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226263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1686%20in%20literature | 1686 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1686.
Events
January – John Dryden is recorded as having converted to Roman Catholicism.
New books
Prose
Pierre Bayle – Philosophical Commentary (on religious freedom)
Bernard de Fontenelle
Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds)
L'Histoire des oracles
Gottfried Leibniz
Brevis Demonstratio Erroris Memorabilis Cartesii et Aliorum Circa Legem Naturae (A Brief Demonstration of the Memorable Error of Descartes and Others About the Law of Nature)
Discours de Métaphysique
Ihara Saikaku (井原 西鶴)
Twenty Cases of Unfilial Children (本朝二十不孝 Honchō Nijū Fukō)
The Life of an Amorous Woman (好色一代女 Kōshoku Ichidai Onna)
Thomas Sydenham – Schedula monitoria de novae febris ingressu (Schedule of Symptoms of Newly Arrived Fever)
Children
John Bunyan – A Book for Boys and Girls, or, Country Rhymes for Children
Drama
Aphra Behn and John Blow – The Lucky Chance
Thomas d'Urfey – The Banditti
Thomas Jevon – The Devil of a Wife
Poetry
Anne Killigrew (posthumously) – Poems
Births
January 17 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (died 1766)
August 12 – John Balguy, English philosopher (died 1748)
September 5 – Antoine Touron, French historian and biographer (died 1775)
unknown date – Alban Thomas, Welsh physician and antiquarian (died 1771)
Deaths
January 31 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (born 1604)
February 6 – Dorothy White, English Quaker pamphleteer (born c. 1630)
February 10 – William Dugdale, English antiquary and herald (born 1605)
February 25 – Abraham Calovius, German Lutheran theologian (born 1612)
June 23 – Sir William Coventry, English statesman and author (born c. 1628)
July 10 – John Fell, English academic and bishop (born 1625)
August 13 – Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit historian (born 1610)
November 25 – Nicolas Steno (Niels Steenson), Danish scientist (born 1638)
November 28 – Nicolas Letourneux, French religious writer (born 1640)
December 6 – Nicola Avancini, Italian Jesuit writer (born 1612)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1685%20in%20literature | 1685 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1685.
Events
January 22 – Antoine Furetière is expelled from the Académie française for proposing to publish a complete dictionary of the French language himself.
February – The death of King Charles II of England brings a major theatrical flop in the Restoration era: Albion and Albanius – an allegorical drama in praise of the king with a text by John Dryden and music by Louis Grabu – is in rehearsal at the time.
June – A revised version of Albion and Albanius fails largely because it coincides with the invasion of the Duke of Monmouth.
June – Parliament revives the Printing Act of 1662, limiting London printers.
unknown date – The Fourth Folio of Shakespeare's works is published in London.
New books
Prose
Scipion Abeille – Histoire des Os ("Description of the Bones")
Aphra Behn – Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister
Ihara Saikaku – Five Women Who Loved Love
John Spencer – De Legibus Hebraeorum, Ritualibus et earum Rationibus libri tres
Drama
Jean Galbert de Campistron – Andronic
John Crowne – Sir Courtly Nice
Thomas d'Urfey
The Banditti, or A Lady's Distress
A Commonwealth of Women (adapted from The Sea Voyage)
Nahum Tate
The Cuckold's Haven (adaptation of Eastward Ho)
A Duke and No Duke (adaptation of Sir Aston Cockayne's Trappolin Suppos'd a Prince)
Births
January 9 – Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch critic (died 1766)
March 12 – George Berkeley Irish philosopher and bishop (died 1753)
June 30 – John Gay, English poet and dramatist (died 1732)
Deaths
March 18 – Francis Harold, Irish Franciscan historian (year of birth not known)
c. April 14 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (born 1652)
April 29 – Luc d'Achery, French author of critical editions of medieval manuscripts (born 1609)
June 16 – Anne Killigrew, English poet and painter (born 1660)
June 17 – Andrew Allam, English historian (born 1655)
July 1 – Nalan Xingde, Chinese ci poet (born 1655)
September 25 – Jean Cabassut, French theologian (born 1604)
October 23 – Yamaga Sokō (山鹿 素行), Japanese philosopher (born 1622)
unknown date – Placido Puccinelli, Italian historian (born 1609)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1684%20in%20literature | 1684 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1684.
Events
June 25 – The death of Robert Leighton, Archbishop of Glasgow, gives rise to establishment of the Leighton Library at Dunblane, the oldest surviving public subscription (lending) library in Scotland.
July 25 – The English novelist and dramatist Mary Griffith marries merchant George Pix.
November 11 – The English dramatist Nathaniel Lee is admitted to Bedlam Hospital for the insane.
unknown dates
The Protestant Academy of Saumur is closed down by King Louis XIV of France.
John Banks' historical play The Island Queens, or the Death of Mary Queen of Scotland is banned from the stage; it is produced as The Albion Queens twenty years later (1704).
Pierre Bayle begins his journal of literary criticism, Nouvelles de la république des lettres.
New books
Fiction
Aphra Behn – Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister
John Bunyan – The Pilgrim's Progress, Second Part
Giovanni Paolo Marana – Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy
Ihara Saikaku – The Great Mirror of Beauties
Drama
Jean de La Chapelle – Ajax
John Horne – Fortune's Task, or the Fickle Fair One
John Lacy – Sir Hercules Buffoon
Simon Neale – The Mistaken Beauty (adapted from Corneille)
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (possible author) – Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery
Thomas Southerne – The Disappointment, or the Mother of Fashion
Pedro Calderon de la Barca
Los cabellos de Absalón
Guárdate del agua mansa
Poetry
Aphra Behn – Poems upon Several Occasions
Pavao Ritter Vitezović – Odiljenje sigetsko (Farewell at Sziget)
Non-fiction
Jakob Abbadie – Traité de la vérité de la religion chrétienne
Dorcas Dole – Once More a Warning to Thee, O England, but more particularly to the inhabitants of the city of Bristol (by a Quaker)
Edward Phillips – Enchiridion linguae latinae
Christian Knorr von Rosenroth – Kabbala Denudata (publication completed)
Christopher Sandius – Bibliotheca antitrinitariorum
George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax – The Character of a Trimmer
Antonio de Solís y Rivadeneyra – Historia de la conquista de México
Births
February 21 – Justus van Effen, Dutch journalist writing also in French (died 1735)
October 16 – Peter Walkden, English diarist (died 1769)
December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Danish/Norwegian essayist, philosopher and playwright (died 1754)
Deaths
April 1 – Roger Williams, English-born American theologian (born 1603)
October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French dramatist (born 1606)
December 7 – John Oldham, English satirical poet and translator (born 1653)
Unknown date – Francisco de Avellaneda, Spanish dramatist and poet (born c. 1625)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1683%20in%20literature | 1683 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1683.
Events
May 17 – Jordaan Luchtmans, the predecessor of Brill Publishers, is registered as a bookseller by the Leiden booksellers' guild.
May 25 – Lancelot Addison is appointed Dean of Lichfield.
June 26 – Madame de La Fayette is widowed.
August/September – John Locke flees to the Netherlands, under suspicion of involvement in the Rye House Plot in England.
November 4 – Marriage of André Dacier and Anne Lefèvre in Paris.
December 7 – English parliamentarian Algernon Sidney is executed for treason, based largely on the anti-monarchist views expressed in his Discourses Concerning Government.
unknown dates
John Banks' historical play The Innocent Usurper, about Lady Jane Grey, is banned from the stage by the censors.
A public library is first recorded at Kirkwall on Orkney.
New books
Fiction
Alexander Oldys (?) – The London Jilt; or, the Politick Whore
"Abbé du Prat" (pseudonym) – Venus in the Cloister; or, The Nun in her Smock (Vénus dans le cloître, ou la Religieuse en chemise)
Drama
Joshua Barnes – Landgartha, or the Amazon Queen of Denmark and Norway
Chikamatsu Monzaemon – Yotsugi Soga (The Soga Successors/The Soga Heir)
John Crowne – City Politiques
John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee – The Duke of Guise
Sor Juana – Los empeños de una casa (The Trials of a Noble House)
Nathaniel Lee – Constantine the Great
Thomas Otway – The Atheist
Edward Ravenscroft – Dame Dobson
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz – Los empeños de una casa
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – El pintor de su deshonra
Poetry
Robert Gould – Love Given O'er: Or a Satyr on the Inconstancy of Woman
Non-fiction
"R. B." (i. e. Nathaniel Crouch), compiled – Two Journeys to Jerusalem
John Dryden – Plutarch (one of the first biographies in the English language)
Joseph Moxon – Mechanick Exercises
John Pordage – Theologia Mystica
Dr. Thomas Sydenham –
Births
April 3 – Mark Catesby, English naturalist (died 1749)
December 27 – Conyers Middleton, English controversialist and cleric (died 1750)
Deaths
January 15 – Philip Warwick, English writer and politician (born 1609)
March 19 – Thomas Killigrew, English dramatist and manager (born 1612)
August – Ralph Josselin, English diarist and Anglican cleric (born 1616)
August 24 – John Owen, English theologian (born 1616)
October 20 – Marie-Catherine de Villedieu, French novelist and dramatist (born 1640)
November 18 – Innokentiy Gizel, Ukrainian historian (born c. 1600)
December 15 – Izaak Walton, English writer and biographer (born 1593)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1682%20in%20literature | 1682 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1682.
Events
In London, the King's Company and the Duke's Company join to form the United Company of actors.
In Paris, the Bibliothèque Mazarine reopens at the Collège des Quatre-Nations.
In Japan, Ihara Saikaku's The Life of an Amorous Man (好色一代男, Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko, "The Man Who Spent His Life in Love") inaugurates what becomes known as ukiyo-zōshi ("books of the floating world"), the first major genre of popular Japanese fiction.
New books
Prose
John Bunyan – The Holy War
Francisco Nunez de Cepeda – Idea del buen pastor representada en Empresas sacras
William Penn
Frame of Government of Pennsylvania
Some Fruits of Solitude In Reflections And Maxims
Mary Rowlandson – Narrative of the Captivity
Ihara Saikaku (井原 西鶴) – The Life of an Amorous Man (好色一代男 Kōshoku Ichidai Otoko)
Bulstrode Whitelocke – Memorials of the English Affairs from the Beginning of the Reign of Charles I (Puritan viewpoint)
Children and young people
Dorcas Dole – Salutation and Seasonable Exhortation to Children (by a Quaker)
Drama
Anonymous – Mr. Turbulent
John Banks – The Unhappy Favourite, or the Earl of Essex
John Banks – Vertue Betray'd
John Dryden – MacFlecknoe
John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee – The Duke of Guise
Thomas d'Urfey
The Injured Princess (adapted from Cymbeline)
The Royalist
Thomas Otway – Venice Preserv'd
William Shakespeare adapted by Nahum Tate – Coriolanus
Thomas Southerne – The Persian Prince, or the Loyal Brother
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – Verdadera V parte de comedias
Poetry
Nahum Tate (probable) – Absalom and Achitophel, part 2
Births
October 2 – Birgitte Christine Kaas, Norwegian poet and translator (died 1761)
October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)
Unknown date – Jacopo Facciolati, Paduan lexicographer and philologist (died 1769)
Deaths
March 12 – Francis Sempill, Scottish poet and wit (born c. 1616)
October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne, English polymath and poet (born 1605)
November 14 – Rijcklof van Goens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1678-1681 and travel writer (born 1619)
Unknown dates
Philip Hunton, English clergyman and political writer (born c. 1600)
Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, Chilean writer and soldier (born 1607 in literature)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1681%20in%20literature | 1681 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1681.
Events
Nahum Tate's play The History of King Lear, adapted from Shakespeare's King Lear with a happy ending is first published and first performed at the Duke's Theatre, London, with Thomas Betterton as Lear and Elizabeth Barry as Cordelia. It is so well received that it supplants Shakespeare's original in every performance given until 1838.
The Impartial Protestant Mercury is launched in London, one of several periodicals of the century with similar names.
New books
Prose
Thomas Burnet – Telluris Theoria Sacra, or Sacred Theory of the Earth (Part 1 in Latin, Part 2 in 1689; in English 1684 and 1690)
Chikkupadhyaya – Kamalachala Mahatmya
Robert Knox – An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon
Anne Lefèvre – Anacreon and Sappho (translation)
Hiob Ludolf – Historia Aethiopica
William Penn – True Spiritual Liberty
John Pordage – Treatise of Eternal Nature with Her Seven Essential Forms
Drama
Aphra Behn
The False Count
The Roundheads
John Crowne – Thyestes
Thomas d'Urfey – Sir Barnaby Whigg
Edward Ravenscroft – The London Cuckolds
Thomas Shadwell – The Lancashire Witches (adapted from Brome and Heywood's The Late Lancashire Witches)
Nahum Tate – adaptations from Shakespeare
The History of King Lear (from King Lear)
The Ingratitude of a Common-Wealth (from Coriolanus)
The Sicilian Usurper (from Richard II)
Agustín Moreto – Parte III de comedias
Antonio de Solís y Rivadeneyra – El amor al uso
Poetry
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Poems on Most of the Festivals of the Church
John Dryden – Absalom and Achitophel (part 1)
Andrew Marvell – Miscellaneous Poems (posthumous)
Births
March 18 – Esther Johnson, the "Stella" of Jonathan Swift (died 1728)
July 12 – Abigail Williams, central character in Arthur Miller's 1953 play, The Crucible (died 1690s)
November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, Roman Catholic theologian (died 1776)
Deaths
January 16 – Olivier Patru, French legal historian and translator (born 1604)
January 28 – Richard Allestree, English scholar and cleric (born 1621 or 1622)
May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
July 8 – Georg Neumark, German poet and hymn-writer (born 1621)
September 17 – John Lacy, English playwright (born c. 1615)
September 27 – Jacob Masen, German Jesuit writer (born 1606)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1680%20in%20literature | 1680 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1680.
Events
February – Thomas Otway's blank verse tragedy The Orphan, or The Unhappy Marriage is premiered in London.
The spring/summer production of Nathaniel Lee's Theodosius at Dorset Garden features Henry Purcell's earliest theatre music.
August 8 – The Comédie-Française is founded by decree of King Louis XIV of France to merge the two Parisian acting troupes of the time, those of the Guénégaud Theatre and the Hôtel de Bourgogne.
unknown dates
The poem-book Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe is transcribed by Ruairí Ó hUiginn of Sligo at the command of Cormac Ó Neill.
Innerpeffray Library, the oldest known (and surviving) public (lending) library in Scotland, is established.
New books
Prose
John Bunyan – The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
Gilbert Burnet – Some Passages of the Life and Death of...John Earl of Rochester
Sor Juana Inéz de la Cruz – Neptuno alegórico
Pedro Cubero – Peregrinación del mundo
Pu Songling – Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (in manuscript only)
Sir Robert Filmer – Patriarcha published (written 1642)
Drama
Aphra Behn – The Revenge
Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Hado y Divisa de Leonido y Marfisa
John Crowne – The Misery of Civil War, adapted from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 2 and Part 3
Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle – Aspar
Nathaniel Lee
Lucius Junius Brutus
The Princess of Cleve
Theodosius
Lewis Maidwell – The Loving Enemies
Thomas Otway
The History and Fall of Caius Marius
The Orphan
The Soldier's Fortune
Jacques Pradon – Statira
Elkanah Settle
Fatal Love
The Female Prelate
Nahum Tate – The Loyal General
William Whitaker – The Conspiracy
Births
January 23 – Joseph Ames, English author (died 1759)
September 22 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (died 1747)
Unknown dates
Nicola Coleti, Italian historian and priest (died 1765)
Elizabeth Germain, English philanthropist and correspondent (died 1769)
Probable year of birth
Ephraim Chambers, English encyclopedist (died 1740)
Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, Irish poet in Gaelic (died 1756)
Nezim Frakulla, Albanian poet (died 1760)
Deaths
January 20 – Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (born 1625)
March 14 – René Le Bossu, French critic (born 1631)
March 17 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French dramatist and writer of maxims (born 1613)
March 27 – William Maurice, Welsh antiquary (born c.1620)
June 18 – Samuel Butler, English satirical poet (born 1612)
July 3 – John Martyn, English publisher and bookseller
July 26 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (born 1647)
November – Carr Scrope, English poet (born 1649)
December 4 – Thomas Bartholin, Danish scientist and theologian (born 1616)
unknown date – François de Grenaille, French dramatist and translator (born 1616)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679%20in%20literature | 1679 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1679.
Events
April 30 – John Locke, returning to England from France, moves into Thanet House in London.
June – Nathaniel Lee's play The Massacre at Paris (about the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, as was Christopher Marlowe's play of the same title) is suppressed by King Charles II of England as anti-French, the French being English allies at this time.
August – Thomas Otway returns to England from military service in the Netherlands.
October – Thomas Otway's The History and Fall of Caius Marius, his adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, is written. When performed the following year, it will drive Shakespeare's original off the stage for more than sixty years.
December 18 – Rose Alley ambuscade: John Dryden is set upon by three assailants in London, thought to have been instigated by the John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester in retaliation for an attack on "want of wit" in his poetry in The Essay on Satire (nominally by Dryden's patron, the poet John Sheffield, Earl of Musgrave, but probably with input from Dryden).
unknown dates
Étienne Baluze becomes almoner to King Louis XIV of France.
Pu Songling probably compiles most of his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio.
New books
Prose
Charles Blount – Anima Mundi
Jean de La Fontaine – The Fables of Bidpai
Drama
Beaumont and Fletcher – Fifty Comedies and Tragedies, the second folio
John Bancroft – Sertorius
Aphra Behn
The Feigned Courtesans
The Young King
John Crowne – The Ambitious Statesman
Thomas D'Urfey – The Virtuous Wife
John Dryden
Oedipus
Troilus and Cressida, or Truth Found Too Late (adapted from Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida)
Nathaniel Lee
Caesar Borgia
The Massacre of Paris
Thomas Otway – The History and Fall of Caius Marius
Jacques Pradon – La Troade
Thomas Shadwell
A True Widow
The Woman Captain
Poetry
"Ephelia" (Mary Villiers?) – Female Poems...by Ephelia
Births
January 24 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher (died 1745)
August 16 – Catherine Trotter Cockburn, English novelist, dramatist and philosopher (died 1749)
September 11 – Thomas Parnell, Irish poet and cleric (died 1718)
September 24 – Eugenio Gerardo Lobo, Spanish poet and soldier (died 1750)
September 26 – Johann Gottlob Carpzov, German Biblical scholar (died 1767)
October 26 – Heinrich Jacob Bashuysen, German printer (died c. 1750)
Unknown dates
Charles Johnson, English dramatist and poet (died 1748)
Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian (died 1734)
Probable year of birth – Penelope Aubin, English novelist and translator (died c. 1731)
Deaths
January 11 – Joannes Lucius, Dalmatian historian (born 1604)
February 5 – Joost van den Vondel, Dutch dramatist (born 1587)
April 4 – Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau, German poet (born 1616)
June 7 – Alice Curwen, English autobiographer and Quaker (born c. 1619)
August 27 – Jonas Moore, English mathematician and surveyor (born 1617)
October 12 – William Gurnall, English writer and cleric (born 1617)
October 26 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery Irish dramatist and soldier (born 1621)
December 4 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (born 1588)
Unknown dates
Jacob Alting, Dutch philologist and theologian (born 1618)
Johann Michael Vansleb, German theologian and linguist (born 1635)
References
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226273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1678%20in%20literature | 1678 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1678.
Events
February – English dramatist Thomas Otway, perhaps escaping from an unhappy love affair with his leading actress, obtains a commission in an English regiment serving in the Franco-Dutch War and is sent in July to Flanders.
February 18 – The first part of English nonconformist John Bunyan's Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress, partly written while he was imprisoned for unlicensed preaching, is published in London.
March – The novel La Princesse de Clèves, presumed to be by Madame de La Fayette, is published in Paris. It is set in 1558–1559 and an early example of a psychological novel.
November – The English printer Joseph Moxon becomes the first tradesman to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
New books
Prose
Manuel Ambrosio de Filguera –
John Barret – The Christian Temper, or, A Discourse Concerning the Nature and Properties of the Graces of Sanctification
Jacob Boehme – , (Amsterdam & Frankfurt; contains a portrait of Boehme by N. van Werd)
John Bunyan – The Pilgrim's Progress
Ralph Cudworth – The True Intellectual System of the Universe
Madame de La Fayette (anonymously) – La Princesse de Clèves
Sir Thomas Herbert – Threnodia Carolina
Thomas Hobbes – Decameron Physiologicum
Josiah King – The Examination and Trial of Old Father Christmas Together with his Clearing by the Jury
The Mowing-Devil: or, Strange News out of Hartford-Shire (a woodcut showing what is alleged to be the first crop circle)
The Works of Geber, Englished by Richard Russell.
Thomas Rymer – The Tragedies of the Last Age Considered
Jacob Spon – Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant
Aernout van Overbeke – De rym-wercken
Drama
Anonymous
Actio Curiosa
John Banks – The Destruction of Troy
Aphra Behn – Sir Patient Fancy
William Chamberlayne – Wits Led by the Nose, or a Poet's Revenge published
Thomas Corneille – Le Comte d'Essex
John Dryden
All for Love
The Kind Keeper
Thomas d'Urfey
Trick for Trick
Squire Oldsapp
Edward Howard – The Man of Newmarket
Nathaniel Lee – Mithridates, King of Pontus
John Leanerd
The Counterfeits
The Rambling Justice
Thomas Otway – Friendship in Fashion
Samuel Pordage – The Siege of Babylon
Edward Ravenscroft – The English Lawyer (adapted from George Ruggle's Latin play Ignoramus)
Thomas Rawlins – Tunbridge Wells
Titus Andronicus, or the Rape of Lavinia (adapted from Shakespeare's play)
Thomas Shadwell
The History of Timon of Athens the Man-Hater
A True Widow
Nahum Tate – Brutus of Alba
Poetry
Anne Bradstreet – Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning (posthumously published)
Samuel Butler – Hudibras, Part 3
Dorthe Engelbrechtsdatter – ("The Souls Spiritual Offering of Song")
Births
January 10 – Paul Gabriel Antoine, French theologian (died 1743)
July – Thomas Hearne, editor of medieval manuscripts (died 1735)
December 14 – Daniel Neal, English historian (died 1743)
Unknown dates
Thomas Sherlock, English religious writer and bishop (died 1761)
William Wogan, Welsh religious writer in English (died 1758)
Deaths
January 16 – Madeleine de Souvré, marquise de Sablé, French writer and salonnière (born 1599)
March 10 – Jean de Launoy, French historian (born 1603)
April 12 – Sir Thomas Stanley, English poet, writer and translator (born 1625)
May 4 – Abraham Woodhead, English Catholic writer (born 1609)
May 14 or 15 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch poet and scholar (born 1607)
August 16 – Andrew Marvell, English poet and politician (born 1621)
August 17 – Guillaume Herincx, Netherlandish theologian (born 1621)
November 21 – Robert Thoroton, English antiquary (born 1623)
Unknown date – Theophilus Gale, English theologian (born 1628)
Probable date – Richard Flecknoe English dramatist and poet (born c. 1600)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1677%20in%20literature | 1677 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1677.
Events
January 1 – Jean Racine's tragedy Phèdre is first performed, at the Hôtel de Bourgogne (theatre) in Paris.
February
Nathaniel Lee's blank verse tragedy The Rival Queens, or the Death of Alexander the Great is performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, with Mrs. Charlotte Melmoth as Roxana.
Thomas Killigrew, ineffective after four years as Master of the Revels, is replaced by his son Charles.
September – Edward Ravenscroft's tragicomedy King Edgar and Alfreda, on the subject of King Edgar of England. Thomas Rymer's less successful play on the same subject is published in 1678.
date unknown
Roger Morrice begins his Entring Book, a manual diary describing society in the period 1677 to 1691.
Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh's Grammatica Latino-Hibernica nunc compendiata, the first printed grammar of the Irish language (in Latin), is published by the Congregation of Propaganda Fide in Rome in the year of his death.
New books
Prose
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Treatise of the Art of War
Edward Cocker – Cocker's Arithmetick
Christian Knorr von Rosenroth – Kabbala Denudata (publication starts)
John Mason – Major Mason's Brief History of the Pequot War
John Milton – The History of Britain
Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford – A Philosophical Essay of Music
Eirenaeus Philalethes – An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Vision.
Baruch Spinoza – Opera Posthuma (with first known publication of his Ethics)
Fabian Stedman – Tintinnalogia, or, the Art of Ringing
Drama
John Banks – The Rival Kings (adapted from la Calprenède's Cassandre)
Aphra Behn
The Rover
The Counterfeit Bridegroom
The Debauchee (adapted from Richard Brome's A Mad Couple Well-Match'd)
Thomas Betterton – The Counterfeit Bridegroom
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle – The Humorous Lovers and The Triumphant Widow published
John Crowne – The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus Vespasian, Parts 1 and 2
Charles Davenant – Circe (a "semi-opera" with music by John Banister)
Thomas d'Urfey – A Fond Husband
John Leanerd – The Country Innocence
Nathaniel Lee – The Rival Queens
Thomas Otway
The Cheats of Scapin (adapted from Molière's Fourberies de Scapin)
Titus and Berenice (adapted from Racine's Bérénice)
Samuel Pordage – The Siege of Babylon
Thomas Porter – The French Conjuror
Jean Racine – Phèdre
Edward Ravenscroft
King Edgar and Alfreda
Scaramouch a Philosopher, Harlequin a Schoolboy, Bravo a Merchant and Magician
Thomas Rymer – Edgar, or the English Monarch
Pedro Calderon de la Barca
Amar después de la muerte o El Tuzaní de la Alpujarra
Parte I de autos sacramentales, alegóricos e historiales
Poetry
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – On the Death of Abraham Cowley
Births
August 23 – Marie Anne Doublet, French scholar, writer and salonnière (died 1771)
August 25 – Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy, French theologian (died 1753)
Unknown date – Elizabeth, Lady Wardlaw, English ballad writer (born 1727)
Probable date – George Farquhar, Irish-born dramatist (died 1707)
Deaths
February 21 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (born 1632)
May 24 – Anders Bording, Danish poet and journalist (born 1619)
June 18 – Johann Franck, German poet, hymnist and politician (born 1618)
June 24 – Dudley North, English poet, writer and politician (born 1602)
July 9 – Angelus Silesius (Johann Scheffler), German poet and mystic (born 1624)
September 5 – Henry Oldenburg, German-born theologian and natural philosopher (born c. 1619)
September 11 – James Harrington, English political theorist (born 1611)
October 14 – Francis Glisson, English medical writer and physician (born 1597)
December 24 – Jacques de Coras, French poet (born 1630)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1676%20in%20literature | 1676 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1676.
Events
March 2 – George Etherege's play The Man of Mode is given its first performance, in London.
May 22 – Samuel Pepys is elected Master of Trinity House.
December 11 – The first performance of William Wycherley's play The Plain Dealer is given in London.
December – The German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz arrives in Hanover to take up a post as "councillor" and librarian to Johann Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg.
New books
Prose
Robert Barclay – Theses Theologiae
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – English-Adventures by a Person of Honor
Charles Cotton – Cotton's Angler (a continuation of Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler)
Ann, Lady Fanshawe – Memoir (of her deceased courtier husband, Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet)
Domingo Fernández Navarrete – Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos, y religiosos de la monarchia de China (An Account of the Empire of China, Historical, Political, Moral, and Religious)
Gabriel de Foigny – La Terre Australe connue (The Southern Land, Known)
Thomas Tomkinson – Truth's Triumph. A book on Muggletonianism.
Izaak Walton – The Compleat Angler, 5th edition
Drama
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery (?) – Zoroastres
John Crowne –The Country Wit
Thomas Duffet – Beauty's Triumph (masque)
Thomas d'Urfey
The Fool Turned Critic
Madam Fickle
George Etherege – The Man of Mode
Nathaniel Lee – Gloriana, or the Court of Augustus Caesar
Thomas Otway – Don Carlos, Prince of Spain
Edward Ravenscroft – The Wrangling Lovers
Thomas Rawlins – Tom Essence
Elkanah Settle
Pastor Fido
The Conquest of China by the Tartars
Ibrahim, the Illustrious Bassa (adapted from a story by Madeleine de Scudéry)
Thomas Shadwell
The Libertine
The Virtuoso
William Wycherley – The Plain Dealer
Agustín Moreto
El lindo don DiegoNo puede ser...El parecido en la corteVerdadera III parte de comediasBirths
June 21 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher (died 1729)
July 4 – José de Cañizares, Spanish dramatist (died 1750)
October 8 – Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro, Spanish scholar and monk (died 1764)Unknown dates''
Péter Apor, Hungarian historian writing in Latin (died 1752)
Samuel Bownas, English Quaker religious writer (died 1753)
William Gwavas, English lawyer and writer in the Cornish language (died 1741)
Deaths
March 22 – Lady Anne Clifford, English patron and correspondent (born 1590)
July 25 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer and cleric (born 1604)
August 17 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German writer (born 1621)
September 2 – Edward Worsley, English religious writer (born 1605)
October 25 – Justus Georg Schottel, German grammarian (born 1612)
November 1 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (born 1589)
December 18 – Edward Benlowes, English poet (born 1603)
December 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English polymath (born 1592)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226276 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675%20in%20literature | 1675 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1675.
Events
November 11 – Gottfried Leibniz's notebooks record a breakthrough in his work on calculus.
New books
Prose
Joshua Barnes – Gerania; a New Discovery of a Little Sort of People, anciently discoursed of, called Pygmies
John Barret – Fifty Queries Seriously Propounded to those that Question or Deny Infants Right to Baptism
Friderich Martens – Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise-Beschreibung, gethan im Jahre 1671
Edward Phillips – Theatrum poetarum
A Satire Against Separatists, variously attributed to Abraham Cowley or Peter Hausted
Philipp Jakob Spener – Pia Desideria
Marie-Catherine de Villedieu – Les Désordres de l’amour
John Wilkins – Of the Principle and Duties of Natural Religion
Miguel de Molinos
Guía espiritual
Breve tratado de la comunión cotidiana
Denis Vairasse – The History of the Sevarites or Sevarambi
Drama
John Crowne
Calisto, or the Chaste Nymph (masque)
Country Wit
John Dryden – Aureng-zebe
Thomas Duffet – Psyche Debauch'd
Sir Francis Fane – Love in the Dark
Nathaniel Lee –
Nero, Emperor of Rome
Sophonisba
Thomas Otway – Alcibiades
Henry Nevil Payne – The Siege of Constantinople
Thomas Shadwell – The Libertine
William Wycherley – The Country Wife
Poetry
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester – A Satire Against Mankind (published 1679)
Births
February 26 (baptized) – Abel Evans, English clergyman, academic and poet (died 1737)
September 2 – William Somervile, English poet (died 1742)
October 11 – Samuel Clarke, English philosopher and cleric (died 1729)
Deaths
April 8 – Veit Erbermann, German theologian and controversialist (born 1597)
September – Heinrich Müller, German devotional writer (born 1631)
September 12 – Girolamo Graziani, Italian poet (born 1604)
September 23 – Valentin Conrart, co-founder of French Academie (born 1603)
November 11 – Thomas Willis, English physician and natural philosopher (born 1621)
December 6 – John Lightfoot, English scholar and cleric (born 1602)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1674%20in%20literature | 1674 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1674.
Events
March 26 – The new Theatre Royal, Drury Lane opens in March. Designed by Christopher Wren, it replaces the original theatre that burned down in 1672.
unknown dates
The poet Isaac de Benserade is elected to the French Academy, along with the churchman and scholar Pierre Daniel Huet.
Schlosstheater Celle is founded. By the 21st century it will be the oldest surviving theatre in Germany.
The derivative nature of Restoration drama is displayed when the Duke's Company produces Thomas Shadwell's "operatic" re-adaptation of Dryden and Davenant's 1667 adaptation of The Tempest. In response, their rivals at the King's Company stage The Mock Tempest, or the Enchanted Castle by Thomas Duffet.
New books
Prose
Samuel Chappuzeau – Le Théâtre François
Charles Cotton – The Compleat Gamester
John Evelyn – Navigation and Commerce
John Josselyn – An Account of the Voyages to New England, London: Printed for Giles Widdows
Thomas Ken – Manual of Prayers for the use of the Scholars of Winchester College
Anthony Wood – Historia et antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis
Drama
Anonymous (and John Dryden?) – The Mistaken Husband
Juan Bautista Diamante – Parte II de comedias
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle – The Triumphant Widow
Pierre Corneille – Suréna
John Crowne – Andromache
Sir William Davenant – Macbeth, a "dramatic opera" adapted from Shakespeare's play, is published
Thomas Duffet (attributed to) – The Amorous Old Woman
The Empress of Morocco: a Farce
The Mock Tempest
Nathaniel Lee – The Tragedy of Nero, Emperour of Rome
Jean Racine – Iphigénie
Elkanah Settle – Love and Revenge
Poetry
Thomas Flatman – Poems and Songs
John Milton – Paradise Lost, second edition
Births
January 15 – Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French poet and dramatist (died 1762)
June 20 – Nicholas Rowe (dramatist) English dramatist and Poet Laureate (died 1718)
October – Thomas Ruddiman, Scottish classicist (died 1757)
October 6 – Nicolas-Hubert de Mongault, French writer and cleric (died 1746)
December – Christmas Samuel, Welsh writer and minister (died 1764)
Deaths
March 7 – Charles Sorel, sieur de Souvigny, French novelist (born 1602)
June 14 – Marin le Roy de Gomberville, French poet and novelist (born 1600)
August 13 – Lucidor (Lars Johansson), Swedish burlesque poet (born 1638; killed in duel)
September 27
Robert Arnauld d'Andilly, French poet and translator (born 1589)
Thomas Traherne, English poet and religious writer (born c. 1636)
October – Robert Herrick, English poet (born 1591)
November 8 – John Milton, English poet and polemicist (born 1608)
December 9 – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon English historian and statesman (born 1609)
Unknown dates
Hu Zhengyan, Chinese artist, printmaker, calligrapher and publisher (born c. 1584)
James Janeway, English children's writer and Puritan minister (born 1636)
Miguel Sánchez, Mexican priest, writer and theologian (born 1594)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1673%20in%20literature | 1673 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1673.
Events
February 10 – The première of Molière's comédie-ballet The Imaginary Invalid (also translated as The Hypochondriac) takes place in Paris. During the fourth performance, on February 17, the playwright, playing the title rôle, collapses on stage, dying soon after.
Thomas Killigrew is appointed Master of the Revels in England, on the death of his predecessor, Sir Henry Herbert.
In response to events of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, John Dryden's topical play Amboyna, about happenings in the East Indies, is reportedly "contrived and written in a month" – certainly one of the fastest acts of solo dramatic composition known. The play is premièred on stage in May.
Elkanah Settle's tragedy The Empress of Morocco, premièred on July 3 at the Dorset Gardens Theatre in London by the Duke's Company, is published in quarto; in addition to its frontispiece illustration, the quarto contains five woodcuts depicting scenes in the play – the first English play text illustrated in this way. Settle's play also inspires a farce with the same title, probably by Thomas Duffet, performed by the King's Company and published the following year.
Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie (Life), as the first Russian autobiography.
Antonio Magliabechi is appointed librarian to Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
New books
Prose
Bathsua Makin – An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen
England's appeal from the Private Cabal at Whitehall to the Great Council of the Nation by a true Lover of his Country – pamphlet attributed to Sir William Coventry
Francis Kirkman – The Unlucky Citizen
John Ray – Observations topographical, moral, and physiological, made on a Journey through part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France
Johannes Schefferus – Lapponia
Shugi Washo
Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet – Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Thomas Traherne – Roman Forgeries
Drama
Joseph Arrowsmith – The Reformation
Aphra Behn – The Dutch Lover
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – La vida es sueño (sacramental play)
Sir William Davenant – News from Plymouth, The Law Against Lovers, The Fair Favourite, and The Siege published posthumously
John Dryden
Amboyna, or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants
Marriage à la Mode
Thomas Duffet – The Spanish Rogue
Molière – Le malade imaginaire
Henry Nevil Payne – The Fatal Jealousy
Edward Ravenscroft – The Careless Lovers
Elkanah Settle – The Empress of Morocco
Poetry
Poems of Mr. John Milton (2nd edition)
Bernarda Ferreira de la Cerda – España libertada (second part)
Births
January 1 – Johannes Kelpius, German Pietist writer (died 1708)
October 26 – Dimitrie Cantemir, Moldavian prince and man of letters (died 1723)
Unknown dates
Antoine Banier, French historian and translator (died 1741)
George Lockhart, Scottish politician and writer (died 1731)
John Oldmixon, English historian (died 1742)
Deaths
February 17 – Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), French playwright (born 1622)
March – Joseph Caryl, English Biblical commentator and preacher (born 1602)
March 15 – Salvator Rosa, Italian painter and poet (born 1615)
May 4 – Richard Brathwait, English poet (born 1588)
November 16 – Katarina Zrinska, Croatian poet (born c. 1625)
December 15 – Margaret Cavendish, English writer and scientist (born 1623)
Unknown date – Ingen (Yinyuan Longqi), Chinese-born Buddhist poet (born 1592)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1672%20in%20literature | 1672 in literature | Events from the year 1672 in literature.
Events
January 25 – London's Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, is destroyed by fire. The King's Company moves to the theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields, which the rival Duke's Company left the previous year.
June – Thomas Killigrew mounts another all-female production of his The Parson's Wedding with the King's Company. (The first occurred in 1664.) Beaumont and Fletcher's Philaster and Dryden's The Maiden Queen are also staged with all-women casts new prologues by Dryden for the productions.
September 13 – John Bunyan is released after twelve years' imprisonment for preaching without a licence.
December - John Dryden's play Marriage à la Mode first performed in London by the King's Company.
The Mercure de France is first published under the title Mercure galant).
New books
Prose
Nicolás Antonio – Bibliotheca Hispana Nova
Nicolas Denys – Description Géographique et Historique des Costes de l’Amérique Septentrionale (Description and Natural History of the Coasts of North America)
Richard Cumberland – De legibus naturae (On natural laws)
Melchor Fuster – Conceptos predicables
Gadla Walatta Petros (Ethiopian hagiography in Ge'ez language)
Nathaniel Hodges – Loimologia
James Janeway – A Token for Children, Part 2
John Milton – Art of Logic
Pierre Nicole – A Discourse Against Plays and Romances
César Vichard de Saint-Réal – Dom Carlos
Drama
Anonymous – Emilia (adapted from the Costanza di Rosamondo of Aurelio Aureli)
Anonymous – The Illustrious Slaves
Pedro Calderon de la Barca
Eco y Narciso
El hijo del sol, Faetón
La niña de Gómez Arias
Thomas Corneille – Ariane
John Dryden
The Assignation
Marriage à la mode (first performed; published the following year)
John Lacy – The Old Troop published
Molière – Les Femmes Savantes
Henry Nevil Payne – The Morning Ramble
Jean Racine – Bajazet
Edward Ravenscroft – The Citizen Turned Gentleman
Thomas Shadwell
Epsom Wells
The Miser
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham – The Rehearsal published
Poetry
Miguel de Barrios – El coro de las musas
Births
January 18 – Antoine Houdar de la Motte, French writer, (died 1731)
March – Sir Richard Steele, Irish dramatist, satirist and politician (died 1729)
May 1 – Joseph Addison, English essayist, poet and politician (died 1719)
August 2 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss paleontologist, historian and travel writer (died 1733)
October 27 – Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna, Swedish writer (died 1737)
Deaths
June 14 – Matthew Wren, English scholar and cleric (born 1629)
June 20 – Alonso Andrada, Spanish biographer and ascetic writer (born 1590)
September 12 – Tanneguy Le Fèvre, French classicist (born 1615)
September 16 – Anne Bradstreet, pioneering American female author (born c. 1612)
November 21 – Robert Creighton, Scottish classicist, politician and bishop (born 1593)
December 27 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher (born 1618)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1671%20in%20literature | 1671 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1671.
Events
February – Nell Gwyn retires from the stage and moves into a brick townhouse at 79 Pall Mall, London.
November 9 – The Duke's Company open their new venue, the Dorset Garden Theatre.
Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières is awarded the first prize given for poetry by the Académie française.
Philosophus Autodidactus, the first Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's 12th century tale Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, prepared by Edward Pococke before 1660, is published for the first time.
New books
Prose
Edward Bagshaw (attributed) – The Life and Death of Mr Vavasor Powell
Edward Burrough (posthumously): The Memorable Works of a Son of Thunder and Consolation: Namely, that True Prophet, and Faithful Servant of God, and Sufferer for the Testimony of Jesus, Edward Burroughs...
Johann Ferdinand Hertodt – Crocologia
John Josselyn – New England's Rarities, discovered in Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that Country (London)
Gottfried Leibniz – Hypothesis Physica Nova (`New Physical Hypothesis')
Pierre Martin de La Martinière – Voyage des pays septentrionaux (A New Voyage to the North)
Arnoldus Montanus – De nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld of Beschryving van America (The Unknown New World or Description of the Continent America)
Isaac Newton – Method of Fluxions
Jane Sharp – The Midwives Book: or the Whole Art of Midwifry Discovered
Marie-Catherine de Villedieu – Les Amours des Grands Hommes
Children
James Janeway – A Token for Children (two parts)
Drama
Aphra Behn – The Amorous Prince (adapted from Robert Davenport's The City Nightcap)
John Caryll – Sir Solomon Single
Pierre Corneille – Tite et Bérénice
John Corye – The Generous Enemies
John Crowne
Charles VIII of France
Juliana
John Dryden – The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery
Edward Howard – The Six Days' Adventure
Elizabeth Polwheele – The Frolicks
Samuel Pordage – Herod and Mariamne
Edward Ravenscroft – Mamamouchi
Edward Revet – The Town Shifts
Elkanah Settle – Cambyses
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham & others – The Rehearsal
William Wycherley – Love in a Wood
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – El santo rey don Fernando
Poetry
John Milton – Samson Agonistes
Births
April 6 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French dramatist and poet (died 1741)
June 11 – Colley Cibber, English playwright and Poet Laureate (died 1757)
September 7 – Antoine Danchet, French dramatist and poet (died 1748)
Unknown date – Gustaf Adlerfelt, Swedish historian (died 1709)
Unknown date, possibly 1672 – Sarah Dixon, English poet (died 1765)
Deaths
January 1 – Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont, French historian and cleric (born 1606)
January 22 – Odorico Raynaldi, Italian historian (born 1595)
February 22 – Adam Olearius, German librarian and scholar (born 1603)
July 14 – Méric Casaubon, Swiss-born English classicist (born 1599)
September 28 – Jean de Montigny, French philosopher and poet (born 1636)
December 28 – Johann Friedrich Gronovius, German classicist (born 1611)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670%20in%20literature | 1670 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1670.
Il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose sans que j'en susse rien. (For more than forty years I've been speaking prose without knowing anything about it) – Monsieur Jourdain, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
Events
January – Françoise-Marguerite, daughter of Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, marries the Comte de Grignan.
August 18 – John Dryden is appointed historiographer royal in England.
September 20 – Mrs Aphra Behn's first play, The Forced Marriage, is produced at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London by the Duke's Company, with Thomas Betterton in the lead.
October 14 – The première of Molière's comedy Le Bourgeois gentilhomme is performed by his troupe with himself in the title rôle, before the French royal court at the Château de Chambord, with incidental music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
November 21 – The première of Racine's tragedy Berenice takes place with the Comédiens du Roi at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris.
unknown date – Julian of Norwich's Revelations of Divine Love, the earliest known surviving book in English by a woman (written in the late 14th century) is printed for the first time, in an edition by Serenus de Cressy.
New books
Prose
Charles Cotton – Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque
Madame de La Fayette – Zayde
Fulke Greville – The Remains of Sir Fulke Greville Lord Brooke
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen – Die Ertzbetrügerin and Landstörtzerin Courasche and Der seltsame Springinsfeld
Honcho Tsugan (Japanese classic text)
Pierre Daniel Huet – Traitté de l'origine des romans (Treatise on the Origin of Novels)
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon – The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England
Julian of Norwich – Revelations of Divine Love
Gilles Ménage – Dictionnaire étymologique (2nd edition)
Juan de Palafox y Mendoza – Historia de la conquista de la China por el Tartaro (History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars)
Blaise Pascal – Pensées (posthumously published)
William Penn – The Great Cause of Liberty of Conscience
John Ray – English Proverbs
Thomas Tenison – The Creed of Mr. Hobbes Examined
Izaak Walton – Life of George Herbert
Leonard Willan – The Exact Politician, or Complete Statesman
María de Ágreda – Mística ciudad de Dios y vida de la Virgen manifestada por ella misma
Diego de Saavedra Fajardo – República literaria
Drama
Aphra Behn – The Forced Marriage
Thomas Betterton – The Amorous Widow, or the Wanton Wife (adapted from Molière)
John Caryll – Sir Salomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb
John Dryden – The Conquest of Granada
Edward Howard – The Women's Conquest
William Joyner – The Roman Empress
Molière – Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme
Jean Racine – Bérénice
Thomas Shadwell – The Humorists
Juan Bautista Diamante – Parte I de comedias
Poetry
Francisco de Quevedo (ed. Pedro de Alderete) – Las tres musas últimas castellanas
Births
January 2 – Thomas Yalden, English poet, translator and clergyman (died 1736)
January 24 – William Congreve, English dramatist (died 1729)
April 23 – Cassandra Willoughby, Duchess of Chandos, English historian and travel writer (died 1735)
October 26 – Johann Joachim Lange, German Protestant theologian and philosopher (died 1744)
November 15 – Bernard Mandeville, Dutch-born English satirist and philosopher (died 1733)
November 30 – John Toland, Irish controversialist (died 1722)
December 21 – Jean-Baptiste Dubos (l'Abbé Du Bos), French historian (died 1742)
unknown date – Laurence Echard, English historian (died 1730)
probable – Richard Laughton, natural philosopher (died 1723)
Deaths
February 17 – Elizabeth Barnard, granddaughter of William Shakespeare (born 1608)
March 10 – Ludovicus a S. Carolo, French Carmelite scholar, writer and bibliographer (born 1608)
March 31 – Jacob Westerbaen, Dutch poet (born 1599)
May 19 – Ferdinando Ughelli, Italian church historian (born 1595)
June 14 – François Annat, French Jesuit theologian (born 1590)
June 17 – Henry Oxenden, poet (born 1609)
August 7 – Ignacio de Arbieto, Peruvian philosopher and historian (born 1585)
September 11 – Žygimantas Liauksminas, Lithuanian theologian, philosopher and musicologist (born 1596/97)
October 27 – Vavasor Powell, Welsh Puritan writer and preacher (born 1617)
November 15 – John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský), Czech teacher and author (born 1592)
December – John Sparrow, translator (born 1615)
December 11 – Thomas Adams, English scholar and theologian (born 1633)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliban | Caliban | Caliban ( ), son of the witch Sycorax, is an important character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
His character is one of the few Shakespearean figures to take on a life of its own "outside" Shakespeare's own work: as Russell Hoban put it, "Caliban is one of the hungry ideas, he's always looking for someone to word him into being ... Caliban is a necessary idea".
Character
Caliban is half human, half monster. After his island becomes occupied by Prospero and his daughter Miranda, Caliban is forced into slavery. While he is referred to as a calvaluna or mooncalf, a freckled monster, he is the only human inhabitant of the island that is otherwise "not honour'd with a human shape" (Prospero, I.2.283). In some traditions, he is depicted as a wild man, or a deformed man, or a beast man, or sometimes a mix of fish and man, a dwarf or even a tortoise.
Banished from Algiers, Sycorax was left on the isle, pregnant with Caliban, and died before Prospero's arrival. Caliban, despite his inhuman nature, clearly loved and worshipped his mother, referring to Setebos as his mother's god, and appealing to her powers against Prospero. Prospero explains his harsh treatment of Caliban by claiming that after initially befriending him, Caliban attempted to rape Miranda. Caliban confirms this gleefully, saying that if he had not been stopped, he would have peopled the island with a race of Calibans – "Thou didst prevent me, I had peopled else this isle with Calibans" (Act I:ii). Prospero then entraps Caliban and torments him with harmful magic if Caliban does not obey his orders. Resentful of Prospero, Caliban takes Stephano, one of the shipwrecked servants, as a god and as his new master. Caliban learns that Stephano is neither a god nor Prospero's equal in the conclusion of the play, however, and Caliban agrees to obey Prospero again.
Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises
Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.
Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments
Will hum about mine ears; and sometime voices
That, if I then had waked after long sleep,
Will make me sleep again; and then in dreaming,
The clouds me thought would open, and show riches
Ready to drop upon me, that when I waked
I cried to dream again.
Name
There is a long history of enthusiastic speculation on the name's origin or derivation.
One of the most prominent suggestions concerns Caliban being an anagram of the Spanish word (Carib people), the source of cannibal in English. The character may be seen as a satire on "Noble cannibal" from Montaigne's Essays (A.30, "Of Cannibals").
Also popular has been comparison to or in the Romani language, which mean black or with blackness.
The first Romanichal had arrived in England a century before Shakespeare's time.
Since 1889, it has been suggested that Shakespeare may have named Caliban after the Tunisian city Calibia (now called Kelibia) that is seen on maps of the Mediterranean dating to 1529.
Many other, though less notable, suggestions have been made, primarily in the 19th century, including an Arabic word for "vile dog", a Hindu "satyr of Kalee, the Hindu Proserpine", German ("codfish"), etc.
Notable portrayals
Ralph Richardson played Caliban on radio in a 1933 BBC National Programme production.
In the 1960 Hallmark Hall of Fame television adaptation, Caliban was played by Richard Burton.
In the 1960 Marlowe Dramatic Society And Professional Players unabridged recording (Argo Records, 216-218), Caliban is played by Patrick Wymark.
In the 1963 RSC production, Caliban was played by Roy Dotrice.
In the 1964 Shakespeare Recording Society unabridged recording (Caedmon Records, SRS 201), Caliban is played by Hugh Griffith.
In the 1974 BBC Radio 3 production, Caliban is played by Patrick Stewart.
In the 1978 RSC production directed by Clifford Williams, Caliban was played by David Suchet.
In Derek Jarman's 1979 film adaptation, Caliban is portrayed by Jack Birkett.
In the 1980 BBC Television adaptation, Caliban was portrayed by Warren Clarke.
In the 1982 RSC production, Caliban was played by Bob Peck.
Caliban appears as the wild and lustful Greek Kalibanos (played by Raúl Juliá) in Paul Mazursky's film adaptation Tempest (1982).
In the 1983 Bard Productions videotaped production, Caliban was played by William Hootkins.
In the 1992 animated version, Caliban was voiced by Alun Armstrong.
David Troughton played Caliban in the 1993 RSC production.
In the 1998 RSC production, Caliban was played by Robert Glenister.
Caliban appears as the bayou-dwelling "Gator Man" (played by John Pyper-Ferguson) in Jack Bender's 1998 TV film The Tempest (set in Mississippi during the Civil War).
In the 2000 RSC production, Caliban was played by Zubin Varla.
Adrian Herrero danced Caliban in the choreographic adaptation of The Tempest (La Tempestad) by the Ballet Contemporáneo of the Teatro General San Martín in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2008.
In the 2009 RSC production, Caliban was played by John Kani.
In Julie Taymor's 2010 film adaptation, Caliban is portrayed by Djimon Hounsou.
In Phyllida Lloyd's 2017 all-female Donmar Warehouse production set in a women's prison and performed by its inmates, Caliban was played by Sophie Stanton.
In the 2020 T.V. Show, Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (TV series), Caliban is portrayed by Sam Corlett as the Self-proclaimed Prince of Hell and husband of Sabrina Morningstar.
Other works
In the 1844 preface to his main work, World as Will and Representation, the philosopher Schopenhauer refers to Hegel as a "spiritual Caliban".
In the 1900 essay Ariel by Uruguayan author José Enrique Rodó, Caliban is the antagonist.
In the film Clash of the Titans, the main antagonist is a character based on Caliban named Kalibos, the evil son of the sea goddess Thetis, transformed by Zeus from a handsome man into a monster as punishment for his malevolence.
In the 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet, Caliban is re-imagined as "the Monster from the Id", a wild and violent monster that is invisible to the naked eye. The monster later turns out to be born of the subconscious of the film's Prospero character, Dr. Morbius, using the advanced technology of the Krell. Like Caliban, the monster ultimately rebels and attempts to kill its master. Captain Adams confronts Dr. Morbius with the fact that he is giving form to his subconscious, and his guilty conscience, from having brought it into existence, finally ends the monster's destructive rampage.
In John Fowles's 1963 novel The Collector, Miranda refers to her kidnapper as Caliban.
In J.G. Ballard's 1965 novel The Drought, Lomax refers to Quilter as his Caliban.
In the 1965 movie Doctor Zhivago, during the scene where Victor Komarovsky convinces Zhivago to allow him to rescue Lara by taking her to Vladivostok, Komarovsky refers to himself as a Caliban: "Do you accept the protection of this ignoble Caliban on any terms that Caliban cares to make?"
Caliban was the central character in James Clouser's rock ballet Caliban, a 90-minute adaptation of The Tempest that was scored with live performances by St. Elmo's Fire. The rock ballet was performed in Houston, Dallas, and Chicago in 1976 and 1977.
Caliban is the name of a character from Marvel comics. He is an albino mutant who lives underground with the Morlocks.
In the Swedish 1989 film The Journey to Melonia, an animated film loosely inspired by The Tempest, there is a character named Caliban, a creature whose face consists of mainly vegetables. Unlike Caliban in The Tempest, this Caliban is kind at heart, and even becomes a hero later in the film.
Played by Scottish Actor Michael Clark in Peter Greenway's 1990 Movie "Prosperos Books", with John Gielgud as Prospero.
Caliban is the central character in two works of fiction that act as both re-tellings of and sequels to The Tempest: Caliban's Hour by Tad Williams (HarperCollins, 1994, ) and Rough Magic by Caryl Cude Mullin (Second City Press, 2009, ). In both works, Caliban is a more noble character and presented more as Prospero's victim rather than the villain in Shakespeare's play.
Caliban is a supporting character in Grace Tiffany's novel Ariel (HarperCollins, 2005, ), another re-telling of The Tempest; rather than having a monstrous shape, he grows up to be a handsome teenager, with his only deformity being a twisted left leg, and it is Ariel's cruel illusions and deceptions that make Prospero see him as a monster.
Caliban is featured as an antagonist in Dan Simmons' Ilium/Olympos duology (2003, 2005).
Rob Thurman's Cal Leandros series (first published 2006) centres around Caliban "Cal" Leandros, a half-human, half-Auphe (a nightmarish monster) hybrid who kills monsters for fun and cash in NYC with his human brother and their sleazy cohort, car-salesman Robin Goodfellow. This Cal struggles for control every day against his monster half, dealing with sarcasm and dark humor.
Caliban's War is the title of the second novel of The Expanse series, a space opera by James S. A. Corey.
The 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony (directed by Danny Boyle) titled Isles of Wonder (a name inspired by The Tempest) was heavily influenced by The Tempest. The musical piece played during the torch lighting ceremony was entitled "Caliban's Dream", and Caliban's monologue from Act 3, Scene ii was quoted by Kenneth Branagh in character as Isambard Kingdom Brunel at the start of the Industrial Revolution set piece. "And I Will Kiss", the title of another specially commissioned track from the ceremony, is also a quote from The Tempest (2:2:148-149). These two songs also appeared on the ceremony's official soundtrack. The 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony also featured a recitation of the same monologue, this time by Timothy Spall playing Winston Churchill.
In the preface of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde muses: "The nineteenth century dislike of Realism is the rage of Caliban seeing his own face in a glass. The nineteenth century dislike of Romanticism is the rage of Caliban not seeing his own face in a glass."
In The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Caliban is a prince of Hell competing for Sabrina's throne, portrayed by Sam Corlett.
In the setting of Warhammer 40,000 tabletop game, Caliban is the name of a planet full of grand forests prowled by man-eating monsters. It is the homeland of Lion El'Jonson, a wild child who lives alone hunting beasts until he is found and civilized by a knight named Luther. Several hundred years later, Caliban is destroyed in a battle between Lion and Luther.
See also
Arielismo
References
External links
Caliban at Sunset, a poem by P. G. Wodehouse.
"Caliban Upon Setebos, a poem by Robert Browning.
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust - list of past RSC productions
Literary characters introduced in 1611
Male Shakespearean characters
Fictional half-demons
Fictional slaves
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226294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%20Downing%20Street | 10 Downing Street | 10 Downing Street () in London, also known colloquially in the United Kingdom as Number 10, is the official residence and executive office of the First Lord of the Treasury, usually also the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Along with the adjoining Cabinet Office at 70 Whitehall, it is the headquarters of the Government of the United Kingdom.
Situated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence for the prime minister's use occupies the third floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. The other floors contain offices and conference, reception, sitting and dining rooms where the prime minister works, and where government ministers, national leaders and foreign dignitaries are met and hosted. At the rear is an interior courtyard and a terrace overlooking a garden. Adjacent to St James's Park, Number 10 is approximately from Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British Monarch, and near the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of both Houses of Parliament.
Originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury. The post of First Lord of the Treasury has, for much of the 18th and 19th centuries and invariably since 1905, been held by the Prime Minister. Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house that is known as Number 10 Downing Street.
Despite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early prime ministers lived at 10 Downing Street. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was scheduled to be demolished several times, but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen and events in British history. In 1985, Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become "one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage".
10 Downing Street is Government property. Its registered legal title is held in the name of Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (the Secretary of State is a corporation sole).
History of the building
Original Number 10
Number 10 Downing Street was originally three properties: a mansion overlooking St James's Park called "the House at the Back", a town house behind it and a cottage. The town house, from which the modern building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684.
Downing, a notorious spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property and acquired considerable wealth. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St James's Park, adjacent to the House at the Back within walking distance of parliament. Downing planned to build a row of terraced town houses "for persons of good quality to inhabit in ..." The street on which he built them now bears his name, and the largest became part of Number 10 Downing Street.
Straightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise. The Hampden family had a lease on the land that they refused to relinquish. Downing fought their claim, but failed and had to wait 30 years before he could build. When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build on land further west to take advantage of more recent property developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads: "Sir George Downing ... [is authorised] to build new and more houses ... subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14 feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof". Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built a cul-de-sac of two-storey town houses with coach-houses, stables and views of St James's Park. Over the years, the addresses changed several times. In 1787 Number 5 became "Number 10".
Downing employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations. Winston Churchill wrote that Number 10 was "shaky and lightly built by the profiteering contractor whose name they bear".
The upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed off the access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as "a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk". The cul-de-sac had several distinguished residents: Elizabeth Paston lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703.
Downing did not live in Downing Street. In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died in 1684, a few months after building was completed. In 1800 the wealth he had accumulated was used to found Downing College, Cambridge, as had been his wish should his descendants fail in the male line. Downing's portrait hangs in the entrance hall of Number 10.
History of the "House at the Back" before 1733
The "House at the Back", the largest of the three houses which were combined to make Number 10, was a mansion built in about 1530 next to Whitehall Palace. Rebuilt, expanded, and renovated many times since, it was originally one of several buildings that made up the "Cockpit Lodgings", so-called because they were attached to an octagonal structure used for cock-fighting. Early in the 17th century, the Cockpit was converted to a concert hall and theatre; after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some of the first cabinet meetings were held there secretly.
For many years, the "House at the Back" was the home of Thomas Knevett, Keeper of Whitehall Palace, famous for capturing Guy Fawkes in 1605 and foiling his plot to assassinate King James I. The previous year, Knevett had moved into a house next door, approximately where Number 10 is today.
From that time, the "House at the Back" was usually occupied by members of the royal family or the government. Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King James I, lived there from 1604 until 1613 when she married Frederick V, Elector Palatine and moved to Heidelberg. She was the grandmother of King George I, the Elector of Hanover, who became King of Great Britain in 1714, and was the great-grandmother of King George II, who presented the house to Walpole in 1732.
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, the general responsible for the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, lived there from 1660 until his death in 1671. As head of the Great Treasury Commission of 1667–1672, Albemarle transformed accounting methods and allowed the Crown greater control over expenses. His secretary, Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, who built Downing Street, is thought to have created these changes. Albemarle is the first treasury minister to have lived in what became the home of the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister.
In 1671 George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham took possession when he joined the Cabal Ministry. At considerable expense, Buckingham rebuilt the house. The result was a spacious mansion, lying parallel to Whitehall Palace with a view of St James Park from its garden.
After Buckingham retired in 1676, Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, Charles II's daughter, moved in when she married Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield. The Crown authorised extensive rebuilding which included adding a storey, thus giving it three main floors, an attic and basement. This structure can be seen today as the rear section of Number 10. (See Plan of the Premises Granted to the Earl and Countess of Lichfield in 1677) The likely reason that repair was required is that the house had settled in the swampy ground near the Thames, causing structural damage. Like Downing Street, it rested on a shallow foundation, a design error that caused problems until 1960 when the modern Number 10 was rebuilt on deep pilings.
The Lichfields followed James II into exile after the Glorious Revolution. Two years later in 1690, William III and Mary II gave the "House at the Back" to Hendrik van Nassau-Ouwerkerk, a Dutch general who had assisted in securing the Crown for the Prince of Orange. Nassau, who Anglicised his name to "Overkirk", lived there until his death in 1708.
The "House at the Back" reverted to the Crown when Lady Overkirk died in 1720. The Treasury issued an order "for repairing and fitting it up in the best and most substantial manner" at a cost of £2,522. The work included: "The Back passage into Downing street to be repaired and a new door; a New Necessary House to be made; To take down the Useless passage formerly made for the Maids of Honour to go into Downing Street, when the Queen lived at the Cockpit; To New Cast a great Lead Cistern & pipes and to lay the Water into the house & a new frame for ye Cistern". (See Buildings on the Site of the Cockpit and Number 10 Downing Street c1720)
The name of the "House at the Back" changed with the occupant, from Lichfield House to Overkirk House in 1690 to Bothmer House in 1720.
First politician and "head of government" in the house
Johann Caspar von Bothmer, Premier Minister of the Electorate of Hanover, head of the German Chancery and adviser to George I and II, took up residency in 1720. Although Bothmer complained about "the ruinous Condition of the Premises", he lived there until his death in 1732. Even though Count von Bothmer was not British, he was a subject of George I and George II and the first politician and head of a government who resided in 10 Downing Street.
First Lord's house: 1733–1735
When Count Bothmer died, ownership of the "House at the Back" reverted to the Crown. George II took this opportunity to offer it to Sir Robert Walpole, often called the first prime minister, as a gift for his services to the nation: stabilising its finances, keeping it at peace and securing the Hanoverian succession. Coincidentally, the King had obtained the leases on two Downing Street properties, including Number 10, and added these to his proposed gift.
Walpole did not accept the gift for himself. He proposed—and the King agreed—that the Crown give the properties to the Office of First Lord of the Treasury. Walpole would live there as the incumbent First Lord, but would vacate it for the next one.
To enlarge the new house, Walpole persuaded Mr Chicken, the tenant of a cottage next door, to move to another house in Downing Street. This small house and the mansion at the back were then incorporated into Number 10. Walpole commissioned William Kent to convert them into one building. Kent joined the larger houses by building a two-storey structure between them, consisting of one long room on the ground floor and several above. The remaining interior space was converted into a courtyard. He connected the Downing Street houses with a corridor.
Having united the structures, Kent gutted and rebuilt the interior. He then surmounted the third storey of the house at the back with a pediment. To allow Walpole quicker access to Parliament, Kent closed the north side entrance from St James's Park, and made the door in Downing Street the main entrance.
The rebuilding took three years. On 23 September 1735, the London Daily Post announced that: "Yesterday the Right Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, with his Lady and Family, removed from their House in St James's Square, to his new House, adjoining to the Treasury in St James's Park". The cost of conversion is unknown. Originally estimated at £8,000, the final cost probably exceeded £20,000.
Walpole did not enter through the now-famous door; that would not be installed until forty years later. Kent's door was modest, belying the spacious elegance beyond. The First Lord's new, albeit temporary, home had sixty rooms, with hardwood and marble floors, crown moulding, elegant pillars and marble mantelpieces; those on the west side with views of St James's Park. One of the largest rooms was a study measuring forty feet by twenty with enormous windows overlooking St James's Park. "My Lord's Study" (as Kent labelled it in his drawings) would later become the Cabinet Room where Prime Ministers meet with the Cabinet ministers.
Shortly after moving in, Walpole ordered that a portion of the land outside his study be converted into a terrace and garden. Letters patent issued in April 1736 state that: "... a piece of garden ground situated in his Majesty's park of St James's, & belonging & adjoining to the house now inhabited by the Right Honourable the Chancellor of His Majesty's Exchequer, hath been lately made & fitted up at the Charge ... of the Crown".
The same document confirmed that Number 10 Downing Street was: "meant to be annexed & united to the Office of his Majesty's Treasury & to be & to remain for the Use & Habitation of the first Commissioner of his Majesty's Treasury for the time being".
A "vast, awkward house": 1735–1902
Walpole lived in Number 10 until 1742. Although he had accepted it on behalf of future First Lords of the Treasury, it would be 21 years before any of his successors chose to live there; the five who followed Walpole preferred their own homes. This was the pattern until the beginning of the 20th century. Of the 31 First Lords from 1735 to 1902, only 16 (including Walpole) lived in Number 10.
One reason many First Lords chose not to live in Number 10 was that most owned London town houses superior in size and quality. To them, Number 10 was unimpressive. Their possession of the house, albeit temporary, was a perquisite they could bestow as a political reward. Most lent it to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, others to lesser officials or to friends and relatives.
Another reason for its unpopularity was that Number 10 was a hazardous place in which to live. Prone to sinking because it was built on soft soil and a shallow foundation, floors buckled and walls and chimneys cracked. It became unsafe and frequently required repairs. In 1766, for example, Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, pointed out that the house was in a dilapidated condition. His architect's letter to the Treasury stated: "...we have caused the House in Downing Street belonging to the Treasury to be surveyed, & find the Walls of the old part of the said House next the street to be much decayed, the Floors & Chimneys much sunk from the level". Townshend ordered extensive repairs, which were still incomplete eight years later. A note from Lord North to the Office of Works, dated September 1774, asks that the work on the front of the house, "which was begun by a Warrant from the Treasury dated 9 August 1766", should be finished. (See Kent's Treasury and No. 10, Downing Street, circa 1754.)
Treasury officials complained that the building was costing too much to maintain; some suggested that it should be razed and a new house constructed on the site or elsewhere. In 1782 the Board of Works reporting on "the dangerous state of the old part of the House", stated that "no time be lost in taking down said building". In 1783 the Duke of Portland moved out because it was once again in need of repair. A committee found that the money spent so far was insufficient. This time the Board of Works declared that "the Repairs, Alterations & Additions at the Chancellor of the Exchequer's House will amount to the sum of £5,580, exclusive of the sum for which they already have His Majesty's Warrant. And praying a Warrant for the said sum of £5,580—and also praying an Imprest of that sum to enable them to pay the Workmen". This proved to be a gross underestimate; the final bill was over £11,000. The Morning Herald fumed about the expense: "£500 pounds p.a. preceding the Great Repair, and £11,000 the Great Repair itself! So much has this extraordinary edifice cost the country – For one moiety of the sum a much better dwelling might have been purchased!" (See Plan of the Design for Number 10 c1781.)
A few prime ministers however did enjoy living in Number 10. Lord North, who conducted the war against the American Revolution, lived there happily with his family from 1767 to 1782. William Pitt the Younger, who made it his home for twenty years (longer than any First Lord before or since) from 1783 to 1801 and from 1804 to 1806, referred to it as "My vast, awkward house". While there, Pitt reduced the national debt, formed the Triple Alliance against France and won passage of the Act of Union that created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Fredrick Robinson, Lord Goderich took a special liking to the house in the late 1820s and spent state funds lavishly remodelling the interior.
Nevertheless, for 70 years following Pitt's death in 1806, Number 10 was rarely used as the First Lord's residence. From 1834 to 1877, it was either vacant or used only for offices and meetings.
Downing Street declined at the turn of the 19th century, becoming surrounded with run-down buildings, dark alleys, the scene of crime and prostitution. Earlier, the government had taken over the other Downing Street houses: the Colonial Office occupied Number 14 in 1798; the Foreign Office was at Number 16 and the houses on either side; the West India Department was in Number 18; and the Tithe Commissioners in Number 20. The houses deteriorated from neglect, became unsafe, and one by one were demolished. By 1857 Downing Street's townhouses were all gone except for Number 10, Number 11 (customarily the Chancellor of the Exchequer's residence), and Number 12 (used as offices for Government Whips). In 1879 a fire destroyed the upper floors of Number 12; it was renovated but only as a single-storey structure. (See Numbers 10, 11, and 12 Downing Street First Floor Plan and Ground Floor Plan.)
Revival and recognition: 1902–1960
When Lord Salisbury retired in 1902, his nephew, Arthur James Balfour, became Prime Minister. It was an easy transition: he was already First Lord of the Treasury and he was already living in Number 10. Balfour revived the custom that Number 10 is the First Lord and Prime Minister's official residence. It has remained the custom since.
However, there have been numerous times when prime ministers have unofficially lived elsewhere out of necessity or preference. Winston Churchill, for example, had a great affection for Number 10, but, during World War II, he grudgingly slept in the hastily converted flat on the ground floor of what was then the New Public Office building (NPO) at nearby Storey's Gate. The flat became known as the No.10 Annexe, and lay above the much more comprehensive underground bunker now known as the Cabinet War Rooms, and where he also had a bedroom, very rarely used. To reassure the people that his government was functioning normally, he insisted on being seen entering and leaving Number 10 occasionally, and indeed, continued to use it for meetings and dinners despite being urged not to. Harold Wilson, during his second ministry from 1974 to 1976, lived in his home in Lord North Street because Mary Wilson wanted "a proper home". However, recognizing the symbolic importance of Number 10, he worked and held meetings there and entertained guests in the State Dining Room.
For most of his premiership, Tony Blair lived in the more spacious residence above Number 11 to accommodate his relatively large family (a wife and four children). In May 2010, it was reported that David Cameron, who also had four small children upon taking office, would also take up actual residence above Number 11, and his Chancellor, George Osborne, above Number 10.
Despite these exceptions, Number 10 has been known as the prime minister's official home for over one hundred years. By the turn of the 20th century, photography and the penny press had linked Number 10 in the public mind with the premiership. The introduction of films and television would strengthen this association. Pictures of prime ministers with distinguished guests at the door became commonplace. With or without the prime minister present, visitors had their picture taken. Suffragettes posed in front of the door when they petitioned H. H. Asquith for women's rights in 1913, a picture that became famous and was circulated around the world. In 1931, Mohandas Gandhi, wearing the traditional homespun dhoti, posed leaving Number 10 after meeting with Ramsay MacDonald to discuss India's independence. This picture, too, became famous especially in India. The freedom fighters could see their leader had been received in the prime minister's home. Couse's elegant, understated door—stark black, framed in cream white with a bold white "10" clearly visible—was the perfect backdrop to record such events. Prime Ministers made historic announcements from the front step. Waving the Anglo-German Agreement of Friendship, Neville Chamberlain proclaimed "Peace with honour" in 1938 from Number 10 after his meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich. During World War II, Churchill was photographed many times emerging confidently from Number 10 holding up two fingers in the sign for "Victory". The building itself, however, did not escape the London Blitz entirely unscathed; in February 1944 a bomb fell on nearby Horse Guards Parade and some of the drawing-room windows were destroyed.
The symbol of British government, Number 10 became a gathering place for protesters. Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragette leaders stormed Downing Street in 1908; anti-Vietnam War protestors marched there in the 1960s, as did anti-Iraq and Afghanistan War protestors in the 2000s. Number 10 became an obligatory stop in every tourist's sightseeing trip to London. Ordinary people, not only British but foreign tourists, posed smiling and laughing in front of its famous door.
Rebuilding: 1960–1990
By the middle of the 20th century, Number 10 was falling apart again. The deterioration had been obvious for some time. The number of people allowed in the upper floors was limited for fear the bearing walls would collapse. The staircase had sunk several inches; some steps were buckled and the balustrade was out of alignment. Dry rot was widespread throughout. The interior wood in the Cabinet Room's double columns was like sawdust. Skirting boards, doors, sills and other woodwork were riddled and weakened with disease. After reconstruction had begun, miners dug down into the foundations and found that the huge wooden beams supporting the house had decayed.
In 1958, a committee under the chairmanship of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres was appointed by Harold Macmillan to investigate the condition of the house and make recommendations. In the committee's report there was some discussion of tearing down the building and constructing an entirely new residence but because the prime minister's home had become an icon of British architecture like Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament, the committee recommended that Number 10 (and Numbers 11 and 12) should be rebuilt using as much of the original materials as possible. The interior would be photographed, measured, disassembled, and restored. A new foundation with deep pilings would be laid and the original buildings reassembled on top of it, allowing for much needed expansion and modernisation. Any original materials that were beyond repair – such as the pair of double columns in the Cabinet Room – would be replicated in detail. This was a formidable undertaking: the three buildings contained over 200 rooms spread out over five floors.
The architect Raymond Erith carried out the design for this painstaking work and the contractor that undertook it was John Mowlem & Co.
The Times reported initially that the cost for the project would be £400,000. After more careful studies were completed, it was concluded that the "total cost was likely to be £1,250,000" and would take two years to complete. In the end, the cost was close to £3,000,000 and took almost three years due in large part to 14 labour strikes. There were also delays when archaeological excavations uncovered important artefacts dating from Roman, Saxon and medieval times. Macmillan lived in Admiralty House during the reconstruction.
The new foundation was made of steel-reinforced concrete with pilings sunk . The "new" Number 10 consisted of about 60% new materials; the remaining 40% was either restored or replicas of originals. Many rooms and sections of the new building were reconstructed exactly as they were in the old Number 10. These included: the garden floor, the door and entrance foyer, the stairway, the hallway to the Cabinet Room, the Cabinet Room, the garden and terrace, the Small and Large State Rooms and the three reception rooms. The staircase, however, was rebuilt and simplified. Steel was hidden inside the columns in the Pillared Drawing Room to support the floor above. The upper floors were modernised and the third floor extended over Numbers 11 and 12 to allow more living space. As many as 40 coats of paint were stripped from the elaborate cornices in the main rooms revealing details unseen for almost 200 years in some cases.
When builders examined the exterior façade, they discovered that the black colour visible even in photographs from the mid-19th century was misleading; the bricks were actually yellow. The black appearance was the product of two centuries of pollution. To preserve the 'traditional' look of recent times, the newly cleaned yellow bricks were painted black to resemble their well-known appearance. The thin tuckpointing mortar between the bricks is not painted, and so contrasts with the bricks.
Although the reconstruction was generally considered an architectural triumph, Erith was disappointed. He complained openly during and after the project that the government had altered his design to save money. "I am heart broken by the result," he said. "The whole project has been a frightful waste of money because it just has not been done properly. The Ministry of Works has insisted on economy after economy. I am bitterly disappointed with what has happened." Erith described the numbers on the front, intended to be based on historical models, as 'a mess' and 'completely wrong' to a fellow historian.
Erith's concerns proved justified. Within a few years, dry rot was discovered, especially in the main rooms due to inadequate waterproofing and a broken water pipe. Extensive reconstruction again had to be undertaken in the late 1960s to resolve these problems. Further extensive repairs and remodelling, commissioned by Margaret Thatcher, were completed in the 1980s under the direction of Erith's associate, Quinlan Terry.
1990–present
The work done by Erith and Terry in the 1960s and 1980s represent the most extensive remodelling of Number 10 in recent times. Since 1990 when the Terry reconstruction was completed, repairing, redecorating, remodelling, and updating the house has been ongoing as needed. The IRA mortar attack in February 1991 led to extensive work being done to repair the damage (mostly to the garden and exterior walls) and to improve security. In the summer of 1993 windows were rebuilt and in 1995 computer cables installed. In 1997, the building was remodelled to provide extra space for the prime minister's greatly increased staff.
To accommodate their large families, both Tony Blair and David Cameron chose to live in the private residence above Number 11 rather than the smaller one above Number 10. In 2010, the Camerons completely modernised the 50-year-old private kitchen in Number 11. In March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson refurbished the residential apartment at Number 11. This became the subject of public controversy, and an Electoral Commission inquiry took place into the financing of the refurbishment.
10 Downing Street today
The current tenant of 10 Downing Street is the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rishi Sunak. It has been common practice in recent decades for the Prime Minister to live at Number 11, as its residential apartment is larger, and for the Chancellor to live at Number 10. However, the traditional residencies have not changed in official terms.
It presently houses the UK Cabinet Room in which Cabinet meetings in the UK take place, chaired by the current Prime Minister, Boris Johnson. It also houses the Prime Minister's Executive Office, which deals with logistics and diplomacy concerning the government of the United Kingdom.
Rooms and special features
Front door and entrance hall
Number 10's door is the product of the renovations Charles Townshend ordered in 1766; it was probably not completed until 1772. Executed in the Georgian style by the architect Kenton Couse, it is unassuming and narrow, consisting of a single white stone step leading to a modest brick front. The small, six-panelled door, originally made of black oak, is surrounded by cream-coloured casing and adorned with a semicircular fanlight window. Painted in white, between the top and middle sets of panels, is the number "10". The zero of the number "10" is painted in a very eccentric style, in a 37° angle anticlockwise. One theory is that this is in fact a capital 'O' as found in the Roman's Trajan alphabet that was used by the Ministry of Works at the time. A black iron knocker in the shape of a lion's head is between the two middle panels; below the knocker is a brass letter box with the inscription "First Lord of the Treasury". The doorbell is inscribed with "PUSH" although is rarely used in practice. A black ironwork fence with spiked newel posts runs along the front of the house and up each side of the step to the door. The fence rises above the step into a double-swirled archway, supporting an iron gas lamp surmounted by a crown. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from the outside)
After the IRA mortar attack in 1991, the original black oak door was replaced by a blast-proof steel one. Regularly removed for refurbishment and replaced with a replica, it is so heavy that it takes eight men to lift it. The brass letterbox still bears the legend "First Lord of the Treasury". The original door was put on display in the Churchill Museum at the Cabinet War Rooms.
The door cannot be opened from the outside; there is always someone inside to unlock the door.
Beyond the door, Couse installed black and white marble tiles in the entrance hall that are still in use. A guard's chair designed by Chippendale sits in one corner. Once used when policemen sat on watch outside in the street, it has an unusual "hood" designed to protect them from the wind and cold and a drawer underneath where hot coals were placed to provide warmth. Scratches on the right arm were caused by their pistols rubbing up against the leather.
Number 10 Downing Street has a lift.
Couse also added a bow front to the small cottage—formerly Mr Chicken's house—incorporated into Number 10 in Walpole's time. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from inside showing the black and white marble floor and the door providing access to Number 11)
Main staircase
When William Kent rebuilt the interior between 1732 and 1734, his craftsmen created a stone triple staircase. The main section had no visible supports. With a wrought iron balustrade, embellished with a scroll design, and mahogany handrail, it rises from the garden floor to the third floor. Kent's staircase is the first architectural feature visitors see as they enter Number 10. Black and white engravings and photographs of all the past prime ministers decorate the wall. They are rearranged slightly to make room for a photograph of each new Prime Minister. There is one exception. Winston Churchill is represented in two photographs. At the bottom of the staircase are group photographs of Prime Ministers with their Cabinet ministers and representatives to imperial conferences. (See The Main Stairway c1930 General view showing portraits of the prime ministers and Detail of the Wrought Iron Balustrade) (See also Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt4: The Staircase)
Cabinet Room
In Kent's design for the enlarged Number 10, the Cabinet Room was a simple rectangular space with enormous windows. As part of the renovations begun in 1783, it was extended, giving the space its modern appearance. Probably not completed until 1796, this alteration was achieved by removing the east wall and rebuilding it several feet inside the adjoining secretaries' room. At the entrance, a screen of two pairs of Corinthian columns was erected (to carry the extra span of the ceiling) supporting a moulded entablature that wraps around the room. Robert Taylor, the architect who executed this concept, was knighted on its completion. The resulting small space, framed by the pillars, serves as an anteroom to the larger area. Hendrick Danckerts' painting "The Palace of Whitehall" (shown at the beginning of this article) usually hangs in the ante-room. It also contains two large bookcases that house the prime minister's library; Cabinet members traditionally donate to the collection on leaving office – a tradition that began with Ramsay MacDonald in 1931.
Although Kent intended the First Lord to use this space as his study, it has rarely served that purpose; it has almost always been the Cabinet Room. There have been a few exceptions. Stanley Baldwin used the Cabinet Room as his office. A few prime ministers, such as Tony Blair, occasionally worked at the Cabinet Room table. Painted off-white with large floor to ceiling windows along one of the long walls, the room is light and airy. Three brass chandeliers hang from the high ceiling. The Cabinet table, purchased during the Gladstone era, dominates the room. The modern boat-shaped top, introduced by Harold Macmillan in the late 1950s, is supported by huge original oak legs. The table is surrounded by carved, solid mahogany chairs that also date from the Gladstone era. The prime minister's chair, the only one with arms, is situated midway along one side in front of the marble fireplace, facing the windows; when not in use, it is positioned at an angle for easy access. The only picture in the room is a copy of a portrait of Sir Robert Walpole by Jean-Baptiste van Loo hanging over the fireplace. Each Cabinet member is allocated a chair based on order of seniority. Blotters inscribed with their titles mark their places.
The First Lord has no designated office space in Number 10; each has chosen one of the adjoining rooms as his or her private office.
State drawing rooms
Number 10 has three inter-linked state drawing rooms: the Pillared Drawing Room, the Terracotta Drawing Room and the White Drawing Room. (See the three state drawing rooms.)
Pillared State Drawing Room
The largest is the Pillared Room thought to have been created in 1796 by Taylor. Measuring long by wide, it takes its name from the twin Ionic pilasters with straight pediments at one end. Today, there is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth I over the fireplace; during the Thatcher Ministry (1979–1990), a portrait of William Pitt by Romney was hung there.
A Persian carpet covers almost the entire floor. A copy of a 16th-century original now kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum, there is an inscription woven into it that reads: "I have no refuge in the world other than thy threshold. My head has no protection other than this porchway. The work of a slave of the holy place, Maqsud of Kashan in the year 926" (the Islamic year corresponding to 1520).
In the restoration conducted in the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry restored the fireplace. Executed in the Kentian style, the small Ionic pilasters in the over-mantel are miniature duplicates of the large Ionic pillars in the room. The Ionic motif is also found in the door surrounds and panelling.
Sparsely furnished with a few chairs and sofas around the walls, the Pillared Room is usually used to receive guests before they go into the State Dining Room. However, it is sometimes used for other purposes that require a large open space. International agreements have been signed in this room. Tony Blair entertained the England Rugby Union team in the Pillared Room after they won the World Cup in 2003. John Logie Baird gave Ramsay MacDonald a demonstration of his invention, the television, in this room. (See The Pillared Drawing Room c1927)
Terracotta State Drawing Room
The Terracotta Room is the middle of the three drawing rooms. It was used as the dining room when Sir Robert Walpole was prime minister. The name changes according to the colour it is painted. When Margaret Thatcher came to power it was the Blue Room; she had it re-decorated and renamed the Green Room. It is now painted terracotta.
In the renovation of the 1980s Quinlan Terry introduced large Doric order columns to this room in the door surrounds and designed a very large Palladian overmantel for the fireplace with small double Doric columns on each side with the royal arms above. Terry also added an ornate gilded ceiling to give the rooms a more stately look. Carved into the plasterwork above the door leading to the Pillared Room is a tribute to Margaret Thatcher: a straw-carrying 'thatcher'.
White State Drawing Room
The White State Drawing room was, until the 1940s, used by Prime Ministers and their partners for their private use. It was here that Edward Heath kept his grand piano. It is often used as the backdrop for television interviews and is in regular use as a meeting room for Downing Street staff. The room links through to the Terracotta Room next door. In the reconstruction during the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry used Corinthian columns and added ornate Baroque-style central ceiling mouldings and corner mouldings of the four national flowers of the United Kingdom: rose (England), thistle (Scotland), daffodil (Wales) and shamrock (Northern Ireland).
State Dining Room
When Frederick Robinson (later Lord Goderich), became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1823, he decided to leave a personal legacy to the nation. To this end, he employed Sir John Soane, the distinguished architect who had designed the Bank of England and many other famous buildings, to build a State Dining Room for Number 10. Begun in 1825 and completed in 1826 at a cost of £2,000, the result is a spacious room with oak panelling and reeded mouldings. Accessed through the first floor, its vaulted, arched ceiling rises up through the next so that it actually occupies two floors. Measuring , it is the largest room in Number 10. Soane was the guest of honour when the dining room was first used on 4 April 1826.
The room is usually furnished with a table surrounded by 20 reproduction Adam style chairs originally made for the British Embassy in Rio de Janeiro. For larger gatherings, a horseshoe-shaped table is brought in that will accommodate up to 65 guests. On these occasions, the table is set with the Silver Trust Silver set given to Downing Street in the 1990s. (See the State Dining room with the Silver Trust Silver in use for a luncheon) Above the fireplace, overlooking the room, is a massive portrait by John Shackleton of George II, the king who originally gave the building to the First Lord of the Treasury in 1732. Celebrity chefs such as Nigella Lawson have cooked for Prime Ministers' guests using the small kitchen next door. Entering through the Small Dining Room, Blair used this room for his monthly press conferences. (See Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt 3: The Dining Room)
(See The State Dining Room c1930: View toward the entrance and View from the entrance and also a more modern view)
Great kitchen
The great kitchen located in the basement was another part of the renovations begun in 1783, probably also under the direction of Robert Taylor. Seldom seen by anyone other than staff, the space is two storeys high with a huge arched window and vaulted ceiling. Traditionally, it has always had a chopping block work table in the centre that is long, wide and thick.
Smaller Dining or Breakfast Room
Above Taylor's vaulted kitchen, between the Pillared Room and the State Dining room, Soane created a Smaller Dining Room (sometimes called the Breakfast Room) that still exists. To build it, Soane removed the chimney from the kitchen to put a door in the room. He then moved the chimney to the east side, running a Y-shaped split flue inside the walls up either side of one of the windows above. The room therefore has a unique architectural feature: over the fireplace there is a window instead of the usual chimney breast.
With its flat unadorned ceiling, simple mouldings and deep window seats, the Small Dining Room is intimate and comfortable. Usually furnished with a mahogany table seating only eight, Prime Ministers have often used this room when dining with family or when entertaining special guests on more personal state occasions. (See the Small Dining or Breakfast Room c1927. The double doors behind the table lead to the State Dining Room.)
Terrace and garden
The terrace and garden were constructed in 1736 shortly after Walpole moved into Number 10. The terrace, extending across the back, provides a full view of St James's Park. The garden is dominated by a half-acre (0.2 ha) open lawn which wraps around Numbers 10 and 11 in an L-shape. No longer "fitted with variety Walle fruit and diverse fruit trees" as it was in the 17th century, there is now a centrally located flower bed around a holly tree surrounded by seats. Tubs of flowers line the steps from the terrace; around the walls are rose beds with flowering and evergreen shrubs. (See North elevation of Number 10 with steps leading to the garden) The terrace and garden have provided a casual setting for many gatherings of First Lords with foreign dignitaries, Cabinet ministers, guests, and staff. Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, hosted a farewell reception in 2007 for his staff on the terrace. John Major announced his 1995 resignation as leader of the Conservative Party in the garden. Churchill called his secretaries the "garden girls" because their offices overlook the garden. It was also the location of the first press conference announcing the Coalition Government between David Cameron's Conservatives and Nick Clegg's Liberal Democrats.
Furnishings
Number 10 is filled with fine paintings, sculptures, busts and furniture. Only a few are permanent features. Most are on loan. About half belong to the Government Art Collection. The remainder are on loan from private collectors and from public galleries such as the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Gallery. (See works from the Government Art Collection currently on display at Number 10)
About a dozen paintings are changed annually. More extensive changes occur when a new Prime Minister takes office and redecorates. These redecorations may reflect both individual taste as well as make a political statement. Edward Heath borrowed French paintings from the National Gallery and was loaned two Renoirs from a private collector. When Margaret Thatcher arrived in 1979 she insisted that the artwork had to be British and that it celebrate "British achievers". As a former chemist, she took pleasure in devoting the Small Dining Room to a collection of portraits of British scientists, such as Joseph Priestley and Humphry Davy. During the 1990s John Major converted the first floor anteroom into a small gallery of modern art, mostly British. He also introduced several paintings by John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, Britain's two best known 19th-century artists, and cricketing paintings by Archibald Stuart-Wortley including a portrait of one of England's most celebrated batsmen W. G. Grace.
In addition to outstanding artwork, Number 10 contains many exceptional pieces of furniture either owned by the house or on loan. One of the most striking and unusual is the Chippendale hooded guard's chair already mentioned that sits in a corner of the entrance hall. To its left is a long case clock by Benson of Whitehaven. A similar clock by Samuel Whichcote of London stands in the Cabinet anteroom. The White State Drawing Room contains examples of Adam furniture. The Green State Drawing Room contains mostly Chippendale furniture including a card table that belonged to Clive of India and a mahogany desk that is thought to have belonged to William Pitt the Younger and used by him during the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to the large carpet previously described, the Pillared State Drawing Room also contains a marble-topped table by Kent. The State Dining Room contains a mahogany sideboard by Adam.Until the late 19th century, Prime Ministers were required to furnish Number 10 at their own expense with furniture, tableware, china, linens, curtains and decorations. This arrangement began to change in 1877 when Benjamin Disraeli took up residency. He insisted that the Treasury should bear the cost of furnishings at least in the public areas. The Treasury agreed and a complex accounting procedure was developed whereby the outgoing prime minister was required to pay for "wear and tear" on furnishings that had been purchased by the Treasury. This system was used until November 1897 when the Treasury assumed responsibility for purchasing and maintaining almost all of the furnishings in both the public and private areas except decorating the walls with art work. In 1924 when Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald took office, he did not own nor have the means to buy an extensive art collection. He had the Government Art Collection loan pieces. The arrangement became the standard practice.
250th anniversary: 1985
In 1985, Number 10 was 250 years old. To celebrate, Thatcher hosted a grand dinner in the State Dining Room for her living predecessors: Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and James Callaghan. Also in attendance were Elizabeth II and representatives of the families of every 20th-century Prime Minister since H. H. Asquith, including Lady Olwen Carey Evans (daughter of David Lloyd George), Lady Leonora Howard (daughter of Stanley Baldwin), and Clarissa Avon (widow of Sir Anthony Eden and niece of Winston Churchill).
That same year, the Leisure Circle published Christopher Jones' book No. 10 Downing Street, The Story of a House. In the foreword, Thatcher described her feelings for Number 10: "How much I wish that the public ... could share with me the feeling of Britain's historic greatness which pervades every nook and cranny of this complicated and meandering old building ... All Prime Ministers are intensely aware that, as tenants and stewards of No. 10 Downing Street, they have in their charge one of the most precious jewels in the nation's heritage".
Security after the 1991 bombing
For most of its history, Number 10 was accessible to the public. Early security consisted of two police officers. One stood guard outside the door. The other was stationed inside to open it. Since the door had no keyhole, the inside officer depended upon the lone outside officer.
During Thatcher's premiership, terrorist threats led to the implementation of a second level of security. Guarded gates were added at both ends of the street. Visitors could then be screened before approaching the door.
Despite the added measure, on 7 February 1991, the Provisional IRA used a van they parked in Whitehall to launch a mortar shell at Number 10. It exploded in the back garden, while Prime Minister John Major was holding a Cabinet meeting. Major moved to Admiralty House while repairs were being completed. This led to the addition of guardhouses at the street ends as well as other less visible measures. Each guardhouse is staffed by several armed police officers.
The Metropolitan Police Service's Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) provides overall protection and acts on intelligence from MI5.
Office of the Prime Minister
The Prime Minister's Office, for which the terms Downing Street and Number 10 are metonymous, lies within the 10 Downing Street building and is part of the Cabinet Office. It is staffed by a mix of career civil servants and special advisers. The highest ranking civil servant position is the principal private secretary to the prime minister, Martin Reynolds. From 2010 to 2012 and from May to September 2020, there was a Downing Street Permanent Secretary, held by Jeremy Heywood and Simon Case, respectively, which ranked above the principal private Secretary to the prime minister. From 1997 to 2019 and since 2020, the most senior special adviser post is the Downing Street chief of staff but this job title was out of use from July 2019 to November 2020 when the role was split into two positions with Dominic Cummings who served as the chief adviser to the prime minister, and Edward Lister who served as the chief strategic adviser to the prime minister. Lister served as acting chief of staff, but was replaced by Dan Rosenfield, who officially assumed the role in January 2021. Though Number 10 is formally part of the Cabinet Office, it reports directly to the Cabinet Secretary, who is Simon Case.
In her report about parties on Government premises during the COVID pandemic, Sue Gray concluded that the size of the Downing Street operation had increased without the structures to support them, and too 'much responsibility and expectation is placed on the senior official whose principal function is ... support of the Prime Minister'. She said this needed to be addressed as a priority, and Boris Johnson agreed to the Office of the Prime Minister becoming a Government department. Several changes in staffing took place early in February 2022.
Current positions within the Office of the Prime Minister
List of current civil service and senior special adviser positions serving Prime Minister Boris Johnson:
History
Pre-2001 organisation:
The No. 10 Private Office (government coordination, diary management and correspondence);
The No. 10 Press Office (press and public relations) – The press office has grown in significance as media attention on the PM has intensified. Thatcher's press secretary Bernard Ingham was one of her most important advisors. Alastair Campbell's influence as Blair's press secretary was even greater;
The No. 10 Policy Unit (policy review and advice);
The No. 10 Political Office (party political liaison and constituency affairs).
The office was reorganised in 2001 into three directorates:
Policy and government
Took over the functions of the private office and policy unit. Prepares advice for the PM and coordinates development and implementation of policy across departments.
Communication and strategy
Press office: responsible for relations with the media
Direct communications unit
Research and information unit: provides factual information to No. 10
Strategy unit
Government and political relations
Handles party and constituency affairs
Changes were intended to strengthen the PM's office. However, some commentators have suggested that Blair's reforms have created something similar to a Prime Minister's Department. The reorganisation brought about the fusion of the old Prime Minister's Office and other Cabinet Office teams, with a number of units (including the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit) now reporting directly into the Prime Minister's Office. Since 2005, Number 10's Direct Communication Unit has not used its staff's real names on signed correspondence to MPs and members of the public; this is for security reasons.
However, the Institute for Government has written that the Cabinet Office (of which the Prime Minister's Office is a component) "is a long way from becoming a fully fledged premier's department", primarily based on the fact that the prime minister "largely lacks the direct policy responsibilities, either in statute or by convention under the Royal Prerogative, possessed by secretaries of state, who have substantial budgets voted to them by Parliament."
See also
10 Downing Street Guard Chairs
Chequers – the prime minister's official country residence
Larry – a cat employed as the Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office at 10 Downing Street
List of residents of 10 Downing Street
Official residence
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
External links
Prime Ministers in History
History of the building
Virtual Tour of 10 Downing Street
Photos from the Prime Minister's Office
10 Downing Street section from the Survey of London
Plans of 10, 11 and 12 Downing Street (published 1931): ground; first; second and third floors
10 Downing Street on Facebook
Virtual Tour Virtual tour of seven Downing Street rooms and the garden.
British Prime Minister's Office
Buildings and structures on Downing Street
United Kingdom
Georgian architecture in London
Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed houses in London
Houses completed in 1684
Houses in the City of Westminster
National government buildings in London
Official residences in the United Kingdom
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226295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20White | Gilbert White | Gilbert White FRS (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a "parson-naturalist", a pioneering English naturalist, ecologist, and ornithologist. He is best known for his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne.
Life
White was born on 18 July 1720 in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. His grandfather, also Gilbert White was at that time vicar of Selborne. Gilbert White's parents were John White (1688- 1758) a trained barrister and Anne Holt (d. 1740). Gilbert was the eldest of eight surviving siblings, Thomas (b. 1724), Benjamin (b. 1725), Rebecca (b. 1726), John (b. 1727), Francis (b. 1728/9), Anne (b. 1731), and Henry (b. 1733). Gilbert's family lived briefly at Compton, Surrey, before moving into 'The Wakes' in 1728, that was to be his home for the rest of his long life.
Gilbert White was educated in Basingstoke by Thomas Warton, father of Joseph Warton & Thomas Warton, who would have been Gilbert's school fellows. There are also suggestions that he may have attended the Holy Ghost School before going to Oriel College, Oxford in December, 1739. He took his degree as Bachelor of Arts in June, 1743. In March, 1744 he was elected fellow of the college. In October, 1746 he became Master of Arts.
White obtained his deacon's orders in 1746, being fully ordained in 1749, and subsequently held several curacies in Hampshire and Wiltshire, including Selborne's neighbouring parishes of Newton Valence and Farringdon, as well as Selborne itself on four separate occasions. In 1752/53 White held the office of Junior Proctor at Oxford and was Dean of Oriel. In 1757 he became non-resident perpetual curate of Moreton Pinkney in Northamptonshire. After the death of his father in 1758, White moved back into the family home at The Wakes in Selborne, which he eventually inherited in 1763. In 1784 he became curate of Selborne for the fourth time, remaining so until his death. Having studied at the more prestigious Oriel, at the behest of his uncle, he was ineligible to be considered for the permanent living of Selborne, which was in the gift of Magdalen College.
White died in 1793 and was buried in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, Selborne.
The naturalist
White is regarded by many as England's first ecologist, and one of those who shaped the modern attitude of respect for nature. He said of the earthworm:
Earthworms, though in appearance a small and despicable link in the chain of nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm. [...] worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation, which would proceed but lamely without them...
The later naturalist Charles Darwin, when asked in 1870 about books that had deeply impressed him in his youth, mentioned White's writings. However, in Darwin's book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould: Through the Action of Worms, with Observations of Their Habits (1881), there is no acknowledgement of White’s earlier work in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne on the significance of earthworms in creating and maintaining topsoil. It has been argued that Darwin might not have propounded the theory of evolution without White’s pioneering fieldwork establishing the importance of close observation.
Rather than studying dead specimens, White observed live birds and animals in their own habitats over many years; creating a ‘new kind of zoology, scientific, precise and based on the steady accumulation of detail’. The Natural History represents a shift to holistic, evidence-based engagement warmed by empathy. From nearly 40 years of observations, White recognised that birds and animals have inner lives. He based his work on accurate (if haphazard) recording of events, classifying, measuring, analysing data, making deductions from observations, and experimenting. He was ‘one of the first writers to show that it was possible to write of the natural world with a fresh and intensely personal vision without in any way sacrificing precision’. Thus, Richard Mabey quotes White: ‘during this lovely weather the congregating flocks of house martins on the Church and tower were very beautiful and very amusing! When they flew off all together from the roof, on any alarm, they quite swarmed in the air. But they soon settled again in heaps on the shingles; where preening their feathers to admit the rays of the sun, they seemed highly to enjoy the warm situation.’ White's scientific outlook was coloured by his theology. He did not have grand theories, plan experiments and replicate them as a modern scientist would: he was more freewheeling and, arguably, as a consequence more appealing as a writer.
White and William Markwick collected records of the dates of emergence of more than 400 plant and animal species, White recording in Hampshire and Markwick in Sussex between 1768 and 1793. These data, summarised in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne as the earliest and latest dates for each event over the 25-year period, are among the earliest examples of modern phenology.
American nature writer, Donald C. Peattie, writes in The Road of a Naturalist about White's contribution to the public interest in birds: "The bird census, now so widely promulgated by the Audubon Society, was the invention of Gilbert White; he was the original exponent, as far as I know, of the close seasonal observation of Nature, a branch of science known to the pedantic as phenology. He was the first to perceive the value in the study of migration (then a disputed fact) and of banding or ringing birds, though it was Audubon who first performed the experiment. No professional ornithologist ever did so much to widen interest in birds; from White's pages they cock a friendly eye at us, and hop out of his leaves right over our thresholds."
'White’s other contributions to the field of natural history are impressive, for example, his close observation and recording of events over time led him to develop the idea of the ‘food chain’, laying the foundations for the modern study of ecology; he discovered a distinction between three species of leaf warblers based on their different songs; he pioneered modern theories on bird territory and its effects on their population. Even today, most naturalists will have read White and often refer to his work for its insights and investigative achievements.'
His 1783–84 diary corroborates the dramatic climatic impacts of the volcanic 'Laki haze' that spread from Iceland with lethal consequences across Europe.
White's sister Anne was married to Thomas Barker (1722–1809), called 'The father of meteorology', and Gilbert maintained a correspondence with his nephew Samuel Barker, who also kept a naturalist's journal.
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne
White is best known for his The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789). This is presented as a compilation of his letters to Thomas Pennant, the leading British zoologist of the day, and the Hon. Daines Barrington, an English barrister and another Fellow of the Royal Society, though a number of the 'letters' such as the first nine were never posted, and were written especially for the book. The book has been continuously in print since its first publication. It was long held, "probably apocryphally", to be the fourth-most published book in the English language after the Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.
White's biographer, Richard Mabey, praises White's expressiveness:
Legacy
White has often been seen as an amateur ‘country writer’, especially by the scientific community. However, he has been called 'the indispensable precursor to those great Victorians who would transform our ideas about life on Earth, especially in the undergrowth – Lyell, Spencer, Huxley and Darwin.' And he is under-rated as a pioneer of modern scientific research methods, particularly fieldwork. As Mabey argues, the blending of scientific and emotional responses to Nature was White’s greatest legacy: ‘it helped foster the growth of ecology and the realisation that humans were also part of the natural scheme of things’.
The White family house in Selborne, The Wakes, now contains the Gilbert White Museum. The Selborne Society was founded in 1895 to perpetuate the memory of Gilbert White. It purchased land by the Grand Union Canal at Perivale in West London to create the first Bird Sanctuary in Britain, known as Perivale Wood. In the 1970s, Perivale Wood became a Local Nature Reserve. This initiative was led by a group of young naturalists, notably Edward Dawson and Peter Edwards, Kevin Roberts and Andrew Duff. It was designated by Ealing Borough Council under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Flora Thompson, the countryside novelist, said of White: "It is easy to imagine him, this very first of English nature writers, the most sober and modest, yet happiest of men."
White is quoted by Merlyn in The Once and Future King by T.H. White and in The Boy in Grey by Henry Kingsley, in which White's thrush appears as a character. A documentary about White, presented by historian Michael Wood, was broadcast by BBC Four in 2006. White is commemorated in the inscription on one of eight bells installed in 2009 at Holybourne, Hampshire and in the Perivale Wood Local Nature Reserve, which is dedicated to his memory. The Reserve is owned and managed by the Selborne Society, named to commemorate White's Natural History. White's frequent accounts of a tortoise inherited from his aunt in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne form the basis for Verlyn Klinkenborg's book, Timothy; or, Notes of an Abject Reptile (2006), and for Sylvia Townsend Warner's The Portrait of a Tortoise (1946).
A stained glass window portraying St Francis in Selborne church commemorates Gilbert White. It was designed by Horace Hinckes and was installed in 1920.
White's influence on artists is celebrated in the exhibition 'Drawn to Nature: Gilbert White and the Artists' taking place in spring 2020 at Pallant House Gallery in Chichester to mark the 300th anniversary of his birth, and including artworks by Thomas Bewick, Eric Ravilious and John Piper, amongst others.
White is credited with perhaps the earliest written record of the word 'golly', in a journal entry from 1775.
Finally, the OED gives White credit for first having used x to represent a kiss in a letter written in 1763.
Works
White, Gilbert (1795). A Naturalist's Calendar, with observations in various branches of natural history, extracted from the papers of the late Rev. Gilbert White of Selborne, Hampshire, Senior Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Never before published. London: printed for B. and J. White, Horace's Head, Fleet Street. Edited by J. Aikin.
References
Sources
Worster, D. 1994. Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (2nd ed.). Cambridge; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
External links
Gilbert White's House and the Oates Museum
Works by Gilbert White in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
Gilbert White's biography at the Natural History Museum
40 years of Gilbert White's journals online (arranged by calendar date, not in chronological order)
Twitter account tweeting Gilbert White's diaries on the day of the year they were written
BBC play about Gilbert White 'The Hybernaculum'
1720 births
1793 deaths
English naturalists
English nature writers
English ecologists
English ornithologists
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
People from Selborne
Parson-naturalists
18th-century letter writers
People educated at Queen Mary's School for Boys, Basingstoke | [
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226296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer%20of%20the%20United%20States | Treasurer of the United States | The treasurer of the United States is an official in the United States Department of the Treasury who was originally charged with the receipt and custody of government funds, though many of these functions have been taken over by different bureaus of the department.
The treasurer remains the depositary officer of the United States with regard to deposits of gold, Special Drawing Rights, and financial gifts to the Library of Congress. As such, the office has nominal oversight of the United States Mint and Bullion Depository. The treasurer's signature appears together with that of the secretary of the treasury on all Federal Reserve Notes.
History
Responsibility for oversight of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the United States Mint, and the United States Savings Bonds Division (now the Savings Bond Marketing Office within the Bureau of the Public Debt) was assigned to the treasurer in 1981. In 2002, the Office of the Treasurer underwent a major reorganization that removed these formal oversight duties. The Treasurer now advises the director of the Mint, the director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the secretary, and the deputy secretary of the treasury on matters relating to coinage, currency, and the production of other instruments by the United States.
President Harry S. Truman appointed Georgia Neese Clark as the first female treasurer in 1949. Since then, every subsequent treasurer has been a woman, and seven of the past eleven treasurers have also been Hispanic.
The requirement of Senate confirmation for the appointment was dropped in August 2012.
In the last 60 years, the length of time the office has been vacant totals more than 4,000 days or eleven years, while in the 172 years prior to that, the length of time the office had been vacant totaled less than a year.
List of treasurers
See also
Register of the Treasury
References
External links
Treasurers of the United States
United States Department of the Treasury
United States Department of the Treasury
1777 establishments in the United States | [
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226300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapstick%20film | Slapstick film | Slapstick films are comedy films where physical comedy that includes pratfalls, tripping, falling, practical jokes, and mistakes are highlighted over dialogue, plot and character development. The physical comedy in these films contains a cartoonish style of violence that is predominantly harmless and goofy in tone.
Silent film had slapstick comedies that included the films starring Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, the Keystone Cops and Harold Lloyd. These comedians often laced their slapstick with social commentary while comedians such as Abbott and Costello, Laurel and Hardy and The Three Stooges did not contain these social messages. Slapstick is about uninhibited action and timing, which may include being made to look foolish or to act with tom foolery.
There were fewer slapstick comedies produced at the advent of sound film. After World War II, the genre resurfaced in France with films by Jacques Tati and in the United States with films It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World and The Great Race, starring the Stoic, aloof and mild mannered Buster Keaton, also known as The Great Stone Face, as well as the films of comedians like Jerry Lewis.
Slapstick films and television series
Slapstick films and television series include:
1910s
The Rink (1916)
1920s
The Scarecrow (1920)
Safety Last! (1923)
Sherlock Jr. (1924)
The General (1926)
Big Business (1929)
Mickey Mouse (1929–1953)
1930s
Looney Tunes (1930–1969, 1980–present)
Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
Lightning Strikes Twice (1935)
Way Out West (1937)
Donald Duck (1937–1965)
1940s
Whistling in the Dark (1941)
Crazy Knights (1944)
Tom and Jerry (1940–present)
1950s
Fancy Pants (1950)
The Fuller Brush Girl (1950)
Mr. Hulot's Holiday (1953)
The Court Jester (1953)
Just My Luck (1957)
Mon Oncle (1958)
Have Rocket, Will Travel (1959)
The Battle of the Sexes (1959)
1960s
The Bellboy (1960)
The Absent-Minded Professor (1961)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Ladies Man (1961)
Two Way Stretch (1960)
Everything's Ducky (1961)
The Errand Boy (1961)
Invasion Quartet (1961)
It's Only Money (1962)
On the Beat (1962)
The Notorious Landlady (1962)
Who's Minding the Store? (1963)
Carry on Spying (1964)
Advance to the Rear (1964)
Carry on Cleo (1964)
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
The Disorderly Orderly (1964)
The Great Race (1965)
Batman (1966)
That Riviera Touch (1966)
Three on a Couch (1966)
Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number! (1966)
Carry on Doctor (1967)
Carry on Again, Doctor (1967)
The Magnificent Two (1967)
Who Wants to Kill Jessie? (1966)
The Glass Bottom Boat (1966)
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1966)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
The Party (1968)
Inspector Clouseau (1968)
Blackbeard's Ghost (1968)
1970s
The Boatniks (1970),
Bananas (1971)
Evil Roy Slade (1972)
Carry On Abroad (1972)
My Name Is Nobody (1973)
Mr. Hercules Against Karate (1973),
Sleeper (1973)
Alice Goodbody (1974)
Blazing Saddles (1974)
The Fortune (1975),
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Slap Shot (1977)
Up in Smoke (1978)
The Jerk (1979)
1941 (1979)
The Kentucky Fried Movie (1979)
1980s
Airplane! (1980)
Hardly Working (1981), surreal slapstick
The Gods Must Be Crazy (1981)
History of the World, Part I (1981)
Airplane II: The Sequel
Mr. Vampire (1986), horror-comedy
Club Paradise (1986)
Stoogemania (1986)
Big Trouble in Little China (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Munchies (1987), horror-comedy
Beetlejuice (1988), horror-comedy
The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Garfield and Friends (1988)
Slime City (1988)
The Wrong Guys (1988)
Arthur 2 (1988)
I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988)
See No Evil, Hear No Evil (1989)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
UHF (1989)
Sweet Home (1989)
Major League (1989)
The Simpsons (1989–present)
1990s
Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1993)
Home Alone (1990)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Problem Child (1990)
Problem Child 2 (1991)
Repossessed (1990)
The Addams Family (1991)
The Naked Gun : The Smell of Fear (1991)
Drop Dead Fred (1991)
Darkwing Duck (1991)
The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991)
Ghoulies III: Ghoulies Go to College (1991),
Hot Shots! (1991)
Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation, 1992
Aladdin (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Super Dave: Daredevil for Hire (1992)
Eek the Cat (1992)
Addams Family Values (1993)
Army of Darkness (1993)
Beverly Hillbillies (1993)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Hocus Pocus (1993)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
Surf Ninjas (1993)
Rocko's Modern Life (1993)
Bonkers (1993)
Animaniacs (1993–1998)
2 Stupid Dogs (1993)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993)
Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993)
Coneheads (1993)
Cannibal! The Musical (1993)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love (1994)
Dumb and Dumber (1994)
The Mask (1994)
Naked Gun : The Final Insult (1994)
The Santa Clause (1994)
In the Army Now (1994)
Major League II (1994)
The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (1995)
Timon & Pumbaa (1995)
Earthworm Jim (1995)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995)
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)
Casper (1995)
Happy Gilmore (1996)
Spy Hard (1996)
The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper (1996)
The Nutty Professor (1996)
Space Jam (1996)
Black Sheep (1996)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Bio-Dome (1996)
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)f
George of the Jungle (1997)
Flubber (1997)
Hercules (1997)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Liar Liar (1997)
MouseHunt (1997)
Mr. Magoo (1997)
Cow and Chicken (1997)
I Am Weasel (1997)
Austin Powers (1997)
The Angry Beavers (1997)
Orgazmo (1997)
There's Something About Mary (1998)
Le Dîner de Cons (1998)
Wrongfully Accused (1998)
Histeria! (1998)
CatDog (1998)
Oggy and the Cockroaches (1998–present)
The Waterboy (1998)
Inspector Gadget (1999)
Guest House Paradiso (1999)
The New Woody Woodpecker Show (1999–2002)
Family Guy (1999–present)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–present)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009)
Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999)
Dudley Do-Right (1999)
Rock N Roll Frankenstein (1999)
2000s
Meet The Parents (2000)
102 Dalmatians (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Scary Movie (2000), horror-comedy
Teacher's Pet (2000)
Big Money Hustlas (2000)
I Am Sam (2001)
2001: A Space Travesty (2001)
La Tour Montparnasse Infernale (2001)
Shrek (2001)
Rat Race (2001)
Elvira's Haunted Hills (2001)
Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius (2001)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
The Fairly OddParents (2001–2017)
Scary Movie 2 (2001), horror-comedy
Super Troopers (2001)
Tomcats (2001), gross-out, sex-comedy
Zoolander (2001)
Joe Dirt (2001)
Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth (2000), horror-comedy
Kung Pow! Enter the Fist (2002)
Home Alone 4 (2002)
Larryboy (2002)
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius (2002)
Scary Movie 3 (2003), horror-comedy
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Leprechaun 6: Back 2 Tha Hood (2003), horror-comedy
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2003–2007)
Evil Con Carne (2003–2004)
White Chicks (2004)
Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Camp Lazlo (2005)
Catscratch (2005)
My Gym Partner's a Monkey (2005)
Night at the Museum (2006)
The Pink Panther (2006)
Scary Movie 4 (2006), horror-comedy
Evil Aliens (2006), horror-comedy
Shrek The Third (2007)
Epic Movie (2007)
Kickin' It Old Skool (2007)
Back at the Barnyard (2007)
El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera (2007)
Meet the Spartans (2008)
Superhero Movie (2008)
Balls Out: The Gary Houseman Story, (2008)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
The Pink Panther 2 (2009)
Suck (2009)
Bibi Blocksberg (2009)
Black Dynamite (2009)
2010s
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Zig and Sharko (2010–present)
Furry Vengeance (2010)
T.U.F.F. Puppy (2010–2015)
Grown Ups (2010)
Vampires Suck (2010)
My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
Big Money Rustlas (2010)
Johnny English Reborn (2011)
The Amazing World of Gumball (2011)
Jack and Jill (2011)
The Three Stooges (2012)
Home Alone: The Holiday Heist (2012)
That's My Boy (2012)
A Haunted House (2013)
Scary Movie 5 (2013)
Grown Ups 2 (2013)
Mickey Mouse (2013)
Dumb and Dumber To (2014)
A Haunted House 2 (2014)
The Tom and Jerry Show (2014)
A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014)
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014)
Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Drive & Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle (2014)
Vacation (2015)
New Looney Tunes (2015)
Superfast! (2015)
La Tour 2 contrôle infernale (2016)
Grimsby (2016)
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)
Bunnicula (2016)
The Death of Stalin (2017)
Woody Woodpecker (2017)
Bunsen is a Beast (2017)
Chuck's Choice (2017)
Unikitty! (2017-2020)
Harvey Girls Forever! (2018–2020)
Woody Woodpecker (2018)
Johnny English Strikes Again (2018)
Total Dhamaal (2019)
2020s
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–present)
Looney Tunes Cartoons (2020–present)
Animaniacs (2020–present)
Tom and Jerry Special Shorts (2021)
Space Jam A New Legacy (2021)
Jellystone! (2021–present)
Jackass Forever (2022)
TBA
Tiny Toons Looniversity (TBA)
See also
List of slapstick comedy topics
Slapstick - the eponymous device, used by Harlequin in Commedia
Mo lei tau, a genre of slapstick comedy in Hong Kong cinema
References
Film genres
he:סלפסטיק
ja:スラップスティック・コメディ映画 | [
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226301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody%20film | Parody film | A parody film or spoof film is a subgenre of comedy film that parodies other film genres or films as pastiches, works created by imitation of the style of many different films reassembled together.
Although the subgenre is often overlooked by critics, parody films are commonly profitable at the box office.
1900s
Sherlock Holmes Baffled (1900)
The Little Train Robbery (1905)
1910s
The Mystery of the Leaping Fish (1916)
Teddy at the Throttle (1917)
1920s
Mud and Sand (1922)
Three Ages (1923)
Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde (1925)
Yes, Yes, Nanette (1925)
1930s
Free and Easy (1930)
Movie Crazy (1932)
Number Seventeen (1932)
Once in a Lifetime (1932)
Sons of the Desert (1933)
Babes in Toyland (1934)
Satan Met a Lady (1936)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937)
The Gorilla (1939)
1940s
The Great Profile (1940)
You Nazty Spy! (1940)
A Chump at Oxford (1940)
Playmates (1941)
Hellzapoppin' (1941)
Crazy House (1943)
Along Came Jones (1945)
The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap (1947)
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff (1949)
1950s
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951)
Jack and the Beanstalk (1952)
Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953)
Beat the Devil (1953)
Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops (1955)
Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy (1955)
The Court Jester (1956)
1960s
Creature from the Haunted Sea (1961)
Carry On Cleo (1964)
A Shot in the Dark (1964)
Doctor Strangelove (1964)
Carry On Spying (1964)
Harum Scarum (1965)
The Great Race (1965)
Carry On Cowboy (1965)
Don't Lose Your Head (1966)
For a Few Dollars Less (1966)
Carry On Screaming! (1966)
Our Man Flint (1966)
Casino Royale (1967)
The Ambushers (1967)
The Dove (1968)
Zuckerkandl (1968)
1970s
Carry On Up the Jungle (1970)
The Twelve Chairs (1970)
Carry On Henry (1971)
And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)
Carry On Dick (1974)
Blazing Saddles (1974)
Flesh Gordon (1974)
Young Frankenstein (1974)
The Groove Tube (1974)
Dark Star (1974)
Vampira (1974)
Uptown Saturday Night (1974)
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Love and Death (1975)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975)
The Black Bird (1975)
Allegro Non Troppo (1976)
Silent Movie (1976)
Murder by Death (1976)
Once Upon a Girl (1976)
Queen Kong (1976)
The Big Bus (1976)
High Anxiety (1977)
The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977)
American Raspberry (1977)
Hardware Wars (1978)
Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (1978)
The Cheap Detective (1978)
Carry On Emmannuelle (1978)
Piranha (1978)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979)
1980s
Galaxina (1980)
Wholly Moses! (1980)
Airplane! (1980)
Murder Can Hurt You (1980)
Caddyshack (1980)
The Private Eyes (1980)
Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind (1980)
History of the World, Part I (1981)
Under the Rainbow (1981)
Student Bodies (1981)
Saturday the 14th (1981)
Zorro, The Gay Blade (1981)
The Creature Wasn't Nice (1981)
Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982)
Young Doctors in Love (1982)
Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)
Police Squad! (TV series) (1982)
Pandemonium (1982)
The King of Comedy (1982)
Wacko (1982)
Zapped! (1982)
The Man With Two Brains (1983)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Bullshot (1983)
Jaws 3-D (1983)
Agent 000 and the Deadly Curves (1983)
Bloodbath at the House of Death (1984)
Johnny Dangerously (1984)
Surf II: The End of the Trilogy (1984)
This Is Spinal Tap (1984)
The Toxic Avenger (1984)
Top Secret! (1984)
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984)
Voyage of the Rock Aliens (1984)
Night of the Comet (1984)
Rustlers' Rhapsody (1985)
When Nature Calls (1985)
Clue (1985)
Radioactive Dreams (1985)
Eat and Run (1986)
Haunted Honeymoon (1986)
Reform School Girls (1986)
Three Amigos (1986)
Whoops Apocalypse (1986)
Fresno (1986)
Evil Dead II (1987)
Hollywood Shuffle (1987)
Spaceballs (1987)
Back to the Beach (1987)
Amazon Women on the Moon (1987)
Leonard Part 6 (1987)
Dragnet (1987)
Love at Stake (1987)
Return of the Killer Tomatoes (1988)
The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988)
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988)
I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988)
Caddyshack II (1988)
Killer Klowns from Outer Space (1988)
Buster (1988)
Flesh Gordon Meets the Cosmic Cheerleaders (1989)
UHF (1989)
Disorganized Crime (1989)
Lobster Man from Mars (1989)
"Meet the Feebles" (1989)
Transylvania Twist (1989)
1990s
A Man Called Sarge (1990)
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990)
Repossessed (1990)
Killer Tomatoes Strike Back (1990)
Mob Boss (1990)
Zapped Again! (1990)
The Freshman (1990)
If Looks Could Kill (1991)
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
Hot Shots! (1991)
Killer Tomatoes Eat France (1991)
Evil Toons (1992)
Carry On Columbus (1992)
Sister Act (1992)
Stay Tuned (1992)
Loaded Weapon 1 (1993)
CB4 (1993)
The Naked Truth (1993)
Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993)
Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
Fatal Instinct (1993)
Matinee (1993)
Last Action Hero (1993)
Freaked (1993)
Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993)
The Silence of the Hams (1994)
Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult (1994)
Fear of a Black Hat (1994)
Blankman (1994)
Dracula: Dead and Loving It (1995)
Arabian Knight (1995)
Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold (1995)
Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996)
The Cable Guy (1996)
Cannibal! The Musical (1996)
Scream (1996)
Spy Hard (1996)
High School High (1996)
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)
Mars Attacks! (1996)
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997)
Funny Games (1997)
Starship Troopers (1997)
Orgazmo (1997)
George of the Jungle (1997)
Jane Austen's Mafia! (1998)
Wrongfully Accused (1998)
BASEketball (1998)
Plump Fiction (1998)
Liang Po Po: The Movie (1999)
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
Bowfinger (1999)
Galaxy Quest (1999)
The Underground Comedy Movie (1999)
The Woman Chaser (1999)
South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)
Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999)
The Scooby-Doo Project (1999)
2000s
2001: A Space Travesty (2000)
Scary Movie (2000)
Charlie's Angels (2000)
Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth (2000)
The Bogus Witch Project (2000)
The Tony Blair Witch Project (2000)
Scary Movie 2 (2001)
Not Another Teen Movie (2001)
Shrek (2001)
Freddy Got Fingered (2001)
Elvira's Haunted Hills (2001)
Zoolander (2001)
Wet Hot American Summer (2001)
Kung Pow!: Enter the Fist (2002)
The Master of Disguise (2002)
The Powerpuff Girls Movie (2002)
Undercover Brother (2002)
Ali G Indahouse (2002)
Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002)
Scary Movie 3 (2003)
Johnny English (2003)
Down with Love (2003)
G-Sale (2003)
A Mighty Wind (2003)
George of the Jungle 2 (2003)
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Lost Skeleton of Cadavra (2004)
Shaun of the Dead (2004)
Freak Out (2004)
Starsky & Hutch (2004)
Churchill: The Hollywood Years (2004)
Kung Fu Hustle (2004)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Club Dread (2004)
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004)
Team America: World Police (2004)
The Producers (2005)
My Big Fat Independent Movie (2005)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)
Hoodwinked! (2005)
Date Movie (2006)
Scary Movie 4 (2006)
Another Gay Movie (2006)
18 Fingers of Death! (2006)
Borat (2006)
Barnyard (2006)
Doogal (2006)
Bikini Bloodbath (2006)
Man of the Year (2006)
Everything Other than Japan Sinks (2006)
Epic Movie (2007)
Farce of the Penguins (2007)
Funny Games (2007)
Hot Fuzz (2007)
The Comebacks (2007)
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007)
The Naked Brothers Band: The Movie (2007)
Shrek the Third (2007)
Enchanted (2007)
Kill Buljo (2007)
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008)
Meet the Spartans (2008)
Superhero Movie (2008)
Another Gay Sequel: Gays Gone Wild (2008)
An American Carol (2008)
Disaster Movie (2008)
Extreme Movie (2008)
Tropic Thunder (2008)
The World Is Hot Enough (2008)
A.R.O.G. (2008)
Black Dynamite (2009)
Brüno (2009)
Dance Flick (2009)
OSS 117: Lost in Rio (2009)
Transylmania (2009)
Stan Helsing (2009)
Spanish Movie (2009)
Dark and Stormy Night (2009)
Alien Trespass (2009)
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009)
2010s
Thamizh Padam (2010)
MacGruber (2010)
Vampires Suck (2010)
Kick-Ass (2010)
The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It (2010)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Johnny English Reborn (2011)
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011)
Breaking Wind (2012)
21 Jump Street (2012)
Ted (2012)
The Dictator (2012)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Movie 43 (2013)
iSteve (2013)
The Starving Games (2013)
A Haunted House (2013)
Scary Movie 5 (2013)
30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2013)
Inappropriate Comedy (2013)
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 (2013)
This Is The End (2013)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
A Haunted House 2 (2014)
22 Jump Street (2014)
The Hungover Games (2014)
Hrudaya Kaleyam (2014)
They Came Together (2014)
Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014)
What We Do in the Shadows (2014)
The Interview (2014)
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015)
Double Barrel (2015)
Chirakodinja Kinavukal (2015)Superfast! (2015)The Walking Deceased (2015)Ted 2 (2015)Tooken (2015)Ridiculous 6 (2015)Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)The Night Before (2015)Deadpool (2016)Fifty Shades of Black (2016)Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie (2016)Meet the Blacks (2016)Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (2016)Sausage Party (2016)The Lego Batman Movie (2017)Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017)Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018)Deadpool 2 (2018)
Thamizh Padam 2.0 (2018)
Johnny English Strikes Again (2018)
Holmes & Watson (2018)
Notzilla (2019)
Between Two Ferns: The Movie (2019)
2020s
Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020)Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020)
Bill & Ted Face the Music (2020)
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run (2021)
Secret Magic Control Agency (2021)
America: The Motion Picture (2021)
The Loud House Movie (2021)
Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022)
Turning Red'' (2022)
References
Film genres | [
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226303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/808%20State | 808 State | 808 State are an English electronic music group formed in 1987 in Manchester, taking their name from the Roland TR-808 drum machine. They were formed by Graham Massey, Martin Price and Gerald Simpson, and they released their debut album, Newbuild, in September 1988. The band secured commercial success in 1989, when their song "Pacific State" was picked up by BBC Radio 1 DJ Gary Davies.
History
Martin Price was the owner of Manchester's influential Eastern Bloc Records, and was also the founder of the independent record label, Creed. Customers Graham Massey and Gerald Simpson joined with Price to form a hip hop group called Hit Squad Manchester. The group shifted to an acid house sound and recorded their debut Newbuild in 1988, while using the name 808 State for the first time.
Newbuild was released on Price's own record label. In an interview with Mojo magazine in 2005, Graham Massey explained that the album was recorded over the course of a winter weekend in January 1988 at Spirit Studios, Manchester. The album was named after a Bolton housing co-operative. The record was re-released in 2005 on Aphex Twin's Rephlex Records. Aphex Twin was a huge fan of the record: "It was the next step after Chicago acid, and as much as I loved that, I could relate much better to 808 State. It seemed colder and more human at the same time."
Around the same time, the band also recorded an acid house version of New Order's "Blue Monday". A favourite at The Haçienda's Hot Night, the recording was believed lost until Autechre's Sean Booth asked Massey to dig through his archive of old material. The record was released in 2004 by Rephlex Records. "We didn't put a lot of thought into it but maybe that's its charm," said Massey at the time.
Massey was also a member of the band Aqua in the early 1990s, along with the violinist Graham Clark, a former pupil of Manchester Grammar School.
The band's song "Pacific State" was released as a single, peaking at number 10 in the UK Singles Chart. Simpson left the group in 1989 to form his own solo project, A Guy Called Gerald. At this point, the remaining personnel enlisted DJs Andrew Barker and Darren Partington, known as the Spinmasters, and recorded the EP, Quadrastate in July 1989. The group signed to ZZT records, and Ninety was released in December 1989.
MC Tunes worked with the band on the 1990 album, The North at Its Heights. The album was a moderate success, reaching number 26 in the UK Albums Chart, and also saw a European and Japanese release. It spawned three UK singles, "The Only Rhyme That Bites" – featuring a sample of "The Big Country" performed by The City of Prague Philharmonic – (UK number 10), "Tunes Splits the Atom" (UK number 18) and "Primary Rhyming" (UK number 67). The first two issues credited MC Tunes versus 808 State, whilst the latter was simply MC Tunes. Tunes later returned in 1996 to work on a new track, "Pump", taken from 808 State's album Thermo Kings.
808 State's next album was released in 1991, Ex:el, which featured the vocals of Bernard Sumner and Björk. The songs included "In Yer Face" (UK #9), "Cubik" (UK #10) and "Lift" (UK #38).
In October 1991, Price left the group to perform solo production work, eventually forming his own label, Sun Text. The remaining members released a fourth album called Gorgeous, and after that, did some remix work for David Bowie, Soundgarden, and other performers, before returning with the album entitled Don Solaris in 1996. It featured contributions from James Dean Bradfield, who sang vocals on "Lopez", which reached number 20 in the UK Singles Chart. This song was remixed by Brian Eno. In 1997, they had remixed the Mansun track "Skin Up, Pin Up" for the Spawn soundtrack. The song "Bond" featured vocals by Mike Doughty from the band Soul Coughing and "Azura" featured Lou Rhodes from Lamb. They released a greatest hits compilation album, 808:88:98 in 1998. In 2000, Newbuild was re-released.
Some of the band's work, particularly in the albums Ex:el and Gorgeous show their new wave influences by sampling or featuring new wave icons such as Bernard Sumner on the song "Spanish Heart" and Ian McCulloch on "Moses". The song "Contrique" samples the bassline to Joy Division's "She's Lost Control" and "10 X 10" is a gospel-house track built on the foundation of The Jam's "Start!".
In 2003, they released Outpost Transmission which featured guest collaborations from the Alabama 3 and Guy Garvey from Elbow.
In May 2008, the re-issue of the album Quadrastate completed a trilogy of pre-ZTT releases on CD for the first time.
Partington left the band after being jailed for 18 months in January 2015 for dealing heroin and crack cocaine.
Barker died on 6 November 2021, leaving Massey as the sole remaining member of the group.
Musical style
808 State's style has been labeled as techno and house, and the band are regarded as "a pioneer of the acid house sound". The band's album, Newbuild, was influential in the development of the Madchester and baggy scenes.
Pseudonyms and side projects
Partington and Barker presented the 808 State Radio Show, first on Sunset 102 from 1989 to 1993, and later on Kiss 102 from 1994 to 1997. In 2012 they reinvented the program as the 808 State Webio Show for a number of months on Mike Joyce's internet based BeatWolf Radio. In 1990, 808 State composed the theme tune to the Channel 4 television programme, The Word.
808 State and its various members have recorded under a variety of pseudonyms. An early EP, containing the tracks "Massage-a-Rama" and "Sex Mechanic", was released under the name Lounge Jays. These tracks have since been re-released by Rephlex Records on the Prebuild LP. Another early EP, Wax on the Melt, was released under the name Hit Squad Mcr. This is the only release on which all five members of the group (Massey, Price, Simpson, Barker, and Partington) contributed simultaneously.
Massey released the solo album Subtracks under the name Massonix on Skam Records. He is a member of Biting Tongues, an experimental jazz rock group once signed to Factory Records. He also created the big band project called Massey's Toolshed Allstars (eventually shortened to Toolshed). Under the pseudonym Professor Vernon World, Massey as drummer/producer with the ladies combo organ quartet The Sisters of Transistors released an album, and is also a member of Sun Ra homage The Part-Time Heliocentric Cosmo Drama After School Club.
Price released a couple of EPs under the name Switzerland. He also managed the band Kaliphz (later known as Kaleef) who had a hit with a hip-hop cover version of The Stranglers "Golden Brown". Barker has produced a small number of tracks under the names Atlas and Benaco. Partington has recorded under the name Jeep.
Band members
Graham Massey (born 4 August 1960, Manchester) — keyboards, programming, guitars, saxophone (1988–present)
Former members
Gerald Simpson (born 16 February 1967) — keyboards (1988–1989)
Martin Price (born 26 March 1955, Farnworth) — keyboards (1988–1991)
Darren Partington (born 1 November 1969, Manchester) — keyboards, congas, electronic drums (1989–2015)
Andy Barker (9 March 1968 – 6 November 2021) — keyboards, bass (1989–2021)
Discography
Studio albums
Newbuild (1988)
90 (1989)
ex:el (1991)
Gorgeous (1993)
Don Solaris (1996)
Outpost Transmission (2002)
Transmission Suite (2019)
References
External links
Ian Peel: Warriors of Pop, 21 years of ZTT Record Collector, September 2004 (copy at Zang Tuum Tumb and all that) Article about ZTT's history, and contains information about 808 State
History of the Pacific State https://www.soundonsound.com/people/classic-tracks-808-state-pacific-state
Alternative dance musical groups
English electronic music groups
English house music groups
Madchester groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups from Manchester
Remixers
Rephlex Records artists
Tommy Boy Records artists
Warner Records artists
ZTT Records artists
1987 establishments in England | [
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226305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20node | Lunar node | A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon, that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.
A lunar eclipse can occur only when the full Moon is near either lunar node (within 11° 38' ecliptic longitude), while a solar eclipse can occur only when the new Moon is near either lunar node (within 17° 25').
Because the orbital plane of the Moon precesses in space, the lunar nodes also precess around the ecliptic, completing one revolution (called a draconic or nodal period) in . (This is not the same length as a saros.) The same cycle measured against an inertial frame of reference, such as International Celestial Reference System (ICRS), a coordinate system relative to the fixed stars, is 18.599525 years.
Both solar eclipses of July 2000 (on the 1st and 31st days) occurred around the time when the Moon was at its ascending node. Ascending-node eclipses recur after one draconic year on average, which is about 0.94901 Gregorian year, as do descending-node eclipses.
Names and symbols
The nodes are called by different names in different cultures of the world.
In Hindu astronomy, the nodes are considered with the seven planets among the nine Navagrahas; the ascending node ☊ is called Rahu and the descending node ☋ is called Ketu. In Tibetan astrology (partially based on the Kalachakra Tantra) these nodes are respectively named Rahu and Kalagni.
In medieval texts, the nodes are referred to as ras wa dhanav al-tinnîn in Arabic. rosh ha-teli u-zenavo (ראש התלי וזנבו) in Hebrew, and caput draconis (head of the dragon) or cauda draconis (tail of the dragon) in Latin. The ascending node is referred to as the dragon's head with the astronomical or astrological symbol of ☊ and the descending node is known as the dragon's tail with the symbol ☋.
Declination extremes
The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5.14° to the ecliptic; hence, the Moon can be up to about 5° north or south of the ecliptic. The ecliptic is inclined about 23.44° to the celestial equator, whose plane is perpendicular to the rotational axis of Earth. As a result, once during the 18.6-year nodal period (when the ascending node of the Moon's orbit coincides with the vernal equinox), the Moon's declination reaches a maximum and minimum (northern and southern extremes): about 28.6° from the celestial equator. Therefore, the moonrise or moonset azimuth has its northern- and southernmost points on the horizon; the Moon at culmination has its lowest and highest altitude (when the body transits the meridian); and first sightings of the new moon potentially have their latest times. Furthermore, occultations by the Moon of the Pleiades star cluster, which is over 4° north of the ecliptic, occur during a comparatively brief period once every nodal period.
Effect on tides
The precession of the lunar nodes has a small effect on Earth's tides – atmospheric, oceanic, or crustal.
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) determines mean lower low water (MLLW) at a location by averaging the height of the lowest tide recorded at that location each day during a 19-year recording period, known as the National Tidal Datum Epoch. The 19-year recording period is the nearest full-year count to the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar nodes.
In conjunction with sea level rise caused by global warming, lunar nodal precession is predicted to contribute to a rapid rise in the frequency of coastal flooding throughout the 2030s.
See also
Astrology
Eclipse
Horoscope
Lunar standstill
Orbit of the Moon
Natal chart
References
External links
Sun and Moon Polar Applet, showing moonrise/moonset azimuths
Astronomy Answers: What are the standstills of the Moon? Retrieved 2016-08-26.
Eclipses, Cosmic Clockwork of the Ancients
Lunar and solar periods, about inertial frame of reference for measuring movements of celestial bodies.
Mean lunar and solar periods
Orbit of the Moon
Technical factors of Western astrology
Technical factors of Hindu astrology | [
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226307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendant | Ascendant | The ascendant (Asc, Asc or As) is the astrological sign (and degree of that sign) that is ascending on the eastern horizon at the specific time and location of an event.
According to certain astrological theories, celestial phenomena reflect or influence human activity on the principle of 'as above, so below'. Thus some astrologers consider that the ascendant signifies a person's awakening consciousness, in the same way that the Sun's appearance on the eastern horizon signifies the dawn of a new day.
Because the ascendant is specific to a particular time and place, to astrologers it signifies the individual environment and conditioning that a person receives during their upbringing, and also the circumstances of their childhood. For this reason astrologers consider that the ascendant is also concerned with how a person has learned to present themself to the world, especially in public and in impersonal situations. To astrologers, in some circumstances, it can function as a shield or mask to guard a person's real nature. It functions as an interface between the many levels of personality makeup and the external reality. Astrologers consider the ascendant also has a strong bearing on a person's physical appearance and overall health. It is the 3rd most important influence in a horoscope.
The Ascendant is thus considered to be of great significance in all schools of astrology because it in effect serves as the filter through which everything in a horoscope is expressed. Most astrologers consider that the Rising Sign and especially planets on it or within a few degrees of the Ascendant exert an influence equal to or more powerful than the Sun and Moon. In Jyotish (Hindu astrology), the ascendant is without question the most individual and defining element in the chart.
History
Although Babylonian astronomers had observed the actual rising times of the signs, there is no specific mention of the ascendant in the texts that have survived on clay tablets. By the 3rd century B.C., the Persians looked at the rising of specific asterisms to identify the ascending sign and get an approximate time of the night and that is reflected in the name subsequently given by the Greeks to the ascendant: horoskopos, or “hour marker”. in the sense of "ascendant" and "observation of the ascendant" was used in the Greek manuscript of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos.
Calculation
The Ascendant, from an astrological point of view, is the value of the ecliptical geocentric longitude (aka Celestial Longitude, λ) which is easterly on the horizon. This intersection of the horizon with the ecliptic can be calculated from:
where is the local sidereal time in degrees, is the inclination of Earth's equatorial plane to the ecliptic (Axial tilt). For values referred to the standard equinox J2000.0 use = 23.4392911°; for J1950.0 use = 23.4457889°. is the observer's terrestrial latitude (Southern latitudes are negative, Northern positive). The Ascendant is then found in the correct quadrant (0 to 360 degrees) by using the two rules:
If (x < 0) then
Ascendant = Ascendant + 180
else
Ascendant = Ascendant + 360
By definition of Ascendant, we have to take the point easterly (the rising one, less than 180° from the Midheaven) by using a final rule:
if (Ascendant < 180) then
Ascendant = Ascendant + 180
else
Ascendant = Ascendant - 180
Otherwise a direct result in the correct quadrant can be determined if calculator or programming software has the atan2(y,x) math function and then using the last rule.
For latitudes north of the Arctic Circle (or south of the Antarctic Circle), the Ascendant function has two discontinuity points, occurring at instants where the horizon and the ecliptic planes do not intersect. Between those instants the Ascendant's longitude actually decreases.
Long and short ascension
Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to the ecliptic (see axial tilt), the twelve signs do not take the same amount of time to cross the eastern horizon. At the equator, there is very little difference (Pisces, Aries, Virgo and Libra take slightly less time than the other signs) but as one moves from the equator, larger and larger differences emerge.
In the northern hemisphere, the signs of Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini take much less time than the theoretical two hours to cross the eastern horizon, whilst the signs of Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius take much longer than two hours to do so. For example, at the latitude of Paris, France:
Pisces and Aries take only one hour to cross the eastern horizon (this is referred to as the length of ascension or simply as the sign's ascension)
Aquarius and Taurus have an ascension of one hour and fifteen minutes
Capricorn and Gemini have an ascension of one hour and fifty minutes
Cancer and Sagittarius have an ascension of two hours and thirty minutes
Leo and Scorpio have an ascension of two hours and forty minutes
Virgo and Libra have an ascension of two hours and forty-five minutes
At higher latitudes, these differences become even more marked. At the latitude of St. Petersburg, Russia:
Pisces and Aries have an ascension of thirty-five minutes
Aquarius and Taurus have an ascension of forty-five minutes
Capricorn and Gemini have an ascension of one hour and twenty-five minutes
Cancer and Sagittarius have an ascension of two hours and forty minutes
Leo and Scorpio have an ascension of three hours and fifteen minutes
Virgo and Libra have an ascension of three hours and twenty minutes
Astrologers consider the differences between the rate at which the signs ascend to be of importance. In many house systems, houses can become very large when they cover Aquarius, Pisces, Aries and Taurus because these signs are seen to be much smaller from the perspective of a northern hemisphere observer.
Some astrologers, such as Richard Nolle, consider the preponderance of Ascendants in signs from Cancer through Sagittarius (known as the western signs) to be symbolic of the highly relationship-oriented character inherent in a complex or civilized society as found today in the northern hemisphere but never developed in equatorial or south temperate latitudes where eastern (Capricorn through Gemini), individual-oriented Ascendants are equally or more common.
In the southern hemisphere, long and short ascension are reversed. For instance, at the latitude of Concepción, Chile:
Pisces and Aries ascend in two hours and thirty minutes
Aquarius and Taurus ascend in two hours and twenty-five minutes
Capricorn and Gemini ascend in two hours and fifteen minutes
Sagittarius and Cancer ascend in two hours
Scorpio and Leo ascend in one hour and thirty-five minutes
Libra and Virgo ascend in one hour and fifteen minutes
Effects of polar astrology
At the Arctic and Antarctic circles, at roughly 66½° North and South latitude respectively, a degree of the ecliptic becomes circumpolar. If the sun for example occupies that degree, it will neither rise nor set, but will lie upon the horizon for 24 hours. As we move into higher latitudes, more and more degrees of the ecliptic will neither rise nor set, until at the north pole half of the ecliptic degrees will not rise above the horizon and can never become the ascendant. Therefore, the omission of extreme latitudes from most house tables due to the added complexity of calculating the ascendant, implies that there is no ascendant at these latitudes. This is of course untrue, yet there is a limitation on the degrees that can ascend at extreme latitudes and a further restriction on degrees that can form house cusps in time-based house systems. The simpler and earlier ecliptic-based house systems can form house cusps at extreme latitudes based on the available ascendant and midheaven degrees.
Effects of the ascendant
There are a couple of factors that influence how strong or weak a force in the chart the ascendant may be.
Firstly, it is generally believed that the closer towards the beginning of the sign the ascendant falls, the stronger it will be. This is because most of the first house will fall into that sign. If the ascendant falls late in a sign, most of the first house will fall into the following sign, and thus weaken the effect of the ascendant's power.
The ascendant is thought to be stronger in influence when the sun is in a weak position in the chart. For example, it is traditionally believed that the sun is in a weaker position when it is placed at the bottom of the chart, near the imum coeli or IC. This is because the sun was literally on the other side of the earth when the subject was born, hidden from view.
According to some, the sun may also be weaker in influence if it is unaspected, in other words if it forms no major aspects (conjunction, opposition, trine, square, or sextile) to the other planets. According to other astrological observations, unaspected suns and planets show greater than usual effect and are more free.
The sun in a sign that is intercepted, meaning its does not have a house cusp, may also be weaker and put more emphasis on the ascendant and house cusp of the solar house in such a chart.
Another factor concerning the effect of the ascendant is the theory that people become more like their sun sign after around 29 years old, as they grow older and more confident, as the sun embodies essential ego energy and self-esteem, and thus perhaps have less of a need to present a public face to others. It is also theorised that when the progressed ascendant moves into the following sign, it weakens the influence of the natal ascendant.
Planets and the ascendant
Planets have added importance in the birth chart due to their relationship to the ascendant. The planet that rules the astrological sign of the ascendant is called the chart ruler, and is said to be of particular importance. So for example, if the ascendant sign is Gemini, Mercury will be the chart ruler, and so 'set the tone' for the chart in many ways. In addition, the planet nearest to the ascendant especially located in the first house is usually called the rising planet and has a particular significant importance in the chart. However, if a planet in the twelfth house is very close (within one or two degrees) to the ascendant, then it can be taken to be the rising planet instead. If a planet is actually in conjunction with the ascendant (within the same degrees as the ascendant) it then becomes vitally important in its effect on the personality, to the extent of being as important as the sun. Finally, any planets in the first house will always have an added emphasis to them.
Modes of the ascendant
The effect of the ascendant varies according to the modes of the sign in which it is placed. These relate to the quality of the part of the season they occur in.
Ascendant cardinal signs
Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn are cardinal signs. The effect of these signs on the ascendant is to emphasize initiative, assertiveness and to some extent leadership.
Ascendant fixed signs
Taurus, Leo, Scorpio and Aquarius are fixed signs. The effect of these signs on the ascendant is to emphasize stability, steadiness and commitment.
Ascendant mutable signs
Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces are mutable signs. The effect of these signs on the ascendant is to emphasize adaptability, dexterity, change and flexibility.
Elements of the ascendant
Regarding the classification of signs according to the four classical elements (Fire, Earth, Air and Water), the ascendant can be:
Ascendant fire signs
The fire signs of Aries, Leo and Sagittarius are noted for their energy, enthusiasm and optimism. When a fire sign is on the ascendant the outer manner is friendly, uncritical and non-hostile. They typically send out friendly, but serious and competent signals which draw out a friendly and rather respectful response from others. Aries rising gives out a well-organized, slightly stern bearing. Leo rising subjects have a dignified and rather formal manner which inspires confidence; while Sagittarius risers have a cheerful, pleasant and rather witty outer manner which suits all kinds of situations.
Ascendant earth signs
Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn Ascendants are usually considered as calm and stress resistant individuals. The effect of the earth sign ascendant make people more material, reserved and collected, they don't tend to show their emotions and can be or appear to be cold. This particular effect is manifested to the least extent in Taurus sign. Each of the earth signs ascendants are usually thrifty and good with planning things beforehand.
Ascendant air signs
The air signs of Gemini, Libra and Aquarius are noted for their communication skills. When an air sign is on the ascendant the subject is friendly and sociable, but also independent and somewhat detached. The Gemini riser is constantly busy, fully engaged in a kind of juggling act, with at least a dozen activities on the go at any one time. The Libra riser occupies him or herself with business schemes which often need the aid of a more earthy partner to make them come into fruition. The Aquarius riser makes wonderful plans for themselves or others and may even carry some of them out.
Ascendant water signs
The water signs of Cancer, Scorpio and Pisces are noted for their emotion, intuition and feeling. When a water sign is on the ascendant the subject will hide their true feelings and have a strong need to protect themselves from the world around them. What you see is often not what you get with water ascendants. In other words, the signals they send out are consciously or unconsciously chosen for effect. Cancerians appear chatty and helpful and they do well in any situation that requires tact. Scorpio risers can use many different forms of camouflage with people they do not know, one of their favourites being offensiveness and an off-putting manner. Pisces risers appear soft, gentle, self-sacrificing and sometimes even helpless, but this is misleading, as they will fight strongly for what they think is right. Pisces are also known to be highly emotional and the most intuitive of the twelve signs.
See also
Angle (astrology)
Equatorial ascendant
Descendant
Midheaven
Imum Coeli
House (astrology)
References
Technical factors of Western astrology
Astrological house systems | [
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226309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20metabolite | Secondary metabolite | Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs.
The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary metabolites as end products of nitrogen metabolism.
Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Usually, secondary metabolites are confined to a specific lineage or even species, though there is considerable evidence that horizontal transfer across species or genera of entire pathways plays an important role in bacterial (and, likely, fungal) evolution. Research also shows that secondary metabolism can affect different species in varying ways. In the same forest, four separate species of arboreal marsupial folivores reacted differently to a secondary metabolite in eucalypts. This shows that differing types of secondary metabolites can be the split between two herbivore ecological niches. Additionally, certain species evolve to resist secondary metabolites and even use them for their own benefit. For example, monarch butterflies have evolved to be able to eat milkweed (Asclepias) despite the presence of toxic cardiac glycosides. The butterflies are not only resistant to the toxins, but are actually able to benefit by actively sequestering them, which can lead to the deterrence of predators.
Plant secondary metabolites
Plants are capable of producing and synthesizing diverse groups of organic compounds and are divided into two major groups: primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are metabolic intermediates or products which are not essential to growth and life of the producing plants but rather required for interaction of plants with their environment and produced in response to stress. Their antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral properties protect the plant from pathogens. Some secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids protect plants from UV damage. The biological effects of plant secondary metabolites on humans have been known since ancient times. The herb Artemisia annua which contains Artemisinin, has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine more than two thousand years ago. Plant secondary metabolites are classified by their chemical structure and can be divided into four major classes: terpenes, phenylpropanoids (i.e. phenolics), polyketides, and alkaloids.
Terpenoids
Terpenes constitute a large class of natural products which are composed of isoprene units. Terpenes are only hydrocarbons and terpenoids are oxygenated hydrocarbons. The general molecular formula of terpenes are multiples of (C5H8)n, where 'n' is number of linked isoprene units. Hence, terpenes are also termed as isoprenoid compounds. Classification is based on the number of isoprene units present in their structure. Some terpenoids (i.e. many sterols) are primary metabolites. Some terpenoids that may have originated as secondary metabolites have subsequently been recruited as plant hormones, such as gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and strigolactones.
Examples of terpenoids built from hemiterpene oligomerization are:
Azadirachtin, present in Azadirachta indica, the (Neem tree)
Artemisinin, present in Artemisia annua, Chinese wormwood
Tetrahydrocannabinol, present in Cannabis sativa, cannabis
Saponins, glycosylated triterpenes present in e.g. Chenopodium quinoa, quinoa.
Phenolic compounds
Phenolics are a chemical compound characterized by the presence of aromatic ring structure bearing one or more hydroxyl groups. Phenolics are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants ranging from simple molecules such as phenolic acid to highly polymerized substances such as tannins. Classes of phenolics have been characterized on the basis of their basic skeleton.
An example of a plant phenol is:
Resveratrol, a C14 stilbenoid produced by e.g. grapes.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a diverse group of nitrogen-containing basic compounds. They are typically derived from plant sources and contain one or more nitrogen atoms. Chemically they are very heterogeneous. Based on chemical structures, they may be classified into two broad categories:
Non heterocyclic or atypical alkaloids, for example hordenine or N-methyltyramine, colchicine, and taxol
Heterocyclic or typical alkaloids, for example quinine, caffeine, and nicotine
Examples of alkaloids produced by plants are:
Hyoscyamine, present in Datura stramonium
Atropine, present in Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade
Cocaine, present in Erythroxylum coca the Coca plant
Scopolamine, present in the Solanaceae (nightshade) plant family
Codeine and morphine, present in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy
Vincristine and vinblastine, mitotic inhibitors found in Catharanthus roseus, the rosy periwinkle
Many alkaloids affect the central nervous system of animals by binding to neurotransmitter receptors.
Glucosinolates
Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites that include both sulfur and nitrogen atoms, and are derived from glucose, an amino acid and sulfate.
An example of a glucosinolate in plants are:
Glucoraphanin from broccoli, (Brassica oleracea var. italica).
Plant secondary metabolites in medicine
Many drugs used in modern medicine are derived from plant secondary metabolites.
The two most commonly known terpenoids are artemisinin and paclitaxel. Artemisinin was widely used in Traditional Chinese medicine and later rediscovered as a powerful antimalarial by a Chinese scientist Tu Youyou. She was later awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 2015. Currently, the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to artemisinin alone and the World Health Organization recommends its use with other antimalarial drugs for a successful therapy. Paclitaxel the active compound found in Taxol is a chemotherapy drug used to treat many forms of cancers including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Taxol was first isolated in 1973 from barks of a coniferous tree, the Pacific Yew.
Morphine and codeine both belong to the class of alkaloids and are derived from opium poppies. Morphine was discovered in 1804 by a German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürnert. It was the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy. It is mostly known for its strong analgesic effects, however, morphine is also used to treat shortness of breath and treatment of addiction to stronger opiates such as heroin. Despite its positive effects on humans, morphine has very strong adverse effects, such as addiction, hormone imbalance or constipation. Due to its highly addictive nature morphine is a strictly controlled substance around the world, used only in very severe cases with some countries underusing it compared to the global average due to the social stigma around it.
Codeine, also an alkaloid derived from the opium poppy, is considered the most widely used drug in the world according to World Health Organization. It was first isolated in 1832 by a French chemist Pierre Jean Robiquet, also known for the discovery of caffeine and a widely used red dye alizarin. Primarily codeine is used to treat mild pain and relief coughing although in some cases it is used to treat diarrhea and some forms of irritable bowel syndrome. Codeine has the strength of 0.1-0.15 compared to morphine ingested orally, hence it is much safer to use. Although codeine can be extracted from the opium poppy, the process is not feasible economically due to the low abundance of pure codeine in the plant. A chemical process of methylation of the much more abundant morphine is the main method of production.
Atropine is an alkaloid first found in Atropa belladonna, a member of the nightshade family. While atropine was first isolated in the 19th century, its medical use dates back to at least the fourth century B.C. where it was used for wounds, gout, and sleeplessness. Currently atropine is administered intravenously to treat bradycardia and as an antidote to organophosphate poisoning. Overdosing of atropine may lead to atropine poisoning which results in side effects such as blurred vision, nausea, lack of sweating, dry mouth and tachycardia.
Resveratrol is a phenolic compound of the flavonoid class. It is highly abundant in grapes, blueberries, raspberries and peanuts. It is commonly taken as a dietary supplement for extending life and reducing the risk of cancer and heart disease, however there is no strong evidence supporting its efficacy. Nevertheless, flavonoids are in general thought to have beneficial effects for humans. Certain studies shown that flavonoids have direct antibiotic activity. A number of in vitro and limited in vivo studies shown that flavonoids such as quercetin have synergistic activity with antibiotics and are able to suppress bacterial loads.
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside first derived by William Withering in 1785 from the foxglove (Digitalis) plant. It is typically used to treat heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or heart failure. Digoxin can, however, have side effects such as nausea, bradycardia, diarrhea or even life-threatening arrhythmia.
Fungal secondary metabolites
The three main classes of fungal secondary metabolites are: polyketides, nonribosomal peptides and terpenes. Although fungal secondary metabolites are not required for growth they play an essential role in survival of fungi in their ecological niche. The most known fungal secondary metabolite is penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Later in 1945, Fleming, alongside Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, received a Nobel Prize for its discovery which was pivotal in reducing the number of deaths in World War II by over 100,000.
Examples of other fungal secondary metabolites are:
Lovastatin, a polyketide from e.g. Pleurotus ostreatus, oyster mushrooms.
Aflatoxin B1, a polyketide from Aspergillus flavus.
Ciclosporin, a non-ribosomal cyclic peptide from Tolypocladium inflatum.
Lovastatin was the first FDA approved secondary metabolite to lower cholesterol levels. Lovastatin occurs naturally in low concentrations in oyster mushrooms, red yeast rice, and Pu-erh. Lovastatin's mode of action is competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, and a rate-limiting enzyme responsible for converting HMG-CoA to mevalonate.
Fungal secondary metabolites can also be dangerous to humans. Claviceps purpurea, a member of the ergot group of fungi typically growing on rye, results in death when ingested. The build-up of poisonous alkaloids found in C. purpurea lead to symptoms such as seizures and spasms, diarrhea, paresthesias, Itching, psychosis or gangrene. Currently, removal of ergot bodies requires putting the rye in brine solution with healthy grains sinking and infected floating.
Bacterial secondary metabolites
Bacterial production of secondary metabolites starts in the stationary phase as a consequence of lack of nutrients or in response to environmental stress. Secondary metabolite synthesis in bacteria is not essential for their growth, however, they allow them to better interact with their ecological niche. The main synthetic pathways of secondary metabolite production in bacteria are; b-lactam, oligosaccharide, shikimate, polyketide and non-ribosomal pathways. Many bacterial secondary metabolites are toxic to mammals. When secreted those poisonous compounds are known as exotoxins whereas those found in the prokaryotic cell wall are endotoxins.
An example of a bacterial secondary metabolite with a positive and negative effect on humans is botulinum toxin synthesised by Clostridium botulinum. This exotoxin often builds up in incorrectly canned foods and when ingested blocks cholinergic neurotransmission leading to muscle paralysis or death. However, botulinum toxin also has multiple medical uses such as treatment of muscle spasticity, migraine and cosmetics use.
Examples of other bacterial secondary metabolites are:
Phenazine
Pyocyanin, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Other phenazines from Pseudomonas ssp. and Streptomyces ssp.
Polyketides
Avermectin, from Streptomyces avermitilis.
Epothilones, macrolactones from the soil-dwelling myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum.
Erythromycin, Saccharopolyspora erythraea.
Nystatin, from Streptomyces noursei.
Rifamycin, from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica.
Nonribosomal peptides
Bacitracin, from Bacillus subtilis (Tracy strain).
Gramicidin, from Brevibacillus brevis.
Polymyxin, from Paenibacillus polymyxa.
Ramoplanin, from Actinoplanes strain ATCC 33076.
Teicoplanins, from Actinoplanes teicomyceticus.
Vancomycin, from the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis.
Ribosomal peptides
Microcins, bacteriocins such as microcin V from Escherichia coli.
Thiostrepton, from several strains of streptomycetes, e.g. Streptomyces azureus.
Glucosides
Nojirimycin, an iminosugar from a class of Streptomyces species.
Alkaloids
Tetrodotoxin, a neurotoxin produced by Pseudoalteromonas and other bacteria living in symbiosis with animals such as e.g. pufferfish.
Biotechnological approaches
Selective breeding was used as one of the first biotechnological techniques used to reduce the unwanted secondary metabolites in food, such as naringin causing bitterness in grapefruit. In some cases increasing the content of secondary metabolites in a plant is the desired outcome. Traditionally this was done using in-vitro plant tissue culture techniques which allow for: control of growth conditions, mitigate seasonality of plants or protect them from parasites and harmful-microbes. Synthesis of secondary metabolites can be further enhanced by introducing elicitors into a tissue plant culture, such as jasmonic acid, UV-B or ozone. These compounds induce stress onto a plant leading to increased production of secondary metabolites.
To further increase the yield of SMs new approaches have been developed. A novel approach used by Evolva uses recombinant yeast S. cerevisiae strains to produce secondary metabolites normally found in plants. The first successful chemical compound synthesised with Evolva was vanillin, widely used in the food beverage industry as flavouring. The process involves inserting the desired secondary metabolite gene into an artificial chromosome in the recombinant yeast leading to synthesis of vanillin. Currently Evolva produces a wide array of chemicals such as stevia, resveratrol or nootkatone.
Nagoya protocol
With the development of recombinant technologies the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity was signed in 2010. The protocol regulates the conservation and protection of genetic resources to prevent the exploitation of smaller and poorer countries. If genetic, protein or small molecule resources sourced from biodiverse countries become profitable a compensation scheme was put in place for the countries of origin.
See also
Chemical ecology
Hairy root culture, a strategy used in plant tissue culture to produce commercially viable quantities of valuable secondary metabolites
Plant physiology
Volatile Organic Compounds
References
External links
Chemical ecology
Ecology
Evolutionary biology | [
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226310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hindu | The Hindu | The Hindu is an English-language, Indian daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It began as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in 1889. It is one of the Indian newspapers of record and the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, after The Times of India. As of March 2018, The Hindu is published from 21 locations across 11 states of India.
History
The Hindu was founded in Madras on 20 September 1878 as a weekly newspaper, by what was known then as the Triplicane Six consisting of four law students and two teachers:- T. T. Rangacharya, P. V. Rangacharya, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu, led by G. Subramania Iyer (a school teacher from Tanjore district) and M. Veeraraghavacharyar, a lecturer at Pachaiyappa's College. Started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. Muthuswamy Iyer for a judgeship at the Madras High Court and to counter the campaign against him carried out by the Anglo-Indian press, The Hindu was one of the newspapers of the period established to protest the policies of the British Raj. About 100 copies of the inaugural issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown, on one rupee and twelve annas of borrowed money. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper.
The paper was initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved to Scottish Press, then to The Hindu Press, Mylapore. Started as a weekly newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883 and an evening daily in 1889. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas. The offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named "The National Press," which was established on borrowed capital as public subscriptions were not forthcoming. The building itself became The Hindus in 1892, after the Maharaja of Vizianagaram, Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, gave The National Press a loan both for the building and to carry out needed expansion.
'Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the 'Maha Vishnu of Mount Road'. "From the new address, 100 Mount Road, which was to remain The Hindu's home till 1939, there issued a quarto-size paper with a front-page full of advertisements—a practice that came to an end only in 1958 when it followed the lead of its idol, the pre-Thomson Times [London]—and three back pages also at the service of the advertiser. In between, there were more views than news." After 1887, when the annual session of Indian National Congress was held in Madras, the paper's coverage of national news increased significantly, and led to the paper becoming an evening daily starting 1 April 1889.
The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898. Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. Karunakara Menon the editor. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, which was down to 800 copies when the sole proprietor decided to sell out. The purchaser was The Hindus Legal Adviser from 1895, S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, a politically ambitious lawyer who had migrated from a Kumbakonam village to practise in Coimbatore and from thence to Madras. Iyengar's son, Kasturi Srinivasan, became managing editor of The Hindu upon his father's death in 1923 and Chief Editor in February 1934. The Kasturi family, descendants of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, have since owned and, through most of the paper's life, held the top editorial positions in the company.
Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, "It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial and lack objectivity. But it also depends on reader beliefs." N. Ram was appointed on 27 June 2003 as its editor-in-chief with a mandate to "improve the structures and other mechanisms to uphold and strengthen quality and objectivity in news reports and opinion pieces", authorised to "restructure the editorial framework and functions in line with the competitive environment". On 3 and 23 September 2003, the reader's letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. An editorial in August 2003 observed that the newspaper was affected by the 'editorialising as news reporting' virus, and expressed a determination to buck the trend, restore the professionally sound lines of demarcation, and strengthen objectivity and factuality in its coverage.
In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, a series of document-backed exclusives, set the terms of the national political discourse on this subject. The Bofors scandal broke in April 1987 with Swedish Radio alleging that bribes had been paid to top Indian political leaders, officials and Army officers in return for the Swedish arms manufacturing company winning a hefty contract with the Government of India for the purchase of 155 mm howitzers. During a six-month period, the newspaper published scores of copies of original papers that documented the secret payments, amounting to $50 million, into Swiss bank accounts, the agreements behind the payments, communications relating to the payments and the crisis response, and other material. The investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai. The scandal was a major embarrassment to the party in power at the centre, the Indian National Congress, and its leader Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The paper's editorial accused the Prime Minister of being party to massive fraud and cover-up.
In 1991, Deputy Editor N. Ravi, Ram's younger brother, replaced G. Kasturi as editor. Nirmala Lakshman, Kasturi Srinivasan's granddaughter and the first woman in the company to hold an editorial or managerial role, became Joint Editor of The Hindu and her sister, Malini Parthasarathy, Executive Editor.
In 2003, the Jayalalitha government of the state of Tamil Nadu, of which Chennai is the capital, filed cases against The Hindu for breach of privilege of the state legislative body. The move was perceived as a government's assault on freedom of the press. The paper garnered support from the journalistic community.
In 2010, The Indian Express reported a dispute within the publisher of The Hindu regarding the retirement age of the person working as the editor-in-chief, a post which was then being served by N. Ram. Following this report, Ram decided to sue The Indian Express for defamation, a charge which the Indian Express denied. N. Ravi and Malini Parthasarathy voiced concern about Ram's decision, saying that doing so goes against The Hindu’s values and that journalists shouldn’t fear “scrutiny”, respectively. During subsequent events, Parthasarathy tweeted that “issues relating to management of newspaper have come to the surface, including editorial direction” in her response to a question. Later, Parthasarathy called N. Ram and other The Hindu employees “stalinists”, alleging that they were trying to oust her from the newspaper.
In 2011, during the resignation of N. Ram, the newspaper became the subject of a succession battle between the members of the Kasturi family. Ram had appointed Siddharth Varadarajan as his successor as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper who justified the appointment on the ostensible basis of separation of ownership and management, which was opposed by N. Ravi as it deviated from the publication's tradition of family members retaining editorial control over it. Varadarajan was subsequently accused by the dissident family members of being left leaning and the matter of Varadarajan's appointment was brought in front of the board of directors of the parent company, Kasturi & Sons. During the dispute, Narasimhan Murali alleged that N. Ram ran The Hindu “like a banana republic, with cronyism and vested interests ruling the roost”. In the end the board voted 6–6 over a review of the appointment, the tie was broken by a deciding vote from Ram in his capacity as the chairman of the company and in favor of his decision.
In 2012, The Hindu became the only Indian newspaper to appoint a Readers Editor, an independent internal news ombudsman.
On 2 April 2013 The Hindu started "The Hindu in School" with S. Shivakumar as editor. This is a new edition for young readers, to be distributed through schools as part of The Hindu'''s "Newspaper in Education" programme. It covers the day's important news developments, features, sports, and regional news. On 16 September 2013, The Hindu group launched its Tamil edition with K. Ashokan as editor.
On 21 October 2013, changes have been made in Editorial as well as business of The Hindu. N. Ravi took over as Editor-in-chief of The Hindu and Malini Parthasarathy as Editor of The Hindu. As a consequence, Siddarth Varadarajan submitted his resignation. N. Ram has become Chairman of Kasturi & Sons Limited and Publisher of The Hindu and Group publications; and N. Murali, Co-chairman of the company.
During the 2015 South Indian floods, for the first time since its founding in 1878, the newspaper did not publish a print edition in Chennai market on 2 December, as workers were unable to reach the press building.
On 5 January 2016, Malini Parthasarathy, the Editor of the newspaper, resigned with immediate effect. It was reported by the media that she resigned her post, citing "general dissatisfaction" with her performance. However, she continues to be a Wholetime Director of Kasturi & Sons Ltd.
On October 7, 2019, The Hindu announced that "Two editorial meetings a month will be opened up to readers in order to expand conversations and build trust", a first in India's media industry.
The newspaper has foreign bureaus in eleven locations – Islamabad, Colombo, Dhaka, Kathmandu, Beijing, Moscow, Paris, Dubai, Washington, D.C., London, and most recently Addis Ababa.
A 2014 article in the Indian Journal of Pharmacology praised The Hindus ongoing journalism and critique of clinical trials in India.
Management
Over the course of its history, the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family has usually run The Hindu through the presence of family in editorial and business operations as well as on the Board. It was headed by G. Kasturi from 1965 to 1991, N. Ravi from 1991 to 2003, and by his brother, N. Ram, from 27 June 2003 to 18 January 2011.
As of 2010, there are 12 directors in the board of Kasturi & Sons.
Managing directors
M. Veeraraghavachariar (1878–1904)
S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar (1904–1923)
K. Srinivasan (1923–1959)
G. Narasimhan (1959–1977)
N. Ram (1977–2011)
K. Balaji (2011–2012)
Rajiv C. Lochan (2013- 2019)
L. V. Navaneeth (2019–present)
Editors
G. Subramania Iyer (1878–1898)
C. Karunakara Menon (1898–1905)
Kasturi Ranga Iyengar (1905–1923)
S. Rangaswami Iyengar (1923–1926)
K. Srinivasan (1926–1928)
A. Rangaswami Iyengar (1928–1934)
K. Srinivasan (1934–1959)
S. Parthasarathy (1959–1965)
G. Kasturi (1965–1991)
N. Ravi (1991–2003)
N. Ram (2003–2012)
Siddharth Varadarajan (2012–2013)
N. Ravi (2013–2015)
Malini Parthasarathy (2015–2016)
Mukund Padmanabhan (2016–2019)
Suresh Nambath (2019–present)
Online presenceThe Hindu was the first newspaper in India to have a website, launched in 1995.
On 15 August 2009, the 130-year-old newspaper launched the beta version of its redesigned website at beta.thehindu.com. This was the first redesign of its website since its launch. On 24 June 2010 the beta version of the website went fully live at www.thehindu.co.in.
Reviews
In 1965, The Times listed The Hindu as one of the world's ten best newspapers. Discussing each of its choices in separate articles, The Times wrote: "The Hindu takes the general seriousness to lengths of severity... published in Madras, it is the only newspaper which in spite of being published only in a provincial capital is regularly and attentively read in Delhi. It is read not only as a distant and authoritative voice on national affairs but as an expression of the most liberal—and least provincial—southern attitudes... Its Delhi Bureau gives it outstanding political and economic dispatches and it carries regular and frequent reports from all state capitals, so giving more news from states, other than its own, than most newspapers in India... It might fairly be described as a national voice with a southern accent. The Hindu can claim to be the most respected paper in India."
In 1968, the American Newspaper Publishers' Association awarded The Hindu its World Press Achievement Award. An extract from the citation reads:
"Throughout nearly a century of its publication The Hindu has exerted wide influence not only in Madras but throughout India. Conservative in both tone and appearance, it has wide appeal to the English-speaking segment of the population and wide readership among government officials and business leaders... The Hindu has provided its readers a broad and balanced news coverage, enterprising reporting and a sober and thoughtful comment... It has provided its country a model of journalistic excellence... It has fought for a greater measure of humanity for India and its people... and has not confined itself to a narrow chauvinism. Its Correspondents stationed in the major capitals of the world furnish The Hindu with world-wide news coverage... For its championing of reason over emotion, for its dedication to principle even in the face of criticism and popular disapproval, for its confidence in the future, it has earned the respect of its community, its country, and the world."
See also
The Hindu Business Line
Frontline magazine
The Hindu Group
List of newspapers in India
List of newspapers in India by readership
The Hindu Literary Prize
Lit for Life
Sportstar
References
Further reading
Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 162–69
Looking Back: The history of The Hindu'' as told by historian S. Muthiah.
External links
1878 establishments in India
Asian news websites
English-language newspapers published in India
Mass media in Chennai
National newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Chennai
Daily newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Kolkata
Publications established in 1878
The Hindu Group
Newspapers published in Coimbatore
Newspapers published in Tiruchirappalli
Newspapers published in Patna
Newspapers published in Bangalore
Newspapers published in Vijayawada | [
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226316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Western%20Australia | Coat of arms of Western Australia | The coat of arms of Western Australia is the official coat of arms of the Australian state of Western Australia. It was granted by a royal warrant of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia dated 17 March 1969.
Description
The shield has a silver (argent) field, with a rippled blue (azure) and silver (argent) base. A black swan in its natural colours swims on the upper blue ripple.
The crest is the Royal Crown in its proper colours on a wreath or torse of black (sable) and gold (or) between two kangaroo paw flowers in their natural colours of red and green.
The supporters are a red kangaroo on the dexter and sinister (the viewer's right and left) holding up the shield. They are each depicted 'proper', or in natural colours. Each kangaroo holds in their forepaw a boomerang without any marks or symbols on it, and they stand upon a grassy compartment.
There is no motto with the coat of arms.
The official blazon, or heraldic description is contained in the royal warrant, and reads: For Arms: Argent on a base wavy Azure charged with a barrulet wavy Argent a Black Swan naiant proper. And for Crest: On a Wreath Or and Sable The Royal Crown between two Kangaroo Paw (Anigosanthos Manglesii) flowers slipped proper. And for Supporters: On either side a Kangaroo holding in the exterior fore-paw a Boomerang proper.
The illustration in the royal warrant apparently shows the arms with helmet and mantling, but the Western Australian Government has been advised that "With the consent of the Garter Principal King of Arms, the Arms will be produced, for the use in Western Australia, in abbreviated form without the helmet and mantling. A helmet and mantling is depicted in correct heraldic form in the Warrant to conform to heraldic principles, but omission thereof for general usage is in line with the usage of the Commonwealth of Australia and of other Australian States".
Symbolism
The black swan was noted by all of the early European maritime explorers who sailed along the Western Australian coast. In 1697 the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh sailed into and named the 'Swaanerivier' after the birds. In 1826 the British explorer Captain James Stirling recorded seeing some 500 black swans flying over the Swan River. The British colony in Western Australia was popularly known as the Swan River Colony from its foundation in 1829 until the beginning of the convict era in 1850.
The black swan is the official bird emblem of Western Australia, although only formally adopted in 1973. It also as appears on the State Badge as a black swan silhouetted against a yellow disk. The badge is shown in the fly of the State Flag that was adopted in 1870, and revised in 1953. At the time of the badge's adoption, the colonial Governor, Frederick Weld, wrote that "This Colony at its commencement was usually known as the Swan River Settlement, and the Black Swan is represented upon its seal, and has always been considered as its special badge, or cognizance." The swan sits on a rippled blue and white base to depict it in its natural state, swimming on an estuary or lake.
The crown is representative of the monarchy in Australia, and the black and gold torse supporting the crown shows the colours of the state. A torse usually shows the principle colour and metal of the shield (blue and white), but in this case, the black and gold colours that have historically been associated with Western Australia since the adoption of the Colonial Badge in the 1870 are shown.
The kangaroo paw (Anigozanthos manglesii) flower is the official floral emblem of Western Australia, adopted in 1960, and together with the black and gold torse framing the Crown indicates the honour bestowed upon the state by the grant of arms, and emphasises the sovereignty and independence of Western Australia.
The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest kangaroo species, living in the state's inland and arid regions. Its natural habitat, combined with that of the black swan, covers almost the whole state and symbolically reflect the jurisdiction of the coat of arms. The red kangaroo is the species usually shown in Australian heraldry, for example the Australian and Northern Territory arms, although the New South Wales Arms has a mythical gold kangaroo as a supporter.
The lack of any designs or emblems on the boomerangs held by the kangaroos indicates their role in representing all of the Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia.
Although no motto was granted as part of the coat of arms, earlier heraldic-like emblems of Western Australia sometimes used a motto of "Cygnis insignis", which means "distinguished for swans", being a Latin pun on the swan emblem (cygnis being Latin for "swan"). 'Insignis' can also mean "remarkable", "outstanding" or "conspicuous" – all adjectives pointing to the long-standing association between Western Australia and the emblematic black swan. An early 20th century magazine devoted to Westralian poetry named Cygnet was published between 1913 and 1915; and the Western Australian essayist Sir Walter Murdoch wrote in 1930, quoting an unnamed poet:
Hail to Westralia!
Hail to its bigness!
Hail to its motto
"Cygnis insignis."
The symbolic black swan
'Westralia' is a contraction of 'Western Australia' often used self-referentially. Black swans have featured in much Westralian (or Western Australian) literature and art. The early colonist George Fletcher Moore included in his 1831 ballad So Western Australia for me the lines:
No lions or tigers are we dread to meet,
Our innocent quadrupeds hop on two feet;
No tithes and no taxes, we here have to pay,
And our geese are all swans, as some witty folk say.
D. H. Lawrence wrote nearly a century later in his 1925 story The Heritage:
Jack looked out at the road, but was much more enchanted by the full, soft river of heavenly blue water, on whose surface he looked eagerly for the black swans. He didn't see any.
"Oh yes! Oh, yes! You'll find em wild in their native state a little way up," said Mr Swallow.
The potency of the image of the black swan as a signifier of Westralian nationalism can be seen in this passage from Randolph Stow's Merry-go-Round in the Sea, published in 1965:
Perth was ancient ... And it was a very special city, cut off from other cities by sea and desert, so that there was not another city for two thousand miles. Among all Australian cities it had proved itself the most special, by a romantic act called the Secession, which the other cities had stuffily ignored.
Cinderella State, he thought, feeling indignant. That was the reason for the Secession. Because they had ignored his poor Cinderella State, all one million square miles of it.
Maybe after this war there'd be another war. Western Australia against the world, Black Swan flying.
'We shouldn't have gone to Parliament House,' his mother had remarked, 'it seems to have made you political.' ...
'When will Western Australia be free?' he wondered.
'I don't know,' said his mother. 'Perhaps when Bonnie Prince Charlie comes over.'
'Aww.' He grew disgusted at her flipancy.
Designer
The original heraldic artist who devised the arms is not known, although of the elements in the design have a long tradition of being used as symbols of the state, indicating some knowledge by the designer of Western Australian history and symbolism.
Legal status
The Western Australian Coats of Arms are Arms of Dominion and Sovereignty. The Arms are included in the description in section 3 of the Armorial Bearings Protection Act 1979 (see below) as "Arms of any part of Her Majesty's Dominions". Arms of Dominion and Sovereignty are the symbols of intangible public authority which belong to independent states and are used by their representatives (such as government agencies) and leaders.
The royal warrant granting the arms states that they are "to be borne for Our said State on Seals, Shields, Banners, Flags, or Otherwise ... according to the Laws of Arms", and are "to be used on seals, shields, banners or otherwise according to the Laws of Arms." These laws are derived from medieval English civil law, and relate to the authority to grant arms, and the regulation of their use, although the enforceability of these laws in Western Australia is unclear.
In 1979, the Western Australian Parliament passed the Armorial Bearings Protection Act 1979, which patriated the Law of Arms to some degree regarding the Western Australian state arms, although rather obliquely. The main purpose of the act is to prohibit the unauthorised reproduction of images of the arms.
The Armorial Bearings Protection Act only applies to "the Royal Arms or the Arms of any part of Her Majesty's Dominions" (Section 3 of the act). It has not patriated the Laws of Arms for personal, civic or corporate arms. Western Australian residents and corporate bodies wishing to obtain a grant of arms must continue to obtain such grants, and any protection for those grants, from foreign authorities.
See also
Black swan emblems and popular culture
Government of Western Australia
Heraldry
References
External links
WA Coat of Arms at the Department of the Premier & Cabinet web site
Armorial Bearings Protection Act 1979
Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia | [
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226317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20Tasmania | Coat of arms of Tasmania | The coat of arms of Tasmania is the official symbol of the Australian state and island of Tasmania. It was officially granted by King George V in May 1917. The shield features significant examples of Tasmanian industry: a sheaf of wheat, hops, a ram and apples. It is surmounted by a red lion that also features on the State badge. The shield is supported by two thylacines (Tasmanian tigers/wolves) with a motto beneath, Ubertas et Fidelitas, which is Latin for "Fertility and Faithfulness".
The formal description, or blazon, of the arms is: Quarterly Gules and barry wavy Argent and Azure a Fesse of the second charged with a Ram statant proper between in chief a Garb and a Thunderbolt and in base four Apples and a Branch of Hops all Or; For the Crest on a Wreath Argent and Gules: A Lion statant Gules resting the dexter forepaw on a Spade and a Pick-axe in saltire proper; And for Supporters, on either side A Tasmanian Tiger proper, with the Motto "Ubertas et Fidelitas".
The Tasmanian coat of arms is rarely seen nowadays, except on official government publications or in government buildings. It has been replaced for the most part by the new government logo of a Tasmanian tiger peeking through tall grass.
References
Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania | [
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226318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Northern%20Territory | Coat of arms of the Northern Territory | The coat of arms of the Northern Territory is the official heraldic symbol representing the Australian territory. They were officially granted by royal warrant of Queen Elizabeth II on 11 September 1978. The arms, uniquely in Australia, incorporate all of the territory's floral, animal and bird emblems: the Sturt's desert rose (Gossypium sturtianum), red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) and wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax).
The Northern Territory's arms incorporate many reflections of the indigenous Australian culture and history: the shield itself is a representation of an Aboriginal painting and the crest shows the wedge-tailed eagle on top of a tjurunga, an Aboriginal ritual stone.
Blazon
The formal description, or blazon, of the arms is:Tenny, representations in the Australian Aboriginal manner of an Arnhem Land rock painting of a woman with stylised internal anatomy between in dexter chief and base two symbolic representations of camp sites joined by journey or path markings in the manner of the Central Australian Aboriginals and in sinister chief and base the like, all Argent; And for the crest: upon a wreath a Wedgetailed Eagle wings elevated grasping with its talons an Australian Aboriginal stone Tjurunga proper; And for the supporters: On either side a Red Kangaroo guardant, that to the dexter holding in the dexter forepaw a Chiragra Spider Conch (Lambis Chiragra) and similarly that to the sinister in its sinister forepaw a True Heart Cockle (Corculum Carelissa); And for the Compartment: Growing from a Compartment comprising a grassy sandy mound Sturt’s Desert Roses as the same as depicted in the illustration.
References
Northern Territory Coat of Arms, Northern Territory Government
See also
Flag of the Northern Territory
Government of the Northern Territory
Coat of Arms of Nunavut, for another example of territorial arms reposing heavily on indigenous imagery
Northern Territory
Northern Territory
Northern Territory
Northern Territory | [
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226319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Australian%20Capital%20Territory | Coat of arms of the Australian Capital Territory | The coat of arms of the City of Canberra, also known as Armorial Bearings (Coat of Arms) of the City of Canberra, was granted to the Federal Capital Commission, its successors and the City of Canberra by King George V in 1928. It has been used by the Australian Capital Territory as its de facto coat of arms, as the territory does not have its own coat of arms. A modified version of this coat of arms also appears on the flag of the Australian Capital Territory since 1993.
Symbolism
The various symbols of the coat of arms are explained below:
The crown symbolises Royal authority;
The mace symbolises the Parliament of Australia;
The sword symbolises the Sword of State;
The castle has three towers, symbolising the three branches of government (executive, legislature and judiciary);
The White Rose is the badge of the Duke of York who opened the old Parliament of Australia building in 1927, and who would later be crowned as King George VI.
The crowned portcullis again symbolises the legislature (parliament), this being the traditional symbol of the Palace of Westminster, which houses the Parliament of the United Kingdom;
Behind the portcullis is a gum tree which represents the growth and progress of Canberra, and the fact that it is garden city;
The supporters are the Australian black swan, representing Aboriginal Australians, and the European white mute swan, representing white settlers;
The motto is "For the Queen, the Law and the People", the English translation of "Pro Rege, Lege et Grege", which is found on the arms of the city of Perth, Scotland, as well as those of the Ponsonby family.
History
The creation of the Coat of Arms of the City of Canberra originated from a request by the Commonwealth Department of Defence to the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and Territories in July 1927. The request was made so that the Coat of Arms could be used on the newly commissioned ship, HMAS Canberra. In August 1927, the Federal Capital Commissioners (FCC) announced a competition to design a Coat of Arms for the FCC and for the City of Canberra.
The Federal Capital Commission (FCC) commenced the competition to design a coat of arms for the City of Canberra in 1928.
In April 1928, the design of one Mr C. R. Wylie, having won the competition, was sent to the College of Arms, in London, for approval. The coat of arms at this stage did not include a motto. After minor adjustments, King George V granted the design in pursuance of a Royal Warrant dated 8 October 1928. The College of Arms issued the official exemplification (artistic rendition) and blazon (description) on 7 November 1928, along with a crest.
Coat of Arms of the Australian Capital Territory
There is currently no coat of arms for the Australian Capital Territory, so instead, the coat of arms of the City of Canberra is often used in place as the territory coat of arms. However, in March 2019, following the adoption of the Southern Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby as the mammal emblem for the territory, the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly is also considering the idea of a separate ACT Coat of Arms. It is intended that the new ACT coat of arms be created in addition to the existing Canberra coat of arms.
References
External links
ACT Flags and Emblems
Archives of ACT
Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory | [
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226320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Western%20Australia | Flag of Western Australia | The flag of Western Australia consists of a Blue Ensign defaced with the badge of the state. Adopted in 1953 to replace a similar design used from the time when the state was still a British colony, it has been the flag of Western Australia since 3 November of that year. The design of the present flag entailed reversing the direction of the black swan so that it faced towards the hoist. This was done in order to adhere to vexillological convention. Western Australia's flag is similar to the flags of the other five Australian states, which are also Blue Ensigns with their respective state badges. When flown with those state flags and the national flag, it is sixth in the order of precedence. This is indicative of its position on the Commonwealth Coat of Arms.
History
The first confirmed European sighting of the western coast of Australia was made by the Dutch East India Company in the early 1600s. During an expedition in January 1697 to what is now Cottesloe, Willem de Vlamingh observed black swans in habitation at the estuary of the river there. He consequently named this body of water the Swan River (Zwaanenrivier in Dutch). However, the Dutch abandoned aspirations to annex the area, having discerned poor prospects for trade or colonisation. The British later established settlements at Fremantle and Perth in June 1829. These were collectively called the Swan River Colony.
The black swan soon became the unofficial symbol of the territory. For instance, it was depicted on its banknotes, which began circulating several years after the establishment of the colony. The bird was also featured on the Swan River Guardian, the settlement's first newspaper, as well as the inaugural issue of the Western Australian Government Gazette. Both of these were first printed in 1836. It was subsequently portrayed on the first postage stamps issued by the colony in 1854.
An Order in Council was promulgated on 17 August 1869, instructing British colonial governors to fly the British ensign defaced with the coat of arms or badge of the territory. On 3 January of the following year, Frederick Weld, the Governor of Western Australia, put forward a proposed design of the badge that depicted a black swan on a yellow backdrop. His reasoning for this sketch was that the colony "at its commencement was usually known as the Swan River Settlement, and the Black Swan is represented upon its seal, and has always been considered as its special badge, or cognizance". The design was officially confirmed in a despatch bearing the date of 27 November 1875 by his successor, William C. F. Robinson. It was retained as the flag of the new state of Western Australia after the Federation of Australia in 1901.
Representatives from the College of Arms in London noted in 1936 that the direction of the swan was out of place. Vexillological convention dictates that all objects on a flag should face towards the hoist, which is the "point of honour". However, nothing was done to address this irregularity until the run-up to the royal visit in 1954. The issue was brought before the Parliament of Western Australia and the direction of the swan was corrected on 3 November 1953.
Design
Description
The flag of Western Australia has an aspect ratio of 1:2. The official colour scheme, according to the website of the Government of Western Australia, follows the Pantone Matching System as indicated below. The colour numbers for the flag's black and white shades are not specified.
Symbolism
The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The Blue Ensign is a conspicuous symbol of Great Britain, Australia's mother country. Consequently, it is preserved on the flags of all six Australian states, with their badges in the fly being the sole difference between them. The black swan alludes to the state of Western Australia itself. It is native to the state, and lent its name to the Swan River Colony (the precursor to modern-day Western Australia). It was subsequently adopted as the bird emblem of the state on 25 July 1973. The black swan has come to be employed as a representation of "an Australian nationalistic identity against the English imperialist master", according to the author Rodney James Giblett.
Protocol
Advice regarding flag etiquette is the responsibility of the state's Department of the Premier and Cabinet. When flown together with the flag of Australia and the other state and territorial flags, the flag of Western Australia is sixth in the hierarchical order (after the national flag and, in descending order of precedence, the flags of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia). This reflects the position of its state badge on the shield of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, where it appears as the fifth quarter on the second row.
The guidelines state that the flag is not to touch the ground, nor should it be flown on the same flagpole that displays another flag. It ought to be hoisted not before first light and lowered not later than dusk, unless the flag is illuminated at night. The only exception to this is if the state flag is flown at half-mast, in which case it is never to be flown throughout the night, regardless of whether it would be illuminated. It is not to be displayed in an inverted manner, even if this is intended to serve as a distress signal.
Variants
See also
Flags of the Governors of the Australian states
List of Australian flags
Notes
References
External links
1953 establishments in Australia
Flags introduced in 1953
Flag
Flags of Australian states and territories
Blue Ensigns
Flags displaying animals
Black swans | [
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226321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Tasmania | Flag of Tasmania | The current state flag of Tasmania was officially adopted following a proclamation by Tasmanian colonial Governor Sir Frederick Weld on 25 September 1876, and was first published in the Tasmanian Gazette the same day. The governor's proclamation here were three official flags, they being the Governor's flag, the Tasmania Government vessel flag, and a Tasmania merchant flag. Up until 1856 when Tasmania was granted responsible self-government, the Union flag and the British ensign were primarily used on state occasions.
The flag consists of a defaced British Blue Ensign with the state badge located in the fly. The badge is a white disk with a red lion passant in the centre of the disk. There is no official record of how the lion came to be included on the flag, but it is assumed that the red lion is a reference to Great Britain. This flag has remained almost unchanged since 1875, with only a slight change of the style of the lion when the flag was officially adopted by the government in 1975, although this was a mistake, as it had already been officially gazetted by the colonial government in 1876.
History
Following the establishment of permanent British sovereign possession of the lands of Tasmania. Tasmania was granted responsible self-government in 1856, but the colony did not receive its own flag until Queen Victoria had first proposed on 7 August 1869, that the colony of Tasmania (and the other Australian colonies) should adopt a Union flag defaced in the centre with the State Badge. Prior to the official adoption of a local flag, an unofficial merchant ensign was occasionally used:
The first local flag of Tasmania was adopted by proclamation of Tasmanian colonial Governor Sir Frederick Weld on 9 November 1875. The flag had a white cross on a blue field, in the canton was the Union Flag, and in the fly was five five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross. The British Blue Ensign and Red Ensign (for use respectively by government vessels and by those privately owned) were to have a white cross added. At the fly end of each flag, a Southern Cross was to be formed of white stars added above and below the horizontal arm of the cross. Two weeks later, on 23 November, those flags were officially abandoned because Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London made it clear that only a single badge could be placed at the fly end of the ensign, as set out by rule of the British Admiralty.
A year later the Tasmanian government decided, with the British Admiralty's approval, that the badge for the colony would be a red lion on a white disk. Originally the lion was to be gold in colour, above a golden torse, which the new flag omitted in favour of a more traditional red.
A British Blue Ensign with the badge served Tasmanian government vessels, and privately owned vessels were to fly an un-defaced British Red Ensign. After Tasmania became a state on 1 January 1901, the Tasmanian Blue Ensign was rarely used and was reserved for official purposes. Most vessels soon preferred to fly the Australian Red Ensign.
On 3 December 1975, a government proclamation by Governor Sir Stanley Burbury, and endorsed by Premier Bill Neilson established it as the official Tasmanian flag, although it had technically already been 'officially' adopted when it was gazetted in 1876. Since that time it has been acceptable for private citizens to use the flag, although it is uncommon to see them doing so.
Controversy
It has been suggested that the Tasmanian state flag is not representative of the island, and should be changed to something more suitable. The impetus to change the state flag is a part of the broader push to change the national flag of Australia.
On 8 June 2020, online news website Tasmanian Times launched a public competition calling for designs to replace the existing flag.
Devices
The flag of Tasmania has two distinct symbols, the Union Flag (also known as the Union Jack), and the State Badge of Tasmania.
As with the flag of Australia, the Union Flag is thought locally to symbolise Australia's history as six British colonies and the principles upon which the Australian Federation is based, Australian Flag Society although a more historic view sees its inclusion in the design as demonstrating loyalty to the British Empire.
Construction
Unlike the national flag, the flag of Tasmania is not enshrined and protected by any acts of state or Commonwealth government. As a result, there are no official legal requirements for the construction of the flag of Tasmania. However, tradition and decorum dictate that is should be:
the Union Jack occupying the upper quarter next the staff;
the fly is to be wholly blue, in line with the British Blue Ensign;
the State Badge is to be situated with its centre halfway between the edge of the canton and the end of the fly, and a third of the distance from the bottom of the flag;
Colours
The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been given the same Pantone specifications as the national flag. The Australian Government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers also gives CMYK and RGB specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively.
Governor's flag
The Governor of Tasmania, being the representative of the Tasmanian head of state, the Queen of Australia, is officially granted a flag for use on all official occasions. It is identical in design and construction to the flag of Tasmania, except that it features a St. Edward's Crown above the badge to represent vice-regal power.
When the Governor of Tasmania is resident at Government House it is flown from the roof, and it is also used as a car flag. The Governor of Tasmania's flag was officially adopted in February 1977 by an act of the Parliament of Tasmania.
See also
Coat of arms of Tasmania
List of Australian flags
Flags of the Governors of the Australian states
Notes
External links
Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania
Tasmania
1876 establishments in Australia
Tasmania
Flags displaying animals | [
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] |
226323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20South%20Australia | Flag of South Australia | The current state flag of South Australia, was officially adopted by the government of South Australia in 1904.
The flag is based on the defaced British Blue Ensign with the state badge located in the fly. The badge is a gold disc featuring a piping shrike with its wings outstretched. The badge is believed to have been originally designed by Robert Craig, a teacher at the School of Arts in Adelaide, and officially gazetted on 14 January 1904.
Previous flags
The first flag of South Australia was adopted in 1870. It too was a defaced British Blue Ensign but with a black disc in the fly containing the Southern Cross and the two pointers (Alpha and Beta Centauri).
South Australia then adopted a second flag in 1876, also a Blue Ensign, with a new badge. The badge design was an artistic rendition of the arrival of Britannia (a white woman in flowing garb and holding a shield, representing the new settlers) meeting an Aboriginal sitting with a spear on a rocky shoreline. A kangaroo appears to be carved into the rocks behind the Aboriginal. This flag was adopted after a request from the Colonial Office for a new design over the old one due to its similarity to the flags of New Zealand and Victoria.
Proposal for a new flag
On 29 October 2016, a motion to adopt a new, "more multicultural" state flag was passed at the South Australian Labor Party conference. The State Government did not act on this proposal before Labor lost office at the 2018 state election.
Governor's flag
The Governor of South Australia, being the representative of the South Australian head of state, the Queen of Australia, is officially granted a flag for use on all official occasions. It is identical in design and construction to the flag of South Australia, except that it features a St. Edward's Crown above the badge to represent vice-regal power.
See also
Coat of arms of South Australia
List of Australian flags
Flags of the Governors of the Australian states
References
External links
The State Flag of South Australia
1870 flag
1904 establishments in Australia
Flags introduced in 1904
Emblems of South Australia
South Australia
South Australia
Society in South Australia
Flags displaying animals | [
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226325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Northern%20Territory | Flag of the Northern Territory | The current state flag of the Northern Territory was officially adopted by the Northern Territory, Australia, in 1978. The Northern Territory has been in existence since 1911, but did not hoist its first flag until self-government in 1978.
History
The flag of the Northern Territory was officially acknowledged and raised for the first time in a ceremony celebrating self-government, on the esplanade in Darwin, the Territorial capital, on 1 July 1978. The ceremony was further acknowledged by a 19-gun salute from HMAS Derwent. As the Northern Territory never had colonial status or a prior flag, it was decided that an original design would be created. The flag was designed by Robert Ingpen, a prominent artist originally from Drysdale, Victoria. Ingpen used a number of designs suggested by the public as a basis for his final design.
Design
The flag differs from the flags of the Australian states as it does not include the British Blue Ensign. The flag of the Australian Capital Territory adopted 15 years later is similar in design. The flag's colours consist of the official Territorian colours of black, white and ochre (making it the only flag among Australia's states and territories not to feature the colour blue). The Southern Cross appears as five white stars on a black panel at the hoist. In the fly of the flag is a stylised Sturt's Desert Rose, the territory's floral emblem since 1961, with seven white petals and a black seven-pointed core. The seven white petals represent the six Australian States and the Northern Territory.
See also
Coat of arms of the Northern Territory
List of Australian flags
References
3. Northern Territory Government. (2019) The NT Flag. Retrieved 13 July 2019. https://nt.gov.au/about-government/the-nt-flag
External links
Southern Cross flags
Northern Territory
Northern Territory
1978 establishments in Australia
Northern Territory | [
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226327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Australian%20Capital%20Territory | Flag of the Australian Capital Territory | The current flag of the Australian Capital Territory was officially adopted by the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly in 1993.
The flag differs from the Australian state flags as it is not a defaced Blue Ensign. It is similar in design to the flag of the Northern Territory. The flag uses the Canberra city colours of blue and gold (which also happen to be the heraldic colours of Australia). The Southern Cross appears as five white stars on a blue panel at the hoist, whilst in the centre of the goldfield in the fly is the modified Coat of arms of the city of Canberra. The flag was designed by Ivo Ostyn.
History and adoption
Even though the Australian Capital Territory has existed since 1909 and was given self-government in 1989, it had never had a flag of its own. In 1988 and 1992 community competitions for a proposed new flag were held, in which artists and residents of the ACT could put forth their designs for the new flag. The 1988 competition, undertaken by radio station 2CC, was won by then-Chisholm resident Ivo Ostyn with a representation of the then-recently erected flagpole of New Parliament House within a circle on a dark background. The 1992 competition was undertaken by newspaper The Canberra Times.
In 1993, following a 1992 motion by Opposition leader Trevor Kaine, the ACT Government commenced a process to develop and select an ACT flag. The ACT Government selected four options and surveyed the public between 19 February and 5 March 1993 to find the public's preference.
The Southern Cross and modified form of the Canberra city coat of arms received 12,624 votes compared to a stylised Brindabella range which received 10,681 votes. A motion in the Legislative Assembly to declare the flag to be the flag of the ACT was resolved in the affirmative at midday, 25 March 1993. The flag selected was designed by Ivo Ostyn, who had won the 1988 design competition and had been involved in the 1992-1993 process. In later years Ostyn spoke against his creation, indicating his preference for a simpler flag that did not bear the Canberra coat of arms.
In 2020, the ACT Government commenced a process to develop a coat of arms for the ACT. The development of a territory coat of arms will not automatically replace the city coat of arms that appears on the current flag.
See also
Coat of arms of the Australian Capital Territory
List of Australian flags
References
External links
1993 establishments in Australia
Flags introduced in 1993
Flags of Australian states and territories
Flag
Southern Cross flags
Flags displaying animals | [
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226331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20Rain%20%28film%29 | Purple Rain (film) | Purple Rain is a 1984 American rock musical drama film scored by and starring Prince in his acting debut. Developed to showcase his talents, it contains several concert sequences, featuring Prince and his band The Revolution. The film is directed by Albert Magnoli, who later became Prince's manager, from a screenplay by Magnoli and William Blinn. The cast also features Apollonia Kotero, Morris Day, and Clarence Williams III.
Principal photography took place almost entirely in Minneapolis: the film features many local landmarks, including the Crystal Court of the IDS Center and the legendary First Avenue nightclub, which was paid $100,000 for the club being used during filming; it was closed for 25 days. Also some of the scenes of First Avenue were shot at The Wiltern in Los Angeles.
Purple Rain grossed over $72 million worldwide, against its $7.2 million budget. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. In 2019, the film was added by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Publications and critics have regarded Purple Rain as one of the greatest musical films.
Purple Rain was supported with its soundtrack album of the same name, which featured two US chart-topping singles, "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy", as well as the number-two hit "Purple Rain". The soundtrack is certified 13x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and has sold over 25 million copies worldwide.
Plot
The Kid is the talented but troubled frontman of his Minneapolis-based band, The Revolution. To escape his difficult home life—his father verbally and physically abuses him and his mother—he spends his days rehearsing and his nights performing at the First Avenue nightclub. The Revolution, the flashy Morris Day and his group The Time, and Dez Dickerson and his group The Modernaires hold the nightclub's three house band slots. Morris, aware that The Revolution's guitarist Wendy and keyboardist Lisa are frustrated that The Kid is unwilling to play their compositions, lobbies Billy Sparks, the club's owner, to replace The Revolution with a girl group which Morris is already forming. He targets the Kid's girlfriend Apollonia—an aspiring singer and new arrival in Minneapolis—to lead his group, and tries to persuade her that The Kid won't help her because he's too focused on himself. She eventually joins Morris's group, which Morris names Apollonia 6. When she reveals her newfound partnership to the Kid, he becomes furious and slaps her, as his father had struck him earlier.
At the club, The Kid responds to the internal band strife, the pressure to draw more crowds, and his strained private life with the uncomfortably personal "Darling Nikki". His performance publicly humiliates Apollonia, who runs off in tears, and angers both Morris and Billy, worsening his situation. Billy confronts the Kid, castigating him for bringing his personal life onto the stage and warning him that he's wasting his musical talent as his father did. Apollonia 6 successfully debuts, and Billy warns the Kid that his First Avenue slot is at risk. The Kid seizes Apollonia from a drunken Morris and the two argue and fight; Apollonia then abandons him. Returning home, he finds the house in tatters, with his mother nowhere to be found. When he turns on the basement light, his father—who had been lurking in the basement with a loaded handgun—shoots himself in the head. Frenzied after a night of torment, the Kid tears apart the basement to release his frustration, only to find a large box of his father's musical compositions. The next morning, the Kid picks up a cassette tape of one of Wendy and Lisa's compositions, a rhythm track named "Slow Groove", and begins to compose.
That night at First Avenue, all is quiet in The Revolution's dressing room until The Time stops by to taunt the Kid about his family life. Once on stage, the Kid announces that he will be playing "a song the girls in the band wrote", dedicated to his father—revealed to be "Purple Rain". As the emotional song ends, the Kid rushes from the stage and out the back door of the club, intending to ride away on his motorcycle. However, before he can mount it, he realizes that his new song has thrilled the crowd. The Kid returns to the club, with his fellow musicians greeting him with approval and a teary-eyed Apollonia embracing him. The Kid returns to the stage for two encores with The Revolution, to the wild approval of the crowd (even Morris); overlaid scenes show the Kid visiting his father and mother in the hospital and sorting his father's compositions in the basement, accompanied by Apollonia. A montage of all the songs plays as the credits roll.
Cast
Prince as The Kid
Apollonia Kotero as Apollonia
Morris E. Day as himself
Olga Karlatos as Mother
Clarence Williams III as Father, a.k.a. "Francis L."
Jerome Benton as Jerome
Billy Sparks as Billy
Jill Jones as Jill
Dez Dickerson as Dez
Wendy Melvoin as Wendy
Lisa Coleman as Lisa
The Revolution as themselves
The Time as themselves
Apollonia 6 as themselves
Production
Development
After the success of his album 1999, Prince confronted Cavallo and told him he would not renew his contract with him unless he got to star in a studio film. Every studio they had met with rejected the premise of a musician-led film, leading Cavallo to produce the film himself. Prince spent months writing down the basic plot points of the film, and Cavallo commissioned Blinn to write the script. Blinn's original script, titled Dreams, was much darker. Reckless director James Foley was offered to direct the film, but was not interested and instead passed it on to his editor Magnoli, who disliked Blinn's script for lacking "truth", and was then hired to direct and edit after delivering a pitch on the spot to Cavallo.
Prince intended to cast Vanity, leader of the girl group Vanity 6, but she left the group before filming began. Her role was initially offered to Jennifer Beals (who turned it down because she wanted to concentrate on college) before going to Kotero, who was then virtually unknown. Prince had seen her appearance on the February 1983 episode of Tales of the Gold Monkey, in which she played a saucy island girl (inspired by Jamie Muller, the only person who Prince trusted to cut the grass of his Minnesota home at the time of filming) who was sleeping with a German man of the cloth. Excluding Prince and his onscreen parents, almost every character in the movie is named after the actor who plays him or her.
After the character change from Vanity to Apollonia, the script was drastically revised, and many dark scenes were cut. Some of these scenes include Prince and Apollonia having sex in a barn (a concept which was the story behind the 1985 song "Raspberry Beret"); Prince going to Apollonia 6's rehearsal and physically fighting with the members of The Time; and a scene which featured Prince's mother talking to him about her shaky relationship with his father. In addition, many scenes such as the "Lake Minnetonka" scene, Apollonia first meeting Morris, and the railyard scene were cut down because of time constraints. Many clips from these scenes were featured, however, in the trailer for the movie as well as the "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" montage.
Although Warner Bros. considered the film "outrageous" at the time, it was accepted for distribution after an internal debate. Music industry PR man Howard Bloom advocated for it.
Filming
Principal photography took place almost entirely in Minneapolis: the film features many local landmarks, including the Crystal Court of the IDS Center (also shown in segments of the opening credits to The Mary Tyler Moore Show) and the legendary First Avenue nightclub, which was paid $100,000 for usage during filming and was closed for 25 days.
The Huntington Hotel, where Apollonia stayed, is located on Main Street in downtown Los Angeles. In the film, it is supposed to be across the street from First Avenue. In the film, Prince rides a customized Hondamatic Honda CM400A motorcycle.
During production, Magnoli asked Prince to write one more song that touched on the themes of the film. The following day, Prince already had the song, "When Doves Cry", fully produced.
Radio station KDAN was featured.
Music
The film is tied into the album of the same name, which spawned two chart-topping singles, "When Doves Cry" and the opening number "Let's Go Crazy", as well as "Purple Rain", which reached number two. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. The soundtrack sold over 15 million copies in America alone, and 25 million worldwide. The film also coincided with spin-off albums by The Time (Ice Cream Castle) and Apollonia 6 (their self-titled album).
"Let's Go Crazy" – Prince and the Revolution
"Jungle Love" – The Time
"Take Me with U" – Prince and the Revolution featuring Apollonia
"Modernaire" – Dez Dickerson and the Modernaires
"Possessed" – Prince and the Revolution
"The Beautiful Ones" – Prince and the Revolution
"God (Love Theme from Purple Rain)" – Prince
"When Doves Cry" – Prince
“Father’s Song” - Prince
"Computer Blue" – Prince and the Revolution
"Darling Nikki" – Prince and the Revolution
"Sex Shooter" – Apollonia 6
"The Bird" – The Time
"Purple Rain" – Prince and the Revolution
"I Would Die 4 U" – Prince and the Revolution
"Baby I'm a Star" – Prince and the Revolution
Release
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 70% rating based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 6.39/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Purple Rain makes for undeniably uneven cinema, but it's held together by its star's singular charisma – not to mention a slew of classic songs." On Metacritic, it has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Box office
The film was commercially successful, grossing $68,392,977 in the United States.
Home media
Warner Home Video first released Purple Rain on video in 1984 while the film was still in theaters. At the time it was one of the first major releases to be sold at the lower listed price of $29.95 in the United States. It shipped 435,000 units. It was released on DVD in 1999. The film was first released on Blu-ray on July 24, 2007 and was released on Blu-ray again with a new remaster on October 4, 2016, as part of the Prince Movie Collection.
Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"Let's Go Crazy" – Nominated
2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated
Legacy
Purple Rain is the only feature film that Prince starred in but did not direct. A standalone sequel, Graffiti Bridge, was released in 1990.
After Prince's death on April 21, 2016, MTV aired the film following a music video marathon. VH1 also showed the movie the same night, as well as throughout the next couple of days.
Theater chains AMC and Carmike held tribute screenings of the film at a limited number of theaters the following week, from April 27 to May 1, 2016.
A Tuareg-language homage to the film, entitled Akounak Tedalat Taha Tazoughai, which translates as "Rain the Color of Blue with a Little Red In It", was released in 2015 and stars the Nigerien guitarist Mdou Moctar. Eminem's feature film, 8 Mile, which is loosely based on his life, also is often compared to Purple Rain.
Eight months before his death, Prince purchased the house of “The Kid” in Minneapolis. Located on Snelling Avenue in the Longfellow community, it was used for exterior scenes in the movie. The house, which the Prince estate owns, is a popular tourist destination for fans of the film.
References
External links
Prince (musician)
1984 films
1980s musical drama films
American neo-noir films
American films
American musical drama films
American rock music films
American rock musicals
1980s English-language films
Films about interracial romance
Films about musical groups
Films directed by Albert Magnoli
Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award
Films set in Minnesota
Films shot in Minnesota
Warner Bros. films
Films about domestic violence
Films scored by Michel Colombier
United States National Film Registry films
1984 directorial debut films
1984 drama films | [
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226332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C4%8D | Brač | Brač (; local Chakavian: Broč, ; , ; ) is an island in the Adriatic Sea within Croatia, with an area of , making it the largest island in Dalmatia, and the third largest in the Adriatic. It is separated from the mainland by the Brač Channel, which is wide. The island's tallest peak, Vidova gora, or Mount St. Vid, stands at 780 m, making it the highest island point of the Adriatic islands. The island has a population of 13,931, living in numerous settlements, ranging from the main town Supetar, with more than 3,400 inhabitants, to Murvica, where less than two dozen people live. Brač Airport on Brač is the largest airport of all islands surrounding Split.
History
Archaeological findings in the Kopačina cave between Supetar and Donji Humac have been dated to the 12th millennium BC. These are some of the oldest traces of human habitation in Croatia. The findings show that the cave has been inhabited until the 3rd millennium BC (although not continuously). Some of the artefacts have originated in the Dalmatian hinterland, showing that Brač was part of a trade network with the mainland. In the Bronze Age and Iron Age, numerous villages existed.
In the 4th century BC Greek colonisation spread over many Adriatic islands and along the coast, but none of them on Brač. Nevertheless, Greeks visited the island and also traded with the Illyrian inhabitants. The Greek name of the island was Elaphousa, apparently derived from elaphos "stag". Based on this, it has been speculated that the original name of the island may have been derived from Messapic *brentos "stag". Polybius and Plinius record the name of the island as Brattia.
Brač lay on the crossroads of several trade routes from Salona (today Solin) to Issa (today Vis) and the Po River.
Greek artifacts were found in the bay of Vičja near Ložišća on the estate of the Rakela-Bugre brothers. Many of the objects belonging to this still unexamined site are now on display in the Archeological Museum of Split.
Dalmatia fell under Roman rule in AD 9.
Salona became the capital of the new province and, probably because of its proximity to Salona, significant population centers were present on the island in the Roman period.
Signs of Roman habitation are still widespread, but they usually are limited to single Roman villas, cisterns, and especially early quarries between Škrip and Splitska. Splitska also became the most important harbour to carry stone to Salona and the whole of Dalmatia. Diocletian's Palace, which later became Split, was largely built with limestone that was quarried on Brač. Also agriculture, especially wine and olives, began in the same era.
After the destruction of Salona by Avars and Slavs, Brač became a refuge. Tradition has it that Škrip was founded by refugee Salonans, but the town is actually much older than that.
In 872, the island was sacked by Saracen raiders.
From 1268 to 1357 the island recognised the supremacy of the Republic of Venice, and after that they bowed to the Kingdom of Hungary. In the summer of 1390, together with the whole region, they accepted the rule of the Bosnian King Tvrtko Kotromanić, who died the next year. Soon after his death, Hungary claimed the island again. In this whole period, they kept their basic autonomy and old structures - the island was never rich or strategically interesting enough to justify serious intervention. Local nobility administered and ruled Brač and the seat of the council was Nerežišća in the island's center. The leader was selected from the noble families. Only in 1420 did the Venetian Republic reclaim the island, finally sending a representative to assume rule over it.
The Black Death hit Brač from 1434 to 1436. For 1405, Hranković mentions in his chronicles that Brač has a population of 6,000 - but after the pandemic, only 2,000 people were still living on the island. The population recovered in the following years quickly, with many people moving in from the main land and the population also spreading from the inner parts of the island to the coast, where some of the old pre-Croatian settlements were resettled again. During this time, the Bosnian realm fell to the Ottoman Empire and many refugees settled on the islands, especially on Brač. Many towns were founded in that time and the population began moving from the interior of the island to its coast: to Bol, Milna, Postira, Povlja, Pučišća, Splitska, Sumartin, Supetar i Sutivan. Venice ruled for more than four centuries, until 1797, when the Habsburg Monarchy annexed most of its territory in a deal with Napoleonic France. The official language was Latin.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Brač was conquered by the French Empire for a short time in 1806. In 1807, Prince-Bishop Petar I Njegoš of Montenegro managed to seize Brač with the help of the Russian navy, however already at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the island was returned to the Austrian Empire. In 1827, the administrative center of Brač moved from Nerežišća to Supetar. Brač was incorporated into the Austrian crownland of Dalmatia from and became a part of Cisleithania of the Monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867. After the fall of Austria-Hungary 1918, Brač became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or Yugoslavia since 1929. In 1939 an autonomous Croatian Banate was created that included the island.
The population of the island drastically decreased in the beginning of the 20th century due to heavy emigration, mostly to Latin America, especially Argentina and Chile, and to New Zealand and Australia. The emigration continued during the whole century, only later generations preferring to move to European countries, especially Germany. Among others, the Chilean writer Antonio Skármeta is descended from such immigrants.
In 1941 Italian forces occupied the island. In the mountainous regions of the island, native rebels fought a quite effective guerrilla war, but the occupiers answered harshly with arrests and executions. After the Italian capitulation in 1943, German troops occupied the island on January 12 and 13 of 1944, but in July they were defeated and the island was freed. As part of Croatia it became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, until Croatia gained its independence in 1991, receiving recognition in 1992. The Croatian War of Independence was barely fought on the island (there was a brief bombing of Milna), but the aftermath of the war, especially the loss in tourism, was disastrous for the island. Only now is the island regenerating from the decade-long drainage of its most important revenue.
Economy
The economy of Brač is based mostly on tourism, but fishing and agriculture (especially wine and olives) are very important too, as is its precious white stone which was used in building Diocletian's Palace in Split and the Canadian National Vimy Memorial. Very widespread is also the claim that it was used in the White House in Washington, D.C. Historically, Brač was famous for goats; even Pliny comments that from the island of Brattia (the Latin name for the island) comes excellent cheese, wine and olive oil.
Administration and settlements
The island is administratively divided into one city and seven municipalities, including the twenty-two settlements. Population numbers are given per 2021 census. The island is part of the Split-Dalmatia County, but is not represented there as a whole, only through its city and municipalities.
The division into eight municipalities and cities happened after the reorganization of Croatia following Croatian independence in 1991. Before that, Brač was a single municipality (općina) in Yugoslavia with Supetar as the seat of the municipality. Still today, many of the administrative duties for the other seven municipalities are delegated to the city of Supetar.
Historically, Nerežišća used to be the administrative and governmental center of the island, and only in 1827 was this role given to Supetar by the Austro-Hungarian administration. The island was divided into 21 cadastral communities by the Austro-Hungarian administration - corresponding to the currently existing settlements besides Ložišća, which was a part of Bobovišća. These cadastral communities were mostly preexisting administrative units and not introduced by the Austro-Hungarians.
Other places of interest are the Blaca hermitage and Drakonjina špilja.
See also
10645 Brač, asteroid
Literature
Prirodne osnove otoka Brača, Bračni zbornik, vol. 14, Ivo Marinković, ed., SIZ za kulturu općine Brač, Supetar, 1984
Povijest otoka Brača, Dasen Vrsalovic, Publisher: Skupština općine Brač, Savjet za prosvjetu i kulturu, Supetar, 1968, OCLC: 8993839
C.Michael Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal, Andy Burnham ed., Oct. 6, 2007
References
External links
Islands of Croatia
Islands of the Adriatic Sea
Landforms of Split-Dalmatia County | [
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226338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposv%C3%A1r | Kaposvár | Kaposvár (; ; see also other alternative names) is a city in the southwestern part of Hungary, south of Lake Balaton. It is one of the leading cities of Transdanubia, the capital of Somogy County as well as the seat of Kaposvár District and of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaposvár.
Etymology
The name Kaposvár is derived from the Hungarian words kapu 'gate' and vár 'castle'. Historians suggest that the city's historic landscape, composed of monumental marketplaces as well as ruins and restored versions of century-old castles, makes it a primary destination for Hungarian art and poetry. Variants of the city's name include ; ; and .
Coat of Arms
The shield of Kaposvár features, on a hill of green grass, a castle with a rounded arch port surmounted by three battlements with loopholes. The shield itself is placed over a yellow background to form the official flag of Kaposvár.
Geography
Kaposvár is enclosed by the gentle hills of the outer Somogy area surrounding the Kapos River and by the forests of Zselic. Kaposvár lies south‐west of Budapest. The city is located approximately from Lake Balaton (on road 67), from Pécs (on road 66), from Szigetvár (on road 67), from Szekszárd (on road 65) and from Nagykanizsa (on road 61).
Historically, trade arrived by river and the river became a crossroads reaching into the region. Flood defence mechanisms were established as a result of the numerous hazards imposed by the river valleys of hill regions like the Kapos River. Today, Kaposvár is a developing junction for railways and public roads; transportation to and from nearby towns is convenient, quick and easily accessible. The European Railway line from Budapest towards the Mediterranean, for example, leads through Kaposvár and other Hungarian cities.
History
Pre Hungarian Conquest
According to legend, the city was founded on seven hills and the area has been inhabited since around 5000 BCE. From about 400 BCE, Celtic tribes populated the majority of the area, and from about 9 AD to 107 AD, the city became a possession of the Roman Pannonia. Following this, a variety of groups inhabited the area; German and Illyrian tribes, primarily. By 900AD, Slavic and German villages also occupied this region. After the Hungarian conquest, the Koppány tribe was said to have settled in Somogy.
Middle Ages
Somogy County.
The name of the settlement appeared first in 1009 as "Kapos", in Saint Stephen's memorandum of association, which established the borders of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pécs. In 1061, Atha (Ottó), the lord lieutenant of Somogy, founded a Benedictine monastery. King Salamon and Prince Géza took part in the monastery's consecration. Following the Mongol invasion of Hungary, King Béla IV created a stronger network of castles. Kaposvár's first castle was built during his reign in the 1200s. Despite this, the monastery and considerable settlement around the castle didn't come into existence yet, one reason being because the settlement was avoided by the commercial roads and on the other hand because the different clans fight didn't favour the development. The rectangular motte castle was reconstructed as a stone castle in the 15th century.
The period of local fighting was ended by military intervention of the Ottoman army. In the decades after the Battle of Mohács, the area was filled by the troops of Suleiman. The Ottomans invaded the castle of Kapos in September 1555 after a five-day siege. It was followed by a 131-year-long Ottoman occupation. During this time, Kaposvár, despite being a small administrative center, functioned as a military camp. Finally, the Habsburg troops conquered the castle of Kapos, and the city and the surrounding area, from Ottoman rule in 1686.
Habsburg Rule
After the Habsburg conquest a church was built and the first guild was founded. The beginning of the 18th century brought suffering and blows to the settlement instead of development. The Habsburgs in 1702 razed the Castle of Kapos to the ground. Any remaining ruins were further destroyed during the Rákóczi's War of Independence.
Some decades later a new country town was built. The resettlement of the city after the destruction was in connection to the name of the Esterházy family and the fortification of its economic and administrative rule. The city got the right to hold markets in 1703, in 1715 the first school was built up, in 1730 there were already 132 houses and a new church was ready in 1748. In 1749, Kaposvár was designated the county seat. In 1750, for good Kaposvár became the chief town of a county. More and more artisans and traders moved into the city and the number of the citizens during six decades doubled by 1780. During the 1800s, the city developed considerably, due to the importance of the railway line between Buda and Zagreb. Kaposvár became an important industrial city.
More importantly, from the 19th century, significant medical and cultural institutions were founded in Kaposvár. The "kis gymnasium" (the predecessor of the present Táncsics Mihály Secondary Grammar School), the Arany Oroszlán Pharmacy (Gold Lion) and the general hospital were built up, and the name of Dániel Berzsenyi can be found among the County Library's readers, which was founded in 1816. The small county town started to become a civic town. The city center evolved with the county hall, the building of the town hall, the church, the Korona Hotel and the Dorottya-house. The National Casino of Kaposvár and the Horse Raiser Company were set up, and visitors to Kaposvár could walk on paved roads. Earl István Széchenyi was elected to the first freeman of the town in 1835.
Revolution and War of Independence (1848–49)
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 didn't avoid the chief town of Somogy County. The citizens voted for the revolution. Although the kaiser's groups occupied the city for a short time, they couldn't supple the insurrectionist Kaposvár. The local citizens still sacrificed the bell of the church to make cannon. The sheriff of Kaposvár, the later commissary, Gáspár Noszlopy with its territorial army, liberated Somogy County for three months. However the war of independence tumbled and Kaposvár was again under foreign occupation.
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
The post office opened, and the country's first soap factory was founded. Thanks to Austrian growth brewer János Donner, a new city district - the present Donner - started to grow on the south side of River Kapos. The local public life bloomed, after the casino the set up of the chorus, and then the first weekly newspaper in 1866, the Somogy started on its way with its editor, the journalist István Roboz. One of Kaposvár's most blossoming times was after the conciliation. Thanks for mostly the railway building: until that time there were railroads only in the winger of the county, and the first engine arrived to Kaposvár in 1872. It opened the possibilities for the artisans and traders and the development of the city's economic life. In the years of 1890 the development of the infrastructure gave new movement to the city's development. Short train ways were built and they made the city for railway interchange. The railway network became wider, there were trying to bring in electricity, a telegraph office was created and they set up telephone connection with Pécs. At the beginning of the 1900s there were already eleven big industrial companies in the city, among them the sugar factory from the autumn 1894, which was then one of the most significant plant in the country, and the MIR Malom grain processing plant. By this time the agricultural character of the city reduced. But there was another, new project: with the growth of the population's number the city became larger and larger. The first important planned city development is in connection with István Németh, who was the mayor of the city between 1895 and 1911. For the citizens their environment became more and more important and thanks for the Kaposvári Szépítő Egyesület (Kaposvári Beautifying Association), the city became then a real "flowered city".
The representatives of the culture had to keep step with the economic development. By that time the city has the right to keep high-school graduation in its secondary grammar school, there was a convent, a seminary and beside other institutions a day-nursery too. The first daily newspaper of the county, the Somogyi Hírlap came out from the printing-house in April 1904. In September 1911 the stone theater of Kaposvár was opened, which was then the country's biggest and most modern theater, where the most popular actors and actresses played. A new cultural trend born, the film: in the first decade of the 20th century there were already three cinemas. Newer and newer cultural and art associations were founded. A number of noted artists settled down there, like József Rippl-Rónai, Endre Ady, István Fekete and Aurél Bernáth.
20th Century
The years of development ended with the start of World War I, in which - like in other important events of Hungarian history - the citizens, the soldiers of Kaposvár took their part. But the war brought hardship and dissatisfaction to the city. In the public life there were strikes and strengthening of left-wing ideas. The ideas of the Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20) found place in the public life. The first directorium and agricultural association were born here and the plants were socialized. However, the revolution fell and together with the war, the years of terror and the Treaty of Trianon brought a recession which from it slowly recovered from the years of 1930. Although the role of the railway transport diminished, bus transport started and in 1929 the airport was built in Taszár. From an industrial city Kaposvár became a commercial and administration center and the transformation of the cityscape reflected this change. It didn't just have flowers but was a clean, pleasant, civic town with restaurants, cafés and active cultural life. Thanks to József Adorján, Ferenc Csik and a number of Olympic sportsmen the world got to know the city's sportlife.
The national policy darkened more and more, the "happy peacetimes", the left-wing ideas and later the wind of the World War II reached the city. Almost one thousand citizens died or disappeared during the fights. In 1944 the city was twice under foreign occupation. In March the German soldiers filed in Kaposvár. The Jews were deported and most of them were murdered in Auschwitz. The frontline arrived here on 2 December when Soviet troops replaced the Germans.
The life could start fast in the city because the fights didn't cause remarkable destruction. Kaposvár always said to be an "insurrectionist" city and it chose again the policy of restart. The parties formed, like the Communist Party, but the Country Party had the biggest side. After the communist received the power the socialisations finished and the new kind of industrial expansion started, the socialist industrialisation. Its result was for example the textile factory, meat plant, electricity factory. But the small industries disappeared. In 1956 Kaposvár joined the revolution but on 4 November the soviet tanks clunked through the city's streets: the fall of the revolution and the sanctions had a lot of victim in Kaposvár. Between them the famous born of Kaposvár, the revolution's martyr prime minister, Imre Nagy.
The chief city of the county woke up hardly after the flop. In the next decade the development of the industry and the flat construction started. From 1970 new subtopias built. The city's administrative border flared: in 1950 Kaposszentjakab, in 1970 Kaposfüred and Toponár and in 1973 Töröcske joined the city. In 1971 the training-school and the agricultural technical institute became college. Notable contributors to the fields of science and culture include: the Archives of Somogy County, the Csiky Gergely Theatre, the Béla Vikár Choir, the Somogy Dance Group, and the Berzsenyi Company.
The crisis of the 1980s, and the stop of the city's development made necessary changes. In the end of the decade - like so many times during its history - Kaposvár stood to the top of reforms. The maverick organisations were funded and a memorial tablet was put on Imre Nagy's house, as the symbol of new times. In 1990, Kaposvár became urban county and in 1993 an episcopal seat.
21st Century
Today Kaposvár - with its university, education system, and thousands of students - is a real school city. With the well-kept plazas, streets, and colourful flowerbeds it is the city of flowers. With its rippling wells it is the city of waterworks. With its lively cultural life, rich art programmes it is the city of festivals and the city of painters. With its wonderfully reborn downtown with the feeling of peaceful, Mediterranean atmosphere, the chief town of the county has become a real European city.
Main Tourist Sights
City Hall of Kaposvár
Cathedral of Kaposvár
County Hall of Somogy
Rippl-Rónai Museum - one of the biggest museums of Hungary
Rippl-Rónai Villa - the house of the painter József Rippl-Rónai
Csiky Gergely Theatre - one of the biggest theatres in Hungary
Dorottya House
Vaszary Gallery - former Gallery of Somogy
Palace of Culture of Kaposvár (Szivárvány Kultúrpalota) - the home of the Kaposfest every August
Árpád Együd Cultural Community Centre
Archives of Somogy County
Sport Museum of Somogy County
St. Donat Chapel (Baroque, early 18th century)
Ruins of Zselicszentjakab Abbey (Romanesque and Gothic)
Arany Oroszlán Pharmacy (Gold Lion)
Former Convent - now it is the Roman Catholic High School, Elementary School and Primary Art School and the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaposvár
Stadion Kaposvár Rákóczi
University of Kaposvár
Lake Deseda
Virágfürdő (Flower Spa and Waterpark)
Demographics
Kaposvár is the most populous city in Somogy County and the second most populous city in Southern Transdanubia after Pécs.
The majority of its population is Hungarians (85.6%) according to the 2011 census. The largest ethnic group is the Roma (2.2%), the second largest are the Germans (1.1%) and third are the Croats (0.2%).
Religious affiliation of the citizens show a significant Catholic (Roman Catholic (44.7%) and Greek Catholic (0.2%)) and considerable Calvinist (5.4%) and Lutheran (1.5%) communities. 18.1% are Non-religious.
Economy
There are lot of industrial companies in the city.
The Austrian house construction company Wolf System, the Hungarian agricultural company KITE and the Turkish textile producer Metyx operate a production facility in the city.
The Hungarian Tornyos Distillery, the Hungarian machine manufacturer Luckympex, the Hungarian bus factory Kapos, the Hungarian gas receiving unit producer Peró Gáz, the Hungarian-German sugar producer Magyar Cukor Manufaktúra (partly owned by Pfeifer&Langen), the Hungarian metal producer Kapos Galván, the Hungarian reagent producer Galvanochem, the Hungarian metal producer Kapos Atlas, the Hungarian steel structure manufacturer Török, the fuse manufacturer Fusetech (owned by the French Mersen), the starch manufacturer Hungrana (owned by the Austrian Agrana and the British Tate & Lyle), the sugar producer Magyar Cukor (owned by Agrana), the Hungarian roof structure manufacturer Profi Tető, the Hungarian meat producer Kométa 99, Hungarian plastic producer KAPOSPLAST, the Hungarian metal manufacturer Lakics, the Hungarian gear manufacturer Szabó, the Hungarian door and window producer Alfa-Tóth, the Hungarian Videoton Elektro-Plast (owned by Videoton), the Hungarian cheese producer Fino (est. 1889) and the Hungarian fuse manufacturer KVGY (Kaposvári Villamossági Gyár, est. 1967) are based there.
Politics
The current mayor of Kaposvár is Károly Szita (Fidesz-KDNP).
The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:
Sports
Kaposvár is one of the "National City of Sport" in Hungary. The most popular sports in the city are football, volleyball and basketball. There are a lot of champion team in the city. The most famous sport team is the Kaposvári Rákóczi FC. Their home stadium is the Stadion Kaposvár Rákóczi. The biggest sporting event in the city is the Youth Football Festival every summer.
Notable Residents
Twin Towns – Sister Cities
Kaposvár is twinned with:
Bath, England, United Kingdom
Cần Thơ, Vietnam
Darkhan, Mongolia
Glinde, Germany
Koprivnica, Croatia
Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
Rauma, Finland
Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire, France
Schio, Italy
Tver, Russia
Üsküdar, Turkey
Partnerships
Kaposvár also cooperates with:
Cixi, China
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Villach, Austria
Gallery
See also
University of Kaposvár
Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaposvár
Csiky Gergely Theatre
Lake Deseda
References
Notes
External links
in Hungarian and English
Tourist Information
Kaposfest
Youth Football Festival
Aerial photography: Kaposvár
Slide show with music
Video of the city centre
Populated places in Somogy County
County seats in Hungary
Cities with county rights of Hungary
History of Somogy | [
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226343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Lahn-Kreis | Rhein-Lahn-Kreis | Rhein-Lahn-Kreis is a district (Kreis) in the east of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Westerwaldkreis, Limburg-Weilburg, Rheingau-Taunus, Mainz-Bingen, Rhein-Hunsrück, Mayen-Koblenz, and the district-free city Koblenz.
History
With the Congress of Vienna the area was added to the duchy of Nassau. When Nassau lost independence in 1866 it was added to Prussia, who then in 1867 created the Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden, and as parts of it the two districts Rheingaukreis and Unterlahnkreis. The Rheingaukreis became the district St. Goarshausen in 1885. In 1969 the two districts were merged into the new Rhein-Lahn district.
Geography
The name of the district already mentions the two biggest rivers of the district. The Rhine forms the boundary to the west, its narrow valley is used for wine cultivation. The Lahn flows through the northern part of the district until it joins the Rhine near Lahnstein. In the southern part of the district are the hills of the Taunus.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms most prominently shows a lion, as most of the historic rulers of the area had a lion in their coat of arms. These include the Counts of Diez, the Counts and later Princes of Nassau, the Counts of Katzenelnbogen and the Princes of the Electorate of the Palatinate. The two colors red and blue represent the two districts which were merged to form the Rhein-Lahn district - the blue derives from Nassau, the red from the clerical states of Trier and Mainz.
Towns and municipalities
References
External links
Official website (German)
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate | [
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226344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20shoveler | Northern shoveler | The northern shoveler (; Spatula clypeata), known simply in Britain as the shoveler, is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic and across most of North America, wintering in southern Europe, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Central, the Caribbean, and northern South America. It is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.
The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. The conservation status of this bird is Least Concern.
Taxonomy
The northern shoveler was first formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He introduced the binomial name Anas clypeata. A molecular phylogentic study comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2009 found that the genus Anas, as then defined, was non-monophyletic. The genus was subsequently split into four monophyletic genera with ten species including the northern shoveler moved into the resurrected genus Spatula. This genus had been originally proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The name Spatula is the Latin for a "spoon" or "spatula". The specific epithet is derived from Latin clypeata, "shield-bearing" (from clypeus, "shield").
No living subspecies are accepted today. Fossil bones of a very similar duck have been found in Early Pleistocene deposits at Dursunlu, Turkey. It is unresolved, however, how these birds were related to the northern shoveler of today; i.e., whether the differences noted were due to being a related species or paleosubspecies, or attributable to individual variation.
Description
This species is unmistakable in the northern hemisphere due to its large spatulate bill. The breeding drake has an iridescent dark green head, white breast and chestnut belly and flanks. In flight, pale blue forewing feathers are revealed, separated from the green speculum by a white border. In early fall the male will have a white crescent on each side of the face. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake resembles the female.
The female is a drab mottled brown like other dabblers, with plumage much like a female mallard, but easily distinguished by the long broad bill, which is gray tinged with orange on cutting edge and lower mandible. The female's forewing is gray.
They are long and have a wingspan of with a weight of .
Behavior
Northern shovelers feed by dabbling for plant food, often by swinging its bill from side to side and using the bill to strain food from the water. They use their highly specialized bill (from which their name is derived) to forage for aquatic invertebrates. Their wide-flat bill is equipped with well-developed lamellae – small, comb-like structures on the edge of the bill that act like sieves, allowing the birds to skim crustaceans and plankton from the water's surface. This adaptation, more specialized in shovelers, gives them an advantage over other puddle ducks, with which they do not have to compete for food resources during most of the year. Thus, mud-bottomed marshes rich in invertebrate life are their habitat of choice.
The shoveler prefers to nest in grassy areas away from open water. Their nest is a shallow depression on the ground, lined with plant material and down. Hens typically lay about nine eggs. The drakes are very territorial during breeding season and will defend their territory and partners from competing males. Drakes also engage in elaborate courtship behaviors, both on the water and in the air; it is not uncommon for a dozen or more males to pursue a single hen. Despite their stout appearance, shovelers are nimble fliers.
This is a fairly quiet species. The male has a clunking call, whereas the female has a Mallard-like quack.
Habitat and range
This is a bird of open wetlands, such as wet grassland or marshes with some emergent vegetation. It breeds in wide areas across Eurasia, western North America and the Great Lakes region of the United States.
This bird winters in southern Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, the Caribbean, northern South America, Malay Archipelago, Japan and other areas. Those wintering in the Indian Subcontinent make the taxing journey over the Himalayas, often taking a break in wetlands just south of the Himalaya before continuing further south to warmer regions. In North America it winters south of a line from Washington to Idaho and from New Mexico east to Kentucky, also along the Eastern Seaboard as far north as Massachusetts. In the British Isles, home to more than 20% of the North Western European population, it is best known as a winter visitor, although it is more frequently seen in southern and eastern England, especially around the Ouse Washes, the Humber and the North Kent Marshes, and in much smaller numbers in Scotland and western parts of England. In winter, breeding birds move south, and are replaced by an influx of continental birds from further north. It breeds across most of Ireland, but the population there is very difficult to assess. Surveys in 2017 and 2018 suggest that it is more common and widespread in Ireland
than previously thought.
It is strongly migratory and winters further south than its breeding range. It has occasionally been reported as a vagrant as far south as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks. Among North America's duck species, northern shovelers trail only mallards and blue-winged teal in overall abundance. Their populations have been healthy since the 1960s, and have soared in recent years to more than 5 million birds (2015), most likely because of favorable breeding, migration, and wintering habitat conditions.
References
External links
Shoveler at RSPB Birds by Name
Northern Shoveler Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Northern Shoveler - Anas clypeata - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Northern Shoveler Species Account at Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas
Northern Shoveler on the Birds of India
northern shoveler
northern shoveler
Holarctic birds
Birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
Birds described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Extant Pleistocene first appearances | [
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] |
226346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoveler | Shoveler | The shovelers or shovellers are four species of dabbling ducks with long, broad spatula-shaped beaks:
Red shoveler, Anas platalea
Cape shoveler, Anas smithii
Australasian shoveler, Anas rhynchotis
Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata
References
Clements, James, (2007) The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World, Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Ducks
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226348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1669%20in%20literature | 1669 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1669.
Events
May 31 – Samuel Pepys makes the last entry in his diary.
unknown dates
Frances Boothby's tragicomedy Marcelia, or, The Treacherous Friend is performed by the King's Company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, the first play by a woman to be produced in London.
The final section of Parthenissa, the prose romance by Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, is published. Earlier portions of the work have appeared in 1651 and 1654–1656.
New books
Prose
Anonymous (Gabriel-Joseph de la Vergne?) – Letters of a Portuguese Nun (Les Lettres portugaises)
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen – Simplicius Simplicissimus (first major novel in the German language, dated this year but probably published in 1668)
Blaise Pascal – Pensees (published posthumously)
William Penn – No Cross, No Crown
Jan Swammerdam –
John Wagstaffe – The Question of Witchcraft Debated
Drama
Anonymous – The Imperial Tragedy
John Dryden – Tyrannic Love
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery
Guzman
Mr. Anthony
John Lacy – The Dumb Lady
Jean Racine – Britannicus
Births
December 16 – Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla, French missionary and translator in China (died 1748)
unknown dates
Nicholas Blundell, English diarist (died 1737)
Lady Lucy Herbert, English devotional writer (died 1744)
Jiang Tingxi (蒋廷锡), Chinese encyclopedist (died 1732)
probable – Susanna Centlivre, English poet and actress (died 1723)
Deaths
February 3 – Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet and dramatist (born 1631)
March 19 – John Denham, Irish poet (born 1615)
July 10 or 11 – Robert Stapylton, English dramatist and courtier (born c. 1607–1609)
September 30 – Henry King, English poet and bishop (born 1592)
October 8 – Jane Cavendish, English poet and playwright (born 1621)
December 16 – Nathaniel Fiennes, English pamphleteer, soldier and politician (born c. 1608)
December 24 – Henry Foulis, English theologian and controversialist (born 1638)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1668%20in%20literature | 1668 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1668.
Events
September 9 – Molière's comedy The Miser (L'Avare) is first performed, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris.
unknown date – Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler goes into its fourth edition.
New books
Prose
Juan Caramuel – Primus calamus
Meric Casaubon – Of Credulity and Incredulity
Josiah Child – Brief Observations concerning Trade and the Interest of Money
Jean Claude – Réponse au livre de P. Nouet sur l'eucharistie
Jan Comenius – The Way of Light
John Dryden – Essay of Dramatick Poesie
Richard Duckworth and Fabian Stedman – Tintinnalogia, or, the Art of Ringing
Richard Flecknoe – Sir William Davenant's Voyage to the Other World
Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen – Simplicius Simplicissimus (first picaresque novel in German, dated 1669 but probably published this year)
Johannes Hevelius – Cometographia
Peter Heylin – Cyprianus Anglicanus (biography of William Laud)
Urban Hjärne – Stratonice (completed)
Adriaan Koerbagh – Een Bloemhof
Henry Neville – The Isle of Pines
Francisco Santos – Periquillo el de las gallineras
John Wilkins – An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language
Drama
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery
Tryphon (performed)
Henry V (published)
Mustapha (published)
Margaret Cavendish – Plays, Never Before Printed, Written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent Princess, the Duchess of Newcastle (closet dramas)
Sir William Davenant – The Man's the Master (a translation of Paul Scarron's Jodelet, ou le maître valet)
John Dryden – An Evening's Love
George Etherege – She Would If She Could
Sir Robert Howard – The Great Favourite or the Duke of Lerma
Molière
L'Avare (The Miser)
George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
Sir Charles Sedley – The Mulberry-Garden
Thomas Shadwell – The Sullen Lovers
Poetry
Abraham Cowley – Poemata Latina (posthumous)
Sir John Denham – Poems and Translations
Jean de La Fontaine – Fables choisies, mises en vers
Georg Stiernhielm – Musæ Suethizantes
Births
May 8 – Alain-René Lesage, French novelist and playwright (died 1747)
September – Joseph Bingham, scholar (died 1723)
November (baptised) – Thomas Woolston, deist writer (died 1731)
November 11 – Johann Albert Fabricius (died 1736)
December 21 – Herman Boerhaave, humanist (died 1738)
Deaths
April 7 – Sir William Davenant, poet and playwright (born 1606)
May 21 – Josephus Adjutus, theologian (born c. 1602)
August 9 – Jakob Balde, Latinist poet and academic (born 1604)
November 17 – Joseph Alleine, Nonconformist writer (born 1634)
December 11 – Marquise-Thérèse de Gorla, actress (born 1633)
December 22 – Stephen Daye, first American printer (born 1594)
December 23 – Martin Baučer, Slovene historian (born 1595)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1667%20in%20literature | 1667 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1667.
Events
January – Courtier Tobias Rustat creates the first endowment for the purchase of books for Cambridge University Library in England.
March 2 – The première of John Dryden's tragicomedy Secret Love, or The Maiden Queen at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London is well received by an audience including King Charles II of England, his brother the Duke of York and Samuel Pepys. The cast includes Nell Gwyn in one of the first breeches roles in Restoration theatre and her lover Charles Hart.
April 15 - Edward Howard's play The Change of Crowns is first performed, in London. Actor John Lacy improvises a few lines about influence-peddling at court, angering King Charles II, a member of the audience (as is Samuel Pepys). The theatre is closed for a time and Lacy jailed.
April 27 – The blind, impoverished 58-year-old John Milton seals a contract (one of the first detailed contracts between author and printer known in England) for publication of Paradise Lost with London printer Samuel Simmons for an initial payment of £5. The first edition is published in October and sells out in eighteen months.
July – English scholar and poet Edmund Castell is imprisoned for debt.
July 28 – For the second time in his life, playwright Thomas Porter mortally wounds an opponent (his friend Sir Henry Bellasis) in a duel, and is then forced to flee from England.
August 6 – Molière's satirical comedy Tartuffe receives its première in a revised form as L'Imposteur and is immediately banned.
August 20 – Molière writes his Lettre sur la comédie de l'Imposteur in response to criticisms of Tartuffe.
September 12 – Sir William Davenant's adaptation of the old play Greene's Tu Quoque is first performed.
November – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, is impeached by Parliament and forced into exile in France, where he spends the rest of his life working on his history of the English Civil War.
November 7 – The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island, an adaptation of Shakespeare's Tempest by John Dryden and Sir William Davenant, receives its première by the Duke's Company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in London; it becomes "the most frequently revived play of the entire Restoration".
unknown date – The Roman Catholic Church places the works of René Descartes on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
New books
Prose
Margaret Cavendish – The life of the thrice noble, high and puissant prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess, and Earl of Newcastle
John Dryden – Annus Mirabilis, the Year of Wonders 1666
Richard Head – The life and death of Mother Shipton
Thomas Sprat – The History of the Royal Society
Drama
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – The Black Prince
John Caryll – The English Princess
Pierre Corneille – Attila
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle – The Humorous Lovers
John Dryden – Secret Love, or the Maiden Queen
Richard Flecknoe – The Damoiselles à la Mode
Edward Howard – The Change of Crowns
James Howard – All Mistaken
John Lacy – Sauny the Scot, or the Taming of the Shrew (adapted from Shakespeare's play)
Jean Racine – Andromaque
Sir Charles Sedley – Antony and Cleopatra
Elkanah Settle – Cambyses, King of Persia
Sir Thomas St. Serfe – Tarugo's Wiles
Poetry
Jeremias de Dekker (died 1666) – Lof der Geldzucht ("In praise of avarice" – satire)
John Milton – Paradise Lost
Births
April 29 – John Arbuthnot, Scottish satirist and polymath (died 1735)
November 30 – Jonathan Swift, Irish satirist and novelist (died 1745)
unknown dates
Susanna Centlivre, English actress and playwright (died 1723)
John Richardson, English Quaker preacher and autobiographer (died 1753)
Ned Ward (Edward Ward), English satirical writer and publican (died 1731)
Deaths
January 19 – Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis, English writer (born 1598)
March 16 (or 17) – Philippe Labbe, French Jesuit writer (born 1607)
May 2 – George Wither, English poet and pamphleteer (born 1588)
May 14 – Georges de Scudéry, French poet (born 1601)
August 13 – Jeremy Taylor, English religious writer and bishop (born 1613)
August 31 – Johann Rist, German poet and dramatist known for hymns (born 1607)
October – Antonio Abati, Italian poet
November – Grigory Kotoshikhin, Russian writer and diplomat (executed for murder, born 1630)
probable – John Heydon, English Rosicrucian and writer on the occult (born 1629)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1666%20in%20literature | 1666 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1666.
Events
June 4 – Molière's comedy of manners Le Misanthrope is premièred at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris by the King's Players (Troupe du Roi).
July – Aphra Behn goes to Antwerp to work as a government spy.
August 6 – Molière's comedy Le Médecin malgré lui ("The doctor in spite of himself") is premièred at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris by the King's Players with Molière himself playing the title character, Sganarelle.
September 2 – Samuel Pepys begins recording details of the Great Fire of London in his diary. The destruction of Old St Paul's Cathedral in the conflagration also destroys the stock of many London publishers, which is stored in the crypt. This probably includes unsold copies of the Third Folio of Shakespeare's works (1663).
New books
Prose
Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux – Satires du Sieur D....
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne –
A Description of a New World Called the Blazing-World
Observations upon Experimental Philosophy
John Bunyan – Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
Thomas Hobbes – De principiis et ratiocinatione geometrarum
Gottfried Leibniz – De Arte Combinatoria ('On the Art of Combination')
Drama
James Howard – The English Monsieur
William Killigrew – The Siege of Urbin (published)
Molière
Le Médecin malgré lui
Le Misanthrope
Juan de Zabaleta – El emperador Commodo
Births
March 21 – Ogyū Sorai, Japanese Confucian philosopher (died 1728)
July 10 – John Ernest Grabe, German-born English theologian (died 1711)
August 13
René Massuet, French patrologist (died 1716)
William Wotton, English theologian, classicist and translator (died 1727)
November 12 – Mary Astell, English feminist writer (died 1731)
Unknown dates
Josiah Burchett, English writer on history and Admiralty official (died 1746)
Mary Pix, English novelist and dramatist (died 1709)
Probable year of birth – John Harris, English encyclopedist (died 1719)
Deaths
June 30 – Alexander Brome, English humorous poet and translator (born 1620)
August 24 – Dom Francisco Manuel de Mello, Portuguese writer (born 1608)
October 29 – James Shirley, English dramatist (born 1596)
November – Jeremias de Dekker, Dutch poet (born c. 1610)
Unknown dates
Gysbert Japiks, Frisian writer (born 1603)
Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (born 1587)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1665%20in%20literature | 1665 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1665.
Events
January 5 – Journal des sçavans, the first scientific journal, begins publication in France.
February 15 – Molière's comedy Dom Juan is first presented, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris, in its original prose version with the playwright playing Sganarelle; it is withdrawn after 15 performances after attacks on its morality.
March – Fifteen-year-old Nell Gwyn makes her first firmly recorded appearance on the London stage, in John Dryden's heroic drama The Indian Emperour, playing Cydaria, daughter of Montezuma and love interest to Cortez (played by her real-life lover and acting coach Charles Hart). Hitherto she has been a theatre orange-seller.
March 6 – The Royal Society of London's Philosophical Transactions begins publication as the first scientific journal in English and the oldest to be continuously published.
March 16 – Royalist William Cavendish is created Duke of Newcastle. His wife Margaret Cavendish becomes duchess.
Spring – An early version of the satirical play The Rehearsal, by George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, is prepared for production, but cancelled due to the Great Plague of London. In this version, the hero, Bilboa, mocks Sir Robert Howard. When the play is finally staged in 1672, changed conditions inspire a revision and "Bilboa" is replaced by "Bayes," a figure inspired by John Dryden.
April 17 – Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, elected this year to the Académie française, begins a year's imprisonment in the Bastille for besmirching the reputation of ladies of the French Court in Histoire amoureuse des Gaules.
May – Nell Gwyn appears opposite Charles Hart in James Howard's Restoration comedy All Mistaken, or the Mad Couple.
August 27 – Ye Bare & Ye Cubbe, the first play in English in the American colonies, is performed in Pungoteague, Virginia.
September 22 – Molière's comedy L'Amour médecin ("Love, the doctor") is first presented, before Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
November 7 – The London Gazette is first published, under the title The Oxford Gazette.
December 4 – Jean Racine's tragedy Alexandre le Grand is premièred by Molière's troupe at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris. Eleven days later, Racine moves it to the Comédiens du Roi at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, causing a rift with Molière.
New books
Prose
John Bunyan
The End of the World, The Resurrection of the Dead and Eternal Judgment
The Holy City or the New Jerusalem
Richard Head – The English Rogue described in the life of Meriton Latroon, a witty extravagant comprehending a compleat history of the most eminent cheats of both sexes
Robert Hooke – Micrographia
Drama
John Crowne – Pandion and Amphigenia
John Dryden – The Indian Emperour
Sir Robert Howard – Four New Plays, including The Committee; Or, The Faithful Irishman
Molière
Dom Juan
L'Amour médecin
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Mustapha
Jean Racine – Alexandre le Grand
Poetry
Miguel de Barrios – Flor de Apolo
Jean de La Fontaine – Contes et nouvelles en vers
Francisco Manuel de Melo – Obras métricas
Births
May 1 – John Woodward, English naturalist and antiquary (died 1728)
July 2 – Samuel Penhallow English-born American historian and chief justice (died 1726)
December 25 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (died 1746)
unknown date – Charles Gildon, English popular biographer and translator (died 1724)
probable – William Melmoth the Elder, English devotional writer and lawyer (died 1743)
Deaths
April 21 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French devotional writer (born 1600)
July 11 – Sir Kenelm Digby, English courtier, diplomat and national philosopher (born 1603)
July 28 – Louis Giry, French lawyer, translator and writer (born 1595)
September 12 – Jean Bolland, Dutch hagiographer (born 1596)
November/December – William Caton, English Quaker preacher and writer (born 1636)
December – John Ellis, Welsh religious writer (born c.1598)
December 2 – Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, literary hostess (born 1589)
unknown date – Bucherius, French Jesuit and chronological scholar (born 1576)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1664%20in%20literature | 1664 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1664.
Events
February – London publisher John Twyn is hanged, drawn and quartered, having been convicted of treason for distributing seditious literature.
April 6 – Moses ben Isaac Bonems is the first signatory of the approbations to works given by the members of the Council of Four Lands at the Gramnitza (candlestick) fair.
May 12 – Molière's comedy Tartuffe is performed in its original version as part of "The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island" at the court of King Louis XIV of France to mark the start of construction of the Palace of Versailles, but objections to its presentation of a hypocritical religious impostor ban it from later public presentation.
June – Gazzetta di Mantova is first published in Mantua, Italy. By 2009 it will be the world's oldest private newspaper still published, and the oldest one continuously published in print.
June 20 – Racine's tragedy La Thébaïde receives its first performance, by Molière's troupe at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris.
October – Thomas Killigrew and the King's Company stage Killigrew's The Parson's Wedding with an all-female cast. (Killigrew attempts a similar all-female production of his play Thomaso, although this is never achieved.)
November 5 – Sir William Davenant's "dramatic opera" Macbeth, adapted from Shakespeare's play, is performed for the first time.
New books
Prose
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle –
Sociable Letters
Philosophical Letters
René Descartes – Traité de l'homme et de la formation du foetus
John Evelyn – Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber
Richard Flecknoe – A Discourse of the English Stage
John Heydon
Psonthonpanchia
Theomagia, Part 3
Lucy Hutchinson – Memoirs Of The Life Of Colonel Hutchinson
Jeremy Taylor – Dissuasive from Popery
Izaak Walton – The Compleat Angler, 3rd edition
Francisco Manuel de Melo – Obras morales
Drama
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – La hija del aire
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Henry V
Lodowick Carlell – Heraclius, Emperor of the East published (adapted from Corneille's Heraclius)
Sir William Davenant – The Rivals (an adaptation of The Two Noble Kinsmen)
Pierre Corneille – Othon
John Dryden – The Rival Ladies
John Dryden and Sir Robert Howard – The Indian Queen
George Etherege – The Comical Revenge or, Love in a Tub
Edward Howard – The Usurper
Thomas Killigrew – Comedies and Tragedies (collected plays)
William Killigrew – Ormasdes, or Love and Friendship, Pandora, or the Converts and Selindra (published together in one folio volume)
John Lacy – The Old Troop
Molière – Tartuffe
Katherine Philips (died June 22) – Translation of Corneille's Horace (unfinished)
Thomas Porter – The Carnival
Jean Racine – La Thébaide
William Shakespeare – Second impression of the Third Folio, adding seven plays to the 36 of the First Folio and Second: Pericles, Prince of Tyre and six works from Shakespeare Apocrypha
John Wilson
Andronicus Comnenius
The Projectors
Joost van den Vondel – Adam in Ballingschap
Poetry
Samuel Butler – Hudibras Part 2
Katherine Philips – Poems by the Incomparable Mrs. K.P.
Births
January 24 – Sir John Vanbrugh, English dramatist and architect (died 1726)
July 21 – Matthew Prior, English poet and diplomat (died 1721)
November 9 – Henry Wharton, English writer and librarian (died 1695)
Probable year of birth
Charles Hopkins, Anglo-Irish poet and dramatist (died 1700)
William Mountfort, English actor and dramatist (died 1692)
Deaths
January 10 – Nicholas Culpeper, English herbalist, physician and astrologer (born 1616)
January 20 – Isaac Ambrose, English Puritan writer (born 1604)
June 22 – Katherine Philips (Orinda), English poet, translator and woman of letters (born 1632)
July 16 – Andreas Gryphius, German lyric poet and dramatist (born 1616)
August 16 – James Heath, English Royalist historian (born 1629)
August 23 – Jean Bagot, Jesuit theologian (born 1591)
November 18 – Nikola Zrinski, Croatian/Hungarian military leader, statesman and poet (born 1620)
Unknown date – Qian Qianyi (銭謙益), Chinese poet and social historian (born 1582)
Probable year of death – Henry Robinson, merchant and writer (born c. 1604)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1663%20in%20literature | 1663 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1663.
Events
February
The Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Academy of the Humanities) is founded in Paris.
Katherine Philips' translation of Pierre Corneille's Pompée is produced successfully at the Theatre Royal, Dublin (Smock Alley Theatre) in Ireland, as the first rhymed version of a French tragedy in English and the first English play written by a woman to be performed on a professional stage. It is published in Dublin and London later in the year.
February 24 – John Milton marries his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, 31 years his junior, at St Mary Aldermary in the City of London.
May 7 – The King's Company inaugurates its new theatre, the first Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, with a revival of Fletcher's The Humorous Lieutenant. The play succeeds and runs for twelve nights in a row, unusual under the repertory system of the time.
August – The Playhouse to Be Let, an anthology of work by Sir William Davenant, is performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields in London.
December 1 – John Dryden marries Elizabeth, sister of Sir Robert Howard. Dryden and John Aubrey become Fellows of the Royal Society in the same year.
unknown dates
In the Electorate of Bavaria, a legal deposit law requires copies of all newly printed books to be deposited in the Bavarian State Library in Munich.
In England, Roger L'Estrange is appointed Surveyor of the Imprimery and Printing Presses and licenser of the press.
The Third Folio of Shakespeare's works are published by Philip Chetwinde in London, adding Pericles and six plays of Shakespeare Apocrypha to the canon.
Publication takes place at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of the "Eliot Indian Bible" (Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God) makes it the first complete Bible published in the Americas. The translation by the English-born Puritan missionary John Eliot of the Geneva Bible from English into the Massachusett language (Natic or Wômpanâak) variety of the Algonquian languages is printed by Samuel Green.
New books
Prose
Molière –
John Spencer –
Drama
Anonymous – The Wandering Whores' Complaint for Want of Trading (published)
Miguel de Barrios –
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – The General
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Henry Cary – The Marriage Night
Abraham Cowley – The Cutter of Coleman Street
William Davenant
The Playhouse to Be Let (performed)
The Siege of Rhodes Part 2 (published)
John Dryden – The Wild Gallant
Andreas Gryphius
,
Papinianus
Edward Howard – The Usurper (first performance; published 1667)
James Howard – The English Monsieur
Sir Robert Howard – The Committee
"T. P." – A Witty Combat, or the Female Victor (once attributed to Thomas Porter)
Thomas Porter – The Villain
Richard Rhodes – Flora's Vagaries
Sir Robert Stapylton
The Stepmother
The Slighted Maid
Sir Samuel Tuke – The Adventures of Five Hours (adapted from Antonio Coello's )
Poetry
Abraham Cowley – Verses Upon Several Occasions
Sir William Davenant – Poem, to the King’s most sacred Majesty
Births
February 12 – Cotton Mather, New England Puritan author and minister (died 1728)
March 6 – Francis Atterbury, English man of letters and bishop (died 1732
March 22 – August Hermann Francke, German theologian (died 1727)
May 20 – William Bradford, American printer (died 1752)
Unknown dates
William King, English poet (died 1712)
George Stepney, English poet (died 1707)
Probable year of birth – Delarivier Manley, English novelist, playwright and pamphleteer (died 1724)
Deaths
April 5 – John Norton, English religious writer (born 1606)
April 17 – David Questiers, Dutch poet (born 1623)
July 14 – Elizabeth Egerton, countess of Bridgwater, English essayist (childbirth, born 1626)
October 31 – Théophile Raynaud, French theologian (born 1583)
December 5 – Severo Bonini, Italian music writer (born 1582)
Unknown date – Claude de Bourdeille, comte de Montrésor, French memoirist (born c. 1606)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1662%20in%20literature | 1662 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1662.
Events
February 15 – The first performance of Sir William Davenant's The Law Against Lovers – the first Restoration adaptation of Shakespeare, consisting of an amalgam of Measure for Measure and Much Ado About Nothing – is given by the Duke's Company at its new theater in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London.
September 29 – Samuel Pepys in his diary calls the King's Company production of A Midsummer Night's Dream in London "the most insipid, ridiculous play that ever I saw in my life."
October 18 – John Ogilby, Master of the Revels in Ireland, opens the first Theatre Royal, Dublin, in Smock Alley.
December 26 – The première of Molière's comedy The School for Wives (L'École des femmes) is held at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré) in Paris.
unknown dates
Two autos sacramentales by Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Las órdenes militares and Mística y real Babilonia – are the subject of an inquiry by the Spanish Inquisition. The former is censured and its manuscript copies confiscated, and remains condemned until 1671.
The Parliament of England passes the first Printing Act of the Restoration era, the Licensing of the Press Act, which restricts London printing to a total of 24 printing houses, each with no more than three presses and three apprentices. Books printed abroad are banned. Roger L'Estrange is granted a warrant to seize seditious books or pamphlets.
New books
Prose
Book of Common Prayer (revised)
Sarah Blackborow – The Oppressed Prisoners' Complaint
Margaret Cavendish – Orations of Diverse Persons
Cyrano de Bergerac (posthumous) – États et Empires du Soleil (The States and Empires of the Sun)
Franciscus van den Enden – Kort Verhael van Nieuw-Nederland (Brief Account of New Netherland)
John Evelyn – Sculptura: or The history, and art of chalcography and engraving in copper...
Thomas Fuller – The History of the Worthies of England
John Heydon
The Harmony of the World
The English Physician's Guide
Adam Olearius – The Voyages & Travels of the Ambassadors (translated by John Davies, of Kidwelly)
Drama
Margaret Cavendish – Plays Written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious and Excellent Princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle (closet dramas)
Aston Cockayne – The Tragedy of Ovid published
Pierre Corneille – Sertorius
Sir William Davenant – The Law Against Lovers
William Heminges – The Jews' Tragedy published
Robert Howard – The Committee
Francis Kirkman (probable compiler) – The Wits, or Sport for Sport (collection of drolleries)
Thomas Middleton and John Webster – Anything for a Quiet Life published
Molière – The School for Wives
John Wilson – The Cheats
Poetry
Joost van den Vondel – Joannes de Boetgezant
Michael Wigglesworth – The Day of Doom, or A Poetical Description of the Great and Last Judgement
Births
January 27 – Richard Bentley, English classicist (died 1742)
October 18 – Matthew Henry, English Bible commentator (died 1714)
Baptized December 17 – Samuel Wesley, English poet and author (died 1735)
unknown date – John Hudson, English classicist and librarian (died 1719)
Deaths
March 10 – Samuel Hartlib, German-born English polymath (born 1600)
March 30 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (born 1592)
May – Daniel de Priézac, French political writer (born 1590)
August 17 – Richard Hubberthorne, English Quaker preacher and writer (born 1628)
August 19 – Blaise Pascal, French philosopher (born 1623)
unknown date – Henry Jeanes, English controversialist and pamphleteer (born 1611)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1661%20in%20literature | 1661 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1661.
Events
August 24 – Samuel Pepys sees the new production of Hamlet by Sir William Davenant's troupe of actors, the Duke's Company, with the innovation of stage scenery. The Duke's Company have recently moved from the Salisbury Court Theatre to the theatre at Lincoln's Inn Fields, where they have been joined by Thomas Betterton; Pepys praises Betterton's Prince Hamlet as "beyond imagination."
December 28 – Controversial author James Harrington is arrested on a charge of conspiracy, while working on his final publication, A System of Politics.
Unknown dates
The Book of Kells (c. 800) is presented to Trinity College, Dublin.
Bishop John Gauden claims authorship of Eikon Basilike (1649).
Third edition of Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler.
The trend toward closet drama (often highly politicized), which distinguished the English Civil War and Interregnum periods, does not immediately end once the theatres re-open with the Restoration — as the publication of Hell's High Court of Justice (below) illustrates.
Abraham Cowley's pamphlet The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy helps inspire the foundation of the Royal Society.
The library of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, is opened to the public at Cölln as the "Library of the Elector" (), foundation of the Berlin State Library.
A legal deposit obligation is laid on publishers in Sweden.
Francis Kirkman, in Westminster (London) operates an early form of lending library, based on a collection of his own works.
New books
Prose
Robert Boyle – The Sceptical Chymist
Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède – Faramond (Pharamond)
Abraham Cowley – The Advancement of Experimental Philosophy
Sir Robert Dudley – Dell'Arcano del Mare
John Evelyn – Tyrannus, or The Mode
Marchamont Nedham – A Short History of the English Rebellion
Katarina Zrinska – Putni tovaruš
Drama
Anonymous ("J. D.") – Hell's High Court of Justice, or the Trial of the Three Politic Ghosts, viz. Oliver Cromwell, the King of Sweden, and Cardinal Mazarin (published)
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – Las tres justicias en una
George Cartwright – The Heroic Lover, or the Infanta of Spain (published)
Thomas Corneille – Camma
Abraham Cowley – The Cutter of Coleman Street
Robert Davenport – The City Nightcap (published)
Richard Flecknoe – Erminia, or the Fair and Virtuous Lady (published)
John Fountain – The Rewards of Virtue (published)
Thomas Fuller – Andronicus (published)
Francis Kirkman – The Presbyterian Lash (published)
Thomas Middleton – Hengist, King of Kent (published)
Molière – Dom Garcie de Navarre, ou le Prince jaloux
William Rowley & Thomas Heywood (?) – The Thracian Wonder (published); previously misattributed to Webster, exact authorship still uncertain, probably written c.1600/10
Samuel Tuke – The Adventures of Five Hours (published adaptation of Antonio Coello's Los empeños de seis horas, c. 1642)
John Webster & William Rowley – A Cure for a Cuckold (published)
Births
January 30 – Charles Rollin, French historian and educator (died 1741)
April 16 – Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, English poet and statesman (died 1715)
April – Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, English poet (died 1720)
May 25 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher, historian and educationalist (died 1737)
November 1 – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (died 1725)
November 8 – Elizabeth Burnet, English religious writer and philanthropist (died 1709)
November 15 – Christoph von Graffenried, Swiss colonist and writer (died 1743)
Unknown dates
William Cleland, Scottish poet and soldier (died 1689)
Thomas Knaggs, English preacher and publisher of sermons (died 1724)
Deaths
March 30 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (born 1592)
June 13 – Richard Adams, English poet (born 1619)
August 7 – Jin Shengtan (金聖歎), Chinese editor, writer and critic (born c. 1610)
October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, poet and dramatist, sister of Blaise Pascal (born 1625)
November 29 – Bishop Brian Walton, English scholar responsible for Polyglot Bible (born 1600)
December 29 – Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, French poet (born 1594)
Unknown date – Sarmad Kashani, Persian poet and mystic (executed)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660%20in%20literature | 1660 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1660.
Events
January 11 – Samuel Pepys starts his diary, still using the Old Style date of 1 January.
February/March – John Rhodes reopens the old Cockpit Theatre in London, forms a company of young actors and begins to stage plays. His production of Pericles will be the first Shakespearean performance of the Restoration era; Thomas Betterton makes his stage debut in the title rôle.
May – The English Restoration brings a host of Royalist exiles back to England, Richard Baxter among them, and many panegyrics are produced to commemorate the event.
June – A warrant is issued for the arrest of the anti-monarchist John Milton, who is forced into hiding, whilst his writings are burned.
August 21 – The newly restored King Charles II of England issues a royal grant for two theatre companies: a King's Company under his own patronage, led by Thomas Killigrew, and a Duke's Company under the patronage of his brother, the Duke of York and future King James II, led by Sir William Davenant. On November 8, the King's Company moves from the old Red Bull Theatre to the new Vere St. Theatre, and in the same month the Duke's Company begins performing at the Salisbury Court Theatre.
September 5 – Roger Boyle receives the title of Earl of Orrery.
October 14 – Blaise Pascal's Lettres Provinciales is burned as a heretical work on the orders of King Louis XIV of France.
October – John Milton is arrested and imprisoned.
December – John Milton is released from prison, two weeks after his brother Christopher is appointed a judge.
December 8 – The first English actress to appear on the professional stage in England in a non-singing rôle, as Desdemona in Othello, is variously considered to be Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey.
unknown dates
The Royalist poet Robert Herrick returns to his parish in Devon after the English Restoration.
The Klencke Atlas is commissioned by Dutch merchants as a gift to King Charles II of England; at 1.75 m (5 ft 9in) tall it is one of the world's largest books.
Danish writer Birgitte Thott is given permission by King Frederick III of Denmark to receive an annual grant from the Soro Academy to pursue her studies, expand her library, and research into language.
New books
Prose
Sarah Blackborow – The Just and Equall Ballance Discovered
Francisco Manuel de Melo – Epanáphoras de varia historia portuguesa
John Dryden – Astraea Redux
Richard Flecknoe – Heroick Portraits
George Mackenzie – Aretina (the first Scottish novel)
John Milton – The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth
Thomas Plowden, S.J. (translated) – The Learned Man Defended and Reform'd (Daniello Bartoli's L'huomo di lettere)
Madeleine de Scudéry – Clélie
Jeremy Taylor – Ductor Dubitantium, or the Rule of Conscience
Thieleman J. van Braght – De Martelaersspiegel
Drama
Anonymous (misattributed to James Shirley) – Andromana (published)
Cromwell's Conspiracy
(misattributed to Beaumont and Fletcher) – The Faithful Friends (registered)
Thomas Ford – Love's Labyrinth, or the Royal Shepherdess (published)
William Lower – The Amorous Fantasm (adapted from Philippe Quinault's Le Fantôme Amoreux)
John Tatham
London's Glory (staged at the Guildhall)
The Rump (published)
Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Celos aun del aire matan
Molière – Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire
Poetry
Rachel Jevon – Exultationis Carmen
Robert Wild – Iter Boreale. Attempting Something upon the Successful and Matchless March of the Lord General George Monk from Scotland to London
Births
January – Hippolyte Hélyot, French church historian (died 1716)
February 12 – Thomas Southerne, Irish dramatist (died 1749)
March 28 – Arnold Houbraken, Dutch writer and painter (died 1719)
May or earlier – Anne Killigrew, English poet and painter (died 1685)
Unknown date – Edward Lhuyd, Welsh naturalist and antiquary (died 1709)
probable
Daniel Defoe, English novelist and travel writer (died 1731)
Liu Zhi (劉智), Chinese Muslim scholar (died c. 1739)
Deaths
April 30 – Petrus Scriverius, Dutch scholar and writer (born 1576)
August 31 – Johann Freinsheim, German critic (born 1608)
October 6 – Paul Scarron, French dramatist and novelist (born c. 1610)
December 31 – Thomas Powell, Welsh writer and cleric (born c. 1608)
Unknown date – Sir Thomas Urquhart, Scottish writer and translator (born 1611)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1659%20in%20literature | 1659 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1659.
Events
January 27 – The poet Andrew Marvell is elected a member of Parliament for Kingston upon Hull in England's Third Protectorate Parliament.
August – William Davenant is briefly imprisoned for his part in George Booth's Cheshire uprising in favor of restoring the English Monarchy.
unknown dates
Méric Casaubon edits John Dee's journal of angel magic.
The Icelandic pastor Jón Magnússon completes his Píslarsaga (Passion Saga, or Story of My Sufferings).
New books
Prose
Richard Baxter – The Holy Commonwealth
Méric Casaubon (ed.) – A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee (A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz. and King James their Reignes) and some spirits
Thomas Hobbes –
Christiaan Huygens –
Ninon de l'Enclos – (The Flirt Avenged)
Richard Lovelace – Lucasta (posthumous)
William Prynne – Parliamentary Writs (further parts in 1660, 1662 and 1664)
Johann Heinrich Rahn – Teutsche Algebra
Péter Révay –
John Rushworth – Historical Collections of Private Passages of State... (also The Rushworth Papers)
Anna Maria van Schurman – The Learned Maid, or Whether a Maid May Be a Scholar? (English version of 1638 Latin original)
Jeremy Taylor – Discourse on the Nature, Offices and Measures of Friendship
Drama
Anonymous – The London Chanticleers
Richard Brome – Five New Plays, including The English Moor, The Lovesick Court, The Weeding of Covent Garden, The New Academy, and The Queen and Concubine
Joan Leonardsz Blasius –
Sir William Davenant – The History of Sir Francis Drake
John Day and Henry Chettle – The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (published six decades after its premiere)
Richard Flecknoe – The Marriage of Oceanus and Britannia
Molière –
Walter Montague – The Shepherd's Paradise
Agustín Moreto – No puede ser...
James Shirley
The Contention of Ajax and Ulysses
Honoria and Mammon
Juan Bautista Diamante –
Poetry
William Chamberlayne –
Luis de Ulloa Pereira – Versos
Births
January 1 – Humphrey Hody, English theologian and archdeacon (died 1707)
March – Margrethe Lasson, Danish novelist (died 1738)
March 25 – John Asgill, English pamphleteer (died 1738)
March 26 – William Wollaston, English philosopher, classicist and cleric (died 1724)
April 29 – Sophia Elisabet Brenner, Swedish poet and writer (died 1730)
unknown dates
Thomas Creech, English classicist and translator (died 1700)
Kata Szidónia Petrőczy, Hungarian poet (died 1708)
Deaths
January 7 – Laurenz Forer, Swiss theologian and controversialist writing in Latin and German (born 1580)
January 31 – János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian linguist, mathematician and encyclopedist (born 1625)
February 4 – Francis Osborne, English essayist (born 1593)
April 15 – Simon Dach, German poet and hymnist (born 1605)
June 3 – Morgan Llwyd, Welsh preacher, poet and writer (born 1619)
September 22 – Thomas Morton, English polemicist and bishop (born 1564)
October 27 – Giovanni Francesco Busenello, Italian poet and librettist (born 1598)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1658%20in%20literature | 1658 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1658.
Events
March 5 – A play adapted from The Taming of the Shrew is performed by students of the Gymnasium in Zittau, the earliest record of a Shakespearean comedy produced anywhere in the Holy Roman Empire; authorship is attributed to Christian Keymann, but remains disputed. This climate inspires the Silesian playwright Andreas Gryphius. Also this year, he prints one of the first secular Baroque works in German literature, the verse comedy Absurda Comica oder Herr Peter Squenz. Borrowing from A Midsummer Night's Dream (including its main character, Peter Quince), Gryphius' text rejects Meistersinger culture, while also "reinvigorating the tradition" of German-language theater after the long hiatus of the Thirty Years' War.
April – Blaise Pascal enters the creative period that will lead to his Pensées, with a lecture for his Jansenist friends at Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey, and later with a series of scattered notes.
May 29 – Dara Shukoh, heir-apparent to the crown of the Mughal Empire, is defeated by his younger brother, Aurangzeb, in the Battle of Samugarh. Dara's overtures toward Vedanta and Sufism, including his promotion of the Upanishads, are condemned, as Aurangzeb formally adheres to Islamic fundamentalism – and in practice to a less syncretic theism. The new regime has a working alliance with the Pashtun warrior-poet Khushal Khattak, until the latter is deposed and arrested in 1663.
July 6 – Teimuraz, deposed ruler of Kakheti and pioneer of Georgian poetry, is received in Moscow, Tsardom of Russia. An incident involving Bogdan Khitrovo contributes to the internal conflicts within the Russian Orthodox Church, generating the Raskol.
September 5 – Forces of the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate, under the command of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, storm into the Transylvanian capital of Feyérvár (Alba Iulia). The city is devastated, and its role in fostering Renaissance humanism is forever ended: though restored, the Bethlen Collegium is transferred to Nagyenyed (Aiud). Approximately 20,000 books are destroyed in the raid, and at least 53 students are killed. This attack also brings to a standstill the Transylvanian printing press, which had been established around 1622. A new press is founded at Nagyszeben (Sibiu).
September 13 (O. S. September 3) – Death of Oliver Cromwell, inaugurating the transition from Protectorate to Restoration. The event inspires Andrew Marvell to write "A Poem upon the Death of his Late Highness the Lord Protector"; this piece is not included in the official edition of Cromwellian panegyrics, which has verse by John Dryden, Thomas Sprat, and Edmund Waller. All these poets, alongside John Milton, will be ridiculed in Richard Watson's 1659 pamphlet, The Panegyrike and the Storme.
c. October 24 – Molière arrives in Paris to act at the Louvre Palace. He performs with his troupe in front of King Louis XIV in Pierre Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in his own farce Le Docteur Amoureux (The Doctor in Love). The troupe is granted Monsieur's patronage and allowed to use the Petit-Bourbon, alongside Giacomo Torelli's rival company.
unknown dates
Arakel of Tabriz is persuaded by Jacob IV, pontiff of the Armenian Apostolic Church to resume work on his Book of Histories, which will be completed in 1662.
Czech educationist John Amos Comenius publishes Orbis Pictus (Visible World), "internationally recognised as the first text written specifically for children." In associating Latin words with "the representation of most things capable of being set out in Pictures" it endures as "extremely popular in seventeenth-century Europe." From his home in the Dutch Republic, Comenius also directs a Bible translation into the Ottoman Turkish language. The endeavor, which also involves Jacobus Golius, Levinus Warner and Wojciech Bobowski, is still unfinished by the time of Comenius' death in 1670.
Étienne de Flacourt of the French East India Company publishes his part history, part memoir, work on Madagascar. Partly written as a plea for colonial sponsorship, it is dedicated to Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances. Flacourt's book introduces various theories, including one about the Jewish and Arabic origins of the Malagasy people; it is additionally noted for explaining the establishment of Fort Dauphin as an enterprise "for profit and gain, no matter how draped in the beautiful colors of religion."
Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro completes Przysłowia mów potocznych (Proverbs of Common Speech), containing a selection of Polish proverbs and his own aphorisms. The book is also a justification for Sarmatism and "Golden Liberty", with hints of xenophobia.
In Temeşvar Eyalet, Mihail Halici Sr. begins his translations from the Psalms, using Clément Marot's version in a Hungarian intermediary. These are noted as early samples of Romanian-language poetry, as well as for discarding Cyrillic in favor of Romanization.
Johann Heinrich Hottinger, a scholar based in Zurich, publishes his Promtuarium sive Bibliotheca Orientalis, which becomes a main reference work for Orientalism.
Hu Zhenheng's comprehensive collection of Tang poetry begins publication; the tenth and final volume (唐音癸籤, Tang yin gui qian), containing Hu's own literary criticism, is the first to be printed.
Mihnea III, Prince of Wallachia, begins his purge of boyardom. The scholar and poet Udriște Năsturel, who was serving at the time as Spatharios, is reportedly among those slaughtered in Bucharest.
Edward Phillips continues the Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans' Government unto the Death of King James (originally by Richard Baker) to this date.
The Polish Brethren are repressed and expelled, prompting poet Wacław Potocki to embrace Catholicism.
Georg Stiernhielm, a nobleman of the Swedish Empire, publishes his epic poem Hercules. Inspired in part by Jacob Cats' blasons, it stimulates a Baroque in Swedish literature. Hercules is also the first Swedish poem in hexameters.
New books
Fiction
Antoine Furetière – (New Allegory, or the History of the Latest Troubles in the Realm of Eloquence)
Children and young people
John Amos Comenius – Orbis Pictus (Visible World)
Drama
William Chamberlayne – Love's Victory (published)
Aston Cockayne – The Obstinate Lady and Trappolin Suppos'd a Prince (in one volume; posthumous)
William Davenant – The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru (published)
Jean Ogier de Gombauld – Les Danaïdes: tragédie
Andreas Gryphius – Absurda Comica oder Herr Peter Squenz
Thomas Dekker, John Ford, and William Rowley – The Witch of Edmonton (posthumous)
William Lower – The Enchanted Lovers (published)
Thomas May – The Old Couple (posthumous)
Jasper Mayne
The City Match (published)
The Amorous War (published)
Thomas Meriton
Love and War (published)
The Wandering Lover (published)
Gilbert Swinhoe – Unhappy Fair Irene (published)
Leonard Willan – Orgula, or the Fatal Error (published)
Poetry
Richard Brathwait – "The Honest Ghost; or, A Voice from the Vault"
Georges de Brébeuf – Poésies diverses (Various Poems)
Jacob Cats – Proefsteen van den Trou-ringh (Touchstone of the Wedding Ring)
Aston Cockayne – Small Poems of Divers Sorts
Sidney Godolphin and Edmund Waller – The Passion of Dido for Aeneas
Andrew Marvell – "A Poem upon the Death of his Late Highness the Lord Protector"
Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant – Dernier recueil (Final Collection)
Georg Stiernhielm – Hercules
Jan van Vliet – Caecilia Bredana, sive ad Serenissimum Magnae Britanniae, Franciae atque Hibemise Regem Carolum II. Elegia et alia
Non-fiction
Savoy Declaration
The Whole Duty of Man
Thomas Browne
The Garden of Cyrus
Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial
Jean Desmarets – Les Délices de l'esprit (Spiritual Delights)
John Dodderidge – The Several Opinions of Sundry Learned Antiquaries
Richard Farnworth – A Confession and Profession of Faith in God
Étienne de Flacourt
Dictionnaire de la langue de Madagascar (Dictionary for the Language of Madagascar)
Histoire de la grande isle de Madagascar (History of the Grand Island of Madagascar)
Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro – Przysłowia mów potocznych (Proverbs of Common Speech)
John Gadbury – Genethlialogia, or the Doctrine of Nativities
Pierre Gassendi – (posthumous)
Johann Heinrich Hottinger – Promtuarium sive Bibliotheca Orientalis
Hu Zhenheng – Tang yin gui qian (唐音癸籤, posthumous)
Christiaan Huygens – Horologium
Kamalakara – Siddhāntatattvaviveka
Antonio de León Pinelo
Acuerdos del Concejo de Indias (Pacts of the Council of the Indies)
Anales o historia de Madrid desde el nacimiento de Cristo Señor nuestro hasta el año 1658 (Annals or History of Madrid from the Birth of Our Lord Jesus Christ to the Year 1658)
Samuel Morland – The History of the Evangelical Churches in the Valleys of Piemont
John Owen – Of the Divine Originall, Authority, Self-evidencing Light, and Power of the Scriptures
Edward Phillips
Mysteries of Love and Eloquence
A New World in Words, or a General Dictionary
Thomas Willis – (On Two Arguments in Medical Philosophy)
Births
February 18 – Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre, French philosopher (died 1743)
March 23 – Giovanni Maria Ciocchi, Tuscan painter and art critic (died 1725)
March 30 – Muro Kyūsō, Japanese philosopher (died 1734)
May 24 – Timothy Rogers, English essayist and self-help writer (died 1728)
July 10 – Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Bolognese naturalist and travel writer (died 1730)
August 16 – Ralph Thoresby, English historian (died 1725)
August 18 – Jan František Beckovský, Czech historian and theologian (died 1722)
August 28 – Honoré Tournély, French Catholic theologian (died 1729)
September 1 – Jacques Bernard, Dutch journalist and Huguenot theologian (died 1718)
September 4 – Luis de Salazar y Castro, Spanish historian (died 1734)
September 11 – Maria do Ceo, Portuguese novelist, playwright and poet (died 1753)
September 16 – John Dennis, English dramatist and critic (died 1734)
October 11 – Christian Heinrich Postel, Saxon poet and librettist (died 1705)
October 21 – Henri de Boulainvilliers, French historian, philosopher and translator (died 1722)
November 4 – Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Georgian fabulist and lexicographer (died 1725)
December 7 – Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha, Ottoman historian (died 1723)
Unknown dates
Elizabeth Barry, English actress (died 1713)
Awnsham Churchill, English printer and bookseller (died 1728)
William Curtain, Irish poet and historian (died 1724)
Richard Duke, English satirist and poet (died 1711)
Shridhar Swami Nazarekar, Marathi poet and philosopher (died 1729)
Stefan Yavorsky, Ukrainian and Russian Orthodox theologian (died 1722)
Probable year of birth – James Hog, Scottish Presbyterian theologian (died 1734)
Deaths
January 1 – Caspar Sibelius, Dutch Reformed theologian (born 1590)
January 9 – Pierre-Jean Fabre, French physician, alchemist and essayist (born 1588)
January 15 – John Colgan, Irish historian (born c. 1592)
February 10 – Gerard Langbaine the elder, English philosopher and polemicist (born 1609)
February 15 – Samuel Hoard, English Arminian polemicist (born 1599)
March 5 – Francisco López de Zárate, Spanish poet and playwright (born 1580)
March 6 – Ivan Bunić Vučić, Ragusan politician and poet (born 1592)
April 7 – Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, Spanish Jesuit mystic and philosopher (born 1595)
April 16 – Constantine Jessop, English Anglican theologian (born c. 1601)
April 19 – Christoph Köler, Silesian poet and biographer (born 1602)
April 29 – John Cleveland, English poet (born 1613)
May
Patrick Hamilton, Scottish poet (born c. 1575)
John Wright, English printer and bookseller (year of birth unknown)
May 10 – Robert Waring, English polemicist, poet, and Anglican priest (born 1614)
May 20 – Bartholomew Holzhauser, Bavarian Catholic mystic (born 1613)
May 31 – Benjamin Rudyerd, English poet and politician (born 1572)
June 18 – Louis Cappel, French historian and Huguenot theologian (born 1585)
c. June 15 – Henry Rogers, English polemicist and Anglican priest (born c. 1583)
July 18 – Álvaro Semedo, Portuguese Jesuit missionary and travel writer (born c. 1585)
August 11 – Antoine de Cousu, French music theorist and composer (born c. 1600)
September? – Nehemiah Wallington, English Puritan chronicler and book collector (born 1598)
September 17
Kaspar von Barth, Brandenburgian philologist (born 1587)
Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, Franconian-born poet and translator (born 1607)
September 21 – Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Gujarati Islamic mystic and Malay lexicographer (born c. 1600)
September 26 – Francisco de Borja y Aragón, Spanish Peruvian poet, essayist and statesman (born 1581)
October 1 – Gim Yuk, Korean philosopher and literary theorist (born 1580)
October 9 – Anthony Farindon, English Anglican theologian (born 1598)
October 20 – Louis Cellot, French poet and Jesuit theologian (born 1588)
November 4 – Antoine Le Maistre, French lawyer, translator, and Jansenist theologian (born 1608)
November 5 – Thomas Bancroft, English poet (born c. 1596)
November 6 – Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (born 1606)
November 15 – Jacobus Revius, Dutch poet, theologian and church historian (born 1586)
November 30 – Andreas Sparman, Swedish physician, food writer and poet (born 1609)
December 1 – Robert Harris, English Puritan theologian (born 1581)
December 6 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish Jesuit novelist and philosopher (born 1601)
December 20 – Jean Jannon, Genevan printer (born 1580)
Unknown dates
John Allibond, English satirist and poet (born 1597)
Gabriel Bocángel, Spanish poet and dramatist (born 1603)
Christopher Cartwright, English polemicist, Anglican theologian, and historian (born 1602)
Nikoloz Cholokashvili, Georgian priest, lexicographer and publisher (in prison, born 1585)
Gil González de Ávila, Spanish historian and biographer (born c. 1580)
Abba Gorgoryos, Ethiopian priest and lexicographer (at sea, born 1595)
Carlo Ridolfi, Venetian painter and biographer (born 1594)
Sen no Sōtan, Japanese poet (born 1578)
Pedro de Torres Rámila, Spanish poet, satirist and Renaissance humanist (born 1583)
Marcus Vulson de la Colombière, French heraldist, poet and historian (year of birth unknown)
probable
John Jones of Gellilyfdy, Welsh scribe and book collector (born c. 1578)
Udriște Năsturel, Wallachian scholar and poet (lynched, born c. 1596)
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226360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1657%20in%20literature | 1657 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1657.
Events
January – Madame de la Fayette returns to Paris, where she is introduced to, and becomes friends with, Madame de Sévigné.
March 2 – The Great Fire of Meireki in Edo, Japan, burns down the city's theatres, forcing actors to move to Osaka.
New books
Prose
"William Allen" – Killing No Murder (variously attributed to Colonel Silius Titus, Edward Sexby or William Allen, an English Republican; Sexby admits authorship under duress)
Cave Beck – The Universal Character
Theodore Haak (translator) – The Dutch Annotations Upon the Whole Bible (original 1637)
Li Yu (probable author) – The Carnal Prayer Mat (published 1693)
Richard Ligon – A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes
Jeremy Taylor – Discourse of the Nature, Offices and Measures of Friendship
Brian Walton, Bishop of Chester – Polyglot Bible
Baltasar Gracián – El criticón (third part)
François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac – Pratique du théâtre
Cyrano de Bergerac (posthumous) – L'Autre Monde: ou les États et Empires de la Lune (Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon)
Christiaan Huygens – De ratiociniis in ludo aleae
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (日本王代一覧, Table of the Rulers of Japan)
Paul Scarron – Roman comique (Comic romance, publication concluded)
Children
Les Jeux et plaisirs de l'enfance
Drama
Anonymous – Lust's Dominion (published, falsely attributed in some impressions to Marlowe; probably by Dekker and others, written c.1600)
Richard Brome – The Queen's Exchange (published)
Sir Aston Cockayne – The Obstinate Lady (published)
Lodowick Carlell
The Fool Would be a Favorite, or The Discreet Lover (published)
The Tragedy of Osmond the Great Turk, or the Noble Servant (published)
George Gerbier d'Ouvilly – The False Favourite Disgraced, and the Reward of Loyalty (published)
Franciscus van den Enden – Philedonius
Andreas Gryphius – Katharina von Georgien
Thomas Jordan – Fancy's Festivals (masque) (published)
Thomas Middleton (died 1627)
No Wit, No Help Like a Woman's (published)
Two New Plays; first publication of Women Beware Women and More Dissemblers Besides Women
Poetry
William Davenant – Poems on Several Occasions
Angelus Silesius – Heilige Seelenlust (collection of hymns)
Births
February 11 – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle French author (died 1757)
March 24 – Arai Hakuseki, Japanese scholar-bureaucrat and writer (died 1725)
November 26 – William Derham, English natural philosopher and cleric (died 1735)
unknown date – Matthew Tindal, English deist writer (died 1733)
Deaths
March 7 – Hayashi Razan (林羅山), Japanese philosopher (born 1583)
April ? – Richard Lovelace, English Cavalier poet (born 1617)
August 29 – John Lilburne, English writer and agitator (born c. 1614)
November 18 – Luke Wadding, Irish historian (born 1588)
November 19 – Théodore Tronchin, Swiss theologian (born 1582)
unknown dates
Junije Palmotić, Ragusan (Dubrovnik) dramatist and poet (born c. 1606)
Thomas Tuke, English controversialist and cleric (born c. 1580)
probable – Thomas Bayly, English religious controversialist (born early 17th century)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1656%20in%20literature | 1656 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1656.
Events
April 25 – In London, the Council of State, usually busy with larger matters, has taken on the censorship of individual books and orders Robert Tichborne, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, to burn a volume entitled Sportive Wit, or the Muses' Merriment for its "scandalous, lascivious, scurrilous, and profane matter".
May 9 – Choice Drollery, Songs, and Sonnets is ordered to be destroyed by Britain's Council of State.
July 27 – Baruch Spinoza is excluded from the Jewish religious community in Amsterdam.
September – The Siege of Rhodes, Part I, by Sir William Davenant, the "first English opera" (under the guise of a recitative), is performed in a private theatre at his home, Rutland House, in the City of London. This includes the innovative use of painted backdrops and the appearance of England's first professional actress, Mrs. Coleman as Ianthe.<ref"></ref>
November 12 – John Milton marries Katherine Woodcock at St Mary Aldermanbury, London.
unknown date – Two playbooks published in London in this year, The Careless Shepherdess and The Old Law, contain the first "play lists" or catalogs of published dramas ever issued in England.
New books
Prose
Cyrano de Bergerac – Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon
Thomas Blount – Glossographia; or, a dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language now used in our refined English tongue
Méric Casaubon – A Treatise Concerning Enthusiasm
Margaret Cavendish –
A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding, and Life
Nature's Pictures
William Dugdale – Antiquities of Warwickshire (seen as a model for a county history)
James Harrington – The Commonwealth of Oceana
Thomas Hobbes – Questions concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance
Michael Maier – Themis aurea: the Laws of the Fraternity of the Rosie Crosse (first English translation)
Marchamont Nedham – The Excellency of a Free State
Adam Olearius – Vermehrte Newe Beschreibung Der Muscowitischen und Persischen Reyse So durch gelegenheit einer Holsteinischen Gesandtschaft an den Russischen Zaar und König in Persien geschehen (Further new description of the Muscovite and Persian journey made on the occasion of a Holstein mission to the Russian Tsar and the King of Persia)
Francis Osborne – Advice to a Son (an anti-marriage book, condemned and burned for immorality)
Blaise Pascal – Provincial Letters (first letter in series, completed March 1657)
John Tradescant the Younger – Musæum Tradescantianum; or, a collection of rarities preserved at South-Lambeth neer London (descriptive catalog of museum)
Gerrard Winstanley – The Law of Freedom
Children
John Cotton – Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes (catechism)
Drama
Thomas Dekker & John Ford – The Sun's Darling
Thomas Goffe – Three Excellent Tragedies; The Careless Shepherdess
Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, & Philip Massinger – The Old Law
Molière – Le Dépit amoureux
Poetry
Abraham Cowley – The Miscellanies
William Davenant – Wit and Drollery: Jovial Poems
Andreas Gryphius – Kirchhofsgedanken (Cemetery thoughts)
Pierre Corneille – L'Imitation de Jésus-Christ
Births
January 1 – Silvester Jenks, English Catholic theologian and philosopher (died 1714)
April 17 – William Molyneux, Irish natural philosopher and political writer (died 1698)
August 3 – Jean Galbert de Campistron, French dramatist (died 1723)
September 14 – Thomas Baker, English antiquary (died 1746)
November 17 – Charles Davenant, English economist (died 1714)
Deaths
January 19 – Godfrey Goodman, English theologian and bishop (born c. 1582)
August 24 – Aegidius Gelenius, German historian (born 1595)
September 8 – Bishop Joseph Hall, English satirist (born 1574)
October 3 – Myles Standish, American colonist (born c. 1584)
December – John Edwards (Siôn Treredyn), Welsh Anglican priest and translator (born c. 1605)
unknown date – Thomas Gage, English writer and cleric (born c. 1597)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655%20in%20literature | 1655 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1655.
Events
February 24 – The English playwright Thomas Porter abducts his future bride Anne Blount.
March 26 – The playwright Thomas Porter kills a soldier named Thomas Salkeld in Covent Garden, probably in a duel, is consequently tried for murder, pleads guilty to manslaughter, is allowed benefit of clergy, and is sentenced to be burned in the hand.
May–October – Church of England clergyman Jeremy Taylor is imprisoned at Chepstow Castle for an injudicious preface to his popular manual of devotion, , published this year.
August 6 – The Blackfriars Theatre in London is demolished.
October 29 – To celebrate Lord Mayor's Day, Edmund Gayton's pageant Charity Triumphant or the Virgin Show is staged in London; it is the first City pageant in fifteen years.
New books
Prose
John Bramhall – Defense of True Liberty (Anglican divine begins exchange of treatises with Thomas Hobbes)
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle – The World's Olio
Nicholas Culpeper – Astrological Judgement of Diseases from the Decumbiture of the Sick
Thomas Fuller – The Church History of Britain
John Heydon – Eugenius Theodidacticus
Michel Millot and Jean L'Ange (attributed) – L'Escole des filles
William Prynne
A New Discovery of Free-State Tyranny
The Quakers Unmasked
Thomas Stanley – History of Philosophy
John Wallis – (attack on the works of Thomas Hobbes)
Izaak Walton – The Compleat Angler (2nd edition)
Baltasar Gracián – El comulgatorio
Francisco de Quevedo – Política de Dios y gobierno de Cristo (second part)
Diego de Saavedra Fajardo – Juicio de artes y ciencias
Drama
Antony Brewer – The Lovesick King
Lodowick Carlell – The Passionate Lovers, Parts 1 and 2
Robert Daborne – The Poor Man's Comfort
Robert Davenport – King John and Matilda
Thomas Heywood and William Rowley – Fortune by Land and Sea
Philip Massinger – Three New Plays, a collection that included The Guardian, The Bashful Lover, and (with John Fletcher) A Very Woman
James Shirley
The Gentleman of Venice
The Politician
Jeremy Taylor – . .Poetry
Henry Vaughan – Silex Scintillans (part 2)
Births
January 1 – Christian Thomasius, German philosopher (died 1728)
February 7 – Jean-François Regnard, French dramatist and diarist (died 1709)
February 28 – Johann Beer, Austrian author, court official and composer (died 1700)
c. November – Jacob Tonson, English bookseller and publisher (died 1736)unknown date – Lin Yining (林以寧), Chinese poet (died c. 1730)
Deaths
February 25 – Daniel Heinsius, Dutch poet (born 1580)
May 8 – Edward Winslow, English theologian, pamphleteer and New England politician (born 1595)
July 28 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French dramatist (born 1619)
September 7 – François Tristan l'Hermite, French dramatist (born c. 1601)
October 24 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher (born 1592)probable'' – John Reynolds, English poet, story-writer and pamphleteer (born c. 1588)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1654%20in%20literature | 1654 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1654.
Events
July – Lady Dorothy Osborne plays the leading role in a country-house staging of Sir William Berkeley's tragicomedy The Lost Lady. While the London theatres remain closed, amateur theatricals continue at private houses in England. Like performances of courtly masques before 1642, many of these performances feature women, foreshadowing the acceptance of professional women performers in the early Restoration era.
New books
Prose
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Parlhenissa, a novel
Martino Martini – De Bello Tartarico Historia
John Milton – Defensio Secunda
Richard Sherlock – The Quaker's Wilde Questions objected against the Ministers of the Gospel.
Drama
Anonymous – Alphonsus Emperor of Germany published (wrongly attributed to George Chapman)
Alexander Brome – The Cunning Lovers
Richard Flecknoe – Love's Dominion
Henry Glapthorne (?) – Revenge for Honour published (wrongly attributed to George Chapman)
James Howell – The Nuptials of Peleus and Thetis (published)
Thomas Jordan – Cupid His Coronation
Thomas May – Two Tragedies, viz. Cleopatra and Agrippina (published)
Robert Mead – The Combat of Love and Friendship (published)
John Webster (and Thomas Heywood?) – Appius and Virginia (published)
Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón
El invisible príncipe del Baúl
Las muñecas de Marcela
El señor de Noches Buenas
Agustín Moreto
De fuera vendrá quien de casa te echará
El desdén, con el desdén (first published)
Cyrano de Bergerac – Le Pédant joué ("The Pedant Tricked")
Philippe Quinault – L'Amant indiscret
Joost van den Vondel – Lucifer
Poetry
Thomas Washbourne – Divine Poems
Births
January 10 – Joshua Barnes, English scholar and fiction writer (died 1712)
January 22 – Richard Blackmore, English poet and physician (died 1729)
March – Anne Lefèvre (Madame Dacier), French scholar and translator (died 1720)
March 16 – Andreas Acoluthus, German Orientalist (died 1704)
June 24 – Thomas Fuller, English writer and physician (died 1734)
Unknown dates
John Bellers, English writer and Quaker (died 1725)
Gerrit van Spaan, Dutch writer (died 1711)
Deaths
February 18 – Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French essayist (born 1697)
February 19 – Edmund Chilmead, English writer and translator (born 1610)
April 5 – Jacobus Trigland, Dutch theologian (born 1583)
October – John Bastwick, English physician and controversialist (born 1593)
November 30
William Habington, English poet (born 1605)
John Selden, English polymath (born 1584)
December – Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Ancram, Scottish nobleman and writer (born c. 1578)
Unknown dates
Walter Blith, English writer on husbandry (born 1605)
Edward Misselden, English mercantilist writer (born 1608)
Alexander Ross, Scottish controversialist (born c. 1590)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1653%20in%20literature | 1653 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1653.
Events
January 17 – John Evelyn begins to set out gardens at Sayes Court, Deptford, the house he has recently bought.
March 26 – James Shirley's masque Cupid and Death is performed before the Portuguese ambassador in London.
June – English actor Robert Cox is arrested at the Red Bull Theatre in London for performing a "droll" deemed to be a play (prohibited during the English Interregnum).
September 9 – London publisher Humphrey Moseley enters into the Stationers' Register the plays The History of Cardenio (1613), attributed posthumously to William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, and Henry I (1624) and Henry II, attributed to Shakespeare and Robert Davenport; none survive.
New books
Prose
Ralph Austen – A Treatise on Fruit-trees, showing the manner of grafting, setting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects
Baltasar Gracián – El criticón (second part)
Blaise Pascal – Traité du triangle arithmétique
Jeremy Taylor – Twenty-five Sermons
Sir Thomas Urquhart
First English translation of Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel, Books I and II
Logopandecteision
Izaak Walton -The Compleat Angler
Arthur Wilson – The History of Great Britain, being the Life and Reign of King James I
Drama
Richard Brome – Five New Plays, a collection of his dramas including A Mad Couple Well-Match'd, The Novella, The Court Beggar, The City Wit, and The Damoiselle
John Ford (attributed) – The Queen (published)
William Heminges – The Fatal Contract (published)
Henry Killigrew – Pallantus and Eudora (published; Killigrew's revision of his own The Conspiracy, 1638)
Philippe Quinault – Les Rivales
James Shirley – The Court Secret (published)
Lope de Vega – La discreta enamorada
Agustín Moreto – El lindo don Diego
Paul Scarron – Don Japhel d'Arménie
Poetry
Margaret Cavendish – Poems and Fancies
Births
January 13 – Philipp Jakob Spener, German theologian (died 1705)
March 8 – Goodwin Wharton, English autobiographer and politician (died 1704)
Unknown date – Chikamatsu Monzaemon (近松 門左衛門), Japanese dramatist (died 1725)
Probable year of birth – Nathaniel Lee, English dramatist (died 1692)
Deaths
May 26 – Robert Filmer, English political theorist (born 1558)
July 10 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (born 1600)
September 3 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (born 1588)
September 23 – Jacques Goar, French Hellenist (born 1601)
October 15 – Piaras Feiritéar, Irish-language poet and rebel (hanged; born c. 1600)
December – John Taylor, English poet and waterman (born 1578)
Unknown date
Zachary Boyd, Scottish poet (born 1585)
Lucrezia Marinella, Italian poet, writer and supporter of women's rights (born 1571)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652%20in%20literature | 1652 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1652.
Events
March/April – John Milton loses the last of his eyesight during the year.
unknown date – A translation by Saiyid Aidarus of the Arabic religious poem "Hamziya" is the earliest known written example of Swahili literature.
New books
Prose
Anonymous – Eliza's Babes, or the Virgin's Offering
Elias Ashmole – Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum.
Nicholas Culpepper – The English Physitian, or, An astrologo-physical discourse on the vulgar herbs of this nation, being a compleat method of physick, whereby a man may preserve his body in health, or cure himself, being sick (later known as The Complete Herbal)
Owen Feltham – Brief Character of the Low Countries
Antonio Rocco – L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola (Alcibiades the schoolboy)
Thomas Urquhart – The Jewel (Ekskybalauron): a vindication of the honor of Scotland
Henry Vaughan – Mount of Olives
Thomas Vaughan (philosopher) (Eugenius Philalethes) – The Fame and Confession of the Fraternity of R:C:
Gerrard Winstanley – The Law of Freedom
Drama
Anonymous – The Bastard
Richard Brome – A Jovial Crew
Francis Goldsmith – Sophompaneas, or Joseph (a translation of Hugo Grotius's tragedy)
Thomas Middleton – The Widow
John Tatham – The Scots Figgaries
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – La fiera, el rayo y la piedra
Agustín Moreto
San Franco de Siena
El parecido en la corte
Luis Velez de Guevara – Reinar después de morir
François le Métel de Boisrobert – Les Trois Orontes
Poetry
Edward Benlowes – Theophilia or Love's Sacrifice
Richard Crashaw – Deo Nostro Te Decet Hymnus
Antonio Enríquez Gómez – Sansón Nazareno
Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa – Poesías varias, heroicas, satíricas y amorosas
Births
March 2 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (died 1685)
April 13 – Thomas Ward, English Catholic writer (died 1708)
May – Jane Barker, English poet and dramatist (died 1732)
Unknown date – Nahum Tate, Irish poet and dramatist (died 1715)
Deaths
February 28 – Arcangela Tarabotti, Venetian nun and feminist writer (born 1604)
April 12 – John Vicars, English contemporary biographer, poet and polemicist of the English Civil War (born 1582)
May – Claude de L'Estoile, French playwright and poet (born 1602)
May 5 – Mary (née Powell), English wife of John Milton (born 1625)
June 25 – Abraham von Franckenberg, German mystic, poet, and hymn writer (born 1593)
August 14 – Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer, proprietor of the House of Elzevir (born 1592)
October – Arthur Wilson, English playwright, historian, and poet (born 1595)
October 8 – John Greaves, English antiquary (born 1602)
October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1611)
November 29 – Francesco Angeloni, Italian historian, novelist, dramatist and collector (born 1587)
December 2 – Christopher Elderfield, English theologian (born 1607)
December 23 – John Cotton, English-born American theologian and minister (born 1585)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651%20in%20literature | 1651 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1651.
Events
August 22 – Execution on Tower Hill in London of Welsh Protestant preacher Christopher Love
New books
Prose
Noah Biggs – Chymiatrophilos, Matæotechnia medicinæ praxeōs, The vanity of the Craft of Physick, or, A new dispensator
William Bosworth – The Chaste and Lost Lovers
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery – Parthenissa (first section)
Mary Cary (Rande) – The Little Horn's Doom and Downfall and A New and More Exact Map of the New Jerusalem's Glory
Marin le Roy de Gomberville – Jeune Alcidiane
Francisco de Quevedo – Virtud militante contra las cuatro pestes del mundo y cuatro fantasmas de la vida
Baltasar Gracián – El Criticón (first part)
Thomas Hobbes – Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil
John Milton – Defensio pro Populo Anglicano
Paul Scarron – Roman comique (Comic romance, first part)
Filip Stanislavov – Abagar (first printed book in modern Bulgarian)
Anna Weamys – A Continuation of Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia
Sir Henry Wotton (posthumous) – Reliquiæ Wottonianæ; or, a collection of lives, letters, poems; with characters of sundry personages: and other incomparable pieces of language and art "By the curious pensil of the ever memorable Sr Henry Wotton Kt, late, provost of Eton Colledg"
Drama
William Cartwright
The Lady Errant
The Ordinary
The Siege, or Love's Convert
Comedies, Tragi-Comedies, with Other Poems
Pedro Calderon de la Barca – El alcalde de Zalamea
Jerónimo de Cáncer – Obras varias
Francisco López de Zárate – Hercules furente y oeta
Juan de Matos Fragoso – La defensa de la Fè, y Principe prodigioso
Thomas Randolph (attributed to) – Hey for Honesty, Down with Knavery (adapted from Aristophanes' Plutus)
Jerónimo de Cáncer – Vejamen
Leonard Willan – Astraea, or True Love's Mirror (adapted from Honoré D'Urfé's L'Astrée)
Poetry
William Davenant – Gondibert (second impression)
Francisco de Borja y Aragón – Nápoles recuperada
Manuel de Salinas y Lizana – La casta Susana, paráfrasis poética de su sagrada historia
Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa – Neapolisea
Henry Vaughan – Olor Iscanus (Swan of Usk)
Births
April 6 – André Dacier, French classicist (died 1722)
August 6 – François Fénelon, French theologian (died 1715)
October 24 – Jean de La Chapelle, French dramatist (died 1723)
November 12 – Juana Inés de la Cruz (Sor Juana), Mexican poet (died 1695)
Deaths
January 29 – Diego de Colmenares, Spanish historian (born 1586)
February 14 – Jean Roberti, Flemish theologian (born 1569)
April – Elizabeth Richardson, 1st Lady Cramond, English women's writer (born c. 1576)
October 7 – Jacques Sirmond, French scholar (born 1559)
December 14 – Pierre Dupuy, French scholar (born 1582)
December 22 – Arnold Johan Messenius, Swedish royal historiographer (born 1607/1608)
Unknown dates
Adho Duraso, Rajasthani poet (born c. 1550)
Henry Rice, Welsh courtier and writer (born c. 1585)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650%20in%20literature | 1650 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1650.
Events
February 22 – Parliament appoints a commission for the propagation and preaching of the gospel in Wales, advised by Vavasor Powell. The Act for the better propagation and preaching of the Gospel in Wales is passed by Parliament, resulting in the ejection of dissident clergymen and creating English-language schools.
November – Blaise Pascal and his family return to Paris, after an 18-month retreat to Clermont-Ferrand.
unknown dates
Despite the official prohibition against stage plays in England, theatrical manager and promoter William Beeston finances repairs to the Cockpit Theatre and attempts to assemble and train a company of young actors. His effort is unsuccessful.
Under this year's Blasphemy Act, English radical Jacob Bauthumley is arrested, convicted and has his tongue pierced on account of his book The Light and Dark Sides of God.
Robert Baron publishes his plagiarized work Pocula Castalia, stealing mainly from the minor poems of John Milton issued in 1645.
At about this date Agneta Horn writes her autobiography, Agneta Horns leverne, in Swedish; it will not be discovered until 1885.
New books
Prose
Elias Ashmole – Fasciculus Chemicus
Richard Flecknoe – The Idea of His Highness Oliver ...
Jonas Moore – Moores Arithmetick
Francisco de Quevedo – La hora de todos y la fortuna con seso
George Walker – Anglo-Tyrannus
Drama
François le Métel de Boisrobert – La Jalouse d'elle-même
Abraham Cowley – The Guardian
Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla – Del rey abajo, ninguno
Poetry
Anne Bradstreet – The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
Andrew Marvell – An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland
Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa – Panegírico y natalicio al marqués de Montalbán
Henry Vaughan – Silex scintillans (part 1)
Births
June 14 – Carlo Alessandro Guidi, Italian lyric poet (died 1712)
July – Charles Leslie, Irish theologian (died 1722)
September 23 – Bishop Jeremy Collier, English theologian and theatre critic (died 1726)
Unknown dates
Madame d'Aulnoy, French writer of fairy tales (died 1705)
Henry Scougal, Scottish theologian (died 1678)
Deaths
February 11 – René Descartes, French philosopher (born 1596)
April 22 – Stephanius, Danish royal historiographer (born 1599)
May 27 – Anthony Ascham, English political theorist (born c. 1614)
June – Jean Rotrou, French poet and dramatist (born 1609)
June 30 – Niccolò Cabeo, Italian philosopher (born 1586)
August 25 – Richard Crashaw, English poet (born c. 1613)
September 17 – Constantino Cajetan, Italian scholar and book collector (born 1560)
October 25 – Franciscus Quaresmius, Milanese Franciscan writer (born 1583)
November 13 – Thomas May, English poet and historian (born 1595)
December 28 – Bartol Kašić, Croatian linguist and grammarian (born 1575)
Unknown dates
Balthazar Baro, French poet, dramatist and romance-writer (born 1596)
İbrahim Peçevi, Ottoman historian (born 1572)
Tukaram, Hindu poet
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649%20in%20literature | 1649 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1649.
Events
January 1 – Local authorities raid the four remaining London theatres – the Salisbury Court, the Red Bull, the Cockpit and the Fortune – to suppress clandestine play-acting. The actors found are arrested – except for the members of the Red Bull company, who manage to escape.
February 9 – Eikon Basilike: the Pourtrature of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings, purporting to be the spiritual autobiography of King Charles I of England, is published ten days after his execution and becomes a popular success. John Gauden later claims to have written it.
March 24 – The authorities damage the Cockpit Theatre to inhibit continued attempts to use it for plays. (The building is not destroyed, however, and in 1660 it is fixed and used again, when drama resumes after the Restoration.)
April 23 – William Everard, a Digger, issues "The Declaration and Standard of the Levellers of England."
October – John Milton's Eikonoklastes: in Answer to a Book Intitl'd Eikon Basilike, a defence of the execution of Charles I, is published.
With the London theatres closed since 1642, the trend toward closet drama (often highly politicized) continues – and is accentuated by the January 30 execution of Charles I. In the play Newmarket Fair, Oliver Cromwell and other Parliamentary leaders commit suicide when they learn of the accession of Charles II, an event that actually still lies eleven years in the future.
Antoine Girard's poem Rome Ridicule starts a fashion for burlesque poetry.
Sir William Davenant is appointed treasurer of the colony of Virginia.
New books
Prose
George Bates – Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia, or, A short historical account of the rise and progress of the late troubles in England. First part published and read by Pepys (13 February 1662/63)
Nicholas Culpepper – A Physicall Directory, or, A Translation of the London Dispensatory
René Descartes – Les passions de l'âme (Passions of the Soul)
John Donne – Fifty Sermons
John Gauden (attributed) – Eikon Basilike: The Portraicture of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings
John Lilburne
England's New Chains Discovered
Legal Fundamental Liberties
John Milton
Eikonoklastes (a reply to Eikon Basilike)
The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
Francisco Pacheco – Arte de la pintura (The Art of Painting)
William Prynne – A Legal Vindication of the Liberties of England against all Illegal Taxes and Pretended Acts of Parliament
Alexander Ross – The Alcoran of Mahomet. First English translation, from the 1647 French of Andre du Ryer
"Salmasius" (Claude de Saumaise) – Defensio Regia
Jeremy Taylor – Apology for authorized and set forms of Liturgy against the Pretence of the Spirit
Edward Winslow – The Danger of Tolerating Levelers in a Civil State
Drama
Anonymous
A Bartholomew Fairing
The Disease of the House, or the State Mountebank Administering Physic to a Sick Parliament
The Famous Tragedy of Charles II, Basely Butchered
Newmarket Fair, or A Parliament Outcry
Anonymous ("T. B.") – The Rebellion of Naples, or the Tragedy of Massenello
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle
The Country Captain
The Variety
Sir William Davenant – Love and Honour
Francis Quarles – The Virgin Widow
William Peaps – Love in Its Ecstasy, or the Large Prerogative
Christopher Wase – The Electra of Sophocles
Poetry
Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant – Rome Ridicule
Richard Lovelace – Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs, &c., to which is added Aramantha, A Pastoral
Francisco de Trillo y Figueroa – Al himeneo del señor D. Francisco de Vergara
Lachrymae Musarum: The Tears of the Muses
Monumentum Regale, a Tombe for Charles I
Births
March 3 – Sir John Floyer, English medical writer and physician (died 1734)
June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French critic and biographer (died 1706
September 27 – Jonas Danilssønn Ramus, Norwegian historian (died 1718)
Unknown date – Samuel Johnson, English political writer (died 1703)
Deaths
March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, Dutch classicist and theologian (born 1577)
June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (born 1590)
June 20 – Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet (born 1594)
August 25 – Richard Crashaw, English poet (born c. 1613)
October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss-born Italian theologian (born 1576)
November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German critic (born 1576)
December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (born 1585)
Autumn – Alexander Leighton, Scottish pamphleteer and physician (born c. 1570)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1648%20in%20literature | 1648 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1648.
Events
February
Ordinances are passed in England against plays; actors are to be fined and theatres pulled down.
Richard Flecknoe sails from Lisbon to Brazil.
April 7 – Edward Pococke becomes Professor of Hebrew at the University of Oxford, in succession to Dr Morris.
April 16 – René Descartes meets Frans Burman, resulting in the Conversation with Burman.
June – Pierre Gassendi, having given up lecturing at the Collège Royal because of ill-health, returns to his home area of Digne.
July 14 – During the siege of Colchester, a cannon nicknamed Humpty Dumpty, is blown off the walls, possibly inspiring the nursery rhyme.
October – Richard Lovelace, a Royalist poet, is imprisoned for opposition to Parliament.
December – King Charles I IS imprisoned in Windsor Castle, where he reportedly spends much of his time reading the plays of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.
unknown dates
Robert Boyle writes Seraphic Love, his first important work. Although it will not be published until 1660, he produces presentation copies for friends.
Richard Crashaw, exiled in Paris, publishes two hymns in Latin.
King Frederick III of Denmark establishes the Royal Library, Denmark.
New books
Prose
Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède – Cléopâtre
Robert Filmer – Freeholders Grand Inquest touching our Sovereign Lord the King and his Parliament
Thomas Gage – The English-American, or a New Survey of the West Indies
Baltasar Gracián – Agudeza y arte de ingenio
Francisco Martínez de Mata – Memorial a razón de la despoblación y pobreza de España y su remedio
José García de Salcedo Coronel – Comentarios al Panegírico del Duque de Lerma de Luis de Góngora
Fray Marcos de Salmerón – El príncipe escondido
Madeleine de Scudéry – Artamène, ou le Grand Cyrus, volume 1
John Wilkins – Mathematical Magick
Gerrard Winstanley – The Mystery of God
Drama
Anonymous – Crafty Cromwell
Anonymous – Kentish Fair, or the Parliament Sold to Their Best Worth
Anonymous ("Mercurius Melancholicus") – Mistress Parliament Her Gossiping
Jasper Mayne – The Amorous War
Poetry
Christen Aagaard – Threni Hyperborci
Richard Corbet – Poetica Stromata
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland – Otia Sacra
Robert Herrick
Hesperides
Noble Numbers
Francisco de Borja y Aragón – Obras en verso
Francisco López de Zárate – La invención de la Cruz
Francisco de Quevedo (ed. Jusepe Antonio González de Salas) – El Parnaso español, en dos cumbre dividido, con las nueve musas
Births
February 1 – Elkanah Settle, English poet and dramatist (died 1724)
November 12 – Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican Hieronymite nun, polymath, poet and playwright (died 1695)
Unknown date – Gaspard Abeille, French poet (died 1718)
Deaths
February 2 – George Abbot, English writer (born c. 1603)
February 22 – Wilhelm Lamormaini, Luxembourgish Jesuit theologian (born 1570)
March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish dramatist (born 1571)
May 26 – Vincent Voiture, French writer and poet (born 1597)
May – William Percy, English poet and playwright (born 1583)
July 31 – Benedictus van Haeften, Dutch theologian (born 1588)
August 20 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury Anglo-Welsh writer and soldier (born 1574)
September 1 – Marin Mersenne, French theologian and philosopher (born 1588)
December 16 – Arthur Duck, English lawyer and author (born 1580)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1647%20in%20literature | 1647 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1647.
Events
Summer – Thomas Hobbes gives up his work as mathematics tutor to the future Charles II of England because of a serious illness.
October 6 – London authorities raid the Salisbury Court Theatre, breaking up an illicit performance of Beaumont and Fletcher's A King and No King.
unknown date – Plagiarist Robert Baron publishes his Deorum Dona, a masque, and Gripus and Hegio, a pastoral, which draws heavily on the poems of Edmund Waller and John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. The masque claims to have been performed before "Flaminius and Clorinda, King and Queen of Cyprus, at their regal palace in Nicosia," a fantasy with no relation to the actual history of Cyprus.
New books
Prose
René Descartes – Les Principes de la philosophie (French version of original Latin)
Antonio Enríquez Gómez – El siglo pitagórico. La vida de don Gregorio Guadaña
Baltasar Gracián – Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia
Johannes Hevelius – Selenographia
John Lilburne – Rash Oaths
John Lilly – Christian Astrology
Thomas May – The History of the Parliament of England
Adam Olearius – Beschreibung der muscowitischen und persischen Reise (Description of [his] Muscovite and Persian Journey)
María de Zayas y Sotomayor – Desengaños amorosos. Parte segunda del sarao y entretenimiento honesto
Drama
"Beaumont and Fletcher" – Comedies and Tragedies... (first folio collection of the plays of John Fletcher and his various collaborators)
Antony Brewer – The Country Girl
Marchamont Nedham (Mercurius Pragmaticus) – The Levellers Levelled, or the Independents' Conspiracy to Root Out Monarchy
Jean Rotrou
Don Bertrand de Cabrère
Venceslas
Samuel Sheppard – The Committee-Man Curried
Johann Rist – Das friedewünschende Teutschland (Peace-loving Germany)
Lope de Vega – Parte XXV de comedias
Poetry
Abraham Cowley – The Mistress
Henry More – Philosophical Poems
Johan van Heemskerk – Batavische Arcadia
Births
April 1 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (died 1680)
August 12 – Johann Heinrich Acker, German religious historian writing in Latin (died 1719)
November 18 – Pierre Bayle French encyclopedist (died 1706)
Unknown dates
Henry Aldrich, English theologian and philosopher (died 1710)
Petter Dass, Norwegian poet (died 1707)
Glückel of Hameln, German diarist (died 1727)
Deaths
January 29 – Francis Meres, English miscellanist and cleric (born 1565)
April – Ephraim Pagit, English writer on comparative religion (born c. 1575)
May 21 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian, poet and dramatist (born 1581)
June 12 – Thomas Farnaby, English classicist and cleric (born c. 1575)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1646%20in%20literature | 1646 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1646.
Events
March 24 – The King's Men petition Parliament for three-and-a-half years' back pay, even though the London theatres officially remained closed through the middle 1640s. No details of their activities in these years survive.
May 5 – Martin Llewellyn's drama The King Found at Southwell is performed at Oxford; it is the last stage piece presented in the city before its surrender to Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War on June 22–24.
July – John Lilburne is placed in the Tower of London for denouncing his former commander the Earl of Manchester as a traitor.
September 6 – The Biblioteca Palafoxiana is established in Puebla, Mexico, through the donation of books by Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, perhaps the earliest public library in the American colonies.
unknown dates
Henry Burkhead's closet drama Cola's Fury, or Lirenda's Misery, based on the Irish Rebellion of 1641 ("Lirenda" is an anagram), is published in Kilkenny (dated 1645). Burkhead presents the historical persons involved under pseudonyms: among others, the Earl of Ormonde as "Osiris" and Sir John Borlase as "Berosus".
Jacqueline Pascal is converted to Jansenism, under the influence of her brother, Blaise Pascal.
New books
Prose
Anonymous (John Lilburne?) – London's Liberty in Chains Discovered
Anonymous (John Lilburne?) – Vox Plebis, or the People's Outcry
Sir Thomas Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Vulgar Errors
Thomas Fuller – Andronicus or the Unfortunate Politician
Sir John Suckling – An Account of Religion by Reason published
Vida y hechos de Estebanillo González
Baltasar Gracián – El discreto
Diego de Saavedra Fajardo – Corona gótica, castellana y austríaca
Children
John Cotton – Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes
Drama
Pierre Corneille – Théodore
Jean de Rotrou
Célie
Le Veritable Saint Genest
James Shirley – The Triumph of Beauty (masque)
Sir John Suckling – Fragmenta Aurea, collected plays, including The Sad One (unfinished)
Poetry
Richard Crashaw – Steps to the Temple
Martin Lluelyn – Men-Miracles
John Milton – Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, compos'd at several times (dated 1645, published early 1646)
Francis Quarles – The Shepherds' Oracle
James Shirley – Poems
Henry Vaughan – Poems, with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished
Births
March 19 – Michael Kongehl, German poet (died 1710)
July 1 – Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (died 1716)
July 20 – Eusèbe Renaudot, French theologian and orientalist (died 1720)
Probable – John Mason, English poet, cleric and hymnist (died 1694)
Deaths
August 19 – Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (born c. 1583)
September 17 – Erycius Puteanus, Netherlandish philologist and encyclopedist (born 1574)
October 23 – David Wedderburn, Scottish educationist and schoolbook author (born 1580)
December 23 – François Maynard, French poet (born c. 1582)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1645%20in%20literature | 1645 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1645.
Events
December – William Cavendish, later Duke of Newcastle, marries Margaret Lucas, whom he has met while in exile in France.
unknown dates
With the London theatres closed by the Puritan regime during the English Civil War, closet drama grows in prominence. Henry Burkhead's Cola's Fury, or Lirenda's Misery is written in this genre and the sisters Jane Cavendish and Elizabeth Egerton probably complete their The Concealed Fansyes while besieged.
New books
Prose
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury
De Causis Errorum (On the Causes of Errors)
De Religione Laici (On the Religion of the Laity)
John Milton
Colasterion
Tetrachordon
Elizabeth Richardson, Baroness Cramond – A Lady's Legacy to her Daughters
Alexander Ross
Medicus Medicatus
The Philosophical Touchstone
Francisco Manuel de Melo – Guerra de Cataluña
Horacio Carochi – Arte de la lengua mexicana
Daniello Bartoli – L'huomo di lettere
Hermann Busenbaum – Medulla theologiae moralis
Drama
Luis Quiñones de Benavente – Jocoseria. Burlas veras, o reprensión moral y festiva de los desórdenes públicos
Molière – Le Médecin volant
Paul Scarron – Jodelet
Poetry
John Milton – Poems of Mr. John Milton, Both English and Latin, compos'd at several times (dated this year, published early 1646)
Sheikh Muhammad – Yoga-samgrama
Edmund Waller – Poems
Births
August 14 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican priest, poet, geographer, and historian (died 1700)
August 16 or 17 – Jean de La Bruyère, French essayist (died 1696)
Unknown date – Edmund Bohun, English historian, publicist and political writer (died 1699)
Deaths
April 17 – Daniel Featley, English Calvinist theologian (born 1582)
August 28 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch polymath (born 1583)
August 31 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (born 1566)
September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish nobleman, politician and poet (born 1580)
Unknown dates
Feng Menglong (馮夢龍), Chinese vernacular poet and author (born 1574)
William Lithgow, Scottish travel writer (born 1582)
John Paul Nazarius, Italian Dominican theologian (born 1556)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1644%20in%20literature | 1644 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1644.
Events
April 15 – The second Globe Theatre is demolished by the Puritan government to make room for new housing.
November 23 – Publication in London of Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England.
December (end) – English Puritan controversialist Hezekiah Woodward is questioned for two days about "scandalous" pamphlets.
With the London theatres closed by the Puritan regime, playwriting activity shifts to closet drama. The publication of an anonymous satire against Archbishop William Laud, titled Canterbury His Change of Diet, is one mark of the shift.
The publication of The Bloody Tenet of Persecution marks the start of a major controversy between Roger Williams and John Cotton on religious tolerance in a Calvinist context. The controversy plays out through a series of works issued by both men in the coming years, down to Williams' The Bloody Tenet Yet More Bloody (1652).
New books
Prose
John Milton
Areopagitica (tract against censorship)
Of Education
Roger Williams – The Bloody Tenet of Persecution
Francisco de Quevedo
Vida de Marco Bruto
Vida de San Pablo Apóstol
Juan Eusebio Nieremberg – Vida del santo padre y gran siervo de Dios el beato Francisco de Borja
René Descartes – Principia Philosophiae
Marin Mersenne – Cogitata physico-mathematica
Evangelista Torricelli – Opera geometrica
Giulio Strozzi (editor) – Le glorie della signora Anna Renzi romana (published in Venice; a tribute to Anna Renzi, the "first diva")
Drama
Lope de Vega – Fiestas del Santísimo Sacramento
Pierre Corneille – Le Menteur
Births
August 6 – Louise de la Vallière, French royal mistress, subject of a Dumas novel (died 1710)
October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French memoirist (died 1724)
Unknown dates
Matsuo Bashō (松尾 芭蕉), Japanese poet (died 1694)
Elinor James, English pamphleteer (died 1719)
Deaths
January 30 – William Chillingworth, English religious controversialist (born 1602)
March 5 – Ferrante Pallavicino, Italian satirist (born 1615)
March 8 – Xu Xiake (徐霞客), Chinese travel writer and geographer (born 1587)
September 7 – Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio, Italian historian (born 1579)
September 8 – Francis Quarles, English poet (born 1592)
November 10 – Luís Vélez de Guevara, Spanish dramatist and novelist (born 1579)
November 21 – Raphael Sobiehrd-Mnishovsky, Czech lawyer and writer (born 1580)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Stijl | De Stijl | De Stijl (; ), Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a more narrow sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors.
De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg that served to propagate the group's theories. Along with van Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszár, Bart van der Leck, and the architects Gerrit Rietveld, Robert van 't Hoff, and J. J. P. Oud. The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as Neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch).
According to Theo van Doesburg in the introduction of the magazine De Stijl 1917 no.1, the "De Stijl"-movement was a reaction to the "Modern Baroque" of the Amsterdam School movement (Dutch expressionist architecture) with the magazine Wendingen (1918–1931).
Principles and influences
Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of Neoplasticism in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines. The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines.
The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from Gottfried Semper's Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik (1861–3), which Curl suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate materialism and functionalism. The "plastic vision" of De Stijl artists, also called Neo-Plasticism, saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision. In general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey. The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition. This element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl: "a post, jamb or support"; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry.
In many of the group's three-dimensional works, vertical and horizontal lines are positioned in layers or planes that do not intersect, thereby allowing each element to exist independently and unobstructed by other elements. This feature can be found in the Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair.
De Stijl was influenced by Cubist painting as well as by the mysticism and the ideas about "ideal" geometric forms (such as the "perfect straight line") in the neoplatonic philosophy of mathematician M. H. J. Schoenmaekers. The De Stijl movement was also influenced by Neopositivism. The works of De Stijl would influence the Bauhaus style and the international style of architecture as well as clothing and interior design. However, it did not follow the general guidelines of an "-ism" (e.g., Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism), nor did it adhere to the principles of art schools like the Bauhaus; it was a collective project, a joint enterprise.
In music, De Stijl was an influence only on the work of composer Jakob van Domselaer, a close friend of Mondrian. Between 1913 and 1916, he composed his Proeven van Stijlkunst ("Experiments in Artistic Style"), inspired mainly by Mondrian's paintings. This minimalistic—and, at the time, revolutionary—music defined "horizontal" and "vertical" musical elements and aimed at balancing those two principles. Van Domselaer was relatively unknown in his lifetime, and did not play a significant role within De Stijl.
History
Early history
From the flurry of new art movements that followed the Impressionist revolutionary new perception of painting, Cubism arose in the early 20th century as an important and influential new direction. In the Netherlands, too, there was interest in this "new art".
However, because the Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, Dutch artists were not able to leave the country after 1914 and were thus effectively isolated from the international art world—and in particular, from Paris, which was its centre then.
During that period, Theo van Doesburg started looking for other artists to set up a journal and start an art movement. Van Doesburg was also a writer, poet, and critic, who had been more successful writing about art than working as an independent artist. Quite adept at making new contacts due to his flamboyant personality and outgoing nature, he had many useful connections in the art world.
Founding of De Stijl
Around 1915, Van Doesburg started meeting the artists who would eventually become the founders of the journal. He first met Piet Mondrian at an exhibition in Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. Mondrian, who had moved to Paris in 1912 (and there, changed his name from "Mondriaan"), had been visiting the Netherlands when war broke out. He could not return to Paris, and was staying in the artists' community of Laren, where he met Bart van der Leck and regularly saw M. H. J. Schoenmaekers. In 1915, Schoenmaekers published Het nieuwe wereldbeeld ("The New Image of the World"), followed in 1916 by Beginselen der beeldende wiskunde ("Principles of Plastic Mathematics"). These two publications would greatly influence Mondrian and other members of De Stijl.
Van Doesburg also knew J. J. P. Oud and the Hungarian artist Vilmos Huszár. In 1917 the cooperation of these artists, together with the poet Antony Kok, resulted in the founding of De Stijl. The young architect Gerrit Rietveld joined the group in 1918. At its height De Stijl had 100 members and the journal had a circulation of 300.
During those first few years, the group was still relatively homogeneous, although Van der Leck left in 1918 due to artistic differences of opinion. Manifestos were being published, signed by all members. The social and economic circumstances of the time formed an important source of inspiration for their theories, and their ideas about architecture were heavily influenced by Hendrik Petrus Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright.
The name Nieuwe Beelding was a term first coined in 1917 by Mondrian, who wrote a series of twelve articles called De Nieuwe Beelding in de schilderkunst ("Neo-Plasticism in Painting") that were published in the journal De Stijl. In 1920 he published a book titled Le Néo-Plasticisme.
After 1920
Around 1921, the group's character started to change. From the time of van Doesburg's association with Bauhaus, other influences started playing a role. These influences were mainly Malevich and Russian Constructivism, to which not all members agreed. In 1924 Mondrian broke with the group after van Doesburg proposed the theory of elementarism, suggesting that a diagonal line is more vital than horizontal and vertical ones. In addition, the De Stijl group acquired many new "members". Dadaist influences, such as I. K. Bonset's poetry and Aldo Camini's "antiphilosophy" generated controversy as well. Only after Van Doesburg's death was it revealed that Bonset and Camini were two of his pseudonyms.
After van Doesburg's death
Theo van Doesburg died in Davos, Switzerland, in 1931. His wife, Nelly, administered his estate.
Because of van Doesburg's pivotal role within De Stijl, the group did not survive. Individual members remained in contact, but De Stijl could not exist without a strong central character. Thus, it may be wrong to think of De Stijl as a close-knit group of artists. The members knew each other, but most communication took place by letter. For example, Mondrian and Rietveld never met in person.
Many, though not all, artists did stay true to the movement's basic ideas, even after 1931. Rietveld, for instance, continued designing furniture according to De Stijl principles, while Mondrian continued working in the style he had initiated around 1920. Van der Leck, on the other hand, went back to figurative compositions after his departure from the group.
Influence on architecture
The De Stijl influence on architecture remained considerable long after its inception; Mies van der Rohe was among the most important proponents of its ideas. Between 1923 and 1924, Rietveld designed the Rietveld Schröder House, the only building to have been created completely according to De Stijl principles. Examples of Stijl-influenced works by J.J.P. Oud can be found in Rotterdam () and Hook of Holland. Other examples include the Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, and the interior decoration for the Aubette dance hall in Strasbourg, designed by Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Jean Arp and van Doesburg.
Present day
Works by De Stijl members are scattered all over the world, but De Stijl-themed exhibitions are organised regularly. Museums with large De Stijl collections include the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague (which owns the world's most extensive, although not exclusively De Stijl-related, Mondrian collection) and Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum, where many works by Rietveld and Van Doesburg are on display. The Museum of Utrecht has the largest Rietveld collection worldwide; it also owns the Rietveld Schröder House, Rietveld's adjacent "show house", and the Rietveld Schröder Archives.
The movement inspired the design aesthetics of Rumyantsevo and Salaryevo stations of Moscow Metro opened in 2016.
Neoplasticists
Ilya Bolotowsky (1907–1981), painter and sculptor
Burgoyne Diller (1906–1965), painter
Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931), painter, designer, and writer; co-founder of De Stijl movement; published De Stijl, 1917–1931
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981), architect
Jean Gorin (1899–1981), painter, sculptor
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), architect
Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), painter
Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), architect, theater designer, artist, sculptor
Antony Kok (1882–1969), poet
Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), painter
Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), painter, co-founder of De Stijl
Marlow Moss (1889–1958), painter
J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963), architect
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), architect and designer
Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948), painter, sculptor
Georges Vantongerloo (1886–1965), sculptor
Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart (1899–1962), painter
Jan Wils (1891–1972), architect
See also
Art Concret
Abstraction-Création
Concrete art
Form follows function
Fourth dimension in art
Mathematics and art
Modern architecture
References and sources
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Many sourced quotes and facts of De Stijl artists in: De Stijl 1917–1931 – The Dutch Contribution to Modern Art, by H.L.C. Jaffé; J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1956
De Stijl, The International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries
Jakob van Domselaer's Proeven van Stijlkunst, rare recording.
Essay about Mondrian and mysticism Scans of the complete first volume of the journal.
De Stijl Manifesto, Theo van Doesburg, 1918
1910s in the arts
1920s in the arts
1910s in the Netherlands
1920s in the Netherlands
20th-century architectural styles
20th-century Dutch artists
20th-century Dutch painters
Avant-garde magazines
Art movements
Art movements in Dutch painting
Avant-garde art
Architecture magazines
Architecture groups
Dutch artist groups and collectives
Dutch architectural styles
Dutch-language magazines
Dutch painting
Magazines established in 1917
Magazines published in Amsterdam
Modern art
Piet Mondrian | [
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226376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1643%20in%20literature | 1643 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1643.
Events
May/June – René Descartes, having had his philosophy condemned by the University of Utrecht, begins his long correspondence with Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia.
June 16 – The Parliament of England issues the Licensing Order of 1643 to control the press – the action against which John Milton protests in his Areopagitica of the following year.
August 1 – The first of Milton's divorce tracts is published, anonymously and unlicensed.
unknown dates
Cardinal Mazarin opens the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris to scholars.
The medieval Icelandic manuscript Codex Regius comes to light, in the possession of Bishop Brynjólfur Sveinsson.
Miyamoto Musashi begins dictating The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho).
Francis Bacon's New Atlantis and Tommaso Campanella's Civitas Solis, The City of the Sun, are published together in a volume titled Mundus Alter et Idem – the first time, though not the last, that the two works will be bound together.
New books
Prose
Sir Thomas Browne – Religio Medici (first "authorized" edition, after two unauthorized in the previous year)
Sir Kenelm Digby – Observations Upon Religio Medici
Philip Hunton – A Treatise of Monarchie
John Milton – Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
Roger Williams – A Key into the Language of America
Pedro Agerre (Axular) – Gero
Drama
Pierre Corneille
Le Menteur
Polyeucte
Sir William Davenant – The Unfortunate Lovers published
Claude de L'Estoile – La Belle Esclave (The Beautiful Slave)
Francisco de Quevedo
Entremés de las sombras
La mujer de Peribáñez
Poetry
Ramillete gracioso
Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant – Albion
Births
March 26 – Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist and priest (died 1680)
September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish historian and bishop (died 1715)
November 1 – John Strype, English historian, biographer and cleric (died 1737)
November 16 – Jean Chardin, French travel writer (died 1713)
unknown date – *Thomas Rymer, English Historiographer Royal (died 1713)
Deaths
February 9 – Sidney Godolphin, English poet (born 1610)
April 4 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (born 1583)
April 12 – Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (born 1585)
April 20 – Christoph Demantius, German poet and composer (born 1567)
November 29 – William Cartwright, English poet, dramatist and cleric (born 1611)
unknown dates
Abraham Azulai, Moroccan-born Kabbalistic author (born c. 1570)
Thomas Master, English poet, translator and cleric (born 1603)
Pedro de Oña, Chilean poet (born 1570)
probable
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, Irish chronicler (born c. 1590)
Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (born 1610)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1642%20in%20literature | 1642 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1642.
Events
May – The 35-year-old John Milton marries the teenage Mary Powell. A few weeks later she leaves him in London and returns to her family in Oxfordshire.
May/June – English Cavalier poet Richard Lovelace is incarcerated in the Gatehouse Prison, Westminster for defying Parliament. During his time there he may be writing "To Althea, from Prison".
September 2 – The theatres in London are closed by the Puritan government; the "lascivious mirth and levity" of stage plays are to "cease and be forborn" for the next 18 years, during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. Richard Brome's A Jovial Crew is reportedly staged on the final day, making it the last to be performed in the era of English Renaissance theatre.
New books
Prose
Thomas Browne – Religio Medici
Gauthier de Costes, seigneur de la Calprenède – Cassandre
Thomas Fuller – The Holy State and the Profane State
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft – Nederduytsche Historiën (History of the Netherlands, publication begins)
Sir Walter Ralegh – The Prince, or Maxims of State
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – La garduña de Sevilla y anzuelo de las bolsas
Tohfatu'l-Ahbab, a Farsi work by Muhammad Ali Kashmiri
Drama
Antonio Coello – Los empeños de seis horas (approximate date)
Pierre Corneille – Polyeucte
François le Métel de Boisrobert – La Belle Palène
Donaires del gusto
Pierre du Ryer – Saul
Francis Jaques – The Queen of Corsica
James Shirley – The Sisters
Jan Vos – Klucht van Oene (The Farce of Oene)
Poetry
John Denham – Cooper's Hill, the first example in English of a poem devoted to local description, in this case the Thames scenery around the author's home at Egham in Surrey
Richard Lovelace – "To Althea, from Prison"
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – Academias morales de las musas
Births
March 15 (baptised) – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, English politician and writer (died 1711)
April 21 – Simon de la Loubère, French diplomat, writer, mathematician and poet (died 1729)
April 30 – Christian Weise, German dramatist and poet (died 1708)
December 30 – Vincenzo da Filicaja, Florentine poet (died 1707)
Unknown dates
Abdul-Qādir Bīdel, Persian Sufi poet (died 1720)
Josep Romaguera, Catalan author (died 1723)
Ihara Saikaku (井原 西鶴), Japanese poet and creator of the ukiyozōshi (floating world) genre of prose (died 1693)
James Tyrrell, English political philosopher (died 1718)
Probable year of birth
Thomas Shadwell, English dramatist (died 1698)
Edward Taylor, English-born colonial American poet and author (died 1729)
Deaths
May 14 – Nicolas Ysambert, French theologian (born c. 1565)
June 1 – Sir John Suckling, English poet (born 1609)
July 5 – Festus Hommius, Dutch Calvinist theologian (born 1576)
Unknown dates
Abdul-Haqq Dehlavi, Indian Islamic scholar and writer (born 1551)
Sir Francis Kynaston, English poet (born 1587)
James Mabbe, English scholar, poet and translator (born 1572)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1641%20in%20literature | 1641 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1641.
Events
March 12 – Abraham Cowley's play The Guardian is acted at Trinity College, Cambridge, in the presence of Prince Charles (later King Charles II).
Spring – Pierre Corneille marries Marie de Lampérière.
c. May – William Davenant is convicted of high treason for his part in the First Army Plot in England.
August 5 – Because of an increase in cases of plague, John Lowin delivers warrants to London theatres ordering them to close.
c. December – Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, becomes an advisor to King Charles I of England.
New books
Prose
George Abbot – Vindiciae Sabbathi
Moses Amyraut – De l'elevation de la foy et de l'abaissement de la raison en la creance des mysteres de la religion
Richard Baker – Apologie for Laymen's Writing in Divinity, with a Short Meditation upon the Fall of Lucifer
Sir Edward Coke – The Complete Copyholder
Luís Vélez de Guevara –
William Habington – Observations upon History
Joseph Hall – Episcopacy by Divine Right
Samuel Hartlib (nominal author, really by Gabriel Plattes) – A Description of the Famous Kingdom of Macaria
Thomas Heywood – The Life of Merlin surnamed Ambrosius
Thomas Hobbes – De Cive
Sir Francis Kynaston – Leoline and Sydanis
John Milton – Of Reformation
Sir Robert Naunton (died 1635) – Fragmenta Regalia, or Observations on the late Queen Elizabeth, her Times and Favourites
Mother Shipton (died 1561, attributed) – The prophesie of Mother Shipton in the raigne of King Henry the eighth
Sir Henry Spelman – De Sepultura
Heinrich Stahl – Leyen Spiegel
John Taylor – John Taylors Last Voyage and Adventure
Nicolaes Tulp – Observationes Medicae
John Wilkins – Mercury, or The Secret and Swift Messenger
Francisco de Quevedo – Providencia de Dios
Juan Eusebio Nieremberg – De la hermosura de Dios y su amabilidad, por las infinitas perfecciones del ser divino
Luis Vélez de Guevara – El diablo Cojuelo
Drama
Richard Braithwaite – Mercurius Britanicus
Richard Brome – A Jovial Crew
Abraham Cowley – The Guardian
John Day – The Parliament of Bees (published)
John Denham – The Sophy
Thomas Killigrew – The Prisoners and Claricilla (published)
Shackerley Marmion – The Antiquary (published)
James Shirley – The Cardinal
John Tatham – The Distracted State
Lope de Vega (died 1635) – El caballero de Olmedo (posthumous, written in 1620)
Jan Vos – Aran en Titus, of wraak en weerwraak (Aran and Titus, or Revenge and Vengeance)
Births
April 8 (baptised) – William Wycherley, English playwright (died 1716)
April 15 – Robert Sibbald, Scottish historian (died 1722)
March 15 (baptised) – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, English politician and writer (died 1711)
May 16 – Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician (died 1691)
May – Juan Núñez de la Peña, Spanish historian (died 1721)
Late October – Henry Dodwell, Irish-born theologian (died 1711)
unknown dates
Pierre Allix, French Protestant author (died 1717)
William Sherlock, English theologian (died 1707)
Deaths
January 11
Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (born 1563)
Juan de Jáuregui, Spanish poet and painter (born 1583)
February 15 – Sara Copia Sullam, Italian poet and writer (born 1592)
April 6 (buried) – Thomas Nabbes, English dramatist (born 1605)
April 13 – Richard Montagu, English theologian (born 1577)
June 26 – Antony Hickey, Irish Franciscan theologian (born 1586)
July 15 – Arthur Johnston, Scottish poet and physician (born c. 1579)
August 9 – Augustine Baker, Welsh-born Benedictine writer (born 1575)
August 16 – Thomas Heywood, English playwright, actor, poet and author (born c. 1573)
August (between 14 and 27) – Sir William Vaughan, Welsh writer and colonist (born 1575)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640%20in%20literature | 1640 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1640.
Events
January 21 – Salmacida Spolia, a masque written by Sir William Davenant and designed by Inigo Jones, is performed at Whitehall Palace – the final royal masque of the Caroline era.
March 17 (St. Patrick's Day) – Henry Burnell's play Landgartha is first performed, at the Werburgh Street Theatre in Dublin. It is one of the earliest from a native Irish playwright.
c. April 16 – James Shirley returns to England from Ireland.
May 4 – The theatre manager William Beeston is sent to the Marshalsea Prison for staging a play – perhaps Richard Brome's The Court Beggar or his The Queen and Concubine) – which offends the Stuart regime. This constitutes the only repression of the theatre to occur during the reign of King Charles I.
May 28 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca joins the Catalan campaign led by the Duke of Olivares.
English Cavalier poet Richard Lovelace, serving in the Bishops' Wars in Scotland, writes "To Lucasta, Going to the Warres" (published 1649) and the unperformed tragedy The Soldier (lost).
New books
The Bay Psalm Book, the first book printed in North America
Uriel da Costa – Exemplar Humanae Vitae
Diego de Saavedra Fajardo – Idea de un príncipe político cristiano (literally, "The Idea of a Christian Political Prince;" in English, The Royal Politician)
Thomas Fuller – Joseph's coloured Coat
James Howell – Dodona's Grove
Cornelius Jansen – Augustinus
Thomas Stephens – Arte da lingoa Canarim, a grammar of the Konkani language
John Wilkins – A Discourse Concerning a New Planet
Francisco de Rioja – Aristarco o censura de la proclamación católica de los catalanes
Baltasar Gracián – El político Don Fernando el Católico
Juan Eusebio Nieremberg – De la diferencia entre lo temporal y lo eterno. Crisol de desengaño
New drama
Henry Burnell – Landgartha
Pierre Corneille – Horace
William Davenant – Salmacida Spolia
John Fletcher & James Shirley – The Night Walker (published)
Henry Glapthorne – The Hollander, Wit in a Constable, and The Ladies' Privilege (published)
John Gough – The Strange Discovery
William Habington – The Queen of Arragon
Samuel Harding – Sicily and Naples
Jean Mairet – L’Illustre corsaire
Nathaniel Richards – Messalina (published)
Joseph Rutter- The Cid, Part 2 (published)
George Sandys – Christ's Passion (English translation of Hugo Grotius's Christus Patiens)
Lewis Sharpe – The Noble Stranger published
James Shirley – The Imposture performed; a single-volume collection of eight plays published; The Arcadia, The Humorous Courtier, and Saint Patrick for Ireland published; The Coronation published but misattributed to John Fletcher
Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla – Los bandos de Verona
Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Psiquis y Cupido
Valentín de Céspedes – Las glorias del mejor siglo
Lope de Vega – Parte XXIV de comedias
Entremeses nuevos
Fray Alonso Remón – Las tres mujeres en una
Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla
Donde hay agravios no hay celos
No hay amigo para amigo
Progne y Filomena
Poetry
Thomas Carew – Poems
Robert Sempill the younger – The Life and Death of Habbie Simpson, Piper of Kilbarchan
John Tatham – Fancy's Theatre
Romances varios de diversos autores
Births
April 2 – Marianna Alcoforado, Portuguese nun and purported letter-writer (died 1723)
June 5 – Pu Songling (蒲松龄), Chinese writer (died 1715)
August 8 – Amalia Catharina, German poet (died 1697)
September 6 – Heinrich Brewer, German historian (died c. 1713)
December 6 – Claude Fleury, French historian (died 1723)
December 14 (baptized) – Aphra Behn (Eaffrey Johnson), English dramatist (died 1689)
Uncertain dates
David-Augustin de Brueys, French theologian and dramatist (died 1723)
Madame de Villedieu, French dramatist and novelist (died 1683)
Deaths
January 25 – Robert Burton, English scholar (born 1577)
February/March – Richard Rowlands, English antiquary (born c. 1550)
March 8 (burial) – Samuel Ward, English Puritan preacher and writer (born 1577)
March 17 – Philip Massinger, English dramatist (born 1583)
March 22 – Thomas Carew, English poet (born 1595)
April – Uriel da Costa, Portuguese philosopher (born c. 1585)
April 2 – Paul Fleming, German poet (born 1609)
April 28 (burial) – William Alabaster, English poet and playwright (born 1567)
May 30 – André Duchesne, French historian (born 1584)
October 1 – Claudio Achillini, Italian philosopher and poet (born 1574)
December
William Aspley, English publisher (born c. 1573)
Sir John Melton, English politician and writer (unknown year of birth)
unknown dates
Charles Aleyn, English poet (unknown year of birth)
Daniel Naborowski, Polish Baroque poet (born 1573)
probable – Elizabeth Melville, Scottish poet (born c. 1578)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1639%20in%20literature | 1639 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1639.
Events
c. January – The first printing press in British North America is launched in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Stephen Daye.
February 14 – French writers Jacques Esprit and François de La Mothe Le Vayer are elected to the Académie française.
May 21 – The King's Men act John Fletcher's The Mad Lover in London.
December – Blaise Pascal's family move to Rouen.
December 7 – Francisco de Quevedo is arrested and imprisoned at León, Spain.
unknown dates
Simon Dach becomes professor of poetry at the University of Königsberg.
Archbishop William Laud donates the manuscript of the Peterborough Chronicle to the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
Thomas Heywood writes Londini Status Pacatus, the Lord Mayor of the City of London's annual pageant. It will be the last such in London for 15 years, due to the English Civil War, but will resume under the Commonwealth.
New books
Prose
Jean du Vergier de Hauranne – Théologie familière, ou Instruction de ce que le Chrétien doit croire et faire en cette vie pour être sauvé
Francisco de Quevedo – La isla de los monopantos
Jan Marek Marci – De proportione motus seu regula sphygmica
Friedrich Spanheim – Commentaire historique de la vie et de la mort de . . Christofle Vicomte de Dohna
Henry Spelman (ed.) – Concilia, Decreta, Leges, Constitutiones in re Ecclesiarum Orbis Britannici (3 vols, containing many forgeries)
Drama
Lodowick Carlell – Arviragus and Philicia, Parts 1 and 2 (published)
George Chapman and James Shirley – The Tragedy of Chabot (published)
Aston Cockayne – A Masque at Bretbie
Pierre Corneille – L'Illusion comique, (published)
T. D. (authorship disputed) – The Bloody Banquet (published)
William Davenant – The Spanish Lovers
Robert Davenport – A New Trick to Cheat the Devil (published)
John Fletcher (posthumously)
Monsieur Thomas (published)
Wit Without Money (published)
Henry Glapthorne
Argalus and Parthenia (published)
Albertus Wallenstein (published)
Sir William Lower – The Phoenix in Her Flames
Philip Massinger – The Unnatural Combat published
Jasper Mayne – The City Match
James Shirley
The Politician (performed)
The Ball
The Maid's Revenge
The Changes, or Love in a Maze (published)
Sir John Suckling – Brennoralt, or the Discontented Colonel
Poetry
Richard Corbet – Certain Elegant Poems
John Clarke – Paroemiologia ("Early to bed and early to rise...")
Henry Glapthorne – Poems, including a series addressed to "Lucinda"
Francis Quarles – Memorials Upon the Death of Sir Robert Quarles, Knight
Births
February 6 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German critic (died 1691)
December 22 – Jean Racine, French dramatist (died 1699)
unknown dates
Thomas Ellwood, English religious writer (died 1713)
César Vichard de Saint-Réal, French novelist (died 1692)
probable – Charles Sedley, English wit and dramatist (died 1701)
Deaths
January – Shackerley Marmion, English dramatist (born 1603)
January 23 – Francisco Maldonado de Silva, Argentinian poet (burned at stake, born 1592)
May 21 – Tommaso Campanella, Italian poet and theologian (born 1568)
August 4 – Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, New Spanish dramatist (born c. 1581)
August 20 – Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, German poet (born 1597)
October – Elizabeth Cary, Viscountess Falkland, English poet, translator and dramatist (born 1585)
November 26 – John Spottiswoode, Scottish historian (born 1565)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1638%20in%20literature | 1638 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1638.
Events
January 3 – Joost van den Vondel's historical play Gijsbrecht van Aemstel is first performed, to mark the opening of the Schouwburg of Van Campen, Amsterdam's first public theatre (postponed from 26 December 1637). It is then performed annually in the city on New Year's Day until 1968.
February 6 – Luminalia, a masque written by Sir William Davenant and designed by Inigo Jones, is staged at the English Court.
March 27 – The King's Men perform Chapman's tragedy Bussy D'Ambois at the English Court.
May – English poet John Milton sets out for a tour of the European continent. He spends the summer in Florence where he later claims to have met the incarcerated Galileo.
October 27 – The King's Men act Ben Jonson's satirical city comedy Volpone (1606) at the Blackfriars Theatre in London.
unknown dates
An Armenian language edition of the Psalms printed in New Julfa (Isfahan) is the first book printed in Persia.
The Peking Gazette, official newspaper of the Ming Government in Beijing, makes a switch in its production process from woodblock printing to wooden movable type printing.
Swiss-born engraver Matthäus Merian produces his illustrated view of London.
New books
Prose
Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully – Mémoires ou Sages et Royales Oeconomies d'estat
Méric Casaubon – A Treatise of Use and Custom
Johann Amos Comenius – Janua Linguarum Reserata, or a Seed-Plot of All Languages and Sciences
Sir Kenelm Digby – A Conference With a Lady About a Choice of Religion
Robert Fludd – Philosophia Moysaica
Juan Rodriguez Freyle – El Carnero
Francis Godwin, Bishop of Hereford (died 1633; as Domingo Gonsales) – The Man in the Moone, or the Discovrse of a Voyage thither, an early example of science fiction
John Lilburne – A Work of the Beast
Philip Massinger – The Duke of Milan (second quarto)
John Pell – An Idea of Mathematicks
Francisco de Quevedo – De los remedios de cualquier fortuna
Captain John Underhill – News from America, or a New and Experimental Discovery of New England
John Wilkins – The Discovery of a World in the Moon
Drama
Richard Brome – The Antipodes
Antonio Coello – El conde de Sex, o Dar la vida por su dama
Pierre Corneille – Le Cid (first English translation)
Abraham Cowley – Naufragium Joculare (in Latin)
William Davenant
The Unfortunate Lovers
The Fair Favorite
Luminalia (masque)
Brittania Triumphans (masque)
John Ford
The Lady's Trial licensed
The Fancies Chaste and Noble published
Thomas Heywood – The Wise Woman of Hoxton published
Henry Killigrew – The Conspiracy published
John Kirke (?) or Wentworth Smith (?) – The Seven Champions of Christendom published
Tirso de Molina – Las Quinas de Portugal
Thomas Nabbes – The Bride
Thomas Randolph – Amyntas, or the Impossible Dowry published
William Rowley – A Shoemaker a Gentleman published
Pierre du Ryer – Alcione
James Shirley
The Royal Master performed and published
The Duke's Mistress published
Sir John Suckling – The Goblins
Lope de Vega – Porfiar hasta morir
Juan Pérez de Montalbán
Los amantes de Teruel
Tomo II de comedias
Poetry
John Barclay – The Mirror of Minds (posthumous)
Richard Braithwaite (alias "Corymbaeus") – Barnabee's Journal (In Latin and English versions)
William Davenant – Madagascar, with other Poems
Shackerley Marmion – A Funeral Sacrifice, to the Sacred Memory of his Thrice-Honored Father, Ben Jonson
John Milton – Lycidas
Births
January 1 – Nicolas Steno (Niels Steenson), Danish scientist (died 1686)
January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet (died 1706)
May 13 – Richard Simon, French Biblical commentator (died 1712)
August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (died 1715)
October – Edmé Boursault, French dramatist and miscellanist (died 1701)
probable – Hannah Allen, English Protestant writer (year of death unknown)
Deaths
January 27 – Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist (born c. 1585)
April 19 – Jeremias Drexel, German Jesuit religious writer (born 1581)
June 25 – Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish dramatist, poet and novelist (born c. 1602)
December 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian Baroque poet (born 1589)
c. December – John Day, English playwright and poet (born 1574)
References
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226382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1637%20in%20literature | 1637 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1637.
Events
January – Pierre Corneille's tragicomedy Le Cid first performed at the Théâtre du Marais in Paris. Based on Guillén de Castro's play Las mocedades del Cid (1618), it is first published later in the year and sparks the debate of the Querelle du Cid at the Académie française over its failure to observe all the classical unities of drama and supposed lack of moral purpose, but proves popular with audiences.
January 24 – Hamlet is performed before King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria at Hampton Court Palace.
July 10 – Thomas Browne is registered as a physician, following which he settles in Norwich.
August 30 – The King's Men mount a production for the English Court of William Cartwright's The Royal Slave at Christ Church, Oxford. The company is paid an extra £30 "for their pains in studying and acting" the drama.
October 2 – The London theatres re-open, having been closed almost continuously since May 1636 because of a severe outbreak of bubonic plague.
December 11 – John Lilburne is arrested following his return from the Netherlands to England for printing and circulating Puritan books (particularly William Prynne's News from Ipswich) not licensed by the Stationers' Company.
unknown date – Willem Blaeu sets up Europe's largest printing house in Amsterdam, specializing in cartography.
New books
María de Zayas – Novelas amorosas y ejemplares
René Descartes – Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, et chercher la vérité dans les sciences
Thomas Heywood – Pleasant Dialogues and Dramas
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – Aventuras del bachiller Trapaza
Baltasar Gracián – El héroe
María de Zayas y Sotomayor – Novelas amorosas y ejemplares. Honesto y entretenido sarao
Marin Mersenne – Traité de l'harmonie universelle
Song Yingxing (宋應星) – Tiangong Kaiwu(天工開物, Exploitation of the Works of Nature)
New drama
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
A secreto agravio, secreta venganza
El mayor monstruo del mundo
El médico de su honra
El Tetrarca published
Georgios Chortatzis (probably posthumously) – Erofili published
Pierre Corneille – Le Cid
Isaac de Benserade
La Mort d’Achille et la Dispute de ses armes
Gustaphe ou l’Heureuse Ambition
Iphis et Iante
John Fletcher and Philip Massinger – The Elder Brother published
François Tristan l'Hermite – Penthée
Thomas Heywood – The Royal King and the Loyal Subject published
John Milton – Comus (masque) published
Thomas Nabbes – Microcosmus, a Moral Masque
Thomas Neale – The Warde
Joseph Rutter – The Cid, Part 1 published
James Shirley – five plays published in five single-play quartos: The Example, The Gamester, Hyde Park, The Lady of Pleasure and The Young Admiral
Sir John Suckling – Aglaura
Joost van den Vondel – Gijsbrecht van Aemstel written
George Wilde – The Converted Robber
Poetry
William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling – Recreations of the Muses
James Day – A New Spring of Divine Poetry
Thomas Jordan – Poetical Varieties
Shackerley Marmion – Cupid and Psyche, a 2000-line translation and adaptation of The Golden Ass of Apuleius
Gabriel Bocángel – La lira de las musas
Miguel Dicastillo – Aula de Dios
Lope de Vega – La vega del Parnaso
Jorge Pinto de Morales – Maravillas del Parnaso y flor de los mejores romances graves, burlescos y satíricos
Births
December 24 – Pierre Jurieu, French theologian (died 1713)
December 27 – Petar Kanavelić, Croatian poet and songwriter (died 1719)
December 30 – William Cave, English theologian (died 1713)
Unknown date
Agnes Campbell, Scottish printer (died 1716)
Zeb-un-Nisa, Sufi poet (died 1702)
Probable year of birth – Robert Ferguson, Scottish pamphleteer (died 1714)
Deaths
February 9 – Philemon Holland, English translator and schoolmaster (born 1552)
February 24 – Dominicus Arumaeus, Dutch legal writer (born 1579)
February – Gervase Markham, English poet (born c. 1568)
March 19 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian philosopher and cardinal (born 1570)
May 19 – Isaac Beeckman, Dutch philosopher and diarist (born 1588)
August 6 – Ben Jonson, English poet and dramatist (born c. 1572)
August 10
Johann Gerhard, German theologian (born 1582)
Edward King, Anglo-Irish poet (drowned in shipwreck, born 1612)
October 5 – Daniel Cramer, German theologian and dramatist (born 1568)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1636%20in%20literature | 1636 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1636.
Events
January 31 – The King's Men perform Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at St James's Palace, London.
February – James Shirley's tragicomedy The Duke's Mistress is performed at St James's Palace.
March 3 – A "great charter" to the University of Oxford establishes the Oxford University Press as the second of England's privileged presses.
April – Thomas Hobbes travels from Rome to Florence.
May 10 – London theatres close, and remain almost continuously closed until the end of the year (and on to October 1637), due to an outbreak of bubonic plague. Playing companies are profoundly impacted; the King's Revels Men dissolve and other companies tour the countryside to survive.
June – Tommaso Campanella, having left Italy for France, because of his pro-French views, gives a speech in front of Cardinal Richelieu; he teaches at the Sorbonne.
August – King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria visit the University of Oxford. They are entertained with college theatricals, including William Strode's allegory The Floating Island (with music by Henry Lawes), which mocks William Prynne as the play-hating Melancholico; George Wilde's Love's Hospital; and William Cartwright's The Royal Slave (also with Lawes' music and design by Inigo Jones). Henrietta Maria enjoys the last so much that she brings it to be performed at Hampton Court by her Queen Henrietta's Men.
November – Compilation of the Irish language Annals of the Four Masters is completed by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, assisted by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire and Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain, in the Franciscan friary in Donegal Town in Ireland, under the patronage of Fearghal Ó Gadhra.
December 8 – The King's Men perform Shakespeare's Othello at Hampton Court Palace.
New books
Athanasius Kircher – First grammar of the Coptic language
Sir Henry Blount – A Voyage to the Levant
Juan Pérez de Montalbán – Fama póstuma a la vida y muerte de Lope de Vega Carpio
Salvador Jacinto Polo de Medina – Hospital de incurables y Viaje de este mundo y el otro
Cristóbal de Salazar Mardones – Ilustración y defensa de la Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe
José García de Salcedo Coronel – Comentario a las Soledades de Góngora
New drama
Richard Brome – The New Academy
Lodowick Carlell – Arviragus and Philicia
William Cartwright – The Royal Slave
John Cayworth – Enchiridion Christiados (masque)
Pierre Corneille – L'Illusion Comique, performed
Sir William Davenant – The Triumphs of the Prince D'Amour (masque), The Wits, and The Platonick Lovers published
Pierre Corneille – Le Cid
Henry Glapthorne – The Hollander and perhaps Wit in a Constable
François Tristan l'Hermite – La Mariane
Thomas Heywood – A Challenge for Beauty published
Thomas Killigrew – Claracilla
Philip Massinger – The Bashful Lover performed; The Great Duke of Florence published
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Casa con dos puertas mala es de guardar
La dama duende
La devoción de la cruz
La vida es sueño
Parte XXX de comedias de varios autores
Tirso de Molina –
La vida de Herodes
Marta la piadosa
Thomas Nabbes – Microcosmus, a Moral Masque
Jean Rotrou – Les Deux Sosies
William Sampson – The Vow-Breaker, or The Fayre Maid of Clifton
James Shirley – The Duke's Mistress
William Strode – The Floating Island
George Wilde – Love's Hospital
New poetry
Abraham Cowley – Sylva (in the 2nd edition of his collection Poetical Blossoms)
William Sampson – Virtus post Funera vivit, or Honour Tryumphing over Death, being true Epitomes of Honorable, Noble, Learned, and Hospitable Personages
Births
April 7 – Gregório de Matos, Brazilian poet (died 1696)
November 1 – Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (died 1711)
November 11 – Yan Ruoqu (閻若璩), Chinese scholar and polymath (died 1704)
Unknown dates
Joseph Glanvill, English philosopher and cleric (died 1680)
James Janeway, English children's writer and Puritan minister (died 1674)
Jean de Montigny, French poet and philosopher (died 1671)
Probable year of birth – Thomas Traherne, English poet and religious writer (died 1674)
Deaths
January 19 – Daniel Schwenter, German Orientalist, polymath, poet and librarian (born 1585)
February 4 – James Perrot, Welsh politician and philosophical writer (born 1571)
April 26 – Paul Hay du Chastelet, French orator and writer (born 1592
August 25 – Bhai Gurdas, Punjabi Sikh scholar (born 1551)
September 15 – Cuthbert Burbage, English theatre owner, associate of William Shakespeare (born 1566)
December 9 – Fabian Birkowski, Polish writer and preacher (born 1566)
Unknown dates
Henning Arnisaeus, German political theorist and philosopher (born 1570)
Johannes Messenius, Swedish dramatist and historian (born 1579)
Cesare Rinaldi, Italian poet (born 1559)
Wen Zhenmeng (文震孟), Chinese artist and author (born 1574)
Probable date
Antonio Mira de Amescua, Spanish dramatist (born c. 1578)
William Sampson, English dramatist (born c. 1590)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1635%20in%20literature | 1635 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1635.
Events
February 22 – In Paris, the Académie française is founded.
May 6 – The King's Men perform Othello at the Blackfriars Theatre in London.
July 16 – Birth of René Descartes' daughter, Francine, at Deventer.
August 23 – A few days before his death, beset by family troubles, Lope de Vega writes his last poems.
Ottoman Turkish poet Nef'i is garroted in the grounds of the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul for his satirical verses.
Wallachian statesman Udriște Năsturel pays lyrical tribute to Prince Matei Basarab, his brother-in-law. Though composed and published in Slavonic, this is the first blason in Romanian literature, and by some accounts the first-ever Romanian poem.
New books
Prose
Sir Kenelm Digby – A Conference with a Lady about choice of a Religion
Thomas Heywood – The Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels
Tirso de Molina – Deleitar aprovechando
John Selden – Mare Clausum
Drama
Francis Bristowe – King Free-Will
Richard Brome – The Sparagus Garden
Pierre Corneille – Médée
William Davenant
News from Plymouth
The Platonick Lovers
The Temple of Love (masque)
Pedro Calderón de la Barca – Life is a Dream (La vida es sueño)
Isaac de Benserade – Cléopâtre
Henry Glapthorne
The Hollander
The Lady Mother (attr.)
Richard Lovelace – The Scholars
Jean Mairet – Le Marc-Antoine, ou la Cléopâtre
Thomas Nabbes – Hannibal and Scipio
Jean Rotrou – La Bague de l'oubli
Joseph Rutter – The Shepherd's Holiday performed at Court and published
James Shirley – The Coronation, The Lady of Pleasure performed; The Traitor published
Poetry
See 1635 in poetry
Births
January 13 – Philipp Jakob Spener, German theologian (died 1706)
February 1 – Marquard Gude, German classicist and archeologist (died 1689)
February 21 – Thomas Flatman, English poet and miniaturist (died 1688)
June 3 – Philippe Quinault, French dramatist and librettist (died 1688)
September 20 (baptism) – Thomas Sprat, English theologian and bishop (died 1713)
Deaths
March – Thomas Randolph, English poet and dramatist (born 1605)
April 7 – Leonard Digges, English poet (born 1588)
April 25 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet (born 1565)
July 28 – Richard Corbet (Richard Corbett), English poet and bishop (born 1582)
August (burial) – Richard Whitbourne, English Newfoundland colonist and writer (born 1561)
August 27 – Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1562)
October 18 – Jean de Schelandre, French poet (born c. 1585)
November 8 – Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird, Irish poet, historian and friar (born c. 1593)
November 25 – Dr John Hall, English medical writer and son-in-law of William Shakespeare (born 1575)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1634%20in%20literature | 1634 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1634.
Events
January 1 – The King's Men perform Cymbeline at the court of King Charles I of England.
January 22 – The King's Men perform Davenant's The Wits at the Blackfriars Theatre in the City of London.
February 3 – James Shirley's spectacular masque The Triumph of Peace is staged in London. A second performance takes place on February 13.
February 6 – Shirley's play The Gamester is performed at court.
February 18 – Thomas Carew's masque Coelum Britannicum is staged at Whitehall Palace.
March – The Académie française begins life as a project sponsored by Cardinal Richelieu.
February 29 – Under pressure from the Duke de Medinaceli, Francisco de Quevedo marries Doña Esperanza de Aragón.
April
The first Théâtre du Marais is founded at a tennis court in Paris.
The first Oberammergau Passion Play is performed in Bavaria.
April 7 – The King's Men perform Chapman's Bussy D'Ambois at court.
April 8 – The tragicomedy The Two Noble Kinsmen (first performed about 1614) is attributed in the Stationers' Register in London to the late John Fletcher and William Shakespeare; it is published for the first time later in the year.
May 1 – Lodowick Carlell's play The Spartan Lady is performed, but has since been lost.
May 7 – William Prynne is sentenced by the Star Chamber in England to a £5,000 fine, life imprisonment, pillorying and clipping of his ears when his Histriomastix (published 1632) is viewed as an attack on King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria.
May 21 – A play called Lisander and Callista that is performed is probably a version of the Fletcher/Massinger collaboration The Lovers' Progress.
July 30 – Ben Jonson's final masque, Love's Welcome at Bolsover, is performed at Bolsover Castle in the East Midlands of England.
unknown date – The first part of Giambattista Basile's fairy tale collection The Pentamerone (Neapolitan: Lo cunto de li cunti overo lo trattenemiento de peccerille, "The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones") is published posthumously by his sister Adriana in Naples under the pseudonym Gian Alesio Abbatutis, including Cenerentola, an early version of Cinderella.
New books
Prose
Moses Amyraut – Traité de la predestination (Treatise on predestination)
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – La Niña de los embustes, Teresa de Manzanares
Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo – El Curioso y fabio Alexandro
Francisco de Quevedo
La cuna y la sepultura (The cradle and the sepulchre) (22 February)
Translation of La introducción a la vida devota (The introduction to a life of devotion) of Francis of Sales
Thomas Herbert – Some Yeares Travels into Divers Parts of Asia and Afrique
Johannes Kepler (died 1630) – Somnium (written 1608)
Thomas Muffet (died 1604; comp.) – Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum
John Pell – Astronomical History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and Appearances
Children
Anonymous – Pentamerone (Neapolitan folk tales for young children)
Drama
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón – La verdad sospechosa (published)
Richard Brome and Thomas Heywood – The Late Lancashire Witches
William Davenant
The Wits
Love and Honour, also known as The Courage of Love
The Temple of Love (masque)
Lope de Vega –
John Ford (and Thomas Dekker?) – Perkin Warbeck published
Thomas Heywood – A Maidenhead Well Lost published
Ben Jonson – Love's Welcome at Bolsover
John Milton – Comus (masque)
Thomas Nabbes – Tottenham Court
James Shirley
The Example
The Opportunity
The Triumph of Peace (masque)
Poetry
Richard Crashaw – Epigrammatum sacrorum liber ("A Book of Sacred Epigrams", in Latin)
Lope de Vega
La Gatomaquia ("The catfight")
William Habington – Castara (published anonymously)
Johann von Rist – Musa Teutonica
Births
January 16 – Dorothe Engelbretsdotter, Norwegian poet (died 1716)
March 18 – Madame de la Fayette, French novelist (died 1693)
April 6 – Pierre Thomas, French scholar and memoirist (died 1698)
July 14 – Pasquier Quesnel, French theologian (died 1719)
December 15 – Thomas Hansen Kingo, Danish poet, hymnist and bishop (died 1703)
Deaths
May 12 – George Chapman, English dramatist, poet and translator (born c. 1559)
June 25 – John Marston, English dramatist (born 1576)
August 9 – William Noy, English jurist and legal writer (born 1577)
August 23 (bur.) – Tomos Prys, Welsh-language poet (born c. 1564)
December 22 – Matthew Rader, Tyrolean philologist and historian (born 1561)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1633%20in%20literature | 1633 in literature | This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1633.
Events
May 21 – Ben Jonson's masque The King's Entertainment at Welbeck is performed.
October 18 – King Charles I of England reissues the Declaration of Sports, originally published by his father, King James I in 1617, listing sports and recreations permitted on Sundays and holy days.
November 17 – King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria watch the King's Men perform Shakespeare's Richard III on the Queen's birthday at St James's Palace.
November 26 – The King and Queen watch The Taming of the Shrew at St. James's Palace.
Queen Henrietta's Men have stage success with a revival of Marlowe's The Jew of Malta at the Cockpit Theatre, with new prologues and epilogues by Thomas Heywood and Richard Perkins in the title role. Its first known publication takes place this year in London, as The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta, some forty years after its first performance.
In view of Galileo's condemnation by the Catholic Church, René Descartes abandons plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the past four years.
New books
Prose
William Alabaster – Ecce sponsus venit
"Henry van Etten" (pseudonym for Jean Leurechon) – Mathematical Recreations
Fulke Greville – Certain Learned and Elegant Works (containing the closet dramas Alaham and Mustapha)
Thomas James – The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James
Thomas Stafford (ed.) – Pacata Hibernia: Ireland appeased and reduced, or, An historie of the late warres of Ireland, especially within the province of Mounster, under the government of Sir George Carew, knight
Drama
Anonymous – The Costly Whore (published)
Thomas Carew – Coelum Britanicum (masque)
John Fletcher and James Shirley – The Night Walker
John Ford (published in individual editions)
The Broken Heart
Love's Sacrifice
'Tis Pity She's a Whore
Henry Glapthorne – Argalus and Parthenia (approx. date)
Thomas Goffe – Orestes (published)
Peter Hausted (published)
The Rival Friends
Senile Odium
Thomas Heywood – The English Traveller
Ben Jonson – The King's Entertainment at Welbeck
Siddhi Narsingh Malla, King of Nepal – Ekadashi Brata
Christopher Marlowe – The Jew of Malta (published)
Shackerley Marmion – A Fine Companion (published; perhaps first performed)
John Marston – The Workes of Mr. J. Marston (first published collection)
Philip Massinger – A New Way to Pay Old Debts (published)
Walter Mountfort – The Launching of the Mary
Thomas Nabbes – Covent Garden
William Rowley (published)
All's Lost by Lust
A Match at Midnight
James Shirley
The Bird in a Cage (performed and published)
A Contention for Honor and Riches (published)
The Gamester
The Young Admiral
Arthur Wilson – The Inconstant Lady
Poetry
Abraham Cowley – Poetical Blossoms
John Donne (posthumous) – Poems, by J.D., the first collected edition
Phineas Fletcher – The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man
George Herbert (posthumous) – The Temple: Sacred poems and private ejaculations, the first collected edition
Births
February 23 – Samuel Pepys, English diarist (died 1703)
July 1 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (died 1698)
November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English politician and writer (died 1695)
Deaths
March 1 – George Herbert, Welsh-born English poet (born 1593)
August 10 – Anthony Munday, English dramatist and miscellanist (born c. 1560)
September 4 – Lady Margaret Hoby, English diarist (born 1571)
September 27 – Cristóbal de Mesa, Spanish poet (born 1559)
Unknown date – Richard Hawkins, English publisher (year of birth unknown)
Probable year of death – William Bellenden, Scottish classicist (born c. 1550)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1632%20in%20literature | 1632 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1632.
Events
February 11 – The Protestant pastor Nicolas Antoine is committed to an asylum after converting to Judaism.
February 14 – Tempe Restored, a masque written by Aurelian Townshend and designed by Inigo Jones, is performed at Whitehall Palace.
March – King Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria visit the University of Cambridge. The students of Trinity College perform Thomas Randolph's The Jealous Lovers and Peter Hausted's The Rival Friends. The latter causes a theatrical riot and ensuing scandal.
May – Tirso de Molina is appointed chronicler of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy.
Late – William Prynne's Histrio-mastix: The Players Scourge, or Actors Tragædie, an attack on the English Renaissance theatre (dated 1633) is published in London.
unknown date – The Second Folio of William Shakespeare's plays is printed in London by Thomas Cotes for Robert Allot and others. Among the prefatory matter is the first published poem by John Milton, printed anonymously, "An Epitaph on the Admirable Dramaticke Poet, W. Shakespeare".
New books
Prose
Diego Collado – Ars grammaticae Iaponicae linguae
Phineas Fletcher – The Way to Blessedness and Joy in Tribulation
Galileo Galilei – Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems)
Juan Pérez de Montalbán – Para todos
William Prynne – Histriomastix: the Player's Scourge, or Actor's Tragedy
Henry Reynolds – Mythomystes
Drama
William Alabaster – Roxana (Latin play, first performed in the 1590s, published)
Richard Brome
The Weeding of Covent Garden (performed)
The Northern Lass (published)
Nathan Field and Philip Massinger – The Fatal Dowry (published)
Thomas Goffe – The Courageous Turk (published)
Thomas Heywood – The Iron Age, Part 1 and 2 (published)
Ben Jonson – The Magnetic Lady
John Lyly – Six Court Comedies (published posthumously by Edward Blount), containing Campaspe, Endymion, Gallathea, Midas, Mother Bombie, and Sapho and Phao
Jean Mairet – Les Galanteries du duc d'Ossonne
Philip Massinger – The City Madam (performed)
The Maid of Honour published
Thomas Randolph -The Jealous Lovers
The Muses' Looking-Glass
William Rowley (and others?) – A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed published
James Shirley
The Ball
The Changes, or Love in a Maze
Hyde Park
John Tatham – Love Crowns the End
Aurelian Townshend – Tempe Restored (masque)
Poetry
Births
January 1 – Katherine Philips, née Fowler, Anglo-Welsh poet, translator and woman of letters (died 1664)
January 29 – Johann Georg Graevius, German classicist (died 1730)
March 4 (baptised) – Lancelot Addison, English author and father of Joseph Addison (died 1703)
June 10 – Esprit Fléchier, French historian and bishop (died 1710)
August 29 – John Locke, English philosopher (died 1704)
November 23 – Jean Mabillon, French palaeographer (died 1707)
November 24 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (died 1677)
December 17 – Anthony Wood, English antiquary (died 1695)
Unknown date
Francis Kirkman, English bibliophile (died c. 1680)
Rahman Baba, Indian Pashto poet (died 1706)
Deaths
February 23 – Giambattista Basile, Neapolitan poet and fairy-tale collector (born c. 1570)
April 20 – Nicolas Antoine, French theologian (executed, born c. 1602)
May 5 – Luís de Sousa, Portuguese religious writer (born 1555)
August 25 – Thomas Dekker, English dramatist (born c. 1572)
By October – Edward Blount, English publisher (born 1562)
Unknown dates
Aharon Ibn Hayyim, Moroccan Talmudic commentator (born 1545)
Alexandre Hardy, French dramatist (plague, born c. 1571)
George Percy, English explorer and diarist (born 1580)
John Webster, English dramatist (born c. 1580)
References
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226389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1631%20in%20literature | 1631 in literature | This article is a summary of the literary events and publications of 1631.
Events
January 9 – Love's Triumph Through Callipolis, a masque written by Ben Jonson and designed by Inigo Jones, is staged at Whitehall Palace.
January 11 – The Master of the Revels in England refuses to license Philip Massinger's new play, Believe as You List, because of its seditious content; it is first performed in a revised version on May 7.
February 5 – Puritan minister and theologian Roger Williams emigrates from England to Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
February 22 – Chloridia, the year's second Jonson/Jones masque, is performed.
June 10 – The King's Men perform Pericles, Prince of Tyre (c.1607/8) at the Globe Theatre.
The young Blaise Pascal moves with his family to Paris.
Thomas Hobbes is employed as a tutor by the Cavendish family, to teach the future Earl of Devonshire.
Publication of the "Wicked Bible" by Robert Barker and Martin Lucas, the royal printers in London, an edition of the King James Version of the Bible in which a typesetting erratum leaves the seventh of the Ten Commandments () with the word not omitted from the sentence "Thou shalt not commit adultery". Copies are withdrawn and about a year later the publishers are called to the Star Chamber, fined £300 and have their licence to print revoked.
New books
Prose
Johann Philipp Abelin – Arma Suecica, volume 1
Moses Amyraut – Traité des religions
Collected works of Jacobus Arminius published posthumously in Frankfurt
Robert Fludd – Medicina Catholica (Volume 2)
Thomas Harriot – Artis analyticae praxis
James Mabbe – Celestina, or the Tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea, a 300-page closet drama or "novel in dialogue," translated from the Spanish-language original of Fernando de Rojas, La Celestina (1499)
Wicked Bible, a reprint of the King James Bible notable for typographical errors
William Oughtred – Clavis mathematicae
Drama
Anonymous – Fair Em published
George Chapman – Caesar and Pompey published
Henry Chettle – Hoffman published
Lope de Vega
Punishment without Revenge (El castigo sin venganza)
La noche de San Juan
Thomas Goffe – The Raging Turk published
Peter Hausted – Senile Odium
Thomas Heywood – The Fair Maid of the West, Parts 1 and 2 (published; probably performed in the previous year)
Ben Jonson
Chloridia (masque)
Love's Triumph Through Callipolis (masque)
Ralph Knevet – Rhodon and Iris (masque)
James Mabbe – The Spanish Bawd published
Jean Mairet – La Silvanire, ou la Morte-vive
Shackerley Marmion – Holland's Leaguer runs for a highly unusual six straight performances
John Marston, with William Barkstead & Lewis Machin (?) – The Insatiate Countess published
Philip Massinger
Believe as You List
The Emperor of the East
Thomas May – Antigone, the Theban Princess published
Jean Rotrou – L'Hypocondriaque
James Shirley
The Traitor
Love's Cruelty
The Humorous Courtier
Love Tricks published as The School of Compliment
Aurelian Townshend – Albion's Triumph (masque)
Robert Ward (?) – Fucus Histriomastix
Arthur Wilson – The Swisser
Richard Zouche – The Sophister
Poetry
Richard Braithwait – The English Gentleman
Births
January 1 – Katharine Philips (Orinda), English poet (died 1664)
February 22 – Peder Syv, Danish philologist, folklorist and priest (died 1702)
March 16 – René Le Bossu, French critic (died 1680)
April – John Phillips, English satirist and nephew of John Milton (died 1706)
July 15 – Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (died 1718)
August 9 – John Dryden, English poet and dramatist (died 1700)
October 18 – Michael Wigglesworth, English-born American poet and minister (died 1705)
Unknown date – John Barret, English religious writer and Presbyterian minister (died 1713)
Deaths
February 7 – Gabriel Harvey, English poet and author (born c. 1545)
March 31 – John Donne, English poet and Dean of St Paul's (born 1572)
May 6 – Robert Bruce Cotton, English antiquary and founder of Cotton Library (born 1570)
May 25 – Samuel Harsnett, English religious writer and archbishop (born 1561)
May 26 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian, murdered (born 1576)
July 28 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (born 1569)
September 22 – Cardinal Federico Borromeo, Italian archbishop and founder of Biblioteca Ambrosiana (born 1564)
October 26 – Lewis Bayly, Welsh or Scottish-born religious writer and bishop writing in English (unknown year of birth)
November 29 – Edmond Richer, French theologian (born 1559)
December 23 – Michael Drayton, English poet (born 1563)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1630%20in%20literature | 1630 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1630.
Events
April 10 – English literature, drama, and education lose a major patron and benefactor when William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and Lord Chamberlain of England, dies at Baynard's Castle in London.
June – Scottish-born Presbyterian Alexander Leighton is brought before Archbishop William Laud's Star Chamber court in England for publishing the seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.
New books
Prose
Johann Heinrich Alsted – Encyclopaedia
Thomas Dekker – London Look Back
Thomas Randolph – Aristippus, or The Jovial Philosopher and The Conceited Pedlar (in one volume)
Drama
Anonymous – Pathomachia (published)
John Clavell – The Soddered Citizen
Sir William Davenant – The Cruel Brother and The Just Italian (published)
Lope de Vega – El amor enamorado
Thomas Dekker – The Honest Whore, Part 2 (published)
Philip Massinger – The Picture and The Renegado (published)
Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza – Cada loco con su tema o el montañés indiano
Thomas Middleton – A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (published)
Thomas Randolph
Aristippus
Amyntas, or the Impossible Dowry
Poetry
Lope de Vega – El laurel de Apolo
Diana Primrose – A Chaine of Pearle; or a memoriall of the peerless graces, and heroick vertues of Queene Elizabeth
John Taylor – All the Workes of John Taylor the Water-Poet
Births
January 19 – Noel Alexandre, French theologian (died 1724)
February 8 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French scholar and bishop (died 1721)
February 28 – Matthias Tanner, Bohemian theologian and polymath (died 1692)
September 13 – Olaus Rudbeck, Swedish scientist and author (died 1702)
October 31 (baptised) – John Spencer, English scholar and cleric (died 1693)
October – Isaac Barrow, English theologian and mathematician (died 1677)
November 24 – Étienne Baluze, French scholar (died 1718)
December 17 – Kaibara Ekken (貝原 益軒), Japanese philosopher and botanist (died 1714)
Unknown date – Thomas Tanner, English writer and cleric (died 1682)
Probable year of birth
Vincent Alsop, English Nonconformist religious writer and wit (died 1703)
Dorothy White, English Quaker pamphleteer (died 1686)
Deaths
February 5 – Michael Rabbet, English Bible translator and cleric (born c. 1562)
March 16 – Sylvester Norris, English priest and controversialist (born c. 1570)
April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French Protestant poet and dramatist (born 1552)
July 3 – Sigismondo Boldoni, Italian writer, poet, and physician (born 1597)
August 11 – Thomas Walsingham, English courtier and literary patron (born c. 1561)
October 10 – John Heminges, English actor and co-editor of the First Folio (born c. 1556)
November 5 – Charles Malapert, Jesuit writer from Spanish Netherlands (born 1581)
December 30 – Matthias Martinius, German Calvinist theologian (born 1572)
Approximate dates – Samuel Rowlands, English pamphleteer (born c. 1573)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629%20in%20literature | 1629 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1629.
Events
January – Pedro Calderón de la Barca and his friends break into a convent in an attempt to seize Pedro de Villegas, who had stabbed Calderón's brother.
April 6 – Tommaso Campanella is released from custody in Rome, and gains the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.
July – Richard James lends Oliver St John a manuscript tract on the bridling of parliaments which was written in 1612 by Sir Robert Dudley, titular Duke of Northumberland. St John circulates it among parliamentary supporters, and James is arrested as a result.
September – Pierre Corneille brings his first play, Mélite to a group of travelling actors.
November 22 – The King's Men perform Othello at the Blackfriars Theatre.
unknown dates
The first known performance is given at the Corral de comedias de Almagro in Spain (rediscovered in the 1950s) by Juan Martinez's theatrical company Autor.
Inigo Jones redesigns the Cockpit-in-Court in London as a venue for staging court masques.
In Japan, women's kabuki dance-drama is prohibited, and young men take over female roles. The prohibition would last until 1877.
New books
Prose
Balthazar Baro – Célinde, poème héroïque (prose work containing a poem at its core)
Philipp Clüver (posthumous) – Introductio in Universam Geographiam (Introduction to Universal Geography)
John Amos Comenius – Janua linguarum reserata
Arthur Dee – Fasciculus Chemicus
Robert Fludd – Medicina Catholica (Volume 1)
Paul Laymann (attributed) – Processus juridicus contra sagas et vene fico
Richard Sibbes – The Saint's Cordial
Drama
Richard Brome
The Northern Lass
A Lovesick Maid (lost)
Lodowick Carlell – The Deserving Favourite (published)
William D'Avenant
The Just Italian (performed)
The Tragedy of Albovine (published)
Alexandre Hardy – Coriolan (published)
Ben Jonson – The New Inn
Philip Massinger
The Picture (performed)
The Roman Actor (published)
James Shirley – The Grateful Servant
Poetry
John Beaumont – Bosworth Field; with a taste of the variety of other Poems left by Sir John Beaumont
John Taylor – Wit and Mirth
Births
January 2 – Christian Scriver, German devotional writer (died 1693)
April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch polymath (died 1695)
August 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish memoirist (died 1672)
August 20 – Matthew Wren, English writer, cleric and politician (died 1672)
September 10 – John Heydon, English Rosicrucian and writer on the occult (died c. 1677)
Unknown dates
Henry Muddiman, English journalist and publisher (died 1692)
Roderick O Flaherty, Irish historian (died c. 1717)
Probable year of birth – Hester Biddle (Esther Biddle), English Quaker writer (died 1697)
Deaths
July 13 – Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Danish polymath (born 1585)
July 27 – Thomas Goffe, English dramatist (born 1591)
August – Thomas James, English librarian (born c. 1573)
August 18 – Vendela Skytte, Swedish poet (born 1608)
November – Robert Hayman, English-born Newfoundland poet (born 1574)
Unknown date – John Speed, English historian and cartographer (born 1542)
References
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226392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1628%20in%20literature | 1628 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1628.
Events
July 29 (Tuesday) – The King's Men perform Henry VIII at the Globe Theatre, London. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham is in the audience, but leaves after watching the play's Duke of Buckingham beheaded. The character is based on the historical Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, who had been executed for treason in 1521. Villiers is assassinated less than a month later.
Ten-year-old Abraham Cowley produces his Tragicall History of Piramus and Thisbe.
Construction of St John's College Old Library, Cambridge, is completed after five years.
New books
Prose
Robert Arnauld d'Andilly –
John Clavell – A Recantation of an Ill Led Life
Sir John Coke – The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, or, a Commentary upon Littleton
Thomas Dekker – Wars, Wars, Wars
John Earle, Bishop of Salisbury – Microcosmographie
Nicolas des Escuteaux –
William Harvey – Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
Thomas Hobbes – translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War
Samuel Przypkowski –
George Wither – Britain's Remembrancer
Drama
John Ford – The Lover's Melancholy
Thomas May – Julia Agrippina
James Shirley – The Witty Fair One
Poetry
Phineas Fletcher – Britain's Ida (falsely attributed to Edmund Spenser)
Robert Hayman – Quodlibets (first book of English poetry written in Canada)
Births
January 12 – Charles Perrault, French fairytale author (died 1703)
November 28 – John Bunyan, English religious writer (died 1703)
Unknown date – Abu Salim al-Ayyashi, Moroccan travel writer, poet and scholar (died 1679)
Deaths
February – Christopher Brooke, English poet, lawyer and politician (date of birth unknown)
February 5 (burial) – Christopher Middleton, English poet and translator (born c. 1560)
March 23 – Robert Daborne, English dramatist (born c. 1580)
October 16 – François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (born 1555)
Unknown date – Edward Allde, English printer (date of birth unknown)
Probable year of death – Nicolas des Escuteaux, French novelist (born c. 1570)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1627%20in%20literature | 1627 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1627.
Events
January 1 – Menasseh Ben Israel, founder of the first Hebrew printing press in Amsterdam, produces its first publication, a Spanish rite prayer book.
New books
Prose
Francis Bacon (died 1626) – Sylva Sylvarum, or A Natural History and New Atlantis
Jean-Pierre Camus – Hyacinthe
George Hakewill – An Apologie or Declaration of the Power and Providence of God
Marin Mersenne – Traité de l'harmonie universelle
Honoré d'Urfé (died 1625) – L'Astrée (completed)
New drama
William Davenant – The Cruel Brother
William Hawkins – Apollo Shroving
Philip Massinger – The Great Duke of Florence
Thomas Vincent – Paria (in Latin)
Poetry
Michael Drayton – miscellaneous poems, including The Battle of Agincourt, First Steps up Parnassus, and Nymphidia
Phineas Fletcher – Locustae, vel Pietas Jesuitica (in Latin and English)
Births
August 8 – Joseph Moxon, English printer and lexicographer (died 1691)
September 27 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French theologian (died 1704)
November 29 – John Ray, English naturalist (died 1705)
Unknown dates
John Flavel, English religious writer and Presbyterian minister (died 1691)
Dorothy Osborne, English literary correspondent (died 1695)
Deaths
April 12 (burial) – John Minsheu, English linguist and lexicographer (born 1560)
April 19 – John Beaumont, English dramatist and poet (born 1583)
May 24 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish lyric poet (born 1561)
June 22 – Lawrence Beyerlinck, Flemish theologian and encyclopedist (born 1578)
June 27 – John Hayward, English historian (born c.1560)
July 4 (burial) – Thomas Middleton, English dramatist and poet (born 1580)
September 20 – Jan Gruter, Flemish critic (born 1560)
September 29 – Johannes Acronius, Dutch theologian (born 1565)
October – Bernardo de Balbuena, Spanish-born Latin American poet (born 1561)
December – Henry Condell, English actor, co-compiler of the First Folio (date of birth unknown)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1626%20in%20literature | 1626 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1626.
Events
February – The King's Men premiere Ben Jonson's satire on the new newsgathering enterprise The Staple of News, his first new play in almost a decade, at the Blackfriars Theatre in London.
November – The deaths of Lancelot Andrewes and Nicholas Felton, Bishop of Ely, prompt John Milton, then a student at Cambridge, to write elegies in Latin for both.
December 27 – Izaak Walton marries Rachel Floud (died 1640).
New books
Prose
Francis Bacon – The New Atlantis
Nicholas Breton – Fantastickes
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – Jornadas alegres
Robert Fludd – Philosophia Sacra
Marie de Gournay – Les Femmes et Grief des Dames (The Ladies' Grievance)
Francisco de Quevedo – El Buscón (first published edition – unauthorized)
Drama
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft – Baeto, oft oorsprong der Holanderen
John Fletcher and collaborators – The Fair Maid of the Inn
William Heminges – The Jews' Tragedy
Jean Mairet – La Sylvie
Philip Massinger – A New Way to Pay Old Debts
Thomas May – Cleopatra
Thomas Middleton – The Triumphs of Health and Prosperity
Tirso de Molina – La Huerta de San Juan
James Shirley – The Maid's Revenge; The Brothers
Births
January – Robert Howard, English dramatist and politician (died 1698)
February 5 – Madame de Sévigné, French letter writer (died 1696)
March 12 – John Aubrey, English antiquary and writer (died 1697)
June 3 – Philippe Goibaud-Dubois, French writer and translator (died 1703)
Unknown dates
Elizabeth Egerton, Countess of Bridgewater, English poet and dramatist (died 1663)
Alonso de Olmedo y Ormeño, Spanish actor and dramatist (died 1682)
Deaths
February – William Rowley, English dramatist (born c. 1585)
February 28 – Cyril Tourneur, English dramatist (born 1575)
September 25
Lancelot Andrewes, English scholar and bishop (born 1555)
Théophile de Viau, French poet and dramatist (born 1590)
October 19 (estimated) – Béroalde de Verville, French poet and novelist (born 1556)
December 8 – Sir John Davies, English poet (born 1569)
unknown date – Samuel Purchas, English miscellanist and travel writer (born c. 1577)
probable – Nicholas Breton, English poet and novelist (born c. 1545)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1625%20in%20literature | 1625 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1625.
Events
January 1 – The King's Men act Henry IV, Part 1 (described as The First Part of Sir John Falstaff ) at Whitehall Palace.
January 9 – Ben Jonson's masque The Fortunate Isles and Their Union (designed by Inigo Jones) is played before the English Court in London, becoming the last of the Jacobean era.
February 12 – John Milton enters Christ's College, Cambridge, aged 16.
March 27 – On the death of King James VI of Scotland and I of England and Ireland, patron of the King James Bible and essayist, he is succeeded by his son, the Prince of Wales. At the same time, theatres are closed because of an outbreak of plague and do not reopen until December.
April – Sir Richard Baker's Oxfordshire property is seized as a result of debts.
August 2–September 26 – Playwright Cyril Tourneur becomes secretary to the Council of War. On October 8 he joins the catastrophic Cádiz expedition in another secretarial post under Sir Edward Cecil and on December 11 is put ashore from the returning fleet at Kinsale in Ireland, terminally ill.
December – After the closure of the London public theatres for most of the year due to an outbreak of bubonic plague, a new company, Queen Henrietta's Men, is formed under the patronage of the new queen (whom Charles I had married in May 1625), and gives its first performances at the Cockpit Theatre. It replaces the dormant Queen Elizabeth's Men.
New books
Prose
Francis Bacon – Complete Essays
Alonso de Castillo Solórzano – Tardes entretenidas
Hugo Grotius – De jure belli ac pacis
Musaeum Hermeticum
Samuel Purchas – Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes
Ludovico Zuccolo – La Repubblica d' Evandria
Drama
John Fletcher and Philip Massinger – The Elder Brother
Alexandre Hardy – Mariamne (published)
Ben Jonson
The Staple of News
The Fortunate Isles and Their Union
Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan – Les bergeries
James Shirley – Love Tricks, or the School of Complement
Joost van den Vondel – Palamedes
Poetry
Honoré d'Urfé – Sylvanire
Births
May 25
John Davies, Welsh translator into English (died 1693)
Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (died 1680)
June 23 – John Fell, English academic and bishop (died 1686)
August 20 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (died 1709)
unknown date – François Bernier, French travel writer and physician (died 1688)
Deaths
January 29 – Jacob Gretser, German Jesuit writer (born 1562)
March 25 – Giambattista Marino, Italian epic poet (born 1569)
March 27 – King James VI of Scotland and I of England and Ireland, Scottish literary patron (born 1566)
June 1 – Honoré d'Urfé, French novelist and miscellanist (born 1568)
August 29 (burial) – John Fletcher, English dramatist (born 1579)
September – Thomas Lodge, English dramatist and physician (born c. 1558)
September 6 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (born 1579)
September 20 – Heinrich Meibom, German poet and historian (born 1555)
c. October – John Florio, English linguist and lexicographer (born 1553)
November 27 – John Cameron, Scottish theologian (born c. 1579)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1624%20in%20literature | 1624 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1624.
Events
January 18 – The King's Men perform William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale at Whitehall Palace.
August 5–14 – The King's Men perform Thomas Middleton's satire A Game at Chess at the Globe Theatre, London, until it is suppressed in view of its allusions to the Spanish Match.
August 26 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, requires the legal deposit of new books to the Hof-Bibliothek''' ("Imperial Library") in Vienna, the modern-day Austrian National Library.
December – The King's Men get into further trouble for performing Philip Massinger's The Spanish Viceroy without a licence from the Master of the Revels.
December 20 – The King's Men provide Sir Henry Herbert (Master of the Revels) with a "submission," a written apology, signed by each actor who had taken part in The Spanish Viceroy earlier in the month. The signatories include Robert Benfield, George Birch, John Lowin, Thomas Pollard, John Rice, Richard Robinson, William Rowley, John Shank, Richard Sharpe, Eliard Swanston, and Joseph Taylor.
New books
Prose
Anonymous – The Origin of Idolatry (falsely attributed to Isaac Casaubon)
Jean Louis Guez de Balzac – LettresJacob Boehme – The Way of ChristGeorge Carleton – Astrologomania, the Madnesse of Astrologes; or, an Examination of Sir Christopher Heydon's Booke, intituled, A Defence of Judiciarie Astrologie
Philipp Clüver – Italia Antiqua (posthumous)
John Donne – Devotions upon Emergent OccasionsEdward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury – De Veritate (On Truth)
Tirso de Molina – Cigarrales de ToledoJens Munk – Navigatio Septentrionalis (An account of a most dangerous voyage)Martin Opitz – Buch von den Teutschen Poetery (putting forward formal rules for German poetry)
Captain John Smith – The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer IslesEdward Winslow – Good Newes from New England, or a True Relation of Things very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimouth in New EnglandSir Henry Wotton – The Elements of Architecture (translation of Vitruvius)
Drama
Anonymous – Nero (published)
Robert Davenport – The City NightcapThomas Drue – The Duchess of SuffolkJohn Ford and Thomas Dekker – The Sun's DarlingBen Jonson – Neptune's Triumph for the Return of AlbionPhilip MassingerThe Parliament of LoveThe Bondman (published)
Thomas Middleton – A Game at ChessPoetry
Bernardo de Balbuena – El BernardoBirths
February 11 – Ivan Ančić, Croatian theologian (died 1685)
October 30 – Paul Pellisson, French historian (died 1693)
November 2 (baptised) – Edward Howard, English playwright and poet (died 1712)unknown date – Francesc Mulet, Spanish comic writer (died 1675)
Deaths
February 4 – Vicente Espinel, Spanish writer and musician (born 1550)
February 13 – Stephen Gosson, English satirist (born 1544)
February 16 – Luis de la Puente, Spanish theologian (born 1554)
February 24 – Paul Laurentius, German theologian (born 1544)
August – George Wyatt, English biographer (born 1553)
November 17 – Jakob Böhme, German theologian (born 1575)
December 9 – Flaminio Scala, Italian actor and dramatist (born 1575)
December 15 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish bishop and writer (born 1533)unknown date (latest possible year)'' – Mark Ridley, English lexicographer of Russian and physician (born 1560)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623%20in%20literature | 1623 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1623.
Events
February 2 (Candlemas) – The King's Men perform Twelfth Night (under the alternative title Malvolio) at the court of King James I of England.
February 28 – John Hacket's Latin comedy Loiola is staged at Trinity College, Cambridge, and repeated on March 12 for King James I of England on his third visit to the university. The play mocks both Catholics, in the person of Ignatius Loyola, and Calvinists, who are represented by Martinus, a canting elder of Amsterdam.
June 29 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca makes his debut as a playwright, his (Love, Honor and Power) being performed at the Spanish Court. Two other plays follow this year.
July 20 – Henry Herbert (Sir Henry from August) becomes deputy to Sir John Ashley, Master of the Revels and takes over his duties. Herbert effectively controls professional drama in England from 1623 until the theaters close in 1642.
Between November 8 and December 5 – Publication of the "First Folio" (Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies), a collection of 36 of the plays of Shakespeare, half of which have not previously been printed, compiled posthumously by actors John Heminges and Henry Condell and published by Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount in London.
Procopius's long-lost Secret History is rediscovered in the Vatican Library.
François le Métel de Boisrobert comes under the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu.
New books
Francis Bacon –
Jakob Böhme
On Election to Grace
On Christ's Testaments
Clavis (Key)
Tommaso Campanella – ("The City of the Sun")
William Drummond of Hawthornden – Flowers of Sion
James Mabbe – Guzmán de Alfarache, translated from the Spanish original by Mateo Alemán
Giambattista Marini – Adone
Antonio de León Pinelo –
George Wither – Hymnes and Songs of the Church
New drama
Anonymous (Robert Ward?) – Fucus Histriomastix
Richard Brome – A Fault in Friendship (lost), his earliest known play
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Thomas Dekker (& John Day?) – The Wonder of a Kingdom
Thomas Dekker, John Ford, & William Rowley (?) – The Spanish Gypsy
Thomas Drue – The Duchess of Suffolk
John Fletcher and Philip Massinger – The Lovers' Progress
John Fletcher and William Rowley – The Maid in the Mill
John Hacket – Loiola
Ben Jonson – Time Vindicated to Himself and to His Honours (masque)
Philip Massinger
The Bondman (performed)
The Duke of Milan (published)
Robert Ward (?) – Fucus Histriomastix
John Webster
The Duchess of Malfi (published)
The Devil's Law Case (published)
Poetry
Martin Opitz –
Births
March 27 – Francesco Negri, Italian priest and travel writer (died 1698)
June 19 – Blaise Pascal, French philosopher (died 1662)
October 17 – Francis Turretin, Swiss theologian (died 1687)
Unknown dates
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, English biographer, poet and philosopher (died 1673)
Henri Sauval, French historian (died 1676)
Deaths
January 15 – Paolo Sarpi, Venetian church historian (born 1552)
July 25 – Gaspar Aguilar, Spanish poet and dramatist (born 1561)
July/August – Tulsidas, Hindu philosopher and poet (born 1532)
November – William Jaggard, English printer (born c. 1568)
November 9 – William Camden, English historian (born 1551)
November 11 – Philippe de Mornay, French Protestant writer (born 1549)
December 31 – Philipp Clüver, German historian (born 1580)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1622%20in%20literature | 1622 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1622.
Events
January 6 (probably) – The Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, is opened with a performance of Ben Jonson's The Masque of Augurs designed by the building's architect, Inigo Jones.
March 12 – Teresa of Ávila (died 1582), devotional writer, is canonized by Pope Gregory XV.
June – Lucas Holstenius arrives in Britain to gather material for his Geographi Minores.
November 19 – English writer and politician Sir Percy Herbert, created a baronet three days earlier, marries Elizabeth Craven, daughter of William Craven, a former Lord Mayor of London.
unknown dates
Shakespeare's drama Othello is first published in the first quarto edition by Thomas Walkley in London, posthumously and nearly twenty years after the probable date of its first performance. New editions of four other Shakespeare plays in quarto are also issued this year, publishers being presumably aware of the imminent publication of the First Folio.
James Mabbe publishes an English translation of Mateo Alemán's novel Guzmán de Alfarache (1599).
New books
Prose
Juan Ruiz de Alarcón – El tejedor de Segovia
Francis Bacon – The Historie of the Raigne of King Henry the Seventh
Jacob Boehme – De Signatura Rerum
Elizabeth Knyvet Clinton, Countess of Lincoln – The Countess of Lincoln's Nursery
Marie de Gournay – Egalité des Hommes et des Femmes (Equality of Men and Women)
Richard Hawkins – Voiage into the South Sea
Henry Peacham – The Compleat Gentleman
Drama
Giambattista Andreini – The Centaur (publication in Paris)
Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger – The Virgin Martyr (published)
John Fletcher and Massinger (and Francis Beaumont?) – Beggars' Bush (acted at Court)
Fletcher and Massinger – The Spanish Curate
Ben Jonson – The Masque of Augurs
Thomas Middleton and William Rowley – The Changeling
Thomas Middleton and John Webster – Anything for a Quiet Life (published)
William Rowley(? and another?) – The Birth of Merlin
Poetry
Gervase Markham and William Sampson – Herod and Antipater
Thomas May – The Heir
John Taylor – The Water Cormorant His Complaint
George Wither – Faire-Virtue, The Mistresse of Phil Arete
Non-fiction
Francis Bacon – History of the Reign of King Henry VII
Births
January 15 – Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), French dramatist (died 1673)
February 24 – Johannes Clauberg, German philosopher and theologian (died 1655)
March 28 – Ermes di Colorêt, Italian nobleman and writer (died 1692)
April 11 – Jan van Vliet, Dutch philologist (died 1666)
April 17 – Henry Vaughan (died 1695), Welsh poet writing in English, and Thomas Vaughan, Welsh philosopher (died 1666, twins)
September 22 – Jacques Savary, French commercial economist (died 1690)
December 24 (baptised) – Francesc Fontanella, Catalan poet and dramatist (died c. 1680)
Unknown date – Gilbert Mabbot, English journalist and licenser of the press 1647–49 (died c. 1670)
Deaths
April 14 – Antoine de Gaudier, French theologian (born 1572)
June 4 – Péter Révay, Hungarian nobleman, poet and historian (born 1568)
August 21 – Juan de Tassis y Peralta, 2nd Count of Villamediana, Spanish poet (murdered, born 1582)
October – Sir George Buck, English antiquary and historian (born 1560)
October 11 – Conrad Vetter, German polemicist (born 1547)
November 4 – Francisco Rodrigues Lobo, Portuguese poet and bucolic writer (born 1580)
December 19 – Benedetto Justiniani, Italian theologian (born 1550)
Probable year of death
Henry Ainsworth, English scholar and cleric (born 1571)
Robert Carliell, English didactic poet (date of birth unknown)
John Owen, Welsh writer of Latin epigrams (born 1564)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1621%20in%20literature | 1621 in literature | Events from the year 1621 in literature.
Events
January 27 – Sir Francis Bacon is created Viscount St Alban.
February 3 – John Chamberlain writes to Sir Dudley Carleton telling him the anonymous author of the tract Vox Populi has been revealed to be the radical preacher Thomas Scott.
May 3 – Sir Francis Bacon is imprisoned in the Tower of London after being convicted of receiving bribes, but pardoned by King James I later in the year.
August 26 – Barten Holyday's allegorical play Technogamia, originally produced at Christ Church, Oxford in 1618, is staged before James I at Woodstock Palace. He dislikes it, but is persuaded to stay to the end for the student actors' sakes.
September 24 – The earliest known copy of the Corante, generally regarded as the first English newspaper, is published.
November 22 – The English poet John Donne is installed as Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London.
December 30 – The Spanish writer Francisco de Borja y Aragón is replaced as Viceroy of Peru by Juan Jiménez de Montalvo, and embarks for home on the following day.
Uncertain date
Jeremias Drexel gives up preaching in order to write a biography of Elisabeth of Lorraine.
New books
Prose
William Alabaster – De bestia Apocalypsis
Robert Burton – The Anatomy of Melancholy
Méric Casaubon – Pietas contra maledicos patrii Nominis et Religionis Hostes
Mao Yuanyi (茅元儀, editor) – Wubei Zhi (武備志, Treatise on Armaments)
John Reynolds – The triumphs of Gods revenge, against the crying, and execrable sinne of murther
Rachel Speght – Mortalities Memorandum
John Taylor – Taylor's Motto
John Widdowes – A Description of the World
Lady Mary Wroth – The Countess of Montgomery's Urania
Drama
Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, & Philip Massinger – Thierry and Theodoret (published)
Thomas Dekker, John Ford, & William Rowley – The Witch of Edmonton
Ben Jonson – The Gypsies Metamorphosed
Tirso de Molina – El vergonzoso en palacio
Poetry
George Wither – Wither's Motto
Births
January 27 – Thomas Willis, English physician and natural philosopher (died 1675)
March 18 – Henry Teonge, English diarist and naval chaplain (died 1690)
March 31 – Andrew Marvell, English poet (died 1678)
April 25 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Anglo-Irish dramatist (died 1679)
July 8 – Jean de La Fontaine, French author of fables (died 1695)
December 3 – Bohuslav Balbín, Czech Jesuit writer (died 1688)
December 14 (baptised) – Thomas Long, English writer and cleric (died 1707)
unknown date – Jane Cavendish, English poet and playwright (died 1669)
probable – Françoise Bertaut de Motteville, French memoirist (died 1689)
Possible year (1621 or 1622) – Richard Allestree, English scholar and cleric (died 1681)
Deaths
January 25 – François Pithou, French author and jurist (born 1543)
March 4 – Ana de Jesús, Spanish nun and writer (born 1545)
May 11 – Johann Arndt, German theologian (born 1555)
June – William Strachey, English eye-witness historian (born 1572)
August 3 – Guillaume du Vair, French writer (born 1556)
August 15 – John Barclay, Scottish writer (born 1582)
September 25 – Mary Sidney, English playwright and translator (born 1561)
October 7 or 8 – Antoine de Montchrestien, French adventurer and dramatist (born c. 1575)
December 4 – Andrew Willet, English polemicist and cleric (born 1562)
unknown date – Ludwig Hollonius, German dramatist (born c. 1570)
Notelist
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1620%20in%20literature | 1620 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1620.
Events
September 6 – Thomas Middleton is appointed chronologer of the City of London.
December 16 – The Book of Psalmes: Englished both in Prose and Metre with Annotations by Henry Ainsworth is the only book taken to New England by the Pilgrim Fathers.
unknown dates
John Taylor "The Water Poet" publishes The Praise of Hemp-Seed; with The Voyage of Mr. Roger Bird and the Writer hereof, in a Boat of browne-Paper, from London to Quinborough in Kent. As also, a Farewell to the matchlesse deceased Mr. Thomas Coriat in London, including the first mention in print of the deaths of Shakespeare and Francis Beaumont in 1616.
The first near-complete English-language translation of Boccaccio's The Decameron, anonymous but attributed to John Florio and based on later French and Italian editions, is published by Isaac Jaggard in London.
The second version of The Ballad of Chevy Chase appears.
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas and Origin and Progress of the Disturbances in the Netherlands by Johannes Gysius are republished in the Netherlands.
New books
Prose
Johann Valentin Andreae – De curiositatis pernicie syntagma
Francis Bacon – Novum Organum
John Bainbridge's translation of Ptolemy's De Planetarum Hypothesibus
Jacob Boehme
The Threefold Life of Man
Forty Questions on the Soul
The Incarnation of Jesus Christ
The Six Theosophical Points
The Six Mystical Points
Salomon de Caus – Hortus Palatinus
Miguel de Cervantes translated by Thomas Shelton – Don Quixote (Second Part)
Nicolaus Hunnius – Examen errorum Photinianorum
'Kinde Kit (of Kingstone)' – Westward for Smelts, or, The Water-man's fare of mad-merry western wenches
Michael Maier – Septima Philosophica
Feng Menglong
Illustrious Words to Instruct the World (喻世明言, Yushi Mingyan, or Stories Old and New)
The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt (The Sorcerer's Revolt or Quelling the Demons, expanded version)
Bishop William Morgan, revised by Bishop Richard Parry and John Davies (Mallwyd) – Y Bibl Cyssegr-lan (Bible translation into Welsh)
Samuel Rowlands – The Night-raven (i. e. Nachtkrapp, a story to scare children)
Drama
Anonymous (perhaps Thomas Heywood) – Swetnam the Woman-Hater published
Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher – Philaster published
Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger – The Virgin Martyr
Ben Jonson
News from the New World Discovered in the Moon (masque)
Pan's Anniversary (masque)
Friedrich Menius (editor) – Englishe Comedien und Tragedien (translated collection)
Thomas Middleton & William Rowley – The World Tossed at Tennis (masque)
Approximate date – Lady Mary Wroth – Love's Victory (closet drama)
Poetry
Births
January 29 – Lucy Hutchinson, English biographer and translator (died 1681)
July 20 – Nikolaes Heinsius the Elder, Dutch poet and scholar (died 1681)
August 21 (bapt.) – Marchamont Nedham, English journalist and pamphleteer (died 1678)
October 31 – John Evelyn, English diarist (died 1706)
November 10 – Ninon de l'Enclos, French author and patron of the arts (died 1705)
unknown dates
Alexander Brome, English poet (died 1666)
István Gyöngyösi – Hungarian poet (died 1704)
probable
Mary Forster, English Quaker polemicist (died 1687)
William Maurice, Welsh antiquary (died 1680)
Melchisédech Thévenot, French polymath (died 1692)
Deaths
February 1 – Mario di Calasio, Italian author of Hebrew concordance (born 1550)
February 19 – Roemer Visscher, Dutch writer (born 1547)
March 1 – Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (born 1567)
By August – Nathan Field, English dramatist (born 1587)
November 6 – Richard Carew, English author and translator (born 1555)
Unknown date – Prudencio de Sandoval, Spanish Benedictine historian (born 1553)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20van%20Rossum | Guido van Rossum | Guido van Rossum (; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer best known as the creator of the Python programming language, for which he was the "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position in July 2018. He remained a member of the Python Steering Council through 2019, and withdrew from nominations for the 2020 election.
Life and education
Van Rossum was born and raised in the Netherlands, where he received a master's degree in mathematics and computer science from the University of Amsterdam in 1982. He has a brother, Just van Rossum, who is a type designer and programmer who designed the typeface used in the "Python Powered" logo.
Van Rossum lives in Belmont, California, with his wife, Kim Knapp, and their son. According to his home page and Dutch naming conventions, the "van" in his name is capitalized when he is referred to by surname alone, but not when using his first and last name together.
Work
While working at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), Van Rossum wrote and contributed a glob() routine to BSD Unix in 1986 and helped develop the ABC programming language. He once stated, "I try to mention ABC's influence because I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on it." He also created Grail, an early web browser written in Python, and engaged in discussions about the HTML standard.
He has worked for various research institutes, including the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI). In May 2000, he left CNRI along with three other Python core developers to work for tech startup BeOpen.com, which subsequently collapsed by October of the same year. From late 2000 until 2003 he worked for Zope Corporation. In 2003 Van Rossum left Zope for Elemental Security. While there he worked on a custom programming language for the organization. From 2005 to December 2012, he worked at Google, where he spent half of his time developing the Python language. In January 2013, he started working for Dropbox. In October 2019, Van Rossum officially retired before coming out of retirement the following year to join Microsoft.
Python
In December 1989, Van Rossum had been looking for a hobby' programming project that would keep [him] occupied during the week around Christmas" as his office was closed when he decided to write an interpreter for a "new scripting language [he] had been thinking about lately: a descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers". He attributes choosing the name "Python" to "being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus)".
He has explained that Python's predecessor, ABC, was inspired by SETL, noting that ABC co-developer Lambert Meertens had "spent a year with the SETL group at NYU before coming up with the final ABC design".
In July 2018, Van Rossum announced that he would be stepping down from the position of BDFL of the Python programming language.
1999 "Computer Programming for Everybody" proposal
In 1999, Van Rossum submitted a funding proposal to DARPA called "Computer Programming for Everybody", in which he further defined his goals for Python:
An easy and intuitive language just as powerful as major competitors
Open source, so anyone can contribute to its development
Code that is as understandable as plain English
Suitability for everyday tasks, allowing for short development times
In 2019, Python became the second most popular language on GitHub, the largest source code management website on the internet, second only to JavaScript. According to a programming language popularity survey it is consistently among the top 10 most mentioned languages in job postings. Furthermore, Python has been among the 10 most popular programming languages every year since 2004 according to the TIOBE Programming Community Index and got the number one spot on the index in October 2021.
Google
At Google, Van Rossum developed Mondrian, a web-based code review system written in Python and used within the company. He named the software after the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian. He named another related software project after Gerrit Rietveld, a Dutch designer.
Dropbox
In 2013, Van Rossum started working at the cloud file storage company Dropbox.
In October 2019, Van Rossum left Dropbox and officially retired.
Microsoft
On November 12, 2020, Van Rossum announced that he was coming out of retirement to join the Developer Division at Microsoft.
Awards
At the 2002 FOSDEM conference in Brussels, Van Rossum received the 2001 Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for his work on Python.
In May 2003, he received a NLUUG Award.
In 2006, he was recognized as a Distinguished Engineer by the Association for Computing Machinery.
In 2018, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History museum.
In 2019, he was awarded the honorary title of Dijkstra Fellow by CWI.
References
External links
The History of Python Guido's blog on the History of Python and design decisions
Computer Programming for Everybody
Interview with Guido van Rossum on FLOSS Weekly
Guido van Rossum Guido's interview on Workspiration
Computerworld Interview with Guido van Rossum on Python
Google App Engine — Run your web applications on Google's infrastructure — technical talk on Google App Engine given by Guido van Rossum at Stanford University. (online video archive)
1956 births
Computer programmers
Dutch computer programmers
Dutch computer scientists
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Free software programmers
Google employees
Living people
Members of the Open Source Initiative board of directors
Microsoft employees
People from Belmont, California
People from Haarlem
Programming language designers
Python (programming language)
Python (programming language) people
University of Amsterdam alumni
Dutch software engineers | [
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226403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelignite | Gelignite | Gelignite (), also known as blasting gelatin or simply "jelly", is an explosive material consisting of collodion-cotton (a type of nitrocellulose or guncotton) dissolved in either nitroglycerine or nitroglycol and mixed with wood pulp and saltpetre (sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate).
It was invented in 1875, by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who also invented dynamite. It is more stable than dynamite, but can still suffer from "sweating" or leaching out nitroglycerine. Its composition makes it easily moldable and safe to handle without protection, as long as it is not near anything capable of detonating it.
One of the cheapest explosives, it burns slowly and cannot explode without a detonator, so it can be stored safely.
In the United Kingdom, an explosives certificate, issued by the local Chief Officer of Police, is required for possession of gelignite. Due to its widespread civilian use in quarries and mining, it has historically been used by terrorist groups such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Ulster Volunteer Force who often used gelignite as a booster.
Frangex
The 1970s saw Irish Industrial Explosives Limited producing annually 6,000 tonnes of Frangex, a commercial gelignite intended for use in mines and quarries. It was produced at Ireland's largest explosives factory in Enfield, County Meath. The Gardaí and the Irish Army patrolled the area, preventing the IRA from gaining direct access.
However, indirectly, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) acquired amounts of the material. At the time of his arrest was found in the possession of Patrick Magee and discovered in a hijacked road tanker in January 1976.
PIRA volunteer, later informer, Sean O'Callaghan estimated that planting of Frangex would kill everyone within an radius. The Real IRA (RIRA) also acquired Frangex, and, in December 2000, eighty sticks were discovered on a farm in Kilmacow, County Kilkenny, near Waterford.
In early 1982 the Irish National Liberation Army stole of Frangex commercial explosives from the Tara mines in County Tipperary, enabling the organisation to intensify its bombing campaign. The INLA carried out its deadliest attack in December 1982 with the bombing of the Droppin' Well disco in Ballykelly, County Londonderry, which catered to British military personnel, in which 11 soldiers on leave and 6 civilians were killed. A bomb, estimated to be of Frangex explosive, small enough to fit into a handbag, was left beside a support pillar and when it exploded brought down the roof.
References
Alfred Nobel
Explosives
Swedish inventions | [
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226404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1619%20in%20literature | 1619 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1619.
Events
March – After the death of Richard Burbage, his place as leading actor of the King's Men in London is filled by Joseph Taylor.
April – Ben Jonson visits the Scottish poet William Drummond of Hawthornden.
c. October – After the death of Samuel Daniel in Somerset, his place as Poet Laureate of the Kingdom of England is filled by Ben Jonson.
unknown dates
René Descartes has a dream that helps him develop his ideas on analytical geometry.
William Jaggard and Thomas Pavier publish in London the so-called False Folio, a collection of Shakespearean and pseudo-Shakespearean plays mostly with false imprints and dates.
New books
Prose
Johannes Valentinus Andreae
Turris Babel
Jacob Boehme – (On the Three Principles of Divine Being)
Philipp Clüver
Sardinia et Corsica Antiqua
Siciliae Antique libri duo
Robert Fludd – (The History of the Two Worlds, Volume 2)
Johannes Kepler – (an attack on Fludd's Neoplatonist cosmology)
John Pitseus –
Samuel Purchas – Purchas his Pilgrim or Microcosmus, or the Historie of Man. Relating the Wonders of his Generation, Vanities in his Degeneration, Necessities of his Regenerations
Paolo Sarpi – History of the Council of Trent
John Taylor – A Kicksey Winsey, or, A Lerry Come-Twang
William Whately – A Bride-Bvsh; or a Direction for Married Persons. Plainely describing the Dvties common to both, and peculiar to each of them
Drama
Anonymous – Two Wise Men and All the Rest Fools (published)
Beaumont and Fletcher
A King and No King (published)
The Maid's Tragedy (published)
Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero
De klucht van de koe
John Fletcher – The Humorous Lieutenant
John Fletcher and Philip Massinger – Sir John van Olden Barnavelt
Lope de Vega – Fuente Ovejuna (published)
Thomas Middleton – The Masque of Heroes
Poetry
Robert Carliell – (a defence of the new Church of England)
George Wither – Fidelia
Births
March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (died 1655)
June 24 – Rijcklof van Goens, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1678–81 and travel writer (died 1682)
November 7 – Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, French biographer (died 1692)
December 28 – Antoine Furetière, French satirist (died 1688)
unknown dates
Morgan Llwyd, Welsh preacher, poet and writer (died 1659)
Shalom Shabazi, Jewish Yemeni poet (died 1720)
probable
William Chamberlayne, English poet, playwright, physician and Royalist soldier (died 1703)
Alice Curwen, English autobiographer and Quaker (died 1679)
Henry (Heinrich) Oldenburg, German-born editor, correspondent and Royal Society secretary (died 1677)
Deaths
February 9 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher (born 1585)
February 12 – Pierre de Larivey, Italian-born French dramatist (born 1549)
March 13 – Richard Burbage, English actor and theatre proprietor (born c. 1567)
July 12 – Olivier de Serres, French writer on agriculture and horticulture (born 1539)
October 14 – Samuel Daniel, English Poet Laureate and historian (born 1562)
October 18 – Petrus Gudelinus, Dutch jurist (born 1550)
October 19 – Fujiwara Seika, Japanese philosopher (born 1561)
probable
Ginés Pérez de Hita, Spanish novelist and poet (born c. 1544)
Pierre de La Primaudaye, French Protestant writer (born 1546)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1618%20in%20literature | 1618 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1618.
Events
January – Lady Hay and eight other Court ladies plan and rehearse a Ladies' Masque or Masque for Ladies, intended for a Twelfth Night performance, but it is cancelled a few days before, either by King James or Queen Anne.
January 4 – Sir Francis Bacon is appointed Lord Chancellor by King James I of England.
April 6 (Easter Monday) – The King's Men perform Twelfth Night at Court.
April 7 – The King's Men perform The Winter's Tale at Court.
July – Ben Jonson sets out to walk to Scotland.
Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, begins remodelling the Paris residence which becomes the Hôtel de Rambouillet to form a literary salon.
New books
Prose
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley – Certain Precepts or Directions, For the Well-ordering and Carriage of a Man's Life
Renold Elstracke – Braziliologia
Vicente Espinel – Relaciones de la vida del escudero Marcos de Obregón
Robert Fludd – De Musica Mundana
Michael Maier – Atalanta Fugiens
Themis aurea
Daniel Mögling – Speculum Sophicum Rhodo-Stauroticum
John Selden – History of Tythes
Drama
Anonymous – The Tragedy of Amurath
Jakob Ayrer (died 1605) – Opus Theatricum published
Guillén de Castro y Bellvis – Comedias, part 1
Lope de Vega
(The Pitcher Girls)
El rey don Pedro en Madrid
Nathan Field – Amends for Ladies published
John Fletcher – The Loyal Subject
Peter Heylin – Theomachia (in Latin)
Barten Holyday – Technogamia
Ben Jonson – masques
Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue
For the Honour of Wales
Poetry
Jacob Cats – Emblemata
Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar – Rimas
John Taylor – The Pennylesse Pilgrimage
Births
March 23 – Ferrante Pallavicino, Italian satirist (died 1644)
April – Agustín Moreto y Cavana, Spanish dramatist and priest (died 1661)
Unknown dates
Thomas Blount, English antiquary and lexicographer, (died 1679)
Abraham Cowley, English poet (died 1667)
Raffaello Fabretti, Italian antiquary (died 1700)
Isaac Vossius, Dutch scholar and librarian (died 1689)
Probable year of birth – Jacques Chausson, French writer and criminal (died 1661)
Deaths
July – John Davies of Hereford, Anglo-Welsh poet (born c. 1565)
July 26 – Martinus Smiglecius, Polish Jesuit philosopher (born 1563)
August 23 – Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero, Dutch poet (born 1585)
September 22 – Jacobus Taurinus, Dutch theologian (born 1576)
September 28 – Joshua Sylvester, English poet (born 1563)
October 29 – Sir Walter Ralegh, English adventurer and author (executed, born c. 1554)
Unknown dates
François de Boivin, French chronicler
Richard Stanihurst, Irish translator of Virgil (born 1547)
Probable year – Bento Teixeira, Portuguese poet (born c. 1561)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1617%20in%20literature | 1617 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1617.
Events
March 4 – Shrovetide riot of the London apprentices damages the Cockpit Theatre. Impresario Christopher Beeston rebuilds it, and christens it the Phoenix for its rebirth, perhaps to designs by Inigo Jones.
The collected works of John Calvin are published posthumously in Geneva.
Martin Opitz founds the Fruitbearing Society (Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft) at Weimar.
Alcemist–Hermeticist Robert Fludd begins the publication of his life's work, the Utriusque Cosmi...Historia, which in future years proliferates through multiple published Volumes, Tractates, Sections, and Portions, only to remain incomplete at the time of Fludd's death two decades later.
Two pseudonymous publications in the Joseph Swetnam anti-feminist controversy appear in 1617: Esther Hath Hang'd Haman by "Esther Sowernam", and The Worming of a Mad Dog by "Constantia Munda". Only Rachel Speght publishes her response to Swetnam, A Muzzle for Melastomus, under her own name.
New books
Prose
Johann Valentin Andreae – Menippus
Invitatio Fraternitatis Christi (1617–18)
Declaration of Sports (English royal statement on sports permitted on Sunday)
Miguel de Cervantes – Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda (posthumous)
Robert Fludd – Utriusque Cosmi...Historia, Tomus Primus (The History of the Two Worlds, Volume 1)
Michael Maier
Silentium post clamores
Atalanta Fugiens (emblem book, illustrated by Matthias Merian)
Fynes Moryson – An Itinerary: Containing His Ten Years Travel Through the Twelve Dominions of Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Netherland, Denmark, Poland, Italy, Turkey, France, England, Scotland and Ireland
Anthony Munday – Survay [sic] of London
Barnabe Rich – The Irish Hubbub, or the English Hue and Cry
Drama
Giambattista Andreini – The Penitent Magdalene published in Mantua
Gerbrand Adriaenszoon Bredero – De Spaanschen Brabander Ierolimo ("The Spanish Brabanter Jerolimo")
Ben Jonson
The Vision of Delight
Lovers Made Men
Thomas Middleton and William Rowley – A Fair Quarrel published
Théophile de Viau – Les Amours tragiques de Pyrame et Thisbé (Tragic Loves of Pyramus and Thisbe, performed 1621)
Births
February 8 – Jonas Moore, English mathematician and surveyor (died 1679)
May 22 – Johannes Andreas Quenstedt, German theologian (died 1688)
July 13 (baptised) – Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher (died 1688)
July 31 – Nicolás Antonio, Spanish bibliographer (died 1684)
December 9 – Richard Lovelace, English poet (died 1657)
Unknown dates
Pierre Petit, French scholar, poet and Latin writer (died 1687)
Vavasor Powell, Welsh religious writer (died 1670)
Deaths
February 4 – Lodewijk Elzevir, Dutch printer (born c. 1540)
February 16 – Kaspar Ulenberg, German theologian and translator (born 1549)
May 7
David Fabricius, German theologian (born 1564)
Jacques Auguste de Thou, French historian (born 1553)
August 13 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss theologian (born 1540)
September 25 – Francisco Suárez, Spanish philosopher and theologian (born 1548)
October 12 – Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician and writer (born c. 1540)
November 6 – John Layfield, English theologian
November 10 – Barnabe Rich, English soldier and story-teller (born c. 1540)
December – Thomas Coryat, English travel writer (born c. 1577)
Unknown dates
Giovanni Botero, Italian political theorist and poet (born 1544)
Henry Perry, Welsh linguistic scholar and cleric (born c. 1560)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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226407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1616%20in%20literature | 1616 in literature | This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1616.
Events
January 1 – King James I of England attends the masque The Golden Age Restored, a satire by Ben Jonson on a fallen court favorite, the Earl of Somerset. The King asks for a repeat performance on January 4.
February 1 – King James I of England grants Ben Jonson an annual pension of 100 marks, making him de facto poet laureate.
March 5 – Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) is placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum by the Roman Catholic Church.
March 19 – Sir Walter Ralegh, English explorer of the New World, is released from the Tower of London, where he was imprisoned for treason and has been composing The Historie of the World, in order to conduct a second (ill-fated) expedition in search of El Dorado in South America.
April 22 (Gregorian calendar) – Miguel de Cervantes dies (three days after completing Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda) in Madrid and is buried the following day in the Trinitarias convent there.
April 23 (Julian calendar) – William Shakespeare dies (on or about his 52nd birthday) in retirement in Stratford-upon-Avon and is buried two days later in the Church of the Holy Trinity there.
June 10 – Foundation date of Ets Haim Library, housed from 1675 at the Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam).
August – Christopher Beeston acquires the lease of the Cockpit off Drury Lane in London and converts it into a theatre.
October/November – Ben Jonson's satirical five-act comedy The Devil is an Ass is produced at the Blackfriars Theatre, London, by the King's Men, poking fun at contemporary belief in witchcraft (published 1631).
November 6/25 – Ben Jonson's works appear in a collected folio edition; the first of any English playwright.
December 25 – Ben Jonson's Christmas, His Masque is presented before King James I of England.
unknown date – Marie Venier, called Laporte, becomes the first female player to appear on the stage in Paris.
New books
Prose
Johannes Valentinus Andreae (claimed) – Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 ("The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz")
Christoph Besold – Axiomata Philosophico-Theologica
Dr. John Bullokar – An English Expositor: teaching the interpretation of the hardest words used in our language, with sundry explications, descriptions and discourses (dictionary)
George Chapman – The Whole Works of Homer (Chapman's translations of Homer, previously issued in piecemeal fashion)
Philipp Clüver – Germania Antiqua
Fray Martín de Murúa –
Francis de Sales, Roman Catholic Bishop of Geneva – Treatise on the Love of God
John Deacon – Tobacco Tortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined
Thomas Dekker – The Artillery Garden
Robert Fludd –
Johannes Gysius – (Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands)
Ben Jonson – The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (the first folio collection)
Captain John Smith – A Description of New England
Giulio Cesare Vanini –
Drama
Anonymous – The Barriers
Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher – The Scornful Lady published
Gerbrand Bredero – Treur-spel van Rodd'rick ende Alphonsus; Griane; Lucelle
Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft – Warenar
Ben Jonson
The Golden Age Restored
The Devil is an Ass
Christmas, His Masque
Christopher Marlowe (k. 1593) – Doctor Faustus (third quarto published – the "B text"; original text probably written around 1589; additions perhaps by Samuel Rowley and others)
Thomas Middleton – The Witch (latest probable date)
Anthony Munday – Chrysanaleia
Poetry
Agrippa d'Aubigné – Les Tragiques
George Chapman – The Whole Works of Homer (first publication of full English translation)
Ben Jonson – "To Celia" and "On my first Sonne"
Births
January 26 – Ralph Josselin, English diarist and Anglican cleric (died 1683)
March 24 – John Birkenhead, English political writer and journalist (died 1679)
April 27 – Jeremias Felbinger, German Socinian writer (died c. 1690)
October 11 – Andreas Gryphius, Silesian poet and dramatist (died 1664)
October 16 – Nicholas Culpeper, English herbalist, physician and astrologer (died 1664)
November 17 (baptized) – William Gurnall, English writer and cleric (died 1679)
December 17 – Roger L'Estrange, English pamphleteer (died 1704)
unknown date – John Owen, English theologian (died 1683)
Deaths
January 6 – Philip Henslowe, English theatre impresario (born 1550)
February 13 – Anders Sørensen Vedel, Danish historian (born 1542)
March 6 – Francis Beaumont, English dramatist (born 1584)
April 22 (Gregorian calendar) – Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist (born 1547)
April 23 (Julian calendar) – William Shakespeare, English dramatist and poet (born 1564)
April 23 (Gregorian calendar) – Garcilaso de la Vega, Peruvian Spanish chronicler (born 1539)
August 7 – Vincenzo Scamozzi, Venetian writer on architecture (born 1548)
November 23 – Richard Hakluyt, English travel writer (born 1553)
References
Years of the 17th century in literature | [
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