed Viva Las Vegas (1964). She recorded three duets with Presley for the film: "The Lady Loves Me", "You're The Boss", and "Today, Tomorrow, and Forever"; only "The Lady Loves Me" made it into the final film and none of them were commercially released until years after Presley's death, due to concerns by Colonel Tom Parker that Ann-Margret's presence threatened to overshadow Elvis. Ann-Margret introduced Presley to David Winters, whom she recommended as a choreographer for their film. Viva Las Vegas was Winters' first feature film choreography job and was his first of four movies with Presley, and his first of five films, including Kitten with a Whip (1964), Bus Riley's Back in Town (1965), Made in Paris (1966), and The Swinger (1966), and two TV specials with Ann-Margret. Winters was nominated for the 1970 Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Choreography for his CBS Television Special: Ann-Margret: From Hollywood with Love (1969).
In 1963, Ann-Margret guest-starred in a popular episode of the animated TV series The Flintstones, voicing Ann-Margrock, an animated version of herself. She sang the ballad "The Littlest Lamb" as a lullaby and the (literally) rocking song, "Ain't Gonna Be a Fool". Decades later, she recorded the theme song, a modified version of the Viva Las Vegas theme, to the live-action film The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas.
While she was working on the film Once a Thief (1965), she met her future husband Roger Smith, who after his successful run on the private-eye television series 77 Sunset Strip, was performing a live club show at the Hungry i on a bill with Bill Cosby and Don Adams. That meeting began their courtship, which was met with resistance from her parents.
Ann-Margret starred in The Cincinnati Kid in 1965 opposite Steve McQueen. She also co-starred along with her friend Dean Martin in the spy spoof Murderers' Row (1966). Finally, she starred as the lead character in The Swinger in 1966 with Tony Franciosa.
Her red hair color (she is a "natural brunette") was the idea of Sydney Guilaroff, a hairdresser who changed the hair color of other famous actresses such as Lucille Ball.
She was offered the title role in Cat Ballou (1965), but her manager turned it down without telling her. In March 1966, Ann-Margret and entertainers Chuck Day and Mickey Jones teamed up for a USO tour to entertain U.S. servicemen in remote parts of Viet Nam and other parts of South-East Asia. Ann-Margret, Day, and Jones reunited in November 2005 for an encore of this tour for veterans and troops at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.
During a lull in her film career in July 1967, Ann-Margret gave her first live performance in Las Vegas, with her husband Roger Smith (whom she had married in 1967) taking over as her manager after that engagement. Elvis Presley and his entourage came to see her during the show's five-week run and celebrate backstage. According to Ann-Margret's autobiography, Presley sent her a guitar-shaped floral arrangement for each of her Vegas openings. After the first Vegas run ended, she followed with a CBS television special The Ann-Margret Show, produced and directed by David Winters on December 1, 1968, with guest-stars Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Danny Thomas, and Carol Burnett. Then, she returned to Saigon as part of Hope's Christmas show. A second CBS television special followed, Ann-Margret: From Hollywood With Love, directed and choreographed by David Winters and produced and distributed by Winters' company Winters-Rosen, with guest-stars Dean Martin and Lucille Ball. David Winters and the show were nominated for a Primetime Emmy in Outstanding Choreography.
1970s
In 1970, she returned to films with R. P. M., where she starred in alongside Anthony Quinn, and C.C. and Company with Joe Namath as a biker and she portraying a fashion journalist.
In 1971, she starred in Carnal Knowledge by director Mike Nichols, playing the girlfriend of a neglectful, arguably abusive character played by Jack Nicholson, and garnered a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.
On the set of The Train Robbers in Durango, Mexico, in June 1972, she told Nancy Anderson of Copley News Service that she had been on the "grapefruit diet" and had lost almost 20 pounds (134 to 115) eating unsweetened citrus.
On Sunday, September 10, 1972, while performing at Lake Tahoe, she fell 22 feet from an elevated platform to the stage and suffered injuries including a broken left arm, cheekbone, and jawbone. She required meticulous facial reconstructive surgery that required wiring her mouth shut and putting her on a liquid diet. Unable to work for ten weeks, she returned to the stage almost back to normal.
For her contributions to the film industry, Ann-Margret received a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1973. Her star is located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard.
Throughout the 1970s, Ann-Margret balanced her live musical performances with a string of dramatic film roles that played against her glamorous image. In 1973, she starred with John Wayne in The Train Robbers. Then came the musical Tommy in 1975, for which she was again nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. In addition, she has been nominated for 10 Golden Globe Awards, winning five, including her Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy for Tommy.
On August 17, 1977, Ann-Margret and Roger Smith traveled to Memphis to attend Elvis Presley's funeral. Three months later, she hosted Memories of Elvis featuring abridged versions of the Elvis 1968 TV and Aloha from Hawaii specials.
Other notable films she co-starred in during the late 1970s include Joseph Andrews (1977), The Last Remake of Beau Geste (1977), the horror/suspense thriller Magic (1978) with Anthony Hopkins, and she had a cameo role in The Cheap Detective (1978).
Ann-Margret was an early choice of Allan Carr's to play the role of Sandy Dumbrowski in the 1978 film Grease. At 37 years old, she was ultimately determined to be too old to convincingly play the role of a high school student. Olivia Newton-John got the role instead, and the character was renamed "Sandy Olsson" (after Ann-Margret's birth surname) in her honour.
1980s
Ann-Margret starred opposite Bruce Dern in Middle Age Crazy (1980). In 1982, she co-starred with Walter Matthau and Dinah Manoff in the film version of Neil Simon's play I Ought to Be in Pictures. That same year also saw the release of Lookin' to Get Out, filmed two years prior in 1980, in which she co-starred with Jon Voight and played the mother of a five-year-old Angelina Jolie in Jolie's screen debut. To round out 1982, she appeared alongside Alan Bates, Glenda Jackson, and Julie Christie in the film adaptation of The Return of the Soldier. She also starred in the TV movies Who Will Love My Children? (1983) and a remake of A Streetcar Named Desire (1984), winning Golden Globe Awards for both performances.
After Barbara Stanwyck won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie in 1983 for her role in The Thorn Birds, she mentioned Ann-Margret's performance in Who Will Love My Children?, stating at the podium "I would like to pay a personal tribute at this time to a lady who is a wonderful entertainer... I think she gave one of the finest, most beautiful performances I have ever seen...Ann-Margret, you were superb."
In Twice in a Lifetime she portrayed the woman for whom Gene Hackman's character left his wife. The next year she appeared as the wife of Roy Scheider's character in the crime thriller 52 Pick-Up. In 1987 she co-starred with Elizabeth Ashley (and also with Claudette Colbert, in the last on-screen role of the film legend's career) in the NBC two-part series "The Two Mrs. Grenvilles". It earned Ann-Margret another Emmy Award nomination, this time for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Mini Series or a Special.
In 1989, an illustration of Oprah Winfrey appeared on the cover of TV Guide, and although the head was Oprah's, the body was from a 1979 publicity shot of Ann-Margret. The illustration was rendered so tightly in color pencil by freelance artist Chris Notarile that most people thought it was a composite photograph.
1990s and 2000s
In 1991, she starred in the TV film Our Sons opposite Julie Andrews as mothers of sons who are lovers, one of whom is dying of AIDS. In 1992, she co-starred with Robert Duvall and Christian Bale in the Disney musical Newsies. In 1993, Ann-Margret starred in the hit comedy Grumpy Old Men reuniting with Matthau and Jack Lemmon. Her character returned for Grumpier Old Men (1995), the equally successful sequel which this time co-starred Sophia Loren.
Ann-Margret published an autobiography in 1994 titled Ann-Margret: My Story, in which she publicly acknowledged her battle with and ongoing recovery from alcoholism. She played Belle Watling in Scarlett (1994), a television miniseries loosely based on the 1991 book of the same name written by Alexandra Ripley as a sequel to Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. In 1995, she was chosen by Empire as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history; she ranked 10th.
She also filmed Any Given Sunday (1999) for director Oliver Stone, portraying the mother of football team owner Cameron Diaz. She filmed a cameo appearance for The Limey, but her performance was cut from the movie.
Ann-Margret also starred in several television films, including Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993), Following Her Heart (1994), and Life of the Party (1999), the latter of which she received nominations for an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award.
She made guest appearances on the television shows Touched by an Angel in 2000 and three episodes of Third Watch in 2003. In 2001, she made her first appearance in a stage musical, playing the character of brothel owner Mona Stangley in a new touring production of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. The production co-starred Gary Sandy and Ed Dixon. She played Jimmy Fallon's mother in the 2004 comedy Taxi, co-starring Queen Latifah. In 2001, Ann-Margret worked with Art Greenhaw on the album God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions. The project resulted in her second Grammy Award nomination and first Dove Award nomination for Best Album of the Year in a Gospel category. They teamed up again in 2004 for the album Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection. She performed material from the album at two auditorium church services at Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, and broadcast worldwide on the program Hour of Power.
In 2006, Ann-Margret had supporting roles in the box-office hits The Break-Up with Jennifer Aniston and Vince Vaughn, and The Santa Clause 3 with Tim Allen. She also starred in several independent films, such as Memory (2006) with Billy Zane and Dennis Hopper. In 2009, she appeared in the comedy Old Dogs with John Travolta and Robin Williams.
2010–present
Ann-Margret guest-starred in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, "Bedtime", which first aired on March 31, 2010, on NBC. She received her sixth Emmy nomination for her performance. She also appeared in the Lifetime series, Army Wives, in the episode "Guns and Roses" (season four, episode five), which originally aired May 9, 2010. On August 29, 2010, she won an Emmy Award for Guest Performance by an Actress for her SVU performance. It was the first Emmy win of her career, and she received a standing ovation from the Emmy venue audience as she approached the stage to receive her award.
On October 14, 2010, Ann-Margret appeared on CBS' CSI.
In Fall 2011 she co-starred with Andy Williams for a series of concerts at his Moon River Theater in Branson, Missouri. These proved to be Williams' last performances before his death in 2012.
In 2014, she began appearing in a recurring role in the Showtime original series Ray Donovan. On October 1, 2018, it was announced that she had joined the second season of the Syfy series Happy! in a recurring role.
In 2018, she guest-starred in The Kominsky Method, portraying Diane, a widow and possible love interest for the recently widowed Norman, played by Alan Arkin.
Personal life
Ann-Margret has no children, but she was the stepmother of the three children of her husband Roger Smith, an actor who later became her manager. She and Smith were married from May 8, 1967, until his death on June 4, 2017. Before this, she dated Eddie Fisher and was romantically linked to Elvis Presley during the filming of Viva Las Vegas in 1964.
A keen motorcyclist, Ann-Margret rode a 500 cc Triumph T100C Tiger in The Swinger (1966) and used the same model, fitted with a nonstandard electric starter, in her stage show and her TV specials. She was featured in Triumph Motorcycles' official advertisements in the 1960s. She suffered three broken ribs and a fractured shoulder when she was thrown off a motorcycle in rural Minnesota in 2000.
Portrayal
The 2005 CBS miniseries Elvis includes the story of her affair with Elvis Presley during the filming of Viva Las Vegas. She was portrayed by actress Rose McGowan. She also provided the voice of a fictionalised version of herself in the 1963 Flintstones episode Ann-Margrock Presents.
Filmography
Film
Box office ranking
For two years Ann-Margret was voted by movie exhibitors as being among the most popular actors in the United States:
1964 – 8th
1965 – 17th
Television
Discography
Singles
EPs
And Here She Is...Ann-Margret (1961)
Side 1: I Just Don't Understand/I Don't Hurt Anymore
Side 2: Teach Me Tonight/Kansas City
More and More American Hits (compilation) (1962)
Side 2: What Am I Supposed To Do
Albums
And Here She Is...Ann-Margret (1961)
On the Way Up (1962)
The Vivacious One (1962)
Bachelor's Paradise (1963)
Beauty and the Beard (1964) (with Al Hirt)
David Merrick Presents Hits from His Broadway Hits (1964) (with David Merrick)
Songs from "The Swinger" (And Other Swingin' Songs) (1966)
The Cowboy and the Lady (1969) (with Lee Hazlewood)
Ann-Margret (1979)
God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions (2001)
Today, Tomorrow and Forever: Box Set (2002) (with Elvis Presley)
Ann-Margret's Christmas Carol Collection (2004)
Love Rush (reissue of Ann-Margret) (2007)
God is Love: The Gospel Sessions 2 (2011)
Soundtracks
State Fair (1962)
Bye Bye Birdie (1963)
The Pleasure Seekers (1965)
Tommy (1975)
Newsies (1992)
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000)
Viva Las Vegas (LP reissue of Viva Las Vegas EP) (2007) (with Elvis Presley)
Theatre productions
Love Letters, with Burt Reynolds
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (2001, touring production)
Orders
Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (KNO) (December 2, 1988)
Awards and nominations
References
Bibliography
External links
General
[ Ann-Margret] at AllMusic
Ann of a Thousand Knights at Snopes.com
Clip of Ann-Margret appearing on the archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519032846/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uh61Ur6hsw&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2016-05-19|Original Amateur Hour at age 16 in 1957.
Interviews
Interview with Larry King, January 1, 2001, particularly with regard to the 2001 touring production of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.
1941 births
Living people
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century Swedish actresses
20th-century Swedish women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Stockholm
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Commanders of the Order of the Polar Star
Gold Star Records artists
Las Vegas shows
MCA Records artists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners
New Trier High School alumni
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
People from Jämtland
People from Wilmette, Illinois
Primetime Emmy Award winners
RCA Victor artists
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Swedish female dancers
Swedish film actresses
Swedish stage actresses | [
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225504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor%3A%20The%20Amazon | Survivor: The Amazon | Survivor: The Amazon is the sixth season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor. The season was filmed from November 11, 2002, through December 15, 2002, in the Amazon and premiered on February 13, 2003. Hosted by Jeff Probst, it consisted of the usual 39 days of gameplay with 16 competitors.
For the first time ever, the initial tribes were divided by sex. The two initial tribes were the all-female Jaburu (named for a native stork) and the all-male Tambaqui (a native fish). The season is noted for having the first reality show contestant with a disability, the hearing impaired Christy Smith. They were eventually merged into the Jacaré (Portuguese for "alligator") tribe when ten contestants remained. The winner, swimsuit model Jenna Morasca, was named Sole Survivor after defeating Matthew von Ertfelda by a jury vote of 6-1.
Contestants
Future appearances
A challenge during the season in which Jenna Morasca and Heidi Strobel removed their clothing ultimately led to a cover shot and nude pictorial in a Playboy spread.
Morasca and Rob Cesternino later competed in Survivor: All-Stars. Outside of Survivor, in 2005 Morasca competed on a "Reality All-Stars" episode of Fear Factor. In 2011, Morasca appeared on The Amazing Race 19 with her then-boyfriend and winner of Survivor: Africa Ethan Zohn.
Season summary
The season began with the contestants divided into tribes split by gender for the first time. The men's tribe, Tambaqui, wearing blue, was quick to get their camp life squared away, building shelter, and alliances were quickly formed. The women's tribe, Jaburu, wearing yellow, experienced quarreling within their tribe, and spent almost the entire first week without a shelter. On Tambaqui, an alliance of four was formed, led by Roger, which included Butch, Alex, and Dave. However, Rob quickly emerged as an arbiter between Roger's alliance and the outliers of the tribe, solidifying allegiances with both. On Jaburu, the younger women, Heidi, Jenna, and Shawna quickly began to coalesce, pulling in Deena and Christy to control the voting on Jaburu.
On Day 13, Dave and Jenna traveled to an isolated location to act as tribal ambassadors. Jenna gave Dave crucial information about Jaburu, giving Dave an advantage when, the next day, they were forced to choose new tribes, equally distributing the men and the women. Rob, Matthew and Alex were sent to Jaburu while Heidi, Jeanne and Christy were sent to Tambaqui. At Tambaqui, Heidi decided to align with the men to vote off Jeanne. At Jaburu, the men and women joined forces to vote off an untrustworthy Shawna. Deena and Rob created an alliance and when the merge occurred, they aligned with Alex, Matthew and the rest of the women. At the merge, Deena and Rob's alliance controlled the votes against sexist Roger and physical and mental threat Dave. leaving Butch as the last player remaining outside of Rob and Deena's alliance.
Convinced she had control over the game, Deena decided to spare Butch in order to vote out Alex for being a social and physical threat. The women quickly informed Alex of Deena's betrayal and he was able to convince Heidi, Jenna and the men to eliminate Deena at the next Tribal Council. With Deena gone, Alex was convinced he was solid in an alliance of four with Jenna, Heidi, and Rob. However, he revealed to Rob that his plan was to vote him out at the final four to avoid a tie with Heidi and Jenna. Rob used this information to form a counter-alliance with Matthew, Butch, and Christy, where they voted out Alex. With three men and three women remaining, Christy became the swing vote but was voted out after failing to commit to either side. The next Tribal Council, the men stuck together and voted off Heidi, perceived to be the more physical of the two women left.
At the Final Four, Jenna, the final woman remaining, won immunity, forcing the men to prematurely turn on themselves. Faced with either avenging Alex and Heidi by voting off Rob or getting rid of an undeserving Butch, she voted with Matthew and Rob to vote off Butch. Jenna continued her winning streak and won immunity again, giving her the sole vote at the penultimate Tribal Council leaving Rob and Matthew at the mercy of Jenna. She eliminated Rob due to his strong strategic gameplay. Facing the jury, Matthew was praised for his survival skills and work ethic, but he was criticized for hypocrisy and lack of strategic gameplay for the majority of the game. On the other hand, Jenna was criticized for her lack of work ethic and even wanting to quit a few days earlier. However, as a result of having better relationships with people on the jury, and being seen as playing the game more strategically from the beginning, Jenna was voted to become the Sole Survivor in a vote of 6-1.
In the case of multiple tribes or castaways who win reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically where it was a team effort; where one castaway won and invited others, the invitees are in brackets.
Episodes
Voting history
Reception
Unlike the previous three seasons, reception to Survivor: The Amazon was mostly positive with common praise being the tribe division by gender and bearing colorful players such as Rob Cesternino. Jeff Probst ranked The Amazon as his 10th favorite season, citing the women's alliance led by Jenna, among other factors. Dalton Ross, the official Survivor columnist of Entertainment Weekly, ranked it as his seventh favorite season, calling it "probably the most unpredictable season ever." In 2012 and 2013, "Survivor Oz" ranked The Amazon in the top 10 greatest seasons in its annual polls ranking every season of the series; it was 9th in 2012 and 7th in 2013. In the official issue of CBS Watch commemorating the 15th anniversary of Survivor, The Amazon was voted by viewers as the 8th greatest season of the series. Also, in another poll for the same magazine, Rob was voted as the #3 greatest player in the series for his performance in The Amazon. In 2015, when Rob himself eventually held a poll on his reality TV podcasting website, The Amazon was ranked by his viewers as the 5th-greatest season in the series; Rob himself personally ranked it as the seventh-greatest. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings, ranking 8th. In 2020, "Purple Rock Podcast" ranked this season 14th out of 40 saying that "this season earns its rank based on several memorable moments of both gameplay and comedy." Later in the year, Inside Survivor ranked this season 8th out of 40 saying "The Amazon takes Survivor strategy to new heights, which makes for exciting and unpredictable television."
References
External links
Official CBS Survivor The Amazon Website
Amazonas (Brazilian state)
06
2003 American television seasons
2002 in Brazil
Television shows set in Brazil
Television shows filmed in Amazonas (Brazilian state) | [
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225505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Story%20of%20Adele%20H. | The Story of Adele H. | The Story of Adèle H. () is a 1975 French historical drama film directed by François Truffaut, and starring Isabelle Adjani, Bruce Robinson, and Sylvia Marriott. Written by Truffaut, Jean Gruault, and Suzanne Schiffman, the film is about Adèle Hugo, the daughter of writer Victor Hugo, whose obsessive unrequited love for a military officer leads to her downfall. The story is based on Adèle Hugo's diaries. It was filmed on location in Guernsey, and Senegal.
20-year-old Isabelle Adjani received much critical acclaim for her performance as Hugo, garnering an Oscar nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role, making her the youngest Best Actress nominee ever at the time. The Story of Adèle H. also won the National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Award for Best Film, and the Cartagena Film Festival Special Critics Award.
Plot
In 1863, the American Civil War is raging, and Great Britain and France have yet to enter into the conflict. For the past year, British troops have been stationed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, carefully checking European passengers disembarking from foreign ships. The beautiful Adèle Hugo (Isabelle Adjani), the second daughter of Victor Hugo, makes it through and takes a carriage into Halifax. Traveling under the assumed name of Miss Lewly, Adèle finds accommodations at a boarding house run by Mr. and Mrs. Saunders.
Adèle finds a notary and inquires about a British officer, Lieutenant Pinson (Bruce Robinson), with whom she's had a relationship. Later that day Adèle sees Pinson at a book shop. When she learns that Mr. Saunders will be attending a military dinner which Pinson is likely to attend, Adèle asks him to deliver a letter from her—a love letter announcing her arrival. While showing some old photographs to Mrs. Saunders, she talks about her older sister Léopoldine Hugo, who died in a drowning accident at the age of 19 many years ago just after being married. When Mr. Saunders returns from the dinner, he tells her that he gave Pinson her letter but he did not reply. That night, Adèle has nightmares about drowning.
The next day, Adèle writes to her parents, telling them that she must be with her beloved Pinson and that they are planning to marry, but she will wait for their formal consent. She spends her evenings writing in her journal about her life and her love for Pinson. "I'll be able to win him over through gentleness", she writes. Pinson goes to the boarding house, where he tells Adèle that she must leave Halifax and must stop following him. Adèle believes that if they marry, all his concerns will be resolved. Pinson knows that her parents do not approve of him and his heavy gambling debts. Adèle tries to persuade him, telling him that she's rejected another marriage proposal, threatens to expose him and ruin his military career, and even offers him money for his gambling debts, but he remains unmoved.
In the coming days, Adèle continues writing in her journal, convinced that she is Pinson's wife in spirit. She tries to conjure the ghost of her dead sister to help her. One night, she follows Pinson to the home of his mistress, where she watches them make love. Undeterred, Adèle continues her writing, and her behavior becomes more eccentric. Mr. Whistler (Joseph Blatchley), the kind bookseller who provides her with writing paper, shows an interest in her. As she leaves his book shop, she faints from exhaustion. Mr. Whistler visits her at the boarding house and brings her paper, but she refuses to see him. Doctor Murdock (Roger Martin) visits and diagnoses a mild case of pleurisy. He notices one of her letters is addressed to Victor Hugo and informs Mrs. Saunders of the true identity of her boarder.
Adèle's obsession grows stronger. One day, she writes to her parents telling them that she has married Pinson and that from now on, she should be addressed as Madame Pinson. Upon receiving the news, Victor Hugo posts an announcement of the marriage in his local paper. The news reaches Pinson's colonel. After Pinson writes Victor Hugo to explain that he never will marry Adèle, Hugo writes to his daughter, urging her to return home to Guernsey. Adèle responds to her father's letter with more fantasy, urging her parents to accept Pinson.
Having learned of Adèle's identity, Mr. Whistler offers her a gift of her father's books. She responds in anger and paranoia. She hires a prostitute as a gift for Pinson. She follows him to a theater to see a hypnotist, where she is inspired to think that she can hypnotize Pinson into loving her; she is forced to abandon this plan once she learns that the hypnosis was faked. Adèle begins to go mad with despair. She goes to the father of Pinson's fiancée and claims that he is married to her and that she is carrying his child. The father ends the engagement. She finds Pinson once more, and he again rebukes her, calling her ridiculous. After leaving the boarding house, Adèle continues to deteriorate. She wanders the streets in torn clothes, talking to herself.
In February 1864, Pinson is shipped out to Barbados, and a destitute Adèle follows him. Now married, Pinson learns that Adèle is in Barbados claiming to be his wife. Concerned for her, Pinson searches for her and finds her wandering the streets in rags. When he tries to confront her, Adèle does not acknowledge or recognize him. Helped by a kind former slave, Adèle returns to Paris, where the French Third Republic has been established. Her father places her in an asylum in Saint-Mandé, where she lives for the next 40 years. She gardens, plays the piano and writes in her journal. Adèle Hugo dies in Paris in 1915 at the age of 85.
Cast
Isabelle Adjani as Adèle Hugo / Adèle Lewry
Bruce Robinson as Lt. Albert Pinson
Sylvia Marriott as Mrs. Saunders
Joseph Blatchley as Mr. Whistler, bookseller
Ivry Gitlis as Showman/Fake Hypnotist
Louise Bourdet as Victor Hugo's servant
Cecil de Sausmarez as Mr. Lenoir, notary
Ruben Dorey as Mr. Saunders
Clive Gillingham as Keaton
Roger Martin as Doctor Murdock
M. White as Colonel White
Madame Louise as Madame Baa
Raymond Falla OBE as Judge Johnstone
Jean-Pierre Leursse as Black penpusher
Carl Hathwell as Lt. Pinson's Batman (uncredited)
François Truffaut as Officer (uncredited)
Production
Writing about the film, François Truffaut observed:
Truffaut had to get the rights from Jean Hugo, Victor Hugo's direct descendant. He gave his consent after reading a treatment on the condition that Victor Hugo did not appear on screen.
Finance was originally sought from Warner Bros but they turned it down as being too literary. The film was financed by United Artists. The original budget was five million francs so the script was simplified to focus more on Adèle.
Although Truffaut had once promised the role to Catherine Deneuve, he wanted a new star to play the lead. He screen tested Stacey Tendeter then was impressed by Isabelle Adjani's performances in La Gifle (1974) and on stage, and decided to cast her. She was under contract as a stage actress to the Comédie-Française who refused to release her from her contract. It became a legal dispute but in the end Adjani was able to play the part.
Filming locations
Most of the exterior scenes were shot on location in Guernsey, Channel Islands. Many of the film extras were well-known locals. Both Raymond Falla and Sir Cecil de Sausmarez were, at the time, prominent island politicians. Scenes set in Halifax were mainly interiors created in a house in St. Peter Port, Guernsey. None of the scenes were filmed in Halifax. The Barbados scenes were shot on the island of Gorée off Senegal.
As was his custom, Truffaut fell for his leading lady during the shoot. However Adjani rebuffed his advances. She did not like to rehearse and filming in Guernsey was an intense emotional experience for most of the crew. Truffaut later wrote to a friend:
You mention the pleasure I must have directing Isabelle A. It's the opposite of pleasure, it's daily suffering for me, and almost an agony for her. For her profession is her religion, and because of that our shoot is a trial for everyone. It would be too easy to say she is difficult, she is not. She is different from all the women in this profession and since she isn't even 20, add to all this (to her genius, let's not be afraid of words), an unawareness of others and their vulnerability, which creates an unbelievable tension.
Instead Adjani had an affair with Bruce Robinson during the making of the film.
The film was shot in English and French versions.
Reception
Critical response
In her book When the Lights Go Down, the American film critic Pauline Kael gave the film a very positive review:
In his review in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "a strange, moody film that belongs very much with the darker side of his [Truffaut's] work." Ebert continues:
In his review in The New York Times, Vincent Canby called it a "profoundly beautiful" film that is Truffaut's "most severe, most romantic meditation upon love." Canby continues:
On the review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 92% positive rating from top film critics based on 24 reviews.
Box office
The Story of Adèle H. was a modest financial success in France, where it sold 752,160 tickets. It was considered a box office disappointment.
Awards and nominations
See also
Cinema of France
List of French-language films
List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actress in a Leading Role
Mental disorders in film
Notes
References
Citations
Further reading
External links
1975 films
1970s biographical drama films
1970s historical drama films
French films
French biographical drama films
French historical drama films
1970s French-language films
1970s English-language films
Films about psychiatry
Films about stalking
Films shot in Senegal
Films set in 1863
Films set in 1864
Films set in Nova Scotia
Films set in Barbados
Films set in Paris
Films set in Guernsey
Films directed by François Truffaut
Films with screenplays by François Truffaut
Cultural depictions of Victor Hugo
English-language French films
1975 drama films | [
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225507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockwell%20Day | Stockwell Day | Stockwell Burt Day Jr. (born August 16, 1950) is a Canadian former politician who led the Canadian Alliance from 2000 to 2001, and a member of the Conservative Party of Canada.
A provincial cabinet minister from Alberta, Day served as minister of labour, minister of social services, and treasurer under Premier Ralph Klein. He successfully ran for leader of the newly formed Canadian Alliance against former Reform Party leader Preston Manning, winning that position on July 8, 2000. Following his election as leader, Day won the by-election to become the Member of Parliament for the riding of Okanagan—Coquihalla in British Columbia. In the 2000 federal election, the Alliance under Day only made modest gains, increasing their seat count from 58 to 66. A breakthrough in the East did not happen, and the Liberal Party under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien won a third consecutive majority government.
After the election, Day's leadership of the party was met with criticism, with a caucus revolt taking place. Following the election, Day lost his role as leader but continued to serve as an MP. He then held several cabinet portfolios under Prime Minister Stephen Harper and was widely seen as a prominent voice for social conservatives within the Conservative Party. On March 12, 2011, Day announced that he would not be seeking re-election in the 2011 federal election.
Early life and career
Day was born in Barrie, Ontario, the son of Gwendolyn "Gwen" (née Gilbert) and Stockwell Day Sr. He lived in a number of places in Canada during his youth, including Atlantic Canada; Ottawa, where he attended Ashbury College; and Montreal, where he graduated from Westmount High School. He attended the University of Victoria and Vanguard College, then known as Northwest Bible College, in Edmonton, Alberta, but did not graduate from either.
His father, who was born in Montreal, was long associated with the Social Credit Party of Canada. In the 1972 federal election he was the Social Credit candidate running against New Democratic Party leader Tommy Douglas in the riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan—The Islands. Day Sr. supported Doug Christie and was a member of the Western Canada Concept.
From 1978 to 1985, Day was assistant pastor and school administrator at the Bentley Christian Centre in Bentley, Alberta. His school taught the Accelerated Christian Education curriculum.
Career in provincial politics
In 1986, Day was elected to represent Red Deer North in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta as a Progressive Conservative (PC), a position that he held until 2000.
In December 1992, newly elected Alberta premier Ralph Klein brought Day into cabinet as his minister of labour, a position in which he oversaw controversial changes in his ministry, including layoffs in the civil service. In this role, Day was credited with working with all of Alberta's Public Service Unions to achieve an unprecedented 5% voluntary reduction in their collective agreements. While Day was Minister of Labour, Alberta had the lowest number of days lost due to labour disputes of any province. As Minister Responsible for the Worker's Compensation Board, Day oversaw the elimination of the Compensation Board's unfunded liability of $600 million. This led to a general reduction in premiums for businesses and a general increase in workers' benefits.
In October 1994 Government House Leader was added to his responsibility. In May 1996, Day was made Minister of Social Services, and in March 1997, he became Treasurer. As Treasurer, Day oversaw a continued paying down of Alberta's debt while he cut taxes, instituting a flat tax rate in 1999.
In April 1999, while Mr. Day was still Treasurer, he wrote a letter criticizing Red Deer lawyer and public school board trustee Lorne Goddard for representing a defendant who was ultimately convicted on charges of possessing child pornography. In the letter, Mr. Day suggested that Mr. Goddard's argument in court that the Canadian Constitution protected his client's right to possess child pornography implied that he himself believed that pedophiles have the right to own such materials, and that this further implies that he also must believe that teachers should have the right to pornographic images of their students.
In response, Mr. Goddard sued Mr. Day for defamation. The suit was eventually settled on December 22, 2000, in the plaintiff's favour. According to an Adjudication Order from the Office Of The Information And Privacy Commissioner of Alberta, an Alberta Government News Release of January 16, 2001 indicated that the total settlement cost for the suit was $792,064.40, including $60,000 in damages paid to the plaintiff, which costs were paid by Alberta taxpayers, although Mr. Day did eventually pay back the Alberta Government the $60,000 in damages out of his own pocket. Additionally, Mr. Day later wrote a letter to a local paper in his riding as a Federal Member of Parliament expressing deep regret "that my former friend Lorne Goddard and his family, have been personally hurt."
Leadership of the Canadian Alliance
In 2000, Day decided to run for leader of the newly formed Canadian Alliance party. After a heavily publicized campaign, Day came in first on the June 24 first ballot of the leadership election with about 44% of the vote, in front of former Reform Party leader Preston Manning and Ontario PC strategist Tom Long. In the following runoff election against Manning, held on July 8, 2000, Day received 63.4%.
Looking for a way to get into Parliament, Day decided against running in his hometown riding of Red Deer, even though it was comfortably safe for the Alliance. Instead, he ran in a by-election in the equally safe riding of Okanagan—Coquihalla, British Columbia after incumbent Reform/CA MP Jim Hart stood down in his favour—a standard practice in most parliamentary systems when a newly elected leader doesn't have a seat in Parliament. Day won the by-election on September 11, 2000, arriving at his first news conference on a Jet Ski wearing a wetsuit.
2000 election
A few weeks after Day entered the House of Commons, Jean Chrétien called a snap election for November 27, 2000, which would not give the newly formed Canadian Alliance time to consolidate itself. Nonetheless, the new party went into the election with high hopes, as Day was expected to appeal far more to the crucial Ontario voters than his predecessors.
There were few if any important issues when the election was called, nonetheless the Liberals frequently alleged that Day had a hidden agenda, identifying Day with the Christian right, and drawing attention to his past comments about homosexuality and abortion.
In an interview published in the alternative weekly Montreal Mirror on June 8, Day addressed some of the perceptions that he was homophobic. He began by denying that he had ever referred to homosexuality as a "mental disorder". He acknowledged having gay staff working on his campaign: "First of all, as far as my campaign, I don't ask people if they're homosexual, lesbian or heterosexual. People who are working on my campaign are doing so because they believe in me. That doesn't mean that they necessarily agree 100 per cent with everything I believe. But in principle they're saying we think you can take this Alliance to the next step and we think you'd be good for Canada. So I don't ask. Nobody has to pass a sex test to be on this campaign." But the statement that made headlines in newspapers across the country was Day's acknowledgment that he would indeed consider using the Notwithstanding Clause to block a Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage, then a distinct possibility that was unnerving many social conservatives. After being pressed by journalist Matthew Hays on the Notwithstanding Clause question, Day replied "Yes, and the reason I say that is because such a significant number of constituents would reflect concern on that and would want the discussion. The Alberta position on this is that the definition of marriage changing would allow for the use of the Notwithstanding Clause. That's because the sense of the elected officials in Alberta is that the people would be significantly motivated on that issue."
Liberal activist Warren Kinsella mocked Day's belief in young Earth creationism by pulling out a Barney doll during a television interview and stating that "this was the only dinosaur ever to be on Earth with humans". Media covering the Day campaign bus, nicknamed "Prayer Force One", whistled The Flintstones theme song to mock the idea that humans and dinosaurs co-existed.
During the 2000 election the CBC ran an extended documentary purporting to review Day's religious beliefs. In this documentary the CBC interviewed Professor Pliny Hayes, Chair of the Department of Natural Sciences at Red Deer College, who reported that Day said in a speech at the college that there is scientific proof that the world is about 6,000 years old and that early man co-existed with dinosaurs. Day filed a complaint with the CBC for the fact that he was at no time asked for comment on the matter.
When subsequently asked by reporters about his beliefs, Day said he didn't think his beliefs "should be used in any kind of detrimental way in an election campaign." Day's spokesman Phil Von Finckenstein said the Alliance believes that other theories of creation should be taught alongside evolution in schools, but he also recognizes education is a provincial jurisdiction.
The Alliance's direct democracy proposals, which would have required a referendum on any proposal supported by a petition signed by 3% of Canadian voters, was also frequently targeted as a suggestion of a hidden agenda. Some asserted that "special interest" groups would use the low requirements to put contentious subjects to a national referendum. Day himself never did support the threshold, explaining that he would need to consult with Canadians over what the threshold should be. The proposal was satirized by Rick Mercer of This Hour Has 22 Minutes, where he proposed a national petition for a referendum to demand that Day change his first name to Doris, which reached the threshold advocated by The Alliance.
Another gaffe took place when the Day campaign used the hit single "Ordinary Day" by Great Big Sea at a rally without permission. The band demanded that Day's campaign cease using the song for campaigning purposes.
Day was also a victim of an incident during the election. When making a "grand entrance" for a speech at Conestoga College, activist Julian Ichim splashed him with two litres of chocolate milk from the front of the stage, saying he did it to protest Day's "homophobic, anti-immigrant and anti-poor agenda". Afterward, again on This Hour Has 22 Minutes, actress Mary Walsh jokingly offered Day chocolate milk, saying: "All they had was homo, and I knew [Day] wouldn't like that."
Day stumbled during two campaign appearances in the first week. A photo-op at a technology firm meant to illustrate a "brain drain" to the US was undermined when the owner reported that he had moved to Canada from the United States eight years earlier. The next day, at Niagara Falls, Day remarked that Canadian jobs were flowing south "just like the Niagara River", when in fact the river flows north. In mid-campaign, the Alliance candidate in Winnipeg South Centre, Betty Granger, was quoted as voicing concerns about an "Asian invasion" in Canada. And in the televised leaders' debate, Day held up a handwritten sign saying "NO 2-TIER HEALTHCARE" in large letters to counter a newspaper headline in The Globe and Mail earlier in the campaign. As props were against the rules, he claimed it was his briefing notes. Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark retorted, "Mr. Day appears to be running for office as some kind of game show host." The debate went poorly for Day, with the Toronto Star and The Globe and Mail describing him as "the big loser" of the night.
At one point, the Alliance was at 30.5% in the polls, and some thought they could win a minority government. On election night, the Alliance increased their seats over Reform totals from 60 to 66, and kept Reform's strong representation in western Canada, but the hoped-for breakthrough in Ontario did not occur, with the party electing just two MPs in that province. However, the Alliance increased their overall vote totals by over one million and reduced the Progressive Conservatives to 12 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberals' attacks on Day ended up decimating the NDP and Progressive Conservatives, as many voters who would otherwise have supported those parties voted strategically for the Liberals to prevent an Alliance victory.
Post-election
Further controversies plagued Day following the election. While he had been a government minister in Alberta he wrote a letter to the editor of the Red Deer Advocate in April 1999 in which he criticized Lorne Goddard, a lawyer and Red Deer school trustee, for defending a man accused of possessing child pornography. In it he alleged that Goddard himself supported child pornography. When Goddard sued for libel, the Alberta government covered Day's legal bills. In December, the government lawyers settled out of court, but the legal costs and settlement totalled $792,000. A citizen's fund was set up on behalf of taxpayers to cover the lawyers' charges. Even though thousands of dollars began coming in from across the country, Alberta's Ethics Commissioner ruled that the voluntary fund could not be used. Day was criticized for the costs and eventually re-paid the province $60,000, the settlement amount excluding legal fees. Further controversy ensued in February when it was reported that Bennett Jones, the law firm that had represented Day at taxpayer expense, donated $70,000 to the Canadian Alliance Fund shortly after Day settled. The Alliance launched an internal review that determined that nothing inappropriate had occurred.
In April it was reported that Day had approved the hiring of a private investigator to dig up dirt to smear the Liberals. After confirming that he had met the man on April 7, Day denied this on the 8th, claiming on the 9th that he had read of the meeting in The Globe and Mail and had assumed that it was correct. Day later made it clear that he never did hire or approve of the hiring of an investigator.
Given the string of negative stories, many Alliance members became increasingly critical of Day's leadership. In late April, several members of Day's Shadow Cabinet, including deputy leader Deborah Grey, resigned their posts. In the following months, Grey and eleven other MPs either resigned or were suspended from caucus for criticizing Day. This group, led by Chuck Strahl and Grey, formed the "Independent Alliance Caucus" during the summer. Day offered an amnesty, but seven of them turned it down and formed the Democratic Representative Caucus, led by Strahl and Grey. The DRC entered a short-lived coalition agreement with the Tories, which was seen as an attempt by PC leader Joe Clark to reunite the Canadian right on his terms.
Political career after leadership
In the fall of 2001 Day agreed to step aside and recontest the leadership, and in the March 2002 Alliance leadership election, Day was defeated by Stephen Harper on the first ballot. As a concession to Day, Harper appointed him as Foreign Affairs critic. Five of the seven DRC MPs (all except Inky Mark and Jim Pankiw) rejoined the Alliance caucus on April 10.
In March 2003 Day and Harper co-wrote a letter to The Wall Street Journal in which they condemned the Canadian government's unwillingness to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Day later appeared as a speaker at a "Canadians for Bush" rally in the Niagara region, organized by controversial right-wing minister Tristan Emmanuel.
In December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party merged to become the Conservative Party of Canada. Day did not run for the leadership of the new party, but remained as Foreign Affairs critic. He was easily re-elected to Parliament in the 2004, 2006, and 2008 elections.
In November 2004, Day provoked controversy by not offering condolences to Palestinians after the death of PLO leader Yasser Arafat. The controversy was heightened when it was leaked to the media that Day had attempted to justify his actions to his party colleagues by circulating an article by David Frum which suggested that Arafat had died of AIDS.
In March 2007, the federal Liberals accused former Alliance MP Jim Hart of having accepted a payment of $50,000 to step aside in favour of Day before the 2000 byelection. Contacted at his home in the Republic of Georgia, Hart—in a brief email statement to the CBC—did not deny the allegations or impeach the authenticity of the evidence the Liberals had obtained. The entire matter was investigated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who found no evidence of wrongdoing.
In August 2010, Day caused some controversy when he stated the government was "very concerned ... about the increase in the amount of unreported crimes that surveys clearly show are happening". Critics question the supporting evidence of the minister as data pertaining to unreported crimes for 2009 had not yet been released.
On March 12, 2011, Day announced that he would not be seeking re-election in the 2011 federal election.
Minister of Public Safety
On February 6, 2006, Day was promoted to the Minister of Public Safety in the Conservative government and was sworn into the Privy Council. When, in May 2008, Israeli Ambassador Alan Baker warned that Canada's Muslim population will influence its policies, Day responded by saying that Canada was proud of its multicultural composition.
Minister of International Trade
On October 30, 2008, Day was sworn in as Minister of International Trade in the Conservative Government. He was also appointed the Minister for the Asia–Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative.
President of Treasury Board
Day was appointed president of the Treasury Board by Stephen Harper on January 19, 2010.
During the controversy over the Harper government's decision to eliminate the mandatory long-form census, Day in a radio interview on CHED 630AM on July 23, 2010, defended the move by implying that online web searches are as effective as the national census:
"We live in an information age where any 12-year-old kid can push any button on the Internet and find out any information he or she wants without threatening a citizen that they’re going to go to jail.” (Quoted in The Globe and Mail, and Maclean's Magazine with audio archived online by 630CHED)
In March 2011, Day announced that he would not seek re-election in the next federal elections.
Post-political career
After retiring from politics Day started a government relations firm, called Stockwell Day Connex. On June 14, 2011, the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada appointed Day as a Distinguished Fellow and he remained in this role until 2016. Day also currently holds a position on the board of directors the Canada China Business Council. He also previously sat on the boards of the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs and the Canada-India Business Council.
Day was a member of the board of directors of Telus and a senior strategic advisor to Canadian law firm McMillan LLP from 2011 to June 2020, when he resigned from both positions after comments he made on CBC News Network's Power & Politics amidst the George Floyd protests triggered strong social media reaction including the threat of a boycott of Telus if he did not resign. In the televised debate Day's comments included deploring the tragic murder of George Floyd, supporting the right of people to protest and opposing the riots and destruction in US cities. Day had said that systemic racism did not exist in Canada and referenced his experience of being bullied as a child for wearing glasses, suggesting it was the same as having to endure racism. Day noted the difference between the Floyd family asking for the violence to stop with the reaction of a number of celebrities who were not condemning the violence and offering to pay the bill of arrested people. Day also said that while Canada has some “idiot racists," he felt that most Canadians are not racist. Day disagreed with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s claim that Canada is a “systematically racist" country, while noting improvements can always be made. Day apologized the next day to those who had been hurt by any of his comments and vowed to continue the fight against racism in all its forms.
References
External links
Official website
Parliamentary website
How'd They Vote?: Stockwell Day's voting history and quotes
In Their Own Words: quotations by and about Canada's Conservatives
Climate quip puts Day on hot seat – Weblog joke gets chilly reception
Montreal Mirror interview with Day
The Centre For Israel and Jewish Affairs website
1950 births
Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs
Canadian Alliance MPs
Canadian Pentecostals
Canadian anti-abortion activists
Christian creationists
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Living people
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Barrie
People from Penticton
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
University of Victoria alumni
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225514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda%20%28film%29 | Hedda (film) | Hedda is a 1975 film adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's 1891 play Hedda Gabler. It stars Glenda Jackson, Peter Eyre, and Patrick Stewart (in his screen debut) and was directed by Trevor Nunn.
This film was the first (and, as of 2019, the only) major theatrical film version of the play in English. Other productions of the play in English with sound have been made for television.
It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress (Glenda Jackson). The film was also screened at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival, but wasn't entered into the main competition.
Cast
Glenda Jackson - Hedda Gabler
Peter Eyre - Jørgen Tesman
Timothy West - Judge Brack
Jennie Linden - Thea Elvsted
Patrick Stewart - Ejlert Løvborg
Constance Chapman - Juliane Tesman (Aunt Julie)
Pam St. Clement - Berthe
Critical reception
In The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised Jackson's performance: "This version of “Hedda Gabler” is all Miss Jackson's Hedda and, I must say, great fun to watch ... Miss Jackson's technical virtuosity is particularly suited to a character like Hedda. Her command of her voice and her body," and concluded, "the physical production is handsome, and Mr. Nunn is most successful in preserving the claustrophobic nature of the play without creating a static film. Hedda is an imaginative, intelligent film version of a play that I wasn't breathlessly waiting to see at this moment." Judith Crist of Saturday Review wrote: "a startlingly fresh and perceptive version written and directed by Trevor Nunn and ingeniously interpreted by Jackson. Seldom has a classic been so well served." J.C. Trewin wrote in The Illustrated London News: "No Hedda, seeking an object she cannot determine, has been more infinitely bored, or more dangerous."
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
1975 films
1975 drama films
British films
Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios
English-language films
Films based on works by Henrik Ibsen
Films directed by Trevor Nunn
Films scored by Laurie Johnson
British drama films | [
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225516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistler%27s%20Mother | Whistler's Mother | Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, best known under its colloquial name Whistler's Mother, is a painting in oils on canvas created by the American-born painter James McNeill Whistler in 1871. The subject of the painting is Whistler's mother, Anna McNeill Whistler. The painting is , displayed in a frame of Whistler's own design. It is held by the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, having been bought by the French state in 1891. It is one of the most famous works by an American artist outside the United States. It has been variously described as an American icon and a Victorian Mona Lisa.
History
Anna McNeill Whistler posed for the painting while living in London with her son at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.
Several unverifiable stories relate to the painting of the work; one is that Anna Whistler acted as a replacement for another model who could not make the appointment. Allegedly, Whistler originally envisioned painting the model standing up. However, his mother was too uncomfortable to pose standing for an extended period.
The work was shown at the 104th Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Art in London (1872), after coming within a hair's breadth of rejection by the Academy. This episode worsened the rift between Whistler and the British art world; Arrangement was the last painting he submitted for the Academy's approval (although his etching of Old Putney Bridge was exhibited there in 1879). Vol. VIII of The Royal Academy of Arts: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and their work from its foundation in 1769 to 1904 (by Algernon Graves, F.S.A., London 1906) lists the 1872 exhibit as no. 941, "Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's mother", and gives Whistler's address as The White House, Chelsea Embankment.
The sensibilities of a Victorian era viewing audience would not accept what was a portrait exhibited as an "arrangement", hence the addition of the explanatory title Portrait of the Painter's mother. From this, the work acquired its enduring nickname of simply Whistler's Mother. After Thomas Carlyle viewed the painting, he agreed to sit for a similar composition, this one titled Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2. Thus the previous painting became, by default, Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1.
Whistler eventually pawned the painting, acquired in 1891 by Paris's Musée du Luxembourg. Whistler's works, including this one, had attracted several imitators. Numerous similarly posed and restricted-colour palette paintings soon appeared, particularly by American expatriate painters. For Whistler, having one of his paintings displayed in a major museum helped attract wealthy patrons. In December 1884, Whistler wrote:
As a proponent of "art for art's sake", Whistler professed to be perplexed and annoyed by the insistence of others upon viewing his work as a "portrait". In his 1890 book The Gentle Art of Making Enemies, he wrote:
Both Whistler's Mother and Thomas Carlyle were engraved by the English engraver Richard Josey. The image has been used since the Victorian era as an icon for motherhood, affection for parents, and "family values" in general, especially in the United States. For example, in 1934, the U.S. Post Office Department issued a stamp engraved with the portrait detail from Whistler's Mother, bearing the slogan "In memory and in honor of the mothers of America." In the Borough of Ashland, Pennsylvania, an eight-foot-high statue based on the painting was erected as a tribute to mothers by the Ashland Boys' Association in 1938, during the Great Depression.
The image has been repeatedly appropriated for commercial advertisements and parodies, such as doctored images of the subject watching television, and sometimes accompanied by captions such as "Whistler's Mother Is Off Her Rocker."
In summing up the painting's influence, author Martha Tedeschi has stated:
Exhibitions in American museums
Whistler's Mother has been exhibited several times in the United States. It was shown at the Atlanta Art Association in the fall of 1962, the National Gallery of Art in 1994, and the Detroit Institute of Arts in 2004. It was exhibited at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts from June to September 2006. From May 22 to September 6, 2010, it was shown at the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco. The painting was exhibited at the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, California, from March 27 to June 22, 2015, and then at the Clark Art Institute in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was shown at the Art Institute of Chicago from March 4 to May 21, 2017. It had returned to the Musee d'Orsay as of early August 2019.
In popular culture
The painting has been featured or mentioned in numerous works of fiction and within pop culture. These include films such as Sing and Like It (1934), The Fortune Cookie (1966), The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), Babette's Feast (1986), Bean (1997), I Am Legend (2007), and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 (2013).
It has been mentioned in television episodes of The Simpsons ("Rosebud", "The Trouble with Trillions", and "The Burns and the Bees").
The painting is mentioned in part six of Don Delillo's novel Underworld.
In a four-part episode of the Underdog cartoon series (Parts 69-72 in the series) entitled "Whistler's Father", Underdog is assigned to stand guard in a museum to prevent the theft of a valuable painting called Whistler's Father.
The film The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991) features the shape of the painting as a birthmark that is used to identify a character after he is replaced with an "evil double."
The painting is central to the plot of the comedy film Bean (1997), in which Mr. Bean accidentally defaces it during its repatriation to the United States and secretly replaces it with a poster.
The painting was featured in America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 to inspire the photoshoots for Olay's Quench body lotion, in a modern interpretation of the classical artwork.
Fred Armisen's character Karl Cowperthwaite frequently mentions the painting in Season 4 of the TV show Last Man on Earth.
Actor Hurd Hatfield toured internationally several times with the play Son of Whistler's Mother by playwright Maggie Williams.
The movie Sneakers (1992) features two characters code-named Whistler and Mother.
Between 1959 and 2021, the Douglas A-26 Invader serial number 41-39401 was either flown or displayed with the name of Whistler's Mother. It featured a reproduction of the painting on the nose.
In music
Whistler, and particularly this painting, had a profound effect on Claude Debussy, a contemporary French composer. In 1894, Debussy wrote to violinist Eugène Ysaÿe describing his Nocturnes as "an experiment in the different combinations that can be obtained from one color – what a study in grey would be in painting." Whether Debussy used the term color to refer to orchestration or harmony, critics have observed "shades" of a particular sound quality in his music.
References
External links
Whistler's Mother at the Musée d'Orsay
1871 paintings
Paintings in the collection of the Musée d'Orsay
Paintings by James Abbott McNeill Whistler
Portraits of women | [
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225521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus%20Aurea | Domus Aurea | The Domus Aurea (Latin, "Golden House") was a vast landscaped complex built by the Emperor Nero largely on the Oppian Hill in the heart of ancient Rome after the great fire in 64 AD had destroyed a large part of the city.
It replaced and extended his Domus Transitoria that he had built as his first palace complex on the site.
History
The Domus Aurea was probably never completed. Otho and possibly Titus allotted money to finish at least the structure on the Oppian Hill; this continued to be inhabited, notably by emperor Vitellius in 69 but only after falling ill, until it was destroyed in a fire under Trajan in 104.
It was a severe embarrassment to Nero's successors as a symbol of decadence and it was stripped of its marble, jewels, and ivory within a decade. Although the Oppian villa continued to be inhabited for some years, soon after Nero's death other parts of the palace and grounds, encompassing 2.6 km2 (c. 1 mi2), were filled with earth and built over: the Baths of Titus were already being built on part of the site, probably the private baths, in 79 AD. On the site of the lake, in the middle of the palace grounds, Vespasian built the Flavian Amphitheatre, which could be reflooded at will, with the Colossus Neronis beside it. The Baths of Trajan, and the Temple of Venus and Rome were also built on the site. Within 40 years, the palace was obliterated. Paradoxically, this ensured the wall paintings' survival by protecting them from moisture.
Rediscovery
When a young Roman inadvertently fell through a cleft in the Esquiline hillside at the end of the 15th century, he found himself in a strange cave or grotto filled with painted figures. Soon the young artists of Rome were having themselves let down on boards knotted to ropes to see for themselves. The Fourth Style frescoes that were uncovered then have faded now, but the effect of these freshly rediscovered grotesque decorations () was electrifying in the early Renaissance, which was just arriving in Rome.
When Raphael and Michelangelo crawled underground and were let down shafts to study them, the paintings were a revelation of the true world of antiquity. Beside the graffiti signatures of later tourists, like Casanova and the Marquis de Sade scratched into a fresco inches apart (British Archaeology June 1999), are the autographs of Domenico Ghirlandaio, Martin van Heemskerck, and Filippino Lippi.
It was even claimed that various classical artworks found at this time—such as the Laocoön and his Sons and Venus Kallipygos—were found within or near the Domus's remains, though this is now accepted as unlikely (high quality artworks would have been removed—to the Temple of Peace, for example—before the Domus was covered over with earth).
The frescoes' effect on Renaissance artists was instant and profound (it can be seen most obviously in Raphael's decoration for the loggias in the Vatican), and the white walls, delicate swags, and bands of frieze—framed reserves containing figures or landscapes—have returned at intervals ever since, notably in late 18th century Neoclassicism, making Famulus one of the most influential painters in the history of art.
20th century to present
Discovery of the pavilion led to the arrival of moisture starting the slow, inevitable process of decay; humidity sometimes reaches 90% inside the Domus. Heavy rain was blamed for the collapse of a chunk of ceiling. The presence of trees in the park above is causing further damage, as tree roots are slowly sinking into the walls, damaging the ceiling and frescoes; chemical compounds released from these roots are provoking additional deterioration. Unfortunately, many of these trees cannot be uprooted without damaging the Domus.
The sheer weight of earth on the Domus is causing a problem, as well, and architects believe that the ceiling will eventually collapse if the weight of between 2,500 and 3,000 kg/m2 is not lessened. A pilot project is in the works to replace the current park above the Domus, enlarged during Mussolini's regime, with a lighter roof garden planted with the type of flowers described by Pliny, Columella, and other ancient writers.
Increasing concerns about the condition of the building and the safety of visitors resulted in its closing at the end of 2005 for further restoration work. The complex was partially reopened on February 6, 2007, but closed on March 25, 2008 because of safety concerns.
On March 30, 2010, of the vault of a gallery collapsed.
See also
Roman architecture
List of Roman domes
List of ancient monuments in Rome
Notes
Sources
Pliny, C. Secundus (c. 77). Natural History.
Spartianus, Aelius (117-284). Historia Augusta: The Life of Hadrian.
External links
Great Buildings on-line: Domus Aurea
Virtual reconstruction in 3D of the Domus Aurea
68
Houses completed in the 1st century
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Ancient palaces in Rome
Nero
Rome R. I Monti
National museums of Italy
Demolished buildings and structures in Rome | [
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225522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hester%20Street%20%28Manhattan%29 | Hester Street (Manhattan) | Hester Street is a street in the Lower East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It stretches from Essex Street to Centre Street, with a discontinuity between Chrystie Street and Forsyth Street for Sara Delano Roosevelt Park. There is also a discontinuity at Allen Street, which was created in 2009 with the rebuilding of the Allen Street Mall. At Centre Street, Hester Street shifts about to the north and is called Howard Street to its far western terminus at Mercer Street.
Historically a center for Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant culture, more recently it has been absorbed by Chinatown, although some kosher and Jewish-owned stores remain.
History
Hester Street was named after Hester Leisler, the daughter of Elsje Tymens and the insurrectionist Jacob Leisler, who was burned at the stake. Through her mother she was related to prominent Dutch families of the Hudson Valley, including the Bayards and the Van Cortlandts. She married Barent Rynders, Jr, a New York merchant, in 1696. She was the great-great-grandmother of Gouverneur Morris, a Founding Father of the United States.
In November 1851, the assistant board of aldermen of New York City voted in favor of removing a liberty pole at the junction of Hester Street and Division Street. The Franklin Building Association held its second regular monthly meeting at Washington Hall, on December 3, 1851. The building was located at the corner of Bowery. On April 15, 1912, an investigator reported that a parlor house on Hester Street had three inmates (prostitutes) who were waiting to entertain customers.
70 Hester Street was home to the First Roumanian-American Synagogue from 1881 to 1902, after which it moved a short distance to Rivington Street, where it remained until a 2006 fire.
At the east end of Hester Street, an open-air market called the Hester Street Fair currently runs on weekends from April through October. The market is on a parcel of land owned by Seward Park Co-op and is run by MTV News Correspondent SuChin Pak, her brother Suhyun Pak, Adam Zeller, and Ron Castellano.
In popular culture
Hester Street is featured in Abraham Cahan's 1896 novel Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto, and is the title of the 1974 period film Hester Street, adapted from Cahan's novel.
The street is mentioned in the first stanza of Lola Ridge's 1918 poem, "The Ghetto":
Cool, inaccessible airIs floating in velvety blackness shot with steel-blue lights,But no breath stirs the heatLeaning its ponderous bulk upon the GhettoAnd most on Hester street...
The first chapter of the 1925 novel ‘’Bread Givers’’ by Jewish-American author Anzia Yezierska is called “Hester Street”. The novel tells the story of a young girl growing up in an immigrant Jewish household in the Lower East Side of New York City in the 1920s.
Al Stewart references Hester Street as part of the immigrant experience in his song "Murmansk Run/Ellis Island" on his 1980 Album 24 Carrots in part as follows:Well you wake up in the morning on Hester Street and run to the factory, You can't afford to be lateWorking every morning, every evening, every day for your money, Yet there's nothing to save
Notable people
The sculptor Jacob Epstein was raised at 102 Hester Street.
References
Notes
External links
picture of Hester Street near Essex
Panorama of Hester St. c1902
Hester Street Storefronts - photographs of buildings and stores along Hester St from the Lower East Side through Chinatown and Little Italy.
Chinatown, Manhattan
Lower East Side
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225524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization | Internationalization | In economics, internationalization or internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets, although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but also for countries that addresses the sustainability of its development in different manufacturing as well as service sectors especially in higher education which is a very important context that needs internationalization to bridge the gap between different cultures and countries. There are several internationalization theories which try to explain why there are international activities.
Entrepreneurs and enterprises
Those entrepreneurs who are interested in the field of internationalization of business need to possess the ability to think globally and have an understanding of international cultures. By appreciating and understanding different beliefs, values, behaviors and business strategies of a variety of companies within other countries, entrepreneurs will be able to internationalize successfully. Entrepreneurs must also have an ongoing concern for innovation, maintaining a high level of quality, be committed to corporate social responsibility, and continue to strive to provide the best business strategies and either goods or services possible while adapting to different countries and cultures.
Trade theories
Absolute cost advantage (Adam Smith, 1776)
Adam Smith claimed that a country should specialise in, and export, commodities in which it had an absolute advantage. An absolute advantage existed when the country could produce a commodity with less costs per unit produced than could its trading partner. By the same reasoning, it should import commodities in which it had an absolute disadvantage.
While there are possible gains from trade with absolute advantage, comparative advantage extends the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. In other words, it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage.
Comparative cost advantage (David Ricardo, 1817)
David Ricardo argued that a country does not need to have an absolute advantage in the production of any commodity for international trade between it and another country to be mutually beneficial. Absolute advantage meant greater efficiency in production, or the use of less labor factor in production. Two countries could both benefit from trade if each had a relative advantage in production. Relative advantage simply meant that the ratio of the labor embodied in the two commodities differed between two countries, such that each country would have at least one commodity where the relative amount of labor embodied would be less than that of the other country.
Gravity model of trade (Walter Isard, 1954)
The gravity model of trade in international economics, similar to other gravity models in social science, predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes of (often using GDP measurements) and distance between two units. The basic theoretical model for trade between two countries takes the form of:
with:
: Trade flow
: Country i and j
: Economic mass, for example GDP
: Distance
: Constant
The model has also been used in international relations to evaluate the impact of treaties and alliances on trade, and it has been used to test the effectiveness of trade agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Heckscher-Ohlin model (Eli Heckscher, 1966 & Bertil Ohlin, 1952)
The Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model), also known as the factors proportions development, is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. It builds on David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of commerce and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap of production and import products that utilize the countries' scarce .
The results of this work have been the formulation of certain named conclusions arising from the assumptions inherent in the model. These are known as:
Heckscher-Ohlin theorem
Rybczynski theorem
Stolper-Samuelson theorem
Factor-Price Equalization theorem
Leontief paradox (Wassily Leontief, 1954)
Leontief's paradox in economics is that the country with the world's highest capital-per worker has a lower capital:labour ratio in exports than in imports.
This econometric find was the result of Professor Wassily W. Leontief's attempt to test the Heckscher-Ohlin theory empirically. In 1954, Leontief found that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criteria) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities, in contradiction with Heckscher-Ohlin theory.
Linder hypothesis (Staffan Burenstam Linder, 1961)
The Linder hypothesis (demand-structure hypothesis) is a conjecture in economics about international trade patterns. The hypothesis is that the more similar are the demand structures of countries the more they will trade with one another. Further, international trade will still occur between two countries having identical preferences and factor endowments (relying on specialization to create a comparative advantage in the production of differentiated goods between the two nations).
Location theory
Location theory is concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. Location theory rests — like microeconomic theory generally — on the assumption that agents act in their own self-interest. Thus firms choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals choose locations, that maximize their utility.
Market imperfection theory (Stephen Hymer, 1976 & Charles P. Kindleberger, 1969 & Richard E. Caves, 1971)
In economics, a market failure is a situation wherein the allocation of production or use of goods and services by the free market is not efficient. Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that can be improved upon from the societal point of view. The first known use of the term by economists was in 1958, but the concept has been traced back to the Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick.
Market imperfection can be defined as anything that interferes with trade. This includes two dimensions of imperfections. First, imperfections cause a rational market participant to deviate from holding the market portfolio. Second, imperfections cause a rational market participant to deviate from his preferred risk level. Market imperfections generate costs which interfere with trades that rational individuals make (or would make in the absence of the imperfection).
The idea that multinational corporations (MNEs) owe their existence to market imperfections was first put forward by Stephen Hymer, Charles P. Kindleberger and Caves. The market imperfections they had in mind were, however, structural imperfections in markets for final products.
According to Hymer, market imperfections are structural, arising from structural deviations from perfect competition in the final product market due to exclusive and permanent control of proprietary technology, privileged access to inputs, scale economies, control of distribution systems, and product differentiation, but in their absence markets are perfectly efficient.
By contrast, the insight of transaction costs theories of the MNEs, simultaneously and independently developed in the 1970s by McManus (1972), Buckley and Casson (1976), Brown (1976) and Hennart (1977, 1982), is that market imperfections are inherent attributes of markets, and MNEs are institutions to bypass these imperfections. Markets experience natural imperfections, i.e. imperfections that are because the implicit neoclassical assumptions of perfect knowledge and perfect enforcement are not realized.
New Trade Theory
New Trade Theory (NTT) is the economic critique of international free trade from the perspective of increasing returns to scale and the network effect. Some economists have asked whether it might be effective for a nation to shelter infant industries until they had grown to a sufficient size large enough to compete internationally.
New Trade theorists challenge the assumption of diminishing returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market (via a network effect).
Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.
Traditional approaches
Diamond model (Michael Porter)
The diamond model is an economical model developed by Michael Porter in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations, where he published his theory of why particular industries become competitive in particular locations.
The diamond model consists of six factors:
Factor conditions
Demand conditions
Related and supporting industries
Firm strategy, structure and rivalry
Government
Chance
The Porter thesis is that these factors interact with each other to create conditions where innovation and improved competitiveness occurs.
Diffusion of innovations (Rogers, 1962)
Diffusion of innovation is a theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. Everett Rogers introduced it in his 1962 book, Diffusion of Innovations, writing that "Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system."
Eclectic paradigm (John H. Dunning)
The eclectic paradigm is a theory in economics and is also known as the OLI-Model. It is a further development of the theory of internalization and published by John H. Dunning in 1993. The theory of internalization itself is based on the transaction cost theory. This theory says that transactions are made within an institution if the transaction costs on the free market are higher than the internal costs. This process is called internalization.
For Dunning, not only the structure of organization is important. He added three additional factors to the theory:
Ownership advantages (trademark, production technique, entrepreneurial skills, returns to scale)
Locational advantages (existence of raw materials, low wages, special taxes or tariffs)
Internalisation advantages (advantages by producing through a partnership arrangement such as licensing or a joint venture)
Foreign direct investment theory
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in its classic form is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. Its definition can be extended to include investments made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor. The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a multinational corporation (MNC). In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines control in this case as owning 10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for an unincorporated firm; lower ownership shares are known as portfolio investment.
Monopolistic advantage theory (Stephen Hymer)
The monopolistic advantage theory is an approach in international business which explains why firms can compete in foreign settings against indigenous competitors and is frequently associated with the seminal contribution of Stephen Hymer.
Prior to Stephen Hymer’s doctoral thesis, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of foreign direct Investment, theories did not adequately explain why firms engaged in foreign operations.
Hymer started his research by analyzing the motivations behind foreign investment of US corporations in other countries. Neoclassical theories, dominant at the time, explained foreign direct investments as capital movements across borders based on perceived benefits from interest rates in other markets, there was no need to separate them from any other kind of investment (Ietto-Guilles, 2012).
He effectively differentiated Foreign Direct Investment and portfolio investments by including the notion of control of foreign firms to FDI Theory, which implies control of the operation; whilst portfolio foreign investment confers a share of ownership but not control. Stephen Hymer focused on and considered FDI and MNE as part of the theory of the firm. (Hymer, 1976: 21)
He also dismissed the assumption that FDIs are motivated by the search of low costs in foreign countries, by emphasizing the fact that local firms are not able to compete effectively against foreign firms, even though they have to face foreign barriers (cultural, political, lingual etc.) to market entry. He suggested that firms invest in foreign countries in order to maximize their specific firm advantages in imperfect markets, that is, markets where the flow of information is uneven and allows companies to benefit from a competitive advantage over the local competition.
Stephen Hymer also suggested a second determinant for firms engaging in foreign operations, removal of conflicts. When a rival company is operating in a foreign market or is willing to enter one, a conflict situation arises. Through FDI, a multinational can share or take complete control of foreign production, effectively removing conflict. This will lead to the increase of market power for the specific firm, increasing imperfections in the market as a whole (Ietto-Guilles, 2012)
A final determinant for multinationals making direct investments is the distribution of risk through diversification. By choosing different markets and production locations, the risk inherent to foreign operations are spread and reduced.
All of these motivations for FDI are built on market imperfections and conflict. A firm engaging in direct investment could then reduce competition, eliminate the conflicts and exploit the firm specific advantages making them capable of succeeding in a foreign market.
Stephen Hymer can be considered the father of international business because he effectively studied multinationals from a different perspective than the existing literature, by approaching multinationals as national companies with international operations, regarded as expansions from home operations. He analyzed the activities of the MNEs and their impact on the economy, gave an explanation for the large flow of foreign investments by US corporations at a time where they were incomplete, and envisioned the ethical conflicts that could arise from the increase in power of MNEs.
Non-availability approach (Irving B. Kravis, 1956)
The non-availability explains international trade by the fact that each country imports the goods that are not available at home. This unavailability may be due to lack of natural resources (oil, gold, etc.: this is absolute unavailability) or to the fact that the goods cannot be produced domestically, or could only be produced at prohibitive costs (for technological or other reasons): this is relative unavailability. On the other hand, each country exports the goods that are available at home.
Technology gap theory of trade (Michael Posner)
The technology gap theory describes an advantage enjoyed by the country that introduces new goods in a market. As a consequence of research activity and entrepreneurship, new goods are produced and the innovating country enjoys a monopoly until the other countries learn to produce these goods: in the meantime they have to import them. Thus, international trade is created for the time necessary to imitate the new goods (imitation lag).
Uppsala model
The Uppsala model is a theory that explains how firms gradually intensify their activities in foreign markets. It is similar to the POM model. The key features of both models are the following: firms first gain experience from the domestic market before they move to foreign markets; firms start their foreign operations from culturally and/or geographically close countries and move gradually to culturally and geographically more distant countries; firms start their foreign operations by using traditional exports and gradually move to using more intensive and demanding operation modes (sales subsidiaries etc.) both at the company and target country level.
Updated Uppsala model
The Updated Uppsala model is a further progression of the original Uppsala model. Like the Uppsala model, the Updated Uppsala model is a theory that explains firm internationalization as a process of gradual commitment. However, instead of an increased commitment to other markets, the theory posits that firms commit to business networks. Firms thereby utilize the stablished relationships with other firms to internationalize within their network, e.g. by localizing production at a foreign production site of the client.
Learning portal model
The Learning Portal Model is a new theory that was originally developed to explain the emergence and catch-up of multinational firms from the emerging markets. The theory explains that latecomer firms (from both, advanced and emerging markets) can use springboarding strategies to leapfrog certain technological development stages and accelerate their catch‐up with incumbent leading firms in their industry. To do so, the catching-up firms establish learning portals in knowledge hubs to acquire knowledge and assets, which they exploit to compete in global markets.
Further theories
Contingency theory
Contingency theory refers to any of a number of management theories. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. They suggested that previous theories such as Weber's bureaucracy and Frederick Winslow Taylor's scientific management had failed because they neglected that management style and organizational structure were influenced by various aspects of the environment: the contingency factors. There could not be "one best way" for leadership or organization.
Contract theory
In economics, contract theory studies how economic actors can and do construct contractual arrangements, generally in the presence of asymmetric information. Contract theory is closely connected to the field of law and economics. One prominent field of application is managerial compensation.
Economy of scale
Economies of scale, in microeconomics, are the cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion. They are factors that cause a producer’s average cost per unit to fall as output rises. Diseconomies of scale are the opposite. Economies of scale may be utilized by any size firm expanding its scale of operation.
Internalisation theory (Peter J. Buckley & Mark Casson, 1976; Rugman, 1981)
Product life-cycle theory
As first articulated by Raymond Vernon in 1966, a product goes through a life cycle consisting of four stages: "new product", "growth product", "maturity product" and "obsolescence product". The conditions in which a product is sold change over time and must be managed as it moves through this succession of stages. This is called product life cycle management.
Transaction cost theory
The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories which describe the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, its behaviour, and its relationship with the market.
Ronald Coase set out his transaction cost theory of the firm in 1937, making it one of the first (neo-classical) attempts to define the firm theoretically in relation to the market. Coase sets out to define a firm in a manner which is both realistic and compatible with the idea of substitution at the margin, so instruments of conventional economic analysis apply. He notes that a firm’s interactions with the market may not be under its control (for instance because of sales taxes), but its internal allocation of resources are: “Within a firm, ... market transactions are eliminated and in place of the complicated market structure with exchange transactions is substituted the entrepreneur ... who directs production.” He asks why alternative methods of production (such as the price mechanism and economic planning), could not either achieve all production, so that either firms use internal prices for all their production, or one big firm runs the entire economy.
Theory of the growth of the firm (Edith Penrose, 1959)
While at Johns Hopkins, Penrose participated in a research project on the growth of firms. She came to the conclusion that the existing theory of the firm was inadequate to explain how firms grow. Her insight was to realise that the 'Firm' in theory is not the same thing as 'flesh and blood' organizations that businessmen call firms. This insight eventually led to the publication of her second book, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm in 1959.
See also
Division of labour
Globalization
International marketing
International trade
Internationalization and localization
List of economic communities
List of free trade agreements
Mercantilism
Cultural homogenization
References
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225531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Christine%20Barrault | Marie-Christine Barrault | Marie-Christine Barrault (born 21 March 1944) is a French actress. She is best known for her performance in Cousin Cousine (1975) for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 2010, she released her autobiography, titled This Long Way To Get To You.
Life and career
Marie-Christine Barrault was born in Paris, France, the daughter of French-Catholic parents Martha (née Valmier) and Max-Henri Barrault. Her parents later divorced. Barrault's father, who worked in the theatre, died while she was a teenager. With no support, her mother was unable to care for her and her brother, Alain. Barrault was raised by her grandmother, Felicite. She was mentored in acting by her aunt and uncle, French performers Jean-Louis Barrault and Madeleine Renaud. They initially did not support her dreams of becoming an actress. She performed in plays in secondary school and then enrolled in an acting conservatory.
Barrault got her start on television in L'oeuvre (1967). She made her feature film debut in Éric Rohmer's My Night at Maud's (1969). In 1970 Barrault was featured along with Pierre Richard in the comedy film Le Distrait. In 1975 Barrault starred in Cousin Cousine, for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She worked with Rohmer once again in 1978, in the role of Guinevere in Perceval le Gallois and she also has a cameo in his Chloe in the Afternoon.
Barrault is not fluent in English and therefore has generally turned down offers to appear in English-language films. However, in 1980 she accepted an offer from Woody Allen to appear in his film, Stardust Memories. In 1988 she was nominated for a Genie Award for her performance in No Blame. In 1991 she portrayed Marie Curie in a television mini-series. In her later career, she has preferred acting on the stage in France. In 2015, she came to Los Angeles on tour to perform in the play Les Yeux Ouverts, in which she portrays French author Marguerite Yourcenar.
Barrault's first husband was producer Daniel Toscan du Plantier, whom she married in 1965. With him, she had two children, David and Ariane. Barrault was married to director Roger Vadim from 1990 until his death from cancer in 2000. She herself is a breast cancer survivor.
Select filmography
L'oeuvre (1967, TV movie) Christine
My Night at Maud's (1969) Françoise
Lancelot of the Lake (1970, TV movie) La reine Guenièvre
Le distrait (1970) Lisa Gastier
Le misanthrope (1971, TV movie) Célimène
Les papiers d'Aspern (1971, TV movie) Hélène Prest
Le sagouin (1972, TV movie) Léone
Figaro-ci, Figaro-là (1972, TV movie) Julie
Love in the Afternoon (1972) Dream Sequence
Les intrus (1972) Françoise
Histoire vraie (1973, TV movie) Rose
L'enlèvement (1973, TV movie) Marie-Josèphe
Le tour d'écrou (1974, TV movie) Miss Jessel
La famille Grossfelder (1974, TV movie) Marie-Louise en 1930
La confession d'un enfant du siècle (1974, TV movie) Brigitte
John Glückstadt (1975) Hanna Hansen
Cousin Cousine (1975) Marthe
By the Tennis Courts (1976) Marie-Christine
Le chandelier (1977, TV movie) Jacqueline
The Medusa Touch (1978) Patricia
The Savage State (1978) Laurence
Perceval le Gallois (1978) La Reine Guenevievre
Woman Between Wolf and Dog (1979) Lieve
Vestire gli ignudi (1979, TV movie) Ersilia
The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1980, TV series) Narrator
My Dearest (1980) Jeanne
Petit déjeuner compris (1980, TV mini-series) Marie-Louise Leroux
Même les mômes ont du vague à l'âme (1980) Eva
Stardust Memories (1980) Isobel
L'amour trop fort (1981) Rose-Marie de Boisel
Après tout ce qu'on a fait pour toi (1982, TV movie) Jeanne
Le village sur la colline (1982, TV mini-series) Mme de Cheilly
Mir reicht's – ich steig aus (1983)
Table for Five (1983) Marie
A Love in Germany (1983) Maria Wyler
Les mots pour le dire (1983) Eliane
Orpheus (1983, TV movie) La mort
Swann in Love (1984) Madame Verdurin
Pianoforte (1984) La mère de Maria
L'année terrible (1985, TV movie)
Louise... l'insoumise (1985) Mme Royer
Le passage (1985, TV movie) Rhona
Je suis à Rio, ne m'attends pas pour dîner (1985, TV movie) Constance
A Better Life (1985) La mère de Véronique
Power of Evil (1985) Sylvie
Le soulier de satin (1985) La lune
L'été 36 (1986, TV movie) Lise
Vaudeville (1986) Madeleine
The Lizard King (1987, TV movie)
Manuela's Loves (1987) Manuela
Bonne fête maman (1987, TV movie) Jeanne Thomas
No Blame (1988, TV movie) Suzanne
Daniya, jardín del harem (1988) Almodís
Adieu je t'aime (1988) Nicole Dupré
The Abyss (1988) Hilzonde
Sanguine (1988) Nedie
Women in Prison (1988) Dessombes
Une femme tranquille (1989, TV movie) Marianne
Jesus of Montreal (1989) Dubbing actress
Un été d'orages (1989) Anne
Gallant Ladies (1990) Jacquette de Bourdeille
Moi, général de Gaulle (1990, TV movie) Mme Costal
L'enfant des loups (1991, TV movie) Leubovère
Marie Curie, une femme honorable (1991, TV mini-series) Marie Curie
Necessary Love (1991) Valentina
Jenny Marx, la femme du diable (1993, TV movie) Jenny Marx
Amour Fou (1993, TV movie) Louise
Next Time the Fire (1993) Elena
Bonsoir (1994) Marie Wileska
Les maîtresses de mon mari (1995, TV movie) Elisa
La nouvelle tribu (1996, TV mini-series) Jeanne
Tendre piège (1996, TV movie) Françoise
Mon père avait raison (1996, TV movie) Germaine Bellanger
Un coup de baguette magique (1997, TV movie) Jeanne
Obsession (1997) Ella Beckmann
Les braconniers de Belledombre (1997, TV movie) Françoise Sampaing
Love, Math and Sex (1997) La prof de maths
Le grand Batre (1997, TV movie) Thérèse
Maison de famille (1999, TV movie) Françoise Cornier
The Dilettante (1999) Thérèse Rambert
Azzurro (2000) Elizabeth Broyer
Le vieil ours et l'enfant (2001, TV movie) La Duchesse
Les amants de Mogador (2002)
Le Don fait à Catchaires (2003, TV movie) Jeanne
La deuxième vérité (2003, TV movie) Mathilde
Rêves en France (2003, TV movie) Madame Labourdette
Droit d'asile (2003, TV movie) Christine
Saint-Germain ou La négociation (2003, TV movie) Catherine de Médicis
Parlez-moi d'amour (2005, TV movie) Élisa
Ange de feu (2006, TV movie) Janine Cordey
Passés troubles (2006, TV movie) Béatrice
Trivial (2007) Mélanie Bérangère
Making Plans for Lena (2009) Annie
L'Art de la fugue (2014) Nelly
Shades of Truth (2015) Sister Maria Angelica
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Actresses from Paris
French film actresses
French television actresses
Alumni of the French National Academy of Dramatic Arts
French stage actresses
20th-century French actresses
21st-century French actresses
Audiobook narrators | [
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225534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20East%20Asia | Languages of East Asia | The languages of East Asia belong to several distinct language families, with many common features attributed to interaction. In the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, Chinese varieties and languages of southeast Asia share many areal features, tending to be analytic languages with similar syllable and tone structure. In the 1st millennium AD, Chinese culture came to dominate East Asia, and Classical Chinese was adopted by scholars and ruling classes in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. As a consequence, there was a massive influx of loanwords from Chinese vocabulary into these and other neighboring Asian languages. The Chinese script was also adapted to write Vietnamese (as Chữ Nôm), Korean (as Hanja) and Japanese (as Kanji), though in the first two the use of Chinese characters is now restricted to university learning, linguistic or historical study, artistic or decorative works and (in Korean's case) newspapers, rather than daily usage.
Language families
The Austroasiatic languages include Vietnamese and Khmer, as well as many other languages spoken in areas scattered as far afield as Malaya (Aslian) and central India (Korku), often in isolated pockets surrounded by the ranges of other language groups. Most linguists believe that Austroasiatic languages once ranged continuously across southeast Asia and that their scattered distribution today is the result of the subsequent arrival of other language groups.
One of these groups were the Tai–Kadai languages such as Thai, Lao and Shan. These languages were originally spoken in southern China, where the greatest diversity within the family is still found, and possibly as far north as the Yangtze valley. As Chinese civilization expanded southward from the North China Plain, many Tai–Kadai speakers became sinicized, while others were displaced to Southeast Asia. With the exception of Zhuang, most of the Tai–Kadai languages still remaining in China are spoken in isolated upland areas.
The Miao–Yao or Hmong–Mien languages also originated in southern China, where they are now spoken only in isolated hill regions. Many Hmong–Mien speakers were displaced into Southeast Asia during the Qing Dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries, triggered by the suppression of a series of revolts in Guizhou.
The Austronesian languages are believed to have spread from Taiwan to the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as some areas of mainland southeast Asia.
The varieties of Chinese are usually included in the Sino-Tibetan family, which also includes Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in Tibet, southwest China, northeast India, Burma and neighbouring countries.
To the north are the Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families, which some linguists had grouped as an Altaic family, sometimes also including the Korean and Japonic languages, but is now seen as a discredited theory and is no longer supported by specialists in these languages. The languages tend to be atonal, polysyllabic and agglutinative, with subject–object–verb word order and some degree of vowel harmony. Critics of the Altaic hypothesis attribute the similarities to intense language contact between the languages that occurred sometime in pre-history.
Chinese scholars often group Tai–Kadai and Hmong–Mien with Sino-Tibetan, but Western scholarship since the Second World War has considered them as separate families. Some larger groupings have been proposed, but are not widely supported. The Austric hypothesis, based on morphology and other resemblances, is that Austroasiatic, Austronesian, often Tai–Kadai, and sometimes Hmong–Mien form a genetic family. Other hypothetical groupings include the Sino-Austronesian languages and Austro-Tai languages. Linguists undergoing long-range comparison have hypothesized even larger macrofamilies such as Dené–Caucasian, including Sino-Tibetan and Ket.
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
The Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area stretches from Thailand to China and is home to speakers of languages of the Sino-Tibetan, Hmong–Mien (or Miao–Yao), Tai-Kadai, Austronesian (represented by Chamic) and Austroasiatic families. Neighbouring languages across these families, though presumed unrelated, often have similar typological features, which are believed to have spread by diffusion.
Characteristic of many MSEA languages is a particular syllable structure involving monosyllabic morphemes, lexical tone, a fairly large inventory of consonants, including phonemic aspiration, limited clusters at the beginning of a syllable, plentiful vowel contrasts and relatively few final consonants. Languages in the northern part of the area generally have fewer vowel and final contrasts but more initial contrasts.
A well-known feature is the similar tone systems in Chinese, Hmong–Mien, Tai languages and Vietnamese. Most of these languages passed through an earlier stage with three tones on most syllables (apart from checked syllables ending in a stop consonant), which was followed by a tone split where the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants disappeared but in compensation the number of tones doubled.
These parallels led to confusion over the classification of these languages, until Haudricourt showed in 1954 that tone was not an invariant feature, by demonstrating that Vietnamese tones corresponded to certain final consonants in other languages of the Mon–Khmer family, and proposed that tone in the other languages had a similar origin.
MSEA languages tend to have monosyllabic morphemes, though there are exceptions. Most MSEA languages are very analytic, with no inflection and little derivational morphology. Grammatical relations are typically signalled by word order, particles and coverbs or adpositions. Modality is expressed using sentence-final particles. The usual word order in MSEA languages is subject–verb–object. Chinese and Karen are thought to have changed to this order from the subject–object–verb order retained by most other Sino-Tibetan languages.
The order of constituents within a noun phrase varies: noun–modifier order is usual in Tai languages, Vietnamese and Miao, while in Chinese varieties and Yao most modifiers are placed before the noun. Topic-comment organization is also common.
Languages of both eastern and southeast Asia typically have well-developed systems of numeral classifiers. The other areas of the world where numerical classifier systems are common in indigenous languages are the western parts of North and South America, so that numerical classifiers could even be seen as a pan-Pacific Rim areal feature. However, similar noun class systems are also found among most Sub-Saharan African languages.
Influence of Literary Chinese
For most of the pre-modern period, Chinese culture dominated East Asia. Scholars in Vietnam, Korea and Japan wrote in Literary Chinese and were thoroughly familiar with the Chinese classics. Their languages absorbed large numbers of Chinese words, known collectively as Sino-Xenic vocabulary, i.e. Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean and Sino-Vietnamese. These words were written with Chinese characters and pronounced in a local approximation of Middle Chinese.
Today, these words of Chinese origin may be written in the traditional Chinese characters (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean), simplified Chinese characters (Chinese, Japanese), a locally developed phonetic script (Korean hangul, Japanese kana), or a Latin alphabet (Vietnamese). The Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese languages are collectively referred to as CJKV, or just CJK, since modern Vietnamese is no longer written with Chinese characters at all.
In a similar way to the use of Latin and ancient Greek roots in English, the morphemes of Classical Chinese have been used extensively in all these languages to coin compound words for new concepts. These coinages, written in shared Chinese characters, have then been borrowed freely between languages. They have even been accepted into Chinese, a language usually resistant to loanwords, because their foreign origin was hidden by their written form.
Topic–comment constructions
In topic–comment constructions, sentences are frequently structured with a topic as the first segment and a comment as the second. This way of marking previously mentioned vs. newly introduced information is an alternative to articles, which are not found in East Asian languages. The Topic–comment sentence structure is a legacy of Classical Chinese influence on the grammar of modern East Asian languages. In Classical Chinese, the focus of the phrase (i.e. the topic) was often placed first, which was then followed by a statement about the topic. The most generic sentence form in Classical Chinese is "A B 也", where B is a comment about the topic A.
Chinese
Classical Chinese example:
Mandarin Chinese example:
Cantonese example:
Hokkien example:
Jiangzhe language example:
Japanese
Japanese example:
The epistolary style of Japanese (Sōrōbun) example:
The Standard Meiji-Era Written Style of Japanese (Meiji Futsūbun) example:
Korean
Korean example:
Korean mixed script example:
Ryukyuan
Okinawan Ryukyuan example:
Note that in Okinawan, the topic marker is indicated by lengthening the short vowels and adding -oo to words ending in -N/-n. For words ending in long vowels, the topic is introduced only by や.
Vietnamese
Vietnamese example:
Politeness systems
Linguistic systems of politeness, including frequent use of honorific titles, with varying levels of politeness or respect, are well-developed in Japanese and Korean. Politeness systems in Chinese are relatively weak, having simplified from a more developed system into a much less predominant role in modern Chinese. This is especially true when speaking of the southern Chinese varieties. However, Vietnamese has retained a highly complex system of pronouns, in which the terms mostly derive from Chinese. For example, bác, chú, dượng, and cậu are all terms ultimately derived from Chinese and all refer to different statuses of "uncle".
In many of the region's languages, including Japanese, Korean, Thai, and Malay/Indonesian, new personal pronouns or forms of reference or address can and often do evolve from nouns as fresh ways of expressing respect or social status. Thus personal pronouns are open class words rather than closed class words: they are not stable over time, not few in number, and not clitics whose use is obligatory in grammatical constructs. In addition to Korean honorifics that indicate politeness toward the subject of the speech, Korean speech levels indicate a level of politeness and familiarity directed toward the audience.
With modernization and other trends, politeness language is evolving to be simpler. Avoiding the need for complex polite language can also motivate use in some situations of languages like Indonesian or English that have less complex respect systems.
See also
EALC
References
Citations
Sources cited
Linguistic typology | [
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225535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin%20Cousine | Cousin Cousine | Cousin Cousine is a 1975 French romantic comedy film directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella and starring Marie-Christine Barrault, Victor Lanoux, and Marie-France Pisier. Written by Tacchella and Danièle Thompson, the film is about two cousins by marriage who meet at a wedding and develop a close friendship. After their spouses prove unfaithful, the cousins' friendship leads to a passionate love affair. Cousin Cousine received an Academy Award nomination for Best Foreign Language Film, a César Award nomination for Best Film, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Foreign Film, and the U.S. National Board of Review Award as one of the Top 5 Foreign Films of the Year. In 1989, an English-language remake was released, Cousins.
Plot
Two cousins related by marriage, Marthe (Marie-Christine Barrault) and Ludovic (Victor Lanoux), meet at a family wedding for the first time. Marthe is the bride's daughter and Ludovic is the groom's nephew. After a raucous wedding reception with plenty of dancing and drinking, Marthe and Ludovic are left waiting for their respective spouses, Pascal (Guy Marchand) and Karine (Marie-France Pisier), who are off having sex. While they wait, they get to know each other: Marthe is a secretary and Ludovic is a dance instructor who changes his occupation every three years. Later, they dance together, even after the lights are turned off. Eventually, Pascal and Karine show up, slightly disheveled, and the couples part.
Ludovic meets Marthe for lunch and tells her that her husband is having an affair with his wife. Later, Pascal shamelessly informs her that he's broken off all of his affairs and that, from now on, she will be the only one. When Marthe tells him she knows about Karine, he says he only had her "three times in the bushes."
Sometime later at a family gathering at Marthe's mother's house, Ludovic's daughter, Nelsa (Catherine Verlor), shows slides she took at the wedding—including compromising photos of Pascal and Karine. During the slide show, Martha's mother's new husband dies. At the funeral, Ludovic's father arrives and extends his condolences; he too lost his spouse recently. On the way back from the cemetery, Marthe and Ludovic get better acquainted, with Marthe revealing that she enjoys swimming and singing.
Later that week, Marthe and Ludovic meet for lunch, buy bathing suits, and go swimming in a public pool. They enjoy each other's company so much that they decide to take the rest of the day off together to go shopping and see a movie. Although their relationship is platonic, Pascal and Karine begin to grow jealous. Marthe and Ludovic playfully arrange to meet by chance at a restaurant with their respective families, to see how Pascal and Karine react. Later that week, Marthe and Ludovic meet again at the swimming pool and acknowledge that their relationship is special and must remain that way, even if platonic.
At another family wedding, with Pascal and the groom's father fighting over a business deal gone wrong, Marthe and Ludovic decide to leave and spend the day together. They return to find a drunken Pascal harassing the guests, and soon they all leave the disastrous wedding and bring Pascal home. Marthe's mother and Ludovic's father develop a close friendship and plan to spend time at his vineyard. Marthe and Ludovic discuss their own relationship and decide that it is absurd to keep it platonic. For once, they will do something for themselves, and not for their spouses and families.
That Saturday, Marthe and Ludovic meet and spend the day together in a hotel making love. They decide to keep the room for the night and order food in. The following morning, they extend their stay another day, making love, exchanging recipes, bathing together, and simply enjoying each other's company.
In the coming days, Pascal reverts to his philandering ways, Karine leaves Ludovic and then returns, and Marthe's mother and Ludovic's father discover they're not as compatible as they thought. Marthe and Ludovic's relationship, however, continues to grow in love. At a Christmas family gathering at Marthe's mother's house, Marthe and Ludovic lock themselves in a bedroom and make love throughout the evening while their families eat, drink, watch Midnight Mass, and exchange gifts. The couple finally emerge from the bedroom, say goodbye to their crazy families, and ride off into the night together.
Cast
Marie-Christine Barrault as Marthe
Victor Lanoux as Ludovic
Marie-France Pisier as Karine
Guy Marchand as Pascal
Ginette Garcin as Biju
Sybil Maas as Diane
Popeck as Sacy
Pierre Plessis as Gobert
Catherine Verlor as Nelsa
Hubert Gignoux as Thomas
Catherine Stermann as Monique
Reception
Upon its theatrical release, Cousin Cousine received mostly positive reviews, both in Europe and the United States, where it became a surprise hit – the most popular French film in the US since A Man and a Woman.
The film was the 35th highest-grossing film of the year in France with 1,161,394 cinema admissions.
In his review in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four, writing:
In his review in The New York Times, Vincent Canby called the film "an exceptionally winning, wittily detailed comedy that is as much about family relationships as it is about love." Canby goes on to write:
Awards and nominations
1975 Louis Delluc Prize (Jean-Charles Tacchella) Won
1976 César Award for Best Supporting Actress (Marie-France Pisier) Won
1976 César Award Nomination for Best Actor (Victor Lanoux)
1976 César Award Nomination for Best Film (Jean-Charles Tacchella)
1976 César Award Nomination for Best Screenplay (Jean-Charles Tacchella)
1976 San Sebastián International Film Festival Silver Seashell Award (Jean-Charles Tacchella) Won
1976 National Board of Review Award for Top Five Foreign Films Won
1977 Academy Award Nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Marie-Christine Barrault)
1977 Academy Award Nomination for Best Foreign Language Film
1977 Academy Award Nomination for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) (Jean-Charles Tacchella, Danièle Thompson)
1977 Golden Globe Award Nomination for Best Foreign Film
1978 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Foreign Film Won
See also
List of submissions to the 49th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of French submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1975 films
1970s romantic comedy films
Adultery in films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Jean-Charles Tacchella
French films
French-language films
French romantic comedy films
Gaumont Film Company films
Louis Delluc Prize winners
1975 comedy films | [
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] |
225536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Veronica | Ann Veronica | Ann Veronica is a New Woman novel by H. G. Wells published in 1909.
Ann Veronica describes the rebellion of Ann Veronica Stanley, "a young lady of nearly two-and-twenty", against her middle-class father's stern patriarchal rule. The novel dramatizes the contemporary problem of the New Woman. It is set in Victorian era London and environs, except for an Alpine excursion. Ann Veronica offers vignettes of the women's suffrage movement in Great Britain and features a chapter inspired by the 1908 attempt of suffragettes to storm Parliament.
Plot
Mr. Stanley forbids his adult daughter, a biology student at Tredgold Women's College and the youngest of his five children, to attend a fancy dress ball in London, causing a crisis. Ann Veronica is planning to attend the dance with friends of a down-at-heel artistic family living nearby and has been chafing at other restrictions imposed on her for no apparent reason. After her father resorts to force to stop her from attending the ball, she leaves her home in the fictional south London suburb of Morningside Park in order to live independently in an apartment "in a street near the Hampstead Road" in North London. Unable to find appropriate employment, she borrows forty pounds from Mr. Ramage, an older man, without realizing she is compromising herself.
With this money, Ann Veronica is able to devote herself to study in the biological laboratory of the Central Imperial College (a constituent college of London University) where she meets and falls in love with Capes, the laboratory's "demonstrator." But Mr. Ramage loses little time in trying to take advantage of the situation, precipitating a crisis. Distraught after Ramage tries to force himself on her, Ann Veronica temporarily abandons her studies and devotes herself to the cause of women's suffrage; she is arrested storming Parliament and spends a month in prison.
Sobered by the experience, Ann Veronica convinces herself of the necessity of compromise. She returns to her father's home and engages herself to marry an admirer she does not love, Hubert Manning. But she soon changes her mind, renounces the engagement, and boldly tells Capes she loves him.
Though he returns Ann Veronica's love, at first the thirty-year-old Capes insists on the impossibility of the situation: he is a married (albeit separated) man with a sullied reputation because of an affair that became public. They can only be friends, he declares. But Ann Veronica is undeterred by his confession and his prudence, and finally Capes's resistance buckles: "She stood up and held her arms toward him. 'I want you to kiss me,' she said. . . . 'I want you. I want you to be my lover. I want to give myself to you. I want to be whatever I can to you.' She paused for a moment. 'Is that plain?' she asked."
Capes decides to throw over his employment at the college in order to live with Ann Veronica, and they enjoy a glorious "honeymoon" in the Alps. A final chapter shows the happy couple four years and four months later living in London. Capes has become a successful playwright, and Ann Veronica is pregnant and has reconciled with her family.
Reception
Ann Veronica created a sensation when published in the autumn of 1909 because of the feminist sensibilities of the heroine and also because of the affair Wells was having with Amber Reeves, the woman who inspired the novel's eponymous character.
Although the novel now seems very tame, Ann Veronica was considered a scandalous work by many in its day and was denounced as "capable of poisoning the minds of those who read it" by The Spectator.
Ann Veronica was included in the Modern Library in 1917, the year the publishing company was founded. Subsequent Modern Library editions were published in 1926, 1928, and 1933.
Adaptations
Television
It was filmed for television in 1952 with Margaret Lockwood in the title role. In 1964 it was adapted again by the BBC as a four-part series Ann Veronica starring Rosemary Nicols.
Musical
Ann Veronica was made into a musical in 1969; both the musical and one of the numbers within are titled "Ann Veronica".
Film
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures purchased the rights to the film adaptation and has plans to make a live action adaptation directed by the Coen Brothers.
Radio
The book was recorded for BBC Radio 4 in two episodes, with Amy Hoggart as Ann Veronica and Geoffrey Whitehead playing Mr Stanley. It was broadcast again on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 5 and 6 January 2021.
See also
Roman à clef
References
External links
Novels by H. G. Wells
1909 British novels
British novels adapted into films
British novels adapted into television shows
Feminist novels
Women's suffrage | [
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225537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20romance | Scientific romance | Scientific romance is an archaic, mainly British term for the genre of fiction now commonly known as science fiction. The term originated in the 1850s to describe both fiction and elements of scientific writing, but it has since come to refer to the science fiction of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, primarily that of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle. In recent years the term has come to be applied to science fiction written in a deliberately anachronistic style as a homage to or pastiche of the original scientific romances.
History
Early usages
The earliest use of the term "scientific romance" is thought to have been in 1845, when critics applied it to Robert Chambers's Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, a speculative natural history published in 1844. It was used again in 1851 by the Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review in reference to Thoman Hunt's Panthea, or the Spirit of Nature. In 1859 the Southern Literary Messenger referred to Balzac's Ursule Mirouët as "a scientific romance of mesmerism". In addition, the term was sometimes used to dismiss a scientific principle considered by the writer to be fanciful, as in The Principles of Metaphysical and Ethical Science (1855), which stated that "Milton's conception of inorganic matter left to itself, without an indwelling soul, is not merely more poetical, but more philosophical and just, than the scientific romance, now generally repudiated by all rational inquirers, which represents it as necessarily imbued with the seminal principles of organization and life, and waking up by its own force from eternal quietude to eternal motion." Then, in 1884, Charles Howard Hinton published a series of scientific and philosophical essays under the title Scientific Romances.
20th century
"Scientific romance" is now commonly used to refer to science fiction of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as in the anthologies Under the Moons of Mars: A History and Anthology of "The Scientific Romance" in the Munsey Magazines, 1912–1920 and Scientific Romance in Britain: 1890–1950. One of the earliest writers to be described in this way was the French astronomer and writer Camille Flammarion, whose Recits de l'infini and La fin du monde have both been described as scientific romances. The term is most widely applied to Jules Verne, as in the 1879 edition of the American Cyclopædia, and H. G. Wells, whose historical society continues to refer to his work as "scientific romances" today. Edgar Rice Burroughs's A Princess of Mars (1912) is also sometimes seen as a major work of scientific romance, and Sam Moskowitz referred to him in 1958 as "the acknowledged master of the scientific romance," though the scholar E. F. Bleiler views Burroughs as a writer involved in the "new development" of pulp science fiction that arose in the early 20th century. The same year as A Princess of Mars, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published The Lost World, which is also commonly referred to as a scientific romance.
1902 saw the cinematic release of Georges Méliès's film Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon); the time period and the fact that it is based partially on works by Verne and Wells has led to its being labelled as a scientific romance as well.
Modern revival
In recent years the term "scientific romance" has seen a revival, being self-applied in works of science fiction that deliberately ape previous styles. Examples include Christopher Priest's The Space Machine: A Scientific Romance, published in 1976, Ronald Wright's Wells pastiche A Scientific Romance: A Novel, published in 1998, and the 1993 tabletop roleplaying game Forgotten Futures. Though it uses the term, Dennis Overbye's novel Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance does not imitate science fiction of the past in the manner of the other novels mentioned.
Definitions
Brian Stableford has argued, in Scientific Romance in Britain: 1890–1950, that early British science-fiction writers who used the term "scientific romance" differed in several significant ways from American science fiction writers of the time. Most notably, the British writers tended to minimise the role of individual "heroes", took an "evolutionary perspective", held a bleak view of the future, and had little interest in space as a new frontier. Regarding "heroes", several novels by H. G. Wells have the protagonist as nameless, and often powerless, in the face of natural forces. The evolutionary perspective can be seen in tales involving long time periods, such as The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine by Wells, or Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon. Even in scientific romances that did not involve vast stretches of time, the issue of whether mankind was just another species subject to evolutionary pressures often arose, as can be seen in parts of The Hampdenshire Wonder by J. D. Beresford and several works by S. Fowler Wright. Regarding space, C. S. Lewis's Space Trilogy took the position that "as long as humanity remains flawed and sinful, our exploration of other planets will tend to do them more harm than good"; and most scientific romance authors had not even that much interest in the topic. As for bleakness, it can be seen in many of the works by all the authors already cited, who deemed humanity flawed — either by original sin or, much more often, by biological factors inherited from our ape ancestors. Stableford also notes that some of the British scientific romances were saved from "being entirely gloomy" by their philosophical speculation (calling them works of "modest armchair philosophizing"). He cites E. V. Odle's The Clockwork Man, John Gloag's Tomorrow's Yesterday and Murray Constantine's Proud Man as examples of this type of scientific romance.
Nonetheless, not all British science fiction from that period comports with Stableford's thesis. Some, for example, revelled in adventures in space and took an optimistic view of the future. By the 1930s there were British authors such as Eric Frank Russell who were intentionally writing "science fiction" for American publication. At that point British writers who used the term "scientific romance" did so either because they were unaware of science fiction or because they chose not to be associated with it.
After the Second World War the influence of American science fiction caused the term "scientific romance" to lose favour, a process accelerated by the fact that few writers of scientific romance considered themselves "scientific romance" writers, instead viewing themselves as just writers who occasionally happened to write scientific romances. Even so, the influence of the scientific romance era persisted in British science fiction. John Wyndham's work has been cited as providing "a bridge between traditional British scientific romance and the more varied science fiction which has replaced it". Some commentators believe scientific romance had some impact on the American variety.
See also
Planetary romance
Edisonade
Romanticism in science
Voyages Extraordinaires
References
Bibliography
Flatland by Edwin Abbott Abbott (more of a fantasy, but see its subtitle)
The Hampdenshire Wonder by J. D. Beresford
The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson
The Purple Cloud by M. P. Shiel
Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon
Last Men in London by Olaf Stapledon
Odd John by Olaf Stapledon
Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon
Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne
From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne
The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne
The Time Machine by H. G. Wells
The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells
The Island of Dr. Moreau by H. G. Wells
The Invisible Man by H. G. Wells
Frankenstein'' by Mary Shelley
External links
"The Victorian Bookshelf: The First Century of the Scientific Romance and other Related Works"
Science fiction genres
Steampunk
Romanticism
Adventure fiction | [
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225541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia%20Shire | Talia Shire | Talia Rose Shire (née Coppola; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress best known for her roles as Connie Corleone in The Godfather films and Adrian Balboa in the Rocky series. For her work in The Godfather Part II and Rocky, Shire was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress and Best Actress, respectively, and for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama for her role in Rocky.
Personal life
Shire was born Talia Rose Coppola in Lake Success, New York in 1946, into a Catholic family of Italian immigrant ancestry, the only daughter of Italia (née Pennino) and arranger/composer Carmine Coppola. Her paternal grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda, Basilicata. Her maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, emigrated from Naples, Italy. Talia is the sister of director and producer Francis Ford Coppola and academic August Coppola, the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage and director Sofia Coppola, and the niece of composer and conductor Anton Coppola. She has three children. Her son Matthew Orlando Shire is the child of her first marriage to composer David Shire. Her other sons, actors/musicians Jason and Robert, are from her second marriage, to the film producer Jack Schwartzman.
Career
Shire portrayed Connie Corleone in The Godfather and its sequels and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in The Godfather: Part II (1974). For her portrayal of Adrian Pennino, the love interest of Rocky Balboa in Rocky (1976), she won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress, the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress, and was nominated for both the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama and the Academy Award for Best Actress. In addition to reprising her Adrian role in four Rocky sequels, Shire has appeared in such films as Kiss the Bride (2002), I Heart Huckabees (2004), and Homo Erectus (2007).
Filmography
See also
Coppola family tree
Francis Ford Coppola
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
American people of Italian descent
American film actresses
Coppola family
Actresses from New York (state)
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Lake Success, New York | [
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225543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Channing | Carol Channing | Carol Elaine Channing (January 31, 1921 – January 15, 2019) was an American actress, singer, dancer, and comedienne, who starred in Broadway and film musicals. Her characters usually had a fervent expressiveness and an easily identifiable voice, whether singing or for comedic effect.
Channing created the lead roles in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in 1949 and Hello, Dolly! in 1964, winning the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the latter. She revived both roles several times throughout her career, playing Dolly on Broadway for the final time in 1995. She was nominated for her first Tony Award in 1956 for The Vamp, followed by a nomination in 1961 for Show Girl. She received her fourth Tony Award nomination for the musical Lorelei in 1974.
As a film actress, she won the Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Muzzy in Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967). Her other film appearances include The First Traveling Saleslady (1956) and Skidoo (1968). On television, she appeared as an entertainer on variety shows. She performed The White Queen in the TV production of Alice in Wonderland (1985), and she had the first of many TV specials in 1966, titled An Evening with Carol Channing.
Channing was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981 and received a Lifetime Achievement Tony Award in 1995. She continued to perform and make appearances well into her 90s, singing songs from her repertoire and sharing stories with fans, cabaret-style. She was one of the "legends" interviewed in the award-winning documentary, Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There. She released her autobiography Just Lucky I Guess in 2002, and Larger Than Life was released in 2012, a documentary film about her career.
Early life
Channing was born in Seattle, Washington on January 31, 1921, the only child of Adelaide (née Glaser; 1886–1984) and George Channing (1888–1957). Her father, who was born George Christian Stucker, was multiracial (African-American and Euro-American) and changed his surname due to religious reasons before Carol's birth. He became a Christian Science practitioner, editor, and teacher. George Channing's mother, Clara, was African-American, and his father, George Stucker, was the son of German immigrants. Carol's maternal grandparents, Otto Glaser, and Paulina Ottmann, were both of German-Jewish origin. A city editor at The Seattle Star, he took a job in San Francisco and the family moved to California when Channing was two years old.
Channing attended Aptos Junior High School and Lowell High School in San Francisco, graduating in 1938. She won the Crusaders' Oratorical Contest and a free trip to Hawaii with her mother in June 1937. When she was 17, she left home to attend Bennington College in Vermont and her mother told her for the first time that her father's mother was African American and his father was German American. Her mother felt that the time was right to tell her since now that she was going off to college and would be on her own, she didn't want her to be surprised if she ever had a Black baby. Channing wrote: Channing publicly revealed her African-American ancestry in 2002.
Channing majored in drama at Bennington and during an interview in 1994 revealed that she first wanted to perform on stage as a singer when she was in the fourth grade. She recalled being emotionally drawn to the stage after seeing Ethel Waters perform.
Channing stated that in the fourth grade she ran for and was elected class secretary: "I stood up in class and campaigned by kidding the teachers. The other kids laughed. I loved the feeling — it was a very good feeling; it still is." She read the class minutes every Friday, often impersonating the children who were discussed. She also considers the fact that she was able to see plays while very young to have been an important inspiration:
Her election to class secretary continued through grammar and high school: "It was very good training—like stock." Those weekly sessions in front of students became a habit which she carried to Bennington College, where she would entertain every Friday night. During her junior year, she began trying out for acting parts on Broadway. After playing a small part in the revue, The New Yorker noted her performance: "You'll be hearing more from a comedienne named Carol Channing." The inspiration she received from that brief notice made her decide to quit school. However, it was four years before she found another acting job. During that period she performed at small functions or benefits, including some in the Catskill resorts. She also worked in Macy's bakery.
Career
Channing was introduced to the stage while helping her mother deliver newspapers to the backstage of theatres.
Her first job on stage in New York City was in Marc Blitzstein's No for an Answer, starting January 1941, at the Mecca Temple (later New York City Center). She was 19 years old. Channing moved to Broadway for Let's Face It!, in which she was an understudy for Eve Arden, who was 13 years older than Channing. Much later, in 1966, Arden was hired to play the title role in Hello Dolly! in a road company after Channing left to star in the film Thoroughly Modern Millie. Channing won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago's theatres in 1966 (Eve Arden won the next year).
Five years later, Channing had a featured role in Lend an Ear (1948), for which she received her Theatre World Award and launched her as a star performer. Channing credited illustrator Al Hirschfeld for helping make her a star when he put her image in his widely published illustrations. She said that his drawing of her as a flapper was what helped her get the lead in her next play, the Jule Styne and Anita Loos musical Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. From that role, as Lorelei Lee, she gained recognition, with her signature song from the production, "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend," among the most widely known.
In January 1950, Time magazine ran a cover story about her becoming a new star on Broadway, followed by cover stories in Life magazine in 1955 and 1964.
In 1956, Channing married her manager and publicist Charles Lowe. During the 1950s, he produced the Burns and Allen comedy show, which starred George Burns and Gracie Allen. When Allen was forced to discontinue performing due to her heart ailments, she saw that Burns was in need of a partner to play against on stage since he was best as a straight man. She remembered that Channing, like she, had one of the most distinctive and recognizable voices in show business, and Lowe asked Channing if she would perform with Burns during his shows. She accepted immediately, and Channing worked on and off with Burns through the late 1950s. Burns also appeared in her TV special, An Evening with Carol Channing, in 1966.
In 1961, Channing became one of the few performers nominated for a Tony Award for work in a revue (rather than a traditional book musical); she was nominated for Best Actress in a Musical for the short-lived revue Show Girl.
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Channing came to national prominence as the star of Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly! (1964). Her performance as Dolly Levi won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. She recalled that playwright Thornton Wilder so loved the musical, which was based on his play, The Matchmaker, that he came once a week. He also planned to rewrite his 1942 play The Skin of Our Teeth, with Channing playing the parts of both Mrs. Antrobus and Sabina but died before he could finish it.
Approval of her performance in the 1960s meant she was often invited to major events, including those at the White House, where she might sing. Channing was a registered Democrat and was invited to the Democratic convention in 1964 in Atlantic City, New Jersey where she sang "Hello, Lyndon" for Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign. She was a favorite of Lady Bird Johnson, who once gave her a huge bouquet after a show. In 1967, she also became the first celebrity to perform at the Super Bowl halftime show.
The old-fashioned plot of Hello, Dolly, when first described, might seem uninspired, says columnist Dick Kleiner:
The show had first opened on Broadway on January 16, 1964, and by the time the show closed in late December 1970, it had become the longest-running musical in Broadway history, with nearly 3,000 performances. Besides Channing, six other stars played the title role during those seven years: Ginger Rogers, Martha Raye, Betty Grable, Pearl Bailey, Phyllis Diller and Ethel Merman.
Al Hirschfeld's illustration of her was printed on the front page of the "Sunday Theatre" section of The New York Times. She felt that this image captured the essence of her character, having posited in writing, "How did the great Hirschfeld know precisely what I was thinking? ... To be Hirschfelded is an eerie experience. You better not have anything to hide, because he'll expose it like a neon sign" ... The illustration was also printed on the cover of magazines, including Horizon. She later appeared in the movie biography about his life, The Line King, in 2004.
Channing reprised her role of Lorelei Lee when the musical Lorelei, directed by Robert Moore and choreographed by Ernest O. Flatt, premiered in 1973 at the Oklahoma City (6000 seat) Civic Center Music Hall and broke all box office records after six days' worth of performances sold out within 24 hours.
To commemorate this record event, the street running in front of the Music Hall was renamed Channing Square Drive in her honor. Also in the cast were Peter Palmer, Brandon Maggart, Dody Goodman, and Lee Roy Reams. For nearly a year, the stage musical then toured 11 cities across the country. Lorelei had earned a hefty profit by the time it opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on January 27, 1974, and ran for a total of 320 performances. Channing also appeared in two New York City revivals of Hello, Dolly!, and toured with it extensively throughout the United States.
She performed songs from Hello, Dolly during a special television show in London in 1979.
Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967)
Channing also appeared in a number of films, including The First Traveling Sales Lady (1956; with Ginger Rogers and Clint Eastwood), the cult film Skidoo, and Thoroughly Modern Millie (starring Julie Andrews, Mary Tyler Moore, John Gavin, and Beatrice Lillie). For Millie she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and was awarded a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture. Channing said she was especially grateful to Andrews for helping her develop her character: "She will forever be my angel," she says.
Due to her success on Broadway in Hello Dolly! and her co-starring role in Thoroughly Modern Millie, Channing attracted the attention of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, who were interested in starring her in a sitcom. Directed and produced by Arnaz and written by Bob Carroll Jr. and Madelyn Davis (who co-wrote I Love Lucy and The Lucy Show), The Carol Channing Show starred Channing as Carol Hunnicut, a small-town girl trying and failing to make it in New York City show business. Character actors Richard Deacon and Jane Dulo were in the supporting cast. The pilot was filmed in front of a live audience (with a laugh track added) at Desilu in 1966 but did not sell as a series.
During her film career, Channing also made some guest appearances on television sitcoms and talk shows, including What's My Line? where she appeared in 11 episodes from 1962 to 1966. Channing did voice-over work in cartoons, most notably as Grandmama in an animated version of The Addams Family from 1992 to 1995.
Television appearances
During most of her career, Channing was asked to perform in various skits or appear as a guest on regular shows. In the 1960s, she was on The Andy Williams Show. In 1974, she participated in the television special Free to Be... You and Me, based on Marlo Thomas' best-selling album of 1972, in which Channing also appeared. Free... won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Special and The Peabody Award. In 1985, she played the role of the White Queen in the television special Alice in Wonderland. In 1986, Channing appeared on Sesame Street and sang a parody of the song "Hello, Dolly!" called "Hello, Sammy!", a love song being sung by Carol to a character known as Sammy the Snake (as voiced by Muppets creator Jim Henson). Carol, in this parody segment, serenades Sammy telling him just how much she loves and adores him while Sammy coils himself around Carol's arms. Carol's song includes lyrics such as: "So..turn on your charm, Sammy/Coil yourself around my arm, Sammy/Sammy the Snake, I'll stake a claim on you". Songwriter Jule Styne, who wrote the score for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, invited her on his television special in 1987 where she performed another one of her signature songs, "Little Girl from Little Rock".
In 1993, she poked a little fun at herself in an episode of The Nanny. The episode "Smoke Gets in Your Lies" shows the producer auditioning for a new musical, and Channing, playing herself, is trying out. Just after the producer announces he wants a stage presence that is instantly recognizable to the entire country, Channing begins with her signature "Hello, Dolly!", but he stops her with a resounding "Next!".
In January 2003, Channing recorded the audiobook of her best-selling autobiography Just Lucky, I Guess: A Memoir of Sorts, directed and produced by Steve Garrin at VideoActive Productions in New York City. It was during the recording sessions that she received a phone call from her childhood sweetheart Harry Kullijian that rekindled their romance and led to their marriage a few months later. In January 2012, the documentary Carol Channing: Larger Than Life (which chronicles Channing's life and career) was released.
Personal life
Channing was married four times. Her first husband was Theodore Naidish, whom she married when she was 20 in 1941. He was a writer, who in 1944 wrote Watch Out for Willie Carter, but during the nearly five years of their marriage, earned little income: "There was no money for food, clothing or housing." Still, Channing adored his émigré Jewish family, stating, in her memoir, "There is nothing so safe and secure as an immigrant, foreign-language-speaking family all around you. It was a dream come true for me. They look after you, you look after them. They make chick'n in the pot if you're sick. You learn marvelous new-sounding words every minute." Channing and Naidish lived near his grandparents in Brighton Beach in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. She remembered his grandfather Sam Cohen introducing her to some of his neighborhood friends, who were amazed that she enjoyed hearing their funny stories. "They were delighted that I almost ate them up alive," she wrote, "because they were so funny, especially since such appreciation was coming from what we all thought then was a shiksa (me)." She learned to speak fluent Yiddish from "Grandpa Cohen", a skill that helped her understand the boardwalk conversations that went on around her in town.
Her second husband Alexander F. Carson, known as Axe, or "The Murderous Ax", played center for the Ottawa Rough Riders Canadian football team and was also a private detective. They married in 1950 and divorced in September 1956. They had one son named Channing Carson.
In September 1956, "Immediately following the entry of the divorce decree" from Carson, Channing married her manager and publicist Charles Lowe. In 1960, Carson's parental rights were severed due to his abandonment, and his and Channing's son took his stepfather's surname. As the judge stated, "The differences in environment and miles would result in a gross injustice in itself to the child, who at this very tender stage does not even know what his real father looks like. He probably doesn't even realize that the present husband of Mrs. Channing is not his father." Channing Lowe publishes his cartoons as Chan Lowe. Channing filed for divorce from Lowe in 1998, but her estranged husband died before the divorce was finalized.
After Lowe's death and until shortly before her fourth marriage, the actress's companion was Roger Denny, an interior decorator.
In 2003, while recording the audiobook of her autobiography Just Lucky, I Guess, at VideoActive Productions, NYC, produced and directed by Steve Garrin, she rekindled her romance with her junior high school sweetheart, Harry Kullijian, and they married on May 10, 2003. They later performed at their old junior high school in a benefit for the school. They also promoted arts education in California schools through their Dr. Carol Channing and Harry Kullijian Foundation. The couple resided in both Modesto, California, and Rancho Mirage, California. Harry Kullijian died on December 26, 2011, the eve of his 92nd birthday.
Channing had unique dietary habits. In 1978, she said she had not eaten restaurant food in 15 years, and preferred only organic food. When invited to restaurants, she would bring several sealed containers with her own food, such as zucchine or chopped celery, and simply ask for an empty plate and glass. For dessert, she would eat seeds. By 1995, Channing had resumed eating food served by restaurants. However, she would not drink alcoholic beverages of any sort. Channing was a survivor of ovarian cancer.
Channing died from natural causes on January 15, 2019, at her home in Rancho Mirage, California at the age of 97, 16 days before her 98th birthday. On January 16, the lights on Broadway were dimmed in honor of Channing. A crowd congregated outside the St. James Theater, as it had also been the anniversary of the opening of the original Broadway production of Hello, Dolly!. Her ashes were sprinkled between the Curran Theatre and the Geary Theater in San Francisco.
Legacy and honors
1970, Channing was the first celebrity to perform at a Super Bowl halftime.
In 1973, it came to light during the Watergate hearings that Channing was on a master list of Nixon's political opponents, informally known as Nixon's "enemies list". She has subsequently said that her appearance on this list was the highest honor in her career.
1981, Channing was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
1984, Lowell High School renamed its auditorium The Carol Channing Theatre in her honor.
1988, The city of San Francisco, California, proclaimed February 14, 1988, to be "Carol Channing Day."
1995, she was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Tony Award.
2004, she was awarded an honorary doctorate in Fine Arts by California State University, Stanislaus.
2004, she received the Oscar Hammerstein Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theatre.
2010, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her.
In December 2010, Channing was honored at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Gypsy of the Year competition.
Theater
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1941
|No for an Answer
|
|
|-
|Let's Face It!
|Maggie Watson
|Understudy for Eve Arden
|-
|1942
|Proof Thro' the Night
|Steve
|
|-
|1948
|Lend an Ear
|Mrs. Playgoer
|
|-
|1949–52
|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
|Lorelei Lee
|
|-
|1953
|Pygmalion
|Eliza Doolittle
|
|-
|1954
|Wonderful Town
|Ruth Sherwood
|Replacement for Rosalind Russell
|-
|1955
|The Vamp
|Flora Weems
|
|-
|1959
|Show Business
|
|
|-
|1961
|Show Girl
|Lynn
|
|-
|1963
|The Millionairess
|
|
|-
|1964–66; 1977–79; 1981–83; 1994–96
|Hello, Dolly!
|Mrs. Dolly Gallagher Levi
|
|-
|1971
|Four on a Garden
|Mrs. Dunkelmayer, Betty, Irene, Mrs. Wexel
|
|-
|1973–75
|Lorelei
|Lorelei Lee
|
|-
|1974
|Jule's Friends at the Palace
|Herself
|Broadway Special; benefit concert
|-
|1976
|The Bed Before Yesterday
|
|
|-
|1980
|Sugar Babies
|Carol (Herself)
|
|-
|1984
|Jerry's Girls
|Herself
|
|-
|1985
|Legends!
|Sylvia Glenn
|
|-
|1987
|Happy Birthday, Mr. Abbott!
|Herself
|Broadway Special; benefit concert
|-
|1988
|Broadway at the Bowl
|Herself
|
|-
|1991
|Give My Regards to Broadway
|Herself
|Broadway Special; benefit concert
|-
|2003
|Singular Sensations
|Herself
|
|-
|2004
|Razzle Dazzle!
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|Hello, Dolly! 50th Anniversary
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Time Steppin'''
|-
|2016
|95th Birthday in Celebration of a Broadway Legend
|Herself
|}
Filmography
Discography
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
Further reading
Just Lucky I Guess: A Memoir of Sorts by Carol Channing (Simon & Schuster, 2002)
Diary of a Mad Playwright: Perilous Adventures on the Road with Mary Martin and Carol Channing by James Kirkwood, Jr., about production of the play Legends (Dutton, 1989)
External links
Carol Channing in Playbill
Carol Channing – Downstage Center'' interview at American Theatre Wing.org
TonyAwards.com Interview with Carol Channing
American Foundation for Arts Education
1921 births
2019 deaths
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from San Francisco
Actresses from Seattle
African-American actresses
African-American female comedians
African-American women singers
American Christian Scientists
Entertainers from Washington (state)
American film actresses
American memoirists
American musical theatre actresses
American people of German-Jewish descent
People of African-American descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Audiobook narrators
Bennington College alumni
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
California Democrats
Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
Musicians from Seattle
Musicians from San Francisco
Nixon's Enemies List
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni
RCA Victor artists
Special Tony Award recipients
Tony Award winners
Washington (state) Democrats
People from Aptos, California | [
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225544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany%20Congress | Albany Congress | The Albany Congress (June 19 – July 11, 1754), also known as the Albany Convention of 1754, was a meeting of representatives sent by the legislatures of seven of the thirteen British colonies in British America: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Northernmost Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were not in attendance. Representatives met daily at the City Hall () in Albany from June 19 to July 11, 1754, to discuss better relations with the Native American tribes and common defensive measures against the French threat from Canada in the opening stage of the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
Delegates did not have the goal of creating an American nation; rather, they were colonists with the more limited mission of pursuing a treaty with the Mohawks and other major Iroquois tribes. This was the first time that American colonists had met together, and it provided a model that came into use in setting up the Stamp Act Congress in 1765, as well as the First Continental Congress in 1774, which were preludes to the American Revolution.
Overview
The Albany Congress was the first time in the 18th century that American colonial representatives met to discuss some manner of formal union. In the 17th century, some New England colonies had formed a loose association called the New England Confederation, principally for purposes of defense, as raiding was frequent by French and allied Indian tribes. In the 1680s, the British government created the Dominion of New England as a unifying government over the colonies between the Delaware River and Penobscot Bay, but it was dissolved in 1689. Jacob Leisler summoned an intercolonial congress which met in New York on May 1, 1690 to plan concerted action against the French and Indians, but he attracted only the colonies as far south as Maryland.
History
The Albany delegates spent most of their time debating Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of union to create a unified level of colonial government. The delegates voted approval of a plan that called for a union of 11 colonies, with a president appointed by the British Crown. Each colonial assembly would send 2 to 7 delegates to a "grand council," which would have legislative powers. The Union would have jurisdiction over Indian affairs.
The plan was rejected by the colonies' legislatures, which were protective of their independent charters, and by the Colonial Office, which wanted a military command. Many elements of the plan were later the basis for the American government established by the Articles of Confederation of 1777 and the Constitution of 1787. Franklin speculated in 1789 that the colonies might not have separated from England so soon if the 1754 plan had been adopted:
The Congress and its Albany Plan have achieved iconic status as presaging the formation of the United States of America in 1776. It is often illustrated with Franklin's famous snake cartoon Join, or Die.
Plan of Union
Benjamin Franklin's plan to unite the colonies exceeded the scope of the congress, which had been called to plan a defense against the French and Indian threat. The original plan was heavily debated by all who attended the conference, including the young Philadelphia lawyer Benjamin Chew. Numerous modifications were also proposed by Thomas Hutchinson, who later became Governor of Massachusetts. The delegates passed the plan unanimously. They submitted it with their recommendations, but the legislatures of the seven colonies rejected it, as it would have removed some of their existing powers. The plan was never sent to the Crown for approval, although it was submitted to the British Board of Trade, which also rejected it.
The Plan of Union proposed to include all the British North American colonies, although none of the colonies south of Maryland sent representatives to the Albany Congress. (Note that the "Lower Counties on the Delaware" were then administered by Pennsylvania, and Georgia Colony was slow to start.) The plan called for a single executive (President-General) to be appointed by the King, who would be responsible for relations with the Indians, military preparedness, and execution of laws regulating various trade and financial activities. It called for a Grand Council to be selected by the colonial legislatures, with the number of delegates to be apportioned according to the taxes paid by each colony. The colonial assemblies rejected the plan, although delegates forming the government after the Revolution incorporated some features in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.
Participants
Twenty-one representatives attended the Congress from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. New York Governor James DeLancey was host governor and Chairman. Peter Wraxall served as Secretary to the Congress.
Delegates included:
Connecticut: William Pitkin‡, Oliver Wolcott, Elisha Williams
Maryland: Abraham Barnes, Benjamin Tasker Jr.‡
Massachusetts: Thomas Hutchinson‡, Oliver Partridge
New Hampshire: Meshech Weare, Theodore Atkinson‡
New York: James DeLancey, William Johnson‡, Philip Livingston, William Smith‡
Pennsylvania: Secretary Benjamin Chew, John Penn, Richard Peters, Isaac Norris, and Benjamin Franklin. Conrad Weiser and Benjamin Franklin's son William‡ attended as extra staff.
Rhode Island: Martin Howard, Stephen Hopkins‡
‡ Indicates Members of the committee of the Plan of Union
See also
Albany Plan
History of the United States Constitution
Great Britain in the Seven Years War
Notes
Further reading
Alden, John R. "The Albany Congress and the Creation of the Indian Superintendencies," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, (1940) 27#2 pp. 193–210 in JSTOR
Bonomi, Patricia, A Factious People, Politics and Society in Colonial America (1971)
McAnear, Beverly. "Personal Accounts of the Albany Congress of 1754," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Mar., 1953), pp. 727–746 in JSTOR, primary documents
Shannon, Timothy J. Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (Cornell University Press, 2000).
External links
Full text of the Albany Plan of Union
Summary of the Albany Congress
The Albany Congress of 1754, prints and drawings from the Emmet Collection of Manuscripts Etc. Relating to American History in the New York Public Library Digital Gallery.
Podcast discussing Albany Congress
1754 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1754 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1754 conferences
1754 in international relations
Colonial New York
France–Great Britain relations
French and Indian War
History of Albany, New York
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Political history of the United States | [
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225550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Declaration%20of%20Rights | Virginia Declaration of Rights | The Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government. It influenced a number of later documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the United States Bill of Rights (1789).
Drafting and adoption
The Declaration was adopted unanimously by the Fifth Virginia Convention at Williamsburg, Virginia on June 12, 1776, as a separate document from the Constitution of Virginia which was later adopted on June 29, 1776. In 1830, the Declaration of Rights was incorporated within the Virginia State Constitution as Article I, but even before that Virginia's Declaration of Rights stated that it was '"the basis and foundation of government" in Virginia. A slightly updated version may still be seen in Virginia's Constitution, making it legally in effect to this day.
Ten articles were initially drafted by George Mason , 1776; three other articles were added in committee, seen in the original draft in the handwriting of Thomas Ludwell Lee, but the author is unknown.
James Madison later proposed liberalizing the article on religious freedom, but the larger Virginia Convention made further changes. It was later amended by Committee and the entire Convention, including the addition of a section on the right to a uniform government (Section 14). Patrick Henry persuaded the convention to delete a section that would have prohibited bills of attainder, arguing that ordinary laws could be ineffective against some terrifying offenders.
Edmund Pendleton proposed the line "when they enter into a state of society" which allowed slave holders to support the declaration of universal rights which would be understood not to apply to slaves as they were not part of civil society.
Mason based his initial draft on the rights of citizens described in earlier works such as the English Bill of Rights (1689) and the writings of John Locke. The Declaration can be considered the first modern Constitutional protection of individual rights for citizens of North America. It rejected the notion of privileged political classes or hereditary offices such as the members of Parliament and House of Lords described in the English Bill of Rights.
The Declaration consists of sixteen articles on the subject of which rights "pertain to [the people of Virginia] ... as the basis and foundation of Government." In addition to affirming the inherent nature of rights to life, liberty, property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety, the Declaration both describes a view of Government as the servant of the people, and enumerates its separation of powers into the administration, legislature, and judiciary. Thus, the document is unusual in that it not only prescribes legal rights, but it also describes moral principles upon which a government should be run.
Contents
Articles 1–3 address the subject of rights and the relationship between government and the governed. Article 1 states that "all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights of which ... they cannot deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety," a statement later made internationally famous in the second paragraph of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, as "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Articles 2 and 3 state the concept that "all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people ..." and that "whenever any government shall be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community hath an indubitable, unalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal."
Article 4 asserts the equality of all citizens, rejecting the notion of privileged political classes or hereditary offices – another criticism of British institutions such as the House of Lords and the privileges of the peerage: "no set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator, or judge be hereditary."
Articles 5 and 6 recommend the principles of separation of powers and free elections, "frequent, certain, and regular" of executives and legislators: "That the legislative and executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the judicative; and, that the members of the two first ... should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken ... by frequent, certain, and regular elections."
Articles 7–16 propose restrictions on the powers of the government, declaring the government should not have the power of suspending or executing laws, "without consent of the representatives of the people"; establishing the legal rights to be "confronted with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of his vicinage," and to prevent a citizen from being "compelled to give evidence against himself." protections against "cruel and unusual punishments", baseless search and seizure, and the guarantees of a trial by jury, freedom of the press, freedom of religion ("all men are equally entitled to the free exercise of religion"), and "the proper, natural, and safe defence of a free state" rested in a well regulated militia composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, that standing armies in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; Article 8 protects a person against "being deprived of his liberty except by the law of the land" which later evolved into the due process clause in the federal Bill of Rights. Article 12 is the first ever codification of the right to a free press and was an important precursor to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Text
The following is the complete text of the Virginia Declaration of Rights:
The committee draft was written chiefly by George Mason, and the final version was adopted by the Virginia Convention with significant amendments by Robert C. Nicholas and James Madison on June 12, 1776.
Influence
The Virginia Declaration of Rights heavily influenced later documents. The Committee of Five is thought to have drawn on it when they drafted the United States Declaration of Independence in the same month (June 1776). James Madison was also influenced by the Declaration while drafting the Bill of Rights (introduced September 1789, ratified 1791).
The Virginia Declaration of Rights was one of the earliest documents to emphasize the protection of individual rights, rather than protecting only members of Parliament or consisting of simple laws that can be changed as easily as passed. For instance, it was the first declaration of rights to call for a free press.
Virginia's western counties cited the Declaration of Rights as a justification for rejecting the state's Ordinance of Secession before the American Civil War. The delegates to the Wheeling Convention argued that under the Declaration of Rights, any change in the form of government had to be approved by a referendum. Since the Secession Convention had not been convened by a referendum, the western counties argued that all of its acts were void. This set in motion the chain of events that ultimately led the western counties to break off as the separate state of West Virginia.
Quotations derived from the Declaration
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. —That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed" — United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common utility." — French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." (although the Virginia Declaration makes no reference to a "right to keep or bear arms") — Second Amendment to the United States Constitution (December 1791)
Notes
External links
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason's Draft, 20–26 May 1776)
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (Committee Draft, 27 May 1776)
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (Final Draft, 12 June 1776)
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (from the National Archives)
Shaping the Constitution: The Virginia Declaration of Rights, from the Library of Virginia and the Library of Congress
1776 in the United States
1776 in Virginia
American Enlightenment
George Mason
History of human rights
History of the Thirteen Colonies
United States Declaration of Independence
United States documents
Virginia in the American Revolution | [
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225551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20People%27s%20Party | German People's Party | The German People's Party (German: Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP) was a liberal party during the Weimar Republic that was the successor to the National Liberal Party of the German Empire. A right-liberal, or conservative-liberal political party, it represented political liberalism in Germany between 1918 and 1933 along with the left-liberal German Democratic Party (DDP).
The party's best known politician was its founding chairman and later Reich Chancellor and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann. With the exception of two short-lived cabinets in 1921 and 1922, the DVP was represented in all Weimar governments from 1920 to 1931.
History
Foundation
Following the end of World War I and the collapse of the German Empire, the party system in Germany remained largely in place. This was because the groups with common religion, social status, culture, etc. for the most part survived. In the political center, there were strong efforts in both the Progressive People's Party(FVP) and the National Liberal Party (NLP) to overcome the historical split between "democrats" (more left-liberal, as the FVP) and "liberals" (more to the right, as the NLP) and form a large middle class democratic party. Economist and banker Hjalmar Schacht, economist and sociologist Alfred Weber and journalist and editor Theodor Wolff were the driving forces.
At the beginning of the 1918 November Revolution that brought down the German Empire, party leaders Gustav Stresemann (National Liberals) and Otto Fischbeck (Progressive Liberals) also discussed such possibilities. Negotiations between the two parties began on November 15, 1918, and on the same day they agreed on a program that required significant concessions from the National Liberals, including a commitment to the Republic as the future form of government. On November 16, representatives of both parties issued an Appeal for the Formation of a German Democratic Party. For the first time it seemed possible to unite the middle class non-sectarian forces in Germany. When Stresemann asked Alfred Weber whether he could be admitted to the executive committee of the new party, the latter expressed reservations because during World War I had become known as an annexationist, i.e., someone who favored increasing Germany's power by annexing land either in Europe or as overseas colonies. Weber did not, however, object to collaboration with Stresemann or to his candidacy for the Weimar National Assembly.
Further negotiations on the merger on November 18 and 19 ultimately failed because the majority of National Liberal board members were not prepared to lose their political head and most gifted speaker. As a result, on November 20 Stresemann and three other leading National Liberals drew up an appeal for the formation of the German People's Party, which was founded provisionally on November 22, 1918, and permanently on December 15, 1918, by a resolution of the central executive committee of the former National Liberal Party. They stressed the importance of members viewing the action not as the foundation of a new party but rather as a reorganization of the old National Liberal Party. The executive committee's resolution was approved only narrowly, by a vote of 33 to 28. Between November 22 and December 15 there were additional attempts to reach an agreement with the new German Democratic Party (DDP) which had been formed out of the Progressive Liberal Party and the more left-leaning members of the National Liberal Party, but these failed. Stresemann remained party chairman of the DVP until his death in 1929.
Establishment and consolidation
Although the DVP initially rejected the Weimar Constitution, it participated in almost all Reich governments from 1920 to 1931. This was primarily due to Stresemann. Although he was at heart a monarchist, he recognized that a return to monarchy could only be achieved through a coup followed by civil war, a path he firmly rejected. At the party congress in Jena on April 13, 1919, he said: "We must not proceed from one bloodbath to another. (...) The path to domestic peace can only be on the basis of a republican form of government. That is why we are working for it."
Initially, this balancing act – cooperation in forming the new state despite rejection of the Republic – was successful. The People's Party criticized the Treaty of Versailles and the enormous burdens associated with it as well as the tax policy of Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger of the Centre Party, which especially affected the middle class. Unlike the nationalist-conservative German National People's Party (DNVP), it was not directed destructively against the Republic, but combined its criticisms with proposals for reform that stayed within to the system. During the 1920 Kapp Putsch, however, the party, like its chairman Stresemann, played a role that was less than friendly to the Republic. At first they openly tolerated the putsch, which attempted to overthrow the Republic and set up an autocratic state in its place, although they opposed the use of violence. Only when the failure of the putsch was obvious did they attempt to mediate between the putschists and the Reich government.
In the 1920 German federal election, the DVP was able to improve its percentage of the vote by almost ten points, to 13.9%. The Weimar coalition made up of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Centre Party and DDP lost the overwhelming majority it had from the 1919 election, falling from 78% to 56%. At the time of the election, the DVP had about 800,000 members.
In June 1920 the People's Party for the first time participated in a Reich government, the Fehrenbach cabinet. The SPD, the leading party in founding the Republic, had suffered significant losses in the election and withdrew into opposition even though it was still the strongest force in the Reichstag at 22% (down from 38%). Its previous coalition partners, the Catholic Centre Party and the left-liberal DDP, which had also lost a considerable number of votes to right-wing parties, formed a minority government with the DVP. The SPD decided to accept it on the condition that the DVP protect the Republic. There were three DVP members in the new cabinet: Rudolf Heinze as Justice Minister and Vice Chancellor, Ernst Scholz as Economics Minister, and Hans von Raumer as Treasury Minister. In May 1921 the DVP left the Reich government when the Fehrenbach cabinet fell, but in the Reichstag it supported on a case-by-case basis the government of the Centre Party politician Joseph Wirth, under whom the Weimar coalition had been revived. When the "Cabinet of the Economy" was formed under the nonpartisan Wilhelm Cuno in November 1922, the DVP again participated in the government, with Rudolf Heinze as Minister of Justice and Johann Becker Economics Minister.
The minority government – the parties represented in the government held only 172 of the 459 Reichstag seats – was from the outset under strong pressure from the right and the left, especially since the political situation – the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium in January 1923 and the hyperinflation which peaked in November 1923 – made it difficult for it to govern. After Cuno's government broke up under the strain of the Ruhr occupation, Stresemann and the DVP, together with the SPD, Centre Party and DDP, formed their first grand coalition on August 13, 1923. It was the only Reich government led by the German People's Party. This basic constellation of the four parties made up the majority of the governments during the short-lived republic. Although Stresemann was only able to lead the government for three months, since he also was voted out of office due to the Ruhr crisis, the first steps toward consolidating the Weimar Republic were taken during this short period. In spite of fierce attacks from the opposition DNVP, passive resistance to the Ruhr occupation was abandoned and the German inflation of 1914 to 1923 was fought in a sustained manner with the introduction of the Rentenmark on November 15, 1923.
Although the DVP was unable to maintain its 1920 results of 13.9% of the total votes, it received between 8.7 and 10.1 percent in the three Reichstag elections between 1924 and 1928. Despite Stresemann's
Brief time in office, the People's Party had become fully a part of the Weimar Republic and went on to be one of it mainstays. Stresemann was foreign minister in all subsequent cabinets until his death in October 1929. He made a sustained effort to end Germany's foreign policy isolation and to revise the Treaty of Versailles by peaceful means. His involvement was central to the realization of both the 1924 Dawes Plan, which resolved the issue of German payment of war reparations, and the Locarno Treaties of 1925 which contributed to the German Reich's admission to the League of Nations in 1926. Stresemann, along with his French counterpart Aristide Briand, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for their work on the Locarno Treaties.
While the initial cabinets the DVP was in were middle class cabinets in which, in addition to the DVP, the Centre, DDP and Bavarian People's Party, the DNVP was also sometimes represented, the People's Party also participated in the second cabinet of the Social Democrat Hermann Müller from 1928 to 1930. In foreign policy, the DVP was in favor of an understanding with the Western powers and thus of a typically republican foreign policy. After Stresemann's death in October 1929, Julius Curtius, the previous economics minister, succeeded him in the foreign office and took a more demanding stance. Stresemann's approach, which had been directed towards rapprochement, gave way, according to historian Andreas Rödder, to one of negotiation that nevertheless still pursued its goals peacefully.
C=Centre Party BVP=Bavarian People's Party WF=Economic Party KVP=Conservative People's Party
Downturn and end
Even in the early 1920s there was internal opposition to Stresemann, centered especially around the industrial magnate and DVP member Hugo Stinnes. It sought much closer cooperation with the DNVP but was initially unable to achieve it because of the close ties between the DVP and the Republic. In 1924 the former Reich Minister of Economics Johann Becker, together with other representatives of the right wing such as the entrepreneur Albert Vögler, left the DVP and founded the National Liberal Reich Party, which joined the DNVP in 1925. After Stresemann's death in October 1929, Ernst Scholz became party chairman, and the DVP tended more to the right. In Thuringia, for example, it participated in the Baum-Frick government, the first state government with Nazi Party (NSDAP) participation. Although the DVP was represented in Brüning's first cabinet, its downturn had begun. The Reichstag election of September 14, 1930 sent the DVP back to the low level of 1919, with just 4.5% of the votes and a loss of 15 seats. The moderate party leader Scholz, who was in poor health, had to resign, making way in November 1930 for Eduard Dingeldey. As a representative of the younger generation, he tried to mediate between the party's wings in order to make a political comeback with a united DVP.
The elections of 1932 showed that the DVP was unable to compete with the DNVP and the NSDAP when it came to the national consciousness they emphasized. It sank to insignificance, with just 1.2% of the vote and 7 seats in the Reichstag. It joined lists with the DNVP for the Reichstag elections in November, and it gained four seats. But many representatives of the liberal wing left the party, as did a large number of the members of the German National Association of Commercial Employees (Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband) who had chosen the DVP because of their dislike of Alfred Hugenberg of the DNVP.
In the spring of 1933 Otto Hugo, the deputy chairman of the DVP, demanded that the party be completely merged into the NSDAP, but Dingeldey refused. It was only after the National Socialists threatened him with personal consequences that he announced on July 4, 1933, the decision taken by the Reich Executive (Reichsvorstand) on June 27 to voluntarily disband the party.
Ideological foundations and program
The party was generally thought to represent the interests of German industrialists. Its platform stressed Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsidies and hostility to socialism (that is, the Communists and also the Social Democrats).
The liberal concept of the people which shaped political thinking in the DVP was fed off impulses from Romanticism and Idealism (see Bildungsbürgertum). Like the National Liberal Party of the German Empire, it saw itself primarily as a liberal rather than a democratic party. This was expressed in the fact that in its politics the freedom of the individual from state intervention was more important than the enforcement of majority decisions against the interests of individuals. Its concept of man was shaped by the view that the individual who justifies himself through self-acquired education and property knows better what is important for himself and thus for society as a sum of all its individuals than do the purely quantitative masses. On the other hand, it called on the intellectual and economic elites to have their actions measured against moral standards and to place themselves at the service of society out of a sense of responsibility for it.
Only from these principles can it be understood why the DVP, which as a supporter of an enlightened constitutional monarchy had rejected the Weimar Constitution, sided completely with the Republic after the failure of the Kapp Putsch. Stresemann made this clear in a speech on October 25, 1923, in which, as Reich Chancellor, he explained in the face of hyperinflation and the Ruhr struggle: "In the distress of the present, I call 'national' the man who, when the cart is in the mud, lends a hand to pull it out, but not the man who stands by and says, 'After all, it won't help, and you are not the right men to do it.'"
Members and representatives
The members and representatives of the DVP, who were primarily committed, principled scholars and civil servants, belonged to the middle and upper classes. They represented the wealthy educated middle class which had come together in the National Liberal Party during the Empire. After1922, there was a party-affiliated student association, the Reich Committee of University Groups of the German People's Party (Reichsausschuss der Hochschulgruppen der Deutschen Volkspartei), whose influence in the predominantly right-wing student body remained comparatively small.
Voter base and election results
The DVP had its voter base predominantly in large and mid-sized cities: in the 1920 Reichstag elections, for example, it won an average of 13.2% of the vote in cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, while it received only 7.2% of the vote in small communities with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants.
The DVP was also a predominantly Protestant party. In areas with a very high proportion of Roman Catholic voters, the DVP's share of the vote always fell far short of its Reich average. In contrast, the lower the proportion of Catholics, the greater the percentage of DVP votes.
The DVP's voter structure thus resembled that of the former National Liberal Party in its distribution by denomination and urban versus rural.
The DVP achieved the following results in the Reichstag elections:
Note: In the 1925 Reich presidential election, DVP candidate Karl Jarres received 38.8 percent on the first ballot, representing the DVP, DNVP, and Economic Party. In the second ballot, the DVP supported Paul von Hindenburg against the Centre representative Wilhelm Marx.
Support in the press
In contrast to the German Democratic Party, which was openly sponsored by the major liberal papers in Berlin (including the Vossische Zeitung (Voss's Newspaper) and Berliner Tageblatt), the DVP received support only from the Cologne Zeitung, the Magdeburg Zeitung, the Tägliche Rundschau from Berlin, and the Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (Königsberg General Newspaper). The other major parties of the Weimar Republic were also better positioned in terms of the media: The SPD had its own newspapers, the ideas of the Centre Party were promoted by the Catholic papers, and the DNVP had Hugenberg's opinion empire behind it.
Finances
Even though the DVP was considered the party of big industrial capital, it always struggled with financial problems. The DDP was able to rely primarily on Berlin and Hamburg businesses, especially in the early days of the Weimar Republic, while the DNVP was mainly supported by Rhenish-Westphalian heavy industry. Hugo Stinnes and Albert Vögler were the only two business barons who were on the side of the German People's Party. Stinnes' death and Vögler's resignation from the party, both in 1924, considerably reduced the DVP's base of donations. Smaller amounts were contributed by the Kali-Society and the companies of the Hansabund, an anti-monopolistic economic-political interest group led by the DVP politician Rießer.
Notable members
Wilhelm Bünger (1870–1937), Saxon Minister President and judge in the Reichstag Fire Trial
Julius Curtius (1877–1948), Reich Foreign Minister and Economics Minister
Rudolf Heinze (1865–1928), Reich Minister of Justice
Gerhard Graf von Kanitz (1885–1949), Reich Economic Minister
Katharina von Kardorff-Oheimb (1879–1962), Reichstag Deputy
Hans von Raumer (1870–1965), Reich Economic Minister
Karl Sack (1896–1945), Resistance fighter against National Socialism
Emil Georg von Stauß (1877–1942), Banker
Hugo Stinnes (1870–1924), Industrialist
Albert Vögler (1877–1945), Industrialist
Arthur Zarden (1885–1944), State Secretary
Involvement in founding parties in 1945
Politicians from the DVP participated in the founding of the German Party (DP), Free Democratic Party (FDP) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) after World War II.
See also
Contributions to liberal theory
Elections in the Free State of Prussia
Liberal democracy
Liberalism
Liberalism in Germany
Liberalism worldwide
List of liberal parties
Wilhelm Adam (member from 1926 to 1929)
References
Centre-right parties in Europe
Centrist parties in Germany
Conservative liberal parties
Conservative parties in Germany
Germany 1918
Defunct political parties in Germany
German nationalist political parties
Liberal conservative parties in Germany
Liberal parties in Germany
Monarchist parties in Germany
National liberal parties
Political parties in the Weimar Republic
Protestant political parties
Right-wing parties in Europe | [
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225554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn%20Sonata | Autumn Sonata | Autumn Sonata () is a 1978 drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, and starring Ingrid Bergman (in her final film role), Liv Ullmann and Lena Nyman. Its plot follows a celebrated classical pianist and her neglected daughter who meet for the first time in years, and chronicles their painful discussions of how they have hurt each other. It was the first and only collaboration by Ingrid Bergman and Ingmar Bergman.
Autumn Sonata was the last of Ingmar Bergman's films to be made for theatrical exhibition; all of his films made after it, even those screened in theatres, were television productions.
Plot
Eva (Liv Ullmann), wife of the village pastor, invites her mother Charlotte (Ingrid Bergman) for a visit to her village. She has not seen her for over seven years. Her mother is a world-renowned pianist, somewhat eccentric, aging, and has survived several husbands. Eva is not as talented as the mother (despite the fact that she has written two books and plays the piano passably). Eva's main concern is to be the mistress of her home, wife, mother, and loving sister. It is gradually learned through her dialogue with her mother that her life has had a large number of unfortunate setbacks: a husband Viktor (Halvar Björk) she respects, but does not really have affection for, their son Erik who drowned when only 4 years old, and Charlotte never appears to have loved Eva as a mother normally loves a daughter. As part of her day-to-day life, Eva takes care of her disabled and paralyzed sister Helena (Lena Nyman), whom she has taken out of the hospital into her own home. She appears to be the only person who can understand her sister's limited speech ability.
The presence of Helena in Eva's house is shocking to the aging mother. She makes a gift of her own wrist watch to Helena, and listens to Eva playing Prelude No. 2 in A minor by Chopin. She immediately re-performs the same prelude after Eva finishes in her own preferred interpretation of the music. Before going to bed, Charlotte decides to make a gift of her own car to her daughter. She plans to take a flight home, and buy a new car for herself, as a measure of her altruism. At night, Charlotte wakes up from a nightmare: it seems that Eva is choking her. She gets up, goes into the living room followed by Eva, who had heard her mother screaming from the nightmare.
Mother and daughter begin an impassioned rediscovery and clarification of their past relationship. Eva's husband overhears this unexpectedly heightened exchange, but wisely decides not to participate and interfere. Hearing this impassioned exchange, her disabled younger sister painfully forces herself out of her bed and starts crawling up to the stairs to where Eva and Charlotte are arguing. Upon reaching the landing she starts shouting, "Mama, come!"
In the morning Charlotte prepares for her departure. Eva goes to the grave of her departed son, and her husband ineffectively tries to soothe her ailing sister. Charlotte asks for a friend to escort her away by train. While speaking to her agent Paul on the train, she begins to question the unfortunate fate of her disabled and paralyzed daughter, asking the unanswerable question: "Why couldn't she die?" Her older daughter sends her mother a letter starting with: "I realize that I wronged you." The mother apparently reads the letter that concludes by leaving open the possibility of a future reconciliation, though the closing shot is of Viktor putting the letter in the envelope, leaving the possibility that he, or Eva, merely envisioned Charlotte reading the letter.
Cast
Production
Due to his battle with the Swedish tax authorities at the time, Ingmar Bergman produced Autumn Sonata through his West German company, Personafilm GmbH, with main financing from Lew Grade's British ITC Film, and shot the film in an old film studio outside Oslo in Norway. Although formally a German production (with the German title, Herbstsonate, being the official original title), the dialogue is in Swedish, most of the crew and actors were Swedish, and the world premiere was in Stockholm.
Peter Cowie in the notes to the Criterion DVD edition of the film summarizes the production, stating: "Shot in Norway, with British and American backing, and featuring Swedish dialogue, Autumn Sonata emerged from one of the darkest spells in Ingmar Bergman’s life. In 1976 he had gone into voluntary exile in Munich after being accused of evading tax on the income from certain films... Autumn Sonata... marks the swan song of Ingrid Bergman’s career, fulfilled her long-held desire to make a film with her namesake."
Soundtrack
The piano piece in the film is Frédéric Chopin's Prelude No. 2 in A minor played by Käbi Laretei, whose hands are shown whenever Ingrid Bergman is depicted playing the piano.
Reception
In the Chicago Reader, Dave Kehr opined that Autumn Sonata "makes good chamber music: it's a crafted miniature with Bergman's usual bombast built, for once, into the plot requirements." Conversely, Gary Arnold of The Washington Post felt that its story was "a dubious variation on familiar neurotic themes" in Bergman's work, but also wrote that "one can be impressed by Bergman's instrumentalists while rejecting his composition. ... Autumn Sonata enjoys instant status as an acting showcase." Film critic Roger Ebert ranked the film at No. 5 in his list of 10 Best Films of 1978.
Retrospective evaluation is favorable. In 2002, Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club wrote, "When it was released in 1978, Ingmar Bergman's Autumn Sonata received positive to indifferent reviews, written off by many as a minor work from a great director. ... With the burden of high expectations lifted, Autumn Sonata can finally be seen as an austerely beautiful meditation on death and the not-always-realized possibility of reconciliation across generations." The film currently has an 86% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 28 reviews.
Accolades
Remakes and stage adaptations
Tehzeeb (2003) is a Hindi film inspired by Autumn Sonata.
In September 2008 a theatrical version entitled Sonata de otoño was performed in Madrid.
A stage adaptation was performed at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm in 2009 with Marie Göranzon and Maria Bonnevie.
In April 2011, a new theatrical adaptation of Autumn Sonata, based on Bergman's original screenplay, had its World Premiere at the Yale Repertory Theatre in New Haven, CT, directed by Robert Woodruff.
In 2017, a Swedish-language opera, Höstsonaten, was premièred at the Finnish National Opera. The music is composed by Sebastian Fagerlund and the libretto by is based upon Bergman's screenplay.
Notes
References
External links
1978 films
1978 drama films
Best Foreign Language Film Golden Globe winners
Films about abortion
Films about classical music and musicians
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about parenting
Films about widowhood
Films adapted into operas
Films directed by Ingmar Bergman
Films set in Sweden
Films shot in Norway
Films with screenplays by Ingmar Bergman
ITC Entertainment films
Swedish films
1970s Swedish-language films
Mother and daughter films | [
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225556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Democratic%20Party | German Democratic Party | The German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, or DDP) was a left-wing liberal party in the Weimar Republic. Along with the German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, or DVP), it represented political liberalism in Germany between 1918 and 1933. It was formed in 1918 from the Progressive People's Party and the liberal wing of the National Liberal Party.
After the formation of the first German state to be constituted along pluralist-democratic lines, the DDP took part as a member of varying coalitions in almost all Weimar Republic cabinets from 1919 to 1932. Before the Reichstag elections of 1930, it united with the People’s National Reich Association (Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung), which was part of the nationalist and anti-Semitic Young German Order (Jungdeutscher Orden). From that point the party called itself the German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei, or DStP) and retained the name even after the Reich Association left the party. Because of the connection to the Reich Association, members of the left wing of the DDP broke away from the party and toward the end of the Republic founded the Radical Democratic Party, which was unsuccessful in parliament. Others joined the Socialist Party of Germany (SPD).
After the National Socialists took power, the German State Party was dissolved on June 28, 1933 as part of the process of ‘Gleichschaltung’ (co-ordination) by means of which the Nazis established totalitarian control over German society.
History
Weimar Republic
Emergence of the DDP
On November 16, 1918, one week after the November Revolution that brought down the monarchy after Germany’s defeat in World War I, an appeal for the founding of a new democratic party, written by the editor-in-chief of the Berliner Tageblatt Theodor Wolff and signed by 60 well-known people, appeared in the morning edition of the paper under the headline ‘The Great Democratic Party’. An almost identical statement was published at the same time by the Vossische Zeitung (Voss’s Newspaper). Four days later members of the Progressive People's Party which, with Friedrich von Payer as vice-chancellor, had participated in the last two governments of the German Empire in 1917/18, and the liberal wing of the National Liberal Party joined with Wolff, sociologist Max Weber, economist Alfred Weber, lawyer Hugo Preuß and others to found the German Democratic Party (DDP).
In 1910 the left-liberal Progressive People's Party had emerged from the Free-minded People’s Party (Freisinnige Volkspartei), the Free-minded Union (Freisinnige Vereinigung) and the German People’s Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, or DtVP) of the German Empire (not to be confused with the German People’s Party (DVP) of the Weimar Republic). It was this new party and the comparatively small left wing of the former National Liberal Party of the Empire that under Wolff and his associates merged to form the new German Democratic Party in 1918. The DDP united those holding democratic and liberal ideals and common positions on national and social issues, but distanced itself from the wartime annexation policy of the former National Liberals of the Empire. The main representative of that point of view, Gustav Stresemann, who at the time still saw himself as a monarchist, went on to found a party that was somewhat more hostile to the republic, the German People's Party (DVP).
No other party identified itself as unreservedly with the parliamentary democracy of the Weimar Republic as the DDP; no other party professed individual freedom and social responsibility so unequivocally. The crucial framers of the Weimar constitution came from the ranks of the DDP. Hugo Preuß authored the draft version of the constitution that was passed by the Weimar National Assembly; Max Weber served as advisor to the drafting committee; Conrad Haußmann was vice president and chairman of the Constitutional Committee of the National Assembly; and Friedrich Naumann, a member of the Weimar National Assembly and considered one of the ‘Fathers of the Constitution’, was elected DDP chairman at the First Party Congress in July 1919.
The party strove for a unified federal state and demanded - like almost all other parties - a revision of the Treaty of Versailles that had imposed harsh terms on Germany after its defeat in World War I. The DDP supported the League of Nations as an institution for the peaceful reconciliation of interests between states. In social policy, the party was close to the reform efforts of the Hirsch-Duncker Trade Associations whose aim was to implement social reform through cooperation between employees and employers, following the example of the English trade unions. The DDP also sought a balance between the social and economic policy ideas of labor and the middle classes through cooperation with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The DDP supported the principle of private enterprise but also called for the possibility of state intervention. Because of its clear commitment to liberalism and the parliamentary system, the DDP was the target of constant attacks from the ranks of the nationalist and conservative German National People’s Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP) and the German Ethnic Freedom Party (Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei, or DVFP).
The program of the DDP was a synthesis of liberal and social ideas. In the pre-war period, such a fusion had been attempted by Friedrich Naumann, who became the party's first chairman. He was a Protestant theologian and came from the Christian social movement. Supporters and members of the party were recruited primarily from the liberal professions, teachers, and university lecturers, i.e., from the educated middle classes. It was also supported by executives and civil servants, industrialists mainly from the chemical and electrical industries and liberal Jews. More Jews voted for the DDP than for any other party. It was therefore dubbed the "party of Jews and professors".
In addition to Naumann, prominent members of the DDP included Hugo Preuß (the ‘father’ of the Weimar Constitution), the foreign minister Walther Rathenau, the journalists Georg Bernhard of the Vossische Zeitung and Theodor Wolff, the later first President of West Germany Theodor Heuss, interior minister Wilhelm Külz, philosopher Ernst Cassirer, Ludwig Quidde who was awarded the 1927 Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to Franco-German reconciliation, pacifist Hellmut von Gerlach, Reich Minister of the Interior and later of Justice Erich Koch-Weser, longtime Hamburg mayor Carl Wilhelm Petersen, the future first minister-president of Baden-Württemberg Reinhold Maier, the future first minister-president of Saxony-Anhalt Erhard Hübener (the only non-communist minister-president in Germany's Soviet occupation zone), the future Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht (who left the party in 1926 and eventually helped Adolf Hitler to power), the writer and pacifist Harry Graf Kessler, and for a short time the sociologist Max Weber. Physicist Albert Einstein co-signed the DDP’s founding document but was not an active party member. The DDP provided a home for politically active women in the Weimar Republic. Examples, all backers of women’s rights, include Gertrud Bäumer, Helene Lange, Adelheid Steinmann, Marianne Weber and Marie-Elisabeth Lüders who in the 1950s was named ‘Alterspräsidentin’ of the West German Bundestag, an honorific given to the oldest or longest-serving member.
Along with the SPD, the DDP was one of the staunchest supporters of the Weimar Republic. Party strongholds were found in Berlin, Potsdam, Schleswig-Holstein, Württemberg, the Weser-Ems area, and especially in Hamburg, where the 1919 to 1924 party leader Carl Wilhelm Petersen was First Mayor and head of government.
In the first nationwide elections to the National Assembly of the still young republic, the DDP received 18 percent of the vote and in 1919/1920 formed the Weimar Coalition with the SPD and the Center Party as the first government of the Weimar Republic. While the party counted around 800,000 members one year after its founding, by 1927 its membership had dropped to 117,000. In spite its steadily dwindling size, the DDP played an important political role in the early years of the Republic. For one, its position between the SPD and the Center Party helped stabilize the Weimar Coalition nationwide and especially in Prussia. Wilhelm Abegg, for example, the state secretary in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, reorganized and modernized the Prussian police. In addition, members of the DDP formed an important reservoir of personnel for high positions in public administration. No other party was able to provide to a similar extent civil servants who both possessed the professional training and were loyal to the democratic system of the Weimar Republic, something that was not the case with the mostly monarchist and anti-democratic civil servants inherited from the monarchy.
Decline during the 1920s
Already by 1920 the DDP had lost votes, in large measure to the German People's Party, German National People’s Party, and to parties focused on single issues. This was due to disagreements within the DDP over how to deal with the Versailles Peace Treaty, of which some deputies approved. The loss of votes was accompanied by a simultaneous loss of members, finances and journalistic support. Important newspapers such as the Vossische Zeitung and the Frankfurter Zeitung held views that were close to those of the DDP, but the party was never able to establish an important party paper of its own such as the SPD’s Vorwärts or later the Nazi Party’s Völkischer Beobachter. The prejudice that the DDP was the ‘party of big capital’ held credence among part of the public, a prejudice that was factually false and charged with anti-Semitism. In later years, the Nazi Party exploited this by defaming the DDP as ‘the Jewish party’.
Another reason for the decline was their program of ‘social capitalism’ in which workers and owners mutually recognized "duty, right, performance and profit" and solidarity was to prevail between employees, workers and owners. This visionary idea was out of touch with the reality of rising unemployment and economic difficulties under the pressure of the Treaty of Versailles.
Renaming to the German State Party
In July 1930 the DDP united with the People’s National Reich Association (Volksnationale Reichsvereinigung, or VNR) to form the German State Party, initially for the upcoming Reichstag elections. This brought fierce conflicts within the party, as the VNR was the political arm of Artur Mahraun's conservative and anti-Semitic Young German Order (Jungdeutscher Orden). After the merger many members of the left wing, including Ludwig Quidde and Hellmut von Gerlach, left the party and in 1930 founded the Radical Democratic Party, which was largely unsuccessful politically. The Young German Orden broke away from the DDP immediately after the Reichstag elections, but the DDP nevertheless formally renamed itself the German State Party (DStP) in November 1930.
Until 1932 the DStP participated in the majority of Reich governments, but in the elections of that year it received only about one percent of the vote and sank to insignificance. In the March 5, 1933 elections, after Adolf Hitler had been named Chancellor, the DStP obtained its five seats in the Reichstag with the help of a combined list with the SPD. The five DStP deputies, as opposed to the SPD, voted for the Nazi-sponsored Enabling Act, which effectively disempowered the Reichstag. Their "yes" to the Enabling Act was justified by the deputy Reinhold Maier. The final sentence of his speech read: "In the interest of the people and the Fatherland and in the expectation of lawful developments, we will put aside our serious misgivings and agree to the Enabling Act."
Development after the Nazi seizure of power
Self-dissolution in 1933
Since the mandates of the DtSP’s Reichstag deputies had been won by means of nominations from the Social Democratic Party, they expired in July 1933, based on a provision of the Gleichschaltung Law of March 31, 1933. The self-dissolution of the DStP, forced by the National Socialists, took place on June 28, 1933. The law against the formation of new parties enacted on July 14 codified the existence of a single party in the Nazi state, the NSDAP, and any activity on behalf of other parties was made a punishable offense.
Resistance to National Socialism
Individual members of the DStP participated in the resistance to National Socialism. The only left-liberal resistance group, the Robinsohn-Strassmann group, consisted mainly of former DDP/DStP members. A middle-class resistance circle with about sixty members was the Sperr Circle in Bavaria. It consisted of the diplomat Franz Sperr as well as the former Weimar Reich ministers and DDP members Otto Geßler and Eduard Hamm. Many former members of the DDP and Radical Democratic Party also found themselves forced into exile either because of their stance against the regime or their pacifist attitudes, among them Ludwig Quidde and Wilhelm Abegg. Others were murdered by the National Socialists, including Fritz Elsas.
DDP politicians after World War II
After World War II former members of the DDP were instrumental in founding both the West German Free Democratic Party (FDP) – for example Theodor Heuss, Thomas Dehler and Reinhold Maier – and the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) – including Wilhelm Külz, Eugen Schiffer and Waldemar Koch – while others such as Ernst Lemmer, Ferdinand Friedensburg and August Bach went to the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), or the Social Democratic Party (SPD), including Erich Lüth. Otto Nuschke became leader of the East German CDU.
The youth organization Young Democrats (Jungdemokraten) , which had been close to the DDP, continued to exist until 2018.
Election results
Party chairmen of the DDP and DStP
Noted members of the DDP and DStP
Gertrud Bäumer (1873–1954), women's rights activist
Thomas Dehler (1897–1967), lawyer
Bernhard Dernburg (1865–1937), banker
Hermann Dietrich (1879–1954), Reich Minister of Agriculture and Finance, Vice Chancellor and party chairman
Hellmut von Gerlach (1866–1935), publisher
Otto Geßler (1875–1955), Reich Minister of Defense
Adolf Grimme (1889–1963), cultural politician
Willy Hellpach (1877–1955), psychologist
Theodor Heuss (1884–1963), journalist and university lecturer
Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881–1952), social reformer
Harry Graf Kessler (1868–1937), art collector and diplomat
Erich Koch-Weser (1875–1944), party chairman
Wilhelm Külz (1875–1948), Reich Minister of the Interior and Lord Mayor of Dresden
Helene Lange (1848–1930), women's rights activist
Ernst Lemmer (1898–1970), trade union leader
Marie-Elisabeth Lüders (1878–1966), women's rights activist
Thomas Mann (1875–1955), writer
Reinhold Maier (1889–1971), lawyer
Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954), historian
Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919), party leader and publisher
Otto Nuschke (1883–1957), journalist
Friedrich von Payer (1847–1931), parliamentary group chairman
Carl Wilhelm Petersen (1868–1933), party chairman
Hugo Preuß (1860–1925), constitutional lawyer and Reich Minister of the Interior
Ludwig Quidde (1858–1941), historian, publisher and pacifist
Walther Rathenau (1867–1922), industrialist and Reich Foreign Minister
Hjalmar Schacht (1877–1970), Reichsbank president
Gerhart von Schulze-Gaevernitz (1864–1943), national economist
Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936), diplomat
Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923), theologian
Alfred Weber (1868–1958), national economist and sociologist
Max Weber (1864–1920), sociologist and national economist
Eberhard Wildermuth (1890–1952), director of the German Construction and Land Bank
Theodor Wolff (1868–1943), journalist
Pictures
See also
Liberalism in Germany
Democratic Party of Germany
Liberalism
List of liberal parties
National League of German Democratic Youth Clubs, youth wing of the party
Weimar Republic
References
Further reading
1918 establishments in Germany
Centrist parties in Germany
Classical liberal parties
Germany 1918
Defunct political parties in Germany
Liberal parties in Germany
Political parties established in 1918
Political parties disestablished in 1930
Political parties in the Weimar Republic
Progressivism in Germany
Radical parties
Social liberal parties | [
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225558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same%20Time%2C%20Next%20Year%20%28play%29 | Same Time, Next Year (play) | Same Time, Next Year is a 1975 romantic comedy play by Bernard Slade. The plot focuses on two people, married to others, who meet for a romantic tryst once a year for two dozen years.
Plot
New Jersey accountant George Peters and Oakland housewife Doris meet at a Northern California inn in February 1951. They have an affair, and agree to meet once a year, despite the fact both are married to others and have six children between them.
Over the course of the next 24 years, they develop an emotional intimacy deeper than what one would expect to find between two people meeting for a clandestine relationship just once a year. During the time they spend with each other, they discuss the births, deaths, and marital problems each is experiencing at home, while they adapt themselves to the social changes affecting their lives.
Productions
The Broadway production opened on March 14, 1975, at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre with Ellen Burstyn as Doris and Charles Grodin as George and direction by Gene Saks. It transferred to the Ambassador Theatre on May 16, 1978 and remained there until it closed on September 3 the same year. It played a total of 1,453 performances during its run.
Burstyn and Grodin both gave their last performances on October 18, 1975. They were succeeded by Joyce Van Patten and Conrad Janis, who lasted through Nov. 29, 1975, before headlining the show's first national tour, which lasted from December 2, 1975 through May 8, 1976. Next up were Loretta Swit and Ted Bessell, who began their run on December 2, 1975. While Swit's last performance was on June 19, 1976, Bessell continued with the play until March 6, 1977. His next leading lady was Sandy Dennis, who began her run on June 21, 1976 and lasted until May 29, 1977. By the time Dennis' run was complete, she was acting opposite Don Murray, who joined the play on March 8, 1977, and lasted until January 1, 1978. Following Dennis was Hope Lange, whose run spanned May 31 to October 22, 1977. After Lange came Betsy Palmer, who played Doris from October 24, 1977 until the September 3, 1978 closing date. In addition to Murray, Palmer acted opposite Monte Markham from January 3 to July 6, 1978, and Charles Kimbrough from July 7 to September 3, 1978.
A second national tour, spanning August 3, 1976 through January 28, 1978, and including a six-month engagement in Chicago, starred Barbara Rush and Tom Troupe. A Los Angeles production from April 12, 1977 to July 2, 1977 was first headlined by Carol Burnett and Dick Van Dyke, then Diahann Carroll and Cleavon Little. Finally, a bus and truck tour from January 13, 1978 to April 22, 1978 starred Kathryn Crosby and Tony Russel.
The original London production opened in 1976, starring Michael Crawford and Frances Cuka at the Prince of Wales Theatre.
Reception
The New York Times critic Clive Barnes wrote: "Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Get tickets for Same Time, Next Year... It is the funniest comedy about love and adultery to come Broadway's way in years."
Author Bernard Slade was surprised by the play's international popularity. "I felt I was writing a fantasy. Then I started to get letters from people that had had this sort of relationship....The curious thing is how successful it was in other countries. I saw the French production, the Spanish production. In France--where how excited could they get about an extramarital affair?--the only thing they didn't quite understand were the psychiatric references."
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Film adaptations
A 1978 film adaptation directed by Robert Mulligan starred Ellen Burstyn and Alan Alda. The play also served as the basis for I Will Wait for You, a 1994 film directed by Hong Kong filmmaker Clifton Ko.
It also served as a basis for the German TV drama Jedes Jahr im Juni.
Sequel
A two-act sequel, Same Time, Another Year, was first produced in 1996 at the Pasadena Playhouse, directed by the author and starring Nancy Dussault and Tom Troupe. It opens on the couple's 25th anniversary in 1976 and continues through their February anniversaries of 1980, 1981, 1986, 1992, and 1993. Variety'''s review stated, "Through illnesses, career successes and setbacks, second marriages, second families, divorces and grandchildren, Doris and George meet each year to renew their affair, which itself seems forever changing and dynamic." As for the production Variety'' wrote, "a few wonderful comedic moments and some memorable one-liners, but this production is generally flat, overlong and never manages to soar as high as the original."
Further reading
References
External links
1975 plays
Broadway plays
Comedy plays
Drama Desk Award-winning plays
American plays adapted into films
Plays by Bernard Slade
Two-handers
Adultery in plays | [
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225560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubuai | Tubuai | Tubuai or Tupuai is the main island of the Austral Island group, located south of Tahiti. In addition to Tubuai, the group of islands include Rimatara, Rurutu, Raivavae, Rapa and the uninhabited Îles Maria. They are part of the Austral Islands in the far southwest of French Polynesia in the south Pacific Ocean. Tubuai island sustains a population of 2,217 people on 45 km2 of land. Due to its southerly position, Tubuai has notably cooler weather than Tahiti.
The island is ringed by a lagoon formed by an encircling coral reef. A break in the reef that enables passage for ships is located on the north side of the island. Tubuai has two lava domes, with its highest point, Mt Taita'a, being 422 meters. Six or seven islets or motus lie along the reef rim that encircles the island. These were described in the late 1700s as having an abundance of toa trees (Casuarina equisetifolia), which the indigenous peoples used in house building and to make war clubs and spears due to the wood's density.
The people of Tubuai once spoke the Austral language but it has been replaced by the closely related Tahitian language.
History
Early Polynesia
The island has been inhabited for more than 2000 years. In the ancient past a road was built that encircled the island. There exists on the island today the stone ruins of a “great number of structures, house platforms, marae complexes, and cemeteries...” According to David Stanley's South Pacific Handbook:
"The Austral islands were one of the great art areas of the Pacific, represented today in many museums. The best-known artifacts are tall sharkskin drums, wooden bowls, fly-whisks, and tapa cloth."
Arrival of Bounty mutineers
Tubuai was first viewed by Europeans when it was mapped by James Cook in 1777, although his party did not disembark. Cook discovered the island's name, "Toobouai", from the natives who surrounded his ship in their canoes; a Tahitian named Omai, who was part of Cook's group, translated.
The next Europeans to arrive were the mutineers of HMS Bounty in 1789. Mutineer Fletcher Christian, in looking for an island on which to permanently hide, had "scoured" William Bligh's maps and nautical charts and decided on Tubuai.
Upon arrival at Tubuai, a conflict arose while the mutineers were still on their ship and several islanders were killed in their canoes. The site of this event in the lagoon on the north side of the island is called Baie Sanglant "Bloody Bay".
Mutineer James Morrison wrote: "The Island is full of Inhabitants for its size and may Contain 3000 souls." After only ten days on the island, the mutineers sailed for Tahiti to get women and livestock in which they were only nominally successful. When they returned to Tubuai, they built a fort on the northeast part of the island at Ta'ahueia, manned with cannon and swivel gun which they named Fort George. The mutineer leader, Fletcher Christian, knew that settling on Tahiti was sure to mean the mutineers' eventual discovery and arrest, so despite being viewed as intruders, Christian was reluctant to view permanent settlement on Tubuai as unfeasible. Christian favoured using diplomacy over time to eventually obtain wives, but many of the other mutineers insisted on raiding parties to take wives by force.
The islanders of Tubuai did not want to allow their women to stay at the mutineer camp or to allow them to become wives. They also were not disposed to trade food. It was not long before armed parties of mutineers started burning houses and desecrating marae during skirmishes to obtain women. More battles ensued and more natives were killed. One mutineer, the heavily tattooed Thomas Burkett (who was later tried and hanged in England for mutiny), was speared in the side by one of the islanders during one of the skirmishes.
After only two months since their first arrival on Tubuai, the mutineers left for good.
1800s
Increased contact with Europeans also meant more exposure to diseases to which the islanders had no immunity. This proved particularly devastating to the population of Tubuai. At some point during the 30 years from when the mutineers left the island on September 17, 1789, and the early 1820s when accounts by Christian missionaries began to be recorded, the population that was estimated by the mutineer Morrison to be 3000 was now reduced to no more than 300 people. One Protestant minister when visiting a congregation on Tubuai on January 3, 1824, wrote that several islanders were still suffering from a devastating illness. He described the symptoms and noted that several hundred had died within the previous four years.
Geography
Tupua'i is located just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The island is at the centre of the Austral Islands, located 195 km from Ra'ivāvae, 210 km from Rurutu, 700 km from Rapa Iti and 640 km south of Tahiti.
It consists of two former sets of volcanic peaks on Mount Taita'a () which are separated by the collar of Huahine (). Its area is , surrounded by a large lagoon, the largest of the Austral Islands.
The coral reef that surrounds it in effect creates a lagoon of , an area almost double that of the island. It sometimes reaches wide. Its depth is low, leading to a characteristic colour of turquoise or jade. For a large part, its depth is around . However, it can reach up to in some parts of the south-east. The waters are constantly replenished via a rather strong and fairly constant ocean current, contributing to the preservation of the lagoon habitat and the health of the coral in the reef. The generally cooler waters and until recently very low pollution have also helped sustain this environment.
Many small streams run through the island, though they often empty into swamps rather than the sea. These swamps represent a fairly large portion of the island. Only the river Vaiohuru has any real flow.
Eight offshore motu surround the main island (with an additional 0.4 km2):
Motu One (also known as îlot de sable (Sandly Islet) in the North)
Motu Rautaro
Motu Toena
Motu Roa (also called Motu Tāpapatava'e)
Motu Mitihā (originally Motiha'a)
Motu 'Ōfa'i (also called îlot caillou (Rock Island))
'Iri'iriroa
Îlot plat (Flat Island)
The islets above are listed in clockwise direction from the north of the island. The last two islands are often submerged and hence not visible.
The motu 'Ōfa'i is itself the only island that has not formed through coral because it is composed of basalt, hence its name. It is also the only outcrop of volcanic land other than the main island.
Climate
The climate of Tubuai is cooler than Tahiti, with temperatures averaging . The climate is rather temperate although it can be quite tropical for a large part of the year. The lowest temperature measured on the island was on 31 August 1951. The highest was on 25 March 1980. The lagoon waters typically reach in summer but only drop a few degrees in winter.
The rainfall is about 2000 mm per year with about 1700 mm per year for the years 2006 and 2007. The highest recorded rainfall 2839 mm in 1962 and the lowest was 1186 mm 1952. The record for rainfall in a day is in turn 191 mm on 23 April 1942.
Hours of sunlight is about average for the Australs and is around 1970 hours per year, one of the lowest levels in Polynesia. The humidity is lower in contrast to Tahiti in the order of a few percent, mainly due to its higher latitude and its lower altitude (thus retaining fewer clouds).
The trade winds coming from southeast are the prevailing winds. Those coming from the North or Northwest are synonymous with a change towards more sunny days. The maximum recorded wind speeds, however, never exceeded 45 m/s.
The island has also been the scene of several cyclones, though they are not very frequent and are often weakened before reaching landfall (as with Cyclone Meena in 2004). However, much bigger cyclones occasionally hit the island. As such, on 5 February 2010, Tupua'i found itself in the path of Cyclone Oli with winds averaging 160 km/h (gusting nearly 220 km/h).
Average weather records on Tupua'i:
Demographics
Since the 1990s, the island's population has stabilised to approximately 2000 inhabitants.
Evolution of the population of Tupua'i since its discovery:
Administration
Tubuai is the administrative capital of the Austral Islands, and the commune consists solely of this one island, including the six or seven motus surrounding it. Tubuai was annexed by France in 1881. The commune itself consists of the following associated communes:
Mahu
Mataura
Taahuaia
See also
Flora of Tubuai
List of French islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans
Notes and references
External links
Natural and cultural heritage of Tubuai on Tahiti Heritage with Google maps
Islands of the Austral Islands
Communes of French Polynesia | [
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225561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Clayburgh | Jill Clayburgh | Jill Clayburgh (April 30, 1944 – November 5, 2010) was an American actress known for her work in theater, television, and cinema. She received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her breakthrough role in Paul Mazursky's comedy-drama An Unmarried Woman (1978). She also received a second consecutive Academy Award nomination for Starting Over (1979) as well as four Golden Globe nominations for her film performances.
Early life
Clayburgh was born in New York City, the daughter of Julia Louise (née Dorr), an actress and theatrical production secretary for producer David Merrick, and Albert Henry "Bill" Clayburgh, a manufacturing executive. Her paternal grandmother was concert and opera singer Alma Lachenbruch Clayburgh. Her brother, Jim Clayburgh, is a scenic designer.
Her mother was Protestant and her father was Jewish, though she reportedly never talked about her religious background and was raised in no faith. Clayburgh never got along with her parents and began therapy at an early age: "I was very rebellious as a teenager, aside from having an unhappy, neurotic childhood. But I just can't go into it. I think I had a lot of energy and undirected need so I just kind of rebelled in a general fashion. I got myself in terrible, very personal trouble. Therapy has helped me a lot in my life."
As a child, Clayburgh was inspired to become an actor when she saw Jean Arthur as Peter Pan on Broadway in 1950. She was raised on Manhattan's Upper East Side, where she attended the all-girls Brearley School. She then attended Sarah Lawrence College, where she studied religion, philosophy and literature, but ultimately decided to be an actress. She received her acting training at HB Studio.
Career
Early career
Clayburgh began acting as a student in summer stock and, after graduating, joined the Charles Street Repertory Theater in Boston, where she met another up-and-coming actor and future Academy Award-winning star, Al Pacino, in 1967. They met after starring in Jean-Claude Van Itallie's play America, Hurrah. They had a five-year romance and moved back together to New York City.
In 1968, Clayburgh debuted off-Broadway in the double bill of Israel Horovitz's The Indian Wants the Bronx and It's Called the Sugar Plum, also starring Pacino. Clayburgh and Pacino were cast in "Deadly Circle of Violence", an episode of the ABC television series NYPD, premiering November 12, 1968. Clayburgh at the time was also appearing on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, playing the role of Grace Bolton. Her father would send the couple money each month to help with finances.
She eventually made her Broadway debut in 1968 in The Sudden and Accidental Re-Education of Horse Johnson, co-starring Jack Klugman, which ran for 5 performances. In 1969, she starred in an off-Broadway production of the Henry Bloomstein play Calling in Crazy, at the Andy Warhol-owned Fortune theatre. She was in a TV pilot that did not sell, The Choice (1969) and appeared off Broadway in The Nest (1970).
In 1969, Clayburgh made her screen debut in The Wedding Party, written and directed by Brian De Palma. The Wedding Party was filmed in 1963 (during which Clayburgh was at Sarah Lawrence) but not released until six years later. The film focuses on a soon-to-be groom and his interactions with various relatives of his fiancée and members of the wedding party; Clayburgh played the bride-to-be. Her co-stars included Robert De Niro, in one of his early film roles, and Jennifer Salt. In his review from The New York Times, Howard Thompson wrote, "As the harassed engaged couple, two newcomers, Charles Pfluger and Jill Clayburgh, are as appealing as they can be."
Broadway success
Clayburgh attracted attention when she appeared in the Broadway musical The Rothschilds (1970–72) which ran for 502 performances. She then went on to play Desdemona opposite James Earl Jones in the 1971 production of Othello in Los Angeles, and had another Broadway success with Pippin (1972–75), which ran for 1,944 performances. Clive Barnes of The New York Times found Clayburgh to be "all sweet connivance as the widow out to get her man."
During this time, Clayburgh had a string of brief character parts in film and television. Some of these include a small role in The Telephone Book (1971) and Portnoy's Complaint (1972), Tiger on a Chain (1973), Shock-a-bye, Baby (1973) and 1974's The Terminal Man, opposite George Segal.
After guest-starring on an episode of The Snoop Sisters, Clayburgh played Ryan O'Neal's ex-wife in The Thief Who Came to Dinner (1973) and starred in a TV pilot that was not picked up, Going Places (1973). She also guest starred on Medical Center, Maude, and The Rockford Files. She hosted Saturday Night Live on February 28, 1976 (Season 1, Episode 15) with musical guest, Leon Redbone. She later returned to Broadway for Tom Stoppard's Jumpers, which ran for 48 performances. Despite her success on Broadway, it was film acting that really excited Clayburgh: "One of the things I like about the movies is the adventure of it," she said. "I like going to different places and I like doing a different scene every day."
Clayburgh was praised for her performances in the TV movies Hustling (1975), in which she played a prostitute, and The Art of Crime (1975). Hustling was a departure for her: "Before I did Hustling I was always cast as a nice wife. I wasn't very good at it. Then with Hustling, it was a nice role and it was a departure. People saw a different dimension." Her performance in the TV film eventually earned her an Emmy nomination; she later said it revitalised her career. "It changed my career,” Clayburgh said. “It was a part that I did well, and suddenly people wanted me. Sidney Furie saw me, and wanted me for Gable and Lombard."
An Unmarried Woman and film stardom
Clayburgh was cast as Carole Lombard in the 1976 biopic Gable and Lombard with James Brolin as Clark Gable. Variety called it a film with many major assets, not the least of which is the stunning and smashing performance of Clayburgh as Carole Lombard" and Time Out London felt she "produced a very modern version of the Lombard larkishness." Vincent Canby of The New York Times suggested that her performance "comes off better" than Brolin's Gable, as "she appears to be creating a character whenever the fearfully bad screenplay allows it." Despite this, he felt both actors were miscast as the famous couple, writing further, "Miss Clayburgh could be an interesting actress, but there are always problems when small performers try to portray the kind of giant legends that Gable and Lombard were. Because both Gable and Lombard are still very much alive in their films on television and in repertory theaters, there is difficulty in responding to Mr. Brolin and Miss Clayburgh in any serious way."
She starred in the acclaimed TV movie Griffin and Phoenix (1976) co-starring with Peter Falk. It tells the story of two ill-fated middle-aged characters who both face a terminal cancer diagnosis and have months left to live. Notably, Clayburgh developed the same type of cancer her character had in this film, succumbing to it in 2010. Also in 1976, she had her first big box office success playing the love interest of Gene Wilder's character in the comedy-mystery Silver Streak, also starring Richard Pryor. Critics felt Clayburgh had little to do in Silver Streak, and The New York Times called her "an actress of too much intelligence to be able to fake identification with a role that is essentially that of a liberated ingenue."
In 1977, she had another hit with Semi-Tough, a comedy set in the world of American professional football, which also starred Burt Reynolds and Kris Kristofferson. Clayburgh played Barbara Jane Bookman, who has a subtle love triangle relationship with both Reynolds and Kristofferson's characters. Vincent Canby liked her performance, writing, "Miss Clayburgh, who's been asked to play zany heroines in Gable and Lombard and Silver Streak by people who failed to provide her with material, has much better luck this time. She's charming," and The Washington Post enjoyed her chemistry with Reynolds: "Reynolds and Clayburgh look wonderful together. They seem to harmonize in a way that would only be more apparent - and make their eventual recognition of being in love seem more appropriate." Both Semi-Tough and Silver Streak earned her a reputation "as a popular modern stylist of screwball comedy" and The Guardian noted how Clayburgh "had the kind of warmth and witty sophistication barely seen in Hollywood since Carole Lombard and Jean Arthur".
Clayburgh's breakthrough came in 1978 when she received the first of her two Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for Paul Mazursky's An Unmarried Woman. In what would be her career-defining role, Clayburgh was cast as Erica, the courageous abandoned wife who struggles with her new 'single' identity after her stockbroker husband leaves her for a younger woman. Upon release, An Unmarried Woman drew praise and was popular at the box office, briefly making Clayburgh, at 34, a star. Clayburgh's performance garnered some of the best reviews of her career: Roger Ebert called the film "a journey that Mazursky makes into one of the funniest, truest, sometimes most heartbreaking movies I've ever seen. And so much of what's best is because of Jill Clayburgh, whose performance is, quite simply, luminous. Clayburgh takes chances in this movie. She's out on an emotional limb. She's letting us see and experience things that many actresses simply couldn't reveal" while The New York Times wrote, "Miss Clayburgh is nothing less than extraordinary in what is the performance of the year to date. In her we see intelligence battling feelingreason backed against the wall by pushy needs."
Writing for The New Yorker, veteran critic Pauline Kael noted:
In addition to her Oscar nomination, Clayburgh also earned her first Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama (both of which she lost to Jane Fonda for Coming Home) and won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival, which she and Isabelle Huppert shared.
During this time, she turned down the lead in Norma Rae, a film that brought Sally Field her first Oscar. Still, in 1979, Clayburgh had a career peak after starring in two movies that garnered her widespread acclaim. The first was Bernardo Bertolucci's La Luna (1979), which she made in Italy. The film presents an incestuous relationship between a mother and her drug-addicted son, and was poorly received at the time. Clayburgh agreed to star in this film because she felt that "most great roles explore something that is socially taboo." Bertolucci was especially impressed with her work, having complimented her ability "to move from one extreme to the other in the same shot, be funny and dramatic within the same scene." Despite the film's controversy, Clayburgh's performance as a manipulative opera singer was generally praised: Critic Richard Brody called it "her most extravagant role" and a review in The New York Times felt she was "extraordinary under impossible circumstances." Also, in the London Review of Books, Angela Carter wrote, "Jill Clayburgh, seizing by the throat the opportunity of working with a great European director, gives a bravura performance: she is like the life force in person".
Her second and last film of 1979 was Alan J. Pakula's Starting Over, a romantic comedy with Burt Reynolds and Candice Bergen. Pakula hired her because, “the extraordinary thing is that she’s so many people. In a Jill Clayburgh movie you don’t know what you’re going to get." As a nursery-school teacher who falls reluctantly in love with Reynold's divorced character, her performance was lauded by The New York Times: "Miss Clayburgh delivers a particularly sharp characterization that's letter-perfect during the first part of the story and unconvincing in the second, through no fault of her own." Starting Over earned her a second Oscar and Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress. Also that year, she later returned to the stage with In the Boom Boom Room as a go-go dancer. She had wanted to play this role since 1972 when the play originally premiered on Broadway, but she lost the role to Madeline Kahn. Although she wasn't cast in David Rabe's play, she later married him in 1979.
Her back-to-back success with An Unmarried Woman and Starting Over led writer Mel Gussow to suggest that Clayburgh was one of the few "stars for the 80's fresh, natural anti‐ingenues" alongside Meryl Streep and Diane Keaton, adding, "These are stage actresses who have become movie stars on their own terms, free of “glamour,” ready to clown as well as to play heroines." In 1980, she was cast opposite Michael Douglas in a romantic comedy, It's My Turn, in which she teaches the proof of the snake lemma. Novelist Eleanor Bergstein, who had written the screenplay, was delighted with Clayburgh's casting. “To me,” says Bergstein. “Jill is one of the few actresses who looks like she has imagined her life, made her life happen. I think that divides women in a way, women whose intelligence animates their faces. They have willed themselves to be beautiful, to be exactly who they are. Their minds inform their faces. I think Jill is like that. Lots of actresses are just the opposite.” Clayburgh herself was attracted to the part because “Kate is the closest person to myself that I have ever played. People always say, ‘Oh, An Unmarried Woman, that’s you.' But really, of course, it’s not.” The following year, she was a conservative Supreme Court justice in First Monday in October, a comedy with Walter Matthau. Her performance was praised and earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical.
Career setbacks and TV movies
By the mid 1980s, Clayburgh appeared in fewer and less successful films, despite turning to more dramatic material. She played a valium addict and documentarist in I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can (1981), written by David Rabe, her husband. "I guess people look at me and they think I'm a ladylike character," said Clayburgh, "but it's not what I do best. I do best with characters who are coming apart at the seams." The film received negative reviews, but Janet Maslin of The New York Times liked Clayburgh's performance and wrote that she played her high-powered career woman "earnestly and vigorously." In the controversial Hanna K. (1983), she was a court-appointed Israeli-American lawyer assigned to defend a Palestinian man for director Costa-Gavras. The film was a box office failure and hurt her career. Upset by the film's reception, Clayburgh gave up cinema for three years, during which time she was busy bringing up her children.
Alongside then-rising stars Raúl Julia and Frank Langella, Clayburgh returned to Broadway for a revival of Noël Coward's Design For Living (1984–85), directed by George C. Scott, which ran for 245 performances. Writing for the Christian Science Monitor, John Beaufort wrote, "Jill Clayburgh's Gilda is not merely sexy and volatile. She can be sweetly feminine. She is a woman struggling both to find herself and to discover where she belongs in this triangle. In more than one respect, Miss Clayburgh grasps the deeper as well as the more superficially amusing aspects of her dilemma."
As her feature film career waned, Clayburgh began accepting roles in television movies, including Where Are the Children? (1986) as a divorcée who gets revenge on her ex-spouse, and Miles to Go... (1986). She returned to film in 1987 when she drew praise for portraying a shallow, sophisticated Manhattan magazine writer in Andrei Konchalovsky's little-seen independent film Shy People; although the film flopped, this was her most substantial film role after Hanna K. The Guardian found her "amusing" while Ebert called Clayburgh's work "sadly overlooked" and her "other best role" after An Unmarried Woman.
After Shy People, Clayburgh took on a series of roles in the television films Who Gets the Friends? (1988) and Fear Stalk (1989), where she portrayed a budding cartoonist in the former and a strong-willed soap opera producer in the latter, before playing an investigator studying a child-abuse case in Unspeakable Acts (1990). In 1991, Clayburgh earned decent reviews for her role as English actress and singer Jill Ireland in the television biopic Reason for Living: The Jill Ireland Story (1991), which detailed Ireland's struggle to beat cancer and to help her adopted son get past his heroin addiction. Although Clayburgh never met Ireland, she read her book and listened to taped interviews with her in preparation. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly praised Clayburgh's accent in Reason for Living, writing "Quite aside from her smooth assurance, Clayburgh pulls off Ireland’s English accent without calling attention to herself." This performance led the New York Times to write that her small-screen work was "a sign of the times: older actresses accustomed to playing strong roles are finding their best work [in film] on television."
Gradually, Clayburgh shifted into being more of a supporting character actress in the '90s, taking on roles as diverse as an antagonistic judge in Trial: The Price of Passion (1992) and the interfering wife of Alan Alda's character in Whispers in the Dark (1992). After appearing in Ben Gazzara's Beyond the Ocean (1990), which was shot in Bali, and the unreleased Pretty Hattie's Baby (1991), she became typecast as an attractive maternal figure: she was the long-missing matriarch in Rich in Love (1992), a wheelchair-user mom in Firestorm: 72 Hours in Oakland (1993) and Eric Stoltz's single mother in Naked in New York (1993). A review in People magazine felt Clayburgh "[did] her best as the footloose mother" in Rich in Love, while Roger Ebert praised her casting in Naked in New York as "exactly on target". She also played Kitty Menendez, who was murdered by her sons, in Honor Thy Father and Mother: The True Story of the Menendez Murders (1993), a role which Variety perceived to be "incomplete, but that has more to do with the script than Clayburgh’s performance." She continued to play concerned, protective mothers in For the Love of Nancy (1994), The Face on the Milk Carton (1995), Going All the Way (1997), Fools Rush In (1997), When Innocence Is Lost (1997) and Sins of the Mind (1997), and was in "good form" as the forceful, pushy stage mother in Crowned and Dangerous (1997).
In the late '90s, Clayburgh guest-starred on episodes of Law & Order and Frasier, and starred in another short-lived sitcom, Everything's Relative (1999), and a short-lived series, Trinity (1999).
Later career and final roles
After appearing in My Little Assassin (1999) and The Only Living Boy in New York (2000), she had her first prominent lead role since Hanna K. and Shy People in Eric Schaeffer's comedy Never Again (2001). Roger Ebert praised Clayburgh "for do[ing] everything humanly possible to create a character who is sweet and believable" and called it "a reminder of Clayburgh's gifts as an actress", while Stephen Holden of the New York Times credited her for lending "emotional weight" to the part of "a desperately lonely 54-year-old single mother." Also in 2001, she appeared in Falling and had a semi-recurring role on Ally McBeal as Ally's mother and on The Practice, before becoming a regular in another short-lived show, Leap of Faith (2002).
She returned to off-Broadway as a falsely convicted mother-of-two in Bob Balaban's production of The Exonerated (2002–04) with Richard Dreyfuss. Writing for Variety magazine, Charles Isherwood commended Clayburgh for playing her part "with clear-eyed dignity." She then appeared in Phenomenon II (2003) and received an Emmy nomination for guest appearances in the series Nip/Tuck in 2005. That year she continued her resurgent stage career in A Naked Girl on the Appian Way, which ran for 69 performances. More successful was The Busy World is Hushed (2005–06) on off-Broadway, where she replaced Christine Lahti and played a widowed Episcopal minister and scholar. Variety critic David Rooney praised Clayburgh's "wisdom and quiet humor while refusing to define Hannah’s questionable behavior and convictions as right or wrong, sound or unsound" and her "embrace of the woman’s uncertainties, mak[ing] her all the more human."
In 2006, she appeared on Broadway in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park with Patrick Wilson and Amanda Peet; she played Peet's mother, a role originated by Mildred Natwick. It ran for 109 performances and was met with mixed reviews. Still, Clayburgh's performance drew praise and the New York Times critic Ben Brantley lauded "her winning way with dialogue that can make synthetic one-liners sound like filigree epigrams. Trim and dazzlingly blond, she is a glamorous eyeful in Isaac Mizrahi's rich dowager costumes." She returned to the screen that same year as a therapist's eccentric wife in Ryan Murphy's all-star ensemble dramedy Running with Scissors, an autobiographical tale of teenage angst and dysfunction based on the book by Augusten Burroughs; also starring Annette Bening, Gwyneth Paltrow and Evan Rachel Wood, Clayburgh's supporting performance earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination by the St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association. By the end of 2006, Clayburgh played a wistful eccentric in what was her last stage appearance, The Clean House (2006–07) on off-Broadway, and was praised for her "goofy lightness" by The Post Gazette.
During 2007–2009, Clayburgh appeared in the ABC television series Dirty Sexy Money, playing the wealthy socialite Letitia Darling. She then played Jake Gyllenhaal's mother in Edward Zwick's Love & Other Drugs (2010) and Kristen Wiig's mother in Judd Apatow's acclaimed blockbuster comedy Bridesmaids (2011), which was the last film that Clayburgh completed.
Death
Clayburgh had chronic lymphocytic leukemia for more than 20 years and dealt with it privately before dying from it at her home in Lakeville, Connecticut, on November 5, 2010.
Personal life
Clayburgh dated actor Al Pacino from 1967 to 1972. She married screenwriter and playwright David Rabe in 1979. They had two children: son Michael Rabe and daughter actress Lily Rabe.
Filmography
References
External links
Jill Clayburgh – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
Jill Clayburgh at Emmys.com
1944 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Deaths from leukemia
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Actresses from New York City
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Actresses from Connecticut
American people of Jewish descent
Brearley School alumni
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners | [
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225563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoboLinux | GoboLinux | GoboLinux is an open source operating system whose most prominent feature is a reorganization of the traditional Linux file system. Rather than following the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard like most Unix-like systems, each program in a GoboLinux system has its own subdirectory tree, where all of its files (including settings specific for that program) may be found. Thus, a program "Foo" has all of its specific files and libraries in /Programs/Foo, under the corresponding version of this program at hand. For example, the commonly known GCC compiler suite version 8.1.0, would reside under the directory /Programs/GCC/8.1.0.
According to the GoboLinux developers, this results in a cleaner system.
Overview
The GoboLinux hierarchy represents a radical departure from the filesystem traditionally employed by most UNIX-like operating systems where specific types of files are stored together in common standard subdirectories (such as /bin for executables and /etc for configuration files) and where package managers are used to keep track of what file belongs to which program. In GoboLinux, files from each program are placed under their respective program's own dedicated subdirectory. The makers of GoboLinux have said that "the filesystem is the package manager", and the GoboLinux package system uses the filesystem itself as a package database. This is said to produce a more straightforward, less cluttered directory tree. GoboLinux uses symlinks and an optional kernel module called GoboHide to achieve all this while maintaining full compatibility with the traditional Linux filesystem hierarchy.
The creators of GoboLinux have stated that their design has other "modernisms", such as the removal of some distinctions between similar traditional directories (such as the locations of executables /bin, /usr/bin, and /usr/local/bin). GoboLinux designers have claimed that this results in shell scripts breaking less often than with other Linux distributions. This change, introduced by GoboLinux in 2003, has only been adopted by other distributions much later: Fedora merged /bin and /usr/bin in 2012; Debian enabled the /usr merge by default in 2016.
GoboLinux also allows the user to have different versions of the same program installed concurrently (and even run them concurrently). Furthermore, it has been claimed that the package management index could never become unsynchronized with the filesystem, because references to nonexistent files simply become broken links, and thus become inactive. GoboLinux's filesystem changes also allow other innovations, such as an entirely new boot system that does not use System V or BSD style init systems.
File hierarchy
The design of GoboLinux was influenced by earlier systems such as NeXTSTEP, AtheOS, and BeOS, all of which adopted original filesystem structures while still maintaining a considerable degree of compatibility with Unix. At the root of the GoboLinux tree, there are six directories: Programs, Users, System, Files, and Mount. The contents of each are described below.
/Programs/ - This directory contains one directory for each program installed in the system. Each program's directory, in turn, contains one or more version directories, and, optionally, Settings and Variable subdirectories. Examples of paths under programs are /Programs/Bash/3.0/bin/bash and /Programs/Xorg-Server/Settings/X11/xorg.conf.
/Users/ - This directory contains each user's home directory; a user "harley" has /Users/harley as a home directory.
/System/ - Crucial system files. Most are managed by system applications (for example, /System/Settings/passwd) and GoboLinux scripts (for example, /System/Index).
/Index/ - The filesystem index: contains directories with symbolic links to files from /Programs entries, such as:
bin/ - Contains links to files from each program's bin directories.
include/ - This directory contains links to files from each program's include directory.
lib/ - Links to files from each program's lib directory.
share/ - Links to files from each program's share directory.
Environment/ - Links to environment files. These are compiled into a Cache file and loaded by the shell, allowing each program to register its own environment variables.
Tasks/ - Links to each program's boot tasks from its Resources/Tasks directory.
Settings/ - Configuration files and links to files from each program's Settings directory.
BootScripts/ - Scripts used during system boot. This is a symlink to the directory Settings/BootScripts under /Programs/BootScripts.
Variable/ - Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient and spool files.
tmp/ - Temporary files.
Kernel/ - Kernel-related directories.
Boot/ - Programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap. This is where the kernel image and bootloader configuration files are located.
Devices/ - Device files (managed by Udev).
Modules/ - Contains the various kernel modules, organized by the kernel release.
Objects/ - Provides a view of the kernel's device tree (introduced with the sysfs filesystem in the kernel 2.6 series).
Status/ - Kernel status files (managed by the proc filesystem ).
/Files/ - Files hold structured data that are used by programs but that are not part of the programs themselves. Those files are usually stand-alone entities like fonts, codecs, and plugins (and as such, supposedly do not require package management). Additionally, each program may define subdirectories of its own to store site-specific data; for instance, Compile (the GoboLinux package compilation front-end tool) does this.
/Mount/ - mounting point for additional local or remote filesystems. Common subdirectories are CD-ROM and Phone.
"Compile" program
Compile is a program that downloads, unpacks, compiles source code tarballs, and installs the resulting executable code, all with a single command (such as Compile foo) using simple compilation scripts known as "recipes".
The Compile system is somewhat similar to Gentoo's Portage system, which is based on the FreeBSD Ports collection. However, Portage is made for a traditional filesystem hierarchy, compatible with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, while Compile extends the capability of GoboLinux's distinctive filesystem hierarchy into the area of package management. Thus, in GoboLinux, the filesystem itself serves naturally as a kind of package manager database.
The Compile program was introduced in GoboLinux version 011. Before that, there were discussions about porting Gentoo's Portage system to GoboLinux and developing the port as a SourceForge.net project under the name GoboPortage.
Compile's other features included:
The use of each program's own download site
The distribution's repository (or one of its mirrors) is only used for downloading recipes. Recipes may be downloaded on-the-fly or in batch.
Minimalistic and declarative-oriented compilation scripts
Typical "configure; make; make install" software may be scripted in two lines, greatly easing maintenance.
Support of GoboLinux-style dependencies
Software compiled "by hand" by the user is taken into account by a detection mechanism.
Path-agnosticism
It also works in a rootless GoboLinux installation (that is, inside a home directory of any other distribution).
Differences from traditional distributions
File hierarchy
In the GoboLinux hierarchy, files are grouped into functional categories in an index-like structure using symbolic links, rooted at /System/Index: All executables are accessible under /System/Index/bin, all libraries are accessible under /System/Index/lib, and so on.
This eliminates many traditional distinctions in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, such as the distinction made between non-essential files stored in /usr and essential, emergency files stored directly in subdirectories of the root directory. The GoboLinux developers have maintained that, although these distinctions were once very useful, they are no longer necessary under GoboLinux's schema.
Symlinks
There are symbolic links relating most of the usual Unix directories to the GoboLinux tree. Therefore, one can find directories such as /etc, /var/log, and /usr/bin in the expected places. These symbolic links point to the functional equivalent in the /System/Index tree; thus, traditionally crucial path names (such as /bin/sh and /etc/passwd) are resolved correctly. These compatibility directories are concealed from view using a custom kernel modification called GoboHide, which implements support for hidden files in Linux; it is used for aesthetic reasons only and is thus an optional feature.
Boot system
GoboLinux uses its own initialization procedure, unlike most Linux distributions which use a BSD or a System V procedure. At /System/Settings/BootScripts are a few files that command the entire boot procedure: BootUp and Shutdown run at system boot and shutdown, respectively; additionally, it is possible to define "runlevel" scripts to specify different ways the system may be initialized (for example, Single for single-user, Multi for multi-user, Graphical for boot into graphic mode, and so on); this can be controlled from the boot loader menu. The /System/Settings/BootOptions file separates site-specific settings from the rest of the scripts. Application-specific tasks can be found at /System/Tasks; they can be called by the boot scripts.
Releases
Releases have been numbered using the octal base system. According to the authors, this scheme was chosen because it keeps the typical leading zero that is present in many free software version numbers (since a leading zero often indicates that a number is octal), and it is a play on the "version numbers race" that happened among Linux distributions around 1999. When read as decimal numbers, using octal numbers causes a deterministic "version bump" each eight releases. Up to version 013, GoboLinux made no "point releases", in order to avoid the implication that some releases were more stable than others. This tradition was broken with version 014.01, an update of 014 focused on bug fixes.
017 - May 24, 2020
016 - December 15, 2016: Introduces Runner, a new tool for container-free filesystem virtualization. Linux kernel version 4.8.2, Awesome WM desktop.
015 - May 7, 2014: Introduces the /System/Index hierarchy. Linux kernel version 3.14.2, Enlightenment 18 desktop.
015-beta - March 4, 2014
015-alpha - January 21, 2014
014.01 - March 30, 2008: Updates of 014, featuring bug fixes and some package updates.
014 - December 31, 2007: Features package updates, bug fixes and new versions of the GoboLinux management tools.
013 - November 2, 2006: Introduces Listener, a tool for listening on filesystem events and assigning actions to be performed automatically.
012 - June 6, 2005: Introduces Manager, a graphical system management tool.
011 - June 7, 2004: Introduces Compile, the GoboLinux package compilation tool.
010 - January 7, 2004: Adds a graphical installer accessible through the live CD desktop environment.
007 - October 22, 2003: Adds a per-package metadata directory called Resources.
006 - May 9, 2003: Introduces GoboHide, and adopts a sandboxed installation of programs.
005 - 2003: Introduces GoboLinux to the world.
Releases prior to version 005 were used by the initial group of developers only.
Ports
GoboLinux is currently developed for x86-64. It was officially made for the i686 only until release 015, but at one point an incomplete port to the i386 was made. Ports have also been made to embedded architectures, such as ARM and SuperH; these tasks were achieved with Bootstrap, a tool developed especially to automate making ports.
Reception
LWN.net reviewed GoboLinux 010 in 2004:
Linux.com wrote review about GoboLinux 013:
Jesse Smith from DistroWatch Weekly reviewed GoboLinux 015:
Smith also reviewed GoboLinux 016.
Name and logo
Gobo is fictional character. Not much is known about him, because those who saw him never survived to tell information about him. He has an also fictional loyal servant named Fibo. GoboLinux's mascot Que is a penguin wearing Fibo's clothes.
References
External links
Linux distributions without systemd
Source-based Linux distributions
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225564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naushad | Naushad | Naushad Ali (25 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian music director for Hindi films. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and foremost music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is particularly known for popularising the use of classical music in films.
His first film as an independent music director was Prem Nagar in 1940. His first musically successful film was Rattan (1944), followed by 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award and the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and 1992 respectively for his contribution to the Hindi film industry.
Early life and education
Naushad Ali was born on 25 December 1919 in Lucknow and raised there also, a city with a long tradition as a center of Indian Muslim culture. His father, Wahid Ali, was a munshi (court clerk). As a child, Naushad would visit the annual fair at the Deva Sharif in Barabanki, 25 km from Lucknow, where all the great qawwals and musicians of those days would perform before the devotees. He studied Hindustani music there under Ustad Ghurbat Ali, Ustad Yusuf Ali, Ustad Babban Saheb and others. He also repaired harmoniums.
As a lad, he joined a junior theatrical club and was appointed the club's music maestro for their theatrical presentations. He used to watch silent films at the Royal theatre in Lucknow. Theatre owners would hire a team of musicians to play the tabla, harmonium, sitar and violin. The musicians would watch the film first, make notes, finalize the scales required. When the show began in the evening, they would sit in front of the screen and play music for the scenes. This was a great way to be entertained and learn music at the same time. It made him grasp the nuances required in composing a film's background music score.
In time Naushad formed his own Windsor Music Entertainers or just Windsor Entertainers, so named because he had seen the word "Windsor" around Lucknow and liked its ring. It led to the Indian Star Theatrical Company in a theatre at Golaganj colony in Lucknow. He was trained under Laddan Khan until he became capable of working independently as a composer. There he also developed the sense to pick rare musical jewels from the folk tradition of Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Saurashtra during the company's sojourns in those regions. The travelling players got as far as Viramgam in Gujarat, where they discovered penury, even after selling off theatrical props and musical instruments. The company limped back to Lucknow through the kindness of one of Naushad's friends.
Naushad had already become a cinema fan in the silent era and then, in 1931, Indian cinema got voice and music that further fascinated the 13-year-old boy. He learnt classical and folk music against the wishes of his father. He moved to Mumbai in late 1937 for a career as a musician.
Career
In Mumbai, he initially stayed with an acquaintance from Lucknow (U.P.) at Colaba and after a while, shifted to Dadar opposite the Broadway theatre where he would sleep on the footpath. He assisted music director Ustad Jhande Khan who was at the peak of his success those days, at a monthly salary of Rs 40.
Then he worked on a film where the producer was a Russian and the studio was at Chembur. This film could not be completed. Naushad was a piano player so he worked as a pianist in composer Ustad Mushtaq Hussain's orchestra. He then polished off an unfinished film score and got a credit as assistant to Mushtaq Hussain. Then the film company collapsed. Composer Khemchand Prakash took him on as his assistant for the film Kanchan at Ranjit Studios at a salary of Rs 60 per month, for which Naushad remained extremely grateful and in interviews, he had called Khemchand his guru.
His friend, lyricist D. N. Madhok, trusted Naushad's unusual talent for composing music and introduced him to various film producers. Chandulal Shah, the owner of Ranjit Studios, offered to sign Naushad for one of his forthcoming films. Naushad composed a thumri for this film, "Bata de koi kaun gali gaye Shyam", but the film never got on the floors. He was assistant music director for the Punjabi film Mirza Sahib (1939).
He composed for his first independent film Prem Nagar in 1940 that had a story set in Kutch for which he did a lot of research into the folk music of the area. With A.R. Kardar's film Nayi Duniya (1942), he got first credit as "music director" and he began to work regularly for Kardar Productions. He, however, had a flexibility that he could work outside Kardar Productions and this arrangement continued throughout his career. He first got noticed with A.R. Kardar's film Sharda (1942) wherein 13-year-old Suraiya debuted with the song "Panchhi Ja" for the playback for heroine Mehtab. It was Rattan (1944) that took Naushad right to the top and enabled him to charge Rs 25,000 a film during those days.
Film expert and author Rajesh Subramanian opines that Kardar productions spent Rupees seventy five thousand in 1944 to make Rattan. The music by Naushad saheb was such a phenomenal hit that the company earned Rs 3 lacs as royalty from gramophone sales in the first year.
But his Lucknow-based family remained against music and Naushad had to hide from his family the fact that he composed music. When Naushad got married, the band was playing the tunes of the super hit songs of Naushad's film 'Rattan'. While Naushad's father and father-in-law were condemning the musician who had composed these songs, Naushad dared not tell them that it was he who had composed the music. Naushad understood Hindu and Muslim culture and the languages of those cultures.
From 1942 until the late 1960s, he was one of the top music directors in Hindi films. While he did 65 films during his lifetime, 26 of those films celebrated Silver jubilees (25 weeks run) – 8 celebrated golden jubilees (50 weeks run) and 4 celebrated diamond jubilees (60 weeks run) – (inclusive count – a diamond jubilee film also celebrates Silver and Golden jubilees).
Naushad worked with several lyricists, including Shakeel Badayuni, Majrooh Sultanpuri, D. N. Madhok, Zia Sarhadi, Yusufali Kechery and Khumar Barabankvi.
Mother India (1957), for which he had composed music, was the first Indian film that got nominated for an Oscar award.
In 1981, Naushad was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.
He composed the tunes of Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story (2005) at the age of 86.
Amongst his assistants, Mohammed Shafi, Jerry Amaldev and Ghulam Mohammed stand out prominently.
The songs Naushad composed for the 1988 Malayalam film Dhwani which were sung by P. Suseela & K. J. Yesudas are evergreen superhits that Malayalis do repeatedly listen to even after 3 decades.
Five films have been made on his life and work. Biographical books published are Dastaan-E-Naushad (Marathi) by Shashikant Kinikar; Aaj Gaawat Man Mero (Gujarati); Hindi and Urdu biographical sketches in Shama & Sushma Magazines respectively, titled "Naushad Ki Kahani, Naushad Ki Zubani"; the last one was translated into Marathi by Shashikant Kinikar. Kinikar also came up with a book titled "Notes of Naushad" which puts together some interesting anecdotes of Naushad's life.
Naushad also composed background music for the TV serial "Akbar The Great" telecast in 1988 which was directed by Akbar Khan, brother of Hindi film stars Sanjay Khan and Feroze Khan as was also The Sword of Tipu Sultan produced and directed by Sanjay Khan and Akbar Khan which was telecast in 1990 and became very popular.
Death and legacy
Naushad died on 5 May 2006 in Mumbai due to cardiac arrest at age 86. He was buried at the Juhu Muslim cemetery.
He is survived by six daughters Zubeda, Fehmida, Farida, Sayeeda, Rashida, and Waheeda and three sons Rehman Naushad, Raju Naushad & Iqbal Naushad. Rehman Naushad being the eldest of all assisted him in some of his films. Also, Naushad composed music for two movies directed by Rahman Naushad, My Friend (1974) and Teri Payal Mere Geet (1989).
Naushad was ranked as one of the most respected and successful music directors of Indian Film Industry.
Naushad had requested the Maharashtra State Government to sanction a plot for an institution for promoting Hindustani music. This was sanctioned during his lifetime and the 'Naushad Academy of Hindustani Sangeet' was formed.
Writer
Naushad was also a respected and published poet and formally launched his book of Urdu poetry entitled Aathwaan Sur ("The Eighth Note") and the Navras label's album titled "Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad" having 8 ghazals as part of Hounslow's book fair and festival "Bookmela" in November 1998. The album has lyrics and composition by Naushad, arranged by Uttam Singh.
Track list:
Aabadiyon Mein Dasht Ka Munzar Bhi Aayega – A. Hariharan – 7:08
Aaj Ki Baat Kal Pay Kyun Taalo – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 6:17
Ghata Chhaayi Thi Saawan Khul Ke Barsa – Preeti Uttam Singh – 7:19
Kabhi Meri Yaad Unko Aati To Hogi – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 6:18
Mujh Ko Muaff Kijiye – A. Hariharan – 5:35
Peenay Waalay Bekhudi Say Kaam Lay – A. Hariharan & Preeti Uttam Singh – 8:13
Saawan Kay Jab Baadal Chhaaye – A. Hariharan – 6:50
Tanhaa Khud Say Baat Karoon – Preeti Uttam Singh – 7:49
Music style
Naushad gave a new trend to popular film music by basing his tunes on classical music ragas and folk music. Naushad was known for his skillful adaptation of the classical musical tradition for movie songs. For some movies like Baiju Bawra, he composed all scores in classical raga modes and arranged for the well-known vocalist Amir Khan to be a music consultant for this film. Naushad could easily work with Western instruments, including the clarinet, the mandolin and the accordion. He could incorporate Western musical idioms in his compositions and compose for Western-style orchestras.
During the early 1940s, recordings were done in quiet parks and gardens after midnight because the studios did not have sound-proof recording rooms. In the gardens, there would be no echo and disturbances, unlike the studios where the sound reverberated because of the tin roofs.
For films like 'Uran Khatola' and 'Amar', he recorded the voice of a particular artiste on a scale of 90, then recorded it on 70, then on 50 and so on. After the complete recording, it was played for the scene and the impact it created was terrific.
He was one of the first to introduce sound mixing and the separate recording of voice and music tracks in playback singing. He was the first to combine the flute and the clarinet, the sitar and mandolin. He also introduced the accordion to Hindi film music and was among the first to focus on background music to extend characters' moods and dialogue through music. But perhaps his greatest contribution was to bring Indian classical music into the film medium. Many of his compositions were inspired by ragas and he even used distinguished classical artistes like Amir Khan and D.V. Paluskar in Baiju Bawra (1952) and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan in Mughal-e-Azam (1960). Baiju Bawra (1952) demonstrated Naushad's grasp of classical music and his ability to bring it to the masses, for which he won the first Filmfare Best Music Director Award in 1954.
Naushad commented on a pre-release meeting about "Baiju Bawra":
“When people heard that the film would be full of classical music and ragas, they protested, ‘People will get a headache and they will run away.’ I was adamant. I wanted to change public taste. Why should people be fed what they like all the time? We presented them with music from our culture and it worked.”
For Aan (1952), he was the first to use a 100-piece orchestra. He was the first composer to have developed the system of western notation in India. The notation for the music of the film 'Aan' was published in book form in London.
In Uran Khatola (1955), he recorded an entire song without the use of orchestra, having replaced the sound of musical instruments with choral sound of humming.
For Mughal-e-Azam (1960) song Ae Mohabbat Zindabad, he used a chorus of 100 persons.
For Ganga Jamuna (1961), he used lyrics in chaste Bhojpuri dialect.
He used just six instruments in the title song of Mere Mehboob (1963).
In 2004, a colorized version of the classic Mughal-e-Azam (1960) was released, for which Naushad had the orchestral music specially re-created (in Dolby Digital) by today’s industry musicians, while maintaining all the solo vocals from the original soundtrack. To elaborate, the playback vocals (though not the chorus) recorded four decades ago are mixed with orchestra tracks created in the present millennium.
As Indian film music gradually assumed a Western bend starting in the late 1960s, Naushad came to be considered old-fashioned. Composers who could compose rock-and-roll and disco-inflected music started getting increasingly popular. Naushad was still esteemed as a maestro, but his talents were sought mostly for historical movies where traditional scores were appropriate. It can be said of Naushad that in the early days of popular cinema music in the thirties and forties he set the standards for classical and folk music that resonated with the idea of India. In short he brought out the beauty of Indian music in a short film song of a few minutes which was not an easy feat. The composers who followed him were inspired by this aspect of his compositions.
Filmography
Music director
Non-film album
Aathwan Sur - The Other Side of Naushad : This was a Ghazal album released in 1998 and had all its songs composed by Naushad and sung by Hariharan and Preeti Uttam Singh.
Producer
Maalik (1958) Music Director for this film was Ghulam Mohammed (composer)
Uran Khatola (1955)
Babul (1950)
Storywriter
Palki (1967)
Teri Payal Mere Geet (1989)
Awards and recognition
1954: Filmfare Best Music Director Award – Baiju Bawra
1961: Bengal Film Journalists' Association's 'Best Music Director Award' for film Gunga Jumna (1961)
1975: "Naushad Ali", a 30-minute documentary film produced by Television Centre, Mumbai
1981: Dadasaheb Phalke Award
1984: Lata Mangeshkar Award (Madhya Pradesh State Government's Award)
1987: Amir Khusrow Award
1990: Best Music for The Sword of Tipu Sultan TV series
1992: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
1992: Padma Bhushan Award for his lifetime contributions to Indian cinema
1993: Awadh Ratna Award by Government of Uttar Pradesh
1994: Maharashtra Gaurav Puruskar Award
2000: Screen Lifetime Achievement Award
2008: The Carter Road situated at Bandra, was renamed as Sangeet Samrat Naushad Ali Marg in his memory
Positions held
President of Cine Music Directors Association
Chairman of Indian Performing Rights Society
President of Maharashtra State Angling Association
President of Alam-E-Urdu Conference (Delhi)
The title of Special Executive Magistrate, Mumbai
Bibliography
References
External links
Khayyam remembers Naushad
Glowing tribute to Naushad: The Hindu (newspaper)
Pandit Jasraj on Naushad: The Hindu (newspaper)
Naushad Ali Naushad Ali's Relationship with Mohammed Rafi
Fan Site of Naushad
Naushad's book Aathwan Sur
Read a ghazal by Naushad
Naushad's Letterhead
Filmfare Awards winners
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Musicians from Lucknow
1919 births
2006 deaths
Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients
Hindi film score composers
20th-century Indian musicians
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts | [
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225566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%20Aviation | Republic Aviation | The Republic Aviation Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Farmingdale, New York, on Long Island. Originally known as the Seversky Aircraft Company, the company was responsible for the design and production of many important military aircraft, including its most famous products: World War II's P-47 Thunderbolt fighter, the F-84 Thunderjet and F-105 Thunderchief jet fighters, as well as the A-10 Thunderbolt II close-support aircraft.
History
Seversky Aircraft
The Seversky Aircraft Company was founded in 1931 by Alexander de Seversky, a Russian expatriate and veteran World War I pilot who had lost a leg in the war. In the beginning, many of Seversky Aircraft's designers were Russian and Georgian engineers, including Michael Gregor and Alexander Kartveli, who would go on to design many of Republic's most famous aircraft.
After several failed attempts, Seversky Aircraft finally won a design competition for a new United States Army Air Corps fighter, and was awarded its first military contract in 1936 for the production of its Seversky P-35.
In 1939, Seversky Aircraft again entered in a military fighter competition, this time with the much-improved AP-4. While the contract was awarded to the Curtiss P-40, the USAAC was impressed with the high-altitude performance of the AP-4 and ordered 13 additional aircraft for testing, as the XP-43.
By April 1939, the Seversky Aircraft Corporation had lost $550,000, and Seversky was forced out of the company he had founded. The board, led by financier Paul Moore, voted W. Wallace Kellett to replace him as president, and in September 1939 the company was reorganized as the Republic Aviation Corporation. Seversky continued to fight for his company, and the matter was not resolved to his satisfaction until September 1942.
Meanwhile, Seversky's AP-4 continued in development, finally going into production as the P-43 Lancer. 272 P-43s were eventually produced, with 108 of them being sent to China to be used against the Japanese. Many passed through the hands of the AVG Flying Tigers, whose pilots were pleased with the plane's performance at altitudes up to , while their P-40s were ineffective at altitudes over . Perhaps Claire Chennault disliked the early P-43's lack of self-sealing fuel tanks and armor. He declined to retain the plane for his crews.
In 1939, both Republic and Curtiss participated in an Army competition to develop a lightweight interceptor. Curtiss submitted a lightweight version of the P-40 designated the XP-46 while Republic submitted a similar design designated the XP-47. Both designs were based on a lightweight aircraft built around an Allison V-1710 V-12 engine, with the Republic design using a turbosupercharger. In the end, neither design showed a significant improvement over the P-40, and neither was produced.
Further development of the P-43 continued in the form of a lightweight version using a Pratt & Whitney R-2180 radial engine. The resulting aircraft was known as the XP-44. When the R-2180 did not produce the expected horsepower, Republic switched to the Wright R-2600. Despite possessing , this engine could not be turbo-supercharged and Republic finally modified the design again, this time to accommodate the enormous Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine, which produced . The resulting aircraft, now known as the P-44, was truly impressive. Capable of speeds of at , and a climb rate of per minute, the aircraft would have been an exceptional interceptor. Unfortunately, the aircraft was capable of carrying no more fuel than the P-43, and the Double Wasp engine was far more thirsty, significantly limiting the aircraft's range.
As the air war in Europe progressed, the Army was discovering that what it really needed was a long-range fighter capable of escorting bombers into Germany. Alexander Kartveli was called to the Army's Experimental Aircraft division and told of the new requirements, and that the P-44 would not be ordered in its current configuration. This was a devastating setback for Kartveli and Republic Aircraft because Kartveli knew the XP-44 could not be redesigned to meet these new requirements. On the train back to New York City, he began sketching a new design. This aircraft would become the P-47 Thunderbolt.
P-47 Thunderbolt
The USAAF refused to give Republic any money for the development of the new XP-47B, so Republic paid for the construction of the first mock-up, reusing the cockpit area of the P-43. By the time the prototype was ready for testing, it weighed over 12,550 lb, over the Army's limit for the new fighter design, and far more than any single-engine fighter ever developed. It also could carry only 298 gallons of fuel, 17 gallons less than the requirement, but the Army was generally pleased with its performance, achieving speeds of at , and overlooked these issues.
The U.S. entry into the war in December 1941 rapidly increased the need for the XP-47B and work on the plane progressed quickly. In June 1942, the Army took delivery of its first P-47Bs. They soon placed an order that required Republic Aviation to quadruple the size of their factory and build three new runways at the Farmingdale, New York factory. Eventually this proved inadequate, and in November 1942, the Army authorized the construction of a new factory adjacent to the Evansville, Indiana airport.
Throughout the war, the P-47 would undergo constant development. A bubble canopy was added to increase rearward visibility. The final version of the P-47 would be the P-47N, a long-range version with longer wings and fuselage, and an increased fuel capacity. The P-47N was designed to escort B-29s on long missions to Japan for a planned invasion of the Japanese homeland that never came. Production of all versions ended in November 1945. By then, 15,660 P-47s had been built, making it the most produced U.S. fighter of the war. Of those, 1,816 would be the long-range P-47N model. This model would continue to serve with Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units until the mid-1950s. Republic ranked 24th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.
RC-3 Seabee
In 1946, Republic temporarily left the field of military contracts to produce the Republic RC-3 Seabee, an unusual all-metal amphibian. The Seabee was the brainchild of Percival "Spence" Spencer, a former Republic P-47 test pilot. He convinced the Republic board of the need for a light sport plane to meet a demand for private aircraft from pilots returning from World War II. The expected sales of 5,000 Seabees a year never materialized, as most returning pilots never flew again, though Republic did manage to sell 1,060 Seabees in two years of production. This was a respectable number at a time when many small aircraft manufacturers were producing only a handful of aircraft before going bankrupt. Much of this was due to the Seabee's remarkably low price of just $3,500 to $6,000.
F-84 family
In 1946, Republic again turned its attention to military contracts, developing a single-engine jet fighter to meet an Army requirement for a fighter with a top speed of . The first YP-84A Thunderjet flew on February 28, 1946, but the aircraft was plagued with so many developmental problems that the first F-84B didn't enter Air Force service until 1949. The straight-wing F-84D would go on to become an important aircraft during the Korean War, flying 86,408 missions. In 1949, a swept-wing version, the F-84F Thunderstreak, was developed but additional development and engine problems resulted in the aircraft not entering service until 1954. A photo-reconnaissance version known as the RF-84F Thunderflash was developed from the F-84F, and 715 were produced. The final straight-wing version, known as the F-84G, was a holdover design for Republic while the J-65 engine for the swept wing F-84F was still being developed. The F-84F would continue in service with Air National Guard units until 1971, when corrosion forced them to be withdrawn from U.S. service. The F-84F and RF-84F were both used by several foreign operators including Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Denmark (one squadron of RF-84F that were phased out in 1971). The F-84F continued to serve in European air forces until the 1980s.
F-105 Thunderchief
In 1951, Alexander Kartveli began to design a replacement for the F-84 Thunderjet. The new aircraft would be a single-engine fighter, but larger than any single-engine fighter ever designed for the Air Force. By the time the mock-up was completed in October 1953, the aircraft had grown so large that a more powerful engine was needed; the Pratt & Whitney J75 was finally selected. On June 28, 1954, the Air Force placed an order for 15 of the new F-105A Thunderchief. The aircraft weighed , but could carry up to of bombs and missiles, and could fly at Mach 1 at sea level and Mach 2 at altitude. Although it had only one engine, the F-105 could carry a larger bomb load than a four-engine World War II bomber, and travel a greater distance at much higher speed. The F-105 would become the primary ground attack aircraft of the Vietnam War, flying over 20,000 missions until replaced by the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in November 1970. Of the 833 F-105s produced, 397 were lost during the Vietnam War. Seventeen were shot down by North Vietnamese MiGs, while most of the rest were lost to ground fire. The F-105 was Republic Aviation's last independent design.
A two-seat version, the F-105G, known as "Wild Weasel", was later developed to replace the "Wild Weasel" version of the F-100. The first F-105G flew on January 15, 1966, and deliveries began arriving in Southeast Asia in June 1966. This version continued operating in theater long after the ground attack versions had been withdrawn and was still in service at the end of the war.
The final years
In December 1957, Republic developed a helicopter division, building the French Aérospatiale Alouette II helicopter under license, with marginal sales success.
In an effort to keep the company going, Republic proposed converting a wartime-developed four-engine reconnaissance aircraft (the XF-12 Rainbow) into a transport aircraft. The aircraft would be very fast for a prop plane, but interest from airlines was not sufficient to continue development of the aircraft and the project was cancelled.
Republic Aviation made one last attempt to survive by returning to military contracts. In 1960, Republic Aviation acquired a minority interest in the Dutch aircraft company Fokker, and attempted to market a Fokker-designed attack plane (D-24 Alliance variable sweep wing VTOL) to the Air Force, but the Air Force showed little interest in the foreign design and no contracts were offered.
In the early 1960s, the aerospace company Fairchild, owned by Sherman Fairchild, began purchasing Republic's stock and finally acquired Republic Aviation in July 1965. In September, Republic became the Republic Aviation Division of Fairchild Hiller and ceased to exist as an independent company.
Republic's naming system was carried forward by Fairchild Hiller with the A-10 Thunderbolt II, which first flew in May 1972.
Legacy
In addition to the continued front-line use of the A-10, a number of flying and static restorations have served to sustain public awareness of Republic's role in aviation history. The American Airpower Museum, which is based on the former Republic factory site in Farmingdale, New York, maintains a collection of Republic artifacts, historic facilities, and an array of aircraft spanning the history of the company. The museum counts itself among the few worldwide that actually maintain and fly historic aircraft, and it counts an original Republic P-47D fighter among its airworthy fleet. The museum's static displays include a Republic F-84 first generation jet fighter, an F-84F swept-wing fighter, a rare example of the RF-84F reconnaissance variant, and an F-105 Thunderchief. In 2014, the museum added an A-10 Warthog, completing the collection of Republic fighters. The museum's volunteer corps includes both former Republic line workers and Air Force veterans with direct Republic Aviation flight experience.
During the fall of 1987, Fairchild Corporation (then Republic's parent company) destroyed Republic's corporate archives. Joshua Stoff, the curator of the Cradle of Aviation Museum on Long Island, wrote in Air & Space Magazine that, upon being invited to have a last look at the archives, he surreptitiously took one document with him. That lone surviving document was a contract for 225 P-47Bs from Republic for the US Army Air Corps at a cost of $16,275,657.50 (War Department Contract #15850, dated September 13, 1940). It is now housed at the museum.
The Long Island Republic Airport Historical Society, housed in the lobby of the Republic Airport Main Terminal building, maintains several photo exhibits on Republic aviation and Republic aircraft. It also maintains an extensive collection of archival photos, artifacts, corporate documents, and news articles on Republic.
Aircraft
Republic-Ford JB-2 (1944) pulse-jet pilotless guided missile, an American copy of the German V-1 flying bomb
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct helicopter manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Suffolk County, New York
Manufacturing companies established in 1931
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1965
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Indiana
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York (state)
Indiana in World War II
1931 establishments in New York (state)
1965 disestablishments in Indiana
1965 mergers and acquisitions | [
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225567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libranet | Libranet | Libranet was an operating system based on Debian.
The last version (as of April 25, 2005) released is Libranet 3.0, which cost about $90 in US dollars for new users, or $65 for existing Libranet users. The previous version, Libranet 2.8.1, became free to download.
Development of Libranet has been discontinued.
History
The name comes from "Libra Computer Systems" (a company owned by the founder) and the fact that "libra.com" was taken.
The first release of Libranet was in 1999. Most Linux distributions of this time were very difficult to install, and were considered either for programmers or those who wanted a low cost server. Libranet attempted to put out and sell a distribution that was easy to install, and meant for desktop use. Corel likewise attempted this with Corel Linux, but abandoned this and refocused on software for Windows and Mac OS X operating systems. Libranet, however, continued, and developed some recognition for having a Linux distribution that was good for desktop users. Corel sold the rights to their Linux operating system to Xandros, which later released their own offering of a Linux desktop.
From 1999 to 2003, most Linux distributions with comparable desktop usability to Libranet were also priced similarly. This began to change, however, in 2004. Linux as whole had advanced, and many distributions were now reasonably easy to install, with a relatively user-friendly desktop. Some distributions such as MEPIS were competitive and far less expensive. Others such as Knoppix were offered at no cost.
Libranet attempted to carve a niche as the user-friendly Linux distro, with extensive support (termed "up and running support"), which, of all the desktop distros, was the most compatible with the Debian release of the time (Woody). The support offered was truly extensive: Jon Danzig, the founder, would often personally answer people's inquiries. This helped make people who had chosen Libranet be even more loyal to it.
However, with the release of Debian Sarge in 2005, along with the emergence of Ubuntu (a Debian based distro offered at no cost, with the option to purchase support), Libranet received less attention. Debian itself revamped their installer making it easier to use (before this, a good reason to use a Debian-based distribution was that Debian's own installer was not user friendly).
Libranet released version 3.0, which received good reviews, but the market had changed for desktop distributions. Various other commercial vendors had released free versions of their distributions, such as SUSE, which released OpenSUSE, and Red Hat, which released Fedora. Whereas Libranet sold their distribution, and then gave free extensive support, many distributors chose to give away their distribution and sell support, and/or sell proprietary software enhancements.
Jon Danzig, the founder of Libranet, died on June 1, 2005. His son Tal had taken over the leadership of the development team, but then stated that he would stop maintaining Libranet. Daniel de Kok, the other remaining employee, went on to become a developer for CentOS.
Cancellation of OpenLibranet 3.1
There were many users who were interested in seeing Libranet, and the Libranet Adminmenu software, continue to be available. Adminmenu was an operating system setup and configuration tool. It was unique in that it also contained a user-friendly kernel compiling tool. So a team including Daniel de Kok proposed to opensource Libranet and release OpenLibranet 3.1. But after failing to obtain definitive permission for this plan from Tal Danzig, the owner, the plan was dropped.
References
External links
Libranet's last goodbye Newsforge, June 9, 2006
A Review of Libranet 3.0
Interview with Libranet Founder
Libranet Basics
LinuxPlanet Review of release 1.2.2
Debian-based distributions
Discontinued Linux distributions
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225573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboozled | Bamboozled | Bamboozled is a 2000 American satirical black comedy-drama film written and directed by Spike Lee about a modern televised minstrel show featuring black actors donning blackface makeup and the resulting violent fallout from the show's success. It features an ensemble cast including Damon Wayans, Jada Pinkett Smith, Savion Glover, Tommy Davidson, Michael Rapaport and Mos Def.
The film was given a limited release by New Line Cinema during the fall of 2000 and was released on DVD the following year. Critical reception was mixed, and the film was unsuccessful financially, becoming a box office bomb. Despite its initial reception, Bamboozled later achieved cult film status for its satirical look at stereotypical depictions of black people in both historical and contemporary American film and television productions.
Plot
Pierre Delacroix (real name Peerless Dothan) is an uptight, Harvard-educated African-American man in the employment of television network CNS. At work, he endures torment from his boss Thomas Dunwitty, a tactless, boorish white man. Not only does Dunwitty use African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) and the word "nigger" repeatedly in conversations, he also proudly proclaims that he is more black than Delacroix and that he can use "nigger" since he is married to a black woman and has two mixed-race children. Dunwitty frequently rejects Delacroix's scripts for series that portray black people in positive, intelligent scenarios, dismissing them as "Cosby clones".
In an effort to escape his contract through being fired, Delacroix develops a minstrel show with the help of his personal assistant Sloane Hopkins. Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show features black actors in blackface, extremely racist jokes and puns, and offensively stereotyped CGI-animated cartoons. Delacroix and Hopkins recruit two impoverished homeless street performers, Manray and Womack, to star in the show. While Womack is horrified when Delacroix tells him details about the show, Manray sees it as his big chance to become rich and famous for his tap-dancing skills.
To Delacroix's horror, not only does Dunwitty enthusiastically endorse the show, it also becomes hugely successful. As soon as it premieres, Manray and Womack become big stars, while Delacroix, contrary to his original stated intent, defends the show as satire. Delacroix quickly embraces the fame and recognition he receives while Hopkins becomes ashamed of her association with it. Meanwhile, an underground, militant rap group called the Mau Maus, led by Hopkins' older brother Julius, becomes increasingly angry at the show's content. Though they had earlier unsuccessfully auditioned for the program's live band position, the group plans to end the show using violence.
Womack quits, fed up with the show and Manray's increasing ego. Manray and Hopkins grow closer, despite Delacroix's attempts to sabotage their relationship. Delacroix confronts Hopkins, and when she lashes back at him, he fires her. She then shows him a videotaped montage she created of racist footage culled from assorted media to shame Delacroix into stopping production of the show, but he refuses to watch it. After an argument with Delacroix, Manray realizes he is being exploited and defiantly announces that he will no longer wear blackface. He appears in front of the studio audience, who are all in blackface, and does his dance number in his regular clothing. The network executives immediately turn against Manray, and Dunwitty fires him.
The Mau Maus kidnap Manray and announce his public execution via live webcast. The authorities work feverishly to track down the source of the internet feed, but Manray is nevertheless assassinated while doing his famous tap dancing. At his office, Delacroix (now in blackface himself, mourning Manray's death) fantasizes that the various black-themed antique collectibles in his office are staring him down and coming to life; in a rage, he destroys many of the items. The police kill all the members of the Mau Maus except for One-Sixteenth Blak, a white member who demands to die with the others.
Furious, Hopkins confronts Delacroix at gunpoint and demands that he play her tape. As he does so, Hopkins reminds him of the lives that were ruined because of his actions. During a struggle over the gun, Delacroix is shot in the stomach. Hopkins flees while proclaiming that it was Delacroix's own fault that he got shot. Delacroix, holding the gun in his hands to make his wound appear self-inflicted, watches the tape as he lies dying on the floor. The film concludes with a full reveal of the tape's contents; a long montage of racially insensitive and demeaning clips of African-American characters from Hollywood films of the first half of the 20th century. Afterwards, Manray is shown doing his last Mantan sequence on stage.
Cast
Damon Wayans as Pierre "Peerless Dothan" Delacroix
Savion Glover as Marty "Mantan"
Jada Pinkett Smith as Sloan Hopkins
Tommy Davidson as Womack "Sleep 'n Eat"
Michael Rapaport as Thomas Dunwitty
Mos Def as Julius "Big Blak Afrika" Hopkins
Thomas Jefferson Byrd as "Honeycutt"
Paul Mooney as "Junebug"
Craig Grant as "Hard Blak"
Gano Grills as "Double Blak"
Canibus as "Mo Blak"
Charli Baltimore as "Smooth Blak"
MC Serch as "One-Sixteenth Blak"
Kim Director as Starlet
The Roots as The Alabama Porch Monkeys
Reverend Al Sharpton as Himself
Production
Most of the film was shot on Mini DV digital video, using the Sony VX 1000 camera, and later converted to film format. This kept the budget limited to $10 million and allowed the use of multiple cameras to simultaneously capture masters, two-shots and close-ups to save time. The Mantan: New Millenium Minstrel Show sequences, and their sponsor ads, were shot on Super 16 film stock.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack album for the film was released September 26, 2000 by Motown Records. The album consisted of hip hop and contemporary R&B, and was India.Arie's first time on an album, with six singles.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52% based on reviews from 104 critics. The site's consensus is: "Bamboozled is too over the top in its satire and comes across as more messy and overwrought than biting." On Metacritic it has a score of 54% based on reviews from 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Among those who gave positive reviews to the film were CNN correspondent Dennis Michael, who compared the film favorably to Mel Brooks' The Producers and praised Glover's performance in the lead role, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times, who described the film as "savage, abrasive, audacious and confrontational" and "the work of a master provocateur", and Stephen Holden of The New York Times, who described the film as "an almost oxymoronic entity, an important Hollywood movie." It was not reviewed as favorably by the Chicago Sun-Times''' Roger Ebert, who gave the film 2 stars out of a possible 4, writing that the film was "perplexing," raising important issues but handling them poorly. "The film is a satirical attack on the way TV uses and misuses African-American images, but many viewers will leave the theater thinking Lee has misused them himself."
By the time of its twentieth anniversary, Bamboozled had been reappraised as an underappreciated work of Lee's. Writing for Rolling Stone, David Fear noted that "the really scary thing is that, 20 years on, Bamboozled feels incredibly contemporary. It doesn’t look so extreme after all...and when you consider the content of this film, that’s a very troubling thing.”
Box office
The film grossed $2,463,650 at the box office on a $10 million budget.
Home mediaBamboozled was released on VHS and DVD by New Line Home Entertainment on April 17, 2001. The DVD edition includes a director's commentary from Spike Lee in addition to behind-the-scenes featurettes and deleted scenes.Bamboozled was added to The Criterion Collection in 2020, with a reissue on DVD and debut on Blu-ray occurring on March 17 of that year.
See also
Network (1976 film), black comedy about a controversial television show with a similar structure, referenced by "Mantan" in pilot
References
External links
Bamboozled at the'' TCM Movie Database
Bamboozled: New Millennium, Same Bullshit an essay by Ashley Clark at the Criterion Collection
2000s comedy-drama films
American films
American comedy-drama films
American independent films
American satirical films
Films directed by Spike Lee
African-American films
Blackface minstrel shows and films
Camcorder films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about racism
Films about television
American black comedy films
Films scored by Terence Blanchard
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
2000s hip hop films
Films with screenplays by Spike Lee
40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks films
2000 comedy films
2000 films
2000 drama films
Films produced by Jon Kilik | [
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225574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish | Swordfish | Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), also known as broadbills in some countries, are large, highly migratory predatory fish characterized by a long, flat, pointed bill. They are a popular sport fish of the billfish category, though elusive. Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood. These fish are found widely in tropical and temperate parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and can typically be found from near the surface to a depth of , and exceptionally up to depths of 2,234 m. They commonly reach in length, and the maximum reported is in length and in weight.
They are the sole member of their family, Xiphiidae.
Taxonomy and etymology
The swordfish is named after its long pointed, flat bill, which resembles a sword. The species name, Xiphias gladius, derives from Greek (xiphias, "swordfish"), itself from (xiphos, "sword") and from Latin ("sword"). This makes it superficially similar to other billfish such as marlin, but upon examination, their physiology is quite different and they are members of different families.
Several extinct genera are known, such as a large sized Xiphiorhynchus and Aglyptorhynchus. Unlike modern taxa these have equally long lower jaws.
Description
They commonly reach in length, and the maximum reported is in length and in weight. The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a specimen taken off Chile in 1953. Females are larger than males, and Pacific swordfish reach a greater size than northwest Atlantic and Mediterranean swordfish. They reach maturity at 4–5 years of age and the maximum age is believed to be at least 9 years. The oldest swordfish found in a recent study were a 16-year-old female and 12-year-old male. Swordfish ages are derived, with difficulty, from annual rings on fin rays rather than otoliths, since their otoliths are small in size.
Swordfish are ectothermic animals; however, along with some species of sharks, they have special organs next to their eyes to heat their eyes and brains. Temperatures of above the surrounding water temperature have been measured. The heating of the eyes greatly improves their vision, and consequently improves their ability to catch prey. Of the 25 000+ fish species, only 22 are known to have a mechanism to conserve heat. These include the swordfish, marlin, tuna, and some sharks.
Behavior and ecology
Movements and feeding
The popular belief of the "sword" being used as a spear is misleading. Their nose is more likely used to slash at its prey to injure the prey animal, to make for an easier catch. The use as an offensive spear in case of dangers against large sharks or animals is under review.
Mainly, the swordfish relies on its great speed and agility in the water to catch its prey. It is no doubt among the fastest fish, but the basis for the frequently quoted speed of is unreliable. Research on related marlin (Istiophorus platypterus) suggest a maximum value of is more likely.
Swordfish are not schooling fish. They swim alone or in very loose aggregations, separated by as much as from a neighboring swordfish. They are frequently found basking at the surface, airing their first dorsal fin. Boaters report this to be a beautiful sight, as is the powerful jumping for which the species is known. This jumping, also called breaching, may be an effort to dislodge pests, such as remoras or lampreys.
Swordfish prefer water temperatures between , but have the widest tolerance among billfish, and can be found from . This highly migratory species typically moves towards colder regions to feed during the summer. Swordfish feed daily, most often at night, when they rise to surface and near-surface waters in search of smaller fish. During the day, they commonly occur to depths of and have exceptionally been recorded as deep as . Adults feed on a wide range of pelagic fish, such as mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, rockfish, herring, and lanternfishes, but they also take demersal fish, squid, and crustaceans. In the northwestern Atlantic, a survey based on the stomach content of 168 individuals found 82% had eaten squid and 53% had eaten fish, including gadids, scombrids, butterfish, bluefish, and sand lance. Large prey are typically slashed with the sword, while small are swallowed whole.
Threats and parasites
Almost 50 species of parasites have been documented in swordfish. In addition to remoras, lampreys, and cookiecutter sharks, this includes a wide range of invertebrates, such as tapeworms, roundworms, Myxozoans and copepods. A comparison of the parasites of swordfish in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean indicated that some parasites, particularly Anisakis spp. larvae identified by genetic markers, could be used as biological tags and support the existence of a Mediterranean swordfish stock.
Fully adult swordfish have few natural predators. Among marine mammals, killer whales sometimes prey on adult swordfish. The shortfin mako, an exceptionally fast species of shark, sometimes take on swordfish; dead or dying shortfin makos have been found with broken-off swords in their heads, revealing the danger of this type of prey. Juvenile swordfish are far more vulnerable to predation, and are eaten by a wide range of predatory fish. Intensive fishery may be driving swordfishes and sharks into harder competition for reduced amounts of prey and therefore pitting them to fight more.
Human fishery is a major predator of swordfishes. The annual reported catch in 2019 of the North Atlantic swordfish amounted to a total of .
Breeding
In the North Pacific, batch spawning mainly occurs in water warmer than during the spring and summer, and year-round in the equatorial Pacific. In the North Atlantic, spawning is known from the Sargasso Sea, and in water warmer than and less than deep. Spawning occurs from November to February in the South Atlantic off southern Brazil. Spawning is year-round in the Caribbean Sea and other warm regions of the west Atlantic.
Large females can carry more eggs than small females, and between 1 million to 29 million eggs have been recorded. The pelagic eggs measure in diameter and days after fertilization, the embryonic development occurs. The surface-living and unique-looking larvae are long at hatching. The bill is evident when the larvae reach in length.
Fisheries
Swordfish were harvested by a variety of methods at small scale (notably harpoon fishing) until the global expansion of long-line fishing. They have been fished widely since ancient times in places such as the Strait of Messina, where they are still fished with traditional wooden boats called feluccas and are part of the cuisine in that area.
Swordfish are vigorous, powerful fighters. Although no unprovoked attacks on humans have been reported, swordfish can be very dangerous when harpooned. They have run their swords through the planking of small boats when hurt. In 2015, a Hawaiian fisherman was killed by a swordfish after attempting to spear the animal.
Recreational fishing
Recreational fishing has developed a subspecialty called swordfishing. Because of a ban on long-lining along many parts of seashore, swordfish populations are showing signs of recovery from the overfishing caused by long-lining along the coast.
Various ways are used to fish for swordfish, but the most common method is deep-drop fishing, since swordfish spend most daylight hours very deep, in the deep scattering layer. The boat is allowed to drift to present a more natural bait. Swordfishing requires strong fishing rods and reels, as swordfish can become quite large, and it is not uncommon to use or more of weight to get the baits deep enough during the day, up to is common. Night fishing baits are usually fished much shallower, often less than . Standard baits are whole mackerel, herring, mullet, bonito, or squid; one can also use live bait. Imitation squids and other imitation fish lures can also be used, and specialized lures made specifically for swordfishing often have battery-powered or glow lights. Even baits are typically presented using glow sticks or specialized deepwater-proof battery operated lights.
As food
Swordfish are classified as oily fish. Many sources, including the United States Food and Drug Administration, warn about potential toxicity from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish. The FDA recommends that young children, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age not eat swordfish.
The flesh of some swordfish can acquire an orange tint, reportedly from their diet of shrimp or other prey. Such fish are sold as "pumpkin swordfish", and command a premium over their whitish counterparts.
Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. Swordfish meat is relatively firm, and can be cooked in ways more fragile types of fish cannot (such as over a grill on skewers). The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the East Coast of North America often being rosier.
Conservation status
In 1998, the US Natural Resources Defense Council and SeaWeb hired Fenton Communications to conduct an advertising campaign to promote their assertion that the swordfish population was in danger due to its popularity as a restaurant entree.
The resulting "Give Swordfish a Break" promotion was wildly successful, with 750 prominent US chefs agreeing to remove North Atlantic swordfish from their menus, and also persuaded many supermarkets and consumers across the country.
The advertising campaign was repeated by the national media in hundreds of print and broadcast stories, as well as extensive regional coverage. It earned the Silver Anvil award from the Public Relations Society of America, as well as Time magazine's award for the top five environmental stories of 1998.
Subsequently, the US National Marine Fisheries Service proposed a swordfish protection plan that incorporated the campaign's policy suggestions. Then-US President Bill Clinton called for a ban on the sale and import of swordfish and in a landmark decision by the federal government, of the Atlantic Ocean were placed off-limits to fishing as recommended by the sponsors.
In the North Atlantic, the swordfish stock is fully rebuilt, with biomass estimates currently 5% above the target level. No robust stock assessments for swordfish in the northwestern Pacific or South Atlantic have been made, and data concerning stock status in these regions are lacking. These stocks are considered unknown and a moderate conservation concern. The southwestern Pacific stock is a moderate concern due to model uncertainty, increasing catches, and declining catch per unit effort. Overfishing is likely occurring in the Indian Ocean, and fishing mortality exceeds the maximum recommended level in the Mediterranean, thus these stocks are considered of high conservation concern.
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the swordfish to its seafood red list.
In culture
The swordfish (Xiphias) has been used by astronomers as another name for the constellation of Dorado.
References
Further reading
External links
Swordfish, Seafood Watch, Monterey Bay Aquarium
FDA Consumer:Mercury In Fish:Cause For Concern?
Cosmopolitan fish
Oily fish
Sport fish
Hawaiian cuisine
Greek cuisine
Fish described in 1758
Extant Pliocene first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | [
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225577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland%20State%20University | Portland State University | Portland State University (PSU) is a public research university in Portland, Oregon. It was founded in 1946 as a post-secondary educational institution for World War II veterans. It evolved into a four-year college over the following two decades and was granted university status in 1969. It is the only public university in the state of Oregon that is located in a large city. It is governed by a board of trustees. PSU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Portland State is composed of seven constituent colleges, offering undergraduate degrees in one hundred twenty-three fields, and postgraduate degrees in one hundred seventeen fields. Schools at Portland State include the School of Business Administration, College of Education, School of Social Work, College of Urban and Public Affairs, College of the Arts, Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. The athletic teams are known as the Portland State Vikings with school colors of green and white. Teams compete at the NCAA Division I Level, primarily in the Big Sky Conference.
History
1946–1964: Establishment
Portland State University was established as the Vanport Extension Center in June 1946, founded by Stephen Edward Epler, a native of Iowa. Epler graduated from Cotner College in Lincoln, Nebraska, and later Columbia University in New York City, before joining the army to fight in World War II. After returning to the United States after serving, Epler became a veterans' counselor in Oregon's General Extension Division in Portland. The Vanport Extension Center was conceived by Epler in order to satisfy the demand for higher education in Portland for returning World War II veterans, taking advantage of the G.I. Bill. The G.I. Bill was passed in 1944 to provide college, high school or vocational education for returning World War II veterans, as well as one year of unemployment compensation.
The first classes were held in the Vanport Junior High School. This first summer session had 221 students, and tuition and fees were $50. Over 1,410 students registered for the 1946 fall term, which was delayed until October 7, 1946, due to a lack of space. Since the population in Vanport was decreasing after World War II, the extension center was able to use buildings created for other purposes: two childcare centers, a recreation building with three classrooms, and a shopping center, which required substantial modification to house a library, offices, and six classrooms. In addition to Vanport Junior High School, Lincoln and Jefferson high schools were used after school hours, as well as the University of Oregon's dental and medical schools, located in Portland.
Following the May 30 Vanport Flood of 1948, the college became known as "the college that wouldn't die" for refusing to close after the flood. The term was coined by Lois Hennessy, a student who wrote about the college and the flood in the Christian Science Monitor, though students nicknamed the school "The college without a future." (Hennessy was the mother of poet Gary Snyder.) The school occupied Grant High School in the summer of 1948, then to hastily converted buildings at the Oregon Shipyard, known as the Oregon Ship. In 1953, the school moved to downtown Portland and occupied the vacated buildings of Lincoln High School on SW Broadway Street, including Lincoln Hall, then known as "Old Main."
The school changed its name to the Portland State Extension Center between December 1951 and February 1952, and also earned a colloquial title, "The U by the Slough." In 1955, the Center changed its name to Portland State College to mark its maturation into a four-year degree-granting institution, although severe restrictions were placed on the college's curriculum and growth. Epler, who had campaigned for a presidency role at the college, was not elected by the State Board. Without an administrative stake in the college, Epler left and accepted presidency at Reedley College in California. By 1956, the veteran population at the college had subsided, and baby food was no longer stocked in the bookstore.
1965–2000: Expansion and development
A team from Portland State entered and won the 1965 General Electric College Bowl the nationally televised quiz show that pitted teams of college students from across the country against each other. The team knocked off its competitors for five consecutive weeks, retiring as champions, and setting a new record for total points scored. The university's Smith Memorial Student Union building was named after team member Michael J. Smith, who competed in the tournament while suffering from cystic fibrosis and died in 1968.
Architecture at the university was a topic of controversy in its early stages. In 1968, incoming university president Gregory Wolfe commented that the buildings were distressing evidence of Stalinist cubism on campus, although urban renewal chairman Ira Keller found them to be "perfectly lovely." Portland State University's growth for the next couple of decades was restricted under the Oregon University System's 1929 ruling that no public university or college in Oregon could duplicate the programs offered by another, with grandfathered exclusions for the University of Oregon and Oregon State University.
Nevertheless, graduate programs were added in 1961 and doctoral programs were added in 1972. The institution was granted university status by the Oregon State Board of Higher Education in 1969, becoming Portland State University.
In 1993, PSU did away with the traditional undergraduate distribution system and adopted a new interdisciplinary general education program known as University Studies. The University Studies curriculum consists of one year of required freshman inquiry courses followed by a year of sophomore inquiry, junior cluster courses (which serve as upperclassmen electives) and, finally, a senior capstone; the senior capstone course serves as a "culmination of the University Studies program," and requires students to take part in a community-based project of their choosing, often followed by a public presentation on their experience in the project. The program garnered national attention for its learning communities, service-learning, senior capstones, and successful retention of first-year students. U.S. News & World Report has on multiple occasions listed University Studies as a "Program to Look For". In 1995, two years before his death, the university honored Stephen Epler for his contributions to the university's origins.
2001–present
In 2003 Portland State was approved to award degrees in Black Studies. That same year the university opened a center housed in the Native American Student and Community Center. In 2004 Fariborz Maseeh, an alumnus of the university, donated, through The Massiah Foundation, $8 million to the College of Engineering and Computer Science. The college was renamed the Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science. This was the largest single donation to the university at the time and this gift along with others led to, in May 2006, the opening of a new engineering building, the "Northwest Center for Engineering, Science and Technology", which houses much of the college. The LEED gold-certified engineering building reflects the university's increased emphasis on engineering, science and technology. The facility includes classrooms, offices and 41 research and teaching labs.
In 2006, Portland State was declared to be the nation's first Salmon Safe University by the nonprofit organization Salmon Safe. The award was given to recognize campus-wide efforts toward environmental sustainability by treating storm water runoff before it reaches the local watershed.
On June 3, 2008, the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partner Foundation announced Portland State as the recipient of The Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partnership Award for Campus-Community Collaboration for their Watershed Stewardship Program. The program has led over 27,000 community volunteers donating a quarter of a million hours to install 80,000 plants and restore of watershed along of river. Individual projects have been led and supported by 700 students working as part of class projects, resulting in two master's theses and three research articles. In 2017, the university was once again recognized by U.S. News as one of the top 10 most innovative universities in the country, in a list of "schools that the public should be watching because of the cutting-edge changes being made on their campuses. PSU has been on the most innovative list for three consecutive years."
In August 2020, citing the George Floyd protests as well as a police-involved shooting in 2018, university President Stephen Percy announced that PSU police will no longer carry firearms on patrol (though firearms will still be stored in the public safety office for use in case of an active shooter situation). In case of dangerous calls, Portland police will respond instead. The policy took effect on September 1, 2021.
Academics
Portland State offers undergraduate degrees in one hundred twenty-three fields, and postgraduate degrees in one hundred and seventeen. The university has increasingly added more doctoral programs as it has grown from its original mission as a liberal arts undergraduate college into a more broad-based research university. Recently added fields where doctorates are awarded are mathematics, biology, chemistry, applied physics, computer science, applied psychology, engineering & technology management, mechanical engineering, and sociology. Graduate education is now offered in more than 70 master's degree programs, more than 30 graduate certificate programs, and 20 doctoral programs.
In 2006, the College of Urban and Public Affairs established Portland State University's first fully online degree. The Division of Criminology and Criminal Justice offers an online bachelor's degree in criminology and criminal justice as well as certificates in Advanced Crime Analysis, Criminal Behavior, Leadership in Criminal Justice, and a post-baccalaureate certificate in Criminology and Criminal Justice. Portland State awarded a total of 6,050 degrees for the 2014–15 academic year, including 4,250 bachelor's degrees, 1,725 master's degrees and 75 doctoral degrees.
Admissions
According to the U.S. News & World Report and Forbes, the university's acceptance rate was 66% in 2012, which was considered selective for a state university. According to Forbes in their 2015 survey, the university's acceptance rate was 61%. Portland State also has a dual enrollment agreement with Portland Community College and Clackamas Community College that allows students of the two schools to take courses at either school, and also complies with the Associate of Arts Oregon Transfer Degree curriculum (A.A.O.T.), which allows accepted students who have completed two year associate degrees at an Oregon community college to transfer into the university at junior level.
Colleges and schools
Portland State University's academic programs are organized into nine major academic units:
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences - An array of undergraduate, graduate, and certificate programs in over 20 majors, including Anthropology, Applied Linguistics, Biology, Black Studies, Chemistry, Chicano/Latino Studies, Communication, Conflict Resolution, Economics, English, Environmental Programs, Geography, Geology, History, International Studies, Mathematics and Statistics, Native American Studies, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology, Science Education, Sociology, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Women's Studies, and World Languages and Literatures.
School of Business Administration - Undergraduate and graduate majors include Business Administration, Financial Analysis, International Management, Marketing and Logistics. Postgraduate and certificate programs include Accounting, International Business Studies, and Food Industry Management. The school also offers doctoral programs as part of the Systems Science doctoral program.
College of Education - Graduate and undergraduate programs in initial and continuing licensure, Education (Early Childhood, Elementary, Middle Level, and High School), Educational Leadership, Counseling and various specializations, endorsements, graduate certificates and professional development programs.
OHSU-PSU School of Public Health - A joint project with Oregon Health and Science University. Portland State administers the undergraduate programs, which include bachelor's degrees in Applied Health and Fitness or Health Studies, and an Undergraduate Certificate in Human Lactation. OHSU administers the graduate degrees.
Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer Science - Undergraduate and graduate programs include Civil, Computer, Electrical, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, as well as Computer Science. Graduate programs also include Engineering Management, Manufacturing Engineering, Systems Engineering, Software Engineering, and Technology Management. The school also offers doctoral programs as part of the Systems Science and the Environmental Sciences and Resources doctoral programs.
College of the Arts - Undergraduate programs include Architecture, Art (with separate programs in Art Practice, Graphic Design and Social Practice), Art History, Arts Studies, Film, Film Studies, Music, Theater Arts, and Dance. Graduate studies include Architecture, Art, Music, Theater Arts, and Secondary Art Education.
School of Social Work - The school offers programs in Social Work at the undergraduate and graduate levels, Undergraduate Child and Family Studies, and Doctoral social work programs.
College of Urban and Public Affairs - This college is organized in a series of subsidiary schools focusing on various aspects of Urban and Public Affairs:
School of Community Health - Undergraduate and graduate studies in Health Studies and Community Health. The school also offers a graduate certificate in Gerontology.
Mark O. Hatfield School of Government - Undergraduate and graduate studies in Criminology/Criminal Justice, Political Science, and Public Administration. Institutes include the Center for Public Service, Criminal Justice Research Policy Institute, Institute for Nonprofit Management, National Policy Consensus Center, Institute for Tribal Government, and the Center for Turkish Studies.
Nohad A. Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning - Undergraduate programs include a major and minor in Community Development, and minors in Real Estate Development and Sustainable Urban Development. Graduate certificates include Real Estate Development, Transportation, and Urban Design. Graduate studies include Urban Studies, as well as Urban and Regional Planning. Institutes include the Center for Urban Studies, Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies, Center for Population Research Census, Center for Real Estate, and the Center for Transportation Studies.
University Honors College - This college is the only urban-focused honors college in the country.
In addition, Portland State University, through the School of Extended Studies, offers continuing education and special learning activities, including credit courses, degree-completion programs, distance-learning courses, noncredit community programs, re-licensure, certifications, high school courses, summer programs, and online study.
Undergraduate curriculum
University Studies
In 1993, PSU comprehensively reformed its undergraduate curriculum with a new curriculum called University Studies that is unique to the institution. The curriculum was conceived to address issues of credit distribution which required students in upper-level courses to enroll in classes outside of their majors. In a 1993 summary report on the reform, it was stated that the University Studies sought to incorporate "'across-the-curriculum' themes including writing, diversity and multiculturalism, ethics, and global studies," as well as form a foundation that "includes the capacity and the propensity to engage in inquiry and critical thinking, to use various forms of communication for learning and expression, to gain an awareness of the broader human experience and its environment, and appreciate the responsibilities of persons to themselves, to each other, and to community."
PSU's University Studies curriculum begins with Freshman Inquiry courses, which are interactive and theme-based, and "explore topics and issues using an interdisciplinary approach to show how they can be understood from different perspectives." In these courses, professors are paired with junior and senior level students who assist in leading group discussions, as well as a peer mentor who leads smaller inquiry sessions.
The Sophomore Inquiry courses are heavily communication-based, and are focused on group dialogue as well as presentations and research projects. These courses are designed to allow sophomore students to explore topics that are complementary to their chosen majors.
As students transition into junior level, they are required to enroll in Upper Division Cluster Courses which are more in-depth and focused, as they pertain more closely to the students' chosen majors. Unlike the inquiry courses that make up students' freshmen and sophomore years, the upper-division courses do not feature mentor sessions. The "clusters" from which students choose their courses cover a wide range of disciplines and themes.
During their senior year, while still completing upper-division Cluster Courses, students are also required to complete a six-credit senior capstone project in order to graduate. The capstone integrates class work with community-based work. These projects are integrated with local community organizations, and cover a wide range of issues, from social justice to grantwriting, environmental conservation, youth education, and more. Capstone courses often conclude with a public presentation from the students on their experiences with the community organization or cause which they explored.
The university received national recognition for the program from the U.S. News & World Report, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the Corporation for National Service, the Atlantic Foundation, and the Pew Charitable Trust for the innovative pedagogical approach to undergraduate education.
Research
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education ranks Portland State as a university with "higher research activity." The 1.4 million-volume, six-floor Branford Price Millar Library is located in the center of campus, opposite Fariborz Maseeh Hall on Park Avenue, and has several computer labs, technology and faculty reading rooms, and video viewing rooms. Built in 1966 as a rectangular structure, the library's convex wall of glass facing the campus' park blocks was added in 1989 to surround and preserve a large copper beech tree that was planted in 1890.
The Millar Library houses approximately 1,422,427 volumes, 640 print subscriptions, 97,065 accessible electronic books, 2,592,288 microforms, 69,762 maps, and 133,978 audio-visual materials. It is also a repository for federal documents, housing over 400,000 government documents. The Millar Library is open to the public, and allows non-students access to their catalogues of PDF files and published online journals.
Rankings
U.S. News & World Report ranked Portland State as a second tier research university in their 2017 report, but listed it as unranked nationally.
The university is ranked among The Best 376 Colleges in its 2012 edition, "Best in the West",
and as a "College With a Conscience"
by The Princeton Review. Portland State's MBA (Master's of Business Administration) was ranked in the top 100 by The Princeton Review, who also named Portland State as one of the best institutions in the country for undergraduate education. In 2015, the university ranked at number 16 as one of the "Most Innovative" colleges in the nation.
Portland State University's School of Business Administration is also ranked in surveys, such as The Princeton Review'''s Best 294 Business Schools. U.S. News & World Report currently ranks Portland State University's graduate Urban & Regional Planning Program as the 14th best in the Nation. Planetizen currently ranks the university's graduate Urban & Regional Planning Program, at the Nohad A. Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, within the top 25 best urban planning programs in the nation.
Other top programs/colleges at Portland State University include its graduate College of Urban and Public Affairs which is ranked 46th in the nation, its Rehabilitation Counseling and Social Work graduate degrees ranked 23rd and 33rd respectively, its Speech-Language Pathology program is ranked 62nd, as well as its Graduate School of Education is ranked as being among the "Best" by U.S. News & World Report. The university is listed by U.S. News & World Report as having one of The Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs. The Carnegie Foundation ranked PSU as a Top School in Curricular Engagement, Outreach, and Partnerships, and it is ranked as the ninth Best Neighbor Universities.
Aside from academics, Portland State University is world-renowned for its sustainability and green initiatives. PSU has a Gold STARS Rating for Sustainability, is ranked among the Nation's Top Green Schools and has a Top Green Business School ranking by The Princeton Review, it is also home to seven LEED-certified schools.
Campus
The majority of the PSU campus is located across a section of southwest downtown Portland, in an area known as the University District. The campus is situated against the West Hills, and is bound by Clay Street to the north, Fourth Avenue to the east, Interstate 405 to the south, and 12th Avenue to the west. SW Broadway runs through the center of the campus, where the university's central buildings are located: Lincoln Hall, Cramer Hall, Smith Memorial Student Union, Fariborz Maseeh Hall, and Shattuck Hall; Cramer Hall, Smith Memorial, and Fariborz Maseeh Hall are connected by tunnels on the basement levels, as well as by skybridges on the upper levels, which allows students access between buildings without having to use street sidewalks.
The university's South Park Blocks, situated on the opposite side of the central buildings, run parallel to Park Avenue, and begin at Market Street where Lincoln Hall is located, and end at Shattuck Hall. The northern edge of the PSU campus is eight blocks away from Pioneer Courthouse Square, and four blocks from the Portland Art Museum. The Keller Auditorium is located at the northwestern edge of the campus, on 3rd Ave. and Clay St.
In 2010, the university opened a $62 million Gold LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Certified Student Rec Center. The six-story building houses an aquatics center, climbing wall, basketball/volleyball/badminton courts, an indoor soccer court, a large fitness area, and an outdoor program; it is located in the university's Urban Center, a quadrangle which is also home to the College of Urban and Public Affairs, the university bookstore, and several restaurants; the Portland Streetcar runs west through the center.
The student-managed PSU Film Committee operates the 5th Avenue Cinema, one of the only student operated theaters in the United States. The cinema is open to the public and screens films weekly, with students receiving free admission, and many of the university's film studies courses are held in the screening rooms.
Residence halls
Although largely a commuter school, PSU houses around 3,000 undergraduate and graduate students, and has ten residence halls. Its largest include University Pointe, a sixteen-story apartment building operated by American Campus Communities built in 2011, and Ondine, a fifteen-story high rise. Older residence halls, many of which were originally apartment buildings that were purchased by the university, include Blackstone, built in 1930, and Montgomery Court, built in 1916; other older residence halls include St. Helens Court, built in 1927 and soon to be demolished; the art deco Parkway Manor, built in 1931; and Blumel Hall, built in 1986.
Other residence buildings were constructed post-millennium, including the Stephen Epler Hall (built in 2003) and the Broadway (built in 2004). Further steps toward increasing housing capacity — and university control over its own housing — are being taken with plans for further construction, and with Portland State taking over management of the residence halls it currently owns.
In March 2007, Portland State University took over the managing of the on-campus housing at Portland State University. College Housing Northwest, which has managed the on-campus housing buildings (including the Broadway, Stephen Epler Hall, West Hall, King Albert Hall, St. Helens, Montgomery Court, and Ondine) for over 30 years, will still maintain its off-campus housing (including Goose Hollow, The Palidian, The Cambrian, and Clay).
Greek system
Optional residential and social opportunities exist with a small but active Greek system, which includes:
Art and galleries
Portland State University has numerous pieces of public art around campus from renowned local, national and international artists, such as Frederic Littman, Thomas Hardy, Ken MacKintosh & Lillian Pitt, Emily Ginsburg, Harrell Fletcher with Avalon Kalin, Linda Stein, John Aiken, and Ed Carpenter.
There are several art galleries and spaces for exhibiting art at PSU: the MK Gallery, AB Gallery and Sugar Cube Gallery within PSU's School of Art + Design; the Broadway Gallery in Lincoln Performance Hall; and the Littman + White Galleries in Smith Memorial Student Union. Littman + White Galleries are among the United States' only student-run contemporary art galleries. In 2018, the Autzen Gallery at Neuberger Hall was closed amid restorations for the building, and will be replaced with the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art at Portland State University.
Sustainability
The university has made great efforts to make its buildings environmentally sustainable, both in its new architecture as well as through renovation of its older buildings. In September 2008 the James F. and Marion L. Miller Foundation awarded Portland State University a $25 million challenge grant. The grant and the funds raised to match it must be used exclusively for sustainability programs.
Portland State's sustainability research and education, led by Jennifer Allen, director of the Portland State Institute for Sustainable Solutions, is focused on four primary areas of inquiry: creating sustainable urban communities, the integration of human societies and the natural environment, implementing sustainability and mechanisms of change and measuring sustainability. Since 1998, the Miller Foundation has also contributed more than $5.3 million to Portland State.
, eight buildings on the PSU campus are LEED-certified, two of which are at Platinum status, and the university announced plans for renovations on Neuberger Hall to bring it to LEED certification as well in 2014. Portland State has been named among the most eco-friendly universities in the United States. In addition to the university's eco-conscious architecture and reconstructive work, it has also been recognized for its utilization of mass transit, including light rail, streetcar, and bus systems all central to the campus. It has also been recognized for its abundance of bicycle transportation; in 2013, PSU was ranked one of America's six most bike-friendly universities, third to Stanford University and University of California, Davis.
Outside Shattuck Hall, the university's architecture department constructed the Shattuck Hall Ecological Learning Plaza, a garden featuring green walls, solar panels, and permeable pavement. The university also features its own community garden.
Student life
Student body
Portland State differs from the other universities in Oregon partially because, as an urban institution, it attracts a student body older than other universities; in the 2010–2011 school year, it was reported that the average age of an attending undergraduate student was 26 years. Some programs only offer night classes. PSU also delayed the development of its campus for decades after its founding. The institution sold land in a neighboring block soon after its move to downtown Portland, and delayed the construction of student housing until the early 1970s.
The student government is the Associated Students of Portland State University (ASPSU). In addition to a student body President and Vice President, there is a Student Fee Committee, a 25-member Student Senate, and a Judicial Board which rules on ASPSU constitutional questions. There are also a number of university committees that have student members appointed by the ASPSU President. Portland State also participates in the Oregon Student Association, the statewide student lobbying non-profit.
Publications
The fully student-run newspaper at Portland State is the Portland State Vanguard, established in 1946. Student-run broadcasters run radio station KPSU which is ranked in the Top 20 College Radio Stations by several organizations and is one of only a handful of "Free Format" radio stations in the country, and television station PSU TV. The Portland Review is a literary magazine of poetry, fiction, and art published by PSU's Student Publications Board since 1956. Additional student newspapers at PSU were The Rearguard, an alternative-monthly newspaper, and The Spectrum. Following budget cuts for these publications, they were consolidated into a monthly magazine The Pacific Sentinel'' in January 2016.
Human resources
The university houses a Women's Resources center, a Disability Resources center, a Resource Center for Students with Children, a Queer Resource Center for LGBT students, and a Veteran's Resource Center.
Fraternities and sororities at Portland State University are represented by a student-run group called "Greek Life" or "Greek Council". The council's purpose is to facilitate between the university and the Greek Community on campus, provide a venue for communication between individual Chapters, and to facilitate socials, fundraisers, and other philanthropic events. The council is made up of six executive offices (President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Special Events Chair, and Public Relations) and represents the following Greek Organizations to date: Alpha Kappa Alpha, Alpha Kappa Psi, Alpha Phi Alpha, Alpha Chi Omega, Kappa Sigma, Omega Delta Phi and Phi Delta Theta.
Transportation
The university contains four parking structures for automobiles: two located on 6th Avenue; one on 12th Street at the northwestern edge of the campus; and one 5th Avenue between Montgomery and Harrison Streets. A guest parking lot is located on the south end of Shattuck Hall.
Portland State University is serviced with mass transit by TriMet, which includes fifteen bus lines as well as the MAX light rail system. The MAX Green Line, MAX Yellow Line, and Portland Streetcar all service the university, with numerous stops located within the campus. The Green Line runs to the southernmost point of the university, at the PSU South MAX Station, located at SW 6th & College; the north-bound Yellow Line stop is at 5th & Jackson. Both lines have stops at PSU Urban Center stations, which is located at the center of the campus. The Urban Center plaza also has connections to the Portland Streetcar's NS Line as well as TriMet buses.
There are also shuttles available through Oregon Health & Science University and Portland Community College on SW Harrison Street at SW Broadway. In addition to use of mass transit, the university also has a large population of students who travel by bicycle.
Athletics
Portland State competes at the NCAA Division I level in football, basketball, women's volleyball, golf, soccer, tennis, softball, indoor and outdoor track and field, and cross country as a member of the Big Sky Conference. The football team competes in Division I FCS (Football Championship Subdivision).
Prior to joining Division I, the school won NCAA National Division II championships in women's volleyball and wrestling. The school has also placed second twice nationally in football and once in women's basketball at the Division II level.
Portland State's colors are green and white, and its mascot is the Viking personified as "Victor E. Viking". Among the two more notable former Portland State athletes are Freeman Williams and Neil Lomax. Williams was the NCAA Division I national men's basketball individual scoring leader in 1977 and 1978. Lomax was a record-setting quarterback who went on to star for the St. Louis Cardinals in the NFL in the mid-1980s. Football's "Run & Shoot" offense was first implemented at the college level at PSU by coach Darryl "Mouse" Davis. An assistant coach at Portland State, Davis took over as head coach in 1975 following the departure of Ron Stratten. Behind his revolutionary new "Run-and-Shoot" offense (developed in the late 1960s at Hillsboro (OR) HS) and a strong-armed quarterback named June Jones, Davis led the Viking program to new heights— an 8–3 record, including a perfect 5–0 home mark. Davis' quarterback protégés were Lomax and Jones.
Home games for football are held off-campus at Hillsboro Stadium, and home games for basketball are held on-campus in the Viking Pavilion. In 2008, the men's basketball team earned their first ever bid into the NCAA tournament.
The university has 30 student-managed club sports on campus including the PSU Rugby Club, the PSU Ice Hockey Club and the PSU Lacrosse Club. In addition, the Student Activities and Leadership Program sponsors 120 student clubs including the Tango, Fencing, Medieval and Brewers' clubs.
Alumni and faculty
Notable alumni
The university has several alumni in law and government, including Barbara Roberts, the 34th Governor of Oregon, U.S. Federal Judge Anna J. Brown, and American diplomats Joseph LeBaron and Marisa Lino. Betty Roberts, the first woman to serve on the Oregon Supreme Court, and Margaret Carter, the first African American woman elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, are also graduates of the university. Casten Nemra, the seventh president of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Arnold I. Palacios the 12th Lt. Governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands are graduates of Portland State University as well.
Portland State has produced many academics across the sciences and humanities; alumni include: cultural anthropologist and professor at Duke University Lee D. Baker; Michael Kazin, historian and professor at Georgetown University; Dali Yang, professor of political science at the University of Chicago; Thomas Talbott, professor of philosophy at Willamette University; and Hans G. Furth, professor of psychology at The Catholic University of America.
Businessman and engineer Norm Winningstad, United Parcel Service CEO D. Scott Davis, and Judi Hofer, executive CEO of The May Department Stores Company are also graduates. Business magnate and co-founder and chairman of Nike, Inc., Phil Knight was an assistant professor of business at the university, and his son, animator and CEO of Laika, Travis Knight, is an alumnus. Carolyn Davidson, an alumnus of the university's visual arts department, invented the Nike swoosh while she was a student there. Tarah Wheeler, cybersecurity executive and author of Women In Tech, received her MS in Political Science from the Hatfield School.
Writer Francisco Laguna Correa; poets Michael Dickman and John Sibley Williams; and novelists Deborah J. Ross and David James Duncan are among the university's alumni; Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics, is an alumnus as well. In 2007, Dark Horse donated copies of all of its published works to the PSU Library, which maintains both a browsing collection of book titles, in addition to a research collection which also includes every "print, poster, statue, figure, and all other products."
In the sciences, the university's alumni base include computer scientist and Turing Award winner Ivan Sutherland, theoretical physicist Mohammad Aslam Khan Khalil, autism researcher Paul Shattuck, and Antarctic researcher Jill Mikucki. Several social activists are among alumni as well, including British political scientist and peace-building initiative pioneer Harry Anastasiou; Native American activist Robert Robideau; gay rights activist Paul Popham, who founded the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York City and social activist and recipient of the Director's Community Leadership Award (DCLA) Musse Olol.
The university's contribution to performing arts and entertainment include actors Mark Dacascos and Terence Knox; four-time Grammy Award-winning jazz musician Esperanza Spalding; film composer Rob Simonsen; and Jack Ely, guitarist of The Kingsmen. Emmy-winning writer, stand-up comedian, and fantasy draft expert; Ian Karmel. Alternative rock singer and guitarist Courtney Love of Hole also attended the university, but did not graduate.
Sportsmen who attended Portland State include football players Adam Heyward, Tony Curtis, Super Bowl XLVIII Champion DeShawn Shead, Julius Thomas, two-time Super Bowl Champion (XVII, XXII) Clint Didier, Dave Stief, and Neil Lomax. Freeman Williams, who has the second-highest NCAA score in NBA history, is also an alumnus.
Notable current and former faculty
References
Further reading
External links
Portland State University Athletics website
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Educational institutions established in 1946
1946 establishments in Oregon
Universities and colleges in Portland, Oregon
Public universities and colleges in Oregon | [
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225580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike | Spike | Spike, spikes, or spiking may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Books
The Spike (novel), a novel by Arnaud de Borchgrave
The Spike (book), a nonfiction book by Damien Broderick
The Spike, a starship in Peter F. Hamilton's The Evolutionary Void
Comics
Spike (DC Thomson) a British comics anthology published by DC Thomson
Spike (IDW Publishing), a comic book series featuring the Buffy the Vampire Slayer character
Film and television
Spike (2008 film), directed by Robert Beaucage
Spike (dog), a dog actor
Spike (TV channel), a former name of the American cable network Paramount Network
5Spike, a former localized British version of the American channel
Spike (Australian TV channel), a localized version of the American channel
Spike (Dutch TV channel), a localized version of the American channel
"Spike!", a segment of the 2017 Thai TV series Project S: The Series
Music
Spike (Agata album), 2004
Spike (Puffy AmiYumi album), 2001
Spike (Elvis Costello album), 1989
Spike (music), a part of certain stringed instruments
"Spikes", a song by Death Grips from the album Bottomless Pit
"Spike", a song from The Network album Money Money 2020
Periodicals
Spike Art Quarterly an art magazine based in Berlin and Vienna est. 2004
Spike Magazine, an internet cultural journal which began in 1996
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Spike (character), a list of fictional characters named Spike
Spike (company), a video game company
Spike (journalism), to decide not to publish or publicize a story
Spike (stagecraft), markings on a stage to show the correct positioning of objects and actors
Spike (video game), a 1983 platform game for the Vectrex video game system
Biology and medicine
Spike (botany), a kind of inflorescence in which sessile flowers are arranged on an unbranched elongated axis
Spike (neuroscience), or action potential
SPIKES, a clinical protocol used to break bad news to patients
Spike protein, a structure projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus, which binds to host cells
Spine (zoology), a hard, needle-like anatomical structure
People
Names
Spike (nickname), a list of people
Spike (surname), a list of people
Spikes (surname), a list of people
People with the name or stage name
In film
Spike Jonze, an American filmmaker
Spike Lee, an American filmmaker
In music
Spike (musician), singer of The Quireboys
Spike (Welsh guitarist), stage name of Mike Williams
Spike, stage name of Frans van Zoest, guitar player of rock band Di-rect
Spike Slawson, American punk vocalist and bassist of the Swinging Utters and Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
Spike Xavier, lead singer of nu metal band Corporate Avenger
In professional wrestling
Spike Dudley, the ring name of former American professional wrestler Matthew Jonathan Hyson (born 1970)
Moondog Spike, the ring name of American professional wrestler Bill Smithson
Spike Huber, a professional wrestler from the United States Wrestling Association
Spike, a professional wrestler, half of the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling tag team The Heavy Metal Sisters
Sport
Spike (gridiron football), a play in American football
Spike (volleyball), a form of volleyball attack
Spikes (mascot), the mascot of the Minor League AAA Rochester Red Wings
State College Spikes, a minor league baseball team that plays in the New York – Penn League
Track spikes, lightweight shoes with spikes screwed into their bottom, or spike plate, in order to maximize traction
Technology
Computing
Spike (application), an email app which displays email in a chat-like format
Spike (database), a biological database
Spiking (fintech), a social trading platform
Spike (software development), a small task done to reduce uncertainty about a larger task
SPIKE algorithm, a mathematical parallel algorithm for solving banded systems of linear equations
Mechanical devices
Cleat (shoe), a protrusion on the sole of a shoe to provide traction
Track spikes, lightweight shoes with spikes screwed into their bottom, or spike plate
Nail (fastener), or spike, especially one over ten inches (25 cm) long
Rail spike, used to construct railroad tracks
Screw spike, used to construct railroad tracks
Spike strip, a device used to impede or stop the movement of wheeled vehicles
Spindle (stationery), an upright spike used to hold papers
Other uses in technology
Spike (missile) an Israeli fourth generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
Voltage spike, also called an electrical surge, an electronic glitch
Spiking a gun, a method of rendering a cannon temporarily inoperable by driving a metal spike into the touch hole
Other uses
Spike, to add alcohol or another recreational drug to a typically non-alcoholic drink or foodstuff
Mickey Finn (drugs), a drink laced with an incapacitating drug
Spike, a colloquial name for a workhouse
See also
Spiked (disambiguation)
Spiker (disambiguation)
The Spike (disambiguation)
Golden spike (disambiguation)
Spike Island (disambiguation) | [
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225582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unboxing | Unboxing | Unboxing is the unpacking of products, especially high tech consumer products, where the process is captured on video and uploaded to the internet. The item is then also explained in detail and also can sometimes be demonstrated as well.
Yahoo Tech places the first unboxing video to be for the Nokia E61 cellphone in 2006. According to Google Trends, searches for the term "unboxing" began to surface in the final quarter of 2006.
Early unboxing videos focused mainly either on gadgets or fashion items. However, once the trend took off, unboxing videos were available for, as Yahoo's Deb Amien put it, "nearly every thing that is available for purchase." By 2014 the popularity of the videos were such that some companies had been known to upload unboxing videos for their own products, whilst others sent products to uploaders for free.
Some consider the popularity of this practice is due to the ability of showing the product exactly for what it is without any adulteration advertisers usually make around the product. Being able to see what the customer is getting "can contribute to the decision process." Some users have tried to make these unboxings more interesting by adding special effects or doing them in different ways, such as an underwater unboxing of a waterproof smartphone.
The growth of e-commerce has also been a major factor contributing to the rise of unboxing. Direct-to-consumer companies needed a way to better connect with their customers emotionally and create a positive buying experience. This has led to many D2C companies investing in packaging design to serve as a marketing asset for their products. The more engaging and cool the packaging is, the more likely consumers will record unboxing videos of their product and ultimately drive more buyers to the company. Packaging manufacturers are also increasingly aware of the role of 'the unboxing trend' in their development, and are continually improving their technologies to meet the demand for higher quality printed packages. Boxes are no longer just a transportation tool - they are a valuable marketing billboard delivered right to the customers.
Advertising
In 2016, international fast food chain store Burger King debuted a commercial featuring Frito-Lay mascot Chester Cheetah unboxing the Mac n' Cheetos.
Kid unboxing
Kid unboxing is a YouTube format. It consists in the process of unpacking toys made by children, who are often sponsored by toy producers. After unpacking the product, the child will also assemble, describe, try and review it.
Origins of the phenomenon
Kid unboxing is part of a broader phenomenon, that of unboxing videos. In particular since 2013 the most prominent subject of unboxing videos has been toys unboxing and the main topic of the first ones were the opening of surprise eggs.
Kids are the primary target for toys channels, and the videos are shot accordingly, with bright colors, quick cuts and a happy narration: kids unboxing videos have a loyal and global following.
Kid hosts, such as the child star of Ryan's World, often fall into it accidentally when their parents upload videos of them.
Ryan Kaji was among the first children to start making these videos in the US in 2015, when he was four years old. An early clip, in which he opened up a giant egg with more than 100 items inside, has been viewed more than a billion times. He began making videos after watching other toys review channels like EvanTubeHD who uploaded his first video in 2011 when he was six.
On February 15, 2015, YouTube created YouTube Kids which is an app specifically developed to upload contents addressed only to children.
Key data
Most youtuber kids are from 5 to 10 years old. For Forbes magazine, among the top 10 videos seen on Youtube in 2018 in the US there is the channel of Ryan Kaji, whom in 2019 became top YouTube earner with $32 million USD.
List updated to February 20, 2020
The format and its variation
Videos concerning kid unboxing focus the attention on the toys the child is unpacking. The child assembles the toys (when it is made up of different pieces) and then tries it, showing all the features, and explaining them. While the figure of the kid is essential, the presence of the adult can be active or passive. Another distinguishing element of these videos is the use of post-production elements such as soundtracks and funny effects and sounds .
Moreover, the most important feature of the format is the high involvement of emotion both shown and felt by the kids. The over exaggerated feelings are the key point to engage the audience and to attract the viewers. For example, the joy of opening up a new toy for the first time, is something that people of all ages can relate to, moreover kids love watching other children play with toys.
In addition, the kid unboxing videos often take the look of sponsored videos, indeed toys productors are very likely to offer free toys to kids in exchange of promotional videos.
Controversies
On September 4, 2019, YouTube and Google (the owner of the former) obliged to pay a $170 million fine for violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) law, due to the illegal collection of personal data of those under 13 years old, without the parental consent, in order to create targeted advertising to insert into the YouTube platform.
For this reason, YouTube has been obliged to introduce a new policy concerning contents addressed to children. To this category of videos is denied the possibility of monetization, the possibility for users to use the YouTube comments section under the video or to receive notifications about it.
For people engaged in content creation that have a young audience, this fact is going to damage their economic income due to the restrictions for advertisers.
Viral Unboxing
During the 2020 coronavirus lockdown in the United States, Barstool Sports founder, Dave Portnoy, created an internet sensation by posting his New York City home address in hopes that companies could send him frozen pizza so he could continue his famous "One Bite" daily pizza reviews. By posting his address, he stated immediately receiving gifts from fans and companies that were not pizza related. Once Portnoy started unboxing these gifts during the pizza reviews, the packages started coming in larger quantities. Portnoy then started live streaming his unboxing of these gifts for multiple hours at a time on Instagram and YouTube garnering tens of thousands of live viewers. This unboxing became a nightly entertainment source for many as well as an opportunity for brands to try and make it "on air" and promote their product.
See also
Product teardown
Haul video, videos with the related premise of showcasing and discussing recent purchases
List of toys
List of toys and children's media awards
Ryan's Mystery Playdate
References
Digital marketing
User-generated content
Packaging
Merchandising
Promotion and marketing communications
Marketing techniques | [
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225585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimpses%20of%20World%20History | Glimpses of World History | Glimpses of World History is a book published by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1934. The book is subtitled Being further letters to his daughter, written in prison, and containing a rambling account of history for young people.
Context
It is a collection of 196 letters on world history written between 1930–1933 in various prisons in British India: Naini and Bareilly prisons as well as at Dehradun; two letters were written aboard an Italian steamer in the Arabian sea.
The letters were addressed to his young daughter Indira and were meant to introduce her to world history.
They were a continuation of the letters he sent to her in 1928, which were published as Letters from a Father to His Daughter.
The letters start off with one he sends to his daughter on her birthday. He says he is sad about not being able to send her any "material" gift from prison, so he would try to give her something he can "afford", a series of letters from his heart.
As it was written in different prisons, he had little recourse to reference books or a library but his personal notes.
The letters were not actually sent to his daughter and he kept them until his release from prison in 1933.
Content
The letters on history are sprinkled with contemporary and personal events, things that happened to himself or his friends, colleagues or family members. At times the style is that of an intimate conversation with his daughter, who is at Anand Bhavan, in which he also anticipates her reactions and the feelings she might have when reading it. At other times he "provided a profoundly philosophical interpretation of world history".
Some letters are written on a daily basis and some have gaps in between of weeks and even months.
Nehru stated in his preface that The Outline of History by English writer H. G. Wells was a major influence on the work. The book contains important aspects of the history of humankind from Ancient Greece (letter 6) to the time of writing the book, when Nehru anticipated a new major conflict arising (letter 195). In later editions, Nehru added notes at the end of some letters on 20th century events, with updates made in November 1938, as well as a postscript. According to an article by Arun Sharma for the National Herald, "Nehru’s books reveal the thinker, philosopher and a historian in him", with Glimpses of World History advocating for "a composite world view of history." Sharma writes that Nehru believed "history should be taught and understood as the story of human civilization as it developed in various parts of the world."
It could be considered as one of the first attempts at historiography from a non-Eurocentric angle, or as an "Oriental interpretation of man's progress." In particular, his letters on Genghis Khan and Mongol conquests ran counter to predominant European conceptions of the period. Prefacing his introduction to the Mongol empire, which Nehru notes was larger than the British Empire and lasted as long, he wrote that "It would be foolish not to recognize the greatness of Europe. But it would be equally foolish to forget the greatness of Asia." And he goes on to state: "Genghis is, without doubt, the greatest military genius and leader in history.... Alexander and Caesar seem petty before him." According to American historian Jack Weatherford, this was possibly the first re-evaluation of the Mongol empire since the 18th century. Editions from 1939 onwards included 50 maps designed by British cartoonist J. F. Horrabin.
Reception
The New York Times described it as: "[...] one of the most remarkable books ever written [...]. Nehru makes even H.G. Wells seem singularly insular [...]. One is awed by the breadth of Nehru's culture."
A review by International Affairs describes it as "pleasant chatty", including "reflections on philosophy and politics" that make it an "extraordinarily agreeable book".
In 1960, Saul K. Padover created an abridged version of the book, called Nehru on World History, which was published by John Day Company.
Sources
Nehru, Jawaharlal. Glimpses of World History. Penguin Books India.
See also
Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1928)
Also written during Nehru's imprisonments:
An Autobiography (1936)
The Discovery of India (1942–46)
References
1934 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
Universal history books
Books by Jawaharlal Nehru
Prison writings
Collections of letters
External links
Glimpses of World History. Asia Publishing House (1934) | [
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225587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira | Indira |
Indira may refer to:
People
Indira (name)
Films and books
Indira, an 1873 novella by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Indira (film), directed by Suhasini Manirathnam
Indira (1989 film), a Hindi film (Hema malini as indira )
Indira Vizha, directed by K. Rajeshwar
Others
Indira is a byname of Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity, good luck, and beauty
Indira Col, a col in the Karakoram mountains
Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, an Indian premier government-funded arts organization
Indira Kala Sangeet University, a public university in Chhattisgarh's state
Indira Marathon, an Indian national annual full marathon held in Allahabad
Indira Mount, an Indian seabed mountain situated in Antarctic Ocean
Indira Point, an India southernmost tip in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
See also
Indra (disambiguation) | [
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225596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyam%20Sankaramanchi | Satyam Sankaramanchi | Satyam Sankaramanchi (3 March 1937 – 1987) was a storyteller, born in the village of Amaravati near Guntur City, in Andhra Pradesh, India. The stories he told wove a whole new world around the tiny village of Amaravati.
Amaravati Kathalu is regarded by Mullapudi as one of the best short story series in Telugu. P. S. Murthy mentions that Amaravati Kathalu is one of the best volumes of short stories in Telugu. D. Anjaneylu mentions that it is a notable work.
His short story "The Flood" has been translated into English. Some of his stories were also televised by the movie maker Shyam Benegal as a series called Amravathi Ki Kathayen.
Died on April 21 1987
Selected works
Ākhari Prēmalēkha
Amarāvati Kathalu
Kārtīka Dīpālu
Rēpaṭidāri
Notes
Telugu people
Telugu writers
People from Guntur district
1987 deaths
1937 births
Indian storytellers
Writers from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian writers | [
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] |
225597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20colonies | American colonies | American colonies may refer to:
American Colonies, a 2001 book by Alan Taylor
Thirteen Colonies, which became the United States of America in 1776
United Colonies, name of the United States used in 1775 until September 1776
European colonization of the Americas
American imperialism
See also
United States territorial acquisitions
Chronology of the colonization of North America
Colonial history of the United States
European colonization of the Southern United States
Former colonies and territories in Canada | [
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] |
225598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaravati%20Kathalu | Amaravati Kathalu | Amaravati Kathalu is a collection of Telugu short stories written by Satyam Sankaramanchi.
The stories are about the people of the village of Amaravati and were first published in the Andhra Jyothi newspaper. Later on, the stories were published by Navodaya Publishers in the form of a book, which bears art of renowned artist Bapu. The book was re-printed several times. The series ran for two years. They follow a typical Chekhovian style. The stories are heart warming and are about people encounter in their everyday lives.
There are 101 stories in this collection, each one having a simple picture drawn by Bapu. The foreword is by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana. These stories are work of imagination and fiction, and they are inspired by incidents and folk stories related to Amaravati. The stories, along with the pictures drawn by Bapu are considered one of the best Telugu short story collection of 20th century. This book also won the Andhra Sahitya Academy award in 1979. The stories were dictated by Sankaramanchi to popular All India Radio news reader Prayaga Ramakrishna who wrote down the stories.
Shyam Benegal made a TV serial based on these stories with the name "Amaravati ki Kathayein".
Contents
వరద (Varada)
సుడిగుండం లో ముక్కుపుడక (SudiGundam lo MukkuPudaka)
పుణుకుల బుట్టలో లచ్చి తల్లి (PunkulaButta lo Lacchi Thalli)
రెండు గంగలు (Rendu Gangalu)
బంగారు దొంగ (Bangaru Donga)
ముక్కోటి కైలాసం (Mukkoti Kailasam)
ఆరేసిన చీర (Aaresina Cheera)
శివుడు నవ్వాడు (Sivudu Navvadu)
ఒక రోజెల్లిపోయింది (Oka Rojellipoyindi)
హరహర మహాదేవ (Hara Hara Mahadeva)
Dhavali Chirigi Poyindi
రాగిచెంబులో చేప పిల్ల (Raagi Chemubulo Chepa Pilla)
అద్గదిగో బస్సు (Adgagigo Bassu)
పువ్వుల్లేని విగహాలు నవ్వాయి (Puvvulluni Vigrahalu Navvayi)
పందిరి పట్టెమంచం (Pandiripatti Mancham)
అన్నపూర్ణ కావిడి (Annapurna Kavidi)
చెట్టుకొమ్మనున్న కథ (Chettu Kommanunna Katha)
ఆఖరి వెంకటాద్రి నాయుడు (Aakhari Venkatadri Naidu)
ఎవరు పాడినా ఆ ఏడక్షరాలే (Evaru Paadina Aa Edaksharale)
పచ్చగడ్డి భగ్గుమంది (Paccha Gaddi Bhaggumandhi)
లేగదూడ చదువు (Lega Dooda chaduvu)
అవతలొడ్డు పొంగింది (Avathaloddu Po-ngindi)
మే మే మేక పిల్ల (Me Me Meka Pilla)
కాకితో కబురు (Kakitho kaburu)
తులసి తాంబూలం (Thulasi Thambulam)
భోజన చక్రవర్తి (Bhojana Chakravarthi)
నావెళ్ళి పోయింది (Navellipoyindi)
నీరు నిలవదు (Neeru Nilavadu)
Engila
బాకీ సంగoతి (Baki Sangathi)
మాయ (Maya)
నివేదన (Nivedana)
ధర్మపాలుడు (Dharma Plaudu)
నాన్న-నది (Nanna-Nadi)
కీలుగుర్రం (KeeluGurram)
అచ్చోసిన ఆంబోతు (Acchosina Ambothu)
వయసొచ్చింది (Vasocchindi)
లంకల్ల పుట్టింది లచ్చితల్లి (Lankalla Puttindi LacchiThalli)
ఇద్దరు మిత్రులు (Iddaru Mitrulu)
పున్నాగ వాన (Punnaga vaana)
ఖాళీ కుర్చీ (Khaali Khurchi)
రాజహంస రెక్కలు విప్పింది (RajaHamsa Rekkalu Vippindi)
ఎవరా పోయేది? (Evara Poyedhi?)
ముద్దులల్లుడు (Muddulalludu)
ముద్దేలనయ్యా మనసు నీదైయుండ (Muddelanayya-Manasu needaiyunda)
వంశాంకురం (Vamsaankuram)
బలి (Bali)
అటునుంచి కొట్టుకురండి! (Atunichi Kottukurandi)
Manasu Nindukundi
Abaddham-Chedina Aadadhi
Dongalo? Doralo?
Kaanuka (కానుక)
(తల్లి కడుపు చల్లగా..)
Virigina Pallaki (విరిగిన పల్లకి)
Naa Venaka Evaro (నా వెనక ఎవరో)
Siri-Shanti (సిరి-శాంతి)
Gunde Sivudikicchuko (గుండె శివుడికిచ్చుకో )
Sangamam
Antha Saamidhe.Nenaverni ivvadaniki?
Malli Malli Cheppukune Katha
Ampakam
Nindukunda Bomma
Gaythri
Mouna Sankham
Adugo Alladugo
Appadala Assembly
Matti..Otti Matti..
Velam Saruku
Nilabadagalava
Saakshatkaram
Evariki Cheppamaka
Gnana Kshetram
Eka Kathapithamaha
Trupthi
Aagni Uyyala
Tellavarindhi
Tampulamari somalingam
Edadiko roju puli
Dooranga Saarangadhara
Amavasya veligindi
Sthambhana
Pattuthareeyam
Mrythyorma
Antha Baagane Undi
Deepam-Jyothi
Kuputhro Jaayetha kvachadapi Kumatha Nabhavathi
Poola Sultan
Pakka veedhi Jnmantha Dooram
Tapa Raaledu Bottu Cheragaledu
Bhojananthe
O Naruda! Vaanaruda
Bindu rekha
Nenu Melkone Unnanu
Eduperaganivaadu
Arugarugo Subbayya Maastaru
PranavaMurthy
Seetharamabhyam Namaha
శిఖరం (Sikharam)
మహా రుద్రాభిషేకం (Maha Rudrabhishekam)
References
External links
Amaravati Kathalu - Vol 1. dasubhashitam.com.
Culture of Vijayawada
Telugu-language literature
Indian short story collections
20th-century Indian books | [
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225600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic%20of%201837 | Panic of 1837 | The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major depression, which lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down, Westward expansion was stalled, unemployment went up, and pessimism abounded.
The panic had both domestic and foreign origins. Speculative lending practices in the West, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international specie flows, and restrictive lending policies in Britain were all factors. The lack of a central bank to regulate fiscal matters, which President Jackson had ensured by not extending the charter of the Second Bank of the United States, was also key. This ailing economy of early 1837 led investors to panic – a bank run ensued – giving the crisis its name. The run came to a head on May 10, 1837, when banks in New York City ran out of gold and silver. They suspended specie payments and would no longer redeem commercial paper in specie at full face value. A significant economic collapse followed. Despite a brief recovery in 1838, the recession persisted for approximately seven years. Nearly half of all banks failed, businesses closed, prices declined, and there was mass unemployment. From 1837 to 1844 deflation in wages and prices was widespread. The lack of deposit insurance deepened the Panic. By 1850 the economy was booming again, a result of increased specie flows from the California Gold Rush.
Causes
The crisis followed a period of economic expansion from mid-1834 to mid-1836. The prices of land, cotton, and slaves rose sharply in those years. The boom's origin had many sources, both domestic and international. Because of the peculiar factors of international trade, abundant amounts of silver were coming into the United States from Mexico and China. Land sales and tariffs on imports were also generating substantial federal revenues. Through lucrative cotton exports and the marketing of state-backed bonds in British money markets, the United States acquired significant capital investment from Britain. The bonds financed transportation projects in the United States. British loans, made available through Anglo-American banking houses like Baring Brothers, fueled much of America's westward expansion, infrastructure improvements, industrial expansion, and economic development during the antebellum era.
From 1834 to 1835, Europe experienced extreme prosperity, which resulted in confidence and an increased propensity for risky foreign investments. In 1836, directors of the Bank of England noticed that its monetary reserves had declined precipitously in recent years due to an increase in capital speculation and investment in American transportation. Conversely, improved transportation systems increased the supply of cotton, which lowered the market price. Cotton prices were security for loans, and America's cotton kings defaulted. In 1836 and 1837 American wheat crops also suffered from Hessian fly and winter kill which caused the price of wheat in America to increase greatly, which caused American labor to starve.
The hunger in America was not felt by England, whose wheat crops improved every year from 1831 to 1836, and European imports of American wheat had dropped to "almost nothing" by 1836. The directors of the Bank of England, wanting to increase monetary reserves and to cushion American defaults, indicated that they would gradually raise interest rates from 3 to 5 percent. The conventional financial theory held that banks should raise interest rates and curb lending when they were faced with low monetary reserves. Raising interest rates, according to the laws of supply and demand, was supposed to attract specie since money generally flows where it will generate the greatest return if equal risk among possible investments is assumed. In the open economy of the 1830s, which was characterized by free trade and relatively weak trade barriers, the monetary policies of the hegemonic power (in this case Britain) were transmitted to the rest of the interconnected global economic system, including the United States. The result was that as the Bank of England raised interest rates, major banks in the United States were forced to do the same.
When New York banks raised interest rates and scaled back on lending, the effects were damaging. Since the price of a bond bears an inverse relationship to the yield (or interest rate), the increase in prevailing interest rates would have forced down the price of American securities. Importantly, demand for cotton plummeted. The price of cotton fell by 25% in February and March 1837. The American economy, especially in the southern states, was heavily dependent on stable cotton prices. Receipts from cotton sales provided funding for some schools, balanced the nation's trade deficit, fortified the US dollar, and procured foreign exchange earnings in British pounds, then the world's reserve currency. Since the United States was still a predominantly agricultural economy centered on the export of staple crops and an incipient manufacturing sector, a collapse in cotton prices had massive reverberations.
In the United States, there were several contributing factors. In July 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States, the nation's central bank and fiscal agent. As the bank wound up its operations in the next four years, state-chartered banks in the West and the South relaxed their lending standards by maintaining unsafe reserve ratios. Two domestic policies exacerbated an already volatile situation. The Specie Circular of 1836 mandated that western lands could be purchased only with gold and silver coin. The circular was an executive order issued by Jackson and favored by Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri and other hard-money advocates. Its intent was to curb speculation in public lands, but the circular set off a real estate and commodity price crash since most buyers were unable to come up with sufficient hard money or "specie" (gold or silver coins) to pay for the land. Secondly, the Deposit and Distribution Act of 1836 placed federal revenues in various local banks, derisively termed "pet banks", across the country. Many of the banks were located in the West. The effect of both policies was to transfer specie away from the nation's main commercial centers on the East Coast. With lower monetary reserves in their vaults, major banks and financial institutions on the East Coast had to scale back their loans, which was a major cause of the panic, besides the real estate crash.
Americans attributed the cause of the panic principally to domestic political conflicts. Democrats typically blamed the bankers, and Whigs blamed Jackson for refusing to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States and on the withdrawal of government funds from the bank. Martin Van Buren, who became president in March 1837, was largely blamed for the panic even though his inauguration had preceded the panic by only five weeks. Van Buren's refusal to use government intervention to address the crisis, such as emergency relief and increasing spending on public infrastructure projects to reduce unemployment, was accused by his opponents of contributing further to the hardship and the duration of the depression that followed the panic. Jacksonian Democrats, on the other hand, blamed the Bank of the United States for both funding rampant speculation and introducing inflationary paper money. Some modern economists view Van Buren's deregulatory economic policy as successful in the long term, and argue that it played an important role in revitalizing banks after the panic.
Effects and aftermath
Virtually the whole nation felt the effects of the panic. Connecticut, New Jersey, and Delaware reported the greatest stress in their mercantile districts. In 1837, Vermont's business and credit systems took a hard blow. Vermont had a period of alleviation in 1838 but was hit hard again in 1839–1840. New Hampshire did not feel the effects of the panic as much as its neighbors did. It had no permanent debt in 1838 and had little economic stress the following years. New Hampshire's greatest hardship was the circulation of fractional coins in the state.
Conditions in the South were much worse than in the East, and the Cotton Belt was dealt the worst blow. In Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina the panic caused an increase in the interest of diversifying crops. New Orleans felt a general depression in business, and its money market stayed in bad condition throughout 1843. Several planters in Mississippi had spent much of their money in advance, which led to the complete bankruptcy of many planters. By 1839, many plantations were thrown out of cultivation. Florida and Georgia did not feel the effects as early as Louisiana, Alabama, or Mississippi. In 1837, Georgia had sufficient coin to carry on everyday purchases. Until 1839, Floridians were able to boast about the punctuality of their payments. It was in the 1840s that Georgia and Florida began to feel the negative effects of the panic.
At first, the West did not feel as much pressure as the East or the South. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois were agricultural states, and the good crops of 1837 were a relief to the farmers. In 1839, agricultural prices fell, and the pressure reached the agriculturalists.
Within two months the losses from bank failures in New York alone aggregated nearly $100 million. Out of 850 banks in the United States, 343 closed entirely, 62 failed partially, and the system of state banks received a shock from which it never fully recovered. The publishing industry was particularly hurt by the ensuing depression.
Many individual states defaulted on their bonds, which angered British creditors. The United States briefly withdrew from international money markets. Only in the late 1840s did Americans re-enter those markets. The defaults, along with other consequences of the recession, carried major implications for the relationship between the state and economic development. In some ways, the panic undermined confidence in public support for internal improvements. Although state investment in internal improvements remained common in the South until the Civil War, northerners increasingly looked to private rather than public investment to finance growth. The panic unleashed a wave of riots and other forms of domestic unrest. The ultimate result was an increase in the state's police powers, including more professional police forces.
Recovery
Most economists agree that there was a brief recovery from 1838 to 1839, which ended when the Bank of England and Dutch creditors raised interest rates. The economic historian Peter Temin has argued that when corrected for deflation, the economy grew after 1838. According to the Austrian economist Murray Rothbard, between 1839 and 1843, real consumption increased by 21 percent and real gross national product increased by 16 percent, but real investment fell by 23 percent and the money supply shrank by 34 percent.
In 1842, the American economy was able to rebound somewhat and overcome the five-year depression, but according to most accounts, the economy did not recover until 1844. The recovery from the depression intensified after the California gold rush started in 1848, greatly increasing the money supply. By 1850, the US economy was booming again.
Intangible factors like confidence and psychology played powerful roles and helped to explain the magnitude and the depth of the panic. Central banks then had only limited abilities to control prices and employment, making bank runs common. When a few banks collapsed, alarm quickly spread throughout the community and were heightened by partisan newspapers. Anxious investors rushed to other banks and demanded to have their deposits withdrawn. When faced with such pressure, even healthy banks had to make further curtailments by calling in loans and demanding payment from their borrowers. That fed the hysteria even further, which led to a downward spiral or snowball effect. In other words, anxiety, fear, and a pervasive lack of confidence initiated devastating, self-sustaining feedback loops. Many economists today understand that phenomenon as an information asymmetry. Essentially, bank depositors reacted to imperfect information since they did not know if their deposits were safe and so fearing further risk, they withdrew their deposits, even if it caused more damage. The same concept of downward spiral was true for many southern planters, who speculated in land, cotton, and slaves. Many planters took out loans from banks under the assumption that cotton prices would continue to rise. When cotton prices dropped, however, planters could not pay back their loans, which jeopardized the solvency of many banks. These factors were particularly crucial given the lack of deposit insurance in banks. When bank customers are not assured that their deposits are safe, they are more likely to make rash decisions that can imperil the rest of the economy. Economists have concluded that the suspension of convertibility, deposit insurance, and sufficient capital requirements in banks can limit the possibility of bank runs.
See also
State bankruptcies in the 1840s
Flour riot of 1837
History of the United States (1789–1849)
Kirtland Safety Society
References
Further reading
Campbell, Stephen (2017). "The Transatlantic Financial Crisis of 1837," in William Beezley, ed., The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History.
Lepler, Jessica M. The Many Panics of 1837: People, Politics, and the Creation of a Transatlantic Financial Crisis (Cambridge University Press; 2013) 337 pages; compares London, New York, and New Orleans between March and May 1837.
online review
External links
Common-place.org Special Issue on antebellum era recessions – Hard Times
Economic History.net – Richard Sylla's review of Peter Temin's seminal work on the Jacksonian Economy
1837 in economics
1837 in the United States
19th-century economic history
Banking in the United States
Economic crises in the United States
Financial crises
Financial history of the United States | [
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225601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford%20White | Stanford White | Stanford White (November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition to numerous civic, institutional, and religious buildings. His temporary Washington Square Arch was so popular that he was commissioned to design a permanent one. His design principles embodied the "American Renaissance".
In 1906, White was shot and killed at the Madison Square Theatre by Harry Kendall Thaw, in front of a large audience. Thaw was a millionaire who had become obsessed by White's alleged rape and relationship with his wife Evelyn Nesbit, which started when she was 16, four years before their marriage. She had married Thaw in 1905 and was working as an actress. Thaw was considered mentally unstable at the time of the shooting. With its elements of murder among the wealthy and a sex scandal, the resulting sensational trial of Thaw was dubbed "The Trial of the Century" by contemporary reporters.
Early life and training
White was born in New York City in 1853, the son of Richard Grant White, a Shakespearean scholar, and Alexina Black (née Mease) (1830–1921). His father was a dandy and Anglophile with little money but with many connections to New York's art world, including the painter John LaFarge, the stained-glass artist Louis Comfort Tiffany, and the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.
White had no formal architectural training; like many other architects at the time, he learned on the job as an apprentice. Beginning at age 18, he worked for six years as the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson, known for his personal style (often called "Richardsonian Romanesque") and considered by many to have been the greatest American architect of his day.
In 1878, White embarked on a year and a half tour of Europe, to learn about historical styles and trends. When he returned to New York in September 1879, he joined two young architects, Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead, to form the firm of McKim, Mead and White. As part of the partnership, they agreed to credit all of the firm's designs as the work of the collective firm, not to be attributed to any individual architect.
In 1884, White married 22-year-old Bessie Springs Smith, daughter of J. Lawrence Smith. She was from a socially prominent Long Island family. Her ancestors had settled in what became Suffolk County in the colonial era, and Smithtown, was named for them. The White couple's estate, Box Hill, was both a home and a showplace for the luxe design aesthetic which White offered to prospective wealthy clients. Their son, Lawrence Grant White, was born in 1887.
McKim, Mead and White
Commercial and civic projects
In 1889, White designed the triumphal arch at Washington Square, which, according to White's great-grandson, architect Samuel G. White, is the structure for which White should be best remembered. White was director of the Washington Centennial celebration. His temporary triumphal arch was so popular, that money was raised to construct a permanent version.
Elsewhere in New York City, White designed the Villard Houses (1884), the second Madison Square Garden (1890, demolished in 1925), the Cable Building, the cable car power station at 611 Broadway (1893), the baldechin (1888 to mid-1890s) and altars of Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph (both completed in 1905) at St. Paul the Apostle Church, the New York Herald Building (1894; demolished 1921), and the IRT Powerhouse on 11th Avenue and 58th Street.
White also designed the First Bowery Savings Bank at the intersection of the Bowery and Grand Street (1894), Judson Memorial Church on Washington Square, the Century Club, Madison Square Presbyterian Church, as well as the Gould Memorial Library (1903), originally for New York University. It is now part of the campus of Bronx Community College and is the site of the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.
White was also commissioned for churches, estates and other major buildings outside New York City:
The First Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland (1887), now Lovely Lane United Methodist Church.
The Cosmopolitan Building, a three-story Neo-classical Revival building topped by three small domes, built in Irvington, New York, in 1895 as headquarters of Cosmopolitan Magazine.
Cocke, Rouss, and Cabell halls at the University of Virginia. In 1889, he reconstructed the university's Rotunda, three years after it had burned down. (In 1976, his work was changed to restore Thomas Jefferson's original design of the Rotunda for the United States Bicentennial.)
The Blair Mansion at 7711 Eastern Avenue in Silver Spring, Maryland (1880). In the early 21st century, it was being used as commercial space, for a violin store.
The Boston Public Library, on Copley Square, Boston, Massachusetts.
The Benjamin Walworth Arnold House and Carriage House (1902) in Albany, New York.
He helped to develop Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower, his last design.
White designed several clubhouses that became centers for New York society, and which still stand: the Century, Colony, Harmonie, Lambs, Metropolitan, and The Players clubs. His Shinnecock Hills Golf Clubhouse design in Suffolk County on the South Shore is said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States, and has been designated as a golf landmark. His clubhouse for the Atlantic Yacht Club, built in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, burned down in 1934.
Sons of society families resided in White's St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Williams College; the building is now used for college offices.
Residential properties
In the division of projects within the firm, the sociable and gregarious White landed the most commissions for private houses. His fluent draftsmanship helped persuade clients who were not attuned to a floorplan. He could express the mood of a building he was designing.
Many of White's Long Island mansions have survived. Harbor Hill was demolished in 1947, originally set on in Roslyn. These houses can be classified as three types, depending on their locations: Gold Coast chateaux along the wealthiest tier, mostly in Nassau County; neo-Colonial structures, especially those in the neighborhood of his own house at "Box Hill" in Smithtown, Suffollk County; and the South Fork houses in Suffolk County, from Southampton to Montauk Point, influenced by their coastal location. He also designed the Kate Annette Wetherill Estate in 1895.
White designed a number of other New York mansions as well, including the Iselin family estate "All View" and "Four Chimneys" in New Rochelle, suburban Westchester County. White designed several country estate homes in Greenwich, Connecticut, including the Seaman-Brush House (1900), now the Stanton House Inn, operated as a bed and breakfast. In New York's Hudson Valley, he designed the 1896 Mills Mansion in Staatsburg.
Among his "cottages" in Newport, Rhode Island, at Rosecliff (1898–1902, designed for Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs) he adapted Mansart's Grand Trianon. The mansion was built for large receptions, dinners, and dances with spatial planning and well-contrived dramatic internal views en filade. His "informal" shingled cottages usually featured double corridors for separate circulation, so that a guest never bumped into a laundress with a basket of bed linens. Bedrooms were characteristically separated from hallways by a dressing-room foyer lined with closets, so that an inner door and an outer door gave superb privacy.
One of the few surviving urban residences designed by White is the Ross R. Winans Mansion in Baltimore's Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood. It is now used as the headquarters for Agora, Inc. Built in 1882 for Ross R. Winans, heir to Ross Winans, the mansion is a premier example of French Renaissance revival architecture. Since its period as Winans's residence, it has served as a girls preparatory school, doctor's offices, and a funeral parlor, before being acquired by Agora Publishing. In 2005, Agora completed an award-winning renovation project.
White designed Golden Crest Estate in Elberon Park, NJ while at McKim Mead and White for E. F. C. Young, President of the First National Bank of Jersey City and unsuccessful Democratic candidate for New Jersey Governor in 1892. He built the house in 1901, as a golden wedding anniversary gift for Young's wife Harriet. In 1929, the house was sold to Victor and Edmund Wisner, who ran it as a rooming house for summer vacationers. In the 1960s, it was a fraternity house for the then Monmouth College. From 1972 to 1976, it was owned and restored by Mary and Samuel Weir. It is now a private residence.
White lived the same life as his clients, albeit not quite so lavishly, and he knew how the house had to perform: like a first-rate hotel, theater foyer, or a theater set with appropriate historical references. He could design a cover for Scribner's Magazine or design a pedestal for his friend Augustus Saint-Gaudens's sculpture.
He extended the limits of architectural services to include interior decoration, dealing in art and antiques, and planning and designing parties. He collected paintings, pottery, and tapestries for use in his projects. If White could not acquire the right antiques for his interiors, he would sketch neo-Georgian standing electroliers or a Renaissance library table. His design for elaborate picture framing, the Stanford White frame, still bears his name today. Outgoing and social, he had a large circle of friends and acquaintances, many of whom became clients. White had a major influence in the Shingle Style of the 1880s, Neo-Colonial style, and the Newport cottages for which he is celebrated.
He designed and decorated Fifth Avenue mansions for the Astors, the Vanderbilts (in 1905), and other high society families.
Personal life
White, a tall, flamboyant man with red hair and a red mustache, impressed some as witty, kind, and generous. The newspapers frequently described him as "masterful", "intense", "burly yet boyish". He was a collector of rare and costly artwork and antiquities. He maintained a multi-story apartment with a rear entrance on 24th Street in Manhattan. One room was painted green and outfitted with a red velvet swing, which hung from the ceiling suspended by ivy-twined ropes. He used playing with the elaborate swing as a means to groom under-age girls for a sexual relationship, including Evelyn Nesbit, a popular photographer's fashion model and chorus dancer.
After White was killed and the newspapers began to investigate his life, continuing through the trial of Thaw, the married architect's sexual relations with numerous underage girls were revealed. The White family historian Suzannah Lessard writes:
White belonged to an underground sex circle, made up of select members from the Union Club, a legitimate men's club. According to Simon Baatz:
Mark Twain, who was acquainted with White, included an evaluation of his character in his Autobiography. It reflected Twain's deep immersion in the testimony of the Thaw murder trial. Twain said that New York society had known for years preceding the incident that the married White was
Based on White's correspondence, including that conducted with Augustus Saint-Gaudens, recent biographers have concluded that White was bisexual, and that the office of McKim, Mead & White were unruffled by this. White's granddaughter has written that Stanford's eldest son (her father) was "unflinching in his awareness of Stanford's nature".
Murder
In 1901, White established a caretaking relationship with Evelyn Nesbit, helping Nesbit get established as a model for artists and photographers in New York society, with the approval of Nesbit's mother. Five years later, Nesbit would testify that one evening he invited her to his apartment for dinner and gave her champagne and possibly some drug, and then raped her after she passed out: she was about 16 years old at this time and White was 48.
For a period of at least six months afterwards, they acted as lovers and companions. Although they drifted apart, they remained in touch with each other and on good terms socially.
In 1905 she married Harry Kendall Thaw, a Pittsburgh millionaire with a history of severe mental instability. Thaw was jealous and thought of White as his rival. But, well before he was killed, White had moved on to other young women as lovers. White considered Thaw a poseur of little consequence, categorized him as a clown, once called him the "Pennsylvania pug" – a reference to Thaw's baby-faced features.
Accompanied by New York society figure James Clinch Smith, White dined at Martin's, near the theatre at Madison Square Garden. As it happened, Thaw and Nesbit also dined there, and Thaw was said to have seen White at the restaurant.
That evening the premiere of Mam'zelle Champagne was being performed at the theatre. During the show's finale, "I Could Love A Million Girls", Thaw approached White, produced a pistol, said, "You've ruined my wife", and fired three shots at White from two feet away. He hit White twice in the face and once in his upper left shoulder, killing him instantly. The crowd's initial reaction was to think the incident was an elaborate party trick. When it became apparent that White was dead, chaos ensued.
Nineteen-year-old Lawrence Grant White was guilt ridden after his father was slain, blaming himself for the death. "If only he had gone [to Philadelphia]!" he lamented (a trip that had been planned). Years later, he would write, "On the night of June 25th, 1906, while attending a performance at Madison Square Garden, Stanford White was shot from behind [by] a crazed profligate whose great wealth was used to besmirch his victim's memory during the series of notorious trials that ensued." (In fact, White was shot in the face, from directly in front of him, not from behind.)
White was buried in St. James, New York, in Suffolk County.
News coverage
Following the killing, there was blanket press coverage, as well as editorial speculation and gossip. Journalistic interest in the sensational story was sustained. William Randolph Hearst's newspapers played up the story, and the murder trial became known as "The Trial of the Century".
White's reputation was severely damaged by the testimony in the trial, as his sexual activities became public knowledge. The Evening Standard spoke of his "social dissolution". The Nation reconsidered his architectural work: "He adorned many an American mansion with irrelevant plunder." Newspaper accounts drew from the trial transcripts to describe White as "a sybarite of debauchery, a man who abandoned lofty enterprises for vicious revels."
Defenses
Few friends or associates publicly defended White, as some feared possible exposure for having participated in White's secret life. McKim responded to inquiries saying, "There is no statement to make...There will be no information coming from us."
Richard Harding Davis, a war correspondent and reputedly the model for the "Gibson Man", was angered by the press accounts, which he said presented a distorted view of his friend White. An editorial published in Vanity Fair, lambasting White, prompted Davis to a rebuttal. His article appeared on August 8, 1906, in Collier's magazine:
Since his death White has been described as a satyr. To answer this by saying that he was a great architect is not to answer at all...He admired a beautiful woman as he admired every other beautiful thing God has given us; and his delight over one was as keen, as boyish, as grateful over any others.
Autopsy
The autopsy report, made public by the coroner's testimony at the Thaw trial, revealed that White was in poor health when killed. He suffered from Bright's disease, incipient tuberculosis, and severe liver deterioration.
In popular culture
In The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing, a 1955 movie, Ray Milland played White.
The 1975 historical fiction novel Ragtime by E. L. Doctorow
The 1981 film Ragtime, adapted from the novel of the same name. White was played by writer Norman Mailer, Thaw by Robert Joy, and Nesbit by Elizabeth McGovern.
The 1996 musical Ragtime, based on the novel
Dementia Americana – a long narrative poem by Keith Maillard (1994, )
My Sweetheart's the Man in the Moon – a play by Don Nigro ()
La fille coupée en deux ("The Girl Cut in Two") – a 2007 film by Claude Chabrol was inspired, in part, by the Stanford White scandal.
In the 2022 HBO series The Gilded Age, White is played by John Sanders.
Gallery of architectural works
See also
McKim, Mead and White
Frederick Manson White, an architect, supposedly Stanford White's nephew
Evelyn Nesbit
Harry Kendall Thaw
References
Primary sources
White's extensive professional correspondence and a small body of personal correspondence, photographs, and architectural drawings by White are held by the Department of Drawings & Archives of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. His letters to his family have been edited by Claire Nicolas White, Stanford White: Letters to His Family 1997. The major archive for his firm, McKim, Mead & White, is held by the New-York Historical Society.
Notes
Bibliography
Baker, Paul R., Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White, The Free Press, NY 1989
Baatz, Simon, The Girl on the Velvet Swing: Sex, Murder, and Madness at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Little, Brown, 2018)
Collins, Frederick L., Glamorous Sinners
Craven, Wayne. Stanford White: Decorator in Opulence and Dealer in Antiquities, 2005
Lessard, Suzannah, The Architect of Desire: Beauty and Danger in the Stanford White Family, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1997 (written by White's great-granddaughter, a Whiting Award-winning writer for The New Yorker)
Langford, Gerald, The Murder of Stanford White
Mooney, Michael, Evelyn Nesbit and Stanford White: Love and Death in the Gilded Age, New York, Morrow, 1976
Roth, Leland M., McKim, Mead & White, Architects, Harper & Row, Publishers, NY 1983
Samuels, Charles, The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing
Nesbit, Evelyn, The Story of My Life 1914
Nesbit, Evelyn, Prodigal Days 1934
Thaw, Harry, The Traitor
Uruburu, Paula, American Eve: Evelyn Nesbit, Stanford White, The Birth of the "It" Girl and the Crime of the Century Riverhead 2008
White, Samuel G. with Wallen, Jonathan(photographer). The Houses of McKim, Mead and White 1998
External links
Stanford White Papers,1873–1928 New-York Historical Society
"Stanford White on Long Island" a museum essay on White's residential projects
New York Architecture Images-New York Architects-McKim, Mead, and White Firm history with images
Gilding the Gilded Age: Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post.
"Works of Art from the Collection of Stanford White", The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives. Digital images of a scrapbook compiled by Lawrence Grant White, son of Stanford White, on works of art collected by Stanford White, including paintings, sculpture, rugs, tapestries, and other decorative arts.
"Catalogue of Works of Art at 'Box Hill', St. James, Long Island", The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives. Pdf scan of inventory of works of art at Box Hill, the former Stanford White estate in Long Island, completed in 1942.
The McKim Mead & White Architectural Records Collection at the New York Historical Society
Stanford White correspondence and architectural drawings, 1887-1922, (bulk 1887-1907), held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University
1853 births
1906 deaths
1906 murders in the United States
American Neoclassical architects
Beaux Arts architects
Architects from New York City
American murder victims
People murdered in New York City
Deaths by firearm in Manhattan
American people of Scottish descent
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects
Members of the Salmagundi Club
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Stanford White family | [
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225602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Kendall%20Thaw | Harry Kendall Thaw | Harry Kendall Thaw (February 12, 1871 – February 22, 1947) was the son of coal and railroad baron William Thaw Sr. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Heir to a multimillion-dollar fortune, the younger Thaw is most notable for shooting and killing the renowned architect Stanford White on June 25, 1906, on the rooftop of New York City's Madison Square Garden in front of hundreds of witnesses.
Thaw had harbored an obsessive hatred of White, believing he had blocked Thaw's access to the social elite of New York. White had also had a previous relationship with Thaw's wife, the model/chorus girl Evelyn Nesbit, when she was 16–17 years old, which had allegedly begun with White plying Nesbit with alcohol (and possibly drugs) and raping her while she was unconscious. In Thaw's mind, the relationship had "ruined" her. Thaw's trial for murder was heavily publicized in the press, to the extent that it was called the "trial of the century". After one hung jury, he was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
Plagued by mental illness throughout his life that was evident even in his childhood, Thaw spent money lavishly to fund his obsessive partying, drug addiction, abusive behavior toward those around him, and gratification of his sexual appetites. The Thaw family's wealth allowed them to buy the silence of anyone who threatened to make public the worst of Thaw's reckless behavior and licentious transgressions. However, he had several additional serious confrontations with the criminal justice system, one of which resulted in seven years' confinement in a mental institution.
Early life
Harry Thaw was born on February 12, 1871, to Pittsburgh coal and railroad baron William Thaw Sr., and his second wife, Mary Sibbet (Copley) Thaw. The elder Thaw fathered eleven children from his two marriages. Thaw had five siblings, Margaret (born 1877), Alice Cornelia (born 1880), Edward (born 1873) and Josiah (born 1874). A brother, born a year before Harry, died an accidental death in infancy, smothered by his mother's breast while he lay in her bed. Thaw's mother herself was known for her abuse of the servants, as well as episodes of ungovernable temper.
In childhood, Thaw was subject to bouts of insomnia, temper tantrums, incoherent babbling and, notably, baby talk, a form of expression which he retained in adulthood. His chosen form of amusement was hurling heavy household objects at the heads of servants. The misfortune of others triggered fits of giggling. He spent his childhood bouncing among private schools in Pittsburgh, never doing well and described by teachers as unintelligent and a troublemaker. A teacher at the Wooster Prep School described the 16-year-old Harry as having an "erratic kind of zig-zag" walk, "which seemed to involuntarily mimic his brain patterns." As the son of William Thaw, he was granted admission to the University of Pittsburgh, where he was to study law, though he apparently did little studying. After a few years, he used his name and social status to transfer to Harvard College.
Thaw later bragged that he had studied poker at Harvard. He reportedly lit cigars with hundred dollar bills, went on long drinking binges, attended cockfights, and spent much of his time romancing young women. In 1894, he chased a cab driver down a Cambridge street with a shotgun, believing he had been cheated out of ten cents change. He claimed the shotgun was unloaded. Thaw was ultimately expelled from Harvard for "immoral practices", as well as intimidating and threatening students and teachers. His expulsion was immediate; he was given three hours to pack up and move out.
Thaw's father, in an attempt to curb his son's narcissistic excesses, limited his monthly allowance to $2,500. This was a great deal of money in an era when the average working man earned $500 a year and a lavish dinner at Delmonico's restaurant cost $1.50. The elder Thaw died in 1893, leaving his 22-year-old son $3 million in his will. Upon the death of her husband, Thaw's mother increased his allowance to $8,000, enabling him to indulge his every whim and gratify his sadistic sexual impulses. Thaw was the beneficiary of this monthly income for the next eighteen years. He was heir to a fortune estimated at some $40 million.
Early on and for years into the future, Thaw's mother and a cadre of lawyers dedicated themselves to damage control, shielding his transgressions from any public scandal that would dishonor the family name. Monetary pay-offs became the customary method of assuring silence. One notorious example occurred in Thaw's London hotel room, where he purportedly devised a lure for an unsuspecting bellboy, whom Thaw proceeded to restrain naked in a bathtub, brutalizing him with beatings from a riding whip. Thaw paid $5,000 to keep the incident quiet.
With an enormous amount of cash at his disposal, and reserves of energy to match, Thaw repeatedly tore through Europe at a frenetic pace, frequenting bordellos where his pleasure involved restraining his partners with handcuffs and other devices of bondage. In Paris in 1895, Thaw threw an extravagant party, reputedly costing $50,000, which drew wide publicity. The attendees were Thaw himself and 25 of the most beautiful showgirls/prostitutes he could assemble. A military band was hired to provide musical entertainment. For Thaw, John Philip Sousa's marches were the favored party music as "they lifted the roof off the place." Each of the Parisian beauties found a unique party favor at the end of the meal. The dessert course was a $1,000 piece of jewelry wrapped around the stem of a liqueur glass.
Exhibiting the classic characteristics of the skilled, manipulative sociopath, Thaw kept the more sinister side of his personality in check when it suited his purposes and furthered his agenda. He had the faculty, when required, to impress upon others that he was a gentle, caring soul. The term "playboy" entered the popular vernacular, it is alleged, inspired by Thaw himself—a vivid encapsulation of the lifestyle he so vigorously pursued.
Obsession with Stanford White
After his expulsion from Harvard, Thaw's sphere of activity alternated between Pennsylvania and New York. In New York, he was determined to place himself amongst those privileged to occupy the summit of social prominence. His applications for membership in the city's elite men's clubs – the Metropolitan Club, the Century Club, the Knickerbocker Club, the Players' Club – were all rejected. His membership in the Union League Club of New York was summarily revoked when he rode a horse up the steps into the club's entrance way, a "behavior unbefitting a gentleman".
All these snubs, Thaw was convinced, were directly or indirectly due to the intervention of the city's social lion, lauded architect Stanford White, who would not countenance Thaw's entry into these exclusive clubs. Thaw's narcissism rebelled at such a state of affairs and ignited a virulent animosity towards White. This was the first identifiable incident in a long line of perceived indignities heaped on Thaw, who maintained the unshakable certainty that his victimization was all orchestrated by White.
A second incident furthered Thaw's paranoid obsession with White. A disgruntled showgirl whom Thaw had publicly insulted reaped revenge when she sabotaged a lavish party Thaw had planned by hijacking all the female invitees and transplanting the festivities to White's infamous Tower room at Madison Square Garden. Thaw, stubbornly ignorant of the real cause of the chain of events, once again blamed White for single-handedly destroying his revelries. Thaw's social humiliation was completed when the episode was reported in the gossip columns. Thaw was left with a stag group of guests, and a glaring absence of "doe-eyed girlies".
The reality was that Thaw both admired and resented White's social stature. More significantly, he recognized that he and White shared a passion for similar lifestyles. White, unlike Thaw, could carry on without censure, and seemingly with impunity.
Drug use
Various sources document Thaw's drug use, which became habitual after his expulsion from Harvard. He reportedly injected large amounts of cocaine and morphine, occasionally mixing the two drugs into one injection known as a speedball. He was also known to use laudanum; on at least one occasion he drank a full bottle in a single swallow. Thaw's drug addiction was verified when Evelyn Nesbit, Thaw's wife, found confirmation upon opening a bureau drawer. In her own words she related, "One day...I found a little silver box oblong in shape, about two and one half inches in length, containing a hypodermic syringe...I asked Thaw what it was for, and he stated to me that he had been ill, and had to make some excuse. He said he had been compelled to take cocaine."
Evelyn Nesbit
Relationship
Thaw had been in the audience of The Wild Rose, a show in which Evelyn Nesbit, a popular artist's model and chorus girl, was a featured player. The smitten Thaw attended some forty performances over the better part of a year. Through an intermediary, he ultimately arranged a meeting with Nesbit, introducing himself as "Mr. Munroe". Thaw maintained this subterfuge, with the help of confederates, while showering Nesbit with gifts and money before he felt the time was right to reveal his true identity. The day came when he confronted Nesbit and announced with self-important brio, "I am not Munroe...I am Henry Kendall Thaw, of Pittsburgh!"
Candid about his dislike of Thaw, White warned Nesbit to stay away from him. However, his cautions were generalizations, lacking the sordid specifics that would have alerted Nesbit to Thaw's aberrant proclivities. A bout of presumed appendicitis put Nesbit in the hospital and provided Thaw with an opportunity to insert himself emphatically into her life. Thaw came in bearing gifts and praise, managing to impress both Nesbit's mother and the headmistress at the boarding school Nesbit attended. Later, under White's orders, Nesbit was moved to a sanatorium in upstate New York, where both White and Thaw visited often, though never at the same time.
Nesbit had undergone an emergency appendectomy, at which time the kind-hearted side of Thaw came into play. He solicitously promoted a European trip, convincing mother and daughter that such a pleasure excursion would hasten Nesbit's recovery from surgery. However, the trip proved to be anything but recuperative. Thaw's usual hectic mode of travel escalated into a non-stop itinerary, calculated to weaken Nesbit's emotional resilience, compound her physical frailty, and unnerve and exhaust Mrs. Nesbit. As tensions mounted, mother and daughter began to bicker and quarrel, leading to Mrs. Nesbit's insistence on returning to the U.S. Having effectively alienated her from her mother, Thaw then took Nesbit to Paris, leaving Mrs. Nesbit in London.
In Paris, Thaw continued to press Nesbit to become his wife; she again refused. Aware of Thaw's obsession with female chastity, she could not in good conscience accept his marriage proposal without revealing to him the truth of her relationship with White. What transpired next, according to Nesbit, was a marathon session of inquisition, during which time Thaw managed to extract every detail of that night—how—when plied with champagne—Nesbit lay intoxicated, unconscious—and White "had his way with her". Throughout the grueling ordeal, Nesbit was tearful and hysterical; Thaw by turns was agitated and gratified by her responses. He further drove the wedge between mother and daughter, condemning Mrs. Nesbit as an unfit parent. Nesbit blamed the outcome of events on her own willful defiance of her mother's cautionary advice and defended her mother as naïve and unwitting.
Thaw and Nesbit traveled through Europe. Thaw, as guide, chose a bizarre agenda, a tour of sites devoted to the cult of virgin martyrdom. In Domrémy, France, the birthplace of Joan of Arc, Thaw left a telling inscription in the visitor's book: "she would not have been a virgin if Stanford White had been around."
Thaw took Nesbit to Katzenstein Castle in the Austrian Tyrol, the forbidding, gothic structure sitting near a high mountaintop. Thaw segregated the three servants in residence—butler, cook and maid—in one end of the castle; himself and Nesbit in the opposite end. This was where Nesbit claimed to have been locked in her room by Thaw, whose persona took on a dimension she had never before seen. Manic and violent, he beat her with a whip and sexually assaulted her over a two-week period. After his reign of terror had been expended, he was apologetic, and incongruously, after what had just transpired, was in an upbeat mood.
Marriage
Thaw had pursued Nesbit obsessively for nearly four years, continuously pressing her for marriage. Craving financial stability in her life, and in doing so denying Thaw's tenuous grasp on reality, Nesbit finally consented to become his wife. They were wed on April 4, 1905. Thaw himself chose the wedding dress. Eschewing the traditional white gown, he dressed her in a black traveling suit decorated with brown trim.
The two took up residence in the Thaw family mansion, Lyndhurst, in Pittsburgh. In later years Nesbit took measure of life in the Thaw household. The Thaws were anything but intellectuals. Their value system was shallow and self-serving, "the plane of materialism which finds joy in the little things that do not matter—the appearance of ...[things]".
Envisioning a life of travel and entertainment, Nesbit was rudely awakened to a reality markedly different; a household ruled over by the sanctimonious propriety of "Mother Thaw". Thaw himself entered into his mother's sphere of influence, seemingly without protest, taking on the pose of pious son and husband. It was at this time that Thaw instituted a zealous campaign to expose White, corresponding with the reformer Anthony Comstock, an infamous crusader for moral probity and the expulsion of vice. Because of this activity, Thaw became convinced that he was being stalked by members of the notorious Monk Eastman Gang, hired by White to kill him. Thaw started to carry a gun. Nesbit later corroborated his mind-set: "[Thaw] imagined his life was in danger because of the work he was doing in connection with the vigilance societies and the exposures he had made to those societies of the happenings in White's flat."
The killing of Stanford White
It is conjectured that White was unaware of Thaw's long-standing vendetta against him. White considered Thaw a poseur of little consequence, categorized him as a clown, and most tellingly, called him the "Pennsylvania pug"—a reference to Thaw's baby-faced features.
On June 25, 1906, Thaw and Nesbit were stopping in New York briefly before boarding a luxury liner bound for a European holiday. Thaw had purchased tickets for himself, two of his male friends, and his wife for a new show, Mam'zelle Champagne, playing on the rooftop theatre of Madison Square Garden. In spite of the suffocating heat, which did not abate as night fell, Thaw inappropriately wore over his tuxedo a long black overcoat, which he refused to take off throughout the entire evening.
At 11:00p.m., as the stage show was coming to a close, White appeared, taking his place at the table that was customarily reserved for him. Thaw had been agitated all evening, and abruptly bounced back and forth from his own table throughout the performance. Spotting White's arrival, Thaw tentatively approached him several times, each time withdrawing in hesitation. During the finale, "I Could Love A Million Girls", Thaw produced a pistol, and standing some two feet from his target, fired three shots at White, killing him instantly. Part of White's blood-covered face was torn away and the rest of his features were unrecognizable, blackened by gunpowder. Thaw remained standing over White's fallen body, displaying the gun aloft in the air, resoundingly proclaiming, according to witness reports, "I did it because he ruined my wife! He had it coming to him! He took advantage of the girl and then abandoned her!" (The key witness allowed that he wasn't completely sure he heard Thaw correctly – that he might have said "he ruined my life" rather than "he ruined my wife".)
The crowd initially suspected the shooting might be part of the show, as elaborate practical jokes were popular in high society at the time. Soon, however, it became apparent that White was dead. Thaw, still brandishing the gun high above his head, walked through the crowd and met Nesbit at the elevator. When she asked what he had done, Thaw purportedly replied, "It's all right, I probably saved your life."
Trial
Thaw was charged with first-degree murder and denied bail. A newspaper photo shows Thaw in The Tombs prison seated at a formal table setting, dining on a meal catered for him by Delmonico's restaurant. In the background is further evidence of the preferential treatment provided to him. Conspicuously absent is the standard issue jail cell cot; during his confinement Thaw slept in a brass bed. Exempted from wearing prisoner's garb, he was allowed to wear his own custom tailored clothes. The jail's doctor was induced to allow Thaw a daily ration of champagne and wine. In his jail cell, in the days following his arrest, it was reported that Thaw heard the heavenly voices of young girls calling to him, which he interpreted as a sign of divine approval. He was in a euphoric mood; Thaw was unshakable in his belief that the public would applaud the man who had rid the world of the menace of Stanford White.
The "Trial of the Century"
As early as the morning following the shooting, news coverage became both chaotic and single-minded, and ground forward with unrelenting momentum. Any person, place or event, no matter how peripheral to the incident, was seized on by reporters and hyped as newsworthy copy. Facts were thin but sensationalist reportage was plentiful in this, the heyday of yellow journalism. The hard-boiled news reporters were bolstered by a contingent of counterparts, christened "Sob Sisters", whose stock-in-trade was the human interest piece, heavy on sentimental tropes and melodrama, crafted to pull on the emotions and punch them up to fever pitch. The rampant interest in the White murder and its key players were used by both the defense and prosecution to feed malleable reporters any "scoops" that would give their respective sides an advantage in the public forum. Thaw's mother, as was her custom, primed her own publicity machine through monetary pay-offs. The district attorney's office took on the services of a Pittsburgh public relations firm, McChesney and Carson, backing a print smear campaign aimed at discrediting Thaw and Nesbit. Pittsburgh newspapers displayed lurid headlines, a sample of which blared, "Woman Whose Beauty Spelled Death and Ruin". Only one week after the shooting, a nickelodeon film, Rooftop Murder, was released, rushed into production by Thomas Edison.
Defense strategy
The main issue in the case was the question of premeditation. At the outset, the formidable District Attorney, William Travers Jerome, preferred not to take the case to trial by having Thaw declared legally insane. This was to serve a two-fold purpose. The approach would save time and money, and of equal if not greater consideration, it would avoid the unfavorable publicity that would no doubt be generated from disclosures made during testimony on the witness stand—revelations that threatened to discredit many of high social standing. Thaw's first defense attorney, Lewis Delafield, concurred with the prosecutorial position, seeing that an insanity plea was the only way to avoid a death sentence for their client. Thaw dismissed Delafield, who he was convinced wanted to "railroad [him] to Matteawan as the half-crazy tool of a dissolute woman".
Thaw's mother, however, was adamant that her son not be stigmatized by clinical insanity. She pressed for the defense to follow a compromise strategy; one of temporary insanity, or what in that era was referred to as a "brainstorm". Acutely conscious of the insanity in her side of the family, and after years of protecting her son's hidden life, she feared her son's past would be dragged out into the open, ripe for public scrutiny. Protecting the Thaw family reputation had become nothing less than a vigilant crusade for Thaw's mother. She proceeded to hire a team of doctors, at a cost of half a million dollars, to substantiate that her son's act of murder constituted a single aberrant act.
Possibly concocted by the yellow press in concert with Thaw's attorneys, the temporary insanity defense, in Thaw's case, was dramatized as a uniquely American phenomenon. Branded "dementia Americana", this catch phrase encompassed the male prerogative to revenge any woman whose sacred chastity had been violated. In essence, murder motivated by such a circumstance was the act of a man justifiably unbalanced.
The two trials
Thaw was tried twice for the murder of White. Due to the unusual amount of publicity the case had received, it was ordered that the jury members be sequestered—the first time in the history of American jurisprudence that such a restriction was ordered. The trial proceedings began on January 23, 1907, and the jury went into deliberation on April 11. After forty-seven hours, the twelve jurors emerged deadlocked. Seven had voted guilty, and five voted not guilty. Thaw was outraged that the trial had not vindicated the murder, that the jurors had not recognized it as the act of a chivalrous man defending innocent womanhood. He went into fits of physical flailing and crying when he considered the very real possibility that he would be labeled a madman and imprisoned in an asylum. The second trial took place from January 1908 through February 1, 1908.
At the second trial, Thaw pleaded temporary insanity. This legal strategy was developed by Thaw's new chief defense counsel, Martin W. Littleton, whom Thaw and his mother had retained for $25,000 (). Thaw was found not guilty by reason of insanity, and sentenced to incarceration for life at the Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane in Fishkill, New York. His wealth allowed him to arrange accommodations for his comfort and be granted privileges not given to the general Matteawan population.
Nesbit had testified at both trials. It is conjectured that the Thaws promised her a comfortable financial future if she provided testimony at trial favorable to Thaw's case. It was a conditional agreement; if the outcome proved negative, she would receive nothing. The rumored amount of money the Thaws pledged for her cooperation ranged from $25,000 to $1 million. Throughout the prolonged court proceedings, Nesbit had received inconsistent financial support from the Thaws, made to her through their attorneys. After the close of the second trial, the Thaws virtually abandoned Nesbit, cutting off all funds. However, in an interview Nesbit's grandson, Russell Thaw, gave to the Los Angeles Times in 2005, it was his belief that Nesbit received $25,000 from the family after the end of the second trial. Nesbit and Thaw divorced in 1915.
Legal maneuvers: Push for freedom
Immediately after his commitment to Matteawan, Thaw marshaled the forces of a legal team charged with the mission of having him declared sane. The legal process was protracted.
In July 1909, Thaw's lawyers attempted to have their client released from Matteawan on a writ of habeas corpus. Two key witnesses for the state gave testimony at the hearing detrimental to the defense. Landlady Susan "Susie" Merrill recounted a chronology of Thaw's activities during the period of 1902 through 1905, in which Thaw rented apartments at two separate locations from Merrill, brought girls into the premises, and physically and emotionally abused them. Newspaper reports speculated on an item brought into evidence by Merrill, a "jeweled whip" which graphically suggested the scenarios played out in Thaw's rooms. Money was paid to keep the women silent. A Thaw attorney, Clifford Hartridge, corroborated Merrill's story, identifying himself as the intermediary who handled the monetary payoffs, some $30,000, between Merrill, the various women and Thaw. On August 12, 1910, the court dismissed the petition and Thaw was returned to Matteawan. The presiding judge wrote: "... the petitioner would be dangerous to public safety and was afflicted with chronic delusion insanity."
Determined to escape confinement, in 1913 Thaw walked out of the asylum and was driven over the Canadian border to Sherbrooke, Quebec. It is believed Thaw's mother, who had years of practice extricating her son from dire situations, orchestrated and financed her son's escape from Matteawan. His attorney, William Lewis Shurtleff, fought extradition back to the U.S.; among Shurtleff's legal team was future Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. Thaw was taken to Mt. Madison House in Gorham, New Hampshire, for the summer and kept under the watch of Sheriff Holman Drew, but in December 1914, he was extradited to New York and was able to secure a trial to establish whether he should still be considered insane. On July 16, 1915, the jury determined Thaw to be no longer insane, and set him free.
Throughout the two murder trials, as well as after Thaw's escape from Matteawan, a contingent of the public, seduced by the resulting exaggeration of the press, had become defenders of what they deemed Thaw's justifiable murder of White. Letters were written in support of Thaw, lauding him as a defender of "American womanhood". Sheet music was published for a musical piece titled: "For My Wife and Home". Soon after Thaw's release, The Sun, in July 1915, weighed in with its own estimation of the justice system in the Thaw matter: "In all this nauseous business, we don't know which makes the gorge rise more, the pervert buying his way out, or the perverted idiots that hail him with huzzas."
After Thaw's escape from Matteawan, Nesbit had expressed her own feelings about her husband's most recent imbroglio: "He hid behind my skirts through two trials and I won't stand for it again. I won't let lawyers throw any more mud at me."
Arrest for assault
In 1916, Thaw was charged with the kidnapping, beating, and sexual assault of nineteen-year-old Frederick Gump of Kansas City, Missouri. His acquaintance with Gump dated to December 1915, and Thaw had worked to gain the trust of the Gump family. Thaw had enticed Gump to come to New York under the pretense of underwriting the teenager's enrollment at Carnegie Institute. Thaw reserved rooms for Gump at the Hotel McAlpin. The New York Times later reported that, upon his arrival, Gump was confronted by "Thaw, armed with a short, stocky whip rushing for him." After the assault, Thaw fled to Philadelphia with the police in pursuit. When apprehended, he was found to have attempted suicide by slashing his throat.
Initially, Thaw tried to bribe the Gump family, offering to pay them a half million dollars if they would drop all criminal charges against him. Ultimately, Thaw was arrested, jailed and tried. Found insane, he was confined to Kirkbride Asylum in Philadelphia, where he was held under tight security. He was ultimately judged sane and regained his freedom in April 1924. Thaw's obituary, printed in the Times the day after his death in 1947, implies that Thaw's mother and the Gump family arrived at a monetary settlement.
Children
Evelyn Nesbit gave birth to a son, Russell William Thaw, on October 25, 1910, in Berlin, Germany. Nesbit always maintained he was Thaw's biological child, conceived during a conjugal visit to Thaw while he was confined at Matteawan. Thaw, throughout his life, denied paternity.
Later life
In 1924, Thaw purchased a historic home, known as Kenilworth, in Clearbrook, Virginia. While living there, he ingratiated himself with the locals, joined the Rouss Fire Company, and even marched in a few local parades in his fireman's uniform. He was regarded as an eccentric by the citizens of Clearbrook, but does not seem to have run into a great deal of additional legal trouble while living there. In 1926, he published a book of memoirs titled The Traitor, written to vindicate his murder of White. Thaw never regretted what he had done. Twenty years after having taken White's life, he said: "Under the same circumstances, I'd kill him tomorrow."
In the late 1920s, Thaw went into the film production business, based on Long Island. His initial plan was to make short comedies and stories about bogus spiritualists. In 1927, he contracted with John S. Lopez and detective-story author Arthur B. Reeve for a batch of scenarios focused on the theme of fraudulent spiritualism. This association generated a lawsuit against Thaw, who refused to pay his collaborators for the script work they had done. Thaw, rejecting the original concept, now conceived of a project to film the story of his own life. He asserted, therefore, the original agreement was no longer valid and he had no financial obligation to his partners. Ultimately, in 1935, a legal judgment ruled in Lopez's favor in the amount of $35,000.
In 1944, Thaw sold the Kenilworth home and moved to Florida.
Death
Thaw died of a heart attack in Miami, Florida, on February 22, 1947, at the age of 76. At his death Thaw left an estate with an estimated value of $1 million (equivalent to $ million as of ). In his will, he left Nesbit a bequest of $10,000 ($,000 as of ), about 1% of his net worth. He was buried in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.
See also
Trial of the century
References
Notes
Bibliography
Baatz, Simon, The Girl on the Velvet Swing: Sex, Murder, and Madness at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Little, Brown, 2018) {{ISBN|978-0316396653}}
Uruburu, Paula, American Eve: Evelyn Nesbit, Stanford White: The Birth of the "It" Girl and the Crime of the Century. New York: Riverhead Books, 2008
Further reading
Collins, Frederick L. Glamorous Sinners (1932).
Geary, Rick. Madison Square Tragedy: The Murder of Stanford White (2011).
Langford, Gerald. The Murder of Stanford White (2011).
Lessard, Suzannah. The Architect of Desire: Beauty and Danger in the Stanford White Family (1997).
Mooney, Michael Macdonald. Evelyn Nesbit and Stanford White: Love and Death in the Gilded Age (1976).
Samuels, Charles. The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1953).
Thaw, Evelyn Nesbit. The Story of My Life (1914).
Thaw, Evelyn Nesbit. Prodigal Days (1934).
Thaw, Harry K. The Traitor (1926).
External links
Harry Kendall Thaw and trial at Flickr Commons
"Harry Thaw's trial" Scans of a dinner program with Jurists autographs
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article on family
1871 births
1947 deaths
Burials at Allegheny Cemetery
20th-century American trials
Harvard College alumni
People acquitted of murder
People acquitted by reason of insanity
People from Pittsburgh
Harry K.
University of Pittsburgh people | [
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