id
stringlengths 6
8
| url
stringlengths 31
167
| title
stringlengths 1
98
| text
stringlengths 26
185k
| embedding
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
233172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Senebier | Jean Senebier | Jean Senebier (6 or 25 May 1742 – 22 July 1809) was a Genevan Calvinist pastor and naturalist. He was chief librarian of the Republic of Geneva. A pioneer in the field of photosynthesis research, he provided extensive evidence that plants consume carbon dioxide and produced oxygen. He also showed a link between the amount of carbon dioxide available and the amount of oxygen produced and determined that photosynthesis took place at the parenchyma, the green fleshy part of the leaf.
Biography
Senebier was born in Geneva, the son of a wealthy merchant. He wrote extensively on plant physiology and was one of the major early pioneers of photosynthesis research. Senebier also published on the experimental method, first in 1775, and then in an expanded work, in 1802. His precise definition of the experimental method anticipated the work of noted French physiologist Claude Bernard fifty years later. Senebier also served as chief librarian of the Republic of Geneva.
Senebier was greatly influenced by Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet. Senebier was also influenced by the Italian animal physiologist and experimental biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, several of whose works Senebier translated from Italian into French. Spallanzani's chemical research on bodily functions of animals helped lead Senebier towards studying plant chemistry. Although Senebier's first research on plants was a large study on effects of light, he is remembered mainly for the extensive evidence he provided that carbon dioxide ("fixed air" or "carbonic acid," in the terminology of his day) is consumed by plants in the production of oxygen ("dephlogisticated air"), in the physiological process that later became known as photosynthesis. Senebier also found that the amount of oxygen produced is roughly proportional to the amount of carbon dioxide available to the plant. Further, he determined that the green fleshy parts of leaves (the parenchyma) are the sites where carbon dioxide is transformed into oxygen. Senebier also correctly concluded that plants use the carbon in carbon dioxide as a nutriment. Senebier did some of his research jointly with fellow Swiss naturalist François Huber.
Senebier arrived at his best known achievement, his demonstration that plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide and give off oxygen, based entirely on the phlogiston theory of chemistry, and only in his later works did he reformulate his conclusions in terms of the more modern, oxygen chemistry developed by Antoine Lavoisier and colleagues. This discovery by Senebier regarding gases ranks as one of the last of the important early discoveries in the unraveling of the fundamental chemical processes of photosynthesis. Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew, working independently in the late seventeenth century, and Stephen Hales in the early eighteenth century, had provided evidence that the atmosphere was important to plants, but further progress in understanding the role of gases in plant physiology awaited discoveries made between 1750 and 1780. In 1754, Charles Bonnet reported that leaves that were plunged in aerated water produced bubbles of gas, but he did not identify the gas. Then, in 1775, English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen (which he named "dephlogisticated air"), and, just a few years later, in 1779, Dutch physician and researcher Jan Ingenhousz demonstrated that the bubbles of gas observed by Bonnet on submerged leaves consisted of this same gas. Ingenhousz also published the first convincing evidence that leaves produce this gas only in sunlight.
Senebier was a close friend of noted Genevan geologist and meteorologist Horace-Bénédict de Saussure and was instrumental in the education of Horace-Bénédict's son Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure. Senebier trained the young man in Lavoisier's system of chemistry, which Nicolas-Théodore later applied in important plant-nutrition studies of his own. The younger Saussure would eventually discover the role of water in photosynthesis, thus completing the early chemical research on this subject.
In April 1809, Senebier became a Correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
For more detailed information on Senebier, see Kottler and Nash.
The standard botanical author abbreviation Seneb. is applied to species Senebier described.
Works
References
Sachs, Geschichte d. Botanik, and Arbeiten, vol. ii.
1742 births
1809 deaths
Scientists from the Republic of Geneva
18th century in Geneva
People from Geneva
18th-century botanists
Botanists with author abbreviations
Plant physiologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences | [
-0.28093114495277405,
0.6917291879653931,
-0.9028056859970093,
0.0034625574480742216,
0.022087130695581436,
0.9986815452575684,
1.0394941568374634,
0.10965298116207123,
-0.49322354793548584,
-0.8198624849319458,
-0.03969983011484146,
0.023725638166069984,
-0.24448730051517487,
0.24323657155036926,
-0.030880430713295937,
0.24118438363075256,
0.11687958985567093,
-0.37203118205070496,
-0.264676958322525,
-0.13243147730827332,
-0.3077405095100403,
-0.7629948258399963,
0.14579112827777863,
0.13192887604236603,
-0.5988818407058716,
-0.06588082015514374,
0.174672931432724,
0.4177791178226471,
0.6079733967781067,
-0.11533891409635544,
-0.40598586201667786,
0.648967444896698,
0.48666924238204956,
-0.4295041561126709,
-0.7712122797966003,
0.490981787443161,
-0.4800789952278137,
-0.27669280767440796,
0.19922950863838196,
0.15437978506088257,
-0.1360272765159607,
0.27771785855293274,
-0.1582600474357605,
0.06448889523744583,
-0.2233877331018448,
-0.21322454512119293,
-1.3528650999069214,
0.2978159189224243,
-0.7736186981201172,
-0.22135987877845764,
0.16112668812274933,
-0.07934485375881195,
0.465545117855072,
0.718794047832489,
-0.5824611186981201,
0.3330976963043213,
-0.5801559686660767,
-0.2172495573759079,
0.4144116938114166,
-0.2633032202720642,
0.30203235149383545,
0.018419014289975166,
0.40206626057624817,
-0.15499934554100037,
0.15462587773799896,
0.40286144614219666,
-0.6269406080245972,
0.3353343904018402,
0.503817081451416,
-0.1185963898897171,
0.06782908737659454,
0.2637242376804352,
0.2690418064594269,
0.21188439428806305,
0.5801597833633423,
-0.4428807497024536,
0.059807147830724716,
0.22102884948253632,
-0.10559502243995667,
0.30677998065948486,
-0.25020015239715576,
-0.0007465670933015645,
0.9638309478759766,
-0.06356893479824066,
-0.06414739042520523,
0.5972286462783813,
-0.3999422788619995,
0.3232421576976776,
-0.39205116033554077,
-0.09535117447376251,
-0.2155991792678833,
-0.4029380977153778,
-0.13286101818084717,
0.15725229680538177,
0.07129557430744171,
0.31012284755706787,
-0.15626691281795502,
0.01682673953473568,
-0.5682796239852905,
0.1938713937997818,
0.17468611896038055,
0.3816649913787842,
0.13761559128761292,
0.26402002573013306,
-0.0020423915702849627,
-0.3434829115867615,
-0.43522220849990845,
-0.500665545463562,
-0.5798825025558472,
-0.4068511724472046,
-0.5148038864135742,
0.5699790120124817,
-0.4600471258163452,
-0.04505353420972824,
0.21532371640205383,
0.5272620320320129,
0.5508542060852051,
-0.9407802820205688,
-0.4382772743701935,
-0.19696184992790222,
-0.4254567623138428,
0.44021037220954895,
0.028105974197387695,
-0.24093562364578247,
-0.9569540023803711,
-0.1289878934621811,
-0.09942877292633057,
0.24991746246814728,
0.03221406415104866,
0.9055755138397217,
0.5592950582504272,
1.0889203548431396,
-0.03356558084487915,
-0.638460099697113,
-0.34586101770401,
-0.08582045137882233,
0.16686993837356567,
0.0492490753531456,
-0.4417971670627594,
0.11253895610570908,
-1.0099098682403564,
0.07000573724508286,
-0.6432161927223206,
-0.022194942459464073,
0.15814977884292603,
-0.02064882032573223,
0.12289666384458542,
-0.4559934437274933,
0.3057372570037842,
-0.1628391146659851,
-0.7354252934455872,
0.0031315083615481853,
0.4986308515071869,
-0.30362099409103394,
-0.649848997592926,
0.5463188290596008,
-0.07859554141759872,
0.3638034164905548,
0.38242822885513306,
-0.007810099516063929,
0.4678191542625427,
-0.16866911947727203,
-0.25787031650543213,
0.2376515120267868,
0.48618051409721375,
-0.26363077759742737,
0.20981377363204956,
0.02181624434888363,
0.029552193358540535,
-0.2147354930639267,
-0.16417893767356873,
-0.4991641044616699,
0.10245238989591599,
-0.41172122955322266,
0.09040534496307373,
0.24245235323905945,
0.10866577178239822,
0.38787585496902466,
0.35554254055023193,
-0.2086476981639862,
-0.7131058573722839,
-0.10629440099000931,
-0.04421040788292885,
-0.36733999848365784,
0.575593113899231,
0.11247580498456955,
0.7525595426559448,
0.05582248419523239,
-0.10824206471443176,
-0.41078466176986694,
-0.7087423801422119,
-0.51237952709198,
0.08231872320175171,
-0.16075053811073303,
1.318487524986267,
0.33403515815734863,
-0.5173639059066772,
0.593376874923706,
0.323731005191803,
0.12371760606765747,
-0.8590197563171387,
0.036700211465358734,
-0.04402639716863632,
0.14081737399101257,
-0.0505046471953392,
1.3861024379730225,
0.25510385632514954,
0.1634056717157364,
0.1551259309053421,
0.9403046369552612,
0.6063424348831177,
-0.20778456330299377,
0.43531686067581177,
0.5939457416534424,
-0.34022727608680725,
-0.3071739375591278,
-0.688798725605011,
0.18374931812286377,
0.08897918462753296,
0.18210221827030182,
-0.048454105854034424,
0.2512199580669403,
-0.15764112770557404,
1.0744822025299072,
0.14938637614250183,
0.5274063944816589,
0.3117508292198181,
0.2007555216550827,
0.18438424170017242,
-1.1656559705734253,
-0.18060718476772308,
-0.07162600010633469,
0.3623177409172058,
-0.617804229259491,
-0.1392340213060379,
-0.0571884922683239,
-0.0892024040222168,
-0.5577036738395691,
0.03692327439785004,
-0.38243231177330017,
0.2699522376060486,
0.38954243063926697,
-0.05831906199455261,
0.20081669092178345,
0.24019424617290497,
0.659181535243988,
-0.21053335070610046,
0.26128876209259033,
-0.2247851938009262,
-0.6001213788986206,
0.2015397995710373,
1.049118995666504,
0.10579270869493484,
-0.07780865579843521,
0.2471310794353485,
-0.5584625601768494,
0.7848060131072998,
0.27914074063301086,
0.4296450912952423,
0.3800269663333893,
0.60588538646698,
-0.3004177212715149,
-0.0963907241821289,
0.056648120284080505,
-0.2062903344631195,
-0.5532171130180359,
-0.04630245640873909,
-0.1410963237285614,
0.18169979751110077,
-0.11117870360612869,
0.2685331404209137,
-0.3666307032108307,
0.014181336387991905,
-0.3669290542602539,
0.24886569380760193,
-0.38342440128326416,
0.07955729961395264,
0.30854347348213196,
-0.25417834520339966,
-0.08093981444835663,
-0.19183708727359772,
0.7795294523239136,
-0.43665042519569397,
0.4720271825790405,
0.039829954504966736,
0.05504612252116203,
0.07418009638786316,
-0.16370037198066711,
0.7668386697769165,
-0.02328406646847725,
0.43535202741622925,
0.9349924921989441,
-0.343951016664505,
0.39342978596687317,
-0.2049132138490677,
-0.06738162040710449,
-0.6749144792556763,
-0.88924241065979,
0.19250625371932983,
-0.07605953514575958,
-0.9193627834320068,
0.08212272822856903,
0.08089912682771683,
0.267636775970459,
0.1377614140510559,
-0.07716309279203415,
0.43539178371429443,
-0.14936529099941254,
-5.360246658325195,
-0.09066054224967957,
0.2322717308998108,
0.059270892292261124,
-0.22825564444065094,
0.28746935725212097,
0.6859197020530701,
-0.20694489777088165,
-0.08344116061925888,
0.1254415661096573,
0.0161394402384758,
-0.2635331153869629,
-0.2487715780735016,
0.6016991138458252,
0.8617989420890808,
0.47528940439224243,
0.32607975602149963,
0.37972694635391235,
0.12516668438911438,
0.17006275057792664,
0.1941986382007599,
0.2964174151420593,
0.16273021697998047,
0.09139295667409897,
-0.19529052078723907,
-0.03916556015610695,
0.1828405112028122,
0.09784366190433502,
-0.6820314526557922,
-0.3569542467594147,
0.34726324677467346,
-0.05663980543613434,
0.3539104461669922,
-0.29880592226982117,
0.2690677344799042,
-0.026749424636363983,
0.11956262588500977,
0.793708860874176,
0.16331833600997925,
0.4128085970878601,
-0.09752309322357178,
0.1348184049129486,
-0.5120964646339417,
0.51042240858078,
-0.20639055967330933,
-0.27602890133857727,
-0.724836528301239,
0.2798002064228058,
-0.3342140018939972,
0.5727354288101196,
0.11872255057096481,
-0.3576122224330902,
0.15887995064258575,
-0.3024851083755493,
0.20695772767066956,
-0.36339709162712097,
0.3683475852012634,
0.03847571089863777,
-0.8391034603118896,
0.476201593875885,
0.6931595206260681,
-0.5097565054893494,
-0.30518656969070435,
-0.35312461853027344,
0.6033907532691956,
-0.09736353904008865,
0.2170751541852951,
-0.4294150769710541,
-0.09799813479185104,
-0.5242064595222473,
-0.03240427002310753,
0.9325040578842163,
-0.25547537207603455,
-1.1379612684249878,
-0.5936024785041809,
-0.38152313232421875,
-0.5753772258758545,
-0.35657039284706116,
-0.5660703778266907,
0.07079409062862396,
0.1974448412656784,
-0.6290094256401062,
0.12686069309711456,
1.550583839416504,
1.108255386352539,
0.1756647676229477,
-0.5582854747772217,
0.3785131871700287,
-0.7533323168754578,
-0.5173571705818176,
-0.1740904152393341,
-0.2813771665096283,
0.09700057655572891,
0.4120649993419647,
-0.5404385328292847,
0.6570150852203369,
0.046913038939237595,
-0.4622040390968323,
0.3433241844177246,
0.20621994137763977,
-0.2093278467655182,
0.5524103045463562,
0.09034796059131622,
-0.07155811786651611,
0.26722052693367004,
-0.32207223773002625,
-0.3445572853088379,
0.35598254203796387,
0.7222410440444946,
0.7232066988945007,
-0.1102442592382431,
0.44755110144615173,
-0.25047120451927185,
-0.28167879581451416,
0.1782422512769699,
-0.24743147194385529,
0.11782906949520111,
0.37871190905570984,
0.4103929102420807,
0.06738931685686111,
-0.12227236479520798,
0.46379509568214417,
0.19424834847450256,
-0.5946489572525024,
0.32187458872795105,
0.14513681828975677,
0.016890032216906548,
-0.48422032594680786,
-0.7258977293968201,
-0.17928072810173035,
-0.16566148400306702,
0.44576317071914673,
-0.24275098741054535,
-0.25109684467315674,
0.06331333518028259,
-0.2613113224506378,
-0.7556071281433105,
-0.3852926790714264,
0.11005265265703201,
-0.2895817756652832,
0.011820930056273937,
-0.06143087521195412,
0.09470073133707047,
0.7260223627090454,
-0.031191932037472725,
0.01585243083536625,
0.6699565052986145,
-0.17369428277015686,
-0.3703603744506836,
0.6491020321846008,
-0.1279057264328003,
-0.2350352704524994,
0.4638710021972656,
-0.026430491358041763,
-0.1590244621038437,
-0.04584982246160507,
0.0820523053407669,
0.11999534070491791,
0.33932700753211975,
0.0015473068924620748,
-0.1728534698486328,
-0.25289589166641235,
-1.1714481115341187,
-0.005347230471670628,
0.2604828178882599,
0.5391042828559875,
-0.14180703461170197,
-0.18793313205242157,
-0.5320258736610413,
0.23598624765872955,
-0.11685741692781448,
-0.504671037197113,
-0.4218539893627167,
-0.2304021418094635,
0.06859270483255386,
-0.2490500807762146,
0.38421109318733215,
0.3289421796798706,
0.001098491600714624,
-0.22360007464885712,
0.05956380069255829,
0.1516563892364502,
-0.04203205555677414,
-0.047455593943595886,
1.0211976766586304,
-0.21807250380516052,
-0.2868320643901825,
-0.6414614319801331,
-0.33571523427963257,
-0.3291919231414795,
0.256339967250824,
0.18465575575828552,
-0.019444268196821213,
0.6860396862030029,
0.12840475142002106,
-0.7091270685195923,
-0.17668616771697998,
-0.48581773042678833,
0.2573058605194092,
-0.9291996359825134,
-0.018928058445453644,
-0.11227806657552719,
0.0128023074939847,
0.38068172335624695,
0.015307004563510418,
-1.2303928136825562,
-0.22006861865520477,
0.32591333985328674,
-0.4897506535053253,
0.5046916604042053,
-0.41932350397109985,
-0.403079628944397,
0.1336134374141693,
0.4670758545398712,
-0.6979385614395142,
-0.13997355103492737,
0.5306038856506348,
0.13007275760173798,
-0.8146419525146484,
-0.39490506052970886,
-0.782341480255127,
-0.026202190667390823,
-0.31255224347114563,
-0.3410084843635559,
-0.5376367568969727,
-0.269371896982193,
0.4970502555370331,
0.3162537217140198,
0.7080674767494202,
0.04147746041417122,
-0.3906608521938324,
-0.04693138971924782,
0.09237617254257202,
-0.5037122964859009,
-0.7007974982261658,
-0.17448632419109344,
0.45597153902053833,
0.4851131737232208,
0.06861957907676697,
0.05067947879433632,
0.3042416572570801,
1.0727953910827637,
0.5832422375679016,
-0.2816929221153259,
-0.39007166028022766,
0.2330661118030548,
0.4548492729663849,
-0.15965531766414642,
0.08593501150608063,
-0.19968180358409882,
-0.478975385427475,
0.2007085531949997,
-0.5798285603523254,
-0.20283348858356476,
0.8289768695831299,
0.36298102140426636,
-0.2984343469142914,
0.6771975159645081,
0.2565286159515381,
0.05933382734656334,
0.20287929475307465,
0.3803018033504486,
0.22356770932674408,
0.027387263253331184,
0.02641703374683857,
-0.25365161895751953,
0.021988272666931152,
-0.18169429898262024,
0.23557019233703613,
-0.4177647531032562,
-0.3977716863155365,
-0.9882674217224121,
-0.5072118639945984,
0.6691691875457764,
-0.3251152038574219,
0.027283601462841034,
0.047526851296424866,
-0.46900394558906555,
0.5799473524093628,
-0.46086248755455017,
-0.4315859377384186,
0.033552609384059906,
0.3558270037174225,
-0.029171764850616455,
-0.1389136165380478,
-0.6637436747550964,
-0.4767075181007385,
-0.03626362234354019,
-0.037850141525268555,
0.21284234523773193,
-0.9500248432159424,
0.2443436235189438,
0.06251275539398193,
0.1608479619026184,
0.16534648835659027,
0.6497114896774292,
-0.49097561836242676,
0.38402512669563293,
-0.4921831786632538,
-0.3508380949497223,
-0.5472848415374756,
0.37940433621406555,
0.7918956875801086,
-0.523820161819458,
0.34260523319244385,
0.3784042298793793,
-0.10122310370206833,
0.2498616874217987,
-0.39399877190589905,
0.1264018714427948,
0.3896462619304657,
0.3089682161808014,
-0.24216051399707794,
0.18522915244102478,
-0.5514628887176514,
-0.19681870937347412,
0.46014949679374695,
-0.675868570804596,
-0.5672552585601807,
0.34182167053222656,
0.5952906012535095,
-0.17259782552719116,
0.44559916853904724,
-0.5315970182418823,
-0.15989035367965698,
0.6978338360786438,
0.27787020802497864,
-0.0736951231956482,
0.09107128530740738,
0.02231207676231861,
0.15558424592018127,
0.14024999737739563,
-0.6497721076011658,
0.6414715647697449,
-0.3367122411727905,
0.3821539580821991,
-0.3190350830554962,
-0.5170720815658569,
-0.1893710494041443,
-0.056610360741615295,
-0.014965022914111614,
1.4755481481552124,
-0.3705289661884308,
0.03278558701276779,
-0.11340676993131638,
0.38655203580856323,
0.0932435691356659,
-0.1828879565000534,
0.3352735638618469,
-0.1765652894973755,
0.5456048250198364,
-0.2960805892944336,
0.28589481115341187,
-0.11037933826446533,
-0.10051315277814865,
0.1344812512397766,
0.46501606702804565,
-0.27379170060157776,
-0.2944878041744232,
-0.20886819064617157,
-0.22510796785354614,
-0.6671978235244751,
0.7169746160507202,
-0.04541259631514549,
-0.11464477330446243,
-0.009275173768401146,
-0.1452721804380417,
-0.02086525224149227,
0.26665499806404114,
0.3930465877056122,
-0.029757559299468994,
-0.760845422744751,
0.18741001188755035,
0.4597512483596802,
0.5639523267745972,
-0.34910380840301514,
0.4390174150466919,
0.1813672035932541,
-0.5534199476242065,
0.1341743916273117,
-0.36282721161842346,
0.21308106184005737,
-0.20261290669441223,
-0.2618609368801117,
0.28528037667274475,
-0.158261239528656,
-0.3279407322406769,
0.25531020760536194,
0.2888210415840149,
-0.5983253121376038,
0.38642653822898865,
-0.7540963888168335,
-0.07166719436645508,
-0.11461103707551956,
-0.8271868228912354,
0.346406489610672,
0.14971202611923218,
0.8867958784103394,
0.2008955478668213,
-0.7876198887825012,
-0.07136260718107224,
-0.09286808222532272,
-0.12631259858608246,
-0.466154009103775,
0.05340009555220604,
0.28467613458633423,
-0.1158333271741867,
0.9018404483795166,
-0.847556471824646,
0.9071007966995239,
0.3817189037799835,
0.0658121258020401,
-0.3353537321090698,
0.47731056809425354,
-0.08083206415176392,
-0.27892282605171204,
0.4046137034893036,
-0.154148668050766,
-0.21930870413780212,
-0.14375367760658264,
0.57435542345047,
-0.32539960741996765,
0.039771292358636856,
-0.02754671312868595,
-0.013007017783820629,
-0.49615082144737244,
-0.08856715261936188,
-0.39601075649261475,
0.530726969242096,
0.34046581387519836,
0.2787106931209564,
0.15681438148021698,
-0.4993506669998169,
-0.028877653181552887,
-0.45498722791671753,
-0.8236770033836365,
0.8701772093772888,
0.6760435104370117,
0.2751183807849884,
-0.5973767638206482,
0.4938361346721649,
-0.043887242674827576,
0.40975674986839294,
0.07982482761144638,
-1.7517952919006348,
0.2980949282646179,
0.07689803093671799,
-0.4339262545108795,
0.06348478049039841,
0.05580085888504982,
0.09990588575601578,
-0.30742770433425903,
0.24232320487499237,
-0.810947060585022,
0.04296818748116493,
-0.1470145285129547,
0.15202930569648743,
-0.2891958951950073,
0.7420884370803833,
-0.12920835614204407
] |
233180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recalcitrant%20seed | Recalcitrant seed | Recalcitrant seeds are seeds that do not survive drying and freezing during ex-situ conservation. By and large, these seeds cannot resist the effects of drying or temperatures less than 10 °C (50 °F); thus, they cannot be stored for long periods like orthodox seeds because they can lose their viability. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds include avocado, mango, mangosteen, lychee, cocoa, rubber tree, some horticultural trees, aquatic plants, such as Nymphaea caerulea, and several plants used in traditional medicine, such as species of Virola and Pentaclethra. Generally speaking, most tropical pioneer species have orthodox seeds but many climax species have recalcitrant or intermediate seeds.
Mechanisms of damage
The two main mechanisms causing damage to recalcitrant seeds are desiccation effects on the intracellular structures and metabolic damage from the formation of toxic chemicals such as free radicals. An example of the first type of damage would be found in some recalcitrant nontropical hardwood seeds, specifically the acorns of recalcitrant oaks, which can be stored in a non-frozen state for up to two years provided that precautions are taken against drying. These seeds show deterioration of cell membrane lipids and proteins after as few as 3–4 days of drying. Other seeds, such as those of the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), show oxidative damage resulting from uncontrolled metabolism occurring during the drying process.
See also
Micropropagation
Orthodox seed
Plant propagation
Seedbank
References
Plant reproduction
Seeds | [
-0.04536330699920654,
0.18537326157093048,
-0.5901147723197937,
0.3412209153175354,
0.3008709251880646,
-0.20814694464206696,
0.6811008453369141,
0.2892230153083801,
0.43005651235580444,
-0.29240477085113525,
-0.485893577337265,
0.1268237829208374,
-0.18884851038455963,
0.07927129417657852,
-0.21300379931926727,
0.42666056752204895,
0.2537670135498047,
0.7435734868049622,
0.00888974778354168,
-0.31353649497032166,
0.057092536240816116,
-0.513202965259552,
-0.046835675835609436,
-0.2312445044517517,
0.50837641954422,
-0.3445148468017578,
0.09210055321455002,
0.1887991726398468,
0.0538862980902195,
-0.06752266734838486,
-0.328301340341568,
0.7330290079116821,
0.35670778155326843,
-0.3689693510532379,
0.4207655191421509,
0.11639462411403656,
0.29707765579223633,
-0.09750153124332428,
-0.05024178698658943,
-0.6606845855712891,
-0.26394060254096985,
-0.0820186585187912,
0.4522412121295929,
0.28962260484695435,
-0.42213529348373413,
-0.36641925573349,
-1.9118729829788208,
0.19345861673355103,
-0.09488703310489655,
-0.06781157106161118,
0.28850728273391724,
-0.13773693144321442,
0.5443686246871948,
-0.180039182305336,
0.11466729640960693,
0.6835052371025085,
-0.7403506636619568,
-0.20835690200328827,
0.658366858959198,
0.23039495944976807,
-0.4290960729122162,
-0.35079142451286316,
-0.8080389499664307,
0.6512388586997986,
0.06937773525714874,
0.23410235345363617,
-0.10733156651258469,
0.3482866585254669,
0.02916005253791809,
-0.2415820062160492,
-0.47265323996543884,
-0.45917224884033203,
0.3184013366699219,
-0.02479940466582775,
-0.6708899140357971,
0.06444235146045685,
-0.08097663521766663,
0.08746526390314102,
-0.07509774714708328,
-0.15230411291122437,
0.057773854583501816,
0.5810451507568359,
-0.08692407608032227,
-0.5999472141265869,
0.393783301115036,
-0.13080906867980957,
-0.41476118564605713,
0.2321862280368805,
-0.6089165806770325,
0.3631310760974884,
0.33619213104248047,
-0.020428922027349472,
0.5989347100257874,
0.21418283879756927,
-0.6825883984565735,
-0.706292450428009,
-0.07124114036560059,
0.17702704668045044,
0.2844318747520447,
0.29808154702186584,
-0.009290761314332485,
0.5291423201560974,
0.7067055106163025,
-0.21921993792057037,
0.005562720354646444,
-0.3224348723888397,
-0.9962517023086548,
-0.28748854994773865,
-0.08694502711296082,
0.2663974165916443,
0.11330503970384598,
0.5177425742149353,
-0.23344755172729492,
0.0738169252872467,
-0.4850732088088989,
0.692095935344696,
0.20088578760623932,
-0.011191018857061863,
-0.004526848439127207,
0.004073099233210087,
0.09755333513021469,
0.6652380228042603,
-0.2539750337600708,
-0.1420886367559433,
-0.41511568427085876,
-0.003603457473218441,
0.25387224555015564,
0.1590433418750763,
-0.19830913841724396,
0.444437712430954,
-0.11612559854984283,
1.0571458339691162,
-0.40750423073768616,
-0.39137616753578186,
-0.3641993999481201,
-0.04933685064315796,
-0.10030096024274826,
0.08718907833099365,
1.0216293334960938,
0.3103070855140686,
-0.6358430981636047,
-0.2839251160621643,
-0.08083010464906693,
-0.07918357849121094,
0.4371732771396637,
0.448432981967926,
-0.06190480291843414,
-0.14193689823150635,
-0.435396671295166,
0.013866912573575974,
0.5507941842079163,
-0.20598965883255005,
-0.2611639201641083,
0.10433633625507355,
-0.7288653254508972,
0.01481725089251995,
0.08529834449291229,
-0.47682735323905945,
-0.3866735100746155,
0.21206633746623993,
-0.0912674069404602,
0.36123767495155334,
0.31911972165107727,
-0.395908921957016,
-0.21315959095954895,
-0.6328441500663757,
0.295978307723999,
0.27004000544548035,
-0.09178785979747772,
0.30261364579200745,
-0.15626345574855804,
0.22866906225681305,
0.38826772570610046,
-0.5641000866889954,
1.1372543573379517,
0.03929920122027397,
0.2347005158662796,
0.24781300127506256,
0.24936650693416595,
-0.0532357431948185,
-0.5303624868392944,
0.37341204285621643,
0.4489549398422241,
0.17029917240142822,
0.2998103201389313,
-0.2172909379005432,
0.02007775940001011,
0.18684785068035126,
0.18885424733161926,
-0.3107229769229889,
-0.8373000621795654,
-0.5765971541404724,
0.510961651802063,
-0.3195797801017761,
0.6154177784919739,
-0.0758221447467804,
0.3339548110961914,
0.3764447271823883,
-0.029328767210245132,
0.09973376989364624,
-0.018518948927521706,
0.29361340403556824,
-0.014167149551212788,
-0.3387545049190521,
-0.45387232303619385,
0.6708693504333496,
0.6895788908004761,
-0.14102241396903992,
0.4032822549343109,
-0.1615206003189087,
0.2959257662296295,
-0.2575158178806305,
0.051079731434583664,
-0.38892942667007446,
0.38060426712036133,
-0.15654565393924713,
-0.2776094079017639,
0.36018067598342896,
0.3449467122554779,
-0.20334477722644806,
0.48145797848701477,
-0.1430242508649826,
-0.3111073076725006,
0.5121106505393982,
-0.40285298228263855,
0.4130258560180664,
0.12821263074874878,
-0.37888044118881226,
0.9148715734481812,
-0.34567320346832275,
0.5207865238189697,
-0.1351790577173233,
-0.13792216777801514,
-0.30271485447883606,
-0.453504353761673,
0.010573813691735268,
-0.1695241779088974,
-0.3843505084514618,
0.47941771149635315,
0.038180653005838394,
-0.1666950136423111,
0.13551531732082367,
-0.6912391781806946,
0.2019878327846527,
-0.42198073863983154,
0.2507743835449219,
0.003693902399390936,
0.0916757732629776,
-0.352499783039093,
-0.40198102593421936,
0.6856723427772522,
0.5152238011360168,
0.059272684156894684,
-0.9384456872940063,
-0.07094156742095947,
-0.15170572698116302,
-0.7144750356674194,
0.288830429315567,
0.5243760347366333,
-0.43807080388069153,
-0.42677125334739685,
0.09082840383052826,
0.31688812375068665,
-0.1528528481721878,
-0.09703852236270905,
-0.20261314511299133,
-0.43614259362220764,
-0.1485317349433899,
0.15351985394954681,
0.2620701193809509,
0.15993404388427734,
0.04901548847556114,
-0.5989758968353271,
0.23432686924934387,
-0.7904581427574158,
-0.5776650309562683,
0.1802496612071991,
0.38587960600852966,
-0.24864806234836578,
0.10361002385616302,
0.5435076951980591,
0.5957910418510437,
0.16222146153450012,
-0.7395275235176086,
-0.32255640625953674,
0.39690646529197693,
0.5447328090667725,
0.13377028703689575,
-0.3831717371940613,
-0.6458513736724854,
-0.7889015078544617,
0.3663218021392822,
-0.1468324214220047,
0.6076927781105042,
0.2853222191333771,
0.4996162950992584,
0.03915446624159813,
-0.15881821513175964,
0.6623479127883911,
-0.1515386402606964,
0.46639832854270935,
-0.07459484785795212,
-0.5388096570968628,
-0.16955341398715973,
-0.42092165350914,
0.5562155246734619,
-0.2713724672794342,
0.06510476022958755,
-5.769289493560791,
0.6366122961044312,
-0.12948040664196014,
0.018255218863487244,
0.05303718522191048,
-0.10928338021039963,
0.5585280060768127,
0.06964270770549774,
-0.28279852867126465,
0.4312887191772461,
0.24083326756954193,
0.12331654876470566,
0.46354663372039795,
0.3944527506828308,
0.5833642482757568,
0.36190351843833923,
0.4956301748752594,
-0.2000143676996231,
0.38415831327438354,
0.5578002333641052,
0.13365857303142548,
0.16821227967739105,
0.009838107973337173,
0.5966391563415527,
0.05478375405073166,
0.23830600082874298,
0.07726537436246872,
0.39553460478782654,
-0.7624593377113342,
0.05771949514746666,
0.06792893260717392,
-0.6911758184432983,
0.06197512149810791,
-0.09700121730566025,
-0.3106956481933594,
0.13564953207969666,
0.25757738947868347,
0.06081540137529373,
-0.12380237132310867,
0.37244147062301636,
-0.23718006908893585,
0.11644991487264633,
0.19074665009975433,
0.748624861240387,
0.239364355802536,
0.04781486839056015,
0.03553145006299019,
-0.31123027205467224,
0.2895053029060364,
0.6156793832778931,
0.1697484254837036,
0.2284793257713318,
0.4021342098712921,
0.22394706308841705,
-0.08365985751152039,
0.19805915653705597,
0.399122416973114,
-0.06486576050519943,
-0.16857542097568512,
-0.11546856164932251,
0.08035877346992493,
-0.3645874261856079,
-0.009086203761398792,
-0.20860011875629425,
0.2546289265155792,
-0.011586754582822323,
-0.2025628238916397,
-0.23878823220729828,
0.7903846502304077,
-0.026235051453113556,
-0.2874602973461151,
0.05680125206708908,
0.5044032335281372,
-0.4630294144153595,
0.15943346917629242,
-0.5182721614837646,
-0.2876526713371277,
-0.19814133644104004,
0.03969820216298103,
0.2233007848262787,
-0.17945241928100586,
0.19798700511455536,
0.06617902964353561,
0.2958565950393677,
0.48274463415145874,
-0.5107542872428894,
0.03407629579305649,
0.1320982575416565,
-0.37171947956085205,
-0.6208019256591797,
0.7338053584098816,
-0.5395031571388245,
0.1392570286989212,
-0.2761055827140808,
0.4099225401878357,
1.0309535264968872,
0.2674049437046051,
-0.04305456951260567,
0.33847376704216003,
0.1644422709941864,
0.3069468140602112,
-0.2415524423122406,
0.17785723507404327,
-0.9664860367774963,
-0.3866032361984253,
-0.4549959897994995,
-0.4912880063056946,
0.5714963674545288,
0.5933539271354675,
-0.17584413290023804,
0.7233420610427856,
0.21074312925338745,
-0.4381383955478668,
-0.5136027932167053,
-0.24209438264369965,
0.08950783312320709,
0.07288086414337158,
0.665434718132019,
0.28788819909095764,
0.018503427505493164,
0.074061818420887,
-0.11251424252986908,
-0.6130725741386414,
-0.3847997486591339,
-0.2744225263595581,
-0.42308688163757324,
0.3481021523475647,
0.07589973509311676,
-0.2781018912792206,
-0.4620416760444641,
-0.06703878194093704,
-0.1402972936630249,
-0.17499645054340363,
0.06694599241018295,
-0.3295523524284363,
-0.6479585766792297,
-0.4072161912918091,
-0.01894105225801468,
-0.4703161120414734,
-0.5592105388641357,
-0.3112790286540985,
-0.3238101005554199,
-0.053681425750255585,
-0.05890320986509323,
0.8387163877487183,
0.1062898263335228,
0.3632524013519287,
-0.556962788105011,
-0.0949011966586113,
0.3837391436100006,
-0.015275410376489162,
0.19446437060832977,
0.6030383706092834,
-0.673897385597229,
-0.6597118377685547,
-0.13584870100021362,
0.10392411798238754,
0.08095315098762512,
0.2050984799861908,
-0.6300913095474243,
0.022673794999718666,
-0.10787798464298248,
-0.8712760806083679,
-0.42808690667152405,
0.3768918812274933,
-0.30998000502586365,
0.1208435520529747,
-0.6008822917938232,
-0.5876997113227844,
0.7217319011688232,
-0.44841286540031433,
-0.27752619981765747,
-0.5702729821205139,
-0.1581324338912964,
0.8224213123321533,
-0.4682479798793793,
0.613337516784668,
-0.20766305923461914,
-0.008314823731780052,
-0.5655194520950317,
-0.7109090089797974,
-0.18501096963882446,
-0.2881764769554138,
0.3117474615573883,
0.47174614667892456,
-0.417499840259552,
-0.24224591255187988,
-0.32170233130455017,
-0.6953989267349243,
-0.23890231549739838,
0.14751747250556946,
0.31079933047294617,
0.9817744493484497,
-0.07276808470487595,
0.128066286444664,
-0.14842231571674347,
0.3036288917064667,
0.941459596157074,
-0.32035598158836365,
-0.45629972219467163,
0.08464192599058151,
-0.17741873860359192,
-1.0100765228271484,
0.7349849939346313,
0.5476319789886475,
-0.4960233271121979,
0.2678372263908386,
-0.004819675348699093,
-0.4915871322154999,
0.15021978318691254,
0.3375413715839386,
-0.8354752659797668,
-0.1311684548854828,
0.3810691237449646,
-0.13629396259784698,
-0.07446999102830887,
0.06913478672504425,
-0.37200018763542175,
-0.14538566768169403,
-0.01899796910583973,
0.17396806180477142,
-0.157957062125206,
-0.2667928636074066,
-0.22920802235603333,
-0.24947726726531982,
0.14932943880558014,
0.3218766152858734,
-0.3091791272163391,
0.44688987731933594,
0.18188785016536713,
0.019793570041656494,
-0.09452665597200394,
0.3209282159805298,
-0.10728439688682556,
-0.665684700012207,
0.41487938165664673,
-0.4269409477710724,
-0.0545540414750576,
-0.31776776909828186,
0.23868432641029358,
0.30026406049728394,
0.5508188009262085,
0.4378509223461151,
-0.13800208270549774,
-0.8890868425369263,
0.2985937297344208,
0.22801221907138824,
-0.3921244442462921,
-0.5604367256164551,
0.17162944376468658,
0.7971379160881042,
0.08632519841194153,
-0.5264288783073425,
-0.13687962293624878,
0.7426435947418213,
0.049524903297424316,
-0.14532729983329773,
-0.3614145517349243,
0.09055420011281967,
0.5130944848060608,
0.44387301802635193,
0.10386665910482407,
0.02551853284239769,
0.41145098209381104,
0.513797402381897,
-0.3342307507991791,
-0.16053029894828796,
-0.7415223121643066,
0.5515219569206238,
-0.7490995526313782,
0.09257756918668747,
-0.03586484119296074,
0.741347074508667,
0.1495257169008255,
0.08090583235025406,
0.1884804666042328,
-0.34879907965660095,
-0.9183085560798645,
-0.6020632982254028,
-0.4090142548084259,
-0.5190764665603638,
-0.3851129710674286,
0.05563576519489288,
-0.4621078073978424,
0.07786894589662552,
-0.3836386799812317,
-0.5742524266242981,
-0.33361080288887024,
-0.6889761686325073,
0.021442966535687447,
-0.44522497057914734,
0.0864475816488266,
-0.3758833706378937,
0.12687253952026367,
0.292351096868515,
0.2723744213581085,
-0.2980092465877533,
-0.045163556933403015,
-0.22457799315452576,
-0.2948804199695587,
-1.154239535331726,
0.9046216011047363,
0.490826815366745,
-0.6069902181625366,
0.9086345434188843,
0.34866049885749817,
-0.11362650245428085,
-0.3197877109050751,
0.3524615168571472,
-0.4929439425468445,
0.3260928988456726,
0.35169145464897156,
-0.12737704813480377,
0.7404187321662903,
0.06588839739561081,
-0.033095572143793106,
0.0711921751499176,
-0.46442893147468567,
0.5354567766189575,
0.654857337474823,
0.5994736552238464,
-0.020307088270783424,
0.20572322607040405,
-0.09540263563394547,
-0.5540450215339661,
0.8370862603187561,
-0.3702980577945709,
0.010439236648380756,
0.5930300951004028,
-0.17080441117286682,
0.6295071244239807,
0.10283256322145462,
-0.21209028363227844,
0.10937371104955673,
-0.4089568853378296,
0.24245822429656982,
0.3347803056240082,
-0.8772004246711731,
-0.6527250409126282,
0.06159575283527374,
0.5705243945121765,
0.4661814570426941,
0.26036378741264343,
-0.002981107449159026,
-0.48633962869644165,
-0.08680868148803711,
0.04569324478507042,
0.28004956245422363,
0.06941010802984238,
0.41689231991767883,
-0.29091402888298035,
-0.19039493799209595,
0.08495055884122849,
-0.3488905131816864,
-0.17852698266506195,
-0.17592668533325195,
0.06280004978179932,
0.06485418975353241,
-0.5599017143249512,
-0.2753724753856659,
-0.1965961456298828,
0.12708629667758942,
-0.6017522811889648,
0.0878605917096138,
0.33348479866981506,
-0.4658028781414032,
0.6094488501548767,
-0.23358003795146942,
0.26363641023635864,
0.2871079742908478,
0.11051465570926666,
0.16274024546146393,
-0.053577713668346405,
0.43669381737709045,
0.8252560496330261,
-0.41889744997024536,
0.44810813665390015,
0.23849375545978546,
0.08343613147735596,
0.30681365728378296,
0.05378830060362816,
-0.1437334269285202,
-0.5691739916801453,
-0.11278671026229858,
0.31729021668434143,
-0.18243898451328278,
-0.29310017824172974,
0.08025804907083511,
0.3667016327381134,
-0.2980826199054718,
0.14804117381572723,
-0.13125747442245483,
-0.07254581898450851,
0.06640829890966415,
0.003907900303602219,
-0.18917275965213776,
0.11555402725934982,
0.8123723864555359,
-0.13993966579437256,
-0.20935511589050293,
0.09629076719284058,
0.13453255593776703,
-0.22275355458259583,
0.7870110869407654,
-0.2516278028488159,
0.6590057015419006,
-0.3823056221008301,
0.8100547790527344,
-1.233535647392273,
0.8761543035507202,
0.6386880874633789,
0.16812290251255035,
-0.040328942239284515,
0.20999018847942352,
0.1633283942937851,
-0.49263477325439453,
0.5125011801719666,
-0.3038945198059082,
0.19340622425079346,
-0.4611372947692871,
0.17570281028747559,
-0.7324151992797852,
0.012510898523032665,
0.3944832682609558,
-0.33301952481269836,
-0.3099384307861328,
0.2349700629711151,
0.36547979712486267,
-0.3850961923599243,
0.09052401781082153,
-0.3519171476364136,
0.16420483589172363,
-0.15061332285404205,
0.5598410367965698,
-0.3253021836280823,
0.13334870338439941,
0.12483151257038116,
0.5535733103752136,
-0.11111264675855637,
0.09881538152694702,
0.13055148720741272,
-0.34929129481315613,
0.4824199974536896,
-0.24899828433990479,
-0.2707710266113281,
0.06105896458029747,
-0.2827810049057007,
-0.3137182593345642,
-0.6647070646286011,
0.745959460735321,
0.01997942291200161,
-0.8492826223373413,
0.0027885178569704294,
-0.12265053391456604,
-0.45442286133766174,
-0.224989116191864,
-0.3449561595916748,
-0.28133776783943176,
-0.4703523814678192,
0.2032635360956192
] |
233184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20von%20Sachs | Julius von Sachs | Julius von Sachs (; 2 October 1832 – 29 May 1897) was a German botanist from Breslau, Prussian Silesia. He and Wilhelm Knop are monumental figures in the history of botany by first demonstrating the importance of water culture in the investigation of plant nutrition. Sachs is considered the founder of experimental plant physiology.
Early life
Sachs was born at Breslau on 2 October 1832. His father, Graveur Sachs, was an engraver by trade, and father taught son delineation and accuracy of line and color. From earliest boyhood Julius was fascinated with plants, making collections of them on many field excursions with his father. He gave much of his time between the ages of thirteen and sixteen to drawing and painting the flowers, fungi, and other specimens which he collected. At the Gymnasium from 1845 to 1850 he was most interested in the natural sciences, collecting skulls, writing a monograph on the crayfish. His natural science teacher, one Krober, showed a singular lack of foresight when he solemnly warned young Sachs against devoting himself to the natural sciences.
When he was sixteen years old, his father died, and in the next year both his mother and a brother died of cholera. Suddenly without financial support, he was fortunate to be taken into the family of Jan Evangelista Purkyně who had accepted a professorship at the University of Prague. Sachs was admitted to the university in 1851.
Sachs famously labored long hours in the laboratory for Purkyně, and then long hours for himself each day after his work in the laboratory was finished. After the lab, he could devote himself entirely to establishing how plants grow.
Career
In 1856 Sachs graduated as doctor of philosophy, and then adopted a botanical career, establishing himself as Privatdozent for plant physiology. In 1859 he was appointed physiological assistant to the Agricultural Academy of Tharandt (now part of the Technical University of Dresden) at Julius Adolph Stöckhardt; and in 1862 he was called to be director of the Polytechnic at Chemnitz, but was almost immediately transferred to the Agricultural Academy at Poppelsdorf (now part of the University of Bonn), where he remained until 1867, when he was nominated professor of botany in the University of Freiburg.
In 1868 he accepted the chair of botany in the University of Würzburg, which he continued to occupy (in spite of calls from more prestigious German universities) until his death.
Sachs achieved distinction as an investigator, a writer and a teacher; his name will ever be especially associated with the great development of plant physiology which marked the latter half of the 19th century, though there is scarcely a branch of botany to which he did not materially contribute. His earlier papers, scattered through the volumes of botanical journals and of the publications of learned societies (a collected edition was published in 1892–93), are of great and varied interest. Prominent among them is the series of "Keimungsgeschichten," which laid the foundation of our knowledge of microchemical methods, as also of the morphological and physiological details of germination.
Then there is his resuscitation of the method of "water-culture," and the application of it to the investigation of the problems of nutrition.
Most important are his experiments, developing the concept of photosynthesis, that the starch-grains, found in leaf chloroplasts, depend on sunlight. A leaf that has been in sunlight, then bleached white and stained with iodine turns black, proving its starch content, whereas a leaf from the same plant that has been out of the sun will remain white. A demonstration of this experiment is shown in the second episode of BBC Four's "Botany: A Blooming History" presented by Timothy Walker.
Sachs's later papers were almost exclusively published in the three volumes of the Arbeiten des botanischen Instituts in Würzburg (1871–88). Among these are his investigation of the periodicity of growth in length, in connection with which he devised the self-registering auxanometer, by which he established the retarding influence of the highly refrangible rays of the spectrum on the rate of growth; his research on heliotropism and geotropism, in which he introduced the clinostat; his work on the structure and the arrangement of cells in growing-points; the elaborate experimental evidence upon which he based his "imbibition-theory" of the transpiration-current; his exhaustive study of the assimilatory activity of the green leaf; and other papers of interest.
Sachs' first published volume was the Handbuch der Experimentalphysiologie des Pflanzen (1865; French edition, 1868), which gives an admirable account of the state of knowledge in certain departments of the subject, and includes a great deal of original information. This was followed in 1868 by the first edition of his famous Lehrbuch der Botanik. It is a comprehensive work, giving a summary of the botanical science of the period, enriched with the results of many original investigations. The third edition was translated into French by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem in 1873, and into English by Alfred Bennett in 1875, and published by Oxford University Press. The fourth and last German edition was published in 1874, and also issued by Oxford in 1882.
The Lehrbuch was eventually superseded by the Vorlesungen uber Pflanzenphysiologie (1st ed., 1882; 2nd ed., 1887; Eng. ed., Oxford, 1887), a work more limited in scope, but covering more ground than its title would imply; it has not gained the general recognition accorded to the Lehrbuch. Finally, there is the Geschichte der Botanik (1875); an account of the development of the various branches of botanical science from the middle of the 16th century up to 1860, of which an English edition was published in 1890 by the Oxford Press.
A full account of Sachs' life and work was given by Professor Goebel, formerly his assistant, in Flora (1897), of which an English translation appeared in Science Progress for 1898. There is also an obituary notice of him in the Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. lxii.
In 1885 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Evolution
Sachs has been described as a "post-Darwinian botanist" who "integrated the evolutionary theory into his morphological writings." He was originally supportive of Darwinism but in his late career became bitterly opposed to it, instead preferring non-Darwinian evolution.
Influence
Many pupils of Sachs like Julius Oscar Brefeld, Francis Darwin, Karl Ritter von Goebel, Georg Albrecht Klebs, Spiridon Miliarakis, Hermann Müller-Thurgau, Fritz Noll, Wilhelm Pfeffer, Karl Prantl, Christian Ernst Stahl and Hugo de Vries became later famous botanists.
His statements also influenced plant physiologists Dennis Robert Hoagland and Daniel I. Arnon, who followed one of Sachs's principles in developing nutrient solutions for plant nutrition, by quoting him as follows: "I mention the quantities (of chemicals) I am accustomed to use generally in water cultures, with the remark, however, that a somewhat wide margin may be permitted with respect to the quantities of the individual salts and the concentration of the whole solution - it does not matter if a little more or less of the one or the other salt is taken - if only the nutritive mixture is kept within certain limits as to quality and quantity, which are established by experience." Sachs's principle and Knop's four-salt mixture both contributed to the development of the Hoagland solution.
The standard botanical author abbreviation Sachs is applied to species he described.
Publications
1859: Physiologische Untersuchungen über die Keimung der Schmikbohne (Phaseolus multiflorus)
1859: Ueber das abwechselnde Erbleichen und Dunkelwerden der Blätter bei wechselnder Beleuchtung
1862: Ueber das Vergeilen der Pflanzen
1863: Ueber den Einfluss des Tageslichtes auf die Neublidung unt Entfaltung verschiedener Pflanzenorgane
1865: Handbuch der Experimentalphysiologie der Pflanzen
1868: Lehrbuch der Botanik, 3rd ed. 1873, 4th ed. 1874
1871–1872: Die Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860 (Digital edition from 1875 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
1878: Ueber die Anordnung der Zellen in jüngsten Pflanzentheilen
1882: Die Vorlesungen über Pflanzenphysiologie
1892: Gesammelte Abhandlungen über Pflanzenphysiologie
1894: Mechanomorphosen und Phylogenie
1896: Phylogenetische Aphorismen und über innere Gestaltungsursachen oder Automorphosen
References
Bibliography
, see also
External links
1832 births
1897 deaths
Plant physiologists
Jewish scientists
Silesian Jews
German untitled nobility
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Charles University alumni
Charles University faculty
University of Freiburg faculty
University of Würzburg faculty
University of Bonn faculty
Non-Darwinian evolution
Musicians from Wrocław
People from the Province of Silesia
Botanists with author abbreviations
19th-century German botanists
Scientists from Würzburg | [
0.015410477295517921,
0.6662842035293579,
-0.659763753414154,
0.06462276726961136,
-0.14476481080055237,
0.7714535593986511,
0.9940816164016724,
-0.10493843257427216,
-0.49057936668395996,
-0.14090122282505035,
-0.10861561447381973,
-0.11616048961877823,
-0.05712565779685974,
0.7431818842887878,
-0.26297158002853394,
0.5584938526153564,
-0.27761703729629517,
0.28327468037605286,
-0.625957190990448,
-0.26338261365890503,
0.037536341696977615,
-0.7853440642356873,
0.46176689863204956,
0.3208655118942261,
-0.562293529510498,
-0.3404144048690796,
-0.059925299137830734,
0.19793292880058289,
-0.027640391141176224,
-0.054454654455184937,
0.1583326905965805,
0.9210436940193176,
0.30647027492523193,
0.3002367317676544,
-0.6623579859733582,
0.44335997104644775,
-0.5311434864997864,
0.00024701570509932935,
0.6926684975624084,
-0.21882513165473938,
0.1817786693572998,
0.7712889313697815,
0.31615760922431946,
0.25284644961357117,
0.37394800782203674,
-0.6381697654724121,
-2.270397424697876,
0.5543087124824524,
-0.5894651412963867,
-0.07805633544921875,
0.27365735173225403,
0.7598702907562256,
1.285542607307434,
0.5190539956092834,
-0.5480907559394836,
0.4515433609485626,
-1.3456377983093262,
-0.07619551569223404,
0.17201849818229675,
-0.7203081250190735,
0.36312487721443176,
0.029470913112163544,
0.3138585388660431,
-0.0288617555052042,
1.4305603504180908,
0.15193192660808563,
-0.1756446361541748,
0.16947714984416962,
0.22045323252677917,
-0.4132325351238251,
-0.23790383338928223,
0.1721382886171341,
0.40417981147766113,
0.04125102236866951,
0.3396802544593811,
-0.8578070998191833,
-0.6030707359313965,
-0.04133450239896774,
-0.2729797065258026,
0.08637916296720505,
-0.2669406235218048,
-0.4738595187664032,
0.5180610418319702,
0.6035411953926086,
0.17061564326286316,
-0.41492322087287903,
-0.9897100925445557,
-0.4481480121612549,
-0.48283758759498596,
-0.7146508097648621,
0.3273545801639557,
-0.061157871037721634,
0.2313515543937683,
0.44749563932418823,
0.16742323338985443,
0.2251497209072113,
-0.8143079280853271,
0.3648298978805542,
-0.8370901942253113,
0.10496676713228226,
-0.19652889668941498,
0.3011632263660431,
0.638030469417572,
-0.0026635974645614624,
-0.30452820658683777,
0.003771790536120534,
-0.36502066254615784,
0.07184801995754242,
-0.16585177183151245,
-0.041882049292325974,
-1.2038675546646118,
0.043060578405857086,
-0.21647799015045166,
0.1569889783859253,
-0.035326648503541946,
0.6860344409942627,
0.20339234173297882,
-1.2051241397857666,
-0.6072896718978882,
-0.26331669092178345,
-0.9567748308181763,
0.8428806066513062,
-0.08584926277399063,
0.7174413800239563,
-0.6147180795669556,
-0.23927545547485352,
-0.4661993086338043,
0.4311394691467285,
-0.28225651383399963,
0.4640963673591614,
0.8113670945167542,
1.5292965173721313,
0.14358051121234894,
-0.3345096707344055,
-0.4031449854373932,
0.30828970670700073,
0.21987897157669067,
-0.5055913925170898,
-0.08876524120569229,
0.6278226971626282,
-0.35995492339134216,
-0.5683633089065552,
-0.7139655947685242,
0.6183654069900513,
0.145472452044487,
-0.2091728299856186,
0.012262942269444466,
-0.4876005947589874,
0.29760533571243286,
-0.25587189197540283,
-0.0736033096909523,
0.22866471111774445,
-0.4303838014602661,
-0.1879735291004181,
-0.4210951030254364,
0.6420786380767822,
0.21037083864212036,
0.18965928256511688,
0.04947194829583168,
-0.12501338124275208,
0.3215969204902649,
-0.21210506558418274,
-0.6454790234565735,
0.2882870137691498,
0.4721641540527344,
-0.49629920721054077,
0.10066521167755127,
-0.0909365564584732,
0.10346491634845734,
0.175693079829216,
-1.0322123765945435,
-0.47129905223846436,
0.029851019382476807,
0.07832155376672745,
0.3142327666282654,
0.6942739486694336,
-0.19622817635536194,
-0.05145537108182907,
0.11481104791164398,
-0.1921290010213852,
-0.7741000652313232,
0.289814829826355,
0.1862967163324356,
0.38998299837112427,
0.48407700657844543,
0.5354968309402466,
0.24829056859016418,
0.07699373364448547,
0.9378105998039246,
-0.5820671319961548,
-0.7253086566925049,
-0.9765284061431885,
0.32719162106513977,
0.43610313534736633,
1.2100709676742554,
1.0983152389526367,
-0.13493286073207855,
-0.34048929810523987,
-0.5181844234466553,
0.07645883411169052,
-0.4810321033000946,
-0.42972487211227417,
-0.6394715309143066,
0.08258302509784698,
-0.21205037832260132,
0.7392734885215759,
0.1766822636127472,
-0.6120730638504028,
-0.06796271353960037,
0.14655062556266785,
-0.10500872880220413,
-0.813878059387207,
0.1950317770242691,
0.003236498450860381,
-0.384806752204895,
-0.16667474806308746,
-0.4537561237812042,
0.1211567148566246,
0.03424926474690437,
-0.7048680782318115,
0.17457520961761475,
0.589820146560669,
0.02049795351922512,
1.0377297401428223,
0.3513261377811432,
0.7039374709129333,
-0.06086686998605728,
0.48811501264572144,
0.20501260459423065,
-1.3525906801223755,
0.12909109890460968,
0.26798272132873535,
0.2879287004470825,
-0.47408899664878845,
0.7617431879043579,
-0.04830440133810043,
-0.23131157457828522,
-0.40853187441825867,
-0.36221805214881897,
-0.8908416032791138,
0.4390212297439575,
0.33453941345214844,
-0.32842350006103516,
0.05972721427679062,
0.31848078966140747,
0.41739940643310547,
-0.23306097090244293,
-0.37523147463798523,
-0.3599977493286133,
0.13374285399913788,
0.20004452764987946,
0.8007460236549377,
-0.02010132372379303,
-0.5181516408920288,
-0.7297369837760925,
0.2797996997833252,
0.6836076378822327,
-0.2663688063621521,
0.5720756649971008,
0.29962122440338135,
0.3779831826686859,
-0.22032849490642548,
-0.10313359647989273,
-0.19683676958084106,
-0.4367808997631073,
-0.40998873114585876,
0.28625044226646423,
-0.7051563858985901,
1.0989242792129517,
-0.6455108523368835,
0.2218509167432785,
-0.19654303789138794,
-0.6895960569381714,
-0.11610029637813568,
-0.4394657015800476,
-1.3057029247283936,
-0.6325474977493286,
0.2565711438655853,
-0.1871444582939148,
-0.0021894851233810186,
0.11304789036512375,
1.0193344354629517,
-0.15894761681556702,
-0.47305533289909363,
-0.0076729548163712025,
0.1794472187757492,
-0.020370403304696083,
-0.18696609139442444,
0.6850846409797668,
-0.42410221695899963,
-0.06572716683149338,
1.17774498462677,
-0.8860383629798889,
0.5655608773231506,
-0.501737654209137,
0.5877957940101624,
-0.33373647928237915,
-0.7537347674369812,
0.6513770222663879,
-0.46218961477279663,
-1.584672451019287,
0.2517414689064026,
0.01647522859275341,
0.1585107296705246,
-0.14046868681907654,
0.7132899761199951,
-0.4258764684200287,
-0.3415915071964264,
-4.399477958679199,
0.22867809236049652,
-0.025353198871016502,
-0.0722719356417656,
-0.04890211299061775,
0.5326278209686279,
0.6257050037384033,
-0.21276350319385529,
-0.12198226153850555,
-0.5978190302848816,
0.3988589644432068,
-0.6940765380859375,
0.25738295912742615,
0.8962869644165039,
1.1075458526611328,
0.6771329045295715,
0.2822062373161316,
0.14770977199077606,
0.012189545668661594,
-0.02913409098982811,
0.048690225929021835,
-0.4825933277606964,
0.09261684864759445,
0.5310449600219727,
-0.1680283397436142,
0.037903718650341034,
0.10617455840110779,
-0.1347888559103012,
-1.0312095880508423,
-0.7010101079940796,
0.25038209557533264,
-0.34626665711402893,
-0.4663165509700775,
0.078757144510746,
0.2699878513813019,
-0.024379555135965347,
0.022675706073641777,
0.9972981214523315,
-0.2056608349084854,
0.5808447003364563,
-0.16180679202079773,
0.35909220576286316,
-0.6265568137168884,
-0.053186800330877304,
-0.32909703254699707,
0.030299654230475426,
-0.7283878922462463,
-0.02507350593805313,
-0.48674485087394714,
0.9331304430961609,
0.8508087396621704,
-0.29513320326805115,
0.6371144652366638,
-0.36557114124298096,
0.06275349855422974,
-0.06555037200450897,
0.5311685800552368,
-0.013385201804339886,
-0.8328491449356079,
0.04562448337674141,
0.44492262601852417,
-0.5997987985610962,
0.6844146847724915,
-0.0981631651520729,
-0.07022402435541153,
0.04048429802060127,
0.2551131546497345,
-0.20416773855686188,
0.1029546931385994,
-0.5314522981643677,
0.15776316821575165,
1.1143549680709839,
0.13229507207870483,
-0.3972623646259308,
-0.9386085271835327,
-0.5497331023216248,
-0.6311174035072327,
-0.8035755753517151,
-0.7783188819885254,
0.4032500982284546,
-0.10216683149337769,
-0.6709758043289185,
0.02081182971596718,
1.1680617332458496,
0.936109185218811,
0.042283330112695694,
-0.5379272699356079,
0.2000613510608673,
-0.24731431901454926,
-0.6503526568412781,
-0.4144231379032135,
-0.5979594588279724,
0.41054922342300415,
0.3964548707008362,
-0.15975719690322876,
0.010270214639604092,
0.25877201557159424,
-0.43007826805114746,
0.07648178189992905,
0.6944345235824585,
-0.283950537443161,
0.30875006318092346,
-0.07709267735481262,
0.22517243027687073,
0.3564780056476593,
-0.2768361270427704,
0.12530243396759033,
0.03434623405337334,
0.6462754011154175,
0.4625801742076874,
0.10404903441667557,
0.6834515333175659,
-0.2231011986732483,
-0.5256605744361877,
0.32586801052093506,
0.10344086587429047,
0.3124324679374695,
0.23035705089569092,
0.8772576451301575,
0.041354794055223465,
-0.13762935996055603,
-0.4846118688583374,
-0.13095051050186157,
-0.3012115955352783,
0.21573087573051453,
-0.45197179913520813,
0.12151921540498734,
-0.30401211977005005,
-0.6216471791267395,
-0.10635469108819962,
-0.39399105310440063,
1.019737720489502,
-0.45815205574035645,
0.28118130564689636,
-0.2538315951824188,
0.09206195175647736,
-0.70280921459198,
-0.32681289315223694,
-0.2595895230770111,
-0.4680975079536438,
-0.13046304881572723,
0.22806107997894287,
-0.10472673177719116,
0.5926300287246704,
0.26264452934265137,
0.26511892676353455,
-0.12085462361574173,
-0.11173130571842194,
-0.030655302107334137,
0.919222891330719,
-0.12354085594415665,
0.01910502277314663,
0.8185836672782898,
-0.26940852403640747,
-0.25978562235832214,
0.38181018829345703,
-0.07080733776092529,
0.35835689306259155,
0.39884695410728455,
-0.07282672077417374,
-0.5075703859329224,
-0.0676216334104538,
-1.2876930236816406,
-0.6498885750770569,
-0.10136979073286057,
0.0890490934252739,
-0.7525989413261414,
0.052676644176244736,
-0.33977097272872925,
0.264757364988327,
-0.22564511001110077,
-0.2829863727092743,
-0.33276620507240295,
0.33347922563552856,
-0.2011469304561615,
0.17325915396213531,
0.3573170006275177,
0.4942479431629181,
-0.07970096915960312,
-0.2701747715473175,
0.22986599802970886,
0.06783600151538849,
-0.3183404505252838,
0.48726147413253784,
0.620736300945282,
0.006156806368380785,
-0.38044285774230957,
-0.34935325384140015,
-0.5636566877365112,
-0.13601365685462952,
0.10764773190021515,
-0.3994847536087036,
0.2607138156890869,
0.976671576499939,
0.21591253578662872,
-0.8731329441070557,
0.3591516613960266,
-0.08002564311027527,
-0.2811969220638275,
-0.5841150283813477,
0.03537935018539429,
-0.016722068190574646,
0.07036060094833374,
0.12011659890413284,
-0.10837733000516891,
-0.6046788096427917,
-0.12201337516307831,
0.5874003171920776,
-0.4957647919654846,
0.568062961101532,
-0.5472968220710754,
-0.652002215385437,
-0.10672181099653244,
0.9324224591255188,
-0.735506534576416,
0.12337353080511093,
0.6278626322746277,
0.27139878273010254,
-0.8978800773620605,
-0.1033148467540741,
-0.38845834136009216,
0.5294761061668396,
-0.1490350067615509,
-0.7197316288948059,
-0.0957716852426529,
-0.10297003388404846,
0.35578057169914246,
0.9205611348152161,
0.30404651165008545,
-0.1066054031252861,
0.44669243693351746,
-0.36153528094291687,
0.5790011286735535,
-0.17255868017673492,
-0.12566322088241577,
0.3806232511997223,
0.07003194838762283,
0.6084769368171692,
-0.27016401290893555,
-0.15564346313476562,
0.3694528639316559,
1.0913307666778564,
0.2953978180885315,
0.366834819316864,
0.4099578559398651,
-0.46604472398757935,
-0.012880857102572918,
-0.27281999588012695,
-0.20521177351474762,
0.014770999550819397,
0.09723056107759476,
0.19650861620903015,
-0.9092109203338623,
-0.14688171446323395,
1.0550546646118164,
0.6322340369224548,
-0.4071657061576843,
0.8195849061012268,
0.38234737515449524,
-0.10072324424982071,
-0.03662838414311409,
0.8755818605422974,
0.6633942127227783,
-0.17903076112270355,
0.6052839756011963,
0.3739616870880127,
-0.44902533292770386,
-0.06932256370782852,
0.5248791575431824,
-0.31783151626586914,
-0.1313662976026535,
-0.316983163356781,
-0.45899492502212524,
-0.008780457079410553,
-0.14178863167762756,
0.752710223197937,
-0.0015363011043518782,
-1.153361439704895,
-0.007409030105918646,
-0.5108503699302673,
-0.9333957433700562,
-0.4547148048877716,
0.3290817141532898,
-0.41135677695274353,
-1.1426681280136108,
-0.2679031491279602,
-1.1881103515625,
0.08878892660140991,
-0.6219616532325745,
-0.0004454385198187083,
-0.7186175584793091,
0.007627794519066811,
0.07652177661657333,
-0.34250590205192566,
0.11165066063404083,
0.18520043790340424,
0.08052327483892441,
0.3789900541305542,
-0.24251040816307068,
-0.12445611506700516,
-0.31085875630378723,
0.5682306885719299,
1.070068120956421,
-0.2845454514026642,
1.1767585277557373,
0.8197438716888428,
-0.1705905646085739,
0.23063136637210846,
-0.27409642934799194,
-0.3300127387046814,
0.7212838530540466,
-0.21380899846553802,
0.4435844421386719,
0.32319286465644836,
-0.782398521900177,
-0.31435245275497437,
0.3333863317966461,
0.08367079496383667,
-0.04634639248251915,
-0.19712378084659576,
0.6112668514251709,
0.2657991647720337,
0.9590474367141724,
-0.4399411380290985,
-0.33142876625061035,
0.6131503582000732,
0.5219131112098694,
0.02669506147503853,
-0.45664313435554504,
0.3315350115299225,
0.16730698943138123,
0.2675555944442749,
-0.05985410138964653,
0.9482014179229736,
-0.06709913909435272,
0.5843838453292847,
0.09433421492576599,
-0.8468643426895142,
-0.6229115724563599,
0.35625630617141724,
0.18852780759334564,
1.2840408086776733,
-0.07232717424631119,
0.30474987626075745,
0.15516133606433868,
0.2698090076446533,
-0.20380353927612305,
-0.041009530425071716,
0.3787166178226471,
0.1346358358860016,
0.43081533908843994,
0.13166111707687378,
-0.4906831681728363,
-0.7629274129867554,
-0.00439614150673151,
0.05818137899041176,
0.5825214385986328,
-0.409979909658432,
-0.22819563746452332,
0.08981531113386154,
-0.411563515663147,
-0.3864377439022064,
0.41075700521469116,
0.14594721794128418,
-0.8277086615562439,
0.04553237557411194,
0.1656290739774704,
-0.3502269685268402,
-0.08401411026716232,
0.11585693061351776,
0.33395007252693176,
-0.9547992944717407,
-0.1095292791724205,
0.788165807723999,
1.151625156402588,
-0.5572490096092224,
0.7763080596923828,
0.025606215000152588,
-0.03944186121225357,
0.6453043818473816,
-0.741645097732544,
0.46352696418762207,
-0.026711024343967438,
-0.11463466286659241,
0.5240616202354431,
-0.20824095606803894,
-0.6092722415924072,
-0.34182658791542053,
0.3182417154312134,
-0.4342455267906189,
0.4170258045196533,
-0.22060562670230865,
0.21452723443508148,
0.16301658749580383,
-1.2876442670822144,
0.44266122579574585,
-1.1365933418273926,
0.5947815775871277,
0.39218461513519287,
-1.3830993175506592,
-0.7945275902748108,
0.11317459493875504,
-0.2737199366092682,
0.13747863471508026,
-0.4242892563343048,
0.655476450920105,
-0.12764449417591095,
0.2314905822277069,
-0.12629245221614838,
1.255388855934143,
0.02590804733335972,
0.7008450627326965,
-0.5161368250846863,
0.015930544584989548,
-0.6309481859207153,
-0.3656640648841858,
0.5682634115219116,
-0.31374800205230713,
-0.05745050683617592,
-0.240842804312706,
0.6023750901222229,
-0.4709307551383972,
-0.167842835187912,
-0.0771227702498436,
-0.23022812604904175,
0.056673113256692886,
0.0604366660118103,
0.24773938953876495,
0.31311240792274475,
0.78801029920578,
-0.014528634026646614,
0.43788132071495056,
-0.7765041589736938,
-0.11463753134012222,
-0.5885199904441833,
-0.23010259866714478,
0.1583559364080429,
1.1211422681808472,
0.322060763835907,
-0.4967607855796814,
0.08342010527849197,
-0.09952959418296814,
-0.2991091310977936,
-0.5534007549285889,
-0.6245691776275635,
0.6554037928581238,
-0.40762364864349365,
-0.1584017127752304,
-0.436515212059021,
0.24797341227531433,
-0.2440851330757141,
0.005805807653814554,
0.37195226550102234,
-1.007689356803894,
0.036077070981264114,
0.0858127772808075,
-0.1353374719619751,
-0.30573853850364685,
0.5355358123779297,
-0.20738321542739868
] |
233187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment%20Day%20%28disambiguation%29 | Judgment Day (disambiguation) | Judgment Day is another name for the Last Judgment in the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Judgment Day or Judgement Day may also refer to:
Film and television
Judgement Day (1949 film), a 1949 Czechoslovak comedy film
Judgement Day (1988 film), a 1988 American horror film
Judgment Day: The John List Story, a 1993 American made-for-television film
Judgment Day (1999 film), a 1999 American direct-to-video science-fiction action film
Judgement Day (2013 film), a 2013 Singaporean comedy-drama disaster film
Yomeddine, also known as Judgement Day, a 2018 Egyptian drama film
Judgment Day (Terminator franchise), a date in the Terminator science fiction franchise
Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the second Terminator movie released in 1991
"Judgment Day", a season four episode of the television series Highlander: The Series, aired in 1996
WWE Judgment Day, an annual pay-per-view event held by World Wrestling Entertainment from 1998 to 2009
"Judgment Day", an episode of The New Batman Adventures, aired in 1998
"Judgment Day" (The Outer Limits), the sixth-season premiere episode of The Outer Limits, aired in 2000
"Judgement Day", an episode of the TV series Midsomer Murders, aired in 2000
Reviews on the Run, a Canadian video game review show formerly known as Judgment Day in the U.S., which began airing in 2002
Judgement Day (TV series), a short-lived UK game show, which aired in 2003
Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial, a 2007 Nova documentary on intelligent design
"Judgment Day" (NCIS), the fifth-season finale of the television series NCIS, aired in 2008
Literature
Judgment Day (comics), a number of comic book series or stories
"Judgment Day" (short story), a science fiction story by L. Sprague de Camp
"Judgement Day" (short story), a Southern Gothic story by Flannery O'Connor
Judgment Day, a novel by Penelope Lively
Judgment Day, a 1999 novel by Jane Jensen (originally titled Millennium Rising)
Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand, a memoir by Nathaniel Branden
Judgment Day (novel), by James T. Farrell, the conclusion to his Studs Lonigan trilogy
Music
Der Tag des Gerichts (1762), oratorio by Telemann
Judgement Day (band), American String Metal band
Albums
Judgement Day (album), a 1992 album by Esham
Judgement Day, a 2000 album by Balzac (band)
Judgement Day, a 1993 album by Pooh-Man
Judgement Day, a 1997 album by Sinner (band)
Judgement Days, a 2005 album by Ms. Dynamite
Tical 2000: Judgement Day, a 1998 album by Method Man
Songs
Judgement Day (Laurel Aitken song), 1960 single
Judgement Day (Method Man song), a 1998 song by Method Man
"Judgement Day" (Ms. Dynamite song), a 2005 song by Ms. Dynamite
"Judgment Day", a 1989 song by Whitesnake
"Judgement Day", a 2008 song by Dokken
"Judgement Day", a 1991 song by Van Halen
Other
Judgment Day, a play by Elmer Rice
Judgement Day (rugby union), an annual Welsh rugby union event
See also
Judgment (disambiguation) | [
0.24599575996398926,
0.3234894573688507,
-0.3747811019420624,
0.004300470929592848,
-0.15621058642864227,
0.33086273074150085,
0.6215256452560425,
0.07782059907913208,
-0.20670463144779205,
-0.0632343590259552,
-0.11192943155765533,
0.13874243199825287,
-0.38579946756362915,
0.7730186581611633,
-0.06722938269376755,
0.20654936134815216,
0.36000651121139526,
0.033364374190568924,
-0.3040497601032257,
-0.26955798268318176,
-0.14161603152751923,
-0.14097166061401367,
0.5790548920631409,
-0.14329053461551666,
-0.4790351092815399,
0.0853380486369133,
0.16935831308364868,
0.04099495708942413,
-0.30716630816459656,
0.3817451000213623,
0.048587530851364136,
-0.4845624566078186,
0.2646541893482208,
0.14257973432540894,
-0.33989500999450684,
0.032800305634737015,
-0.42880111932754517,
-0.14200009405612946,
-0.17315495014190674,
-0.03066827543079853,
0.06379195302724838,
-0.6565361618995667,
0.3527644872665405,
-0.18424460291862488,
-0.3210618793964386,
0.4216163456439972,
-1.1071840524673462,
0.22140789031982422,
-0.538597583770752,
0.10035525262355804,
0.3911612033843994,
0.07069610059261322,
-0.5034351348876953,
0.029307860881090164,
0.05353202298283577,
0.39355629682540894,
-0.4554918706417084,
-0.35915622115135193,
-0.016782715916633606,
-0.2568286955356598,
0.5781562924385071,
-0.12189982831478119,
0.5661951899528503,
0.19313865900039673,
-0.22155295312404633,
-0.08993415534496307,
0.1617041677236557,
0.3264436423778534,
0.03387467563152313,
-0.25452128052711487,
0.12636640667915344,
-0.24350160360336304,
-0.6240625977516174,
0.22413861751556396,
-0.12395837157964706,
-0.4082445800304413,
0.3146180808544159,
0.006678646430373192,
-0.12240700423717499,
-0.2275027185678482,
0.1609581708908081,
-0.879855751991272,
0.46183401346206665,
0.23133647441864014,
-0.23072192072868347,
-0.3451785147190094,
0.11710797250270844,
-0.05315766856074333,
-0.21023303270339966,
0.11702404916286469,
-0.19327591359615326,
-0.06453025341033936,
0.09603091329336166,
0.5685890913009644,
-0.2469477653503418,
0.2380087524652481,
0.031668029725551605,
0.0026498439256101847,
0.31804490089416504,
-0.1832927167415619,
0.6502125859260559,
0.06876523047685623,
0.7423866987228394,
-0.3093658685684204,
-0.15972647070884705,
-0.547551155090332,
0.1946992427110672,
-0.4477139115333557,
0.32036757469177246,
0.14522895216941833,
-0.1746843308210373,
0.42607396841049194,
0.41973862051963806,
0.441619873046875,
-0.6221725344657898,
-0.528999388217926,
-0.46557170152664185,
-0.77813321352005,
-0.08885878324508667,
0.34006261825561523,
0.13307662308216095,
0.2949581444263458,
0.1453203707933426,
0.8209344148635864,
-0.09804610908031464,
0.24989350140094757,
0.018146583810448647,
0.29516828060150146,
-0.6440213322639465,
0.22252292931079865,
0.6386275887489319,
0.3855728507041931,
-0.25619563460350037,
0.13666805624961853,
-0.3307987153530121,
-0.1591927707195282,
0.3255409896373749,
-0.6292031407356262,
-0.013624204322695732,
-0.39801037311553955,
-1.0087558031082153,
-0.6450560092926025,
-0.4263056218624115,
0.3387187421321869,
0.7579693794250488,
-0.39448606967926025,
0.14283286035060883,
-0.2645728588104248,
-0.0295853391289711,
-0.45384323596954346,
-0.6112845540046692,
0.09790835529565811,
-0.2644657790660858,
-0.6676420569419861,
0.032207127660512924,
0.08754037320613861,
0.1983543187379837,
-0.24668850004673004,
-0.4140264391899109,
-0.1100134626030922,
0.2376941293478012,
0.19737887382507324,
0.028025591745972633,
-0.03240479901432991,
0.5824876427650452,
-0.27308520674705505,
0.6596667766571045,
0.0007459882763214409,
0.040515102446079254,
-0.18695491552352905,
-0.5785369873046875,
0.11330600827932358,
0.5244402289390564,
-0.4996553361415863,
-0.404294490814209,
-0.17663361132144928,
0.7483618855476379,
0.35692963004112244,
0.41605710983276367,
-0.22927577793598175,
-0.5227149724960327,
-0.07980253547430038,
0.05351056531071663,
-0.09121990948915482,
0.09619346261024475,
0.13649331033229828,
-0.21971243619918823,
-0.11539243906736374,
-0.2018650472164154,
0.29288098216056824,
-0.6616989374160767,
-0.042220138013362885,
0.4924682378768921,
-0.451144278049469,
0.6026756167411804,
-0.2095855176448822,
-0.49860766530036926,
0.6289202570915222,
-0.4514238238334656,
0.6328698992729187,
-0.5059425830841064,
-0.2334117591381073,
0.3731590509414673,
0.3664572536945343,
-0.5700908899307251,
0.4807145595550537,
-0.06935905665159225,
0.7516814470291138,
0.24861237406730652,
0.5875437259674072,
0.24730552732944489,
-0.5013177394866943,
-0.2676527798175812,
0.7526533603668213,
0.09480627626180649,
0.31874769926071167,
-1.1259325742721558,
-0.6246287226676941,
0.01873510517179966,
-0.3383549749851227,
-0.2579236328601837,
-0.2532060146331787,
-0.3739701211452484,
-0.3068370819091797,
-0.0066711315885186195,
0.5681096315383911,
0.2142326831817627,
0.48737260699272156,
0.5299155116081238,
-1.0304204225540161,
0.3011957108974457,
0.6574528217315674,
-0.22360733151435852,
-0.03729739785194397,
0.22106944024562836,
-0.20290173590183258,
0.3296438455581665,
-0.4849827289581299,
0.33148133754730225,
0.3283929228782654,
0.44161468744277954,
-0.07801233977079391,
0.25746533274650574,
-0.16561351716518402,
0.4240216612815857,
0.3178137242794037,
0.48597681522369385,
0.150547593832016,
-0.3518725633621216,
0.05045551434159279,
-0.06262759864330292,
0.47343137860298157,
0.2485593557357788,
-0.20420262217521667,
0.14039401710033417,
0.17995500564575195,
0.017423249781131744,
-0.2690407633781433,
0.08287137746810913,
-0.5959009528160095,
-0.3147408664226532,
0.050768837332725525,
0.29618945717811584,
-0.1859576255083084,
0.15676599740982056,
-0.08748367428779602,
-0.7139572501182556,
0.52841717004776,
0.14020299911499023,
0.6367007493972778,
0.10291339457035065,
-0.09787822514772415,
-0.49338144063949585,
0.22153760492801666,
-0.05217975005507469,
-0.33852872252464294,
-0.09952457994222641,
0.2568506896495819,
-0.5346448421478271,
0.16061221063137054,
-0.10185757279396057,
0.16566802561283112,
0.5197934508323669,
-0.5906509757041931,
-0.2979036569595337,
-0.16513201594352722,
-0.03806816413998604,
-0.7481620907783508,
-0.4468570053577423,
-0.03543252497911453,
-0.14332431554794312,
0.7417464852333069,
0.040758803486824036,
-0.3789899945259094,
0.2992699444293976,
0.018604585900902748,
-0.1700838953256607,
-0.10427681356668472,
0.10979705303907394,
-0.19158273935317993,
-0.1570986658334732,
0.42633768916130066,
-0.018058303743600845,
0.3416599929332733,
0.3480956256389618,
0.5730634927749634,
-0.04799813777208328,
0.5572044253349304,
-5.933238506317139,
-0.16340714693069458,
-0.1658925563097,
-0.0325729064643383,
0.000820176035631448,
0.10077871382236481,
0.8901298642158508,
-0.09685851633548737,
0.11477977782487869,
-0.463128000497818,
0.3354528546333313,
-0.204717755317688,
0.3538402318954468,
0.5206301212310791,
0.06632144749164581,
-0.4224092364311218,
0.39483368396759033,
0.09876665472984314,
0.128943532705307,
0.39301344752311707,
-0.17747946083545685,
-0.06560871005058289,
-0.07849548757076263,
0.7740368843078613,
-0.477926105260849,
0.38185614347457886,
-0.13139252364635468,
0.4533076882362366,
-0.30105704069137573,
-0.22176359593868256,
-0.03512104973196983,
-0.19720865786075592,
-0.14623305201530457,
-0.18034480512142181,
-0.019721144810318947,
0.24678562581539154,
0.21845851838588715,
-0.2353481501340866,
0.13565905392169952,
-0.25762590765953064,
-0.020912596955895424,
-0.0949004739522934,
-0.8468155860900879,
-0.4870572090148926,
0.6105087399482727,
-0.033824291080236435,
-0.25997498631477356,
0.5846794843673706,
-0.059373028576374054,
0.00936940498650074,
0.4360005557537079,
0.16529683768749237,
0.12342627346515656,
0.15801391005516052,
0.2883298993110657,
0.023009926080703735,
-0.06581402570009232,
-0.19767212867736816,
0.3429677188396454,
0.04612483084201813,
0.35071849822998047,
-0.1449076235294342,
0.35983115434646606,
-0.3256460130214691,
-0.17184098064899445,
0.0968158170580864,
-0.04825415089726448,
-0.6458159685134888,
0.11825761944055557,
0.2864273488521576,
-0.2765990197658539,
-0.07972762733697891,
-0.30028003454208374,
-1.0135492086410522,
-0.067704938352108,
0.2009231150150299,
-0.24348439276218414,
0.08236809074878693,
-0.5105366706848145,
0.473529577255249,
-0.024329597130417824,
-0.4796748459339142,
0.3144420385360718,
-0.3543071746826172,
0.43294060230255127,
-0.06393574178218842,
-0.1515742689371109,
0.2738228738307953,
0.3106698989868164,
-0.0042199851013720036,
0.33745917677879333,
-0.33802667260169983,
0.05475037917494774,
0.04880455881357193,
0.16795524954795837,
0.7689869403839111,
-0.0353374145925045,
0.061932314187288284,
0.4816206693649292,
0.586905837059021,
-0.5371283888816833,
-0.17973902821540833,
0.5199205875396729,
-0.8503429293632507,
-0.10025081783533096,
-0.0036778037901967764,
-0.009558723308146,
1.0820646286010742,
-0.3506598472595215,
-0.34710928797721863,
-0.08931218832731247,
-0.3617194592952728,
-0.06400956213474274,
-0.5686857104301453,
0.5974664688110352,
-0.10836518555879593,
0.41475310921669006,
0.5548679828643799,
0.373847633600235,
0.11948392540216446,
-0.157701313495636,
0.08390570431947708,
-1.1813197135925293,
0.21068109571933746,
-0.1721876859664917,
-0.5936411619186401,
-0.4482573866844177,
0.5996407866477966,
0.3025759756565094,
0.0197569839656353,
-0.19959630072116852,
1.2193505764007568,
0.1733613908290863,
0.6395091414451599,
0.2793651819229126,
-0.9535387754440308,
-0.46213626861572266,
-0.3963348865509033,
-0.16701215505599976,
-0.3044032156467438,
0.34645381569862366,
-0.31706902384757996,
0.019313761964440346,
0.34256383776664734,
0.18138006329536438,
-0.1183251440525055,
0.2626916170120239,
-0.3679916560649872,
0.41435903310775757,
0.6203755140304565,
0.10666034370660782,
-0.05157482624053955,
0.49936443567276,
-0.31309252977371216,
-0.3900523781776428,
0.26459214091300964,
0.3883378803730011,
0.268439918756485,
-0.09232595562934875,
-0.3194694221019745,
0.04987766593694687,
-0.10173364728689194,
-0.9699148535728455,
-0.4022001326084137,
-0.4948022961616516,
-0.10294465720653534,
0.11391597986221313,
-0.3659307658672333,
0.23009756207466125,
0.12826091051101685,
-0.2272072732448578,
-0.253560870885849,
0.015383406542241573,
0.38583216071128845,
0.4868781566619873,
0.20602555572986603,
0.1276857554912567,
-0.16891734302043915,
-0.12764409184455872,
-0.29196763038635254,
-0.12170425802469254,
-0.03994110971689224,
-0.4969009459018707,
0.25770217180252075,
0.06853576749563217,
0.12782004475593567,
-0.6330240964889526,
0.01183366496115923,
-0.6026583909988403,
-0.569570004940033,
0.3175748288631439,
0.28776031732559204,
0.2854357063770294,
0.22024621069431305,
0.08982300013303757,
-0.4049426317214966,
0.62485671043396,
0.44826436042785645,
0.41772401332855225,
0.05282502993941307,
0.6655282378196716,
0.4041231572628021,
-1.0029336214065552,
-0.15140317380428314,
0.4302852153778076,
-0.7769885659217834,
0.38068628311157227,
0.4931867718696594,
-0.13552454113960266,
0.048099584877491,
-0.023792441934347153,
-0.522604763507843,
0.005284150596708059,
0.13702435791492462,
-0.43842777609825134,
-0.36949485540390015,
0.5978367328643799,
-0.06947866827249527,
-0.0626668706536293,
-0.27947619557380676,
-0.030784104019403458,
0.1609358787536621,
0.0290369912981987,
0.32458212971687317,
-0.7395539283752441,
0.35534757375717163,
0.21293717622756958,
-0.692955493927002,
-0.06906919181346893,
0.6257131099700928,
0.029114678502082825,
-0.19176311790943146,
-0.23273980617523193,
0.4058428406715393,
-0.203412264585495,
-0.35805603861808777,
0.0062036048620939255,
-0.3228335380554199,
-0.912388026714325,
0.361920028924942,
0.0171839389950037,
0.4571249186992645,
0.768569827079773,
-0.29033002257347107,
-0.2018190324306488,
-0.07035089284181595,
-0.3783283829689026,
-0.40786492824554443,
-0.25523388385772705,
0.4743417799472809,
-0.039156775921583176,
0.23252496123313904,
-0.17910172045230865,
0.03465411067008972,
0.3121621608734131,
-0.9292439222335815,
0.024223139509558678,
-0.47692057490348816,
-0.2946392595767975,
0.6755610108375549,
-0.07838233560323715,
0.31783950328826904,
-0.2630554735660553,
-0.28327295184135437,
0.07068030536174774,
0.1737106442451477,
-0.01867237128317356,
-0.31199708580970764,
0.0015867624897509813,
0.14249001443386078,
-0.05751693621277809,
-0.2129935920238495,
0.5824910402297974,
0.46297740936279297,
0.4008852243423462,
0.13887673616409302,
-0.4321390688419342,
-0.16951343417167664,
0.06909195333719254,
-0.2389736771583557,
-0.23414000868797302,
0.03586598485708237,
-0.0741504430770874,
-0.6526051759719849,
-0.29566794633865356,
-1.0460243225097656,
0.5258713960647583,
0.22102196514606476,
-0.3752835690975189,
-0.3765029311180115,
-0.2298678159713745,
0.31497722864151,
-0.0551149807870388,
0.23925361037254333,
-0.35816115140914917,
-0.016972055658698082,
0.021947210654616356,
0.8515517115592957,
-0.5950120091438293,
-0.3363511860370636,
0.1885809749364853,
0.36745309829711914,
-0.4141472280025482,
-0.5677236318588257,
-0.22747313976287842,
-0.12425535917282104,
-0.10594727098941803,
-0.1801965981721878,
-0.1595800369977951,
0.6336522698402405,
1.0226387977600098,
-0.2760147452354431,
0.2115696519613266,
0.3613203167915344,
0.2198357731103897,
0.5058294534683228,
0.15846653282642365,
0.24079474806785583,
-0.014114250428974628,
-0.38685891032218933,
0.17239594459533691,
0.6896258592605591,
0.599168062210083,
-0.23942984640598297,
-0.29564547538757324,
0.001999163068830967,
0.6014357209205627,
0.31123384833335876,
0.18211770057678223,
0.09131113439798355,
0.5807361006736755,
-0.4971882998943329,
0.0071008410304784775,
0.16863512992858887,
-0.5635136365890503,
0.36922281980514526,
0.14342479407787323,
-0.7543981075286865,
0.10993291437625885,
0.4509773850440979,
0.5494539141654968,
0.2898463308811188,
-0.192594513297081,
-0.09593018144369125,
0.46389079093933105,
0.8239024877548218,
-0.2106185257434845,
-0.2024034708738327,
0.5499094128608704,
0.5826189517974854,
-0.2740338444709778,
-0.4235381782054901,
0.05536685883998871,
-0.3832668960094452,
0.8843914866447449,
0.008551289327442646,
0.1968621462583542,
0.08242901414632797,
0.017613215371966362,
0.006389614660292864,
-0.11357288062572479,
0.14952902495861053,
0.15721793472766876,
0.17135275900363922,
-0.2078380435705185,
0.31369471549987793,
-0.246778666973114,
-0.02863512746989727,
0.08155861496925354,
0.11347812414169312,
0.06662263721227646,
0.24787594377994537,
-0.16441771388053894,
-0.15079455077648163,
0.6735671758651733,
-0.0545542947947979,
0.17097122967243195,
0.3259982764720917,
0.20396187901496887,
0.06009995564818382,
-0.080767422914505,
-0.21056847274303436,
-0.20385299623012543,
-0.4420759975910187,
-0.4060102105140686,
-0.09295719861984253,
-0.3439781665802002,
-0.2917540967464447,
0.018348973244428635,
-0.6306394338607788,
-0.20084382593631744,
-0.49984264373779297,
-0.0414104126393795,
0.08843978494405746,
-0.5059017539024353,
-0.1037529781460762,
0.1534518152475357,
0.2599383294582367,
-0.004533657804131508,
0.0903364047408104,
-0.1470114141702652,
-0.04058530181646347,
-0.02656221017241478,
0.002303958870470524,
-0.26942914724349976,
0.06533093750476837,
-0.10882393270730972,
0.014273728244006634,
-0.6571404337882996,
0.28224265575408936,
0.5673061609268188,
-0.342581182718277,
0.1306968331336975,
0.05903846025466919,
-0.4281233549118042,
-0.32003921270370483,
0.7629323601722717,
-0.2451394945383072,
0.48172152042388916,
-1.015812635421753,
0.03869982063770294,
-0.341444730758667,
-0.47982823848724365,
0.07183143496513367,
-0.5507429838180542,
-0.2307138442993164,
0.6085765361785889,
0.08880923688411713,
-0.03259668126702309,
0.3885479271411896,
0.028359878808259964,
0.12400857359170914,
0.16096283495426178,
0.14826442301273346,
-0.45811977982521057,
-0.39880701899528503,
0.888643205165863,
0.7965402007102966,
0.06283679604530334,
-0.9107454419136047,
-0.002837409731000662,
0.2709488570690155,
-0.19964809715747833,
-0.41183552145957947,
-0.024979550391435623,
-0.484294593334198,
-0.39288318157196045,
-0.2607262134552002,
-0.22457492351531982,
1.1644535064697266,
0.40981048345565796,
0.5298538208007812,
0.0706341341137886,
0.062481388449668884,
-0.1485549360513687,
-0.20057721436023712,
-0.23658372461795807,
-0.09413722157478333,
0.3999221920967102,
-0.26444295048713684
] |
233189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Hart%20Milman | Henry Hart Milman | Henry Hart Milman (10 February 1791 – 24 September 1868) was an English historian and ecclesiastic.
Life
He was born in London, the third son of Sir Francis Milman, 1st Baronet, physician to King George III (see Milman Baronets). Educated at Eton and at Brasenose College, Oxford, his university career was brilliant. He won the Newdigate prize with a poem on the Apollo Belvidere in 1812, was elected a fellow of Brasenose in 1814, and in 1816 won the English essay prize with his Comparative Estimate of Sculpture and Painting. In 1816 he was ordained, and two years later became parish priest of St Mary's, Reading.
In 1821 Milman was elected professor of poetry at Oxford; and in 1827 he delivered the Bampton lectures on The character and conduct of the Apostles considered as an evidence of Christianity. In 1835, Sir Robert Peel made him Rector of St Margaret's, Westminster, and Canon of Westminster, and in 1849 he became Dean of St Paul's. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1864.
Milman was buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, where his grave was marked by an elaborate tomb. When the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire was created, the original tomb was replaced by a slab in the floor.
Works
Milman made his appearance as a dramatist with his tragedy Fazio (produced on the stage under the title of The Italian Wife). He also wrote Samor, the Lord of The Bright City, the subject of which was taken from British legend, the "bright city" being Gloucester. In subsequent poetical works he was more successful, notably the Fall of Jerusalem (1820) and The Martyr of Antioch (1822, based on the life of Saint Margaret the Virgin), which was used as the basis for an oratorio by Arthur Sullivan. The influence of Byron is seen in his Belshazzar (1822). Another tragedy, Anne Boleyn, followed in 1826. Milman also wrote "When our-heads are bowed with woe," and other hymns; a version of the Sanskrit episode of Nala and Damayanti; and translations of the Agamemnon of Aeschylus and the Bacchae of Euripides. His poetical works were published in three volumes in 1839.
Turning to another field, Milman published in 1829 his History of the Jews, which is memorable as the first by an English clergyman which treated the Jews as an Oriental tribe, recognized sheikhs and amirs in the Old Testament, sifted and classified documentary evidence, and evaded or minimized the miraculous. In consequence, the author was attacked and his preferment was delayed. His History of Christianity to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire (1840) had been completely ignored; but the continuation of his major work, the History of Latin Christianity (1855), which has passed through many editions, was well received. In 1838 he had edited Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and in the following year published his Life of Gibbon.
Milman was also responsible for an edition of Horace, and when he died he had almost finished a history of St Paul's Cathedral, which was completed and published by his son, A. Milman (London, 1868), who also collected and published in 1879 a volume of his essays and articles.
Milman wrote the hymn, Ride On, Ride On in Majesty!, often sung on Palm Sunday.
Family
By his wife, Mary Ann Cockell, a daughter of Lieut.-General William Cockell, Milman had four sons and two daughters. Among the sons were William Milman (1824–1908), Arthur Milman, who wrote a biography about his father, and Sir Archibald Milman (1834–1902), Clerk of the House of Commons. His nephew, Robert Milman (1816–1876), was Bishop of Calcutta from 1867 until his death, and was the author of a Life of Torquato Tasso (1850).
Notes
References
Archibald Campbell Tait, Sermon in Memory of H. H. Milman (London, 1868)
Arthur Milman, H. H. Milman (London, 1900)
Memoirs of R. Milman, bishop of Calcutta, by his sister, Frances Maria Milman (1879)
W. M. Parker, 'Dean Milman and the Quarterly Review', Quarterly Review, 293 (1955), 30–43
Milman, H. Hart. (1867). The history of Christianity from the birth of Christ to the abolition of paganism in the Roman empire. New and rev. ed. London: John Murray, vol. 1; vol. 2; vol. 3
External links
1791 births
1868 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
British historians
People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
Deans of St Paul's
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Canons of Westminster
Oxford Professors of Poetry
Translators of Ancient Greek texts
Younger sons of baronets | [
0.22565986216068268,
0.5182490944862366,
-0.8666913509368896,
-0.5941737294197083,
0.07750604301691055,
0.7113936543464661,
0.9415487051010132,
-0.15363343060016632,
-0.10157199203968048,
0.040979962795972824,
-0.24719557166099548,
0.15144552290439606,
-0.15349414944648743,
0.6219007968902588,
-0.0882440060377121,
-0.012923913076519966,
-0.5155227780342102,
0.060788996517658234,
-0.2749957740306854,
-0.5415513515472412,
-0.1511518508195877,
-0.1499006152153015,
0.3562057614326477,
0.19708336889743805,
-0.8193509578704834,
-0.006981274578720331,
0.11202893406152725,
-0.8968552947044373,
-0.1269119828939438,
-0.43965286016464233,
0.2289738953113556,
0.6421670913696289,
0.4836164712905884,
0.28037479519844055,
-0.654550313949585,
-0.011264844797551632,
-0.15433385968208313,
-0.21894791722297668,
-0.1707671880722046,
0.1305529922246933,
0.040273550897836685,
-0.321409672498703,
0.3297732472419739,
0.059146229177713394,
-0.21194705367088318,
-0.4943535625934601,
-2.3842859268188477,
0.08663688600063324,
-1.2003793716430664,
-0.6212987303733826,
0.3630460202693939,
0.19912761449813843,
0.5612432360649109,
0.43061429262161255,
-0.2485811859369278,
0.5769070982933044,
-0.47246184945106506,
0.04486937075853348,
0.5519394874572754,
-0.12982313334941864,
0.36669498682022095,
-0.27039477229118347,
0.47552281618118286,
0.23369716107845306,
0.8367389440536499,
-0.3910629153251648,
-0.7108364105224609,
0.21096159517765045,
-0.3176057040691376,
-0.3914540708065033,
-0.3308236598968506,
0.13654881715774536,
0.4162944257259369,
0.44197869300842285,
0.08428774029016495,
-0.3505667746067047,
-0.0429873950779438,
0.1819775551557541,
0.230519101023674,
-0.35005131363868713,
-0.15962401032447815,
-0.12930119037628174,
0.5149402618408203,
0.8631225824356079,
-0.20730718970298767,
0.190861776471138,
-0.4041803479194641,
0.04760189726948738,
-0.35109248757362366,
0.6208757162094116,
-0.1355823576450348,
0.033954374492168427,
0.15288448333740234,
-0.13186565041542053,
-0.023490825667977333,
0.6506579518318176,
-0.25544315576553345,
0.1677824705839157,
-0.2813416123390198,
-0.5179747343063354,
-0.22359950840473175,
0.6764010190963745,
0.12321404367685318,
-0.3329539895057678,
0.15268875658512115,
0.4460747241973877,
-0.6117902398109436,
-0.1741040050983429,
0.7575616240501404,
-0.31997352838516235,
-0.4750211536884308,
-0.06933142989873886,
-0.43687495589256287,
0.39682525396347046,
-0.2575781047344208,
0.15816637873649597,
0.5000507831573486,
-0.9535496234893799,
-0.44152623414993286,
-0.187027245759964,
-0.18731340765953064,
0.8485431671142578,
0.008534093387424946,
-0.20034176111221313,
-0.7668639421463013,
-0.029011936858296394,
0.11490269005298615,
0.31584903597831726,
-0.2842932343482971,
0.7246741056442261,
0.26753541827201843,
1.6665304899215698,
-0.3989412486553192,
-0.012110612355172634,
-0.8206114768981934,
-0.11166481673717499,
0.19211523234844208,
0.056928206235170364,
-0.1476505547761917,
0.7301923036575317,
-0.1948596090078354,
-0.07602963596582413,
-0.9763471484184265,
0.3631206452846527,
0.5426375269889832,
0.1421164572238922,
0.04833776131272316,
-0.11093442887067795,
-0.17005211114883423,
0.2144671529531479,
-0.08077481389045715,
0.20751500129699707,
0.36104440689086914,
-0.16482795774936676,
0.27151253819465637,
0.4131801128387451,
0.7119372487068176,
0.2663719058036804,
0.04729509353637695,
0.3173120319843292,
-0.0554787814617157,
-0.5333797931671143,
-0.010880397632718086,
-0.6638004183769226,
0.10657954216003418,
0.139186829328537,
0.6641883254051208,
-0.03578049689531326,
-0.17266622185707092,
-0.36787688732147217,
-0.9560524225234985,
-0.4905993342399597,
0.20050311088562012,
0.36193645000457764,
-0.18105609714984894,
0.4681892991065979,
0.7353988885879517,
0.6064753532409668,
0.6494174599647522,
-0.4997497797012329,
-0.8870390057563782,
0.010017729364335537,
0.12620489299297333,
-0.07808321714401245,
0.7566341161727905,
0.7289963960647583,
0.3105928301811218,
0.05782222002744675,
0.4404989778995514,
-0.25423088669776917,
-0.2682279050350189,
-0.4991093873977661,
-0.1303764134645462,
-0.5843472480773926,
0.7956128120422363,
0.4380393624305725,
-0.22482168674468994,
0.1839582473039627,
-0.0013910531997680664,
0.6569459438323975,
-0.23684284090995789,
0.08406514674425125,
-0.49167677760124207,
-0.3672119379043579,
0.30808621644973755,
1.3558666706085205,
0.307883620262146,
0.18191978335380554,
0.27614259719848633,
0.25777468085289,
0.31974971294403076,
-0.30630210041999817,
0.001618972746655345,
0.7371785640716553,
-0.3876529037952423,
-0.7605882287025452,
-0.33277827501296997,
-0.407911092042923,
0.6528375148773193,
-0.635956346988678,
0.7486546635627747,
-0.019808407872915268,
0.08776865154504776,
0.8841391205787659,
0.3435339033603668,
0.8029707074165344,
-0.12718407809734344,
0.1419723480939865,
-0.2074456512928009,
-1.1755136251449585,
-0.43783438205718994,
0.4792424440383911,
0.5975655913352966,
-0.33052435517311096,
0.3525683879852295,
-0.17489579319953918,
-0.023605555295944214,
-0.501461923122406,
-0.10853683948516846,
-0.3955673277378082,
0.3044600188732147,
0.3236445486545563,
-0.027242479845881462,
0.4858154058456421,
0.3550238013267517,
0.7002228498458862,
-0.13800574839115143,
-0.4505435824394226,
-0.22447897493839264,
0.2199047952890396,
0.46097683906555176,
0.5384355783462524,
0.2603866159915924,
0.14749114215373993,
-0.18460910022258759,
-0.16487756371498108,
0.4768519699573517,
0.39239442348480225,
0.21930821239948273,
0.5752421021461487,
-0.05729375034570694,
0.15220296382904053,
-0.11252883076667786,
0.4025377929210663,
-0.05635598674416542,
-0.37898170948028564,
-0.11764636635780334,
-0.12493833154439926,
-0.1604142040014267,
-0.5470508933067322,
0.44430798292160034,
-0.5359197854995728,
0.04822055250406265,
-0.07064539194107056,
0.07665067911148071,
-0.2790970504283905,
0.17569957673549652,
0.0034277650993317366,
-0.6401463150978088,
-0.4949544370174408,
0.0496419295668602,
0.7724945545196533,
-0.14041507244110107,
0.5000215768814087,
-0.234560027718544,
-0.21144013106822968,
-0.025784365832805634,
-0.296989768743515,
0.4252845346927643,
-0.2980031371116638,
0.08186346292495728,
0.8505100011825562,
0.022792043164372444,
0.06569690257310867,
-0.38397517800331116,
0.553065836429596,
-0.6416987776756287,
-1.028533697128296,
-0.30077219009399414,
-0.1047937348484993,
-0.6456495523452759,
0.22864991426467896,
0.2723953127861023,
0.6765316724777222,
0.700006902217865,
-0.06870928406715393,
-0.3181729316711426,
0.05937061458826065,
-5.023578643798828,
0.19905894994735718,
0.09140279144048691,
-0.19465410709381104,
0.5435632467269897,
0.43005457520484924,
0.1424074023962021,
-0.29495590925216675,
-0.42521777749061584,
-0.06348175555467606,
0.8907777070999146,
-0.0111047038808465,
-0.1497499793767929,
0.41418513655662537,
1.2275569438934326,
0.7606526613235474,
0.8718137145042419,
0.4016154110431671,
0.537710428237915,
-0.2086002379655838,
0.07497423142194748,
-0.19386741518974304,
-0.07705489546060562,
0.6882975697517395,
0.2935514450073242,
-0.07818147540092468,
-0.07033047080039978,
0.34467363357543945,
-0.6859110593795776,
0.03668816015124321,
0.2904404103755951,
0.19542047381401062,
-0.8123409152030945,
-0.05350460112094879,
-0.1321341097354889,
-0.054117679595947266,
0.07554972916841507,
0.8594440221786499,
-0.31349804997444153,
0.06590405106544495,
0.5508090853691101,
0.0012653524754568934,
-0.8946888446807861,
0.014937512576580048,
-0.37613993883132935,
-0.5187654495239258,
-1.003633737564087,
0.3312149941921234,
0.18698650598526,
0.37707260251045227,
-0.11974292993545532,
0.19570063054561615,
0.29380297660827637,
-0.1417541205883026,
-0.5898047089576721,
0.4127997159957886,
0.35195595026016235,
-0.04030417278409004,
-0.9907024502754211,
0.23337315022945404,
0.8549665212631226,
-0.6828711032867432,
0.20336395502090454,
0.2755504846572876,
-0.10281097143888474,
-0.16738072037696838,
-0.12416093796491623,
-0.3256846070289612,
0.3024963438510895,
-0.4479677379131317,
-0.8544933795928955,
0.983946681022644,
0.38679999113082886,
-1.0317765474319458,
-0.5040739178657532,
-0.3539937138557434,
0.40850386023521423,
0.22212836146354675,
-0.10175453871488571,
0.28740015625953674,
0.2899670898914337,
-0.8110741376876831,
0.5240896940231323,
0.6716883778572083,
0.6687688827514648,
0.11930868029594421,
-0.4670676589012146,
-0.01810283213853836,
-0.5893390774726868,
-0.4880070984363556,
-0.47578316926956177,
-0.128150075674057,
-0.17005561292171478,
0.8428705930709839,
0.4528369903564453,
0.13746844232082367,
-0.11328541487455368,
-0.04922753572463989,
0.1931801289319992,
0.20402838289737701,
-0.6420865654945374,
-0.04701472446322441,
0.12836354970932007,
-0.3784628212451935,
0.21739935874938965,
-0.021428730338811874,
-0.3562847971916199,
0.33782514929771423,
-0.0028331109788268805,
0.3325978219509125,
0.33460932970046997,
0.6480512022972107,
-0.3150492012500763,
-0.22656214237213135,
-0.24606941640377045,
-0.20272500813007355,
0.2324218600988388,
0.5543696880340576,
0.6040415167808533,
0.39669305086135864,
0.16525422036647797,
0.17478473484516144,
-0.5665443539619446,
-0.26400357484817505,
-0.3287612795829773,
-0.04410124197602272,
0.4013785421848297,
-0.28305137157440186,
-0.9714059829711914,
-0.577501654624939,
-0.019709168002009392,
0.5538214445114136,
0.4177621304988861,
0.1432858109474182,
-0.33920809626579285,
-0.18641076982021332,
-0.6937711238861084,
-0.275953084230423,
-0.2918320298194885,
0.24434328079223633,
0.09425689280033112,
-0.2408432960510254,
0.08552155643701553,
0.4926517903804779,
0.18597884476184845,
-0.18143214285373688,
0.14510449767112732,
0.09383512288331985,
-0.12904684245586395,
0.35612496733665466,
-0.042144786566495895,
-0.06449073553085327,
0.4423835575580597,
-0.5682587027549744,
-0.014240746386349201,
0.31041261553764343,
-0.14693577587604523,
0.21014320850372314,
-0.1840665191411972,
-0.5229395031929016,
-0.7557424902915955,
0.5400760173797607,
-1.299440860748291,
-0.22284258902072906,
0.31121939420700073,
0.22327108681201935,
-0.31293681263923645,
-0.17320041358470917,
-0.36440786719322205,
0.7817127108573914,
-0.07097616046667099,
-0.3975484073162079,
-0.5007532238960266,
0.03646378591656685,
0.5315888524055481,
0.18821264803409576,
0.3930870592594147,
0.13728807866573334,
-0.3027651309967041,
-0.15661920607089996,
-0.13826867938041687,
0.2243099957704544,
-0.6598017811775208,
-0.11920838057994843,
0.5296702980995178,
0.1298930048942566,
-0.5549697279930115,
-0.7547710537910461,
-0.15526117384433746,
-0.2713586091995239,
-0.06891951709985733,
-0.5775610208511353,
0.40034598112106323,
1.0589008331298828,
0.18725906312465668,
-0.13902798295021057,
0.6951755285263062,
-0.22948133945465088,
0.03620024397969246,
-0.6721652746200562,
0.3508799970149994,
0.13115544617176056,
-0.19187888503074646,
-0.07842526584863663,
-0.07926472276449203,
-1.4492676258087158,
-0.05140741914510727,
0.13793964684009552,
-0.207045316696167,
1.179228663444519,
-0.6274175643920898,
-0.21255479753017426,
-0.3637120723724365,
0.6546139717102051,
-0.03505600616335869,
-0.2763719856739044,
0.2792268693447113,
-0.013533013872802258,
-0.42331549525260925,
-0.7021494507789612,
-0.40531125664711,
0.1938244104385376,
-0.41474854946136475,
-0.3018677830696106,
-0.5295446515083313,
0.27676159143447876,
0.4043745994567871,
-0.33770236372947693,
0.956486165523529,
-0.15880484879016876,
-0.4874112010002136,
-0.477845162153244,
-0.2574359178543091,
0.46305838227272034,
0.015678497031331062,
0.05110316723585129,
0.10631009191274643,
-0.05354169383645058,
-0.46242624521255493,
-0.8822958469390869,
0.18103604018688202,
0.9153608083724976,
0.3758697807788849,
-0.18910396099090576,
-0.3304184377193451,
0.15207116305828094,
0.17229865491390228,
-0.10272809118032455,
0.14681591093540192,
0.34577587246894836,
0.11487868428230286,
-0.20457321405410767,
-0.1753436177968979,
-0.06972993165254593,
0.4169490933418274,
-0.5205082297325134,
-0.09139544516801834,
0.13288283348083496,
0.16115489602088928,
0.1108739897608757,
0.29720643162727356,
-0.06120942533016205,
0.0555315762758255,
0.01094883680343628,
-0.08433044701814651,
0.39649665355682373,
0.41829314827919006,
0.05073939263820648,
0.30584293603897095,
0.11963112652301788,
-0.6957736611366272,
-0.5134646892547607,
-1.2464921474456787,
0.4494498372077942,
-0.19367963075637817,
-0.07196938246488571,
0.2510376572608948,
-0.8543207049369812,
0.7685184478759766,
0.14260771870613098,
-0.6459362506866455,
-0.4975549280643463,
0.3328092098236084,
-0.6782574653625488,
-0.5890513062477112,
-0.5687867999076843,
-0.18787048757076263,
0.08486223220825195,
-0.09101182967424393,
0.19666224718093872,
-0.9906031489372253,
-0.08837398141622543,
0.18617376685142517,
-0.08092062175273895,
-0.13942009210586548,
-0.22234292328357697,
-0.7708165645599365,
0.2806563377380371,
-0.4519783556461334,
-0.7458188533782959,
-0.3809438943862915,
0.5544703006744385,
0.485164999961853,
-0.3406795859336853,
0.732630729675293,
0.23929379880428314,
-0.5224423408508301,
0.016394421458244324,
-0.9561153054237366,
-0.35226190090179443,
0.38144487142562866,
-0.3195991516113281,
0.5419201254844666,
0.8345533013343811,
-0.5802661776542664,
-0.7013141512870789,
0.40281036496162415,
-0.36164146661758423,
-0.21031956374645233,
-0.04528150334954262,
0.03555417060852051,
-0.18368646502494812,
0.626304566860199,
-0.84077388048172,
0.049842219799757004,
0.27568337321281433,
0.07705529779195786,
-0.4719952940940857,
-0.3834474980831146,
0.14506058394908905,
0.19167529046535492,
-0.18470178544521332,
-0.8304354548454285,
0.748410165309906,
-0.026036180555820465,
-0.22040869295597076,
-0.317262202501297,
-0.38711076974868774,
-0.17778053879737854,
0.3027094006538391,
0.0024721042718738317,
0.994016706943512,
0.2317936271429062,
0.3845027685165405,
-0.6732190847396851,
-0.014824029989540577,
-0.209908589720726,
-0.06699121743440628,
-0.3961585462093353,
-0.1967565268278122,
0.37721049785614014,
0.5537303686141968,
0.2587769031524658,
-0.5509220957756042,
0.5141353011131287,
-0.23462095856666565,
0.8014984726905823,
0.25373631715774536,
-0.4152067303657532,
-0.8005948662757874,
0.15800827741622925,
0.34301090240478516,
0.5195366144180298,
-0.43523257970809937,
-0.06607376784086227,
-0.2678695619106293,
0.4215536117553711,
-0.41177552938461304,
-0.43866702914237976,
0.699093222618103,
0.08464162051677704,
-0.2939593493938446,
0.14849625527858734,
0.5777824521064758,
0.7193921804428101,
0.33797210454940796,
0.4781601130962372,
0.31048187613487244,
0.022210802882909775,
0.06012862175703049,
-0.43421220779418945,
0.365172803401947,
0.5460920929908752,
-0.5566192269325256,
0.5053358674049377,
-0.3983226716518402,
-0.17860838770866394,
0.03133571147918701,
0.15492014586925507,
-0.8534690737724304,
0.43663808703422546,
-0.1540253758430481,
-0.33282357454299927,
0.20117977261543274,
-1.0803357362747192,
0.4159435033798218,
-0.3315765857696533,
0.9509832859039307,
0.6357046365737915,
-0.6393181085586548,
-0.354337215423584,
0.31914234161376953,
-0.4613763093948364,
0.13009008765220642,
-0.29310598969459534,
-0.18801143765449524,
-0.20945540070533752,
0.5424692034721375,
-1.5253793001174927,
0.4824628531932831,
0.13948754966259003,
0.164812371134758,
-0.7456925511360168,
0.1389891803264618,
-0.4681708812713623,
-0.13836540281772614,
0.47563737630844116,
-0.07070126384496689,
-0.23442743718624115,
0.32522180676460266,
0.14803636074066162,
0.23508483171463013,
0.1900469809770584,
-0.37375184893608093,
0.16516956686973572,
0.12051823735237122,
0.7552732825279236,
-0.22043155133724213,
-0.39083489775657654,
0.7711178660392761,
-0.30574339628219604,
-0.030712520703673363,
-0.6116005182266235,
-0.13308018445968628,
0.14422407746315002,
-0.020785508677363396,
0.22179679572582245,
0.6509655117988586,
0.2332427203655243,
-0.49995699524879456,
0.46788978576660156,
0.0693231076002121,
-0.2100083827972412,
-0.16964440047740936,
-1.5679893493652344,
-0.22623765468597412,
-0.09325584024190903,
-0.03652124106884003,
0.21428172290325165,
0.9634435176849365,
0.2257988303899765,
0.11777318269014359,
0.5814735293388367,
-0.7431951761245728,
0.6329526305198669,
0.04601787030696869,
-0.3272627592086792,
-0.07912164181470871,
0.6792631149291992,
0.21350695192813873
] |
233190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypher | Cypher | Cypher is an alternative spelling for cipher.
Cypher may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Cypher (French Group), a Goa trance music group
Cypher (band), an Australian instrumental band
Cypher (film), a 2002 film
Cypher (...And Oceans album)
Cypher (Spektr album)
in breakdancing, a circle of b-boys who take turns dancing in the center
in poetry slam, a circle of poets who take turns reciting poems
in freestyle rap, a circle of rappers who take turns freestyling or performing a freeverse
Characters
Cypher (Marvel Comics) (a.k.a. Doug Ramsey), a Marvel Comics character
Cypher (DC Comics) (a.k.a. Avery Twombey), a DC Comics super-villain and adversary of Batman
Cypher (Warhammer 40,000), a character in the Warhammer 40,000 universe
Richard Cypher (also known as Richard Rahl), the protagonist of The Sword of Truth series
Cypher, a Judas-like character in the film The Matrix
The title character of Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero, a 1950s-era cartoon program
Cypher/Kerry Turner, a sidekick of the Christian superhero Bibleman
The sword-like weapon of Strider Hiryu, a character from the Strider Hiryu manga and various related videogames
A character in the Higher Institute of Villainous Education book series, first introduced in the second book The Overlord Protocol
Cypher, the female main antagonist of the film The Fate of the Furious
People
Jon Cypher (born 1932), American actor
Julie Cypher (born 1964), American film director best known as the former partner of Melissa Etheridge
Alexey "Cypher" Yanushevsky, Belarusian professional Quake player
Other uses
Cypher (UAV), an unmanned aerial vehicle
The Cypher (video game), release in 1998
Cypher (video game), released in 2012
Cypher stent, a type of drug-eluting stent
Cypher Query Language, a declarative query language for graph databases
Royal cypher
See also
Monogram
Cipher (disambiguation)
Cyphers | [
0.2486678957939148,
0.34515246748924255,
-0.32867857813835144,
0.13184617459774017,
-0.29356032609939575,
-0.0782969743013382,
0.3581196069717407,
0.2952836751937866,
-0.4564357399940491,
-0.4705944359302521,
-0.8081420063972473,
-0.027253834530711174,
-0.2319922000169754,
0.2646482586860657,
-0.021343978121876717,
0.270597368478775,
0.08393296599388123,
0.47160768508911133,
0.0395929254591465,
-0.6656115651130676,
-0.4011135399341583,
0.21908420324325562,
-0.9528478980064392,
-0.7529628872871399,
0.39779430627822876,
0.00865917094051838,
-0.28095629811286926,
-0.44612863659858704,
0.22563832998275757,
0.06728207319974899,
0.36259493231773376,
0.37942636013031006,
0.10911186784505844,
0.3266884982585907,
-0.00643542967736721,
-0.140252485871315,
-0.08998686075210571,
-0.21845057606697083,
-0.13140128552913666,
-0.41914036870002747,
0.17764316499233246,
-0.15647295117378235,
0.6576108336448669,
0.009545639157295227,
-0.8354563117027283,
-0.4242111146450043,
-2.2979812622070312,
0.20321397483348846,
-0.5036887526512146,
-0.17318037152290344,
-0.40384647250175476,
0.13065294921398163,
0.19704954326152802,
0.6633239984512329,
-0.1548827886581421,
0.5522780418395996,
-0.08277151733636856,
0.0798000618815422,
0.34378841519355774,
-0.17186607420444489,
0.5457447171211243,
-0.10362944006919861,
-0.16632845997810364,
0.38867536187171936,
-0.06667622923851013,
0.1541311889886856,
0.0394008532166481,
0.2805205285549164,
-0.8165844082832336,
-0.35604116320610046,
-0.13254645466804504,
-0.2865199148654938,
-0.006779462099075317,
-0.021718047559261322,
-0.4590113162994385,
0.005079121794551611,
0.0135096600279212,
-0.13556616008281708,
0.15863285958766937,
0.20040187239646912,
-0.38605403900146484,
0.6173286437988281,
0.16772295534610748,
0.2876337170600891,
0.15657763183116913,
0.19807597994804382,
-0.7026685476303101,
0.4196964204311371,
-0.2431209236383438,
0.49650391936302185,
0.3627043068408966,
-0.4402780830860138,
0.4887969195842743,
-0.31980764865875244,
-0.24560000002384186,
0.18276382982730865,
-0.33429303765296936,
-0.20548084378242493,
0.17748905718326569,
0.09263572841882706,
-0.10614729672670364,
-0.248899444937706,
0.32131698727607727,
-0.1735362857580185,
-0.27728450298309326,
0.16002435982227325,
-0.5691611766815186,
-0.6549376249313354,
0.4095880389213562,
-1.1526412963867188,
-0.23193679749965668,
0.1545943021774292,
-0.09123595058917999,
0.12286844104528427,
-0.3456265330314636,
0.12594497203826904,
0.10047413408756256,
0.5313477516174316,
0.09258150309324265,
0.29917192459106445,
-0.19103635847568512,
0.7582423686981201,
0.33896782994270325,
-0.24394765496253967,
0.24142469465732574,
0.0930650532245636,
0.209589883685112,
0.6782626509666443,
-0.3263833522796631,
-0.3470528721809387,
-0.32447630167007446,
1.195194125175476,
-0.008135894313454628,
0.02494635432958603,
-0.4572407007217407,
0.047352731227874756,
0.46542179584503174,
-0.15714766085147858,
-0.0775931179523468,
0.012098908424377441,
-0.262455552816391,
-0.2942998707294464,
-1.489492654800415,
0.22205035388469696,
0.24478138983249664,
0.02495061606168747,
-0.3020608127117157,
-0.31497612595558167,
0.21616730093955994,
0.07147511094808578,
0.08954667299985886,
-0.3273058831691742,
0.4992530643939972,
0.3974006474018097,
-0.19807031750679016,
0.11833681166172028,
0.17192904651165009,
0.06990083307027817,
0.5209969282150269,
0.011161920614540577,
-0.5466117262840271,
-0.03571474179625511,
-0.6116672158241272,
-0.051031697541475296,
0.06262069195508957,
-0.22565412521362305,
0.5596749782562256,
0.3512105345726013,
-0.49721914529800415,
0.0984177365899086,
-0.5450584292411804,
-0.21628879010677338,
0.5964805483818054,
0.4567035734653473,
0.13574670255184174,
0.11275739967823029,
-0.24107585847377777,
-0.06839434802532196,
0.8558355569839478,
-0.19557350873947144,
-0.5771579146385193,
0.23040784895420074,
0.2809251546859741,
-0.06416536122560501,
0.5658500790596008,
0.14608439803123474,
0.09310149401426315,
-0.2569204270839691,
0.024827439337968826,
-0.24824966490268707,
-0.5594723224639893,
0.003197623183950782,
0.05759899318218231,
-0.43399521708488464,
0.9360248446464539,
-0.22090236842632294,
-0.14511391520500183,
0.23723773658275604,
0.05807763338088989,
0.503322958946228,
-0.055574193596839905,
0.019133789464831352,
0.25562894344329834,
-0.3053065538406372,
0.052383195608854294,
1.493856430053711,
0.1335967481136322,
0.33253487944602966,
-0.45471078157424927,
-0.07522046566009521,
0.630932092666626,
-0.15122918784618378,
0.480290949344635,
-0.3140565752983093,
-0.24212388694286346,
0.2564298212528229,
-0.25537925958633423,
0.4311380684375763,
-0.5507681965827942,
-0.05259685590863228,
0.576383650302887,
-0.4185638129711151,
-0.29227137565612793,
0.7964107990264893,
0.07313758134841919,
0.7339596152305603,
0.3077024221420288,
0.16551253199577332,
0.5726755261421204,
-0.5214178562164307,
-0.09198509156703949,
-0.26811930537223816,
0.2796126902103424,
-0.35570502281188965,
-0.13817398250102997,
-0.14662113785743713,
0.0926491767168045,
-0.31624090671539307,
0.43414443731307983,
-0.09029322862625122,
0.19258557260036469,
-0.08809848129749298,
-0.06269267946481705,
0.2550715506076813,
0.07628024369478226,
0.22628267109394073,
-0.022395579144358635,
-0.10567540675401688,
0.13921687006950378,
0.08702448755502701,
0.3258066773414612,
0.5220566391944885,
0.2869192957878113,
-0.537397027015686,
0.17885543406009674,
0.019848130643367767,
0.05334335193037987,
0.08352285623550415,
0.014564181677997112,
0.6217261552810669,
-0.6653020977973938,
0.37210530042648315,
0.07274552434682846,
0.1560867875814438,
-0.09423821419477463,
-0.6863673329353333,
-0.1809457540512085,
-0.17631074786186218,
0.28402474522590637,
0.28785011172294617,
0.5248116850852966,
0.24467290937900543,
-0.4971041977405548,
-1.52439546585083,
-0.4864839017391205,
-0.3129797577857971,
0.05050972104072571,
0.08148762583732605,
-0.21743959188461304,
-0.45266667008399963,
-0.13687974214553833,
0.2643153965473175,
0.17289325594902039,
-0.3109879195690155,
-0.3284721374511719,
-0.27331793308258057,
-0.3460373282432556,
-0.3169199824333191,
0.15196895599365234,
-0.4187401533126831,
-0.47427046298980713,
0.09708703309297562,
0.06442771106958389,
0.6142785549163818,
0.31202590465545654,
-0.017797792330384254,
-0.049195073544979095,
-0.290219247341156,
-0.1522267907857895,
0.01945793628692627,
-0.2328348010778427,
0.39527273178100586,
-0.23070478439331055,
-0.41992470622062683,
0.1951507180929184,
-0.6749064326286316,
-0.03210941329598427,
0.27631059288978577,
-5.591270446777344,
0.2142813503742218,
0.23532137274742126,
-0.4260297119617462,
0.09351178258657455,
0.1903180480003357,
0.4589279890060425,
-0.2932216227054596,
-0.43517571687698364,
0.10815240442752838,
0.046480096876621246,
0.01631285808980465,
0.09227833896875381,
0.179251030087471,
0.2697209119796753,
-0.04610232636332512,
0.3615151643753052,
-0.1447511464357376,
0.20332840085029602,
0.010103602893650532,
-0.04694812744855881,
0.39313024282455444,
0.40862560272216797,
0.41100651025772095,
0.13572779297828674,
-0.3345802128314972,
-0.10718412697315216,
-0.07907259464263916,
0.050839852541685104,
-0.09575802087783813,
0.06637828052043915,
0.2385222315788269,
0.03094954416155815,
-0.2929253876209259,
-0.39032015204429626,
0.14717289805412292,
0.7427425384521484,
0.12858057022094727,
0.484135240316391,
0.06238904967904091,
-0.07532113045454025,
0.7007154822349548,
0.37854814529418945,
-0.29926005005836487,
0.29217591881752014,
0.1332085132598877,
-0.17856855690479279,
-0.49843722581863403,
-0.3426305055618286,
0.3620191812515259,
-0.3253824710845947,
0.17912845313549042,
0.5853291749954224,
-0.022892780601978302,
0.502524733543396,
-0.15719835460186005,
0.3890657424926758,
-0.1909201592206955,
-0.4459787607192993,
0.03243381530046463,
0.8812406659126282,
-0.3867006301879883,
0.4440939426422119,
-0.6779769659042358,
0.0629279688000679,
-0.6972963809967041,
-0.5119298100471497,
-0.1306334137916565,
0.892650306224823,
0.43902793526649475,
-0.37302303314208984,
0.5326868891716003,
0.47780072689056396,
-0.84682697057724,
0.2563040554523468,
0.11680374294519424,
-0.021844081580638885,
-0.11553239077329636,
0.3379760980606079,
0.20607616007328033,
-0.42409178614616394,
-0.23205460608005524,
-0.84145587682724,
0.3490508794784546,
-0.14713865518569946,
-0.746421754360199,
-0.5546879172325134,
0.370386004447937,
-0.365864634513855,
-0.009006737731397152,
0.7344707250595093,
-0.17661826312541962,
0.05010579898953438,
0.29124289751052856,
0.09136629104614258,
0.47552716732025146,
0.2127135545015335,
-0.074978306889534,
0.23734284937381744,
0.09064735472202301,
0.06125607714056969,
-0.46229156851768494,
-0.1801607459783554,
-0.3757246434688568,
0.19433929026126862,
-0.3246927559375763,
-0.6025904417037964,
0.25194376707077026,
0.6138529181480408,
-0.14716453850269318,
-0.4610540270805359,
0.6257297992706299,
-0.17952574789524078,
-0.3921153247356415,
0.2697536051273346,
0.034441910684108734,
-0.05714115872979164,
0.18004481494426727,
0.3416665494441986,
-0.5132801532745361,
-0.04574693739414215,
0.8477277159690857,
0.3641437292098999,
0.016488097608089447,
-0.5440004467964172,
-0.35971832275390625,
-0.20827193558216095,
-0.3990960717201233,
-0.10144379734992981,
-0.009659972973167896,
0.34315553307533264,
0.2699200510978699,
0.282393217086792,
-0.4412935674190521,
0.014158358797430992,
-0.25427746772766113,
-0.5337777733802795,
0.41422197222709656,
-0.3348295986652374,
-0.968000054359436,
0.5092524290084839,
-0.5207242369651794,
-0.08271168172359467,
0.3535875678062439,
0.7123510837554932,
0.17453962564468384,
0.22987987101078033,
-0.31101226806640625,
-0.043968115001916885,
0.6097664833068848,
-0.26682648062705994,
-0.7245594263076782,
0.6890528798103333,
-0.3057961165904999,
0.5055625438690186,
0.05823284015059471,
-0.050739966332912445,
0.035441942512989044,
-0.2641710340976715,
-0.14437216520309448,
-0.004159898031502962,
-0.07244333624839783,
-0.6265950798988342,
-0.2825296223163605,
0.326189786195755,
-0.21284981071949005,
-0.0692848414182663,
-0.05877567082643509,
-0.15209335088729858,
0.6096985936164856,
-0.21570123732089996,
0.18694698810577393,
-0.8891856074333191,
-0.12457391619682312,
0.09460330754518509,
0.7016893625259399,
0.03623337671160698,
0.36326852440834045,
0.024999290704727173,
0.3073979318141937,
0.1814514398574829,
-0.2447810173034668,
-0.007341190706938505,
0.6416014432907104,
0.285697340965271,
-0.3625689446926117,
0.08429320901632309,
0.42971834540367126,
-0.4395497143268585,
0.09045281261205673,
0.10457070916891098,
0.15056158602237701,
0.1180209070444107,
-0.1844361275434494,
-0.3359394073486328,
-0.23423226177692413,
-0.33784914016723633,
0.5016686916351318,
0.28315308690071106,
-0.5844253897666931,
0.3809100389480591,
0.6457070708274841,
-0.26682549715042114,
-0.05985944718122482,
0.13896191120147705,
-0.7323781847953796,
0.31138113141059875,
-0.22476939857006073,
-0.3822809159755707,
0.48891258239746094,
-0.05332496017217636,
-0.4912004768848419,
-0.4440031051635742,
-0.11526400595903397,
-0.009944479912519455,
0.08685226738452911,
0.1103937178850174,
-0.021569956094026566,
0.05624892935156822,
-0.4436863362789154,
0.20233573019504547,
-0.16271284222602844,
-0.04637232422828674,
0.10136991739273071,
-0.0027598170563578606,
0.004851382691413164,
0.08222895860671997,
-0.14619280397891998,
0.9069797992706299,
0.3268730640411377,
-0.06622177362442017,
-0.03492795303463936,
0.34581342339515686,
0.291064977645874,
0.23801009356975555,
-0.5200618505477905,
-0.0027179059106856585,
0.5387548208236694,
-0.4105515480041504,
-0.3950887620449066,
0.29872530698776245,
0.5449217557907104,
-0.4849027693271637,
-0.3111070692539215,
-0.448994517326355,
0.21030673384666443,
0.19728875160217285,
-0.5358003377914429,
-0.6342542767524719,
0.22107550501823425,
0.18996721506118774,
-0.044703733175992966,
-0.31995102763175964,
-0.36078596115112305,
0.8685386180877686,
0.003186821239069104,
0.4708152413368225,
0.14523132145404816,
0.18988843262195587,
0.12892568111419678,
-0.22031523287296295,
-0.03514566272497177,
-0.25085878372192383,
0.5194551348686218,
0.15225377678871155,
0.2898157238960266,
0.01981915533542633,
0.11415009200572968,
0.2979282736778259,
-0.5440781712532043,
0.0021664120722562075,
-0.28156888484954834,
0.6601749062538147,
0.8965210318565369,
0.21153293550014496,
0.0243532732129097,
0.0496855266392231,
-0.34402090311050415,
-0.16242502629756927,
-0.08523321151733398,
0.6001611351966858,
0.1451323926448822,
0.26682114601135254,
-0.15690037608146667,
0.28070923686027527,
-0.5214601159095764,
0.05804811045527458,
-0.14048822224140167,
-0.165776789188385,
-0.1754809021949768,
-0.30749422311782837,
0.6056563258171082,
-0.5051576495170593,
0.5028501152992249,
-0.22302815318107605,
-0.0217220988124609,
-0.1928863525390625,
0.051350366324186325,
0.03814670071005821,
-0.12075727432966232,
-0.7833721041679382,
0.12444820255041122,
0.5834072828292847,
-0.6274339556694031,
0.5675487518310547,
0.2863176167011261,
-0.07917973399162292,
-0.6479578018188477,
0.171458438038826,
-0.30989518761634827,
-0.15162180364131927,
0.17377954721450806,
-0.05145874619483948,
0.5681098103523254,
-0.09024787694215775,
-0.13559837639331818,
0.5072764158248901,
-0.42659059166908264,
-0.07778342068195343,
0.1693137288093567,
0.33059051632881165,
-0.2816777527332306,
0.5685214996337891,
0.08879828453063965,
-0.731781005859375,
0.7113803029060364,
0.15710750222206116,
-0.26197755336761475,
0.5086750388145447,
-0.26165926456451416,
0.8864384293556213,
0.2078932821750641,
-0.5801753997802734,
0.43930840492248535,
-0.195028156042099,
-0.818218469619751,
0.12159565836191177,
-0.2073420137166977,
-0.2986714243888855,
0.23895104229450226,
0.09824663400650024,
0.40219566226005554,
-0.06514491885900497,
-0.10257917642593384,
-0.5026451349258423,
0.48872920870780945,
-0.2603631019592285,
0.2875434458255768,
-0.46678879857063293,
-0.0098041957244277,
0.41015034914016724,
0.1854916661977768,
-0.12261803448200226,
0.06932074576616287,
-0.012486927211284637,
-0.2527486979961395,
-0.17936523258686066,
-0.17616979777812958,
-0.03110942244529724,
-1.5227826833724976,
0.0872117280960083,
-0.12485373020172119,
0.182178795337677,
-0.3314226269721985,
-0.000871590047609061,
0.21970146894454956,
0.20993684232234955,
-0.24884863197803497,
-0.00038891329313628376,
0.06210871413350105,
0.11336293071508408,
0.287455677986145,
0.18555274605751038,
0.09535885602235794,
-0.0739363506436348,
-0.029843978583812714,
0.35725587606430054,
0.4485170245170593,
-0.2841862440109253,
-0.6208539009094238,
-0.11981825530529022,
0.26398614048957825,
-0.16668973863124847,
-0.5182186961174011,
0.2126917541027069,
-0.008343122899532318,
-0.3407091200351715,
0.26597675681114197,
-0.1828446388244629,
0.18037943542003632,
0.2788711488246918,
-0.2869715392589569,
0.2957812249660492,
-0.26978015899658203,
-0.10341154783964157,
-0.10730442404747009,
0.19715896248817444,
0.7305890321731567,
0.1000397801399231,
-0.23947113752365112,
-0.4342830777168274,
-0.20586098730564117,
0.33634498715400696,
-0.5987473130226135,
-0.5373423099517822,
0.2306836098432541,
-0.19553716480731964,
0.09014102816581726,
-0.24978643655776978,
0.3089892864227295,
0.5314218997955322,
-0.47222989797592163,
-0.045031726360321045,
0.46969401836395264,
-0.25132736563682556,
0.4615323543548584,
0.4581485986709595,
-0.0855412632226944,
0.09145109355449677,
0.06595166772603989,
0.2778077721595764,
0.5625353455543518,
0.4044983386993408,
0.06159021332859993,
-0.2591615617275238,
0.16072408854961395,
0.564342200756073,
-0.1485789269208908,
-0.3294163942337036,
0.2306395173072815,
-0.33560723066329956,
0.11419884860515594,
-0.5882534384727478,
0.36952948570251465,
-0.46180033683776855,
-0.15834546089172363,
0.08386308699846268,
0.40326452255249023,
-0.09430192410945892,
0.06077708303928375,
-0.40726715326309204,
-0.2110304981470108,
0.24727411568164825,
0.1795966625213623,
-3.3911778926849365,
0.1429787278175354,
-0.010551069863140583,
-0.4463846683502197,
-0.04709453135728836,
0.03580048307776451,
0.5700812935829163,
-0.29030460119247437,
0.4276445508003235,
0.30117249488830566,
0.32744133472442627,
0.42255839705467224,
0.31854942440986633,
-0.6698254346847534,
0.1727718710899353,
1.3072993755340576
] |
233193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master-General%20of%20the%20Ordnance | Master-General of the Ordnance | The Master-General of the Ordnance (MGO) was a very senior British military position from 1415 to 2013 (except 1855–1895 and 1939–1958) with some changes to the name, usually held by a serving general. The Master-General of the Ordnance was responsible for all British artillery, engineers, fortifications, military supplies, transport, field hospitals and much else, and was not subordinate to the commander-in chief of the British military. In March 2013 the holder was titled as "Director Land Capability and Transformation", but still sat on the Army Board as Master-General of the Ordnance; in September 2013 the post was eliminated.
History
The Office of Armoury split away from the Privy Wardrobe of the Tower (of London) in the early 15th century. The Master of the Ordnance came into being in 1415 with the appointment of Nicholas Merbury by Henry V. The Office of Ordnance was created by Henry VIII in 1544 and became the Board of Ordnance in 1597. Its head was the Master-General of the Ordnance; his subordinates included the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance and the Surveyor-General of the Ordnance. Before the establishment of a standing army or navy, the Ordnance Office was the only permanent military department in England. In 1764 it established the British standard ordnance weights and measurements for the artillery, one of the earliest standards in the world.
The position of Master-General was frequently a cabinet-level one, especially in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when it was normally a political appointment. In 1855 the post was discontinued and certain of the ceremonial aspects of the post were subsequently vested in the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. In 1904, the post was re-established, and until 1938 the Master-General of the Ordnance was the Fourth Military Member of the Army Board.
In 1913, the control of military aviation was separated from the responsibilities of the Master-General of the Ordnance. A new Department of Military Aeronautics was established and Brigadier-General Henderson was appointed the first director.
In March 2013, the holder was titled as "Director Land Capability and Transformation" but still sat on the army board as Master-General of the Ordnance. In September 2013, the post was abolished.
Masters of the Ordnance 1415–1544
Nicholas Merbury, 1415–1420
John Hampton 1429
William Gloucestre, 1435
Gilbert Par, 1437
Thomas Vaughan 1450
John Judde 1456–1460 (murdered 1460)
Philip Herveys c.1461
Richard Guildford 1485–1494
Robert Clifford 1495– (died 1508)
Sir Sampson Norton 1511–1513
Sir Henry Willoughby 1513
Sir William Skeffington 1529–1535
Bernardin de Valois (Bernadyne de Wallys) 1536
Sir Christopher Morris 1537–1544
Masters-General of the Ordnance, 1544–1855
Source: Institute of Historical Research
Sir Thomas Seymour 1544–1547
Sir Philip Hoby 1547–1554
Sir Richard Southwell 1554–1559
Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick 1560–1585
Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick jointly with Sir Philip Sidney 1585–1586
Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick 1586–1590
Sir Henry Lee 1590–1597
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1597–1601
vacant 1601–1603
Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire 1603–1606
vacant 1606–1608
George Carew, 1st Lord Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes (1626) 1608–1629
Horace Vere, 1st Lord Vere of Tilbury 1629–1634
Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport 1634–1661
Sir William Compton 1661–1663
in commission 1664–1670
William Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
Sir John Duncombe
Thomas Chicheley
Sir Thomas Chicheley 1670–1679
in commission 1679–1682
Sir John Chicheley
Sir William Hickman, Bt.
Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bt
George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth 1682–1688
Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg 1689–1690
vacant 1690–1693
Henry Sidney, 1st Earl of Romney 1693–1702
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough 1702–1712
Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers 1712
James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton 1712
vacant 1712–1714
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough 1714–1722
William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan 1722–1725
François de La Rochefoucauld, marquis de Montandre 1725
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll 1725–1740
John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu 1740–1742
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll 1742
John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu 1742–1749
vacant 1749–1755
Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough 1755–1758
vacant 1758–1759
John Ligonier, 1st Viscount Ligonier 1759–1763
John Manners, Marquess of Granby 1763–1770
vacant 1770–1772
George Townshend, 4th Viscount Townshend 1772–1782
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond 1782–1783
George Townshend, 4th Viscount Townshend 1783–1784
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond 1784–1795
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis 1795–1801
John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham 1801–1806
Francis Rawdon Hastings, 2nd Earl of Moira 1806–1807
John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham 1807–1810
Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave 1810–1819
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1819–1827
Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 1827–1828
William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford 1828–1830
Sir James Kempt 1830–1834
Sir George Murray 1834–1835
Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, 1st Bt. 1835–1841
Sir George Murray 1841–1846
Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 1846–1852
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge 1852
Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan 1852–1855
1855–1894
The post did not exist for the period 1855 to 1894.
Inspector-General of the Ordnance 1895 to 1899In 1895 the post was revived, but re-styled Inspector-General.Included:
Lieutenant-General Sir Edwin Markham, April 1895 – December 1898
Director-General of the Ordnance 1899 to 1904
Included:
General Sir Henry Brackenbury, February 1899 – February 1904
Master-General of the Ordnance 1904 to 1938
Holders of the post have included:
Lieutenant-General Sir James Murray (1904–1907)
Major-General Sir Charles Hadden (1907–1913)
Major-General Sir Stanley von Donop (1913–1916)
Lieutenant-General Sir William Furse (1916–1919)
Lieutenant-General Sir John Du Cane (1920–1923)
Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Birch (1923–1927)
Lieutenant-General Sir Webb Gillman (1927–1931)
Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald Charles (1931–1934)
Lieutenant-General Sir Hugh Elles (1934–1938)
1939–1958
The post was abolished by Leslie Hore-Belisha, the Secretary of State for War, as he perceived it to be a block on production, transferring tank development responsibility to the Director General of Munitions Development. It was not re-instated until 1959.
Master-General of the Ordnance 1960 to 2013
Lieutenant-General Sir John Cowley (1960–1962)
General Sir Cecil Sugden (1962–1963)
Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Jones (1963–1966)
Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Richardson (1966–1971)
General Sir Noel Thomas (1971–1974)
General Sir John Gibbon (1974–1977)
General Sir Hugh Beach (1977–1981)
General Sir Peter Leng (1981–1983)
General Sir Richard Vincent (1983–1987)
General Sir John Stibbon (1987–1991)
General Sir Jeremy Blacker (1991–1995)
Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Hayman-Joyce (1995–1998)
Major General David Jenkins (1998–2000)
Major General Peter Gilchrist (2000–2004)
Major General Andrew Figgures (2004–2006)
Major-General Dick Applegate (June 2006 – November 2006)
Major General Chris Wilson (2006–2010)
Major General Bill Moore (2010–2011)Post holders official dual title was: Director Land Capability and Transformation and Master-General of the Ordnance''
Major General Nick Pope (2011–2013)
References
Senior appointments of the British Army
War Office | [
0.017453452572226524,
0.34609347581863403,
-0.3440943956375122,
-0.45203906297683716,
-0.3329412341117859,
0.5818583965301514,
0.36626577377319336,
0.10769785195589066,
-0.6899014115333557,
0.28825366497039795,
-0.7639896869659424,
0.13356123864650726,
-0.09557075053453445,
0.18873408436775208,
0.05793634057044983,
0.07190090417861938,
0.5333676338195801,
-0.21182848513126373,
-0.5897268652915955,
-0.6378273963928223,
0.09122513979673386,
0.28558939695358276,
-0.2157183438539505,
0.24258916079998016,
-0.29670578241348267,
0.3201198875904083,
0.3063390552997589,
0.023368407040834427,
0.22088724374771118,
-0.21560651063919067,
0.13054661452770233,
-0.2102292776107788,
0.07051858305931091,
-0.5340221524238586,
-0.6811914443969727,
-0.48461294174194336,
-0.43513745069503784,
-0.05051976814866066,
-0.004018078558146954,
-0.5026006698608398,
0.006685798056423664,
0.05062780901789665,
0.3072912395000458,
-0.059655722230672836,
-0.573641836643219,
-0.7445956468582153,
-1.384063959121704,
0.28064605593681335,
0.0185258612036705,
0.3226678669452667,
0.0014575833920389414,
0.7033472061157227,
0.005022706463932991,
0.058764729648828506,
-0.2911778688430786,
0.41092807054519653,
-0.35105788707733154,
0.10924213379621506,
-0.09098341315984726,
-0.3203543424606323,
0.3678358197212219,
-0.008543692529201508,
0.14047187566757202,
0.7417431473731995,
-0.05455629900097847,
-0.06990842521190643,
-0.05933277681469917,
0.6717028617858887,
-0.20267540216445923,
0.302328497171402,
-0.09845221787691116,
-0.4207347333431244,
0.310882568359375,
0.09095274657011032,
-0.865307629108429,
-0.5168802738189697,
0.40845540165901184,
0.5366861820220947,
-0.0609189048409462,
-0.15928897261619568,
0.2578173279762268,
-0.10415676236152649,
0.5006134510040283,
-0.5148776769638062,
-0.3788425624370575,
0.7904748916625977,
-0.38005387783050537,
-0.0057354820892214775,
-0.3852844834327698,
0.8838093876838684,
0.35302069783210754,
0.27988311648368835,
0.9923986196517944,
-0.33715251088142395,
-0.055338598787784576,
-0.08156736940145493,
0.09312763810157776,
0.2846800684928894,
-0.10989131033420563,
-0.23250001668930054,
0.2584778368473053,
0.3819665014743805,
0.24338170886039734,
-0.16838586330413818,
-0.2899969518184662,
0.18641397356987,
-0.4063516855239868,
-0.7188743352890015,
-0.17901763319969177,
0.5707840323448181,
-0.8462719321250916,
-0.12806110084056854,
0.05656467378139496,
0.25075384974479675,
0.0759475901722908,
0.050454627722501755,
-0.05280138924717903,
0.10340765118598938,
-0.04511510208249092,
-0.03352763131260872,
0.2666967213153839,
0.440789133310318,
-0.029541876167058945,
0.013826187700033188,
-0.3462717533111572,
0.07830819487571716,
0.5322703719139099,
0.04814719036221504,
-0.17856143414974213,
-0.3087998628616333,
0.31678611040115356,
1.0924972295761108,
-0.4663030207157135,
0.04102234169840813,
-0.5510088205337524,
-0.11194533109664917,
0.1312606930732727,
0.30947285890579224,
-0.010999498888850212,
0.4969269335269928,
-0.8371686935424805,
-0.01789143867790699,
-0.4438199996948242,
-0.008653120137751102,
-0.11945773661136627,
-0.11123618483543396,
-0.19668854773044586,
-0.17711420357227325,
-0.42147788405418396,
-0.002702320460230112,
-0.10260585695505142,
-0.4058130979537964,
-0.15768387913703918,
-0.6162875890731812,
0.11485055834054947,
0.27357885241508484,
-0.17361320555210114,
0.18577921390533447,
0.4659646153450012,
-0.15855778753757477,
0.3209758400917053,
-0.5987730026245117,
0.06585504859685898,
0.17453916370868683,
-0.01767357997596264,
0.2999172806739807,
-0.011631679721176624,
-0.05640770122408867,
-0.6029548048973083,
-0.01844203844666481,
-0.5426973104476929,
-0.12595228850841522,
0.12286045402288437,
0.003219506936147809,
-0.4556521475315094,
0.7772848010063171,
0.5341736078262329,
0.26073020696640015,
1.1297252178192139,
-0.13575084507465363,
-0.5168664455413818,
-0.06115862727165222,
0.6545663475990295,
-0.07732684910297394,
0.8562021851539612,
-0.028649911284446716,
0.12595826387405396,
-0.4007471799850464,
0.27628394961357117,
0.08863525092601776,
-0.8355870842933655,
-0.07732107490301132,
-0.27854207158088684,
-0.6720994710922241,
0.8344650864601135,
0.5619662404060364,
-0.37001654505729675,
0.586442232131958,
0.1428566426038742,
1.1891300678253174,
0.34496450424194336,
0.2123807966709137,
0.2610609233379364,
-0.47487926483154297,
0.23706327378749847,
0.3278699517250061,
0.3004116415977478,
0.4156574308872223,
0.47161829471588135,
0.22096389532089233,
0.35150909423828125,
-0.47174277901649475,
-0.11267511546611786,
-0.13983382284641266,
0.4947718679904938,
0.4095528721809387,
-0.1335296779870987,
-0.4963873326778412,
0.17486977577209473,
-0.8522359132766724,
0.5251852869987488,
0.1609536111354828,
-0.04018932208418846,
0.43424487113952637,
-0.15779472887516022,
0.22210657596588135,
-0.24628092348575592,
-0.09462994337081909,
-0.2614203095436096,
-0.8954704999923706,
-0.004268859978765249,
-0.44138121604919434,
0.6799843311309814,
0.4630208909511566,
-0.0535433404147625,
-0.10571052134037018,
-0.7175812721252441,
-0.08315619826316833,
-0.5356782078742981,
0.13300465047359467,
0.36802878975868225,
0.19317381083965302,
-0.3700598180294037,
0.8595001101493835,
-0.19292055070400238,
0.5623583793640137,
-0.024609804153442383,
0.2877498269081116,
-0.2757962942123413,
0.4611445367336273,
0.7483131885528564,
0.11218264698982239,
0.5906631946563721,
0.08121010661125183,
-0.4306010901927948,
-0.25800952315330505,
-0.09254243224859238,
0.5557317137718201,
0.007933635264635086,
0.500583291053772,
-0.048777274787425995,
0.11746110767126083,
0.5138705968856812,
0.6711894869804382,
-0.05093208700418472,
-0.36772894859313965,
0.12285558134317398,
-0.38395899534225464,
0.25278908014297485,
0.14152464270591736,
0.43534624576568604,
-0.6918463110923767,
0.15166731178760529,
0.1955946832895279,
0.4133090674877167,
-0.984882652759552,
-0.08401311188936234,
0.08965680748224258,
-0.4634421467781067,
-0.4423919916152954,
0.10737819224596024,
0.1167726218700409,
-0.09865128993988037,
-0.5074753761291504,
0.10099617391824722,
-0.4571821093559265,
0.19617418944835663,
0.1271461397409439,
0.026163136586546898,
0.7075644135475159,
-0.2552935481071472,
0.2383430004119873,
-0.37888866662979126,
0.007014343049377203,
0.02972489967942238,
-0.3069307506084442,
-0.5036714673042297,
-0.03536703810095787,
-0.11590441316366196,
-0.270381897687912,
-0.3601115942001343,
0.38010847568511963,
0.3592269718647003,
0.3004057705402374,
0.11088759452104568,
-0.506955087184906,
-0.27914831042289734,
0.22999128699302673,
-5.654697418212891,
-0.15387512743473053,
-0.23386119306087494,
-0.22695505619049072,
0.012895178981125355,
0.6054555773735046,
0.30671340227127075,
-0.6349416375160217,
0.10770967602729797,
-0.2759582996368408,
0.7131749391555786,
0.37403371930122375,
0.799621045589447,
0.5206474661827087,
0.4599373936653137,
0.4640786647796631,
0.07441972941160202,
-0.07014866918325424,
0.17729723453521729,
0.26537591218948364,
0.540088951587677,
-0.07062232494354248,
0.18356062471866608,
-0.0056066690012812614,
0.34630557894706726,
0.5279216170310974,
-0.7052673697471619,
0.4441239833831787,
-0.6482528448104858,
-0.021828582510352135,
0.060084979981184006,
0.30848050117492676,
0.04469909146428108,
0.22023111581802368,
-0.5265114903450012,
-0.47774478793144226,
0.20028415322303772,
0.8693140149116516,
-0.043180353939533234,
-0.5823485255241394,
0.14602604508399963,
-0.36640533804893494,
-0.13577760756015778,
0.0958477184176445,
0.36771881580352783,
-0.8559815287590027,
-0.5526010394096375,
0.3912220001220703,
-0.146018385887146,
0.14653857052326202,
-0.05018337815999985,
0.5670719146728516,
0.45019036531448364,
-0.2620382606983185,
-0.5529313087463379,
-0.14989803731441498,
0.20567214488983154,
0.6048134565353394,
-0.4254460036754608,
-0.005286271683871746,
0.19359587132930756,
-0.5720047354698181,
0.09265917539596558,
0.0859244093298912,
0.12517233192920685,
-0.08082792162895203,
-0.503868579864502,
-0.015687081962823868,
0.5165324807167053,
0.8730577826499939,
-0.1279103010892868,
0.00359709351323545,
0.13179339468479156,
-0.8929115533828735,
0.25642356276512146,
-0.47986841201782227,
0.4436131417751312,
0.20986591279506683,
0.16217976808547974,
0.21374619007110596,
-0.3225648105144501,
-0.47503024339675903,
0.29024988412857056,
0.17298664152622223,
-0.19384029507637024,
-0.48562222719192505,
-0.7362489700317383,
0.04251385107636452,
0.007373749278485775,
-0.25807029008865356,
0.3350241184234619,
-0.24537953734397888,
-0.12246057391166687,
0.5492062568664551,
0.4791567325592041,
-0.3729539215564728,
0.25060829520225525,
0.5269936919212341,
0.33424633741378784,
0.1824287474155426,
-0.09439869970083237,
-0.5101990699768066,
0.10674027353525162,
-0.638558566570282,
0.040276288986206055,
-0.32546326518058777,
-0.26118436455726624,
0.3764822781085968,
0.43753689527511597,
-0.06500134617090225,
-0.1202663779258728,
0.05462094768881798,
-0.12216237932443619,
-0.3255636394023895,
-0.649284303188324,
-0.36014896631240845,
0.2401096075773239,
0.5206548571586609,
0.126084566116333,
0.011470730416476727,
-0.4215972423553467,
0.019367806613445282,
-0.0663774311542511,
0.32465696334838867,
-0.6207447648048401,
-0.030374931171536446,
-0.04744410887360573,
-0.30598992109298706,
0.17601175606250763,
-0.33668288588523865,
0.21746565401554108,
0.8711578249931335,
-0.11344463378190994,
0.4701385200023651,
-0.1547672152519226,
-0.2926504611968994,
-0.41694703698158264,
0.17604567110538483,
-0.07842927426099777,
-0.10708925873041153,
0.14031413197517395,
-0.4789268672466278,
-0.28165367245674133,
-0.12516938149929047,
0.41710785031318665,
0.012133482843637466,
-0.1478796750307083,
-0.24824871122837067,
0.2430681586265564,
0.4743573069572449,
-0.08217012882232666,
-0.44921061396598816,
-0.02292066253721714,
-0.3763704299926758,
-0.44744497537612915,
-0.7219854593276978,
-0.9522994160652161,
0.21364198625087738,
-0.2511078119277954,
-0.543245255947113,
0.40336835384368896,
-0.5333290696144104,
-0.9458606243133545,
-0.4757773280143738,
0.8140599727630615,
0.025027237832546234,
-0.1523432582616806,
-0.16340936720371246,
0.1807938814163208,
0.6562477946281433,
0.24845702946186066,
-0.691540002822876,
-0.4772682189941406,
-0.5611801743507385,
0.3080950081348419,
0.2512485384941101,
0.4570511281490326,
-0.5100744962692261,
-0.16808439791202545,
0.3434428870677948,
0.33418476581573486,
-0.37776827812194824,
0.10675711184740067,
0.08169417828321457,
0.13017894327640533,
-0.21372400224208832,
-0.12978793680667877,
-0.4003467857837677,
0.20295262336730957,
-0.35697105526924133,
-0.015280529856681824,
-0.40945830941200256,
0.4294045567512512,
-0.0009701179806143045,
-0.9332704544067383,
-0.13076215982437134,
-0.09977980703115463,
0.2932177186012268,
-0.2682681381702423,
-0.35542887449264526,
0.43943920731544495,
-0.10446116328239441,
-0.5399674773216248,
0.2111487239599228,
0.10986775159835815,
-0.6240779161453247,
-0.23300465941429138,
-0.49036991596221924,
-0.0038943069521337748,
0.19206735491752625,
-0.2470504492521286,
-0.24053721129894257,
0.11940613389015198,
0.28593137860298157,
-0.6878542900085449,
-0.29411816596984863,
-0.16667814552783966,
-0.047917988151311874,
-0.010783618316054344,
-0.9826990962028503,
-0.4678955674171448,
0.130942240357399,
-0.420756459236145,
0.6330047249794006,
-0.080506332218647,
0.7203383445739746,
0.7014850378036499,
-0.49196651577949524,
0.8379853367805481,
-0.7629672288894653,
-0.4823056757450104,
0.16412706673145294,
-0.23706971108913422,
-0.06757985800504684,
-0.12713722884655,
-0.3039560616016388,
0.03863716870546341,
0.0276652779430151,
-0.45961952209472656,
0.31022608280181885,
0.33437299728393555,
0.9583354592323303,
0.284188449382782,
-0.17813687026500702,
-0.10439843684434891,
-0.049893613904714584,
0.24074698984622955,
-1.2078704833984375,
-0.0935642421245575,
0.4066062867641449,
0.5924243927001953,
-0.2021009922027588,
-0.28947675228118896,
0.2801917791366577,
0.7644644975662231,
-0.35107937455177307,
0.3288823962211609,
0.04159551486372948,
0.2733320891857147,
0.24337804317474365,
0.42736729979515076,
0.6288659572601318,
-0.05634371191263199,
-0.026911979541182518,
0.27971455454826355,
0.15734505653381348,
-0.6867619156837463,
-0.22423714399337769,
0.2917695641517639,
-0.3446084260940552,
0.37980133295059204,
0.005000787787139416,
-0.17857308685779572,
0.7158687710762024,
0.7426794767379761,
-0.45050573348999023,
-0.2611105442047119,
-0.29143133759498596,
0.9672619700431824,
-0.36572328209877014,
-0.6919505000114441,
0.3762773275375366,
0.4620831310749054,
-0.38041865825653076,
0.38537049293518066,
-1.22610604763031,
0.6385745406150818,
-0.017354456707835197,
-0.4899011254310608,
-0.04290732368826866,
-0.2394593209028244,
-0.0136902229860425,
-0.2679779827594757,
0.4997517466545105,
-0.5996392965316772,
0.5303641557693481,
-0.4360681176185608,
0.21241900324821472,
0.6286920309066772,
0.20885862410068512,
-0.6864197254180908,
0.5983286499977112,
0.5422794818878174,
0.16575144231319427,
-0.4079118072986603,
0.24575763940811157,
0.23084063827991486,
-0.08515448123216629,
-0.10385657101869583,
-0.5932534337043762,
0.08695410192012787,
-0.4688534438610077,
-0.22491513192653656,
0.2409893423318863,
-0.24438947439193726,
-1.0455634593963623,
0.2661096751689911,
-0.12986452877521515,
-0.21009087562561035,
-0.001109077944420278,
0.37378230690956116,
-0.30893605947494507,
0.14330682158470154,
0.24615803360939026,
-0.3361423909664154,
0.46199899911880493,
-0.24819448590278625,
-0.5262008309364319,
0.4560431241989136,
-0.019679786637425423,
0.1293446570634842,
-0.034788597375154495,
-0.6335660219192505,
0.5545031428337097,
-0.39002570509910583,
-0.2855435609817505,
0.35744619369506836,
-0.7738779187202454,
0.38082239031791687,
0.25571608543395996,
0.2780870497226715,
0.6094236373901367,
-0.4041256010532379,
-0.04466189816594124,
-0.260611355304718,
0.3747800588607788,
0.2643299996852875,
-0.3020847737789154,
0.1494842916727066,
-0.2039172500371933,
0.20579490065574646,
0.029320113360881805,
0.3602256178855896,
-0.08013734221458435,
0.14354020357131958,
0.2903735935688019,
0.6065066456794739,
0.38980114459991455,
0.30376139283180237,
-0.052893996238708496,
-0.07739710062742233,
0.06697775423526764,
0.7242192625999451,
-0.32893699407577515,
-0.051024723798036575,
0.2512878179550171,
-0.05383298918604851,
-0.4275895655155182,
-0.13742823898792267,
0.28088289499282837,
0.06834027171134949,
0.02996661141514778,
-0.2778944671154022,
-0.37887445092201233,
-0.1449252814054489,
0.5137695074081421,
0.5886737704277039,
0.7804626822471619,
0.870453953742981,
0.03344237059354782,
0.10931383073329926,
-0.08621804416179657,
0.04183280095458031,
-1.2030278444290161,
0.1866634637117386,
-0.4271869361400604,
-0.35802528262138367,
0.6356163620948792,
-0.030098894611001015,
0.17847950756549835,
0.5100537538528442,
-0.6836742162704468,
-0.8120315074920654,
-0.14471641182899475,
-0.13244888186454773,
-0.7553581595420837,
0.2719161808490753,
0.7191755175590515,
0.5556463599205017,
-0.19690270721912384,
-0.41763925552368164,
0.48009416460990906,
-0.667374312877655,
0.11318698525428772,
0.21687763929367065,
0.30583271384239197,
0.1427091360092163,
0.06752888858318329,
-0.5027168989181519,
0.3715251386165619,
0.08617394417524338,
-0.3969270884990692,
-0.10034693777561188,
0.5859166383743286,
-0.32794010639190674,
-0.08656801283359528,
0.22600305080413818,
-0.861814558506012,
0.31926727294921875,
-0.38744327425956726,
-0.19985993206501007,
-0.19313932955265045,
-0.16030967235565186,
0.4355115294456482,
-0.4022457003593445,
-0.12855638563632965,
0.5748512744903564,
-0.1704106330871582,
-0.3013719618320465,
0.9648802876472473,
-0.03026527538895607,
0.14450201392173767,
-0.8161201477050781,
-0.5305134057998657,
0.23255078494548798,
-0.23342932760715485,
0.748300313949585,
0.864868700504303,
-0.43555793166160583,
-0.5374501943588257,
-0.41829347610473633,
0.18085424602031708,
-0.26851698756217957,
-0.03153204917907715,
0.037788525223731995,
0.017392270267009735,
-0.19508811831474304,
0.18967895209789276,
-0.10848700255155563,
0.7280958294868469,
0.3444512188434601,
0.14345510303974152,
0.9472344517707825,
-0.8714607357978821,
0.5136703848838806,
-0.060664549469947815,
-0.005066604353487492,
-0.4599536061286926,
0.030155448243021965,
0.3007555305957794
] |
233194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Seymour | Edward Seymour | Edward Seymour may refer to:
Seymour family, English aristocrats
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1500–1552), Lord Protector of England, 1547-49, during the minority of his nephew, Edward VI of England
Lord Edward Seymour (died 1593) (c. 1528–1593), Sheriff of Devon, second son of the above
Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539–1621), fourth son of the Duke of Somerset
Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp (1561–1612), son of the above
Sir Edward Seymour, 1st Baronet (c. 1563–1613), English MP, son of Lord Edward Seymour
Sir Edward Seymour, 2nd Baronet (c. 1580–1659), English MP, son of the above
Sir Edward Seymour, 3rd Baronet (1610–1688), English MP, son of the above
Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet (1633–1708), English statesman who served as Treasurer of the Navy during the First Danby Ministry, son of the above
Sir Edward Seymour, 5th Baronet (c. 1660–1741), English MP, son of the above
Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset (1695–1757), son of the above
Edward Seymour, 9th Duke of Somerset (1717–1792), son of the above
Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset (1775–1855), British landowner and amateur mathematician, grandson of the above
Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset (1805–1885), son of the above
Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset (1860–1931), great-great-great-grandson of the 8th Duke
Others
Edward Seymour (physician) (1796–1866), English physician, medical writer and cricketer
Edward Seymour (Vermont politician) (1810–1883), Vermont farmer, businessman and politician
Edward Woodruff Seymour (1832–1892), Connecticut state representative
Sir Edward Seymour (Royal Navy officer) (1840–1929), British admiral active during the Boxer Rebellion
Sir Edward Seymour (British Army officer) (1877–1948), British Army officer and courtier
Edward A. Seymour (1887–1965), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
Edward Seymour (Irish cricketer) (1906–1980), Irish cricketer
Edward H. Seymour (died 1998), inventor of spray paint | [
-0.30555248260498047,
-0.31803038716316223,
0.17955352365970612,
0.1760762482881546,
-0.056826818734407425,
0.684421718120575,
0.8340646624565125,
-0.22572918236255646,
-0.7079799175262451,
-0.3265594244003296,
-0.26426443457603455,
-0.1954209804534912,
-0.26529553532600403,
0.6219199299812317,
-0.302004873752594,
0.6310012340545654,
0.08800894021987915,
0.13086996972560883,
-0.009192314930260181,
-0.4239497482776642,
-0.06402613967657089,
-0.21334701776504517,
0.3416643738746643,
-0.09239941090345383,
-0.02707456238567829,
-0.2720089852809906,
0.7971965670585632,
-0.3075244426727295,
-0.2045021653175354,
-0.40125253796577454,
0.07672600448131561,
0.3185518682003021,
0.16759803891181946,
-0.22359104454517365,
-0.2223985493183136,
-0.5476112365722656,
-0.406588077545166,
-0.2769918441772461,
-0.37840405106544495,
-0.22828637063503265,
0.23668767511844635,
-0.20262263715267181,
0.3586152493953705,
0.1559446007013321,
-0.40529733896255493,
-0.736739456653595,
-1.0603843927383423,
0.0636659786105156,
0.047478996217250824,
-0.2505057156085968,
0.5783751010894775,
0.5229924917221069,
-0.011948185041546822,
0.2537912130355835,
0.2671145498752594,
-0.06187063455581665,
-0.6874598264694214,
0.08777465671300888,
0.49769920110702515,
0.18228305876255035,
0.38406437635421753,
0.5579532980918884,
0.19652919471263885,
0.26961779594421387,
-0.20514565706253052,
0.22252003848552704,
0.15328475832939148,
0.10521965473890305,
-0.46456870436668396,
0.1022874042391777,
-0.036227721720933914,
0.07860738039016724,
0.4123677909374237,
0.37477636337280273,
0.37756574153900146,
-0.013329644687473774,
0.15559212863445282,
0.175106480717659,
0.9434415102005005,
-0.05552142113447189,
0.24162557721138,
-0.5145487189292908,
0.7932407855987549,
0.3605656325817108,
0.016983605921268463,
0.6476346850395203,
0.36404404044151306,
0.22420339286327362,
-0.30513763427734375,
-0.2472498118877411,
-0.44278308749198914,
0.37602952122688293,
0.17187447845935822,
-0.1595390886068344,
-0.3815736472606659,
-0.3407038152217865,
0.23905006051063538,
-0.36039307713508606,
-0.0016233264468610287,
-0.22773459553718567,
-0.1268787533044815,
0.02965966984629631,
-0.09123363345861435,
0.17975938320159912,
-0.8963948488235474,
0.1588766872882843,
-0.3126380145549774,
0.21767163276672363,
-0.3147536516189575,
0.46273234486579895,
-0.401619553565979,
0.10941867530345917,
-0.2548083961009979,
0.18102814257144928,
-0.1567356139421463,
0.13409605622291565,
0.4252350330352783,
-0.8455561995506287,
-0.29301944375038147,
-0.025951044633984566,
-0.25396543741226196,
0.2462702989578247,
-0.35057204961776733,
0.5713717937469482,
0.033155493438243866,
-0.23967355489730835,
0.6586651802062988,
-0.05479590967297554,
0.3313004672527313,
0.4306800067424774,
0.3713708221912384,
0.8809117078781128,
-0.14460797607898712,
-0.6389569640159607,
0.17521095275878906,
-0.5985011458396912,
-0.12842035293579102,
0.48405921459198,
0.1386052370071411,
0.054433275014162064,
-0.6045663356781006,
-0.08217621594667435,
-0.4952138662338257,
0.31397107243537903,
0.26487335562705994,
0.035583965480327606,
-0.2977153956890106,
0.3996303081512451,
-0.39518266916275024,
0.03781844303011894,
-0.5076183676719666,
0.3647271692752838,
-0.12344260513782501,
-0.12485283613204956,
0.02326744981110096,
0.3004873991012573,
0.6206324696540833,
-0.17693594098091125,
0.6502445340156555,
0.5661311149597168,
-0.30694258213043213,
0.18705372512340546,
-0.0028699315153062344,
-0.5020545125007629,
0.8185287117958069,
0.2428373545408249,
-0.0872514620423317,
-0.14205972850322723,
-0.913153886795044,
0.14950235188007355,
-0.6013382077217102,
0.24967357516288757,
-0.2869899570941925,
-0.34751206636428833,
-0.08076658844947815,
0.5679939389228821,
0.9830846786499023,
0.05423848703503609,
0.5616315603256226,
-0.4435140788555145,
-0.4830741882324219,
-0.12184768170118332,
0.35403314232826233,
-0.6069054007530212,
-0.0018218820914626122,
0.316256046295166,
0.3549598753452301,
-0.2379954606294632,
0.05211770161986351,
-0.43062806129455566,
0.010095934383571148,
-0.19383986294269562,
0.023067597299814224,
-0.3945649266242981,
0.45961126685142517,
0.16127808392047882,
-0.445794939994812,
0.182047039270401,
0.4272144138813019,
0.7991083264350891,
0.318328857421875,
-0.14658509194850922,
0.13069826364517212,
0.16336163878440857,
-0.07158427685499191,
0.11258818209171295,
0.001978803426027298,
0.04865604639053345,
0.9596588611602783,
0.5480940341949463,
0.46517765522003174,
-0.14320725202560425,
0.0011654627742245793,
-0.2749941051006317,
-0.10304799675941467,
-0.5618269443511963,
0.050164707005023956,
-0.5174190998077393,
0.35782483220100403,
-0.6195817589759827,
0.16157227754592896,
0.04172562062740326,
0.13042953610420227,
0.7574769258499146,
-0.263577938079834,
0.672321081161499,
-0.3368511199951172,
0.09294746816158295,
-0.46875301003456116,
-0.5491900444030762,
-0.5713872909545898,
-0.09091254323720932,
-0.1247512474656105,
-0.4570735692977905,
0.21895965933799744,
-0.17248223721981049,
0.06691841781139374,
-0.2210703194141388,
-0.06285160034894943,
0.02647269144654274,
-0.27456972002983093,
0.6682839393615723,
-0.018584372475743294,
0.37436336278915405,
-0.32389771938323975,
0.3314453959465027,
-0.0823906734585762,
-0.2392047643661499,
-0.12388234585523605,
-0.36202603578567505,
0.37310296297073364,
-0.007150581106543541,
-0.07163597643375397,
0.046585239470005035,
0.3390350341796875,
-0.2955209016799927,
-0.010951760224997997,
0.066999651491642,
-0.7295205593109131,
0.7246352434158325,
-0.7216525077819824,
0.49296820163726807,
-0.2311399281024933,
0.18970134854316711,
0.35677099227905273,
0.16515307128429413,
-0.002509170211851597,
-0.4612623453140259,
0.41631102561950684,
0.11898745596408844,
0.7475447058677673,
-0.5468606352806091,
-0.7769505381584167,
-0.4748794734477997,
0.7805767059326172,
-0.019247332587838173,
-0.012086594477295876,
0.8068142533302307,
0.019918326288461685,
-0.6840570569038391,
-0.06038951128721237,
0.3178587853908539,
-0.29938551783561707,
-0.40938058495521545,
-0.5013033747673035,
-0.25584420561790466,
0.03644374758005142,
-0.36081191897392273,
0.025549527257680893,
0.07539348304271698,
0.15812377631664276,
-0.060153741389513016,
-0.2533409893512726,
-0.1862925887107849,
-0.1629471778869629,
0.761651873588562,
-0.5929514169692993,
-0.07772839814424515,
-0.24920302629470825,
-0.3837994337081909,
-0.4350598156452179,
0.05633045732975006,
-0.04218624159693718,
0.26369044184684753,
0.6894015073776245,
-0.048310961574316025,
-0.2011662870645523,
-0.2733490467071533,
-5.800309658050537,
-0.21136541664600372,
-0.05559675768017769,
0.22098998725414276,
0.46073272824287415,
-0.11822185665369034,
0.7167511582374573,
-0.4401458501815796,
-0.019514277577400208,
0.070780910551548,
1.104005217552185,
0.19116786122322083,
0.16459093987941742,
-0.09447615593671799,
0.342618852853775,
0.44768962264060974,
1.0921435356140137,
0.037853337824344635,
0.69133460521698,
0.07689405977725983,
-0.08002732694149017,
0.45308440923690796,
0.2939751446247101,
-0.08484962582588196,
0.6168404221534729,
0.09914275258779526,
-0.06686332076787949,
-0.5345560312271118,
-0.9737553596496582,
-0.5082207322120667,
-0.43372079730033875,
0.2147209197282791,
0.24099695682525635,
-0.3220290243625641,
-0.4563973546028137,
-0.21009518206119537,
-0.1515035629272461,
0.5255951881408691,
0.27951574325561523,
0.2886897325515747,
-0.3456372022628784,
0.11398261785507202,
-0.4460238814353943,
0.4613610506057739,
-0.2818632423877716,
-0.2705482244491577,
-0.8174685835838318,
0.5677244663238525,
-0.1558980792760849,
0.5404000878334045,
-0.17394588887691498,
0.29768016934394836,
0.6061747074127197,
-0.04669687896966934,
0.23969562351703644,
0.6399189233779907,
0.0351623110473156,
0.12173516303300858,
-0.5995287895202637,
0.2884922921657562,
0.1614827811717987,
-0.15359453856945038,
0.20637857913970947,
0.4106645882129669,
0.027248509228229523,
-0.48050665855407715,
-0.10378618538379669,
-0.01719951070845127,
0.20157849788665771,
0.2585449814796448,
-0.45735642313957214,
0.1181093156337738,
0.36292701959609985,
-1.0822663307189941,
0.4893300235271454,
-0.272483766078949,
-0.3614506125450134,
0.5824481248855591,
0.6895294785499573,
-0.45337507128715515,
-0.10101137310266495,
-0.04650013521313667,
-0.38908082246780396,
0.5679342150688171,
-0.18042902648448944,
-0.151055246591568,
-0.31147029995918274,
-0.19928878545761108,
-0.25004062056541443,
-0.5607889890670776,
-0.14294672012329102,
-0.5034287571907043,
-0.3138396441936493,
0.44135117530822754,
0.2209303379058838,
-0.10051051527261734,
0.1331906020641327,
0.3336890935897827,
0.22373393177986145,
-0.12445023655891418,
-0.4236047863960266,
-0.0821719616651535,
-0.565765917301178,
-0.6704869270324707,
0.22241224348545074,
-0.20950329303741455,
-0.24277600646018982,
0.22419363260269165,
0.2754461467266083,
-0.5485051274299622,
0.17709006369113922,
-0.4215487539768219,
-0.3431365191936493,
-0.8107773065567017,
0.17584097385406494,
-0.5048138499259949,
0.007295634131878614,
0.23338404297828674,
0.5581323504447937,
-0.30488166213035583,
-0.13492520153522491,
0.8367148637771606,
-0.12327984720468521,
0.005072758998721838,
-0.2268219292163849,
0.3167877197265625,
0.40746334195137024,
-0.25673967599868774,
-0.25481152534484863,
0.26629817485809326,
0.21947337687015533,
0.18106013536453247,
-0.16524642705917358,
0.07075485587120056,
-0.08631026744842529,
-0.13051550090312958,
0.06719128787517548,
-0.4899541437625885,
0.02970399707555771,
-0.47642838954925537,
-0.2915255129337311,
-0.3017146587371826,
-0.11786799877882004,
0.08294255286455154,
0.07618561387062073,
-0.18272164463996887,
0.409808486700058,
0.2930978238582611,
0.0046814726665616035,
0.910896360874176,
-0.16090789437294006,
-0.26550209522247314,
0.8613868951797485,
0.0970153659582138,
-0.6932260990142822,
-0.4621524512767792,
0.032203879207372665,
0.061037011444568634,
-0.4509514272212982,
-0.14865520596504211,
-0.23028217256069183,
-0.09045276790857315,
-0.5985539555549622,
0.2873166501522064,
0.6602866649627686,
-0.26832714676856995,
-0.7235009670257568,
-0.22199688851833344,
-0.3866937458515167,
0.23923443257808685,
-0.008242533542215824,
-0.42527538537979126,
-0.026682492345571518,
-0.05400210618972778,
0.44310712814331055,
0.05912996083498001,
0.08850797265768051,
0.40733879804611206,
0.03540597856044769,
0.0038084920961409807,
0.4654553532600403,
0.09715539962053299,
-0.6496301293373108,
0.15303292870521545,
0.49471515417099,
-0.25634050369262695,
-0.4735182523727417,
-0.5583666563034058,
0.023787226527929306,
0.10891641676425934,
-0.2411203682422638,
-0.23716259002685547,
0.37250515818595886,
0.24965402483940125,
-0.23943127691745758,
0.10777025669813156,
0.397595077753067,
0.55186927318573,
-0.011735478416085243,
-0.2965215742588043,
0.26009508967399597,
0.4795735776424408,
-0.27884384989738464,
-0.19078783690929413,
0.11700297147035599,
-0.6247965693473816,
-0.10236719995737076,
-0.31343987584114075,
-0.3622945249080658,
0.4707595407962799,
0.42284268140792847,
-0.8709806799888611,
-0.021423298865556717,
0.5243802070617676,
0.06539636850357056,
-0.27642762660980225,
-0.004547761287540197,
0.09098667651414871,
0.2533114552497864,
-0.7283087968826294,
0.23955805599689484,
-0.6126868724822998,
-0.400819331407547,
-0.2325398325920105,
-0.4962139427661896,
0.5453994274139404,
0.623364269733429,
-0.818330705165863,
0.7951127886772156,
-0.1294446587562561,
-0.29504451155662537,
0.1091676726937294,
-0.07596933841705322,
0.3945387601852417,
-0.33618494868278503,
0.0813499242067337,
0.41182899475097656,
-0.09686575084924698,
-0.11897706985473633,
0.21786057949066162,
0.769534707069397,
1.4487816095352173,
0.21574841439723969,
-0.5924078226089478,
0.013394582085311413,
-0.13368283212184906,
0.1419191211462021,
-0.6286433935165405,
-0.1441381275653839,
0.21159406006336212,
0.0031280352268368006,
-0.3855149745941162,
-0.02068275213241577,
0.028761787340044975,
0.8786664605140686,
-0.6427981853485107,
0.3051893413066864,
0.3291178047657013,
0.11717880517244339,
0.34992551803588867,
-0.363158643245697,
-0.0681399405002594,
-0.16778047382831573,
0.5289521217346191,
-0.1791209876537323,
-0.007633633445948362,
-0.16503651440143585,
0.23786094784736633,
-0.45587438344955444,
-0.11566296964883804,
-0.8341229557991028,
-0.16764286160469055,
-0.06353030353784561,
0.48868516087532043,
-0.16857130825519562,
0.07824506610631943,
-0.17770324647426605,
-0.5434631109237671,
0.6222296357154846,
0.01988823525607586,
-0.7135032415390015,
-0.06366977840662003,
0.36579033732414246,
-0.5670444965362549,
0.12367341667413712,
-0.3507121205329895,
0.010828183963894844,
0.17390015721321106,
0.036025505512952805,
-0.029842374846339226,
-0.14442633092403412,
-0.43269336223602295,
0.26431992650032043,
-0.1578090637922287,
0.04627927020192146,
0.5416496992111206,
-0.7846620082855225,
-0.34921857714653015,
0.26328715682029724,
0.13437040150165558,
-0.31143784523010254,
0.7508928179740906,
0.2977815568447113,
0.18804244697093964,
0.17161662876605988,
0.08948885649442673,
-0.04701628163456917,
-0.5881127715110779,
-0.25970491766929626,
-0.15504887700080872,
0.4886750280857086,
-0.1609041839838028,
0.16301898658275604,
-0.014288040809333324,
-0.370646595954895,
-0.36827072501182556,
0.552662193775177,
-0.21267209947109222,
-0.5800777673721313,
-0.3575901389122009,
-0.08635786175727844,
-0.19433411955833435,
0.2796785235404968,
-0.12732809782028198,
0.16444285213947296,
0.24558551609516144,
-0.5160034894943237,
-0.20232459902763367,
-0.15488338470458984,
0.34981614351272583,
0.4197126030921936,
-0.0626092478632927,
-1.0883733034133911,
0.7973496913909912,
-0.19080519676208496,
-0.008853408508002758,
-0.0011655559064820409,
-0.07506372034549713,
0.252621054649353,
0.6568519473075867,
0.3561677932739258,
0.18390564620494843,
-0.4707091152667999,
0.015034187585115433,
-0.21545816957950592,
0.7923927903175354,
-0.06293461471796036,
-0.12054812163114548,
0.14648932218551636,
-0.10625261068344116,
0.5392934679985046,
0.21948735415935516,
0.2550347149372101,
-0.5439214706420898,
-0.10819824039936066,
0.4119395911693573,
0.6012474298477173,
-0.10033916682004929,
-0.19853165745735168,
-0.7265855669975281,
0.028036579489707947,
-0.5164968967437744,
0.6061389446258545,
-0.1607493907213211,
0.05711491405963898,
-0.23217004537582397,
0.25276046991348267,
0.0035337412264198065,
0.4348077178001404,
-0.14294491708278656,
0.2672608494758606,
-0.1767144501209259,
0.0838078111410141,
-0.13694080710411072,
0.0031269220635294914,
0.3861162066459656,
0.49102693796157837,
-0.11060211062431335,
0.5448641777038574,
-0.37822794914245605,
-0.4200317859649658,
-0.4213826358318329,
0.542675256729126,
-0.4634801745414734,
0.05134136229753494,
0.30052417516708374,
-0.18980155885219574,
0.4805949628353119,
-0.9333274960517883,
-0.4956948161125183,
0.20359060168266296,
-0.5049175024032593,
0.1563599705696106,
0.18141290545463562,
-1.1641805171966553,
-0.01912025548517704,
-0.5537816882133484,
0.39811402559280396,
0.48345527052879333,
-0.5672516822814941,
0.043090153485536575,
0.6223346590995789,
-0.3250209391117096,
0.20675495266914368,
-0.06831872463226318,
0.7920936346054077,
-0.5124277472496033,
-0.4462406039237976,
-1.231221079826355,
0.6009616851806641,
0.3834648132324219,
-0.31224456429481506,
-0.1862514615058899,
0.4463590085506439,
-0.2437753677368164,
0.17182326316833496,
0.3803356885910034,
-0.09389156103134155,
-0.4886588156223297,
-0.2901463210582733,
0.16925612092018127,
-0.015811501070857048,
0.29807987809181213,
-0.44060778617858887,
-0.041774917393922806,
-0.6371628642082214,
0.5366291403770447,
0.15886573493480682,
-0.4339309632778168,
0.35992231965065,
0.06651294976472855,
0.1578376293182373,
-0.5378997325897217,
-0.14230170845985413,
0.08093041181564331,
0.2586296498775482,
1.0764840841293335,
1.3068537712097168,
-0.15669184923171997,
-0.11908048391342163,
-0.12107814848423004,
0.1787659078836441,
0.5593506693840027,
0.08847899734973907,
0.529345691204071,
-0.7455577850341797,
0.14779289066791534,
-0.4201923906803131,
-0.23255863785743713,
0.6046276092529297,
0.5083338618278503,
0.5503904223442078,
0.05867611989378929,
-0.6347303986549377,
0.6690549254417419,
-0.45868220925331116,
-0.4390169680118561,
-0.2808205187320709,
-0.1345875859260559,
0.25963783264160156
] |
233195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20compressor | Air compressor | An air compressor is a pneumatic device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure. When the tank's pressure reaches its engineered upper limit, the air compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use. The energy contained in the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank.
An air compressor must be differentiated from a pump because it works for any gas/air, while pumps work on a liquid.
Classification
Compressors can be classified according to the pressure delivered:
Low-pressure air compressors (LPACs), which have a discharge pressure of or less
Medium-pressure compressors which have a discharge pressure of
High-pressure air compressors (HPACs), which have a discharge pressure above
Positive displacement compressors
Positive-displacement compressors work by forcing air in a chamber whose volume is decreased to compress the air. Once the maximum pressure is reached, a port or valve opens and air is discharged into the outlet system from the compression chamber. Common types of positive displacement compressors are
Piston-type: air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air chamber through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They use one-way valves to guide air into and out of a chamber whose base consists of a moving piston. When the piston is on its down stroke, it draws air into the chamber. When it is on its up stroke, the charge of air is forced out and into a storage tank. Piston compressors generally fall into two basic categories, single-stage and two-stage. Single stage compressors usually fall into the fractional through 5 horsepower range. Two-stage compressors normally fall into the 5 through 30 horsepower range. Two-stage compressors provide greater efficiency than their single-stage counterparts. For this reason, these compressors are the most common units within the small business community. The capacities for both single-stage and two-stage compressors is generally provided in horsepower (HP), Standard Cubic feet per Minute (SCFM)* and Pounds per Square Inch (PSI). *To a lesser extent, some compressors are rated in Actual Cubic Feet per Minute (ACFM). Still others are rated in Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM). Using CFM to rate a compressor is incorrect because it represents a flow rate that is independent of a pressure reference. i.e. 20 CFM at 60 PSI.
Rotary screw compressors: use positive-displacement compression by matching two helical screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber, whose volume is decreased as the screws turn. Rotary screw compressors can be single-stage or two-stage
Vane compressors: use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide air into a chamber and compress the volume. This type of compressor delivers a fixed volume of air at high pressures.
Roto-dynamic or turbo compressors
Roto-Dynamic air compressors include centrifugal compressors and axial compressors. In these types, a rotating component imparts its kinetic energy to the air which is eventually converted into pressure energy. These use centrifugal force generated by a spinning impeller to accelerate and then decelerate captured air, which pressurizes it.
Cooling
Due to adiabatic heating, air compressors require some method of disposing of waste heat. Generally this is some form of air- or water-cooling, although some (particularly rotary type) compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in turn air- or water-cooled). The atmospheric changes are also considered during cooling of compressors. The type of cooling is determined by considering the factors such as inlet temperature, ambient temperature, power of the compressor and area of application. There is no single type of compressor that could be used for any application.
Applications
Air compressors have many uses, including: supplying high-pressure clean air to fill gas cylinders, supplying moderate-pressure clean air to a submerged surface supplied diver, supplying moderate-pressure clean air for driving some office and school building pneumatic HVAC control system valves, supplying a large amount of moderate-pressure air to power pneumatic tools, such as jackhammers, filling high pressure air tanks (HPA), for filling tires, and to produce large volumes of moderate-pressure air for large-scale industrial processes (such as oxidation for petroleum coking or cement plant bag house purge systems).
Air compressors are also widely used in oil and gas, mining and drilling applications as the flushing medium, aerating muds in underbalanced drilling and in air pigging of pipelines.
Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane or rotary screw. Centrifugal compressors are common in very large applications, while rotary screw, scroll, and reciprocating air compressors are favored for small and medium sized applications.
Driver options
Air compressors are designed to utilize a variety of power sources. While gas/diesel-powered and electric air compressors are among the most popular, air compressors that utilize vehicle engines, power-take-off, or hydraulic ports are also commonly used in mobile applications.
The power of a compressor is measured in HP (horsepower) and CFM (cubic feet per minute of intake air).
The gallon size of the tank specifies the volume of compressed air (in reserve) available. Gas/diesel powered compressors are widely used in remote areas with problematic access to electricity. They are noisy and require ventilation for exhaust gases. Electric powered compressors are widely used in production, workshops and garages with permanent access to electricity. Common workshop/garage compressors are 110-120 Volt or 230-240 Volt. Compressor tank shapes are: "pancake", "twin tank", "horizontal", and "vertical". Depending on a size and purpose compressors can be stationary or portable.
Maintenance
To ensure all compressor types run efficiently with no leaks, it is imperative to perform routine maintenance, such as monitoring and replacing air fuel management components and lubricant maintenance as well as draining water from the tank and replacing seals. Most air compressors can be operated by following the instructions from the included manual. It is suggested that air compressor owners perform daily inspections of their equipment, such as:
Checking for oil and air leaks
Checking the differential pressure in the compressed air filter
Determining whether or not the oil in the compressor should be changed
Verifying safe operating temperature
Draining condensation from air receiver tanks
Air compressor isentropic efficiency
According to CAGI air compressor performance verification data sheets, the higher the isentropic efficiency is, the better the energy saving is. The better air compressor isentropic efficiency has reached 95%.
Approximately 70~80% of the air compressor total life time cost is energy consumption, so using the high efficiency air compressor is one of energy saving methods.
See also
Free-piston engine
Gas compressor
Pneumatics
Gas cylinder
External links
CAGI Isentropic Efficiency
References
Gas compressors
Gases
Diving support equipment
Gas technologies
Industrial gases | [
0.337131142616272,
0.3283785283565521,
0.4423520267009735,
0.29758602380752563,
-0.16365447640419006,
0.0017591752111911774,
-0.12745554745197296,
-0.41618767380714417,
0.2069091498851776,
-0.5071685314178467,
-0.5060954093933105,
0.5387988686561584,
0.06708478182554245,
0.5482214689254761,
-0.2098374366760254,
0.11648330092430115,
0.25899016857147217,
0.6606504917144775,
0.19610710442066193,
-0.382666677236557,
-0.2628386914730072,
-0.18714821338653564,
0.6898686289787292,
0.2698988616466522,
-0.020334318280220032,
-0.41800978779792786,
-0.38806119561195374,
-0.09093102067708969,
-0.1144927591085434,
0.18932431936264038,
-0.057739052921533585,
0.6116663217544556,
0.05462152510881424,
-0.5680081844329834,
0.44331011176109314,
0.19350573420524597,
0.09516903758049011,
-0.03261438012123108,
-0.2564527690410614,
-0.706379234790802,
-0.35692355036735535,
0.1160103976726532,
0.5372574925422668,
0.18734146654605865,
-0.13942286372184753,
-0.013941732235252857,
-1.5140234231948853,
-0.2934880256652832,
-0.4694889485836029,
-0.12087691575288773,
-0.17990221083164215,
-0.08379995077848434,
0.7007376551628113,
0.6924675107002258,
0.17697587609291077,
0.6661842465400696,
-0.5095546841621399,
0.04984631761908531,
0.31598782539367676,
-0.22696419060230255,
0.17305240035057068,
-0.11881182342767715,
-0.4730086922645569,
0.20143528282642365,
0.788652241230011,
-0.5448423624038696,
0.020399879664182663,
-0.06299422681331635,
-0.39416438341140747,
-0.29680901765823364,
-0.2545336186885834,
-0.2907794117927551,
0.024701284244656563,
-0.003146026749163866,
-0.27398961782455444,
-0.16651082038879395,
0.1992519199848175,
-0.6178790330886841,
-0.05269870534539223,
0.4071757197380066,
0.26265835762023926,
0.4534743130207062,
0.2457837462425232,
0.27836376428604126,
-0.04352724924683571,
0.5139463543891907,
-0.43173620104789734,
0.6132431626319885,
-0.3232507109642029,
0.33035919070243835,
-0.09660711884498596,
-0.33287525177001953,
0.20861096680164337,
-0.1355176717042923,
-0.12549440562725067,
-0.27934589982032776,
0.4653926491737366,
0.30579662322998047,
-0.11796484142541885,
-0.08008401840925217,
-0.04735689237713814,
0.003914528526365757,
0.3664676547050476,
-0.19462797045707703,
0.1364654302597046,
-0.3976859748363495,
-0.3781483769416809,
-0.46801963448524475,
0.04060740768909454,
0.37696993350982666,
-0.23721995949745178,
-0.0070010824128985405,
0.06876964867115021,
-0.07597770541906357,
-0.4585507810115814,
-0.18642757833003998,
0.04036642238497734,
0.091359443962574,
0.27577707171440125,
0.07373736798763275,
0.8238510489463806,
0.6423494815826416,
-0.31186503171920776,
-0.27631282806396484,
-0.43440863490104675,
0.2511488199234009,
0.9283989667892456,
0.9326282143592834,
-0.3090068995952606,
-0.7245506644248962,
0.41476237773895264,
1.0010089874267578,
-0.15544039011001587,
0.30461445450782776,
-0.11906608939170837,
-0.05042169988155365,
0.3108798563480377,
0.16624335944652557,
0.37203463912010193,
0.07003619521856308,
-0.4012078642845154,
-0.4268054962158203,
-0.49756669998168945,
-0.34538912773132324,
-0.24311649799346924,
0.19482579827308655,
-0.15586362779140472,
-0.3794155418872833,
-0.46103575825691223,
-0.09523977339267731,
-0.2567822337150574,
0.605687141418457,
-0.4800852835178375,
0.3156537413597107,
-0.31568098068237305,
-0.2804505228996277,
0.22433772683143616,
-0.42569664120674133,
-0.05533434450626373,
-0.13289667665958405,
0.11212079226970673,
0.02455500327050686,
-0.40275466442108154,
0.21445433795452118,
-0.2183365821838379,
-0.46604597568511963,
0.5124267935752869,
0.3817494213581085,
-0.044908612966537476,
-0.06758162379264832,
-0.10176260024309158,
0.12884506583213806,
0.18338435888290405,
-0.30060628056526184,
0.25144046545028687,
-0.03840549662709236,
1.1659334897994995,
0.26426082849502563,
1.0795516967773438,
0.10686558485031128,
-0.8981595635414124,
0.7892840504646301,
0.3543764054775238,
-0.1978851705789566,
0.4682488739490509,
0.10108760744333267,
0.2738916873931885,
-0.0787070170044899,
0.5604049563407898,
-0.44480323791503906,
-0.09885725378990173,
-0.5921047925949097,
-0.28111565113067627,
-0.4938492476940155,
0.6775649189949036,
-0.09713584184646606,
-0.15518534183502197,
0.6079983711242676,
-0.2644403278827667,
0.1863018274307251,
0.3964994549751282,
0.4595712721347809,
0.38257887959480286,
-1.1187007427215576,
-0.49728459119796753,
0.18427938222885132,
0.655237078666687,
-0.17615476250648499,
-0.1570211946964264,
-0.02827213704586029,
0.652072548866272,
-0.20890529453754425,
0.6946176290512085,
-0.7493846416473389,
-0.020827369764447212,
0.20190055668354034,
-0.7977232933044434,
0.6118651628494263,
0.11188814789056778,
-0.1854444444179535,
0.8541123270988464,
0.1798810064792633,
-0.40425464510917664,
0.6571056842803955,
-0.23609185218811035,
0.5635040998458862,
0.3562389314174652,
-0.24892663955688477,
0.15974365174770355,
-0.34218236804008484,
0.41967102885246277,
-0.11156211048364639,
-0.5089008212089539,
-0.3664303719997406,
-0.2659222483634949,
0.3996024429798126,
0.07272695749998093,
-0.1238134428858757,
0.6205970048904419,
0.02146740071475506,
0.2347094714641571,
0.30824562907218933,
-0.21711325645446777,
0.2650454044342041,
0.23154252767562866,
-0.19361461699008942,
0.00869655329734087,
0.03937730938196182,
-0.0631532073020935,
-0.12611301243305206,
-0.31720149517059326,
0.09121174365282059,
0.45991572737693787,
-0.17916537821292877,
-0.13118039071559906,
-0.12583290040493011,
-0.5785312056541443,
0.14527276158332825,
0.10038910061120987,
0.1570986807346344,
-0.1216072365641594,
-0.2590612769126892,
0.11188521981239319,
-0.14728453755378723,
0.13038495182991028,
-0.5510339736938477,
-0.3493599593639374,
-0.2010456919670105,
-0.4098949730396271,
0.4594923257827759,
0.5721226930618286,
0.3270733952522278,
0.05046641826629639,
-0.3121522068977356,
-0.4638010859489441,
-0.6795529127120972,
0.1389870047569275,
0.689514696598053,
-0.6193395853042603,
-0.4236253798007965,
0.5401402711868286,
0.8387151956558228,
0.389139324426651,
-0.3789263367652893,
-0.3955861032009125,
0.04689004272222519,
-0.03841453045606613,
-0.11840418726205826,
-0.15573826432228088,
-0.2745353877544403,
-0.6450939178466797,
-0.47493425011634827,
-0.248525008559227,
0.42845502495765686,
0.11918430775403976,
0.4273381233215332,
0.06577251106500626,
0.3371703326702118,
0.2675503194332123,
-0.527458906173706,
-0.4394875466823578,
0.05582137405872345,
-0.5418691635131836,
-0.5149855017662048,
-0.4004834294319153,
-0.18350104987621307,
-0.1587902307510376,
-0.31792163848876953,
-5.804666519165039,
-0.234640970826149,
-0.3741496205329895,
-0.38317492604255676,
0.6287204623222351,
0.10503828525543213,
0.2659752368927002,
-0.17357172071933746,
-0.7245254516601562,
0.35540643334388733,
0.08115386962890625,
0.4196404814720154,
0.3720214366912842,
0.17832398414611816,
0.4248860478401184,
0.07721968740224838,
0.3509019613265991,
-0.04850717633962631,
0.2790267765522003,
-0.05070967972278595,
0.3036867678165436,
0.0033591727260500193,
-0.2675643265247345,
0.6083152890205383,
0.42562636733055115,
-0.8345577120780945,
-0.043098729103803635,
0.09532531350851059,
-0.6690805554389954,
0.04039568081498146,
-0.18556948006153107,
-0.12242256850004196,
-0.2109508216381073,
0.5365918278694153,
0.4737320840358734,
-0.01242071483284235,
0.4670720100402832,
0.07414363324642181,
0.5636380314826965,
-0.2135607898235321,
-0.2221141904592514,
0.2735798954963684,
0.0029462550301104784,
-0.3627321124076843,
-0.21053838729858398,
-0.5596785545349121,
0.21789953112602234,
0.07148992270231247,
-0.05328211188316345,
0.6089805960655212,
0.1861938238143921,
0.30915606021881104,
0.2715933918952942,
-0.17167900502681732,
0.43439480662345886,
0.14413894712924957,
0.2816266417503357,
0.23787526786327362,
-0.007461758330464363,
0.2561075985431671,
-0.16594460606575012,
-0.04311731457710266,
-0.2511729896068573,
-0.4251363277435303,
-0.4681476056575775,
0.16644224524497986,
-0.5047429800033569,
-0.7211024165153503,
0.5392792820930481,
0.20490208268165588,
-0.6248593330383301,
0.7089349031448364,
0.1511901617050171,
-0.8150149583816528,
0.42152640223503113,
-0.8266123533248901,
0.5227917432785034,
0.06337619572877884,
-0.1848321408033371,
0.07362287491559982,
-0.21971562504768372,
-0.18170249462127686,
-0.564635157585144,
-0.2129274606704712,
0.18905939161777496,
-0.05997966229915619,
-0.011965388432145119,
-0.1686386615037918,
0.26406246423721313,
0.15958139300346375,
0.8915905952453613,
0.024518048390746117,
0.13818804919719696,
-0.0940186008810997,
-0.002839344087988138,
-0.11137869954109192,
-0.17919588088989258,
0.27473193407058716,
0.6122647523880005,
-0.6742057800292969,
0.02062046341598034,
-0.0879790186882019,
-0.29132431745529175,
-0.3827570378780365,
0.32585248351097107,
-0.41600745916366577,
-0.1737878918647766,
-0.12080775946378708,
1.1461714506149292,
0.13002267479896545,
0.26351258158683777,
0.3215789496898651,
-0.1412409096956253,
-0.6658905744552612,
-0.07002372294664383,
-0.113487608730793,
-0.5119917392730713,
0.8172938823699951,
0.680589497089386,
-0.4891074001789093,
0.4654456675052643,
0.4171074628829956,
-0.7021726369857788,
-0.7380651831626892,
0.06590770930051804,
0.016625816002488136,
-0.08868813514709473,
0.6615453362464905,
-0.054724037647247314,
-0.1986914575099945,
0.60447758436203,
0.37237349152565,
0.273684561252594,
0.15444597601890564,
-0.29677119851112366,
-0.3340248763561249,
-0.3053087592124939,
0.1542268544435501,
-0.03464115038514137,
-0.11642257124185562,
0.297698050737381,
-0.21906603872776031,
-0.16845977306365967,
-0.7106463313102722,
0.8692549467086792,
0.8042474389076233,
-0.30151858925819397,
-0.15573330223560333,
0.3070041239261627,
0.23069487512111664,
0.27591997385025024,
-0.16477297246456146,
-0.16623252630233765,
-0.3125520646572113,
-0.07091713696718216,
0.0043381592258811,
0.23401661217212677,
0.09485142678022385,
0.02593344822525978,
-0.647672176361084,
0.619406521320343,
-0.16430187225341797,
-0.9881709814071655,
-0.37749409675598145,
-0.06470869481563568,
0.34898504614830017,
-0.6397106051445007,
-0.2995654046535492,
0.07494205236434937,
0.6840420365333557,
-0.00712692691013217,
-0.5538612604141235,
-0.9532527923583984,
-0.29162776470184326,
0.7240129113197327,
0.36398160457611084,
0.30303558707237244,
0.14676879346370697,
-0.2179238349199295,
-0.5120236873626709,
0.24483177065849304,
-0.4179871082305908,
-0.24288631975650787,
-0.12441829591989517,
-0.01238110288977623,
-0.30360227823257446,
-0.3789325952529907,
0.1625792533159256,
-0.5250371098518372,
-0.1420556902885437,
-0.2609083652496338,
-0.08329460024833679,
0.030877696350216866,
-0.2254316806793213,
0.21937231719493866,
-0.6102893352508545,
-0.3401089012622833,
0.5886909365653992,
-0.41504499316215515,
-0.5554931163787842,
-0.07206674665212631,
0.43949368596076965,
-0.77294921875,
0.09025559574365616,
-0.15919055044651031,
-0.37567564845085144,
-0.03691575676202774,
-0.12041273713111877,
0.23726382851600647,
0.5645500421524048,
0.07078546285629272,
-0.3143821656703949,
-0.29078322649002075,
0.4593334496021271,
-0.4657595455646515,
0.31003740429878235,
0.28030237555503845,
0.018417801707983017,
-0.02212011069059372,
-0.7827929258346558,
-0.035811614245176315,
-0.2104158103466034,
-0.1902366280555725,
0.2774561941623688,
-0.3292522132396698,
0.023039257153868675,
0.10853291302919388,
-0.3665119409561157,
0.3054690659046173,
-0.10309024900197983,
-0.4419523775577545,
0.16285811364650726,
-0.39574623107910156,
-0.26458609104156494,
0.525068998336792,
-0.2333662211894989,
-0.32119643688201904,
-0.1209074854850769,
-0.5820788741111755,
-0.25498446822166443,
0.6007638573646545,
1.2937238216400146,
-0.4359213411808014,
-0.006909782066941261,
-0.16320748627185822,
0.17719382047653198,
0.11324290931224823,
-0.6851961016654968,
-0.8765331506729126,
-0.0018483727471902966,
0.2927933931350708,
-0.4322347342967987,
-0.5718576908111572,
-0.2209957093000412,
0.41072678565979004,
-0.12699392437934875,
-0.2941659092903137,
0.040117572993040085,
0.1765638142824173,
0.6664832830429077,
0.1970030963420868,
-0.05966882035136223,
-0.2942485213279724,
-0.03375525772571564,
0.4775315523147583,
0.34052222967147827,
-0.7367724180221558,
-0.13094979524612427,
-0.1878313422203064,
-0.7329083681106567,
0.7886289954185486,
0.7043372392654419,
0.41868114471435547,
0.7096923589706421,
1.1459845304489136,
0.37402957677841187,
0.059392090886831284,
-0.3901853561401367,
0.093801349401474,
0.13307291269302368,
0.17417548596858978,
0.0029080009553581476,
0.10473702847957611,
-0.24130919575691223,
0.11810386180877686,
0.017306549474596977,
0.15349596738815308,
-0.027689766138792038,
-0.519679844379425,
-0.38546738028526306,
-0.0380900576710701,
0.13225078582763672,
-0.034452177584171295,
0.289352148771286,
-0.19785597920417786,
0.33908119797706604,
0.13730508089065552,
0.5718446373939514,
0.20584933459758759,
-0.2168235182762146,
-0.4805786907672882,
0.37983107566833496,
0.1119251400232315,
-0.9799572229385376,
0.6688191890716553,
0.12292730808258057,
0.12788841128349304,
-0.4093606770038605,
-0.155942901968956,
-0.329677015542984,
0.7098210453987122,
-0.07062291353940964,
-0.32887694239616394,
0.9137929677963257,
-0.06972703337669373,
0.014626138843595982,
0.47456124424934387,
-0.3063584566116333,
-0.13958925008773804,
0.14464856684207916,
0.1823035180568695,
-0.13072824478149414,
0.3328547179698944,
-0.49535033106803894,
-0.4327393174171448,
-0.06456673890352249,
-0.821986198425293,
-0.3233529031276703,
0.1661897450685501,
-0.05335516110062599,
1.1277203559875488,
0.40331190824508667,
-0.2940445840358734,
0.6187916398048401,
-0.10549904406070709,
-0.3380947709083557,
0.09864051640033722,
-0.36786869168281555,
-0.7524580359458923,
0.24786940217018127,
0.556867778301239,
0.2559782862663269,
0.39251065254211426,
0.4268450438976288,
0.015411732718348503,
0.6998832821846008,
0.18398380279541016,
0.7253152132034302,
-0.45174774527549744,
0.2734203338623047,
-0.3219940662384033,
-0.006122007966041565,
0.25247466564178467,
-0.46054786443710327,
-0.034092772752046585,
-0.2248333990573883,
1.0087127685546875,
-0.05737117677927017,
0.45424243807792664,
0.1647282987833023,
-0.022901102900505066,
0.3299776613712311,
0.5881849527359009,
-0.3632095754146576,
0.1677129864692688,
-0.2448273003101349,
0.01205442100763321,
-0.7175390720367432,
-0.12648548185825348,
-0.11300171166658401,
-0.17483028769493103,
0.4289253354072571,
-0.4484570622444153,
0.3641728162765503,
0.2542794346809387,
0.030053840950131416,
0.19718870520591736,
0.4164077639579773,
-0.0656048059463501,
-0.12380412220954895,
0.09062813967466354,
0.1645699292421341,
-0.4390992224216461,
-0.2998841106891632,
-0.33820974826812744,
0.10117319971323013,
-0.09670019894838333,
0.04961784556508064,
0.7369704842567444,
-0.09881138056516647,
-0.030169222503900528,
-0.525407612323761,
-0.15863177180290222,
-0.5988287925720215,
0.05895549803972244,
-0.15418384969234467,
0.07951813191175461,
0.18718816339969635,
-0.10505485534667969,
0.13752074539661407,
0.09916960448026657,
0.638971745967865,
-0.1882149577140808,
0.15786226093769073,
-0.15077051520347595,
-0.03993996977806091,
0.033903613686561584,
0.31191426515579224,
-0.337235689163208,
0.6057772636413574,
0.24503517150878906,
-0.5295928120613098,
-0.15436387062072754,
-0.16374675929546356,
0.09661202132701874,
-0.09565431624650955,
0.43658018112182617,
-0.24877460300922394,
0.5284361243247986,
-0.8571620583534241,
-0.20615071058273315,
0.12068655341863632,
0.5316578149795532,
-0.5426115393638611,
0.17999957501888275,
0.03404269367456436,
0.38410481810569763,
-0.016941770911216736,
-0.41767066717147827,
0.31871673464775085,
-0.7352620363235474,
0.5829929709434509,
-1.1983425617218018,
0.47212618589401245,
-0.5527170896530151,
-0.23394683003425598,
0.058958545327186584,
0.3825434446334839,
0.17220157384872437,
-0.13437917828559875,
0.15843887627124786,
-0.26495617628097534,
-0.049543920904397964,
0.016460618004202843,
-0.22571156919002533,
-0.29015058279037476,
-0.07642917335033417,
-0.3308895528316498,
-0.3926151394844055,
0.696107029914856,
0.12263067811727524,
-0.5925870537757874,
-0.12694571912288666,
-0.04875555634498596,
-0.2156984955072403,
0.36191317439079285,
0.034438371658325195,
-0.6297606825828552,
-0.4507545828819275,
0.24835266172885895
] |
233197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Trenton%20%28LPD-14%29 | USS Trenton (LPD-14) | USS Trenton (LPD-14), an Austin-class amphibious transport dock, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the capital of New Jersey. In 2007, it was sold to the Indian Navy and renamed INS Jalashwa (L41).
History
Building process
Her keel was laid down at Seattle, Washington, on 8 August 1966 by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company. She was launched on 3 August 1968 sponsored by Mrs. Richard J. Hughes, and commissioned on 6 March 1971 with Captain Karl R. Thiele in command.
Initial operations
Trenton got under way on 9 April for the East Coast and reached her home port, Norfolk, Virginia, on 12 May. The amphibious transport dock remained in port until 1 June when she departed Hampton Roads for shakedown training out of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba. However, on 28 June, her shakedown cruise was interrupted when a steam valve in her number two engine room ruptured, killing four sailors instantly and severely injuring six others. The injured men were evacuated first to Guantánamo Bay and thence to the burn ward of the Army Hospital at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. There, two of the six subsequently died as a result of their injuries.
Trenton returned to Guantánamo Bay for interim repairs and then made her way back to Norfolk on one engine, arriving on 6 July. After repairs at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, she completed shakedown training off the Virginia Capes and in the Guantánamo Bay operating area. On 9 November, the ship returned to Norfolk and remained there through the end of 1971.
1972–1973
On 17 January 1972, Trenton rounded Cape Charles and headed north to participate in Exercise "Snowy Beach." She arrived off Reid State Park, Maine, three days later and participated in the cold weather amphibious exercise until 23 January when she headed home. On 4 February, she stood out of Hampton Roads bound for the Gulf of Mexico in company with Ponce (LPD-15). The two ships reached New Orleans, Louisiana, on 9 February and, for the next six days, served as "hotel" ships for ROTC and military participants in Mardi Gras.
Trenton returned to Norfolk on 20 February and resumed her East Coast-West Indies routine. Following amphibious training at Onslow Beach, North Carolina, and sea trials near Norfolk, she visited the Caribbean Sea in April with other units of Amphibious Squadron (PhibRon) 4. She then devoted the rest of the early summer to exercises and training at Onslow Beach and at Norfolk before preparing for her first Mediterranean deployment.
The ship departed Norfolk on 28 July, embarked Marines at Morehead City, North Carolina, on 29 July, and headed across the Atlantic on 30 July. She reached Rota, Spain, on 10 August and, with the other units of PhibRon 4, was incorporated into the Sixth Fleet as Task Force (TF) 61. She spent the remainder of the year and most of the first month of 1973 in the Mediterranean Sea. During that six-month period, Trenton participated in six amphibious landing exercises (Phiblexes), most of which were conducted in cooperation with the military services of foreign nations. In September, she conducted a landing exercise at Timbakion, Crete, with units of the Italian Navy. Greek and Italian ships joined her later that month for Phiblex 3–73 conducted at Alexandroupolis, Greece. In mid-October, troops of the French Foreign Legion provided the opposition for a landing exercise at Corsica. Trenton visited Izmir, Turkey, in mid-September and, in mid-December, concluded her exercise schedule at Porto Scuda, Sardinia, with Phiblex 6–73. On 16 January 1973, she headed home; and, ten days later, she entered the Naval Amphibious Base at Little Creek, Virginia.
On 1 March, Trenton shifted to the administrative command of PhibRon 10. On the 27th, she embarked Marines at Morehead City and headed for Onslow Beach, where she participated in Exercise "Exotic Dancer VI." On 7 April, the warship headed south to Vieques Island, near Puerto Rico. From 10 to 14 April, Trenton joined other Navy ships in Exercise "Escort Tiger XIV," which consisted of training for disaster assistance to the island countries of the Caribbean. During this Caribbean cruise, she visited Maracaibo, Venezuela, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands before embarking the Marines at Vieques on 3 May. After a port visit at Ponce, Puerto Rico, Trenton carried her Marines to Guantánamo Bay for a four-day exercise. On 14 May, she departed the Caribbean and, after disembarking the Marines on 17 May, reached Norfolk on 18 May.
On 11 June, Trenton steamed out of Hampton Roads for northern Europe. She reached Kiel, Germany, on 22 June, and, for the next week, participated in the annual "Kiel Week" naval celebration. Early in July, she visited Portsmouth, England, and, at mid-month, put into Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The amphibious transport dock bade farewell to Europe at Rotterdam on 21 July and headed back to the United States.
Trenton spent the remainder of the summer conducting drills in the Virginia Capes Operating Area and in preparation for her second Caribbean deployment of the year. On 1 October, she shifted from PhibRon 10 to PhibRon 8. On the last day of that month, she embarked Marines at Morehead City and headed south. For the remainder of the year, she cruised the Caribbean, visiting ports in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and in the Netherlands Antilles as well as conducting amphibious exercises at Vieques Island. The amphibious transport dock returned to Norfolk on 14 December.
1974–1975
During the first four months of 1974, Trenton conducted operations out of Little Creek and Norfolk and prepared for duty in the Mediterranean. On 10 May, she embarked Marines at Morehead City and put to sea. Ten days later, she reached Rota, Spain, and joined the Sixth Fleet. For the next six months' she cruised the Mediterranean, visiting ports and conducting exercises. In July, Trenton participated in the evacuation of 286 refugees from strife-torn Cyprus to Beirut, Lebanon. While with the Sixth Fleet, she participated in four amphibious exercises. One Operation – "Good Friendship/Double Effect" – included ships of the Turkish Navy. On 20 October, she steamed out of Rota to return to the United States. She arrived in Norfolk on 31 October and operated in the western Atlantic through the end of 1974.
On 7 March 1975, she embarked Marines at Morehead City and headed south. After an amphibious assault exercise at Onslow Beach from 8 to 10 March, she continued south to the Caribbean. During the two-month cruise, Trenton participated in four exercises, two of which – "LantReadEx 2–76" and "Rum Punch" – were held in cooperation with units of the Royal Navy and the Dutch Navy. She returned to Norfolk on 28 April. In May, she hosted a class from the Naval War College, conducted a midshipman training cruise for the United States Naval Academy, and returned to Onslow Beach for joint service Exercise "Solid Shield." During the early summer, Trenton prepared for overhaul. On 14 August, she headed north to New York, moored at the Coastal Drydock and Repair Company on the following day, and commenced a nine-month overhaul.
1976–1980
On 12 May 1976, Trenton completed her overhaul and, following loadout at Little Creek, Virginia, she deployed to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba on 6 July for refresher training. Returning to Norfolk on 17 August, the ship's next three months was spent in preparation for a forthcoming Mediterranean deployment. On 15 November, Trenton, with embarked elements of Marine Battalion Landing Team 1/6, formed Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group 3–76 and operated with the Sixth Fleet. On 17 January 1977, in Barcelona, Spain, a landing craft being used as a liberty boat by USS Trenton and USS Guam, was run over by a freighter. The Mike8 boat capsized and came to rest against the fleet landing pier. Crewmembers from both vessels were on hand to assist with rescue operations. There were over one hundred sailors and marines on board the landing craft. 49 sailors and marines were killed. A memorial is erected at the landing pier in memory. She returned to Norfolk on 12 May 1977.
Following post-deployment stand down which ended on 30 June, Trenton spent the remainder of 1977 conducting midshipman training cruises, engaging in amphibious exercises, and participating in Comptuex 3–77, which involved units of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic.
The year 1978 found Trenton embarking elements of Battalion Landing Team 1/2 and deploying to the Caribbean from 30 January to 7 March to participate in Atlantic Fleet Readiness Exercise 1–78. The succeeding four months were spent in preparations for a return to the Mediterranean. The ship, with embarked elements of Marine Battalion Landing Team 2/8, departed Morehead City on 27 July, as part of Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group 2–78. The remainder of 1978 was spent with the Sixth Fleet in that sea.
In September 1980, Trenton served as the Advance Force flagship for the three-week NATO Exercise Teamwork – 80, in the fiords of Norway. Trenton embarked the flag staff of Commander Service Force Atlantic, including two female officers – the first time that female officers were embarked on Navy ships for long-term major exercises. As the Advance Force flagship, Trenton inserted SEALs and Marine Recon units as the first phase of the exercise, before landing other Marine units. After the exercise, the ship made port visits to Malmo, Sweden; Bremen, Germany; and Portsmouth, England before returning to Norfolk.
1981–1996
In January 1981, Trenton departed Norfolk for a six-month deployment with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean as part of the Marine Amphibious Ready Group (MARG 1-81)and Battalion Landing Team 2/8 Commanded by then Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Zinni (laterGeneral) and XO Major Raymond Smith (later Major General). The ship with its embarked Marines conducted amphibious landings and exercises with Spain, Italy and Greece. During operations in Spain, the Marines lost a Cobra helicopter with the pilot and 2/8 Battalion Aid Station Surgeon killed. Plans to transit the Suez Canal and operate in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean were cancelled in order to remain south of Crete for possible Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) in Lebanon. The ship remained at sea more than 70 days, allowing the ship to splice the mainbrace and serve two cans of beer to each crewmember. Port visits were made in Malaga, Spain; Naples, Italy; Bari, Italy; and Alexandria, Egypt. On 27 April 1981, during the five-day port visit to Alexandria, Trenton and USS Jack (SSN-605) were slightly damaged when the Jack, surged against Trenton in heavy sea swells. In June, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Hayward, visited the ship. Trenton returned to Norfolk in July 1981.
On 17 October 1983 the Trenton departed Norfolk for the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhere east of Bermuda, she was diverted to Grenada to take part in Operation Urgent Fury. Trenton transited to the Eastern Mediterranean in November and took station off the coast of Beirut. While there she lost the hydraulic operating system for the port sterngate, as a result of operating in high sea conditions, and had to retire to Larnaca Bay, Cyprus to raise it lest it be lost to heavy seas. Further repairs were made at Haifa, Israel during December and until 3 January 1984.
In April 1988, the Trenton participated in Operation Praying Mantis, a one-day naval battle between the United States and Iran, one helicopter Cobra is lost. the ship and its crew were awarded the Combat Action Ribbon, the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation, and the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for various operations.
In August 1990, the Trenton was ordered to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Her crew received a Navy Unit Commendation, the Southwest Asia Service Medal with 2 bronze stars for both Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm, the Kuwait Liberation Medal by the Kuwaiti government and the Kuwait Liberation Medal by the Saudi Arabian government.
On 26 December 1990, Navy Seals, Marine Recon, and Marine MP's from the Trenton boarded the Libyan ship IBN Kahldoon to search for prohibited cargo. 10,000 pounds of rice was found and confiscated. It was determined that the Libyan vessel was in violation of the supply embargo placed on Iraq.
On 2 January 1991, the Trenton along with the USS Guam were dispatched from anchorage off Oman to be prepared for Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) from Mogadishu, Somalia's capital, which had been suddenly enveloped by violence when rebels entered the city and the central government collapsed. On 5–6 January, 281 US and foreign nationals were airlifted from the US embassy, including all of the embassy's staff along with diplomats from several nations (notably, the Soviet ambassador to Somalia and 38 Soviet diplomats). The vessels returned to Oman and the evacuees disembarked on 11 January, ending Operation Eastern Exit. The ship and crew were awarded the Navy Unit Commendation as part of PHIBRON 6.
In April 1996, President Clinton ordered the ship to steam towards the coast of Liberia to assist in the evacuation of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals. This operation became known as Operation Assured Response. Her crew received the Joint Meritorious Unit Award.
End of United States Navy career
In July 2006, the U.S. tasked the vessel with evacuating citizens from Lebanon. The ship took some 3,500 Americans in two trips one to Cyprus and the other to Turkey. During the deployment, the ship's crew also conducted maritime security operations off the Somali Peninsula in Africa.
USS Trenton (LPD-14) and its nearly 400 sailors made their final homecoming 21 September 2006 before the ship's decommissioning and transfer to the Indian Navy on 17 January 2007.
On 16 February 2007, Trenton was awarded the 2006 Battle "E" award.
Sale to the Indian Navy
In 2006, the Indian government purchased Trenton for US$48.44 million (Rs 2.18 billion). The ship was turned over to the Indian Navy on 17 January 2007. The Indian Navy renamed the ship as the INS Jalashwa (Sanskrit for Hippopotamus). It remained at Norfolk Naval Base for refitting until May 2007. Six UH-3 Sea King maritime utility transport helicopters will be operated from the ship. The ship is based at Visakhapatnam under the Eastern Naval Command.
References
Navsource.org: USS Trenton
This article also includes text from Military.com
External links
LPD-14 Crew List and Info at NavySite.de
Austin-class amphibious transport docks
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
United States Navy New Jersey-related ships
Ships built by Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company
1968 ships
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Indian Navy | [
-0.5543271899223328,
-0.07144784927368164,
-0.3958781361579895,
0.27068790793418884,
-0.23186154663562775,
0.7586668133735657,
0.3398967385292053,
0.21534505486488342,
-0.47134238481521606,
-0.07787615060806274,
0.04683074355125427,
0.47874245047569275,
-0.1723012626171112,
-0.11707950383424759,
0.11589252203702927,
0.18018902838230133,
0.1700230836868286,
0.4462974965572357,
0.14025744795799255,
-0.5220290422439575,
-0.15594856441020966,
-0.13768063485622406,
0.17364931106567383,
0.30614474415779114,
0.08066867291927338,
0.2419804483652115,
0.34262654185295105,
0.07100430876016617,
0.19645540416240692,
0.09806863218545914,
0.18132326006889343,
0.6866818070411682,
0.18128469586372375,
0.023007972165942192,
-0.012464354746043682,
0.02264944091439247,
-0.3635414242744446,
-0.6468834280967712,
0.008614464662969112,
-0.046346515417099,
-0.8193622827529907,
-0.1358252614736557,
0.18883806467056274,
0.4337536096572876,
-0.012699521146714687,
0.8575847148895264,
-1.4529060125350952,
0.3543105125427246,
0.03166370093822479,
-0.02495400607585907,
-0.7962300777435303,
-0.12773266434669495,
0.01848108135163784,
0.8090927004814148,
0.46549469232559204,
0.03291398286819458,
-1.1818209886550903,
0.2270195633172989,
-0.17495957016944885,
-0.6454510688781738,
0.2808842062950134,
0.4138564169406891,
0.8005525469779968,
0.36038902401924133,
0.3675975203514099,
0.10424686968326569,
-0.3794895112514496,
0.7232148051261902,
-0.5385646224021912,
-0.15681713819503784,
0.17699773609638214,
-0.18959009647369385,
0.1454329639673233,
0.46207350492477417,
-0.279850572347641,
-0.026832781732082367,
-0.31556254625320435,
-0.5661870241165161,
-0.07692763209342957,
0.5818132162094116,
0.2537459135055542,
0.25365346670150757,
1.1025404930114746,
0.20635829865932465,
0.2982986569404602,
0.36695894598960876,
-1.1597827672958374,
-0.1399945616722107,
-0.48113563656806946,
0.4327182471752167,
-1.2328603267669678,
0.10621574521064758,
0.11443258821964264,
0.8013074398040771,
-0.046223968267440796,
0.3106437027454376,
-0.403894305229187,
-0.07027601450681686,
0.5185643434524536,
0.7262541651725769,
0.5736822485923767,
0.3968879282474518,
0.6172061562538147,
0.23229989409446716,
-0.8325247168540955,
-0.3641120493412018,
-0.18324650824069977,
-0.13471627235412598,
-0.21713344752788544,
-0.23058249056339264,
-0.1643487811088562,
0.12655143439769745,
-0.3316965401172638,
0.08655822277069092,
-0.06684764474630356,
0.5547027587890625,
0.24930931627750397,
-0.595210075378418,
-0.3797195553779602,
-0.4614488482475281,
0.20350193977355957,
0.7604618668556213,
-0.3662816882133484,
-0.13116471469402313,
0.10707174986600876,
-0.0004802789189852774,
0.21880458295345306,
0.4065028429031372,
-0.628129780292511,
0.36197665333747864,
0.16125503182411194,
0.5609382390975952,
-0.433113157749176,
-0.005410731304436922,
-0.4799235761165619,
-0.8360776901245117,
-0.10519304871559143,
0.5728124380111694,
0.40521302819252014,
0.9064350724220276,
-1.1362465620040894,
0.0023588850162923336,
-0.5645729303359985,
-0.781613290309906,
0.5390203595161438,
-0.37051892280578613,
0.16705036163330078,
0.33805206418037415,
0.2687426507472992,
-0.03355506435036659,
0.2001497447490692,
-0.6683409214019775,
-0.026788514107465744,
0.025918936356902122,
-0.6444252729415894,
0.10503529757261276,
0.2593511939048767,
-0.40439167618751526,
0.6131690740585327,
0.5634802579879761,
-0.3532966375350952,
0.2767060697078705,
0.10195436328649521,
0.44226861000061035,
0.0590132474899292,
0.08724560588598251,
0.7632511854171753,
-0.406444787979126,
0.2464025616645813,
-0.36880767345428467,
-0.3584856688976288,
-0.49912554025650024,
0.3288121521472931,
0.24418985843658447,
-0.009761345572769642,
-0.04758502542972565,
0.6657856702804565,
-0.17725098133087158,
0.09806960821151733,
-0.3741912841796875,
-0.5128334760665894,
0.3381004333496094,
0.6066361665725708,
-0.03336387872695923,
0.2524324357509613,
-0.255516916513443,
0.08634579926729202,
-0.3197295665740967,
-0.09951082617044449,
0.32610848546028137,
-0.05158587917685509,
-0.3704867362976074,
0.15781082212924957,
0.3985826373100281,
1.226194143295288,
0.26985955238342285,
-0.3292386531829834,
-0.3076053559780121,
-0.1373336762189865,
0.2904658019542694,
0.6190356612205505,
-0.5599677562713623,
0.6555352210998535,
0.2921410799026489,
-0.46736612915992737,
0.5562089085578918,
0.17706997692584991,
0.5154368281364441,
0.12232715636491776,
0.6482998132705688,
0.048346664756536484,
-0.9638444185256958,
0.41249457001686096,
0.5808980464935303,
0.004580422304570675,
-0.5979745388031006,
0.057761430740356445,
-0.7269901633262634,
0.0419030599296093,
-0.45799851417541504,
0.6987684965133667,
0.4598386287689209,
-0.0308412853628397,
-0.022192999720573425,
-0.1593232899904251,
0.11994972079992294,
-0.4924965500831604,
0.6990822553634644,
-0.08867988735437393,
0.07605204731225967,
0.37906548380851746,
0.47859689593315125,
-0.6136232018470764,
-0.8884512782096863,
0.6931210160255432,
-0.12513355910778046,
-0.12868686020374298,
-0.458109587430954,
0.5493706464767456,
-0.0739683285355568,
-0.19129453599452972,
0.06374158710241318,
-0.9762871265411377,
-0.010324731469154358,
0.3348149359226227,
-0.5961705446243286,
0.47716423869132996,
0.006570062134414911,
0.5728618502616882,
-0.7428406476974487,
0.7103741765022278,
0.231744185090065,
0.2209075391292572,
-0.5319975018501282,
-0.07854973524808884,
-0.06947850435972214,
0.03516077250242233,
0.3351159989833832,
0.35126978158950806,
-0.10087678581476212,
0.023866800591349602,
0.1550711691379547,
0.027236375957727432,
0.07793576270341873,
0.18360355496406555,
-0.2433961182832718,
-0.39597243070602417,
0.09893056750297546,
0.3186558485031128,
-0.2688314616680145,
0.3309447467327118,
0.0271415077149868,
0.2708819806575775,
-1.1703011989593506,
-0.15497012436389923,
0.436387300491333,
-0.5810166597366333,
0.5869210958480835,
-0.6296151280403137,
-0.31814244389533997,
0.7186864614486694,
0.6794041395187378,
-0.3866426348686218,
-0.6472578048706055,
-0.1718745231628418,
-0.404511958360672,
-0.03316178917884827,
-0.4651027023792267,
-0.5505492687225342,
-0.5822312235832214,
0.1981707215309143,
-0.7196502685546875,
-0.07555315643548965,
0.7065436840057373,
0.3069036900997162,
0.3608429729938507,
-0.019747355952858925,
-0.05488070100545883,
-0.18536227941513062,
-0.08186806738376617,
-0.11085671931505203,
0.5272881388664246,
-0.08277871459722519,
0.11177795380353928,
0.16667404770851135,
-0.19502365589141846,
-0.39355820417404175,
0.36848875880241394,
-5.346815586090088,
0.6172174215316772,
-0.15404342114925385,
0.06757929176092148,
0.382240891456604,
0.27430784702301025,
0.17811991274356842,
-0.1436648666858673,
0.3809193968772888,
-0.32759007811546326,
0.15034475922584534,
0.2880386710166931,
-0.2919907867908478,
0.19009196758270264,
0.20494379103183746,
0.482100248336792,
0.9967799782752991,
-0.45090803503990173,
0.5181931853294373,
-0.25406864285469055,
-0.32432571053504944,
-0.21998445689678192,
-0.05695021525025368,
0.14838296175003052,
0.11438791453838348,
-0.017401503399014473,
-0.6862377524375916,
0.12425194680690765,
-0.9459608197212219,
0.31174859404563904,
-0.07730589061975479,
-0.3572154641151428,
-0.24308937788009644,
-0.26424503326416016,
-0.1676790416240692,
-0.4899672865867615,
0.536722719669342,
-0.05734642595052719,
-0.2100965678691864,
-1.0193932056427002,
-0.6657737493515015,
0.0591881237924099,
-0.12127026170492172,
0.39823630452156067,
0.38298556208610535,
0.01772831566631794,
-0.26290011405944824,
-0.281080037355423,
0.22891128063201904,
1.2505675554275513,
0.31479036808013916,
0.10919857770204544,
0.9236665964126587,
0.2134934663772583,
0.6208406090736389,
-0.24242495000362396,
-0.05902428552508354,
-0.0623340867459774,
-0.7025249004364014,
0.11520838737487793,
-0.10727559030056,
-0.25276654958724976,
-0.12135950475931168,
-0.5857146382331848,
0.22832950949668884,
-0.44619154930114746,
-0.21904349327087402,
-0.07510866969823837,
0.6311128735542297,
-0.08526435494422913,
-0.21102240681648254,
1.4203773736953735,
-0.3310019075870514,
-1.001489281654358,
0.09951497614383698,
-0.26950782537460327,
-0.6960657238960266,
-0.04154275357723236,
-0.2762433886528015,
0.06156446039676666,
-0.014637944288551807,
0.2629489600658417,
-0.23765316605567932,
0.8695896863937378,
0.37919169664382935,
-0.25975221395492554,
-0.5571912527084351,
0.6152141690254211,
0.11666522920131683,
-0.0819520503282547,
0.4476425349712372,
-0.032250866293907166,
0.7942559719085693,
0.06321259588003159,
-0.18118394911289215,
-0.2146049439907074,
-0.01739863120019436,
0.35995566844940186,
0.1042083278298378,
-0.6135547161102295,
0.5859745144844055,
-0.31215474009513855,
0.09801831841468811,
0.09469795972108841,
-0.19088131189346313,
-0.4922071695327759,
-0.7522789835929871,
0.2976149916648865,
0.18563354015350342,
-0.1247778907418251,
-0.3811797499656677,
-0.33055952191352844,
0.22048084437847137,
-1.1472166776657104,
1.0840303897857666,
0.3063524067401886,
0.41053611040115356,
0.7052182555198669,
1.1154000759124756,
0.17613346874713898,
0.08038677275180817,
0.7386888265609741,
-0.25729984045028687,
-0.4599793255329132,
-0.04326632618904114,
-0.6351743936538696,
0.12473629415035248,
-0.2550908029079437,
-0.43260055780410767,
0.054489605128765106,
0.102250836789608,
0.4651679992675781,
-0.008443563245236874,
0.49805453419685364,
-0.22061903774738312,
-0.6719158291816711,
-0.3403913080692291,
-0.38320547342300415,
0.1790979951620102,
0.2013806849718094,
-0.1831618994474411,
0.23881585896015167,
-0.32880455255508423,
-0.029102176427841187,
0.9496236443519592,
0.5290992259979248,
0.18884478509426117,
0.23098474740982056,
-0.5190240740776062,
0.4842343330383301,
-0.03428846225142479,
-1.0555989742279053,
-0.21683315932750702,
-0.520135223865509,
-0.0547330416738987,
0.44062745571136475,
0.4190441370010376,
0.0011136233806610107,
-0.11722944676876068,
0.08291210234165192,
0.10956632345914841,
0.48626136779785156,
-0.30954962968826294,
-0.6573143005371094,
0.3271443247795105,
-0.13592283427715302,
0.10410293191671371,
-0.7532857656478882,
-0.42997151613235474,
0.34989383816719055,
-0.11268698424100876,
-0.6835006475448608,
-0.8163970112800598,
-0.012551824562251568,
0.40965691208839417,
0.1363566666841507,
-0.5108069181442261,
-0.29200127720832825,
0.19171684980392456,
0.37240031361579895,
-0.00710701197385788,
-0.4749296307563782,
-0.3690240681171417,
0.5845299959182739,
0.4105522036552429,
-0.23108462989330292,
-0.5854940414428711,
-0.009321236982941628,
-0.38079604506492615,
0.025701776146888733,
0.16006290912628174,
-0.9082915186882019,
0.34702709317207336,
0.36074861884117126,
-0.9985280632972717,
0.27547287940979004,
0.4430727958679199,
-0.2661828398704529,
0.16290514171123505,
-0.7652493715286255,
-0.09832234680652618,
0.6622004508972168,
-0.9812842607498169,
0.4671633839607239,
0.06986351311206818,
-0.289119690656662,
0.2886240482330322,
-0.12712596356868744,
-0.38163402676582336,
0.24878962337970734,
0.15064388513565063,
-0.9685466289520264,
0.3993118107318878,
0.4582914412021637,
-0.32921919226646423,
-0.15680335462093353,
-0.3044678568840027,
-0.2233211249113083,
-0.5365535020828247,
-0.651829183101654,
-0.711026668548584,
-0.19826343655586243,
0.23214861750602722,
-0.8794320821762085,
-0.30315256118774414,
0.49352437257766724,
-0.09825947135686874,
-0.49729257822036743,
0.6291027665138245,
-0.26852333545684814,
-0.4987955689430237,
-0.10501004755496979,
-0.08783751726150513,
0.08358199894428253,
0.4619744122028351,
-0.35322824120521545,
0.03377310186624527,
0.055324286222457886,
0.1240897849202156,
0.6012358069419861,
0.72674560546875,
0.6654719114303589,
0.23036304116249084,
-0.539878785610199,
-0.28786832094192505,
0.05659954249858856,
0.20494313538074493,
-0.3391960561275482,
-0.4361458420753479,
0.274907648563385,
0.15854360163211823,
-0.6626661419868469,
-0.7008068561553955,
-0.6712858080863953,
1.122101902961731,
-0.7131372690200806,
0.04823032394051552,
-0.1704711616039276,
-0.24212557077407837,
-0.1695813238620758,
-0.5212526321411133,
0.23320701718330383,
-0.2803094983100891,
0.1649908423423767,
0.3615570366382599,
0.322253942489624,
-0.36840909719467163,
-0.2875143587589264,
0.38257917761802673,
-0.28363123536109924,
-0.3341057300567627,
0.19587339460849762,
0.41161543130874634,
0.33045822381973267,
-0.27886030077934265,
0.003043566597625613,
0.1237059012055397,
-0.3194413483142853,
0.8684542775154114,
-0.046347539871931076,
-0.0910390242934227,
0.3296511173248291,
-0.29095977544784546,
-0.14302924275398254,
0.3018829822540283,
-0.5895847678184509,
-0.2752712070941925,
-0.40134868025779724,
-0.04352285712957382,
0.6073464751243591,
0.48339444398880005,
-0.16558726131916046,
-0.2579083740711212,
-0.4023531973361969,
-0.22448240220546722,
0.43928131461143494,
0.34816044569015503,
0.3078790605068207,
-0.42967429757118225,
0.7195748090744019,
-0.8801753520965576,
1.304545521736145,
-0.41297444701194763,
-0.15679824352264404,
0.03193099424242973,
0.1864335834980011,
0.0482177808880806,
-0.24360789358615875,
-0.3684108257293701,
-0.17889311909675598,
-0.5667749643325806,
-0.6550447940826416,
0.3009559214115143,
0.6686239242553711,
-0.3495835065841675,
0.13458013534545898,
0.6235005259513855,
-0.5539759397506714,
-0.3842809498310089,
-0.001391699304804206,
-0.3236334025859833,
-0.3348492980003357,
0.23698198795318604,
0.586917519569397,
0.12323929369449615,
1.0811445713043213,
-0.2848533093929291,
-0.34744974970817566,
0.059407949447631836,
0.9242309927940369,
0.1778053492307663,
-0.6457892060279846,
-0.16153763234615326,
0.6349759101867676,
-0.0024409829638898373,
-0.07410915940999985,
0.6803064942359924,
-0.4923783242702484,
-0.30121877789497375,
0.6907557845115662,
-0.09564225375652313,
0.5546422600746155,
0.008136261254549026,
-0.21009118854999542,
0.10913573205471039,
0.354493111371994,
-0.41878625750541687,
0.32062503695487976,
0.18524771928787231,
-0.28822949528694153,
-0.2295578122138977,
0.2639162540435791,
-0.22970648109912872,
-0.08190364390611649,
-0.13971291482448578,
0.16974832117557526,
0.13157939910888672,
-0.5284728407859802,
0.1303611844778061,
-0.5437518954277039,
-0.6314342617988586,
0.17256620526313782,
0.63643878698349,
-0.009582220576703548,
-0.23786170780658722,
-0.07116836309432983,
0.41483575105667114,
0.4984275698661804,
0.20298252999782562,
0.3894575834274292,
0.03414754569530487,
0.32989898324012756,
-0.3601885437965393,
-0.5714211463928223,
0.5573029518127441,
0.27267342805862427,
0.40383413434028625,
-0.644782543182373,
0.1256355494260788,
0.6430456042289734,
-0.24422062933444977,
0.09175540506839752,
-0.6585087180137634,
-0.8622841238975525,
0.07901070266962051,
0.3800068497657776,
-0.4531432092189789,
0.535617470741272,
0.36374571919441223,
0.3742251694202423,
0.4364074468612671,
-0.4729386270046234,
-0.06495275348424911,
0.17639386653900146,
-0.21440264582633972,
0.2042366862297058,
-0.31820863485336304,
0.3926665484905243,
0.42501118779182434,
0.2299826294183731,
0.04583568498492241,
-0.00044628954492509365,
-0.02881007455289364,
0.0002776897745206952,
-0.23855267465114594,
0.13629071414470673,
-0.2958463430404663,
0.3401857316493988,
-0.006024894770234823,
-0.05608205869793892,
-0.21120372414588928,
-0.11445340514183044,
-0.5495150685310364,
0.1927490532398224,
-0.4974517524242401,
0.23304866254329681,
0.745171844959259,
-0.7202340364456177,
-0.9761098027229309,
-0.39294537901878357,
0.44903111457824707,
-0.07243446260690689,
-0.22569160163402557,
0.6088981032371521,
-0.2234218567609787,
-0.43853771686553955,
-0.0925578773021698,
-0.8990476131439209,
-0.14790481328964233,
0.016303109005093575,
0.4644768536090851,
-0.24733713269233704,
-0.2645750045776367,
0.045085325837135315,
-0.20878753066062927,
0.15187034010887146,
0.008112804032862186,
0.54695063829422,
0.4010515809059143,
0.1753641813993454,
0.2769260108470917,
-0.34431278705596924,
-0.013372683897614479,
-0.07864034175872803,
-0.28243720531463623,
-0.12739700078964233,
-0.5596902370452881,
-0.5413948893547058,
0.22645585238933563,
0.45726993680000305,
0.4856858551502228,
-0.16197404265403748,
0.41472551226615906,
-0.01477739866822958,
0.3270047903060913,
-0.2269623875617981,
0.12025091052055359,
-0.024795040488243103,
0.3151145279407501,
-0.18042196333408356
] |
233203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20International | Dana International | Sharon Cohen (; born 2 February 1969), professionally known as Dana International (), is an Israeli pop singer. She has released eight albums and three additional compilation albums. She was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham with the song "Diva".
After consolidating her initial commercial success with the albums Umpatampa (1994) and Maganuna (1996), she was selected in 1998 to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest with her song "Diva". Placing first at the international competition, she came to public attention throughout Europe.
Dana following up this success with the albums Free (1999), Yoter VeYoter (2001), HaHalom HaEfshari (2002) and Hakol Ze Letova (2007), she represented Israel in Eurovision a second time in 2011, this time with the song "Ding Dong", which failed to make it into the final. The same year, she became a judge on the Israeli television music talent contest Kokhav Nolad.
Early life
Cohen was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, to a family of Yemenite-Jewish descent. Her paternal grandparents lived in Petah Tikva. She is the youngest of three children, and was named after an uncle who had been killed during a terrorist attack.
Though assigned male at birth, she identified as female from a very young age. She wanted to become a singer from the age of eight, when she watched Israeli singer Ofra Haza perform her song "Chai" in the 1983 Eurovision Song Contest. Although the family was quite poor, her mother worked to pay for her music lessons, and she stated that her childhood was happy. She came out as transgender at the age of 13.
Dana International took her stage name from a feminized version of a childhood friend Daniel, who died in a car accident.
Career
1990–1993: Dana International
At 18 years of age, Cohen (still legally male at the time) earned a living as a drag queen, parodying many famous female singers. During one of her performances, she was discovered by Offer Nissim, a well-known Israeli DJ, who produced her debut single "Saida Sultana" ("The Great Saida"), a satirical version of Whitney Houston's song "My Name Is Not Susan". The song received considerable exposure and helped launch her career as a professional singer.
In 1993, Dana International flew to London for male-to-female sex reassignment surgery and legally changed her name to Sharon Cohen. Returning home with her new name, that same year Cohen released her first album, titled Danna International, in Israel. Soon after, the album was also released in several other countries including Greece, Jordan, and Egypt (In Jordan and Egypt the album sold illegally). Sharon's stage name Dana International comes from the title track of the album, and was originally spelled with two n's. Danna International soon became a gold record in Israel.
1994–1995: Umpatampa and Eurovision Song Contest
In 1994, Dana released her second, Trance-influenced album Umpatampa, which built on the success of her debut and provided further hit singles. The album went platinum in Israel and has sold more than 50,000 copies to date. Because of her popularity and the success of this album, she won the award for Best Female Artist of the Year in Israel.
In 1995, Dana attempted to fulfill her childhood dream of performing in the Eurovision Song Contest. She entered the Eurovision qualifying contest in Israel with a song entitled "Layla Tov, Eropa" ("Good Night Europe") which finished second in the pre-selections, but became another hit single.
In late 1995, Dana released an E.P. called E.P. Tampa with three new songs and four remixes and special versions of her earlier songs.
1996–1998: Consolidating popularity, Diva and mainstream spotlight
In 1996, Dana released her third album, Maganuna. Although this album was less successful than her previous efforts, it still reached gold record sales in Israel and included the hits "Don Quixote", "Menafnefet" (Waving) and the club favorite "Cinque Milla." In 1997, Dana collaborated with the Israeli artist Eran Zur on his album Ata Havera Sheli, and together they sang the duet "Shir Kdam-Shnati (Sex Acher)" ("Pre-Bed Song (A Different Kind of Sex)") which became a huge hit.
Dana was chosen to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham with the song "Diva". Orthodox Jews and others with conservative views were opposed to the choice and attempted to void her participation in the contest. In May 1998, Dana performed "Diva" at the Eurovision final and won the contest with 172 points. She became known internationally, and was interviewed by CNN, BBC, Sky News, and MTV among others mostly focusing on her life as a transsexual person before winning the contest. Dana's own words "the message of reconciliation" were; "My victory proves God is on my side. I want to send my critics a message of forgiveness and say to them: try to accept me and the kind of life I lead. I am what I am and this does not mean I don't believe in God, and I am part of the Jewish Nation."
Dana released "Diva" as a single in Europe and it became a hit, reaching number 11 in the UK charts and the top ten in Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, and the Netherlands.
1999–2001: Stage falling, Streisand cover and new albums
In 1999, Dana released "Woman in Love", a Barbra Streisand cover. In May 1999, Dana again participated in the Eurovision Song Contest held in Jerusalem. Dana was a part of the interval act and sang the Stevie Wonder song "Free". One memorable moment from the event happened when she presented the award to the winners of the contest. Whilst she was carrying the heavy trophy, one of the composers of the winning Swedish entry stepped on the long trail of her dress by mistake, and she fell over on stage – in front of a television audience estimated be to one million or more, making it one of the most memorable moments in the 50-year-long history of the contest.
She released her next album Free in Europe in 1999, which enjoyed moderate success. A few months later Dana moved back to Israel and started to work on different projects. Israeli and Japanese editions of Free were released in 2000. That same year, an Israeli documentary film was made about Dana called Lady D.
In 2001, after a break, Dana released her seventh album Yoter Ve Yoter (More and More). The album put her career in Israel back on track and provided two hits called "Ani Nitzachti" (I Won) and "Achrei HaKol" (After All), which eventually both went gold.
2002–2007: Fading from the scene and Sony BMG incident
Dana was about to sign with a major label, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, for an international recording contract. There were disagreements that led to Sony Music cancelling the deal before it was completed.
In 2002, she released another album, HaHalom HaEfshari (The Possible Dream), which was a minor chart success. In 2003, she released an exclusive 8-CD box set, containing all singles from The Possible Dream and a new house version of the hit single "Cinque Milla", titled A.lo.ra.lo.la.
A few years later, in 2005, Dana participated in the 50th anniversary of the Eurovision Song Contest, held in Copenhagen, after "Diva" was selected as one of fourteen songs considered to be the best Eurovision songs. The song did not make it into the final top five. Dana got the chance to perform both "Diva" and an old Eurovision favourite of hers, Baccara's 1978 entry "Parlez-Vous Français?". She also recorded the song "Lola" (sung in French), to which she released a video. This video can be found on the CD Hakol Ze Letova, released in 2007 as a bonus CD-rom video.
2007–2011: Return to music and Eurovision comeback
After a few years away from show business, together with the relaunch of her official website, a first single of the upcoming album was released in March 2007: "HaKol Ze LeTova" ("It's All For the Best"). The second single to be released from the album, "Love Boy", became the most played song on Israeli radio in a decade. It also gained a respectable place on the airplay of the Greek radio station FLY FM 89,7. The following album, also titled Hakol Ze Letova, was released on 15 August 2007. "At Mukhana" (You Are Ready) was the third single and "Seret Hodi" (Indian Movie; feat. Idan Yaniv) the fourth to be released from the album, which became a bestseller in many online stores. The next single released from the album was "Yom Huledet" (Birthday).
On 26 February 2008, Dana gained an additional achievement when the song "Ke'ilu Kan" written and composed by her and performed by Boaz Mauda, was chosen on Kdam Eurovision to represent Israel at Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. It came 5th in the semi-final and gained 9th place in the final rank.
Dana also recorded the song "Mifrats HaAhava" ("The Love Bay") for an Israeli version of the TV-show "Paradise Hotel". She also collaborated with the Ukrainian duo NeAngely (Not Angels), recording "I Need Your Love" and releasing a video. In 2009, Dana starred in a mock reality show called Dana Kama/Nama for cellphone provider Cellcom
Dana campaigned for Kadima chairwoman Tzipi Livni shortly before 2009 legislative elections in Israel. At a women's political rally in Jerusalem Dana performed a disco song alongside Livni onstage, announcing "I now formally invite you to the diva sisterhood."
In April 2009, Dana performed in the opening concert of Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year. She performed a cover version of Danny Robas' song "Lo Nirdemet Tel Aviv" (Tel Aviv Doesn't Fall Asleep) in front of 250,000 people.
Also in 2009, Dana International joined the 7th season of "Kokhav Nolad" (the Israeli version of Pop Idol) as a judge, also joining the 8th one in 2010. Dana made a guest appearance, as herself, in an episode of the second series of UK sitcom Beautiful People, which was set around her Eurovision appearance.
On 8 March 2011, Dana International won the Israeli National Final for Eurovision with the song "Ding Dong", and represented Israel at Eurovision for a second time. The song did not qualify for the final; she thus became the first Eurovision winner to do so.
2013–present: new singles, TV show and album
In April 2013, after a two-year break, Dana released a new single, "Ma La'asot" (What To Do). It was released digitally worldwide on 24 April 2013. On 29 May, Dana released a video clip for the song Loca, to promote the Gay Pride Tel Aviv 2013. Dana will perform on the main event for the Gay Pride on 7 June. Her third single for that year, "Ir Shlema" (A Whole City), was released in July. Late in January 2014, Dana's new music reality show "Yeshnan Banot" premiered. Dana is the main judge on the show, attempting to find Israel's next girl group.
Also in 2014, Dana was the main attraction aboard the first Jewish boat to participate in the Amsterdam Pride Canal Parade. Dana stated, "I don't believe in any religion, so I'm here as an Israeli, not as a Jew. But it's time to end the persecution over religion or national reasons. Just cut out all that shit. That's my message." Previously, after she won the Eurovision song competition, a religious debate had been held as to whether, and how, Dana should pray in a synagogue, with one rabbinical authority concluding that Dana should be counted in a minyan as a man. She could not sing in front of the community since she was also a woman, according to the rabbi, and that would violate the Orthodox rule of kol isha.
In June 2017, Dana released a new single, called "Ruti". In August 2017 she released another single, called "Yesh Li Ahava (La Costa)". In November 2017 she released a third single, called "Nish'eret Itcha" (Staying With You).
In April 2018, Dana recorded a new version of the Jewish folk song "Hava Nagila" to promote "Israel Calling", a pre-Eurovision event. 20 years after her win in the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest in Birmingham with her song Diva, Dana released a new version of her hit in June 2018, in association with NYX Hotel and pagfilms.
In July 2018, Dana performed at the rally during the 2018 Israeli LGBT's strike events with her song "Ani Nitzakhti" (I Won). Later that month she released a new version of the Jewish song "Mi Ha'Ish" (Who is the Man) to promote the Jerusalem Pride and Tolerance Parade, in which she performed in August.
In May 2019, Dana performed "Just The Way You Are" as an interval act in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, held in Tel Aviv, 20 years after her Eurovision win last brought the contest to Israel. She later performed Omer Adam's "Tel Aviv" and her Eurovision-winning song "Diva" during the final's opening flag parade.
Dana's Eurovision records
Discography
Albums
1993 Danna International (Offer Nissim Presents), IMP Dance
1994 Umpatampa, IMP Dance
1995 E.P.Tampa (Offer Nissim Featuring), IMP Dance
1996 Maganuna (Crazy), Helicon/Big Foot
1998 Diva – The Hits, IMP Dance
1998 Dana International The Album, Helicon/Big Foot/PolyGram
1999 Free, (European edition), CNR Music
2000 Free, (Israeli & Japanese edition), NMC/NXCA
2001 Yoter Ve Yoter (More and More), NMC
2002 HaHalom HaEfshari (The Possible Dream), IMP Dance
2003 The CDs collection, IMP Dance
2007 Hakol Ze Letova (It's All for The Best), Hed Arzi Ltd.
Singles
1998 "Diva"
2002 "Makat hom (i la dirla da da)"
2008 "I Need Your Love (feat. neAngely)"
2010 "Alay (feat. Subliminal)"
2011 "Ding Dong"
2012 "When Men Dance (feat. Yardena Arazi)"
2013 "Ma La'asot" (What Can You Do?)
2013 "Loca"
2013 "Ir Shlema" (Entire City)
2014 "Down On Me"
2014 "Yeladim Ze Simcha" (Children Are Joy)
2014 "Emunot Ktanot" (Little Faiths)
2016 "We Can Make It (feat. Offer Nissim)"
2017 "Ruti"
2017 "Yesh Li Ahava"
2017 "Nish'eret Itcha"
2019 "Diva to Diva (along Charlotte Perrelli)" (a special single commemorating the 20 years of her victory in the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest)
See also
Conchita Wurst
References
External links
Dana International Official Website
Dana International Forum
Unofficial Dana International fansite
Dana International – A Star Online; Website & Forum
Dana Photo Gallery
1969 births
Living people
English-language singers from Israel
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1998
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2011
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Israel
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Yemeni-Jewish descent
Israeli pop singers
Secular Jews
LGBT singers from Israel
Musicians from Tel Aviv
Transgender and transsexual women musicians
Transgender and transsexual Jews
Women in electronic music
20th-century Israeli women singers
21st-century Israeli women singers | [
-0.15308572351932526,
-0.24224358797073364,
-0.43511295318603516,
-0.34360259771347046,
-0.002763066440820694,
1.0323123931884766,
-0.012265549041330814,
-0.10766809433698654,
-0.3059810996055603,
0.014744442887604237,
-0.30120640993118286,
0.2780604660511017,
-0.09278582781553268,
0.2841050624847412,
-0.6749827861785889,
0.21692624688148499,
-0.18702250719070435,
0.29462212324142456,
-0.6078165173530579,
-0.11695857346057892,
-0.250918984413147,
-0.07902510464191437,
0.08334344625473022,
-0.12010177224874496,
-0.6142522096633911,
0.3896464407444,
-0.09209834784269333,
0.07413270324468613,
0.373036652803421,
-0.329944908618927,
0.35363975167274475,
0.4325532615184784,
0.622151792049408,
-0.4023776054382324,
0.14515197277069092,
0.18813921511173248,
-0.2852100133895874,
-0.21147027611732483,
-0.220596581697464,
-0.6407278180122375,
-0.05100129544734955,
-0.5361407399177551,
0.6333823204040527,
0.16709133982658386,
-0.158747136592865,
-0.8536351919174194,
-1.6172752380371094,
1.2468836307525635,
-0.4883275628089905,
-0.012546863406896591,
-0.2164434939622879,
0.3681522607803345,
-0.003379989881068468,
0.36418595910072327,
0.44776925444602966,
-0.5304332375526428,
0.067884661257267,
-0.029999947175383568,
0.10345421731472015,
-0.04264964535832405,
0.16527745127677917,
-0.46826910972595215,
0.573691189289093,
-0.7896533608436584,
-0.04504675790667534,
-0.06878267973661423,
0.6836545467376709,
-0.05091399699449539,
-0.273028701543808,
-0.9857991933822632,
-0.0308524239808321,
0.07108481973409653,
-0.3976316452026367,
-0.5776708126068115,
-0.13686533272266388,
0.014826402068138123,
0.13567985594272614,
-0.1913539320230484,
0.28328636288642883,
0.9766662120819092,
0.3238249719142914,
-0.14458109438419342,
0.9486245512962341,
0.49321866035461426,
-0.03436490148305893,
-0.3031632602214813,
-0.35953524708747864,
0.6013968586921692,
-0.9989674687385559,
-0.2017202228307724,
-0.6749410629272461,
-0.38856858015060425,
0.8124597668647766,
0.3154411017894745,
-0.15109209716320038,
0.13271160423755646,
-0.4384148120880127,
-0.258280873298645,
0.5853533744812012,
-0.3543716371059418,
0.10199040174484253,
-0.3691311180591583,
-0.4365564286708832,
-0.9744547009468079,
-0.603600800037384,
-0.4349243640899658,
0.03867046535015106,
0.010107584297657013,
-0.256245493888855,
0.03835713490843773,
0.11403007060289383,
0.36782142519950867,
0.5256625413894653,
0.08651368319988251,
0.19199874997138977,
0.3277294635772705,
-0.4040946662425995,
-0.3526279032230377,
-0.7280936241149902,
0.08662683516740799,
0.5218033194541931,
-0.18585935235023499,
0.04162945598363876,
0.13759416341781616,
-0.0859878659248352,
0.30576810240745544,
-0.03283443674445152,
0.2696557939052582,
-0.5231115818023682,
0.24575255811214447,
0.014051350764930248,
0.28490251302719116,
-0.07879609614610672,
-0.0757560282945633,
-0.16782276332378387,
-0.3368906080722809,
-0.253828227519989,
-0.259581059217453,
0.33843138813972473,
-0.0974130779504776,
-0.6325125098228455,
0.33904188871383667,
-0.7300245761871338,
-0.33201199769973755,
0.5619613528251648,
0.17731834948062897,
-0.3227023482322693,
-0.11530540138483047,
-0.27359598875045776,
-0.773947536945343,
0.058728571981191635,
0.01869148574769497,
-0.2481173574924469,
-0.48908281326293945,
-0.3635621964931488,
-0.08495550602674484,
0.17608465254306793,
-0.08071251213550568,
0.1553625911474228,
-0.10331225395202637,
0.2833150625228882,
0.07569824904203415,
0.046062979847192764,
0.30775201320648193,
0.012230582535266876,
-0.2180827260017395,
0.30815020203590393,
0.5956946015357971,
0.20792518556118011,
0.2735668122768402,
-0.06972428411245346,
-0.10565858334302902,
0.1558399498462677,
0.059156011790037155,
-0.3021337687969208,
0.17167475819587708,
0.716773509979248,
0.252603679895401,
0.5755482912063599,
-0.1680958867073059,
-0.6057983040809631,
0.2309536188840866,
0.12031036615371704,
0.7002449035644531,
0.16007867455482483,
0.1353178769350052,
0.12442515790462494,
0.27740904688835144,
0.5120058059692383,
0.007477190345525742,
-0.4496610164642334,
-0.18355613946914673,
0.06561529636383057,
0.3755641281604767,
0.0481003001332283,
0.10022031515836716,
-0.19266191124916077,
0.4646430015563965,
0.22116386890411377,
0.6405401229858398,
0.21961833536624908,
-0.26624900102615356,
0.19086788594722748,
-0.7437371015548706,
0.09129738807678223,
0.5169898271560669,
0.6038395166397095,
-0.18325994908809662,
-0.3304380476474762,
0.4501248598098755,
-0.13770465552806854,
-0.8969388008117676,
0.46155354380607605,
0.1270223706960678,
-0.1500055342912674,
0.09752341359853745,
-0.8081971406936646,
0.24882128834724426,
0.05106343701481819,
0.4755481481552124,
0.633337676525116,
0.6140358448028564,
-0.2988404929637909,
-0.31424951553344727,
0.6123284697532654,
0.6531710624694824,
0.009527219459414482,
0.0014380562352016568,
0.17994573712348938,
0.053876522928476334,
-0.15229655802249908,
0.26260992884635925,
0.2989625632762909,
-0.08626656979322433,
0.04880265146493912,
-0.10081987082958221,
0.43780040740966797,
0.23652973771095276,
0.6543118357658386,
-0.6273550987243652,
-0.10821612179279327,
0.05696310102939606,
-0.17692430317401886,
-0.31031709909439087,
0.3655823767185211,
0.4181991219520569,
-0.5777085423469543,
-0.44476017355918884,
0.2673092782497406,
0.15897268056869507,
-0.3002486824989319,
0.1858348697423935,
0.2654924988746643,
0.19852903485298157,
-0.21544529497623444,
0.11296519637107849,
0.4364556670188904,
0.5283790826797485,
0.9832912683486938,
0.15126770734786987,
0.06017197668552399,
-0.04280819371342659,
0.6253738403320312,
-0.10827367007732391,
0.2773619294166565,
-0.31643566489219666,
-0.02820831723511219,
-0.4400939643383026,
0.5205448865890503,
-0.31579500436782837,
0.14709900319576263,
0.26095131039619446,
0.18760396540164948,
0.39513471722602844,
-0.2798667848110199,
-0.033051926642656326,
-0.6610226035118103,
0.20500461757183075,
-0.21223978698253632,
-0.877784788608551,
0.7268522381782532,
0.1324039101600647,
0.0858614444732666,
-0.3205011487007141,
-0.27664583921432495,
0.5918717384338379,
-0.1394185721874237,
-0.6661779284477234,
-0.2058800905942917,
-0.6196058988571167,
-0.20660990476608276,
0.6117427349090576,
-0.24235276877880096,
0.333125501871109,
0.19023427367210388,
-0.25887784361839294,
0.20299756526947021,
0.2554130256175995,
-0.46399715542793274,
0.30307886004447937,
-0.18423067033290863,
0.43738797307014465,
-0.4130926728248596,
0.023453088477253914,
0.4782367944717407,
0.11048690974712372,
0.033662114292383194,
-0.2673146426677704,
-5.706796169281006,
-0.0042994520626962185,
0.29746103286743164,
0.3211748003959656,
0.3297642767429352,
-0.4605543911457062,
0.38898512721061707,
-0.3970690965652466,
0.7011291980743408,
-0.4680212736129761,
-0.5775420069694519,
0.36784976720809937,
-0.6573720574378967,
0.13923202455043793,
0.002957383869215846,
-0.012885041534900665,
0.055369164794683456,
-0.3086737394332886,
0.5058122873306274,
0.6205960512161255,
0.3439158797264099,
-0.28148502111434937,
-0.42173901200294495,
0.3997828960418701,
-0.6305685043334961,
0.06820814311504364,
-0.22847941517829895,
-0.011307550594210625,
-0.9795555472373962,
0.2859719395637512,
-0.7321022748947144,
-0.400683730840683,
-0.8548393845558167,
0.1189107596874237,
0.33483895659446716,
0.06772173196077347,
0.7701379656791687,
-0.5599538683891296,
0.8620989322662354,
-0.6517506241798401,
0.1504260003566742,
0.4365603029727936,
0.27335381507873535,
0.1518169492483139,
0.3586335778236389,
0.09775715321302414,
-0.3854553997516632,
-0.3017290234565735,
-0.341659814119339,
1.0367971658706665,
0.5424011945724487,
-0.24954350292682648,
0.3981391191482544,
-0.4078339636325836,
-0.02639971300959587,
0.16229309141635895,
0.2821027636528015,
-0.24897733330726624,
0.3695933222770691,
0.05686159431934357,
0.8960755467414856,
-0.410285621881485,
-0.1886948198080063,
-0.16717253625392914,
-0.03266886994242668,
-0.33434876799583435,
0.4689420759677887,
-0.38951238989830017,
0.17768307030200958,
-0.27542027831077576,
0.14130397140979767,
0.06952246278524399,
-0.04290236905217171,
-1.2299455404281616,
-0.41047990322113037,
-0.476015567779541,
-0.19083358347415924,
0.03957662358880043,
-1.0441991090774536,
0.11386968940496445,
-0.19239592552185059,
-0.5127067565917969,
0.4133985638618469,
0.6050208210945129,
-0.07706336677074432,
-0.35491329431533813,
0.03096778504550457,
0.5084897875785828,
-0.11157992482185364,
-0.09197134524583817,
0.20367613434791565,
-0.5951591730117798,
0.15349066257476807,
0.3845862150192261,
0.5470110774040222,
0.5115325450897217,
0.38358891010284424,
0.8848868012428284,
0.351225346326828,
0.45921051502227783,
-0.0663435161113739,
-0.1891264021396637,
-0.09171335399150848,
-0.5174583196640015,
0.29534000158309937,
0.07180056720972061,
0.08633577823638916,
-0.5231599807739258,
0.5142649412155151,
-0.7795296907424927,
0.06654012948274612,
0.11989376693964005,
-0.17214038968086243,
-0.5185487866401672,
0.3108260929584503,
0.0069670467637479305,
0.34621527791023254,
0.832216203212738,
0.3226354718208313,
0.764290452003479,
-0.1209092065691948,
0.26848360896110535,
0.12994681298732758,
0.22572959959506989,
0.4195774793624878,
-0.12953253090381622,
-0.6395626068115234,
0.33924561738967896,
-0.26806047558784485,
0.3721647560596466,
-0.2546912431716919,
0.26338106393814087,
-0.021583791822195053,
0.0359148271381855,
0.44882509112358093,
-0.17178773880004883,
-0.4905857741832733,
-0.6725200414657593,
-0.013268891721963882,
0.27173876762390137,
-0.508525013923645,
-0.07682099938392639,
-0.139428049325943,
0.006709870882332325,
0.4652685523033142,
0.17578139901161194,
-0.1785678118467331,
-0.5176976323127747,
-0.389891117811203,
0.37387993931770325,
0.7647350430488586,
0.14001092314720154,
0.6476286053657532,
-0.21285703778266907,
0.23399843275547028,
0.30682915449142456,
-0.218138188123703,
-0.49879053235054016,
-0.2674368917942047,
0.021158358082175255,
0.3593471348285675,
-0.7002108097076416,
-1.0154474973678589,
-0.16776016354560852,
0.1523214429616928,
0.44679203629493713,
0.40086597204208374,
-0.18644806742668152,
-0.12894761562347412,
0.2801256477832794,
-0.04003510624170303,
-0.5511055588722229,
0.07763024419546127,
0.09772494435310364,
-0.21331483125686646,
0.057061392813920975,
0.08308973163366318,
-0.37369009852409363,
-0.09353750199079514,
0.16990017890930176,
-0.21346385776996613,
-0.23608162999153137,
-0.24235080182552338,
0.11452902853488922,
0.2367466539144516,
0.08139882236719131,
-0.5400453209877014,
-0.41876718401908875,
-0.35623425245285034,
0.1661580502986908,
-0.42490267753601074,
-0.05552271008491516,
0.011610865592956543,
0.34222933650016785,
0.09838645905256271,
-0.599398136138916,
0.10159063339233398,
0.5563122034072876,
-0.6380687355995178,
0.16910597681999207,
-0.32196494936943054,
-0.2730698585510254,
-0.5976837277412415,
-0.025311464443802834,
0.24442046880722046,
-0.5921069979667664,
0.38426923751831055,
0.366050124168396,
-0.08494287729263306,
-0.020748190581798553,
-0.25433000922203064,
-0.29492053389549255,
0.0941721498966217,
-0.12257543206214905,
-0.3440752923488617,
0.3901326358318329,
-0.3829679489135742,
-0.19800031185150146,
-0.013041125610470772,
-0.21011611819267273,
-0.7291136980056763,
-0.36901751160621643,
-0.09034813195466995,
0.08575677126646042,
-0.609348714351654,
0.22456422448158264,
0.42013421654701233,
0.09424901008605957,
-0.09279885143041611,
0.03840434178709984,
-0.04226164147257805,
-0.09204276651144028,
0.19715571403503418,
0.25242137908935547,
-0.3167330324649811,
0.09121821075677872,
0.004906824789941311,
0.20717290043830872,
0.008416254073381424,
0.30288639664649963,
0.3983425498008728,
-0.17160220444202423,
-0.32661569118499756,
-0.21514596045017242,
-0.10643668472766876,
0.0996658131480217,
0.5261035561561584,
-0.44024062156677246,
-0.04641847312450409,
0.0177682526409626,
0.5459378957748413,
-0.04270479083061218,
-0.511080265045166,
-0.1821824461221695,
0.29513469338417053,
-0.6435103416442871,
-0.2722598612308502,
-0.5092847347259521,
-0.06261680275201797,
0.3462669849395752,
0.31308847665786743,
-0.5566444993019104,
0.25704196095466614,
-0.025275982916355133,
-0.11573129892349243,
0.0024754321202635765,
-0.28289085626602173,
-0.23323145508766174,
-0.48072656989097595,
-0.17555181682109833,
-0.2978692650794983,
-0.2377198189496994,
0.26013341546058655,
0.2891751825809479,
-0.1787896454334259,
0.2034878432750702,
-0.19446107745170593,
-0.0644293874502182,
-0.013106605038046837,
0.36055079102516174,
-0.33826979994773865,
0.0353035070002079,
-0.037743259221315384,
-0.12878486514091492,
0.22968854010105133,
-0.25715312361717224,
-0.45044293999671936,
0.10705165565013885,
0.28775089979171753,
0.3078356087207794,
-0.2741101384162903,
0.6251775622367859,
-0.5342377424240112,
0.8368551135063171,
-0.28009599447250366,
0.007849710062146187,
0.31894031167030334,
1.0432772636413574,
0.11259783804416656,
-0.5299750566482544,
0.01692579686641693,
0.1703091263771057,
0.47483742237091064,
-0.14831572771072388,
-0.48161670565605164,
0.23866958916187286,
0.15914294123649597,
-0.510311484336853,
0.18136556446552277,
0.48374029994010925,
0.2477627396583557,
0.008483229205012321,
0.14824749529361725,
0.28237205743789673,
-0.28617674112319946,
0.4607328474521637,
1.08979332447052,
-0.2579125165939331,
-0.21491992473602295,
0.11307627707719803,
0.32228320837020874,
-0.3525337874889374,
0.26419150829315186,
0.4068405032157898,
0.29867836833000183,
0.5898787379264832,
0.3940899968147278,
0.1267801821231842,
0.13297230005264282,
0.5802121162414551,
0.31244099140167236,
-0.07333622872829437,
0.6161158084869385,
-0.13286210596561432,
0.3364097476005554,
-0.8538602590560913,
0.043412260711193085,
-0.014904304407536983,
0.31676605343818665,
0.2661474347114563,
-0.0906788557767868,
0.20349650084972382,
-0.040934816002845764,
0.07285366207361221,
0.13117597997188568,
0.2666093409061432,
0.17557907104492188,
0.3590620756149292,
-0.3544089198112488,
-0.29501914978027344,
-0.2147081196308136,
-0.09235290437936783,
-0.021105226129293442,
-0.20076337456703186,
0.294847309589386,
0.08634470403194427,
0.6748390197753906,
-0.6143008470535278,
0.06930745393037796,
0.12317018955945969,
-0.024293819442391396,
-0.4902024567127228,
1.0113768577575684,
-0.21589304506778717,
-0.8180914521217346,
-0.3400503993034363,
0.23784716427326202,
-1.0279685258865356,
0.22314928472042084,
-0.16477429866790771,
-0.2944263815879822,
0.04619454964995384,
-0.5844385623931885,
0.2568376660346985,
0.3024173676967621,
0.39021971821784973,
-0.0273809265345335,
0.26868298649787903,
-0.6195963621139526,
0.9642379283905029,
-0.5479587912559509,
-0.24121998250484467,
0.08292113989591599,
0.23630042374134064,
-0.22110605239868164,
-0.059946782886981964,
-0.09903635829687119,
-0.1938575655221939,
-0.4779643714427948,
0.14551684260368347,
0.5108928680419922,
-0.03372490778565407,
-0.3415696322917938,
0.42109960317611694,
-0.551764726638794,
0.1491893082857132,
-0.06553658843040466,
0.950630247592926,
-0.13196983933448792,
0.5435342192649841,
0.17702636122703552,
-0.155713751912117,
0.5037105679512024,
-0.022368403151631355,
-0.1863415241241455,
0.30343499779701233,
-0.6434699296951294,
0.21693988144397736,
-0.6743120551109314,
0.5042124390602112,
0.38304388523101807,
0.24004943668842316,
-0.0919453427195549,
-0.04204116016626358,
-0.7789875268936157,
0.45541995763778687,
0.8402948379516602,
0.5598825812339783,
0.5282367467880249,
-0.4153830409049988,
0.15046557784080505,
0.15578602254390717,
-0.44241073727607727,
0.10154479742050171,
-0.21277695894241333,
0.8120190501213074,
-0.21429142355918884,
-0.05521931126713753,
-0.694174587726593,
0.4002429246902466,
-0.06345168501138687,
-0.024309417232871056,
-0.3207687437534332,
-0.3362504541873932,
-0.829100489616394,
-0.6199830174446106,
0.3294961154460907,
0.30758848786354065,
0.6139410734176636,
-0.3216418921947479,
0.5326172113418579,
0.2565978467464447,
-0.9867502450942993,
-0.29848945140838623,
-0.5450237393379211,
-0.06820692867040634,
-0.46869078278541565,
-0.08005847036838531,
-0.288688987493515,
0.35575994849205017,
-0.09503909200429916,
-0.7491229176521301,
0.95304274559021,
-0.2645493745803833,
0.03540324792265892,
-0.8121844530105591,
0.3332059383392334,
-0.6036615967750549,
0.36312970519065857,
0.10127795487642288
] |
233206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20Quest | Police Quest | Police Quest (or SWAT) is a series of police simulation video games produced and published by Sierra On-Line between 1987 and 1998. The first five were adventure simulation games, the first three of which were designed by former police officer Jim Walls. The fourth to sixth titles were designed by former LAPD Chief Daryl F. Gates. Both SWAT and the real-time tactics game SWAT 2 still carried the Police Quest name and were numbered V and VI in the series, respectively, although subsequent titles in the series would drop the Police Quest title altogether and were rebranded as SWAT.
Games
By Jim Walls (PQ 1–3)
The first three games were produced by former police officer Jim Walls and follow the adventures of Sonny Bonds, a character whose name and appearance was loosely based on his own son, Sonny Walls. Jim Walls makes a cameo appearance in each game, typically in the introduction.
Police Quest: In Pursuit of the Death Angel
Released in 1987 using Sierra's Adventure Game Interpreter parser engine, Police Quest casts the player as Sonny Bonds, a 15-year veteran police officer in the fictional town of Lytton, California (name was originally randomly picked from Lytton, British Columbia, CA, not to be confused with Lytton, California). Assigned to traffic duty, Sonny investigates what appears to be a simple car crash but turns out to be a homicide. Relieved by his supervisor, Sergeant Dooley, Sonny goes on a short coffee break with a fellow officer and returns to duty. He gives a traffic violation citation to a driver, single-handedly faces a tough gang of drunken bikers, and makes a DUI arrest. As the game progresses, he advances from patrol officer to temporary narcotics detective to undercover agent in hope of tracking down a murderous drug dealer named Jessie Bains, "The Death Angel". In order to find Jessie Bains, Sonny enlists the help of his former high school sweetheart, "Sweet Cheeks" Marie, who is now working as a prostitute.
The game is the most realistic of those developed by Sierra in the late 1980s when compared to Leisure Suit Larry, King's Quest, or Space Quest, and featured many puzzles where proper police procedure is required to succeed. It was released for MS-DOS, Apple II, Macintosh, Amiga, Atari ST and Apple IIGS. A SCI1.1 enhanced remake in 256 color VGA was released in 1992, which was also the first game released in the series not to feature dead ends.
Police Quest II: The Vengeance
Released in 1988 and running on the then-current SCI0 engine, the game once again casts the player as officer Sonny Bonds. After arresting Jessie Bains, Bonds is permanently promoted to the homicide division. He begins dating Marie Wilkans, who helped him in his undercover work in exchange for the dismissal of prostitution charges against her as "Sweet Cheeks" Marie. A dark shadow is cast over Sonny's happy life, however, when Bains escapes from prison and seeks revenge. With the help of his partner Keith, Bonds must protect his girlfriend's life as well as his own while pursuing "The Death Angel" once again. Despite Sonny's efforts, Bains kills several people who were involved in his arrest and abducts Marie. Sonny pursues Bains to Steelton, the current home of Donald Colby, a reformed drug pusher from the original Police Quest.
Police Quest II is notably more "mature" than the first title in the series and relies much more on proper procedure. Failure to properly maintain Sonny's firearm at various points throughout the game will cause it to malfunction or misfire, and proceeding into a dangerous situation without proper backup will usually prove fatal.
Police Quest III: The Kindred
Sonny and Marie are married following Bains' death. Promoted once more, Sonny now has to deal with rampant crime as a drug cartel begins operating in Lytton and evidence of a satanic cult starts to appear. When Marie is stabbed in a mall parking lot, Sonny's police work becomes personal.
Sonny must deal with a partner with questionable ethics as well as find patterns in crime to find his next lead. The Bains family also plays a role in this game.
Released in 1991 for SCI version 1, PQ3 is completely mouse-driven. It was only released for the IBM PC and the Amiga. Before the completion of this game, Jim Walls had left Sierra for reasons that have still not been publicly explained, leaving Jane Jensen to finish the final in-game dialogue and messages. SWAT founder Daryl F. Gates was named to take over the Police Quest series while Walls, along with several former Sierra employees, would go on to design Blue Force, an adventure game similar to the Police Quest series.
By Daryl F. Gates (PQ 4–6)
The later games in the series were designed by Tammy Dargan and produced by former L.A. Chief Daryl Gates, in a different style in both atmosphere, and later even in genre. Like the original series by Jim Walls, Daryl Gates makes cameo appearances in each game. Police Quest IV and V were later spun off into the SWAT series. Unlike the earlier games in the series, these were listed as Daryl F Gates' Police Quest, rather than being a numbered series (the numbered titles were still used in packaging and printed material included with the compilation CDs).
Police Quest: Open Season
Daryl F. Gates' first game for Sierra departed completely from the style of the previous games. The player was no longer cast as Sonny Bonds, but as John Carey; the action was no longer in fictional Lytton, but in Los Angeles, California. Carey, an LAPD homicide detective whose best friend was killed in the line of duty, must track down a serial murderer in L.A.
Numerous mature themes are depicted in the game, including hate crimes, Neo-Nazism, and youth involved in crime. Graphic imagery within the game also includes the body of a child murdered by gang violence and a severed head in a refrigerator.
Using SCI2 the game replaced from earlier games with scanned photos as backgrounds, and live actors filmed from green screen as character sprites. It was released in 1993, for both IBM PC and Macintosh. The game is generally incompatible with Windows 95, and later editions; the game may crash at certain points in the game, e.g. the shooting gallery and the shoot out. This, however, was fixed with the release of the CD version with Windows installer.
This game is the most "mature" of the Police Quest series of games; while previously only a peripheral element, the themes of drug abuse, police corruption and gang violence play prominent roles in this game. Police procedure is less of an element in the game, pushed aside for the sake of storytelling.
Police Quest: SWAT
Although the game is not referred to as PQV in the title screen, it is referred to as such in several other locations in the game including the files, and the game credits, and certain versions of the packaging near the ISBN/barcode and documentation. Police Quest 5: SWAT was re-released as part of the second Police Quest Collection, and later as part of the Police Quest: SWAT Force, SWAT Career Pack (which included all six PQ games), and Police Quest: SWAT Generation compilations.
Police Quest: SWAT 2
Police Quest: SWAT 2 is the sixth and final game of the original Police Quest series. It is a real-time strategy game using an original game engine. It retained only a few adventure game elements in the form of an inventory and use of a few puzzle items such as a pizza (to draw a suspect out of a house), and similar interface (look/search icon, pickup/hand icon, communication/talk/challenge icon, etc.). It is referred to as PQ6 in a few locations including its files. Sonny Bonds is one of the agents the player may employ in the game. It was included as part of the Police Quest: SWAT Force and Police Quest: SWAT Generation compilations.
PC-based SWAT shooters (SWAT 3-4)
Although the Police Quest series continued after Open Season for two more games, these releases spawned the SWAT series and the series moved into different video game genres.
SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle (2000) PC/Windows—tactical shooter
SWAT: Urban Justice (2002—cancelled) PC/Windows
SWAT 4 (2005) PC/Windows—tactical shooter
SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle and SWAT 4 are both tactical shooters, the only games of that type in the series. SWAT 4 is the final game in the full eight-game series, though by this point it had nothing to do with the original games, with the exception of a cameo by Marie Bonds in SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle and Sonny Bonds as a SWAT unit lieutenant in SWAT 4.
At this point neither Jim Walls or Daryl Gates were developers in the series, though Gates was a consultant on SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle along with the Advisor Kenneth A. Thatcher of LAPD.
The first SWAT game—technically Police Quest 5: SWAT—was later re-released as part of the Police Quest Collection Series (the second Police Quest adventure compilation), and all six PQ games were released as part of the SWAT Career Pack, the third "complete series" Police Quest collection. The first two were released in a double pack called Police Quest: SWAT Force and more recently in the Police Quest: SWAT 1+2 pack on GoG.com. In the past, the first three SWAT games were released in a compilation entitled Police Quest: SWAT Generation. SWAT 3 is currently sold separately on GoG.com, separately from the Police Quest packs.
SWAT: Urban Justice was a cancelled PC title (2001/2002) originally meant to be the followup to SWAT 3. An easter egg for the cancelled game can be found in SWAT4.
Console and mobile SWAT titles
Other SWAT titles include:
SWAT: Global Strike Team (PS2 and Xbox) (2003)
SWAT Force (Mobile) (2006)
SWAT: Target Liberty (PSP) (2007)
SWAT Elite Troops (Mobile) (2008)
Attempts to continue the series
On July 16, 2013, Jim Walls announced Precinct, a Kickstarter proposal for a spiritual successor to the Police Quest franchise. Sierra veteran Robert Lindsley has been signed on as the game's executive producer. The game was to be developed by newly established studio Jim Walls Reloaded, where Lindsley also served as the company's president. The game aspired to follow the classic Sierra adventure game formula with a "modern feel". It had a funding goal of $500,000, with a fundraising period stretching from July 16 to August 16. However, Walls cancelled the Kickstarter prematurely on August 6, with $85,756 raised and 1,870 backers.
Subsequently, Walls and Lindsley announced that they would instead launch an alternative fundraising campaign for Precinct, which they called "new and unique". The new crowdfunding campaign would not have the same time restrictions as Kickstarter, and the game would be launched once the funding from its backers was secured. But this campaign was also unsuccessful, shutting down two weeks later. As Lindsley explained: "We simply don't have the momentum needed to meet the requirements of this project". Nevertheless, Walls and Lindsley still remain hopeful to realize Precinct sometime in the future.
In August 2014, Activision reactivated the Sierra Entertainment label, opening up a future for the franchise as Sierra holds the IP for any future installments of the series.
Collections and re-releases
Sierra's first re-release of the games in a collection was in 1995 as Daryl F. Gates' Police Quest Collection: The Four Most Wanted. The package was released under the Daryl F. Gates' Police Quest series title, to cash in on the then newly released Daryl F. Gates' Police Quest: SWAT. Extras included behind the scenes history with the game creators, an abridged copy of the L.A. department police manual, and a video interview with Daryl F. Gates.
The second re-release collection was released in 1997 as Police Quest Collection Series. It contained Police Quest 1–3, Open Season, and SWAT. It also included the Daryl Gates interview and the documentation from the previous collection.
The two Police Quest: SWAT games were re-released in 1999 in a collection called Police Quest: SWAT Force.
The third re-release collection was released in 2000, as the "SWAT Career Pack" which included all six Police Quests: 1–3, Open Season, SWAT, and SWAT 2. It also included a demo for SWAT 3: Close Quarters Battle.
In 2003, the first three SWAT games were released in the Police Quest: SWAT Generation compilation.
In September 2006, Vivendi Games released Police Quest Collection: Step Behind the Badge, including the first four Police Quest games, minus the original AGI version of PQ1. The package included the DOSBox emulator for compatibility with Windows XP.
Since January 18, 2011, the Police Quest 1–4 and Police Quest: SWAT 1 & 2 packs are internationally available at GOG.com in the form of digital downloads. The 2.0 installer for the Police Quest 1–4 pack added in the original EGA version of PQ1. In 2017, SWAT 3 and SWAT 4 were both added to GOG. A community-driven online backend is available for SWAT 4s multiplayer after the shut down of Gamespy.
Further reading
References
External links
A brief history of Police Quest
Music of Police Quest
Police Quest collection homepage
Activision Blizzard franchises
Sierra Entertainment games
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1987 | [
-0.1737644225358963,
-0.24455608427524567,
0.05411830544471741,
0.41794681549072266,
0.0043640779331326485,
-0.0349271222949028,
0.08991433680057526,
-0.17627130448818207,
0.0579397976398468,
-0.048560988157987595,
-0.039623040705919266,
0.7189163565635681,
-0.29797545075416565,
-0.35229891538619995,
0.009968427941203117,
0.18338291347026825,
0.5392812490463257,
0.18156000971794128,
-0.2981829047203064,
-0.46340879797935486,
-0.3345862627029419,
-0.3990830183029175,
-0.016514528542757034,
-0.012810161337256432,
-0.08764126151800156,
0.7759991884231567,
0.030269216746091843,
0.48914507031440735,
-0.19288623332977295,
0.322300523519516,
0.3166963458061218,
0.04363775998353958,
-0.047480084002017975,
-0.4364892840385437,
-0.5765856504440308,
0.02545585110783577,
-0.3409862816333771,
0.08468350023031235,
-0.2534017562866211,
-0.649394690990448,
0.4202365279197693,
0.1616119146347046,
-0.32643821835517883,
0.0699613019824028,
0.14155088365077972,
-0.34248653054237366,
-1.3916116952896118,
-0.27961426973342896,
-0.9399106502532959,
-0.030750347301363945,
-0.3394778072834015,
0.8745409846305847,
-0.06769190728664398,
0.3759620189666748,
-0.09072104096412659,
0.925512433052063,
-0.01663403958082199,
-0.44660934805870056,
-0.05786808580160141,
-0.08576939254999161,
0.1335730403661728,
0.08251238614320755,
0.18412823975086212,
0.2542608380317688,
-0.2730403244495392,
0.2365056723356247,
-0.047789059579372406,
0.823551595211029,
0.15945594012737274,
-0.7018498778343201,
0.104738749563694,
-0.333029568195343,
0.2671522796154022,
0.39352330565452576,
-0.3908943831920624,
0.001286016427911818,
0.8357491493225098,
-0.1405002772808075,
0.007477180100977421,
-0.08452687412500381,
0.26448920369148254,
0.3552786111831665,
0.8150697946548462,
-0.10916069149971008,
0.19260098040103912,
-0.2017049938440323,
-0.04586131125688553,
-0.060774218291044235,
-0.09500494599342346,
0.485533744096756,
-0.27009353041648865,
-0.5577058792114258,
0.6347609758377075,
-0.020336385816335678,
0.0027547029312700033,
0.09574223309755325,
-0.26313501596450806,
0.2603810727596283,
0.6949636936187744,
-0.07591021060943604,
-0.16220197081565857,
-0.013511480763554573,
0.13362254202365875,
0.02899003028869629,
-0.36195310950279236,
-0.15382719039916992,
0.28583240509033203,
-0.6045197248458862,
-0.49639663100242615,
0.5971959233283997,
-0.04675215110182762,
0.06542043387889862,
0.07782339304685593,
-0.06062391772866249,
0.061486344784498215,
0.5340573787689209,
0.1785813868045807,
-0.0052002412267029285,
-0.6314594149589539,
-0.09901847690343857,
-0.2686784267425537,
0.1464741975069046,
0.27790367603302,
0.4627608060836792,
0.28294265270233154,
0.236305370926857,
0.4528309106826782,
0.3453821837902069,
-0.21595783531665802,
0.3079937696456909,
0.20179146528244019,
0.7537199854850769,
-0.1801488995552063,
0.06500605493783951,
-0.2794240415096283,
-0.15003356337547302,
0.25106683373451233,
0.26854750514030457,
-0.3913625478744507,
-0.1722486913204193,
-0.594219446182251,
0.2869877815246582,
0.009034933522343636,
-0.6343330144882202,
0.18049356341362,
-0.16337236762046814,
0.43873319029808044,
-0.4836133122444153,
-0.16029474139213562,
-0.3971721827983856,
0.27420714497566223,
0.17715609073638916,
-0.21445277333259583,
-0.4006486237049103,
0.03624783456325531,
0.8135168552398682,
0.012066042050719261,
-0.0075481063686311245,
0.04264051467180252,
-0.09054432809352875,
-0.3936295509338379,
0.5273603796958923,
-0.5644132494926453,
-0.20193493366241455,
-0.24209612607955933,
-0.3744443655014038,
0.5339085459709167,
-0.27497702836990356,
0.9740743041038513,
0.40728914737701416,
-0.5422676205635071,
0.10881533473730087,
0.17087113857269287,
0.45628735423088074,
0.2169746607542038,
0.13612452149391174,
1.0250054597854614,
0.671176552772522,
0.2799378037452698,
-0.12736229598522186,
-0.44582295417785645,
0.056457601487636566,
-0.07782437652349472,
-0.6159175038337708,
0.5297384858131409,
-0.20710115134716034,
0.8336215019226074,
-0.1930748075246811,
-0.4319303631782532,
-0.07268470525741577,
-0.3773415982723236,
0.03023318015038967,
0.39221322536468506,
-0.4907010793685913,
1.2642080783843994,
-0.0127901341766119,
-0.45596280694007874,
0.6285041570663452,
0.214276984333992,
0.4871736168861389,
0.29698795080184937,
0.17558471858501434,
0.775848925113678,
-0.15943942964076996,
-0.42480453848838806,
-0.38224202394485474,
-0.015039615333080292,
-0.3454311490058899,
-0.4802672564983368,
0.3410346210002899,
-0.12391860038042068,
-0.04048612341284752,
-0.3505038619041443,
0.014393283054232597,
-0.13281135261058807,
0.43687647581100464,
-0.5504554510116577,
0.312870055437088,
0.45779526233673096,
-0.5161550641059875,
0.30363836884498596,
-0.4644148051738739,
-0.41408467292785645,
0.4974367022514343,
-0.39677393436431885,
0.37316033244132996,
0.1428753137588501,
0.06951625645160675,
0.6047154068946838,
-0.45722052454948425,
-0.35228633880615234,
0.664696455001831,
0.10184001922607422,
-0.9409881830215454,
0.15567417442798615,
-0.006522263865917921,
0.2185608297586441,
-0.7838966846466064,
0.03532229736447334,
0.17963148653507233,
0.3882088363170624,
-0.028398551046848297,
-0.3005506098270416,
0.2961903214454651,
0.927764356136322,
-0.21530655026435852,
-0.4376811683177948,
0.10399802029132843,
0.12328442186117172,
-0.2560065686702728,
-0.13665661215782166,
0.6840003132820129,
0.07493429630994797,
-0.028508836403489113,
0.6951701641082764,
-0.10337850451469421,
-0.17971830070018768,
-0.1968284398317337,
0.4076784551143646,
-0.0769784152507782,
0.057003531605005264,
0.46429765224456787,
-0.25333496928215027,
0.27201002836227417,
0.35544759035110474,
-1.0560270547866821,
-0.171723410487175,
-0.19219981133937836,
0.056046850979328156,
0.5786882638931274,
-0.25247907638549805,
0.34136101603507996,
0.07392404228448868,
-0.25893062353134155,
0.01120949536561966,
-0.5975950956344604,
0.061836715787649155,
0.09841912239789963,
0.011757006868720055,
-0.9200143218040466,
0.3055609464645386,
0.4409897029399872,
0.8341932892799377,
-0.21132899820804596,
-0.10275888442993164,
-0.42177653312683105,
-0.05268483608961105,
-0.6822437047958374,
-0.606154203414917,
0.10774299502372742,
-0.22927312552928925,
-0.13240422308444977,
-0.4105636775493622,
0.3720146119594574,
-0.18930645287036896,
0.039521098136901855,
-0.47118839621543884,
0.10590926557779312,
0.18021605908870697,
-0.3005297780036926,
-0.10980167239904404,
0.07370330393314362,
-0.34055987000465393,
-0.15959317982196808,
0.4262404441833496,
-0.31054309010505676,
-0.4483093321323395,
-0.2864786386489868,
-5.865235805511475,
-0.29144418239593506,
-0.3473973274230957,
0.09523896127939224,
-0.4147414267063141,
0.5827820897102356,
0.4516449570655823,
-0.36491331458091736,
0.1717657893896103,
-0.3026178777217865,
-0.041714806109666824,
-0.15479135513305664,
0.07199560850858688,
-0.06315203756093979,
0.3831861913204193,
0.0020438055507838726,
0.27705156803131104,
0.6108952760696411,
-0.15895089507102966,
-0.24023041129112244,
0.3651374876499176,
-0.5182576179504395,
-0.13805004954338074,
0.09166038036346436,
0.16862040758132935,
0.9910479784011841,
-0.3625960648059845,
0.28067266941070557,
0.08082914352416992,
0.04380762577056885,
0.2190505564212799,
-0.23227356374263763,
-0.32291698455810547,
0.27412649989128113,
-0.308489590883255,
0.2232920527458191,
1.1469247341156006,
0.05361597612500191,
0.530305802822113,
-0.5926560759544373,
-0.42625072598457336,
-0.011212794110178947,
0.2682073712348938,
-0.32152074575424194,
0.2727215588092804,
-0.17371916770935059,
-0.017149144783616066,
0.17053604125976562,
-0.2917746305465698,
0.3751974105834961,
-0.4426460564136505,
-0.08447914570569992,
-0.35792791843414307,
0.06158612668514252,
-0.07183995842933655,
-0.3457709848880768,
-0.29413506388664246,
-0.09315398335456848,
-0.15284113585948944,
0.6603683829307556,
0.754849374294281,
-0.7203642129898071,
-0.26984384655952454,
-0.46340304613113403,
-0.049427296966314316,
-0.07812096178531647,
-0.19499334692955017,
-0.4224255383014679,
0.154783695936203,
0.42859265208244324,
-0.059225019067525864,
0.27113741636276245,
-0.21382349729537964,
-1.0184483528137207,
0.06825584173202515,
-0.01747465878725052,
0.309752881526947,
-0.0484703928232193,
-0.18151147663593292,
0.21004977822303772,
0.01992686465382576,
-0.44429945945739746,
-0.20907792448997498,
0.10525312274694443,
-0.556611955165863,
-0.5852514505386353,
-0.4898279011249542,
0.3698981702327728,
-0.10859202593564987,
0.1064624935388565,
0.8000931143760681,
-0.05444295331835747,
0.588455319404602,
0.5484287738800049,
0.5415550470352173,
0.6771588325500488,
0.672260046005249,
0.0743282213807106,
-0.18343763053417206,
-0.8070626258850098,
-0.06892987340688705,
-0.0204574353992939,
0.5993773341178894,
-0.6184709668159485,
-0.24390381574630737,
-0.473388671875,
-0.26545098423957825,
0.18945534527301788,
0.5090837478637695,
-0.036150604486465454,
-0.20648129284381866,
-0.43826034665107727,
-0.6015111804008484,
0.3800186514854431,
0.37061965465545654,
0.12849842011928558,
-0.07819768786430359,
0.4763600826263428,
0.5949013829231262,
0.005376150365918875,
-0.5925344228744507,
0.4298204183578491,
0.23992016911506653,
-0.37268564105033875,
-0.06780755519866943,
-0.29798656702041626,
0.09024059027433395,
0.00588445458561182,
0.6951058506965637,
0.14237762987613678,
0.2126649171113968,
0.530106246471405,
0.11453858762979507,
0.2704351544380188,
-0.051095858216285706,
-0.8153488636016846,
-0.45089805126190186,
-0.504935085773468,
0.37490731477737427,
0.4607006907463074,
-0.28204870223999023,
-0.11046905815601349,
0.24972355365753174,
0.07868827879428864,
0.5056413412094116,
-0.2569396495819092,
0.1357935518026352,
-0.4610925018787384,
0.27528175711631775,
0.13240043818950653,
-0.1840415745973587,
-0.15882323682308197,
0.7223173379898071,
-0.8196443319320679,
-0.043837595731019974,
-0.3494475185871124,
0.21626311540603638,
0.04820830747485161,
-0.14239256083965302,
-0.6012685298919678,
0.4190901517868042,
-0.505354642868042,
-0.8151674866676331,
0.3571719825267792,
-0.01668926514685154,
0.38121750950813293,
-0.6183687448501587,
-0.8715282678604126,
-0.28130850195884705,
0.06912878900766373,
0.5681382417678833,
-0.7636216878890991,
-0.37159600853919983,
-0.33057910203933716,
0.12823334336280823,
-0.3309883177280426,
-0.35007244348526,
-0.32011401653289795,
-0.5470804572105408,
-0.26111939549446106,
-0.05574585869908333,
-0.19898547232151031,
-0.23924317955970764,
0.20591884851455688,
0.8278748393058777,
-0.6346015930175781,
-0.08774152398109436,
0.34388992190361023,
-0.15132451057434082,
0.10235104709863663,
0.03012247197329998,
0.3175831735134125,
0.33605924248695374,
0.29361897706985474,
-0.47537803649902344,
-0.10772711783647537,
0.06302380561828613,
0.06355182826519012,
-0.34520581364631653,
-0.7794879078865051,
-0.2588396966457367,
0.08987653255462646,
0.13424113392829895,
0.00886138528585434,
0.007396155036985874,
-0.32919228076934814,
-0.07191705703735352,
-0.22091621160507202,
-0.40002503991127014,
0.26903727650642395,
-0.3396395444869995,
0.21966490149497986,
0.40269672870635986,
0.2827918529510498,
-0.36653241515159607,
0.14974050223827362,
-0.024631889536976814,
-0.44761353731155396,
-0.6114224195480347,
-0.32072287797927856,
-0.3963206708431244,
-0.14932683110237122,
-0.9044030904769897,
-0.1831391304731369,
-0.48863011598587036,
0.2922993004322052,
0.6664057970046997,
-1.1785982847213745,
0.005676344037055969,
0.22331863641738892,
-0.36417120695114136,
-0.06854620575904846,
-0.5858954787254333,
-0.14605024456977844,
0.16399972140789032,
0.40153270959854126,
0.017321882769465446,
0.3465411365032196,
0.3800341784954071,
0.047959789633750916,
-0.009125673212110996,
0.7895259857177734,
0.31843045353889465,
-0.5473228693008423,
0.5338430404663086,
0.5432302951812744,
0.41738858819007874,
-0.5378929972648621,
-0.37992653250694275,
0.38685548305511475,
0.20969904959201813,
-0.27570003271102905,
-0.0135295819491148,
0.010294532403349876,
0.7604411244392395,
-0.47797051072120667,
-0.19636337459087372,
-0.256064772605896,
-0.03659721091389656,
-0.08345364779233932,
0.07052525877952576,
-0.08215992897748947,
-0.9179900884628296,
-0.43930134177207947,
-0.16565142571926117,
0.1278275102376938,
-0.4701472818851471,
-0.8370901942253113,
0.3057534098625183,
-0.4963994026184082,
0.3357507586479187,
-0.015058373101055622,
0.45471814274787903,
1.2649307250976562,
0.07906500995159149,
-0.09853771328926086,
0.47907477617263794,
-0.1965169757604599,
-0.17846353352069855,
0.285529226064682,
-0.33864060044288635,
0.3774728775024414,
-0.2857535481452942,
-0.6972633600234985,
-0.03402544558048248,
-0.5150847434997559,
0.05926758050918579,
-0.03827155753970146,
0.2386055290699005,
0.2897787094116211,
-0.18850186467170715,
0.305448979139328,
-0.09588053077459335,
0.0339137464761734,
0.17047619819641113,
-0.10209150612354279,
0.11509053409099579,
0.0475979782640934,
-0.4888789653778076,
0.06215294823050499,
-0.14552214741706848,
0.5290675163269043,
0.2284289449453354,
-0.6318049430847168,
0.5389772653579712,
0.5322964191436768,
0.05162964388728142,
0.2188117653131485,
-0.08091232180595398,
-0.08493641018867493,
0.0657455176115036,
-0.4324530363082886,
0.16691026091575623,
0.9315059781074524,
-0.8365204930305481,
0.26394033432006836,
0.5092894434928894,
-0.22110439836978912,
0.05793447047472,
-0.06780683249235153,
0.3336762487888336,
0.9437287449836731,
0.3571878969669342,
0.011798294261097908,
-0.3672482669353485,
0.21072065830230713,
-0.32108086347579956,
-0.17224788665771484,
0.7045717835426331,
0.018392181023955345,
0.51917564868927,
-0.2682388722896576,
-0.5439131259918213,
0.3942565321922302,
-0.5269109010696411,
-0.22070486843585968,
0.22335365414619446,
-0.2047097384929657,
0.19047170877456665,
0.42147544026374817,
0.42304280400276184,
0.038700077682733536,
0.09535512328147888,
-0.008969392627477646,
-0.6546756625175476,
0.3653510808944702,
0.9614911675453186,
-0.5711482167243958,
0.33342164754867554,
0.26525959372520447,
-0.29187285900115967,
0.11980391293764114,
-0.11001455783843994,
0.4118442237377167,
0.30674833059310913,
-0.6397950649261475,
-0.4801647663116455,
0.21100547909736633,
0.3456152677536011,
-0.102137990295887,
0.14749421179294586,
0.1556246131658554,
0.5606626272201538,
0.18420575559139252,
-0.09286031872034073,
0.580951452255249,
0.5762175917625427,
0.1024782657623291,
0.2889278829097748,
0.4377434253692627,
-0.212008997797966,
0.7461318969726562,
-0.2601188123226166,
0.32185959815979004,
0.1729901134967804,
-0.4422118365764618,
0.5160157680511475,
0.4160847067832947,
0.16318097710609436,
-0.11397679895162582,
-0.07940416038036346,
-0.0962926521897316,
-0.19721266627311707,
-0.9150258302688599,
0.576154887676239,
0.1461247354745865,
-0.1831928938627243,
0.1566346138715744,
0.2265482246875763,
-0.15978054702281952,
0.15238294005393982,
-0.5881838202476501,
-0.5195227861404419,
-0.11045781522989273,
0.1874343454837799,
-0.10663478076457977,
0.360190212726593,
0.7924132943153381,
-0.02564176730811596,
0.2243289202451706,
0.15748330950737,
-0.18160852789878845,
0.17063121497631073,
0.1363474428653717,
-0.5302852392196655,
0.21759723126888275,
-0.6914664506912231,
-0.03423047065734863,
-0.48176178336143494,
0.12354710698127747,
0.2681962549686432,
0.07424885034561157,
-0.005391305778175592,
-0.027134442701935768,
-0.41078877449035645,
-0.3350064158439636,
0.6882882118225098,
-0.049552641808986664,
0.20255640149116516,
-0.08945111185312271,
-0.22859850525856018,
0.0796789601445198,
0.03363487496972084,
0.4846535623073578,
-0.17263109982013702,
-0.28882092237472534,
0.32719331979751587,
-0.24378658831119537,
-0.7753402590751648,
0.8015168309211731,
0.01624513417482376,
-0.2799339294433594,
-0.37261754274368286,
-0.025172412395477295,
0.1109735444188118,
-0.6268529295921326,
0.5240137577056885,
0.15965799987316132,
0.6371905207633972,
-0.2610118091106415,
0.21445775032043457,
-0.23111535608768463,
0.05009646341204643,
0.434645414352417,
-0.592970609664917,
0.14501971006393433,
0.00041692302329465747,
-0.09532049298286438,
-0.2510424256324768,
0.28417444229125977,
-0.3044978380203247,
0.14593492448329926,
-0.2623354196548462,
-0.33669495582580566,
-0.06235508248209953,
0.25250643491744995,
0.04376037046313286,
-0.41842934489250183,
-0.04826095327734947,
-0.3434303402900696
] |
233210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysanura | Thysanura | Thysanura is the now deprecated name of what was, for over a century, recognised as an order in the class Insecta. The two constituent groups within the former order, the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma (silverfish and firebrats), share several characteristics, such as of having three long caudal filaments, the lateral ones being the cerci, while the one between (telson) is a medial cerciform appendage, specifically an epiproct. They are also both wingless, and have bodies covered with fine scales, rather like the scales of the practically unrelated Lepidoptera. In the late 20th century, it was recognized that the two suborders were not sister taxa, therefore Thysanura was paraphyletic, and the two suborders were each raised to the status of an independent monophyletic order, with Archaeognatha sister taxon to the Dicondylia, including the Zygentoma.
Although the group Thysanura is no longer recognized, the name still appears in some published material. Another name used to separate the two groups from winged insects is Apterygota.
Etymology
The name Thysanura, first applied to the group by Pierre André Latreille, was derived from the Greek θυσάνος, thysanos for fringe, tassel, bristle and οὐρά, oura for "tail", a reference to the three fanned out caudal filaments. This etymology is consistent with the English word "bristletail", which is the common name for several hexapod species, not all of which fell within Thysanura.
References
Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson, Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition (Thomas Brooks/Cole, 2005), pp. 177–180
Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, , 2002
External links
Thysanura – Tree of Life Web Project
Virginia Extension Service Article
Taxa named by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner
Obsolete arthropod taxa | [
-0.06229826435446739,
0.3734748065471649,
-0.8815985321998596,
-0.5735840201377869,
-0.5237299203872681,
0.04964177682995796,
1.0401769876480103,
0.09198440611362457,
-0.18761718273162842,
-0.5779994130134583,
0.1724814772605896,
-0.12751998007297516,
-0.5743634104728699,
0.6716549396514893,
-0.24080295860767365,
1.091583251953125,
-0.11912599951028824,
0.6099945902824402,
-0.22510792315006256,
0.1724872589111328,
-0.36577561497688293,
-0.45666617155075073,
0.6821783185005188,
-0.8106532096862793,
0.4845796525478363,
-0.38680213689804077,
0.27620643377304077,
0.7113221883773804,
0.2073824405670166,
-0.24098537862300873,
-0.45642343163490295,
0.506312906742096,
-0.3773926794528961,
0.454408198595047,
-0.15841144323349,
0.2905331254005432,
0.05575691908597946,
-0.49264150857925415,
-0.03923209756612778,
-0.8089321851730347,
-0.15530866384506226,
-0.19318583607673645,
0.3529703617095947,
0.12990516424179077,
-0.0625402182340622,
0.5232247114181519,
-1.680061936378479,
0.4639100432395935,
-0.4676649570465088,
0.011895363219082355,
0.18798427283763885,
-0.2853832244873047,
0.7520626187324524,
0.7025646567344666,
-0.5766336917877197,
0.43584179878234863,
-0.930679440498352,
0.2844802141189575,
0.29801854491233826,
-0.47567659616470337,
0.16881248354911804,
0.155704066157341,
-0.029763972386717796,
0.828422486782074,
0.5821751356124878,
0.850579559803009,
0.2129235863685608,
0.45470359921455383,
-0.2892938256263733,
0.1995057761669159,
-0.22247996926307678,
-0.9124579429626465,
0.28369393944740295,
0.6305933594703674,
-0.49359017610549927,
-0.36702361702919006,
-0.5219079852104187,
-0.5899312496185303,
0.403133362531662,
-0.35581210255622864,
0.03471405431628227,
0.3945786952972412,
0.8571923971176147,
-0.13863728940486908,
0.9999297857284546,
0.035683028399944305,
-1.1169819831848145,
0.24514222145080566,
-0.18046362698078156,
-0.1760583370923996,
-0.03281160071492195,
0.01349293440580368,
0.7226200699806213,
0.6860934495925903,
-0.1748616248369217,
-0.10238774120807648,
-0.3140849769115448,
-0.07087230682373047,
0.015343399718403816,
0.061730824410915375,
-0.22849875688552856,
0.6142480373382568,
0.12250616401433945,
-0.3808833360671997,
-0.015594370663166046,
-0.002233933424577117,
-0.29833024740219116,
0.09830770641565323,
-0.1651189923286438,
-0.17844785749912262,
-0.6639109253883362,
0.25223755836486816,
-0.08176757395267487,
0.14053311944007874,
-0.6960048675537109,
0.48890870809555054,
0.01609082706272602,
-0.5960665345191956,
-0.053554467856884,
-0.4068816006183624,
0.6294950246810913,
0.6095548868179321,
-0.08794921636581421,
0.542951762676239,
-0.5968625545501709,
0.4834288954734802,
0.26633620262145996,
0.18023788928985596,
-0.25828176736831665,
0.9119262099266052,
0.15192854404449463,
1.1531668901443481,
0.11405311524868011,
0.32824987173080444,
0.05364106968045235,
-0.3399321436882019,
-0.2959626317024231,
0.3073493540287018,
0.9724332690238953,
0.7884936928749084,
-0.9377232193946838,
-0.46075639128685,
-1.2015787363052368,
-0.055084142833948135,
0.1329016536474228,
-0.5931358933448792,
0.4833413362503052,
0.4202267527580261,
-0.017333349213004112,
-0.2944425344467163,
-0.14176203310489655,
-0.3646988272666931,
-0.7891449332237244,
0.26797881722450256,
-0.39737945795059204,
-0.18873709440231323,
0.7835977077484131,
-0.9245113134384155,
0.5517090559005737,
0.23148195445537567,
-0.7718428373336792,
-0.30736279487609863,
-0.32207489013671875,
0.6547726392745972,
0.2401527613401413,
-0.17845942080020905,
-0.0324813649058342,
0.32943257689476013,
0.40703439712524414,
0.4299270808696747,
-0.6633762121200562,
-0.4063197076320648,
0.10250583291053772,
0.19339802861213684,
-0.39448249340057373,
-0.2985818088054657,
0.08197595924139023,
-0.04638341814279556,
0.6940057277679443,
-0.7341537475585938,
-0.41208621859550476,
0.15556271374225616,
0.07472190260887146,
-0.05088719725608826,
0.18658925592899323,
-0.1952136605978012,
0.24438324570655823,
0.05498476326465607,
-0.41737985610961914,
-0.3627195656299591,
-0.7854548096656799,
-0.38201919198036194,
0.4162489175796509,
-0.18211227655410767,
0.9030228853225708,
0.3352673351764679,
-0.5430150628089905,
0.568183422088623,
0.1466389149427414,
-0.052773602306842804,
-0.10338549315929413,
0.26497772336006165,
-0.4662095606327057,
-0.11021782457828522,
-0.5587311387062073,
1.0468701124191284,
-0.21976716816425323,
0.28364789485931396,
0.5194902420043945,
0.3715049624443054,
0.14637324213981628,
-0.8395959138870239,
0.6209532618522644,
-0.3453230559825897,
0.09879569709300995,
-0.32650476694107056,
-0.31837788224220276,
0.24469535052776337,
0.1390920877456665,
-0.5446332693099976,
0.7772729396820068,
-0.35121700167655945,
0.4736405611038208,
0.20505404472351074,
-0.15920798480510712,
0.636852502822876,
0.3432563245296478,
0.002259664237499237,
0.061526939272880554,
-0.7953990697860718,
0.41232091188430786,
0.22222495079040527,
0.20674873888492584,
-0.6018980145454407,
-0.2489733099937439,
-0.17183244228363037,
0.16429007053375244,
-1.0308588743209839,
0.12365823239088058,
-0.5459097027778625,
0.4281308948993683,
0.700911819934845,
-0.21024096012115479,
0.7351800203323364,
0.14330828189849854,
-0.012579934671521187,
0.26030898094177246,
-0.03322819992899895,
-0.01980583369731903,
0.4655979573726654,
0.43858247995376587,
0.1844874620437622,
-0.11215879768133163,
-0.5155293941497803,
-0.20324485003948212,
0.6179431676864624,
-0.14278735220432281,
-0.20214271545410156,
0.18923434615135193,
-0.4500918984413147,
-0.8227749466896057,
0.08685243129730225,
-0.04401960223913193,
0.19183601438999176,
-0.13140036165714264,
-0.2969084084033966,
0.5075501203536987,
-0.7227516770362854,
1.0193244218826294,
0.23270249366760254,
1.0479449033737183,
-0.21754644811153412,
-0.6393537521362305,
-0.8346731662750244,
-0.6920949816703796,
-0.021222177892923355,
-0.140817791223526,
-0.09700461477041245,
-0.367195725440979,
-0.06907480955123901,
0.11154036223888397,
1.2369327545166016,
0.24059613049030304,
-0.018454592674970627,
-0.44278454780578613,
-0.3226677179336548,
1.0261963605880737,
-0.6162409782409668,
0.14567077159881592,
-0.10544963926076889,
-0.171005517244339,
0.38895514607429504,
-0.7845124006271362,
0.782549262046814,
-0.762844443321228,
-0.1852528601884842,
-0.04921013116836548,
0.5245305895805359,
0.20353850722312927,
-0.5228299498558044,
-1.0461430549621582,
-0.23318438231945038,
-0.40612465143203735,
0.04045681282877922,
0.14288046956062317,
0.0485743023455143,
0.2287101447582245,
-0.07316558808088303,
-5.0800933837890625,
-0.36868616938591003,
0.304354190826416,
0.3692794442176819,
0.4109819531440735,
0.38808465003967285,
0.28492212295532227,
-0.1888948231935501,
-0.0620214119553566,
0.35427477955818176,
0.4973808228969574,
0.3987659215927124,
0.19368110597133636,
0.7133561968803406,
0.3550601601600647,
0.0957103967666626,
0.24198530614376068,
-0.4707488715648651,
0.3383379280567169,
-0.21462152898311615,
-0.2587067782878876,
0.19873060286045074,
0.4616308808326721,
0.773649275302887,
-0.11344820261001587,
0.37104740738868713,
-0.3852698504924774,
0.24645814299583435,
-0.4228193163871765,
-0.11903446167707443,
-0.11378691345453262,
-0.7232418656349182,
-0.15816813707351685,
0.03973233327269554,
-0.46117669343948364,
0.004976487252861261,
0.09944479912519455,
0.07789850234985352,
-0.29001757502555847,
-0.03838493302464485,
-0.6347271800041199,
0.2105860412120819,
-0.05643989518284798,
0.40103331208229065,
0.39071014523506165,
-0.4100324213504791,
-0.2725159823894501,
-0.16916045546531677,
-0.07470754534006119,
0.9728461503982544,
-0.0754890963435173,
-0.1416054368019104,
0.46589964628219604,
0.47057974338531494,
0.6255204081535339,
-0.3741566836833954,
0.2798510789871216,
0.15391837060451508,
-0.23423397541046143,
0.3177938163280487,
0.2157064527273178,
0.07060181349515915,
-0.07242930680513382,
-0.12665145099163055,
0.34948474168777466,
0.19009575247764587,
-0.14768503606319427,
0.21985706686973572,
0.4751049280166626,
-0.5525672435760498,
-0.11412052810192108,
0.4358314871788025,
-0.18323172628879547,
-1.0910030603408813,
0.030641963705420494,
-0.059906020760536194,
-0.2267620861530304,
-0.04184883460402489,
-0.3615010976791382,
0.25299641489982605,
-0.1707160919904709,
-0.47237470746040344,
0.14674606919288635,
-0.24209196865558624,
-0.002095958683639765,
-0.49498239159584045,
-0.21215029060840607,
0.5159944891929626,
-0.4026872217655182,
-0.43915897607803345,
0.4284961521625519,
-0.21234211325645447,
0.3197559714317322,
0.11115746200084686,
0.5492552518844604,
1.612871527671814,
-0.1800701916217804,
0.013795892708003521,
0.41384270787239075,
0.04530938342213631,
0.41462576389312744,
-0.0533960722386837,
0.1670149713754654,
0.37678900361061096,
0.36200764775276184,
-0.7096690535545349,
-0.26075172424316406,
-0.014537365175783634,
0.8131110668182373,
-0.432119220495224,
0.6264589428901672,
-0.06245236471295357,
-0.17313691973686218,
0.24615781009197235,
0.7726922035217285,
-0.07323572039604187,
0.013501537963747978,
0.4457859396934509,
0.5871249437332153,
0.3612518012523651,
-0.5124968886375427,
-0.014974077232182026,
-0.4967612028121948,
0.45979079604148865,
-0.3988896310329437,
-0.42748352885246277,
0.09479022026062012,
0.4820059835910797,
-0.08471109718084335,
-1.0069915056228638,
0.03741349279880524,
0.5947315692901611,
-0.5279417037963867,
-0.2508707046508789,
-0.37492451071739197,
-0.5682826638221741,
-0.17342600226402283,
0.1214563250541687,
-0.3156052231788635,
-0.23488198220729828,
-0.17604568600654602,
0.013835511170327663,
-0.7002925276756287,
0.16064028441905975,
0.4937700927257538,
0.2827078402042389,
0.3104003071784973,
-0.7716613411903381,
-0.20366045832633972,
0.5787494778633118,
0.19286294281482697,
-0.7236374616622925,
0.0643874928355217,
-0.9501259326934814,
-0.4906388521194458,
-0.08136860281229019,
0.6673508286476135,
0.3035316467285156,
-0.32115301489830017,
-0.25607842206954956,
-0.479428231716156,
0.04784218966960907,
-0.7862501740455627,
-0.056638799607753754,
0.19267626106739044,
-0.6954185962677002,
-0.02514820359647274,
-0.8862872123718262,
-0.03942253068089485,
0.10119111835956573,
-0.4057040512561798,
-0.2440488189458847,
-0.1341775506734848,
-0.7694148421287537,
0.14804022014141083,
-0.27559512853622437,
-0.4782640337944031,
0.07939279824495316,
-0.010064524598419666,
-0.3008378744125366,
-0.150488018989563,
-0.016954271122813225,
-0.6190267205238342,
0.012163962237536907,
0.32416093349456787,
-0.4985456168651581,
0.5208089351654053,
-1.0517302751541138,
-0.32114699482917786,
-0.4134749472141266,
-0.4390157163143158,
0.0381777286529541,
0.3310501277446747,
-0.023413926362991333,
-0.5314816832542419,
-0.06674942374229431,
0.10928250104188919,
0.3288595974445343,
-0.060264524072408676,
-1.6818689107894897,
0.32323431968688965,
0.3638828992843628,
-0.7653363943099976,
0.43627113103866577,
0.17261067032814026,
-0.8766084313392639,
0.5853698253631592,
0.3054652810096741,
-0.324699342250824,
-0.3465367555618286,
-0.23528656363487244,
-0.2744111120700836,
-0.07576725631952286,
0.6348787546157837,
-0.12218210846185684,
0.0870065912604332,
0.19112570583820343,
0.2518022358417511,
0.03161613643169403,
-0.6744364500045776,
0.07789605855941772,
0.0481671579182148,
0.14188632369041443,
-0.4315633475780487,
-0.4383818209171295,
-0.18750418722629547,
0.5910604596138,
-0.052993617951869965,
0.8593129515647888,
-0.6293033361434937,
0.33026817440986633,
0.39390304684638977,
0.09951794147491455,
0.04791741445660591,
-0.4447133243083954,
-0.4693354666233063,
-0.1634928286075592,
-0.2743751108646393,
0.15003043413162231,
0.5164956450462341,
0.5297187566757202,
0.8803574442863464,
-0.11845765262842178,
0.03840411454439163,
0.010192264802753925,
-0.11574903875589371,
0.2522193491458893,
-0.29564183950424194,
-0.8769189119338989,
-0.02111918292939663,
0.48422539234161377,
-0.001898250193335116,
-0.6650630831718445,
0.2967537045478821,
1.284396767616272,
-0.4836918115615845,
0.5883041620254517,
0.290534645318985,
-0.2998583912849426,
0.29766911268234253,
-0.4362639784812927,
0.7368180155754089,
-0.14779262244701385,
0.30345943570137024,
-0.5699512958526611,
-0.03419465571641922,
-0.6301119923591614,
-0.33267688751220703,
1.0163239240646362,
-0.5745182037353516,
0.0021316232159733772,
0.4337117373943329,
0.5723636150360107,
-0.05712861567735672,
0.49311330914497375,
0.5239771008491516,
0.5746508836746216,
-0.40416818857192993,
-0.06256715208292007,
0.07064230740070343,
0.4348665177822113,
0.2232198864221573,
0.19553227722644806,
-0.43398135900497437,
0.11563917994499207,
-0.763919472694397,
-0.3015640676021576,
-0.6923953294754028,
-0.24841487407684326,
-0.24585780501365662,
0.10667794942855835,
-0.21190518140792847,
0.6953790783882141,
-0.4571205973625183,
-0.14028732478618622,
0.5937696099281311,
-0.12007936835289001,
-0.15530134737491608,
-0.3973354697227478,
0.033771712332963943,
-1.347772479057312,
0.775965690612793,
0.2343643605709076,
-0.24824747443199158,
-0.3811173141002655,
0.07565487176179886,
0.21196551620960236,
0.11325711011886597,
-0.37041860818862915,
-0.1625560075044632,
-0.04551021009683609,
-0.26497384905815125,
0.09321971237659454,
1.1162391901016235,
-0.7233787775039673,
0.4507623314857483,
-0.004314317833632231,
-0.7010475397109985,
0.14213670790195465,
0.2165011763572693,
-0.12397398054599762,
-0.09778530150651932,
0.4238409698009491,
0.05285928025841713,
-0.42441996932029724,
0.30494728684425354,
-0.41948750615119934,
0.17768721282482147,
-0.10496590286493301,
0.12251722067594528,
0.6713563799858093,
0.019474444910883904,
-1.1283903121948242,
0.5879319906234741,
-0.057581957429647446,
-0.0955413356423378,
0.8899093866348267,
-0.5529405474662781,
-0.4474053978919983,
1.0270787477493286,
0.6588950753211975,
0.25468435883522034,
0.2840947210788727,
-0.4002906382083893,
-0.15631775557994843,
-0.0004133959300816059,
-0.1209208071231842,
-0.16971035301685333,
0.25819146633148193,
0.16569598019123077,
0.22558963298797607,
0.07874760776758194,
-0.1618039458990097,
0.12478335946798325,
0.12187499552965164,
-0.19970405101776123,
0.041681744158267975,
-0.6704797148704529,
-0.5338565111160278,
-0.4011384844779968,
-0.317619264125824,
-0.3648272454738617,
-0.23890632390975952,
0.7183000445365906,
-1.1578377485275269,
-0.12959204614162445,
0.2500828206539154,
-0.07463245838880539,
-0.21260932087898254,
-0.13970232009887695,
0.7144678831100464,
-0.5735669136047363,
-0.08987019956111908,
0.17741023004055023,
0.5475348830223083,
-0.10667881369590759,
0.5940829515457153,
0.14216822385787964,
0.6805058717727661,
0.0368136465549469,
-0.3505364954471588,
0.0597040131688118,
0.31354835629463196,
-0.6437429785728455,
0.4348606467247009,
-0.2916729748249054,
-0.521310567855835,
0.20789596438407898,
0.194793239235878,
0.26603031158447266,
0.27397722005844116,
0.5780385732650757,
0.3194900155067444,
0.26033779978752136,
-0.3889538049697876,
0.2461678683757782,
-0.5989227294921875,
0.7562245726585388,
-0.34074774384498596,
-0.548382043838501,
0.2334337830543518,
0.6084610223770142,
-0.34946107864379883,
0.3618564009666443,
-0.06148318201303482,
0.5505220890045166,
-0.5697402954101562,
0.44774994254112244,
-0.8123382329940796,
0.1613023281097412,
0.02278502658009529,
0.3015506863594055,
0.25307774543762207,
-0.40061646699905396,
0.45936283469200134,
0.18380896747112274,
0.33274686336517334,
-0.40149813890457153,
-0.3653503656387329,
0.14653125405311584,
0.3702118396759033,
-0.15417180955410004,
0.2866513431072235,
0.6484980583190918,
-0.38509830832481384,
-0.13700662553310394,
0.33400824666023254,
0.12791599333286285,
-0.03058071993291378,
0.6572809815406799,
0.2958042323589325,
0.9356687664985657,
-0.4698251485824585,
-0.7177651524543762,
-0.36774536967277527,
0.006739117670804262,
0.17545633018016815,
0.7758461833000183,
0.1715104728937149,
-0.039389707148075104,
0.1563478410243988,
0.06416574865579605,
0.3356567323207855,
-0.012406973168253899,
-1.260705590248108,
0.4205774664878845,
-0.6601858139038086,
-0.6182595491409302,
-0.12201844900846481,
0.17017348110675812,
0.12344606220722198,
0.03395382687449455,
0.3119468688964844,
0.1408146172761917,
-0.19119898974895477,
-0.2269168198108673,
0.16918620467185974,
-0.4577912390232086,
0.3857790231704712,
0.22078992426395416
] |
233211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Chladni | Ernst Chladni | Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (, , ; 30 November 1756 – 3 April 1827) was a German physicist and musician. His most important work, for which he is sometimes labeled as the father of acoustics, included research on vibrating plates and the calculation of the speed of sound for different gases. He also undertook pioneering work in the study of meteorites and is regarded by some as the father of meteoritics.
Early life
Although Chladni was born in Wittenberg in Saxony, his family originated from Kremnica, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary and today a mining town in central Slovakia. Chladni has therefore been identified as German, Hungarian and Slovak.
Chladni came from an educated family of academics and learned men. Chladni's great-grandfather, the Lutheran clergyman Georg Chladni (1637–1692), had left Kremnica in 1673 during the Counter Reformation. Chladni's grandfather, Martin Chladni (1669–1725), was also a Lutheran theologian and, in 1710, became professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg. He was dean of the theology faculty in 1720–1721 and later became the university's rector. Chladni's uncle, Justus Georg Chladni (1701–1765), was a law professor at the university.
Another uncle, Johann Martin Chladni (1710–1759), was a theologian, a historian and a professor at the University of Erlangen and the University of Leipzig.
Chladni's father, Ernst Martin Chladni (1715–1782), was a law professor and rector of the University of Wittenberg. He had joined the law faculty there in 1746. Chladni's mother was Johanna Sophia and he was an only child. His father disapproved of his son's interest in science and insisted that Chladni become a lawyer.
Career
Chladni studied law and philosophy in Wittenberg and Leipzig, obtaining a law degree from the University of Leipzig in 1782. That same year, his father died and he turned to physics in earnest. He gave lectures on law, mathematics, and natural sciences at the University of Wittenberg from 1783 to 1792. During this time, he began his first experiments with acoustics.
Chladni figures
One of Chladni's best-known achievements was inventing a technique to show the various modes of vibration on a rigid surface, known as Chladni figures or Chladni patterns due to the various shapes or patterns created by various modes. When resonating, a plate or membrane is divided into regions that vibrate in opposite directions, bounded by lines where no vibration occurs (nodal lines). Chladni repeated the pioneering experiments of Robert Hooke who, on July 8, 1680, had observed the nodal patterns associated with the vibrations of glass plates. Hooke ran a violin bow along the edge of a plate covered with flour and saw the nodal patterns emerge.
Chladni's technique, first published in 1787 in his book Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges ("Discoveries in the Theory of Sound"), consisted of drawing a bow over a piece of metal whose surface was lightly covered with sand. The plate was bowed until it reached resonance, when the vibration causes the sand to move and concentrate along the nodal lines where the surface is still, outlining the nodal lines. The patterns formed by these lines are what are now called Chladni figures. Similar nodal patterns can also be found by assembling microscale materials on Faraday waves.
Chladni had visited the Paris Academy in 1808 and had demonstrated the vibration patterns before an audience that included not only the leading French scientists but Napoleon himself; Napoleon set a prize for the best mathematical explanation. Sophie Germain's answer, although rejected due to flaws, was the only entry with the correct approach.
Variations of this technique are still commonly used in the design and construction of acoustic instruments such as violins, guitars, and cellos. Since the 20th century, it has become more common to place a loudspeaker driven by an electronic signal generator over or under the plate to achieve a more accurate adjustable frequency.
In quantum mechanics, Chladni figures ("nodal patterns") are known to be related to the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for one-electron atoms, and the mathematics describing them was used by Erwin Schrödinger to arrive at the understanding of electron orbitals.
Musical instruments
Since at least 1738, a musical instrument called a Glasspiel or verrillon, created by filling beer glasses with varying amounts of water, was popular in Europe. The beer glasses were struck by wooden mallets shaped like spoons to produce "church and other solemn music". Benjamin Franklin was sufficiently impressed by a verrillon performance on a visit to London in 1757 that he created his own instrument, the glass armonica, in 1762.
Franklin's armonica inspired several other instruments, including two created by Chladni. In 1791, Chladni invented the musical instrument called the euphon (not to be confused with the brass instrument euphonium), consisting of glass rods of different pitches. Chladni's euphon is the direct ancestor of the modern day musical instrument known as the Cristal Baschet. Chladni also improved on Hooke's "musical cylinder" to produce another instrument, the clavicylinder, in 1799.
Chladni travelled throughout Europe with his instruments giving demonstrations.
Contributions to meteoritics
Chladni became interested in meteoritics following a conversation he had with Georg Christoph Lichtenberg about a fireball that Lichtenberg supposedly saw in the Gӧttingen sky in November 1791. Inspired by this report, Chladni researched reports of similar phenomena as well as reports of other falling masses across Europe and North America within the last century. Based on the uniformity among these sightings, he concluded that the phenomena of fireballs and falling masses must be genuine.
This led him to publish Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen und über einige damit in Verbindung stehende Naturerscheinungen ("On the Origin of the Iron Masses Found by Pallas and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena") in 1794. In this book he proposed that meteorites have an extraterrestrial origin. He argued that this would explain the high speeds of the falling masses as well as linking the masses to the fireballs; they glow intensely bright as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. He hypothesized that these meteorites were chunks of material that had either never been consolidated in the formation of larger masses or were debris from the formation and destruction of planets. This was a controversial statement at the time, since meteorites were thought to be of volcanic origin. Additionally, his claims challenged the established belief that nothing existed beyond the moon except for other stars and planets. Indeed, this supposed emptiness of space had fascinated Chladni as a child when he learned about the relatively large distance between Mars and Jupiter, where the Asteroid Belt is now known to exist. This observation factored into his account for the origins of meteorites.
Chladni's book was initially ridiculed by contemporary physicists, including Lichtenberg. Still, his writings sparked a curiosity that eventually led to more researchers supporting his theory. In 1795, a large stony meteorite was observed during its fall to Earth at a cottage near Wold Newton in Yorkshire, England and a piece of it, known as the Wold Cottage meteorite, was given to the British chemist Edward Howard who, along with French mineralogist Jacques de Bournon, carefully analyzed its composition and concluded that an extraterrestrial origin was likely, noting that the sample bore a strong resemblance to a sample of a meteorite from an early meteor shower in Siena, Italy. Although that event had been attributed to an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, no similar volcanoes existed within the same range of Wold Newton, with the closest being in Hekla. In 1803, the physicist and astronomer Jean Baptiste Biot was commissioned by the French Minister of the Interior to investigate a meteor shower over L'Aigle in northern France that had peppered the town with thousands of meteorite fragments. Unlike Chladni's book and the scientific publication by Howard and de Bournon, Biot's lively report became popular and persuaded more people to take Chladni's insights seriously.
Chladni's insights have led some in the field to call him the "father of meteoritics" while others have been more conservative with their appraisal of Chladni's contributions to the field.
Chladni continued to develop his record of meteorite sightings throughout the next several decades as well as amassing a collection of meteorite samples. He donated this collection to the Mineralogical Museum of Berlin University in 1827 and it now resides in the Museum of Natural History at Humboldt University of Berlin.
A mineral, first described in 1993 from the Carlton (IIICD) iron meteorite, was named chladniite in his honor.
Other work
Chladni discovered Chladni's law, a simple algebraic relation for approximating the modal frequencies of the free oscillations of plates and other bodies.
Chladni estimated sound velocities in different gases by placing those gases in an organ pipe and measuring the characteristics of the sounds that emerged when the pipe was played. This built on work on measuring the speed of sound in air that Pierre Gassendi began in 1635.
Death
Chladni died on April 3, 1827, in Breslau, Lower Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Prussia and today the city of Wrocław in southwestern Poland.
Bibliography
Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges, Leipzig 1787.
Die Akustik, Leipzig 1802. French translation: Traite d’acoustique, Paris 1809. Also in Neue Beiträge zur Akustik, Leipzig 1817.
Beiträge zur praktischen Akustik und zur Lehre vom Instrumentbau, Leipzig 1821 ().
, Leipzig/Riga 1794.
Über Feuermeteore, Vienna 1820.
Über die Hervorbringung der menschlichen Sprachlaute, Leipzig 1824.
Kurze Übersicht der Schall und Klanglehre, nebst einem Anhange die Entwickelung und Anordnung der Tonverhältnisse betreffend, Mainz 1827.
See also
Bessel functions
Hans Jenny (cymatics)
Alexander Lauterwasser, a photographer who uses Chladni's work when creating images of liquid surfaces
Tritare, a guitar causing particular forms of Chladni figures
Vibrations of a circular membrane
References
Further reading
Jackson, Myles W. (2006) Harmonious Triads: Physicists, Musicians, and Instrument Makers in Nineteenth-Century Germany (MIT Press).
Rossing T. D. (1982) Chladni's Law for Vibrating Plates, American Journal of Physics 50, 271–274
External links
Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Die Akustik, 1802 by Ernst Chladni at Universities of Strasbourg
(Accessed 5/31/08)
(Accessed 5/18/14)
Examples with round, square, stadium plates and violin shapes
Chladni plates
Electromagnetically driven Chladni plate
Use of Chladni patterns in the construction of violins
Chladni patterns for guitar plates
An explanation on how to construct a Chladni plate for the classroom
Other pictures of Chladni can be viewed at this site and at the Science and Society Picture Library.
Ernst Chladni at Monoskop.org
1756 births
1827 deaths
18th-century German physicists
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Scientists from Wittenberg
German people of Slovak descent
Meteorite researchers
19th-century German physicists | [
-0.18857654929161072,
0.609237015247345,
-0.2967210114002228,
0.18719467520713806,
-0.1569923758506775,
1.0681465864181519,
0.7937822341918945,
-0.051457859575748444,
-0.15873347222805023,
-0.3734230697154999,
-0.0753745436668396,
-0.28761720657348633,
-0.07105962932109833,
0.6852996945381165,
-0.3064468801021576,
0.2057303786277771,
0.06855186074972153,
-0.5093823671340942,
-0.6882336735725403,
-0.045298364013433456,
-0.12465403228998184,
-0.09728576987981796,
0.08645067363977432,
0.32931599020957947,
-0.42387571930885315,
0.16601721942424774,
0.005347639787942171,
-0.09902451932430267,
0.2941003441810608,
0.2002825289964676,
-0.16047149896621704,
0.969355583190918,
0.091554194688797,
0.1068037673830986,
-0.5122253894805908,
0.5564550161361694,
-0.4301665127277374,
-0.19443544745445251,
0.2476739138364792,
0.0916173905134201,
-0.2206253558397293,
0.5488275289535522,
0.2606718838214874,
0.20716893672943115,
-0.4330196976661682,
-0.525911271572113,
-1.8516349792480469,
0.6185956001281738,
-1.0207388401031494,
-0.3468993604183197,
0.14624986052513123,
-0.12132031470537186,
0.7961391806602478,
0.6471368670463562,
-0.6720006465911865,
-0.34701868891716003,
-0.645211398601532,
-0.16882199048995972,
0.4912736415863037,
0.13900430500507355,
0.6896832585334778,
0.014940938912332058,
0.2494754195213318,
-0.15901857614517212,
0.7879835963249207,
0.12156738340854645,
-0.24993818998336792,
0.5398193597793579,
-0.32922473549842834,
-0.2212117463350296,
-0.083620585501194,
0.6488376259803772,
-0.024328405037522316,
-0.2221948802471161,
0.39842015504837036,
-0.8025931715965271,
0.352443128824234,
0.01959223672747612,
0.07294894754886627,
0.15258491039276123,
0.03694916516542435,
-0.40901613235473633,
1.5704110860824585,
0.22807256877422333,
0.2511752247810364,
-0.2227487862110138,
-0.417338490486145,
0.3711940348148346,
-0.8591591715812683,
-0.9303358793258667,
-0.5121094584465027,
-0.36351558566093445,
0.8287827372550964,
0.48519593477249146,
0.3111959993839264,
0.813063383102417,
-0.16924439370632172,
-0.011305109597742558,
-0.3308856785297394,
-0.05233024060726166,
0.15076850354671478,
-0.34582844376564026,
-0.03352529555559158,
-0.2510230243206024,
-0.07232475280761719,
0.20585854351520538,
-0.07320097088813782,
0.050352562218904495,
-0.4209257960319519,
0.30055901408195496,
-0.861937403678894,
-0.1602819561958313,
-0.35324031114578247,
0.060270071029663086,
-0.38548368215560913,
0.3450109362602234,
0.18201833963394165,
-1.2200618982315063,
-0.5594015717506409,
0.05841267853975296,
0.2543812394142151,
0.466426283121109,
0.03417422994971275,
0.13775473833084106,
-0.6333825588226318,
0.2803749442100525,
0.14626134932041168,
0.4827415347099304,
0.03984586149454117,
-0.011965635232627392,
0.4326663911342621,
1.2244154214859009,
0.42248883843421936,
-0.34938934445381165,
-0.24856796860694885,
-0.3541753888130188,
0.3369460105895996,
-0.025392577052116394,
-0.6991808414459229,
0.3172309100627899,
-0.2190932333469391,
-0.43369191884994507,
-0.49955737590789795,
-0.2355821132659912,
-0.05994974076747894,
-0.3302677869796753,
-0.3152453303337097,
-0.25935134291648865,
0.02956307679414749,
0.047997888177633286,
-0.30816248059272766,
-0.0531381294131279,
-0.05992770195007324,
-0.5052947998046875,
-0.5701715350151062,
0.32572028040885925,
-0.10955788940191269,
0.476596474647522,
0.041168197989463806,
-0.018522964790463448,
0.8608927726745605,
-0.3523372411727905,
-0.35396552085876465,
-0.2809599041938782,
0.06761345267295837,
-0.2075151652097702,
0.23575802147388458,
-0.1836058497428894,
-0.3762993812561035,
0.10206813365221024,
-0.5739842057228088,
-0.00831753108650446,
-0.060798969119787216,
0.37871628999710083,
0.2707523703575134,
0.38630616664886475,
0.010330318473279476,
-0.13085725903511047,
0.18320617079734802,
-0.3865864872932434,
-0.8459688425064087,
-0.43974074721336365,
-0.042474038898944855,
0.017329692840576172,
0.3835883140563965,
0.631419837474823,
0.09082268178462982,
0.12833794951438904,
1.0107308626174927,
-0.5245575308799744,
-0.567200243473053,
-0.7218483090400696,
-0.11158371716737747,
0.44260358810424805,
1.4024115800857544,
0.3478120267391205,
-0.3568812608718872,
0.03159205988049507,
-0.25184983015060425,
0.19056908786296844,
-0.36893802881240845,
-0.34435591101646423,
-0.1965453326702118,
0.32767605781555176,
0.27785444259643555,
0.5301841497421265,
-0.07645183056592941,
-0.46059754490852356,
0.18577009439468384,
-0.24090377986431122,
0.7851601243019104,
-0.5185335874557495,
0.3453742265701294,
0.4735737442970276,
-0.3957841396331787,
-0.3351329267024994,
-0.7370261549949646,
-0.13099128007888794,
0.18988925218582153,
-0.0511443056166172,
0.31106725335121155,
-0.014758958481252193,
-0.03273613750934601,
0.9434448480606079,
0.34600159525871277,
1.4109822511672974,
-0.20696087181568146,
0.5309305191040039,
0.015151266008615494,
-0.7440005540847778,
-0.4147045612335205,
-0.21364036202430725,
0.4317173957824707,
-0.1311890333890915,
0.07636978477239609,
0.09828038513660431,
-0.4108293056488037,
-0.07624185085296631,
0.4147214889526367,
-0.9913488030433655,
0.2971782982349396,
0.6581206917762756,
-0.37919381260871887,
0.36175769567489624,
-0.07962121069431305,
0.4873141944408417,
-0.035602010786533356,
-0.4736548364162445,
-0.1370028853416443,
-0.1495504081249237,
0.0656091496348381,
0.5930216908454895,
-0.00003893956454703584,
0.04058102145791054,
-0.48335689306259155,
-0.2266162633895874,
0.6905276775360107,
-0.14147183299064636,
0.16885311901569366,
0.04345732182264328,
0.5522726774215698,
0.05645956099033356,
0.5778942108154297,
-0.16222430765628815,
-0.2713407576084137,
-0.41568678617477417,
0.6145362854003906,
-0.09270192682743073,
0.28434473276138306,
-0.31332018971443176,
0.5407355427742004,
-0.3665381371974945,
-0.0144104128703475,
0.5575146079063416,
-0.03944247588515282,
-0.8838087916374207,
-0.3945300877094269,
-0.07923298329114914,
-0.26639753580093384,
-0.6967839002609253,
-0.1853577196598053,
0.7209835648536682,
-0.5224251747131348,
0.3257545828819275,
-0.5981099605560303,
0.7482494711875916,
-0.10334239155054092,
-0.08264949917793274,
0.4879249632358551,
-0.07139181345701218,
-0.34071075916290283,
0.9085772633552551,
-0.8641458749771118,
-0.14596529304981232,
-0.2855648398399353,
0.4733525216579437,
-0.5173605680465698,
-1.1619268655776978,
0.3346274793148041,
-0.26851463317871094,
-1.2030178308486938,
0.2890557646751404,
-0.08763418346643448,
0.6082199215888977,
0.01386643573641777,
0.0505027174949646,
-0.151458278298378,
0.24753300845623016,
-5.09657621383667,
0.08529730141162872,
-0.03074956312775612,
-0.28049489855766296,
0.09117746353149414,
0.8705787062644958,
0.38422608375549316,
-0.33418673276901245,
-0.19244226813316345,
-0.49760591983795166,
0.2280486673116684,
0.20552188158035278,
-0.9631127119064331,
0.6589590311050415,
0.7689197659492493,
0.21996058523654938,
0.04362233355641365,
-0.22796638309955597,
0.08401358872652054,
-0.3111429214477539,
-0.06715352833271027,
0.09171000868082047,
-0.008549375459551811,
0.4716954231262207,
0.217575803399086,
0.013512565754354,
-0.23707535862922668,
0.08212649822235107,
-1.3038544654846191,
-0.9772120714187622,
0.13906581699848175,
-0.2389688789844513,
-0.6211809515953064,
0.26682502031326294,
0.5887023210525513,
0.035191867500543594,
0.5040329694747925,
0.6466720104217529,
-0.18804000318050385,
0.1964930295944214,
-0.05393711104989052,
0.18008936941623688,
-0.5748395323753357,
0.40299510955810547,
-0.3407982885837555,
0.4418012797832489,
-0.41361644864082336,
0.4979327619075775,
-0.6434201002120972,
0.6292772889137268,
0.28403469920158386,
-0.10249105840921402,
0.09425590932369232,
0.08161924034357071,
0.11185398697853088,
0.19728338718414307,
0.12043386697769165,
0.43707773089408875,
-0.5850657820701599,
0.4609714448451996,
0.6327707171440125,
-0.027384161949157715,
-0.3071616291999817,
-0.19747421145439148,
0.015185952186584473,
-0.17620539665222168,
0.233073428273201,
-0.09232298284769058,
0.20822300016880035,
-0.27595001459121704,
-0.0474608913064003,
0.8856971263885498,
-0.000891500327270478,
-1.0246530771255493,
-0.022304251790046692,
-0.4098377227783203,
-0.33124154806137085,
-0.2725149095058441,
-0.7010733485221863,
0.26144325733184814,
0.007681365590542555,
-0.6568534970283508,
-0.02118007093667984,
1.0870330333709717,
0.8880714774131775,
0.7112672924995422,
-0.48993489146232605,
-0.1699681133031845,
-0.40063002705574036,
-0.37763822078704834,
0.06651511043310165,
-0.7712445259094238,
-0.046040598303079605,
-0.06923096626996994,
-0.3413664400577545,
0.37640121579170227,
-0.4063884913921356,
0.3945840895175934,
0.33537644147872925,
0.7003305554389954,
-0.22162289917469025,
-0.03237975016236305,
0.133649542927742,
-0.4586907625198364,
0.7290064692497253,
-0.35572800040245056,
-0.06373084336519241,
-0.044437065720558167,
1.0885690450668335,
0.5230625867843628,
0.00745594734326005,
0.5306707620620728,
-0.20331352949142456,
-0.6682328581809998,
0.38720113039016724,
-0.6525026559829712,
-0.18183213472366333,
0.6978881359100342,
-0.08766283094882965,
0.15417371690273285,
-0.07060975581407547,
-0.5880405306816101,
0.03519980236887932,
-0.3808104395866394,
0.049985241144895554,
0.12240130454301834,
-0.026872172951698303,
-0.3767518997192383,
-0.1668442189693451,
-0.4341062307357788,
-0.3950641453266144,
0.899267852306366,
-0.43485692143440247,
0.24315907061100006,
0.19928725063800812,
-0.028733542189002037,
-0.7376086711883545,
-0.42007407546043396,
0.21170639991760254,
-0.39397677779197693,
0.15435460209846497,
-0.06363169848918915,
-0.10367196798324585,
0.39252176880836487,
0.538117527961731,
0.2457997351884842,
0.16682769358158112,
0.015599255450069904,
-0.7017360329627991,
0.8285871148109436,
0.3215087950229645,
0.23581373691558838,
1.434884786605835,
-0.1602797955274582,
-0.32860252261161804,
0.2275756299495697,
-0.02247302047908306,
0.05424567684531212,
-0.10004519671201706,
0.3260454833507538,
-0.11749497801065445,
-0.05792821943759918,
-1.1454968452453613,
-0.10854749381542206,
0.39359161257743835,
0.4043731391429901,
-0.8557827472686768,
0.31814926862716675,
0.2864820957183838,
0.6866130828857422,
-0.283968448638916,
-0.45784667134284973,
-0.7929137945175171,
-0.002106060041114688,
0.02714705653488636,
-0.03239484876394272,
0.30805739760398865,
0.21504570543766022,
0.038647498935461044,
-0.17891886830329895,
0.398671418428421,
-0.1911965012550354,
-0.7378738522529602,
0.3167283833026886,
0.07124081999063492,
-0.04908532649278641,
-0.478858083486557,
-0.27903077006340027,
0.013568666763603687,
-0.17800110578536987,
0.15372487902641296,
-0.5312520861625671,
-0.14183717966079712,
0.3133646547794342,
0.6866555213928223,
-0.46932172775268555,
0.35129040479660034,
0.12481826543807983,
-0.7295997738838196,
-0.6471789479255676,
0.028776561841368675,
-0.09677422791719437,
-0.27043139934539795,
-0.22873254120349884,
0.1203116700053215,
-1.2782492637634277,
-0.1629389226436615,
0.09546490758657455,
-0.5339707136154175,
0.6587265729904175,
-0.3287557363510132,
-0.9920576214790344,
-0.04057398438453674,
0.4777311682701111,
-0.25405287742614746,
0.3646617531776428,
0.36329102516174316,
-0.3932974636554718,
-0.989847719669342,
-0.3325928747653961,
-0.70073002576828,
0.208054319024086,
-0.2450590282678604,
-0.33691567182540894,
-0.2627889811992645,
-0.7029556035995483,
0.036077018827199936,
0.4363406300544739,
0.5527171492576599,
-0.4838358163833618,
0.45142674446105957,
-0.08288659900426865,
0.07276781648397446,
-0.11357098072767258,
-0.6191680431365967,
-0.577300488948822,
0.03341943025588989,
0.3453361392021179,
-0.3562770485877991,
-0.1272871494293213,
0.9738520979881287,
0.37015458941459656,
0.3587571382522583,
0.025491630658507347,
0.2942286729812622,
-0.3271682560443878,
0.8749062418937683,
0.3430030643939972,
-0.10734951496124268,
-0.04485378414392471,
0.5367130041122437,
-0.2488928735256195,
-1.1871123313903809,
-0.6429799795150757,
0.7495845556259155,
-0.18624377250671387,
0.38259339332580566,
0.12363801896572113,
0.3989783227443695,
0.10582514852285385,
-0.023179445415735245,
0.3885662257671356,
0.24474027752876282,
-0.4108666777610779,
-0.42016422748565674,
0.09594670683145523,
-0.29350659251213074,
-0.09692162275314331,
-0.2820347845554352,
-0.2325126975774765,
-0.3426291048526764,
-0.42212405800819397,
-0.7111590504646301,
0.2311907857656479,
-0.23140260577201843,
0.335949182510376,
0.27800580859184265,
-0.11534988135099411,
0.21632744371891022,
-0.13901294767856598,
-0.9761948585510254,
0.3144775629043579,
0.009357280097901821,
-0.23857663571834564,
-0.4164412319660187,
-0.0919274315237999,
-0.4502071440219879,
0.042067427188158035,
-0.19040337204933167,
0.2036890983581543,
-0.9714103937149048,
0.3352939188480377,
-0.025696145370602608,
0.939547598361969,
0.1414915919303894,
0.008560936897993088,
-0.17426440119743347,
0.6036226749420166,
-0.07151590287685394,
-0.1264360249042511,
-0.5087400674819946,
0.8687934875488281,
0.9432568550109863,
-0.27599066495895386,
0.624236524105072,
0.46926790475845337,
0.10954323410987854,
-0.1601252406835556,
-0.4047251343727112,
0.13097000122070312,
0.8397822380065918,
0.1198139637708664,
-0.2648947834968567,
0.29509833455085754,
-0.44116902351379395,
-0.1714944690465927,
0.9881047606468201,
-0.0799376368522644,
0.38904935121536255,
-0.31510981917381287,
0.4747312664985657,
-0.2443062663078308,
1.095268726348877,
-0.6076622009277344,
-0.2858997583389282,
0.20081017911434174,
0.4272339344024658,
-0.11663620918989182,
-0.44797179102897644,
0.32527920603752136,
0.0018235503230243921,
0.05264746770262718,
-0.030228234827518463,
0.5055375695228577,
-0.28960877656936646,
-0.039783500134944916,
0.12388324737548828,
-0.15850664675235748,
-0.2993013858795166,
0.04369162395596504,
0.3197533190250397,
1.1469342708587646,
-0.2770611643791199,
0.19509263336658478,
0.4025998115539551,
0.37996727228164673,
0.05841284245252609,
0.5708764791488647,
-0.2810593247413635,
-0.3274056613445282,
0.4523002505302429,
0.12252295017242432,
0.41396433115005493,
-0.25335803627967834,
0.24611936509609222,
0.4950067400932312,
0.6747943758964539,
-0.354680597782135,
0.05662648752331734,
0.429010808467865,
0.09350172430276871,
-0.3896164894104004,
1.0564839839935303,
-0.3128089904785156,
-0.5957319736480713,
0.023097969591617584,
-0.10375044494867325,
-0.6533369421958923,
-0.0012199047487229109,
-0.342347115278244,
0.09691482037305832,
-0.8120517134666443,
-0.34965619444847107,
0.6147194504737854,
0.33570271730422974,
-0.525568425655365,
0.7769638895988464,
-0.125609889626503,
0.014656582847237587,
0.5548849105834961,
-0.5756936073303223,
0.4692285656929016,
-0.07766630500555038,
-0.39749905467033386,
0.30903249979019165,
-0.26458537578582764,
-0.2740545868873596,
-0.08044585585594177,
0.17349809408187866,
-0.4042181670665741,
0.41590219736099243,
-0.09163133800029755,
0.2248082458972931,
-0.09157973527908325,
-1.0811257362365723,
0.0675981342792511,
-0.36345481872558594,
0.3919166922569275,
-0.04644402116537094,
-0.2910819351673126,
-0.1739138662815094,
0.1737256497144699,
-0.016405995935201645,
-0.14170272648334503,
-0.43582049012184143,
0.38035568594932556,
-0.36074167490005493,
0.49591389298439026,
-0.7089995741844177,
0.8314271569252014,
-0.04942198842763901,
-0.07785544544458389,
-0.337398886680603,
0.5472002029418945,
-0.09697079658508301,
-0.4006229639053345,
0.4434361755847931,
0.1143098697066307,
-0.34329283237457275,
-0.2732154130935669,
0.5986688137054443,
-0.26900210976600647,
0.24951232969760895,
-0.599203884601593,
-0.1942606419324875,
0.6526394486427307,
0.44432422518730164,
0.18321508169174194,
-0.16965363919734955,
0.1777978390455246,
-0.8108094334602356,
0.08163359016180038,
-0.7276723384857178,
0.07802823185920715,
-0.339745432138443,
-0.701985239982605,
0.807684600353241,
0.6579199433326721,
0.7130272388458252,
-0.5848222970962524,
0.6762876510620117,
0.25416842103004456,
0.14056099951267242,
0.08120240271091461,
0.07544627040624619,
0.22126589715480804,
-0.6495454907417297,
0.022792771458625793,
0.12394475191831589,
0.2114882916212082,
-0.16551662981510162,
0.030984899029135704,
0.686212956905365,
-1.0309505462646484,
0.33542805910110474,
-0.24390487372875214,
0.12365619838237762,
-0.33256757259368896,
0.2792803943157196,
0.013817645609378815
] |
233212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Victor%20de%20Bonstetten | Charles Victor de Bonstetten | Charles Victor de Bonstetten (; 3 September 17453 February 1832) was a Swiss liberal writer.
Life
Charles Victor was born at Bern in Switzerland to one of its great patrician families on 3 September 1745. He began his education there before traveling at age 14 to Yverdon. He studied at Geneva from 1763 to 1766 at Geneva, where he came under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Charles Bonnet and imbibed liberal sentiments. His father, intending to fit him for a career as a Bernese senator of the traditional type, was alarmed at the tone of his letters from Geneva and recalled his son to Bern. He obeyed but his distaste for Bernese life led him to attempt suicide by pistol. Supposedly, he was distracted by a moonbeam at the moment of discharge and survived to be sent by his father to Leiden to continue his studies.
As the climate of Leiden disagreed with him, he was permitted to travel to England in 1769, where he made many friends including the poet Thomas Gray. He returned home via Paris where he was introduced to its literary society. At home, he nursed his father during the illness which killed him in 1770. Following his father's death, he immediately traveled to Italy, where he reached as far south as Naples. No longer a revolutionary but still a liberal, he returned to Bern in 1774 and entered its political life.
He began his political career as a member of the avoyer's council and acted as the patron of the historian Johannes von Müller. He was soon appointed as bailiff over Gessenay, possibly leaving it in 1779 for Saanen. ambiguity He published his Pastoral Letters () in German in 1781. In 1787, he was transferred to Nyon near the French border. He enjoyed the location but was distrusted both by his former liberal friends and his conservative peers. He was obliged to retire after taking part in a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1791 and—probably simply owing to his lack of military training—misdirecting the guards under his command when the area was threatened by the army of the Convention the next year. From 1795 to 1797, he served as bailiff of the Italian-speaking districts of Lugano, Locarno, Mendrisio, and Val Maggia in the Ticino valley. He is credited with introducing the region to the potato.
The French invasion of Switzerland and establishment of the Helvetic Republic in 1798 drove Bonstetten once more into private life. At the invitation of Madame Brun, he resided in Copenhagen, Denmark, until 1801. He then traveled to Italy before settling in Geneva for the remainder of his life. He resided there uneventfully but in the society of many distinguished people, including Madame de Staël. His most celebrated book—Men of the South and of the North ()—was published during this era, arguing that climate was responsible for the superiority of northern Europe over the south, but his own writing generally fell into low esteem. Instead, he is principally remembered for his social character—as a conversationalist, and as the friend, often the intimate companion of many of the more celebrated leaders of thought and action during his long life.
Works
, 1782
The Hermit (; 1792)
Lesser Writings (, 1799–1801)
On National Education (, 1802)
Trip to the Scene of the Last 6 Books of the Aeneid, with Some Observations on Modern Latium (, 1805)
Research on the Nature and Laws of the Imagination (, 1807)
Thoughts on the Diverse Objects of Public Goods (, 1815)
Studies on Man, or, Research on the Faculties of Thought and Thinking (, 1821)
Man of the South and Man of the North, or, The Influence of Climates (, 1824)
Scandinavia and the Alps (, 1826)
Recollections Written in 1831 (, 1831)
See also
Switzerland in the Napoleonic era
Swiss literature
Notes
References
1745 births
1832 deaths
18th century in Geneva
Coppet group
People from Bern
Swiss non-fiction writers
Conversationalists | [
-0.4320714473724365,
0.42504778504371643,
-0.35853248834609985,
0.014068538323044777,
0.09308653324842453,
0.7386698126792908,
0.7861270904541016,
0.05354662239551544,
-0.5844553112983704,
-0.954615592956543,
-0.24791964888572693,
0.06485133618116379,
-0.05822250619530678,
0.2780606746673584,
0.17801620066165924,
0.1259583979845047,
-0.2946193516254425,
-0.18059399724006653,
-0.484681636095047,
-0.5468631386756897,
-0.15344169735908508,
-0.18957728147506714,
0.15958677232265472,
0.46548518538475037,
-0.21166256070137024,
-0.208762064576149,
0.3065589368343353,
0.17355448007583618,
0.6258856654167175,
-0.07732528448104858,
0.23002296686172485,
0.7772479057312012,
0.016636164858937263,
-0.050086911767721176,
-0.9939495921134949,
0.21258117258548737,
-0.581874430179596,
0.0018831879133358598,
0.24298498034477234,
0.20196235179901123,
-0.18284675478935242,
0.539635419845581,
-0.0706816017627716,
-0.22374941408634186,
-0.12954828143119812,
-0.6943544149398804,
-1.9246991872787476,
0.5538151264190674,
-0.826924741268158,
-0.7192566394805908,
0.27234452962875366,
0.21397317945957184,
1.0002743005752563,
0.9447446465492249,
-0.5358576774597168,
0.5544846057891846,
-0.9989416003227234,
-0.27702683210372925,
0.44956865906715393,
-0.2572081685066223,
-0.027238424867391586,
0.1797296404838562,
0.4264742136001587,
0.2192227691411972,
0.15233971178531647,
0.015326939523220062,
-0.24633070826530457,
0.26435285806655884,
0.39698299765586853,
0.07437896728515625,
-0.2268785983324051,
0.19257570803165436,
0.2713170647621155,
0.1618102788925171,
0.7648529410362244,
-0.6201329231262207,
-0.251629114151001,
0.20239752531051636,
0.14123477041721344,
-0.19415292143821716,
-0.2488279491662979,
0.10646073520183563,
1.111190915107727,
0.21710146963596344,
0.37650033831596375,
0.25667858123779297,
-0.35547488927841187,
0.23280489444732666,
-0.38466256856918335,
-0.48353463411331177,
-0.4080668091773987,
-0.3599216639995575,
0.4176948368549347,
-0.26464685797691345,
0.21423548460006714,
0.4539325535297394,
-0.5803078413009644,
0.2735733687877655,
-0.40782231092453003,
0.29501020908355713,
0.044982485473155975,
0.044640883803367615,
0.17784036695957184,
-0.001138184918090701,
-0.2647267282009125,
0.017120424658060074,
-0.43601611256599426,
-0.2487097680568695,
-0.11837387830018997,
-0.10086169093847275,
-0.7409433126449585,
0.3521808087825775,
-0.5560558438301086,
-0.08126050233840942,
0.0172576867043972,
0.05754862725734711,
0.1880391538143158,
-0.9078831076622009,
-0.3249450922012329,
0.08193261921405792,
-0.08037041127681732,
0.4376581907272339,
0.12554685771465302,
0.04368135705590248,
-0.39003655314445496,
-0.1198798418045044,
-0.23401708900928497,
0.44468817114830017,
-0.27843543887138367,
0.6187911629676819,
0.56846022605896,
1.2166777849197388,
-0.2735157907009125,
-0.17249152064323425,
-0.7205402255058289,
0.006293844897300005,
0.6963090896606445,
0.25876083970069885,
-0.5451093316078186,
0.24955280125141144,
-0.7389658093452454,
-0.0675336942076683,
-0.6947892904281616,
-0.10330739617347717,
-0.11754661053419113,
-0.15651506185531616,
0.29732799530029297,
-0.028671931475400925,
0.4092196524143219,
-0.3229570686817169,
-0.4204506278038025,
-0.4387858510017395,
-0.18701599538326263,
-0.05354168638586998,
-0.11598776280879974,
0.9065737128257751,
0.506045401096344,
0.9760642051696777,
-0.07069587707519531,
0.21017387509346008,
0.2943943738937378,
0.12270193547010422,
-0.4715968370437622,
0.185815691947937,
0.886034369468689,
-0.7440726161003113,
-0.1541348546743393,
-0.22642967104911804,
-0.16501708328723907,
0.07847825437784195,
-0.30892837047576904,
-0.17387603223323822,
-0.14406880736351013,
-0.30855146050453186,
0.17447789013385773,
0.8023860454559326,
-0.24952144920825958,
0.3013593554496765,
0.09839624166488647,
-0.31759077310562134,
-0.8064240217208862,
0.367125004529953,
0.01860775798559189,
-0.270201712846756,
0.343465656042099,
0.524429976940155,
0.5940070152282715,
-0.19992145895957947,
0.44277268648147583,
-0.5716649293899536,
-0.6945961117744446,
-0.4021454155445099,
0.4808438718318939,
-0.28992536664009094,
1.4258167743682861,
0.5489993095397949,
-0.5515114665031433,
1.144209861755371,
-0.18139219284057617,
0.5769661068916321,
-0.21891741454601288,
-0.3927610218524933,
-0.0986284464597702,
0.4160960614681244,
0.038888126611709595,
1.3070650100708008,
-0.21393170952796936,
-0.1847117692232132,
0.11948730051517487,
0.36619389057159424,
0.9028622508049011,
-0.3325791656970978,
0.6096575856208801,
0.3388517498970032,
-0.5306404232978821,
-0.45231419801712036,
-0.5393336415290833,
0.31216150522232056,
-0.011411956511437893,
-0.31346631050109863,
0.36714911460876465,
0.07734926044940948,
0.30107381939888,
1.4434558153152466,
-0.1418207585811615,
0.5560938119888306,
0.05482860654592514,
0.3264073133468628,
0.26052525639533997,
-0.9453942179679871,
-0.3368432819843292,
0.19858314096927643,
0.5999027490615845,
-0.5100739002227783,
0.5061666965484619,
-0.004685867577791214,
-0.23071566224098206,
-0.4127581715583801,
0.08187190443277359,
-0.34215277433395386,
0.5523968935012817,
0.7309931516647339,
-0.08191820234060287,
0.171813502907753,
0.12435995042324066,
1.1131808757781982,
-0.28762269020080566,
0.4801132082939148,
0.20522259175777435,
-0.2439168393611908,
0.06567449867725372,
0.6413416266441345,
-0.0911138728260994,
0.13468125462532043,
-0.4956704080104828,
-0.29830798506736755,
0.39171913266181946,
0.3094668686389923,
0.4553045928478241,
0.3771957755088806,
0.5471969246864319,
-0.5641229748725891,
0.011967393569648266,
-0.02058345451951027,
-0.05017262324690819,
-0.17236976325511932,
0.19418400526046753,
-0.7238736748695374,
0.08299890905618668,
0.15865075588226318,
0.00924436654895544,
-0.3118453621864319,
-0.6511499285697937,
-0.259823203086853,
0.21177686750888824,
-0.6116273999214172,
-0.3145587742328644,
0.2659890949726105,
-0.3822289705276489,
-0.15707720816135406,
-0.4488498866558075,
0.7138091921806335,
-0.053822245448827744,
0.20050466060638428,
-0.10861700773239136,
0.10023116320371628,
0.4572871923446655,
-0.00046234618639573455,
0.2452000379562378,
0.047177303582429886,
0.07747024297714233,
0.2685014605522156,
-0.6578097939491272,
-0.2392781674861908,
0.18688535690307617,
0.3376157879829407,
-0.8356187343597412,
-0.7638939023017883,
0.25014710426330566,
-0.006691310089081526,
-0.7046956419944763,
-0.042574234306812286,
0.29539957642555237,
0.5752671360969543,
0.6110747456550598,
-0.024413960054516792,
0.02705501578748226,
-0.037809230387210846,
-5.287425518035889,
-0.20955587923526764,
0.154323011636734,
-0.18485307693481445,
-0.2939576804637909,
0.17977136373519897,
0.7075761556625366,
0.012874361127614975,
-0.14915090799331665,
0.03351851925253868,
0.4275268018245697,
-0.3543778359889984,
-0.038187988102436066,
0.5429438352584839,
0.6336703896522522,
0.7097377777099609,
0.5322167277336121,
-0.06295190006494522,
0.15875595808029175,
0.22867916524410248,
-0.04255291447043419,
0.19025751948356628,
0.05681953579187393,
0.3977307677268982,
0.4938293993473053,
-0.009865130297839642,
-0.07059304416179657,
0.24326376616954803,
-0.83098304271698,
-0.3298511803150177,
0.2672048509120941,
0.29011547565460205,
0.19079352915287018,
-0.31317636370658875,
0.3193421959877014,
-0.3654593527317047,
0.34608179330825806,
0.7184821367263794,
-0.3457956314086914,
0.6777155995368958,
-0.012428355403244495,
0.49001458287239075,
-0.05445694923400879,
0.4958326518535614,
-0.1145973652601242,
-0.22333215177059174,
-0.7844095826148987,
0.6359298229217529,
-0.3812885880470276,
0.7078723311424255,
0.11927103251218796,
-0.33615684509277344,
0.4187185764312744,
0.14597080647945404,
0.15181930363178253,
0.3388688862323761,
0.24809350073337555,
0.006820825859904289,
-1.2097078561782837,
0.2735520601272583,
0.17224015295505524,
-0.21947923302650452,
0.23715847730636597,
-0.36352482438087463,
0.17617149651050568,
-0.4514002799987793,
0.10028545558452606,
-0.4426553547382355,
-0.0689329281449318,
-0.08863218128681183,
-0.5365543961524963,
1.1599482297897339,
0.45862123370170593,
-0.8864484429359436,
-0.10563908517360687,
-0.3598118722438812,
-0.6962239146232605,
-0.2293168604373932,
-0.6033549308776855,
-0.035666003823280334,
0.09553748369216919,
-0.5918020009994507,
-0.20499195158481598,
1.3865413665771484,
0.9421986937522888,
0.47915947437286377,
-0.039768416434526443,
0.15213651955127716,
-0.8297182321548462,
-0.117389976978302,
-0.20866085588932037,
-0.04486815258860588,
-0.1400597095489502,
0.054814472794532776,
-0.3978962004184723,
0.504977285861969,
-0.48019471764564514,
-0.21519717574119568,
0.4211445450782776,
0.1339947134256363,
-0.08317449688911438,
0.14948450028896332,
0.16240139305591583,
0.07305825501680374,
0.1934812217950821,
-0.27938663959503174,
-0.016787726432085037,
0.03742041066288948,
0.8688409924507141,
0.3859999477863312,
-0.04801098629832268,
0.3473084568977356,
-0.5567411780357361,
0.07159610092639923,
0.08771821856498718,
-0.4912261962890625,
-0.21799170970916748,
0.24517440795898438,
0.1954537183046341,
-0.09318888932466507,
-0.16771729290485382,
0.29751503467559814,
0.46256783604621887,
-0.7432796359062195,
0.05871864780783653,
-0.16857799887657166,
-0.22296133637428284,
-0.689606249332428,
-0.2809213399887085,
-0.27561497688293457,
-0.38249218463897705,
0.24133643507957458,
-0.12670676410198212,
-0.18318399786949158,
-0.035696033388376236,
-0.17792007327079773,
-0.5165782570838928,
-0.2968536615371704,
0.21583613753318787,
-0.3815760016441345,
0.11477664858102798,
-0.37339991331100464,
-0.48296844959259033,
0.4471491575241089,
0.21699894964694977,
0.03392289578914642,
0.7208170890808105,
0.333013653755188,
-0.6261404156684875,
0.8143887519836426,
0.028803033754229546,
-0.019186588004231453,
0.9061610698699951,
0.07594979554414749,
-0.30445048213005066,
0.32636508345603943,
-0.05844665318727493,
0.3591221272945404,
0.3369695544242859,
-0.0431361123919487,
-0.12575066089630127,
-0.3401421308517456,
-0.885416567325592,
0.1454494297504425,
0.35211050510406494,
0.23009510338306427,
-0.45756885409355164,
-0.40094199776649475,
-0.6059091091156006,
0.6023625135421753,
-0.001959317596629262,
-0.2189471423625946,
-0.46731168031692505,
0.004257078282535076,
-0.1372385025024414,
-0.315798282623291,
-0.060467176139354706,
0.19187907874584198,
0.3523821532726288,
-0.006274953950196505,
0.09393063932657242,
-0.48726940155029297,
-0.31253576278686523,
0.17609035968780518,
0.6346945762634277,
-0.09314889460802078,
-0.5444851517677307,
-0.17667432129383087,
-0.373268187046051,
-0.2921225428581238,
0.385749489068985,
-0.28284671902656555,
0.2456769198179245,
0.30090412497520447,
0.26600244641304016,
-0.6102502346038818,
0.011198535561561584,
-0.26760804653167725,
-0.2787832021713257,
-0.7446781992912292,
0.06443414837121964,
0.1417948305606842,
-0.01963513158261776,
-0.025677230209112167,
-0.26739856600761414,
-1.0097745656967163,
-0.18083533644676208,
-0.007859795354306698,
-0.20561474561691284,
0.8516841530799866,
-0.6608142852783203,
-0.9168276786804199,
0.3953233063220978,
0.6122405529022217,
-0.35244810581207275,
0.16864870488643646,
0.37210872769355774,
0.11466649919748306,
-0.824907660484314,
-0.1956222653388977,
-0.47327080368995667,
-0.28853365778923035,
-0.5151662230491638,
-0.6513885259628296,
-0.3745078444480896,
0.08703432977199554,
0.5732055902481079,
0.36746153235435486,
0.9489288330078125,
0.024170227348804474,
-0.33313441276550293,
-0.17150850594043732,
0.3507542908191681,
-0.27333372831344604,
-0.4404585659503937,
-0.20333223044872284,
0.33337533473968506,
0.254456490278244,
-0.4952872097492218,
-0.193751722574234,
0.24754899740219116,
0.7433872818946838,
0.4177212119102478,
-0.3924507200717926,
0.02028595097362995,
0.37001821398735046,
0.49752888083457947,
0.026350930333137512,
-0.011837209574878216,
0.003436463652178645,
-0.09492985904216766,
-0.12445761263370514,
-0.7023845314979553,
-0.29603448510169983,
0.6817235350608826,
-0.12333895266056061,
0.04489884525537491,
0.6928645372390747,
0.3509235382080078,
0.16425809264183044,
-0.029566356912255287,
0.5812951326370239,
0.252774178981781,
-0.2179766446352005,
0.06396974623203278,
0.021820567548274994,
-0.08620839565992355,
-0.34963899850845337,
-0.09800144284963608,
-0.29948487877845764,
-0.03225689008831978,
-0.9398109912872314,
-0.7212788462638855,
0.755298376083374,
-0.050451792776584625,
0.11784243583679199,
-0.13605239987373352,
-0.5273867249488831,
0.5014551281929016,
-0.45668140053749084,
-0.8705241084098816,
-0.3594508171081543,
0.06074441596865654,
-0.5795888304710388,
-0.4984593391418457,
-0.44362398982048035,
-0.5014641284942627,
0.2538602948188782,
-0.616077721118927,
0.4575195014476776,
-0.8657765984535217,
0.08702554553747177,
0.15356971323490143,
0.07041406631469727,
0.1919311136007309,
0.48277747631073,
-1.0350112915039062,
0.15914100408554077,
-0.32847893238067627,
-0.19535179436206818,
-0.34404051303863525,
0.18723945319652557,
0.8305705189704895,
-0.37212154269218445,
0.41726309061050415,
0.7152135372161865,
-0.12068944424390793,
-0.245998814702034,
-0.3069828152656555,
-0.005691166967153549,
0.512954592704773,
-0.18310964107513428,
0.027375349774956703,
0.29235416650772095,
-0.46381980180740356,
0.12677110731601715,
0.6597232818603516,
-0.5103812217712402,
-0.8118062615394592,
0.20840391516685486,
0.3090825080871582,
0.2408980280160904,
0.7825227379798889,
-0.8321182727813721,
0.3765815496444702,
0.5824849009513855,
0.08183441311120987,
-0.17895029485225677,
-0.8842179775238037,
0.062037594616413116,
-0.21269667148590088,
0.26633012294769287,
-0.853589653968811,
0.6735454797744751,
-0.01850905455648899,
-0.012518503703176975,
-0.04316312447190285,
-0.6621556282043457,
-0.12434832006692886,
0.03339437022805214,
0.06068889796733856,
1.0561684370040894,
-0.4971604645252228,
-0.11617372930049896,
-0.4498855769634247,
0.03309160843491554,
-0.3013181984424591,
0.4297332167625427,
0.10922420769929886,
-0.3320319950580597,
0.5972132682800293,
0.00979193951934576,
0.15448394417762756,
-0.7666538953781128,
-0.2203778773546219,
0.25371262431144714,
0.32418903708457947,
-0.2632700204849243,
-0.13952384889125824,
-0.3639121353626251,
0.10227227956056595,
-0.41996800899505615,
0.76787930727005,
-0.40391358733177185,
-0.3732888698577881,
0.05274876952171326,
0.13044585287570953,
-0.07803597301244736,
-0.30231842398643494,
-0.11177253723144531,
-0.05924460291862488,
-0.589325487613678,
0.2633432447910309,
0.259278267621994,
0.2982337176799774,
-0.31636670231819153,
0.6145387291908264,
0.40593841671943665,
-0.18304765224456787,
0.2934504747390747,
-0.42361322045326233,
-0.048654600977897644,
0.05614933744072914,
0.16690120100975037,
0.14450158178806305,
-0.11786472052335739,
-0.3409087061882019,
-0.06431206315755844,
0.27437689900398254,
-0.5844445824623108,
0.2986116111278534,
-0.5503852367401123,
-0.19790145754814148,
0.20862755179405212,
-0.7862094640731812,
0.42306578159332275,
-0.5526304244995117,
1.2809725999832153,
0.15996651351451874,
-1.123183250427246,
-0.06724408268928528,
0.13500042259693146,
-0.25411543250083923,
-0.41326355934143066,
0.3007940948009491,
0.3998168408870697,
-0.0690515860915184,
0.24497492611408234,
-0.8873195052146912,
0.49262121319770813,
0.03391876444220543,
0.22877295315265656,
-0.46719658374786377,
0.5462169647216797,
-0.09284517168998718,
-0.11889442801475525,
0.6582504510879517,
0.1578834503889084,
-0.5350517630577087,
0.027199819684028625,
0.8320531249046326,
-0.12596240639686584,
0.10685628652572632,
-0.27262595295906067,
-0.05581611394882202,
0.04093460738658905,
0.2610003650188446,
0.22913555800914764,
0.32385092973709106,
0.3936249017715454,
-0.07512230426073074,
-0.31395578384399414,
-0.4554280936717987,
0.1126239225268364,
-0.4246096909046173,
-0.2892811596393585,
0.8624182939529419,
0.5298066735267639,
0.30740103125572205,
-0.035712458193302155,
0.43559199571609497,
-0.021520888432860374,
0.468321293592453,
-0.07201085984706879,
-1.2048300504684448,
0.1759600192308426,
-0.38331007957458496,
-0.26020070910453796,
0.15483707189559937,
-0.15048015117645264,
0.07165905088186264,
-0.14076656103134155,
0.4824449419975281,
-0.7689115405082703,
0.3357410728931427,
0.08606615662574768,
-0.23136036098003387,
-0.5899519920349121,
0.5201274752616882,
0.09287306666374207
] |
233213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ogden%20%28LPD-5%29 | USS Ogden (LPD-5) | USS Ogden (LPD-5), an Austin-class amphibious transport dock, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Ogden, Utah.
Ogden was laid down on 4 February 1963 by the New York Naval Shipyard. She was launched on 27 June 1964 sponsored by Mrs. Laurence J. Burton, and commissioned at New York City on 19 June 1965 with Captain Floyd M. Symons in command.
Operational history
Vietnam era
After training off Norfolk, Ogden arrived in San Diego 29 October 1965 to join the Pacific Fleet and complete her initial training. In her first year of service she deployed twice to South Vietnam (8 February through 4 April 1966 and 16 May through 7 July 1966), bringing Marines and their equipment to the Vietnam War. On her return passages, she brought damaged vehicles home for repair. During the summer of 1966, she conducted experiments with aircraft capable of vertical or short landing and take-off. Ogden participated in Operation End Sweep in Haiphong Harbor as a member of Task Force 78 from January 1973 through July 1973, clearing mines with RH-53A helicopters.
In the summer of 1977, the Ogden stood off Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base and acted as the base vessel for the U.S. Army's 2nd Battalion 39th Infantry Regiment of the 1st Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division as it was undergoing amphibious warfare training. After this was completed the Ogden embarked this unit and transported it back to Fort Lewis, Washington.
1989 Oil Spill Task Force 2
Ogden was relieved by the during the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill after spending 2 months onsite. She supported over 400 civilians with beds, food, operational command for the Task Force and helicopter support for Task Force 2.
WestPac
Ogden had turned sailors and Marines into Golden Shellbacks on at least five occasions. On 10 November 1976, June 24, 1985,1988, 1992, and again in November 1999, Ogden crossed the Equator and the International Dateline simultaneously. During the 2001 crossing, Ogden was hosting Alpha Company 1st Blt 4th Marines of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit.
Special Note: On 10 November 1976, the Marine Corps 201st birthday, BLT 2/3 based out of KMCAS Hawaii, en route from Australia to Pearl Harbor after conducting the joint Operation Kangaroo II, simultaneously crossed the International Dateline (Longitude 180) and the Equator (Latitude 00). This crossing made history as being the only time a Marine Corps unit has celebrated the birthday twice in the same year. All newly initiated Shellbacks from the trip to Australia were inducted into the Order Of The Golden Shellback.
Ogden was damaged when she collided with the submarine on 27 February 2002, which opened a five by 18 inch hole in one of her fuel tanks.
Middle East
She was commissioned as part of the 3rd Fleet. She deployed in early 2006 with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit as part of a battle group. They were the first amphibious fleet to be sent to the Persian Gulf during Desert Shield. During this time she was mostly used for intercepting blockade running freighters/tankers.
When Desert Storm started she was part of the task force sent to capture Failaka Island. The Island was captured with very little resistance and the Ogden transferred the Prisoners to Saudi Arabia, making the largest transfer of prisoners on a ship ever.
The ship was originally scheduled for decommissioning in 2000, but with the requirements of the Operation Iraqi Freedom it was rescheduled.
On 16 February 2007, Ogden was awarded the 2006 Battle "E" award.
After a ceremony held aboard the ship in port at Naval Base San Diego, USS Ogden was decommissioned from the United States Navy on 21 February 2007.
Fate
On 10 July 2014 during the naval exercise RIMPAC 2014, she was used as a missile target and sank 55 miles northwest of Hawaii after being hit by a Naval Strike Missile launched by the Royal Norwegian Navy frigate HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310).
Popular References
USS Ogden figures prominently in the novel Without Remorse by Tom Clancy as the base of operations for a rescue attempt against the North Vietnam prisoner of war camp .
External links
Video: The ex-USS Ogden (LPD 5) & ex-USS Tuscaloosa (LST 1187) are fired upon by harpoon missiles from the Republic of Korea (ROKS) submarine LeeSunSin (SS 068) and by a Naval Strike Missile (NSM) from the Royal Norwegian Navy frigate HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F 310) during a SINKEX as part of Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise 2014.
USS Ogden sunk by Harpoon Missile in naval exercise SINKEX RIMPAC 2014 YouTube
References
Austin-class amphibious transport docks
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
United States Navy Utah-related ships
Ships built in Brooklyn
1964 ships
Maritime incidents in 2014
Ships sunk as targets
Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean | [
-0.7121138572692871,
0.14075179398059845,
-0.07200177013874054,
0.3477146327495575,
-0.13395032286643982,
0.46935519576072693,
0.31132566928863525,
-0.36088064312934875,
-0.2730177342891693,
0.19012032449245453,
0.2721487879753113,
0.009952851571142673,
-0.048612914979457855,
0.2845439612865448,
0.32032835483551025,
0.08820772171020508,
0.10360681265592575,
0.6456260085105896,
-0.02314588613808155,
-0.4217289984226227,
-0.041414253413677216,
-0.5009508728981018,
0.38424375653266907,
0.2908201515674591,
-0.3403894603252411,
0.3246963620185852,
0.3580108880996704,
0.49319273233413696,
0.2353147715330124,
0.33562788367271423,
-0.25154080986976624,
0.5771452784538269,
0.48327377438545227,
-0.15367037057876587,
-0.09702664613723755,
-0.10276567190885544,
-0.1802612990140915,
-0.37159380316734314,
0.06111364811658859,
-0.1820419281721115,
-0.4047814607620239,
-0.45494911074638367,
0.07221692055463791,
0.0762597918510437,
-0.01753261871635914,
0.23557643592357635,
-1.5632168054580688,
0.0793190747499466,
-0.26816174387931824,
0.11981993168592453,
-0.6252814531326294,
-0.23376597464084625,
0.5883033275604248,
0.21834047138690948,
0.7553673982620239,
0.590408205986023,
-1.273553490638733,
0.28578466176986694,
-0.2986256778240204,
-0.6582472920417786,
0.12046274542808533,
0.16236139833927155,
0.861214816570282,
0.17037203907966614,
-0.01260868739336729,
0.24809060990810394,
-0.22921612858772278,
0.4053557515144348,
-0.06695754826068878,
-0.432576060295105,
0.4173608124256134,
-0.08345933258533478,
-0.26488298177719116,
0.7365714907646179,
-0.20739200711250305,
-0.1056663990020752,
-0.39057260751724243,
-0.44154804944992065,
-0.06846139580011368,
0.8377242088317871,
-0.1437443494796753,
0.4658781886100769,
1.2316687107086182,
0.43755677342414856,
0.3088821470737457,
-0.09291111677885056,
-0.8777225613594055,
0.14723050594329834,
-0.3341906666755676,
0.7074182033538818,
-1.1473338603973389,
-0.12873628735542297,
0.14165201783180237,
1.1901445388793945,
0.5163512229919434,
0.041030529886484146,
-0.4744912385940552,
0.632183849811554,
0.37208327651023865,
0.7068729400634766,
-0.013039222918450832,
-0.10520336776971817,
0.19890135526657104,
0.036639973521232605,
-0.48267582058906555,
-0.23668332397937775,
-0.194340318441391,
-0.2628427743911743,
-0.7078267931938171,
-0.4232425391674042,
-0.4712195098400116,
0.35371193289756775,
0.09368761628866196,
-0.29547831416130066,
-0.08357181400060654,
0.33727818727493286,
0.5102708339691162,
-0.7019492983818054,
0.0915297418832779,
-0.3814094662666321,
0.29288604855537415,
0.9753791093826294,
-0.14677582681179047,
-0.18760453164577484,
-0.030756324529647827,
0.18080706894397736,
0.6609465479850769,
0.45908936858177185,
-0.5759874582290649,
0.6215451955795288,
0.1249028667807579,
0.4985305964946747,
0.00019499535846989602,
0.35072264075279236,
-0.4836413860321045,
-0.8851678967475891,
-0.0262380950152874,
0.3300027847290039,
0.2859058678150177,
0.29281264543533325,
-1.1531177759170532,
-0.014012420549988747,
-0.5017532706260681,
-0.2582765221595764,
1.007853388786316,
0.08327548205852509,
0.3108995258808136,
0.06355787068605423,
-0.5481645464897156,
0.005119492765516043,
0.3877390921115875,
-0.4902736246585846,
-0.15350764989852905,
-0.08545779436826706,
-0.37885648012161255,
0.6921992301940918,
0.6465860605239868,
-0.31935620307922363,
0.6504305005073547,
0.7919363379478455,
-0.1312989592552185,
0.1210751011967659,
-0.42698633670806885,
0.05229000747203827,
-0.14370906352996826,
0.07187611609697342,
0.09556266665458679,
-0.31969282031059265,
0.09511912614107132,
0.11248838901519775,
-0.19400948286056519,
0.13395988941192627,
0.4519062042236328,
0.0812332034111023,
0.20374402403831482,
-0.29655253887176514,
0.2504784166812897,
0.18675997853279114,
-0.08748731017112732,
-0.032730426639318466,
-0.5964385271072388,
0.01087864674627781,
0.40456950664520264,
-0.026309683918952942,
0.13219080865383148,
-0.2027820497751236,
0.17536909878253937,
0.04262418672442436,
0.17249976098537445,
0.09179402887821198,
-0.512886643409729,
-0.5201987028121948,
0.011553429998457432,
0.09840533137321472,
1.0731831789016724,
0.03746574744582176,
-0.4834536612033844,
-0.3231310248374939,
0.37910565733909607,
0.47623729705810547,
0.4156266152858734,
-0.28118354082107544,
0.3260750472545624,
-0.06024640053510666,
-0.5135586261749268,
0.5174782276153564,
-0.005786614958196878,
0.17296430468559265,
-0.004849738907068968,
1.029997706413269,
-0.09943575412034988,
-0.7916074395179749,
0.43200579285621643,
0.40923818945884705,
-0.2157561182975769,
-0.38506507873535156,
-0.06118466332554817,
-0.6143995523452759,
0.072396419942379,
-0.13311707973480225,
1.0063714981079102,
0.3483502268791199,
0.17700991034507751,
-0.055842138826847076,
-0.517515242099762,
0.13560563325881958,
-0.15148323774337769,
0.7525065541267395,
-0.10390155017375946,
0.19547304511070251,
0.48374879360198975,
0.571146547794342,
-0.028165249153971672,
-1.1409627199172974,
0.7215085625648499,
-0.05618377774953842,
0.38041871786117554,
-0.19861239194869995,
0.7673312425613403,
-0.10828089714050293,
-0.009968012571334839,
0.38434186577796936,
-0.5299777984619141,
0.1721673160791397,
0.034660808742046356,
-0.3656999170780182,
0.27049392461776733,
-0.3567066490650177,
-0.031000550836324692,
-0.6986481547355652,
0.48536908626556396,
0.30326440930366516,
-0.03547462448477745,
-0.5704354643821716,
-0.16832520067691803,
0.283949077129364,
-0.2571975886821747,
-0.416117787361145,
0.22358664870262146,
-0.27118831872940063,
0.36329349875450134,
0.553490161895752,
0.2128494828939438,
0.24431155622005463,
0.5284812450408936,
-0.3662821650505066,
-0.35114845633506775,
-0.17256981134414673,
0.3562764823436737,
0.30305197834968567,
0.2990218698978424,
0.2527160346508026,
0.2842238247394562,
-0.5527748465538025,
-0.04109320417046547,
0.015151302330195904,
-0.8547797799110413,
0.1899590939283371,
-0.609348714351654,
-1.0129283666610718,
0.8585007190704346,
0.8736775517463684,
-0.2076832354068756,
-0.6509554982185364,
-0.00851327832788229,
-0.3047286868095398,
-0.08343636989593506,
0.3885311186313629,
-0.6306716799736023,
-0.9697627425193787,
0.0804043859243393,
-0.7400100231170654,
0.10755100846290588,
0.28133440017700195,
0.0014141275314614177,
0.5045496821403503,
0.15546123683452606,
-0.053764358162879944,
0.516507625579834,
0.16257725656032562,
-0.5294415354728699,
-0.19701480865478516,
-0.10537442564964294,
-0.06759589165449142,
0.1627959907054901,
-0.14969514310359955,
-0.10677470266819,
-0.02652304619550705,
-5.259402751922607,
0.21967144310474396,
-0.7949923872947693,
0.25225210189819336,
0.2399279773235321,
0.08906081318855286,
0.19912007451057434,
-0.26229140162467957,
0.07931110262870789,
-0.4725610017776489,
0.1363108903169632,
0.21995486319065094,
-0.13533735275268555,
-0.24132995307445526,
0.4391345679759979,
0.08628066629171371,
1.4388370513916016,
-0.1294398009777069,
0.4272741675376892,
-0.5468391180038452,
-0.16309534013271332,
-0.15114404261112213,
-0.1363084465265274,
0.2835830748081207,
0.2108272761106491,
0.29033029079437256,
-0.7992461919784546,
0.20097370445728302,
-1.3268780708312988,
-0.236641988158226,
-0.14019431173801422,
-0.061247266829013824,
-0.5407461524009705,
0.30050307512283325,
-0.12155129015445709,
0.07456958293914795,
0.938522458076477,
-0.26107531785964966,
-0.03978478163480759,
-1.1305745840072632,
-0.276109904050827,
-0.24998080730438232,
-0.27694571018218994,
0.31949514150619507,
0.7528160214424133,
-0.3862203359603882,
-0.24278764426708221,
0.29870691895484924,
0.4293602406978607,
0.8662309050559998,
0.09946879744529724,
-0.03305680677294731,
0.935686469078064,
0.8961960077285767,
0.45628121495246887,
-0.24576883018016815,
0.020405616611242294,
0.35851284861564636,
-0.023632289841771126,
0.16107553243637085,
0.6765037178993225,
-0.4650416374206543,
0.1863304078578949,
-0.8429627418518066,
-0.2478579580783844,
-0.362893670797348,
0.19411562383174896,
0.12443434447050095,
0.4783884286880493,
-0.43959659337997437,
-0.41568416357040405,
1.2698974609375,
-0.2265283465385437,
-0.9140185713768005,
0.46898603439331055,
-0.48442116379737854,
-0.28814753890037537,
-0.26608678698539734,
-0.6625123620033264,
0.43480172753334045,
-0.09002351015806198,
-0.16989128291606903,
0.2311791032552719,
0.5928224921226501,
0.0858328565955162,
-0.42148658633232117,
-0.36265480518341064,
0.4095751643180847,
0.012189947068691254,
-0.0041865757666528225,
0.032901741564273834,
-0.45169946551322937,
0.4992687702178955,
0.2505033016204834,
-0.12640635669231415,
-0.39591383934020996,
0.2102675437927246,
0.4090663194656372,
0.4402798116207123,
-0.5295105576515198,
0.23655910789966583,
-0.44198957085609436,
-0.1696213036775589,
0.14561717212200165,
-0.3900449872016907,
-0.757408857345581,
-0.6257415413856506,
0.3308209478855133,
0.4399414360523224,
-0.05582619458436966,
0.07017652690410614,
-0.12939642369747162,
-0.1496300995349884,
-0.8389818668365479,
0.8989521265029907,
0.5485135316848755,
-0.17627690732479095,
0.5802702307701111,
0.6126338839530945,
0.7103599309921265,
0.0540776364505291,
0.40661075711250305,
-0.40005531907081604,
-0.04379681870341301,
0.1850874423980713,
-0.9720697999000549,
0.5162644386291504,
-0.34335726499557495,
-0.5876387357711792,
0.1627376526594162,
0.11398567259311676,
0.6668888330459595,
-0.11882653832435608,
0.020465366542339325,
-0.18077364563941956,
-0.44036340713500977,
-0.4503995180130005,
-0.3635008931159973,
0.48066145181655884,
-0.12953077256679535,
-0.2898901104927063,
0.18054133653640747,
-0.659119188785553,
0.1268489956855774,
0.5245054364204407,
0.5337495803833008,
0.4423846900463104,
0.11497647315263748,
-0.6763320565223694,
0.6048761010169983,
-0.6328490376472473,
-0.7566210627555847,
0.2615419626235962,
-0.25346484780311584,
-0.0234904233366251,
-0.19602525234222412,
0.051093269139528275,
0.21618051826953888,
-0.0593886598944664,
0.3520265817642212,
-0.24427348375320435,
-0.036376338452100754,
-0.3848976194858551,
-0.31604161858558655,
-0.20569367706775665,
-0.40792372822761536,
0.02208724245429039,
-0.5672799348831177,
-0.13155335187911987,
0.296377032995224,
-0.04121965542435646,
-0.5175789594650269,
-0.9408960938453674,
0.02477511391043663,
0.4616439640522003,
-0.10697084665298462,
-0.2250840812921524,
-0.46932923793792725,
0.09223496913909912,
-0.35080486536026,
-0.14748814702033997,
-0.10281640291213989,
-0.3483056128025055,
0.27017122507095337,
0.3681778907775879,
-0.19731633365154266,
-1.1634633541107178,
0.004668747074902058,
0.023065248504281044,
0.10213986039161682,
-0.10016413033008575,
-0.5445234775543213,
0.5441410541534424,
0.4846675395965576,
-0.6684085726737976,
0.09651882946491241,
0.44050318002700806,
0.39877426624298096,
0.3320735692977905,
-0.4985261559486389,
-0.027917426079511642,
0.5492925047874451,
-0.8083832263946533,
0.3086932301521301,
0.11394049972295761,
-0.8164641857147217,
0.3511575758457184,
-0.0654522255063057,
-0.13923196494579315,
-0.16066989302635193,
0.1332911103963852,
-0.9856559634208679,
-0.4893043637275696,
0.47696980834007263,
-0.04414084181189537,
-0.32564863562583923,
0.2467115819454193,
-0.37627559900283813,
-0.5985391736030579,
-0.7362368702888489,
-0.6339736580848694,
-0.3370136022567749,
0.005612013395875692,
-0.7855027914047241,
-0.9524828791618347,
0.35036784410476685,
-0.30278658866882324,
-0.3023567497730255,
0.4305097162723541,
-0.09043584018945694,
-0.26541125774383545,
-0.31064456701278687,
0.16858816146850586,
0.07256358861923218,
0.5870380401611328,
-0.25279539823532104,
0.07329750806093216,
0.18222399055957794,
-0.4493449926376343,
-0.030640773475170135,
0.6835668683052063,
0.7574969530105591,
0.6226397752761841,
-0.7776902318000793,
-0.05319754779338837,
-0.5952252149581909,
0.24246834218502045,
-0.7158058881759644,
-0.5634581446647644,
0.4440048038959503,
0.6925831437110901,
-1.0495917797088623,
-0.698585033416748,
-0.753288209438324,
1.1531113386154175,
-0.5673807263374329,
-0.20817327499389648,
-0.680694043636322,
-0.04389578104019165,
0.13634252548217773,
-0.09172777086496353,
0.07754963636398315,
-1.1617798805236816,
0.30279800295829773,
0.18902018666267395,
0.5266644358634949,
0.07421964406967163,
-0.5893747806549072,
0.6847332119941711,
-0.7131490111351013,
-0.12270946055650711,
-0.039328429847955704,
-0.10767781734466553,
0.43826204538345337,
-0.344944566488266,
0.2693445682525635,
0.08576834201812744,
-0.0879991203546524,
0.4394438862800598,
-0.6535323858261108,
-0.35594630241394043,
0.45840537548065186,
-0.17093926668167114,
-0.28981444239616394,
-0.20181035995483398,
-0.5075536370277405,
-0.516028106212616,
-0.6573342680931091,
-0.7072909474372864,
0.3631661534309387,
0.33794134855270386,
0.10578123480081558,
-0.2781692147254944,
0.18904328346252441,
-0.07405298948287964,
0.4489203095436096,
0.4780765771865845,
0.24335750937461853,
-0.5700116157531738,
0.6800371408462524,
-0.24788421392440796,
1.2429503202438354,
-0.3682306408882141,
-0.31064051389694214,
0.05811367556452751,
-0.02863154374063015,
0.045945629477500916,
-0.0629192590713501,
0.011275236494839191,
-0.24082700908184052,
0.19746273756027222,
-0.7685772776603699,
0.26446470618247986,
0.5984895825386047,
-0.6361877918243408,
0.03316386416554451,
0.5799567699432373,
-0.4802284240722656,
-0.3255610764026642,
-0.2251928597688675,
-0.18322646617889404,
-0.3296903669834137,
0.5262726545333862,
0.4354792833328247,
0.16351625323295593,
1.0305527448654175,
-0.46013638377189636,
-0.14184489846229553,
0.5407966375350952,
0.9531978964805603,
0.028078649193048477,
-0.39831778407096863,
-0.46391502022743225,
0.32050397992134094,
-0.35730811953544617,
-0.07060379534959793,
0.0025247028097510338,
-0.03864683210849762,
-0.25833645462989807,
0.3776063919067383,
-0.4348527491092682,
0.4701404869556427,
-0.37977084517478943,
-0.09301896393299103,
0.33910325169563293,
0.10471784323453903,
-0.3286537230014801,
0.17265161871910095,
0.4609474241733551,
0.06470109522342682,
-0.22803890705108643,
0.19289259612560272,
0.02663821168243885,
-0.11038154363632202,
0.027190333232283592,
0.27832159399986267,
0.2738029658794403,
-0.5664270520210266,
0.05409456416964531,
0.018070228397846222,
0.0916055217385292,
0.012635081075131893,
0.4434138238430023,
-0.1991959810256958,
-0.38773858547210693,
-0.6457990407943726,
0.09467799961566925,
-0.07203927636146545,
-0.02507712133228779,
0.16443336009979248,
0.574608564376831,
0.7379398345947266,
-0.3720402121543884,
-0.03262866288423538,
0.7421709895133972,
0.6566029787063599,
0.891771674156189,
-0.6339474320411682,
-0.049158401787281036,
0.48770666122436523,
-0.3276168704032898,
-0.003961632493883371,
-0.13344280421733856,
-0.4013385772705078,
0.16563306748867035,
0.2974106967449188,
-0.01623009704053402,
1.0291484594345093,
0.30900585651397705,
0.013393574394285679,
1.0808188915252686,
-0.4988579750061035,
-0.19130529463291168,
-0.044671740382909775,
-0.1327255219221115,
0.4301573932170868,
-0.4368395507335663,
0.17833618819713593,
0.5291731953620911,
0.35713037848472595,
-0.3812928795814514,
0.06155414134263992,
0.4690511226654053,
0.458156019449234,
-0.31892725825309753,
0.3566998243331909,
-0.8539678454399109,
0.057055097073316574,
0.09566553682088852,
0.40165188908576965,
0.049670472741127014,
-0.03001554124057293,
-0.314072847366333,
0.3224773108959198,
-0.9483135342597961,
0.014159212820231915,
0.6924365162849426,
-0.7430256009101868,
-0.30481231212615967,
0.003315666923299432,
0.20366083085536957,
0.014472485519945621,
-0.03393799811601639,
0.6185239553451538,
-0.47271084785461426,
-0.11316730827093124,
-0.09241174161434174,
-0.6366559267044067,
-0.23636069893836975,
0.27583497762680054,
0.3871917128562927,
-0.07706139236688614,
-0.45370998978614807,
0.7856505513191223,
-0.4379104971885681,
0.1039290800690651,
-0.5874577760696411,
0.7237399220466614,
0.9368582963943481,
-0.18098045885562897,
0.22280465066432953,
-0.8085342049598694,
0.21753078699111938,
-0.09408871829509735,
-0.24363186955451965,
0.3031850755214691,
-0.6524010896682739,
-0.5763813853263855,
0.03625882789492607,
0.5923298597335815,
0.452728807926178,
-0.21614840626716614,
0.014505160972476006,
-0.3179158866405487,
0.21300815045833588,
0.03680962324142456,
0.18645712733268738,
-0.1709672063589096,
0.059293001890182495,
-0.053370777517557144
] |
233215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport%2C%20Shropshire | Newport, Shropshire | Newport is a market town in the borough of Telford and Wrekin in Shropshire, England. It lies north of Telford and west of Stafford, and is near the Shropshire-Staffordshire border. The 2001 census recorded 10,814 people living in the town's parish, By the 2011 census, the population had risen to 11,387.
Toponym
The Normans planned a new town called Novus Burgus roughly on the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Plesc. The first market charter was granted by Henry I, and over time the name changed from Novus Burgus, to Nova Porta, to Newborough and finally to Newport in about 1220.
Location
The site was chosen partly because of its location near the Via Devana (Roman Road, which ran from Colchester to Chester), and partly because of the number of fisheries (which are mentioned in the Domesday Survey). The River Meese, which flows from Aqualate Mere, lies to the north of the town.
Newport sits on a sandstone ridge on the eastern border of the Welsh Marches and west of the Aqualate Mere, the largest natural lake in the English Midlands The area around it at the end of the last Ice Age was part of Lake Lapworth. Formed from melting glaciers, it covered a vast area of north Shropshire. Early man fished here and two ancient log boats were uncovered from Newport. One has been preserved and is kept at Harper Adams University at Edgmond.
The villages of Church Aston, Chetwynd and Longford are adjoined to the south of Newport, though they remain in separate parishes. The village of Edgmond is located just to the west, separated by Cheney Hill, Chetwynd Park and the currently truncated Shrewsbury and Newport Canal.
Like many rural market towns, Newport was influenced by industry; it served the needs of the mining area to the east of Shropshire and was also affected by mass-produced industrial goods that replaced traditional crafts.
Newport's inland location can lead to very cold winters. It holds the record for the lowest-ever temperature recorded in England, -26.1 °C on 11 January 1982. This was cold enough to freeze diesel fuel in vehicles.
History
Newport was located in the historic kingdom of Mercia, near where Wreocensæte, capital the Wrekin, was once situated. Humans inhabited this area long before the creation of the town. Once established, Newport became a market town in the centre of the rural farming area between Stafford and Shrewsbury.
Saxon period
In Saxon times there were two settlements in the area. The first, 'Eastun', has been identified as Church Aston and the second was 'Plaesc'; now 'Newport', In AD963, Plaesc was described as having a High Street, a stone quarry, and a religious community. The name Plaesc means a shallow pool. Few signs of the Saxon settlement exist today, apart from the High Street, the Quarry, which could be either the Quarry on Stafford Road, or the Hole Meadow on Wellington Road. This has not been definitely confirmed ''Norman period
At the time of the Norman Conquest, the land where Newport sits formed part of the manor of Edgmond, which William I gave as a gift along with the county of Shropshire to Roger, Earl of Shrewsbury. Henry I founded the borough, first called Newborough, after the manor came into his hands from Robert de Belesme.
Newport was omitted from the Domesday Book of 1086, but this is not uncommon. Other towns omitted include London, Tamworth, Oswestry and Ludlow, all boroughs since Saxon times.
The Normans planned the new town around the older one during the reign of Henry I. The wide main street was designed for its market, and the narrow burgage plots running at right angles to it are typical of Norman architecture and planning, though today only Newport Guildhall and Smallwood Lodge are clear signs of Tudor buildings, due to the 1665 fire which destroyed most of the High Street.
Medieval Newport flourished with trade in leather, wool and fish. Novoportans possessed the right to provide fish for the Royal table. The many half-timbered buildings surviving from the late medieval and Tudor periods confirm Newport's success, leading to the first market charter which was granted by Henry I.
The town is mentioned once by John Leland in a list of castles, though now no visible remains of the castle exist; however, the most probable location for it would have been the traditional site of a manor house at Upper Bar, where there is a fragment of a square, broad moat, or on the higher ground along the Forton road, where the Castle House school stands. As regards the moat, nearly square, forming by measurement an area of 60 square yards, two sides have been filled with rubbish. Nothing is known about the occupants of the moated site. It could have pre-dated the town or, perhaps more likely, could have been the manor house of the Audleys, who were granted the manor in 1227. By 1421, the manor house was in ruins.
One of the main reasons for Newport's early wealth was the surrounding fisheries and the chief service of the burgesses, being that of taking fish to the Royal court wherever it might be. This custom was continued after Henry III had granted the borough, with the manor of Edgmond, to Henry de Audley; Henry's son James granted in the middle of the 13th century that the burgesses need not take the fish anywhere except within the county of Shropshire.
The burgesses received certain privileges from Henry I; Henry II, in an undated charter, granted them all the liberties, rights and customs that they had enjoyed in the time of Henry I, including a guild merchant, which is mentioned in the quo warranto rolls as one of the privileges claimed by the burgesses. Confirmation charters were granted by Edward I in 1287 and Edward II in 1311, while the town was incorporated in 1551 by Edward VI, whose charter was confirmed by James I in 1604. The governing body consisted of a Lord High Steward, deputy steward, two water-bailiffs and 28 burgesses, but the corporation was abolished by the Municipal Corporation Act of 1883, and a Local Board was formed, which, under the Local Government Act 1894, gave place to an urban district council.
Regency period
In 1665, many buildings were damaged in the Great Fire of Newport and only a few of the medieval structures remain. However, there remain many fine Regency and Georgian frontages, built on the site of the former Norman plots. This allows the main streets of Newport to be wider and less cluttered than those of the other towns of its age.
Edwardian period
By the 19th century, Newport was surrounded by large estates that came right to the verge of the town, determining size and development. The vivary and open fields at Norbroom had gone making the town dependent on its rural hinterland. The few fields that remained were for hay or cattle, forming a small green belt. These estates exerted a powerful influence on the town, something obvious in the deference shown and respect paid to these landed families until at least the First World War.
Beginning in the southwest of the town was the largest estate, the Lilleshall estate of the Duke of Sutherland. This dates from the dissolution of the monasteries, the lands of Lilleshall Abbey being purchased in 1539 by James Leveson of Wolverhampton.
The next estate is that in the south-east of Woodcote Hall, a smaller one belonging to the Cotes family.
On the west between Lilleshall and the town was the Longford Estate of the Talbots, Earls of Shrewsbury, sold in 1789 to Ralph Leake of Wellington who had made his fortune in the East India Company.
North of the town is the Chetwynd Park estate of the Pigotts, bought in 1803 by Thomas Borrow of north Derbyshire who changed his surname to Burton Borough.
The Aqualate Estate to the east lies mostly in Staffordshire.
20th century
The town was fortunate to avoid civilian casualties during the Second World War when on Christmas Eve 1944, a V-1 flying bomb launched from a Heinkel bomber and aimed at Manchester landed in a field east of Newport, about 300 yards from the Newport to Gnosall road. This bomb is now on display at Royal Air Force Museum Cosford.
The passenger service on the train line between Stafford and Wellington was withdrawn in 1964 as a result of the Beeching Axe and the line closed completely in 1967. The track was lifted soon afterwards and the Newport end was subsequently re-developed for housing.
In the 1960s/early 1970s when the population of Newport was nearer 3000, over a third of the local workforce was employed at Serck Audco Valves, Greenwood Moore, Kwiz Feather Flights etc. All of this industry and large scale employment has since gone - mostly during the late 1970s/early 1980s.
At Harper Adams University College just outside Newport in Edgmond, on 11 January 1982 the English lowest temperature weather record was broken (and is kept to this day): -26 .1 °C.
Modern-day Newport
Newport is now predominantly a commuter town, with people travelling to Telford, Shrewsbury, Stafford, Wolverhampton and beyond for employment.
Previously, very little redevelopment happened in Newport from the 1960s—attention going instead to nearby towns including Wellington and Oakengates, which make up the new town of Telford—until the Telford and Wrekin Council borough towns incentive was brought about in 2007; the town then received major investments over the following years, including a major redevelopment of the canal and surrounding area, the lower bar of the High Street area, planned housing, bars and restaurants set to line the canal. New sporting facilities, including a climbing wall in the Springfield's area of the town, were provided.
On 23 November 1981, an F1/T2 tornado which formed over the nearby civil parish of Chetwynd later moved over Newport, causing some damage in the town.
In the spring of 2010 the first stage of the towns was a £1.5m regeneration began with the £250,000 and £300,000 redevelopment of Victoria Park behind the now-defunct The Royal Victoria Hotel. The next stage of the regeneration, which was mainly focused on the High Street area of the town and Central square, involved re-surfacing the High-Street pavements and changing the design of the High Street around the Puleston Cross, removing the cobblestones and replacing them with paving and the traced outline of the 1850s market hall.
In July 2011, Telford and Wrekin Council unveiled plans for green land off the A518 bypass. The proposals included hundreds of new homes, a new supermarket, a business park and improvements to Burton Borough School.
House prices in the town are the highest in the TF post code area (including the towns of Telford and Market Drayton) and amongst the highest in the county.
The town is currently attempting to acquire Transition Towns and Fairtrade Town statuses.
Facilities and places of interest
The High Street
The main street in Newport follows the Norman design. This resulted in the distinctive long wide High Street, split into three parts, upper bar, lower bar and St Mary's street, with the centre of the high-street being the 19th-century Newport Town and Market Hall completed in March 1860, with an Italianate frontage. This replaced an earlier building that was demolished due to fire.
Burgage plots ran along either side and the church rising up in the middle, with the High Street with St Mary's Street splitting off and re-joining the high street around the island on which are sited the St Nicholas Church and the Puleston Cross (an ancient memorial cross usually known locally but inaccurately as the Butter Cross).
After the fire of Newport in 1665 the old Norman buildings were replaced with grander Georgian architecture, which hid the work yards behind; the shops are still there but the work yards have now been developed into housing or the Boughey Gardens tennis courts, next to the literary institute.
Newport has retained shops on High Street, Stafford Street and St Mary's Street, with St Mary's Street having cobblestones and the majority of shops being small boutiques. St Mary's is also the site of various markets and fairs which tie in with Newport's indoor market.
The town also has businesses such as Costa Coffee, Boots, M&Co, Subway, Greggs, Coral, Bet365, the town's Woolworths store was developed into a B&M Bargains.
On the Newport by-pass near to the Aqualate Mere the A518 road there is a small out-of-town industrial estate known as Mere Park, featuring a garden centre, hotel and restaurant. There are also various other small scale industrial estates that lie around the Newport by-pass and Springfield estate.
Other areas
The oldest man-made landmark in the town is the Puleston Cross which is a butter cross positioned near to the Church of St Nicholas. This is a 13th-century cross denoting a marketplace. The cross was set up in memory of Sir Roger de Pyvelesdon (i.e. 'de Puleston') who died in 1272, in Shropshire. This is confirmed in a deed signed by his son Sir Roger de Puleston in 1285, which refers to the cross set up for the soul of Roger de Pyvelesdon who died in 1272.
Towards the top end of the town is the Combat Stress centre, built in 1908 as the infirmary for the Newport Workhouse, it was subsequently developed as accommodation for elderly ladies until its closure in 1995. The home was purchased in 1996 and refurbished.
The town sits near the Aqualate Mere, which is the largest natural lake in the English Midlands.
Religious sites
The first recorded religious community is 963 AD where a Saxon script recorded a religious community. This was the church of St Mary Magdalene, built in the time of Archbishop Dunstan.
Newport lies in the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury and as a Norman planned new town, religion played a strong part in the design of the town, with the centre of the town being dominated by St Nicholas Church, originally built in the reign of Henry I and restored in 1886 and 1890.
The second church of the town is the St Peter and Paul Catholic church in Newport Salters Lane, built 1857 and the oldest Catholic church in Shropshire, designed by Augustus Pugin.Lilleshall Abbey ruins are to be found from the town centre. They include a Norman west door and part of the front, considerable remains of the church besides, and traces of domestic buildings. The abbey was founded in 1145, under charter from King Stephen, by Richard de Baumes or Belmeis, dean of St Alkmund, Shrewsbury, for Augustinian canons, who were brought from Dorchester Abbey, Oxfordshire.
A smaller church for the Baptist community sits at the back of The Royal Victoria Hotel in water lane, called Newport Baptist church, which was built in the 1960s.
The town has had a wide range of religious sites over time and this is shown in the number of churches in the town, the Independent Chapel, Beaumaris Lane, Newport, built 1803 on the site of a church dating from 1765, converted into cottages in 1832 when they finished work on the new church, the Newport Independent (Congregational) Chapel, Wellington Road, built in 1831, subsequently becoming part of the United Reformed Church. It merged with the Methodist Chapel in Avenue Road in 2001 to become Trinity Church, a joint Methodist/United Reformed Church. A major renovation was undertaken in 2010.
Due to the growth and decline of religions over time some previous churches have since been used for other uses or been demolished altogether, most of these are in the Upper Bar area of the town, around the Granville road and Wellington road area.
Near to the Trinity church is the Newport Primitive Methodist Chapel, built 1877, closed 1920 which replaced the one built in Stafford Road, built 1830. This is still there as a house next door to the New Inn.
Two more former churches are the Newport Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Upper Bar, built 1829, which was turned into a shop and theatre in 1876 and the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Avenue Road which was built in 1876 and closed in 2001 on merging with the Wellington Road URC Chapel; it subsequently became a gym but has since been converted into a house.Newport General Cemetery was opened for burials on 2 March 1859 with its first interment taking place on 5 March 1859 when it is noted that some 1,000 people witnessed the burial. The cemetery contains a chapel built at the same time and is bounded at the public road side by fine wrought iron railings and gates. The cemetery was originally laid out with four oval lawns around a cross-shaped set of roads with the chapel centrally placed. Also buried in the cemetery are eleven British Army soldiers of World War I and a soldier and airman of World War II, who are commemorated by a row of Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstones.
Economy
Newport is the main hub for the farming community along the Shropshire/Staffordshire border and as a local business centre. The Football Association, Medical and Exercise Science Department is based at Lilleshall Hall on the outskirts of the town.
A large section of Newport's economy is based around education, two selective state schools and a large comprehensive drawing students from far beyond the town, as well as a university on the edge of the town along with a regional food academy.
Retail plays a major part of the economy of the town, with the majority of shops being located in and around the High street, with larger out of town stores located on the Audley Avenue and Springfield trading estates into the south of the town and to the east of the town the Mere park complex.
tag
Culture
Events and venues
Cosy Hall is used for the Newport music festival.
The Newport Guildhall is a medieval timber-framed building which dates back to around 1400.
Town events
The town hosts many events throughout the year, but six main events bring people to Newport. Newport Show is hosted yearly at Chetwynd Deer Park and is the major annual event in the town, first held in Victoria Park in 1890 and now attracting 13,000 visitors each year. The show is now held at Chetwynd Deer Park between Edgmond and Newport.
In the centre of town itself the main events are the Newport Carnival and the Newport Old Tyme Market.<ref</ref> The biggest event in the town is the biennial Newport Nocturne Bike Race.
Britain in Bloom
In 2009 Newport became the first town in the country to win six gold awards in a row in the Britain in Bloom contest. The 2010 competition, wherein it won more points than any town in the United Kingdom gave Newport its seventh consecutive gold medal.
MediaRadio - The town is covered by a local community radio station called NOVA FM, which broadcasts from the high street on 97.5FM, and by regional stations Signal 107.7, (formerly Telford FM), Free Radio, (formerly Beacon Radio), and BBC Radio Shropshire.Print media - The Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser, is the town's weekly newspaper, in publication since 1854, has premises located on St Mary's Street. The town is also covered by the county wide Shropshire Star and The Shropshire Magazine. All are published by Shropshire Newspapers Ltd. Nova Magazine, first published in 1994 as Nova News, is a free monthly magazine distributed to Newport, Church Aston, Edgmond, Tibberton, Hinstock, Forton, Sutton, Norbury, Gnosall, Outwoods, Moreton, Sheriffhales, Muxton and Lilleshall.
In the media
Christmas Guisers' Play from Newport, Shropshire [1883] is about the town.
Newport was the first town in Shropshire to be on Dickinson's Real Deal.
A television documentary called The Spy Who Stole My Life showed the town as the backdrop of the Robert Hendy-Freegard story, who conned students from the town was shown by Channel Five on 7 September 2005. In Australia, this was called The spy Who Conned Me.
The Army Cadet Force has a detachment, which represented the town and United Kingdom at a ceremony where they paraded under the Menin Gate in Ypres, Belgium in 2005.
The town is supposedly haunted by a ghost, Madam Pigott.
Education
Newport has a full range of educational establishments, from primary schools to a university. The selective schools in the town are Newport Girls' High School and Haberdashers' Adams (previously known as Adams' Grammar School). Harper Adams University is located in the nearby village of Edgmond, and Keele University operates teaching rooms in the doctor's surgery for trainee student doctors. For Further Education students, the closest colleges to the town are Telford College of Arts and Technology and Stafford College, with Buses running from the town to both colleges and to Shrewsbury College of Arts & Technology. Just outside the town is Edgmond Hall, used by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council for outdoor activities for school students.
Transport
The town has been a well used crossing-point even before the creation of the settlement and sits on an historical crossing point of the Via Devana.
The town became prominent as a coaching town on the Mail coach route between London, North Wales and Ireland as well being on a historic junction on the road from London to Chester and the East Midlands. This meant that the town grew around the different roads that cross the town. At the centre of the town is a large island with the church of St. Nicholas at one end and Central Square nightclub at the other, the High Street on one side and St Mary's Street on the other side. The two streets come together at one end in front of the nightclub at the junction with the A518 from Stafford which runs through the town on an east–west route from Stafford to Telford. They come together at the other end by the truncated Shrewsbury and Newport Canal beyond which is the junction with the A519 road from Eccleshall and Stoke-on-Trent. At the southern end of the High Street is another junction where the A519 road leaves on its way to Telford.
Before the road network the canal was the main link into the town. It is not currently connected to the national network, but there are plans to restore it to a fully working canal by the Shrewsbury and Newport Canals Trust. linking into the national canal network at Norbury Junction to the east of the A41 which now borders the town to the east on a north–south by-pass route opened in early 1985 to ease the congestion that plagued the High Street.
The town sits from the M54 and from the M6 Motorways.
Buses
The town is served by buses between Stafford and Telford and a service from Shrewsbury. Arriva Midlands is the main service provider for the town with additional shoppers services operated by Wrekin Rider, the bus operating arm of Telford and Wrekin District Council.
Rail
The former Stafford to Shrewsbury Line once ran through the town, but due to cuts Newport (Salop) railway station was closed in September 1964 and has now been dismantled. The line has been restored to Hortonwood, and it is possible that the next phase could be to reconnect the town to the railway network. This has been given a boost by the town council, who are currently in talks with Stafford borough council to discuss the link to Stafford. The line is in the top 36 'Lines that should reopen' listing published by the Campaign for Better Transport, and with the Telford International Freight Park in Donnington, Telford needing better connections to the east coast and Scotland, this could mean a line going past the town and on towards Gnosall and Stafford.
Cycling
Newport is on National Route 55 and Regional Route 75 of the Sustrans National Cycle Network. Cycle maps for these routes are available from Newport Visitor Information centre, located in the Pop Up Shop on Wellington Road. The cycle way to Stafford runs on the former railway line and will be completed by the end of 2014.
Walking
The town sits on the Way for the Millennium walk way which is 65 km (40 mi) long, and heads toward Stafford, passing through several villages on the way.
Sport and clubs
Newport Town FC play in the West Midlands (Regional) League (Division Two) and have a reserve side ("Edgmond Rangers") who play in the Mercian Regional Football League (Division Two). Newport Town were the league champions of the Shropshire County Premier Football League for the 2011–12 season, earning them promotion. Since promotion in 2012, the senior team now plays its home games at Harper Adams University College in Edgmond and the reserve team also play in Edgmond. Previously they played their home games at Shuker Field, a field close to the Burton Borough School in Newport itself.
The Newport Crown Green Bowls club plays in the Premier Division of Shropshire after promotion from the Mid Shropshire division one as well as many other division and leagues.
Newport (Salop) Rugby Union Football Club is the highest ranked rugby club in Shropshire and the main club in the town Newport Cricket Club plays in the Shropshire Premier Cricket League Premier Division.
On 2009, the £200,000 Newport Sk8''' park was formally opened by Princess Anne. The skatepark is the largest in Shropshire and the largest W/ramp in Britain.
265(Chetwynd) Air Training Corps are also based just outside of Newport, on the Chetwynd Deer Park.
Lilleshall Sports Centre
Lilleshall Hall - formerly the country retreat and hunting lodge for the Duke of Sutherland, situated just from the centre of Newport and is now home to Lilleshall National Sports Centre.
Notable residents
Early times
Robert Puleston, (born in Newport) – brother-in-law and supporter of Owain Glyndŵr, against King Henry IV
Richard Barnfield (1574 in Norbury, Staffordshire – 1620) – English poet, obscure though close relationship with William Shakespeare, brought up in Edgmond nearby.
William Adams, (1585 in Newport – 1661) – London Haberdasher founded Haberdashers' Adams in 1656
Thomas Brown (1662 in Newport or Shifnal – 1704) – satirist
1750-1900
John Meeson Parsons (1798 in Newport – 1870) – art collector and director of the Shropshire Union Railway
William Ick (1800 in Newport – 1844) English botanist and geologist
James Brown (1812–1881) – Roman Catholic Bishop of Shrewsbury from 1851 to 1881, lived Salter's Hall, near Newport
Arabella Elizabeth Roupell (1817 in Newport – 1914) – English flower painter
James Hain Friswell (1825 in Newport – 1878) – English essayist and novelist
Thomas Collins (1841 – 1934 in Newport) – played first-class cricket for Cambridge University from 1861 and 1863 and was headmaster of Newport Grammar School from 1871 to in 1903
Charles Cecil Cotes (1846 Woodcote Hall – 1898) – British landowner and Liberal politician
Colonel the Rt. Hon. William Slaney Kenyon-Slaney (1847–1908) – sportsman, soldier and MP for Newport 1886 to 1908
Percy John Heawood (1861 in Newport – 1955) – British mathematician
James Edward Quibell, (1867 in Newport – 1935) – Egyptologist
Frederick Phillips Raynham (1893–1954) – office worker at Harper Adams College and pilot from the early days of aviation
from 1900
Sir Peter James Bottomley (born 1944 in Newport) – British Conservative MP for Worthing West since 1997
Peter Butler (born 1951 in Newport) – British Conservative MP for North East Milton Keynes from 1992 to 1997
M. J. Bassett (born c. 1965 in Newport) – is an English screenwriter and film director of Solomon Kane
Jeremy Corbyn, (born 1949) – Labour MP for Islington North since 1983, Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. Lived as child in Pave Lane and attended Castle House School and Haberdashers' Adams
Robert Hendy-Freegard, (born 1971) – barman in Newport, conman, impostor who masqueraded as an MI5 agent
Stuart Meeson (born 1972 in Newport) – physicist in Electrical Impedance Tomography, went to school in Newport
Craig Phillips, (born 1971) – winner of Big Brother 2000 lived in Newport
James Sutton (born 1983) – is an English actor, best known for playing John Paul McQueen in Hollyoaks. Lived in Newport
Sport
Herbert Denis Edleston Elliott (1887 in Newport – 1973) – English cricketer, played for Essex County Cricket Club
Reuben (Ben) Jones (1932 in Newport – 1990) – an Olympic equestrian, competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics
Paul Bracewell, (born 1962) – footballer for England, Newcastle United and Sunderland
Adam Proudlock, (born 1981) – youth team coach for Newport Town, played for Wolves, Ipswich Town and Notts.F
David Pallett (born 1990) – English darts player for Professional Darts Corporation lives in Newport
Callum Burton (born 1996 in Newport) – English football goalkeeper for Shrewsbury Town F.C.
Ben Rowlings (born 1996) – British Paralympic athlete who competes in the T34 classification, lives in Newport
Surrounding villages and hamlets
The town is surrounded by many different small villages, ranging from the larger settlements of Edgmond and Lilleshall to smaller hamlets all of which are joined to the town or separated only by a small distance. Most of these settlements are seen as parts of the town's catchment zone. Due to Newport's proximity to the county border, a number include Newport in their postal address, despite being situated in Staffordshire.
The following villages and settlements can be found near Newport:
Church Aston
Chetwynd
Longford
Edgmond
Moreton, Staffordshire
Meretown
Adeney
Stockton, Shropshire
Pave Lane
Bromstead Heath (Staffordshire)
Great Chatwell (Staffordshire)
Forton, (Staffordshire)
Coley (Staffordshire)
Outwoods (Staffordshire)
Wilbrighton.
Tibberton
Closest cities, towns and villages
See also
Listed buildings in Newport, Shropshire
Shropshire Star Newport Nocturne
Shrewsbury and Newport Canal
Newport Show
Newport (Shropshire) (UK Parliament constituency)
References
Bibliography
External links
Newport Town Council
Newport Shropshire online information portal
Market towns in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Telford and Wrekin
Tourist attractions in Shropshire
Populated places established in the 12th century
Towns in Shropshire
Reportedly haunted locations in West Midlands (region) | [
-0.020395006984472275,
0.44601449370384216,
0.28263068199157715,
-1.1834880113601685,
-0.1392619013786316,
0.4977756142616272,
0.40128040313720703,
0.025838617235422134,
-0.719086766242981,
-0.4077955186367035,
-0.4805714190006256,
0.31397730112075806,
-0.028576774522662163,
0.41519075632095337,
-0.5236555337905884,
0.5128006339073181,
0.554013729095459,
0.47742360830307007,
-0.0654112845659256,
-0.7441208958625793,
0.22115229070186615,
-0.5915352702140808,
0.008776198141276836,
0.35923469066619873,
-0.3820381164550781,
0.016099441796541214,
0.5407875776290894,
-0.13235078752040863,
0.5164985656738281,
-0.34316113591194153,
0.1009102612733841,
0.8810931444168091,
-0.7232251167297363,
-0.5264424681663513,
0.5665862560272217,
-0.2502603530883789,
0.4303179085254669,
-0.8299281001091003,
-0.1024639904499054,
-0.022141069173812866,
0.11099394410848618,
-0.1474272459745407,
0.4687991142272949,
0.03635187819600105,
-0.3309490978717804,
-0.7897637486457825,
-1.2550653219223022,
-0.20910164713859558,
-0.762785792350769,
0.03816211596131325,
-0.7232961654663086,
0.5809850096702576,
0.17573651671409607,
0.3619173765182495,
0.7428793907165527,
0.7292105555534363,
-0.6195787191390991,
0.04233457148075104,
1.0774046182632446,
0.5287190675735474,
-0.0785997062921524,
0.5673221945762634,
-0.08647249639034271,
0.18397454917430878,
-0.5201761722564697,
-0.1659652143716812,
0.4392125606536865,
0.5378293395042419,
-0.2805425226688385,
-0.721853494644165,
-0.6963679194450378,
-0.45271041989326477,
-0.11610498279333115,
0.24823559820652008,
-0.2558899223804474,
0.5689737200737,
-0.26228252053260803,
-0.33758243918418884,
0.0370321199297905,
0.04473980888724327,
0.18100778758525848,
0.6094594597816467,
1.159393548965454,
0.1279514580965042,
0.9534599184989929,
0.25721171498298645,
-0.5893177390098572,
0.18703016638755798,
-0.1467437744140625,
1.2401632070541382,
-0.004434490576386452,
0.09542826563119888,
-0.15021632611751556,
0.006018421147018671,
-0.009548678994178772,
0.029920274391770363,
0.11731939762830734,
0.07964423298835754,
0.35028526186943054,
0.6217606663703918,
0.12068132311105728,
0.25520411133766174,
0.8064902424812317,
-0.27671775221824646,
-0.7090461850166321,
-0.013821238651871681,
-0.9912701845169067,
-0.8371984362602234,
0.5920614004135132,
0.01634659431874752,
-0.22813498973846436,
0.14263080060482025,
-0.12515723705291748,
-0.250800222158432,
-0.11416728794574738,
-0.126881405711174,
0.2424400895833969,
0.0057012662291526794,
-0.0021842203568667173,
0.201467826962471,
-0.07325568795204163,
1.3880256414413452,
-0.2914866507053375,
0.4219420254230499,
0.09038084745407104,
0.27834248542785645,
0.33062365651130676,
0.32350027561187744,
0.19478558003902435,
-0.11674828082323074,
0.44501492381095886,
0.46516260504722595,
-0.2702549397945404,
-0.39571505784988403,
0.3969573676586151,
-0.25450369715690613,
-0.2768419086933136,
0.4012249708175659,
0.6878471970558167,
0.41830113530158997,
-0.48127076029777527,
-0.1275920569896698,
-0.043659597635269165,
-0.020417744293808937,
0.22214007377624512,
-0.12322867661714554,
-0.30065086483955383,
-1.0301722288131714,
0.04470820724964142,
-0.14579875767230988,
0.4448430836200714,
0.3229782283306122,
0.07065936923027039,
0.3914412558078766,
-0.6303513050079346,
-0.17501312494277954,
0.46743354201316833,
-0.31863269209861755,
0.4394582211971283,
-0.05250914394855499,
-0.15477438271045685,
-0.6184126734733582,
0.5314855575561523,
0.020204849541187286,
-0.06075107678771019,
0.2906487286090851,
0.4918194115161896,
-0.37434127926826477,
0.4361918270587921,
0.15189990401268005,
-0.7665591239929199,
-0.12975479662418365,
0.6438958048820496,
-0.316785603761673,
-0.08626455813646317,
-0.944175124168396,
1.2649897336959839,
1.0068929195404053,
0.3307805061340332,
-0.1933794766664505,
-0.6692825555801392,
-0.5966156721115112,
0.25727397203445435,
-0.2496865838766098,
0.33814001083374023,
-0.018010307103395462,
-0.1039339154958725,
-0.15999220311641693,
-0.8508151769638062,
-0.007789683528244495,
0.0991402417421341,
-0.19265460968017578,
0.23476113379001617,
-0.40887272357940674,
0.9484156966209412,
0.06812261044979095,
-0.45524704456329346,
0.30953148007392883,
0.11904101818799973,
0.5338222980499268,
-0.06014609709382057,
-0.10917889326810837,
0.30433619022369385,
-0.12610986828804016,
-0.3631604015827179,
-0.05809395760297775,
0.9306800961494446,
-0.10335943102836609,
-0.17826427519321442,
0.769680917263031,
-0.13302364945411682,
-0.1970924288034439,
-0.576248288154602,
0.5190297961235046,
-0.15026381611824036,
-0.40913572907447815,
0.00809384509921074,
0.006017094478011131,
0.1800113469362259,
-0.4708883464336395,
0.3965243101119995,
0.20035533607006073,
-0.1907084733247757,
0.35825973749160767,
-0.08896218240261078,
0.6415824890136719,
0.24453791975975037,
0.11924366652965546,
-0.4089105427265167,
-0.4954095482826233,
-0.5839377045631409,
0.24652116000652313,
0.06795138865709305,
-0.277839332818985,
0.04953932762145996,
-0.7222409844398499,
-0.7562508583068848,
-0.3597404658794403,
-0.046330466866493225,
-0.6719601154327393,
0.08146405220031738,
0.10408346354961395,
-0.6330868601799011,
-0.05409306287765503,
0.6696940064430237,
1.3785324096679688,
-0.23317886888980865,
0.32649877667427063,
0.16775235533714294,
-0.4979669451713562,
0.36585479974746704,
0.2533929944038391,
0.9744852781295776,
-0.14169691503047943,
0.2748216688632965,
-0.7196986079216003,
0.06686052680015564,
0.1503942906856537,
0.1742205172777176,
0.8487032651901245,
-0.2411341518163681,
-0.25410184264183044,
0.27689453959465027,
0.07922455668449402,
-0.0912158265709877,
-0.8455713987350464,
-0.4196292459964752,
-1.1931849718093872,
0.35511907935142517,
-0.1342208981513977,
0.6946359872817993,
-0.638032078742981,
-0.2061714380979538,
-0.23507969081401825,
0.6392931342124939,
0.6098488569259644,
-0.22705690562725067,
-0.07016606628894806,
-0.5505484342575073,
0.16975796222686768,
0.6661261916160583,
0.4747266173362732,
-0.17961552739143372,
-0.039690110832452774,
-0.11599035561084747,
-0.045921385288238525,
0.6344568729400635,
-0.7315846085548401,
-0.4360235631465912,
-0.4474692642688751,
-0.3667794466018677,
0.1086856797337532,
0.13987092673778534,
0.7369197607040405,
-0.06527106463909149,
0.10637546330690384,
-0.21435552835464478,
-0.08391239494085312,
0.10019988566637039,
-0.3197651505470276,
0.17080366611480713,
0.6743355989456177,
-0.367255300283432,
0.22310109436511993,
0.4716063141822815,
-0.807267963886261,
0.018430741503834724,
-0.6167935729026794,
-4.930927276611328,
0.11433494091033936,
-0.08353273570537567,
-0.501848042011261,
0.8480700254440308,
-0.37226372957229614,
0.06432732939720154,
-1.0328614711761475,
0.010330778546631336,
0.1949850618839264,
0.4779384136199951,
-0.2301481068134308,
-0.3656103014945984,
0.6974359750747681,
0.7699185609817505,
0.5503942370414734,
0.6380364298820496,
0.12332091480493546,
0.9395815134048462,
0.09537658095359802,
0.3896799385547638,
0.07959821820259094,
-0.16271424293518066,
0.18909190595149994,
0.27174121141433716,
0.4620773494243622,
0.3464539647102356,
-0.8254123330116272,
-0.6355478763580322,
0.22185152769088745,
-0.36205682158470154,
0.251463919878006,
0.049799688160419464,
0.2904791831970215,
-0.47033920884132385,
0.5699518322944641,
0.2732742726802826,
0.3247234523296356,
0.750065267086029,
-0.7858465313911438,
0.04253498464822769,
0.8089480400085449,
-0.2356054037809372,
-0.7216144800186157,
0.8487006425857544,
-0.5397586226463318,
-1.0095263719558716,
-0.2952149212360382,
-0.01516405027359724,
1.0349996089935303,
0.02444271743297577,
0.1646396964788437,
0.8576974272727966,
-0.0633661150932312,
-0.15283295512199402,
-0.3117293417453766,
0.42610499262809753,
-0.14895986020565033,
0.10117721557617188,
0.6740077137947083,
0.1997985690832138,
-0.33729490637779236,
-0.3356083035469055,
0.15660320222377777,
-0.3775405287742615,
-0.6150022745132446,
0.1387440711259842,
-0.11985711753368378,
0.6485225558280945,
0.25953608751296997,
-0.8603736758232117,
0.0009989842073991895,
0.10031580179929733,
-0.8159117102622986,
0.34091392159461975,
-0.16503556072711945,
-0.9629071950912476,
0.06927481293678284,
-0.132233664393425,
0.4266531765460968,
-0.15427125990390778,
-0.370095819234848,
0.157525897026062,
0.44867855310440063,
-0.017255187034606934,
-0.9218366146087646,
-0.6021426320075989,
-0.0806531012058258,
-0.29414188861846924,
-1.0480324029922485,
0.3696184754371643,
-0.5427700877189636,
0.27023741602897644,
0.5169508457183838,
0.09178204089403152,
0.5280532836914062,
0.27289775013923645,
0.3820466697216034,
0.16526086628437042,
-0.45864808559417725,
0.0900978222489357,
-0.13455618917942047,
0.08379925787448883,
0.05884173512458801,
-0.559589147567749,
-0.2480098456144333,
0.12769566476345062,
0.17826415598392487,
0.4297158122062683,
-0.10599372535943985,
-0.2619642913341522,
-0.39980289340019226,
-0.7217411994934082,
0.05022072419524193,
-0.021391328424215317,
-0.7359170913696289,
-0.6540945768356323,
0.8942659497261047,
-0.37762218713760376,
0.6379428505897522,
0.014068071730434895,
0.15911731123924255,
-0.48973989486694336,
-0.4869871139526367,
-0.42122265696525574,
-0.3285151720046997,
0.28195077180862427,
0.44051799178123474,
-0.2291303277015686,
0.20464877784252167,
-0.5965795516967773,
0.06309740245342255,
0.10163968801498413,
0.08471043407917023,
-0.32892701029777527,
-0.3505932688713074,
-0.7610195279121399,
-0.09906865656375885,
0.2624514698982239,
0.6540735960006714,
0.6664508581161499,
0.1100514829158783,
-0.12221800535917282,
-0.1521938145160675,
-0.2634040415287018,
0.6760028004646301,
0.33443978428840637,
0.2526741325855255,
-1.174923300743103,
0.451524555683136,
-0.7469452619552612,
-0.14148151874542236,
-0.047622304409742355,
-0.3691226840019226,
0.22562016546726227,
-0.3606884181499481,
-0.20556096732616425,
0.3454715311527252,
0.3059416115283966,
-0.15260334312915802,
0.013104078359901905,
0.271516352891922,
-0.6275957822799683,
0.7875542044639587,
0.9984374642372131,
0.0075490581803023815,
-0.330278217792511,
0.025220848619937897,
-0.21940645575523376,
0.8560606241226196,
-0.025876585394144058,
0.026222052052617073,
-0.6808508038520813,
0.24894724786281586,
-0.03347253426909447,
-0.09812812507152557,
0.19923202693462372,
0.3387289345264435,
-0.14088700711727142,
0.10895922780036926,
-0.013139311224222183,
0.242467001080513,
0.11430374532938004,
-0.13107003271579742,
0.006500866264104843,
-1.0384892225265503,
-0.40549716353416443,
-0.4000771641731262,
0.417456716299057,
-0.7295708060264587,
0.3244926929473877,
0.04453501105308533,
0.33842939138412476,
0.12437096238136292,
-0.17916284501552582,
-0.381187379360199,
0.4031565189361572,
-0.030489856377243996,
-0.19680088758468628,
-0.6411507725715637,
0.10979656130075455,
0.204055055975914,
-0.988865315914154,
0.375510036945343,
0.2072199583053589,
-0.6458606719970703,
0.11249927431344986,
0.1707390993833542,
-0.22894296050071716,
0.6848195195198059,
-0.6411133408546448,
-0.9136684536933899,
0.475333571434021,
0.26950228214263916,
-0.244833841919899,
-0.0600406713783741,
0.12910015881061554,
-0.03639933094382286,
-0.10358235239982605,
-0.572026789188385,
-0.4008866548538208,
-0.6924904584884644,
-0.3859429955482483,
0.10027658939361572,
-0.887370228767395,
0.24385176599025726,
0.24802520871162415,
-0.7156887650489807,
0.6527045369148254,
-0.7811182737350464,
-0.4686131477355957,
0.5091520547866821,
0.6038298606872559,
0.7335425019264221,
0.11525430530309677,
-0.18828441202640533,
-0.17876490950584412,
-0.41097772121429443,
0.4006638824939728,
0.45570629835128784,
0.33967262506484985,
1.0423483848571777,
0.10300569981336594,
-0.40477532148361206,
-0.4775584936141968,
-0.13266150653362274,
0.7746180891990662,
-0.6559985876083374,
-1.0165021419525146,
0.04584747925400734,
0.08928751200437546,
-0.37583884596824646,
-0.03141625225543976,
-0.25538766384124756,
0.8900303840637207,
-0.5974906086921692,
-0.23954051733016968,
0.8488908410072327,
-0.1150568500161171,
-0.1918618530035019,
0.41657933592796326,
0.2011159211397171,
-0.42404910922050476,
0.5476512312889099,
0.6461521983146667,
-0.3589864671230316,
-0.1739809662103653,
-0.4723288118839264,
0.5251357555389404,
-0.16853152215480804,
-0.7745628952980042,
-0.1790360063314438,
-0.5204613208770752,
0.3624398112297058,
0.3032311201095581,
-0.17405594885349274,
-0.3165752589702606,
-0.9148691892623901,
0.5842325687408447,
-0.022972479462623596,
0.2801209092140198,
0.18201306462287903,
0.3499959707260132,
-0.5163593292236328,
0.23915012180805206,
-0.5691184401512146,
-0.4332961440086365,
-0.007043132092803717,
-0.29460233449935913,
0.40586256980895996,
-0.36026808619499207,
-0.3861292600631714,
-0.3486928641796112,
-0.24272313714027405,
-0.2465982288122177,
0.32598915696144104,
0.13693177700042725,
0.394488662481308,
-0.3540442883968353,
0.25295209884643555,
-0.9981909990310669,
0.9103702306747437,
-0.5213397741317749,
-0.11399666219949722,
0.2121315747499466,
-0.011125966906547546,
-0.4138067066669464,
-0.3345758616924286,
0.08896764367818832,
0.2658613622188568,
-0.6528410911560059,
-0.23362314701080322,
0.4297088086605072,
0.985678493976593,
-0.3012940287590027,
0.16498900949954987,
0.7207773327827454,
-1.0539532899856567,
-0.44879868626594543,
0.7219208478927612,
-0.05522400140762329,
-0.3415561616420746,
0.5517368316650391,
0.39167144894599915,
-0.6100361943244934,
1.2566156387329102,
-0.014882496558129787,
-0.46953096985816956,
-0.11075165122747421,
0.22799193859100342,
0.135402113199234,
-0.12261586636304855,
-0.5434629917144775,
0.43380290269851685,
-0.2766036093235016,
-0.6754179000854492,
-0.19553160667419434,
-0.2120143622159958,
-0.09312403202056885,
-0.06517162919044495,
0.2123025804758072,
0.4204598665237427,
0.13284975290298462,
0.09036432206630707,
0.20823118090629578,
-0.022587401792407036,
0.3512996435165405,
-0.13170970976352692,
0.05078448727726936,
-0.28975802659988403,
0.5911431908607483,
0.005223184823989868,
0.49145638942718506,
-0.12947291135787964,
-0.13825993239879608,
0.05754195153713226,
-0.18544691801071167,
-0.10226031392812729,
-0.4400210976600647,
0.27234557271003723,
0.5635432600975037,
-0.1939351111650467,
0.4251653850078583,
-0.160297229886055,
-0.11379701644182205,
-0.25014054775238037,
0.3620426058769226,
0.168723925948143,
-0.24411389231681824,
0.49007296562194824,
0.04379888251423836,
0.46298250555992126,
-0.1507142186164856,
-0.5453060269355774,
0.21064262092113495,
0.2900887131690979,
-0.5930632948875427,
0.3532426655292511,
0.03106558881700039,
0.17698520421981812,
0.2159731537103653,
-0.12635831534862518,
-0.7392157912254333,
-0.30389219522476196,
0.5093960165977478,
0.05653045326471329,
-0.3134610950946808,
0.06295251101255417,
-0.8558305501937866,
-0.9299553036689758,
-0.15166066586971283,
0.15824230015277863,
-0.527381956577301,
0.11901623010635376,
-0.6381520628929138,
-0.5332419872283936,
0.3752187490463257,
0.8569758534431458,
0.7072172164916992,
0.3134973347187042,
0.5192306041717529,
0.07238583266735077,
-0.7720326781272888,
0.2230878621339798,
0.2274618148803711,
0.03743315115571022,
-0.6999890208244324,
0.23337377607822418,
-1.0122228860855103,
0.4859420657157898,
0.4560346305370331,
0.43487587571144104,
0.02166670188307762,
0.46446239948272705,
-0.6824608445167542,
0.5517671704292297,
1.0411276817321777,
-0.08699771016836166,
0.04464789107441902,
-0.5137191414833069,
0.6145591735839844,
0.3058549463748932,
0.33811548352241516,
0.3905150890350342,
0.3255370259284973,
-0.31338682770729065,
0.7677288055419922,
-0.3327942192554474,
-0.3398226499557495,
0.5141470432281494,
-0.4738803207874298,
-0.05806645750999451,
-0.3460165560245514,
0.10755085200071335,
-0.7242187261581421,
0.22024480998516083,
0.38397353887557983,
0.9291549921035767,
0.7323760390281677,
0.02340254932641983,
-0.7878226637840271,
-0.6566670536994934,
0.19355455040931702,
0.4957573711872101,
-1.114592432975769,
-0.9279906153678894,
-0.5268049240112305,
-0.9851446747779846,
0.07067083567380905,
0.6064684391021729,
0.7080046534538269,
-0.3293262720108032,
-0.21117965877056122,
-0.15609219670295715,
0.5383209586143494,
0.03831585496664047,
0.3401695489883423,
-0.8936893939971924,
0.6291243433952332,
-0.5641425251960754
] |
233217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20shark | Tiger shark | The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a species of requiem shark and the only extant member of the genus Galeocerdo. It is a large macropredator, capable of attaining a length over . Populations are found in many tropical and temperate waters, especially around central Pacific islands. Its name derives from the dark stripes down its body, which resemble a tiger's pattern, but fade as the shark matures.
The tiger shark is a solitary, mostly nocturnal hunter. It is notable for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks, with a range of prey that includes crustaceans, fish, seals, birds, squid, turtles, sea snakes, dolphins, and even other smaller sharks. It also has a reputation as a "garbage eater", consuming a variety of inedible, man-made objects that linger in its stomach. Though apex predators, tiger sharks are sometimes taken as prey by groups of killer whales. It is considered a near threatened species due to finning and fishing by humans.
The tiger shark is second only to the great white in recorded fatal attacks on humans, but these events are still exceedingly rare.
Taxonomy
The shark was first described by Peron and Lesueur in 1822, and was given the name Squalus cuvier. Müller and Henle in 1837 renamed it Galeocerdo tigrinus. The genus, Galeocerdo, is derived from the Greek galeos, which means shark, and kerdo, the word for fox. It is often colloquially called the man-eater shark.
The tiger shark is a member of the order Carcharhiniformes, the most species-rich order of sharks, with more than 270 species also including the small catsharks and hammerhead sharks. Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eyes, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits. It is the largest member of the Carcharhinidae family, commonly referred to as requiem sharks. This family consists of mostly slender but powerful mid- to large-sized sharks and includes some other well-known sharks, such as the blue shark (Prionace glauca), lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas).
Description
The tiger shark commonly attains adult length of and weighs often around . It is dimorphic, with females being the larger sex. Mature females are often over while mature males rarely get that large. Exceptionally large females reportedly can measure over , and the largest males . Weights of particularly large female tiger sharks can exceed . One pregnant female caught off Australia reportedly measured long and weighed . Even larger unconfirmed catches have been claimed. Some papers have accepted a record of an exceptional length for a tiger shark, but since this is far larger than any scientifically observed specimen, verification would be needed.
Among the largest extant sharks, the tiger shark ranks in average size only behind the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). This makes it the second-largest predatory shark, after the great white. Some other species such as megamouth sharks (Megachasma pelagios), Pacific sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus), Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), and bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus) broadly overlap in size with the tiger shark, but as these species are comparatively poorly studied, whether their typical mature size matches that of the tiger shark is unclear. The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), a member of the same taxonomic order as the tiger shark, has a similar or even greater average body length, but is lighter and less bulky, with a maximum known weight of .
Tiger shark teeth are unique with very sharp, pronounced serrations and an unmistakable sideways-pointing tip. Such dentition has developed to slice through flesh, bone, and other tough substances such as turtle shells. Like most sharks, its teeth are continually replaced by rows of new teeth throughout the shark's life. Relative to the shark's size, tiger shark teeth are considerably shorter than those of a great white shark, but they are nearly as broad as the root as the great white's teeth and are arguably better suited to slicing through hard-surfaced prey.
A tiger shark generally has long fins to provide lift as the shark maneuvers through water, while the long upper tail provides bursts of speed. The tiger shark normally swims using small body movements. Its high back and dorsal fin act as a pivot, allowing it to spin quickly on its axis, though the shark's dorsal fins are distinctively close to its tail.
Skin
The skin of a tiger shark can typically range from blue to light green with a white or light-yellow underbelly. The advantage of this is that when it is hunting for its prey, when prey looks at the shark from above, the shark will be camouflaged, since the water below is darker And when prey is below the shark and looks up, of course because of the sun, it is lighter so that the light underbelly will also camouflage the shark. This is known as countershading. Dark spots and stripes are most visible in young sharks and fade as the shark matures. Its head is somewhat wedge-shaped, which makes it easy to turn quickly to one side. They have small pits on the snout which hold electroreceptors called the ampullae of Lorenzini, which enable them to detect electric fields, including the weak electrical impulses generated by prey, which helps them to hunt. Tiger sharks also have a sensory organ called a lateral line which extends on their flanks down most of the length of their sides. The primary role of this structure is to detect minute vibrations in the water. These adaptations allow the tiger shark to hunt in darkness and detect hidden prey.
Vision
Sharks do not have moveable upper or lower eyelids, but the tiger shark—among other sharks—has a nictitating membrane, a clear eyelid that can cover the eye. A reflective layer behind the tiger shark's retina, called the tapetum lucidum, allows light-sensing cells a second chance to capture photons of visible light. This enhances vision in low-light conditions.
Distribution and habitat
The tiger shark is often found close to the coast, mainly in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. Its behavior is primarily nomadic, but is guided by warmer currents, and it stays closer to the equator throughout the colder months. It tends to stay in deep waters that line reefs, but it does move into channels to pursue prey in shallower waters. In the western Pacific Ocean, the shark has been found as far north as Japan and as far south as New Zealand. It has also been recorded in the Mediterranean, once off Spain and once off Sicily.
Tiger sharks can be seen in the Gulf of Mexico, North American beaches, and parts of South America. It is also commonly observed in the Caribbean Sea. Other locations where tiger sharks are seen include off Africa, China, India, Australia, and Indonesia.
Certain tiger sharks have been recorded at depths just shy of , but some sources claim they move into shallow water normally thought to be too shallow for a species of its size. A recent study showed the average tiger shark would be recorded at , making tiger sharks uncommonly seen in shallow water. However, tiger sharks in Hawaii have been observed in depths as shallow as and regularly observed in coastal waters at depths of .
Feeding
The tiger shark is an apex predator and has a reputation for eating almost anything. These predators swim close inland to eat at night, and during the day swim out into deeper waters. Young tiger sharks are found to feed largely on small fish, as well as various small jellyfish, and mollusks including cephalopods. Around the time they attain , or near sexual maturity, their selection expands considerably, and much larger animals become regular prey. Numerous fish, crustaceans, sea birds, sea snakes, marine mammals (e.g. bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops), common dolphins (Delphinus), spotted dolphins (Stenella), dugongs (Dugong dugon), seals and sea lions, and sea turtles (including the three largest species: the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and the green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas),) are regularly eaten by adult tiger sharks. In fact, adult sea turtles have been found in up to 20.8% of studied tiger shark stomachs, indicating somewhat of a dietary preference for sea turtles where they are commonly encountered. They also eat other sharks (including adult sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus)), as well as rays, and sometimes even other tiger sharks.
Due to high risk of predation, dolphins often avoid regions inhabited by tiger sharks. Injured or ailing whales may also be attacked and eaten. A group was documented killing an ailing humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in 2006 near Hawaii. A scavenger, the tiger shark will feed on dead whales, and has been documented doing so alongside great white sharks.
Evidence of dugong predation was identified in one study that found dugong tissue in 15 of 85 tiger sharks caught off the Australian coast. Additionally, examination of adult dugongs has shown scars from failed shark attacks. To minimize attacks, dugong microhabitats shift similarly to those of known tiger shark prey when the sharks are abundant.
The broad, heavily calcified jaws and nearly terminal mouth, combined with robust, serrated teeth, enable the tiger shark to take on these large prey. In addition, excellent eyesight and acute sense of smell enable it to react to faint traces of blood and follow them to the source. The ability to pick up low-frequency pressure waves enables the shark to advance towards an animal with confidence, even in murky water. The shark circles its prey and studies it by prodding it with its snout. When attacking, the shark often eats its prey whole, although larger prey are often eaten in gradual large bites and finished over time.
Notably, terrestrial mammals, including horses (Equus ferus caballus), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), are fairly common in the stomach contents of tiger sharks around the coasts of Hawaii. In one case, remains of two flying foxes were found in the stomach of this shark. Because of its aggressive and indiscriminate feeding style, it often mistakenly eats inedible objects, such as automobile license plates, oil cans, tires, and baseballs.
Predation by killer whales
Although tiger sharks are apex predators, they are sometimes killed and taken as prey by pods of killer whales. The killer whales method of hunting tiger sharks is to drive them to the surface, then grab them mid-body and hold them upside down to induce tonic immobility which drowns the shark. The killer whales then bite off the sharks fins then disembowel and devour them midwater.
Swimming efficiency and stealth
All tiger sharks generally swim slowly, which, combined with cryptic coloration, may make them difficult for prey to detect in some habitats. They are especially well camouflaged against dark backgrounds. Despite their sluggish appearance, tiger sharks are one of the strongest swimmers of the carcharhinid sharks. Once the shark has come close, a speed burst allows it to reach the intended prey before it can escape.
Reproduction
Males reach sexual maturity at and females at . Typical weight of relatively young sexually mature specimens, which often locally comprise the majority of tiger sharks encountered per game-fishing and scientific studies, is around . Females mate once every three years. They breed by internal fertilization. The male inserts one of his claspers into the female's genital opening (cloaca), acting as a guide for the sperm. The male uses his teeth to hold the female still during the procedure, often causing the female considerable discomfort. Mating in the Northern Hemisphere generally takes place between March and May, with birth between April and June the following year. In the Southern Hemisphere, mating takes place in November, December, or early January. The tiger shark is the only species in its family that is ovoviviparous; its eggs hatch internally and the young are born live when fully developed.
The young develop inside the mother's body up to 16 months. Litters range from 10 to 80 pups. A newborn is generally long. How long tiger sharks live is unknown, but they can live longer than 12 years.
Ontogeny
Tiger shark ontogeny has been little studied until recently, but studies by Hammerschlag et al., indicated that as they grow, their tails become more symmetrical with age. Additionally, while the heads on juvenile tiger sharks are more conical and similar to other requiem sharks, adult tiger sharks have a head which is relatively broader. The reason for the larger caudal fin on juvenile tiger sharks is theorized to be an adaptation to escape predation by larger predators and to catch quicker-moving prey. As tiger sharks mature, their head also becomes much wider and their tails no longer become as large in proportion to their body size as when they are juveniles because they do not face elevated levels of predation risk upon maturity. The results of this study were interpreted as reflecting two ecological transitions: as tiger sharks mature they become more migratory and having a symmetrical tail is more advantageous in long-distance traveling, and that tiger sharks consume more diverse prey items with age, which requires a greater bite force and broader head.
Conservation
The tiger shark is captured and killed for its fins, flesh, and liver. It is caught regularly in target and nontarget fisheries. Several populations have declined where they have been heavily fished. Continued demand for fins may result in further declines in the future. They are considered a near threatened species due to excessive finning and fishing by humans according to International Union for Conservation of Nature. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the tiger shark as "Migrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
While shark fin has very few nutrients, shark liver has a high concentration of vitamin A, which is used in the production of vitamin oils. In addition, the tiger shark is captured and killed for its distinct skin, as well as by big-game fishers.
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the tiger shark to its seafood red list, which is a list of fish commonly sold around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.
Relationship with humans
Although sharks rarely bite humans, the tiger shark is reported to be responsible for a large share of fatal shark-bite incidents, and is regarded as one of the most dangerous shark species. They often visit shallow reefs, harbors, and canals, creating the potential for encounter with humans. The tiger shark also dwells in river mouths and other runoff-rich water. While the tiger shark is considered to be one of the sharks most dangerous to humans, its bite rate is low. It ranks second on the list of number of recorded bites on humans, behind only the great white shark. Typically, three to four shark bites occur per year in Hawaii, but they are rarely fatal; one notable survivor of such an attack is surfing champion Bethany Hamilton, who lost her left arm at age 13 to a tiger shark in 2003. This bite rate is very low, considering that thousands of people swim, surf, and dive in Hawaiian waters every day. Human interactions with tiger sharks in Hawaiian waters have been shown to increase between September and November, when tiger shark females are believed to migrate to the islands to give birth.
Between 1959 and 2000, 4,668 tiger sharks were culled in an effort to protect the tourism industry. Despite damaging the shark population, these efforts were shown to be ineffective in decreasing the number of interactions between humans and tiger sharks. Feeding sharks in Hawaii (except for traditional Hawaiian cultural or religious practices) is illegal, and interaction with them, such as cage diving, is discouraged. South African shark behaviorist and shark diver Mark Addison demonstrated divers could interact and dive with them outside of a shark cage in a 2007 Discovery Channel special, and underwater photographer Fiona Ayerst swam with them in the Bahamas. At "Tiger Beach" off Grand Bahama, uncaged diving with – and even the handling of – female tiger sharks has become a routine occurrence.
Mythology
The tiger shark is considered to be sacred na aumakua (ancestor spirits) by some native Hawaiians, who think their eyeballs have special powers of visual perception.
See also
List of sharks
List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
References
External links
General information Enchanted Learning. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
"Different diet information" Shark Info. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
"Tiger sharks in Hawaii" Research program. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
"Tiger shark: Fact File" from National Geographic
Tracking research on tiger sharks
Pictures of tiger sharks
Diver Has Been Friends With Tiger Shark For 20 Years!
tiger shark
Pantropical fish
Extant Ypresian first appearances
Ovoviviparous fish
Near threatened fauna of North America
tiger shark
tiger shark
tiger shark
Articles containing video clips
Apex predators | [
-0.36612462997436523,
0.05464727431535721,
-0.8445820212364197,
0.047979287803173065,
-0.021425070241093636,
0.5878071784973145,
0.2101609855890274,
0.33589041233062744,
-0.7275493741035461,
-0.17344266176223755,
0.013039697892963886,
0.01370805874466896,
-0.36533811688423157,
0.7757052779197693,
0.2452392280101776,
0.46149781346321106,
0.3020651042461395,
-0.0045697190798819065,
-0.09181147068738937,
-0.23612196743488312,
-0.4981110692024231,
-0.8859534859657288,
0.16819798946380615,
-0.06638506799936295,
-0.15421399474143982,
0.27971604466438293,
0.35357654094696045,
0.9809693098068237,
0.6076975464820862,
-0.10822738707065582,
0.2904016673564911,
0.37494462728500366,
0.011961224488914013,
0.23839664459228516,
-0.07305247336626053,
-0.27960675954818726,
-0.5426549911499023,
-0.8662605881690979,
-0.10601639002561569,
-0.3756311237812042,
0.18820303678512573,
-0.0836215540766716,
0.033064886927604675,
0.7704863548278809,
-0.6953184008598328,
-0.02617313526570797,
-0.6772536039352417,
0.2858138084411621,
-0.2925698459148407,
0.059710029512643814,
0.10055559128522873,
0.4462426006793976,
-0.0037384263705462217,
0.1722981184720993,
0.08055245876312256,
0.294128954410553,
-0.7129910588264465,
0.2514117360115051,
-0.23550789058208466,
-0.7053120136260986,
0.08079752326011658,
-0.2534221112728119,
0.06499326229095459,
0.21335217356681824,
-0.083175428211689,
0.7495687007904053,
0.8051984310150146,
0.47716036438941956,
0.04269007593393326,
0.04741019010543823,
-0.16139790415763855,
-0.16098803281784058,
-0.19028007984161377,
0.7318760752677917,
-0.8928982019424438,
-0.2713313698768616,
-0.007857052609324455,
-0.28546586632728577,
0.7603320479393005,
0.02182902581989765,
0.1944107711315155,
0.0956340953707695,
0.7658178806304932,
-0.1823282390832901,
-0.38461074233055115,
-0.07013474404811859,
-0.19290563464164734,
0.0007326211780309677,
-0.3916016221046448,
0.5726907849311829,
-0.6038541197776794,
0.09362109005451202,
0.3659079074859619,
0.869633674621582,
-0.3720967471599579,
0.0058306679129600525,
-0.08022476732730865,
0.24474631249904633,
1.105233907699585,
0.16069811582565308,
-0.4998415410518646,
-0.4627629518508911,
-0.0510188452899456,
0.3872293531894684,
-0.6117733120918274,
-0.46353867650032043,
-0.34138041734695435,
-0.3418940007686615,
-0.5124977827072144,
0.2708771228790283,
-0.8788675665855408,
-0.22780080139636993,
-0.016006750985980034,
-0.37352871894836426,
-0.3618975281715393,
-0.15411384403705597,
-0.18042226135730743,
-0.7055296301841736,
-0.2695227265357971,
-0.5556974411010742,
0.3340093791484833,
0.5916046500205994,
-0.4726545214653015,
0.45479616522789,
0.3452746570110321,
0.24113129079341888,
0.20708726346492767,
0.48416560888290405,
-0.8293172717094421,
-0.06659647077322006,
0.6362814903259277,
0.9842932820320129,
-0.2181498259305954,
0.08844880014657974,
-0.5368236303329468,
-0.15248282253742218,
-0.2477562427520752,
-0.18424522876739502,
-0.1827210783958435,
0.12088605761528015,
-0.921140730381012,
0.08288181573152542,
-0.6769941449165344,
0.10169468075037003,
0.33261439204216003,
0.07959254831075668,
0.03409446030855179,
-0.10118993371725082,
-0.09210970252752304,
-0.5086545348167419,
-0.020979609340429306,
0.39610791206359863,
-0.4998297393321991,
0.048006393015384674,
-0.48104873299598694,
0.0008842193055897951,
0.29349470138549805,
-0.6630340814590454,
0.4874248802661896,
0.12335623055696487,
0.19614319503307343,
-0.119694784283638,
-0.6412301659584045,
-0.16408312320709229,
0.42743489146232605,
-0.4231952428817749,
0.37496551871299744,
-0.0014532195637002587,
-0.7071893811225891,
0.1329047828912735,
-0.048610299825668335,
0.20637837052345276,
0.38177260756492615,
-0.3939199149608612,
-0.17205294966697693,
-0.7915647625923157,
-0.3024367690086365,
0.32326990365982056,
0.7309459447860718,
-0.4601459205150604,
-0.6634193062782288,
0.06366275995969772,
0.23011665046215057,
-0.23378705978393555,
0.33422327041625977,
0.008920492604374886,
-0.36706995964050293,
0.29002097249031067,
0.448879599571228,
-0.25057607889175415,
-0.5196107625961304,
-0.4177055358886719,
-0.035798970609903336,
0.20977941155433655,
1.0831915140151978,
-0.5001327991485596,
-0.4708441197872162,
0.4871051609516144,
0.02262667752802372,
0.137488454580307,
-0.4009430408477783,
-0.037604205310344696,
0.1520136594772339,
-0.013972821645438671,
-0.8556883335113525,
0.1644083857536316,
0.29592081904411316,
-0.13919079303741455,
0.3040226995944977,
0.8587033152580261,
0.27224379777908325,
-0.7151414155960083,
0.09818015992641449,
-0.44737881422042847,
0.1828424036502838,
0.2827242910861969,
-0.4182983934879303,
-0.02684001997113228,
-0.2453375607728958,
0.04567985236644745,
1.1791056394577026,
-0.0981888622045517,
0.021666144952178,
0.33551669120788574,
-0.4001574218273163,
1.0114123821258545,
0.5558266043663025,
-0.27170225977897644,
0.4988063871860504,
-0.31305086612701416,
-0.016813278198242188,
0.5563453435897827,
0.1317562758922577,
-0.36337926983833313,
0.1420345902442932,
-0.22905637323856354,
-0.16760212182998657,
-0.3694847524166107,
0.5077221393585205,
-0.020524317398667336,
0.21077965199947357,
0.2046588659286499,
-0.23799674212932587,
0.125210240483284,
0.3778572082519531,
-0.47454455494880676,
0.07204116135835648,
0.3186911940574646,
-0.283626914024353,
-0.28904056549072266,
-0.05920977517962456,
0.9911453127861023,
0.35791122913360596,
-0.21680092811584473,
0.27440813183784485,
0.26113462448120117,
0.010530824773013592,
-0.4393913149833679,
0.262821227312088,
-0.515968918800354,
-0.3471485674381256,
0.18157847225666046,
-0.336406409740448,
-0.07243691384792328,
-0.009011979214847088,
0.253690242767334,
-0.2792819142341614,
0.11090054363012314,
0.5068966746330261,
0.8059148788452148,
-0.03933339565992355,
0.23064731061458588,
-0.530391275882721,
-0.0814615935087204,
-0.3149588406085968,
-0.3159133791923523,
-0.256972998380661,
0.062166936695575714,
-0.1569249927997589,
-0.5544586777687073,
0.33870771527290344,
0.3362736105918884,
0.201433464884758,
-0.5860668420791626,
-0.18448033928871155,
-0.6712477207183838,
0.2809332609176636,
-0.6291105151176453,
-0.3136747479438782,
-0.10081656277179718,
-0.3973214030265808,
0.23308154940605164,
-0.2258484959602356,
-0.24216590821743011,
-1.0313042402267456,
0.03021661378443241,
-0.3421269357204437,
0.6013235449790955,
0.45431455969810486,
-0.37276989221572876,
-0.10405108332633972,
-0.3591446578502655,
0.3569584786891937,
0.013621428050100803,
0.558997392654419,
-0.7454162836074829,
0.19285689294338226,
0.4985824525356293,
-5.584289073944092,
-0.013711543753743172,
-0.23649513721466064,
0.3988821804523468,
-0.35111573338508606,
0.6136400103569031,
0.15481843054294586,
-0.2848956882953644,
0.17819273471832275,
-0.7205990552902222,
0.12103906273841858,
0.4561516344547272,
-0.25012075901031494,
-0.25777116417884827,
-0.04947856813669205,
0.2204875499010086,
0.27463921904563904,
0.0036719548515975475,
0.33644571900367737,
0.3940378427505493,
-0.020960770547389984,
0.47380268573760986,
-0.6662355065345764,
0.26010987162590027,
-0.12383083999156952,
0.3605639636516571,
-0.508354902267456,
0.006840093061327934,
-0.5450682640075684,
-0.14294403791427612,
-0.3675079345703125,
-0.2103252112865448,
-0.45229023694992065,
0.13411054015159607,
0.37628069519996643,
0.19473755359649658,
-0.1319216638803482,
-0.006251365877687931,
-0.3186477720737457,
-0.46577465534210205,
-0.3592926561832428,
0.061980850994586945,
-0.18290552496910095,
0.260235458612442,
0.46058985590934753,
-0.8009053468704224,
0.09960506111383438,
-0.3583521246910095,
-0.1490238457918167,
0.6428463459014893,
-0.3261268436908722,
-0.22532905638217926,
0.05665399506688118,
1.091399908065796,
0.6164608001708984,
0.25199469923973083,
-0.036945898085832596,
-0.2669695317745209,
-0.07121821492910385,
0.5440272092819214,
0.47523409128189087,
-0.3623935580253601,
-0.1876610666513443,
-0.5783147811889648,
0.07856260240077972,
0.04376460611820221,
-0.13233117759227753,
-0.35583528876304626,
0.1716616302728653,
0.3171706795692444,
-0.8297516703605652,
0.8092608451843262,
-0.3745037615299225,
-0.6972780823707581,
0.17825651168823242,
-0.3720109760761261,
-0.7428464293479919,
0.15296217799186707,
-0.29219356179237366,
0.003984618000686169,
-0.025013187900185585,
-0.6015335917472839,
-0.2980212867259979,
0.38838356733322144,
-0.21605075895786285,
-1.2506768703460693,
-0.11392394453287125,
0.4075944423675537,
0.1718675047159195,
-0.6475478410720825,
0.38398903608322144,
-0.5488512516021729,
0.2410801649093628,
-0.13542243838310242,
0.2800242602825165,
0.9263045191764832,
-0.35599714517593384,
0.4216066300868988,
0.18823015689849854,
-0.03575403615832329,
0.7622545957565308,
-0.11612693965435028,
-0.36041924357414246,
-0.10696598142385483,
0.13802470266819,
-0.8169332146644592,
0.6882694959640503,
0.9615638852119446,
0.6698794960975647,
-0.10561946779489517,
0.16369064152240753,
-0.7466174364089966,
-0.12870144844055176,
0.07851668447256088,
0.8937117457389832,
-0.20132602751255035,
0.332512229681015,
0.1953173130750656,
0.37105822563171387,
0.14219807088375092,
0.19853609800338745,
0.6373099088668823,
-0.4760865271091461,
-0.0660928264260292,
0.4626568853855133,
-0.6644411087036133,
0.03348485380411148,
-0.2817412316799164,
-0.4284687042236328,
-0.26841726899147034,
-0.026620056480169296,
0.4539777934551239,
0.12681883573532104,
0.18891777098178864,
0.2530588209629059,
-0.6129524111747742,
-0.0037438555154949427,
-0.5173822641372681,
0.18965093791484833,
-0.29225075244903564,
-0.5085462331771851,
0.21987095475196838,
-0.41310831904411316,
-0.2701079249382019,
0.3074530363082886,
0.048657648265361786,
-0.056565552949905396,
-0.004856427665799856,
0.3028155267238617,
1.1208734512329102,
-0.3351868689060211,
-0.49175044894218445,
0.7727063894271851,
-0.4149083197116852,
-0.03342485800385475,
-0.10057160258293152,
0.7169911861419678,
0.4059188961982727,
0.01592017523944378,
0.25275918841362,
0.2655366063117981,
-0.17873801290988922,
-0.34388142824172974,
-0.17800436913967133,
0.29925036430358887,
0.27815571427345276,
-0.20406082272529602,
-0.8124305605888367,
0.23597724735736847,
0.4866406321525574,
0.09328482300043106,
-0.13869434595108032,
-0.3439065217971802,
-0.3336714506149292,
-0.07609066367149353,
-0.32622405886650085,
-0.4273683726787567,
0.2872702181339264,
-0.30294737219810486,
-0.1919269561767578,
0.3835929036140442,
0.44842299818992615,
-0.12421117722988129,
0.1386130452156067,
0.6875520944595337,
0.5574692487716675,
-0.14479565620422363,
-0.1265045404434204,
-0.017753444612026215,
0.11078756302595139,
0.2774381637573242,
0.13632415235042572,
0.6651898622512817,
0.017899788916110992,
-0.027110308408737183,
-0.0789865031838417,
0.06916864961385727,
0.13364577293395996,
-0.17772020399570465,
-0.5381709337234497,
-0.07867862284183502,
0.6839074492454529,
-0.3594837188720703,
0.6031002402305603,
0.1588851511478424,
-0.22949635982513428,
0.7621620297431946,
-0.42505404353141785,
-0.0068520144559443,
0.06590598821640015,
0.14604617655277252,
-0.33473554253578186,
-0.027603624388575554,
0.4891517758369446,
-0.007029121275991201,
0.5150968432426453,
0.17753900587558746,
-0.36340081691741943,
-0.3608017563819885,
0.2803557515144348,
-0.3916509747505188,
-0.4222531318664551,
-0.06139399856328964,
-0.5115868449211121,
-0.5605811476707458,
0.11881829798221588,
0.6057643890380859,
-0.01712151989340782,
0.5189418196678162,
0.09849875420331955,
-0.06898167729377747,
-0.4939742088317871,
-0.001392017351463437,
-0.4259340763092041,
-0.1729675680398941,
0.0036219561006873846,
0.6627612709999084,
0.31404751539230347,
-0.10019246488809586,
0.08639711141586304,
0.5997718572616577,
1.1316155195236206,
0.42255473136901855,
0.02129995822906494,
0.19451449811458588,
0.07080119848251343,
0.4201809763908386,
-0.06774637848138809,
-0.760290801525116,
-0.05858343839645386,
0.42889678478240967,
-0.12863196432590485,
-0.5778298377990723,
-0.1596827507019043,
0.4490337669849396,
-0.3122686743736267,
0.3234352171421051,
0.05878451094031334,
-0.31512323021888733,
0.2812210023403168,
0.47545740008354187,
0.2583245635032654,
-0.733299195766449,
-0.20913459360599518,
-0.22319649159908295,
0.13997481763362885,
-0.7553942799568176,
-0.3112243711948395,
0.10298560559749603,
-0.08352313190698624,
-0.16162745654582977,
0.6380571126937866,
0.7195284962654114,
0.39609453082084656,
-0.3150874078273773,
0.5975576639175415,
-0.3886009454727173,
-0.17146700620651245,
-0.33894142508506775,
0.42909911274909973,
0.015464170835912228,
-0.01618259958922863,
0.37353163957595825,
-0.40021422505378723,
-0.02519173175096512,
-0.08545750379562378,
-0.2539157569408417,
-0.17672564089298248,
0.3411141335964203,
-0.5077165365219116,
-0.24508513510227203,
-0.15107320249080658,
0.11234001815319061,
-0.01594664715230465,
0.29632702469825745,
0.6137593984603882,
-0.1534203737974167,
0.4254048466682434,
-0.004923215135931969,
0.4671116769313812,
-0.16164526343345642,
1.2296205759048462,
-0.10010048002004623,
-0.1669730246067047,
0.29531288146972656,
-0.029790565371513367,
-0.024352286010980606,
0.06954953819513321,
0.2572897672653198,
0.22191756963729858,
0.6277750134468079,
-0.2943272590637207,
-0.18319116532802582,
0.43179696798324585,
-0.5659945607185364,
0.5229625701904297,
0.4279986321926117,
-0.23273338377475739,
0.19354651868343353,
0.3154086172580719,
-0.4315122067928314,
0.5098748803138733,
0.5260654091835022,
-0.16785821318626404,
-0.36946389079093933,
-0.22817759215831757,
-1.3398449420928955,
-0.17374438047409058,
1.1157705783843994,
0.5525496006011963,
0.12869183719158173,
-0.09573680907487869,
0.05726134032011032,
0.09489548206329346,
-0.2767390310764313,
0.37796831130981445,
0.20832760632038116,
-0.3199651837348938,
0.024173622950911522,
0.6748794317245483,
0.9074686765670776,
0.11184891313314438,
-0.5456922054290771,
0.20663943886756897,
-0.03338873013854027,
0.5534175038337708,
-0.13651971518993378,
-0.2712925672531128,
0.08074700832366943,
0.329071968793869,
0.152361199259758,
-0.44178128242492676,
0.1575736105442047,
-0.2755267918109894,
0.2823810279369354,
0.27356258034706116,
-0.10718058794736862,
-0.18883562088012695,
0.035747237503528595,
0.20942503213882446,
0.12127874046564102,
0.117215596139431,
0.2623653709888458,
0.16494852304458618,
-1.1585168838500977,
0.5693731904029846,
-0.28570032119750977,
-0.6384271383285522,
0.022615831345319748,
-0.524227499961853,
-0.31442034244537354,
-0.14348584413528442,
0.0012003718875348568,
0.10294944792985916,
0.440952867269516,
0.015921594575047493,
-0.40949374437332153,
0.3726922869682312,
-0.09570340812206268,
0.15530851483345032,
-0.9273347854614258,
-0.21785849332809448,
-0.04405058175325394,
-0.00031650360324420035,
0.23249676823616028,
-0.23735009133815765,
-0.3891461193561554,
-0.09902693331241608,
0.08091477304697037,
-0.438935786485672,
-0.035344198346138,
-0.6002200245857239,
-0.1550050526857376,
-0.09763292968273163,
0.08299645036458969,
-0.6529991030693054,
-0.03835311159491539,
0.7026441693305969,
-0.05507339909672737,
-0.05100627988576889,
-0.35363295674324036,
0.03876189514994621,
-0.26099610328674316,
0.9598383903503418,
0.414760559797287,
0.17588695883750916,
-0.8161166310310364,
0.46047109365463257,
-1.1272125244140625,
0.14560244977474213,
0.36462506651878357,
-0.17808863520622253,
-0.4162043333053589,
0.21767845749855042,
0.04908483847975731,
0.6117867231369019,
0.661580502986908,
-0.516805112361908,
-0.48402684926986694,
-0.402852326631546,
-0.045355986803770065,
-0.4133546054363251,
-0.021827183663845062,
0.24183514714241028,
-0.1112096756696701,
-0.12325993925333023,
0.213338702917099,
-0.23927706480026245,
-0.7951364517211914,
0.371991902589798,
0.2753268778324127,
0.5257172584533691,
-0.7033434510231018,
-0.010636402294039726,
-0.7054205536842346,
-0.6966291069984436,
1.0993876457214355,
0.9263694286346436,
0.0684620663523674,
-0.25687873363494873,
0.1475181132555008,
0.31601962447166443,
0.298660546541214,
-0.0429898276925087,
0.41711848974227905,
-0.45352786779403687,
-0.1261885166168213,
-0.8715235590934753,
-0.25786229968070984,
0.6470012068748474,
0.3948730528354645,
0.028995418921113014,
0.5883395075798035,
-0.06755480170249939,
-0.16861410439014435,
0.515462338924408,
-0.12240611016750336,
-0.6348929405212402,
0.10980028659105301,
-0.15477433800697327
] |
233223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Villard | Henry Villard | Henry Villard (April 10, 1835 – November 12, 1900) was an American journalist and financier who was an early president of the Northern Pacific Railway.
Born and raised Ferdinand Heinrich Gustav Hilgard in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Kingdom of Bavaria, Villard clashed with his more conservative father over politics, and was sent to a semi-military academy in northeastern France. As a teenager, he emigrated to the United States without his parents' knowledge. He changed his name to avoid being sent back to Europe, and began making his way west, briefly studying law as he developed a career in journalism. He supported John C. Frémont of the newly established Republican Party in his presidential campaign in 1856, and later followed Abraham Lincoln's 1860 campaign.
Villard became a war correspondent, first covering the American Civil War, and later being sent by the Chicago Tribune to cover the Austro-Prussian War. He became a pacifist as a result of his experiences covering the Civil War. In the late 1860s he married women's suffrage advocate Helen Frances Garrison, and returned to the U.S., only to go back to Germany for his health in 1870.
While in Germany, Villard became involved in investments in American railroads, and returned to the U.S. in 1874 to oversee German investments in the Oregon and California Railroad. He visited Oregon that summer, and being impressed with the region's natural resources, began acquiring various transportation interests in the region. During the ensuing decade he acquired several rail and steamship companies, and pursued a rail line from Portland to the Pacific Ocean; he was successful, but the line cost more than anticipated, causing financial turmoil. Villard returned to Europe, helping German investors acquire stakes in the transportation network, and returned to New York in 1886.
Also in the 1880s, Villard acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation, and established the predecessor of General Electric. He was the first benefactor of the University of Oregon, and contributed to other universities, churches, hospitals, and orphanages. He died of a stroke at his country home in New York in 1900.
Early life and education
He was born in Speyer, Palatinate, Kingdom of Bavaria. His parents moved to Zweibrücken in 1839, and in 1856 his father, Gustav Leonhard Hilgard (who died in 1867), became a justice of the Supreme Court of Bavaria, at Munich. He belonged to the Reformed Church. His mother, Katharina Antonia Elisabeth (Lisette) Pfeiffer, was Catholic. While he had aristocratic tendencies, he shared the republican interests of much of the Hilgard clan. His granduncle Theodore Erasmus Hilgard had emigrated to the United States during a clan move of 1833-1835 to Belleville, Illinois; the granduncle had resigned a judgeship so his children could be raised as "freemen." Villard was also a distant relative of the physician and botanist George Engelmann who resided in St. Louis, Missouri.
Villard entered a Gymnasium (equivalent of a United States high school) in Zweibrücken in 1848, which he had to leave because he sympathized with the revolutions of 1848 in Germany. He had broken up a class by refusing to mention the King of Bavaria in a prayer, justifying his omission by citing his loyalty to the provisional government. Another time, after watching a session of the Frankfurt Parliament, he came home in a Hecker hat with a red feather in it. Two of his uncles were strongly in sympathy with the revolution, but his father was a conservative, and disciplined him by sending the boy to continue his education at the French semi-military academy in Phalsbourg (1849–50).
Originally his punishment was to be apprenticed, but his father compromised on the military school. Villard showed up for classes a month early so he could be tutored in the French language beforehand by the novelist Alexandre Chatrian.
Career
Journalism
On emigrating to America, he adopted the name Villard, the surname of a French schoolmate at Phalsbourg, to conceal his identity from anyone intent on making him return to Germany. Making his way westward in 1854, he lived in turn at Cincinnati; Belleville, Illinois, and Peoria, Illinois, where he studied law for a time; and Chicago where he wrote for newspapers. Along with newspaper reporting and various jobs, in 1856 he attempted unsuccessfully to establish a colony of "free soil" Germans in Kansas. In 1856-57 he was editor, and for part of the time was proprietor of the Racine Volksblatt, in which he advocated the election of presidential candidate John C. Frémont of the newly founded Republican Party.
Thereafter he was associated with the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, for whom he covered the Lincoln-Douglas debates; Frank Leslie's; the New York Tribune; and with the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette. In 1859, as correspondent of the Commercial, he visited the newly discovered gold region of Colorado. On his return in 1860, he published The Pike's Peak Gold Regions. He also sent statistics to the New York Herald that were intended to influence the location of a Pacific railroad route. He followed Lincoln throughout the 1860 presidential campaign, and was on the presidential train to Washington in 1861. He was correspondent of the New York Herald in 1861.
During the Civil War, he was correspondent for the New York Tribune (with the Army of the Potomac, 1862–63) and was at the front as the representative of a news agency established by him in that year at Washington (1864). Out of his experiences reporting the Civil War, he became a confirmed pacifist. In 1865, when Horace White became managing editor of the Chicago Tribune, Villard became its Washington correspondent. In 1866, he was the correspondent of that paper in the Prusso-Austrian War. He stayed on in Europe in 1867 to report on the Paris Exposition.
At the close of the Civil War, he married Helen Frances Garrison, the daughter of the anti-slavery campaigner William Lloyd Garrison, on January 3, 1866.
He returned to the United States from his correspondent duties in Europe in June 1868, and shortly afterward was elected secretary of the American Social Science Association, to which he devoted his labors until 1870, when he went to Germany for his health.
Transportation
In Germany, while living at Wiesbaden, he engaged in the negotiation of American railroad securities. After the Panic of 1873, when many railroad companies defaulted in the payment of interest, he joined several committees of German bond holders, doing the major part of the committee work, and in April 1874 he returned to the United States to represent his constituents, and especially to execute an arrangement with the Oregon and California Railroad Company.
Villard first visited Portland, Oregon, in July 1874. On visiting Oregon, he was impressed with the natural wealth of the region, and conceived the plan of gaining control of its few transportation routes. His clients, who were also large creditors also of the Oregon Steamship Company, approved his scheme, and in 1875 Villard became president of both the steamship company and the Oregon and California Railroad. In 1876, he was appointed a receiver of the Kansas Pacific Railroad as the representative of European creditors. He was removed in 1878, but continued the contest he had begun with Jay Gould and finally obtained better terms for the bond holders than they had agreed to accept.
The Pacific Northwest was the booming sector of American expansion. European investors in the Oregon and San Francisco Steamship Line, after building new vessels, became discouraged, and in 1879 Villard formed an American syndicate and purchased the property. He also acquired that of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, which operated fleets of steamers and portage railroads on the Columbia River. The three companies that he controlled were amalgamated under the name of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company.
He began the construction of a railroad up Columbia River. On failing in his effort to obtain a permanent agreement with the Northern Pacific Railway, which had begun its extension into the Washington Territory, Villard used his Columbia River steamship line as his railroad's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. He then succeeded in obtaining a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific property, and organized a new corporation that was named the Oregon and Transcontinental Company. This acquisition was achieved with the aid of a syndicate, called by the press a "blind pool," composed of friends who had loaned him $20 million without knowing his intentions. After some contention with the old managers of the Northern Pacific road, Villard was elected president of a reorganized board of directors on 15 September 1881.
After attending Thomas Edison's 1879 Menlo Park, New Jersey, New Year's Eve demonstration of his incandescent light bulb, Villard requested that Edison install one of his lighting systems onboard Oregon Railroad and Navigation's new steamship, the Columbia. Although hesitant at first, Edison eventually agreed to Villard's request. After being mostly completed at the John Roach & Sons shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania, the Columbia was sent to New York City, where Edison and his personnel installed its lighting system. This made Columbia the first commercial application of Edison's light bulb. Columbia would later sink on 20 July 1907 following a collision with the steam schooner San Pedro off Shelter Cove, California, killing 88 people.
With the aid of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company, his railroad line to the Pacific Ocean was completed, and it was opened to traffic with festivities in September 1883. The project had cost more than expected, and some months later these companies experienced a financial collapse. Villard's financial embarrassment caused the collapse of the stock exchange firm of Decker, Howell, & Co., and Villard's attorney, William Nelson Cromwell, used $1,000,000 to promptly settle with creditors. On 4 January 1884, Villard resigned the presidency of the Northern Pacific. After spending the intervening time in Europe, he returned to New York City in 1886, and purchased for German capitalists large amounts of the securities of the transportation system that he was instrumental in creating, becoming again director of the Northern Pacific, and on 21 June 1888, again president of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company.
More acquisitions and mergers
In 1881, he acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation. These publications were then edited by his friend Horace White in conjunction with Edwin L. Godkin and Carl Schurz. This marked White's re-entry into journalism. He also helped manage Villard's railroad and steamship interests 1876-1891. They had met as newspaper reporters during the Civil War.
Villard had also had a hand in the large electric power business founded by Thomas Edison, merging the Edison Electric Light Company, Edison Lamp Company of Newark, New Jersey, and the Edison Machine Works at Schenectady, New York, to form the Edison General Electric Company. Villard was the president of this concern until 1892 when he was forced out after financier J. P. Morgan engineered a merger with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company that put that company's board in control of the new enterprise, renamed General Electric.
Philanthropy
In 1883, he paid the debt of the University of Oregon, and gave the institution $50,000. As the University of Oregon's first benefactor, he had Villard Hall, the second building on campus, named after him.
He liberally aided the University of Washington Territory. He also aided Harvard University, Columbia University, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History.
In Speyer he was a main benefactor for the construction of the Memorial Church and a new hospital. There he is still known as Heinrich Hilgard, and a street is named after him (Hilgardstrasse). He has been honoured with the freedom of the city, and there is a bust of him on the compound of the Speyer Diakonissen Hospital.
In Zweibrücken he built an orphanage in 1891. He has also financed a school for nurses. He devoted large sums to the Industrial Art School of Rhenish Bavaria, and to the foundation of fifteen scholarships for the youth of that province.
He supported Bandelier in his research on South American history and archaeology.
Personal life
In January 1866, he married women's suffrage advocate Helen Frances Garrison (1844–1928), the only daughter of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison. Together, they were the parents of:
Helen Elise Villard (1868–1917), who married Dr. James William Bell, an English physician, in 1897, and was a semi-invalid most of her life due to a childhood fall down an elevator shaft at the Westmoreland House.
Harold Garrison Villard (1869–1952), who married Mariquita Serrano (1864–1936), sister of Vincent Serrano, in 1897.
Oswald Garrison Villard (1872–1949), who married Julia Breckenridge Sanford (1876–1962)
Henry Hilgard Villard (1883–1890), who died young.
Henry Villard died of a stroke at his country home, Thorwood Park, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He was interred in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. His autobiography was published posthumously, in 1904. The monument at his grave site was executed by Karl Bitter.
After his death, his daughter brought a suit against the executors and trustees of his will. She claimed that Villard was of unsound mind when he made the will and was the result of fraudulent influence exercised over him by his wife and his two sons. In the will, she was only left $25,000 due to the fact the she married against her father's wishes. She contended that there was no mention of the $200,000 worth of securities she said her father claimed to have left her. His daughter lost her suit as the Judge ruled that her delay had forfeited the right to attack the will.
Descendants
Through his son Harold, he was the grandfather of Henry Serrano Villard (1900–1996), the foreign service officer and ambassador, and Vincent Serrano Villard, and Mariquita Villard Platov.
Through his son Oswald, he was the grandfather of Dorothea Marshall Villard Hammond (1907–1994), a member of the American University in Cairo, Henry Hilgard Villard (1911–1983), the head of the economics department at the City College of New York and the first male president of Planned Parenthood of New York City, and Oswald Garrison Villard, Jr. (1916–2004), a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University.
Residences
In the late 1870s, Villard bought an old country estate known as "Thorwood Park" in Dobbs Ferry, New York. The home, which featured sweeping views of the Hudson River, was redecorated by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead and White in the early 1880s.
In 1884, Villard hired Joseph M. Wells of the architecture firm McKim, Mead and White to design and construct the Villard Houses, which appear as one building but in fact is six separate residences. The houses are located at 455 Madison Avenue between 50th and 51st Street in Manhattan with four of the homes opening onto the courtyard facing Madison, while the other two had entrances on 51st Street. The homes are in the Romanesque Revival style with neo-Renaissance touches and feature elaborate interiors by prominent artists including John La Farge, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and Maitland Armstrong.
After Villard's bankruptcy, the Villard House was purchased by Elisabeth Mills Reid (1857–1931), wife of Whitelaw Reid, a diplomat and the editor of the New York Tribune, and the daughter of Darius Ogden Mills and the sister of Ogden Mills, bankers and financiers.
References
Notes
Sources
Memoirs of Henry Villard (2 vols., Boston, 1904)
Volume I at Wikisource
Volume II at Wikisource
The Early History of Transportation in Oregon Edited by Oswald Garrison Villard (University of Oregon Press, 1944) Reviewed here
Further reading
Buss, Dietrich G. Henry Villard: a study of transatlantic investments and interests, 1870-1895 (Arno Press, 1978).
Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons." Explorations in Economic History 1#5 (1949) online deals largely with Villard.
Kobrak, Christopher. "A Reputation for Cross-Cultural Business: Henry Villard and German Investment in the United States ." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 2, edited by William J. Hausman. German Historical Institute. Last modified September 30, 2015.
External links
Brief biography of Henry Villard
Helmut Schwab, "Henry Villard": a more detailed biography
Henry Villard Business Papers at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
1835 births
1900 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
American financiers
History of transportation in Oregon
New York Post people
Northern Pacific Railway people
People from Speyer
People from the Palatinate (region)
People from Belleville, Illinois
Writers from Peoria, Illinois
Businesspeople from Chicago
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Würzburg alumni
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American war correspondents
American people of German descent
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
New York (state) Republicans
People from Dobbs Ferry, New York
19th-century American journalists
Writers from Chicago
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
Journalists from Illinois
Philanthropists from Illinois
19th-century American philanthropists | [
0.08100815862417221,
0.15991170704364777,
-0.3710516393184662,
0.2981117367744446,
0.2939852774143219,
0.11454995721578598,
0.5739524960517883,
0.34377366304397583,
-0.06333723664283752,
-0.2812991142272949,
0.01524414960294962,
0.44750669598579407,
-0.32594621181488037,
0.7830690145492554,
-0.4776148498058319,
0.2371181696653366,
-0.5760248303413391,
0.013240368105471134,
-0.3443130552768707,
-0.1305111050605774,
-0.6068081855773926,
-0.2690136134624481,
0.7931804656982422,
-0.1291186660528183,
-0.3405987322330475,
-0.4702744483947754,
-0.46467313170433044,
-0.3107999265193939,
-0.004510269965976477,
0.29937347769737244,
0.2911939024925232,
0.26257503032684326,
0.41522127389907837,
0.026327332481741905,
-1.1471503973007202,
-0.16540531814098358,
-0.1838952749967575,
-0.6356098651885986,
-0.2735232710838318,
0.23825609683990479,
-0.3120856285095215,
0.01626638136804104,
-0.017110129818320274,
0.06524429470300674,
-0.1692618429660797,
0.08097181469202042,
-1.7679635286331177,
-0.08643215894699097,
-0.7832754254341125,
-0.2795737087726593,
-0.4085257649421692,
0.4391970634460449,
0.3507007956504822,
0.5379831790924072,
-0.5988391041755676,
0.4893680512905121,
-0.10126505047082901,
-0.13261395692825317,
-0.22877460718154907,
-0.5398133397102356,
0.0020598038099706173,
0.16211140155792236,
1.1918436288833618,
-0.13234059512615204,
0.38879188895225525,
-0.006959008984267712,
-0.13560347259044647,
0.09796697646379471,
-0.040706463158130646,
0.09843228757381439,
0.06702394038438797,
-0.03580986335873604,
0.6280773878097534,
0.35947367548942566,
0.3383598029613495,
-0.23763598501682281,
-0.44098636507987976,
0.18072058260440826,
-0.000818575790617615,
0.38559117913246155,
-0.43455770611763,
0.08372524380683899,
0.870983898639679,
0.17804613709449768,
0.035662099719047546,
0.06986681371927261,
-0.7531605958938599,
0.1328367292881012,
-0.24221299588680267,
-0.19776660203933716,
-0.9545392394065857,
-0.2792986333370209,
0.3892982304096222,
-0.01506022084504366,
-0.084173284471035,
-0.4509339928627014,
0.5413885712623596,
0.03728915750980377,
-0.43961700797080994,
-0.04612871631979942,
-0.027285585179924965,
0.0315697081387043,
0.5877793431282043,
0.261510968208313,
-0.336455762386322,
0.40842539072036743,
-0.05974802374839783,
-0.11306877434253693,
0.2359846979379654,
-0.379850834608078,
-0.26562419533729553,
-0.006272255443036556,
-0.34240710735321045,
-0.0037562893703579903,
-0.11249758303165436,
0.3661606013774872,
0.07354437559843063,
-0.5039581656455994,
0.1795940101146698,
-0.5281279683113098,
-0.06230448931455612,
0.2332518994808197,
-0.16194282472133636,
-0.24155311286449432,
-0.9195906519889832,
0.12732897698879242,
0.18588334321975708,
-0.331739604473114,
0.4512903690338135,
0.2110908329486847,
0.5103400945663452,
0.3490230441093445,
-0.26223069429397583,
-0.14719906449317932,
-0.49093085527420044,
-0.16483232378959656,
0.054409049451351166,
0.11100929230451584,
-0.19118733704090118,
-0.20651815831661224,
-0.27025893330574036,
-0.07370545715093613,
-0.5320707559585571,
-0.12809360027313232,
0.24894240498542786,
-0.3207303583621979,
0.34110409021377563,
0.3911488354206085,
-0.4737128019332886,
-0.22621437907218933,
-0.11977793276309967,
-0.1657031625509262,
-0.014329533092677593,
-0.2797302007675171,
0.006523065734654665,
0.28318604826927185,
0.6154459118843079,
-0.04930717125535011,
0.5382269620895386,
0.39318981766700745,
0.11078963428735733,
0.2733442783355713,
-0.1253388226032257,
-0.1453479826450348,
-0.03717469051480293,
0.027086693793535233,
0.07064523547887802,
0.009293681010603905,
-0.22406722605228424,
-0.11250586807727814,
-0.006972785107791424,
-0.14000436663627625,
0.3526875078678131,
-0.2022671103477478,
-0.20006312429904938,
0.39623862504959106,
0.4690711200237274,
0.10948748886585236,
0.07772298157215118,
-0.5646101832389832,
-0.56059730052948,
-0.2907586991786957,
0.528472363948822,
0.16219542920589447,
0.2902010381221771,
-0.14263159036636353,
0.8306885361671448,
-0.4437851905822754,
0.12883423268795013,
-0.45868661999702454,
-0.0366528257727623,
-0.5944562554359436,
-0.4881681203842163,
-0.6258876323699951,
0.7042061686515808,
0.2500692903995514,
-0.5863091349601746,
0.637946605682373,
0.18053726851940155,
0.5452114343643188,
-0.35888051986694336,
-0.21035154163837433,
-0.040819961577653885,
-0.321850061416626,
-0.24357472360134125,
0.5895597338676453,
0.556728184223175,
0.1592402160167694,
0.03524729982018471,
1.0195410251617432,
0.17189468443393707,
-0.49535804986953735,
0.43066585063934326,
0.5846948623657227,
-0.42391014099121094,
-0.8313941359519958,
-0.14131073653697968,
-0.24278146028518677,
0.5636308789253235,
0.05908850207924843,
0.6845531463623047,
0.3273671567440033,
-0.06872839480638504,
1.0766773223876953,
0.15432778000831604,
0.5126310586929321,
0.020385855808854103,
-0.1419166624546051,
0.051112767308950424,
-0.6830624341964722,
0.01511328760534525,
0.18175756931304932,
0.15932439267635345,
-0.7405761480331421,
0.5496251583099365,
0.21451440453529358,
-0.2348577231168747,
-0.3130630552768707,
-0.16633732616901398,
0.0019265518058091402,
0.25114327669143677,
0.3585616946220398,
-0.32156816124916077,
0.5434030294418335,
0.20656512677669525,
0.28639525175094604,
-0.052774544805288315,
-0.5809958577156067,
0.21501998603343964,
-0.07881039381027222,
0.6708709597587585,
0.4182979166507721,
0.000792889972217381,
0.02969859540462494,
0.23714351654052734,
-0.13623115420341492,
0.3538353145122528,
-0.2077781856060028,
-0.005852746311575174,
0.16669538617134094,
0.3016316294670105,
0.03341622278094292,
-0.668707013130188,
0.30394110083580017,
0.3793277442455292,
-0.33657321333885193,
-0.09110437333583832,
-0.48330166935920715,
-0.2776280641555786,
0.0749455913901329,
0.5894178152084351,
-0.11701000481843948,
-0.10723917186260223,
0.12850287556648254,
0.8520445227622986,
0.11760120093822479,
-0.4128258526325226,
0.19273044168949127,
-0.8144435286521912,
-0.24450264871120453,
0.19191718101501465,
0.8050456643104553,
-0.4959401488304138,
0.017130086198449135,
-0.11674793809652328,
-0.6909047365188599,
0.13345518708229065,
-0.385293573141098,
-0.015858588740229607,
-0.11027535051107407,
-0.07333377003669739,
-0.12172341346740723,
-0.4815034568309784,
0.7141184210777283,
-0.07104068249464035,
0.43994128704071045,
-0.06504742056131363,
-0.5200021266937256,
-0.08488515019416809,
-0.3483622372150421,
-0.7566614151000977,
-0.09691190719604492,
0.04714543744921684,
-0.099393330514431,
0.9076179265975952,
-0.02315826155245304,
0.20514467358589172,
-0.1460505872964859,
-5.847532272338867,
0.07102667540311813,
-0.415912926197052,
-0.917024552822113,
-0.031237343326210976,
-0.07171273976564407,
0.3006580173969269,
0.16773061454296112,
0.165693461894989,
0.019125990569591522,
0.2823070287704468,
-0.18617458641529083,
-0.264372318983078,
0.38378822803497314,
0.43773332238197327,
0.7135816216468811,
0.5399662256240845,
0.3339879512786865,
0.2005448192358017,
0.033144060522317886,
-0.006337182596325874,
-0.5414828658103943,
-0.22815318405628204,
0.48605725169181824,
0.5370966792106628,
0.24835647642612457,
-0.09629375487565994,
0.18460999429225922,
-0.5487546324729919,
-0.13871704041957855,
0.33325979113578796,
0.3583180606365204,
-0.17112161219120026,
-0.10243634134531021,
-0.019216880202293396,
-0.6326586008071899,
0.5677449703216553,
0.16097959876060486,
0.08673061430454254,
0.19435399770736694,
0.16320474445819855,
0.33241695165634155,
-0.7905076742172241,
-0.15485531091690063,
0.1677614152431488,
-0.35218414664268494,
-0.8556246161460876,
0.4560922384262085,
-0.0739973857998848,
0.3852017819881439,
0.6298161149024963,
0.13708855211734772,
0.6321079134941101,
0.3548603653907776,
-0.07766696065664291,
0.04531083256006241,
0.12312363088130951,
-0.4475642144680023,
-1.0674314498901367,
0.1641244888305664,
0.6757415533065796,
-0.04874659329652786,
0.19516578316688538,
-0.1154615730047226,
-0.052415404468774796,
-0.5599308013916016,
0.0726422667503357,
-0.015244994312524796,
0.01877172850072384,
-0.4261227250099182,
-0.23595456779003143,
1.1418261528015137,
0.6963289380073547,
-1.1999560594558716,
-0.3155752420425415,
0.11554287374019623,
0.00636853976175189,
0.4124912619590759,
-0.34413623809814453,
-0.19218719005584717,
-0.014625920914113522,
-0.021465936675667763,
0.3100092113018036,
0.5243728160858154,
0.30235880613327026,
-0.06663329154253006,
0.005823402665555477,
0.6316415071487427,
-0.7613328695297241,
-0.0008905675495043397,
0.13364842534065247,
0.061083946377038956,
0.4185917377471924,
0.294304758310318,
0.36414894461631775,
0.22623978555202484,
-0.2896070182323456,
0.5300678610801697,
0.3383036255836487,
-0.02653757482767105,
-0.4021710157394409,
0.11381465196609497,
-0.0564761646091938,
-0.20342020690441132,
0.07927782088518143,
-0.15597619116306305,
-0.3346725106239319,
0.07870674133300781,
0.26461270451545715,
0.5368566513061523,
-0.39382705092430115,
0.4573037028312683,
-0.8042934536933899,
-0.14701949059963226,
0.6230178475379944,
-0.32512474060058594,
-0.09176976978778839,
0.17246811091899872,
0.8177576065063477,
0.009636538103222847,
-0.09008583426475525,
0.3378569781780243,
-0.017107268795371056,
0.2125694751739502,
-0.030599428340792656,
-0.16436855494976044,
0.4119788706302643,
-0.030179709196090698,
0.17110000550746918,
-0.13240185379981995,
-0.3608238101005554,
0.5727814435958862,
-0.09064289182424545,
0.39869317412376404,
-0.5473946332931519,
-0.518949568271637,
-0.3226301670074463,
-0.42025405168533325,
-0.49535199999809265,
-0.20658190548419952,
-0.3252641260623932,
0.09972818940877914,
-0.3781583905220032,
0.14025582373142242,
0.42433682084083557,
0.2757119834423065,
0.27473434805870056,
0.3455328941345215,
-0.5438547134399414,
0.5357396006584167,
-0.6652126312255859,
-0.5946699976921082,
0.39629364013671875,
-0.1890970766544342,
-0.505737841129303,
-0.26058873534202576,
-0.22733861207962036,
-0.11199160665273666,
-0.22924301028251648,
0.3200305700302124,
0.0035560850519686937,
-0.08750274032354355,
-0.7790082097053528,
0.05237520486116409,
0.020802415907382965,
0.4516473412513733,
-0.2994030714035034,
-0.11720350384712219,
-0.447528600692749,
0.8034761548042297,
0.12607784569263458,
-0.20845825970172882,
-0.26162123680114746,
-0.2800656855106354,
0.30955639481544495,
0.08130940794944763,
-0.3047358989715576,
-0.283932089805603,
0.26370981335639954,
-0.1825011819601059,
-0.029269523918628693,
-0.05688531696796417,
-0.6193637251853943,
-0.04095829278230667,
0.19086003303527832,
-0.36333683133125305,
-0.14685840904712677,
-0.5108839273452759,
-0.1651597023010254,
-0.07583964616060257,
-0.10605169832706451,
-0.05246444791555405,
0.1921522170305252,
0.7350649833679199,
-0.211591899394989,
0.23977980017662048,
0.21844615042209625,
-0.0825263112783432,
-0.34141090512275696,
-0.9448240995407104,
-0.24612955749034882,
-0.061978213489055634,
-0.41258981823921204,
-0.3181003928184509,
-0.0956219881772995,
-0.9053245186805725,
0.05586652830243111,
0.10246890783309937,
-0.549565851688385,
0.6008184552192688,
-0.2639491856098175,
-0.07814065366983414,
0.35955798625946045,
0.046666935086250305,
0.2199687361717224,
-0.11845236271619797,
0.35715603828430176,
0.474371075630188,
-0.6600015759468079,
-0.6084241271018982,
-0.15423305332660675,
-0.10997164994478226,
-0.22304831445217133,
-0.36056411266326904,
-0.5124514102935791,
0.42374351620674133,
0.403136283159256,
0.07680899649858475,
0.8176520466804504,
-0.3645283877849579,
-0.09787575900554657,
0.01173072587698698,
-0.3996161222457886,
0.351403146982193,
-0.0913684219121933,
0.24787814915180206,
0.303426057100296,
0.3291718661785126,
-0.2580694556236267,
-0.1309451013803482,
0.38864225149154663,
0.9418699145317078,
0.2120233178138733,
-0.04459401220083237,
-0.06513767689466476,
0.008174082264304161,
0.2724273204803467,
-0.20776401460170746,
-0.08873478323221207,
0.16622938215732574,
0.5798594355583191,
-0.21806593239307404,
-0.7585670351982117,
0.4633871912956238,
0.5310477614402771,
-0.5846480131149292,
-0.008630764670670033,
0.45087090134620667,
-0.0076067401096224785,
0.03649310767650604,
-0.27878111600875854,
0.2584792971611023,
0.14249733090400696,
0.2894974648952484,
0.2615026831626892,
0.22871090471744537,
-0.17959238588809967,
0.11931101232767105,
0.3766503930091858,
-0.24895597994327545,
-0.3027527630329132,
-0.3235183656215668,
-0.5006769895553589,
0.15181854367256165,
-0.4531524181365967,
0.09336178749799728,
0.6791169047355652,
-0.26939117908477783,
0.32772117853164673,
-0.21104492247104645,
-0.9471937417984009,
-0.24977970123291016,
0.05221322551369667,
-0.10110922157764435,
-0.3827659487724304,
-0.5195750594139099,
-0.6642422080039978,
-0.049364928156137466,
-0.6357619166374207,
-0.23029828071594238,
-0.5475038290023804,
0.2239011973142624,
-0.28996995091438293,
-0.24656836688518524,
-0.7339258193969727,
0.05306253209710121,
0.07689052820205688,
0.6532127857208252,
-0.2648359537124634,
0.20162153244018555,
-0.17520639300346375,
0.5272549986839294,
0.19559811055660248,
-0.10025978088378906,
0.26725974678993225,
-0.4330415427684784,
0.0029565002769231796,
-0.09000226855278015,
-0.4960353672504425,
-0.3195597231388092,
0.29801642894744873,
-0.10435033589601517,
0.1722610592842102,
0.454512357711792,
-0.6361401081085205,
0.13703636825084686,
0.45186248421669006,
-0.09999524056911469,
-0.37423190474510193,
-0.13680921494960785,
-0.19108450412750244,
0.5795475244522095,
0.1637016236782074,
-0.22951866686344147,
0.5736783146858215,
0.8054167628288269,
0.23691876232624054,
0.1334167718887329,
0.06964383274316788,
0.4598204493522644,
0.1635766327381134,
-0.13718482851982117,
-0.49405768513679504,
0.531613826751709,
-0.03376040235161781,
-0.2775154113769531,
0.10452939569950104,
-0.5292862057685852,
-0.15662561357021332,
0.15034733712673187,
-0.011689813807606697,
0.7205129265785217,
-0.27406230568885803,
0.38850682973861694,
-0.001963272923603654,
0.18014228343963623,
-0.1937207132577896,
0.2914389371871948,
-0.33989155292510986,
0.4068443477153778,
0.6479470133781433,
0.47640159726142883,
0.3054162561893463,
-0.14796894788742065,
-0.20388132333755493,
-0.1623673141002655,
0.22108414769172668,
0.584506630897522,
-0.5360984206199646,
-0.26229995489120483,
-0.34437739849090576,
-0.18897086381912231,
1.0334770679473877,
-0.5191378593444824,
-0.19655558466911316,
-0.0960574522614479,
-0.30630064010620117,
-0.9128693342208862,
-0.0873517170548439,
0.5637903213500977,
0.353407621383667,
-0.18443943560123444,
0.05166646093130112,
0.5270355343818665,
0.045764725655317307,
0.5338926911354065,
0.8772181272506714,
-0.01690942980349064,
0.23731155693531036,
-0.020436497405171394,
-0.4328077435493469,
0.38718876242637634,
-0.2626749575138092,
-0.09247658401727676,
-0.3013017475605011,
-0.13435080647468567,
0.015164920128881931,
0.29547277092933655,
-0.022153252735733986,
-0.48587465286254883,
0.07068900763988495,
-0.34567171335220337,
-0.4727407991886139,
0.42879998683929443,
0.07505626231431961,
0.21913503110408783,
-0.2986676096916199,
0.719150185585022,
0.1564822793006897,
0.15034335851669312,
0.1308678239583969,
-0.34245139360427856,
0.036668211221694946,
-0.40161338448524475,
0.24405023455619812,
0.4175201952457428,
-0.24948205053806305,
-0.0935407504439354,
-0.8426129221916199,
0.2790111303329468,
-0.037929095327854156,
0.28732407093048096,
-0.7590342164039612,
0.5790997743606567,
-0.16116979718208313,
0.11158254742622375,
0.49395933747291565,
0.06915441900491714,
-0.1282331645488739,
-0.1386518031358719,
0.05903410166501999,
0.3460552990436554,
0.17068780958652496,
-0.23776644468307495,
-0.38158026337623596,
-0.295635461807251,
0.22444432973861694,
-0.17539964616298676,
-0.21415172517299652,
0.8221530318260193,
0.409824937582016,
-0.7509612441062927,
-0.3206545114517212,
-0.20269225537776947,
-0.3027772009372711,
-0.2112293690443039,
-0.12520736455917358,
0.4864235520362854,
0.5755785703659058,
-0.16774600744247437,
0.8291015625,
0.17534375190734863,
0.30936533212661743,
-0.2366054505109787,
-0.11407624185085297,
-0.11588262766599655,
-0.09804082661867142,
-0.22043704986572266,
0.22070057690143585,
0.6949308514595032,
-0.22102276980876923,
-0.12644252181053162,
-0.0070948670618236065,
-0.10179466009140015,
0.7160511016845703,
0.06276023387908936,
0.48864731192588806,
-0.45762643218040466,
0.6755927205085754,
-0.04581919312477112
] |
233226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin-class%20amphibious%20transport%20dock | Austin-class amphibious transport dock | The Austin class of amphibious transport dock followed the and was followed by the . Note that some sources consider Cleveland (seven built) and Trenton (two built) ships to be a part of the Austin class, but the Naval Vessel Registry lists them as a separate class.
Cleveland sub-class
The Cleveland class of amphibious transport dock was a refinement of the Austin class. All earlier classes are being replaced by the .
The Cleveland class was originally to consist of 10 ships, LPD-7 through LPD-16. Seven ships were actually completed and listed in this class, with one being converted to a command ship, . and were originally to be included in the Cleveland class, but were completed as almost identical Trenton-class LPDs. The most noticeable difference between the Cleveland and Austin classes is the extra level in the superstructure housing a flag bridge and command and control facilities for an embarked staff which the earlier ships lack.
Trenton sub-class
The Trenton class of amphibious transport dock was a refinement of the Austin and Cleveland classes. Note that some sources consider Cleveland and later ships to be a part of the Austin class, but the Naval Vessel Registry lists them as a separate class. All earlier classes are being replaced by the . LPD-16, while authorized, was cancelled before being constructed.
the above mentioned site Naval Vessel Registry lists USS Trenton and USS Ponce as Austin-class amphibious transport docks.
Ships
References
External links
U.S. Navy Fact File: Amphibious Transport Dock - LPD
Federation of American Scientists: LPD 4 Austin class
GlobalSecurity.org: LPD 4 Austin class
Austin class amphibious transport dock
Austin class amphibious transport dock
Austin class amphibious transport dock
Amphibious warfare vessel classes | [
-0.11547789722681046,
-0.17517578601837158,
0.031754061579704285,
-0.15598401427268982,
-0.5028851628303528,
0.38477030396461487,
-0.20126768946647644,
-0.29163500666618347,
-0.7244075536727905,
-0.12008695304393768,
-0.1551969200372696,
0.40550288558006287,
0.05625525861978531,
0.4803580939769745,
0.5080536007881165,
0.4178595244884491,
-0.08765693008899689,
0.44167497754096985,
0.07009465247392654,
-0.44498512148857117,
0.03948907554149628,
-0.2080974578857422,
0.18985682725906372,
-0.2285424917936325,
-0.11922571808099747,
0.09008877724409103,
0.7744136452674866,
0.368950217962265,
0.34545794129371643,
-0.1804952472448349,
0.44738760590553284,
0.5135018229484558,
-0.18418894708156586,
0.10764992237091064,
0.2558945119380951,
-0.5240036249160767,
0.23762960731983185,
-0.5135253071784973,
-0.22988514602184296,
-0.768755316734314,
-0.7023366689682007,
-0.10489542782306671,
0.5828064680099487,
0.42766132950782776,
-0.01578989066183567,
0.04130011424422264,
-1.3694751262664795,
-0.5352074503898621,
-0.37414640188217163,
0.0818026065826416,
-0.2803219258785248,
0.43541520833969116,
0.44277146458625793,
0.5394718647003174,
0.1962619125843048,
0.6903577446937561,
-0.7677464485168457,
0.15996353328227997,
0.36102163791656494,
-0.28502628207206726,
0.1283993124961853,
0.47281092405319214,
0.4855458438396454,
0.35466286540031433,
0.022195523604750633,
-0.04485538601875305,
-0.4983881711959839,
0.6193460822105408,
-0.403908908367157,
0.00019788880308624357,
-0.21710558235645294,
-0.4661349654197693,
0.3892909586429596,
-0.0409935787320137,
-0.3369266986846924,
-0.2480219602584839,
0.24981622397899628,
-0.8225312232971191,
0.3302491307258606,
0.3030659556388855,
0.4141657054424286,
0.7251745462417603,
0.6849113702774048,
0.40323135256767273,
0.32886508107185364,
0.45064777135849,
-0.7618727087974548,
0.05038284882903099,
-0.5198199152946472,
1.0793886184692383,
-0.4661082923412323,
0.3513708710670471,
0.5802851319313049,
0.5026956796646118,
0.18568702042102814,
0.4202977120876312,
-0.243050679564476,
0.28387439250946045,
0.5219511389732361,
0.36466625332832336,
-0.1664126217365265,
0.4673766493797302,
0.3743249475955963,
-0.26256346702575684,
-0.465566486120224,
-0.03274279087781906,
-1.045889139175415,
-0.42304468154907227,
-0.4066139757633209,
-0.777903139591217,
-0.6819016933441162,
0.10928650945425034,
0.2649363577365875,
0.14145441353321075,
0.31434133648872375,
0.43492811918258667,
-0.17261695861816406,
-0.29435619711875916,
-0.3052518665790558,
0.14842061698436737,
0.2994149327278137,
0.5886306166648865,
-0.3577232360839844,
0.020447999238967896,
-0.46619507670402527,
0.2505899667739868,
0.41650018095970154,
0.564827024936676,
-0.39607951045036316,
0.5003334879875183,
0.16544079780578613,
0.8380941152572632,
-0.47110268473625183,
0.039662349969148636,
-0.7946248650550842,
0.037449534982442856,
0.42044466733932495,
0.48002517223358154,
0.526725172996521,
0.06050710752606392,
-1.3426941633224487,
-0.6163995265960693,
-0.8420738577842712,
-0.4326542913913727,
0.35333874821662903,
0.018435580655932426,
0.05279688537120819,
0.048873960971832275,
-0.6625971794128418,
-0.17512302100658417,
0.004516808316111565,
-0.4975821375846863,
0.13347040116786957,
-0.03277179226279259,
-0.019080813974142075,
0.30921807885169983,
0.4806007146835327,
-0.7480027675628662,
0.4547243118286133,
0.31025591492652893,
-0.7720374464988708,
0.20594972372055054,
-0.24122381210327148,
0.017921335995197296,
0.0343019999563694,
0.027743808925151825,
0.018390139564871788,
-0.8189069032669067,
0.1926124095916748,
0.32938724756240845,
-0.15776580572128296,
0.32131069898605347,
0.2888337969779968,
-0.40924304723739624,
-0.06501301378011703,
-0.21785373985767365,
0.42591971158981323,
0.21257732808589935,
0.5508414506912231,
-0.37910935282707214,
-0.5652252435684204,
0.38180139660835266,
0.4080664813518524,
0.07000961899757385,
0.025815149769186974,
0.11176583170890808,
0.8481569290161133,
-0.07427667081356049,
-0.5456006526947021,
-0.20913934707641602,
-0.39177075028419495,
-0.28039291501045227,
0.1555759459733963,
-0.2674795389175415,
1.4679155349731445,
-0.3819284737110138,
-0.3970784842967987,
-0.11244206875562668,
0.09765782952308655,
0.996940016746521,
-0.029600568115711212,
0.22654278576374054,
-0.09216774255037308,
0.035619430243968964,
-0.7899367809295654,
1.0811034440994263,
0.26701265573501587,
0.014258149079978466,
0.318207710981369,
0.7785416841506958,
0.24074555933475494,
-0.6252776980400085,
0.30941107869148254,
-0.48354673385620117,
0.1479901373386383,
-0.13166339695453644,
0.18801216781139374,
0.08240620046854019,
0.10550279170274734,
-0.5267561674118042,
0.9640747904777527,
-0.08583784103393555,
-0.29461488127708435,
0.040444932878017426,
-0.1935710310935974,
-0.35187411308288574,
0.018663164228200912,
0.24992366135120392,
-0.018769586458802223,
-0.38053253293037415,
0.3253089487552643,
0.1053064689040184,
-0.6383565664291382,
-0.4357508420944214,
0.08547674864530563,
0.0585600771009922,
-0.18516238033771515,
-0.2567085027694702,
0.18649128079414368,
0.46075430512428284,
0.15244947373867035,
0.15912601351737976,
-0.6034374833106995,
-0.00029027851996943355,
0.11064308881759644,
-0.23552390933036804,
0.1902807056903839,
0.05682351067662239,
-0.1287986934185028,
-0.4579424262046814,
0.3017958998680115,
0.5035678148269653,
0.6805261969566345,
-0.4336395263671875,
0.08701416850090027,
0.11003711074590683,
-0.3492434620857239,
-0.41353628039360046,
0.16151389479637146,
-0.2482241988182068,
-0.18705572187900543,
0.41286545991897583,
0.1931619644165039,
0.11781081557273865,
-0.01912558265030384,
-0.44081154465675354,
-0.5793007612228394,
-0.2580656111240387,
0.08314012736082077,
0.19934086501598358,
0.45678284764289856,
-0.3927648067474365,
-0.07322091609239578,
-1.9474022388458252,
-0.3645626902580261,
-0.20729951560497284,
0.12725205719470978,
0.45488688349723816,
-0.38339635729789734,
-0.24108953773975372,
0.6286703944206238,
0.7510679960250854,
0.20647653937339783,
-0.3669320344924927,
-0.05132065340876579,
-0.05646931380033493,
0.1402556598186493,
0.1939850151538849,
-0.31644079089164734,
-0.7421969771385193,
-0.14660702645778656,
-0.3526746332645416,
-0.3238798677921295,
0.26272523403167725,
-0.0405016727745533,
0.3012557327747345,
-0.14685581624507904,
0.041520800441503525,
0.2591441571712494,
0.03937062621116638,
-0.8531932830810547,
0.5842815637588501,
-0.07581199705600739,
-0.08174555748701096,
0.2929961085319519,
0.16751337051391602,
-0.6270264387130737,
0.4849282205104828,
-5.087904453277588,
-0.15758730471134186,
-0.8079169392585754,
0.41578274965286255,
0.8254022002220154,
0.3986797332763672,
0.28645482659339905,
-0.41449031233787537,
-0.2513713240623474,
-0.2524873912334442,
0.2138318568468094,
0.2824213206768036,
-0.11800281703472137,
0.15068770945072174,
0.37869128584861755,
0.584926187992096,
0.8285019397735596,
-0.1609886735677719,
0.5791580080986023,
-0.2397499829530716,
-0.15934841334819794,
-0.33571475744247437,
-0.4570288360118866,
0.20779137313365936,
0.47548016905784607,
0.3237157464027405,
-0.41422104835510254,
0.03848286718130112,
-0.9203293919563293,
0.014080755412578583,
-0.21491165459156036,
-0.5464960336685181,
-0.17921173572540283,
-0.31930410861968994,
-0.10502956807613373,
-0.06705351918935776,
0.6161739826202393,
0.3411930203437805,
0.5373152494430542,
-0.967340350151062,
-0.532452404499054,
-0.10647425800561905,
0.0871979147195816,
0.04868548735976219,
0.2624795138835907,
-0.5812000036239624,
0.025990724563598633,
0.05812882259488106,
0.19046664237976074,
0.8607571721076965,
0.1140579804778099,
0.5319188833236694,
1.0682458877563477,
0.9199305772781372,
0.46200165152549744,
-0.32056036591529846,
0.12050269544124603,
-0.20081913471221924,
0.08128014951944351,
-0.06245224177837372,
0.6645423173904419,
-0.6446520090103149,
-0.6881521344184875,
-0.48321083188056946,
-0.1955966204404831,
-0.3070206344127655,
0.017413916066288948,
-0.08690834790468216,
0.7324095964431763,
-0.06716857850551605,
-0.4403991997241974,
0.9931478500366211,
-0.031091464683413506,
-0.936356782913208,
0.24863721430301666,
-0.23525674641132355,
0.1400531381368637,
0.09406185150146484,
0.03929348662495613,
-0.13415250182151794,
-0.027579110115766525,
-0.07798578590154648,
-0.611361563205719,
0.8846787810325623,
0.08764311671257019,
-0.7289887070655823,
-0.07090364396572113,
0.2089671790599823,
-0.2073715776205063,
-0.3572741746902466,
0.3241676986217499,
-0.14604929089546204,
0.16362479329109192,
0.4753552973270416,
0.46931570768356323,
-0.3633071184158325,
0.05190335214138031,
0.4520486295223236,
0.4066925644874573,
-0.9479190111160278,
0.16545924544334412,
-0.18622031807899475,
-0.011525211855769157,
0.23813918232917786,
-0.21659277379512787,
-0.2821895182132721,
-0.2462386190891266,
0.0536334328353405,
0.41596075892448425,
0.41238781809806824,
0.06672998517751694,
-0.12626875936985016,
-0.10207131505012512,
-0.573536217212677,
0.903897225856781,
0.39126524329185486,
-0.47992873191833496,
0.22118911147117615,
0.6158057451248169,
0.19072580337524414,
0.0754886046051979,
0.4456670880317688,
-0.292484313249588,
-0.2921525537967682,
0.2711446285247803,
-0.3821150064468384,
0.44431692361831665,
0.2993442416191101,
-0.7115088701248169,
-0.13151495158672333,
0.3237156271934509,
0.48162272572517395,
-0.37671858072280884,
-0.18778875470161438,
-0.640328586101532,
-0.9389325380325317,
-0.43498632311820984,
0.25399553775787354,
0.5891309380531311,
-0.06951017677783966,
-0.5058423280715942,
-0.36226537823677063,
-0.18337659537792206,
0.18585607409477234,
0.8181076645851135,
0.6195136308670044,
0.2235790491104126,
0.21430161595344543,
-0.36531728506088257,
0.32895898818969727,
-0.5972127914428711,
-1.0976134538650513,
-0.05611154064536095,
-0.60118567943573,
0.028274748474359512,
-0.5552886128425598,
0.2183632254600525,
0.32542937994003296,
0.17469967901706696,
-0.8243043422698975,
0.10776498913764954,
-0.013567670248448849,
-0.676783561706543,
-0.321686714887619,
0.4721725583076477,
-0.3377113938331604,
-0.5413915514945984,
-0.9039599895477295,
0.31623026728630066,
0.604155421257019,
-0.16528484225273132,
-0.8763225674629211,
-0.9051198959350586,
0.012702888809144497,
0.7733723521232605,
-0.0863824188709259,
-0.5073872804641724,
-0.12106351554393768,
-0.28981366753578186,
-0.38316842913627625,
-0.07834314554929733,
0.24236077070236206,
-0.13386231660842896,
0.5585489869117737,
0.12509240210056305,
-0.40139856934547424,
-1.0733003616333008,
0.08150213956832886,
-0.307793527841568,
-0.024648096412420273,
-0.2668927311897278,
0.08982573449611664,
0.779427707195282,
0.590796709060669,
-0.9172750115394592,
-0.09935306012630463,
-0.20946663618087769,
0.4748818278312683,
0.3843843340873718,
-1.2250113487243652,
0.4094059467315674,
0.6821590662002563,
-0.5157540440559387,
0.43131840229034424,
0.48636719584465027,
-0.3427070677280426,
0.36534959077835083,
0.013299843296408653,
-0.36507949233055115,
0.26787427067756653,
0.032050762325525284,
-1.0288714170455933,
0.14748063683509827,
0.7980661988258362,
-0.939927339553833,
-0.1698029339313507,
0.4814720153808594,
-0.04706345871090889,
-0.253231942653656,
-0.38759902119636536,
-0.04936044290661812,
-0.5374959111213684,
-0.17472292482852936,
-0.2212240844964981,
-1.2845940589904785,
0.8530981540679932,
-0.04089975357055664,
-0.47557178139686584,
0.3662646412849426,
-0.044858213514089584,
-0.22011084854602814,
-0.0052095623686909676,
0.11160559952259064,
-0.030269812792539597,
0.392567902803421,
0.4862501621246338,
-0.3205854594707489,
-0.22128795087337494,
-0.14634428918361664,
0.14859046041965485,
0.4669828712940216,
1.1644697189331055,
0.3096884787082672,
-1.0255898237228394,
-0.6024694442749023,
-0.005256333854049444,
0.5266894102096558,
-0.5375756621360779,
-0.36121976375579834,
-0.01682940311729908,
0.11033721268177032,
-0.8331730365753174,
-0.8967284560203552,
-0.732679545879364,
0.925135612487793,
-0.33227843046188354,
-0.4320184588432312,
-0.15839211642742157,
0.059927571564912796,
0.1322793960571289,
0.16658802330493927,
0.8337588906288147,
-0.56222003698349,
0.366292268037796,
0.3183765113353729,
0.08405233174562454,
-0.08608368039131165,
-0.12068154662847519,
0.8077103495597839,
-0.11270660907030106,
-0.06856388598680496,
-0.09734766185283661,
0.6684857606887817,
0.8375494480133057,
0.43044912815093994,
-0.30100974440574646,
0.016810065135359764,
-1.0288587808609009,
1.1745206117630005,
0.07410560548305511,
0.261095255613327,
0.33165594935417175,
-0.064088836312294,
-0.3226117193698883,
-0.23242433369159698,
-0.20771732926368713,
-0.30524688959121704,
-0.46241483092308044,
-0.02871301770210266,
0.14555396139621735,
0.3052963316440582,
-0.20145952701568604,
-0.1381678730249405,
0.14633527398109436,
-0.40424078702926636,
0.5868330001831055,
-0.25474321842193604,
0.0537368580698967,
-0.02500918135046959,
0.33450424671173096,
-0.3159814476966858,
1.2191933393478394,
-0.38861340284347534,
-0.5663872361183167,
0.46017295122146606,
0.01141170784831047,
0.17546340823173523,
-0.22470439970493317,
0.5259177088737488,
0.0819094181060791,
-0.09200236946344376,
-0.1764998584985733,
-0.2439221888780594,
1.009931206703186,
-0.1930525153875351,
-0.022519130259752274,
0.6183669567108154,
-0.6337615251541138,
-0.11578255146741867,
0.33449840545654297,
0.059380583465099335,
0.4704587161540985,
-0.052179545164108276,
0.012899537570774555,
-0.26397591829299927,
0.5821702480316162,
-0.7455035448074341,
-0.8485757112503052,
0.4981701970100403,
0.9177871942520142,
0.027096237987279892,
0.21294881403446198,
-0.6141859889030457,
0.584733247756958,
-0.11831977218389511,
0.14135929942131042,
0.5394503474235535,
-0.2930507957935333,
0.22789952158927917,
0.5801156759262085,
-0.13331462442874908,
0.3655168414115906,
-0.4761742949485779,
-0.6658065915107727,
-0.360515832901001,
0.5557795763015747,
-0.21353818476200104,
-0.09403688460588455,
0.13867394626140594,
0.6393133401870728,
0.039411574602127075,
0.22018247842788696,
0.2417035698890686,
0.1881512701511383,
-0.551076352596283,
0.3271602690219879,
-0.0583985336124897,
-0.7829197645187378,
0.12057801336050034,
-0.7317836284637451,
0.09885811060667038,
0.45894676446914673,
0.5079453587532043,
-0.2344995141029358,
-0.17356394231319427,
0.04003749415278435,
0.5837592482566833,
-0.6314132213592529,
0.22119751572608948,
0.547812283039093,
0.8352444767951965,
0.6984840631484985,
-0.034123167395591736,
-0.06795967370271683,
0.6318395733833313,
0.5790188908576965,
0.40917640924453735,
-0.00009951156243914738,
0.11930142343044281,
-0.05621643736958504,
-0.018230270594358444,
0.44278183579444885,
-0.1851666420698166,
-0.7132124304771423,
0.03854852542281151,
0.2658754289150238,
-0.46999824047088623,
0.7337218523025513,
0.39698517322540283,
0.2568168342113495,
0.002966582076624036,
-0.3470996916294098,
0.10313000530004501,
-0.2219468057155609,
-1.0819095373153687,
-0.03892624378204346,
-0.39281731843948364,
0.07452782243490219,
-0.008175891824066639,
-0.21741396188735962,
-0.19547151029109955,
0.8666846752166748,
0.027748996391892433,
0.4563049376010895,
0.034909915179014206,
0.6269559860229492,
-0.8473356366157532,
0.2030722200870514,
-0.21117770671844482,
0.5003947019577026,
-0.08939269930124283,
0.025128329172730446,
-0.16514042019844055,
0.17981618642807007,
-0.40300828218460083,
0.3450011610984802,
0.7752992510795593,
-0.7695199251174927,
-0.4113595187664032,
-0.007908575236797333,
0.06900329142808914,
-0.21138975024223328,
0.055412378162145615,
0.06294218450784683,
-0.6306271553039551,
-0.5701475739479065,
0.29695791006088257,
-0.3053585886955261,
0.33287790417671204,
0.5656852126121521,
0.17938216030597687,
0.7762260437011719,
-0.7674278020858765,
-0.02311663329601288,
-0.3938817083835602,
0.22608056664466858,
-0.18285274505615234,
0.6668275594711304,
0.4843277335166931,
0.03267522528767586,
0.08991686254739761,
-0.6186546087265015,
0.4004129469394684,
0.3168141841888428,
-1.7973181009292603,
-0.8456611037254333,
0.02736666239798069,
-0.3924523890018463,
0.04630665481090546,
0.1568802148103714,
0.40435776114463806,
-0.769001305103302,
-0.15073461830615997,
0.013978223316371441,
0.7101513743400574,
0.3651432991027832,
0.28057441115379333,
-0.9351668953895569,
-0.18056648969650269,
-0.2953917682170868
] |
233228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudbase | Cloudbase | Spectrum Cloudbase, often shortened to Cloudbase, is the fictional skyborne headquarters of the international security organisation Spectrum from Gerry Anderson's science-fiction television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967–68). In the 2005 computer-animated remake, Cloudbase is re-imagined as Skybase.
In both series, the base's design is that of an airborne aircraft carrier, stationed in either Earth's high troposphere (in the original series) or low stratosphere (in the remake).
Background
While developing the series in 1966, Gerry Anderson remembered that during the Battle of Britain the RAF had found it difficult to counter the Luftwaffe due to the delays caused by having to launch fighters from the ground. In his biography, he recalled that "it took [the Spitfire squadron] about 20 minutes to climb high enough to intercept the bombers that were already at 16,000 feet." It was for this reason that Anderson decided to make Spectrum's headquarters a hovering airborne aircraft carrier: "This could launch aircraft that would then climb to 100,000 feet and intercept extraterrestrial invaders within minutes." In a separate interview, he noted that Captain Scarlet was made during the Cold War, "when world leaders held conferences on aircraft carriers, and bomber pilots were constantly in the air waiting for attack orders. So I was thinking along the lines of a wartime setting, and had the idea for Cloudbase, a giant flying aircraft carrier, and the Angels, fighter pilots ready for take-off at any time.
The Andersons' original script for the first episode stated that the base is kept airborne by "powerful jet engines that are pointing downwards and are obviously powered by atomic energy".
The Cloudbase filming model was designed by special effects director Derek Meddings and measured over in length. According to Meddings, it was the easiest Captain Scarlet vehicle to build. The base's wide-angle establishing shot, repeatedly re-used as stock footage, was filmed against a sky backdrop consisting of a background painting, cotton wool clouds and dry ice effects. Too heavy to be hung on wires, the model was held in place on the end of a horizontal metal pole. Larger-scale sections of the flight deck were built for scenes showing aircraft taking off and landing.
The puppet-size control room set incorporated green Perspex arches and a electrically-driven moving walkway from which the character Lieutenant Green operates the base's main computer.
Specifications
Resembling an aircraft carrier, complete with flight deck and powered by jet engines, Cloudbase hovers at a fixed altitude of . Though usually geostationary, it is equipped with horizontal jet thrusters that enable it to be moved to any point above the Earth's surface. It was constructed in Earth orbit and has a crew of approximately 600. The whole structure is pressurised; pilots entering or exiting aircraft on the flight deck do so via airtight shafts and docking ports.
Cloudbase's main defence is its squadron of three Angel Interceptor fighter aircraft, flown by five female pilots. One fighter is manned around the clock, with the others on continuous standby. Auxiliary aircraft include Spectrum Passenger Jets and Magnacopters, which are launched from a separate part of the flight deck.
Areas aboard Cloudbase include:
The Control Room, containing Colonel White's desk and Lieutenant Green's computer, which is used to operate the base's public address and other systems
The Amber Room, the standby post for the Angel pilots
The Spectrum Information Centre, containing "seventh-generation" supercomputers
The Observation Room, containing atmospheric and space-monitoring equipment
The Room of Sleep, where hypnosis and gimbal-mounted beds minimise the time required for personnel to rest
The Sick Bay, manned by chief medical officer Dr Fawn
The Conference Room, Generator Room, Radar Room and Lounge
Skybase
In the computer-animated remake series Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet (2005), Cloudbase is re-imagined as Skybase. The updated headquarters, now situated at , resembles the original Cloudbase both in appearance and function. Robotic deckhands are stationed on Skybase's flight deck to assist in the take-off and landing of aircraft. Skybase is protected by a fleet of Falcon Interceptors (updated Angel aircraft) and, in addition to the facilities featured previously, is now also equipped with squash courts.
The CGI Skybase was created using LightWave 3D software under the supervision of Ron Thornton, co-founder of animation studio Foundation Imaging (whose commissions included the Star Trek TV series and films). The computer model – which at three million polygons (described by Thornton as "way over the top"), was originally three times the size of the Enterprise NX-01 created for Star Trek: Enterprise – was too large to be rendered in one step.
Reception
Commentator Ian Fryer praises the Cloudbase interior sets designed by Keith Wilson, describing them as "both stylish and highly detailed with ground-breaking use of see-through coloured Perspex".
Cloudbase has also been viewed as part of a supposed religious allegory in the series. Commentators have suggested that the base can be interpreted as Heaven, with Colonel White serving as a God analogue and the resurrected Captain Scarlet representing the Son of God; the Devil is symbolised by either Captain Black or the Mysterons. Both Robin Turner of Wales Online and Chris Jenkins of Total DVD magazine compare White to God seated in his "heavenly Cloudbase" (defended by a fighter squadron that happens to be codenamed "the Angels"). Anderson denied that any of this symbolism was intentional.
In 1993, toy company Vivid Imaginations released a Cloudbase playset. The Toy Retailers Association later ranked it among the top 50 toys for 2001. A secret project in the expansion pack for the 1999 video game Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is titled Cloudbase Academy.
The Valiant, an airborne aircraft carrier seen in the Doctor Who universe, has been compared to Cloudbase. Also similar are the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier from the Marvel Universe and the mobile airstrip from the 2004 science-fiction film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow.
References
Works cited
External links
Spectrum Headquarters: Cloudbase
Captain Scarlet (franchise)
Fictional aircraft carriers
Fictional airships
Fictional elements introduced in 1967 | [
-0.13855710625648499,
0.07670809328556061,
-0.3521103262901306,
0.12467934936285019,
0.5142776370048523,
0.09812625497579575,
-0.3486468195915222,
0.3620785176753998,
-0.1642226129770279,
-0.1934325248003006,
-1.0584263801574707,
0.07986285537481308,
-0.25018051266670227,
0.06739627569913864,
0.15450695157051086,
0.10841233283281326,
0.29074957966804504,
0.0323171503841877,
-0.04478348791599274,
-0.3022944927215576,
0.055298253893852234,
0.41836288571357727,
-0.4576987624168396,
0.09177052229642868,
0.2746962010860443,
-0.15694129467010498,
-0.14678460359573364,
0.261404812335968,
0.42340025305747986,
0.9457606077194214,
0.301323801279068,
-0.00813546497374773,
0.013094037771224976,
-0.19446881115436554,
0.22870992124080658,
-0.12262415140867233,
-0.7093598246574402,
0.5760906338691711,
-0.04408726468682289,
-0.5721181631088257,
0.11660478264093399,
-0.23288175463676453,
0.7832407355308533,
-0.0026267091743648052,
-0.35274648666381836,
0.06194816529750824,
-0.8429726362228394,
0.44126325845718384,
-0.6847100853919983,
0.297267347574234,
-0.4290406405925751,
0.6197933554649353,
0.014708500355482101,
0.06431759148836136,
0.14678604900836945,
0.7647690773010254,
-0.02025013417005539,
0.21127869188785553,
0.290974497795105,
-0.5391461849212646,
0.8489758372306824,
0.04578232765197754,
-0.0640157088637352,
0.21019190549850464,
-0.29725924134254456,
-0.42294707894325256,
0.34815940260887146,
-0.1346185952425003,
-0.17430642247200012,
-0.4296332597732544,
0.21969063580036163,
0.386949360370636,
-0.057877980172634125,
0.2668902277946472,
-0.7662161588668823,
0.13342829048633575,
0.16056561470031738,
0.15577208995819092,
-0.34075358510017395,
0.6132126450538635,
-0.07736703008413315,
0.018290767446160316,
0.19149738550186157,
-0.08635030686855316,
0.05346149206161499,
-0.22579430043697357,
-0.5876787304878235,
0.10305827111005783,
-0.3499675691127777,
0.14272373914718628,
-0.679442822933197,
-0.29920926690101624,
0.3459935188293457,
0.20107291638851166,
-0.14105460047721863,
-0.11167581379413605,
0.1258574277162552,
-0.06540278345346451,
0.453479140996933,
-0.3691267669200897,
-0.43855810165405273,
-0.1612282395362854,
-0.1717972457408905,
-0.5855477452278137,
-0.7119607925415039,
0.30997535586357117,
0.16115349531173706,
-0.2659654915332794,
-0.1711624711751938,
0.15742886066436768,
-0.6724106073379517,
-0.16735562682151794,
-0.10677274316549301,
0.07881003618240356,
-0.6996968984603882,
0.13939982652664185,
0.02752409130334854,
-0.06768298894166946,
-0.12952430546283722,
0.1466250717639923,
0.1336977332830429,
0.8347638249397278,
-0.027956660836935043,
0.26900091767311096,
-0.07335713505744934,
0.00011030184396076947,
0.31711292266845703,
0.02248951978981495,
-0.6342586874961853,
-0.0017430828884243965,
-0.12113344669342041,
0.2843759059906006,
-0.3272346258163452,
0.3877817392349243,
0.22784273326396942,
-0.07427404075860977,
0.40669548511505127,
0.2566763758659363,
0.388990193605423,
0.2515399158000946,
-0.8033057451248169,
-0.1945962756872177,
-0.3706625699996948,
-0.1498425006866455,
0.03851480782032013,
-0.44400155544281006,
0.12930794060230255,
-0.7952303886413574,
-0.08017691224813461,
-0.4835060238838196,
0.2553102970123291,
-0.4737895727157593,
0.08661001175642014,
-0.43467870354652405,
0.46325403451919556,
0.16439726948738098,
0.574705958366394,
0.31538182497024536,
-0.10467686504125595,
-0.24045145511627197,
0.36629313230514526,
0.09836579859256744,
-0.08134930580854416,
0.06077313795685768,
0.5107767581939697,
-0.05674252286553383,
-0.1739995926618576,
-0.17288121581077576,
0.15614120662212372,
-0.05054454877972603,
-0.06120889633893967,
0.147181436419487,
0.4566015601158142,
0.34919658303260803,
-0.1675025075674057,
0.44223758578300476,
0.7925404906272888,
0.16937194764614105,
0.13344846665859222,
-0.09821809828281403,
-0.6098410487174988,
-0.31611886620521545,
0.10028576850891113,
-0.41832593083381653,
0.05072648450732231,
-0.169972226023674,
0.16453880071640015,
-0.2567479908466339,
-0.003729244926944375,
0.5541442632675171,
-1.389520525932312,
-0.1810266226530075,
0.36470896005630493,
-0.47419029474258423,
0.9507061243057251,
-0.36533817648887634,
-0.32797959446907043,
0.35757264494895935,
0.1681533008813858,
0.2892327904701233,
0.020800653845071793,
0.2803000807762146,
1.0828888416290283,
-0.267645001411438,
0.025293851271271706,
0.017418306320905685,
-0.21291489899158478,
-0.23810337483882904,
-0.14058129489421844,
0.14956480264663696,
-0.06872580200433731,
-0.08677669614553452,
0.09328168630599976,
0.3050013482570648,
0.5893226861953735,
-0.5187243223190308,
-1.2915452718734741,
-0.38810738921165466,
0.020966820418834686,
-0.524613618850708,
0.21902421116828918,
0.03926684334874153,
0.13281911611557007,
0.08104108273983002,
0.026312900707125664,
0.3461903929710388,
-0.08863391727209091,
-0.09879039227962494,
0.8898947238922119,
-0.5619655847549438,
-0.40641969442367554,
-0.34520214796066284,
-0.17417968809604645,
-0.3211015462875366,
0.2900967299938202,
0.16384802758693695,
0.32754063606262207,
-0.3569087088108063,
0.05771767348051071,
-0.06564261019229889,
0.28631216287612915,
-0.2967447340488434,
-1.1900008916854858,
0.06512635201215744,
0.5531555414199829,
-0.02624526433646679,
0.335795134305954,
-0.0960005521774292,
0.028141073882579803,
-0.000565296330023557,
-0.2981690466403961,
0.3522452712059021,
-0.03984838351607323,
0.0333285853266716,
0.26920074224472046,
-0.12787151336669922,
0.2800300419330597,
0.5145432949066162,
-0.0021686044055968523,
-0.10230246931314468,
-0.5191743969917297,
0.07777492702007294,
-0.3907240927219391,
0.6012933850288391,
0.3284524977207184,
-0.6094346642494202,
-0.23176245391368866,
-0.9072314500808716,
0.6538947820663452,
-0.021971505135297775,
0.2366665005683899,
-0.601188600063324,
-0.1086372584104538,
-0.05767946317791939,
-0.3872227072715759,
-0.7624915838241577,
0.0030101074371486902,
0.021171018481254578,
0.1512320637702942,
-0.22033268213272095,
0.511542558670044,
-0.08747830241918564,
0.5753286480903625,
-0.48081496357917786,
0.19729533791542053,
0.19204272329807281,
0.1684500277042389,
-0.0776420384645462,
-0.2598603069782257,
-0.25580036640167236,
-0.3371897041797638,
0.2284444123506546,
-0.1182757094502449,
0.210926353931427,
-0.4629484713077545,
0.7204383611679077,
0.16074229776859283,
0.1447092592716217,
0.0040021599270403385,
0.30017125606536865,
-0.024511024355888367,
0.5285411477088928,
-0.3742511570453644,
-0.1557592898607254,
0.3816083073616028,
-0.2618327736854553,
-0.20325060188770294,
0.04518628492951393,
-5.932838439941406,
0.7459880709648132,
-0.09794111549854279,
-0.3534456193447113,
-0.39308393001556396,
0.49728167057037354,
0.3016965389251709,
-0.1585526466369629,
0.01395028829574585,
-0.7611422538757324,
-0.43369582295417786,
-0.31198233366012573,
0.1588471233844757,
0.08896567672491074,
0.07458856701850891,
0.3382667601108551,
0.44032296538352966,
-0.7292729616165161,
0.3298463821411133,
0.15297402441501617,
-0.18062865734100342,
-0.2379346489906311,
-0.04339239373803139,
0.20326220989227295,
-0.21251556277275085,
0.6925506591796875,
-0.72712242603302,
-0.07604614645242691,
-0.2600051462650299,
0.1266784965991974,
0.05601313337683678,
-0.27830907702445984,
-0.18081872165203094,
-0.1684713363647461,
-0.5158616304397583,
-0.21529798209667206,
0.15934352576732635,
-0.5770882964134216,
0.21874026954174042,
-0.4620782434940338,
-0.3253975808620453,
0.40802446007728577,
-0.36932647228240967,
-0.12300721555948257,
0.5210128426551819,
0.021986495703458786,
-0.4631394147872925,
0.15487536787986755,
0.34148189425468445,
0.7789980173110962,
-0.16210654377937317,
-0.07489503920078278,
-0.1993684321641922,
0.012066315859556198,
-0.09327255189418793,
0.1746855080127716,
-0.19004802405834198,
0.8237382769584656,
-0.2856923043727875,
0.30163198709487915,
0.14569509029388428,
-0.33883005380630493,
-0.2855563163757324,
-0.5871167182922363,
0.6686741709709167,
0.12686097621917725,
-0.3139383792877197,
0.20354187488555908,
0.13213887810707092,
-0.29298684000968933,
0.3541933298110962,
0.2631271183490753,
-0.01616324856877327,
-1.0024597644805908,
-0.12084191292524338,
-0.6570519208908081,
-0.22782160341739655,
-0.6273272037506104,
0.10945951193571091,
-0.04349018260836601,
-0.27983158826828003,
-0.23596645891666412,
-0.399915486574173,
-0.547649085521698,
-0.3357861042022705,
-0.7847549915313721,
-0.49189385771751404,
0.2936621606349945,
0.44026902318000793,
0.15401308238506317,
0.5247617363929749,
-0.5605359077453613,
0.2901749908924103,
0.5910434722900391,
0.8428257703781128,
0.12563151121139526,
0.3627900183200836,
0.2320123314857483,
0.9036915302276611,
0.3237474858760834,
0.3269820213317871,
-0.4154168367385864,
0.14402024447917938,
-0.3718865215778351,
-0.3744712471961975,
0.0758696049451828,
-0.11770734190940857,
0.2897818386554718,
0.46967458724975586,
0.14811238646507263,
0.17692764103412628,
-0.00765375979244709,
-0.15904037654399872,
-0.5310944318771362,
0.49570339918136597,
0.1266527771949768,
0.25405585765838623,
0.5290222764015198,
0.8577290773391724,
-0.18142405152320862,
-0.2720855474472046,
-0.29970893263816833,
-0.15181289613246918,
-0.3063637614250183,
-0.21623766422271729,
0.37562766671180725,
0.4870677590370178,
-0.07918981462717056,
0.3477974832057953,
-0.11531176418066025,
-0.15774330496788025,
0.4720292389392853,
0.2658236622810364,
0.39289000630378723,
0.3508894741535187,
-0.2979428172111511,
-0.1040533185005188,
-0.10405462235212326,
0.47271692752838135,
0.43180906772613525,
-0.052652303129434586,
0.011316720396280289,
-0.1291746199131012,
0.14402666687965393,
0.3389045298099518,
0.007461882662028074,
-0.27675661444664,
-0.19335371255874634,
0.6732847690582275,
0.2825564742088318,
0.2766655385494232,
-0.00473062414675951,
0.4858922064304352,
-0.6146196126937866,
-0.457510769367218,
0.02174828015267849,
-0.16082195937633514,
-0.02907738834619522,
-0.15569312870502472,
0.3491678833961487,
0.7797936797142029,
-0.003568794811144471,
-1.0364394187927246,
-0.08857601881027222,
-0.17635345458984375,
-0.3670923411846161,
0.22422493994235992,
-0.8511916995048523,
-0.593102216720581,
-0.18671390414237976,
-0.21859712898731232,
-0.43660473823547363,
-0.15992897748947144,
0.28041377663612366,
0.3888554871082306,
0.670329213142395,
-0.5214561223983765,
0.45243749022483826,
0.9035083651542664,
0.5067223906517029,
-0.20196673274040222,
0.48868146538734436,
-0.6498905420303345,
0.44449692964553833,
0.19661660492420197,
-0.22403226792812347,
-0.4863026440143585,
0.40581637620925903,
0.21780341863632202,
-0.0153846126049757,
0.158044695854187,
0.3299994468688965,
0.08540011197328568,
0.4440575838088989,
-0.291192889213562,
-0.061245571821928024,
-0.6355568170547485,
0.40557828545570374,
0.25937023758888245,
-0.03136536478996277,
-0.6009962558746338,
0.25264397263526917,
-0.6050693988800049,
0.14560051262378693,
0.13623198866844177,
-0.17725302278995514,
0.4345717430114746,
0.006752452347427607,
-0.048551224172115326,
0.47236114740371704,
-0.4804876744747162,
-0.5677130222320557,
-0.0725805014371872,
0.3687795102596283,
-0.31772148609161377,
0.24401839077472687,
-0.39821478724479675,
-0.19531814754009247,
-0.31452757120132446,
-0.0020755939185619354,
-0.15943989157676697,
0.039406418800354004,
-0.11559978872537613,
-0.3445332944393158,
-0.2209092378616333,
0.30097347497940063,
0.7435662150382996,
-0.6607092022895813,
0.04517294839024544,
-0.4003966748714447,
-0.322216659784317,
0.5672664642333984,
0.04499368369579315,
0.41203203797340393,
0.09002436697483063,
0.12136980891227722,
0.28868624567985535,
-0.3570508360862732,
0.29119962453842163,
0.28660330176353455,
0.37448397278785706,
0.2930918335914612,
-0.0079837990924716,
-0.5622833967208862,
0.32746267318725586,
0.5388093590736389,
0.9128366112709045,
-0.44331657886505127,
-0.29116085171699524,
-0.7237311005592346,
0.3286519944667816,
-0.47573646903038025,
-0.27062347531318665,
-0.06004578620195389,
0.8700307011604309,
-0.48889726400375366,
0.2881759703159332,
0.16574488580226898,
-0.16991017758846283,
-0.672973096370697,
0.06136529520153999,
-0.14213719964027405,
-1.0427436828613281,
0.19244101643562317,
-0.1452793926000595,
-0.11558949947357178,
-0.29203563928604126,
0.07970380783081055,
-0.10564165562391281,
-0.5338230729103088,
0.5548884272575378,
0.19669082760810852,
0.252663791179657,
0.6822613477706909,
0.21346667408943176,
-0.048918336629867554,
0.6864373087882996,
-0.2734570801258087,
-0.34093597531318665,
0.08211120218038559,
-1.0064423084259033,
0.3441052734851837,
0.296565443277359,
-0.7968460917472839,
0.39916306734085083,
-0.8063334822654724,
0.21263928711414337,
-0.2621079981327057,
0.18270038068294525,
0.041705816984176636,
0.00744406646117568,
0.025538938120007515,
0.3015759289264679,
-0.4953211545944214,
-0.06287717819213867,
0.0342661514878273,
0.0017122837016358972,
-0.2684582769870758,
0.232730895280838,
0.13495345413684845,
-0.8360739350318909,
0.3651074469089508,
-0.03857722505927086,
-0.19937585294246674,
0.5070235729217529,
-0.42996159195899963,
0.3513643741607666,
-0.373148649930954,
-0.2745327949523926,
-0.2872300446033478,
0.10178562998771667,
-0.5259727239608765,
-0.06500986218452454,
0.011972468346357346,
-0.37411177158355713,
-0.11805897206068039,
0.4773453176021576,
-0.35016506910324097,
0.47876036167144775,
0.0029868977144360542,
0.24723045527935028,
0.3326435387134552,
0.13437476754188538,
0.20963621139526367,
-0.26509812474250793,
0.6630700826644897,
-0.022248368710279465,
0.10732163488864899,
0.07488725334405899,
-0.04061171039938927,
0.3867477774620056,
-0.13836640119552612,
-0.16997799277305603,
0.3766384720802307,
-0.7576261162757874,
-0.3776618540287018,
0.42457401752471924,
-0.4136451184749603,
0.10470706969499588,
0.3787979781627655,
0.23982460796833038,
0.6180723905563354,
-0.007666083052754402,
0.07635021209716797,
-0.5356146097183228,
0.1329323649406433,
-0.07368823140859604,
0.48424476385116577,
0.13572019338607788,
0.45013123750686646,
-0.045678846538066864,
0.09134988486766815,
-0.09188675135374069,
-0.18934136629104614,
0.41506800055503845,
-0.04539390280842781,
0.09356911480426788,
-0.2267293483018875,
-0.09306283295154572,
0.11451784521341324,
-0.17014263570308685,
0.43389418721199036,
0.2844882607460022,
0.643936812877655,
-0.6594115495681763,
0.8458012938499451,
-0.2711874544620514,
-0.38253796100616455,
0.5870101451873779,
-0.11342229694128036,
0.038872238248586655,
0.7007550001144409,
-0.23047161102294922,
-0.3545113503932953,
-0.23384644091129303,
-0.3164975345134735,
0.21198558807373047,
0.8283674120903015,
-0.0379754863679409,
-0.21274025738239288,
-0.5261372327804565,
-0.639336109161377,
-0.14466556906700134,
-0.3035205602645874,
0.7090248465538025,
0.1572723090648651,
0.010360716842114925,
-0.21388669312000275,
-0.058939650654792786,
0.4332352876663208,
0.597531259059906,
-0.7521541118621826,
-0.06488269567489624,
0.09696352481842041,
-0.08618199825286865,
0.28630465269088745,
0.5166060924530029,
0.41721799969673157,
0.042014941573143005,
0.010791136883199215,
0.08517099171876907,
-0.17991554737091064,
0.3301065266132355,
0.10272488743066788,
-0.4072248339653015,
0.19254203140735626,
-0.45740702748298645,
-0.5725242495536804,
-0.7050697207450867,
0.2955712676048279,
0.32619503140449524,
0.1378801167011261,
0.021357648074626923,
0.7335605025291443,
-0.009600650519132614,
-0.11935152858495712,
0.33282676339149475,
0.2386167049407959,
-0.026606004685163498,
0.343962699174881,
-0.5504536032676697,
0.035369761288166046,
-0.3917734622955322,
-0.03320133686065674,
-0.2343512624502182,
0.14176541566848755,
-0.13190224766731262,
0.09803995490074158,
-0.2605164051055908,
0.56923508644104,
0.3482321500778198,
-0.3134966194629669,
-0.4499593675136566,
0.3398314416408539,
-0.3757443428039551,
-0.4986073076725006,
0.5117583274841309,
0.420830100774765,
-0.020953956991434097,
-0.05532580986618996,
0.01821446232497692,
0.26838263869285583,
0.11514674872159958,
-0.3596692979335785,
0.05977362394332886,
0.07973325252532959,
0.11796454340219498,
-0.5329692363739014,
-0.44361069798469543,
0.6020489931106567,
0.15171797573566437,
-0.04495544731616974,
0.44546881318092346,
-0.6286914348602295,
-0.1779032200574875,
0.10321176797151566,
0.11741086095571518,
0.30378714203834534,
0.2640606760978699,
0.29893869161605835
] |
233229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio-class%20amphibious%20transport%20dock | San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock | The San Antonio class is a class of amphibious transport docks, also called a "landing platform, dock" (LPD), used by the United States Navy. These warships replace the LPDs (including Cleveland and Trenton sub-classes), as well as the tank landing ships, and the amphibious cargo ships that have already been retired.
Twelve ships of the San Antonio class were originally proposed, their original target price was $890 million; as built, their average cost is $1.6 billion. Defense Authorization for Fiscal Year 2015 included partial funding for the twelfth San Antonio-class ship. eleven warships of this class are in service with the U.S. Navy with an additional two ships under construction or authorized.
Design
The San Antonio class was designed to provide the Navy and U.S. Marine Corps with modern, sea-based platforms that are networked, survivable, and built to operate with 21st century transformational platforms, such as the MV-22 Osprey, the (since canceled) Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV), air-cushioned landing craft (LCACs), and future means by which marines are delivered ashore. The ship is more than 45 percent larger than the Austin class, displacing more than 25,000 tons at full load. It carries fewer troops, but has twice as much space for vehicles, landing craft, and aircraft.
The project embraced a "Design for Ownership" philosophy; a concurrent engineering approach that injects operator, maintainer, and trainer input into the design development process. The goal was to ensure that operational realities are considered throughout the total ship design, integration, construction, test and life cycle support of the new ships and their systems. This process was intended to improve combat readiness, enhance quality of life, and reduce Total Ownership Costs, and resulted in numerous changes during the project.
The San Antonio class has significant survivability features and computer technology. In addition to Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) protection from air threats, the class was designed to minimize radar signature. Techniques that reduce radar cross-section (RCS) make the ships more difficult to locate and target. Enhanced survivability features include improved nuclear blast and fragmentation protection and a shock-hardened structure. The fiber-optic shipboard-wide area network (SWAN) connects onboard-integrated systems. The network will allow "plug in and fight" configuration, updating and replacing hardware more easily when newer technology becomes available. Moreover, the class has extensive communications, command, control, and intelligence systems to support current and projected expeditionary warfare missions of the 21st century.
The class is fitted with the integrated Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS). The system fuses the radars and other sensors and controls the weapons systems for an automated fast reaction capability against air threats.
The Advanced Enclosed Mast/Sensors (AEM/S) System mast, a 93-foot-high octagonal structure 35 feet in diameter, is constructed of a multi-layer frequency-selective composite material. It is designed to permit the ship's own sensor frequencies with very low loss while reflecting other frequencies. The tapered octagonal shape of the AEM/S is designed to reduce the radar cross section, and enclosing the antennas provides improved performance and greatly reduces maintenance costs.
The San Antonio-class also incorporates the latest quality of life standards for the embarked Marines and sailors, including sit-up berths, a ship services mall, a learning resource center, and a fitness center. Medical facilities include two operating rooms and 124 beds. Additionally, they are the first USN ships designed to accommodate sailors and Marines of both sexes as part of the crew and embarked troops.
By mid-2016, the Navy and Marine Corps were studying installing a vertical launch system (VLS) into San Antonio-class ships so they could field larger offensive missiles. The original ship concept included two 8-cell Mk 41 VLS in the bow, which is being reexamined to add Tomahawk cruise missiles to support Marines ashore with little modification to the combat system.
History
Following the extended problems and incidents experienced by , the U.S. Department of Defense's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E), stated in 2010 that the ships are "capable of operating 'in a benign environment', but not effective, suitable and not survivable in a combat situation". The DOT&E found in 2011 that the first ship of the class, USS San Antonio, had several deficiencies which rendered it "not operationally effective, suitable, or survivable in a hostile environment". In April 2015, the USN proposed adding a 12th ship to the class, which will be built at Ingalls in exchange for a destroyer to be named later. On 4 December 2015, the 12th ship was ordered.
Derivatives
U.S. senator Kay Hagan has asked if the LPD-17 construction line should be extended to a 12th ship as a bridge to building the LX(R) (formerly LSD(X)) on the same hull, but the USN has indicated that the requirements of the LX(R) have not yet been settled and that the LPD-17 hull might be too large for such a mission. However, Commandant James F. Amos had also endorsed dropping LSD in favor of continued LPD production.
In October 2014, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus signed an internal memo recommending that the LX(R) warship be based on the existing San Antonio-class design. The LPD-17 design was selected over a foreign variant, and an entirely new design to meet required capability, capacity, and cost parameters. Official selection of basing the LX(R) off the LPD-17 design still has to come with Milestone A approval. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 included partial funding for a twelfth San Antonio-class ship (LPD-28). In early 2014, Huntington Ingalls Industries (HII) displayed its Flight IIA version of the LPD-17 hull for the Navy's LX(R) amphibious ship. The design is further modified by removing some of the higher-end capabilities of the San Antonio class to create an "amphibious truck" to replace the and landing ship docks. The Flight IIA has improved command and control (C2) features over the LSDs, half the medical spaces of the LPD-17, and a smaller hangar for stowing two MV-22s, no composite masts, two unspecified main propulsion diesel engines (MPDE), two spots for LCACs or one LCU, a reduced troop capacity (500), and a crew of about 400 sailors. In January 2015, the Navy and Marine Corps decided to go with the modified LPD-17 hull for the LX(R) program.
Chief of Naval Operations Greenert considered using some of the extra space in the San Antonio class to mount modular equipment in the same fashion as the littoral combat ships. As part of their bid to offer "Flight II" LPD-17s for the dock landing ship replacement contract, HII has suggested fitting out the ships to carry the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. Although there is no formal requirement for the BMD variant, HII report unofficial support for it within the U.S. Navy, such that it will be modeled in wargame scenarios in 2016 and 2017. It could accommodate up to 288 Mk41 VLS missile tubes and a radar with 1000 times the sensitivity of the SPY-1D radar of the Burke destroyers.
Flight II
On 2 August 2018, the U.S. Navy and Huntington Ingalls signed a contract for long lead items for LPD-30, the first of the 13-ship more affordable Flight II class. The contract was for US$165.5M. The cost goal is for US$1.64B for the first ship, and $1.4B for subsequent ships. LPD-30 will be fitted with a Raytheon Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar, an upgrade over the AN/SPS-48 currently in LPD-17s. Huntington Ingalls will build the new flight exclusively. On 26 March 2019, Huntington Ingalls announced the award of a US$1.47 billion, fixed-price incentive contract for LPD 30 (14th ship and first of Flight II). On 10 October 2019, the name of the ship was announced as for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state's capital. On 3 April 2020, Huntington Ingalls announced that it was awarded a $1.5 billion contract modification for the construction of , named for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Ships of the class
Gallery
See also
(Royal Navy)
(Republic of Singapore Navy)
(Spanish Navy)
(Indonesian Navy)
(Royal Netherlands Navy)
(Type 071) (Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy)
References
External links
Amphibious Transport Dock - LPD (San Antonio class) page on Navy.mil
San Antonio class Landing Platform Dock on Ingalls Shipbuilding's site
San Antonio class Amphibious transport dock on Military today site
San Antonio Class (LPD 17) Amphibious Transport Dock on navyrecognition.com
Naval ships of the United States
Amphibious warfare vessel classes | [
0.15428006649017334,
-0.21856918931007385,
0.12754474580287933,
0.06179071590304375,
0.14209051430225372,
0.11532961577177048,
-0.42770737409591675,
0.008227222599089146,
-0.6345163583755493,
-0.10749170184135437,
-0.001941231545060873,
0.7159727811813354,
-0.24618388712406158,
-0.04578124359250069,
0.4337244927883148,
0.4009453058242798,
0.3353366255760193,
0.48062798380851746,
0.15282614529132843,
-0.1562502533197403,
0.08909803628921509,
-0.15659776329994202,
0.4227016568183899,
-0.332949697971344,
-0.029691549018025398,
-0.09184986352920532,
0.4228776693344116,
0.532607913017273,
-0.03396885469555855,
0.23064608871936798,
0.4127763509750366,
0.26536500453948975,
-0.20954929292201996,
0.1402224898338318,
-0.06551283597946167,
-0.26445797085762024,
-0.35454973578453064,
-0.5690039992332458,
-0.28817301988601685,
-0.34635984897613525,
-0.8056101202964783,
-0.3508107364177704,
0.5292287468910217,
0.22117212414741516,
-0.013132034800946712,
0.41477012634277344,
-0.87579345703125,
-0.42666569352149963,
-0.3252805471420288,
0.09684950858354568,
-0.4297131597995758,
0.29876047372817993,
0.03064657561480999,
0.5078979134559631,
0.5991165041923523,
0.6155036687850952,
-0.9278032779693604,
-0.06630977988243103,
-0.1853596270084381,
-0.787111759185791,
-0.16407105326652527,
0.6938817501068115,
0.9513416290283203,
0.2643813490867615,
0.5865187048912048,
-0.01666317507624626,
-0.1534099578857422,
-0.030262455344200134,
-0.3737272024154663,
-0.39048197865486145,
0.24136564135551453,
-0.005343974567949772,
-0.16423937678337097,
0.0486813522875309,
-0.22161905467510223,
-0.3016161620616913,
-0.26434236764907837,
-0.5271267890930176,
-0.2628924548625946,
0.5294380784034729,
0.3755119740962982,
0.8838878870010376,
0.8660919666290283,
0.293658584356308,
0.28310418128967285,
0.1827051192522049,
-0.8096577525138855,
0.11968648433685303,
-0.6096037030220032,
0.7059857845306396,
-0.3675159513950348,
0.4550289809703827,
0.45159682631492615,
0.5895925760269165,
0.24923598766326904,
0.07318714261054993,
-0.14535661041736603,
0.1438475400209427,
0.17074206471443176,
0.6290921568870544,
-0.3164859116077423,
0.1550326645374298,
0.664740800857544,
0.08244690299034119,
-0.37513017654418945,
-0.21344882249832153,
-0.33601364493370056,
0.135399729013443,
-0.5803447365760803,
-0.04474663734436035,
-0.6638707518577576,
0.22152726352214813,
0.3798180818557739,
-0.0025901379995048046,
-0.12718991935253143,
0.3932458162307739,
0.01403689943253994,
-0.2872365713119507,
-0.3193293511867523,
-0.40932008624076843,
0.6955349445343018,
0.7254447937011719,
-0.3442607522010803,
-0.1544797420501709,
-0.2276875227689743,
0.04271106421947479,
0.49028801918029785,
0.3183494210243225,
-0.813546895980835,
0.19334661960601807,
0.3479379415512085,
0.20007440447807312,
-0.3628752827644348,
0.586055338382721,
-0.6998536586761475,
-0.3305981159210205,
0.1666523963212967,
0.5213558077812195,
1.0178132057189941,
0.2617301642894745,
-1.3429011106491089,
-0.38694819808006287,
-0.10450847446918488,
-0.7178761959075928,
0.3695402443408966,
-0.22707445919513702,
0.2714364528656006,
0.03565610945224762,
-0.8040079474449158,
-0.08952570706605911,
0.1453055739402771,
-0.44169437885284424,
0.0283773485571146,
-0.0484706275165081,
-0.20695023238658905,
0.0958920419216156,
0.4408082365989685,
-0.7153937816619873,
0.19558557868003845,
0.3556162416934967,
-0.6211232542991638,
0.04792816564440727,
-0.12405586987733841,
0.25740206241607666,
-0.06934153288602829,
-0.08854372799396515,
0.08549247682094574,
-0.2365027368068695,
0.539099395275116,
0.3059922754764557,
0.0849815160036087,
0.2846098244190216,
0.330608069896698,
-0.3524880111217499,
-0.3022189438343048,
-0.2438330054283142,
0.28443002700805664,
-0.20020116865634918,
0.16440391540527344,
0.16232052445411682,
-0.512312650680542,
0.2333749681711197,
0.28331458568573,
-0.05985475331544876,
-0.4310813248157501,
-0.5200022459030151,
0.46690282225608826,
-0.1369321495294571,
-0.006016220897436142,
-0.08185399323701859,
-0.33830320835113525,
-0.02314232476055622,
0.015796607360243797,
0.19443801045417786,
1.2649099826812744,
-0.1274534910917282,
-0.7434639930725098,
0.549781858921051,
-0.1308869570493698,
0.503907322883606,
0.004556802101433277,
0.11397682875394821,
0.19215181469917297,
-0.13100747764110565,
-0.9663053750991821,
-0.08928947895765305,
0.13901908695697784,
0.37643685936927795,
0.23407989740371704,
0.7154186367988586,
0.00478901993483305,
-0.610458254814148,
0.36541181802749634,
-0.1643446981906891,
0.26672008633613586,
-0.1954900473356247,
-0.17971660196781158,
-0.29952123761177063,
0.0795719176530838,
-0.1428500860929489,
1.146686315536499,
-0.027280636131763458,
-0.17540112137794495,
0.03225057199597359,
-0.6501031517982483,
-0.32037097215652466,
-0.21352370083332062,
0.24180985987186432,
0.3458823263645172,
0.21139612793922424,
0.38867682218551636,
-0.0014955555088818073,
-0.27565082907676697,
-0.8292211294174194,
0.2739032506942749,
0.2456161081790924,
-0.07222750037908554,
-0.27555739879608154,
0.06396999955177307,
0.12001693248748779,
-0.12622056901454926,
0.2598247528076172,
-1.0047929286956787,
-0.1242065355181694,
0.36403021216392517,
-0.5244522094726562,
0.24459393322467804,
0.18186435103416443,
-0.2394854873418808,
-0.6072128415107727,
0.16335313022136688,
0.5217380523681641,
0.3959406912326813,
-0.4213324785232544,
-0.07395655661821365,
0.1406639665365219,
-0.3141680955886841,
-0.11842115223407745,
0.09712889045476913,
-0.7872404456138611,
-0.13144128024578094,
0.688120424747467,
-0.04438033327460289,
0.26999741792678833,
0.047352198511362076,
-0.4499262273311615,
-0.11697670072317123,
-0.29780498147010803,
0.17811308801174164,
0.43869391083717346,
0.5609144568443298,
0.1627163589000702,
0.0957261472940445,
-0.5485715270042419,
-0.56102454662323,
-0.13241662085056305,
0.21715161204338074,
0.5750240087509155,
-0.3917718529701233,
-0.5148346424102783,
0.6960127949714661,
0.17316685616970062,
0.2670213580131531,
-0.6812192797660828,
-0.0450253002345562,
-0.7346162796020508,
0.268728643655777,
-0.14282236993312836,
-0.4370785653591156,
-0.6282234787940979,
-0.22317376732826233,
-0.6904481053352356,
-0.1108178123831749,
0.474258154630661,
-0.19493147730827332,
0.14343608915805817,
0.12294647842645645,
-0.05674843117594719,
0.5384926795959473,
-0.26871418952941895,
-0.7428916692733765,
0.11062327027320862,
-0.24078455567359924,
-0.013657891191542149,
0.21260997653007507,
0.16366876661777496,
-0.4217044413089752,
0.35398903489112854,
-5.636815071105957,
0.020822012796998024,
-0.6926004886627197,
-0.03900104761123657,
0.7205033302307129,
0.030668925493955612,
0.3124845027923584,
-0.17749589681625366,
0.10893559455871582,
-0.3671395778656006,
0.12834976613521576,
0.4067752957344055,
-0.02193906158208847,
-0.05206761136651039,
0.06397825479507446,
0.5298148989677429,
0.4211553931236267,
0.059947188943624496,
0.4489898681640625,
-0.31121259927749634,
-0.2287532389163971,
-0.22597749531269073,
-0.04428597539663315,
0.5294507145881653,
0.0820070207118988,
0.3936476409435272,
-0.6449732184410095,
-0.140315443277359,
-0.9239323139190674,
-0.04829385131597519,
-0.2529214322566986,
-0.11822745203971863,
-0.42776042222976685,
-0.3781278729438782,
-0.1270916908979416,
-0.03841952979564667,
0.7306016683578491,
-0.10733529925346375,
0.006658600177615881,
-0.7979785799980164,
-0.4434252977371216,
0.2010880559682846,
-0.18446916341781616,
-0.3076055943965912,
0.056213587522506714,
-0.5323870778083801,
0.01059306226670742,
0.14364640414714813,
0.29824745655059814,
1.1207971572875977,
0.25228428840637207,
0.2710346281528473,
0.985319972038269,
0.5345708727836609,
0.6512568593025208,
-0.3544493019580841,
0.3049612045288086,
0.06207029148936272,
-0.13630442321300507,
-0.04928460717201233,
0.5242356657981873,
-0.34035524725914,
-0.6969939470291138,
-0.538478672504425,
-0.40008094906806946,
0.15467743575572968,
0.015124290250241756,
-0.02370956353843212,
0.8151230812072754,
-0.3192221522331238,
-0.31568360328674316,
1.0826951265335083,
-0.15404696762561798,
-0.8273048400878906,
0.46393883228302,
-0.3449495732784271,
-0.07893331348896027,
-0.13697697222232819,
-0.44483861327171326,
-0.08150608092546463,
0.2272365242242813,
-0.00013793224934488535,
-0.13965646922588348,
0.4285135269165039,
0.09308893233537674,
-0.8157037496566772,
-0.3085362911224365,
0.25830814242362976,
-0.013492492027580738,
0.051289621740579605,
0.02919655293226242,
-0.31979283690452576,
0.6874820590019226,
0.08311808854341507,
0.2624753713607788,
-0.32589972019195557,
-0.02089615724980831,
0.8254923820495605,
0.7232423424720764,
-0.7863233685493469,
0.9539679884910583,
-0.15558411180973053,
0.22558636963367462,
0.15768685936927795,
-0.621060311794281,
-0.4942874014377594,
-0.08271831274032593,
0.42462772130966187,
0.3843703269958496,
0.2926010191440582,
0.16293185949325562,
-0.22310708463191986,
0.13050983846187592,
-1.0200639963150024,
0.7068325877189636,
0.8810498714447021,
-0.5747501850128174,
0.5104145407676697,
0.7386038899421692,
0.3146764636039734,
0.21583832800388336,
0.2676444351673126,
-0.15202189981937408,
-0.16620099544525146,
0.1713314950466156,
-0.6390767097473145,
0.41648098826408386,
0.41775497794151306,
-0.2585854232311249,
-0.10520082712173462,
0.33545252680778503,
0.5179619193077087,
-0.06835173815488815,
-0.011822791770100594,
-0.2075747698545456,
-0.5429233908653259,
-0.32330742478370667,
-0.18950344622135162,
0.5450273156166077,
-0.07134654372930527,
-0.874481201171875,
-0.551532506942749,
-0.4770846962928772,
0.09215262532234192,
0.5783053636550903,
0.3849618434906006,
0.09045334160327911,
0.2742651104927063,
-0.2869281768798828,
0.5844535827636719,
-0.21259741485118866,
-0.6459089517593384,
-0.17605549097061157,
-0.5259323716163635,
0.040032219141721725,
-0.6734258532524109,
0.4927128851413727,
0.4359826445579529,
0.33140361309051514,
-0.5651187300682068,
0.3588794767856598,
-0.17708085477352142,
-0.5094863772392273,
-0.20410311222076416,
-0.1638387143611908,
-0.17156849801540375,
-0.36514192819595337,
-0.6340686082839966,
-0.08821582794189453,
0.5408615469932556,
-0.21034419536590576,
-0.9662882089614868,
-0.3303735852241516,
-0.15013591945171356,
0.5388939380645752,
-0.2596551179885864,
-0.6296324133872986,
-0.0988520160317421,
-0.148004949092865,
-0.15553346276283264,
0.12015707790851593,
-0.07794351130723953,
0.12024442106485367,
0.1769627183675766,
0.15375064313411713,
-0.37796300649642944,
-0.6371976137161255,
-0.1820208877325058,
-0.07281316071748734,
0.042256347835063934,
-0.16267646849155426,
-0.06265036016702652,
0.6410676836967468,
0.5916659235954285,
-0.8279594779014587,
0.21832174062728882,
-0.13047602772712708,
0.5497762560844421,
0.27294662594795227,
-0.5359858870506287,
0.2076314240694046,
0.2818458080291748,
-0.6609103083610535,
0.5210591554641724,
0.29750803112983704,
0.05398181080818176,
0.36262184381484985,
-0.013165956363081932,
0.1059817373752594,
0.1479872316122055,
-0.16797316074371338,
-0.990398108959198,
0.2957540452480316,
0.6361080408096313,
-0.6183093190193176,
-0.14447809755802155,
0.04674721509218216,
-0.3557945787906647,
-0.42064428329467773,
-0.5043684244155884,
-0.3380813002586365,
-0.26354700326919556,
0.01648394949734211,
-0.24117548763751984,
-0.8136550188064575,
1.0649495124816895,
-0.4316689968109131,
-0.6308736801147461,
0.16123470664024353,
-0.30991077423095703,
-0.02254916913807392,
-0.42064395546913147,
-0.029827816411852837,
-0.03338967636227608,
0.26658445596694946,
0.204084575176239,
-0.2785615026950836,
-0.3853238523006439,
-0.07172801345586777,
0.29706332087516785,
0.26254990696907043,
1.0343209505081177,
0.26460713148117065,
-0.7512342929840088,
-0.41321542859077454,
0.1472187340259552,
0.5184004306793213,
-0.781164824962616,
-0.1624358743429184,
0.24959184229373932,
0.3742865025997162,
-0.9363643527030945,
-0.6710610389709473,
-0.24714283645153046,
1.1461412906646729,
-0.6987277865409851,
-0.2857508361339569,
-0.17234809696674347,
-0.35891371965408325,
-0.19530850648880005,
-0.1612648218870163,
0.3303043842315674,
-0.7629347443580627,
0.23476873338222504,
0.2007359266281128,
-0.28098300099372864,
-0.07515279203653336,
0.010210118256509304,
0.5847181081771851,
-0.2510300576686859,
-0.3032226860523224,
0.4166995584964752,
0.9602382183074951,
0.9788329601287842,
0.32726871967315674,
-0.24746915698051453,
0.004605546593666077,
-0.5414593815803528,
0.7340269684791565,
0.3163225054740906,
-0.5178999304771423,
0.326140820980072,
-0.5511555671691895,
-0.30795615911483765,
0.012377834878861904,
-0.385283499956131,
-0.19723409414291382,
-0.3527410924434662,
-0.20542460680007935,
-0.05345163494348526,
0.23751196265220642,
-0.14738531410694122,
-0.2605920433998108,
0.11910370737314224,
-0.5932250618934631,
0.5341471433639526,
0.22924873232841492,
0.43185409903526306,
0.0060190376825630665,
0.3502758741378784,
-0.26783761382102966,
0.9212996363639832,
-0.5118637681007385,
-0.2803431451320648,
0.3693394660949707,
-0.6082474589347839,
0.2960449159145355,
-0.1395862102508545,
0.19683095812797546,
-0.1589207500219345,
-0.018298758193850517,
-0.48324355483055115,
0.1310512125492096,
0.8447837233543396,
-0.08526816964149475,
0.15193451941013336,
0.3435896039009094,
-0.32738035917282104,
-0.24221642315387726,
0.023068467155098915,
-0.1975758969783783,
0.16473573446273804,
-0.20718838274478912,
0.14979025721549988,
0.09220655262470245,
0.5877552628517151,
-0.5455515384674072,
-0.5019763112068176,
0.3090955317020416,
0.8059256672859192,
0.16962361335754395,
-0.2038477659225464,
-0.16215801239013672,
-0.024758052080869675,
-0.28344911336898804,
0.19479364156723022,
0.11797584593296051,
-0.30970799922943115,
-0.17536447942256927,
0.5411688089370728,
-0.08391886949539185,
0.1297576129436493,
-0.2789546549320221,
-0.3456975817680359,
0.24539868533611298,
0.4292019307613373,
0.1289350539445877,
-0.11308456212282181,
0.24570246040821075,
0.45335114002227783,
-0.04496913403272629,
0.39167678356170654,
0.3110179603099823,
0.28258514404296875,
-0.06751858443021774,
0.20294593274593353,
0.2559717893600464,
-0.5475457906723022,
-0.06350111216306686,
-0.3258988559246063,
-0.057808198034763336,
0.6600423455238342,
0.3033464848995209,
0.008231247775256634,
-0.07954350858926773,
-0.3373379409313202,
0.1721518188714981,
-0.42558810114860535,
0.2784152030944824,
0.33421066403388977,
0.4932210147380829,
0.9331914186477661,
-0.4081608057022095,
0.13688375055789948,
0.3756122291088104,
0.9494603276252747,
0.6068808436393738,
0.2040344476699829,
0.06951702386140823,
0.3401793837547302,
-0.14284181594848633,
0.2643273174762726,
-0.12417241185903549,
-0.35667961835861206,
-0.2928663492202759,
0.2592341899871826,
-0.134617879986763,
0.3751184940338135,
0.27953052520751953,
0.5453693270683289,
0.11120220273733139,
-0.4521434009075165,
0.07447998970746994,
-0.16285340487957,
-0.23767776787281036,
0.2842424809932709,
-0.13812507688999176,
0.20637957751750946,
0.21709081530570984,
-0.22660647332668304,
-0.295204758644104,
0.43792077898979187,
0.1635924130678177,
0.058908600360155106,
-0.03540242090821266,
0.12615154683589935,
-0.7642285227775574,
0.20863598585128784,
-0.17177627980709076,
0.21112030744552612,
0.24293644726276398,
-0.0017396145267412066,
-0.3757898509502411,
0.1271136850118637,
-0.46095842123031616,
0.45452940464019775,
0.882536768913269,
-0.7821614146232605,
-0.23192115128040314,
-0.26944026350975037,
0.4255947768688202,
-0.41858354210853577,
-0.35336047410964966,
0.14476536214351654,
-0.2190902829170227,
-0.4311878979206085,
0.061258718371391296,
-0.12726913392543793,
-0.2070559859275818,
0.34844622015953064,
0.5649420022964478,
0.16544950008392334,
-0.46707940101623535,
0.4271903336048126,
-0.02710491605103016,
-0.4399315118789673,
-0.48903825879096985,
0.5911877751350403,
1.0977190732955933,
-0.39302200078964233,
0.4796984791755676,
-0.27713027596473694,
-0.05859142541885376,
-0.40252482891082764,
0.9048137664794922,
-0.3943682909011841,
-0.3664851784706116,
-0.20727959275245667,
-0.1517842561006546,
0.3809746205806732,
0.2474069893360138,
-0.7717236280441284,
0.09601178765296936,
-0.19891035556793213,
0.1562437266111374,
-0.034005459398031235,
0.5166699290275574,
-0.1498745083808899,
-0.18222865462303162,
-0.3876170516014099
] |
233232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode%20I | Episode I | Episode I, Episode 1 or Episode One may refer to:
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, a 1999 film
Half-Life 2: Episode One, a 2006 computer game sequel
"Episode 1" (Ashes to Ashes), (2008), the first episode of the TV series Ashes to Ashes
"Episode 1" (The Casual Vacancy), (2015), the first episode of the TV miniseries The Casual Vacancy
"Episode 1" (Humans series 1), the first episode of the TV series Humans
"Episode 1" (Primeval season 1) (2007), the first episode of the TV series Primeval
Episode 1 (company), a UK investment company
Episode 1 (EP), an extended play by Broiler
"Episode One" (Dark Matter), the first episode of Dark Matter
"Episode 1.1" (Secret Diary of a Call Girl), the premier episode of Secret Diary of a Call Girl
See also
List of television episodes named "Pilot", often the title of the first episode of a given television series. | [
-0.22945699095726013,
-0.2956826984882355,
0.2730180621147156,
-0.01197815965861082,
-0.07834439724683762,
-0.15279719233512878,
-0.16204684972763062,
-0.15312476456165314,
0.1250522881746292,
-0.5378299355506897,
-0.6511064171791077,
0.5526578426361084,
-0.3920147716999054,
0.36679503321647644,
0.06218300014734268,
0.21045295894145966,
0.8185022473335266,
-0.2727908194065094,
-0.9355517625808716,
-0.009157544933259487,
0.01536361314356327,
0.4161357581615448,
0.422666996717453,
0.09076206386089325,
0.07220934331417084,
-0.12371623516082764,
0.021358661353588104,
0.11729414016008377,
0.21493957936763763,
0.3716920018196106,
0.11595578491687775,
-0.31807810068130493,
0.198264017701149,
-0.3746527135372162,
-0.5047498345375061,
0.16963356733322144,
-0.17018592357635498,
-0.05070025846362114,
0.02149989642202854,
0.01913229003548622,
0.10377317667007446,
-0.13957124948501587,
0.03647400811314583,
0.16511653363704681,
-0.4280259609222412,
0.34894466400146484,
-1.7147690057754517,
-0.20903170108795166,
-0.33474892377853394,
-0.33831077814102173,
0.40983879566192627,
-0.21685495972633362,
0.08310513943433762,
0.011917859315872192,
0.3580450713634491,
0.282743364572525,
-0.23841194808483124,
-0.4511910378932953,
0.020740574225783348,
-0.14665189385414124,
0.7785203456878662,
0.1639665961265564,
-0.036107346415519714,
0.1328004002571106,
-0.15106931328773499,
0.2530926465988159,
0.5048359036445618,
0.49314185976982117,
0.20007500052452087,
-0.26419734954833984,
0.24712561070919037,
-0.03996657952666283,
-0.019171549007296562,
0.2549878656864166,
0.14011633396148682,
0.013577262870967388,
0.4265134632587433,
-0.45160603523254395,
-0.34506937861442566,
-0.11570277065038681,
-0.30855095386505127,
0.25793448090553284,
0.26409485936164856,
-0.04852486401796341,
-0.0644816905260086,
-0.6171668171882629,
0.18142029643058777,
0.1627175509929657,
-0.9801765084266663,
0.7614608407020569,
-0.5880216360092163,
-0.5074959993362427,
0.7011264562606812,
0.11238009482622147,
0.398120641708374,
0.041142430156469345,
0.1779746562242508,
-0.13323190808296204,
0.7239203453063965,
-0.06428935378789902,
-0.42451712489128113,
0.5777094960212708,
0.011101881973445415,
-0.29569682478904724,
-0.33418095111846924,
-0.14228712022304535,
0.1998731642961502,
-0.6391437649726868,
-0.33107617497444153,
0.165241077542305,
-0.11933641880750656,
0.1434885561466217,
-0.31598198413848877,
0.6049641370773315,
-0.4336692690849304,
0.34086504578590393,
-0.4722651243209839,
-0.256719708442688,
-0.11435869336128235,
0.10065542906522751,
-0.14732836186885834,
0.44093480706214905,
-0.19467826187610626,
0.329030841588974,
-0.24602703750133514,
0.2793649435043335,
0.2746325731277466,
0.045067694038152695,
-0.6679372191429138,
0.032450079917907715,
0.1922454833984375,
0.6462988257408142,
-0.594890832901001,
0.1848936229944229,
0.3568083643913269,
-0.1542569398880005,
0.07477068156003952,
-0.08077654987573624,
-0.4390263259410858,
-0.07358606904745102,
-0.5512885451316833,
-0.12544040381908417,
-0.3050019145011902,
0.05540827289223671,
0.2508823871612549,
-0.24710918962955475,
0.1036844551563263,
0.11583559960126877,
-0.22392982244491577,
-0.3696410655975342,
-0.4339155852794647,
-0.12466861307621002,
0.05652153119444847,
-0.38549941778182983,
-0.2951434254646301,
-0.03585511073470116,
0.19254958629608154,
0.354111909866333,
-0.3896509110927582,
0.2875742018222809,
0.45554256439208984,
0.36558130383491516,
-0.1510779708623886,
0.011065605096518993,
0.516706645488739,
-0.037130534648895264,
0.3269621729850769,
-0.10801561176776886,
0.37769749760627747,
-0.584994375705719,
-0.12700369954109192,
0.011171159334480762,
-0.02330630086362362,
-0.3345094621181488,
-0.5890476107597351,
0.3409819006919861,
1.2092859745025635,
0.8917630314826965,
-0.013146510347723961,
-0.5581912398338318,
-0.690115213394165,
-0.6168417930603027,
-0.13798412680625916,
-0.46637141704559326,
-0.12487442791461945,
-0.1302109807729721,
-0.520739734172821,
0.07774367928504944,
-0.2789452075958252,
0.18761049211025238,
-0.08217781782150269,
0.1683952659368515,
0.6522642374038696,
-0.6168026924133301,
0.791400671005249,
0.022676415741443634,
-0.27128732204437256,
0.6380655169487,
-0.14364033937454224,
0.06628165394067764,
0.21456417441368103,
0.2487817108631134,
0.6012943983078003,
0.29579463601112366,
0.13175879418849945,
0.21217691898345947,
-0.1088557168841362,
0.0460004061460495,
-0.13570520281791687,
0.22007054090499878,
-0.18294017016887665,
0.2348605990409851,
0.4242202639579773,
0.6435012221336365,
0.5098642706871033,
-0.1489896923303604,
-0.6050652265548706,
-0.2789599895477295,
0.07349177449941635,
-0.30431994795799255,
0.06329967826604843,
0.14622141420841217,
-0.13556189835071564,
-0.09326596558094025,
-0.14491036534309387,
0.682048499584198,
0.6273423433303833,
0.01145210862159729,
0.7857227921485901,
0.08940884470939636,
0.1804126352071762,
0.5912107229232788,
-0.5539101958274841,
-0.148123100399971,
0.2020326405763626,
0.5129172801971436,
0.30841585993766785,
-0.37815016508102417,
-0.16598568856716156,
-0.3912161588668823,
0.34667083621025085,
0.040539808571338654,
-0.4480738937854767,
0.22816382348537445,
0.4567725360393524,
0.11492171883583069,
0.391499400138855,
0.3454313576221466,
-0.36820462346076965,
-0.34631216526031494,
-0.5935985445976257,
0.12887971103191376,
0.13967055082321167,
-0.29149329662323,
0.4499778151512146,
-0.12412615120410919,
-0.41716268658638,
0.08023710548877716,
0.3277316987514496,
-0.17260336875915527,
-0.23115208745002747,
-0.3209475576877594,
0.262104868888855,
0.07935205101966858,
0.1358208954334259,
-0.2670225203037262,
-0.5390104651451111,
-0.15195022523403168,
0.1708124727010727,
0.18647268414497375,
0.11184293776750565,
-0.2184157371520996,
-0.5538088083267212,
0.03980548679828644,
-0.27510789036750793,
-0.09121159464120865,
-0.058061111718416214,
0.4642128050327301,
0.20446525514125824,
-0.37464168667793274,
0.3777461051940918,
0.2652112543582916,
0.5133481621742249,
-0.01627105288207531,
-0.41783884167671204,
0.0988687202334404,
-0.2261187583208084,
-0.37829068303108215,
-0.0720197781920433,
-0.07369884848594666,
-0.030275005847215652,
0.6143783926963806,
-0.025845786556601524,
-0.08623254299163818,
0.6060229539871216,
0.33598756790161133,
-0.1883813589811325,
0.193811297416687,
0.28866517543792725,
-0.09575842320919037,
-0.18860803544521332,
0.3475281298160553,
-0.3630017638206482,
0.3144967257976532,
0.35245513916015625,
-0.03343164920806885,
-0.4973185658454895,
-0.19688764214515686,
-6.2260942459106445,
-0.6303096413612366,
0.017308613285422325,
0.21151205897331238,
-0.09533145278692245,
0.0442805290222168,
0.49396124482154846,
0.10127679258584976,
0.23207324743270874,
-0.06160692870616913,
0.24271757900714874,
-0.15065032243728638,
0.1559111475944519,
0.47218218445777893,
0.01229539792984724,
-0.2714788615703583,
0.04229426383972168,
0.4663729667663574,
-0.15522374212741852,
0.15941303968429565,
-0.35765504837036133,
-0.1471283733844757,
0.022304153069853783,
0.3010028302669525,
0.0804254561662674,
-0.15829819440841675,
-0.4008118212223053,
0.4545833468437195,
0.23919764161109924,
0.09979958832263947,
0.40949657559394836,
-0.017298735678195953,
-0.12044185400009155,
0.18516646325588226,
0.12430687248706818,
0.38939446210861206,
0.311504602432251,
-0.3977000415325165,
0.012455864809453487,
-0.2307012528181076,
0.028693439438939095,
0.31132596731185913,
-0.17577026784420013,
-0.3351406753063202,
0.41014644503593445,
-0.04274450242519379,
-0.29314905405044556,
0.34168606996536255,
0.357043594121933,
0.6189359426498413,
0.07432914525270462,
0.3778316080570221,
-0.002446290571242571,
-0.07041981816291809,
0.1468632072210312,
0.39518633484840393,
-0.5124680399894714,
0.1407853662967682,
-0.21858395636081696,
-0.11082920432090759,
-0.32212698459625244,
0.22706370055675507,
0.20431482791900635,
-0.6792315244674683,
-0.07347634434700012,
-0.07972928881645203,
-0.22689475119113922,
0.32986265420913696,
0.5649263262748718,
0.20741751790046692,
-0.19844765961170197,
0.01486994419246912,
0.25015494227409363,
-0.898325502872467,
0.0060754017904400826,
-0.32606446743011475,
-0.27552804350852966,
0.29907411336898804,
-0.4508691728115082,
0.238193541765213,
0.43559929728507996,
-0.15400123596191406,
0.07996926456689835,
-0.3609834909439087,
0.24721892178058624,
-0.39446592330932617,
0.007966097444295883,
-0.02946467697620392,
0.14850382506847382,
-0.10080385953187943,
0.25429463386535645,
-0.27848100662231445,
0.07920169085264206,
0.5903140902519226,
0.172646626830101,
0.824404776096344,
-0.4745233952999115,
0.32142555713653564,
0.4542466998100281,
0.4709622859954834,
0.7793930768966675,
-0.4604734480381012,
0.3361309766769409,
-0.2435634285211563,
-0.48274511098861694,
-0.1389496624469757,
-0.2841768264770508,
-0.030966222286224365,
0.4559590220451355,
-0.5527092814445496,
0.48602625727653503,
-0.236890509724617,
-0.2276528775691986,
0.013890200294554234,
0.4876367449760437,
0.050452154129743576,
-0.012981681153178215,
0.5723550915718079,
0.6582227349281311,
0.18692201375961304,
-0.3594159185886383,
0.20960839092731476,
-1.029691219329834,
-0.48979029059410095,
-0.3701625168323517,
0.3467620313167572,
-0.23205220699310303,
0.39672207832336426,
0.4807679355144501,
0.07729688286781311,
0.1117682233452797,
0.4696413278579712,
-0.3583071827888489,
0.23497873544692993,
0.4055124819278717,
-0.5905282497406006,
-0.17286252975463867,
0.26486924290657043,
-0.26619628071784973,
0.18600329756736755,
0.3307434022426605,
-0.6837882399559021,
0.07011257857084274,
-0.19842782616615295,
0.23713895678520203,
-0.5159839391708374,
0.28409022092819214,
-0.6747749447822571,
-0.050450101494789124,
-0.01712886430323124,
0.08786312490701675,
0.07993050664663315,
0.6860671639442444,
-0.3434405028820038,
-1.0309253931045532,
0.011159613728523254,
0.3906760811805725,
0.027168089523911476,
-0.647570788860321,
-0.26484382152557373,
0.303708016872406,
-0.15852679312229156,
-0.41040292382240295,
-0.2746403217315674,
0.13875290751457214,
0.3585489094257355,
-0.23165760934352875,
-0.7758127450942993,
-0.2524288594722748,
-0.2534163296222687,
-0.019479865208268166,
-0.21355266869068146,
-0.05391286313533783,
0.21366284787654877,
0.4610966145992279,
-0.21538759768009186,
-0.15178608894348145,
-0.40197932720184326,
0.19980651140213013,
-0.29083025455474854,
-0.07214968651533127,
0.24972686171531677,
-0.8398265242576599,
-0.1340194195508957,
0.3634990155696869,
-0.43511098623275757,
-0.12587198615074158,
-0.05575305595993996,
-0.24325712025165558,
-0.646602213382721,
0.5166212320327759,
0.016354728490114212,
0.5137494206428528,
-0.05981699377298355,
0.10121139883995056,
0.03942609578371048,
0.18447062373161316,
0.20291836559772491,
0.28071221709251404,
0.0976707935333252,
0.4801780581474304,
0.15421359241008759,
-0.6315667629241943,
0.2573348879814148,
0.658857524394989,
-0.5477176904678345,
-0.10867729783058167,
-0.3917965590953827,
-0.06575252115726471,
0.22286339104175568,
-0.1554778516292572,
-0.5912811160087585,
-0.022006459534168243,
0.2503683865070343,
0.09582734853029251,
-0.2925809323787689,
-0.1163642406463623,
0.020200837403535843,
0.0795324295759201,
-0.322355180978775,
0.2276381105184555,
-0.43934425711631775,
-0.2407451570034027,
-0.011272572912275791,
-0.5224780440330505,
-0.030769338831305504,
0.9569555521011353,
-0.6553289890289307,
-0.2118881791830063,
-0.03796178475022316,
0.17402145266532898,
0.4013651907444,
-0.0028816419653594494,
-0.414554625749588,
-0.019753359258174896,
-0.4411539137363434,
0.12848307192325592,
-0.40345537662506104,
-0.16785167157649994,
0.5618213415145874,
-0.01953979767858982,
0.6085934638977051,
0.18933570384979248,
-0.6658622026443481,
-0.1409400850534439,
-0.1378334015607834,
0.5679133534431458,
-0.22901135683059692,
-0.05163960158824921,
0.10892751812934875,
-0.15527263283729553,
-0.05105065926909447,
-0.1459694504737854,
0.0448085218667984,
0.38712528347969055,
-0.9885017275810242,
0.25148382782936096,
-0.26539087295532227,
-0.2479967176914215,
0.13487400114536285,
-0.12425431609153748,
0.022388750687241554,
-0.2657768726348877,
-0.07167559117078781,
0.3011307716369629,
0.4836539328098297,
-0.6712502837181091,
0.13664592802524567,
-0.26391786336898804,
0.04638995975255966,
0.40708309412002563,
0.07878816872835159,
0.2752284109592438,
0.14824925363063812,
-0.0023660205770283937,
0.29704004526138306,
0.07619698345661163,
0.16387908160686493,
-0.40846437215805054,
0.11664612591266632,
-0.058212172240018845,
-0.09464570134878159,
-0.07436592876911163,
-0.5239335894584656,
0.16760030388832092,
-0.9269728660583496,
-0.12527838349342346,
-0.2727262079715729,
-0.17701897025108337,
0.17527686059474945,
0.06277938932180405,
0.19280152022838593,
-0.08388253301382065,
-0.16580145061016083,
0.30122411251068115,
-0.08397847414016724,
-0.1721157282590866,
0.33226528763771057,
-0.0270831398665905,
0.30355045199394226,
0.08749484270811081,
-0.07779695093631744,
-0.23001989722251892,
-0.23192131519317627,
0.038984693586826324,
-0.004358742851763964,
0.1680368036031723,
0.1307268887758255,
-0.7104857563972473,
-0.15269657969474792,
1.0552003383636475,
-0.14626775681972504,
0.21985992789268494,
0.17291253805160522,
-0.3369385600090027,
-0.35853198170661926,
0.24980765581130981,
-0.23023171722888947,
-0.1568090319633484,
0.04448468238115311,
0.36702123284339905,
0.5714001655578613,
0.20391929149627686,
-0.2970356047153473,
-0.2128942608833313,
0.061101969331502914,
-0.12273737788200378,
0.12188280373811722,
-0.31380996108055115,
0.15139047801494598,
0.8098912835121155,
-0.4827890992164612,
0.2047608643770218,
0.7139199376106262,
-0.24375762045383453,
-0.04867147281765938,
0.4170171320438385,
-0.24231906235218048,
0.09747833013534546,
0.3987727761268616,
0.40373948216438293,
0.47004401683807373,
-0.317982941865921,
-0.6103312969207764,
0.07504360377788544,
0.464836448431015,
-0.22627048194408417,
0.04069797322154045,
0.849921703338623,
0.37530434131622314,
-0.06386471539735794,
-0.38575834035873413,
0.10477199405431747,
-0.26890355348587036,
-0.15749862790107727,
-0.41216421127319336,
0.12038595229387283,
0.01277789194136858,
-0.4607650637626648,
-0.11610393226146698,
0.38333261013031006,
-0.1896955519914627,
0.226439967751503,
0.14535783231258392,
-0.0965721607208252,
-0.18494702875614166,
-0.20084720849990845,
0.5620415806770325,
0.1582455039024353,
-0.6029242277145386,
0.03680223226547241,
0.1608845740556717,
-0.13268496096134186,
-0.3101690709590912,
0.006075889337807894,
-0.28642359375953674,
0.13412275910377502,
0.25345128774642944,
0.474197655916214,
-0.13799692690372467,
-0.20246689021587372,
-0.1491338312625885,
0.13498404622077942,
-0.9014708995819092,
-0.11503590643405914,
0.15550798177719116,
0.20774759352207184,
0.1040121465921402,
-0.11320620775222778,
0.20497120916843414,
0.3226635456085205,
-0.9070478081703186,
-0.31660082936286926,
0.06547767668962479,
-0.29323500394821167,
-0.3444373309612274,
0.41317686438560486,
0.22750048339366913,
0.49497273564338684,
0.02851538173854351,
0.02666587568819523,
0.11101792752742767,
0.03240801393985748,
0.13611797988414764,
0.027889631688594818,
0.7438051700592041,
-0.7072785496711731,
-0.06322430819272995,
-0.4194255769252777,
-0.01262725330889225,
0.8632439374923706,
0.10911228507757187,
-0.029256897047162056,
0.47160229086875916,
-0.07878803461790085,
-0.21777668595314026,
0.07255827635526657,
0.23397861421108246,
-0.015312908217310905,
-0.050007741898298264,
-0.2323514074087143,
-0.13054397702217102,
0.263471394777298,
-0.08344791829586029,
-0.2950555086135864,
-0.013130138628184795,
-0.32139474153518677,
0.12769269943237305,
0.2216406613588333,
1.2331204414367676,
0.16457246243953705,
-0.10579390823841095,
-0.3022400736808777,
0.5508376359939575,
-0.12272308021783829,
-0.6099420785903931,
0.4377569258213043,
0.03239896893501282,
-0.004395742435008287,
-0.16872793436050415,
-0.34747573733329773,
0.08854753524065018,
0.10400361567735672,
-0.3317921459674835,
-0.09577927738428116,
-0.07524784654378891,
0.517215371131897,
-0.43211737275123596,
-0.2484825700521469,
0.3868039548397064,
0.1302003711462021,
-0.26300469040870667,
-0.15803387761116028,
-0.08121926337480545,
-0.5988792777061462,
-0.34489554166793823,
-0.045229069888591766,
0.1985800415277481,
0.05305677652359009,
-0.2772291302680969
] |
233234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica%20gel | Silica gel | Silica gel is an amorphous and porous form of silicon dioxide (silica), consisting of an irregular tridimensional framework of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with nanometer-scale voids and pores. The voids may contain water or some other liquids, or may be filled by gas or vacuum. In the last case, the material is properly called silica xerogel.
Silica xerogel with an average pore size of 2.4 nanometers has a strong affinity for water molecules and is widely used as a desiccant. It is hard and translucent, but considerably softer than massive silica glass or quartz; and remains hard when saturated with water.
Silica xerogel is usually commercialized as coarse granules or beads, a few millimeters in diameter. Some grains may contain small amounts of indicator substance that changes color when they have absorbed some water. Small paper envelopes containing silica xerogel pellets, usually with a "do not eat" warning, are often included in dry food packages to absorb any humidity that might cause spoilage of the food.
'Wet' silica gel, as may be freshly prepared from alkali silicate solutions, may vary in consistency from a soft transparent gel, similar to gelatin or agar, to a hard solid, namely a water-logged xerogel. It is sometimes used in laboratory processes, for example to suppress convection in liquids or prevent settling of suspended particles.
History
Silica gel was in existence as early as the 1640s as a scientific curiosity. It was used in World War I for the adsorption of vapors and gases in gas mask canisters. The synthetic route for producing silica gel was patented in 1918 by Walter A. Patrick, a chemistry professor at Johns Hopkins University.
In World War II, silica gel was indispensable in the war effort for keeping penicillin dry, protecting military equipment from moisture damage, as a fluid cracking catalyst for the production of high octane gasoline, making carbon disulphide, and as a catalyst support for the manufacture of butadiene from ethanol (feedstock for synthetic rubber production).
Types
Silica alumina gel - light yellow, chemically stable, flame-resistant, insoluble except in alkali or hydrofluoric acid. Superficial polarity, thermal stability, performance greater than fine-pored silica gel.
Stabilizing silica gel - non-crystalline micro-porous solid powder, nontoxic, flame-resisting, used in brewery of grains for beer to improve taste, clearness, color, and foam and for removal of non-micro-organism impurities.
Properties
Silica gel's high specific surface area (around ) allows it to adsorb water readily, making it useful as a desiccant (drying agent). Silica gel is often described as "absorbing" moisture, which may be appropriate when the gel's microscopic structure is ignored, as in silica gel packs or other products. However, material silica gel removes moisture by adsorption onto the surface of its numerous pores rather than by absorption into the bulk of the gel.
Regeneration
Once saturated with water, the gel may be regenerated by heating it to 120 °C (250 °F) for 1–2 hours. Some types of silica gel will "pop" when exposed to enough water. This is caused by breakage of the silica spheres when contacting the water.
Preparation
An aqueous solution of sodium silicate is acidified to produce a gelatinous precipitate that is washed, then dehydrated to produce colorless silica gel. When a visible indication of the moisture content of the silica gel is required, ammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) (NH4)2[CoCl4] or cobalt(II) chloride CoCl2 is added. This will cause the gel to be blue when dry and pink when hydrated. Due to link between the cancer and cobalt chloride, it has been forbidden in Europe for use in silica gel. An alternative indicator is methyl violet which is orange when dry and green when hydrated.
Uses
Desiccant
In many items, moisture encourages the growth of mold and spoilage. Condensation may also damage other items such as electronics and may speed the decomposition of chemicals, such as those in vitamin pills. Through the inclusion of silica gel packets, these items can be preserved longer. It may aid the drying out of electronic equipment during attempts to restore items that have been exposed to moisture accidentally.
Silica gel may also be used to keep the relative humidity inside a high frequency radio or satellite transmission system waveguide as low as possible (see also humidity buffering). Excessive moisture buildup within a waveguide can cause arcing inside the waveguide itself, damaging the power amplifier feeding it. Also, the beads of water that form and condense inside the waveguide change the characteristic impedance and frequency, degrading the signal. It is common for a small compressed air system (similar to a small home aquarium pump) to be employed to circulate the air inside the waveguide over a jar of silica gel.
Silica gel is also used to dry the air in industrial compressed air systems. Air from the compressor discharge flows through a bed of silica gel beads. The silica gel adsorbs moisture from the air, preventing damage at the point of use of the compressed air due to condensation or moisture. The same system is used to dry the compressed air on railway locomotives, where condensation and ice in the brake air pipes can lead to brake failure.
Prior to widespread use of air-conditioning, salt shakers with caps containing silica gel beads to keep the salt dry enough to prevent clumping were marketed in the USA, replacing the practice of including a few grains of rice in salt shakers to effect the same drying.
Silica gel is sometimes used as a preservation tool to control relative humidity in museum and library exhibitions and storage.
Other applications include diagnostic test strips, inhalation devices, syringes, drug test kits, and hospital sanitation kits.
Chemistry
In chemistry, silica gel is used in chromatography as a stationary phase. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is most often composed of silica gel particles of 40–63 μm. Different particle sizes are used for different kinds of column chromatography as the particle size is related to surface area. The differences in particle size dictate if the silica gel should be used for flash or gravity chromatography. In this application, due to silica gel's polarity, non-polar components tend to elute before more polar ones, hence the name normal phase chromatography. However, when hydrophobic groups (such as C18 groups) are attached to the silica gel then polar components elute first and the method is referred to as reverse phase chromatography. Silica gel is also applied to aluminium, glass, or plastic sheets for thin layer chromatography.
The hydroxy (OH) groups on the surface of silica can be functionalized to afford specialty silica gels that exhibit unique stationary phase parameters. These so-called functionalized silica gels are also used in organic synthesis and purification as insoluble reagents and scavengers.
Chelating groups have also been covalently bound to silica gel. These materials have the ability to remove metal ions selectively from aqueous solutions. Chelating groups can be covalently bound to polyamines that have been grafted onto a silica gel surface producing a material of greater mechanical integrity. Silica gel is also combined with alkali metals to form a M-SG reducing agent. (See SiGNa chemistry)
Silica gel is not expected to biodegrade in either water or soil.
Cat litter
Silica gel is also used as cat litter, by itself or in combination with more traditional materials, such as clays including bentonite. It is non-tracking and virtually odorless.
Food additive
Silica gel, also referred to as silicon dioxide or synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is listed by the FDA in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), meaning it can be added to food products without needing approval. Silica is allowed to be added to food in the USA at up to 2% as permitted under 21 CFR 172.480. In the EU, it can be in up to 5% concentrations. In 2018, a re-evaluation by the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food found no indications of toxicity even at the highest estimates of exposure level.
Listed uses include: anticaking agent, defoaming agent, stabilizer, adsorbent, carrier, conditioning agent, chillproofing agent, filter aid, emulsifying agent, viscosity control agent, and anti-settling agent. Silica can be found commonly in foods including baked goods, spices and herbs, dairy products, cocoa products, and more.
Water filtration
Given the water adsorption properties of silica gel, it is used in domestic water filters. The surface structure of silica gel allows the adsorption of some minerals that are dissolved in the water, or "Ion-exchange" as it is marketed. Due to the lack of regulations for domestic water filtration products, no studies validate the manufacturer claims regarding the effectiveness of the filtration system.
Humidity indicator (color-changing silica gel)
Silica gel may be doped with a moisture indicator that gradually changes its color when it transitions from the anhydrous (dry) state to the hydrated (wet) state. Common indicators are cobalt(II) chloride and methyl violet. Cobalt (II) chloride is deep blue when dry and pink when wet, but it is toxic and carcinogenic, and was reclassified by the European Union in July 2000 as a toxic material. Methyl violet may be formulated to change from orange to green, or orange to colorless. It also is toxic and potentially carcinogenic, but is safe enough to have medicinal uses. A more ecologically friendly indicator solution is ferric ammonium sulfate, which results in a color change from deep orange/amber when dry to colorless/white when saturated.
Hazards
Silica gel is non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive and stable with ordinary usage. It will react with hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride, strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers. Silica gel is irritating to the respiratory tract and may cause irritation of the digestive tract. Dust from the beads may cause irritation to the skin and eyes, so precautions should be taken. Crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, but synthetic amorphous silica gel is indurated so does not cause silicosis. Additional hazards may occur when doped with a humidity indicator.
References
External links
UK Material Safety Datasheet
Silica Gel with Moisture indicator: Instructions for Use Detailed use and re-drying info
Silica Gel Dehumidifier FAQs Helpful Information on Rechargeable Silica Packs for Home Usage
Silica-bound reagents Information on development and Tables illustrating reactivity
Silica-bound scavengers General notes and Tables that summarize scavenging capacity
Desiccants
Gels
Glass types
American inventions
Silicon dioxide
Conservation and restoration materials | [
0.019635623320937157,
0.004837330896407366,
0.3310023546218872,
0.34151047468185425,
-0.180006742477417,
0.013353591784834862,
-0.7328717708587646,
-0.12077071517705917,
0.0763755813241005,
-0.23856671154499054,
-0.44176340103149414,
0.08702554553747177,
-0.21234866976737976,
0.4654671251773834,
0.05855114758014679,
0.4257866144180298,
0.22890008985996246,
0.4092147648334503,
0.28610360622406006,
0.0537310391664505,
-0.2495422214269638,
-0.20040008425712585,
0.18943685293197632,
-0.25720149278640747,
0.05602260306477547,
-0.18132565915584564,
0.11701388657093048,
0.1434493511915207,
0.34893998503685,
0.050394751131534576,
0.030827520415186882,
0.5762869715690613,
-0.6269557476043701,
0.04051586613059044,
0.308285653591156,
0.21202579140663147,
-0.36965230107307434,
-0.061736416071653366,
-0.3444571793079376,
-0.7501417398452759,
0.2498897761106491,
0.0069807604886591434,
0.04676734283566475,
0.45863568782806396,
-0.4126233160495758,
-0.18765763938426971,
-1.3692851066589355,
0.5463051199913025,
-0.6659741401672363,
0.26593324542045593,
-0.15005943179130554,
-0.05140165239572525,
0.6052900552749634,
0.03847929835319519,
0.040536802262067795,
0.21464094519615173,
-0.7975972890853882,
0.03005499392747879,
0.16050758957862854,
0.08158641308546066,
-0.22079789638519287,
0.07049977779388428,
-0.37896764278411865,
-0.28706902265548706,
0.038888588547706604,
0.3633246123790741,
0.08503420650959015,
-0.07834693044424057,
-0.4100145995616913,
-0.06287592649459839,
0.07457005232572556,
0.19365711510181427,
-0.12642642855644226,
0.5889887809753418,
-0.23592737317085266,
0.22865235805511475,
-0.06073794513940811,
-0.0864366963505745,
-0.24580854177474976,
0.8127732276916504,
-0.1737910956144333,
0.7683320045471191,
0.39464330673217773,
0.15919288992881775,
0.6135284304618835,
-0.1734875589609146,
-0.968418538570404,
1.2076627016067505,
-0.5524035692214966,
0.4327266216278076,
-0.09891855716705322,
-0.12302227318286896,
0.7707740068435669,
0.30962422490119934,
0.02263427898287773,
-0.4908246397972107,
-0.10443101823329926,
0.14463824033737183,
0.6531495451927185,
0.4429710805416107,
-0.11804240942001343,
-0.0812939777970314,
-0.0881611779332161,
-0.20787164568901062,
-0.3313840925693512,
-0.09525766223669052,
-0.9900439977645874,
-0.5983385443687439,
-0.4170292615890503,
0.324316143989563,
-0.2926553189754486,
-0.020485080778598785,
0.06394269317388535,
-0.38931113481521606,
0.0015981164760887623,
0.14094367623329163,
0.2140175849199295,
0.061319589614868164,
-0.5362643003463745,
0.10211584717035294,
-0.1316985785961151,
0.836846649646759,
-0.18939745426177979,
-0.36505958437919617,
0.10146878659725189,
0.20190219581127167,
0.3160191774368286,
0.6458972692489624,
-0.6391570568084717,
0.5035037398338318,
-0.05528421327471733,
0.7957399487495422,
-0.1523929089307785,
0.2261689007282257,
0.19779758155345917,
-1.1401113271713257,
0.3424934148788452,
-0.2519797086715698,
0.7661125063896179,
0.2936854958534241,
-0.4431353211402893,
-0.2860156297683716,
-0.7352392077445984,
0.11893918365240097,
0.3328568637371063,
-0.4406021237373352,
0.1017506867647171,
-0.4271485209465027,
-0.43469586968421936,
-0.29120102524757385,
-0.15146519243717194,
-0.17069581151008606,
-0.02895476669073105,
0.2553604543209076,
-0.23298771679401398,
0.30242887139320374,
0.13024555146694183,
0.29789963364601135,
-0.11789253354072571,
-0.20624110102653503,
-0.05696365237236023,
-0.06145496666431427,
-0.32082900404930115,
-0.36166509985923767,
-0.024267617613077164,
-0.3089073896408081,
0.45240136981010437,
0.621950626373291,
0.3513212502002716,
0.6257504820823669,
0.13363772630691528,
-0.39359983801841736,
-0.20246648788452148,
0.40157878398895264,
-0.0021629268303513527,
-0.3832378387451172,
0.10546361654996872,
-0.05049624666571617,
0.530051052570343,
0.0438464991748333,
-0.6960285305976868,
0.03870010748505592,
0.3392651677131653,
0.3537418842315674,
-0.10395080596208572,
0.09387683868408203,
0.6293820738792419,
-0.05357150733470917,
0.07799887657165527,
-0.06269527971744537,
-0.7187241911888123,
-0.06396804004907608,
0.40919119119644165,
-0.3021685481071472,
1.358467936515808,
-0.049688007682561874,
-0.529628574848175,
0.10093123465776443,
-0.06050843745470047,
0.19385293126106262,
-0.2982752323150635,
0.37706100940704346,
0.04372379556298256,
-0.6597307324409485,
-0.14479951560497284,
-0.17545154690742493,
0.794717013835907,
-0.2573893666267395,
0.052132733166217804,
0.20907709002494812,
0.6822155117988586,
-0.3518093526363373,
0.8603196144104004,
-0.6829070448875427,
0.05724022164940834,
-0.3259521424770355,
-0.32541587948799133,
0.37918275594711304,
-0.015716252848505974,
0.09316108375787735,
1.3725204467773438,
-0.2186385542154312,
0.13746201992034912,
0.5651405453681946,
-0.3956897556781769,
0.9346544742584229,
0.6208650469779968,
-0.47787612676620483,
0.873233437538147,
0.1806916743516922,
0.0018359418027102947,
-0.7191742658615112,
0.27379995584487915,
-0.5041528344154358,
0.051222968846559525,
-0.010836049914360046,
0.6077885031700134,
-0.28385666012763977,
0.5275866985321045,
-0.12036380916833878,
0.21666142344474792,
0.41415560245513916,
-0.9358910322189331,
-0.08605629205703735,
0.03197760507464409,
0.07924050092697144,
0.1186046451330185,
-0.16673153638839722,
-0.46532824635505676,
-0.3546849191188812,
-0.15452457964420319,
0.1353352963924408,
-0.17854925990104675,
-0.34698954224586487,
0.046795137226581573,
-0.19029143452644348,
-0.1810360550880432,
-0.41097167134284973,
0.005218233913183212,
-0.22495631873607635,
-0.783323347568512,
-0.11251610517501831,
0.34390074014663696,
-0.3313538134098053,
-0.3182222247123718,
-0.34556323289871216,
-0.19812387228012085,
-0.46747058629989624,
0.16145658493041992,
0.4540903568267822,
0.8132405877113342,
-0.05688808113336563,
-0.6687800288200378,
0.11735524237155914,
-0.29467475414276123,
-0.24984057247638702,
-0.37715452909469604,
-0.03184151649475098,
-0.7149485945701599,
-0.556421160697937,
0.39796775579452515,
0.7387416362762451,
0.779601514339447,
0.006827825214713812,
-0.8370751738548279,
-0.4481690526008606,
0.12413527071475983,
-0.5139256119728088,
-0.3835546374320984,
-0.8152851462364197,
-0.49217164516448975,
0.4958958029747009,
-0.4559355080127716,
0.26296913623809814,
-0.3598559498786926,
0.861878514289856,
0.01941097341477871,
0.1674971580505371,
0.350567489862442,
0.16438105702400208,
-0.02478715404868126,
-0.19354794919490814,
-0.29670798778533936,
0.04547863453626633,
0.06960248202085495,
-0.15942911803722382,
-0.2405387908220291,
0.12672509253025055,
-5.657896041870117,
0.26929399371147156,
-0.1338217407464981,
0.28220129013061523,
0.12370796501636505,
0.21319711208343506,
0.6783971190452576,
0.053860630840063095,
0.3973905146121979,
-0.1427011638879776,
-0.6046309471130371,
0.4087028205394745,
-0.20326557755470276,
0.170063778758049,
0.682508111000061,
0.6067781448364258,
1.0317394733428955,
-0.3622611165046692,
0.43693843483924866,
0.2285553365945816,
-0.22056926786899567,
0.15657441318035126,
0.021271226927638054,
0.8420408368110657,
-0.23002709448337555,
-0.10742110759019852,
-0.42714443802833557,
-0.0879889503121376,
-0.5569471120834351,
-0.037880923599004745,
-0.35486677289009094,
-0.4974227547645569,
-0.1611170917749405,
-0.34064510464668274,
0.5855939388275146,
0.4018825590610504,
0.3362749218940735,
0.01844611018896103,
-0.08686715364456177,
-0.7628782391548157,
0.3221163749694824,
0.5746780037879944,
-0.14707942306995392,
-0.06243951991200447,
0.5958764553070068,
-0.5432891249656677,
-0.04624275118112564,
-0.1373133510351181,
-0.3305290639400482,
0.9028007984161377,
0.06043832004070282,
-0.3354283571243286,
0.4179411828517914,
-0.10173460096120834,
-0.059060994535684586,
0.8224506974220276,
0.563332200050354,
0.06302235275506973,
-0.8073582649230957,
0.03885604068636894,
0.23526905477046967,
-0.3109612762928009,
-0.27817514538764954,
-0.5106714963912964,
-0.5026113390922546,
0.12339762598276138,
-0.7581681609153748,
-0.4419529438018799,
0.39504408836364746,
0.19826969504356384,
-0.539497435092926,
0.33289867639541626,
-0.2309812754392624,
-0.4953712821006775,
1.0294063091278076,
-0.46895521879196167,
0.32637831568717957,
-0.42821747064590454,
-0.09921993315219879,
0.17903287708759308,
-0.8095856308937073,
-0.026170870289206505,
-0.14590544998645782,
0.5319120287895203,
0.1754002720117569,
-0.16240409016609192,
-0.10177285969257355,
-0.41859006881713867,
-0.26340311765670776,
-0.38109293580055237,
0.8541236519813538,
-0.05709017440676689,
0.08691566437482834,
0.6151143908500671,
0.35913559794425964,
-0.08914905786514282,
0.45562824606895447,
0.2583595812320709,
0.6205324530601501,
-0.36080271005630493,
0.8988194465637207,
0.1310168206691742,
-0.47501927614212036,
-0.45147594809532166,
-0.21867519617080688,
0.10539750754833221,
-0.5661903619766235,
-0.04967062175273895,
0.2523036301136017,
0.05153921619057655,
-0.02200290374457836,
0.7117194533348083,
-0.43603381514549255,
-0.20226864516735077,
0.5876046419143677,
0.18162953853607178,
-0.5388564467430115,
0.09841365367174149,
0.8384844660758972,
-0.2418084591627121,
0.34619611501693726,
0.11073403805494308,
0.09219932556152344,
-0.1690504103899002,
-0.11779690533876419,
-0.2515355944633484,
0.5754266381263733,
0.03098277933895588,
-0.19233912229537964,
0.15154434740543365,
0.5130985975265503,
0.3688410818576813,
-0.34560033679008484,
-0.30614784359931946,
-0.3261308968067169,
0.026218615472316742,
-0.538795530796051,
0.05771061033010483,
-0.31511229276657104,
-0.6636684536933899,
0.877689003944397,
-0.5125870108604431,
0.2204158455133438,
-0.28183916211128235,
0.4358181357383728,
0.1389000415802002,
-0.506442666053772,
0.12335909157991409,
-0.2461235374212265,
0.7358289361000061,
0.16900447010993958,
-0.08213473111391068,
-0.19443093240261078,
-0.36768680810928345,
-0.17488940060138702,
0.27842462062835693,
0.3564055562019348,
0.2776228189468384,
0.7140442132949829,
-0.22582753002643585,
0.1476011723279953,
0.6346173882484436,
-0.8657130599021912,
-0.25803154706954956,
-0.7730709910392761,
-0.039155226200819016,
-0.3764588534832001,
0.37448641657829285,
-0.40593889355659485,
0.3085269033908844,
-0.5075982809066772,
-0.258653849363327,
-0.2998031973838806,
-0.4287525415420532,
-0.271070659160614,
-0.005280607379972935,
0.10194629430770874,
0.14159493148326874,
-0.3286823034286499,
-0.4317634403705597,
0.021187372505664825,
-0.4411086440086365,
-0.06412950158119202,
0.2836295962333679,
0.5561164617538452,
-0.18649640679359436,
-0.2445383071899414,
0.2047608196735382,
-0.3981635868549347,
-0.10188564658164978,
0.3540087640285492,
0.3254191279411316,
0.3580296039581299,
0.22603462636470795,
-0.20382358133792877,
-0.32336997985839844,
0.19226530194282532,
0.67084139585495,
-0.48226872086524963,
-0.602936863899231,
-0.1932116448879242,
0.19069817662239075,
-1.101994276046753,
0.5245862603187561,
-0.016848711296916008,
-0.38068827986717224,
-0.18405118584632874,
0.1205882728099823,
0.38832953572273254,
-0.6912181973457336,
0.05173015967011452,
-0.442619651556015,
-0.37589728832244873,
-0.18849554657936096,
-0.7831931710243225,
0.4853590726852417,
0.2119082659482956,
-0.25722837448120117,
0.27764031291007996,
-0.024180026724934578,
-0.1591908186674118,
-0.4978313148021698,
0.28030771017074585,
-0.36443212628364563,
-0.045962072908878326,
0.1629631072282791,
0.2743574380874634,
-0.12561944127082825,
-0.11462781578302383,
0.14481042325496674,
0.1929074227809906,
-0.5673071146011353,
-0.17369991540908813,
-0.09298350661993027,
-0.24584251642227173,
0.20627157390117645,
-0.24966181814670563,
0.12371383607387543,
-0.05123535916209221,
0.6459885835647583,
0.34589219093322754,
0.6601565480232239,
-0.614836573600769,
0.19758272171020508,
-0.4562433958053589,
0.19532622396945953,
0.3683742880821228,
-0.49216005206108093,
-0.8774683475494385,
-0.15503652393817902,
0.744540810585022,
-0.7802571058273315,
-0.21436865627765656,
-0.7919027209281921,
1.006527304649353,
-0.03294184431433678,
0.6126282215118408,
-0.6868675351142883,
-0.24738363921642303,
0.2771157920360565,
-0.20636190474033356,
-0.23677943646907806,
-0.3662855923175812,
-0.15219895541667938,
0.22529222071170807,
-0.03642576187849045,
0.17090660333633423,
-0.3701225817203522,
0.6150128841400146,
-0.19820377230644226,
0.277861624956131,
0.1977815479040146,
0.4955458641052246,
0.6514568328857422,
-0.11323200166225433,
-0.0436006635427475,
-0.12714138627052307,
-0.35686618089675903,
0.232975035905838,
0.13632583618164062,
-0.7952415347099304,
-0.07200916856527328,
0.7411379814147949,
0.32988598942756653,
0.5237365365028381,
-0.41923895478248596,
-0.14643457531929016,
-0.3476729094982147,
-0.8246611952781677,
-0.13353316485881805,
0.18617835640907288,
0.010880912654101849,
-0.2839159071445465,
-0.15637271106243134,
-0.05353757366538048,
0.4764668345451355,
0.030497856438159943,
0.17691105604171753,
-0.6182666420936584,
0.34877684712409973,
-0.3032096028327942,
1.007267951965332,
0.1480812132358551,
-0.7091730237007141,
0.3805748224258423,
-0.20913338661193848,
0.2532249689102173,
-0.6217343211174011,
0.13353869318962097,
-0.4395466148853302,
0.2466471642255783,
-0.011973798274993896,
-0.03517809882760048,
0.561021089553833,
-0.36250343918800354,
0.25498682260513306,
0.238093301653862,
-0.44749724864959717,
0.4023994505405426,
0.5991368889808655,
0.1455557644367218,
-0.37038418650627136,
0.008206993341445923,
-0.10768681764602661,
-0.4215342402458191,
0.09752141684293747,
0.17897342145442963,
-0.07675144821405411,
0.22875475883483887,
0.3355019688606262,
0.6837109327316284,
0.1756659597158432,
-0.23033206164836884,
-0.2603440284729004,
0.18682722747325897,
0.07207224518060684,
0.1685628741979599,
-0.19444586336612701,
-0.7913141250610352,
0.9502894878387451,
-0.253775417804718,
0.48745036125183105,
-0.38877588510513306,
-0.1616494208574295,
0.31402838230133057,
0.4819248616695404,
-0.033536553382873535,
0.16664884984493256,
-0.1418859213590622,
0.5537367463111877,
0.31815028190612793,
-0.18143923580646515,
0.17759232223033905,
-0.13300208747386932,
-0.7246688604354858,
-0.349508672952652,
0.19292263686656952,
-0.6184887886047363,
-0.32309281826019287,
0.4194960296154022,
-0.5861182808876038,
0.6085707545280457,
0.304066002368927,
0.1094244122505188,
-0.6357032656669617,
-0.026069648563861847,
0.1464303433895111,
-0.6999149918556213,
0.06891947239637375,
-0.17974334955215454,
0.021758893504738808,
0.5075370073318481,
-0.5664809942245483,
0.633554220199585,
-0.06003256142139435,
-0.1805742233991623,
0.0552450530230999,
0.5983864068984985,
-0.23336024582386017,
0.1569451242685318,
-0.21430084109306335,
0.28886815905570984,
-0.216891810297966,
-0.6551398634910583,
-0.12917472422122955,
0.06601754575967789,
0.21623191237449646,
0.6242003440856934,
0.16340237855911255,
0.4581192433834076,
0.4697955846786499,
-0.23377743363380432,
0.39196595549583435,
-0.08556126803159714,
-0.13502217829227448,
0.00482268026098609,
-0.07538718730211258,
0.760786771774292,
0.19251267611980438,
-0.15700003504753113,
-0.033445000648498535,
0.36110445857048035,
0.4203639626502991,
0.2173314243555069,
-0.345817893743515,
0.6652786731719971,
-0.40248581767082214,
0.3911775052547455,
-0.9182815551757812,
0.359458327293396,
0.7291799783706665,
-0.19499309360980988,
0.07702240347862244,
0.07631202042102814,
0.0299635399132967,
0.7542555928230286,
0.48373809456825256,
-0.27164891362190247,
0.11559668183326721,
-0.3143627345561981,
-0.11958501487970352,
-0.13747809827327728,
0.159920334815979,
0.24390895664691925,
0.31336158514022827,
0.006021939683705568,
0.44232624769210815,
0.3340088725090027,
-0.06357945501804352,
-0.2369581013917923,
0.1489446461200714,
0.4850841760635376,
-0.4830682575702667,
0.9398835897445679,
-0.5865375399589539,
0.34781932830810547,
-0.4580249786376953,
0.3476603329181671,
-0.43317991495132446,
-0.24890686571598053,
0.35271918773651123,
-0.3954666554927826,
-0.6105973720550537,
-0.4121161103248596,
-0.10334508121013641,
-0.22870004177093506,
-0.04729489982128143,
-0.1820773035287857,
-0.8105678558349609,
-0.051222480833530426,
0.0649733766913414,
-0.5700953006744385,
0.0227584857493639,
-0.08910487592220306,
-0.5867841839790344,
0.2965735197067261,
0.008464685641229153,
-0.30148059129714966,
-0.23024779558181763,
0.7322495579719543
] |
233235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton | Bridgeton | Bridgeton may refer to:
Scotland
Bridgeton, Glasgow
South Africa
Bridgeton, Western Cape
United States
Bridgeton, Indiana
Bridgeton Township, Michigan
Bridgeton, Missouri
Bridgeton, North Carolina
Bridgeton, New Jersey
Bridgeton, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood in Portland, Oregon
Bridgeton Township, Pennsylvania
Bridgeton, Rhode Island
See also
Bridgton (disambiguation)
Bridgetown (disambiguation)
MV Bridgeton
Bridgerton | [
-0.05250546336174011,
-0.2588352560997009,
-0.022284889593720436,
-0.13106094300746918,
0.5332502126693726,
0.536536693572998,
0.6836473345756531,
1.0778768062591553,
-0.923035740852356,
-0.33593565225601196,
-0.47202181816101074,
0.5237610340118408,
-0.033960551023483276,
0.8062827587127686,
-0.29842665791511536,
0.533278226852417,
0.2672869861125946,
0.4146905839443207,
0.3002799153327942,
-0.5295401811599731,
-0.24199175834655762,
-0.09151788055896759,
0.3513842821121216,
0.37743744254112244,
0.347824364900589,
-0.21295839548110962,
0.8631342053413391,
-0.20090359449386597,
-0.09098400175571442,
0.09842022508382797,
0.034548088908195496,
0.7168217301368713,
0.6275352239608765,
-0.2497129738330841,
0.4105141758918762,
-0.38723060488700867,
-0.34613895416259766,
-0.5246361494064331,
-0.5279221534729004,
-0.2435862272977829,
-0.7118452787399292,
-0.250052809715271,
0.2269650101661682,
0.377051442861557,
0.337993860244751,
0.3976467549800873,
-1.4463233947753906,
0.3784579634666443,
-0.6081889867782593,
0.4813094735145569,
-0.4258038103580475,
0.37836596369743347,
0.047331154346466064,
0.47731658816337585,
0.1485944539308548,
0.17816993594169617,
-0.8866925835609436,
0.05149108171463013,
0.8396465182304382,
-0.17069563269615173,
0.43562209606170654,
0.17901036143302917,
-0.06475537270307541,
0.6729934811592102,
0.1166996881365776,
0.18864624202251434,
0.20969641208648682,
0.25205197930336,
-0.804578959941864,
-0.4131499230861664,
0.41797253489494324,
-0.6293208003044128,
0.11245328933000565,
-0.10199818015098572,
0.13574104011058807,
0.2074155956506729,
-0.5684310793876648,
-0.3628271818161011,
-0.05198216438293457,
-0.13393272459506989,
-0.22995488345623016,
0.22443293035030365,
0.39214053750038147,
0.023924581706523895,
0.43690794706344604,
0.3434559404850006,
-0.7774957418441772,
0.2024170607328415,
-0.11708676069974899,
1.0406692028045654,
-0.38104942440986633,
0.7737205028533936,
0.055260006338357925,
0.18717269599437714,
-0.5196784734725952,
-0.2831803858280182,
0.04405499994754791,
0.3582603335380554,
-0.0493498221039772,
0.21234732866287231,
-0.2404155284166336,
0.30223456025123596,
0.5478191375732422,
0.32132649421691895,
-0.34144729375839233,
0.022005677223205566,
-0.2606445252895355,
0.4336211085319519,
0.23581480979919434,
0.1309330314397812,
0.08797430247068405,
0.3971024751663208,
0.12696239352226257,
0.3971796929836273,
-0.005914648994803429,
0.09612864255905151,
0.3539571464061737,
-0.38217344880104065,
-0.4804971516132355,
-0.2953185737133026,
-0.2397960126399994,
0.09679962694644928,
0.28970903158187866,
-0.24662601947784424,
0.08172549307346344,
0.0496930293738842,
0.04981141537427902,
0.10983207821846008,
-0.16620537638664246,
0.18278993666172028,
0.3617122173309326,
0.8157509565353394,
-0.38259559869766235,
0.04868230223655701,
-0.27861106395721436,
-0.20002585649490356,
-0.26591888070106506,
0.13156922161579132,
1.310498595237732,
0.25953787565231323,
-0.9066892862319946,
0.026883799582719803,
-0.6351011991500854,
-0.16143231093883514,
0.214070126414299,
-0.29803603887557983,
-0.22444511950016022,
-0.23435275256633759,
-0.5298145413398743,
-0.1553220897912979,
0.18980054557323456,
0.3174760639667511,
-0.3509998917579651,
-0.4110318720340729,
-0.29325777292251587,
0.09825572371482849,
0.3756849765777588,
0.1734183132648468,
-0.11063485592603683,
0.3842647671699524,
-0.5495689511299133,
0.6977363228797913,
0.43141889572143555,
-0.34208157658576965,
-0.3378942012786865,
-0.00383268715813756,
0.045277684926986694,
-0.14490285515785217,
0.2698479890823364,
-0.31223660707473755,
-0.16067926585674286,
-0.038573022931814194,
0.3617721199989319,
-0.15546035766601562,
-0.2134857326745987,
0.05666573345661163,
0.8807430863380432,
0.16010300815105438,
-0.2086729258298874,
-0.22895315289497375,
-0.37014856934547424,
0.669407308101654,
0.3041993975639343,
-0.34574824571609497,
-0.43825283646583557,
0.2815960943698883,
0.42354923486709595,
0.07054453343153,
-0.5259008407592773,
0.27721115946769714,
-0.12761174142360687,
-0.5484983325004578,
0.32340380549430847,
-0.08740060031414032,
0.5795027017593384,
0.46347424387931824,
-0.42696046829223633,
1.0240757465362549,
-0.36141133308410645,
0.11357337981462479,
-0.5499862432479858,
0.15612702071666718,
0.3550547659397125,
0.026409830898046494,
-1.029213786125183,
0.13753291964530945,
0.49230554699897766,
0.4656771719455719,
0.15211555361747742,
0.48686712980270386,
0.1764664500951767,
-1.1931953430175781,
-0.0939813032746315,
0.14555267989635468,
0.26874279975891113,
-0.4884060025215149,
0.09828131645917892,
-0.44335758686065674,
0.4563830494880676,
-0.4298282265663147,
0.7554018497467041,
-0.07789935171604156,
0.4437027871608734,
-0.2803906202316284,
0.2507447600364685,
0.38056936860084534,
-0.22360850870609283,
0.5995054841041565,
0.3524177372455597,
-0.3631817102432251,
0.1521061807870865,
0.1219165027141571,
0.10781340301036835,
-0.795508861541748,
-0.052510835230350494,
-0.05599895119667053,
0.010425230488181114,
0.009529641829431057,
0.06690173596143723,
0.2562221884727478,
-0.24237573146820068,
-0.46818476915359497,
-0.7188690900802612,
-0.2678698003292084,
0.5689356923103333,
-0.2875000238418579,
-0.0458747036755085,
-0.5768612027168274,
0.17827127873897552,
-0.5715615153312683,
0.5281435251235962,
0.535126805305481,
0.05253641679883003,
0.037668198347091675,
0.552713930606842,
-0.001945098047144711,
-0.001121354172937572,
0.32484543323516846,
0.3865624964237213,
-0.0383944995701313,
-0.8078413009643555,
-0.05055879428982735,
-0.3591062128543854,
0.49186083674430847,
-0.2585992217063904,
-0.27232587337493896,
-0.3723386526107788,
-0.2856566607952118,
0.34202495217323303,
0.5453413724899292,
0.07543161511421204,
-0.44176825881004333,
-0.5477343201637268,
-0.02259819395840168,
0.31639373302459717,
0.188683420419693,
0.15067924559116364,
0.051345497369766235,
0.10463137924671173,
0.04628545045852661,
-0.45881402492523193,
0.27642688155174255,
0.34103888273239136,
-1.105733871459961,
-0.16681796312332153,
-0.2414090633392334,
0.15772759914398193,
0.1851091980934143,
-0.3684501349925995,
-0.03402957692742348,
-0.21628497540950775,
-0.24879038333892822,
-0.19527031481266022,
-0.030302071943879128,
0.19001074135303497,
-0.24764738976955414,
0.009422186762094498,
0.19505788385868073,
-0.13027171790599823,
-0.7265939116477966,
-0.35640549659729004,
0.47502249479293823,
-0.35240304470062256,
0.1653100550174713,
0.5846607089042664,
0.3887859880924225,
-0.09159263223409653,
-0.23236361145973206,
-5.6815185546875,
0.46428290009498596,
-0.3829265236854553,
-0.23565566539764404,
0.37039294838905334,
-0.3507794439792633,
0.49025455117225647,
-0.5589672327041626,
0.13262119889259338,
-0.22333720326423645,
0.43477344512939453,
0.13476864993572235,
-0.4071040451526642,
0.1954263150691986,
0.45034024119377136,
0.2565593123435974,
0.6113303899765015,
-0.5422112345695496,
0.15543457865715027,
0.3205285370349884,
-0.5267343521118164,
0.00972018949687481,
0.1418503075838089,
0.0593191459774971,
-0.27615290880203247,
0.46120738983154297,
0.04644327983260155,
-0.5205796957015991,
-0.6410731673240662,
-0.3071662485599518,
-0.5107665657997131,
-0.1411805897951126,
0.36840561032295227,
-0.313382625579834,
0.09989868104457855,
-0.7473698258399963,
0.12063823640346527,
0.07160186767578125,
0.17063137888908386,
-0.4850957989692688,
0.1692461222410202,
0.47994160652160645,
0.22157202661037445,
0.07157280296087265,
0.2906776964664459,
-0.27993735671043396,
-0.5870183706283569,
0.06347982585430145,
-0.3497897684574127,
1.0938875675201416,
0.5125568509101868,
-0.6070584654808044,
0.42849230766296387,
0.4134152829647064,
0.1071343645453453,
-0.7522139549255371,
0.45888376235961914,
-0.3473514914512634,
-0.3839380145072937,
0.034565847367048264,
-0.021734949201345444,
-0.06721074879169464,
-0.21340015530586243,
-0.052569493651390076,
-0.3576359748840332,
-0.17744863033294678,
-1.0979617834091187,
-0.010037134401500225,
0.2263655811548233,
0.06610558927059174,
-0.3283732831478119,
-0.4351647198200226,
-0.4206847548484802,
-0.8137697577476501,
-0.26654040813446045,
-0.3507237732410431,
-1.1761384010314941,
0.017675964161753654,
-0.030511552467942238,
-0.004889435600489378,
-0.10942868888378143,
0.26171398162841797,
0.29625311493873596,
0.2607107162475586,
0.3280791938304901,
-0.9089453220367432,
-0.4067307114601135,
0.488412469625473,
-0.4590946137905121,
-0.807561993598938,
-0.1023515835404396,
0.09791988134384155,
0.4850608706474304,
-0.08479751646518707,
-0.06779516488313675,
0.4587040841579437,
0.40216055512428284,
0.25225943326950073,
0.36708909273147583,
-0.4096737802028656,
0.6405043005943298,
-0.16625869274139404,
0.3908311128616333,
-0.19683001935482025,
0.04201855883002281,
0.41271403431892395,
-0.2636781632900238,
0.11975877732038498,
0.29279255867004395,
-0.4914403557777405,
0.10471022874116898,
-0.18211765587329865,
-0.5873652100563049,
-0.2839322090148926,
0.29567551612854004,
-0.2234964370727539,
-0.47652536630630493,
0.1063031405210495,
0.21662494540214539,
-0.08929142355918884,
0.049708522856235504,
0.2052241861820221,
-0.535352885723114,
0.5626826286315918,
0.4560844600200653,
-0.5069354772567749,
0.44201844930648804,
0.44615334272384644,
0.22962622344493866,
0.39188647270202637,
0.18824425339698792,
-0.08062824606895447,
0.5875300168991089,
-0.3804997205734253,
0.046751927584409714,
-0.15824854373931885,
-0.6346839666366577,
-0.5976225733757019,
-0.08722732961177826,
0.08724761754274368,
0.4809649884700775,
-0.3696964383125305,
0.18096713721752167,
0.34950897097587585,
0.9575777649879456,
0.7502260804176331,
-0.15139088034629822,
-0.006508092861622572,
-0.5740585327148438,
-0.0007589058950543404,
-0.6372069716453552,
-0.2194138467311859,
-0.318857878446579,
-0.05977415665984154,
-0.2533877193927765,
-0.2584867477416992,
0.33160504698753357,
0.834987461566925,
-0.4276707172393799,
-0.10372495651245117,
0.3817931115627289,
-0.11441422998905182,
-0.4014991521835327,
0.37968283891677856,
0.345246821641922,
0.04512008652091026,
0.09545475989580154,
0.3826480209827423,
-0.023263132199645042,
0.38700583577156067,
0.0708247721195221,
-0.41063356399536133,
-0.6006932854652405,
0.07688099145889282,
0.5744578838348389,
-0.03822879493236542,
0.13847534358501434,
0.27772092819213867,
-0.13383661210536957,
0.17939165234565735,
-0.43509218096733093,
-0.36677229404449463,
-0.1326679140329361,
0.5985303521156311,
0.5749315023422241,
-0.16976343095302582,
-0.018300026655197144,
0.06691090762615204,
-0.07531145215034485,
-0.2126469612121582,
0.3522861897945404,
-0.2730165719985962,
0.02393912896513939,
0.40252211689949036,
0.026404395699501038,
-0.573974609375,
0.4881766736507416,
-0.09840505570173264,
0.09935835003852844,
0.3191137909889221,
0.12594208121299744,
0.3376369774341583,
-1.0549172163009644,
0.4948590099811554,
0.26988476514816284,
-0.262580931186676,
0.5712310075759888,
-0.05566152557730675,
-0.6764706373214722,
0.11549370735883713,
-0.21044094860553741,
-0.315732479095459,
0.6876820921897888,
1.06251859664917,
-0.40643832087516785,
-0.34248414635658264,
0.0761888399720192,
-0.4868483543395996,
-0.2753407061100006,
-0.23804718255996704,
-0.33279359340667725,
-0.1219760999083519,
-0.13970153033733368,
-0.2630610466003418,
-0.33199238777160645,
1.3610742092132568,
0.14172542095184326,
-0.8495221138000488,
0.6122866868972778,
0.12387387454509735,
0.09476105868816376,
-0.24174833297729492,
0.05523903667926788,
0.1432531476020813,
0.2638075053691864,
-0.1306581348180771,
0.1411665380001068,
-0.22946161031723022,
0.5688492655754089,
0.6344523429870605,
0.1835581660270691,
0.3959140181541443,
0.14023633301258087,
-0.4545789659023285,
-0.14203065633773804,
-0.20401673018932343,
0.15490487217903137,
0.005447164177894592,
-0.708509087562561,
0.5840527415275574,
-0.08183629810810089,
-0.3683716952800751,
-0.10744010657072067,
-0.33837616443634033,
0.9134809374809265,
-0.27963030338287354,
-0.2905850410461426,
0.23327134549617767,
-0.021687479689717293,
0.43502363562583923,
-0.0939880982041359,
-0.3848404586315155,
0.13433340191841125,
0.2685162127017975,
0.5538486242294312,
-0.4548439383506775,
-0.5486400723457336,
-0.4444686472415924,
-0.04016399383544922,
-0.2663249373435974,
0.04525615647435188,
0.05400288850069046,
0.4055679440498352,
-0.1953430324792862,
0.045128293335437775,
0.2210162729024887,
-0.1544821411371231,
-0.7965751886367798,
0.4972115457057953,
0.1473177671432495,
-0.8434821367263794,
-0.4315353035926819,
-0.7375292181968689,
0.06851290911436081,
0.8332352042198181,
-0.18095913529396057,
-0.11984731256961823,
-0.06675597280263901,
-0.22478699684143066,
0.28103482723236084,
0.40409478545188904,
-0.47767025232315063,
0.07229357212781906,
0.16374598443508148,
-0.34676361083984375,
-0.005225098226219416,
0.39088761806488037,
0.2673487067222595,
-0.27716177701950073,
0.15347322821617126,
-1.0523669719696045,
0.21842464804649353,
0.09127945452928543,
-0.959783136844635,
0.4328754246234894,
-0.04662299156188965,
-0.4575813114643097,
-0.5334969162940979,
0.26549968123435974,
-0.1662764549255371,
0.34358707070350647,
-0.1644582748413086,
0.2558407485485077,
0.580284595489502,
-0.21852479875087738,
0.13459981977939606,
0.42291203141212463,
-0.7787728309631348,
-0.03275288641452789,
0.2907278835773468,
0.08361579477787018,
0.13844794034957886,
0.18250232934951782,
0.4730609655380249,
0.3576009273529053,
1.2204793691635132,
0.10490526258945465,
-0.43300798535346985,
0.18982341885566711,
0.75728440284729,
0.40990063548088074,
-0.8073301315307617,
-0.5045587420463562,
0.4580274820327759,
-0.5018287301063538,
-0.09581831842660904,
0.011852827854454517,
-0.7388047575950623,
-0.9684792160987854,
0.5352659225463867,
0.4552869498729706,
0.3875996470451355,
-0.46901100873947144,
0.18603657186031342,
0.1330917328596115,
0.06659238040447235,
0.3982779085636139,
-0.12266412377357483,
0.13533611595630646,
-0.39093610644340515,
0.2304011881351471,
-0.4008762538433075,
0.31764695048332214,
0.26555684208869934,
0.10485274344682693,
0.26649993658065796,
-0.2739259898662567,
-0.8156118392944336,
-0.7729445099830627,
-0.26370668411254883,
-0.5274935960769653,
0.36474132537841797,
0.12916935980319977,
0.17473052442073822,
0.05576109141111374,
-0.8892394304275513,
0.3803654909133911,
0.21815957129001617,
-0.233404278755188,
0.19503989815711975,
0.10061520338058472,
0.07196679711341858,
-0.4072944223880768,
-0.26413246989250183,
0.2479034960269928,
0.4815850555896759,
-0.040197063237428665,
0.5577815771102905,
0.026425058022141457,
-0.24113315343856812,
-0.31160762906074524,
-0.023488493636250496,
0.03215263411402702,
-0.07695825397968292,
0.06766708195209503,
0.08180130273103714,
0.05495858192443848,
-0.034386176615953445,
-0.6657403707504272,
-0.05874081328511238,
0.0013352514943107963,
0.11989327520132065,
0.09987883269786835,
0.4179350733757019,
-0.6401688456535339,
-0.16227102279663086,
-0.14214985072612762,
0.968772292137146,
0.3952380418777466,
0.61742103099823,
-0.04305079206824303,
0.029313767328858376,
-0.1581883579492569,
0.3202115595340729,
-1.0115747451782227,
0.5097931623458862,
0.061647966504096985,
0.3450143039226532,
-0.7009848952293396,
0.4160379469394684,
0.17034214735031128,
0.3992535173892975,
-0.17163211107254028,
0.015488764271140099,
-0.0647343099117279,
0.1858573853969574,
0.7867626547813416,
-0.004052379168570042,
0.14507874846458435,
-0.5974128842353821,
0.33640557527542114,
-0.28679630160331726,
-0.0454903244972229,
0.31480997800827026,
0.042966581881046295,
-0.31372109055519104,
-0.2676975727081299,
0.38369572162628174,
-0.7514843940734863,
0.14280804991722107,
0.30439430475234985,
-0.1204112321138382,
-0.07698188722133636,
0.696438729763031,
-0.1299469918012619,
0.2021714448928833,
-0.24563917517662048,
0.4436308443546295,
0.31004756689071655,
0.10138719528913498,
-0.06003653258085251,
-0.3837163746356964,
-0.7629249691963196,
-0.10726013779640198,
-0.283420592546463,
-0.08665036410093307,
-0.027672886848449707,
-0.1764504313468933,
-0.4220629930496216,
0.38834938406944275,
0.024418899789452553,
-1.1363797187805176,
-0.24897874891757965,
0.3723899722099304,
0.32430198788642883,
-0.5089637637138367,
-0.13731974363327026,
-0.20076248049736023,
0.12270490825176239,
-0.43077552318573
] |
233239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad%20Acu%C3%B1a | Ciudad Acuña | Ciudad Acuña, also known simply as Acuña, (originally Garza Galán, later Villa Acuña) is a city located in the Mexican state of Coahuila, at
and a mean height above sea level of . It stands on the Rio Grande (locally known as the Río Bravo), which marks the U.S.-Mexico border, and offers two border crossings via Lake Amistad Dam International Crossing and Del Río-Ciudad Acuña International Bridge with the neighboring city of Del Rio in the U.S. state of Texas. It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Acuña. The 2017 estimated city population was 201,778, whereas the municipality's population was 214,616. The city is the fourth-largest in the state of Coahuila and the fastest-growing city in Mexico. The area is served by the Ciudad Acuña International Airport.
The Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area (DR-CA) is the seventh-largest binational metropolitan area along the United States-Mexican border. The city of Del Rio is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the north side of the Rio Grande and Ciudad Acuña is located in the Mexican state of Coahuila south of the river. This metropolitan area is also known as "Tierra de la Amistad".
The Del Rio micropolitan area's population was 55,000 people in 2015, and the Ciudad Acuña Metropolitan Area's population was 225,000 people in 2015.
The 2015 population of Greater Del Rio-Ciudad Acuña binational metropolitan area is 280,000.
History
The first recorded settlement of Acuña took place on 27 December 1877. It was founded by a group of colonists led by Domingo Urias, Irineo Casillas Arevalo, and his wife Maximina Espinoza. At the same time, the governor of the state was general Hipólito Charles, who posted a military garrison in the area led by Captain Manuel Leal. In 1880, the community received villa (town) status under its first name of Garza Galán. In 1884, the locality was renamed Congregación las Vacas. Congregacion las Vacas was then renamed Villa Acuña in 1912 after Saltillan poet Manuel Acuña. Villa Acuña was finally given the title of city on 16 September 1951 by Don Jesus, when it got its present name of Ciudad Acuña.
On 24 October 1960, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos met in Acuña to sign the initial agreements allowing construction of the dam. Construction plans were not finalized until December 1966, when Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz met on the international bridge. Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gustavo Díaz Ordaz met for the dedication of Amistad Dam on 8 September 1969.
Originally created to serve airmen at Laughlin AFB just across the border, "Boys' Town" is an entertainment district located in an area south of Ciudad Acuña and contains a few after-hours bars and brothels, but is designated off-limits to U.S. military personnel.
On May 25, 2015, an F3 tornado struck the city, causing incredible damage and killing 14 people and injuring 200 more.
Manufacturing
Various foreign companies have opened factories, or maquiladoras in Acuña, given its status as being 100% union-free. These include Irvin Automotive Products (automotive seat components), Bendix (brake and hydraulic parts), Gentherm de Mexico (automotive seat heaters), Caterpillar (mining truck components), RESCO Electronics (wiring harness and cable assembly manufacturing), and Toter Incorporated (waste receptacles, curbside roll-out carts).
Education
Prior to 2009, many students living in this city used their relatives' addresses who lived in the U.S. to attend schools in the San Felipe Del Rio Consolidated Independent School District, on the U.S. side. Minors were being interrogated at the border without an adult present, which caused much controversy, since that is illegal, and not all students had only one home. Many of their parents worked in the Del Rio side of the border and legally paid taxes. More than 400 students never came back.
Media
Radio
In the 1930s in Villa Acuña, now Ciudad Acuña, the border blaster XERF-AM made its home. The radio station was built by John R. Brinkley from Kansas. Brinkley claimed to be able to cure male virility deficiency with goat gland transplants. Brinkley wanted to promote his male enhancement operations and used the radio station for that purpose. Because of the purpose of radio XER and what it promoted, the station was closed in 1939 by the Mexican government.
In 1947, the government of Mexico licensed XER, the 100 kW super-power border blaster run by Ramon D. Bosquez. They used the old XERA facilities and sold its airtime to American evangelists broadcasting in English to the United States. In 1959, Ramon D. Bosquez and Arturo Gonzalez formed the Inter-American Radio Advertising, Inc. in Del Rio. They ran the broadcasting in Del Rio while the license rested in the hands of Mexican officials. They boosted the power to 250 kW. This super station was where disc jockey Wolfman Jack became famous between 1962 and 1964. XERF-AM is currently under control of the Instituto Mexicano de la Radio and plays Spanish-language programs and music.
Cultural references
In song
Acuña is mentioned in a song called "Mexican Blackbird" on the ZZ Top album Fandango!.
"Blame It on Mexico", a song performed by George Strait and written by songwriter Darrell Staedtler on the Strait Country album tells about a night in Acuña at Ma Crosby's (a historic restaurant in Acuña) in the beginning.
Acuña is the setting for the Robert Earl Keen song, "A Border Tale".
Steve Earle refers to "Boys' Town" in his song "The Week of Living Dangerously", recorded as Steve Earle and the Dukes, on their Exit 0 album.
"Acuña" is the title of a song recorded by Wade Bowen in October 2017.
Cinema and books
In the film, Rolling Thunder (1977), the villains are known as the Acuña Boys.
Outdoor scenes for the 1992 cult motion picture El Mariachi were shot in Acuña, as well as the bar scenes and street confrontation from the sequel, Desperado. Actor/producer Carlos Gallardo was born in Ciudad Acuña.
Also, Desperado and Single Action were filmed in Acuña at the Corona Club (cater-corner to Ma Crosby's) located on the main strip (La Hidalgo).
In Kill Bill: Volume 2 the protagonist goes to see Bill's friend Esteban, who runs Acuña through the strength of his Acuña boys, the fatherless sons of the women he pimps. In another Tarantino movie, Grindhouse, Acuña Boys Mexican Food is featured on a bumper ad, as well as a take-out drink container in the first scenes of Death Proof.
The film Like Water for Chocolate was filmed on Lake Amistad in Acuña.
The film Love and a .45 features a standoff between the film's primary protagonists and antagonist in Acuña after the three have crossed the U.S./Mexico border.
Portions of the film No Country For Old Men are set in Acuña.
Scenes in the Western novel Ride Harder (2017) take place in Acuña and the town is mentioned in the series's first book, The Hardest Ride (2013).
References
Further reading
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2010 Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
External links
Populated places in Coahuila
Mexico–United States border crossings
Populated places established in 1877
Coahuila populated places on the Rio Grande
1877 establishments in Mexico | [
-0.0736059695482254,
-0.017301825806498528,
0.5786808133125305,
-0.08676352351903915,
0.13790829479694366,
0.40846896171569824,
0.5881403088569641,
0.9659344553947449,
-0.26148906350135803,
0.007340248674154282,
-0.06353004276752472,
0.40418121218681335,
0.0818641260266304,
0.44198790192604065,
-0.35542669892311096,
0.20581209659576416,
0.6786409616470337,
0.7433561086654663,
0.15988756716251373,
0.13970857858657837,
-0.1648232638835907,
-0.48273375630378723,
0.4200027287006378,
0.34430840611457825,
0.371811181306839,
-0.6319772601127625,
-0.3100278079509735,
-0.056209322065114975,
0.1137804239988327,
0.2713782489299774,
-0.5360825657844543,
0.10321315377950668,
0.10907196253538132,
-0.3942386209964752,
-0.2492133378982544,
0.47803327441215515,
-0.35259732604026794,
-0.25333794951438904,
-0.032023292034864426,
-0.5665715336799622,
-0.21552444994449615,
-0.22430545091629028,
0.5072017312049866,
0.15142770111560822,
-0.5217150449752808,
-0.2268153876066208,
-0.9049034714698792,
0.7108409404754639,
-0.8707791566848755,
-0.05225594714283943,
-1.1068241596221924,
0.10227476060390472,
-0.40562576055526733,
0.2545483112335205,
0.3588290214538574,
0.24495536088943481,
-0.9939731359481812,
-0.19856826961040497,
0.06575929373502731,
0.26123660802841187,
0.362284392118454,
0.8661332130432129,
0.5406910181045532,
-0.4405096769332886,
-0.19807931780815125,
-0.20421482622623444,
0.26562944054603577,
-0.33868569135665894,
-0.08407087624073029,
-0.21778367459774017,
-0.23624491691589355,
0.7240074872970581,
-0.14298535883426666,
-0.6219980716705322,
-0.532977819442749,
-0.3321918249130249,
-0.42836540937423706,
0.13389833271503448,
0.027017047628760338,
0.2892180383205414,
-0.1685621440410614,
0.06118111312389374,
0.7865175604820251,
-0.7528434991836548,
0.7616358995437622,
0.5208886861801147,
-0.730337917804718,
0.0967637449502945,
-0.41207200288772583,
0.2018294483423233,
-0.7360199093818665,
0.4973585307598114,
0.3089507520198822,
0.3741059899330139,
-0.4799079895019531,
-0.5373048186302185,
0.21109217405319214,
-0.07037302106618881,
-0.6935065984725952,
0.35678938031196594,
-0.4815886318683624,
0.37634506821632385,
0.49618223309516907,
0.10779739916324615,
-0.20683073997497559,
-0.028787562623620033,
-0.9056562781333923,
0.7492997646331787,
0.2249135673046112,
-0.3373994827270508,
-0.14104998111724854,
0.1668926477432251,
0.2744111120700836,
0.15597352385520935,
0.18364962935447693,
-0.30388087034225464,
0.5279078483581543,
0.2736295163631439,
0.09988469630479813,
-0.4884653091430664,
-0.6943413615226746,
0.7699397802352905,
-0.23645620048046112,
-0.061575114727020264,
-0.03468580171465874,
0.011954502202570438,
0.1686669886112213,
-0.12241799384355545,
-0.36843982338905334,
0.368239164352417,
-0.11068464070558548,
0.17730066180229187,
0.16262128949165344,
0.15449388325214386,
0.49626898765563965,
-0.8380375504493713,
-0.3293653428554535,
0.3738943934440613,
0.4915436804294586,
0.099699966609478,
-1.1882108449935913,
-0.5566319823265076,
-0.1955336630344391,
0.3200699985027313,
0.12063493579626083,
-0.4133043587207794,
0.01023600809276104,
-0.6984705328941345,
-0.13623572885990143,
-0.02624598518013954,
-0.009753331542015076,
0.02140989899635315,
-0.4421975612640381,
0.14310956001281738,
-0.19453565776348114,
-0.3848399817943573,
-0.07942642271518707,
-0.3823021352291107,
0.550528347492218,
0.02482450008392334,
-0.04505524784326553,
0.02336207404732704,
0.5861694812774658,
-0.059911783784627914,
-0.1523478776216507,
-0.1706283688545227,
0.12946216762065887,
0.5506366491317749,
-0.009621651843190193,
0.4592530131340027,
-0.15301664173603058,
0.024052629247307777,
0.33956706523895264,
-0.5198343992233276,
-0.8866657018661499,
-0.29611721634864807,
0.2472677230834961,
0.3270338177680969,
-0.13988901674747467,
0.4789760410785675,
-0.6679025292396545,
1.031780481338501,
-0.27560389041900635,
-0.07004240900278091,
-0.6540718078613281,
-0.227980837225914,
0.3812646269798279,
0.6361289620399475,
-0.034866221249103546,
-0.6678630709648132,
-0.0512019507586956,
-0.17071257531642914,
-0.6000352501869202,
-0.15786778926849365,
0.10506819933652878,
0.33602362871170044,
-0.6216309666633606,
0.8487600088119507,
-0.45509153604507446,
0.51043301820755,
-0.28354382514953613,
0.03923875838518143,
1.029530644416809,
-0.531394362449646,
-0.14624401926994324,
-0.34767699241638184,
0.37070828676223755,
0.041533879935741425,
0.3807181119918823,
0.6578304171562195,
-0.12225858122110367,
-0.4463005065917969,
0.15110377967357635,
0.07432397454977036,
-0.1990009993314743,
-0.5101556777954102,
-0.4719791114330292,
0.16011454164981842,
0.6003478765487671,
-0.12701058387756348,
0.7988892793655396,
0.43687811493873596,
-0.6840896606445312,
0.4127391278743744,
-0.32477208971977234,
0.29748013615608215,
0.380870521068573,
-0.15183499455451965,
0.5865423679351807,
-0.4708375930786133,
0.3970538377761841,
-0.37017688155174255,
0.2968219816684723,
0.05525698885321617,
0.19433251023292542,
0.09672002494335175,
0.024571498855948448,
0.2414618283510208,
0.10718821734189987,
-0.5394341945648193,
0.24698187410831451,
0.17368334531784058,
-0.26035013794898987,
0.5480102896690369,
0.5740712285041809,
0.4374694228172302,
0.0242626890540123,
0.05189795792102814,
-0.2770136296749115,
0.29579949378967285,
0.1900133639574051,
0.21142536401748657,
0.3886767625808716,
-0.08183079957962036,
0.38928884267807007,
-0.09033557027578354,
-0.12134760618209839,
-0.19054941833019257,
0.5624602437019348,
0.16332049667835236,
-0.14666573703289032,
0.3104507327079773,
0.0838513895869255,
0.6263514757156372,
0.030757738277316093,
-0.40207210183143616,
0.07508164644241333,
-0.7344891428947449,
-0.35767632722854614,
-0.35144472122192383,
0.4043167233467102,
-0.37883248925209045,
0.33483564853668213,
-0.17014732956886292,
0.18491202592849731,
0.046385105699300766,
-0.05707353353500366,
-0.14963030815124512,
-1.0069853067398071,
-0.004194299690425396,
0.13434015214443207,
0.8196795582771301,
-0.17370937764644623,
-0.6453873515129089,
-0.06869586557149887,
-0.6837877035140991,
0.36347755789756775,
-0.8550516963005066,
-0.3659313917160034,
-0.06062346324324608,
-0.6145201325416565,
-0.09820450097322464,
-0.19834420084953308,
0.5497685670852661,
-0.3393508791923523,
-0.24705487489700317,
0.3054403066635132,
0.2540147006511688,
0.6171540021896362,
-1.0071650743484497,
-1.0203337669372559,
0.21651513874530792,
-0.25212371349334717,
0.5179515480995178,
0.05212936922907829,
-0.18488016724586487,
0.4153119623661041,
0.2601199448108673,
-5.292622089385986,
0.5063183903694153,
-0.280282199382782,
-0.7624990940093994,
0.535332977771759,
-0.3647213876247406,
-0.2873862087726593,
0.08555179834365845,
0.059748031198978424,
-0.51280277967453,
0.2356898933649063,
0.02913258597254753,
-0.17363576591014862,
1.2644299268722534,
0.38161346316337585,
0.8833023309707642,
-0.04640055075287819,
-0.4409715235233307,
-0.08004561811685562,
0.04942905530333519,
-0.35555747151374817,
-0.0046372488141059875,
0.19481877982616425,
0.9162296652793884,
0.2385607361793518,
0.16529259085655212,
-0.4865681231021881,
-0.7434477806091309,
-0.7845377922058105,
-0.35866233706474304,
-0.4202382564544678,
0.07943962514400482,
-0.3411523997783661,
0.39033812284469604,
-0.12443375587463379,
0.6687816381454468,
0.2254006564617157,
-0.3246072232723236,
0.20834387838840485,
-0.6632228493690491,
-0.26285338401794434,
0.16739365458488464,
0.009478149004280567,
-0.43417683243751526,
0.2897004783153534,
-0.5208077430725098,
-0.21603290736675262,
-0.07576252520084381,
0.30374881625175476,
0.13383258879184723,
0.509338915348053,
-0.1690778136253357,
0.7509222626686096,
-0.22108879685401917,
-0.14668899774551392,
-0.36169588565826416,
1.0404266119003296,
0.49019891023635864,
-0.4056706130504608,
1.0703837871551514,
-0.1196407601237297,
0.09066586941480637,
0.35190874338150024,
-0.24997322261333466,
0.14384034276008606,
-0.210282564163208,
0.6698136329650879,
0.11695931106805801,
0.9342811107635498,
0.2027689665555954,
0.032427020370960236,
0.23339897394180298,
-0.4914281964302063,
-0.957008957862854,
-0.14671334624290466,
-0.554043710231781,
-0.7886932492256165,
-0.29612842202186584,
-0.37003111839294434,
0.7745386958122253,
-0.05183865875005722,
0.18507157266139984,
0.3711148798465729,
-0.05105722323060036,
-0.215229794383049,
-0.1966649889945984,
0.3590562343597412,
0.29730454087257385,
0.37089425325393677,
0.017468394711613655,
0.1343413144350052,
-0.4910403788089752,
0.8409445285797119,
-0.4251570701599121,
-0.4993191659450531,
-0.027209656313061714,
-0.48078757524490356,
0.20349426567554474,
0.10671169310808182,
-0.14140374958515167,
0.5104308128356934,
-0.31613340973854065,
0.15246865153312683,
0.09357418119907379,
-0.10864028334617615,
-0.41920924186706543,
0.09871847182512283,
0.5000949501991272,
0.385394424200058,
-0.5074860453605652,
-0.20368888974189758,
0.7267906665802002,
-0.4469079375267029,
-0.6131142377853394,
0.24059003591537476,
-0.3479500114917755,
-0.22058512270450592,
0.07228416204452515,
0.32358768582344055,
-0.22479483485221863,
-0.06549357622861862,
0.31429532170295715,
0.3515170216560364,
0.14166229963302612,
-0.19637054204940796,
-0.46381497383117676,
0.1126292496919632,
0.8604022264480591,
0.20542509853839874,
-0.3662876486778259,
-0.4643629491329193,
0.15461604297161102,
0.5127366781234741,
-0.23411698639392853,
-0.22462454438209534,
0.049318552017211914,
0.09727561473846436,
-1.34406578540802,
0.42138850688934326,
-0.11699892580509186,
0.3487630784511566,
-0.10515843331813812,
-0.1855229139328003,
0.4076462388038635,
0.18158484995365143,
0.04023471847176552,
-0.22459149360656738,
-0.41901257634162903,
-1.283805251121521,
0.10108853876590729,
0.2840695083141327,
-0.04093214124441147,
-0.20593012869358063,
0.02395571954548359,
-0.38252922892570496,
-0.6468535661697388,
0.33389776945114136,
0.5195055603981018,
0.10729348659515381,
0.05051851645112038,
0.4253625273704529,
-0.794212818145752,
-0.8740128874778748,
0.2750663161277771,
0.2481345683336258,
-0.05165935307741165,
-0.578137993812561,
-0.19215141236782074,
0.26954400539398193,
0.539858341217041,
0.22912468016147614,
-0.9535360932350159,
-0.6611651182174683,
-0.5235937237739563,
0.5596650242805481,
-0.38101962208747864,
0.2799922525882721,
0.048553917557001114,
0.25371500849723816,
-0.13823610544204712,
0.47731250524520874,
-0.7000296711921692,
-0.14909636974334717,
0.04397788643836975,
0.0328654907643795,
-0.09468381106853485,
-0.8208499550819397,
-0.1945917010307312,
0.6205153465270996,
0.19587235152721405,
0.1849140226840973,
-0.2993986904621124,
0.1393183320760727,
0.06435398757457733,
-0.4142843782901764,
-0.6478174924850464,
-0.005796522833406925,
0.027639426290988922,
0.191666379570961,
0.022810839116573334,
-0.24472305178642273,
0.33524635434150696,
-0.3202238380908966,
0.4611695408821106,
0.34940654039382935,
-0.4562012255191803,
0.3815291225910187,
0.6242919564247131,
-0.64938884973526,
-0.06534500420093536,
-0.4084946811199188,
-0.4293628931045532,
0.30046334862709045,
0.8923025727272034,
0.05076384171843529,
0.05229222774505615,
-0.2502457797527313,
-0.20424166321754456,
-0.7479174733161926,
-0.12940192222595215,
-0.028268443420529366,
0.20973755419254303,
0.859149158000946,
-0.04532211273908615,
-0.18035666644573212,
0.7010582685470581,
0.16768799722194672,
-0.45860716700553894,
1.1648707389831543,
-0.27726852893829346,
0.4633938670158386,
0.36552342772483826,
0.1743236929178238,
0.14778633415699005,
-0.10584216564893723,
-0.06714057177305222,
0.027312640100717545,
0.23787598311901093,
0.02044745720922947,
0.15862633287906647,
-0.015526065602898598,
0.26776397228240967,
-0.1331210434436798,
-0.12263321131467819,
0.0031342615839093924,
0.6062061190605164,
-0.2592196762561798,
0.18299107253551483,
-0.8184992671012878,
-0.17134663462638855,
-0.16116562485694885,
-0.9848262071609497,
-0.9386062622070312,
0.25590232014656067,
0.7055662870407104,
-0.8362995386123657,
0.2159108966588974,
0.6479600667953491,
0.03501305356621742,
0.07914774119853973,
0.390058696269989,
-0.2996103763580322,
0.08627186715602875,
0.6381855607032776,
0.05737924575805664,
-0.3703228235244751,
-0.16986757516860962,
-0.2982226014137268,
0.5680567026138306,
-0.43011489510536194,
0.19660495221614838,
-0.054374486207962036,
0.2512059211730957,
0.4119177460670471,
0.19980192184448242,
0.39527028799057007,
0.023146292194724083,
-0.483233243227005,
-0.3281998932361603,
0.18867939710617065,
-0.782142162322998,
-0.302664190530777,
-0.38617628812789917,
-0.0335436649620533,
0.04853510111570358,
-0.274832546710968,
-0.39337942004203796,
-0.26812055706977844,
-0.7541221380233765,
0.3661721646785736,
-0.7266137599945068,
0.06916826218366623,
0.5166457295417786,
-0.5116291046142578,
-0.1797020584344864,
-0.108871228992939,
0.21940025687217712,
0.7669773697853088,
0.04614359885454178,
-0.05204872041940689,
-0.8523803353309631,
0.5638013482093811,
0.16758188605308533,
0.019428376108407974,
-0.030183060094714165,
-0.2089061737060547,
0.35420772433280945,
-0.05940283462405205,
-0.3329889476299286,
-0.16513532400131226,
-0.5607109665870667,
0.2546844780445099,
0.48944181203842163,
0.9209975600242615,
-0.7498971223831177,
0.384887158870697,
0.4932292401790619,
-0.15611809492111206,
0.10702816396951675,
0.8091498017311096,
-0.016133351251482964,
-0.4730374217033386,
0.23628097772598267,
0.4253871738910675,
0.8677834868431091,
1.0303034782409668,
0.0038557294756174088,
-0.6216838955879211,
-0.19531680643558502,
0.01982191391289234,
0.3065042495727539,
0.0964009091258049,
-0.5943493247032166,
0.8648414611816406,
-0.48300135135650635,
-0.6336847543716431,
0.1319594532251358,
-0.6601889133453369,
-0.45277467370033264,
0.7425697445869446,
0.4529886543750763,
0.7564082741737366,
-0.16560830175876617,
0.5334967374801636,
0.03147313743829727,
0.4208407700061798,
0.09982986003160477,
0.2748202681541443,
-0.14416339993476868,
-0.44607120752334595,
0.4557637870311737,
0.07208365947008133,
0.1797030121088028,
-0.3761157691478729,
0.10446881502866745,
0.5486581921577454,
0.33116328716278076,
0.11009327322244644,
-0.5932966470718384,
0.18761567771434784,
-0.2039322704076767,
-0.03335411101579666,
0.8326236605644226,
-0.3563181161880493,
-0.27550023794174194,
-0.45117366313934326,
-0.2751738727092743,
0.06850492209196091,
-0.6958138942718506,
0.19649633765220642,
-0.09632383286952972,
0.3402910828590393,
-0.6461047530174255,
0.08683660626411438,
0.43781983852386475,
1.1792328357696533,
0.06519851833581924,
1.2672840356826782,
-0.22491128742694855,
0.4737287163734436,
-0.10717436671257019,
0.0648995190858841,
-0.30383652448654175,
-0.2868112027645111,
-0.33595356345176697,
-0.02714020572602749,
-0.31472116708755493,
-0.03637329488992691,
-0.3661988079547882,
0.2492721825838089,
-0.0016633945051580667,
-0.27124103903770447,
-0.2153133749961853,
0.42214399576187134,
0.31762680411338806,
0.018031813204288483,
-0.3776516914367676,
0.7386237978935242,
0.37722620368003845,
-0.14920872449874878,
0.5501245260238647,
0.08226489275693893,
-0.07384821027517319,
-0.3487236499786377,
-0.5717909932136536,
0.4748953878879547,
-0.2577752470970154,
-0.10964645445346832,
-0.25113171339035034,
0.23964501917362213,
-0.2596358060836792,
-0.3962010443210602,
-0.5328453183174133,
-0.012387644499540329,
-0.4851360619068146,
0.47228333353996277,
0.5994471907615662,
-0.16672229766845703,
-0.2859128415584564,
-0.8687543869018555,
0.4960440397262573,
-0.43639883399009705,
0.10948670655488968,
0.5448443293571472,
0.6847248077392578,
-0.05958874523639679,
0.37887969613075256,
0.046666260808706284,
-1.0218087434768677,
0.28179582953453064,
0.8821275234222412,
-0.07412239164113998,
-0.9294833540916443,
0.5252330303192139,
-0.6063907146453857,
-0.7311797142028809,
0.5998033881187439,
0.9305036664009094,
0.06607094407081604,
-0.2133236974477768,
-0.14917367696762085,
0.10825089365243912,
0.39175641536712646,
-0.9231927394866943,
0.2606968879699707,
0.012258410453796387,
-0.7716491222381592,
-0.3841325640678406,
-0.617859959602356,
0.24666213989257812,
0.13545644283294678,
0.022930238395929337,
0.2672976851463318,
0.10974105447530746,
-0.28296732902526855,
-0.006133423652499914,
0.5203189849853516,
-0.9278376698493958,
0.8345474004745483,
-0.2993086576461792
] |
233241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex | Unisex | Unisex is an adjective indicating something is not sex-specific, i.e. is suitable for any type of sex. The term can also mean gender-blindness or gender neutrality.
The term 'unisex' was coined as a neologism in the 1960s and was used fairly informally. The combining prefix uni- is from Latin unus, meaning one or single. However 'unisex' seems to have been influenced by words such as united and universal, in which uni- takes the related sense shared. Unisex then means shared by sexes.
Examples
Hair stylists and beauty salons that serve both men and women are often referred to as unisex. This is also typical of other services and products that had traditionally been separated by sexes, such as clothing shops or beauty products. Public toilets are commonly sex segregated but if that is not the case, they are referred to as unisex public toilets. Unisex clothing includes garments like T-shirts; versions of other garments may be tailored for the different fits depending on one's sex, such as jeans. The sharing of a pool or recreational facility by swimmers and others of various sexes is commonly referred to as mixed bathing. When a school admits students of various sexes, it may be called coeducational or a mixed-sex school.
See also
Coeducation
Mixed bathing
Unisex name
Gender-neutral toilet
Gender role
Gender mainstreaming
References
Androgyny
Gender equality
Sexuality and society | [
-0.016283847391605377,
0.03476353734731674,
-0.636448860168457,
-0.23823747038841248,
-0.7319042086601257,
0.31272247433662415,
0.3467455208301544,
0.6098729372024536,
-0.18991704285144806,
-0.5821226239204407,
-0.5192596316337585,
0.40776658058166504,
-0.46668797731399536,
-0.09450983256101608,
0.03809719532728195,
0.7844390869140625,
0.19821088016033173,
0.8561117053031921,
-0.22021988034248352,
-0.3300209045410156,
0.012945728376507759,
0.07001443207263947,
-0.5391493439674377,
-0.4275146424770355,
0.44286829233169556,
-0.06962770223617554,
0.09290692210197449,
-0.051277291029691696,
0.038509320467710495,
-0.24510861933231354,
0.3217514753341675,
0.6447396278381348,
-0.24912317097187042,
0.44084635376930237,
-0.06524740904569626,
-0.15880009531974792,
0.411765992641449,
-0.5005327463150024,
0.5463162660598755,
-0.6288903951644897,
-0.25005248188972473,
-0.3131982386112213,
0.049111124128103256,
-0.017792213708162308,
-0.683198869228363,
-0.34615689516067505,
-2.1531147956848145,
-0.07833374291658401,
-0.8705138564109802,
0.016899114474654198,
-0.2734987437725067,
-0.16436369717121124,
0.13845720887184143,
1.0127264261245728,
-0.14983795583248138,
1.0351810455322266,
-0.7677251696586609,
-0.3363877236843109,
0.8049281239509583,
-0.35637167096138,
0.3645784258842468,
-0.038945674896240234,
0.05253585800528526,
0.1513417512178421,
0.9038916230201721,
0.4001351594924927,
-0.32454177737236023,
0.2581172287464142,
-1.0529834032058716,
-0.41681694984436035,
-0.7979094386100769,
-0.5923941135406494,
0.22304917871952057,
0.08408786356449127,
-0.14968840777873993,
-0.0017341679194942117,
-0.20926813781261444,
-0.1310037523508072,
-0.013234599493443966,
0.13485431671142578,
-0.537298858165741,
0.689958393573761,
0.7425364255905151,
-0.14176620543003082,
0.10814441740512848,
0.25937122106552124,
-0.8048937916755676,
0.28031450510025024,
-0.33098316192626953,
0.443743497133255,
0.3544713854789734,
0.13020332157611847,
0.017358461394906044,
-0.19527536630630493,
0.11020894348621368,
0.34347376227378845,
0.1989634484052658,
-0.060841526836156845,
0.3214739263057709,
0.22330257296562195,
-0.2536284625530243,
-0.11753374338150024,
0.4976600110530853,
-0.6393347382545471,
-0.9788699746131897,
-0.6496462821960449,
-0.3837764263153076,
-0.46356913447380066,
0.5218721032142639,
-0.31362634897232056,
-0.2636711001396179,
0.39052361249923706,
0.12025201320648193,
0.25950324535369873,
-0.4320741593837738,
0.1857873499393463,
0.10480210930109024,
0.4675346910953522,
0.09305120259523392,
-0.07913104444742203,
-0.38658440113067627,
0.33738887310028076,
0.27870994806289673,
0.09132333099842072,
-0.10025445371866226,
0.5996383428573608,
0.4355587363243103,
0.535396933555603,
-0.35640749335289,
-0.07531693577766418,
0.11036048084497452,
0.7967808842658997,
0.3333510458469391,
0.43799591064453125,
-0.22709545493125916,
-0.48469120264053345,
0.4440458118915558,
0.023152148351073265,
0.2483513057231903,
0.24409303069114685,
-0.795264720916748,
-0.3563709855079651,
-0.8739804625511169,
-0.3776467442512512,
0.6274497509002686,
-0.019454199820756912,
0.3997087776660919,
0.1874249130487442,
0.1653336137533188,
0.11220642924308777,
0.5669863820075989,
-0.045052673667669296,
0.12020383775234222,
0.05549701675772667,
-0.0697411447763443,
0.10958411544561386,
0.5313292145729065,
0.09459957480430603,
-0.3119971752166748,
0.14219774305820465,
-0.4924527406692505,
0.0627187117934227,
-0.6357287168502808,
-0.3177141547203064,
0.2634551525115967,
-0.24796313047409058,
-0.11644052714109421,
0.4823933243751526,
-0.2120072841644287,
0.735605776309967,
0.002372088609263301,
-0.609853208065033,
-0.16920989751815796,
0.03591664880514145,
-0.023834794759750366,
0.5160872936248779,
0.17390400171279907,
-0.4187344014644623,
0.9178407788276672,
0.2742997407913208,
-0.5489002466201782,
0.6196242570877075,
0.5147006511688232,
0.12734638154506683,
0.25912564992904663,
-0.36958879232406616,
-0.11260180175304413,
-0.20349490642547607,
-0.2555069923400879,
-0.19505102932453156,
-0.13012471795082092,
-0.7588714361190796,
-0.5768811702728271,
-0.6486371755599976,
0.7685842514038086,
-0.163884699344635,
-0.6708682775497437,
0.45476168394088745,
0.09891234338283539,
0.20699647068977356,
-0.25428178906440735,
-0.15906518697738647,
-0.07913921028375626,
0.19976571202278137,
-0.11368358135223389,
1.2116339206695557,
0.22250406444072723,
0.15591834485530853,
-0.3842984437942505,
0.5586073994636536,
0.046069998294115067,
0.1668718010187149,
0.7170563340187073,
-0.37945684790611267,
-0.1057981625199318,
0.13670887053012848,
-0.24827168881893158,
0.29576098918914795,
-0.08268225938081741,
-0.4480564296245575,
0.8960031867027283,
-0.5912430882453918,
-0.26077842712402344,
0.09880092740058899,
-0.13160620629787445,
0.3137138783931732,
0.21066716313362122,
0.4675617218017578,
0.41994544863700867,
-0.5977051258087158,
0.5316644310951233,
-0.08535397797822952,
0.18938490748405457,
-0.119585782289505,
-0.5505568981170654,
0.027637142688035965,
0.5654464960098267,
-0.4315093755722046,
0.07805686444044113,
-0.5553810596466064,
0.12685687839984894,
0.38800448179244995,
-0.23517508804798126,
-0.004911617375910282,
0.14768928289413452,
-0.22574950754642487,
0.010866330936551094,
-0.051352113485336304,
-0.40103140473365784,
0.294710248708725,
0.3259832561016083,
0.26957014203071594,
-0.2947884500026703,
-0.37169143557548523,
-0.10510872304439545,
-0.0017116823000833392,
-0.2379787117242813,
0.6974546909332275,
0.3636356294155121,
-0.10337945073843002,
0.10617359727621078,
-0.10476594418287277,
0.09750402718782425,
-0.17494218051433563,
0.01977309212088585,
-0.041198648512363434,
-0.23751364648342133,
0.19096843898296356,
0.3166072368621826,
0.5630987286567688,
0.20113210380077362,
0.34297147393226624,
-0.776565432548523,
-0.36579862236976624,
-0.6728120446205139,
-0.08689948171377182,
0.1475382000207901,
0.5858005285263062,
-0.5135229229927063,
-0.5899445414543152,
0.26869410276412964,
-0.20233047008514404,
0.22938081622123718,
-0.5460089445114136,
-0.4149962067604065,
-0.6968755722045898,
0.48472222685813904,
-0.44711363315582275,
-0.2953263819217682,
-0.6438851952552795,
0.07753916829824448,
0.35026007890701294,
-0.22416450083255768,
0.19335481524467468,
0.5959029793739319,
0.2773142457008362,
-0.10642842948436737,
0.4755992889404297,
0.09884937107563019,
-0.1825866550207138,
-0.053743939846754074,
0.20546714961528778,
0.14590544998645782,
-0.4864571690559387,
0.10891712456941605,
-0.1764412373304367,
0.1042863056063652,
-0.20768077671527863,
-5.508362770080566,
0.315096914768219,
-0.41003841161727905,
0.07453615218400955,
-0.16487295925617218,
-0.12735676765441895,
0.5524240136146545,
-0.088425412774086,
-0.5816580653190613,
0.27790313959121704,
-0.23070870339870453,
-0.3188243508338928,
-0.14129385352134705,
0.2037925273180008,
0.802444338798523,
-0.10193978995084763,
0.6255854964256287,
-0.053106002509593964,
-0.15058298408985138,
0.3546586036682129,
-0.19075541198253632,
0.8652311563491821,
0.18981093168258667,
0.4303401708602905,
0.5642921328544617,
-0.29754072427749634,
-0.15427948534488678,
0.11008160561323166,
0.04090277850627899,
-0.40436750650405884,
0.24936681985855103,
0.6415563225746155,
0.3770696222782135,
-0.4419168531894684,
-0.23996055126190186,
0.13955307006835938,
0.6295030117034912,
0.12498657405376434,
0.4145992398262024,
-0.11678674072027206,
-0.2071232795715332,
0.8119608759880066,
0.06272271275520325,
-0.6413560509681702,
0.2894616425037384,
-0.2889689803123474,
-0.33149904012680054,
-0.20883063971996307,
-0.40540212392807007,
0.1384749859571457,
-0.6072262525558472,
-0.03101172484457493,
0.05142296478152275,
0.3943798542022705,
0.6742504239082336,
0.061868730932474136,
0.6101627349853516,
0.11268143355846405,
-0.411163866519928,
-0.23087823390960693,
-0.06062006577849388,
-0.8193768858909607,
-0.0701911672949791,
-0.9423532485961914,
0.33215612173080444,
-0.1468334048986435,
-0.5732055306434631,
0.23939214646816254,
0.511813759803772,
0.7864083647727966,
-0.21570445597171783,
0.13164463639259338,
1.0687705278396606,
-0.6565968990325928,
0.14377085864543915,
-0.6049980521202087,
-0.4289177358150482,
0.18255947530269623,
0.1587381213903427,
0.5369921326637268,
-0.19118763506412506,
-0.0723327025771141,
-0.5980079770088196,
0.44286075234413147,
0.10900518298149109,
-0.4301857054233551,
-0.24091263115406036,
-0.005607777275145054,
-0.5580340027809143,
-0.25769567489624023,
0.6341587901115417,
-0.08913236856460571,
0.2709057033061981,
-0.012566513381898403,
-0.3211756944656372,
0.6409456729888916,
0.1365019828081131,
-0.138462632894516,
0.6506998538970947,
-0.6774710416793823,
0.05728750675916672,
-0.6565900444984436,
-0.2276550680398941,
0.269226610660553,
0.30106663703918457,
-0.3669479787349701,
-0.5923547148704529,
-0.009698881767690182,
1.0141208171844482,
-0.1508558690547943,
0.39896246790885925,
0.5905647873878479,
-0.2619055509567261,
-0.23933584988117218,
-0.04457278922200203,
0.18246376514434814,
-0.2841609716415405,
0.4812413454055786,
0.530739963054657,
0.33035480976104736,
0.26826995611190796,
0.3625400960445404,
-0.17070043087005615,
-0.39758536219596863,
-0.7410585284233093,
-0.05059553310275078,
-0.6923341751098633,
0.16352951526641846,
-0.2997259497642517,
0.2808530926704407,
-0.11556334048509598,
0.5461146831512451,
0.10481857508420944,
-0.0990682989358902,
0.3073890209197998,
-0.21614474058151245,
-0.20367169380187988,
1.1738709211349487,
-0.20584017038345337,
-0.5734356045722961,
0.1271056979894638,
-0.45059338212013245,
-0.5394665598869324,
-0.13958393037319183,
0.48158761858940125,
0.17220738530158997,
-0.1811905801296234,
-0.7058007717132568,
-0.30399346351623535,
0.7521409392356873,
0.1990576982498169,
-0.8818838596343994,
0.25845712423324585,
-0.6585050225257874,
0.17954561114311218,
0.06915466487407684,
0.30964550375938416,
0.48490050435066223,
-0.691152036190033,
-0.7482271194458008,
-0.1517776995897293,
-0.28950896859169006,
-0.6699007153511047,
-0.26169824600219727,
0.3755049407482147,
-0.5104858875274658,
-0.3128284513950348,
-0.48645877838134766,
-0.9346044063568115,
0.6876868009567261,
-0.25008442997932434,
-0.1521155685186386,
-0.6872246861457825,
-0.4765515625476837,
0.15231657028198242,
0.07618676871061325,
0.28941673040390015,
0.32322588562965393,
0.14096103608608246,
0.3909350037574768,
0.37814533710479736,
-0.10839537531137466,
0.015283719636499882,
0.24332697689533234,
0.41729065775871277,
-0.3815825283527374,
0.5886428952217102,
0.13002853095531464,
-0.8022717833518982,
-0.18169675767421722,
-0.22000890970230103,
-0.31067872047424316,
0.4660441279411316,
-0.3869359791278839,
-0.41174256801605225,
0.10720716416835785,
-0.6283412575721741,
0.13184523582458496,
-0.24496883153915405,
-0.9007558822631836,
0.31531891226768494,
0.9583573341369629,
-0.10662905126810074,
0.31776517629623413,
0.024346008896827698,
-0.6717080473899841,
0.3738434612751007,
-0.057413939386606216,
-0.8052970767021179,
0.21309013664722443,
-0.5681862235069275,
-0.7367838025093079,
-0.14546260237693787,
-0.19944678246974945,
0.03878091648221016,
0.24286946654319763,
0.16045604646205902,
-0.02079208381474018,
-0.5208481550216675,
-0.7526030540466309,
0.8712983727455139,
-0.07174965739250183,
-0.3379420042037964,
0.13056333363056183,
0.29581066966056824,
-0.2579803168773651,
0.18133927881717682,
-0.5540890693664551,
1.1137120723724365,
-0.1093696728348732,
-0.008821901865303516,
-0.028309956192970276,
0.3022216260433197,
0.5145557522773743,
-0.15976199507713318,
-0.058668844401836395,
-0.19615772366523743,
0.014369314536452293,
0.2702805697917938,
-0.22544792294502258,
1.3025233745574951,
0.5737638473510742,
-0.21728338301181793,
-0.09556395560503006,
-0.3820495307445526,
0.17080357670783997,
0.45910313725471497,
-0.7566788792610168,
-0.5508852005004883,
0.008309729397296906,
0.10753750056028366,
-0.6578646898269653,
-0.7807241082191467,
-0.07574964314699173,
0.3841744661331177,
0.3011454939842224,
-0.17834234237670898,
0.10814628005027771,
-0.5708265900611877,
0.38115447759628296,
0.05071907490491867,
-0.10892602056264877,
-0.503279447555542,
0.3799471855163574,
-0.06012789532542229,
0.38607996702194214,
-0.1621190309524536,
1.1465725898742676,
0.43135014176368713,
-0.15313585102558136,
0.2638942003250122,
-0.05510233715176582,
-0.1803126484155655,
0.3028618097305298,
0.6478724479675293,
0.07533394545316696,
-0.2688840627670288,
-0.4501602053642273,
0.1259794682264328,
-0.38790085911750793,
-0.11305393278598785,
-0.335186630487442,
0.5485185980796814,
0.0647403821349144,
0.17211252450942993,
-0.331902414560318,
0.18010368943214417,
-0.05087161436676979,
-0.6515819430351257,
-0.22303885221481323,
-0.14887171983718872,
0.16548790037631989,
-0.24470210075378418,
0.26199623942375183,
0.11257661879062653,
-0.08702879399061203,
0.2500382363796234,
0.13312049210071564,
0.29871541261672974,
-0.321755588054657,
-0.7784032821655273,
0.42188602685928345,
0.06649674475193024,
-0.5164697170257568,
0.0656728446483612,
0.04435533285140991,
0.7088339328765869,
-0.5457015633583069,
0.4861263930797577,
-0.26817530393600464,
0.017972376197576523,
0.20502270758152008,
0.6002903580665588,
0.7076078057289124,
-0.0031468404922634363,
0.07668936997652054,
0.40257376432418823,
-0.3042294979095459,
-0.11626952886581421,
0.2599377930164337,
0.5114713907241821,
-0.8031843304634094,
0.9933701753616333,
0.12650933861732483,
-0.5703127384185791,
0.2948552668094635,
-0.3515540361404419,
0.09335710108280182,
0.21837113797664642,
0.35020801424980164,
0.6144574284553528,
0.3142128586769104,
-0.33300191164016724,
0.10249368846416473,
-0.1617063581943512,
-0.7887576222419739,
0.18362823128700256,
-0.09302026778459549,
-0.4604209065437317,
0.9515772461891174,
0.21075429022312164,
0.5496329069137573,
0.019030500203371048,
-0.03698614612221718,
-0.5331540703773499,
-0.2618180215358734,
-0.05810365453362465,
-0.034312326461076736,
0.09064563363790512,
0.09164375066757202,
0.4417129456996918,
0.3866393566131592,
0.3858362138271332,
0.11999817192554474,
-0.05949625372886658,
-0.3362075984477997,
0.14110007882118225,
0.15055382251739502,
-0.47537699341773987,
-0.6681203842163086,
-0.04424446448683739,
0.20395967364311218,
-0.003005297388881445,
0.009266909211874008,
0.4979054629802704,
-0.08677732199430466,
0.25411784648895264,
-0.009846686385571957,
-0.3909277319908142,
-0.13239236176013947,
-0.047353219240903854,
0.2698414623737335,
0.0077600544318556786,
-0.12766848504543304,
0.04706038534641266,
0.07353240251541138,
0.544689416885376,
0.3851829469203949,
-0.12682828307151794,
-0.5545249581336975,
-0.13143940269947052,
0.3431955873966217,
-0.21457992494106293,
-0.5531718134880066,
0.02481699548661709,
-0.37209832668304443,
0.2975407540798187,
0.4709109365940094,
-0.20891700685024261,
0.38943788409233093,
0.20588071644306183,
-0.35665640234947205,
-0.02449166774749756,
-0.440593421459198,
-0.659835696220398,
-0.16642948985099792,
-0.06820372492074966,
0.777479350566864,
0.3489498794078827,
-0.6732314825057983,
0.25703462958335876,
0.27642762660980225,
-0.24775142967700958,
-0.3216314911842346,
-0.4238757789134979,
0.11412873864173889,
-0.7086395621299744,
0.1114891916513443,
-0.30869773030281067,
0.35901838541030884,
0.641482412815094,
-0.778268575668335,
-0.0792846828699112,
0.44952622056007385,
0.3360784947872162,
0.19084550440311432,
0.3699592351913452,
-0.23831123113632202,
0.18799914419651031,
0.2261279970407486,
0.01711598038673401,
0.5496853590011597,
0.41974490880966187,
0.37259340286254883,
0.07925274968147278,
0.06581084430217743,
0.42845338582992554,
0.5860576033592224,
-0.2212885171175003,
0.45703476667404175,
-0.6065043807029724,
0.7698545455932617,
-0.2664780616760254,
-0.038947124034166336,
-0.07402573525905609,
0.08302566409111023,
-0.12305548042058945,
0.4108782708644867,
0.15443816781044006,
0.05469389259815216,
-0.14569009840488434,
-0.1305004358291626,
-0.48820847272872925,
-0.10283783823251724,
-1.710105299949646,
0.14134716987609863,
-0.31526699662208557,
-0.4759656488895416,
-0.23470693826675415,
-0.2577762305736542,
0.3306575119495392,
-0.22487683594226837,
0.5511540174484253,
0.03361004218459129,
-0.3045572340488434,
0.2618514597415924,
0.9663257598876953,
-0.8913121819496155,
0.022946009412407875,
1.023410439491272
] |
233242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20heads%20of%20government%20of%20Romania | List of heads of government of Romania | This is a list consisting of all the heads of government (i.e. Prime Ministers, both in full constitutional powers or acting/ad interim) of the modern and contemporary Romanian state, from the establishment of the United Principalities in 1859 to the present-day during the early 21st century. The incumbent Prime Minister, as of , is Nicolae Ciucă, a former Romanian army general who subsequently became a politician in 2020 after formally joining the National Liberal Party (PNL).
Prime Minister Nicolae Ciucă is currently in charge of a grand coalition government, legally and officially known as the National Coalition for Romania (or just CNR for short), which comprises three political parties, more specifically two senior coalition partners which are the PNL and the PSD (the biggest of the two and the biggest in the current ruling coalition overall) as well as a junior coalition partner which is the UDMR/RMDSZ.
Recently, Prime Minister Ciucă has been involved in a major academic-based plagiarism scandal regarding his doctoral thesis for which he was already asked to step down by several leaders of the parliamentary opposition. To the present day, incumbent Prime Minister Ciucă hasn't yet stepped down as he still rejects the plagiarism accusations and will therefore most likely not resign in the future as well, despite the plagiarism being clear according to the accusers.
Affiliations
The political stance of prime ministers prior to the development of a modern party system is given by:
The political stance of prime ministers after the development of a modern party system is given by:
Interim officeholders are denoted by italics.
List of officeholders
United Principalities (1859–1881)
From 1859 to 1862, the two Romanian principalities (more specifically Moldavia and Wallachia) had their own government each, and a cabinet, seated in Iași and Bucharest respectively. In 1862, Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza changed the Constitution and from then on there has been a single unified central government, permanently seated in Bucharest, the capital of Romania.
Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
Romanian People's Republic/Socialist Republic of Romania (1947–1989)
Contemporary Romania (1989–present)
Note: Romania used the Julian calendar prior to 1919, but all dates are given in the Gregorian calendar.
Timeline
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881)
Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
Communist Romania (1947–1989)
Contemporary Romania (1989–present)
Notes
See also
List of heads of state of Romania
List of presidents of Romania
List of presidents of Romania by time in office
Lists of office-holders of all nations
Politics of Romania
References
Bibliography
Nicolae C. Nicolescu, Șefii de stat și de guvern ai României (1859–2003), Editura Meronia, Bucharest, 2003
Stelian Neagoe, Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi – 1859 până în zilele noastre – 1995, Editura Machiavelli, Bucharest, 1995
External links
Guvernele României
Government site
Romania, List of Prime Ministers of
Prime Ministers | [
0.6110886931419373,
0.41390103101730347,
0.19513368606567383,
0.280131071805954,
-0.3801521360874176,
-0.1455928087234497,
0.21742764115333557,
0.6454886794090271,
-0.09338624030351639,
-0.2671474516391754,
-0.4522577226161957,
0.2322014570236206,
-0.13899725675582886,
0.6136394739151001,
-0.0614112913608551,
0.08871429413557053,
-0.20235638320446014,
1.0818302631378174,
0.16708031296730042,
-0.3771562874317169,
0.09253361821174622,
0.23671439290046692,
0.09587666392326355,
-0.3106616735458374,
-0.3367335796356201,
0.2784421443939209,
0.6907271146774292,
-0.2521679401397705,
-0.6299911737442017,
0.16973085701465607,
-0.29442447423934937,
0.5533053278923035,
-0.12326397001743317,
0.38266727328300476,
-0.3045775294303894,
-0.5387436151504517,
0.7996721267700195,
-0.5330401062965393,
0.4047102630138397,
-0.5466704964637756,
-0.49238404631614685,
-0.5564988851547241,
0.14816869795322418,
0.19537363946437836,
0.10813675075769424,
-0.7829485535621643,
-1.038285732269287,
0.10334155708551407,
-0.9458826780319214,
0.3670862317085266,
-0.1632128208875656,
0.4798671007156372,
0.7927801012992859,
0.2890699505805969,
0.12641863524913788,
-0.17627094686031342,
-0.7786101698875427,
-0.23200026154518127,
-0.12013379484415054,
0.48766669631004333,
0.4728132486343384,
0.39969736337661743,
0.2557588815689087,
-0.0012403724249452353,
1.1003395318984985,
0.19113993644714355,
0.3198314607143402,
0.40792468190193176,
-0.6349101066589355,
-0.2841103971004486,
-0.5197458863258362,
0.034456636756658554,
0.5450337529182434,
-0.24789226055145264,
-0.09072376787662506,
0.2529737949371338,
-0.164235457777977,
0.32972702383995056,
0.45693641901016235,
-0.42394155263900757,
-0.11960946023464203,
-0.40814340114593506,
0.37859848141670227,
0.06391317397356033,
-0.36734750866889954,
0.32153305411338806,
0.029815131798386574,
-0.517375648021698,
-0.21079272031784058,
0.9342462420463562,
-0.4332643747329712,
-0.13820584118366241,
0.47246024012565613,
-0.09134510159492493,
-0.5774925947189331,
-0.6243776679039001,
0.01724238321185112,
0.029127847403287888,
-0.15576481819152832,
-0.15086595714092255,
0.288253515958786,
0.584017276763916,
0.11051356792449951,
-0.7242071628570557,
-0.5081601738929749,
-0.658430278301239,
-0.7571530342102051,
-0.05808572843670845,
0.06449119001626968,
-0.11870379745960236,
-1.014958143234253,
0.0498582124710083,
0.03673357889056206,
0.19840604066848755,
-0.10225676745176315,
0.12059880793094635,
0.29038724303245544,
-0.32166212797164917,
-0.2444431334733963,
-0.05701000988483429,
-0.009588648565113544,
0.4434174597263336,
0.2592962086200714,
-0.5863893628120422,
0.32857275009155273,
0.29037368297576904,
0.34946921467781067,
-0.22753241658210754,
0.3523167371749878,
0.5262949466705322,
0.522164523601532,
0.6359063386917114,
-0.3979017436504364,
-0.3252536356449127,
0.0038588077295571566,
-0.7748304605484009,
0.14461727440357208,
-0.14316421747207642,
0.37668418884277344,
0.7134609222412109,
-0.45769554376602173,
0.06350080668926239,
-0.5576328635215759,
0.2457176148891449,
0.555235743522644,
-0.2190982699394226,
-0.35366353392601013,
-0.5681229829788208,
-0.41369038820266724,
0.30873027443885803,
-0.1308119297027588,
-0.22967174649238586,
0.5054543614387512,
0.18324990570545197,
-0.012812632136046886,
0.36496949195861816,
1.222343921661377,
-0.6482330560684204,
0.4808720648288727,
0.03211298957467079,
0.5136128664016724,
0.32491335272789,
0.32285696268081665,
0.11609445512294769,
0.24672186374664307,
-0.10974954813718796,
-0.08163857460021973,
0.1341606229543686,
-0.08559811860322952,
0.2921570837497711,
-0.5038168430328369,
0.06983830034732819,
-0.18469448387622833,
-0.2952861189842224,
-0.3611355423927307,
0.2873850166797638,
0.9878552556037903,
0.11067911237478256,
0.22794783115386963,
0.07423548400402069,
-0.5984772443771362,
-0.26761651039123535,
-0.19710028171539307,
0.07783908396959305,
0.17995856702327728,
0.22195962071418762,
0.35345831513404846,
0.56205815076828,
0.10421568155288696,
-0.4783230721950531,
-0.09879934787750244,
-0.6077424883842468,
0.252063512802124,
-0.20892934501171112,
0.9406052827835083,
-0.4048709273338318,
-0.2221914827823639,
0.38214918971061707,
-0.4487026035785675,
0.096345916390419,
-0.3553354740142822,
-0.4264061450958252,
0.3822598457336426,
0.25599420070648193,
-0.17372527718544006,
0.8159786462783813,
-0.05721960961818695,
-0.01144182775169611,
0.7624231576919556,
0.341016948223114,
0.3205559253692627,
-0.3603340983390808,
0.11090599745512009,
-0.28545457124710083,
0.15857411921024323,
0.002286285860463977,
-0.5407126545906067,
-0.10209355503320694,
0.08472698926925659,
0.36692899465560913,
1.2745999097824097,
-0.13697513937950134,
0.18627287447452545,
0.5925469398498535,
-0.04221057519316673,
-0.29243937134742737,
0.4743775427341461,
0.11394012719392776,
-0.30215710401535034,
-0.3495851457118988,
0.231583371758461,
-0.10891991853713989,
0.2326572835445404,
-0.16504411399364471,
-0.2148628830909729,
-0.14969362318515778,
-0.6004728674888611,
-0.15563222765922546,
0.18231703341007233,
-0.2817346751689911,
0.19659632444381714,
-0.043292827904224396,
0.07265909761190414,
0.16622231900691986,
0.24799932539463043,
0.20516625046730042,
-0.6146399974822998,
0.28250691294670105,
-0.5974662899971008,
-0.12822812795639038,
0.4239451289176941,
-0.032370299100875854,
0.11776316165924072,
-0.23736822605133057,
0.49274083971977234,
-0.027442194521427155,
0.6251459121704102,
0.08945184201002121,
-0.1781434416770935,
0.4350625276565552,
-0.3814077079296112,
0.026109229773283005,
-0.259819895029068,
0.8560124039649963,
0.07258579879999161,
0.19234521687030792,
-0.34693998098373413,
-0.8057473301887512,
0.20543043315410614,
0.28164491057395935,
0.5621892809867859,
-0.2229510247707367,
-0.2761881947517395,
-0.49185338616371155,
0.25933030247688293,
0.10326964408159256,
-0.6029075980186462,
0.42931219935417175,
-0.6224198341369629,
-0.6653887033462524,
0.4449884593486786,
0.17021560668945312,
0.2975263297557831,
-0.24126361310482025,
-0.5209692716598511,
-0.6875342130661011,
0.42937690019607544,
-0.2141076773405075,
0.34218260645866394,
-0.04805884510278702,
-0.5201195478439331,
0.24499142169952393,
-0.3002767860889435,
-0.7659294605255127,
-0.45831817388534546,
0.31187862157821655,
0.1731979101896286,
0.297593891620636,
-0.012711551040410995,
-0.5859763026237488,
-0.3677142858505249,
0.1914738416671753,
-0.03366595506668091,
-0.4767289161682129,
0.39681902527809143,
-0.048244282603263855,
0.4489659070968628,
0.01162323821336031,
-5.551262378692627,
0.17881819605827332,
-0.16467416286468506,
-0.26011762022972107,
0.6335301995277405,
-0.011283071711659431,
0.4698045253753662,
-0.3864752948284149,
-0.03882354870438576,
-0.5616629123687744,
0.24257807433605194,
0.18159349262714386,
0.09996356070041656,
0.7797350883483887,
0.11380556225776672,
1.0663130283355713,
0.7803937196731567,
0.5634883642196655,
-0.018190640956163406,
0.15165415406227112,
0.15606187283992767,
-0.1884857416152954,
0.26961177587509155,
0.12375020235776901,
0.5548856854438782,
0.41981106996536255,
-0.36138200759887695,
0.1429399847984314,
-0.39545872807502747,
0.05092824622988701,
-0.132441446185112,
-0.36531418561935425,
-0.13339774310588837,
-0.4130045473575592,
0.07356079667806625,
-0.5356300473213196,
0.22639068961143494,
0.6900313496589661,
0.2615911066532135,
-0.6616880297660828,
-0.12245776504278183,
0.5565043687820435,
-0.05964188650250435,
0.23528608679771423,
-0.3514302372932434,
-0.22084073722362518,
-0.25216469168663025,
0.08810228854417801,
-0.9055953621864319,
0.8594708442687988,
-0.5409887433052063,
-0.20186413824558258,
0.7428157329559326,
-0.15581612288951874,
0.09793740510940552,
-0.21799659729003906,
0.11998140066862106,
0.44512563943862915,
-0.4851476550102234,
0.4727790355682373,
0.09477556496858597,
-0.7120487093925476,
-0.03946267440915108,
-0.7281774282455444,
0.0940796360373497,
-0.38401827216148376,
-1.2171566486358643,
0.19629482924938202,
0.13256536424160004,
0.06601744145154953,
-0.02561604231595993,
-0.05551296845078468,
-0.865250289440155,
-0.9024709463119507,
0.36672475934028625,
-0.8147494196891785,
0.09714874625205994,
0.05944068357348442,
0.3267005681991577,
0.21960575878620148,
-0.3608839511871338,
0.4416632354259491,
-0.6194684505462646,
0.48404327034950256,
0.5152767300605774,
-0.05096542090177536,
0.20901983976364136,
-0.1764100193977356,
-0.2614010274410248,
-0.7969412207603455,
0.07668695598840714,
-1.1999472379684448,
0.3445071876049042,
-0.10004360973834991,
0.2826622426509857,
0.39251670241355896,
0.3963794708251953,
0.19856907427310944,
0.10243676602840424,
-0.44519299268722534,
0.0650339424610138,
0.053216926753520966,
0.05782895162701607,
-0.38240358233451843,
0.6162991523742676,
0.016218701377511024,
-0.052287179976701736,
0.5265189409255981,
0.19933564960956573,
-0.535103440284729,
-0.36363568902015686,
-0.5637832283973694,
-0.3127341866493225,
-1.0852750539779663,
0.10669843852519989,
-0.12206172943115234,
-0.33171936869621277,
0.9597650766372681,
0.2781943678855896,
0.2803907096385956,
0.14113731682300568,
0.13093268871307373,
-0.09716379642486572,
0.2596074044704437,
-0.5760065913200378,
-0.11599402874708176,
-0.4056914448738098,
-0.4707622230052948,
0.26540252566337585,
-0.14448116719722748,
0.4428986608982086,
0.3527956008911133,
0.039373088628053665,
0.1841679811477661,
0.7998608350753784,
-0.30546653270721436,
-0.27708253264427185,
-0.3637074828147888,
0.3394896388053894,
-0.6095861196517944,
-0.1985132396221161,
0.0022878299932926893,
-0.3799731135368347,
0.29486095905303955,
0.10113570094108582,
0.30405014753341675,
-0.4972192645072937,
-0.022547684609889984,
-0.3777911961078644,
0.6831022500991821,
0.2714001536369324,
-0.20073747634887695,
0.4992205798625946,
-0.013203619979321957,
-0.2064235359430313,
0.08955828845500946,
0.32974255084991455,
0.37383410334587097,
-0.49000898003578186,
-0.4157993197441101,
0.026270661503076553,
-0.5067139863967896,
-1.2599881887435913,
0.6728019714355469,
0.9927279949188232,
-0.15181589126586914,
-0.3752298653125763,
0.08110645413398743,
-0.1289811134338379,
0.8965707421302795,
0.14543499052524567,
0.13830597698688507,
-0.7226966023445129,
-0.20666706562042236,
-0.04823863133788109,
-0.2499963790178299,
0.29425111413002014,
1.2090237140655518,
0.4502750337123871,
-0.036428406834602356,
-0.2661212086677551,
0.2171803116798401,
-0.05260511115193367,
0.19104397296905518,
-0.0034138248302042484,
0.43192702531814575,
0.1658603698015213,
0.2216504067182541,
0.3477064073085785,
-0.5136652588844299,
0.25292670726776123,
0.10329625755548477,
0.27601516246795654,
-0.5263624787330627,
-0.8768768310546875,
-0.7611368298530579,
-0.14208492636680603,
-0.04380901902914047,
-0.3275854289531708,
0.016692472621798515,
0.14869935810565948,
0.46687787771224976,
0.06110445037484169,
-0.2485361099243164,
-0.09678369015455246,
0.09567633271217346,
0.32988810539245605,
0.2362278401851654,
0.2533123791217804,
0.48448553681373596,
-0.5513316988945007,
-0.8856801390647888,
-0.2396521419286728,
0.7913827896118164,
-0.35516130924224854,
-0.3878272771835327,
0.17008548974990845,
-0.5483721494674683,
-0.4851996898651123,
-0.6309537887573242,
0.36355119943618774,
0.17952731251716614,
0.00067143450723961,
0.10916445404291153,
-0.04252578318119049,
-0.5358489155769348,
0.44662025570869446,
-0.4991266131401062,
0.025118932127952576,
-0.2124638557434082,
0.0010208040475845337,
0.12041809409856796,
0.09843497723340988,
-0.23514387011528015,
-0.6862567067146301,
0.11516856402158737,
-0.06664913147687912,
0.08922348916530609,
0.005506095476448536,
-0.05336127430200577,
-0.3250272572040558,
0.7277112007141113,
0.66551274061203,
-0.6094221472740173,
0.0025253314524888992,
0.3438293933868408,
0.1470792144536972,
-0.4737645387649536,
0.09284397214651108,
0.2696112096309662,
0.14509089291095734,
-0.20780178904533386,
-0.6864268183708191,
-0.7711114883422852,
0.5904053449630737,
-0.1893233358860016,
-0.10530151426792145,
0.2708245515823364,
0.16214008629322052,
0.38383862376213074,
-0.5078868269920349,
-0.12830492854118347,
0.09736538678407669,
0.3174322545528412,
0.3351629376411438,
0.012399963103234768,
-0.033942271023988724,
0.09107590466737747,
0.2834126353263855,
-0.5073623061180115,
-0.5461912751197815,
-0.39476194977760315,
-0.46190255880355835,
-0.08171498775482178,
0.014366625808179379,
-0.5382858514785767,
0.17733275890350342,
-0.06380391865968704,
-0.15029394626617432,
-0.06395550072193146,
-0.8937088847160339,
0.14030127227306366,
-0.025243183597922325,
0.39258936047554016,
0.8968098163604736,
-0.6256858110427856,
-0.5161142945289612,
0.25558170676231384,
-0.3036894202232361,
0.0984661653637886,
-0.4785933792591095,
-0.28531962633132935,
-0.2967565357685089,
0.5311859846115112,
-0.05318855121731758,
0.26007330417633057,
0.4794118404388428,
0.4989662766456604,
0.08344119042158127,
-0.007905988954007626,
-0.12499765306711197,
0.43152740597724915,
0.30515530705451965,
-0.23175141215324402,
0.39630579948425293,
0.1529037356376648,
-0.3980866074562073,
-0.8116590976715088,
-0.022928262129426003,
0.07013434171676636,
0.7363786697387695,
0.1789211481809616,
0.9409400820732117,
0.3113197386264801,
-0.4301266372203827,
-0.11484166234731674,
0.10862564295530319,
-0.39994049072265625,
-0.4158952236175537,
0.20139583945274353,
0.0074703628197312355,
-0.08253751695156097,
-0.17193518579006195,
0.11664727330207825,
-0.179116889834404,
0.5809913873672485,
0.24746054410934448,
-0.04468199238181114,
0.65817791223526,
-0.21636877954006195,
0.5228157639503479,
0.6810867190361023,
-0.48444849252700806,
-0.09149153530597687,
-0.9713202118873596,
-0.8236399292945862,
0.015056401491165161,
-0.42716071009635925,
0.12848518788814545,
0.6507776379585266,
0.34441184997558594,
0.5282695293426514,
-0.1984701305627823,
0.09500355273485184,
0.14421376585960388,
0.32663220167160034,
-0.5568628311157227,
0.36630165576934814,
0.1424725204706192,
-0.04254088178277016,
0.05435985326766968,
0.1329188495874405,
0.26632869243621826,
-0.3076260983943939,
-0.20557644963264465,
-0.09496793150901794,
0.3856208324432373,
0.0910404697060585,
0.382497638463974,
-0.7632305026054382,
-0.03885142505168915,
-0.30813246965408325,
-0.13337038457393646,
0.18860621750354767,
0.4783107340335846,
0.3218674063682556,
0.23233236372470856,
-0.07931803911924362,
-0.0772564560174942,
-0.07999085634946823,
0.35669276118278503,
0.4153991937637329,
-0.4159803092479706,
-0.11320443451404572,
-0.06262754648923874,
-0.016541818156838417,
0.24988484382629395,
0.1264825165271759,
0.15209855139255524,
-0.6074655652046204,
-0.5358201265335083,
0.0941007137298584,
0.07466302812099457,
-0.6835813522338867,
-0.15002456307411194,
0.59889155626297,
-0.24832259118556976,
-0.12369299679994583,
0.34112608432769775,
0.058566343039274216,
-0.2879039943218231,
-0.10506162792444229,
0.4841717779636383,
-0.10587002336978912,
-0.1804102212190628,
0.017981547862291336,
-0.6462971568107605,
0.7337011694908142,
0.3109464943408966,
0.15228255093097687,
-0.3252670466899872,
0.2703229486942291,
0.06392332911491394,
0.20535404980182648,
0.3627520799636841,
0.1383824348449707,
-0.004976293537765741,
-0.10102160274982452,
-0.12334036082029343,
0.3236146867275238,
-0.23461970686912537,
-0.2728755474090576,
0.4101761281490326,
0.6520383954048157,
-0.11245481669902802,
0.36704757809638977,
0.29819488525390625,
-0.1895064115524292,
-0.13380450010299683,
-0.6620880961418152,
-0.49590572714805603,
-1.008636713027954,
0.08219445496797562,
0.6245005130767822,
-0.06791247427463531,
-0.26035550236701965,
0.3115384876728058,
0.56273353099823,
-1.2554041147232056,
0.5917905569076538,
-0.9862327575683594,
-0.03793972730636597,
0.22966180741786957,
-0.41657137870788574,
-0.6080940961837769,
0.5102413892745972,
0.41037505865097046,
0.9431199431419373,
0.5497841238975525,
-0.5668262243270874,
-0.5544511079788208,
0.31846559047698975,
0.5633405447006226,
0.6264981627464294,
-0.8284753561019897,
-0.11981036514043808,
-0.5153789520263672,
-0.25231775641441345,
-0.9610742330551147,
0.10397432744503021,
0.20503957569599152,
-0.16606038808822632,
0.3407066762447357,
-0.32420986890792847,
0.09787426143884659,
-0.5979226231575012,
0.5271857380867004,
-0.49042993783950806,
0.7682248950004578,
0.3867722451686859
] |
233245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTP | WTP | WTP may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
"WTP", a song from the album K.T.S.E. by American artist Teyana Taylor
"W.T.P." ("White Trash Party"), a song by rapper Eminem; See the album Recovery
Winnie-the-Pooh, a creation of A. A. Milne
Philosophy
Will to power, a prominent concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Science and technology
Water treatment plant, a facility that performs water purification
Web Tools Platform, a platform for the Eclipse software
Western Treatment Plant, a sewage treatment plant in Australia
Wireless transaction protocol, technical term in wireless communication
Other uses
Watpac, an Australian construction company
Willingness to pay, economic term
Women's Torah Project, transcription of the Torah entirely by women | [
0.47887614369392395,
0.07781749963760376,
-0.2709290087223053,
0.0531611330807209,
-0.40140411257743835,
-0.13902175426483154,
0.5522907376289368,
0.12163984030485153,
-0.6357759833335876,
-0.12312805652618408,
-0.7413669228553772,
0.22528459131717682,
-0.30993562936782837,
0.21976947784423828,
-0.21392403542995453,
-0.1295364499092102,
0.52486652135849,
0.306334912776947,
-0.20855003595352173,
-0.5756714940071106,
-0.4536800980567932,
0.28509852290153503,
-0.02645399607717991,
-0.46550577878952026,
0.09719245880842209,
-0.004137001466006041,
-0.25946706533432007,
-0.6004832983016968,
-0.1868196427822113,
0.373196542263031,
-0.10642635822296143,
0.4782251715660095,
0.5045498609542847,
-0.20936766266822815,
-0.13967262208461761,
0.04695720225572586,
-0.07951045036315918,
-0.3168259859085083,
-0.0928337350487709,
-0.6966994404792786,
0.1038440391421318,
-0.4045737385749817,
0.4166545569896698,
0.3490047752857208,
-0.3712036907672882,
-0.15076440572738647,
-1.8473520278930664,
0.3077564835548401,
-0.3585016429424286,
0.11807723343372345,
-0.07043422013521194,
0.545749843120575,
0.21573634445667267,
0.7863541841506958,
-0.06237854063510895,
0.41588252782821655,
-0.4568924307823181,
-0.11146768182516098,
0.4067123830318451,
0.0727328509092331,
-0.14721539616584778,
-0.35424745082855225,
-0.10214222222566605,
0.6310064196586609,
0.09593523293733597,
-0.12759989500045776,
-0.08073196560144424,
0.6339753866195679,
-0.14546722173690796,
-0.6878135800361633,
-0.28962376713752747,
-0.7827207446098328,
0.06563902646303177,
-0.5933867692947388,
-0.05897205322980881,
0.02026505395770073,
-0.12311973422765732,
-0.12321574985980988,
-0.05243664234876633,
0.11138816922903061,
-0.4546346068382263,
0.9258829951286316,
0.477970153093338,
0.20583699643611908,
0.6330861449241638,
-0.16539473831653595,
0.06658181548118591,
0.5946458578109741,
-0.31888440251350403,
0.9091513156890869,
0.408632755279541,
-0.4075913429260254,
0.6122913956642151,
-0.4827992022037506,
0.16338610649108887,
0.33932170271873474,
-0.05747257173061371,
-0.1035119816660881,
0.3657560646533966,
0.00918039120733738,
-0.27001309394836426,
0.1936887800693512,
-0.2859669327735901,
-0.6343645453453064,
-0.40880176424980164,
-0.1606275588274002,
-0.15628698468208313,
-0.6746720671653748,
0.7136926651000977,
-0.5122424364089966,
-0.3377627432346344,
0.2259119153022766,
-0.05415114387869835,
0.28562450408935547,
-0.017908809706568718,
0.12229683995246887,
0.5236721634864807,
-0.24400006234645844,
-0.312237411737442,
0.230787456035614,
0.18425339460372925,
0.6040629148483276,
0.2027742564678192,
-0.1961405724287033,
0.35776787996292114,
0.15621629357337952,
1.0954278707504272,
0.7291391491889954,
-0.27316269278526306,
-0.07172578573226929,
0.22019757330417633,
1.2255772352218628,
-0.08451952040195465,
-0.1341167390346527,
0.023312460631132126,
-0.029628952965140343,
0.24523615837097168,
0.23391537368297577,
0.11645593494176865,
0.3124353587627411,
-0.767008900642395,
-0.07118818163871765,
-0.7887479662895203,
-0.14310595393180847,
0.2508607804775238,
0.3877606689929962,
-0.3358641266822815,
-0.27923783659935,
0.09981027245521545,
0.28800535202026367,
0.289167195558548,
-0.0065859281457960606,
0.0822201520204544,
0.38352975249290466,
-0.23500679433345795,
0.09196867048740387,
0.8871683478355408,
-0.1847412884235382,
0.11865133792161942,
0.2209002822637558,
0.08802574872970581,
0.2451738864183426,
-0.17373540997505188,
-0.20154547691345215,
-0.44656598567962646,
0.0006564146024174988,
-0.2377036064863205,
0.4232247769832611,
-0.42132988572120667,
-0.04699164256453514,
-0.25396105647087097,
-0.016313811764121056,
-0.03807307034730911,
0.13722160458564758,
0.5526102185249329,
-0.15968036651611328,
0.7822091579437256,
0.061188165098428726,
0.7825402617454529,
0.3927505910396576,
-0.4920533299446106,
0.7203636765480042,
0.22273069620132446,
-0.7205331325531006,
0.5043594837188721,
0.019349031150341034,
-0.04546796530485153,
0.3320119380950928,
0.19140033423900604,
-0.25140655040740967,
-0.8696587085723877,
-0.5239999294281006,
-0.1342778503894806,
-0.5273306965827942,
0.8377809524536133,
-0.1518491804599762,
-0.5164670348167419,
0.633692741394043,
0.39182257652282715,
0.3345949053764343,
0.46115046739578247,
-0.24478855729103088,
0.23092257976531982,
-0.3136404752731323,
-0.586820125579834,
0.6666163802146912,
0.693609356880188,
-0.09762675315141678,
-0.3702632188796997,
-0.4282139837741852,
-0.20658478140830994,
-0.1618322730064392,
0.11588776856660843,
-0.363827109336853,
-0.15351663529872894,
-0.19486349821090698,
-0.3182913362979889,
0.31668582558631897,
-0.46536850929260254,
-0.26569563150405884,
0.8047366142272949,
-0.28463926911354065,
0.006887038238346577,
0.22544977068901062,
0.07552225142717361,
0.9622533321380615,
-0.06586400419473648,
-0.17459717392921448,
0.6603856086730957,
-0.16717328131198883,
-0.021748675033450127,
0.3759274184703827,
-0.5275766253471375,
-0.07501974701881409,
-0.11935465037822723,
0.41272667050361633,
0.09269757568836212,
-0.1720256507396698,
-0.552475094795227,
-0.49205684661865234,
-0.034719932824373245,
0.5260192155838013,
-0.8073247671127319,
0.46113884449005127,
-0.18266597390174866,
0.04100784659385681,
-0.3242262601852417,
-0.3235011398792267,
-0.2849969267845154,
0.4477441906929016,
0.24827367067337036,
0.6340121626853943,
-0.0007423305069096386,
-0.07305777072906494,
-0.36485499143600464,
0.10157039761543274,
-0.09410189092159271,
-0.06975220143795013,
0.09167057275772095,
0.40511560440063477,
-0.395197331905365,
-0.3062187433242798,
0.2964974641799927,
0.15788765251636505,
-0.23008455336093903,
-0.7835344672203064,
-0.2556757628917694,
-0.19975629448890686,
0.7031145095825195,
0.33330172300338745,
-0.05025468394160271,
-0.1989281177520752,
-0.3213980495929718,
-0.4069393575191498,
-0.6775126457214355,
-0.7086979150772095,
0.12834584712982178,
0.11787542700767517,
-0.44075849652290344,
-0.8107962012290955,
-0.24694016575813293,
0.377261757850647,
-0.04819042980670929,
-0.32996025681495667,
0.2145700603723526,
0.1535135805606842,
0.0010603764094412327,
0.032727617770433426,
0.3114691376686096,
-0.05271445959806442,
-0.24734768271446228,
-0.15269345045089722,
-0.009993263520300388,
-0.1598293036222458,
0.9357985854148865,
0.14527052640914917,
-0.0981186181306839,
0.36291685700416565,
-0.3584930896759033,
0.28703945875167847,
-0.4809625744819641,
0.4656887352466583,
-0.5379438400268555,
-0.2600903809070587,
0.24424581229686737,
-0.328593373298645,
-0.11827480047941208,
-0.22949036955833435,
-5.8024821281433105,
0.7154278755187988,
-0.017077282071113586,
-0.6089138388633728,
0.1625172644853592,
0.07889549434185028,
0.6120133399963379,
-0.3687872588634491,
-0.12603598833084106,
-0.0019997814670205116,
-0.14182287454605103,
-0.06927309930324554,
-0.028033705428242683,
0.6203116774559021,
0.08666438609361649,
0.041066788136959076,
-0.0868198350071907,
0.154232919216156,
0.3108983039855957,
-0.30334070324897766,
-0.12606006860733032,
0.6400124430656433,
0.5056107640266418,
0.7321901321411133,
0.04446316137909889,
0.029987962916493416,
-0.38387441635131836,
-0.023012420162558556,
-0.2117505818605423,
0.29987379908561707,
0.31758570671081543,
0.15976209938526154,
0.20439070463180542,
0.2095160037279129,
-0.25913140177726746,
0.03782567009329796,
0.48853203654289246,
-0.13604305684566498,
0.4458251893520355,
-0.0793357715010643,
-0.10464061051607132,
0.42489802837371826,
-0.31727319955825806,
-0.4630395174026489,
0.24636279046535492,
0.2568923532962799,
-0.16576674580574036,
-0.5637016296386719,
-0.02013729326426983,
0.5100370645523071,
-0.3889752924442291,
-0.1903652399778366,
0.4334425926208496,
-0.25606292486190796,
0.3529517948627472,
-0.6929401755332947,
0.2742749750614166,
0.17004279792308807,
-0.17085018754005432,
0.11784733831882477,
0.5375918745994568,
0.1430157870054245,
0.4177747666835785,
-0.555810272693634,
-0.08393540978431702,
-0.2861596941947937,
-0.9734593629837036,
0.016860689967870712,
0.9065306186676025,
0.03752826526761055,
-0.14741088449954987,
-0.0021874206140637398,
0.2701815366744995,
-0.8703239560127258,
0.011146663688123226,
-0.49232757091522217,
-0.5179495215415955,
0.17548643052577972,
0.18933723866939545,
0.03940855711698532,
0.1614677608013153,
0.3303576409816742,
-0.21268166601657867,
-0.24207592010498047,
0.1489749699831009,
-0.36552125215530396,
-0.36233505606651306,
0.2078162431716919,
-0.30051010847091675,
0.1485763043165207,
0.5418680906295776,
-0.3416128158569336,
0.4349365234375,
0.7785314917564392,
0.06976213306188583,
0.9619919657707214,
0.5298294425010681,
0.4163393974304199,
0.2367134690284729,
-0.08537641912698746,
0.1371213048696518,
-0.13872800767421722,
0.07588457316160202,
-0.5154544115066528,
-0.22288896143436432,
-0.45854219794273376,
-0.41348183155059814,
-0.008295414038002491,
0.9538074135780334,
-0.09590780735015869,
0.04036438465118408,
0.166280135512352,
-0.29386237263679504,
-0.7763691544532776,
-0.045678358525037766,
-0.20556698739528656,
-0.6550688147544861,
0.5007931590080261,
0.444295197725296,
-0.043199628591537476,
0.6830911040306091,
0.2756437659263611,
-0.31571444869041443,
-0.1612667590379715,
-0.8221169710159302,
-0.08477441966533661,
0.026327457278966904,
-0.2730097472667694,
-0.05943829566240311,
0.0009467483032494783,
0.43122875690460205,
-0.07969468832015991,
0.407335102558136,
-0.3072744607925415,
0.22884255647659302,
-0.06062297895550728,
-0.19383928179740906,
0.44818246364593506,
0.03180602937936783,
-0.7955073714256287,
-0.15896806120872498,
-0.16497214138507843,
-0.27776601910591125,
0.5528055429458618,
0.42388424277305603,
0.2558440566062927,
-0.08072089403867722,
-0.05853702872991562,
0.010961784049868584,
-0.0012116291327401996,
0.05194983631372452,
-0.011494023725390434,
0.6852048635482788,
-0.20818650722503662,
-0.12597863376140594,
0.1668224036693573,
0.05760103836655617,
-0.19409026205539703,
-0.2377331405878067,
-0.48484334349632263,
0.2315744310617447,
-0.5646331310272217,
-1.3818689584732056,
0.03971560671925545,
0.44757863879203796,
-0.6589486598968506,
-0.0013089881977066398,
-0.4106181263923645,
-0.14472326636314392,
0.3497922122478485,
-0.04777798056602478,
-0.40865692496299744,
-0.05288783460855484,
-0.34789595007896423,
0.2776889503002167,
0.38006141781806946,
0.47934409976005554,
0.4940442144870758,
0.27420443296432495,
0.149566650390625,
0.05221239849925041,
-0.2731558084487915,
-0.19205254316329956,
-0.07218392193317413,
0.13301947712898254,
-0.3339642584323883,
0.31180596351623535,
0.17858116328716278,
-0.5608687400817871,
0.11781562864780426,
-0.2961595058441162,
0.23119089007377625,
0.4935799241065979,
0.26653599739074707,
-0.09085650742053986,
-0.5659780502319336,
-0.009670219384133816,
0.4021519422531128,
-0.1172720268368721,
-0.3852212429046631,
0.28075745701789856,
0.628437340259552,
-0.3528849184513092,
0.023322826251387596,
0.4452403485774994,
-0.4416716992855072,
-0.12136627733707428,
-0.12794233858585358,
-0.3382951617240906,
0.37668415904045105,
0.15637065470218658,
-0.1214316338300705,
-0.035847265273332596,
0.297919899225235,
0.016559448093175888,
-0.18827944993972778,
-0.13500751554965973,
-0.19911949336528778,
-0.07902555167675018,
-0.17233821749687195,
0.3713394105434418,
0.22695347666740417,
-0.6840201616287231,
0.2507200539112091,
-0.47274279594421387,
0.2731919586658478,
0.21612650156021118,
-0.847161591053009,
0.34841275215148926,
-0.54038006067276,
-0.09772592037916183,
-0.03857460245490074,
0.2125142365694046,
0.6680192947387695,
-0.15913799405097961,
-0.4997114837169647,
0.017863892018795013,
0.2693427801132202,
0.3327139914035797,
-0.4071933329105377,
0.09043532609939575,
-0.09986533969640732,
0.10335983335971832,
-0.9760732054710388,
-0.39584270119667053,
0.31964465975761414,
0.18567486107349396,
-0.41402196884155273,
-0.4606570303440094,
0.1605464071035385,
0.43111535906791687,
-0.36839941143989563,
-0.6735907793045044,
-0.4040645658969879,
0.47042563557624817,
-0.20819084346294403,
-0.5980823636054993,
-0.4229243993759155,
0.08934517949819565,
0.0739285796880722,
0.07037986069917679,
-0.18019863963127136,
-0.5616573691368103,
0.47536104917526245,
0.5492672920227051,
0.5862853527069092,
-0.1324150562286377,
0.25952163338661194,
-0.4800473749637604,
-0.4459538757801056,
-0.2672428488731384,
0.41214901208877563,
-0.1987941414117813,
0.6386639475822449,
0.37502989172935486,
0.06521192193031311,
0.06047290936112404,
-0.761322021484375,
-0.07167306542396545,
0.21631209552288055,
0.05172683671116829,
-0.16236552596092224,
0.1546044647693634,
-0.37887701392173767,
0.3774479329586029,
-0.7129843235015869,
0.20807640254497528,
-0.30112430453300476,
-0.03278839588165283,
0.15185341238975525,
-0.47733744978904724,
0.32160481810569763,
-0.18421994149684906,
0.3990603983402252,
-0.26691490411758423,
-0.23949140310287476,
-0.0003696458297781646,
-0.34776654839515686,
0.2238304167985916,
-0.42996323108673096,
-1.0377593040466309,
-0.07436966150999069,
0.5463935136795044,
-0.3314283788204193,
0.4090157747268677,
0.21132110059261322,
-0.2538585662841797,
-0.6243744492530823,
-0.07040359824895859,
0.014177827164530754,
-0.3496262729167938,
-0.06061679869890213,
0.31640639901161194,
0.8466441631317139,
-0.3657645583152771,
0.21189524233341217,
0.205561563372612,
-0.38080912828445435,
0.581936776638031,
0.2803487479686737,
0.6016011834144592,
-0.5156006217002869,
0.9880892038345337,
0.26016825437545776,
-0.2962847948074341,
0.1326620727777481,
0.01231680903583765,
-0.43259450793266296,
0.23813632130622864,
-0.2939779758453369,
0.9411523342132568,
0.002022316213697195,
-0.018734531477093697,
0.4968067407608032,
0.07550693303346634,
-0.7252233028411865,
-0.39086154103279114,
-0.09815320372581482,
-0.6156710386276245,
0.6186107993125916,
0.5502752065658569,
0.12286746501922607,
0.4035100042819977,
-0.12304292619228363,
0.024821694940328598,
-0.21022826433181763,
0.15227733552455902,
0.25056618452072144,
-0.1352406144142151,
-0.3065013885498047,
0.1626622974872589,
0.5025066137313843,
0.07003771513700485,
-0.10828569531440735,
0.3048222064971924,
-0.1442604959011078,
0.28966376185417175,
0.014516080729663372,
0.19783473014831543,
-0.6393813490867615,
0.44927093386650085,
-0.04284854605793953,
0.12863488495349884,
0.2883175015449524,
0.6651883125305176,
-0.5701678991317749,
0.09556026756763458,
0.040347687900066376,
0.0513823926448822,
0.10374908149242401,
0.14357267320156097,
0.4216572940349579,
-0.23289860785007477,
0.6062030792236328,
-0.06853434443473816,
0.13648301362991333,
0.34945133328437805,
0.3806551992893219,
0.22431820631027222,
-0.20510587096214294,
-0.5564485192298889,
-0.20741167664527893,
-0.2853001654148102,
-0.509240984916687,
0.16854651272296906,
-0.06702306121587753,
-0.3918377161026001,
0.18851904571056366,
-0.26786938309669495,
-0.07901706546545029,
0.329643189907074,
-0.1973658800125122,
-0.22465425729751587,
0.2613558769226074,
-0.27359697222709656,
-0.1099926084280014,
-0.2091924548149109,
1.1603840589523315,
0.3580637276172638,
0.33561137318611145,
-0.25465717911720276,
0.27349770069122314,
-0.12533648312091827,
0.13757427036762238,
-0.4896388351917267,
-0.2090727984905243,
-0.22154328227043152,
-0.4245988130569458,
-0.7572983503341675,
1.0091400146484375,
0.5287876129150391,
-0.19594796001911163,
0.16955780982971191,
0.27204909920692444,
0.3743011951446533,
0.0688687264919281,
0.7971996665000916,
-0.3654758632183075,
-0.06083399057388306,
-0.04842991381883621,
0.08204885572195053,
0.04590816795825958,
0.5586143136024475,
0.38232219219207764,
-0.3940528333187103,
0.12073928862810135,
0.5905787944793701,
-0.12201038002967834,
-0.37520840764045715,
0.045316580682992935,
-0.6311533451080322,
0.1683017909526825,
-0.26900622248649597,
0.1681627333164215,
-0.33802786469459534,
-0.12249830365180969,
-0.09818849712610245,
0.3987647294998169,
0.4612619876861572,
-0.2740419805049896,
-0.09379061311483383,
-0.45069608092308044,
0.19435179233551025,
0.010408518835902214,
-1.8754578828811646,
-0.035038061439991,
0.11164602637290955,
-0.3949486017227173,
-1.1726855039596558,
0.0731121301651001,
0.26113349199295044,
-0.5532808303833008,
0.2606825828552246,
0.28118282556533813,
0.34292668104171753,
0.20840699970722198,
0.6378616690635681,
-0.6678301692008972,
0.16976101696491241,
0.12459366023540497
] |
233247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyostelid | Dictyostelid | The dictyostelids (Dictyostelia/Dictyostelea, ICZN, or Dictyosteliomycetes, ICBN) are a group of cellular slime molds, or social amoebae.
Multicellular behavior
When food (normally bacteria) is readily available dictyostelids behave as individual amoebae, which feed and divide normally. However, when the food supply is exhausted, they aggregate to form a multicellular assembly, called a pseudoplasmodium, grex, or slug (not to be confused with the gastropod mollusc called a slug). The grex has a definite anterior and posterior, responds to light and temperature gradients, and has the ability to migrate. Under the correct circumstances the grex matures forming a sorocarp (fruiting body) with a stalk supporting one or more sori (balls of spores). These spores are inactive cells protected by resistant cell walls, and become new amoebae once food is available.
In Acytostelium, the sorocarp is supported by a stalk composed of cellulose, but in other dictyostelids the stalk is composed of cells, sometimes taking up the majority of the original amoebae. With a few exceptions, these cells die during stalk formation, and there is a definite correspondence between parts of the grex and parts of the fruiting body. Aggregation of amoebae generally takes place in converging streams. The amoebae move using filose pseudopods, and are attracted to chemicals produced by other amoebae. In Dictyostelium, aggregation is signalled by cAMP, but others use different chemicals. In the species Dictyostelium purpureum, the grouping is by kinship, not just by proximity.
Uses as model organism
Dictyostelium has been used as a model organism in molecular biology and genetics, and is studied as an example of cell communication, differentiation, and programmed cell death. It is also an interesting example of the evolution of cooperation and cheating. A large body of research data concerning D. discoideum is available on-line at DictyBase.
Mechanism of aggregation in Dictyostelium
The mechanism behind the aggregation of the amoebae relies on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a signal molecule. One cell, the founder of the colony, begins to secrete cAMP in response to stress. Others detect this signal, and respond in two ways:
The amoeba moves towards the signal.
The amoeba secretes more cAMP to boost the signal.
The effect of this is to relay the signal throughout the nearby population of amoebae and cause inward movement to the area of highest cAMP concentration.
Within an individual cell, the mechanism is as follows:
cAMP reception at the cell membrane activates a G-protein
G protein stimulates Adenylate cyclase
cAMP diffuses out of cell into medium
Internal cAMP inactivates the external cAMP receptor.
A different g-protein stimulates Phospholipase C
IP3 induces calcium ion release
Calcium ions act on the cytoskeleton to induce the extension of pseudopodia.
Because the internal cAMP concentration inactivates the receptor for external cAMP, an individual cell shows oscillatory behaviour. This behaviour produces beautiful spirals seen in converging colonies and is reminiscent of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and two-dimensional cyclic cellular automata.
Genome
The entire genome of Dictyostelium discoideum was published in Nature in 2005 by geneticist Ludwig Eichinger and coworkers. The haploid genome contains approximately 12,500 genes on 6 chromosomes. For comparison, the diploid human genome has 20,000-25,000 genes (represented twice) on 23 chromosome pairs. There is a high level of the nucleotides adenosine and thymidine (~77%) leading to a codon usage that favors more adenosines and thymidines in the third position. Tandem repeats of trinucleotides are abundant in Dictyostelium, which in humans cause Trinucleotide repeat disorders.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual development can occur when amoeboid cells are starved for their bacterial food supply and dark humid conditions are present. Both heterothallic and homothallic strains of Dictostelium can undergo mating. Heterothallic sexual development has been most extensively studied in D. discoideum, and homothallic sexual development has been most well studied in D. mucoroides. Heterothallic matings are initiated by fusion of haploid cells (gametes) from two strains of opposite mating type. This contrasts with homothallic strains that appear to express both mating types.
Mating is initiated by gametogenesis that produces small, motile gametes that fuse to form a small binucleate cell. The volume of the binucleate cell then increases to produce a giant binuclear cell. As growth proceeds, the nuclei swell, and then fuse forming a true diploid zygote giant cell. As this is occurring, amoebae have been undergoing cAMP-induced chemotaxis towards the giant cell surface. This forms a cellular aggregate and at the center of the aggregate the zygote giant cell ingests the surrounding amoebae. Phagocytosis is followed by digestion of the ingested amoebae. Next the zygote forms a macrocyst characterized by a surrounding extracellular cellulose sheath. After the macrocyst is formed it ordinarily remains dormant for a period before germination can occur. Within the macrocyst the diploid zygote undergoes meiosis followed by successive mitotic divisions. When the macrocyst germinates it releases many haploid amoeboid cells.
Classification
The first dictyostelid to be described was Dictyostelium mucoroides in 1869 by Oskar Brefeld.
First discovered in a North Carolina forest in 1935, Dictyostelium discoideum was at first classified under 'lower fungi.' and in subsequent years into the kingdoms Protoctista, Fungi and Tubulomitochondrae. By the 1990s, most scientists accepted the current classification.
Amoebozoa are now considered by most to form a separate kingdom-level clade, being more closely related to both animals and fungi than to plants.
Classs Dictyostelia Lister 1909 em. Olive 1970
Genus ?Calospeira Arnaud 1949
Genus ?Coenonia van Tieghem 1884 non Vandamme et al. 1999
Genus ?Synstelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Order Actyosteliales Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Family Cavenderiaceae Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Cavenderia Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Family Acytosteliidae Raper ex Raper & Quinlan 1958
Genus Acytostelium Raper 1956
Genus Heterostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Rostrostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Order Dictyosteliales Olive ex Kirk, Cannon & David 2001
Genus ?Coremiostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus ?Heliomycopsis Arnaud 1949
Genus ?Pygmomyces Arnaud 1949
Genus †?Myxomitodes Bengtson et al. 2007
Genus ?Rhabdocystis Arnaud 1949
Family Dictyosteliidae Rostafinski 1875 ex Cooke 1877
Dictyostelium Brefeld 1870
Polysphondylium Brefeld 1884
Family Raperosteliaceae Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Hagiwaraea Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Raperostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Speleostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Genus Tieghemostelium Baldauf, Sheikh & Thulin 2017
Model host organism for Legionella
Dictyostelium shares many molecular features with macrophages, the human host of Legionella. The cytoskeletal composition of D. discoideum is similar to that of mammalian cells as are the processes driven by these components, such as phagocytosis, membrane trafficking, endocytic transit and vesicle sorting. Like leukocytes, D. discoideum possess chemotactic capacity. Hence, D. discoideum represents a suitable model system to ascertain the influence of a variety of host cell factors during Legionella infections.
References
External links
Dictyostelium (2007)
Low Society (2004)
dictyBase Online Informatics Resource for Dictyostelium
dictyBase wiki official wiki site for dictyBase
Dictyostelium discoideum Genome Project
Dictyostelium discoideum description, life cycle
Eumycetozoa | [
0.181720569729805,
0.29398399591445923,
-0.33143651485443115,
0.3204551041126251,
-0.11437289416790009,
-0.011178497225046158,
0.026232250034809113,
0.8243138194084167,
0.22658556699752808,
-0.47837576270103455,
-0.0820767879486084,
-0.2927602231502533,
-0.33718228340148926,
0.318112850189209,
0.12423276901245117,
0.6833178400993347,
0.2046259194612503,
0.47277572751045227,
0.1025921180844307,
0.21437370777130127,
-0.5102988481521606,
-0.46639254689216614,
0.13005301356315613,
-0.25702759623527527,
0.387216180562973,
-0.19262313842773438,
0.31418031454086304,
0.37364792823791504,
0.7106889486312866,
-0.6683290004730225,
-0.15175475180149078,
0.4863036870956421,
0.5133939385414124,
0.1453269124031067,
-0.18257597088813782,
0.04070155695080757,
-0.9936552047729492,
-0.421692818403244,
-0.2706466019153595,
-0.7576671838760376,
-0.5576632022857666,
0.020658619701862335,
0.12968018651008606,
0.38190969824790955,
-1.0201503038406372,
0.5280888080596924,
-0.9156886339187622,
0.745245635509491,
-0.97165447473526,
0.3141765594482422,
-0.13897369801998138,
-0.4362158179283142,
0.5989363193511963,
0.5058293342590332,
-0.179988831281662,
-0.25831446051597595,
-0.990056574344635,
0.08919503539800644,
0.22824609279632568,
-0.4253101944923401,
-0.09549052268266678,
0.24989214539527893,
-0.4157504737377167,
-0.5740970373153687,
0.5674266815185547,
0.5429930090904236,
0.08936882019042969,
-0.1349804699420929,
-1.0514200925827026,
0.7217358350753784,
0.44097116589546204,
-0.8346242904663086,
0.1265614628791809,
0.9110706448554993,
-0.260015606880188,
-0.37261059880256653,
-0.2576998770236969,
-0.22996686398983002,
0.6757989525794983,
-0.4343712329864502,
-0.3582112491130829,
0.34996339678764343,
0.5821748375892639,
0.5101001262664795,
0.22688910365104675,
-0.12696678936481476,
-0.7975301146507263,
0.6825198531150818,
-1.3794562816619873,
0.47224006056785583,
-0.28646740317344666,
0.4190087914466858,
0.9028790593147278,
-0.029812395572662354,
0.17954610288143158,
-0.10417748242616653,
-0.44342827796936035,
0.21705900132656097,
0.16890448331832886,
0.324673056602478,
-0.12414641678333282,
-0.2997228801250458,
-0.4884742498397827,
-0.1851787269115448,
-0.40361008048057556,
-0.1864718198776245,
-0.20669914782047272,
-0.29968854784965515,
-0.17992739379405975,
0.3716982305049896,
-0.7694430351257324,
0.0059087988920509815,
-0.19385789334774017,
0.2385023683309555,
0.08284992724657059,
0.6499496698379517,
-0.2927691340446472,
-0.26261624693870544,
-0.4327278733253479,
-0.4470977187156677,
-0.167524516582489,
-0.1228906437754631,
0.23226383328437805,
0.036383822560310364,
-0.3814985454082489,
0.4647497236728668,
-0.7449855804443359,
0.34267550706863403,
-0.44765064120292664,
0.6388756632804871,
0.5135417580604553,
1.1000992059707642,
-0.2532581686973572,
0.443923681974411,
0.3609452247619629,
-0.27726373076438904,
-0.3528432250022888,
0.32510706782341003,
0.9142570495605469,
0.41911277174949646,
-0.7243404388427734,
-0.10186689347028732,
-0.8173897862434387,
0.28448814153671265,
-0.05402391031384468,
-0.771805465221405,
0.15478868782520294,
0.26744893193244934,
-0.728566586971283,
-0.4893963932991028,
-0.041637446731328964,
-0.606910765171051,
-0.7272586822509766,
-0.1334051489830017,
-0.23398739099502563,
0.18698108196258545,
0.07749231904745102,
-0.05977899953722954,
0.3083950877189636,
0.6306290030479431,
-0.2876458168029785,
-0.44501233100891113,
-0.666817843914032,
0.1799936145544052,
0.9333818554878235,
-0.02013266831636429,
0.4917219579219818,
0.1947692483663559,
0.11986304819583893,
1.3246545791625977,
-0.18662111461162567,
-0.4369608461856842,
0.23971763253211975,
-0.1425519585609436,
0.21951253712177277,
-0.12871544063091278,
-0.008368955925107002,
-0.0417681559920311,
0.5947548151016235,
-0.4441032111644745,
-0.6390371918678284,
0.20580671727657318,
0.27281007170677185,
0.056798387318849564,
0.06930258125066757,
-0.1003454253077507,
0.3241760730743408,
0.2292381376028061,
0.40138038992881775,
-0.1499062478542328,
-0.42556434869766235,
-0.20060686767101288,
0.43329519033432007,
0.3237703740596771,
1.3814857006072998,
0.10478298366069794,
-0.2828839421272278,
-0.07965762913227081,
0.03386184573173523,
-0.4199398159980774,
-0.254827618598938,
0.23194342851638794,
-0.657124936580658,
-0.6990675926208496,
-0.12996318936347961,
0.6165531873703003,
0.16160868108272552,
-0.3434973955154419,
0.525199830532074,
-0.0010773396352306008,
0.15855267643928528,
-0.8581945300102234,
0.5322424173355103,
-0.4879768192768097,
0.2995603680610657,
-1.083940029144287,
-0.4836297929286957,
0.07235801964998245,
-0.6164214611053467,
-0.41762804985046387,
0.7269961833953857,
-0.25214624404907227,
0.06375407427549362,
0.39409351348876953,
-0.4071427881717682,
0.6123750805854797,
0.8049095273017883,
0.035633865743875504,
1.1593173742294312,
-0.23389692604541779,
0.4285452961921692,
-0.12810005247592926,
0.6711044311523438,
-0.5888953804969788,
0.46595486998558044,
-0.18967685103416443,
-0.03506352752447128,
-0.7159302830696106,
0.4242439568042755,
-0.3192695677280426,
0.025738578289747238,
-0.14700724184513092,
-0.8502565622329712,
-0.05041880160570145,
0.22399888932704926,
-0.3940281271934509,
0.3374663293361664,
0.6399690508842468,
-0.570044219493866,
0.24156613647937775,
-0.12042679637670517,
0.5320303440093994,
0.7263262271881104,
-0.6475781798362732,
0.07309049367904663,
0.5686048865318298,
0.32092687487602234,
0.19025279581546783,
0.20896115899085999,
-0.2757445275783539,
-0.6642875075340271,
0.34604257345199585,
0.0033491968642920256,
0.35546544194221497,
-0.38052892684936523,
-0.2731432616710663,
-0.25163260102272034,
-0.15969988703727722,
0.8478446006774902,
0.22334928810596466,
1.3492305278778076,
-0.092134028673172,
-1.136674404144287,
-0.34083107113838196,
-0.44240498542785645,
-0.30551013350486755,
0.21374967694282532,
0.2942768633365631,
-0.30776646733283997,
-0.32591238617897034,
-0.5086145997047424,
0.5286077260971069,
0.3245481848716736,
-0.3248128294944763,
-0.054294027388095856,
-0.21781666576862335,
0.36844974756240845,
-0.19799232482910156,
0.09629428386688232,
-0.8515735268592834,
0.006483231671154499,
0.4751039445400238,
-0.5921241641044617,
0.08959358930587769,
-0.6736748814582825,
0.32220351696014404,
-0.15035375952720642,
-0.09338407218456268,
0.11689408868551254,
-0.5085693597793579,
-0.9243813157081604,
0.0460670180618763,
-0.12372634559869766,
0.6100927591323853,
0.29439297318458557,
0.1302974969148636,
0.3143237233161926,
0.5578157305717468,
-5.101677894592285,
0.12876074016094208,
-0.19861318171024323,
0.5481944680213928,
0.8294058442115784,
0.2926158010959625,
0.9248336553573608,
-0.040783412754535675,
-0.6205604672431946,
-0.20223748683929443,
-0.2602006196975708,
0.2475687712430954,
-0.3846236765384674,
0.16133661568164825,
0.3983703553676605,
0.15839466452598572,
0.19806897640228271,
-0.5408905148506165,
0.229644313454628,
-0.4157463014125824,
-0.36703330278396606,
0.04352043941617012,
0.5261353850364685,
0.6258489489555359,
-0.1868223249912262,
-0.11670920997858047,
-0.38280928134918213,
0.24721011519432068,
0.2638707160949707,
-0.1702766865491867,
-0.05621497333049774,
-0.8406720161437988,
-0.5984649062156677,
-0.09787087887525558,
0.024612899869680405,
0.10870462656021118,
0.5235881805419922,
0.24093303084373474,
-0.5793342590332031,
-0.6015611290931702,
-0.2821385860443115,
0.3138776123523712,
-0.3990098536014557,
0.002252899808809161,
0.5405206084251404,
-0.26844415068626404,
0.08054336160421371,
-0.2564288377761841,
-0.46149954199790955,
1.172910451889038,
-0.03446801379323006,
0.051986243575811386,
0.5742477178573608,
0.886242151260376,
0.7407656311988831,
-0.237808957695961,
0.7435922026634216,
0.11179842054843903,
-0.20360732078552246,
0.05975600704550743,
0.454281747341156,
0.0976639986038208,
-0.49192649126052856,
-0.4468703269958496,
0.6450361013412476,
-0.08049167692661285,
-0.9484785199165344,
0.3834226131439209,
0.5120760202407837,
-0.47836998105049133,
-0.47915390133857727,
0.3512123227119446,
-0.5139784812927246,
-0.9435641765594482,
0.6343743801116943,
-0.029735524207353592,
-0.047107454389333725,
-0.4211008846759796,
0.07834101468324661,
-0.08402034640312195,
0.07533323764801025,
-0.08807113021612167,
-0.263388991355896,
0.6130822896957397,
-0.23373578488826752,
-0.8036628365516663,
-0.2392740249633789,
0.24381983280181885,
-0.2743353247642517,
-0.2419794350862503,
0.04383153095841408,
0.5540451407432556,
0.6052783727645874,
0.09091166406869888,
0.08591907471418381,
0.4576999247074127,
0.1563531756401062,
0.7291428446769714,
0.4361414313316345,
-0.6163650155067444,
0.8970391750335693,
-0.2710927724838257,
-0.1254802942276001,
0.21175922453403473,
0.18877656757831573,
-0.8638598322868347,
-0.02286653034389019,
0.4359782338142395,
0.41719937324523926,
-0.2114710807800293,
0.2499135136604309,
0.2687647342681885,
-0.4571012854576111,
-0.7121779322624207,
0.5871819853782654,
-0.08780255913734436,
-0.3223695456981659,
0.15555140376091003,
0.7537286877632141,
0.06754312664270401,
-0.024337749928236008,
0.9199200868606567,
-0.6049788594245911,
-0.08734507113695145,
-0.38791516423225403,
0.23395876586437225,
0.39657875895500183,
-0.24676841497421265,
-0.03737802803516388,
-0.7553297877311707,
-0.12947089970111847,
0.5395625233650208,
-0.44598275423049927,
-0.28525465726852417,
0.3172095715999603,
-0.17498944699764252,
-0.5138654708862305,
0.07240042090415955,
-0.5705804228782654,
-0.34500882029533386,
-0.1682395040988922,
-0.9761424660682678,
-0.3982388973236084,
-0.13596715033054352,
0.5858731269836426,
0.29757264256477356,
-0.28811630606651306,
0.23168547451496124,
0.2249927520751953,
0.9312658309936523,
0.3076556324958801,
-0.20126387476921082,
0.41612327098846436,
-0.9827280640602112,
0.08080919086933136,
0.16657093167304993,
0.6912997961044312,
0.31646132469177246,
0.2868310809135437,
-1.0112072229385376,
-0.5668801665306091,
0.12331933528184891,
-0.2481812685728073,
0.25998616218566895,
-0.14583241939544678,
-0.045161690562963486,
-0.6642345786094666,
-0.6632067561149597,
-0.3472396731376648,
-0.13796201348304749,
-0.31966015696525574,
0.1136690154671669,
-0.42167502641677856,
-0.21522001922130585,
-0.3371184766292572,
-0.4128066897392273,
-0.07735757529735565,
0.592022716999054,
-0.3314710855484009,
-0.670619785785675,
0.3344009220600128,
-0.5801324844360352,
-0.0805433914065361,
-0.4971814751625061,
0.6278601884841919,
-0.26244673132896423,
0.024601200595498085,
-0.39198169112205505,
-0.6146312355995178,
0.014398160390555859,
-0.12124144285917282,
0.19795411825180054,
0.32021868228912354,
-0.07546090334653854,
-0.4608185589313507,
0.32239291071891785,
-0.017755288630723953,
0.4210920035839081,
-0.2041252851486206,
-1.1353110074996948,
-0.4247499704360962,
-0.07800982892513275,
-0.43799829483032227,
0.09573966264724731,
0.5243936777114868,
-0.16177760064601898,
0.5105582475662231,
-0.27067831158638,
-0.15648333728313446,
0.08892077952623367,
0.24287991225719452,
-0.21660351753234863,
-0.10376288741827011,
0.4018806219100952,
-0.22287419438362122,
0.12407287210226059,
0.2786518633365631,
-0.23892676830291748,
-0.497140496969223,
0.1901244819164276,
-0.14314620196819305,
0.16234789788722992,
0.3504580557346344,
-0.15221811830997467,
-0.5576943159103394,
0.413078635931015,
0.5010870695114136,
-0.009874234907329082,
0.007269142661243677,
-0.11035600304603577,
-0.018362032249569893,
-0.42867040634155273,
-0.01840982213616371,
-0.3123427629470825,
-0.20643922686576843,
-0.09213569015264511,
0.20675714313983917,
0.12724155187606812,
-0.45713770389556885,
0.21570917963981628,
0.4936348497867584,
0.5584689974784851,
0.24028471112251282,
-0.16417346894741058,
0.6069007515907288,
0.15570853650569916,
0.5242046117782593,
-0.5110405683517456,
-0.911922037601471,
0.13672667741775513,
1.0508670806884766,
0.15127064287662506,
-1.004648208618164,
0.2763402760028839,
1.1901518106460571,
-0.3870663642883301,
0.10904590040445328,
-0.527452290058136,
-0.22438234090805054,
0.37704211473464966,
-0.299870103597641,
0.36201927065849304,
-0.2116336226463318,
0.2599341571331024,
-0.6937732696533203,
-0.6374340057373047,
-0.5219882726669312,
0.05457395687699318,
0.6391459107398987,
-0.6107180714607239,
0.043912045657634735,
0.43247389793395996,
0.6236034035682678,
0.4356549084186554,
-0.0655936449766159,
0.35518282651901245,
0.45833340287208557,
-0.9785101413726807,
0.028611309826374054,
0.168535977602005,
-0.7229778170585632,
-0.07354673743247986,
0.04408864676952362,
0.173355370759964,
-0.14073330163955688,
-0.6132178902626038,
-0.2465771734714508,
-0.06252496689558029,
-0.09990774095058441,
-0.26193705201148987,
-0.23625870048999786,
-0.40497198700904846,
-0.51137775182724,
-0.4741000235080719,
0.4930448830127716,
0.20210491120815277,
0.2531909942626953,
-0.1267034411430359,
-0.2983999252319336,
0.8319746255874634,
-0.7599185705184937,
0.7917933464050293,
0.7109231948852539,
-0.3319920599460602,
0.49019092321395874,
0.51043701171875,
-0.21019260585308075,
-0.04049964249134064,
0.26555466651916504,
0.13599108159542084,
0.4406973421573639,
-0.575718343257904,
0.07082555443048477,
0.8597915768623352,
-0.28061580657958984,
0.350234717130661,
0.16048859059810638,
-0.7207484841346741,
-0.24727661907672882,
0.6246477961540222,
0.23553331196308136,
0.5343619585037231,
-0.11942113190889359,
0.14517967402935028,
0.24009232223033905,
-0.33534181118011475,
-0.3196111023426056,
0.14530976116657257,
0.3683742880821228,
0.8286578059196472,
0.9435469508171082,
0.24832108616828918,
-0.5031313896179199,
0.28509169816970825,
-0.11368034034967422,
0.19459137320518494,
0.04443816840648651,
-0.3393982946872711,
0.06911268085241318,
1.3471297025680542,
0.6640278100967407,
0.38865193724632263,
-0.3403751254081726,
-0.21301807463169098,
-0.053057365119457245,
0.7562114596366882,
-0.5180390477180481,
-0.39399412274360657,
0.34657689929008484,
0.1939857304096222,
0.2949981689453125,
-0.35367175936698914,
0.2758045494556427,
-0.07697486877441406,
-0.051923468708992004,
-0.0962558388710022,
0.8645681142807007,
-0.7661654353141785,
-0.32895660400390625,
0.298130601644516,
-0.5226799845695496,
0.3571215569972992,
0.037790730595588684,
0.736128032207489,
-0.44123926758766174,
0.10074640810489655,
-0.47841182351112366,
-0.44372835755348206,
0.15823188424110413,
0.2202981859445572,
0.7230216264724731,
-0.3281947672367096,
-0.28153762221336365,
0.0760849267244339,
-0.014564098790287971,
0.3547222912311554,
-0.09637707471847534,
0.6013997793197632,
0.45735064148902893,
0.033800266683101654,
-0.8664847016334534,
-0.06726168841123581,
-0.11846642196178436,
-0.4434519410133362,
0.23024912178516388,
-0.30827271938323975,
-0.3408311903476715,
-0.09440379589796066,
0.144056499004364,
0.45476359128952026,
0.013140336610376835,
-0.743295431137085,
0.4758776128292084,
0.2620604336261749,
-0.26767104864120483,
0.4367237687110901,
-0.0031894638668745756,
0.8167547583580017,
0.15775148570537567,
-0.3624759316444397,
-0.4493883550167084,
0.5029016733169556,
-0.3008767366409302,
-0.20024503767490387,
-0.32000860571861267,
1.0012835264205933,
-0.07225959748029709,
0.1919696033000946,
-0.607123613357544,
-0.23569117486476898,
1.0909115076065063,
0.2080475389957428,
-0.10050743818283081,
0.09737931936979294,
0.22738079726696014,
0.2828451097011566,
0.4712636172771454,
-0.5355981588363647,
-0.23805934190750122,
-0.19878625869750977,
0.09821280092000961,
-0.11415509879589081,
-0.2949719727039337,
0.08851078152656555,
-0.260783851146698,
0.048501528799533844,
0.052291639149188995,
0.36585789918899536,
-0.6515833139419556,
0.6180008053779602,
-0.11709334701299667,
0.39126554131507874,
-0.7474948167800903,
-0.19400334358215332,
-0.5615714192390442,
0.2681257724761963,
0.3012787997722626,
0.8590236306190491,
-0.3945007622241974,
-0.26642486453056335,
0.2723800241947174,
-0.041636429727077484,
-0.07093517482280731,
-0.13256405293941498,
-0.08183948695659637,
0.1516307145357132,
-0.39095184206962585,
-0.31360113620758057,
-0.7974870800971985,
-0.09566689282655716,
0.14325159788131714,
-0.36310988664627075,
0.07033301144838333,
-0.16948814690113068,
-0.401478111743927,
-0.23103556036949158,
-0.2602721154689789,
-0.19902296364307404,
0.26008138060569763,
0.9687916040420532
] |
233248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20transaction%20protocol | Wireless transaction protocol | Wireless transaction protocol (WTP) is a standard used in mobile telephony. It is a layer of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that is intended to bring Internet access to mobile phones. WTP provides functions similar to TCP, except that WTP has reduced amount of information needed for each transaction (e.g. does not include a provision for rearranging out-of-order packets). WTP runs on top of UDP and performs many of the same tasks as TCP but in a way optimized for wireless devices, which saves processing and memory cost as compared to TCP.
It Supports 3 types of transaction:
Unreliable One-Way Request
Reliable One-Way Request
Reliable Two-Way Request
External links
Open Mobile Alliance
References
Open Mobile Alliance standards
Mobile telecommunications standards
Transport layer protocols
Wireless Application Protocol | [
0.18360544741153717,
-0.34813153743743896,
0.18235282599925995,
0.2800053656101227,
-0.02435733750462532,
-0.4904584288597107,
0.1975010633468628,
-0.17778809368610382,
-0.34362709522247314,
-0.34015774726867676,
-0.6005435585975647,
0.391186386346817,
-0.41466841101646423,
0.1087617427110672,
0.06810460984706879,
-0.0821424350142479,
0.5158571004867554,
0.4531814455986023,
-0.155178964138031,
-0.6606177687644958,
-0.7123206853866577,
0.24877329170703888,
0.3291093409061432,
-0.39232873916625977,
0.14332051575183868,
0.2108992487192154,
-0.17365622520446777,
0.3081270456314087,
-0.14957034587860107,
-0.1269405335187912,
0.22208011150360107,
0.194121852517128,
-0.13506799936294556,
0.26013806462287903,
0.39499688148498535,
0.008326848037540913,
0.10606946796178818,
-0.16347284615039825,
-0.48802998661994934,
-0.7802088260650635,
-0.6338909864425659,
-0.2400899976491928,
0.2843082845211029,
0.5012972354888916,
0.2710283398628235,
-0.616978645324707,
-0.7265620231628418,
-0.013891982845962048,
-0.6458259224891663,
-0.1694815307855606,
-0.6525800228118896,
0.6440942287445068,
0.07653924822807312,
0.8980357646942139,
0.5019571781158447,
0.13364523649215698,
-0.3882690370082855,
-0.23680254817008972,
0.3579713702201843,
-0.1707163155078888,
0.12012126296758652,
-0.5398079752922058,
-0.026906143873929977,
0.2714770436286926,
0.4538779854774475,
-0.050282761454582214,
-0.287613183259964,
0.19288751482963562,
-0.23996786773204803,
-0.22287024557590485,
0.3587230443954468,
-0.4421393573284149,
0.08535803854465485,
-0.04316849261522293,
-0.008714555762708187,
-0.038941241800785065,
-0.26066628098487854,
-0.18720142543315887,
-0.012068239040672779,
0.6199083924293518,
-0.5569995045661926,
0.766250729560852,
0.06398572027683258,
0.07320169359445572,
0.8030696511268616,
0.04755174368619919,
-0.311614990234375,
0.46333542466163635,
-0.27649986743927,
1.050707221031189,
0.22054672241210938,
0.26906296610832214,
0.5959070920944214,
0.017713060602545738,
0.17135551571846008,
0.053000904619693756,
-0.6005628108978271,
-0.25945618748664856,
0.41154900193214417,
0.29705309867858887,
-0.0997866839170456,
0.12242284417152405,
0.027834968641400337,
-0.8147894144058228,
-0.17636702954769135,
-0.22743716835975647,
-0.8007202744483948,
-0.7822320461273193,
0.02106107585132122,
-0.16526226699352264,
-0.09670465439558029,
-0.06441442668437958,
0.17219382524490356,
0.18208807706832886,
-0.3307079076766968,
0.42283371090888977,
0.397250235080719,
-0.11668911576271057,
0.11959217488765717,
0.0755154937505722,
0.08875397592782974,
0.9249091148376465,
-0.2716071903705597,
-0.02106955274939537,
0.005987515207380056,
0.054916538298130035,
0.7540412545204163,
0.7087288498878479,
0.053536418825387955,
-0.0288938470184803,
0.002213885774835944,
1.2585283517837524,
0.12034276127815247,
0.08838463574647903,
-0.2684893012046814,
0.05674862489104271,
0.5187627673149109,
0.2611512839794159,
0.4196966886520386,
-0.29972919821739197,
-0.7181952595710754,
-0.2989045977592468,
-0.1444070041179657,
-0.15722858905792236,
0.29327601194381714,
0.41427093744277954,
-0.5892789959907532,
-0.7774373888969421,
-0.5514932870864868,
-0.15520785748958588,
-0.4973203241825104,
0.4000357985496521,
0.39851847290992737,
0.24771295487880707,
-0.2308591604232788,
0.5491700768470764,
0.5842346549034119,
-0.23726274073123932,
-0.16258268058300018,
-0.02903405763208866,
0.10258608311414719,
0.043287865817546844,
-0.6249539852142334,
0.4005320966243744,
0.19303417205810547,
0.2661786377429962,
0.2761060297489166,
0.6288761496543884,
0.6592110991477966,
-0.08879509568214417,
0.3503798544406891,
-0.42352017760276794,
-0.229206383228302,
-0.451368510723114,
0.4501478672027588,
0.28769031167030334,
0.01137085072696209,
-0.009430824778974056,
0.26783621311187744,
0.13935548067092896,
-0.7639645934104919,
0.5337051153182983,
0.38383445143699646,
-0.42968589067459106,
0.20167168974876404,
0.33490559458732605,
0.34150075912475586,
0.2899535298347473,
-0.8299174904823303,
-0.38556531071662903,
-0.5724830031394958,
-0.5223424434661865,
0.11967021226882935,
-0.7073766589164734,
0.9338506460189819,
-0.30715256929397583,
0.09483280032873154,
0.6371191740036011,
0.17271946370601654,
-0.24687199294567108,
0.5032321214675903,
0.011055833660066128,
0.3756699860095978,
-0.27988919615745544,
-0.5613842606544495,
0.18886910378932953,
0.13157311081886292,
-0.08483506739139557,
-0.27917051315307617,
-0.08769440650939941,
0.1318325251340866,
-0.5223113894462585,
0.27644458413124084,
-0.7306972742080688,
0.4015701115131378,
-0.564603865146637,
-0.4055618345737457,
0.626212477684021,
0.08866137266159058,
0.3663264513015747,
0.9418957829475403,
-0.41582822799682617,
-0.13147583603858948,
1.2074015140533447,
-0.273902952671051,
0.9984779357910156,
0.21704000234603882,
0.7340919971466064,
0.816450834274292,
0.23976705968379974,
0.2834896445274353,
-0.6123743057250977,
-0.18046893179416656,
-0.5037270784378052,
-0.01711396872997284,
-0.16325104236602783,
0.27266114950180054,
-0.3132944107055664,
-0.3337853252887726,
-0.38749760389328003,
0.10070275515317917,
0.9393046498298645,
-0.8650172352790833,
-0.12538577616214752,
0.3699215054512024,
-0.3163987398147583,
-0.3665385842323303,
-0.3128763437271118,
0.189764603972435,
-0.05590459331870079,
0.2810814380645752,
0.554417073726654,
0.19651658833026886,
-0.7631534337997437,
0.12943650782108307,
-0.14604370296001434,
-0.09607850015163422,
0.15517644584178925,
-0.31847769021987915,
0.1111954003572464,
0.611341118812561,
0.2557847499847412,
-0.14455342292785645,
-0.11386385560035706,
-0.32401978969573975,
-0.6621993184089661,
-0.249651700258255,
-0.3807966113090515,
0.6209897398948669,
0.28414785861968994,
0.7005691528320312,
-0.6755267977714539,
-0.3192262053489685,
-0.09738198667764664,
-0.5662304162979126,
-0.7950760722160339,
0.6292097568511963,
0.5553807020187378,
-0.3587946891784668,
-0.5373587608337402,
0.007997938431799412,
0.14227062463760376,
0.572162926197052,
-0.1978004276752472,
-0.036703914403915405,
-0.4681866466999054,
-0.025129860267043114,
0.019779328256845474,
0.11313006281852722,
-0.46998104453086853,
-0.2763350009918213,
0.30118027329444885,
-0.09415019303560257,
0.4826745390892029,
0.6910327076911926,
0.6923865079879761,
0.15875768661499023,
0.6107105016708374,
0.42350903153419495,
-0.1825057566165924,
-0.4936603307723999,
-0.04006868600845337,
-0.4606623649597168,
-0.5219128131866455,
-0.310894638299942,
-0.17073394358158112,
-0.07048401236534119,
-0.2538575530052185,
-5.491440773010254,
0.2374836951494217,
-0.25566384196281433,
-0.3162139654159546,
-0.017858779057860374,
0.019694669172167778,
0.8467004299163818,
-0.06671315431594849,
0.28956565260887146,
0.42834508419036865,
-0.2660890817642212,
0.06562553346157074,
0.08865431696176529,
-0.3902446925640106,
0.2848794758319855,
0.244498610496521,
0.09271902590990067,
-0.3134901523590088,
0.5926269292831421,
-0.604021430015564,
-0.17311429977416992,
-0.00010036817548098043,
0.21547524631023407,
0.26637697219848633,
-0.40907466411590576,
0.07408518344163895,
-0.1523631066083908,
-0.054186176508665085,
-0.35637587308883667,
0.057380933314561844,
0.25580859184265137,
-0.4816763699054718,
-0.029177764430642128,
-0.2716415226459503,
-0.4453592598438263,
-0.22365409135818481,
0.6973409652709961,
0.5083823204040527,
0.20596735179424286,
-0.372302383184433,
0.35768139362335205,
0.677457869052887,
-0.37852752208709717,
0.03484329953789711,
0.9093282222747803,
-0.23183268308639526,
-0.01134082768112421,
-0.13040828704833984,
-0.22823813557624817,
0.7560446262359619,
-0.12535229325294495,
0.12266126275062561,
0.3642180860042572,
-0.20127062499523163,
0.18293502926826477,
-0.16893890500068665,
0.16467033326625824,
-0.4270646870136261,
-0.6136422157287598,
0.20674656331539154,
0.21709978580474854,
-0.12901024520397186,
0.01061073038727045,
-0.8599340915679932,
-0.2223512828350067,
0.27158400416374207,
-1.0711805820465088,
-0.21460147202014923,
0.3923657238483429,
0.21730172634124756,
-0.3357953727245331,
0.3048964738845825,
0.3707403242588043,
-0.40025192499160767,
0.6242106556892395,
-0.8625520467758179,
0.41781485080718994,
0.05281065031886101,
-0.14574302732944489,
-0.35597750544548035,
0.08259015530347824,
-0.13049249351024628,
-0.5539138913154602,
0.24169309437274933,
0.22345070540905,
-0.491412490606308,
-0.09968281537294388,
-0.40469154715538025,
-0.16234219074249268,
-0.23967041075229645,
0.5070706605911255,
-0.2711430788040161,
0.022254519164562225,
0.7367607951164246,
0.31329256296157837,
0.31375324726104736,
-0.07865834981203079,
0.5830837488174438,
0.33169007301330566,
-0.32451698184013367,
0.27273356914520264,
-0.11570203304290771,
-0.4897506833076477,
-0.7842833995819092,
-0.3798152208328247,
0.012108095921576023,
-0.42942193150520325,
-0.04426431283354759,
0.7714153528213501,
0.19378942251205444,
-0.1401822566986084,
0.43680498003959656,
-0.6084817051887512,
-0.4601106345653534,
-0.019482750445604324,
0.25919872522354126,
-0.8155865669250488,
0.40027916431427,
0.364656537771225,
-0.07662481814622879,
0.13217921555042267,
0.6457445621490479,
0.5657627582550049,
0.01145647931843996,
-0.46577346324920654,
-0.324832022190094,
-0.1252216249704361,
0.07601509243249893,
-0.2015245109796524,
-0.5840043425559998,
0.25622549653053284,
0.048593100160360336,
-0.05779283121228218,
-0.18763163685798645,
-0.17745429277420044,
-0.26239439845085144,
-0.5599850416183472,
0.453249990940094,
0.39574310183525085,
-0.5084536671638489,
0.20969034731388092,
-0.010166626423597336,
-0.295419842004776,
0.3651200234889984,
0.9577426314353943,
0.12831957638263702,
-0.3415459990501404,
0.05831767991185188,
-0.2671465277671814,
0.1100306436419487,
-0.24889129400253296,
-0.593096137046814,
0.35645946860313416,
-0.12851274013519287,
-0.367467999458313,
0.23413008451461792,
0.6403734683990479,
0.10068732500076294,
0.19536732137203217,
-0.45389625430107117,
-0.010639612562954426,
0.16816484928131104,
-0.9012799263000488,
0.2668337821960449,
-0.30394282937049866,
0.3338097035884857,
-1.0358679294586182,
-0.11162946373224258,
-0.39451685547828674,
0.21032962203025818,
-0.6147617101669312,
-0.5392446517944336,
-0.31979185342788696,
-0.5289697647094727,
0.3939305245876312,
0.5439045429229736,
0.5342836976051331,
0.6153172254562378,
0.16517502069473267,
0.12743236124515533,
0.1917431503534317,
-0.38359805941581726,
-0.43123188614845276,
0.471121221780777,
0.5613009929656982,
-0.14472833275794983,
0.305085688829422,
0.03392656147480011,
0.04069377854466438,
-0.09100884199142456,
-0.013019818812608719,
0.9156728982925415,
0.05621104687452316,
0.33680015802383423,
-0.06882472336292267,
-0.7557710409164429,
0.01393872033804655,
0.42152488231658936,
-0.09204170852899551,
-1.233441710472107,
0.27452993392944336,
0.41278335452079773,
-0.19983090460300446,
0.5129368305206299,
0.09827429056167603,
-0.20631080865859985,
-0.0007285487372428179,
0.02328946441411972,
-0.4161888062953949,
0.13554462790489197,
-0.09308991581201553,
-0.43439286947250366,
-0.09554674476385117,
0.23777641355991364,
-0.732104480266571,
-0.1297525018453598,
0.483726441860199,
-0.2315334528684616,
-0.426046758890152,
0.08132147789001465,
0.18816667795181274,
0.09158279746770859,
-0.10983866453170776,
0.07261744141578674,
-0.42140263319015503,
1.066166639328003,
0.0025245032738894224,
-0.5978986620903015,
0.5529088377952576,
-0.3045161962509155,
-0.7645008563995361,
-0.8261061906814575,
0.20119959115982056,
0.19743822515010834,
-0.029719963669776917,
0.0574202835559845,
-0.65924471616745,
0.1951456516981125,
-0.1456204205751419,
0.4419713318347931,
-0.05570419877767563,
0.9072809815406799,
-0.002836642088368535,
-0.8181544542312622,
-0.7036117911338806,
0.27200964093208313,
0.7216103076934814,
-0.29077786207199097,
-0.8162476420402527,
-0.3129611015319824,
0.5448460578918457,
-0.10940289497375488,
-0.7957175374031067,
-0.08513972163200378,
1.2085185050964355,
-0.05199146643280983,
-0.11629385501146317,
-0.3481387197971344,
-0.03446657210588455,
-0.24338148534297943,
-0.3763604462146759,
-0.08484388142824173,
-0.5616931915283203,
0.25449898838996887,
1.182774543762207,
0.24973979592323303,
-0.03817080333828926,
-0.2282637357711792,
-0.16997066140174866,
0.1697106659412384,
0.14283566176891327,
-0.6562545895576477,
1.0372326374053955,
0.717380940914154,
0.2119533121585846,
0.17463929951190948,
0.3605997562408447,
-0.561801552772522,
0.5674001574516296,
0.2697405219078064,
-0.5510879158973694,
-0.5908735990524292,
-0.10399538278579712,
-0.34062960743904114,
0.2699764370918274,
-0.4915826618671417,
0.09453239291906357,
-0.3979317545890808,
-0.06289719045162201,
-0.43655046820640564,
-0.5724422335624695,
0.2890512943267822,
-0.4702720046043396,
0.5721864104270935,
-0.1240508034825325,
0.03792493790388107,
0.11162090301513672,
-0.08272546529769897,
-0.05104547739028931,
-0.2517683207988739,
-0.3673347234725952,
0.9116052985191345,
0.3618868291378021,
-1.1475335359573364,
0.36154818534851074,
0.11359463632106781,
0.21571052074432373,
-0.5938793420791626,
0.4069563150405884,
-0.2834782004356384,
-0.14676707983016968,
-0.176827535033226,
0.2569257915019989,
0.6247357726097107,
-0.2661949694156647,
-0.0545731857419014,
0.3299737572669983,
-0.05233301594853401,
0.054310575127601624,
0.6321544647216797,
0.1183822900056839,
-0.3396824896335602,
0.5684905052185059,
0.14031191170215607,
-0.2567676603794098,
0.5199205279350281,
0.0341094508767128,
-0.27250954508781433,
0.1417226642370224,
0.059404339641332626,
0.9230139851570129,
-0.02151179499924183,
-0.2461613267660141,
0.3121768534183502,
-0.05507085472345352,
0.4176158308982849,
-0.2612435519695282,
-0.2697507441043854,
-1.0647931098937988,
0.8716565370559692,
0.33498480916023254,
0.4223698377609253,
-0.6191471815109253,
0.019536087289452553,
-0.28684598207473755,
0.48362991213798523,
0.06429652869701385,
0.8113902807235718,
0.21255916357040405,
-0.008183035999536514,
0.6782926917076111,
0.3754881024360657,
0.35720863938331604,
-0.30241385102272034,
-0.13987712562084198,
-0.46243250370025635,
-0.0011876450153067708,
-0.1318017840385437,
0.07470621168613434,
0.0910048559308052,
0.3972744941711426,
0.4045651853084564,
0.670097827911377,
0.23270626366138458,
0.007694465108215809,
-0.40401312708854675,
0.006281605456024408,
-0.43288034200668335,
0.18721668422222137,
0.3052598536014557,
0.09095452725887299,
0.9404892325401306,
-0.1568876951932907,
0.8054295778274536,
-0.6238515973091125,
-0.2788577675819397,
-0.2772628962993622,
0.42875799536705017,
0.06231740117073059,
0.09112782031297684,
-0.22170305252075195,
0.32266372442245483,
0.20233651995658875,
-0.9872803092002869,
-0.6509511470794678,
-0.42015695571899414,
-0.5467787384986877,
0.20663835108280182,
0.4743320941925049,
-0.22164583206176758,
-0.16576576232910156,
-0.745140790939331,
-0.045373447239398956,
-0.001585229067131877,
-0.16767437756061554,
-0.07150290906429291,
0.08009056746959686,
0.6568145751953125,
0.46346184611320496,
0.24679455161094666,
0.15903666615486145,
0.5086649656295776,
0.5943248867988586,
-0.3238021433353424,
-0.24595576524734497,
0.521106481552124,
-0.28297412395477295,
0.22767308354377747,
-1.0788850784301758,
0.029351983219385147,
0.7487279176712036,
0.3655613958835602,
0.19114336371421814,
-0.3683246970176697,
0.13580721616744995,
0.2913368046283722,
0.7918335199356079,
-0.8731834292411804,
0.012272212654352188,
-0.15878520905971527,
-0.713375985622406,
-0.344598650932312,
0.17682453989982605,
0.016182590276002884,
0.09426198899745941,
-0.06665445864200592,
0.6279577016830444,
0.062277697026729584,
-0.2338453233242035,
0.10137142241001129,
-0.1811252236366272,
0.0019333375385031104,
-0.48879098892211914,
0.15044830739498138,
-0.11061582714319229,
0.4043220281600952,
-0.9106119275093079,
0.35263267159461975,
0.600917398929596,
-0.10359299927949905,
0.4649396538734436,
0.11797019094228745,
-0.12358292192220688,
-0.09659674018621445,
-1.1339000463485718,
-0.2499161958694458,
0.13316397368907928,
-0.7646839022636414,
-1.250382423400879,
0.21097314357757568,
0.25585684180259705,
-1.1643344163894653,
0.2186877280473709,
-0.5448479056358337,
-0.033530138432979584,
0.3183499276638031,
0.35903120040893555,
-0.7193057537078857,
-0.28227633237838745,
0.2019265741109848
] |
233249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Wogan | Terry Wogan | Sir Michael Terence Wogan (; 3 August 1938 – 31 January 2016) was an Irish radio and television broadcaster who worked for the BBC in the UK for most of his career. Between 1993 and his semi retirement in December 2009, his BBC Radio 2 weekday breakfast programme Wake Up to Wogan regularly drew an estimated eight million listeners. He was believed to be the most listened-to radio broadcaster in Europe.
Wogan was a leading media personality in Ireland and Britain from the late 1960s and was often referred to as a "national treasure". In addition to his weekday radio show, he was known for his work on television, including the BBC One chat show Wogan, presenting Children in Need, the game show Blankety Blank and Come Dancing. He was the BBC's commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest from 1971 to 2008 (except in 1972 and 1979) and its host in . From 2010 to 2015 he presented Weekend Wogan, a two-hour Sunday morning show on BBC Radio 2.
In 2005, Wogan acquired British citizenship in addition to his Irish nationality and was therefore entitled to use the title "Sir" in front of his name when he was awarded a knighthood in the same year. He died from cancer, at his home in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, on 31 January 2016, aged 77.
Early life
Michael Terence Wogan was born on 3 August 1938 at Cleary's Nursing Home, Elm Park, Limerick, the elder of two children. He was the son of the manager of Leverett & Frye, a high class grocery store in Limerick, Ireland, and was educated at Crescent College, a Jesuit school, from the age of eight. He experienced a strongly religious upbringing, later commenting that he had been brainwashed into believing by the threat of going to hell. Despite this, he often expressed his fondness for the city of his birth, commenting on one occasion that "Limerick never left me, whatever it is, my identity is Limerick."
At the age of 15, after his father was promoted to general manager, Wogan moved to Dublin with his family. While living there, he attended Crescent College's sister school, Belvedere College. He participated in amateur dramatics and discovered a love of rock and roll. After leaving Belvedere in 1956, Wogan had a brief career in the banking profession, joining the Royal Bank of Ireland. While in his twenties, he joined the national broadcaster of Ireland, RTÉ (Raidió Teilifís Éireann), as a newsreader and announcer after seeing a newspaper advertisement inviting applicants.
Radio work
Early career
Wogan conducted interviews and presented documentary features during his first two years at Raidió Teilifís Éireann, before moving to the light entertainment department as a disc jockey and host of TV quiz and variety shows such as Jackpot, a top rated quiz show on RTÉ in the 1960s. When the show was dropped by RTÉ TV in 1967, Wogan approached the BBC for extra work. David Attenborough rebuffed Wogan's job application to be a BBC presenter as "to have two Irishmen presenting on BBC Two would have looked ridiculous". He began working for BBC Radio, initially 'down the line' from Dublin, first broadcasting on the BBC Light Programme on 27 September 1966. He presented the Tuesday edition of Late Night Extra for two years on BBC Radio 1, commuting weekly from Dublin to London. After standing-in for Jimmy Young's mid-morning show, whilst he took a holiday throughout July 1969, he was offered a weekday afternoon slot which began on 29 September that year.
In April 1972, he took over the breakfast show on BBC Radio 2, swapping places with John Dunn, who briefly hosted the afternoon show. Wogan achieved record estimated audiences of up to 7.9 million. His seemingly ubiquitous presence across the media meant that he frequently became the butt of jokes by comedians of the time, among them The Goodies and The Barron Knights. He released a parody vocal version of the song "The Floral Dance" in 1978, by popular request from listeners who enjoyed hearing him sing over the instrumental hit by the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band. His version reached number 21 in the UK Singles Chart. In December 1984, Wogan left his breakfast show to pursue a full-time career in television and was replaced by Ken Bruce. His first chat show, Wogan's World, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 6 June 1974 to 21 September 1975.
Return to radio
In January 1993, he returned to BBC Radio 2, replacing Brian Hayes to present the breakfast show, then called Wake Up to Wogan, which began with a preview show on the mid morning of Boxing Day 1992. His tendency to go off on rambling, esoteric tangents, often including banter with his then producer, Paul Walters, became popular with both younger and older listeners. Much of the entertainment came from letters and emails sent in by listeners, many of whom adopted punning pseudonyms. One occasion involved Wogan reading out an email from someone using the name "Tess Tickles", without realising what the name was referring to, prompting Paul Walters' standard reply in such situations – "I only print 'em!"
Through his show Wogan was also widely credited with launching the career of singer Katie Melua, after he repeatedly played her début single, "The Closest Thing to Crazy", in late 2003. When she performed on Children in Need in 2005, Wogan joked that Melua owed her career to him. He gave credit for her discovery to Walters. Walters also put music by Eva Cassidy, an American singer who had died in relative obscurity, on Wogan's playlist; Cassidy then, posthumously, became a sensation in the United Kingdom.
As his radio show was considered to attract older listeners, Wogan jokingly referred to his fans as "TOGs", standing for "Terry's Old Geezers" or "Terry's Old Gals", whilst "TYGs" were "Terry's Young Geezers/Gals", who he joked were forced to listen to him because of their parents' choice of radio station. Wogan was referred to as "The Togmeister" on his own programme by himself and members of his production team, and he referred to the podcast of his show as a 'togcast'.
There were also running jokes involving Wogan's newsreader colleagues Alan Dedicoat (nicknamed 'Deadly' after the spoonerism 'Deadly Alancoat'), Fran Godfrey (nicknamed 'Frank'), and John Marsh (nicknamed 'Boggy'). Marsh once told Wogan on air that his wife was called Janet, and a series of "Janet and John" stories followed, read by Wogan during the breakfast show. These were a pastiche of children's learn-to-read stories, with humorous sexual double-entendres, which often led to Wogan and Marsh breaking into laughter. Six CDs and two books of the stories have been sold in aid of Children in Need, raising over £4 million. A long-running campaign by Wogan criticising the British government for levying VAT on the CDs eventually led to a government rebate of £200,000. Another feature of the programme was Wogan's exchanges with "the Totty from Splotty" – Lynn Bowles, the Welsh traffic reporter from Splott, Cardiff – which often involved reading limericks from listeners cut short after one or two lines, as risqué innuendo in the later lines was telegraphed.
Wake Up to Wogan attracted an estimated audience of eight million in 2005. That figure was surpassed in 2008, as Wogan's show held off a challenge from Radio 1 for listeners during the breakfast slot. According to figures leaked to British newspapers in April 2006, Wogan was the highest-paid BBC radio presenter at that time, with an £800,000-a-year salary. In an interview with Britain's Hello! magazine in its 30 May 2006 issue, Wogan confirmed this, saying that he represented good value. On 23 May 2005, Wogan crossed BBC strike picket lines to present his show.
Wogan was forced off the air on 16 February 2007, when steam from a nearby gym set off fire alarms. For 15 minutes an emergency tape played non-stop music. On returning, Wogan read out several light hearted comments from listeners, saying that they thought he had died with his sudden disappearance and the playing of such sentimental music. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the breakfast show at the end of the year with Chris Evans taking over. The Times published an ode to Terry: "Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone. Terry Wogan is abandoning his microphone", and novelist Allison Pearson commented: "Heard the one about the Irishman who reminded the British of what they could be at their best? His name was Terry Wogan." Wogan presented his final Radio 2 breakfast show on 18 December 2009.
It was announced that Wogan would return to Radio 2 from 14 February 2010 to host a live weekly two-hour Sunday show on the network, featuring live musical performance and guests, between 11.00 am and 1.00 pm. The show, titled Weekend Wogan, was hosted in front of a live audience in the Radio Theatre at Broadcasting House until the fourth series, where he returned to the studio.
Wogan continued to host the show until his final broadcast on Remembrance Sunday 2015, due to his declining health with cancer. It then continued with guest hosts until the end of that month, after which, regular cover show Madeley on Sunday presented by Richard Madeley filled the slot temporarily. Michael Ball then permanently took over the slot in April 2016.
Television work
Eurovision Song Contest
In 1971, and from 1974 until 1977, Wogan provided the BBC's radio commentary for the Eurovision Song Contest. He became known for his television commentary, which he handled first in 1973, again in 1978, then every year from 1980 until 2008. He co-hosted the 1998 contest with Ulrika Jonsson, in Birmingham's National Indoor Arena on 9 May. Wogan was the third person in the contest's history to combine the roles of presenter and commentator. When not on stage, he was in his private booth providing the necessary TV commentary to BBC viewers. From 1977 until 1996, Wogan hosted the UK selection show each year, returning to the job in 1998, and again from 2003 until 2008. In 1973, 1975, every year from 1977 until 1984, and again in 1994, Wogan also presented the UK Eurovision Song Contest Previews on BBC 1.
Wogan's often deadpan commentating style, which often involved humour at the expense of others, caused controversy: for example, when he referred to the hosts of the 2001 contest in Denmark, Søren Pilmark and Natasja Crone Back, as "Doctor Death and the Tooth Fairy".
During the presentation of the Dutch televote in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, Wogan called the Dutch televote presenter, Paul de Leeuw, an "eejit", as de Leeuw started to make ad lib comments, gave his mobile phone number and generally hogged the limelight for some time before giving the Dutch votes. Chris Tarrant later praised Wogan's acerbity.
During the 2007 BBC show Making Your Mind Up, in which the British public voted to decide their Eurovision entry, Wogan announced, wrongly, that the runner-up Cyndi was the winner. The winner was the group Scooch; according to the BBC, Wogan was provided with the correct result during the live show.
In the 2008 contest, the UK's entry, Andy Abraham, came last, much to Wogan's disappointment. Wogan argued that Abraham gave a better performance than the entries from Spain and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
On 11 August 2008, Wogan said in an interview with the Radio Times magazine that he was doubtful about presenting the Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom again. On 5 December 2008, Wogan stepped down from the role after 35 years. Graham Norton succeeded Wogan as BBC commentator for the 2009 contest.
In November 2014, Wogan reviewed Norton's autobiography for The Irish Times. Describing his attitude towards the contest, he wrote that he saw it as a "sometimes foolish farce". He hinted that the 2014 winner, Austrian drag act Conchita Wurst, was a "freakshow". After Wogan's death, his presentation of the contest was criticised for its mocking tone.
Chat shows
Wogan's first foray into TV interviewing, and indeed to British television, was in 1972 on Lunchtime with Wogan on ITV. Later, What's On, Wogan? ran for one series in 1980 on BBC1, primarily on early Saturday evenings. In 1981 he had a chance to host a one-off chat show, Saturday Live. Among his guests on this show were Larry Hagman, promoting the film S.O.B., and Frank Hall. Hagman was at the height of his fame, which gave the show a high-profile.
Soon after Wogan was given his own chat show, Wogan, which after a trial run on a midweek evening, was recommissioned for broadcast on Saturday nights from 1982 to 1984. Between 1985 and 1992, the show aired on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 7pm. The series included interviews with George Best, Chevy Chase, Anne Bancroft, Ronnie Barker announcing his retirement on the show, and David Icke claiming to be the "Son of God", to whom Wogan stated: "They're not laughing with you, they're laughing at you."
The BBC stopped an interview in 1989 with Simon Hayward, a former captain in the Life Guards, hours before he was due to appear on the Wogan show. Hayward insisted that he was innocent of drug smuggling offences. The decision was taken by the then Controller of BBC 1, Jonathan Powell, after protests from several MPs. The BBC was accused of censorship and a Conservative MP, John Gorst, described the decision to ban Hayward from Wogan as "outrageous".
Wogan was released from his talk-show contract in 1992, after pressure from the BBC. He said that the BBC also wanted his scheduling slot for the ill-fated soap Eldorado. After Eldorado took over the 7 pm slot, Wogan briefly hosted a new weekly chat strand Terry Wogan's Friday Night in 1993, but this series was not recommissioned.
Wogan presented Wogan Now and Then (2006), a show where he interviewed guests from his old chat show, as well as new guests. BBC Two launched a new compilation series, Wogan: the Best Of in 2015, featuring selected interview segments and music performances from Wogan's past chat series, linked by new introductions from Wogan.
Children in Need
In 1980, the BBC's charity appeal for children was first broadcast as a telethon called Children in Need, with Wogan presenting alongside Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen. He campaigned extensively for the charity, and often involved himself via auctions on his radio show, or more directly by taking part in well-publicised sponsored activities.
He was reported to be the only celebrity paid for his participation in Children in Need, having received a fee every year since 1980 (£9,065 in 2005). Wogan stated that he would have done it for nothing and that he "never asked for a fee". Wogan donated his BBC fees to the charity. The BBC stated that the fee had "never been negotiated".
He appeared on the panel comedy show QI in the 2008 episode for Children in Need, 'Families'.
In 2008, Wogan and singer Aled Jones released a single "Little Drummer Boy"/"Peace on Earth", which got to number three in the UK music charts. The money raised went to BBC Children in Need. The two recorded a second Christmas single "Silver Bells" in 2009, which was also in aid of BBC Children in Need.
Wogan was the main regular presenter of Children in Need between 1980 and 2014. In November 2015, Wogan was unable to participate in the live televised Children in Need appeal for the first time in its 35-year history, due to poor health after a surgical procedure on his back. He did, however, make a brief appearance as part of a pre-recorded sketch. He was replaced by Dermot O'Leary. Prior to his death, Wogan hoped to return to Children in Need in 2016, carrying on as main presenter.
Other television work
Wogan's television profile was boosted considerably when he became the first-ever host of Blankety Blank in 1979. His good-humoured interaction with the contestants and lively banter with the celebrity guests went a long way to making the show a success. Among the guests who appeared most frequently and memorably during this period were Roy Hudd, Beryl Reid, Lorraine Chase and, in particular, Kenny Everett, who became famous for snapping Wogan's stick-like microphone in half. Wogan left the show after the 1983 series, just over a year before his thrice-weekly chat show commenced.
Wogan narrated the BBC television series Stoppit and Tidyup, which was broadcast in 1987.
Wogan appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross four times, between 2004 and 2009. In an appearance on the BBC programme Top Gear, Wogan became the second-slowest guest to go around the test track as the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car", a Suzuki Liana. Only Richard Whiteley was slower.
In 2010, Wogan made a cameo appearance in the second series of Being Human, and also guest-hosted the fourth episode of the 24th series of Never Mind the Buzzcocks. The following year, Wogan hosted Wogan on Wodehouse for BBC Two. In 2011 he appeared as a panellist on Would I Lie To You.
On 21 September 2013, Wogan appeared as a panellist on ITV game show Through the Keyhole. In November 2013, he participated in a celebrity edition of the BBC One game show Pointless, with celebrities including Bobby Ball and Esther Rantzen, in aid of Children in Need.
On 31 March 2014, Wogan was a guest reporter on Bang Goes the Theory, on which he discussed old-age dementia. From 12 to 16 May 2014, Wogan appeared on the Channel 4 game show Draw It!. On 10 November 2014, in the run up to that year's Children in Need telethon, Wogan guest hosted an episode of The One Show with Alex Jones. He also presented a series called Terry and Mason's Great Food Trip with the cab driver Mason McQueen in 2015, in which the duo travelled all over Britain eating regional food.
Honours and awards
Wogan was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1997, and later became an Honorary Knight Commander of the same order (KBE) in the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours List. After asserting his right to British citizenship and retaining his Irish citizenship that year, Wogan was officially knighted on 11 October 2005, allowing him to use the style "Sir". On 29 May 2007, he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire.
On 15 June 2007, Wogan's home city of Limerick honoured him with the Freedom of the City at a ceremony in Limerick's Civic Hall. Because of his long absence from the city and unflattering remarks about the city in a 1980 interview, the local press carried out a vox pop, which resulted in support for the award. He was made an honorary freeman of the City of London in 2009, and invited to raise the bascules of Tower Bridge.
In 2004, he received an Honorary D.Litt. degree from the University of Limerick, as well as a special lifetime achievement award from his native city. He received an Honorary LL.D. degree from Leicester University in 2010.
Wogan was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1978, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at Broadcasting House.
Wogan was inducted into the Radio Academy Hall of Fame at a gala dinner held in his honour on 10 December 2009. Wogan was announced as the Ultimate Icon of Radio 2, commemorating the station's 40th birthday. The shortlist of sixteen candidates had been published on the BBC Radio 2 website, and the winner was announced live on Radio 2 during a one-off special edition of Family Favourites by host Michael Aspel on 30 September 2007. He praised his fellow nominees, the Beatles, Diana, Princess of Wales, and Nelson Mandela during his acceptance speech, which was broadcast live on BBC Radio 2, and he chose Nat King Cole's recording of "Stardust" as his iconic song of the last 40 years. Wogan had chosen the song twice before as his favourite record on Desert Island Discs, and said he wanted to be buried with it.
Personal life
On 24 April 1965, Wogan married Helen Joyce, in her parish church, Our Lady of Refuge, Rathmines and they remained married until his death. They lived in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, with another home in Gascony, southwestern France. Sir Terry and Lady Wogan had four children (one of whom, a daughter Vanessa, died when only a few weeks old) and five grandchildren. In 2010, Wogan described the anguish he felt on the loss of his baby daughter.
In April 2013, Wogan attended the funeral of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher after being invited by her family.
Wogan was brought up and educated as a Roman Catholic, but was an atheist from the age of 17. In an interview with Gay Byrne on RTÉ, he said that he respected those who had "the gift of faith".
Death
Wogan's health declined after Christmas 2015. He did not present Children in Need in November 2015, complaining of back pain as the reason for his absence from the long-running annual show. His friend, Father Brian D'Arcy, visited him during January, and noticed he was seriously ill. He died of cancer, aged 77, on 31 January 2016, at his home. British Prime Minister David Cameron said that "Britain has lost a huge talent" and President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins praised Wogan's career and his frequent visits to his homeland. Taoiseach Enda Kenny and Tánaiste Joan Burton remembered Wogan for his role in helping Anglo-Irish relations during the Troubles. D'Arcy speculated that a public funeral would be logistically difficult, as there would be too many people wanting to pay their respects.
Legacy
After Wogan's death and his private funeral a few weeks later, a public memorial service was held on 27 September the same year. The public service featured a number of his celebrity friends making speeches, such as Chris Evans and Joanna Lumley. It was opened by a recording of Sir Terry Wogan himself and was held at Westminster Abbey. The service was broadcast live on BBC Radio 2.
In February 2016, a memorial montage was aired as part of the United Kingdom's selection show for the 2016 Eurovision Song contest, Eurovision: You Decide. During that year's contest in Stockholm, Graham Norton asked UK viewers during his commentary to "raise a glass" for Wogan before the ninth song of the contest was performed; this honour has continued every year since.
In the run up to the annual telethon for Children in Need, the BBC held a special concert at The Royal Albert Hall, named Children in Need Rocks (for Terry). Unlike previous CiN Rocks concerts, the acts performing were specially selected by the BBC and Wogan's friends as they were synonymous with his career. Performances included Katie Melua (whom he championed during his time as a DJ on Radio 2), Olly Murs (who performed Wogan's favourite swing classics), Eva Cassidy, who posthumously performed over video-tape with Shaun Escoffery duetting live in the studio on the song "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" and Michael Ball and Alfie Boe covering The Floral Dance, a song which Wogan once covered himself.
On 16 November 2016, the BBC renamed BBC Western House, home of BBC Radio 2, in his memory to BBC Wogan House.
Filmography
Television
Radio
Bibliography
Biography
Is It Me? (BBC Books, 2000)
Mustn't Grumble (Orion, 2006)
Fiction
Those Were the Days (Pan Macmillan, 2015)
General non-fiction
Fight the Flab: Keep Fit With Terry Wogan (BBC Books, 1971)
Banjaxed (1979)
The Day Job (1981)
Wogan on Wogan (Penguin, 1987)
Terry Wogan's Bumper Book of TOGs (Andrews UK, 2011)
Where Was I?!: The World According to Wogan (Orion, 2009)
Wogan's Twelve (Orion, 2007)
Something for the Weekend: The Collected Columns of Sir Terry Wogan (Orion, 2013)
The Little Book of Common Sense: Or Pause for Thought with Wogan (Orion, 2014)
Travel
Irish Days (Penguin, 1991)
Wogan's Ireland: A Tour Around the Country that Made the Man (Simon and Schuster, 2012)
See also
List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters
References
External links
Profile, togs.org. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Daily Telegraph article. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
IFGB golf tournament. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Profile, The Oldie Magazine website. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
1938 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Irish people
21st-century British male writers
21st-century British novelists
21st-century Irish novelists
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
British atheists
British game show hosts
British male novelists
British non-fiction writers
British people of Irish descent
British radio personalities
British radio presenters
British television presenters
British travel writers
Deaths from cancer in England
Deputy Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Irish atheists
Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Irish game show hosts
Irish knights
Irish male novelists
Irish non-fiction writers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish radio presenters
Irish television presenters
20th-century travel writers
Irish travel writers
Former Roman Catholics
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People educated at Belvedere College
People educated at Crescent College
People from County Limerick
Rose of Tralee hosts
RTÉ Radio 1 presenters
RTÉ television presenters
Eurovision commentators | [
0.18832607567310333,
0.20306845009326935,
-0.5736355185508728,
-0.9437350630760193,
-0.26101380586624146,
0.5563538074493408,
0.3198634684085846,
0.3429640829563141,
-0.3578304350376129,
0.21967895328998566,
-0.7740370631217957,
0.5620506405830383,
-0.47491177916526794,
0.12842783331871033,
-0.06875922530889511,
-0.00637074513360858,
-0.34647583961486816,
-0.5407966375350952,
-0.34763815999031067,
-0.3596824109554291,
-0.46590790152549744,
0.4384962320327759,
-0.1560666412115097,
0.5376688241958618,
-0.3336098790168762,
0.14960916340351105,
-0.3730752170085907,
-0.272981196641922,
-0.18936382234096527,
-0.32866519689559937,
-0.22538655996322632,
0.1856565624475479,
0.29609981179237366,
-0.003339583519846201,
-0.3757363259792328,
0.5575242638587952,
0.02731616050004959,
-0.36277806758880615,
-0.49340373277664185,
0.4031887650489807,
-0.20065924525260925,
0.438726007938385,
0.37758344411849976,
0.543329656124115,
-0.288229763507843,
-0.1038036197423935,
-1.3376262187957764,
0.4483475089073181,
-0.4888221025466919,
-0.0678345188498497,
-0.6640354990959167,
0.5142737030982971,
1.1571537256240845,
-0.15006275475025177,
-0.01723003201186657,
0.10156632959842682,
-0.32981443405151367,
0.17148345708847046,
-0.15054851770401,
-0.3367713391780853,
0.18385478854179382,
-0.08771265298128128,
0.30792883038520813,
-0.38941290974617004,
-0.020589830353856087,
-0.17211858928203583,
0.010062336921691895,
0.6916491985321045,
-0.03597056120634079,
-0.06906270235776901,
-0.11014168709516525,
0.6155418157577515,
-0.06619859486818314,
0.2224881500005722,
0.29369404911994934,
-0.6910883784294128,
0.6825035810470581,
-0.2288910150527954,
-0.3209763169288635,
0.015578651800751686,
0.026154831051826477,
0.05265657976269722,
0.47027814388275146,
0.5579928159713745,
0.3338993787765503,
-0.23213686048984528,
-0.2767943739891052,
0.6439248323440552,
-0.7814822196960449,
0.4145124554634094,
-0.7819271683692932,
-0.5203479528427124,
0.3447243273258209,
0.2721630334854126,
-0.5471200346946716,
0.2791202962398529,
-0.07206510007381439,
0.18848875164985657,
0.26341134309768677,
-0.38536107540130615,
-0.3841054439544678,
-0.4585186541080475,
0.40033382177352905,
-0.6529517769813538,
-0.4513629674911499,
0.06616595387458801,
-0.25545597076416016,
-0.95829176902771,
-0.07023684680461884,
0.04836732894182205,
-0.6743353009223938,
0.37592390179634094,
-0.16068460047245026,
0.1269725114107132,
0.7433099150657654,
0.03219525143504143,
-0.6807631254196167,
-0.7052415609359741,
-0.5362575650215149,
-0.04769658297300339,
0.18699856102466583,
0.21506476402282715,
-0.5370575785636902,
0.1049579307436943,
-0.6451594233512878,
-0.3431336283683777,
0.3382474184036255,
0.2074633538722992,
-0.2066556215286255,
0.2361477017402649,
0.3304215371608734,
1.038003921508789,
-0.9555555582046509,
-0.41716697812080383,
-0.719201922416687,
0.32227635383605957,
0.5441674590110779,
0.23357754945755005,
-0.37053781747817993,
0.16154420375823975,
-0.18885189294815063,
0.35352823138237,
-0.6543182730674744,
-0.10756643116474152,
0.41364434361457825,
-0.24571318924427032,
-0.38807132840156555,
-0.04199841618537903,
0.1964198350906372,
-0.5074753761291504,
-0.14229314029216766,
-0.22346961498260498,
0.3412182033061981,
-0.13367408514022827,
-0.2557717561721802,
0.7620785236358643,
0.23912236094474792,
0.2550387382507324,
0.2731996476650238,
-0.22938798367977142,
0.5695886611938477,
-0.35777807235717773,
0.18663367629051208,
0.21536371111869812,
0.2681870460510254,
0.4813541769981384,
0.022935517132282257,
-0.016902389004826546,
-0.1318146288394928,
-0.18935856223106384,
-0.17442400753498077,
-0.14778482913970947,
0.4854376018047333,
-0.19380466639995575,
-0.5363819003105164,
0.08323953300714493,
0.37527403235435486,
0.3029399812221527,
0.6057538390159607,
-0.10959494858980179,
-0.5676417350769043,
-0.6288244128227234,
0.10982721298933029,
0.32329657673835754,
0.49598807096481323,
-0.07015293836593628,
0.22628630697727203,
-0.19080166518688202,
0.8763418793678284,
0.275351345539093,
-0.4490717351436615,
-0.49704936146736145,
-0.18348896503448486,
-0.8625774383544922,
-0.027129027992486954,
0.34074538946151733,
-0.19828484952449799,
0.48782095313072205,
0.3607521057128906,
0.8646365404129028,
0.36534395813941956,
-0.06779506802558899,
-0.005989002529531717,
-0.7066513895988464,
0.31988078355789185,
0.6069415211677551,
0.8621175289154053,
0.25494033098220825,
0.12596137821674347,
0.6356690526008606,
0.13366813957691193,
-0.41179510951042175,
-0.001692559802904725,
0.4806927740573883,
-0.19547966122627258,
-0.6383094191551208,
-0.19750995934009552,
-0.09770689904689789,
0.015686018392443657,
-0.4067020118236542,
0.4669778645038605,
0.7966912984848022,
-0.0552741177380085,
0.6164557933807373,
0.1888037621974945,
1.0079121589660645,
0.1977437287569046,
-0.17732301354408264,
0.47950154542922974,
-0.5876316428184509,
0.033153172582387924,
0.23320132493972778,
-0.07209020853042603,
-0.14818917214870453,
0.20672132074832916,
-0.12671895325183868,
0.25237607955932617,
-0.3209782838821411,
-0.4493785798549652,
-0.71305251121521,
0.23696058988571167,
-0.20195356011390686,
-0.40095648169517517,
0.5294275283813477,
0.13944202661514282,
0.2333892285823822,
-0.3021063804626465,
-0.058896150439977646,
-0.02486383728682995,
0.2071017175912857,
0.5953500866889954,
0.6495802998542786,
1.1513086557388306,
0.4619973599910736,
-0.10876000672578812,
0.24309273064136505,
-0.14367692172527313,
0.13361747562885284,
0.6943240761756897,
0.7958106398582458,
0.5615155696868896,
-0.3977169692516327,
0.0008179619326256216,
0.2311815768480301,
-0.5000289082527161,
-0.6362930536270142,
0.1739901304244995,
-0.7253074049949646,
0.25985193252563477,
-0.617339015007019,
0.36493268609046936,
-0.4936668872833252,
0.1309412270784378,
-0.2127813994884491,
0.27633440494537354,
-0.07960644364356995,
-0.39058661460876465,
0.004556737374514341,
-0.25007686018943787,
-0.35729119181632996,
0.4987008571624756,
0.7058754563331604,
-0.33065876364707947,
0.5092673301696777,
-0.051957979798316956,
0.1007128432393074,
-0.6399967074394226,
-0.48472145199775696,
-0.13034746050834656,
0.24710938334465027,
-0.3830863833427429,
0.6575014591217041,
-0.23561137914657593,
0.2055407613515854,
-0.35050544142723083,
0.1702059507369995,
0.05039718747138977,
-0.5197232961654663,
-0.36822831630706787,
-0.2668946087360382,
-0.20558208227157593,
0.5126256942749023,
-0.20322619378566742,
0.12852105498313904,
0.4383513927459717,
-0.4022100567817688,
-0.19403722882270813,
-0.5322957038879395,
-5.6030497550964355,
0.18607471883296967,
0.3679642975330353,
-0.2626766860485077,
0.2922218441963196,
0.0560363344848156,
0.15655472874641418,
-0.20373882353305817,
0.25844529271125793,
-0.5364400744438171,
-0.337262898683548,
-0.1368165761232376,
-0.4235060513019562,
0.7919007539749146,
0.5006468892097473,
0.21847444772720337,
0.28092336654663086,
-0.03589940443634987,
0.5755760073661804,
0.4144468307495117,
0.17167721688747406,
0.07547912746667862,
0.10640694946050644,
0.3402044475078583,
-0.5456513166427612,
0.17892390489578247,
-0.22130140662193298,
-0.1359187811613083,
-0.6314343810081482,
-0.30542463064193726,
0.46707138419151306,
-0.31075993180274963,
-0.6450934410095215,
0.14807537198066711,
0.21409137547016144,
-0.19653654098510742,
0.6572651267051697,
0.12043973803520203,
0.26220783591270447,
-0.853052020072937,
0.4399144947528839,
0.40692830085754395,
-0.5405588746070862,
0.15025100111961365,
0.8595544695854187,
0.027846340090036392,
-0.6346561908721924,
-0.5663284659385681,
0.22923755645751953,
0.46898776292800903,
-0.40819084644317627,
0.6802576184272766,
0.2319246232509613,
-0.4254288375377655,
-0.014383258298039436,
-0.2789246141910553,
-0.03013688139617443,
-0.3660436272621155,
-0.32928135991096497,
-0.03854362294077873,
0.507835328578949,
-0.06790617108345032,
-0.24077856540679932,
-0.2474791705608368,
-0.25208377838134766,
0.20193563401699066,
-0.09924113750457764,
-0.11070292443037033,
0.470488965511322,
-0.6125189661979675,
-0.45425963401794434,
0.05787285417318344,
0.46572601795196533,
-1.1111109256744385,
-0.3877909481525421,
-0.562931478023529,
0.06199829652905464,
0.33619415760040283,
0.16584402322769165,
0.18089686334133148,
-0.15154188871383667,
-0.6763131618499756,
-0.7753305435180664,
0.4582608640193939,
0.05786755308508873,
-0.009971274994313717,
-0.2223721593618393,
0.46169188618659973,
-0.11461493372917175,
-0.18871785700321198,
0.2055886685848236,
-0.11503105610609055,
-0.3780893087387085,
0.43786245584487915,
0.3891323208808899,
0.5076519250869751,
-0.46357667446136475,
0.8012558817863464,
0.45918670296669006,
0.28948724269866943,
-0.5387752056121826,
-0.5635561943054199,
0.2217196524143219,
-0.3461330831050873,
0.5400134325027466,
0.13019496202468872,
0.14920607209205627,
-0.29499468207359314,
0.5946261882781982,
0.08127240836620331,
0.06246526539325714,
0.13940291106700897,
-0.7297544479370117,
0.06993986666202545,
0.06690184026956558,
-0.1799132376909256,
-0.12261129170656204,
0.4025246798992157,
0.2676048278808594,
0.4427815079689026,
0.11883322894573212,
0.45483624935150146,
-0.007760636042803526,
0.2622090280056,
-0.4374294579029083,
-0.25567227602005005,
0.24757395684719086,
-0.45815011858940125,
-0.05072486773133278,
-0.3882429599761963,
-0.3444046080112457,
0.48580706119537354,
0.39078882336616516,
0.2577310800552368,
0.1245085671544075,
0.2996654510498047,
-0.5892360806465149,
-0.48915931582450867,
0.16983111202716827,
-0.09629376977682114,
-0.1893962025642395,
-0.18749436736106873,
0.375272661447525,
0.027066010981798172,
-0.033994972705841064,
0.17017415165901184,
-0.08732106536626816,
0.40936198830604553,
0.16542895138263702,
0.6320303082466125,
0.4298595190048218,
-0.057150185108184814,
0.08989278227090836,
-0.5015288591384888,
-0.6391186118125916,
0.21226295828819275,
-0.1400209218263626,
-0.22888074815273285,
0.009508500806987286,
-0.15500159561634064,
0.574447751045227,
-0.7011414170265198,
-1.163769245147705,
-0.03326520323753357,
0.4937218725681305,
0.12807849049568176,
0.14577466249465942,
0.045963186770677567,
-0.026249201968312263,
0.24039742350578308,
-0.6726752519607544,
-0.18821994960308075,
-0.22538654506206512,
-0.04226366803050041,
0.5004185438156128,
-0.22609756886959076,
0.14999301731586456,
-0.22931161522865295,
0.08759220689535141,
0.648974597454071,
0.13544802367687225,
0.23665906488895416,
-0.7614250779151917,
0.2489294707775116,
0.10324027389287949,
-0.4961215555667877,
-0.6617100834846497,
-0.19239598512649536,
0.1786317229270935,
-0.2086225003004074,
0.32426247000694275,
-0.05527213215827942,
0.45558276772499084,
0.5767454504966736,
-0.09754163026809692,
-0.2360702008008957,
0.08189908415079117,
-0.12266592681407928,
-0.1671123504638672,
-0.576492428779602,
-0.03610364720225334,
-0.09268556535243988,
-0.572651743888855,
-0.22215844690799713,
-0.08476541191339493,
-0.963236391544342,
-0.40671345591545105,
-0.1556120663881302,
0.025562692433595657,
0.44782084226608276,
-0.15215399861335754,
-0.0728188082575798,
-0.31474560499191284,
0.32539212703704834,
-0.5673537850379944,
-0.03248033672571182,
-0.5122045874595642,
0.19444598257541656,
0.04720131307840347,
-0.3934321105480194,
-0.5299981832504272,
-0.3361161947250366,
-0.11377381533384323,
0.4383120536804199,
-0.33371758460998535,
-0.10958127677440643,
0.24263764917850494,
-0.13509266078472137,
0.3730228841304779,
-0.06768879294395447,
-0.15296466648578644,
0.12732288241386414,
0.521526575088501,
0.5975837111473083,
-0.16394084692001343,
-0.007502396125346422,
0.25065290927886963,
0.19416674971580505,
-0.20128485560417175,
0.31442928314208984,
0.8838111162185669,
0.7011415362358093,
-0.061933666467666626,
-0.29544076323509216,
0.14128269255161285,
0.3282124698162079,
1.0083465576171875,
-0.00956818275153637,
0.1257903277873993,
-0.2159668356180191,
0.4235404431819916,
0.39200490713119507,
-0.41550591588020325,
0.234082892537117,
0.28282472491264343,
-1.0797984600067139,
0.08439613878726959,
-0.2524482309818268,
0.22585062682628632,
-0.39677104353904724,
0.5497872829437256,
0.08008100092411041,
0.1039116233587265,
0.2595747709274292,
0.20929548144340515,
0.4225861728191376,
-0.13256481289863586,
0.06801553815603256,
-0.3637850880622864,
-0.3223089277744293,
0.0788605660200119,
-0.2427031397819519,
-0.6139647364616394,
0.9620187282562256,
-0.27823078632354736,
-0.12807434797286987,
0.46055319905281067,
-0.16469302773475647,
0.5976611971855164,
-0.33381709456443787,
-0.11963638663291931,
-0.1501992642879486,
0.39995458722114563,
-0.8594586849212646,
-0.2316778004169464,
-1.2048765420913696,
0.23841188848018646,
-0.027887189760804176,
0.06197232007980347,
-0.00702518317848444,
-0.6150118708610535,
0.0473492369055748,
0.07969000935554504,
0.4839770495891571,
-0.7150378227233887,
-0.1566135436296463,
-0.2730600833892822,
0.6262208223342896,
-0.17681121826171875,
-0.28301483392715454,
-0.3045276403427124,
-0.15550556778907776,
0.27307620644569397,
-0.18869228661060333,
0.20010431110858917,
-0.0012304417323321104,
0.022293148562312126,
-0.622573971748352,
-0.4179007411003113,
-0.2926160395145416,
-0.0019458975875750184,
-0.24855118989944458,
0.4572802484035492,
0.39388978481292725,
-0.5602791905403137,
0.23885226249694824,
0.5635613799095154,
-0.642603874206543,
-0.16616219282150269,
-0.2842554748058319,
0.4495464563369751,
0.010430117137730122,
-0.010403582826256752,
-0.20390638709068298,
0.45662155747413635,
0.6978930234909058,
0.18186365067958832,
-0.11564502120018005,
0.03521684929728508,
-0.25506824254989624,
-0.21225765347480774,
0.1565038114786148,
-0.16038769483566284,
0.3307090997695923,
-0.06387750804424286,
-0.7424060702323914,
0.18370667099952698,
0.3550071120262146,
0.246267169713974,
0.12301395833492279,
-0.14583997428417206,
0.7861878275871277,
0.013240640051662922,
-0.16240517795085907,
-0.006896961946040392,
0.029632940888404846,
0.000985769904218614,
0.6329235434532166,
-0.6569764614105225,
-0.48539742827415466,
0.48951971530914307,
0.4345990717411041,
0.5054343342781067,
-0.12815698981285095,
0.48581525683403015,
-0.058899667114019394,
0.11047768592834473,
-0.26326054334640503,
-0.16162370145320892,
-0.024259041994810104,
0.11328307539224625,
0.36977553367614746,
0.7708272337913513,
0.018282635137438774,
0.2669704556465149,
-0.11783583462238312,
-0.21985986828804016,
-0.7034475207328796,
0.3727101981639862,
0.683732807636261,
-0.29562240839004517,
-0.24681302905082703,
-0.7379922866821289,
0.24592512845993042,
-0.06797298043966293,
-0.34383919835090637,
0.8136209845542908,
-0.12803657352924347,
0.16693748533725739,
0.017033707350492477,
-0.5472756028175354,
0.18132609128952026,
-0.3683221638202667,
-0.36298319697380066,
0.10099771618843079,
0.003255011048167944,
-0.5080930590629578,
-0.019328562542796135,
-0.61164391040802,
0.3286176025867462,
0.3170166313648224,
-0.6059085726737976,
-1.0027656555175781,
0.5979156494140625,
-0.43553414940834045,
-0.2347901165485382,
-0.2485634684562683,
0.7767555713653564,
0.880202054977417,
-0.0704750269651413,
0.019714534282684326,
0.5053473114967346,
-0.15715749561786652,
0.2182348221540451,
0.13090984523296356,
0.14932651817798615,
-0.06573393195867538,
-0.44627413153648376,
-0.9103559851646423,
0.23870514333248138,
0.2081926465034485,
-0.044828444719314575,
-0.4581512212753296,
0.12432154268026352,
-0.0704355388879776,
0.5848177671432495,
0.6832491159439087,
-0.23492531478405,
0.34574371576309204,
-0.02806706540286541,
0.4224216341972351,
0.38554027676582336,
0.08851537853479385,
0.3141474723815918,
0.10937166213989258,
0.3158949613571167,
0.2751288115978241,
0.26923054456710815,
-0.535098135471344,
0.4462454617023468,
-0.2871549725532532,
-0.05516732111573219,
-0.1820838898420334,
-0.24814873933792114,
-0.2882753014564514,
-0.5004457831382751,
0.8661227822303772,
0.8626051545143127,
0.4874023497104645,
-0.5551409125328064,
0.3355471193790436,
0.1738993525505066,
1.004895567893982,
-0.28199514746665955,
-1.1947985887527466,
-0.5383964776992798,
0.8506367206573486,
-0.5872364640235901,
-0.1456935554742813,
0.318362295627594,
-0.07425118237733841,
-0.6536763906478882,
0.3001115620136261,
-0.5492993593215942,
0.40927162766456604,
-0.020407889038324356,
0.3304874300956726,
-0.023062920197844505,
0.368484765291214,
-0.3626008629798889
] |
23583451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Pyke%20River | Red Pyke River | The Red Pyke River is a river in northern Fiordland, New Zealand. It is a tributary of the Pyke River, rising east of Telescope Hill and flowing southwards to join the Pyke River at Pyke Gorge, west of Red Mountain.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of Fiordland | [
-0.23326236009597778,
0.40096455812454224,
-0.4581718146800995,
-0.3286212086677551,
-0.18850067257881165,
0.808194100856781,
0.8507737517356873,
0.4247630536556244,
0.06302396208047867,
-0.3003246486186981,
-0.04533233121037483,
0.43285131454467773,
-0.4112444221973419,
0.6688838005065918,
-0.10811927169561386,
0.5019806623458862,
-0.09883889555931091,
0.4016393721103668,
0.8259913921356201,
-0.26916933059692383,
0.2227199375629425,
-0.38345906138420105,
-0.28405871987342834,
0.234518900513649,
0.2615523338317871,
0.4575290381908417,
0.24726653099060059,
0.32973071932792664,
0.04878315329551697,
0.15636928379535675,
0.5493606328964233,
0.8732379078865051,
0.4669899642467499,
-0.4447667598724365,
0.2891804277896881,
-0.08431833237409592,
-0.1335274875164032,
0.09705860912799835,
-0.4562399983406067,
0.39272403717041016,
-0.2945019602775574,
-0.08646219968795776,
-0.4132838547229767,
0.3122827410697937,
0.45519211888313293,
0.13409122824668884,
-1.3715928792953491,
-0.11481814086437225,
-0.8019874095916748,
0.05875750631093979,
-0.5387407541275024,
0.4121885597705841,
0.0002690188412088901,
-0.40947091579437256,
0.22901318967342377,
0.6403137445449829,
-0.779144823551178,
0.5813016295433044,
-0.17366395890712738,
-0.2207086682319641,
-0.19020108878612518,
-0.03359352797269821,
-0.11167275905609131,
0.49831685423851013,
-0.5476000905036926,
0.27990683913230896,
0.23253285884857178,
0.7950983047485352,
-0.7138442397117615,
-0.42294037342071533,
-0.11739093065261841,
-0.1942906379699707,
0.3201366662979126,
0.5259725451469421,
-0.6224125623703003,
-0.0899476483464241,
-0.6228311061859131,
0.4739263653755188,
-0.16576148569583893,
0.5192519426345825,
0.4163980185985565,
0.12024945020675659,
0.6384223103523254,
0.1618875116109848,
0.41082388162612915,
0.1482122540473938,
-0.5583465695381165,
-0.14391487836837769,
-0.3864573538303375,
0.3231542110443115,
-1.0122374296188354,
-0.1290455311536789,
-0.24280710518360138,
-0.5186134576797485,
0.17520755529403687,
-0.20416435599327087,
-0.46307629346847534,
0.5289764404296875,
-0.20199576020240784,
0.5020315647125244,
0.14568647742271423,
-0.42171353101730347,
0.8324200510978699,
0.7181130647659302,
-0.8033645153045654,
-0.42809662222862244,
-0.21032051742076874,
-0.18486596643924713,
0.46812620759010315,
-0.32645928859710693,
-0.379800409078598,
-0.03322521224617958,
-0.07308100163936615,
-0.12113021314144135,
0.047293275594711304,
1.117352843284607,
-0.07719263434410095,
-0.005821208003908396,
0.3279723823070526,
-0.2531452476978302,
0.6443015933036804,
0.07788122445344925,
0.03688698261976242,
0.38568246364593506,
0.08929131925106049,
0.4438135623931885,
0.595160186290741,
0.21695567667484283,
0.05841101333498955,
0.1353796422481537,
0.26424428820610046,
1.1202276945114136,
0.13617464900016785,
-0.684697151184082,
-0.4682987332344055,
-0.29033783078193665,
-0.04719125106930733,
0.23845650255680084,
-0.020000265911221504,
0.41153913736343384,
-0.36287909746170044,
0.19671665132045746,
-0.5403620600700378,
-0.47195276618003845,
0.12858052551746368,
0.8696559071540833,
-0.4448665380477905,
-1.3280671834945679,
0.2723565101623535,
-0.7697337865829468,
0.5020670294761658,
0.04681946709752083,
0.6079719066619873,
0.4967641234397888,
-0.04570109769701958,
0.2666568458080292,
0.6643537878990173,
-0.14712588489055634,
0.05048893392086029,
0.16217178106307983,
0.33382341265678406,
0.7282829284667969,
0.6664901971817017,
0.012929046526551247,
0.1719370037317276,
-0.4894713759422302,
-0.05625316500663757,
-0.3364892899990082,
-0.14412318170070648,
0.9576547145843506,
-0.3728671073913574,
0.334493488073349,
1.1074726581573486,
-0.03155229240655899,
0.431483656167984,
0.10563811659812927,
0.21125422418117523,
0.6443198919296265,
-0.44044455885887146,
-0.7783627510070801,
-0.8216273784637451,
0.7401322722434998,
-0.31417301297187805,
-0.025519628077745438,
-0.2687305212020874,
0.16953620314598083,
0.27397680282592773,
-0.5327441096305847,
0.02708587795495987,
0.58461993932724,
-0.03656317666172981,
-0.35063526034355164,
0.6962510347366333,
0.04507434368133545,
0.972383439540863,
-0.14312733709812164,
0.3486132025718689,
0.16048559546470642,
-0.0028093145228922367,
0.99410080909729,
-0.03420417383313179,
-0.5219178795814514,
1.0642603635787964,
-0.7848995327949524,
-1.3403856754302979,
0.19888806343078613,
-0.4398305118083954,
-0.05333302915096283,
0.09168756008148193,
0.22054050862789154,
-0.09407646209001541,
-0.03316643089056015,
-0.1509913206100464,
-0.13924932479858398,
0.5653615593910217,
-0.1111374944448471,
0.46211352944374084,
-0.28882932662963867,
0.3281022608280182,
-0.2900112271308899,
0.2968757152557373,
0.3896014094352722,
0.38465794920921326,
-0.03503763675689697,
0.08540046215057373,
0.5388241410255432,
0.6747092008590698,
0.183539018034935,
0.30737149715423584,
-0.6455323696136475,
0.016491923481225967,
0.7224166393280029,
0.3197472095489502,
-0.6781408786773682,
-0.3462209105491638,
-1.0677205324172974,
0.03522476553916931,
-0.6368187069892883,
0.9048340320587158,
-0.3761574625968933,
0.5790968537330627,
0.17399145662784576,
-0.7006464600563049,
0.4907023310661316,
0.27386942505836487,
0.822054386138916,
0.42804303765296936,
0.6011196374893188,
-0.3452043831348419,
-0.12472250312566757,
0.4428454041481018,
0.4966167211532593,
0.0033750811126083136,
0.39207470417022705,
-0.15780316293239594,
-0.3557625114917755,
-0.1734340637922287,
-0.3187652826309204,
0.45242682099342346,
-0.009162431582808495,
-0.009654068388044834,
0.15850356221199036,
-0.495388001203537,
-0.008015709929168224,
0.5519510507583618,
-0.35976240038871765,
-0.5145799517631531,
-0.19495223462581635,
-0.13805216550827026,
-0.0528707355260849,
0.1564108431339264,
0.23460790514945984,
-0.3320905864238739,
-0.05946079641580582,
0.045327380299568176,
-0.4741537868976593,
0.3131936192512512,
-0.2580775022506714,
-0.569015383720398,
-0.8873497247695923,
0.355492502450943,
1.4614500999450684,
-0.424827516078949,
-0.6278576850891113,
-0.0504264198243618,
0.5711153149604797,
-0.29437994956970215,
0.8286895751953125,
-0.16595213115215302,
-0.4092384874820709,
0.1634587049484253,
-0.2681569755077362,
-0.8253110647201538,
0.19235096871852875,
-0.14807526767253876,
-0.2723976671695709,
0.35114505887031555,
0.2503719925880432,
0.4578864276409149,
-0.5592367649078369,
-0.3320919871330261,
0.36365270614624023,
-0.2981497645378113,
-0.3800951838493347,
0.07373511046171188,
-0.4301254153251648,
-0.4201354384422302,
-0.2165037989616394,
-4.8657450675964355,
0.5198202729225159,
0.038886647671461105,
-0.049667082726955414,
0.37981152534484863,
-0.4216051399707794,
0.3299647271633148,
-0.1518852859735489,
-0.04654974117875099,
-0.1840917468070984,
-0.12226684391498566,
0.6082931160926819,
-0.22294025123119354,
0.20788536965847015,
0.9107998609542847,
-0.20030243694782257,
-0.1077001616358757,
0.28682929277420044,
0.10866749286651611,
0.02523008920252323,
-0.4347187876701355,
0.5652002692222595,
-0.34214597940444946,
0.06860926747322083,
-0.2323676198720932,
0.6637008786201477,
-0.34717562794685364,
-0.774125337600708,
-1.4479901790618896,
-0.5150929689407349,
0.02000364288687706,
-0.28980377316474915,
-0.5090799927711487,
-0.14206212759017944,
-0.26772937178611755,
-0.8864498734474182,
0.4529327154159546,
0.50215083360672,
-0.06791259348392487,
-0.23433071374893188,
-0.349990576505661,
0.25426727533340454,
-0.1559673547744751,
-0.5801419615745544,
0.5477499961853027,
-0.22282405197620392,
-0.9234166741371155,
-0.9202607274055481,
-0.3120800256729126,
0.8125479221343994,
-0.17902080714702606,
0.2709946632385254,
0.3652663826942444,
-0.022251952439546585,
0.04389292374253273,
0.13554531335830688,
0.6578592658042908,
-0.23124203085899353,
-0.02173793688416481,
0.4511857032775879,
0.28303512930870056,
-0.7089225649833679,
-0.2748161554336548,
0.30910050868988037,
-0.3731774389743805,
-0.43060073256492615,
0.12133578211069107,
0.633696436882019,
0.4410647451877594,
-0.3339651823043823,
-0.10216373205184937,
0.3616975247859955,
-0.3626520335674286,
-1.0188241004943848,
-0.10080026835203171,
-0.773043692111969,
-0.530583381652832,
0.4919931888580322,
0.2526046931743622,
-0.12997359037399292,
0.3063284456729889,
-0.408261239528656,
0.26978328824043274,
0.5038504600524902,
0.019783450290560722,
-0.7353575825691223,
-0.48161864280700684,
-0.1466178447008133,
0.31841158866882324,
-0.5466582775115967,
0.2932066023349762,
-0.9622350931167603,
0.40291672945022583,
0.28868624567985535,
0.11112841218709946,
0.17108257114887238,
0.3948313593864441,
0.11588552594184875,
-0.2648528814315796,
-0.3809545040130615,
0.2935774624347687,
-0.4937433898448944,
-0.22916673123836517,
-0.9096388816833496,
-0.13819363713264465,
-0.3914732336997986,
-0.5362967848777771,
0.10654537379741669,
0.5273259282112122,
-0.4847736060619354,
0.5027061104774475,
-0.42600420117378235,
-0.12712286412715912,
-0.31225088238716125,
0.05740148946642876,
0.14645130932331085,
-0.44578495621681213,
0.8853234052658081,
0.6892821192741394,
0.7955407500267029,
0.07568041235208511,
0.10846379399299622,
-0.11075577139854431,
-0.26880505681037903,
-0.09042384475469589,
0.03585786744952202,
0.5032200813293457,
-0.09820878505706787,
-0.5160553455352783,
0.5241029262542725,
-0.019688747823238373,
-0.7962369322776794,
-0.456760436296463,
-0.19616436958312988,
0.0804821029305458,
-0.3167119026184082,
-0.4290376603603363,
-0.5950911641120911,
0.4695402681827545,
0.271944135427475,
-0.02928936295211315,
0.348868191242218,
-0.126853808760643,
0.5000317692756653,
0.16352936625480652,
0.7089059352874756,
-0.4632091820240021,
-0.04188431054353714,
-0.6812813878059387,
0.36006274819374084,
-0.5618934631347656,
-0.08853420615196228,
-0.46290189027786255,
-0.989355206489563,
0.3845662772655487,
-0.12594051659107208,
-0.12377430498600006,
0.5901122093200684,
0.18937037885189056,
-0.13009688258171082,
-0.03418036177754402,
0.2117154598236084,
-1.3357491493225098,
-0.012772003188729286,
-0.058351218700408936,
-0.6115437150001526,
-0.5703149437904358,
-0.5256571173667908,
-0.435619980096817,
0.8253253698348999,
-0.09656031429767609,
0.32057157158851624,
-0.49234965443611145,
-0.19261686503887177,
0.2648540735244751,
0.17786234617233276,
-0.2593366801738739,
1.2188302278518677,
0.3430541455745697,
0.017050696536898613,
-0.49748969078063965,
0.23654019832611084,
-0.6673569083213806,
-0.15957649052143097,
0.40068042278289795,
-0.9226741790771484,
-0.45836004614830017,
0.13213731348514557,
-0.4211597144603729,
0.3766789436340332,
0.09147673100233078,
0.635947048664093,
-0.05089046061038971,
0.8947023749351501,
-0.5925039052963257,
-0.5491628050804138,
-0.14783453941345215,
0.3862968683242798,
0.28320252895355225,
-0.609412670135498,
0.006374022923409939,
0.8001946210861206,
-0.47744789719581604,
0.12851592898368835,
-0.13154448568820953,
-0.8249832987785339,
0.6421661972999573,
0.5134955048561096,
-1.1961145401000977,
0.35799241065979004,
0.2084541618824005,
-1.3025860786437988,
-0.1848967969417572,
0.7356341481208801,
-0.6074748635292053,
0.5458129644393921,
0.531846284866333,
-0.02990560606122017,
0.08935312181711197,
-0.3785966634750366,
-0.6196202039718628,
-0.24217844009399414,
-0.8013017177581787,
-0.22297480702400208,
-0.34051671624183655,
0.4965570867061615,
0.7694656848907471,
-0.35323190689086914,
0.6220565438270569,
-0.6166847944259644,
0.28945425152778625,
-0.1431596577167511,
0.27294403314590454,
1.01128351688385,
0.11743661761283875,
0.6629467606544495,
-0.37622177600860596,
0.1637025624513626,
-0.062049515545368195,
0.18905754387378693,
0.4262920618057251,
1.2241158485412598,
0.6558326482772827,
-0.8120115995407104,
-0.06455501914024353,
0.03270529583096504,
0.033653490245342255,
-0.48626959323883057,
-0.8681815266609192,
-0.13882972300052643,
1.0827527046203613,
-0.05123442783951759,
-0.5965760946273804,
-0.029370039701461792,
0.935191810131073,
-0.16402682662010193,
0.2882908880710602,
-0.07910362631082535,
-0.0765167772769928,
0.07133293896913528,
0.3277067542076111,
0.10548409819602966,
-0.05334721878170967,
1.027538776397705,
0.9077340960502625,
-0.31536197662353516,
-0.5227839350700378,
-1.2762970924377441,
0.3771260976791382,
-0.9619200229644775,
-0.4939018189907074,
-0.4759230613708496,
0.2632380723953247,
0.32878920435905457,
-0.0446767695248127,
0.021406086161732674,
0.2948341965675354,
-0.9289718866348267,
0.008198362775146961,
-0.0802793875336647,
-0.09529810398817062,
-0.09568417817354202,
0.04494909942150116,
-0.09079557657241821,
-0.2641361355781555,
-0.10203741490840912,
-0.39017823338508606,
-0.01568303443491459,
-0.8017699122428894,
-0.04068777337670326,
-0.21393327414989471,
-0.07845493406057358,
-0.5952751040458679,
-0.1973893642425537,
0.24318309128284454,
-0.1515420824289322,
-0.29056134819984436,
0.07426457107067108,
-0.4182119071483612,
0.21528735756874084,
-0.746927797794342,
0.8587832450866699,
0.20711274445056915,
-0.0051293931901454926,
0.5260624885559082,
0.560917317867279,
-0.4068497121334076,
-0.4487197697162628,
0.34581390023231506,
0.2636895179748535,
0.5514335036277771,
0.5083605647087097,
0.023483486846089363,
0.47531619668006897,
-0.018640846014022827,
0.21742133796215057,
0.7645633220672607,
-0.3331477642059326,
0.2989286780357361,
0.34983035922050476,
0.09993968904018402,
-0.07953035831451416,
0.5558308959007263,
0.7168370485305786,
-0.40902215242385864,
0.9043636918067932,
-0.5760213732719421,
-0.05541873723268509,
1.0529227256774902,
0.3970865309238434,
-0.028882035985589027,
-0.40589264035224915,
-0.20868903398513794,
0.30018049478530884,
-0.2711503207683563,
-0.1483946591615677,
0.3142983019351959,
0.22097505629062653,
-0.29227328300476074,
0.3347078859806061,
0.3419356942176819,
0.3202742636203766,
0.4875223934650421,
0.27358686923980713,
-0.0904238224029541,
-0.22817321121692657,
0.1556527316570282,
-0.31095659732818604,
-0.16147153079509735,
0.17808164656162262,
0.37796181440353394,
-0.13300849497318268,
-0.03647533804178238,
-0.5681919455528259,
0.45111075043678284,
0.6110041737556458,
0.9277755618095398,
-0.19927144050598145,
-0.47129663825035095,
-0.5153754949569702,
0.2863616347312927,
-0.1735406368970871,
-0.25367021560668945,
0.15500524640083313,
-0.943474292755127,
-0.29074758291244507,
0.43185189366340637,
-0.8881380558013916,
-0.7043691277503967,
0.2192171812057495,
0.4037516415119171,
0.30470597743988037,
0.16006678342819214,
-0.33155885338783264,
0.4670705497264862,
0.4828994870185852,
0.3026772439479828,
0.21765315532684326,
-0.29862555861473083,
0.44163814187049866,
-0.2563920021057129,
0.7458785772323608,
-0.23082128167152405,
-0.3710528314113617,
0.20419690012931824,
-0.7218452095985413,
-0.3347821533679962,
-0.26396802067756653,
-0.8293982744216919,
-0.22916561365127563,
-0.09254807233810425,
-0.38019701838493347,
0.08578849583864212,
0.21450215578079224,
-0.8336045742034912,
-0.5042451024055481,
-0.41751936078071594,
1.41545832157135,
0.3290764093399048,
0.09976107627153397,
0.11570978164672852,
-0.13007114827632904,
0.21496328711509705,
0.9309670329093933,
-0.28331491351127625,
0.6664251685142517,
-1.068886637687683,
0.061118803918361664,
-0.4238491654396057,
0.7479382753372192,
0.26045575737953186,
0.3710436224937439,
-0.24685019254684448,
0.7951602935791016,
-0.8305523991584778,
0.17658355832099915,
0.7391027808189392,
-0.2578527331352234,
0.08214576542377472,
-0.2633754312992096,
-0.09462439268827438,
-0.6742209196090698,
0.020866233855485916,
0.20393489301204681,
-0.2820607125759125,
-0.2402416169643402,
-0.22331541776657104,
-0.001688860822468996,
-0.9371466040611267,
-0.5156469941139221,
-0.2719792127609253,
0.04585053771734238,
-0.5361438393592834,
0.11816684156656265,
-0.8033718466758728,
0.14230063557624817,
0.15295980870723724,
0.7233080863952637,
-0.1222585141658783,
-0.20979847013950348,
0.29701030254364014,
-0.7232314944267273,
0.5062018632888794,
-0.24128776788711548,
0.17199593782424927,
0.6969538927078247,
-0.09296797960996628,
-0.7961038947105408,
-0.8331499695777893,
0.15828606486320496,
0.39219972491264343,
-0.48593777418136597,
0.17121611535549164,
-0.4688624143600464,
0.18588042259216309,
-0.26770374178886414,
-0.5295770764350891,
-0.9504273533821106,
-0.17634716629981995,
0.23752252757549286
] |
233253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical%20cord | Umbilical cord | In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord is physiologically and genetically part of the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the fetal heart pumps low oxygen, nutrient-depleted blood through the umbilical arteries back to the placenta.
Structure and development
The umbilical cord develops from and contains remnants of the yolk sac and allantois. It forms by the fifth week of development, replacing the yolk sac as the source of nutrients for the embryo. The cord is not directly connected to the mother's circulatory system, but instead joins the placenta, which transfers materials to and from the maternal blood without allowing direct mixing. The length of the umbilical cord is approximately equal to the crown-rump length of the fetus throughout pregnancy. The umbilical cord in a full term neonate is usually about 50 centimeters (20 in) long and about 2 centimeters (0.75 in) in diameter. This diameter decreases rapidly within the placenta. The fully patent umbilical artery has two main layers: an outer layer consisting of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant ground substance staining metachromatic. The smooth muscle cells of the layer are rather poorly differentiated, contain only a few tiny myofilaments and are thereby unlikely to contribute actively to the process of post-natal closure.
The umbilical cord lining is a good source of mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) have been used clinically to treat osteoarthritis, autoimmune diseases, and multiple other conditions. Their advantages include a better harvesting, and multiplication, and immunosuppressive properties that define their potential for use in transplantations. Their use would also overcome the ethical objections raised by the use of embryonic stem cells.
The umbilical cord contains Wharton's jelly, a gelatinous substance made largely from mucopolysaccharides that protects the blood vessels inside. It contains one vein, which carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood away. Occasionally, only two vessels (one vein and one artery) are present in the umbilical cord. This is sometimes related to fetal abnormalities, but it may also occur without accompanying problems.
It is unusual for a vein to carry oxygenated blood and for arteries to carry deoxygenated blood (the only other examples being the pulmonary veins and arteries, connecting the lungs to the heart). However, this naming convention reflects the fact that the umbilical vein carries blood towards the fetus's heart, while the umbilical arteries carry blood away.
The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 ml / min at 20 weeks, and 240 ml / min at 40 weeks of gestation. Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 ml / min / kg at 20 weeks and 64 ml / min / kg at 40 weeks.
For terms of location, the proximal part of an umbilical cord refers to the segment closest to the embryo or fetus in embryology and fetal medicine, and closest to the placenta in placental pathology, and opposite for the distal part, respectively.
Function
Connection to fetal circulatory system
The umbilical cord enters the fetus via the abdomen, at the point which (after separation) will become the umbilicus (or navel). Within the fetus, the umbilical vein continues towards the transverse fissure of the liver, where it splits into two. One of these branches joins with the hepatic portal vein (connecting to its left branch), which carries blood into the liver. The second branch (known as the ductus venosus) bypasses the liver and flows into the inferior vena cava, which carries blood towards the heart. The two umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries and pass on either side of the urinary bladder into the umbilical cord, completing the circuit back to the placenta.
Changes after birth
In absence of external interventions, the umbilical cord occludes physiologically shortly after birth, explained both by a swelling and collapse of Wharton's jelly in response to a reduction in temperature and by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels by smooth muscle contraction. In effect, a natural clamp is created, halting the flow of blood. In air at 18 °C, this physiological clamping will take three minutes or less. In water birth, where the water temperature is close to body temperature, normal pulsation can be 5 minutes and longer.
Closure of the umbilical artery by vasoconstriction consists of multiple constrictions which increase in number and degree with time. There are segments of dilatations with trapped uncoagulated blood between the constrictions before complete occlusion. Both the partial constrictions and the ultimate closure are mainly produced by muscle cells of the outer circular layer. In contrast, the inner layer seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete the closure. The vasoconstrictive occlusion appears to be mainly mediated by serotonin and thromboxane A2. The artery in cords of preterm infants contracts more to angiotensin II and arachidonic acid and is more sensitive to oxytocin than in term ones. In contrast to the contribution of Wharton's jelly, cooling causes only temporary vasoconstriction.
Within the child, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus close up, and degenerate into fibrous remnants known as the round ligament of the liver and the ligamentum venosum respectively. Part of each umbilical artery closes up (degenerating into what are known as the medial umbilical ligaments), while the remaining sections are retained as part of the circulatory system.
Clinical significance
Problems and abnormalities
A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:
Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord, a knot in the cord, or a nuchal cord, (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck) but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
Velamentous cord insertion
Single umbilical artery
Umbilical cord prolapse
Vasa praevia
Clamping and cutting
The cord can be clamped at different times; however, delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until at least one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat the small risk of jaundice if it occurs. Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of nerves. The cord is extremely tough, like thick sinew, and so cutting it requires a suitably sharp instrument. While umbilical severance may be delayed until after the cord has stopped pulsing (1–3 minutes after birth), there is ordinarily no significant loss of either venous or arterial blood while cutting the cord. Current evidence neither supports, nor refutes, delayed cutting of the cord, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines.
There are umbilical cord clamps which incorporate a knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut, the newborn wears a plastic clip on the navel area until the compressed region of the cord has dried and sealed sufficiently.
The length of umbilical left attached to the newborn varies by practice; in most hospital settings the length of cord left attached after clamping and cutting is minimal. In the United States, however, where the birth occurred outside of the hospital and an emergency medical technician (EMT) clamps and cuts the cord, a longer segment up to in length is left attached to the newborn.
The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 10 days as it dries and then falls off.
Early versus delayed clamping
A Cochrane review in 2013 came to the conclusion that delayed cord clamping (between one and three minutes after birth) is "likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available". In this review delayed clamping, as contrasted to early, resulted in no difference in risk of severe maternal postpartum hemorrhage or neonatal mortality, and a low Apgar score. On the other hand, delayed clamping resulted in an increased birth weight of on average about 100 g, and an increased hemoglobin concentration of on average 1.5 g/dL with half the risk of being iron deficient at three and six months, but an increased risk of jaundice requiring phototherapy.
In 2012, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists officially endorsed delaying clamping of the umbilical cord for 30–60 seconds with the newborn held below the level of the placenta in all cases of preterm delivery based largely on evidence that it reduces the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in these children by 50%. In the same committee statement, ACOG also recognize several other likely benefits for preterm infants, including "improved transitional circulation, better establishment of red blood cell volume, and decreased need for blood transfusion". In January 2017, a revised Committee Opinion extended the recommendation to term infants, citing data that term infants benefit from increased hemoglobin levels in the newborn period and improved iron stores in the first months of life, which may result in improved developmental outcomes. ACOG recognized a small increase in the incidence of jaundice in term infants with delayed cord clamping, and recommended policies be in place to monitor for and treat neonatal jaundice. ACOG also noted that delayed cord clamping is not associated with increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage.
Several studies have shown benefits of delayed cord clamping: A meta-analysis showed that delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates for a minimum of 2 minutes following birth is beneficial to the newborn in giving improved hematocrit, iron status as measured by ferritin concentration and stored iron, as well as a reduction in the risk of anemia (relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40–0.70). A decrease was also found in a study from 2008. Although there is higher hemoglobin level at 2 months, this effect did not persist beyond 6 months of age. Not clamping the cord for three minutes following the birth of a baby improved outcomes at four years of age. A delay of three minutes or more in umbilical cord clamping after birth reduce the prevalence of anemia in infants.
Negative effects of delayed cord clamping include an increased risk of polycythemia. Still, this condition appeared to be benign in studies. Infants whose cord clamping occurred later than 60 seconds after birth had a higher rate of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.
Delayed clamping is not recommended as a response to cases where the newborn is not breathing well and needs resuscitation. Rather, the recommendation is instead to immediately clamp and cut the cord and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The umbilical cord pulsating is not a guarantee that the baby is receiving enough oxygen.
Umbilical nonseverance
Some parents choose to omit cord severance entirely, a practice called "lotus birth" or umbilical nonseverance. The entire intact umbilical cord is allowed to dry and separates on its own (typically on the 3rd day after birth), falling off and leaving a healed umbilicus.
Umbilical cord catheterization
As the umbilical vein is directly connected to the central circulation, it can be used as a route for placement of a venous catheter for infusion and medication. The umbilical vein catheter is a reliable alternative to percutaneous peripheral or central venous catheters or intraosseous canulas and may be employed in resuscitation or intensive care of the newborn.
Blood sampling
From 24 to 34 weeks of gestation, when the fetus is typically viable, blood can be taken from the cord in order to test for abnormalities (particularly for hereditary conditions). This diagnostic genetic test procedure is known as percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.
Storage of cord blood
The blood within the umbilical cord, known as cord blood, is a rich and readily available source of primitive, undifferentiated stem cells (of type CD34-positive and CD38-negative). These cord blood cells can be used for bone marrow transplant.
Some parents choose to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term storage at a cord blood bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace bone marrow destroyed when treating leukemia). This practice is controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal at the time of birth actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease, due to the high volume of blood taken (an average of 108ml) in relation to the baby's total supply (typically 300ml). The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists stated in 2006 that "there is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families".
The American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that cord blood banking for self-use should be discouraged (as most conditions requiring the use of stem cells will already exist in the cord blood), while banking for general use should be encouraged. In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs could potentially eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
While the American Academy of Pediatrics discourages private banking except in the case of existing medical need, it also says that information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation should be provided so that parents can make an informed decision.
In the United States, cord blood education has been supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report which recommended that expectant parents be given a balanced perspective on their options for cord blood banking. In response to their constituents, state legislators across the country are introducing legislation intended to help inform physicians and expectant parents on the options for donating, discarding or banking lifesaving newborn stem cells. Currently 17 states, representing two-thirds of U.S. births, have enacted legislation recommended by the IoM guidelines.
The use of cord blood stem cells in treating conditions such as brain injury and Type 1 Diabetes is already being studied in humans, and earlier stage research is being conducted for treatments of stroke, and hearing loss.
Cord blood stored with private banks is typically reserved for use of the donor child only. In contrast, cord blood stored in public banks is accessible to anyone with a closely matching tissue type and demonstrated need. The use of cord blood from public banks is increasing. Currently it is used in place of a bone marrow transplant in the treatment of blood disorders such as leukemia, with donations released for transplant through one registry, Netcord.org, passing 1,000,000 as of January 2013. Cord blood is used when the patient cannot find a matching bone marrow donor; this "extension" of the donor pool has driven the expansion of public banks.
The umbilical cord in other animals
The umbilical cord in some mammals, including cattle and sheep, contains two distinct umbilical veins. There is only one umbilical vein in the human umbilical cord.
In some animals, the mother will gnaw through the cord, thus separating the placenta from the offspring. The cord along with the placenta is often eaten by the mother, to provide nourishment and to dispose of tissues that would otherwise attract scavengers or predators. In chimpanzees, the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded. (This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.)
Some species of shark—hammerheads, requiems and smooth-hounds—are viviparous and have an umbilical cord attached to their placenta.
Animals that lay eggs seem to have a false umbilical-cord that attaches the embryo and yolk together in much the same way.
Other uses for the term "umbilical cord"
The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting surface-supplied divers to their surface supply of air and/or heating, or space-suited astronauts to their spacecraft. Engineers sometimes use the term to describe a complex or critical cable connecting a component, especially when composed of bundles of conductors of different colors, thickness and types, terminating in a single multi-contact disconnect.
Cancer-causing toxicants in human umbilical cords
In multiple American and international studies, cancer-causing chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300 chemical toxicants have been found, including bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Teflon-related perfluorooctanoic acid, galaxolide and synthetic musks among others. The studies in America showed higher levels in African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans due, it is thought, to living in areas of higher pollution.
Additional images
See also
Navel
Umbilical line
References
External links
Childbirth
Cloning
Embryology
Stem cells
Vertebrate developmental biology | [
0.2735212743282318,
-0.410624235868454,
0.217318594455719,
0.37999048829078674,
0.47470328211784363,
0.5616471767425537,
-0.1428673267364502,
0.5885119438171387,
-0.012333808466792107,
-0.5437699556350708,
-0.44094011187553406,
0.4224761426448822,
-0.08856201171875,
0.46466273069381714,
-0.552821934223175,
0.08721333742141724,
0.45921602845191956,
0.1563154011964798,
-0.032899223268032074,
-0.7426620125770569,
-0.5153830647468567,
-0.6032083630561829,
-0.33956360816955566,
0.048318129032850266,
1.0590424537658691,
-0.570220947265625,
-0.617502748966217,
0.24667046964168549,
0.2642439007759094,
-0.24072611331939697,
0.12904274463653564,
0.4449964463710785,
0.13517816364765167,
-0.8276090025901794,
-0.22374552488327026,
-0.4768809676170349,
-0.12825486063957214,
-0.6292340159416199,
-0.4745153486728668,
-0.5905418395996094,
-0.5988221764564514,
0.17358162999153137,
0.48629748821258545,
0.0953315868973732,
-0.19739900529384613,
-0.4344099760055542,
-1.0688012838363647,
0.5549427270889282,
-0.04125528782606125,
0.5496323108673096,
-0.4625144600868225,
-0.2804144620895386,
0.3428989052772522,
0.0140934307128191,
0.28499287366867065,
-0.019016852602362633,
-0.517397940158844,
-0.03214135766029358,
0.21591424942016602,
-0.5846298336982727,
0.006471455562859774,
0.6444959044456482,
0.49146386981010437,
0.4859589636325836,
0.47683849930763245,
0.3349085748195648,
0.16460272669792175,
0.04382133483886719,
-0.532629668712616,
-0.14156848192214966,
-0.1625927835702896,
0.046382516622543335,
-0.15372762084007263,
0.5290176868438721,
-0.212492898106575,
-0.36446499824523926,
-0.6864241361618042,
-0.06523789465427399,
0.7076637148857117,
0.7282006144523621,
0.245395228266716,
0.7053525447845459,
0.22427120804786682,
0.1668729931116104,
0.28195178508758545,
0.485960990190506,
-0.6596962809562683,
0.4277445375919342,
-0.6048042178153992,
0.3517322540283203,
0.12763933837413788,
0.21964675188064575,
-0.33139920234680176,
-0.1383475959300995,
-0.18892349302768707,
-0.22740505635738373,
0.7686495184898376,
-0.17702984809875488,
-0.13081181049346924,
0.39712533354759216,
-0.26280951499938965,
-0.08049976080656052,
0.3737703263759613,
-0.8475807905197144,
-0.2433784008026123,
-0.3499852418899536,
-0.2221393585205078,
-0.08002955466508865,
-0.05366167053580284,
0.47764644026756287,
-0.3850858211517334,
-0.03687959164381027,
0.3254292607307434,
0.09757941961288452,
-0.43583944439888,
0.5197294354438782,
-0.10721889138221741,
0.02373146265745163,
-0.1718233972787857,
-0.45807942748069763,
-0.18607918918132782,
-0.29553914070129395,
-0.03783115744590759,
-0.28853747248649597,
-0.24011993408203125,
0.11634014546871185,
0.07130523025989532,
0.5820850729942322,
-0.2849447727203369,
0.6334229111671448,
0.20619428157806396,
1.0526169538497925,
0.14169128239154816,
-0.08327079564332962,
-0.0372743234038353,
0.2244158685207367,
-0.07558661699295044,
0.3664262294769287,
0.8085118532180786,
0.2874342203140259,
-0.9279013276100159,
-0.11176944524049759,
-0.5888544321060181,
-0.5714901089668274,
0.14138561487197876,
-0.4559350907802582,
-0.7051035165786743,
-0.06675132364034653,
-0.3858955502510071,
-0.25411319732666016,
0.10380792617797852,
0.13991299271583557,
-0.19447970390319824,
-0.19864211976528168,
-0.3907339870929718,
-0.23101574182510376,
0.7245599031448364,
0.12952367961406708,
-0.2162824273109436,
0.11779513955116272,
0.005710653029382229,
0.754686713218689,
-0.13741186261177063,
0.41906416416168213,
-0.7609484791755676,
0.03494126722216606,
1.1893584728240967,
0.5265727639198303,
-0.1756693422794342,
0.5027723908424377,
0.10859008133411407,
0.11101771146059036,
0.4562382400035858,
-0.03951913118362427,
-0.5044428706169128,
0.056824106723070145,
0.27386555075645447,
0.007012925110757351,
0.4020228087902069,
-0.19387935101985931,
-0.6226047277450562,
0.7375971674919128,
0.20879817008972168,
0.23134246468544006,
-0.22991447150707245,
-0.41084182262420654,
0.10387805104255676,
-0.2987547814846039,
-0.7615364193916321,
-0.5626081824302673,
-0.14373035728931427,
-0.41448354721069336,
0.019007446244359016,
0.05439623072743416,
0.7388383746147156,
-0.020540863275527954,
0.13099680840969086,
0.9916403293609619,
0.04184127226471901,
0.5305743217468262,
-0.13576467335224152,
0.3588245213031769,
0.41082584857940674,
-0.036984145641326904,
-0.29040056467056274,
0.7039023041725159,
0.48923981189727783,
0.09263921529054642,
0.8309986591339111,
-0.08615858852863312,
0.2671560049057007,
0.5945004820823669,
0.12308277934789658,
-0.7192147374153137,
-0.14219610393047333,
-0.7764931321144104,
0.08230884373188019,
0.5033092498779297,
0.03833121806383133,
-0.44153839349746704,
0.6028388142585754,
-0.1852872520685196,
-0.23980312049388885,
0.008648020215332508,
0.06530553847551346,
0.7436029314994812,
-0.07661724090576172,
0.41723257303237915,
0.10468359291553497,
-0.010527526959776878,
-0.3840685784816742,
-0.32873207330703735,
0.3791157305240631,
-0.012471607886254787,
-0.6190067529678345,
0.03320721909403801,
-0.02778305858373642,
-0.6046658754348755,
0.10105162113904953,
-0.27418914437294006,
0.49740666151046753,
0.6188370585441589,
-0.3949761688709259,
0.022459963336586952,
0.19856230914592743,
-0.6118234992027283,
0.15646059811115265,
-0.009206381626427174,
0.10396097600460052,
0.06730948388576508,
-0.10578063130378723,
0.4707932770252228,
0.09862455725669861,
0.27709588408470154,
0.37318333983421326,
-0.24225015938282013,
-0.1918342560529709,
0.7667917013168335,
0.4974243938922882,
0.17367424070835114,
0.6352452039718628,
0.2605327367782593,
0.21635954082012177,
-0.18818828463554382,
-0.5322473645210266,
-0.1315757930278778,
-0.2122403383255005,
0.285806268453598,
0.3708626925945282,
0.6656732559204102,
0.5741218328475952,
0.5246180891990662,
-0.7718605995178223,
-0.23815880715847015,
-0.14416080713272095,
-0.49993547797203064,
0.49306172132492065,
0.0594477616250515,
-0.11100436002016068,
-0.4991665482521057,
0.21587014198303223,
-0.32298460602760315,
0.305409699678421,
-0.5382521748542786,
-0.3760508596897125,
0.23937368392944336,
0.05398644134402275,
-0.5744748711585999,
-0.07247068732976913,
-0.5469933748245239,
-0.5266823768615723,
0.1636873036623001,
-0.13728219270706177,
0.5122438669204712,
0.06805931776762009,
0.1419505923986435,
0.18726253509521484,
0.03362154960632324,
0.25188305974006653,
-1.0189080238342285,
-0.5531694293022156,
0.4715508222579956,
0.2190302014350891,
-0.48393523693084717,
0.05847949534654617,
0.8299978375434875,
0.4866520166397095,
-0.020623384043574333,
-5.534420013427734,
0.014427896589040756,
-0.11281611770391464,
-0.3416772484779358,
0.8225970268249512,
0.08763831108808517,
0.6603885293006897,
-0.10415608435869217,
-0.1915913075208664,
-0.03868640214204788,
-0.1011849120259285,
0.21049253642559052,
0.04380325600504875,
-0.2616015374660492,
-0.06386396288871765,
-0.10436298698186874,
-1.1225641965866089,
0.20591245591640472,
0.08145394176244736,
0.25960370898246765,
-0.19427359104156494,
-0.06328275054693222,
0.08866346627473831,
0.17049911618232727,
-0.22870254516601562,
-0.5918330550193787,
-0.15806926786899567,
-0.4359017014503479,
-0.6062400341033936,
0.05341095104813576,
-0.0915113091468811,
-0.21511253714561462,
0.27417632937431335,
-0.19552581012248993,
-0.21960118412971497,
-0.06921505928039551,
0.4100837707519531,
0.0010920856148004532,
0.7427234053611755,
-0.14525346457958221,
-0.5337163209915161,
0.011764094233512878,
0.24153976142406464,
-0.26834535598754883,
0.11601314693689346,
-0.5057849884033203,
-0.154616117477417,
-0.28931373357772827,
0.08794914931058884,
1.1427817344665527,
-0.15850457549095154,
0.3036070466041565,
-0.03723527863621712,
-0.5099488496780396,
0.26939499378204346,
0.1451798528432846,
0.49230509996414185,
-0.5204113125801086,
-0.7041605114936829,
-0.3359203636646271,
0.37642380595207214,
-0.6351819634437561,
-0.39259442687034607,
-0.6924633979797363,
-0.011892640963196754,
-0.17888662219047546,
-0.8027740120887756,
0.02674070931971073,
0.37232184410095215,
0.5929780006408691,
0.20473502576351166,
-0.034806352108716965,
0.14367400109767914,
-0.73772794008255,
0.4118105173110962,
-0.9759277701377869,
-0.46353185176849365,
-0.6126238703727722,
-0.07037991285324097,
-0.34797796607017517,
0.11917062848806381,
-0.357348769903183,
-0.33047401905059814,
0.6782580018043518,
-0.0788831114768982,
-0.1083841547369957,
-0.22407348453998566,
-0.801714301109314,
-0.09929365664720535,
-0.20184509456157684,
0.7885739207267761,
-0.19450390338897705,
-0.42496153712272644,
-0.08500029146671295,
-0.5418403148651123,
0.14425848424434662,
-0.3598034381866455,
0.8293775320053101,
0.26369568705558777,
-0.15363039076328278,
0.7192754149436951,
-0.31913575530052185,
-0.10065292567014694,
-0.030313363298773766,
0.14863711595535278,
-0.3061121106147766,
-0.39400342106819153,
0.22739756107330322,
0.9371954798698425,
-0.3392159342765808,
0.2991768717765808,
0.397894948720932,
0.09307406097650528,
-0.668600857257843,
-0.3056270480155945,
0.07405190169811249,
-0.2313091903924942,
0.6865355372428894,
0.4940921366214752,
-0.5305926203727722,
0.4686121642589569,
-0.0030203990172594786,
-0.1270117610692978,
0.30434533953666687,
0.22567163407802582,
0.2420479953289032,
0.18434281647205353,
0.21928049623966217,
-0.08744166046380997,
-0.009183709509670734,
0.1548730432987213,
-0.13341671228408813,
0.15502285957336426,
-0.013197442516684532,
-0.354856014251709,
0.11417695134878159,
-0.5274838209152222,
0.06705145537853241,
0.23348267376422882,
-0.33297669887542725,
0.18277734518051147,
0.1551700085401535,
-0.5436987280845642,
-0.45478299260139465,
0.44255995750427246,
0.4770577549934387,
-0.2473335713148117,
-0.2724854052066803,
-0.6184567809104919,
0.28281787037849426,
0.070953868329525,
-0.6654973030090332,
0.21179990470409393,
-0.44565317034721375,
-0.41290777921676636,
-0.3179742097854614,
0.24584530293941498,
0.4986371099948883,
-0.5495679974555969,
-0.39311492443084717,
-0.45364949107170105,
-0.1961367428302765,
-0.4141654670238495,
-0.11160502582788467,
0.08887087553739548,
-0.19085118174552917,
-0.22241359949111938,
-0.3797757923603058,
-0.5995239019393921,
0.09670116007328033,
0.12743248045444489,
-0.1682131588459015,
-0.23640848696231842,
-0.046573057770729065,
-0.2466767430305481,
-0.005091759376227856,
-0.27352815866470337,
0.10305723547935486,
-0.37417030334472656,
0.22377891838550568,
0.05395634099841118,
-0.42966222763061523,
0.569789469242096,
-0.18018320202827454,
0.502399742603302,
-0.4490951597690582,
-0.49972936511039734,
-0.36899712681770325,
-0.4823540151119232,
0.2553490996360779,
0.11584702134132385,
0.06272315979003906,
0.0697091668844223,
-0.1972859799861908,
-0.3114791810512543,
0.46900707483291626,
-0.9901890158653259,
0.4707665741443634,
0.013693604618310928,
-0.2472306787967682,
0.06371039152145386,
0.23886898159980774,
-0.7792050242424011,
0.2726256847381592,
0.1662064492702484,
-0.08078818768262863,
0.7661433219909668,
0.3560533821582794,
-0.3077806830406189,
0.6814744472503662,
0.2575540542602539,
-0.9657341837882996,
0.25231820344924927,
0.837557852268219,
-0.5410225987434387,
0.07008931040763855,
0.03586053475737572,
-0.8268619775772095,
-0.48778843879699707,
-0.1465490162372589,
0.22459423542022705,
-0.183485746383667,
0.15165871381759644,
0.04955234378576279,
-0.28878459334373474,
0.26992177963256836,
-0.35217177867889404,
-0.8742889761924744,
1.3287444114685059,
-0.10653657466173172,
-0.01932292804121971,
-0.1519402265548706,
0.02985227108001709,
0.14124147593975067,
-0.6105664372444153,
-0.20782487094402313,
-0.4870992600917816,
-0.15860587358474731,
-0.2588624060153961,
0.11425650864839554,
1.4932314157485962,
0.8271277546882629,
-0.13252945244312286,
-0.06419320404529572,
-0.25969353318214417,
0.4835083782672882,
-0.1604524850845337,
-0.8397404551506042,
-0.18249395489692688,
0.5331159830093384,
0.724624514579773,
-0.30632254481315613,
-0.5790800452232361,
-0.16721193492412567,
0.044769078493118286,
0.3568876087665558,
-0.16499575972557068,
-0.061149585992097855,
-0.41127681732177734,
0.21006272733211517,
0.07169094681739807,
-0.4783253073692322,
0.05250583589076996,
0.4931778609752655,
0.2668777108192444,
0.26391348242759705,
-0.4118981659412384,
0.03774954751133919,
0.22855244576931,
-0.5395140647888184,
0.3465980589389801,
0.2138705998659134,
0.968303918838501,
-0.26023954153060913,
0.12789393961429596,
0.4565998315811157,
0.6079264283180237,
0.0465812124311924,
0.5851119756698608,
-0.28577661514282227,
-0.16162310540676117,
-0.06756891310214996,
0.3944926857948303,
-0.2737608551979065,
-0.013072699308395386,
0.11774961650371552,
0.151823028922081,
0.032934289425611496,
0.04056486859917641,
0.18669013679027557,
-0.2657161056995392,
-0.17218677699565887,
-0.2250160574913025,
0.7706540822982788,
0.4217122793197632,
0.3617939352989197,
0.13014961779117584,
0.6572965979576111,
0.11662989109754562,
-0.10132582485675812,
-1.1560430526733398,
0.44582903385162354,
0.4380379915237427,
-0.6272995471954346,
0.2182989865541458,
0.22483256459236145,
0.15738674998283386,
-0.29286476969718933,
-0.33497196435928345,
0.26325473189353943,
0.08020664751529694,
0.22615811228752136,
-0.40231484174728394,
0.5480865836143494,
-0.16137593984603882,
-0.22558127343654633,
0.018003031611442566,
-0.31635841727256775,
-0.200920969247818,
0.8055379986763,
0.20837394893169403,
0.03402596339583397,
-0.0036243090871721506,
-0.19656725227832794,
-0.4061509370803833,
0.017298562452197075,
0.3674220144748688,
0.19044068455696106,
0.09819628298282623,
0.6692329049110413,
0.7787696719169617,
-0.2580782175064087,
0.26531776785850525,
0.37653762102127075,
0.09624120593070984,
-0.414887398481369,
-0.17986352741718292,
-0.36478251218795776,
-0.2505246102809906,
1.1586015224456787,
0.4710680842399597,
0.4932848811149597,
0.0952993631362915,
0.3329153060913086,
-0.10194972902536392,
0.28127309679985046,
0.22674588859081268,
0.4460330903530121,
0.24014467000961304,
-0.29611459374427795,
0.3087238371372223,
-0.6693574786186218,
0.78928542137146,
0.05050390958786011,
0.031129153445363045,
0.10381055623292923,
0.9911734461784363,
-0.22545965015888214,
-0.13319532573223114,
0.15505051612854004,
-0.7730962038040161,
0.42736390233039856,
0.7574865818023682,
-0.027881363406777382,
0.6910912394523621,
-0.19534501433372498,
0.6717351675033569,
-0.6455038189888,
-0.04995997995138168,
-0.4585229158401489,
0.1773342341184616,
0.16977764666080475,
-0.8519325852394104,
-0.19577816128730774,
0.21976768970489502,
0.4294832944869995,
-0.039516571909189224,
0.6193546056747437,
-0.028930172324180603,
-0.36154234409332275,
-0.4561322033405304,
-0.42349421977996826,
0.3138323724269867,
-0.6773545145988464,
-0.5906727313995361,
0.14512163400650024,
-0.2421545386314392,
-0.33484572172164917,
0.02321464754641056,
0.3879164755344391,
-0.1677398383617401,
-0.6587253212928772,
0.8864167332649231,
-0.6908020973205566,
-0.15310703217983246,
0.1071247011423111,
0.091501384973526,
0.10542097687721252,
0.5737594962120056,
0.04550718143582344,
-0.2833305597305298,
1.1101012229919434,
-0.2270386964082718,
-0.7998754382133484,
-0.1874074935913086,
0.37832844257354736,
0.19453522562980652,
0.7299807667732239,
-0.3112691640853882,
0.11042407900094986,
0.16480523347854614,
0.43351009488105774,
0.010651600547134876,
0.5893115401268005,
-0.048492707312107086,
0.3889978229999542,
0.59046471118927,
-0.4891495108604431,
0.3899696469306946,
-0.3731944262981415,
-0.47870251536369324,
-0.28660717606544495,
-0.7226063013076782,
0.2144659012556076,
-0.04307718947529793,
-0.07033029198646545,
0.3477422297000885,
0.556942880153656,
-1.297423005104065,
0.46379193663597107,
-0.542172908782959,
0.38987651467323303,
-0.45837995409965515,
-0.116126149892807,
-0.3536279499530792,
0.058022335171699524,
-0.37775835394859314,
0.3664192855358124,
0.13822795450687408,
-0.42234858870506287,
0.44112762808799744,
-0.18179203569889069,
-0.4691987633705139,
0.13942410051822662,
0.3823029100894928,
-0.15401624143123627,
-0.317783921957016,
-0.20645475387573242,
-0.8051595091819763,
-0.28138086199760437,
0.08937381953001022,
-0.5276246666908264,
0.5128040909767151,
-0.27752503752708435,
-0.28693774342536926,
-0.3270609378814697,
-0.04487187787890434,
-0.22633479535579681,
-0.08480826765298843,
1.0206081867218018
] |
233254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Duluth%20%28LPD-6%29 | USS Duluth (LPD-6) | USS Duluth (LPD-6), an , is the second ship of the United States Navy named for the city in Minnesota.
Duluth was laid down on 18 December 1963 by the New York Naval Shipyard. She was launched on 14 August 1965 and commissioned on 18 December 1965. She was the last ship to be launched from the Brooklyn Navy Yard before it was closed.
History
1965–1970
The ship left New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, in April 1966 for the US Naval Shipyard Philadelphia for final fitting out and preparation for refresher training and transit to its Home Port of US Naval Station San Diego, California. On 15 June 1966, a Sikorsky H-34 from HC-4 made the first helicopter landing on board. Duluth arrived via the Panama Canal in San Diego in September 1966. In April 1967 ship sailed via Hawaii and Australia to join the Amphibious Ready Group, U.S. 7th Fleet in the Vietnam War.
In 1967, from the months of May until November Duluth operated with Amphibious Ready Group, Seventh Fleet, in South China Sea. Conducted amphibious landing operations Bear Claw and Beacon Guide at Huế (7 June), Chu Lai (12 June), Cửa Việt Base (3, 27 July) and Phú Lộc (21 July). Took part in Operations Beacon Gate at Song Cua Dai and Chu Lai ( 7–16 August) and Beacon Point off Thừa Thiên Province. The LPD then steamed off Quảng Nam and Quảng Tín Provinces during Operation Ballistic Charge (16–28 September). After refitting at U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, Duluth participated in helicopter-centered Operation Bastion Hill near Cửa Việt (10 October – 1 November). Following vehicle ferry operations from Subic early in the month, the LPD steamed to Hong Kong, arriving there 17 November.
Underway for a WestPac cruise on 1 May 1970, Duluth loaded BLT 1st Battalion, 9th Marines at Okinawa for transfer to Subic Bay at the end of the month. She then made several cargo lifts to Da Nang or to Yankee Station, delivering an H-3 helicopter to , spare parts, and carried YFU-52 back to Subic Bay before steaming to United States Fleet Activities Sasebo, Japan, for rest and recreation 3–15 July. Returning to Subic on 19 July, she spent the next three months conducting amphibious training and logistics operations from Subic to Da Nang and Vũng Tàu. In mid-October, Duluth embarked 140 Philippine marines for a joint exercise near Manila, but disaster recovery efforts in the wake of Typhoon Joan forced a cancellation of the operation. Arriving in Lagoney Gulf on 22 October, Duluth operated as a fuel stop and ready deck ship for helicopters during three days of relief operations in a swath of devastated barrios and villages 80 by wide and including the cities of Virac and Naga. Following another month of logistics support out of Subic Bay, Duluth steamed for home, reaching San Diego on 10 December.
1971–1975
After a restricted availability to repair a damaged rotor blade in her port turbine, Duluth sailed for another WestPac deployment on 1 October 1971. The ship loaded elements of BLT 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines at Okinawa on 18 October before resuming Da Nang logistics support operations out of Subic Bay. The LPD delivered vehicles, equipment and humanitarian supplies to Da Nang and embarked deck cargo and damaged PTFs for return to Subic. The LPD remained there until through the winter, conducting the occasional amphibious exercise in the Philippines and transporting troops and supplies between Subic Bay and Buckner Bay. On 1 April, following the outbreak of the North Vietnamese Easter Offensive, Duluth sailed to a holding station off South Vietnam to await developments. With the North Vietnamese offensive blunted by the end of the month, the LPD steamed to Subic Bay for rest and relaxation, 8–21 May. Returning to Vietnam, Duluth embarked 300 South Vietnamese marines at Tan My and landed them in Quảng Trị Province on the 24th, during which operation Duluth took desultory enemy fire from a shore battery. The LPD conducted a similar mission in early July, when Marine helicopters deployed South Vietnamese marines during Operation Lam-Son 72, before sailing for home on 14 July and arriving in San Diego on 4 August 1972.
On 28 March 1975, Duluth got underway for a WestPac deployment via Pearl Harbor, Okinawa and Subic Bay. Arriving off Vũng Tàu on 21 April, Duluth participated in Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon, Vietnam. On 29 April, fourteen South Vietnamese, Marine and Air America helicopters landed delivering over 900 refugees to Duluth alone, including the Italian ambassador. The refugees were later transferred to . The following day another 1,391 refugees arrived, forcing Duluths crew to jettison three Republic of Vietnam Air Force helicopters over the side to make room for the arriving CH-53 helicopters. The ship then steamed to Subic Bay and disembarked the refugees on 5 May. Over the next four days, working parties of volunteers reported to Grande Island to assist and process refugees. The LPD was reassigned to the task force heading to Cambodia to participate in the rescue operation of SS Mayaguez. Duluth was approaching her mission when the rescue operation was cancelled before the second wave could strike. They steamed back to Subic Bay to continue with assisting and processing of the South Vietnamese refugees.
1982
In March, Duluth participated as one of many amphibious ships in Operation Team Spirit '82. This was a joint training exercise between the U.S. Navy/U.S. Marine Corps and the forces of South Korea. Her specific mission was to transport the 1st Battalion, 1st Marines from Okinawa to South Korea and back. There was also an training evolution in support of a U.S. Marine Corps AV-8 Harrier unit. This involved landing and refueling some of the jets on the flight deck. During the transit to South Korea, Duluth was over flown by a Soviet Tu-95 Bear while in international waters.
1981
Under the command of Captain Peter F. Hedley USN, USS Duluth sailed on 12 November 1981 for a Westpac/Indian Ocean deployment as part of Amphibious Ready Group Alpha/Amphibious Squadron One (, , and MAU 31st/HMM-265 'Flying Tigers' (REIN)) during which USS Duluth and Amphibious Squadron One visited Perth/Fremantle, Western Australia for R&R from 28 January to 3 February 1982. USS Duluth returned home on 15 May 1982
1983
In August, September and October 1983 Duluth served in support of the multi-national peace keeping mission to Beirut, Lebanon, and participated in the evacuation of Ambassador Robert Collins and family.
1987
In June Duluth embarked 1st Battalion 9th Marines, from Camp Pendleton, California, as Battalion Landing Team One Slant Nine and set out on its six-month WestPac tour. The official deployment was designated as the 13th MAU SOC (Marine Amphibious Unit, Special Operations Capable). Included in this deployment were , , and . Aboard Germantown, LCAC's (Landing Craft Air Cushion) 2, 3 and 4 were carried. It was the first time that the LCACs were deployed in support of Naval and Marine Corps operations. Several Humanitarian missions were executed in the Philippines and Indonesia. Marines were also deployed to the Mediterranean to assault several terrorist-held oil rigs. The Marines were also called upon to restore order and security around the Subic Naval Base after several "Sparrow teams" killed high ranking government officials in an attempted coup. The ship received a Battle "E" and the Marines a Meritorious Unit Citation for actions throughout the deployment.
1989–1994
In January 1989 Duluth sailed on a WestPac cruise with MSSG-13 and SEAL Team 5 embarked. In addition to port calls in Okinawa, the Philippines, Japan and Hong Kong, Duluth participated in Team Spirit 89 in Korea. In late May after operations with the Australian Army and Navy, Duluths port call in Mackay, Australia was cut short when the Amphibious Ready Group she was attached to was recalled "at best possible speed" across the Pacific to the evolving situation in Panama. She returned to San Diego in early June. In August 1989, Duluth sailed to Prince William Sound, Alaska, for oil spill decontamination operations with HMM-268 embarked. Duluth housed clean-up crews, provided medical and weather forecasting services and supported decontamination barge efforts.
Duluth was underway 21 January 1994 for WestPac operations. Arrived in Singapore 14 February and assigned to TG 76.5 for duty off the coast of Somalia. The ship remained in Singapore for six days before getting underway for the Indian Ocean and arriving off Mogadishu on 3 March to assist in the evacuation of American forces from Somalia. She remained there, other than a short trip to Melindi, Kenya, until 24 April when the LPD steamed to Mombasa. Duluth then steamed off Kipini, Kenya, holding for possible contingency operations owing to the civil war in Rwanda, until 4 June when she sailed for Fremantle, Australia. Following a five-day port visit, the LPD returned to San Diego via Pearl Harbor, arriving home on 21 July.
1996–1997
Commander Donald S. Inbody assumed command of Duluth at 1430 on 21 May 1996 in a ceremony on the flight deck while underway in the Sea of Thailand en route Singapore. Commodore Frank Gallic (Commander, Amphibious Squadron Three) spoke. Colonel John Garrett (13th Marine Expeditionary Unit), Lt. Col. Bill Johnson (MEU Service Support Group 13), Commander Lee Touchberry (), and other Commanding Officers and Officers in Charge from within the Amphibious Ready Group were present.
During the deployment, Duluth participated with the other ships of COMPHIBRON Three and 13th MEU in a highly classified operation to capture Imad Mughniyah. This plan, Operation Return Ox, set sail at 1730C from Bahrain on 23 July 1996 to intercept the motor vessel Ibn Tufail, a Pakistani ship on which it was believed Mughniyah was embarked. On 24 July, after all ships were at sea and Navy SEALs had already begun shadowing the Pakistani ship, it was canceled. Operators were told that the White House canceled the interception when they could not be given 100% assurance that Mughniya was actually on board.
2000–2005
Duluth was again underway 14 August 2000 for operations in the Indian Ocean as part of the Amphibious Ready Group (ARG). Following stops at Pearl Harbor and Darwin, Australia, Duluth conducted three days of humanitarian assistance operations off East Timor ( 14–16 September) before a one-day stop at Singapore on 21 September. Moving into the Indian Ocean, the ARG stopped at Phuket, Thailand (28 September – 1 October) before steaming on to the Seychelles, where they arrived 9 October. Three days later, Duluth received word that had been bombed in harbor at Aden, Yemen, and the LPD quickly steamed north to Aden to provide small boat and helicopter operations in support of Cole. Following a short cruise north to Bahrain in late December, Duluth sailed east, arriving in San Diego on 14 February. While en route, the LPD stopped at Iwo Jima to launch amphibious vehicles in commemoration of the World War II battle.
Underway for Operation Iraqi Freedom on 6 January 2003, Duluth loaded elements of the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit and HMM-161 and sailed west. After a brief stop in Singapore on 29 January, the ships sailed into the Indian Ocean and arrived in the northern Persian Gulf on 10 February. The LPD operated at sea until 19 March when hostilities began in Iraq. The ship served as on-scene commander on 22 March when two helicopters from collided in the vicinity of Duluth. After the initial surge of Marines ashore, Duluths crew conducted boat operations in support of operations around Iraqi oil pipeline terminals. Departing the Persian Gulf on 27 May, the ship stopped at Cairns, Australia and Pearl Harbor before arriving home on 23 July.
While anchored at Guam on 28 December 2004, the LPD was ordered south for Operation Unified Assistance to aid victims of the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami. Duluth arrived off Sri Lanka on 9 January 2005 and her crew and embarked Marines cleared helicopter landing zones, removed debris and helped clean up two devastated elementary schools. During this deployment, Duluth delivered 210 tons of supplies to Sumatra and Sri Lanka.
The amphibious transport dock ship's last deployment ended in June 2005 after a six-month cruise to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Shortly after Duluths final cruise, she was decommissioned at Naval Station San Diego in a ceremony on 28 September 2005 and LPD-6 was stripped from the national ship's registry. The ceremony featured the crew leaving the ship in ranks and the lowering of the national colors.
Duluth sat in San Diego for many months before being towed to the mothball fleet in Hawaii.
She was towed to Brownsville, Texas, in January 2014 for disposal. A team of former crew members, including two former commanding officers, boarded the ship prior to scrapping for final photographs and collection of mementos. The items removed are now in Duluth, Minnesota, at a museum. One of the anchors is also on display in Duluth.
Awards
Duluth won many awards in its 39 years. The most recent was the Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Award for supporting Coast Guard Port Security Units during Operation Iraqi Freedom from March to May 2003. Two Coast Guard units, PSUs 311 and 313, were assigned to defend the ABOT and KAAOT gas oil platforms (OPLATS) off the Iraqi coast after their seizure during the opening nights of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Duluth provided the Coast Guard detachments support by performing significant repairs to platform power sources, quality of life upgrades, command and control system repairs and improvements. More recently Duluth was awarded the Humanitarian Service Medal for tsunami relief efforts in the Sri Lanka area.
References
External links
USS Duluth (LPD-6)
http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/09/0906.htm
Navy News Release on Decommissioning
US 3rd Fleet: USS Duluth Decommissioned After 39 Years Of Service
USCG Reservist Magazine October 2003
USCG Reservist Magazine May 2004
Defend America Magazine 23 March 2003
USS Duluth (LPD-6) Facebook Group
The USS Duluth Crewmembers Association
1965 ships
Austin-class amphibious transport docks
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Brooklyn
United States Navy Minnesota-related ships
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States | [
-0.6213876605033875,
0.09059039503335953,
0.23240889608860016,
0.1961633712053299,
-0.34560737013816833,
0.5684213042259216,
0.4917864501476288,
-0.07620932161808014,
-0.7162919640541077,
-0.07716744393110275,
0.00038759346352890134,
0.18532121181488037,
-0.21684494614601135,
0.7635486125946045,
0.40300649404525757,
0.36095985770225525,
0.2559979259967804,
0.8000727295875549,
-0.28163647651672363,
-0.4595775902271271,
-0.3885554373264313,
-0.38675135374069214,
0.5610901713371277,
0.26871639490127563,
-0.03714524954557419,
0.5244694352149963,
0.46185463666915894,
0.1514306664466858,
0.2908272445201874,
0.35493311285972595,
-0.0849539265036583,
0.7682702541351318,
0.13643711805343628,
0.05392877757549286,
0.1785186529159546,
0.000614068063441664,
-0.18736429512500763,
-0.18211117386817932,
-0.1081671193242073,
0.11874565482139587,
-0.5505687594413757,
-0.23213019967079163,
0.22610308229923248,
0.15029820799827576,
-0.08809449523687363,
0.3813910186290741,
-1.9130860567092896,
0.22908930480480194,
0.23670542240142822,
-0.19757749140262604,
-0.5482203960418701,
-0.5140178203582764,
0.5689390897750854,
0.491241455078125,
0.2642833888530731,
0.6081425547599792,
-1.1090234518051147,
0.47959089279174805,
-0.5058843493461609,
-0.4566692113876343,
0.01119170617312193,
0.21373526751995087,
0.6913343667984009,
0.20039910078048706,
0.09561056643724442,
0.16275036334991455,
-0.2329942286014557,
0.6738194227218628,
-0.014281951822340488,
-0.18271826207637787,
0.40578964352607727,
-0.4025334417819977,
-0.0679110512137413,
0.7480635046958923,
-0.31923767924308777,
-0.13581326603889465,
-0.19182811677455902,
-0.7834329605102539,
0.36505743861198425,
0.5203368067741394,
-0.1710880547761917,
0.6185708045959473,
1.051193356513977,
0.3088674545288086,
0.2306879609823227,
0.2722385823726654,
-0.8366355895996094,
0.017094040289521217,
-0.6574445366859436,
0.6606763005256653,
-0.8693017363548279,
-0.26913559436798096,
0.26887086033821106,
0.7695034742355347,
0.43876007199287415,
0.09421982616186142,
-0.39470547437667847,
0.4488883912563324,
0.5188178420066833,
0.7504482269287109,
-0.1961180418729782,
0.3608036935329437,
0.543703019618988,
0.3949071168899536,
-0.28739193081855774,
-0.5267053246498108,
-0.18924890458583832,
-0.3228575885295868,
-0.5953214764595032,
-0.8020320534706116,
-0.38474780321121216,
0.15411855280399323,
-0.29205936193466187,
0.25188905000686646,
-0.3620797395706177,
0.15708774328231812,
0.29911401867866516,
-0.6985337138175964,
-0.11326723545789719,
-0.39114823937416077,
0.47685590386390686,
0.756175696849823,
-0.3399478495121002,
-0.22086340188980103,
-0.005502975080162287,
0.3822369873523712,
0.39184167981147766,
0.5425722599029541,
-0.8165156245231628,
0.21561360359191895,
0.03663431853055954,
0.6046116352081299,
-0.29534122347831726,
0.4854581654071808,
-0.1963498890399933,
-0.6015089750289917,
0.02403091825544834,
0.252326637506485,
-0.11523790657520294,
0.144362673163414,
-1.0845563411712646,
-0.08577106893062592,
-1.4330718517303467,
-0.2684721052646637,
0.727709949016571,
-0.1931605041027069,
-0.0669267326593399,
0.44964173436164856,
-0.24344594776630402,
0.16343814134597778,
0.2749357223510742,
-0.22591541707515717,
-0.02982955053448677,
0.11948415637016296,
-0.5994213819503784,
0.2258916050195694,
0.6233808398246765,
-0.30724969506263733,
0.4773886799812317,
0.45493048429489136,
-0.1775563657283783,
0.4945741295814514,
-0.30874761939048767,
0.03460660204291344,
-0.004380168858915567,
-0.205995112657547,
0.3856760859489441,
-0.18945403397083282,
0.051830340176820755,
-0.21220947802066803,
-0.1352175623178482,
0.16610851883888245,
0.4400877058506012,
0.11921597272157669,
-0.1382312923669815,
-0.15743689239025116,
0.3243407905101776,
0.03581696376204491,
0.20361346006393433,
-0.6696703433990479,
-0.5430766940116882,
-0.1101185604929924,
0.47783181071281433,
-0.059237197041511536,
0.22709228098392487,
0.09435565769672394,
0.02190728671848774,
-0.1024884581565857,
0.4327350854873657,
-0.26449474692344666,
-0.1119491457939148,
-0.67593914270401,
0.2808808982372284,
0.20340290665626526,
1.0196086168289185,
0.3639596104621887,
-0.23096740245819092,
-0.20038414001464844,
0.1608343869447708,
0.38498154282569885,
0.5456498861312866,
-0.39843547344207764,
-0.1980665624141693,
0.12705160677433014,
-0.7543402910232544,
1.2267789840698242,
-0.14994074404239655,
0.2192118763923645,
-0.009791122749447823,
0.8680902123451233,
-0.07544421404600143,
-1.0949559211730957,
0.3130859434604645,
0.49675825238227844,
-0.17693166434764862,
-0.30246594548225403,
0.025853954255580902,
-0.7096532583236694,
0.29153046011924744,
-0.36057010293006897,
0.4634788930416107,
0.2979479432106018,
-0.06696494668722153,
-0.09440894424915314,
-0.3246021568775177,
0.5470876693725586,
-0.22221899032592773,
0.7403671145439148,
-0.2553137540817261,
0.17935609817504883,
0.4401237666606903,
0.5102322101593018,
-0.4435059726238251,
-0.5650843381881714,
0.637405276298523,
-0.01783766783773899,
0.40171435475349426,
-0.2041020691394806,
0.700046718120575,
-0.23039667308330536,
-0.01347809936851263,
0.3994956612586975,
0.01714438945055008,
0.11284230649471283,
0.18510019779205322,
-0.6534080505371094,
0.392983078956604,
-0.19798821210861206,
0.5014553666114807,
-0.5801271200180054,
0.661372184753418,
-0.12483146041631699,
0.12156255543231964,
-0.34672901034355164,
-0.5437142848968506,
0.03744559735059738,
-0.3236218988895416,
-0.11167236417531967,
0.3532649278640747,
-0.343125581741333,
0.35493284463882446,
0.11712274700403214,
-0.12465847283601761,
-0.13479788601398468,
0.3378516137599945,
-0.6048370599746704,
-0.3902278542518616,
-0.20620767772197723,
0.5917885303497314,
0.08956247568130493,
0.11002139747142792,
0.010696375742554665,
0.6551820039749146,
-1.441253423690796,
0.13467764854431152,
0.07460743188858032,
-0.40361782908439636,
0.4852710962295532,
-0.6542863249778748,
-0.7200447916984558,
0.648698091506958,
0.4857185184955597,
-0.12430192530155182,
-0.4669894278049469,
-0.37927886843681335,
-0.5933958292007446,
0.09710011631250381,
-0.4035927355289459,
-0.6623402833938599,
-0.5746474862098694,
-0.0019934799056500196,
-0.6958807706832886,
-0.24084991216659546,
0.27755844593048096,
0.05989444628357887,
0.6380947232246399,
0.037896499037742615,
-0.26868465542793274,
0.2832176685333252,
-0.6461915969848633,
-0.3441159129142761,
-0.04000558331608772,
-0.057981230318546295,
-0.10920245945453644,
-0.11197730898857117,
-0.30880436301231384,
-0.357566237449646,
0.06837765872478485,
-5.23255729675293,
-0.1372096687555313,
-0.5539914965629578,
0.001272419118322432,
0.429338276386261,
0.2669917345046997,
0.5056946277618408,
-0.20817182958126068,
-0.05734333023428917,
-0.5214173793792725,
0.23261615633964539,
0.4909917712211609,
-0.11050289869308472,
0.40317460894584656,
0.1667567789554596,
0.2700923681259155,
1.0788172483444214,
-0.387599915266037,
0.7309533357620239,
-0.6686769723892212,
0.17725206911563873,
0.01907719299197197,
-0.08026251196861267,
0.09072449803352356,
0.134801983833313,
0.53223717212677,
-0.9956714510917664,
0.1881353110074997,
-1.070053219795227,
-0.09103526920080185,
-0.1271383911371231,
-0.42175063490867615,
-0.39681485295295715,
0.12465039640665054,
-0.273631751537323,
-0.240264892578125,
0.5354706048965454,
0.3627813458442688,
0.10909809917211533,
-0.7548435926437378,
-0.17733068764209747,
0.18413491547107697,
-0.052477311342954636,
0.19082896411418915,
0.514430820941925,
-0.0955304503440857,
-0.47202181816101074,
-0.12574201822280884,
0.6373462080955505,
1.1464554071426392,
-0.001102015725336969,
0.02874675765633583,
0.7332736253738403,
0.9935014247894287,
0.5829287767410278,
-0.6030297875404358,
0.1564335972070694,
0.02571486122906208,
-0.542710542678833,
-0.07922679930925369,
0.32554805278778076,
-0.07046601921319962,
0.031452666968107224,
-0.9489059448242188,
-0.26598620414733887,
-0.3022586405277252,
0.08011365681886673,
-0.17232289910316467,
0.43593060970306396,
-0.21716487407684326,
-0.5440380573272705,
1.2150344848632812,
-0.30475419759750366,
-0.8551810383796692,
0.2814331650733948,
-0.1745873987674713,
-0.6536542773246765,
-0.1432666778564453,
-0.33816003799438477,
0.09498398751020432,
-0.06744495034217834,
0.018069053068757057,
-0.0889955684542656,
0.7806406617164612,
0.20507587492465973,
-0.43156737089157104,
-0.21774594485759735,
0.5870155692100525,
0.08716554939746857,
-0.09453347325325012,
0.018656935542821884,
-0.6062661409378052,
0.5854379534721375,
0.2693103551864624,
0.2537205219268799,
-0.4991897642612457,
-0.029212286695837975,
0.10732655972242355,
0.6799498200416565,
-0.8630333542823792,
0.5889942049980164,
-0.808838427066803,
0.15204976499080658,
0.08405999839305878,
-0.05796179920434952,
-0.26412972807884216,
-0.25252464413642883,
-0.13598942756652832,
0.5734776854515076,
0.05345219746232033,
-0.13044242560863495,
-0.42492201924324036,
0.26491501927375793,
-0.6277779936790466,
1.000581979751587,
-0.15501533448696136,
0.06932159513235092,
0.4791257381439209,
0.358651340007782,
0.27895626425743103,
-0.256605863571167,
0.31172868609428406,
-0.38073644042015076,
0.10173719376325607,
-0.3496244251728058,
-0.8630555868148804,
0.2789905369281769,
-0.21995308995246887,
-0.496165007352829,
0.46052446961402893,
0.17316626012325287,
0.5581879019737244,
0.42040762305259705,
-0.18551909923553467,
-0.10102812200784683,
-0.5389114618301392,
0.13275957107543945,
-0.39015793800354004,
0.2144555002450943,
-0.41503360867500305,
-0.2588566839694977,
0.2232949584722519,
-0.8712283372879028,
0.25175267457962036,
0.4187023937702179,
0.7623520493507385,
0.4662442207336426,
0.12289460003376007,
-0.27957630157470703,
0.4610542058944702,
-0.6598361134529114,
-0.9235249161720276,
0.24913182854652405,
-0.3828590214252472,
-0.024074021726846695,
0.30070772767066956,
0.7561137080192566,
0.15142641961574554,
-0.25192877650260925,
0.26646193861961365,
0.040838245302438736,
0.08658907562494278,
-0.42330676317214966,
-0.4686587452888489,
0.15557757019996643,
-0.2364993542432785,
0.2178075611591339,
-0.6913902163505554,
0.12109286338090897,
0.5359930992126465,
0.33228597044944763,
-0.42817091941833496,
-0.7437434196472168,
0.14323371648788452,
0.573635458946228,
0.04693564400076866,
-0.20382510125637054,
-0.3894592225551605,
-0.10667970031499863,
0.10764899104833603,
-0.07529757171869278,
-0.465003103017807,
-0.5688368082046509,
0.5061925649642944,
-0.13089686632156372,
-0.0351903922855854,
-0.8039159774780273,
-0.04416891187429428,
-0.25368732213974,
0.1882341355085373,
-0.23742200434207916,
-0.38427066802978516,
0.23721742630004883,
0.28385820984840393,
-0.7251185774803162,
0.23585280776023865,
0.4249494969844818,
0.14564068615436554,
0.4816882908344269,
-0.7280503511428833,
0.23068533837795258,
0.9129456877708435,
-1.1095279455184937,
0.4356849491596222,
0.5114243626594543,
-0.4963420629501343,
0.46079781651496887,
0.016200870275497437,
-0.03704928606748581,
0.01562885195016861,
-0.013663625344634056,
-0.7125726938247681,
0.168772891163826,
0.7424503564834595,
-0.035531241446733475,
-0.6946698427200317,
0.058108534663915634,
0.3751599192619324,
-0.37938132882118225,
-0.5626702308654785,
-0.7597907185554504,
-0.1868446320295334,
-0.19141237437725067,
-0.7703428268432617,
-0.9193860292434692,
0.3648739755153656,
0.12433136999607086,
-0.20044030249118805,
0.47316139936447144,
-0.15528884530067444,
-0.02733035758137703,
0.1302955150604248,
0.12261109054088593,
0.15503698587417603,
0.6669788360595703,
-0.5704050064086914,
-0.3131379783153534,
0.26386773586273193,
0.2510731816291809,
0.11095858365297318,
0.5763366222381592,
0.9452877640724182,
0.3755236566066742,
-0.38586199283599854,
-0.3175745904445648,
-0.09966064989566803,
0.4976326525211334,
-0.2708509862422943,
-0.37379562854766846,
0.21347442269325256,
0.11815153807401657,
-1.0331299304962158,
-0.7020293474197388,
-0.6486601829528809,
1.2554340362548828,
-0.5320489406585693,
-0.1683790236711502,
0.11806406825780869,
-0.05393761396408081,
-0.13121595978736877,
-0.5531494617462158,
-0.07972731441259384,
-0.6877337694168091,
0.4559658467769623,
0.2014872282743454,
0.2762894034385681,
-0.35937976837158203,
-0.25450628995895386,
0.0650307908654213,
-0.07127279788255692,
-0.15311168134212494,
0.3942267596721649,
0.4058311879634857,
0.15557917952537537,
-0.20325323939323425,
0.13861198723316193,
-0.0025447621010243893,
0.2098180651664734,
0.4799628257751465,
-0.1585230827331543,
0.16958163678646088,
0.01693703606724739,
-0.43203872442245483,
-0.6477941274642944,
-0.4525984525680542,
-0.6456934213638306,
-0.011190224438905716,
-0.4911514222621918,
-0.48705223202705383,
0.2017509937286377,
0.3958965539932251,
0.03276569023728371,
-0.27509599924087524,
-0.1963600069284439,
-0.20696429908275604,
0.39645862579345703,
0.13276447355747223,
0.48188161849975586,
-0.05712529271841049,
0.7402559518814087,
-0.6693910956382751,
0.9205368161201477,
-0.5163634419441223,
-0.2709815204143524,
0.2782290279865265,
-0.0010371919488534331,
-0.05066710710525513,
0.012889825738966465,
-0.43918293714523315,
0.15630994737148285,
-0.20758342742919922,
-0.49362435936927795,
0.5754234194755554,
0.6616286039352417,
-0.3325211703777313,
0.2982146143913269,
0.5724899768829346,
-0.5793666839599609,
-0.2711750268936157,
-0.35613372921943665,
-0.044081926345825195,
-0.26952046155929565,
0.5133333802223206,
0.7572410106658936,
0.055988412350416183,
0.8584970235824585,
-0.7303810119628906,
-0.0198739655315876,
0.2543293535709381,
0.8913383483886719,
0.02879924513399601,
-0.6321476697921753,
-0.21968646347522736,
0.9009016156196594,
0.1831720471382141,
-0.05410604551434517,
0.49190405011177063,
-0.5575137734413147,
-0.45015406608581543,
0.43009522557258606,
0.09378746151924133,
0.3331276774406433,
-0.3132534921169281,
-0.39702287316322327,
-0.004553244449198246,
0.0657537654042244,
-0.6042615175247192,
0.6187182068824768,
0.027396604418754578,
-0.10522756725549698,
-0.09952319413423538,
0.4181949198246002,
0.22090817987918854,
0.19752638041973114,
-0.16875921189785004,
0.18509022891521454,
0.7972326874732971,
-0.7312604784965515,
-0.14607901871204376,
-0.7968263626098633,
-0.3520148992538452,
-0.20174336433410645,
0.44404658675193787,
0.16937366127967834,
-0.2941150367259979,
-0.47894102334976196,
0.5514383316040039,
-0.10879693180322647,
0.11526624858379364,
0.19219189882278442,
0.3777969777584076,
0.35831066966056824,
-0.05849844589829445,
0.2955305278301239,
0.5747713446617126,
0.648626983165741,
0.1772989183664322,
-0.5675203204154968,
0.0866592526435852,
0.4066433608531952,
-0.491606205701828,
0.586329460144043,
-0.17059892416000366,
-0.7300840616226196,
0.16191402077674866,
0.19575069844722748,
-0.22591812908649445,
0.5742624998092651,
0.4502142667770386,
0.25450488924980164,
0.6461140513420105,
0.05549720674753189,
-0.2519431412220001,
-0.06707269698381424,
0.28329557180404663,
0.32810765504837036,
-0.4072626233100891,
0.12967132031917572,
0.40070652961730957,
0.7193555235862732,
-0.2719215154647827,
0.29144400358200073,
0.12876887619495392,
0.5303268432617188,
-0.286570280790329,
-0.2124689817428589,
-0.5207422971725464,
0.3692707121372223,
0.1677962988615036,
-0.19353938102722168,
-0.10023672133684158,
-0.2360077053308487,
-0.5235434174537659,
-0.18669402599334717,
-0.08410787582397461,
0.09671037644147873,
0.5281473994255066,
-0.8201321363449097,
-0.5765042304992676,
-0.34339824318885803,
0.3774382770061493,
-0.3181309103965759,
0.09473565965890884,
0.3696921765804291,
-0.36318835616111755,
-0.4418765604496002,
-0.08735136687755585,
-0.6059913039207458,
-0.2437133938074112,
0.024715829640626907,
0.18716849386692047,
-0.11011544615030289,
-0.6342455744743347,
0.5731183886528015,
-0.1199304386973381,
-0.4095533490180969,
-0.2558482587337494,
0.5753352046012878,
1.2795463800430298,
-0.2226695418357849,
-0.05777660012245178,
-0.6642187237739563,
0.13977812230587006,
-0.1942058652639389,
-1.3678666353225708,
0.1506325900554657,
-0.5352464318275452,
-0.9073273539543152,
0.25789475440979004,
0.5060497522354126,
0.2655295431613922,
-0.3326113820075989,
-0.2584725320339203,
0.0856272280216217,
0.3871117830276489,
-0.15619070827960968,
0.30745330452919006,
0.039538417011499405,
0.2609841525554657,
0.07906929403543472
] |
233257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20load | Viral load | Viral load, also known as viral burden, is a numerical expression of the quantity of virus in a given volume of fluid, including biological and environmental specimens. It is not to be confused with viral titre or viral titer, which depends on the assay. When an assay for measuring the infective virus particle is done (Plaque assay, Focus assay), viral titre often refers to the concentration of infectious viral particles, which is different from the total viral particles. Sputum and blood plasma are two bodily fluids from which viral load is measured. As an example of environmental specimens, the viral load of norovirus can be determined from run-off water on garden produce. Norovirus has not only prolonged viral shedding and has the ability to survive in the environment but a minuscule infectious dose is required to produce infection in humans: less than 100 viral particles.
Viral load is often expressed as viral particles, (virions) or infectious particles per mL depending on the type of assay. A higher viral burden, titre, or viral load often correlates with the severity of an active viral infection. The quantity of virus per mL can be calculated by estimating the live amount of virus in an involved fluid. For example, it can be given in RNA copies per millilitre of blood plasma.
Tracking viral load is used to monitor therapy during chronic viral infections, and in immunocompromised patients such as those recovering from bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. Currently, routine testing is available for HIV-1, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. Viral load monitoring for HIV is of particular interest in the treatment of people with HIV, as this is continually discussed in the context of management of HIV/AIDS. An undetectable viral load does not implicate a lack of infection. HIV positive patients on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy may present with an undetectable viral load on most clinical assays since the concentration of virus particles is below the limit of detection (LOD).
Technologies for viral load testing
A 2010 review study by Puren et al. categorizes viral load testing into three types: (1) nucleic acid amplification based tests (NATs or NAATs) commercially available in the United States with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, or on the market in the European Economic Area (EEA) with the CE marking; (2) "Home–brew" or in-house NATs; (3) non-nucleic acid-based test.
Nucleic acid-based tests (NATs)
There are many different molecular based test methods for quantifying the viral load using NATs. The starting material for amplification can be used to divide these molecular methods into three groups:
Target amplification which uses the nucleic acid itself. Just a few of the more common methods
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of in vitro DNA synthesis uses a DNA template, polymerase, buffers, primers, and nucleotides to multiply the HIV in the blood sample. Then a chemical reaction marks the virus. The markers are measured and used to calculate the amount of virus. PCR is used to quantify integrated DNA.
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a variation of PCR that can be used to quantify viral RNA. RNA is used as the starting material for this method and converted to double-stranded DNA, using the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) for PCR.
The nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) method is a transcription-based amplification system (TAS) variation of PCR. RNA is used as the target and a DNA copy is made. The DNA copy is then transcribed into RNA and amplified. Several TAS commercial variations are available including; transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), and self-sustaining sequence replication (3SR).
Probe specific amplification uses synthetic probes that preferentially bind to a target sequence. The probes are then amplified
Signal amplification uses large amounts of signal bound to an unamplified target originally present in the sample. One commonly used method:
The branched DNA (bDNA) method can use either DNA or RNA as the target nucleic acid. Short probes attached to a solid support and capture the target nucleic acid. Additional extender probes also bind to the target nucleic acid and to numerous reporter molecules which are used to increase the signal intensity, which is converted to a viral count.
Plasma specimens
EDTA plasma is a good source of cell-free viral RNA for RNA-based viral load testing. Consideration of specimen collection, storage and biosafety measures is essential. Extraction of RNA from plasma requires specialized equipment, reagents and training, placing it out of reach for medium to small labs with limited resources. A large sample (> 1 mL of plasma) is needed for a linear range bottoming out at 50 copies/mL, requiring venipuncture. This linear range is best for treatment monitoring. If a higher linear range of more than 1000 copies/mL is acceptable, a finger stick would supply a sufficient specimen for diagnosis of HIV infection during infancy.
Storage
EDTA plasma can be stored at room temperature for 30 hours, 14 days at 4 °C and extended periods of time at -70 °C without significant decreases in viral load signal. The RNA in smaller blood specimens, such as dried plasma spots (DPS) or dried blood spots (DBS) from finger sticks, is reportedly stable at room temperature for periods ranging from 4 weeks to 1 year. The virus is inactivated in dried samples, reducing the danger from specimen handling. DBS and DPS were successfully evaluated for viral load testing, but their linear range is 3 log10 or 4 log10 copies/mL. Because of this lack of sensitivity, dried specimens are useful for HIV screening but not for viral load determination.
Measuring
Viral load is typically reported as copies of HIV in a milliliter (mL) of blood. Changes in viral load are usually reported as a log change (in powers of 10). For example, a three log increase in viral load (3 log10) is an increase of 103 or 1,000 times the previously reported level, while a drop from 500,000 to 500 copies would be a three-log-drop (also 3 log10).
Other factors that affect viral load
Different test methods often give different results for the same patient sample. To be comparable the same test method (target amplification, probe specific amplification, or signal amplification) should be used each time a patient specimen is run. Ideally patient testing should be conducted at the same medical laboratory, using the same viral load test and analyzer.
Time of day, fatigue, and stress can also affect viral load values. Recent immunizations or infections can affect the viral load test. Testing should be postponed for at least four weeks after an immunization or infection.
References
Virology
HIV/AIDS
Medical tests
Epidemiology
Global health
Infectious diseases
Pandemics
Zoonoses
it:Carica virale | [
0.07361340522766113,
0.04812245815992355,
0.046250857412815094,
0.38317298889160156,
-0.053001437336206436,
0.15338842570781708,
0.10770310461521149,
0.1193423792719841,
-0.5672147274017334,
-0.5793004631996155,
0.007699489127844572,
0.1246747076511383,
-0.3691501021385193,
0.609931230545044,
0.4335011839866638,
0.6029463410377502,
0.3392620384693146,
0.2560986280441284,
0.13383089005947113,
0.19810046255588531,
-0.30202049016952515,
-0.3582773804664612,
0.15843404829502106,
-0.26649725437164307,
-0.22072143852710724,
-0.32856351137161255,
-0.0678488090634346,
0.11820978671312332,
0.04465022310614586,
-0.12583717703819275,
-0.24847562611103058,
0.580991804599762,
-0.17059344053268433,
0.24141305685043335,
-0.1349494904279709,
-0.011191153898835182,
-0.4591310918331146,
0.17080210149288177,
0.06507181376218796,
-0.29136380553245544,
-0.09821201115846634,
-0.22054456174373627,
-0.3428328335285187,
0.13196823000907898,
-0.40510791540145874,
-0.9295673966407776,
-0.9801241159439087,
0.2595770061016083,
-0.651501476764679,
0.2955579161643982,
-0.024748781695961952,
0.8012353777885437,
-0.2920527458190918,
0.28932425379753113,
-0.15630561113357544,
0.27815425395965576,
-0.5074633955955505,
-0.00640531862154603,
0.16329307854175568,
-0.5320103764533997,
0.4356999099254608,
-0.4593178927898407,
-0.12415657937526703,
0.29493480920791626,
0.10263173282146454,
0.1295272558927536,
0.2987825870513916,
0.13333524763584137,
-0.2479374259710312,
-0.7639965415000916,
-0.2239937037229538,
-0.17611271142959595,
0.020171042531728745,
-0.17429004609584808,
-0.12454012036323547,
-0.29914942383766174,
-0.07256283611059189,
0.12738075852394104,
-0.4120190441608429,
0.30757710337638855,
-0.3490297496318817,
0.4716185927391052,
-0.025538722053170204,
-0.35462522506713867,
0.6646636128425598,
0.2242686003446579,
0.07677321135997772,
0.790515124797821,
-0.2236897349357605,
0.3746536672115326,
0.35269540548324585,
0.6247920989990234,
0.7653142213821411,
-0.21737945079803467,
0.21605420112609863,
-0.1802300214767456,
-0.03515566140413284,
-0.1316891461610794,
0.3264085650444031,
0.03619653731584549,
-0.3969388008117676,
-0.512941837310791,
0.1182299554347992,
-0.005839295219630003,
-0.09540098905563354,
-0.05765229091048241,
-0.18788723647594452,
-0.2482370138168335,
0.24524052441120148,
-0.012623938731849194,
0.06617134809494019,
0.033355411142110825,
-0.44542622566223145,
-0.3837285339832306,
-0.27361196279525757,
0.02275184355676174,
0.07235987484455109,
-0.5567954182624817,
0.03297598287463188,
0.03925139829516411,
-0.6498709321022034,
0.4184309244155884,
0.1340036690235138,
-0.3907073736190796,
-0.171477273106575,
0.06019307300448418,
0.44798001646995544,
0.15662378072738647,
-0.1963435560464859,
0.6159597039222717,
-0.1380542814731598,
0.7677898406982422,
0.28657498955726624,
0.47168299555778503,
-0.09314253181219101,
-0.0390033982694149,
-0.3002600371837616,
0.372560054063797,
0.0825054720044136,
-0.3529689311981201,
-0.6852326393127441,
-0.9049230813980103,
-0.33937934041023254,
0.23089909553527832,
0.3863322138786316,
-0.09088624268770218,
-0.25507694482803345,
-0.618299126625061,
-0.26265043020248413,
-0.19994258880615234,
0.033924318850040436,
0.24414892494678497,
-0.23415379226207733,
-0.03991841524839401,
0.2075275182723999,
0.16101345419883728,
0.3380599021911621,
0.2669205367565155,
-0.426797479391098,
0.2745603621006012,
0.36665716767311096,
0.49107733368873596,
-0.4227147102355957,
-0.4439435601234436,
-0.0995408147573471,
-0.3589460849761963,
0.47304967045783997,
0.4190931022167206,
0.24875999987125397,
-0.02529243379831314,
-0.4799377918243408,
-0.18476594984531403,
0.4504448175430298,
0.09080556780099869,
0.1744285523891449,
-0.06669430434703827,
0.6281492710113525,
0.20849353075027466,
1.0079315900802612,
0.1743767112493515,
-0.2077295035123825,
0.043002597987651825,
0.19797460734844208,
0.11806327104568481,
0.5157048106193542,
-0.2780815362930298,
0.4724333584308624,
0.008222764357924461,
-0.13577668368816376,
-0.2022741287946701,
-0.4864403009414673,
-0.05613100156188011,
-0.13122884929180145,
-0.38565146923065186,
1.1754367351531982,
-0.14492805302143097,
-0.23492781817913055,
1.1760979890823364,
0.21597158908843994,
-0.06590196490287781,
-0.4106086790561676,
0.2923816740512848,
0.24985478818416595,
-0.5708836913108826,
-0.7495341897010803,
0.170086070895195,
0.6588791608810425,
-0.21377505362033844,
-0.20753665268421173,
0.1984577476978302,
0.39051178097724915,
-0.435955286026001,
-0.2862999737262726,
-0.8190745711326599,
0.2982717454433441,
0.31662824749946594,
-0.6450784206390381,
0.18689246475696564,
0.0067603406496346,
-0.027588997036218643,
0.8037238717079163,
-0.8433362245559692,
0.33613350987434387,
0.3807418644428253,
-0.367933452129364,
0.27225881814956665,
0.3178357481956482,
0.0198363084346056,
1.0258219242095947,
-0.8691421151161194,
0.43620818853378296,
-0.48019489645957947,
0.42842188477516174,
0.0833716094493866,
-0.641179084777832,
0.03428005054593086,
0.3815152943134308,
0.1575477570295334,
-0.19175772368907928,
-0.031768158078193665,
0.18627192080020905,
1.0943353176116943,
-0.3815678656101227,
0.3660258650779724,
-0.2517201006412506,
-0.2945745587348938,
0.19392016530036926,
-0.027174189686775208,
-0.5795566439628601,
-0.1780702918767929,
0.35698485374450684,
0.7026644349098206,
0.06673192977905273,
0.0326155349612236,
0.2387598305940628,
-0.22023442387580872,
0.1308511644601822,
0.07356250286102295,
0.4569489657878876,
-0.06814555823802948,
-0.2949724495410919,
0.2726394832134247,
-0.08223750442266464,
-0.2554970681667328,
-0.16570335626602173,
-0.6480585336685181,
-0.2219901829957962,
-0.6500802040100098,
-0.1933792382478714,
0.661720871925354,
0.7055004835128784,
0.22935037314891815,
-0.34843528270721436,
0.2462654858827591,
0.20906122028827667,
-0.710128664970398,
0.7443203330039978,
0.37241607904434204,
-0.3813896179199219,
-0.25872644782066345,
-0.14137831330299377,
0.17600226402282715,
0.6183394193649292,
-0.37213200330734253,
0.15161971747875214,
-0.9271131157875061,
-0.5595952272415161,
0.3993288278579712,
0.057505782693624496,
-0.5146491527557373,
-0.6233094930648804,
0.013944449834525585,
0.14954224228858948,
0.0747557207942009,
-0.0031322562135756016,
0.467862606048584,
0.39643728733062744,
0.10566994547843933,
0.45940345525741577,
0.3659112751483917,
-0.6193588376045227,
-0.47195711731910706,
-0.45719829201698303,
0.1896650493144989,
-0.29491230845451355,
-0.22194571793079376,
-0.05473855510354042,
0.5633977651596069,
-5.95932149887085,
0.1025465652346611,
0.1437782645225525,
-0.046841688454151154,
-0.004211371298879385,
0.35740000009536743,
1.147140383720398,
-0.05242893099784851,
-0.12237223982810974,
0.035013359040021896,
0.14852255582809448,
0.3396531343460083,
0.17389725148677826,
0.2822434604167938,
0.4957790970802307,
-0.004039068706333637,
0.6935538649559021,
0.3909655511379242,
0.2740022540092468,
0.3780302107334137,
0.058013979345560074,
0.13071365654468536,
-0.3276614248752594,
0.1516885757446289,
-0.2147001177072525,
0.48574957251548767,
-0.2847035527229309,
0.46615538001060486,
-0.4617811441421509,
0.5291786789894104,
-0.1103847548365593,
-1.0101473331451416,
-0.058403268456459045,
-0.5698118805885315,
-0.20662370324134827,
0.05923374742269516,
0.008902126923203468,
0.20299623906612396,
0.20054861903190613,
-0.4944947361946106,
-0.17066024243831635,
0.1781395673751831,
-0.007399922236800194,
-0.44012898206710815,
0.02332797460258007,
0.0422421433031559,
-0.0002303255896549672,
-0.008973455987870693,
0.17419461905956268,
0.42351022362709045,
-0.25812771916389465,
-0.39046481251716614,
0.5433340072631836,
-0.03210538253188133,
-0.04527232423424721,
0.08136271685361862,
0.42339375615119934,
0.2808918356895447,
-0.476107120513916,
0.19890347123146057,
-0.10220741480588913,
-0.6155784130096436,
-0.0878782719373703,
0.09696651250123978,
0.025404201820492744,
0.0721139907836914,
-0.4831473231315613,
-0.0810447409749031,
0.4338243901729584,
0.11830823123455048,
-0.19564315676689148,
0.11343702673912048,
0.13757093250751495,
-0.5768060088157654,
0.0763995423913002,
-0.6990991830825806,
0.3282657265663147,
-0.11497925966978073,
0.14428143203258514,
-0.2242264598608017,
-0.8949508666992188,
-0.1322726458311081,
-0.21214711666107178,
-0.03018101118505001,
0.23494787514209747,
-0.39252766966819763,
0.049402326345443726,
-0.20023120939731598,
-0.14085273444652557,
-0.18225707113742828,
0.12369509786367416,
-0.6771122217178345,
0.36206772923469543,
0.2204958200454712,
0.27448567748069763,
0.22902274131774902,
0.3006340265274048,
0.500180184841156,
0.2532203495502472,
-0.17177538573741913,
0.6617411971092224,
-0.38858020305633545,
-0.22828973829746246,
-0.8842034935951233,
-0.49912649393081665,
0.14418616890907288,
-0.30380338430404663,
0.6807125210762024,
0.5720170140266418,
-0.10359600931406021,
0.15368616580963135,
0.5028300881385803,
-0.07694408297538757,
-0.5029018521308899,
0.29986572265625,
0.5727859139442444,
-0.3243894875049591,
0.4387783110141754,
0.5065628290176392,
0.11284793168306351,
0.1517419070005417,
0.2433924376964569,
-0.5817846655845642,
0.007631172426044941,
0.2919207811355591,
-0.29031842947006226,
0.16598691046237946,
0.15524408221244812,
-0.3016873598098755,
-0.5753620266914368,
0.34632936120033264,
0.6136038303375244,
0.22313660383224487,
0.32230186462402344,
0.15161216259002686,
-0.5767942070960999,
0.34083062410354614,
0.12217407673597336,
0.19704647362232208,
-0.7842664122581482,
0.25960415601730347,
-0.23256276547908783,
-0.2610225975513458,
-0.14328895509243011,
0.033403798937797546,
0.4318956136703491,
-0.45031261444091797,
0.0416216216981411,
-0.09770675748586655,
0.0036957061383873224,
-0.0042561497539281845,
-0.31500035524368286,
-0.26497316360473633,
-0.12805593013763428,
-0.04416082054376602,
-0.19033291935920715,
0.4331018626689911,
-0.08529733866453171,
0.5800176858901978,
-0.5706602334976196,
0.011133948341012001,
0.05824163183569908,
-1.1144293546676636,
-0.6466127634048462,
-0.6196661591529846,
0.08809491246938705,
0.036629803478717804,
-0.22732602059841156,
0.45203739404678345,
0.546440064907074,
-0.37770697474479675,
-0.318503201007843,
-0.26827824115753174,
-0.39345666766166687,
-0.023003626614809036,
0.11058315634727478,
-0.03198779374361038,
-0.1257259100675583,
-0.002207021228969097,
0.43710121512413025,
0.1511756330728531,
-0.3096241056919098,
-0.1630484014749527,
0.3858852684497833,
0.4777440130710602,
0.4023668169975281,
0.04401807487010956,
0.39114367961883545,
-0.3275795876979828,
0.21116198599338531,
0.0029215943068265915,
0.21697856485843658,
0.2889403998851776,
-0.2031191736459732,
0.25823065638542175,
-0.01734946481883526,
-0.16927871108055115,
0.5890043377876282,
-0.4414328932762146,
0.10845546424388885,
0.29560306668281555,
0.4341825544834137,
-0.36666688323020935,
0.342772901058197,
-0.12972475588321686,
-0.20693553984165192,
-0.2902693748474121,
-0.21906238794326782,
-0.20400984585285187,
-0.11683336645364761,
-0.385813444852829,
-0.08797725290060043,
-0.374782919883728,
0.5267965197563171,
-0.14242492616176605,
0.25180405378341675,
0.014588811434805393,
-0.5770003199577332,
0.3629811704158783,
0.07341257482767105,
-0.3612630367279053,
0.4925057590007782,
-0.25019246339797974,
-0.2652859389781952,
-0.022672250866889954,
0.17339558899402618,
0.166623055934906,
-0.9329176545143127,
0.17682035267353058,
0.07294343411922455,
0.27143675088882446,
-0.8260858654975891,
0.05268123000860214,
0.017637228593230247,
-0.26745203137397766,
-0.2792827785015106,
0.09334409981966019,
-0.1019383892416954,
-0.04088268056511879,
-0.3062375783920288,
0.061604179441928864,
0.651089072227478,
0.015342573635280132,
-0.5437301993370056,
0.04563191533088684,
0.2857740521430969,
0.2301274538040161,
-0.7247390151023865,
-0.09216542541980743,
0.14704029262065887,
0.4068733751773834,
-0.7363240122795105,
-0.6481808423995972,
0.19728291034698486,
0.8796855211257935,
0.0664854571223259,
0.2964175343513489,
-1.0214763879776,
0.021590137854218483,
0.16692928969860077,
0.11483314633369446,
-0.17078399658203125,
-0.35327184200286865,
0.11600848287343979,
0.11437986046075821,
-0.12493288516998291,
-0.027461955323815346,
0.3250918686389923,
0.2820858955383301,
-0.2592012584209442,
0.48312538862228394,
-0.18211548030376434,
-0.05104963853955269,
0.4641818106174469,
0.013847315683960915,
0.23971405625343323,
-0.23939786851406097,
-0.4374977648258209,
0.13998658955097198,
0.24132253229618073,
-0.5555315613746643,
-0.45626598596572876,
0.4330640137195587,
0.10237938910722733,
0.3321802318096161,
-0.11872022598981857,
0.42862242460250854,
-0.06724037230014801,
-0.24710200726985931,
0.07709122449159622,
-0.5792089700698853,
-0.12179002165794373,
-0.5515233874320984,
0.019627103582024574,
0.1269301027059555,
0.01583298295736313,
-0.014227545820176601,
0.3244178593158722,
-0.4707079529762268,
-0.21574431657791138,
-0.942186713218689,
0.9022818207740784,
0.10106904059648514,
-0.6670514345169067,
0.36399510502815247,
-0.4256681501865387,
-0.04466590657830238,
-0.10075335204601288,
-0.0805564746260643,
-0.451306015253067,
0.1936476081609726,
-0.0688469260931015,
0.0495634488761425,
0.18790259957313538,
-0.08860263228416443,
-0.521330714225769,
0.04683183133602142,
-0.5844762921333313,
0.509742259979248,
0.3305474817752838,
0.10763266682624817,
0.12933798134326935,
0.2875349521636963,
-0.11878198385238647,
-0.34184715151786804,
0.6846553087234497,
-0.09343130886554718,
-0.21512997150421143,
-0.23607304692268372,
0.4266594350337982,
0.8023765683174133,
0.05808766186237335,
-0.5501645803451538,
-0.009145297110080719,
-0.42320528626441956,
0.04383327066898346,
0.4382297098636627,
-0.6384450793266296,
-0.3793376684188843,
0.3440563678741455,
0.29580771923065186,
0.484487384557724,
0.028531495481729507,
0.5888121128082275,
-0.5191657543182373,
0.3103799819946289,
-0.21715401113033295,
-0.17849135398864746,
0.03987480327486992,
-0.23851217329502106,
-0.017457010224461555,
-0.4856957793235779,
0.010496861301362514,
0.042044177651405334,
0.22534234821796417,
-0.4872080087661743,
0.5633365511894226,
-0.5132614970207214,
-0.3427119255065918,
-0.12263467907905579,
0.03960832580924034,
0.4135802090167999,
0.34530308842658997,
0.2569412589073181,
0.2712695896625519,
-0.3496309518814087,
0.5320907235145569,
-0.3777657747268677,
0.029653236269950867,
-0.2348678708076477,
-0.010406031273305416,
0.5015599131584167,
-0.5494327545166016,
0.5419167876243591,
0.6526867151260376,
0.10270187258720398,
0.2619253695011139,
0.896294891834259,
-0.2513962984085083,
0.2366829663515091,
0.2998957931995392,
-0.05504806339740753,
0.16541942954063416,
-0.6264252066612244,
0.12024020403623581,
0.14950600266456604,
0.11509191244840622,
0.37122899293899536,
0.04147789999842644,
0.11528579145669937,
0.5554331541061401,
-0.9380872845649719,
0.030702857300639153,
0.25827556848526,
-0.1468690037727356,
-0.38231608271598816,
0.105629563331604,
0.7757468223571777,
-0.04960064962506294,
0.01908709667623043,
-0.2062574177980423,
-0.4730013608932495,
-0.20681846141815186,
0.6028212904930115,
-0.5925677418708801,
0.5337222814559937,
-0.5961952209472656,
0.4630650281906128,
-1.0150827169418335,
0.6595970392227173,
0.9988130927085876,
-0.1925860494375229,
-0.23464402556419373,
0.1749086230993271,
-0.24685977399349213,
0.1569977104663849,
0.5443059206008911,
-0.884834349155426,
0.23120273649692535,
-0.41161736845970154,
-0.35309353470802307,
-0.36553895473480225,
0.3634435534477234,
0.32855236530303955,
-0.14756126701831818,
-0.045851096510887146,
0.33359023928642273,
0.16980107128620148,
-0.46058329939842224,
-0.06655013561248779,
-0.7343542575836182,
0.5286191701889038,
-0.7112731337547302,
0.4031883180141449,
-0.00963623821735382,
0.2053724080324173,
0.13895747065544128,
0.23402808606624603,
0.4082556664943695,
-0.2144353687763214,
0.4423689842224121,
-0.49832236766815186,
-0.1231205016374588,
-0.272020161151886,
-0.22147786617279053,
0.24602727591991425,
-0.12180566042661667,
-0.14336612820625305,
-0.6160747408866882,
0.5258848071098328,
0.04231972619891167,
-0.3952251374721527,
0.2313637137413025,
-0.1394641399383545,
-0.3660883903503418,
0.11611665040254593,
0.018035266548395157,
-0.034001775085926056,
-0.28183111548423767,
0.4716450572013855
] |
233258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna%20Haraway | Donna Haraway | Donna J. Haraway (born September 6, 1944) is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She is a prominent scholar in the field of science and technology studies, described in the early 1990s as a "feminist and postmodernist". Haraway is the author of numerous foundational books and essays that bring together questions of science and feminism, such as "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" (1985) and "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988). Additionally, for her contributions to the intersection of information technology and feminist theory, Haraway is widely cited in works related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Her Situated Knowledges and Cyborg Manifesto publications in particular, have sparked discussion within the HCI community regarding framing the positionality from which research and systems are designed. She is also a leading scholar in contemporary ecofeminism, associated with post-humanism and new materialism movements. Her work criticizes anthropocentrism, emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics. Haraway criticizes the Anthropocene because it generalizes us as a species. However, she also recognizes the importance of it recognizing humans as key agents. Haraway prefers the term Capitalocene which defines capitalism's relentless imperatives to expand itself and grow, but she does not like the theme of irreversible destruction in both the Anthropocene and Capitalocene.
Haraway has taught Women's Studies and the History of Science at the University of Hawaii (1971-1974) and Johns Hopkins University (1974-1980). She began working as a professor at the University of Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States. Haraway's works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and human–animal relations. Her works have sparked debate in primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology. Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist Lynn Randolph from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, technoscience, political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of Haraway's book Modest_Witness for which she received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize in 1999. She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work Primate Visions:Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. In 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's John Desmond Bernal Prize for her distinguished contributions to the field of science and technology studies. Haraway serves on the advisory board for numerous academic journals, including differences, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Contemporary Women's Writing, and Environmental Humanities.
Biography
Early life
Donna Jeanne Haraway was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Colorado. Haraway's father, Frank O. Haraway, was a sportswriter for The Denver Post and her mother Dorothy Mcguire Haraway, who came from a heavily Irish Catholic background, died from a heart attack when Haraway was 16 years old. Although she is no longer religious, Catholicism had a strong influence on her as she was taught by nuns in her early life. The impression of the Eucharist influenced her linkage of the figurative and the material. Haraway attended high school at St. Mary's Academy in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. Growing up around her father's adoration for sports writing is a major part of her love for writing. The two of them would have dinner conversations about words and their fascination with them. Another impact on Haraway's writing came from the wars she experienced throughout her life, considering she was born at the end of World War II and grew up during the Cold War.
Education
Haraway majored in Zoology, with minors in philosophy and English at the Colorado College, on the full-tuition Boettcher Scholarship. After college, Haraway moved to Paris and studied evolutionary philosophy and theology at the Fondation Teilhard de Chardin on a Fulbright scholarship. She completed her Ph.D. in biology at Yale in 1972 writing a dissertation about the use of metaphor in shaping experiments in experimental biology titled The Search for Organizing Relations: An Organismic Paradigm in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, later edited into a book and published under the title Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology.
Later work
Haraway was the recipient of several scholarships. Alluding to the Cold War and post-war American hegemony, she said of these, "...people like me became national resources in the national science efforts. So, there was money available for educating even Irish Catholic girls' brains." In 1999, Haraway received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's highest honor, the J. D. Bernal Award, for her "distinguished contributions" to the field. Haraway's most famous essay was published in 1985: "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" and was characterized as "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism".
In Haraway's theses, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. Haraway defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives. Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest. Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see". Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis. Haraway's ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with Nancy Hartsock and other feminist philosophers and activists.
Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, published in 1989 (Routledge), focuses on primate research and primatology: "My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre". Currently, Donna Haraway is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She lives North of San Francisco with her partner Rusten Hogness. In an interview with Sarah Franklin in 2017, Haraway addresses her intent to incorporate collective thinking and all perspectives: "It isn't that systematic, but there is a little list. I notice if I have cited nothing but white people, if I have erased indigenous people, if I forget non-human beings, etc. I notice on purpose. I notice if I haven't paid the slightest bit of attention ... You know, I run through some old-fashioned, klutzy categories. Race, sex, class, region, sexuality, gender, species. I pay attention. I know how fraught all those categories are, but I think those categories still do important work. I have developed, kind of, an alert system, an internalized alert system."
Major themes
"A Cyborg Manifesto"
In 1985, Haraway published the essay "Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" in Socialist Review. Although most of Haraway's earlier work was focused on emphasizing the masculine bias in scientific culture, she has also contributed greatly to the feminist narratives of the twentieth century. For Haraway, the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists, to have any real-world significance, had to acknowledge their situatedness within what she terms the "informatics of domination." Women were no longer on the outside along a hierarchy of privileged binaries but rather deeply imbued, exploited by and complicit within networked hegemony, and had to form their politics as such.
According to Haraway's "Manifesto," "there is nothing about being female that naturally binds women together into a unified category. There is not even such a state as 'being' female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices". As stated, "In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Donna Haraway introduces the figure of the cyborg, an “impure” creature who scrambles orderly divisions between the natural and artificial/technical, and the human and the non-human/animal". A cyborg does not require a stable, essentialist identity, argues Haraway, and feminists should consider creating coalitions based on "affinity" instead of identity. To ground her argument, Haraway analyzes the phrase "women of color", suggesting it as one possible example of affinity politics. Using a term coined by theorist Chela Sandoval, Haraway writes that "oppositional consciousness" is comparable with a cyborg politics, because rather than identity it stresses how affinity comes as a result of "otherness, difference, and specificity".
Haraway's cyborg is a set of ideals of a genderless, race-less, more collective, and peaceful civilization with the caveat of being utterly connected to the machine. Her new versions of beings reject Western humanist conceptions of personhood and promote a disembodied world of information and the withering of subjectivity. The collective consciousness of the beings and their limitless access to information provides the tools with which to create a world of immense socio-political change through altruism and affinity, not biological unity. In her essay, Haraway challenges the liberal human subject and its lack of concern for collective desires which leaves the possibility for wide corruption and inequality in the world. Furthermore, the cyborg's importance lies in its coalition of consciousness, not in the physical body that carries the information/consciousness. A world of beings with a type of shared knowledge could create a powerful political force toward positive change. Cyborgs can see "from both perspectives at once." In addition, Haraway writes that the cyborg has an imbued nature toward the collective good.
Haraway explains that her "Manifesto" is "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism." She adds that "Cyborg imagery can suggest a way out of the maze of dualisms in which we have explained our bodies and our tools to ourselves." Haraway is serious about finding future ways towards equality and ending dominating behavior; however, the cyborg itself is not as serious of an endeavor for her as the idea of it is. Haraway creates an analogy using current technologies and information to imagine a world with a collective coalition that has the capabilities to create grand socio-political change. Haraway's "Manifesto" is a thought experiment, defining what people think is most important about being and what the future holds for increased artificial intelligence.
Gender, Work, & Organization's author Agnes Prasad's piece Cyborg Writing as a Political Act: Reading Donna Haraway in Organization Studies elaborates on how Haraway's writing contributes to the greater feminist community.
"This essay, almost immediately, became a watershed text for feminist theory and for, what was at the time, the inchoate field of feminist science studies. Interweaving ideas that were playful and imaginative with an incisive critique of the totalizing essentialism that was the ironic hallmark of the myriad strands of the second-wave feminist movement — encompassing, but not limited to, Marxist, psychoanalytic and radical feminist approaches — Haraway conscientiously articulates the politics of a monstrous creature of the post-gender world: the cyborg."
Cyborg feminism
In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs. The manifesto is also an important feminist critique of capitalism by revealing how men have exploited women's reproduction labor, providing a barrier for women to reach full equality in the labor market.
"Situated Knowledges"
"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" sheds light on Haraway's vision for a feminist science. The essay originated as a commentary on Sandra Harding's The Science Question in Feminism (1986) and is a reply to Harding's "successor science". Haraway offers a critique of the feminist intervention into masculinized traditions of scientific rhetoric and the concept of objectivity. The essay identifies the metaphor that gives shape to the traditional feminist critique as polarization. At one end lies those who would assert that science is a rhetorical practice and, as such, all "science is a contestable text and a power field". At the other are those interested in a feminist version of objectivity, a position Haraway describes as a "feminist empiricism". Haraway argues for an epistemology based in "situated knowledges," which synthesizes aspects of these two traditions. Haraway posits that by acknowledging and understanding the contingency of their position in the world, and hence the contestable nature of their claims to knowledge, subjects can produce knowledge with greater objectivity than if they claimed to be neutral observers.
Primate Visions
Haraway also writes about the history of science and biology. In Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (1990), she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology. She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about "reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females [that] facilitate some and preclude other types of conclusions". She contended that female primatologists focus on different observations that require more communication and basic survival activities, offering very different perspectives of the origins of nature and culture than the currently accepted ones. Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. In Primate Visions, she wrote:
"My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre".
Haraway's aim for science is "to reveal the limits and impossibility of its 'objectivity' and to consider some recent revisions offered by feminist primatologists". Haraway presents an alternative perspective to the accepted ideologies that continue to shape the way scientific human nature stories are created.
Haraway urges feminists to be more involved in the world of technoscience and to be credited for that involvement. In a 1997 publication, she remarked:
I want feminists to be enrolled more tightly in the meaning-making processes of technoscientific world-building. I also want feminist—activists, cultural producers, scientists, engineers, and scholars (all overlapping categories) — to be recognized for the articulations and enrollment we have been making all along within technoscience, in spite of the ignorance of most "mainstream" scholars in their characterization (or lack of characterizations) of feminism in relation to both technoscientific practice and technoscience studies.
Make Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations
Haraway created a panel called 'Make Kin not Babies' in 2015 with five other feminist thinkers named: Alondra Nelson, Kim TallBear, Chia-Ling Wu, Michelle Murphy, and Adele Clarke. The panel's emphasis is on moving human numbers down while paying attention to factors, such as the environment, race, and class. A key phrase of hers is "Making babies is different than giving babies a good childhood." This led to the inspiration for the publication of Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, by Donna Haraway and Adele Clarke, two of the panelist members. The book addresses the growing concern of the increase in the human population and its consequences on our environment. The book consists of essays from the two authors, incorporating both environmental and reproductive justice along with addressing the functions of family and kinship relationships.
Speculative fabulation
Speculative fabulation is a concept that is included in many of Haraway's works. It includes all of the wild facts that won't hold still, and it indicates a mode of creativity and the story of the Anthropocene. Haraway stresses how this doesn't mean it isn't a fact. In Staying with the Trouble, she defines speculative fabulation as "a mode of attention, theory of history, and a practice of worlding," and she finds it an integral part of scholarly writing and everyday life. In Haraway's work she addresses a feminist speculative fabulation and its focusing on making kin instead of babies to ensure the good childhood of all children while controlling the population. Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations highlights practices and proposals to implement this theory in society.
Plantationocene
Together with scholar Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Haraway coined Plantationocene as an alternative term to the proposed epoch Anthropocene that centers human activities in the transformation of the planet and its negative effect on land use, ecosystems, biodiversity, and species extinction.
Tsing and Haraway point out that not all humans equally contribute to the environmental challenges facing our planet. They date the origin of the Anthropocene to the start of colonialism in the Americas in the early modern era and highlight the violent history behind it by focusing on the history of plantations. The Spanish and the Portuguese colonists started importing models of plantations to the Americas by the 1500s which they have previously developed a century earlier in the Atlantic Islands. These models of planation were based on migratory forced labor (slavery), intensive land usage, globalized commerce, and constant racialized violence, all have transformed the lives of humans and non-humans worldwide. Current and past plantations provide an important note of the histories of colonialism, capitalism, and racism which can't be separated from environmental issues that made some humans more at risk to warming temperatures, rising seawater levels, toxicants, and land disposition than others.
The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness
The companion Species Manifesto is to be read as a “personal document”. This work was written to tell the story of cohabitation, coevolution and embodied cross-species sociality. Haraway argues that humans ‘companion’ relationship with dogs can show us the importance of recognizing differences and ‘how to engage with significant otherness'. The link between humans and animals like dogs can show people how to interact with other humans and nonhumans. Haraway believes that we should be using the term "companion species" instead of "companion animals" because of the relationships we can learn through them.
Critical responses to Haraway
Haraway's work has been criticized for being "methodologically vague" and using noticeably opaque language that is "sometimes concealing in an apparently deliberate way". Several reviewers have argued that her understanding of the scientific method is questionable, and that her explorations of epistemology at times leave her texts virtually meaning-free.
A 1991 review of Haraway's Primate Visions, published in the International Journal of Primatology, provides examples of some of the most common critiques of her view of science:
This is a book that contradicts itself a hundred times; but that is not a criticism of it, because its author thinks contradictions are a sign of intellectual ferment and vitality. This is a book that systematically distorts and selects historical evidence; but that is not a criticism, because its author thinks that all interpretations are biased, and she regards it as her duty to pick and choose her facts to favor her own brand of politics. This is a book full of vaporous, French-intellectual prose that makes Teilhard de Chardin sound like Ernest Hemingway by comparison; but that is not a criticism, because the author likes that sort of prose and has taken lessons in how to write it, and she thinks that plain, homely speech is part of a conspiracy to oppress the poor.
This is a book that clatters around in a dark closet of irrelevancies for 450 pages before it bumps accidentally into its index and stops; but that is not a criticism, either, because its author finds it gratifying and refreshing to bang unrelated facts together as a rebuke to stuffy minds. This book infuriated me; but that is not a defect in it, because it is supposed to infuriate people like me, and the author would have been happier still if I had blown out an artery. In short, this book is flawless, because all its deficiencies are deliberate products of art. Given its assumptions, there is nothing here to criticize. The only course open to a reviewer who dislikes this book as much as I do is to question its author's fundamental assumptions—which are big-ticket items involving the nature and relationships of language, knowledge, and science.
Another review of the same book, appearing in a 1990 issue of the American Journal of Primatology, offers a similar criticism of Haraway's literary style and scholarly methods:
There are many places where an editorial hand appears absent altogether. Neologisms are continually coined, and sentences are paragraph-long and convoluted. Biography, history, propaganda, science, science fiction, and cinema are intertwined in the most confusing way. Perhaps the idea is to induce a slightly dissociated state, so that readers can be lulled into belief. If one did not already possess some background, this book would give no lucid history of anthropology or primatology.
However, a review in the Journal of the History of Biology disagrees:
Primate Visions is one of the most important books to come along in the last twenty years. Historians of science have begun to write more externalist histories, acknowledging the possibilities of a science profoundly integrated with ongoing social agenda. Haraway's history of primatology in the twentieth century sets new standards for this approach, standards that will not be surpassed for some time to come. The book is important to students of science, feminists, historians, and anyone else interested in how the complex systems of race, gender, and science intertwine to produce supposedly objective versions of the "truth." This analysis of primatology is at once a complex, interdisciplinary, and deeply scholarly history and an imaginative, provocative analysis of the working of science in late twentieth-century Euro-America.
Publications
Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
"Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s", Socialist Review, 80 (1985) 65–108.
"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspectives", Feminist Studies, 14 (1988) 575–599.
Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Routledge: New York and London, 1989.
Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York: Routledge, and London: Free Association Books, 1991 (includes "A Cyborg Manifesto").
"A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies", Configurations, 2 (1994) 59–71.
Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience, New York: Routledge, 1997 (winner of the Ludwik Fleck Prize).
How Like a Leaf: A Conversation with Donna J. Haraway, Thyrza Nichols Goodeve, New York: Routledge, 1999.
The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003.
When Species Meet, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
The Haraway Reader, New York: Routledge, 2004, .
Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Durham: Duke University Press, 2016.
Manifestly Haraway, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016.
"Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908-36," Social Text, no. 11 (Winter 1984/1985): 19-64.
"Signs of Dominance: From a Physiology to a Cybernetics of Primate Society, C.R. Carpenter, 1930-70," Studies in History of Biology 6 (1983): 129-219.
"The Biological Enterprise: Sex, Mind, and Profit from Human Engineering to Sociobiology," Radical History Review, no. 20, (spring/summer, 1979): 206-37.
"The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Determinations of Self in Immune System Discourse," differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 1, no. 1 (1989): 3-43.
"The Promises of Monsters: Reproductive Politics for Inappropriate/d Others," Larry Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 295–337.
"Ecce Homo, Ain't (Ar'n't) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: the Human in a Posthumanist Landscape," Joan Scott and Judith Butler, eds., Feminists Theorize the Political (New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 87–101.
"Otherworldly Conversations, Terran Topics, Local Terms," Science as Culture (London), 3, no. 1 (1992): 59-92.
Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations, Donna J. Haraway and Adele Clarke, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018. .
See also
A Cyborg Manifesto
Cyborg anthropology
Ecofeminism
Postgenderism
Posthumanism
Postmodernism
Sandy Stone
Techno-progressivism
Feminist technoscience
Judith Butler
Sources
Burow-Flak, Elizabeth, "Background Information on Cyborg Manifesto", 17 September 2000.
Cachel, Susan. "Partisan primatology. Review of Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science", American Journal of Primatology, 22 (1990) 139–142.
Campbell, Kirsten, "The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing Donna Haraway's Project for Feminist Science Studies", Hypatia, 19:1 (2004) 162–182.
Cartmill, Matt. "Book Review - Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the world of Modern Science", International Journal of Primatology, 12 (1991) 67–75.
Carubia, Josephine M., "Haraway on the Map", Semiotic Review of Books, 9:1 (1998) 4–7.
Clarke, Adele, and Donna Haraway, editors. Making Kin Not Population. Prickly Paradigm Press, 2018.
“Donna Haraway.” The European Graduate School, https://egs.edu/biography/donna-haraway/.
Elkins, Charles, "The Uses of Science Fiction", Science Fiction Studies, 17 (1990) 269–272.
"Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, pub. 9 August 2000, rev. 5 August 2015.
Ferguson, Anne and Hennessy, and Rosemary and Nagel Mechthild. “Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work.” Edited by Edward N Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 2019, Author and Citation Information for "Feminist Perspectives on Class and Work".
Franklin, Sarah. “Staying with the Manifesto: An Interview with Donna Haraway.” Theory, Culture & Society, vol. 34, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 49–63, doi:10.1177/0263276417693290.
Flanagan, Mary and Austin Booth, Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.
Delphine, Gardey, "The Reading of an Œuvre. Donna Haraway: The Poetics and Politics of Life", Feministische Studien, 32 (2014) 86–100. doi:10.1515/fs-2014-0109
Hamner, M. Gail, "The Work of Love: Feminist Politics and the Injunction to Love", in Joerg Rieger (ed.), Opting for the Margins: Postmodernity and Liberation in Christian Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Haraway, Donna. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities, Duke University Press, 1 May 2015, https://doi.org/10.1215/22011919-3615934.
Haraway, Donna, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-‐Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in D. Bell and B.M. Kennedy (eds), The Cybercultures Reader, London: Routledge, 2000, pp. 291–324.
Haraway, Donna. The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003. Print.
Kunzru, Hari, "You Are Cyborg", in Wired Magazine, 5:2 (1997) 1–7.
Lederman, Muriel. “Donna J. Haraway; and Thyrza Nichols Goodeve. How Like a Leaf: An Interview with Donna J. Haraway.” Isis, vol. 93, no. 1, 2002, pp. 164–165., doi:10.1086/343342.
Library of Congress, "Books and Pamphlets Including Serials and Contributions to Periodicals: Current Registrations A–L, January–June 1973", Catalog of Copyright Entries, 3rd ser., 1, pt. 1, no. 1 (1975) 674. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
“Making Kin Not Population.” University of Chicago Press, 1 July 2018, Making Kin not Population.
Mann, Douglas. Understanding Society: a Survey of Modern Social Theory. Oxford University Press, 2011.
O'Riley, Patricia Ann, Technology, Culture, and Socioeconomics: A Rhizoanalysis of Educational Discourses, New York: Peter Lang, 2003.
Packman, Carl, [ "God(desses) and the Jouissance of Woman, or The (Cyborg) Future of Enjoyment"].
Russon, Anne, "Deconstructing Primatology?", Semiotic Review of Books, 2:2 (1991): 9–11.
Rua M. Williams and Juan E. Gilbert. 2019. Cyborg Perspectives on Computing Research Reform. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper alt13, 1–11.
Sandoval, Chela, "New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed", in C. H. Gray (ed.), The Cyborg Handbook, New York: Routledge, 1995, pp. 407–422.
Senft, Theresa M. "Reading Notes on Donna Haraway's 'Cyborg Manifesto'", October 21, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2006.
Truman, Sarah E. “SF! Haraway's Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class.” Studies in Philosophy and Education, vol. 38, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31–42, SF! Haraway's Situated Feminisms and Speculative Fabulations in English Class.
Vanderwees, Chris. “Companion Species under Fire: A Defense of Donna Haraway’s The Companion Species Manifesto.” Nebula: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Scholarship. 6.2 (2009): 73-81.
Weigel, Moira. “Feminist Cyborg Scholar Donna Haraway: 'The Disorder of Our Era Isn't Necessary'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 20 June 2019, Feminist cyborg scholar Donna Haraway: ‘The disorder of our era isn't necessary’.
Young, Robert M, "Science, Ideology and Donna Haraway", Science as Culture, 2 (1992) 165–207.
Citations
External links
Donna Haraway Faculty Webpage at UC Santa Cruz, History of Consciousness Program
Donna Haraway: Storytelling for Earthly Survival, a film by Fabrizio Terranova
1944 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
American socialists
Colorado College alumni
American feminist writers
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of science
People from Denver
Primatologists
Posthumanists
Postmodern feminists
American socialist feminists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American women philosophers
Yale University alumni
Metaphor theorists
American women sociologists
American sociologists
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of technology
Philosophers of religion
Philosophers from Hawaii
Philosophers from California
Philosophers of mind
American transhumanists
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American Book Award winners
American people of Irish descent
Zoology
Philosophers from Colorado
21st-century American women
20th-century American women | [
-0.45461222529411316,
0.12431952357292175,
-0.2986193895339966,
-0.062068670988082886,
-0.5399045348167419,
0.6558940410614014,
0.6635306477546692,
0.16685344278812408,
-0.42724883556365967,
0.14111511409282684,
0.02715018019080162,
0.63845294713974,
0.41247856616973877,
-0.03531404957175255,
-0.39107203483581543,
0.6885508298873901,
-0.1841958612203598,
0.8650879859924316,
-0.19466368854045868,
-0.41212350130081177,
0.06618837267160416,
-0.1350446492433548,
-0.19515004754066467,
-0.2541041672229767,
0.16839028894901276,
0.5585491061210632,
0.34001424908638,
0.2622932195663452,
0.34609419107437134,
0.3486437201499939,
0.2259768545627594,
0.11519016325473785,
0.7165361046791077,
-0.08983733505010605,
0.16054359078407288,
0.058498840779066086,
0.5629068613052368,
0.06782281398773193,
0.2060360461473465,
-0.05941874906420708,
-0.23228493332862854,
-0.04132181406021118,
0.2776133716106415,
-0.02648383006453514,
0.4041421115398407,
-0.3034844696521759,
-1.759488821029663,
-0.2860448360443115,
-0.2573801577091217,
-0.34281978011131287,
0.24885238707065582,
-0.07720579206943512,
0.22965224087238312,
0.21486146748065948,
-0.05846844241023064,
0.4199194014072418,
-0.038552481681108475,
0.35247573256492615,
0.18814246356487274,
-0.3023846745491028,
0.09195782244205475,
-0.19982638955116272,
-0.2249581664800644,
-0.12280068546533585,
-0.22676055133342743,
0.217672199010849,
-0.18677060306072235,
0.4760098457336426,
-0.21207045018672943,
0.2106412649154663,
-0.00012143327330704778,
0.10078161209821701,
0.3817308843135834,
0.14606443047523499,
-0.6359500288963318,
0.053732980042696,
0.018782859668135643,
-0.17079444229602814,
0.11899762600660324,
-0.25399675965309143,
-0.1808263063430786,
-0.3734135329723358,
0.32869070768356323,
0.43758752942085266,
0.43858602643013,
0.042799290269613266,
0.3532885015010834,
-0.15202084183692932,
0.25608810782432556,
1.1207616329193115,
-1.5009604692459106,
0.09458719193935394,
0.04511523246765137,
0.2601611912250519,
-0.0539509654045105,
-0.0961947962641716,
0.06059671565890312,
0.07236780971288681,
0.6881836652755737,
-0.24104554951190948,
-0.4949130117893219,
0.437023788690567,
-0.007221789099276066,
-0.22828586399555206,
-0.7098960876464844,
0.055199529975652695,
0.0005650227540172637,
-0.3367737829685211,
-0.03863586112856865,
-1.9208186864852905,
-0.05006461217999458,
-0.060474276542663574,
-0.4878820776939392,
-0.4967619776725769,
0.18544785678386688,
0.6102529764175415,
0.6268430352210999,
0.02818073146045208,
-0.5727158784866333,
-0.22630642354488373,
-0.08265868574380875,
0.9258419275283813,
-0.26752299070358276,
0.012929189018905163,
0.18295897543430328,
0.5815468430519104,
0.3532445430755615,
-0.046582482755184174,
0.5520029067993164,
0.2787427008152008,
-0.24954044818878174,
0.2188771516084671,
-0.5468671321868896,
0.050442084670066833,
-0.25671151280403137,
-0.2648923099040985,
0.69566810131073,
0.6375129818916321,
0.3050811290740967,
-0.3272067606449127,
-0.5845897793769836,
0.11445251107215881,
-2.430842876434326,
-0.2768506407737732,
0.6877028942108154,
-0.17315587401390076,
-0.1586587131023407,
0.49057310819625854,
-0.2754863202571869,
0.2789679169654846,
0.14681416749954224,
-0.3895667493343353,
0.016196072101593018,
-0.0486898235976696,
-0.1600681096315384,
0.16887956857681274,
-0.20822791755199432,
-0.39974185824394226,
0.26766902208328247,
0.7857975959777832,
0.522926390171051,
0.1941443383693695,
0.015117790549993515,
0.06052958965301514,
0.21260881423950195,
0.600784182548523,
0.24149459600448608,
-0.38679271936416626,
0.4007762670516968,
-0.38812121748924255,
-0.12633778154850006,
0.0553506501019001,
-0.06271940469741821,
-0.6270228624343872,
0.48658913373947144,
0.5331487059593201,
0.14593563973903656,
0.5390181541442871,
-0.20884276926517487,
-0.1177215650677681,
-0.01694251410663128,
0.17507801949977875,
0.24833136796951294,
0.26363605260849,
0.6900224685668945,
0.05166759714484215,
0.12381282448768616,
0.15139754116535187,
0.3918783664703369,
0.3751932382583618,
-0.22653256356716156,
-0.024698397144675255,
0.4608938694000244,
0.1811314970254898,
0.30266520380973816,
0.14100545644760132,
-0.31816035509109497,
-0.016017934307456017,
0.18630902469158173,
0.49031808972358704,
-0.0694880560040474,
0.217679962515831,
0.075413279235363,
-0.19277268648147583,
-0.6522790789604187,
2.657252311706543,
-0.10362132638692856,
0.34320393204689026,
0.01572875864803791,
1.0870143175125122,
0.27628692984580994,
-0.04997916892170906,
-0.5156700611114502,
0.05438770726323128,
0.21107587218284607,
0.005726343020796776,
0.28029000759124756,
-0.17706289887428284,
-0.2361033707857132,
-0.46178489923477173,
0.2093382477760315,
0.2499975562095642,
0.18015703558921814,
-0.13516150414943695,
-0.3161775767803192,
1.062993049621582,
-0.08694400638341904,
0.2329767644405365,
0.17584434151649475,
-0.009387328289449215,
0.5776740312576294,
0.41837501525878906,
-0.8276700973510742,
-0.487387478351593,
-0.25262102484703064,
0.380647748708725,
0.8279051184654236,
-0.07883981615304947,
0.6981276869773865,
-0.1837654858827591,
0.8339885473251343,
-0.09828563779592514,
0.06205305829644203,
-0.17689669132232666,
-0.4739205837249756,
0.006426953244954348,
-0.11542027443647385,
0.15454360842704773,
-0.23213453590869904,
-0.2468121200799942,
0.11018753796815872,
0.22307802736759186,
0.6723726391792297,
-0.500648021697998,
0.1264217048883438,
0.3399040102958679,
-0.3408973217010498,
-0.00810118019580841,
0.4102690815925598,
-0.48120611906051636,
0.22337673604488373,
0.24514754116535187,
0.2965647578239441,
-0.2649862766265869,
-0.1428402215242386,
-0.14300915598869324,
-0.2258448302745819,
-0.5932682156562805,
0.4576696753501892,
-0.35386937856674194,
-0.27612239122390747,
-0.029297713190317154,
-0.36217713356018066,
-3.184556722640991,
0.06683718413114548,
-0.012116269208490849,
0.05210487172007561,
0.2442924827337265,
-0.3370002806186676,
-0.5961869359016418,
0.7602308988571167,
0.44933468103408813,
-0.12265068292617798,
-0.15641848742961884,
-0.39595267176628113,
0.12107447534799576,
-0.05838484317064285,
0.059133753180503845,
-0.1714753657579422,
-0.040389273315668106,
0.19827254116535187,
0.10509616881608963,
-0.1478879153728485,
0.16204975545406342,
0.20707328617572784,
-0.20501165091991425,
-0.2596120834350586,
0.1401948183774948,
0.021948905661702156,
0.07120205461978912,
0.27357396483421326,
0.67292720079422,
-0.3575649559497833,
0.22649340331554413,
0.2172607183456421,
-0.41391000151634216,
-0.11555984616279602,
0.13443267345428467,
-4.200673580169678,
-0.030485808849334717,
-0.838333249092102,
0.17064312100410461,
-0.14860127866268158,
-0.47484132647514343,
0.10719148814678192,
-0.4723128080368042,
-0.03018684685230255,
-0.09073953330516815,
-0.0019876614678651094,
0.4270077645778656,
-0.24291260540485382,
0.21684840321540833,
0.037508297711610794,
0.5124431848526001,
0.2578717768192291,
-0.4136609137058258,
0.35368990898132324,
0.05427379161119461,
-0.036322567611932755,
-0.17553240060806274,
-0.765667736530304,
-0.41588249802589417,
0.2557702958583832,
0.41987669467926025,
-0.3262365758419037,
0.33432942628860474,
-0.8413295149803162,
-0.06647150963544846,
-0.10821684449911118,
-0.1342276930809021,
-0.20705342292785645,
-0.28711843490600586,
-0.5751544833183289,
-0.20598778128623962,
-0.15547890961170197,
0.11325861513614655,
0.2771633267402649,
-0.3213789165019989,
-0.38319307565689087,
0.23275808990001678,
-0.25652629137039185,
0.3161424994468689,
0.5479611754417419,
0.5433490872383118,
-0.7983812093734741,
-0.6805202960968018,
-0.3417379558086395,
0.26853013038635254,
-0.12341690808534622,
-0.19074183702468872,
1.3547521829605103,
0.051824722439050674,
0.33669477701187134,
-0.27653029561042786,
0.34945258498191833,
-0.3357601761817932,
-0.26233696937561035,
-0.12314423173666,
0.8036242723464966,
-0.43471044301986694,
0.634070634841919,
-0.643137514591217,
0.08389940112829208,
-0.253356397151947,
0.49515196681022644,
0.054632022976875305,
-0.2276304066181183,
-0.27083495259284973,
-0.5589137673377991,
0.21710579097270966,
0.021992066875100136,
-0.9475525617599487,
0.35318905115127563,
-0.08318424969911575,
-0.39911913871765137,
0.43583646416664124,
0.0794815868139267,
-0.30766788125038147,
-0.07210423052310944,
-0.24880023300647736,
0.08417592197656631,
0.5070928931236267,
-0.12909913063049316,
-0.3031277358531952,
0.045401353389024734,
0.0806407630443573,
-0.6654857397079468,
0.2943207025527954,
0.15442335605621338,
-0.018605459481477737,
-0.22438238561153412,
-0.033120498061180115,
0.18109670281410217,
0.14611473679542542,
0.8823442459106445,
-0.670037567615509,
-0.0822804793715477,
-0.9034755229949951,
-0.2995498478412628,
-0.5061389803886414,
-0.2837570905685425,
-0.4410001337528229,
0.025524429976940155,
0.1695408970117569,
0.028961312025785446,
-0.07671931385993958,
0.09230425953865051,
-0.5553407669067383,
0.3489030599594116,
0.018491361290216446,
-0.6223148703575134,
0.22432281076908112,
1.0987781286239624,
-0.14023225009441376,
-0.3303326666355133,
0.43390199542045593,
0.18652570247650146,
0.3830490708351135,
0.4096681773662567,
0.5436192154884338,
-0.6003077626228333,
0.2533135712146759,
0.08928059041500092,
-0.35863232612609863,
0.19502341747283936,
0.11394460499286652,
-0.5167518854141235,
0.5409404039382935,
0.339804470539093,
-0.23161616921424866,
-0.08146727085113525,
-0.6810932159423828,
-0.18656180799007416,
0.2053365260362625,
-0.20445632934570312,
-0.10309548676013947,
0.16918809711933136,
0.2492360919713974,
0.008470897562801838,
-0.14772345125675201,
-0.11521537601947784,
0.6055725812911987,
0.5262711644172668,
0.9883288145065308,
0.12825709581375122,
-0.1765543669462204,
-0.43523970246315,
0.26097384095191956,
0.1309359073638916,
-0.6039356589317322,
0.7327325344085693,
-0.7622402310371399,
0.08117073774337769,
-0.19681820273399353,
0.18793781101703644,
-0.1642046570777893,
-0.3942497670650482,
0.12100362032651901,
0.11401780694723129,
-0.27309635281562805,
-0.9388644099235535,
0.39217448234558105,
-0.2934369444847107,
-0.29798540472984314,
-0.052191030234098434,
-0.8865771889686584,
-0.4194529354572296,
0.5245091319084167,
-0.33479899168014526,
-0.2060474306344986,
-0.3462119996547699,
0.17929057776927948,
0.5089359879493713,
-0.12988530099391937,
0.5755950212478638,
0.06304931640625,
0.27112945914268494,
0.40394026041030884,
-0.1325959861278534,
0.11200152337551117,
0.08041469752788544,
0.9217177033424377,
0.36107391119003296,
-0.4320354461669922,
-0.6253544092178345,
0.24797029793262482,
-0.018451284617185593,
0.5834130048751831,
0.03273116797208786,
-0.07531630992889404,
0.49707725644111633,
0.39598411321640015,
-0.7875819802284241,
-0.19753041863441467,
-0.015826057642698288,
0.1262553632259369,
0.01681356318295002,
-0.17312245070934296,
-0.23149564862251282,
0.40511995553970337,
-0.7214180827140808,
0.5881107449531555,
-0.10555364936590195,
-0.37561365962028503,
0.3850049376487732,
0.08284438401460648,
-0.526772677898407,
0.01899784244596958,
0.6121070981025696,
-0.18428722023963928,
0.26063141226768494,
0.4566064774990082,
0.06403811275959015,
-0.3871763348579407,
0.06773237884044647,
0.15674088895320892,
-0.43630775809288025,
-0.7780432105064392,
0.0978865846991539,
-0.8909834623336792,
-0.2515234351158142,
0.283109575510025,
-0.2399146407842636,
0.6461712718009949,
0.07102888077497482,
-0.5698347687721252,
0.29120829701423645,
0.0050920345820486546,
-0.42018455266952515,
0.060408223420381546,
0.5218992233276367,
0.34606510400772095,
-0.2433815896511078,
-0.18542420864105225,
-0.5653963088989258,
0.4402751326560974,
0.37732452154159546,
0.03146954998373985,
-0.004209737293422222,
0.20025290548801422,
-0.05820782482624054,
-0.5821895599365234,
-0.24124222993850708,
0.292153537273407,
-0.18393708765506744,
-0.05619668588042259,
0.021926576271653175,
0.41101354360580444,
0.3530014753341675,
-0.4332527816295624,
-0.3901101052761078,
-0.4607064723968506,
0.5057958960533142,
-0.56721031665802,
-0.09376279264688492,
-0.160492405295372,
-0.263898640871048,
-0.41554147005081177,
-0.05313122645020485,
0.5133337378501892,
-0.3784424662590027,
-0.10017994791269302,
0.04981809854507446,
0.4728439748287201,
0.0382361114025116,
0.24413639307022095,
0.4110448956489563,
-0.06168780475854874,
-0.5732531547546387,
-0.3299919664859772,
0.29488426446914673,
0.5432658791542053,
-0.22173555195331573,
0.022754330188035965,
-0.10495428740978241,
-0.40261512994766235,
0.3252124488353729,
-0.18084709346294403,
1.2604701519012451,
0.05204975605010986,
-0.2728864848613739,
0.0483018234372139,
0.49110931158065796,
-0.7059030532836914,
-0.3775131106376648,
-0.3204244077205658,
-0.37446582317352295,
0.43490439653396606,
0.09343063831329346,
0.11276821792125702,
-0.0983252078294754,
-0.1381155252456665,
-0.0755792185664177,
0.3503630459308624,
-0.21721138060092926,
-0.15685220062732697,
-0.4026639759540558,
-0.11640556901693344,
-0.1382150501012802,
0.5576179623603821,
-0.23263780772686005,
0.39089080691337585,
0.7058303952217102,
-0.33782777190208435,
0.20357337594032288,
-0.786068320274353,
-0.009438866749405861,
0.21118468046188354,
0.20063430070877075,
-0.07122161984443665,
0.40224558115005493,
0.0962667167186737,
-0.09631380438804626,
0.16338777542114258,
0.6427862048149109,
-0.38228777050971985,
0.04548755660653114,
-0.1871461272239685,
0.11622583121061325,
-0.27514392137527466,
0.8088136315345764,
0.7687745690345764,
0.6022157669067383,
0.34875017404556274,
-0.4809521734714508,
-0.24625787138938904,
0.2086663544178009,
0.071000836789608,
-0.22609861195087433,
0.19164380431175232,
-0.2135855257511139,
-0.1290787309408188,
0.2860621511936188,
-0.158992737531662,
0.1990000158548355,
-0.13175302743911743,
0.25086116790771484,
0.9863396286964417,
0.26564228534698486,
0.7014510631561279,
-0.33534103631973267,
-0.03142959997057915,
0.18023227155208588,
-0.09646978974342346,
-0.42129722237586975,
0.36590906977653503,
0.40674105286598206,
-0.4465857446193695,
-0.20206592977046967,
0.4366634488105774,
-0.1982370913028717,
-0.7032192349433899,
0.4475056827068329,
-0.006446759216487408,
-0.061414603143930435,
-0.37461724877357483,
-0.24741455912590027,
-2.4960217475891113,
-0.32901301980018616,
-0.7193681001663208,
0.5342399477958679,
0.2573772668838501,
0.0732874870300293,
-0.9806102514266968,
0.18850600719451904,
-0.042006686329841614,
-0.3008100688457489,
0.6496792435646057,
-0.15291404724121094,
-0.09163738042116165,
0.2550407350063324,
0.015731103718280792,
0.5698659420013428,
0.04945996403694153,
0.22264903783798218,
-0.41994374990463257,
0.06729206442832947,
0.4826737642288208,
-0.19371682405471802,
-0.020393511280417442,
-0.4729849696159363,
-0.08791474252939224,
0.13145712018013,
0.30251839756965637,
-0.2039167881011963,
0.2329915314912796,
-0.4779331088066101,
-0.1570875197649002,
0.2503519356250763,
-0.36368119716644287,
0.2681741714477539,
0.15274889767169952,
-0.28258267045021057,
0.11527695506811142,
-0.4672454595565796,
0.2335990071296692,
0.021472204476594925,
0.21415622532367706,
-0.3231380879878998,
1.0438957214355469,
-0.030147070065140724,
0.21123749017715454,
-0.22917623817920685,
-0.1800312101840973,
-0.2026182860136032,
0.05520420894026756,
-0.041725222021341324,
0.1566888988018036,
-0.035441987216472626,
0.15163050591945648,
-0.22266942262649536,
0.7077218294143677,
-0.27995532751083374,
0.6192607283592224,
0.23561528325080872,
-0.23365458846092224,
-0.2659907341003418,
0.007759133819490671,
-0.5673484206199646,
-0.05261717736721039,
0.32387202978134155,
0.3722487986087799,
0.14167384803295135,
-0.20961637794971466,
-0.2124936729669571,
-0.06400543451309204,
0.40118733048439026,
-0.12168078124523163,
-0.009410712867975235,
-0.21710754930973053,
-0.1737941950559616,
-0.10496935248374939,
0.046229198575019836,
-0.2966489791870117,
0.3829444944858551,
0.5492334365844727,
1.0881375074386597,
0.17972755432128906,
-0.3228470981121063,
-0.6224747896194458,
0.48416781425476074,
-0.23711195588111877,
-5.717759609222412,
-0.510888397693634,
-0.16797232627868652,
-0.04696820303797722,
0.24543336033821106,
0.05767100676894188,
-0.10168354213237762,
-0.4086800515651703,
-0.38127875328063965,
-0.0329471193253994,
0.5533498525619507,
-0.3737804889678955,
0.05197752267122269,
0.007683902513235807,
-0.04635882377624512,
0.09948815405368805
] |
233262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Lanzmann | Claude Lanzmann | Claude Lanzmann (; 27 November 1925 – 5 July 2018) was a French filmmaker known for the Holocaust documentary film Shoah (1985).
Early life
Lanzmann was born on 27 November 1925 in Paris, France, the son of Paulette () and Armand Lanzmann. His family was Jewish, and had immigrated to France from Eastern Europe. He was the brother of writer Jacques Lanzmann. Lanzmann attended the in Clermont-Ferrand. While his family disguised their identity and went into hiding during World War II, he joined the French resistance at the age of 17, along with his father and brother, and fought in Auvergne. Lanzmann opposed the French war in Algeria and signed the 1960 antiwar petition Manifesto of the 121.
Career
Lanzmann was the chief editor of the journal Les Temps Modernes, founded by Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and lecturer at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. In 2009 he published his memoirs under the title Le lièvre de Patagonie ("The Patagonian Hare").
Shoah
Lanzmann's most renowned work, Shoah (1985), is a nine-and-a-half-hour oral history of the Holocaust. Shoah is made without the use of any historical footage, and uses only first-person testimony from perpetrators and victims, and contemporary footage of Holocaust-related sites. Interviewees include the Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski and the American Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg. When the film was released, the director also published the complete text, including in English translation, with introductions by Lanzmann and Simone de Beauvoir.
Lanzmann disagreed, sometimes angrily, with attempts to understand the why of Hitler, stating that the evil of Hitler cannot or should not be explained and that to do so is immoral and an obscenity.
On 4 July 2018, his last work, Les Quatre Soeurs (Shoah: Four Sisters) was released, featuring testimonials from four Holocaust survivors not included in his Shoah. Lanzmann died the following day.
Personal life
From 1952 to 1959, he lived with Simone de Beauvoir. In 1963 he married French actress Judith Magre. They divorced in 1971, and he later married Angelika Schrobsdorff, a German-Jewish writer. He divorced a second time and married Dominique Petithory in 1995. He was the father of Angélique Lanzmann, born in 1950, and Félix Lanzmann who died of cancer in 2017, aged 23. Claude Lanzmann died on 5 July 2018 at his Paris home, after having been ill for several days. He was 92.
Honours
Resistance Medal with rosette
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
2010 Welt-Literaturpreis
2011 Honorary Doctorate from the University of Lucerne
2011 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor
At the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2013, Lanzmann was awarded with the Honorary Golden Bear.
Selected works
Filmography
Pourquoi Israël (1973)
Shoah (1985)
Tsahal (1994)
(1997)
Sobibor, October 14, 1943, 4 p.m. (2001)
Lights and Shadows (2008)
The Karski Report (2010)
The Last of the Unjust (2013) about Benjamin Murmelstein, Elder of Theresienstadt
Napalm (2017)
Shoah: Four Sisters (2017)
As subject
Claude Lanzmann: Spectres of the Shoah (2015) a documentary about Lanzmann, directed by Adam Benzine
Books
Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust : The Complete Text of the Film. Pantheon Books, New York 1985,
The Patagonian Hare: A Memoir (translated by Frank Wynne). London: Atlantic Books, 2012, ; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 2012,
La Tombe du divin plongeur. Gallimard, Paris 2012
References
Further reading
Jeffries, Stuart. 'Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary Shoah still matters', The Guardian, 9 June 2011.
Lanzmann, Claude. "From the Holocaust to the Holocaust", Telos, 42, 21 December 1979, 137–143
'Witness to History: Claude Lanzmann’s Journey to Shoah, Weekly Standard, 8 October 2012.
"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection", Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (video excerpts and transcripts of all interviews for Shoah, including outtakes).
Galster, Ingrid (2011). "'Eine große Qualität meines Buches ist seine Ehrlichkeit.' Postscriptum zu der Debatte um die Autobiographie Claude Lanzmanns", in Das Argument, 290, 72–83.
1925 births
2018 deaths
20th-century French journalists
21st-century French journalists
European Graduate School faculty
French film directors
French memoirists
French people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
French Resistance members
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France)
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
César Honorary Award recipients
Honorary Golden Bear recipients
Jews in the French resistance
Lycée Condorcet alumni
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
People from Bois-Colombes | [
0.1729542464017868,
0.5437489748001099,
-0.7713770270347595,
-0.40781986713409424,
-0.2716868221759796,
0.6818895936012268,
0.65660560131073,
-0.5783095955848694,
0.013280777260661125,
-0.16575337946414948,
-0.7557059526443481,
0.06406594812870026,
-0.06639072299003601,
0.48806801438331604,
0.3219243288040161,
-0.28949856758117676,
-0.038150571286678314,
-0.4680059254169464,
-0.5066107511520386,
-0.33312496542930603,
-0.48830246925354004,
-0.8897852301597595,
0.5560449361801147,
0.5521129965782166,
-0.8695248961448669,
0.07842918485403061,
-0.18195970356464386,
0.13197694718837738,
0.21180365979671478,
-0.02954712137579918,
-0.19377604126930237,
0.5508813858032227,
0.3672293424606323,
-0.2568374574184418,
-0.012466613203287125,
0.884185791015625,
-0.27933913469314575,
-0.03650462254881859,
0.36843711137771606,
0.09141804277896881,
-0.014398589730262756,
0.6019359827041626,
-0.04589506983757019,
-0.11947409808635712,
-0.09446823596954346,
-0.29172345995903015,
-1.430018424987793,
0.17226925492286682,
-1.0609402656555176,
-0.6840322017669678,
0.1210002675652504,
0.2856036126613617,
1.0245968103408813,
0.1074017807841301,
-0.16416217386722565,
0.3015765845775604,
-1.0934382677078247,
-0.09920909255743027,
0.41814374923706055,
0.16552674770355225,
0.4829661548137665,
-0.33436399698257446,
0.8407391309738159,
-0.08316453546285629,
0.19384467601776123,
0.17197392880916595,
-0.11980631947517395,
0.25449591875076294,
0.6113026738166809,
0.0027429754845798016,
-0.0007694808300584555,
0.08164799958467484,
0.1947997361421585,
-0.33809080719947815,
0.38859793543815613,
-0.058791618794202805,
0.5105313658714294,
-0.1598702371120453,
-0.08890840411186218,
0.047213487327098846,
-0.26694878935813904,
-0.18073566257953644,
0.7443506717681885,
0.36306440830230713,
0.10160885751247406,
0.07052498310804367,
-0.310944139957428,
0.4413520097732544,
-0.292454332113266,
0.12181037664413452,
-0.5043771266937256,
-0.5763803720474243,
0.18704785406589508,
-0.10286471992731094,
-0.2503904104232788,
0.18731750547885895,
0.4170742630958557,
0.929376482963562,
0.5611975789070129,
-0.2636529207229614,
0.6235389113426208,
0.34817013144493103,
0.18126223981380463,
-0.30506691336631775,
-0.6884065866470337,
-0.12893784046173096,
0.3538687825202942,
-0.19933035969734192,
-0.05190600827336311,
-0.7859450578689575,
-0.3558400869369507,
0.3574841618537903,
-0.6042476892471313,
0.046755366027355194,
-0.07988029718399048,
0.0540001206099987,
-0.0007611644687131047,
-0.977730393409729,
-0.19557267427444458,
0.15384063124656677,
-0.21139729022979736,
0.2572100758552551,
-0.29929280281066895,
0.17321984469890594,
-0.3944227397441864,
-0.04351651296019554,
0.16127994656562805,
0.5022748112678528,
-0.3617982864379883,
0.49622681736946106,
0.5230273604393005,
1.0453567504882812,
-0.5381829738616943,
-0.17356900870800018,
-0.12407410889863968,
-0.1733406037092209,
0.30521366000175476,
-0.17107126116752625,
-0.47046443819999695,
0.20395325124263763,
-0.8935313820838928,
0.06097105145454407,
-0.9341759085655212,
0.30858078598976135,
0.8134326338768005,
-0.016525063663721085,
0.1261460781097412,
-0.40249502658843994,
0.5075739026069641,
-0.31159451603889465,
-0.1548718810081482,
0.15162819623947144,
0.27595096826553345,
-0.8957040905952454,
-0.7817474007606506,
0.30022308230400085,
0.5770471096038818,
0.5229684114456177,
0.3088632822036743,
-0.09304430335760117,
0.2398233860731125,
-0.02759275957942009,
-0.1973196268081665,
0.3743518590927124,
0.3158811628818512,
-0.15632294118404388,
0.2821539640426636,
0.09204457700252533,
-0.07520022243261337,
0.38528260588645935,
-0.33272260427474976,
-0.09539366513490677,
0.09146258234977722,
-0.5530933141708374,
-0.49557554721832275,
0.550217866897583,
0.5139894485473633,
0.8586955070495605,
0.18235255777835846,
-0.09639101475477219,
-0.581213653087616,
0.014830258674919605,
-0.3557513356208801,
0.2269672155380249,
0.46165385842323303,
0.06377039849758148,
-0.05367353931069374,
-0.3860792815685272,
0.8221879601478577,
0.10113227367401123,
-0.4044024646282196,
-0.45265284180641174,
0.6113080382347107,
-0.3786104619503021,
1.4142740964889526,
0.14938479661941528,
-0.2990588843822479,
1.005948543548584,
-0.1135069727897644,
0.23670080304145813,
-0.653939962387085,
0.004424432758241892,
-0.1000857725739479,
0.36766257882118225,
-0.2856728732585907,
1.344946026802063,
0.07673339545726776,
-0.2633702754974365,
-0.004477335140109062,
0.5569247007369995,
0.5689844489097595,
-0.3464275598526001,
0.23031370341777802,
0.662794291973114,
-0.4025087356567383,
0.0044630467891693115,
-0.5314142107963562,
0.017029210925102234,
0.2187349647283554,
-0.02781214937567711,
0.18322734534740448,
0.42877474427223206,
-0.23234426975250244,
0.5813759565353394,
-0.12118629366159439,
0.6433502435684204,
0.1594909280538559,
0.1918884813785553,
0.36159685254096985,
-0.7806572318077087,
-0.012750356458127499,
0.4379733204841614,
-0.1906047761440277,
-0.23284105956554413,
0.37214532494544983,
0.05449706315994263,
0.6861124634742737,
-0.6337800025939941,
0.5856232047080994,
-0.14050878584384918,
0.5464509725570679,
0.15478827059268951,
0.5901159644126892,
0.0697094053030014,
0.08903006464242935,
0.5911188721656799,
0.4764711856842041,
0.23389150202274323,
-0.24193459749221802,
0.4199192523956299,
-0.013514379970729351,
1.2956143617630005,
-0.12734194099903107,
-0.24034680426120758,
-0.2956383526325226,
-0.30536192655563354,
0.19048890471458435,
0.1013108491897583,
0.8483355045318604,
0.08851256966590881,
1.0163288116455078,
-0.44675517082214355,
0.18063637614250183,
0.08965396136045456,
-0.034380171447992325,
-0.7494343519210815,
-0.3461027443408966,
-0.9213300347328186,
0.037858761847019196,
-0.11682280898094177,
0.16752637922763824,
-0.15155795216560364,
0.17779551446437836,
-0.7967007160186768,
0.07507675886154175,
-0.006930512376129627,
-0.40247079730033875,
0.15639235079288483,
-0.40717625617980957,
0.3983837068080902,
0.581597089767456,
0.9142799973487854,
-0.07892996072769165,
0.24439609050750732,
0.13226206600666046,
0.38465791940689087,
-0.06140284612774849,
-0.41955164074897766,
0.4360169768333435,
-0.1378672569990158,
0.0970434844493866,
0.7799679040908813,
-0.065744549036026,
-0.14565764367580414,
-0.09415289759635925,
0.6509726643562317,
-0.6691060662269592,
-1.0500080585479736,
0.2952951490879059,
-0.018476564437150955,
-0.7530680894851685,
0.5696218609809875,
-0.4063378572463989,
0.21308626234531403,
0.13193359971046448,
0.5193547010421753,
-0.20143577456474304,
-0.173191100358963,
-5.241564750671387,
0.5794076919555664,
0.09919784218072891,
0.25085753202438354,
-0.0017763396026566625,
-0.20542128384113312,
0.28564566373825073,
-0.3320484161376953,
-0.41058313846588135,
-0.6325142979621887,
-0.3922064006328583,
-0.1381630003452301,
-0.28728848695755005,
0.8839165568351746,
0.15868966281414032,
0.32144930958747864,
-0.046410251408815384,
-0.15184780955314636,
0.37961864471435547,
0.2718563675880432,
-0.28405654430389404,
-0.008320695720613003,
-0.20383784174919128,
0.2917594313621521,
-0.6252241730690002,
0.2159651815891266,
-0.2819078862667084,
0.2255122810602188,
-1.097385048866272,
-0.46592986583709717,
-0.35957539081573486,
-0.6540793180465698,
0.023777250200510025,
0.3237655758857727,
-0.3228943347930908,
-0.07258399575948715,
0.2572663128376007,
0.25413885712623596,
0.13680511713027954,
-0.21129709482192993,
-0.1335778683423996,
0.470304012298584,
-0.839141309261322,
0.12763209640979767,
0.3482942283153534,
0.03425329178571701,
-0.8936754465103149,
0.0733446478843689,
0.17829418182373047,
-0.06274674832820892,
0.2984876334667206,
-0.15629397332668304,
0.41141846776008606,
0.22843368351459503,
0.11428456008434296,
-0.21063131093978882,
0.08310966193675995,
-0.34867531061172485,
-0.3309915363788605,
0.25874003767967224,
0.057515036314725876,
-0.5311819911003113,
0.44030043482780457,
-0.4198469817638397,
0.03150458261370659,
-0.061391573399305344,
0.025959284976124763,
-0.7866777181625366,
-0.07196406275033951,
-0.5280499458312988,
-0.27435144782066345,
1.230421543121338,
0.15968437492847443,
-0.9547144174575806,
-0.5321564078330994,
-0.4961608648300171,
-0.562285304069519,
-0.29275625944137573,
-0.5315144658088684,
0.43523672223091125,
0.2722369432449341,
-0.6665714979171753,
-0.06925957649946213,
0.46029719710350037,
0.777856707572937,
0.03993062302470207,
0.3905004858970642,
0.32316118478775024,
-0.35530710220336914,
-0.0170787051320076,
0.002807056996971369,
-0.20419937372207642,
0.18493129312992096,
0.51994389295578,
-0.39789703488349915,
0.2434513419866562,
-0.14923667907714844,
0.3396570384502411,
0.6632518768310547,
0.5421894192695618,
-0.693231463432312,
-0.47022804617881775,
-0.12229977548122406,
-0.8904737234115601,
0.1597839742898941,
0.11566302180290222,
0.19331130385398865,
0.9787756204605103,
0.7300342917442322,
0.2482651174068451,
-0.3468081057071686,
0.7099294066429138,
-0.12468560039997101,
-0.383084774017334,
0.4693577289581299,
-0.7916532158851624,
0.018044065684080124,
0.20723220705986023,
0.6519107818603516,
0.29024365544319153,
-0.17098061740398407,
0.40290674567222595,
0.007360846269875765,
-0.18548458814620972,
0.925778865814209,
-0.36693865060806274,
0.0766087993979454,
-0.17716704308986664,
-0.07279759645462036,
0.3117620348930359,
-0.8480091691017151,
0.8302624821662903,
0.2357645481824875,
0.06676728278398514,
0.7225107550621033,
-0.6139670014381409,
-1.1673349142074585,
-0.636119544506073,
-0.0033965122420340776,
0.4751996695995331,
-0.05077860504388809,
0.06577461957931519,
-0.086525559425354,
0.7671785950660706,
0.06120680645108223,
0.19177395105361938,
0.12976080179214478,
0.0575433112680912,
-0.6282382607460022,
0.5468719005584717,
0.3878873884677887,
0.10301777720451355,
0.7231338620185852,
0.3435835838317871,
0.02930336259305477,
0.20800729095935822,
0.18517005443572998,
0.1395925134420395,
0.12557730078697205,
0.05198374763131142,
0.17767368257045746,
-0.03153068944811821,
-1.0765048265457153,
0.1786784529685974,
-0.14025762677192688,
0.12164872139692307,
0.30589860677719116,
-0.1328907012939453,
-0.42636963725090027,
0.2485833764076233,
-0.3074752986431122,
-0.6546357870101929,
-0.26793161034584045,
0.19699372351169586,
-0.1527545005083084,
0.19077345728874207,
-0.13079795241355896,
0.14665666222572327,
0.21818220615386963,
-0.3346509635448456,
0.05864540487527847,
0.15039926767349243,
-0.5985268950462341,
0.2073173075914383,
0.4773356020450592,
-0.21667717397212982,
-0.4396389424800873,
-0.11284329742193222,
-0.5444456338882446,
-0.014449363574385643,
0.18299534916877747,
-0.34359949827194214,
0.05205170437693596,
0.7876918911933899,
0.09418230503797531,
-0.7395279407501221,
-0.05526123568415642,
-0.6634845733642578,
-0.39633870124816895,
-0.06721249967813492,
0.14874765276908875,
0.24899925291538239,
-0.13557641208171844,
-0.05975067615509033,
0.29983362555503845,
-1.2634248733520508,
-0.04110117256641388,
0.6650059223175049,
-0.2621113061904907,
0.40976741909980774,
-0.9754729866981506,
-0.2704576551914215,
-0.09736208617687225,
0.6016026139259338,
-0.42791748046875,
0.23737649619579315,
0.445654958486557,
0.021977722644805908,
-0.3612658381462097,
-0.16686029732227325,
-0.04009062796831131,
-0.2228582352399826,
-0.2548319399356842,
-0.23506121337413788,
-0.8338068127632141,
0.23261676728725433,
0.3540145456790924,
-0.32015934586524963,
0.29489314556121826,
0.1262759119272232,
-0.5050271153450012,
-0.1864708811044693,
0.13532260060310364,
0.15163598954677582,
-0.6376765370368958,
-0.2538304626941681,
0.4213520884513855,
0.2763585150241852,
-0.31767892837524414,
-0.05874543637037277,
0.2568104565143585,
0.4341854453086853,
0.37220498919487,
-0.12393104285001755,
0.13317903876304626,
0.9148345589637756,
0.15870830416679382,
-0.40678638219833374,
-0.10241900384426117,
0.19042867422103882,
-0.2582683265209198,
0.137116938829422,
-0.6320186853408813,
-0.743950366973877,
0.6220414042472839,
-0.03335149586200714,
-0.41035181283950806,
-0.13202987611293793,
0.3456272482872009,
0.173093780875206,
-0.15862171351909637,
-0.087397001683712,
0.08588556200265884,
-0.11651076376438141,
0.1582825779914856,
0.28887346386909485,
-0.07255638390779495,
-0.09844911098480225,
-0.12175528705120087,
-0.3628304898738861,
-0.5746834874153137,
-0.40494969487190247,
-0.6387583613395691,
0.6748080253601074,
-0.2356022745370865,
0.09649860113859177,
-0.12063448131084442,
-0.2667863368988037,
-0.24318352341651917,
-0.8113165497779846,
-0.41486164927482605,
-0.05742431804537773,
0.12604373693466187,
0.16479875147342682,
-0.5553008317947388,
-0.26527971029281616,
-0.0714457556605339,
0.06631730496883392,
0.1815473735332489,
-0.0786215215921402,
-0.6901304125785828,
0.042056046426296234,
0.059575650840997696,
0.10973481088876724,
0.14320360124111176,
-0.0054927789606153965,
-0.48892661929130554,
0.996899425983429,
-0.38901206851005554,
-0.24122083187103271,
-0.35597413778305054,
0.26376453042030334,
0.3100482225418091,
0.08032342046499252,
0.4187762141227722,
0.4973098039627075,
-0.05707906559109688,
-0.19587641954421997,
-0.0922376736998558,
0.5870476365089417,
0.7001278400421143,
-0.11577437072992325,
-0.04791015759110451,
0.5115900039672852,
-0.006240803748369217,
0.21673840284347534,
0.5080787539482117,
-0.8422305583953857,
-0.7718965411186218,
-0.2677392363548279,
-0.019578268751502037,
0.37651392817497253,
0.7782226204872131,
-0.7596436738967896,
-0.19065620005130768,
0.5939733386039734,
0.5199277997016907,
-0.20196938514709473,
-0.49200212955474854,
-0.13761748373508453,
0.4317377507686615,
-0.14459870755672455,
0.04773116484284401,
0.039617471396923065,
0.23194171488285065,
0.07611574232578278,
-0.03209926560521126,
-0.020835384726524353,
0.49719202518463135,
0.4476679265499115,
0.15955840051174164,
0.9578251242637634,
-0.5084316730499268,
-0.044825874269008636,
0.2823564410209656,
0.17470450699329376,
0.08667565137147903,
0.8355219960212708,
0.30570465326309204,
-0.3404964804649353,
0.5621330738067627,
0.02387942187488079,
-0.057723257690668106,
-0.48472869396209717,
0.23960284888744354,
0.18312279880046844,
0.6420331597328186,
0.06570058315992355,
0.1614380180835724,
-0.5467554330825806,
-0.2927692234516144,
-0.6692795157432556,
0.6273965239524841,
0.1325487643480301,
0.13680800795555115,
-0.4582681655883789,
-0.31816163659095764,
-1.1822789907455444,
0.14338138699531555,
0.004246091470122337,
-0.029352067038416862,
-0.16124549508094788,
-0.35347622632980347,
0.19953182339668274,
0.9130082726478577,
-0.360268771648407,
0.04060493782162666,
0.06917012482881546,
-0.5210806727409363,
0.2967117726802826,
-0.07718712091445923,
-0.12371470779180527,
-0.24908778071403503,
0.03438286855816841,
0.2902196943759918,
-0.1418738067150116,
-0.02915079891681671,
-0.25015872716903687,
0.2960076630115509,
-0.8209514617919922,
-0.0023075740318745375,
-0.6259980201721191,
-0.16845327615737915,
0.23416809737682343,
-0.7927030920982361,
0.2197347730398178,
-0.445218026638031,
0.9237939119338989,
-0.009597479365766048,
-0.16772614419460297,
-0.22596634924411774,
0.19567753374576569,
0.009285034611821175,
-0.0037696443032473326,
-0.12677650153636932,
-0.18264168500900269,
-0.3545750081539154,
0.02895948849618435,
-1.0929450988769531,
0.7369008660316467,
0.3132581114768982,
0.07439364492893219,
-0.8452761173248291,
0.3866978585720062,
0.046258360147476196,
0.061681244522333145,
0.26709306240081787,
0.087153360247612,
-0.17665480077266693,
-0.24509018659591675,
0.05424920842051506,
-0.7120994329452515,
-0.29977428913116455,
0.0068969205021858215,
-0.3394832909107208,
0.12583298981189728,
0.4279111623764038,
-0.5241094827651978,
0.12004706263542175,
0.013863197527825832,
0.45732319355010986,
0.3909670412540436,
-0.44456660747528076,
-0.20332063734531403,
-0.3399553894996643,
-0.6213057637214661,
1.055329442024231,
0.7438614368438721,
0.5953640937805176,
-0.9206436276435852,
0.37793073058128357,
-0.06136136129498482,
0.028825346380472183,
-0.24594084918498993,
-2.0523667335510254,
0.02682456187903881,
-0.605792224407196,
-0.48811691999435425,
-0.16513514518737793,
0.6368250250816345,
-0.25100845098495483,
-0.23774507641792297,
0.5398570895195007,
-1.0172309875488281,
0.030397798866033554,
0.37326884269714355,
-0.323468953371048,
-0.11839686334133148,
0.4989743232727051,
-0.4935785233974457
] |
233264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Ignaz%20Franz%20Biber | Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber | Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (bapt. 12 August 1644 – 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist. Born in the small Bohemian town of Wartenberg (now Stráž pod Ralskem), Biber worked in Graz and Kremsier (now Kroměříž) before he illegally left his Kremsier employer, Prince-Bishop Carl Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, and settled in Salzburg. He remained there for the rest of his life, publishing much of his music but apparently seldom, if ever, giving concert tours.
Biber was among the major composers for the violin in the history of the instrument. His own technique allowed him to easily reach the 6th and 7th positions, employ multiple stops in intricate polyphonic passages, and explore the various possibilities of scordatura tuning. Among other pieces, Biber wrote operas, sacred music and music for chamber ensemble. He also wrote one of the earliest known pieces for solo violin, the monumental passacaglia of the Mystery Sonatas. During Biber's lifetime, his music was known and imitated throughout Europe. In the late 18th century he was named the best violin composer of the 17th century by music historian Charles Burney. In the late 20th century Biber's music, especially the Mystery Sonatas, enjoyed a renaissance. Today, it is widely performed and recorded.
Biography
Biber was born in Wartenberg, Bohemia (now Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic). Little is known about his early education, other than that he may have studied at a Jesuit Gymnasium at Troppau in Bohemia, and that he may have had musical education by a local organist. Before 1668 Biber worked at the court of Prince Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg in Graz, and then he was employed by the Bishop of Olmütz, Karl II von Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, in Kremsier. Biber's associate from the early 1660s, Pavel Josef Vejvanovský, worked there as director of the Kapelle. Biber apparently enjoyed a good reputation, and his violin playing skills were very highly regarded.
In summer 1670 Karl II sent Biber to Absam, near Innsbruck, to negotiate with the celebrated instrument maker Jacob Stainer for the purchase of new instruments for the Kapelle. Biber never reached Stainer, however, and instead entered the employ of the Archbishop of Salzburg, Maximilian Gandolph von Kuenburg. Because Karl and Maximilian were friends, Biber's former employer refrained from taking any action; he was, however, very hurt by the composer's decision, and waited until 1676 to officially issue his release papers. It is not coincidental that most of the autograph compositions Biber sent to Kremsier date from the early 1670s. Biber remained in Salzburg for the rest of his life.
His musical and social careers flourished: he started publishing his music in 1676, performed before the Emperor Leopold I (and was rewarded by him) in 1677, became deputy Kapellmeister at Salzburg in 1679 and Kapellmeister in 1684. In 1690 Biber was raised to nobility by the Emperor, with the title of Biber von Bibern. Finally, the new Archbishop of Salzburg, Johann Ernst, Count Thun, appointed Biber lord high steward, the highest social rank Biber would attain.
The composer was married on 30 May 1672 at the Bishop's summer residence, Hellbrunn Palace, just outside Salzburg. His wife Maria Weiss was a daughter of a Salzburg merchant, citizen and tradesman, Peter Weiss. Together they had 11 children, four of whom survived to adulthood. All were musically gifted. Anton Heinrich (1679–1742) and Carl Heinrich (1681–1749) both served as violinists at the Salzburg court, and the latter was promoted to Kapellmeister in 1743. Daughters Maria Cäcilia (born 1674) and Anna Magdalena (1677–1742) became nuns at Santa Clara, Merano, and the Nonnberg Abbey, respectively. Anna Magdalena was an alto singer and a violinist, and in 1727 became director of the choir and the Kapelle of the Abbey.
On November 3, 1692, Biber was appointed Steward by his Archbishop Johann Ernst. He then received his Coat of arms.
Biber died in Salzburg in 1704. His grave is located in the Petersfriedhof.
Works
Biber's violin music was possibly influenced, on one hand, by the Italian tradition of Marco Uccellini and Carlo Farina, and on the other, by the then-nascent German polyphonic tradition as exemplified by Johann Heinrich Schmelzer, who may have been Biber's teacher. Biber's achievements included further development of violin technique – he was able to reach the 6th and 7th positions, and his left-hand and bowing techniques were far more advanced than those of contemporary Italian composers. He also excelled at counterpoint, frequently writing fully polyphonic textures, with much use of multiple stops. Yet another area in which Biber made a substantial contribution was the art of scordatura, i.e. music for alternative tunings of the instrument. Finally, much of Biber's music employs various forms of number symbolism, affekten, programmatic devices, etc., as seen in the symbolic retuning of the violin for the Resurrection sonata of the Mystery Sonatas.
During the latter half of the 17th century Biber was, together with the composers of the Dresden school (Johann Jakob Walther and Johann Paul von Westhoff), regarded as one of the best and most influential violinists in Europe. However, soon after his death, German violinists started following the style of Arcangelo Corelli and his imitators.
Instrumental music
Biber's finest scordatura writing is represented in two collections. The first dates from c. 1676 and is known variously as Mystery Sonatas, Rosary Sonatas (Mysterien Sonaten, Die Rosenkranz-Sonaten), Copper-Plate Engraving Sonatas, etc., remaining unpublished during the composer's lifetime. It comprises sixteen pieces: fifteen sonatas for violin and continuo portraying the fifteen Mysteries of the Rosary, and a long passacaglia for solo violin. In the extant copy of the collection, each piece is accompanied by a small engraving depicting the mystery it portrays, while the image (an ink drawing) preceding the passacaglia depicts a guardian angel with a child. Only the first and the last pieces use normal tuning; all others employ some form of scordatura:
The sonatas were dedicated to Maximilian Gandolph von Khuenburg, whom Biber addresses in the preface: "I have consecrated the whole to the honour of the XV Sacred Mysteries, which you promote so strongly." Although unpublished during the composer's lifetime, these works are his most popular pieces today, and one of the reasons for the revival of interest in his music. The entire set has been recorded by numerous violinists such as John Holloway, Andrew Manze, and many others. Sonata 15 is famous for one of its themes, which matches the theme of Paganini's Caprice No. 24 almost exactly; it is possible that Paganini was inspired by Biber, just as Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Sergei Rachmaninoff were later inspired by Paganini's Caprice.
The second work in which Biber explored scordatura techniques is Harmonia artificioso-ariosa (1696), his last known published collection of instrumental music. It contains seven partitas for two instruments and basso continuo: five for two violins, one for two violas d'amore, and one for violin and viola. Six of the partitas require scordatura tunings, including those for viola and two violas d'amore; Biber utilises the full potential of the technique, including all possibilities for complex polyphony: some of the pieces are in five parts, with both of the melodic instruments carrying two. No other chamber works by Biber use such devices, and the only other pieces to use scordatura are two of the sonatas included in Sonatae violino solo of 1681. That collection comprises eight sonatas for violin and basso continuo, all noted already by Charles Burney in the late 18th century, for the brilliant virtuosic passages and elaborate structures. In contrast to both Mystery Sonatas and Harmonia, these works consist mostly of pieces in free forms (prelude, aria) or variations, rather than dances.
Biber's other published collections of instrumental music are Sonatae tam aris quam aulis servientes (1676), Mensa sonora (1680), and Fidicinium sacro profanum (1682/3). Sonatae tam aris contains sonatas in five, six or eight parts; some of them only use string instruments, some include one or two trumpets. Mensa sonora is a set of six partitas for one or two violins, viola, cello, and basso continuo, and Fidicinium sacro profanum comprises twelve sonatas for one or two violins, two violas, and continuo. Finally, manuscript sources include numerous other pieces: fantasias, balletti, sonatas, etc. Among these are the Battalia, a programmatic "battle" piece which anticipates such latter-day techniques as polytonality and col legno playing, and the Sonata representativa, another typical 17th-century piece similar to works by Walther and Farina, which imitates various birds and animals. An example of Biber's versatility in instrumental music is the Sonata S Polycarpi, which is scored for eight trumpets and timpani.
Sacred music
Unlike most composers for the violin, Biber did not limit himself to music for the instrument. He was also a prolific composer of sacred vocal works: masses, requiems, motets, etc. Many of those were polychoral and employing large instrumental forces, inspired by the possibilities of the spacious interior of the Salzburg Cathedral. Among the polychoral works, Missa Salisburgensis (1682) is the best known. An expansive setting of the mass for sixteen voices and 37 instrumentalists (i.e. 53 parts total), it was previously attributed to Orazio Benevoli, but today Biber's authorship is certain. The instrumentation includes not only string ensembles, but also oboes, cornetts, trumpets, and timpani. Among his many polychoral works are Plaudite tympana à 53 (1682) Vesperae à 32 (1693), Missa Bruxellensis (1696) and Missa Sancti Henrici (1697), which was composed for the occasion of the taking of the veil by his second daughter, Anna Magdalena, at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg. In tribute to the Emperor Henry II, the second founding saint of the convent, she took the name Maria Rosa Henrica when her novitiate began in 1696. The Mass of Saint Henry is scored for a five-voice choir with two soprano lines and an orchestra of two violins, three violas, two trumpets, timpani and continuo, with optional extra trumpets and sackbuts to double the voice parts.
Although Biber is best known for the massive polychoral works, he was also capable of writing for smaller forces. Missa quadragesimalis is a simple a cappella setting (with only a continuo part provided) for four voices, as is the Stabat Mater.
List of works
See also
Pavel Josef Vejvanovský
Andreas Hofer
Joannes Baptista Dolar
Vinzenz Fux
Stylus fantasticus
Selected recordings
Requiem à 15 Vesperae à 32, Els Bongers, Anne Grimm, Kai Wessel, Peter de Groot, Marcel Reyans, Simon Davies, René Steur, Kees-Jan de Koning, Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir, Ton Koopman
Missa Bruxellensis – Jordi Savall, Le Concert des Nations, La Capella Reial de Catalunya – Alia Vox 9808
Requiem / Battalia – Jordi Savall, La Capella Reial de Catalunya, Le Concert des Nations – Alia Vox 9825
"Sonata Representativa for violin & continuo in A major", The Zarjaz, La Leggenda Del Block, Editio Seconda, Traite Pour Marbre Neon Harpe Et Voix – Basilcia Records BA 005
"Mensa sonora and Sonata representativa", Reinhard Goebel, Musica Antiqua Köln – Archiv Produktion (DG) 423701
"The Rosary Sonatas", Richard Egarr, Andrew Manze, Alison McGillivray, Harmonia Mundi 907321
References
Further reading
, Retrieved 25 July 2009
External links
Heinrich Biber homepage (includes discography)
1644 births
1704 deaths
17th-century classical composers
17th-century Bohemian people
17th-century Austrian people
Composers for violin
Czech Baroque composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical violinists
Austrian Baroque composers
Austrian classical composers
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian classical violinists
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
German Bohemian people
Bohemian nobility
Male classical violinists
People from Stráž pod Ralskem
17th-century male musicians | [
-0.08315351605415344,
1.0799195766448975,
-0.459381639957428,
-0.3249441385269165,
-1.2741156816482544,
1.4340360164642334,
1.686200737953186,
0.7274681329727173,
-0.3625340759754181,
-0.9788531064987183,
0.270637184381485,
-0.6114449501037598,
0.3865128457546234,
0.333314448595047,
-0.2506764531135559,
0.8857892751693726,
0.1534450650215149,
0.10902991890907288,
-0.5887438654899597,
-0.5735042691230774,
0.2337987869977951,
-0.31675824522972107,
0.1231195405125618,
0.2866019606590271,
-0.0724431574344635,
0.3886309564113617,
0.29670897126197815,
-0.2571401000022888,
0.12163879722356796,
0.1511172652244568,
-0.021275827661156654,
0.9783084988594055,
0.19966213405132294,
0.012145266868174076,
0.49359241127967834,
0.13745369017124176,
-0.15641790628433228,
0.11224778741598129,
0.16359898447990417,
-0.007880439050495625,
-0.4797988831996918,
0.9838733077049255,
0.4551863372325897,
-0.22599081695079803,
-0.27546605467796326,
-0.9896456599235535,
-2.167133092880249,
-0.025891287252306938,
-0.9432933330535889,
-0.8887248039245605,
0.37992775440216064,
-0.34635719656944275,
0.4861237108707428,
1.5818055868148804,
-0.3390481173992157,
0.5595719814300537,
-1.3005495071411133,
0.04911966621875763,
0.7285159826278687,
0.6323984861373901,
0.5639273524284363,
0.6875638961791992,
-0.5911192297935486,
-0.012117098085582256,
0.5855590105056763,
0.0489131398499012,
-0.3682154715061188,
1.4807950258255005,
0.26139703392982483,
-1.0778019428253174,
-0.7403546571731567,
-0.11868102103471756,
0.538906455039978,
0.02016163431107998,
0.310106486082077,
-1.1768966913223267,
-0.025801796466112137,
0.3270764648914337,
-0.01707841455936432,
-0.6370264887809753,
-0.1729230284690857,
-0.379681259393692,
0.7349262833595276,
0.43487757444381714,
0.41721048951148987,
0.19149839878082275,
-0.2979145050048828,
-0.5715327262878418,
-0.09289520978927612,
-0.35842379927635193,
-0.22472870349884033,
0.09224005788564682,
-0.34717094898223877,
0.2028636485338211,
0.5920262336730957,
0.08410545438528061,
-0.03379825875163078,
-0.23170536756515503,
0.13795801997184753,
0.3610420823097229,
0.2832626700401306,
0.8665550351142883,
0.3319341838359833,
0.11181505769491196,
-0.16682341694831848,
-0.06065628305077553,
-0.1244334876537323,
0.25248464941978455,
-0.10577663034200668,
-0.4736901819705963,
-0.1722293496131897,
0.17166438698768616,
-0.13793246448040009,
-0.4401838481426239,
-0.7867518663406372,
0.5780988931655884,
0.7005230784416199,
-0.8153547644615173,
-0.20665113627910614,
-0.3652547597885132,
0.10814967751502991,
0.9908439517021179,
-0.6083913445472717,
0.36490434408187866,
-0.789328396320343,
0.3605762720108032,
-0.029438132420182228,
0.9614157676696777,
-0.12980984151363373,
0.7715629935264587,
0.41845351457595825,
1.4202524423599243,
-0.051520250737667084,
-0.35676708817481995,
-0.09346906840801239,
-0.2953723073005676,
0.9982460737228394,
0.33066388964653015,
-0.1420801877975464,
0.3314388394355774,
-0.8655383586883545,
-0.17467200756072998,
-0.8670511245727539,
0.22581349313259125,
0.6720873713493347,
0.008818564936518669,
-0.3002904951572418,
-0.4637381434440613,
-0.014073701575398445,
0.05258459970355034,
-0.2504558265209198,
-0.3564148545265198,
-0.1435052454471588,
-0.29767757654190063,
-0.794492781162262,
0.6067214012145996,
0.47227007150650024,
0.28137680888175964,
-0.1487147957086563,
0.6708813309669495,
0.30969369411468506,
0.032683078199625015,
-0.09191928058862686,
0.11471819132566452,
0.3396214544773102,
0.20417287945747375,
0.7684917449951172,
-0.290976345539093,
-0.32192936539649963,
-0.312948614358902,
-0.6475326418876648,
-0.4093642830848694,
-0.48882874846458435,
-0.6331206560134888,
-0.10442610830068588,
0.22478783130645752,
0.5846294164657593,
0.565878689289093,
-0.2209881842136383,
-0.6598697304725647,
-0.7028440833091736,
0.2129102349281311,
-0.32732832431793213,
0.13592058420181274,
0.04894804581999779,
0.7389510869979858,
0.17071764171123505,
0.842957615852356,
0.2085714489221573,
-0.0815943256020546,
-0.5565932989120483,
-0.6847344040870667,
0.44118815660476685,
-0.07238800078630447,
1.2747597694396973,
-0.0919114351272583,
-0.35898685455322266,
-0.45992815494537354,
0.046913620084524155,
0.6924604773521423,
-0.7041313052177429,
-0.9688252210617065,
-0.43370237946510315,
0.1210327297449112,
-0.17630130052566528,
1.6808658838272095,
-0.013276193290948868,
0.06790211796760559,
0.04809382185339928,
0.7801250219345093,
0.8305220007896423,
-0.030926596373319626,
0.19515973329544067,
0.24145132303237915,
-0.5161714553833008,
-0.06441614031791687,
-1.2179594039916992,
-0.20747192203998566,
-0.07287966459989548,
-0.3221113383769989,
0.5142413973808289,
-0.10807780921459198,
0.4276273250579834,
0.5994957685470581,
-0.05478325113654137,
1.1891131401062012,
-0.3415314555168152,
0.2656336724758148,
-0.3544079065322876,
-1.1687835454940796,
0.6060502529144287,
0.3763403296470642,
-0.15027889609336853,
-0.0993945449590683,
-0.5519195199012756,
-0.1935056746006012,
-0.9511512517929077,
-0.5557639598846436,
0.3486259877681732,
-0.20910954475402832,
0.20639857649803162,
0.32612112164497375,
-0.11765876412391663,
0.2798372209072113,
-0.46518248319625854,
0.588454008102417,
0.03767024353146553,
-0.5325753092765808,
-0.4376688301563263,
0.19202907383441925,
0.1657884418964386,
0.17412814497947693,
0.0020616119727492332,
-1.1959360837936401,
0.08410754799842834,
0.03197269141674042,
0.04208716005086899,
-0.375156044960022,
-0.2290543168783188,
0.09664283692836761,
0.6046282052993774,
-0.15502968430519104,
0.7282091379165649,
-0.43437397480010986,
-0.4312053918838501,
-0.24220530688762665,
-0.12362147867679596,
0.3052635192871094,
-0.2647285759449005,
-0.42610403895378113,
0.035576701164245605,
-0.29374778270721436,
-0.46708300709724426,
-1.5920292139053345,
0.34276092052459717,
-0.2839037775993347,
-0.2964448928833008,
1.0580602884292603,
-0.3614008128643036,
0.5097607374191284,
-0.31174758076667786,
0.6681884527206421,
-0.6448377370834351,
0.3207019865512848,
-1.2558116912841797,
0.8318073749542236,
0.4387747347354889,
0.12292288988828659,
0.02879815734922886,
0.6005292534828186,
0.16591483354568481,
0.7253750562667847,
-0.5679106116294861,
-0.1410035938024521,
0.12763719260692596,
0.7568192481994629,
-0.3630496859550476,
-0.5256959199905396,
0.12482960522174835,
0.047331225126981735,
-0.8390928506851196,
0.2555881142616272,
-0.34476912021636963,
0.5917171239852905,
-0.16804547607898712,
-0.2613407373428345,
-0.2801342010498047,
0.30779486894607544,
-3.6825196743011475,
-0.3621598184108734,
-0.21772055327892303,
-0.22765421867370605,
-0.13662944734096527,
0.3235369026660919,
0.3005408048629761,
-0.5720160007476807,
-0.18587227165699005,
0.4038909673690796,
0.4794262945652008,
0.07949227094650269,
-0.029070990160107613,
0.8680365681648254,
1.1939735412597656,
0.5845274329185486,
0.6332964301109314,
-0.24461700022220612,
0.21716438233852386,
-0.8295204639434814,
-0.025469401851296425,
-0.6425301432609558,
-0.219436377286911,
-0.12830063700675964,
0.8698394894599915,
0.2127380222082138,
-0.24489104747772217,
0.37810784578323364,
-0.5245795845985413,
-0.4865826666355133,
0.3809557259082794,
-0.3725823760032654,
-0.2867182493209839,
-0.16605406999588013,
-0.6720935106277466,
-0.05375969409942627,
0.706924557685852,
0.9963769912719727,
0.3006497621536255,
0.17926236987113953,
0.05082656443119049,
0.4873540699481964,
-0.6781191229820251,
0.37849050760269165,
-0.3459959626197815,
-0.0014570539351552725,
-1.0965605974197388,
0.5554894804954529,
-0.9740458130836487,
1.1754510402679443,
-0.03193032369017601,
-0.4841785430908203,
0.7731306552886963,
-0.1926504373550415,
0.49912306666374207,
0.08154390752315521,
0.1830640584230423,
-0.31172242760658264,
-0.5218470692634583,
-0.03565826639533043,
0.4166322946548462,
-0.21236549317836761,
-0.14150846004486084,
0.16418945789337158,
0.49930518865585327,
-0.5655089616775513,
0.19597646594047546,
-0.21955819427967072,
0.16987361013889313,
-0.07763821631669998,
-0.486767441034317,
0.7151081562042236,
-0.46994084119796753,
-1.0468162298202515,
0.385381817817688,
-0.203703373670578,
-1.1553937196731567,
-0.19036273658275604,
-0.5604568719863892,
0.14961636066436768,
0.4588106870651245,
-0.36827099323272705,
-0.4619968831539154,
1.3976199626922607,
0.965931236743927,
1.1017171144485474,
-0.5790565609931946,
0.06820718199014664,
-0.7107146978378296,
-0.5857899785041809,
-0.20434503257274628,
-0.45146602392196655,
-0.061385516077280045,
0.2655427157878876,
-0.8090347051620483,
0.7913784384727478,
-0.030881503596901894,
-0.8618531823158264,
-0.3333444595336914,
0.17047519981861115,
0.47353115677833557,
0.13927365839481354,
-0.3318202495574951,
-0.2649189233779907,
0.14453616738319397,
-0.5177298784255981,
-0.46253082156181335,
0.3638531565666199,
0.3391505479812622,
0.668871283531189,
0.06753759831190109,
0.288434773683548,
-0.025874746963381767,
0.011151723563671112,
0.49460241198539734,
-1.1705832481384277,
-0.4522860646247864,
0.7720893621444702,
0.4736248552799225,
-0.13747826218605042,
1.0295193195343018,
-0.12073095887899399,
0.046049948781728745,
-0.836690366268158,
0.16325010359287262,
0.5161788463592529,
-0.18177172541618347,
0.11269548535346985,
-0.181535005569458,
0.08782265335321426,
-0.5631279945373535,
0.31512451171875,
-0.8074733018875122,
-0.11379338800907135,
-0.4116663932800293,
-0.11633462458848953,
-0.12931250035762787,
-0.5498564839363098,
0.5243634581565857,
0.07817275822162628,
0.15708869695663452,
-0.10157907754182816,
-0.5514355897903442,
0.6213353872299194,
0.40404513478279114,
0.529162585735321,
0.7768733501434326,
-0.41537943482398987,
-0.8247260451316833,
0.6258077621459961,
-0.7570269703865051,
-0.7266774773597717,
1.1074881553649902,
-0.1653808057308197,
0.009969726204872131,
0.050221219658851624,
0.3228286802768707,
0.6161789298057556,
0.16955173015594482,
0.1757170855998993,
-0.5536239147186279,
0.05051564425230026,
-0.6650317907333374,
0.1884501874446869,
0.2702065110206604,
-0.059180110692977905,
-0.19741107523441315,
0.010581857524812222,
-0.18889468908309937,
1.0200188159942627,
-0.2470424771308899,
-0.3764698803424835,
-0.9566765427589417,
0.6901620626449585,
0.295380562543869,
0.1661776900291443,
0.5298424959182739,
-0.21817150712013245,
0.1877734363079071,
-0.35016965866088867,
0.22423839569091797,
0.24261927604675293,
0.0780637338757515,
0.2522110939025879,
0.3654354214668274,
0.12189175933599472,
-0.6271191239356995,
-0.3245176672935486,
-0.4315420389175415,
-0.19245049357414246,
-0.7326312065124512,
0.22767597436904907,
0.38571858406066895,
0.32091018557548523,
-0.1483565717935562,
-1.240963339805603,
0.15812468528747559,
-0.12021886557340622,
-0.0017086582956835628,
-0.2671750783920288,
0.34094956517219543,
0.3014257848262787,
-0.34283798933029175,
0.2615087926387787,
-0.07521217316389084,
-0.7698934078216553,
0.13641119003295898,
0.23794972896575928,
-0.7447564601898193,
1.0644408464431763,
0.36233803629875183,
-0.8922953009605408,
-0.3417942523956299,
1.150623083114624,
-0.7238197922706604,
-0.6907517910003662,
0.9788996577262878,
-0.4433680772781372,
-0.9494965672492981,
-0.35321980714797974,
-0.8060174584388733,
-0.4704321324825287,
-0.2743569314479828,
-0.6549209356307983,
-0.5997669100761414,
0.2552326023578644,
0.3085990250110626,
-0.5137461423873901,
0.36755475401878357,
-0.10414715111255646,
0.07831393927335739,
-0.38979190587997437,
0.38346365094184875,
-0.4505867660045624,
-0.2559684216976166,
-0.18923689424991608,
-0.442653089761734,
0.45299574732780457,
-0.18291199207305908,
0.232728511095047,
0.2673175632953644,
1.1688926219940186,
0.5078692436218262,
-0.42749592661857605,
-0.14470981061458588,
-0.07479915767908096,
0.06315195560455322,
-0.17988133430480957,
-0.047587476670742035,
-0.02029605396091938,
-0.14751097559928894,
0.45395827293395996,
-0.5780825614929199,
-0.7142359614372253,
0.5549744963645935,
0.13018502295017242,
-0.6003005504608154,
0.9047715663909912,
-0.16760040819644928,
0.23647180199623108,
0.3322419226169586,
1.0220037698745728,
0.4306738078594208,
-0.13822510838508606,
-0.06959986686706543,
0.32936111092567444,
0.24850772321224213,
-0.5228621363639832,
-0.4209567606449127,
-0.19361580908298492,
-0.6669374108314514,
-0.6632717251777649,
-0.34585240483283997,
-0.11860459297895432,
-0.2689856290817261,
0.34332752227783203,
0.194419264793396,
-0.9868053197860718,
0.37831348180770874,
-0.14822514355182648,
-0.1818801611661911,
0.23534177243709564,
0.37236446142196655,
-0.5697241425514221,
-0.10785653442144394,
-0.9055386185646057,
-0.5969144701957703,
-0.18119573593139648,
-0.6452528238296509,
0.6538628339767456,
-0.31815874576568604,
-0.10067261010408401,
-0.1716160625219345,
0.509364902973175,
0.7640290856361389,
0.6970836520195007,
-0.5814973711967468,
-0.09854131191968918,
-0.4920724928379059,
-0.2864035964012146,
-0.512715220451355,
0.4129858911037445,
0.8900118470191956,
0.09781905263662338,
0.39443227648735046,
0.7984890341758728,
-0.636823832988739,
0.004718326963484287,
-0.5190925598144531,
-0.5272676944732666,
0.8251091837882996,
-0.3018573522567749,
-0.2418249398469925,
-0.0445377416908741,
0.27562740445137024,
0.1701308935880661,
0.9056788086891174,
-0.01969226822257042,
-0.5098658204078674,
0.31036728620529175,
0.02797629125416279,
-0.35502588748931885,
1.0073429346084595,
0.24595579504966736,
0.23924501240253448,
0.2130039483308792,
-0.06198090687394142,
-0.24985326826572418,
-0.1799524873495102,
-0.38232651352882385,
-0.3003625273704529,
0.1616344451904297,
-0.7363288998603821,
0.8068179488182068,
-0.22436891496181488,
1.0236176252365112,
0.750789999961853,
-0.7760146856307983,
-0.488554984331131,
0.25682348012924194,
-0.03369058296084404,
1.4375009536743164,
-0.28685668110847473,
0.055289577692747116,
0.0360107459127903,
0.2904994785785675,
-0.6119006872177124,
-0.1350981593132019,
0.5470755100250244,
0.4232870042324066,
0.3589719235897064,
0.3642956018447876,
-0.18789856135845184,
-0.1660250425338745,
-0.23399685323238373,
0.3324663043022156,
0.6970014572143555,
-0.3564870059490204,
-0.4742388427257538,
-1.2946921586990356,
-0.15026043355464935,
-1.064651370048523,
0.6098558902740479,
-0.055679112672805786,
-0.8347795009613037,
-0.19630561769008636,
-0.11290105432271957,
-0.21198290586471558,
-0.04133594408631325,
0.2602817714214325,
0.3774488866329193,
-0.6865534782409668,
0.7771646976470947,
0.5310223698616028,
1.3861292600631714,
-0.14383624494075775,
0.7870378494262695,
-0.07576770335435867,
0.21101510524749756,
-0.2941528856754303,
-0.2870687246322632,
-0.09571077674627304,
-0.5835356712341309,
-0.21855010092258453,
0.4255192279815674,
-0.04781067371368408,
-0.16444770991802216,
-0.1744333654642105,
0.7815815806388855,
-0.7530830502510071,
0.02055077999830246,
-0.2669368386268616,
0.6611778736114502,
0.30707406997680664,
-1.2072012424468994,
0.05318041518330574,
-0.25333091616630554,
0.4266887605190277,
-0.7483657002449036,
-0.4946228861808777,
0.2403341829776764,
0.4232470393180847,
-0.27676916122436523,
0.4889887273311615,
-0.39918068051338196,
0.5337828993797302,
-0.9025376439094543,
0.8966852426528931,
-0.6821742653846741,
0.6780365705490112,
0.05090709775686264,
0.3230952322483063,
-0.675005316734314,
0.7142795920372009,
0.09308253228664398,
0.10090187191963196,
1.0497713088989258,
-0.18914690613746643,
-0.3266162574291229,
0.3344102203845978,
0.42206230759620667,
-0.4158251881599426,
-0.17118005454540253,
-0.4017525911331177,
-0.2594705820083618,
-0.6633257865905762,
-0.015618246980011463,
-0.040917910635471344,
0.3579968810081482,
-0.07920560240745544,
0.036376357078552246,
0.3690420091152191,
-0.14662203192710876,
-0.04620005935430527,
-0.06473657488822937,
-0.12842123210430145,
0.7880117893218994,
0.7683604955673218,
0.4831482470035553,
-0.790618896484375,
0.4149025082588196,
-0.08037475496530533,
1.0454356670379639,
0.08602390438318253,
-2.408324956893921,
0.16624872386455536,
-0.048775848001241684,
-0.7889076471328735,
0.012739931233227253,
0.2533535659313202,
0.09716182947158813,
-0.2243645340204239,
-0.32872912287712097,
-0.6045740246772766,
0.42774900794029236,
-0.042602673172950745,
-0.7455444931983948,
-0.4105398654937744,
0.13323748111724854,
-0.08501439541578293
] |
233265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof%20Zanussi | Krzysztof Zanussi | Krzysztof Pius Zanussi (born 17 June 1939) is a Polish film and theatre director, producer and screenwriter. He is a professor of European film at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland where he conducts a summer workshop. He is also a professor at the Krzysztof Kieślowski Film School of the University of Silesia in Katowice.
He is the recipient of the Golden Lion at the 1984 Venice Film Festival for A Year of the Quiet Sun, the Jury Prize at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival for The Constant Factor as well as two Grands Prix at the 1977 and 2000 Gdynia Film Festival for Camouflage and Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease respectively.
Biography
Zanussi was born in 1939 in Warsaw as an only child of Jerzy Zanussi and Wanda (née Niewiadomska). His father was of Italian ancestry and worked as a structural engineer.
Zanussi studied physics at Warsaw University (Uniwersytet Warszawski) and philosophy at the Jagiellonian University (Uniwersytet Jagielloński) in Kraków. A graduate of the prestigious National Film School in Łódź (1967).
He is a director of the Polish Film Studio TOR and has received several prizes and awards, including the David di Donatello Prize of the Accademia del Cinema Italiano, the Cavalier's Cross of the Polonia Restituta Order, and the Cavalier de L'Ordre des Sciences et Lettres.
Krzysztof Zanussi has written On editing an amateur film (1968), Discourse on an amateur film (1978) and a book of memoirs The Time to Die (1997). He appeared as himself in Camera Buff (1979), a film about an amateur film maker, directed by his friend Krzysztof Kieślowski. His film The Constant Factor (1980) () received the Jury Prize at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. During the 1980s, he spent much of his time in the West.
Among the films that he made during this time was a film entitled From a Far Country: Pope John Paul II (1981) about the life of Karol Wojtyła in the context of the complicated history of modern Poland. His 1989 film Inventory was entered into the 16th Moscow International Film Festival. His 2000 film Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease won the Golden St. George at the 22nd Moscow International Film Festival.
His 2002 film The Supplement was entered into the 24th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI Special Mention.
Zanussi has described his 1996 film, At Full Gallop, as his most autobiographical work. It follows the director through several years of his boyhood in Poland under post-World War II Communism. Zanussi served at the head of TOR Film Studio in the eighties. When asked about his experience as a producer he said, "Despite the work of the censors the zespół [state-owned film company] system assured a partial autonomy to our cineastes during the Communist era".
According to the records of Institute of National Remembrance since 1962 to 1964 Zanussi was registered without his consent as a secret collaborator of communist Służba Bezpieczeństwa codename "Aktor". He had several conversations with Communist secret service officers, however he never began to act as a secret collaborator. Zanussi talks openly about his contacts with Służba Bezpieczeństwa but denies any wrongdoing.
He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement award on 20 November 2012 at the 43rd International Film Festival of India held in Goa.
At the end of the 1980s, he co-founded the European Film Academy with Ingmar Bergman which convoked him in the first nucleus of one hundred members. Subsequently, Zanussi left the academy not agreeing with its development as an elitarian club. By the end of the 2000s, Zanussi took part again with the activities and the expansion of the community to around 1.000 members. He remarked the potential leading role of the academy for the European intercultural cinematographic productions, especially for those realized in non-English languages on the model of the successful experiences of the 1960s.
He is the honorary president of Italian People and Religions – Terni Film Festival and he promoted the constitution of a web inter-religious European festivals costining of Terni Film Festival in Italy, Sacrofilm festival of Zamość in Poland and Journées Cinema et Réconciliation of Notre Dame de La Salette in France.
Selected filmography
(Struktura kryształu, 1969)
Family Life (Życie rodzinne, 1971)
(Za ścianą, 1971, TV film)
The Illumination (Iluminacja, 1972)
(Lohngelder für Pittsville, 1974)
A Woman's Decision (Bilans kwartalny, 1975)
Camouflage (Barwy ochronne, 1977)
(1977, TV film)
Spiral (1978)
(1979)
The Constant Factor (1980)
(1980, TV film)
(1981)
(1982, TV film)
Imperative (1982)
(1982, TV film)
(1984, TV film)
A Year of the Quiet Sun (1984)
Power of Evil (1985)
(1987, TV film)
The Young Magician (1987)
(1988)
Inventory (1989)
(1991, TV series)
(1991)
(1992, TV film)
(1992)
Weekend Stories (1996)
At Full Gallop (1996)
(1997)
Life as a Fatal Sexually Transmitted Disease (2000)
The Supplement (2001)
Persona Non Grata (2005)
Black Sun (2007)
And a Warm Heart (2008)
Jacquinot: A Forgotten Hero (2009)
Revisited (2009)
Interior voices (2009)
Foreign Body (2015)
Eter (2018)
See also
List of Poles
Cinema of Poland
Cinema of moral anxiety
References
External links
Krzysztof Zanussi Faculty Website at European Graduate School. Biography and filmography.
Krzysztof Zanussi at filmpolski.pl
Giuseppe Sedia, "An Interview with Krzysztof Zanussi", at Film International, 1 May 2011.
1939 births
Living people
Jagiellonian University alumni
Film people from Warsaw
Polish film directors
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish screenwriters
European Graduate School faculty
University of Warsaw alumni
Polish people of Italian descent
Directors of Golden Lion winners
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
Commander's Crosses of the Order for Merits to Lithuania
University of Silesia in Katowice faculty | [
-0.21388310194015503,
0.3096473515033722,
-0.19338031113147736,
-0.3831038177013397,
-0.22943542897701263,
0.7102618217468262,
0.4196048676967621,
-0.050967130810022354,
-0.07262466102838516,
-0.017575839534401894,
-0.5099987983703613,
0.08639425039291382,
-0.21999594569206238,
0.5013322234153748,
0.4675785303115845,
0.2692709267139435,
-0.38378459215164185,
-0.03640492632985115,
-0.5392350554466248,
-0.12882500886917114,
-0.48798516392707825,
-0.20288711786270142,
0.48668476939201355,
0.1996011883020401,
-0.6451593041419983,
0.28249117732048035,
-0.06397803127765656,
0.17112934589385986,
0.0630497857928276,
-0.04552154615521431,
0.1470678597688675,
0.6902336478233337,
0.15004314482212067,
-0.22817587852478027,
-0.04418613761663437,
0.2764779031276703,
-0.1647513210773468,
-0.4290207028388977,
0.20578280091285706,
-0.09777378290891647,
-0.062320925295352936,
0.8301799297332764,
-0.10332518815994263,
-0.6440598368644714,
0.021594610065221786,
-0.6456822156906128,
-0.966271162033081,
0.34600529074668884,
-1.0909162759780884,
-0.7425959706306458,
0.3912408947944641,
0.11540371924638748,
0.6442972421646118,
0.02576611004769802,
0.04638688266277313,
0.07297396659851074,
-0.8592697978019714,
-0.06878846883773804,
0.47502759099006653,
0.17513497173786163,
0.27390792965888977,
0.12726788222789764,
0.4416796565055847,
0.004382767248898745,
0.5498245358467102,
0.0043340991251170635,
0.1794157475233078,
0.4507285952568054,
-0.028162049129605293,
-0.19010500609874725,
-0.20351196825504303,
0.39109504222869873,
0.3656410872936249,
-0.37346360087394714,
0.31023940443992615,
-0.5947862863540649,
0.20392504334449768,
0.17570927739143372,
-0.15979783236980438,
-0.11613482981920242,
0.12483559548854828,
-0.21571595966815948,
0.8412787318229675,
0.7190077900886536,
0.28820285201072693,
0.011669966392219067,
0.154676154255867,
0.340788334608078,
-0.7865960001945496,
-0.13674642145633698,
-0.6595427393913269,
-0.49880045652389526,
0.2201673984527588,
-0.12553773820400238,
0.19441024959087372,
0.5234670042991638,
0.016163652762770653,
0.6180798411369324,
0.2089250385761261,
-0.2312144935131073,
-0.0717727467417717,
-0.08980557322502136,
-0.45406726002693176,
-0.5017586350440979,
-0.6497520804405212,
-0.4173884093761444,
0.14477936923503876,
0.5129805207252502,
-0.03794582560658455,
0.31774526834487915,
-0.6837062835693359,
0.23148907721042633,
-0.3157203495502472,
0.12969377636909485,
-0.09432730823755264,
0.15653401613235474,
-0.14133955538272858,
-0.7120075225830078,
-0.7506757378578186,
0.4594987630844116,
-0.2744710445404053,
0.2651127874851227,
-0.3020324110984802,
0.5446555018424988,
-1.0107301473617554,
0.38943320512771606,
-0.053274646401405334,
0.27326786518096924,
-0.36033111810684204,
0.31281578540802,
0.6463040709495544,
0.8003009557723999,
-0.5251821875572205,
0.07015493512153625,
-0.012324544601142406,
-0.0722595751285553,
0.3781507909297943,
-0.08512703329324722,
-0.02470221556723118,
0.5527522563934326,
-0.348410040140152,
0.015747562050819397,
-0.4798825681209564,
0.10935892164707184,
0.5590440630912781,
-0.07911882549524307,
-0.1496228724718094,
-0.1978112757205963,
0.09000039100646973,
-0.1462351232767105,
-0.2821647822856903,
0.3162824511528015,
-0.3341003954410553,
-0.5920972228050232,
-0.5058355927467346,
0.5975562334060669,
0.7745612859725952,
0.01625218614935875,
0.46762797236442566,
0.019471444189548492,
0.8981459140777588,
-0.2360924929380417,
-0.29402726888656616,
0.27656230330467224,
0.09617882966995239,
-0.48173585534095764,
0.30124858021736145,
0.17310047149658203,
-0.2417244166135788,
0.31611043214797974,
-0.36825913190841675,
0.4678887128829956,
-0.023127306252717972,
-0.4698566496372223,
-0.2668101489543915,
0.3382866382598877,
0.36240777373313904,
0.21538911759853363,
0.3315531015396118,
-0.48408839106559753,
-0.45350369811058044,
-0.14821989834308624,
-0.4382680058479309,
0.5191830396652222,
0.21491020917892456,
-0.31330031156539917,
0.07144398987293243,
-0.09603950381278992,
0.5645655989646912,
-0.5423458218574524,
-0.4576157331466675,
-0.5967535972595215,
0.36450308561325073,
-0.30250173807144165,
0.7564498782157898,
0.22942228615283966,
-0.37425506114959717,
0.3355481028556824,
-0.32868674397468567,
0.08818228542804718,
-0.3946235775947571,
-0.4450862407684326,
-0.12367042154073715,
0.3632822036743164,
-0.09191073477268219,
0.17534856498241425,
0.5128206014633179,
-0.0676305890083313,
0.09503033012151718,
0.6245584487915039,
0.21713997423648834,
-0.6470346450805664,
0.293586403131485,
0.07876528054475784,
-0.12887702882289886,
-0.16835547983646393,
-0.42376646399497986,
-0.2649509012699127,
-0.018545014783740044,
-0.045838646590709686,
0.6549635529518127,
-0.1954166442155838,
-0.4591236710548401,
0.28179579973220825,
-0.6006819009780884,
0.43839526176452637,
-0.14018380641937256,
-0.11594578623771667,
0.2829376757144928,
-0.4660450518131256,
-0.026340436190366745,
0.8468866944313049,
-0.33574551343917847,
-0.32046598196029663,
0.012667259201407433,
-0.008821454830467701,
0.2837375998497009,
-0.3098887801170349,
-0.05037996917963028,
-0.2573913335800171,
0.4879455864429474,
1.0031810998916626,
-0.15150628983974457,
-0.034634869545698166,
0.2905137836933136,
0.2966575622558594,
0.0012768059968948364,
0.17821665108203888,
-0.36825963854789734,
0.18920542299747467,
-0.01630684733390808,
0.6531779766082764,
-0.014727669768035412,
-0.550085186958313,
-0.13848885893821716,
0.4421670734882355,
0.3851665258407593,
-0.33164772391319275,
0.48720040917396545,
0.021173469722270966,
0.36102113127708435,
-0.21834319829940796,
0.16679804027080536,
-0.014760765247046947,
-0.05752083286643028,
-0.16500209271907806,
0.2422967255115509,
-0.03671097010374069,
-0.1820087730884552,
-0.37858426570892334,
0.5137344002723694,
-0.5103234648704529,
-0.0933157205581665,
0.022280514240264893,
0.489130437374115,
-0.14413350820541382,
0.048019781708717346,
0.25962287187576294,
-0.449390709400177,
-0.1447298228740692,
0.3769514858722687,
0.31393328309059143,
-0.2877825200557709,
0.0909501165151596,
-0.106086865067482,
0.5544145107269287,
-0.028120681643486023,
-0.04169374704360962,
0.08323217928409576,
-0.19864560663700104,
-0.2804895043373108,
1.073809266090393,
-0.6673710942268372,
-0.0010688604088500142,
-0.6244271993637085,
0.5012298226356506,
-0.7392089366912842,
-0.5993936061859131,
0.04453107342123985,
-0.1656457781791687,
-0.8974576592445374,
0.3997509181499481,
0.003911809530109167,
0.6779879331588745,
0.1920238584280014,
0.5155753493309021,
-0.3578905165195465,
-0.034721095114946365,
-5.69398832321167,
-0.0304885134100914,
-0.10211175680160522,
0.20376931130886078,
0.3142774701118469,
-0.27021774649620056,
0.3020802140235901,
-0.13032042980194092,
-0.07585469633340836,
-0.30183911323547363,
0.054680731147527695,
0.086672842502594,
-0.5443053841590881,
1.1525195837020874,
0.48480233550071716,
0.596710741519928,
0.13561125099658966,
-0.2685437500476837,
0.24687373638153076,
0.09026292711496353,
-0.5409770607948303,
-0.07372619956731796,
-0.07019965350627899,
-0.25804752111434937,
0.3125162124633789,
0.45119509100914,
-0.6579302549362183,
0.3128107488155365,
-1.324568748474121,
-0.6765745878219604,
-0.08388885855674744,
-0.7503407001495361,
-0.3796100318431854,
0.050074540078639984,
-0.12551872432231903,
-0.15672454237937927,
0.3626997172832489,
0.43143734335899353,
-0.14251331984996796,
0.05397998169064522,
-0.14083418250083923,
0.03690193220973015,
-0.9484900832176208,
0.01855563558638096,
0.11717821657657623,
0.08869704604148865,
-0.6898550987243652,
-0.12451336532831192,
0.03699921444058418,
0.45759040117263794,
0.3641696274280548,
0.02096419222652912,
-0.036279331892728806,
0.2518153786659241,
0.2937000095844269,
0.18721303343772888,
0.684342622756958,
-0.36435529589653015,
-0.37719833850860596,
0.5652903318405151,
0.04329405725002289,
-0.37416934967041016,
0.1728815883398056,
-0.23515862226486206,
0.017053639516234398,
0.18401667475700378,
-0.15728841722011566,
-0.33242183923721313,
0.0757993757724762,
-0.8308305740356445,
-0.1045888215303421,
0.660761296749115,
-0.04704934358596802,
-1.073912501335144,
-0.3729094862937927,
-0.33343270421028137,
-0.5205929279327393,
-0.30102765560150146,
-0.46018922328948975,
0.3751346468925476,
-0.24225930869579315,
-0.4741611182689667,
-0.23927250504493713,
0.2819555401802063,
0.6668817400932312,
0.36649301648139954,
0.059583231806755066,
0.34216979146003723,
-0.12760233879089355,
-0.179216668009758,
-0.0530792661011219,
-0.5124403238296509,
0.19389480352401733,
0.19968970119953156,
-0.2503840923309326,
0.09512639790773392,
0.07260387390851974,
0.4702518880367279,
0.19113034009933472,
-0.12076019495725632,
-0.36156901717185974,
-0.7339176535606384,
-0.01406765915453434,
-0.3348160982131958,
0.7455272078514099,
0.12372267991304398,
0.5812985897064209,
0.11848092079162598,
0.8846732378005981,
0.01171094086021185,
0.10334759950637817,
0.8695593476295471,
-0.14336301386356354,
-0.8084470629692078,
0.4061213731765747,
-0.48585185408592224,
-0.3571119010448456,
0.4315439760684967,
0.3067642152309418,
0.6607733964920044,
-0.09639715403318405,
0.29396581649780273,
-0.11795289814472198,
-0.024868745356798172,
0.1972983330488205,
-0.1300884336233139,
-0.041661959141492844,
-0.044908784329891205,
0.046399932354688644,
-0.1347370147705078,
-0.6161064505577087,
0.9609867334365845,
-0.1904868334531784,
-0.2026682049036026,
0.6464400887489319,
-0.12498971074819565,
-0.8452314138412476,
-0.42160215973854065,
0.42906028032302856,
0.09809565544128418,
0.2663574516773224,
-0.062300462275743484,
0.025129621848464012,
0.641042947769165,
0.20274274051189423,
0.0624697282910347,
-0.015556291677057743,
0.4972575008869171,
-0.4027652144432068,
0.3154294490814209,
-0.18753927946090698,
0.4088750183582306,
0.442411333322525,
-0.30532577633857727,
-0.44462883472442627,
0.23847588896751404,
-0.5130041837692261,
0.0282621867954731,
0.15513277053833008,
0.09165691584348679,
0.6888846755027771,
-0.4491238594055176,
-0.9188154935836792,
-0.12371205538511276,
0.46817654371261597,
0.20655837655067444,
-0.5551121830940247,
-0.42057380080223083,
-0.5957509875297546,
0.5081559419631958,
0.12550270557403564,
-0.6869333386421204,
-0.4572017788887024,
0.2805320620536804,
-0.4633743464946747,
-0.19022731482982635,
-0.13100267946720123,
0.24781687557697296,
-0.26596298813819885,
0.4121723473072052,
0.017037134617567062,
0.3990042805671692,
-0.7718746662139893,
0.13321374356746674,
0.012829616665840149,
-0.33079254627227783,
-0.5576068162918091,
-0.09264235943555832,
-0.5463821291923523,
-0.19281671941280365,
-0.27634185552597046,
-0.1452232152223587,
0.28469809889793396,
0.24289457499980927,
0.29928770661354065,
-0.8753700852394104,
-0.31748849153518677,
-0.08976233750581741,
-0.2906343936920166,
-0.5286296606063843,
0.38900110125541687,
0.5938003659248352,
-0.3209637999534607,
0.0369873084127903,
0.35644590854644775,
-0.907780647277832,
0.061828650534152985,
0.4898790121078491,
0.38700032234191895,
0.5944466590881348,
-0.7787610292434692,
-0.41649889945983887,
-0.08442849665880203,
0.5801921486854553,
-0.5562587380409241,
0.1924734115600586,
0.48048627376556396,
-0.10734518617391586,
-0.5008877515792847,
0.023674314841628075,
-0.08539296686649323,
-0.7227854132652283,
-0.5645086765289307,
-0.17394274473190308,
-1.0986826419830322,
0.07483354955911636,
0.5161300897598267,
-0.7860410213470459,
0.4438706338405609,
-0.5178871750831604,
0.4678623676300049,
0.0008783472585491836,
0.1731688231229782,
-0.178620845079422,
-0.7016143202781677,
-0.2884218394756317,
0.4804098606109619,
0.23532326519489288,
-0.4060468375682831,
0.1367688775062561,
0.464630663394928,
0.7801154255867004,
0.18796725571155548,
0.3279723823070526,
0.5800565481185913,
0.5145910978317261,
0.11627133935689926,
-0.33635440468788147,
-0.20929154753684998,
0.22060196101665497,
0.28971055150032043,
0.10501135140657425,
-0.4779771566390991,
-0.26525115966796875,
0.9187936782836914,
-0.39372509717941284,
0.34118521213531494,
0.5389447808265686,
-0.03487663343548775,
0.5601031184196472,
0.021693384274840355,
0.05996810272336006,
0.0754372626543045,
-0.144292950630188,
-0.19466736912727356,
0.39083489775657654,
-0.135039284825325,
-0.14144021272659302,
0.1724833846092224,
-0.45845043659210205,
-0.3156961500644684,
-0.20260865986347198,
-0.05398394167423248,
0.42645248770713806,
-0.07984006404876709,
0.05125429853796959,
0.006930007133632898,
-0.3735790252685547,
0.46358931064605713,
-0.3367937505245209,
-0.5600553750991821,
0.2291301190853119,
-0.09460626542568207,
-0.1884562075138092,
-0.5016067028045654,
-0.41355106234550476,
0.2544582188129425,
0.08328303694725037,
-0.06866949796676636,
0.37724342942237854,
-0.7986003756523132,
-0.480283260345459,
-0.31314751505851746,
0.07873286306858063,
0.12405295670032501,
-0.10603408515453339,
-0.039795152842998505,
0.648788571357727,
-0.020430389791727066,
0.1595247983932495,
-0.3575407862663269,
-0.18539445102214813,
0.31405749917030334,
-0.11602188646793365,
0.37379348278045654,
0.22656166553497314,
-0.38702911138534546,
-0.6604633331298828,
-0.0839562937617302,
-0.02930360846221447,
0.4344249367713928,
-0.1179104745388031,
0.2538565695285797,
0.33620283007621765,
-0.28104954957962036,
0.25417861342430115,
0.43284639716148376,
-0.1945628821849823,
-0.012851107865571976,
-0.5777079463005066,
0.3879097104072571,
0.12325960397720337,
0.8977746963500977,
-0.9005953073501587,
-0.017221912741661072,
0.832180380821228,
0.33504608273506165,
-0.014181479811668396,
-0.08970001339912415,
-0.20355360209941864,
0.11745507270097733,
0.13423405587673187,
-0.35531526803970337,
0.16916798055171967,
0.4238884747028351,
-0.08917579054832458,
0.3010132312774658,
-0.15669825673103333,
0.3874412775039673,
0.013559585437178612,
0.0813877284526825,
1.006263017654419,
-0.4615672826766968,
0.3346641957759857,
0.27577945590019226,
-0.049906183034181595,
-0.005775540601462126,
0.4472493827342987,
-0.5843762159347534,
-0.09302813559770584,
0.4153970181941986,
-0.14403323829174042,
0.14635160565376282,
-0.4614771008491516,
0.6593660116195679,
0.2680010199546814,
0.4716685712337494,
-0.3499895930290222,
-0.24442164599895477,
0.5439289808273315,
0.08629501610994339,
-0.6424607038497925,
0.7375509142875671,
0.6175039410591125,
0.20762693881988525,
-0.07229945063591003,
-0.476887971162796,
-0.9153478741645813,
0.3117872476577759,
-0.23399502038955688,
0.12266159802675247,
-0.1920943707227707,
-0.3648132085800171,
0.2606545686721802,
0.39522016048431396,
0.6623839139938354,
0.18132449686527252,
-0.31829050183296204,
-0.0972522720694542,
0.2664622962474823,
-0.5388258099555969,
0.4484296441078186,
0.007338411174714565,
0.2244768738746643,
0.31268468499183655,
-0.140273779630661,
0.14817187190055847,
-0.39087286591529846,
0.7453287839889526,
-0.3272806704044342,
0.06063102185726166,
-0.288084477186203,
0.2223425656557083,
0.6004056930541992,
-0.7491112351417542,
-0.07974276691675186,
-0.6400827765464783,
0.4988398253917694,
-0.2668302655220032,
0.47905290126800537,
-0.1113414317369461,
0.2962041199207306,
-0.4124510586261749,
0.26642102003097534,
-0.4134094715118408,
-0.1260979324579239,
-0.6687846183776855,
0.14669157564640045,
-0.71971595287323,
0.28359484672546387,
0.4781356453895569,
-0.1531192660331726,
-0.3092418313026428,
0.3116435408592224,
-0.14711014926433563,
0.6719905734062195,
0.40803492069244385,
0.07293754070997238,
0.4203662574291229,
-0.007181067951023579,
-0.18712051212787628,
-0.3137246072292328,
0.25978487730026245,
0.11887580156326294,
-0.5464532375335693,
0.1714192032814026,
0.1866001933813095,
0.07433544099330902,
-0.34406188130378723,
0.020996609702706337,
-0.7088529467582703,
0.6638043522834778,
-0.43191006779670715,
-0.07405389845371246,
-0.5133739113807678,
-0.05113975331187248,
1.052416443824768,
0.8406256437301636,
0.7809571623802185,
-0.7495360374450684,
0.08738464117050171,
0.13009613752365112,
0.44004905223846436,
-0.2937352955341339,
0.0006046484922990203,
-0.3506484627723694,
-0.4342197775840759,
-0.2990792989730835,
-0.13024641573429108,
0.21785564720630646,
0.12343604862689972,
-0.2754862308502197,
0.4821093678474426,
-0.2821594774723053,
-0.3908194303512573,
0.5662782788276672,
0.0028022434562444687,
-0.5030008554458618,
0.36538589000701904,
-0.4059107005596161
] |
233266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite | Martensite | Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation.
Properties
Martensite is formed in carbon steels by the rapid cooling (quenching) of the austenite form of iron at such a high rate that carbon atoms do not have time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite (Fe3C). Austenite is gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), a solid solution of iron and alloying elements. As a result of the quenching, the face-centered cubic austenite transforms to a highly strained body-centered tetragonal form called martensite that is supersaturated with carbon. The shear deformations that result produce a large number of dislocations, which is a primary strengthening mechanism of steels. The highest hardness of a pearlitic steel is 400 Brinell, whereas martensite can achieve 700 Brinell.
The martensitic reaction begins during cooling when the austenite reaches the martensite start temperature (Ms), and the parent austenite becomes mechanically unstable. As the sample is quenched, an increasingly large percentage of the austenite transforms to martensite until the lower transformation temperature Mf is reached, at which time the transformation is completed.
For a eutectoid steel (0.76% C), between 6 and 10% of austenite, called retained austenite, will remain. The percentage of retained austenite increases from insignificant for less than 0.6% C steel, to 13% retained austenite at 0.95% C and 30–47% retained austenite for a 1.4% carbon steel. A very rapid quench is essential to create martensite. For a eutectoid carbon steel of thin section, if the quench starting at 750 °C and ending at 450 °C takes place in 0.7 seconds (a rate of 430 °C/s) no pearlite will form, and the steel will be martensitic with small amounts of retained austenite.
For steel with 0–0.6% carbon, the martensite has the appearance of lath and is called lath martensite. For steel with greater than 1% carbon, it will form a plate-like structure called plate martensite. Between those two percentages, the physical appearance of the grains is a mix of the two. The strength of the martensite is reduced as the amount of retained austenite grows. If the cooling rate is slower than the critical cooling rate, some amount of pearlite will form, starting at the grain boundaries where it will grow into the grains until the Ms temperature is reached, then the remaining austenite transforms into martensite at about half the speed of sound in steel.
In certain alloy steels, martensite can be formed by working the steel at Ms temperature by quenching to below Ms and then working by plastic deformations to reductions of cross section area between 20% to 40% of the original. The process produces dislocation densities up to 1013/cm2. The great number of dislocations, combined with precipitates that originate and pin the dislocations in place, produces a very hard steel. This property is frequently used in toughened ceramics like yttria-stabilized zirconia and in special steels like TRIP steels. Thus, martensite can be thermally induced or stress induced.
The growth of martensite phase requires very little thermal activation energy because the process is a diffusionless transformation, which results in the subtle but rapid rearrangement of atomic positions, and has been known to occur even at cryogenic temperatures. Martensite has a lower density than austenite, so that the martensitic transformation results in a relative change of volume. Of considerably greater importance than the volume change is the shear strain, which has a magnitude of about 0.26 and which determines the shape of the plates of martensite.
Martensite is not shown in the equilibrium phase diagram of the iron-carbon system because it is not an equilibrium phase. Equilibrium phases form by slow cooling rates that allow sufficient time for diffusion, whereas martensite is usually formed by very high cooling rates. Since chemical processes (the attainment of equilibrium) accelerate at higher temperature, martensite is easily destroyed by the application of heat. This process is called tempering. In some alloys, the effect is reduced by adding elements such as tungsten that interfere with cementite nucleation, but more often than not, the nucleation is allowed to proceed to relieve stresses. Since quenching can be difficult to control, many steels are quenched to produce an overabundance of martensite, then tempered to gradually reduce its concentration until the preferred structure for the intended application is achieved. The needle-like microstructure of martensite leads to brittle behavior of the material. Too much martensite leaves steel brittle; too little leaves it soft.
See also
Eutectic
Eutectoid
Ferrite (iron)
Maraging steel
Spring steel
Tool steel
References
External links
Comprehensive resources on martensite, from the University of Cambridge
Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist from the American Society for Metals
PTCLab---Capable of calculating martensite crystallography with single shear or double shear theory
Metallurgy
Metals
Steel
Ceramic materials | [
-0.0017966461600735784,
0.8192576766014099,
0.033253323286771774,
0.24107518792152405,
-0.1455255150794983,
0.41409194469451904,
0.9872865676879883,
0.27140942215919495,
-0.22101718187332153,
0.05766967684030533,
-0.22083106637001038,
0.19805467128753662,
-0.0744539201259613,
0.9547966122627258,
-0.07353033870458603,
0.4880554974079132,
0.23245973885059357,
0.49355024099349976,
0.13488173484802246,
-0.6343733668327332,
0.12223856151103973,
-0.7284805774688721,
1.1758781671524048,
-0.002255738014355302,
0.003732963465154171,
-0.0449763685464859,
0.14525553584098816,
-0.3543283939361572,
-0.1766211837530136,
0.4342670440673828,
-0.04275178536772728,
0.9222283959388733,
-0.35822853446006775,
-0.5126232504844666,
0.07316602021455765,
0.2318706512451172,
0.2142764925956726,
0.28539153933525085,
-0.22189651429653168,
-0.6522915959358215,
0.4112110137939453,
-0.04775035381317139,
0.2744413912296295,
0.9739221930503845,
-0.33634620904922485,
-0.1599728912115097,
-1.4097847938537598,
0.2451377809047699,
-1.2109200954437256,
-0.23816035687923431,
0.18481303751468658,
0.07438749819993973,
0.4801493287086487,
0.33100229501724243,
0.47436147928237915,
0.551160991191864,
-1.121126413345337,
0.1542101949453354,
0.48328420519828796,
0.4996846318244934,
-0.37684309482574463,
-0.26030057668685913,
-0.6760168075561523,
0.38302484154701233,
0.2250646948814392,
0.5834935903549194,
0.06902632862329483,
0.3294423222541809,
-0.37612611055374146,
0.1058054119348526,
-0.024693960323929787,
-0.37347301840782166,
0.2148754894733429,
0.33325114846229553,
0.3386479914188385,
0.2187439501285553,
-0.4398684501647949,
-0.15826615691184998,
-0.41709062457084656,
0.12109244614839554,
0.13400377333164215,
0.7294275164604187,
0.8632352352142334,
-0.3328416645526886,
0.44793596863746643,
0.17404374480247498,
-0.4528290331363678,
0.2924971282482147,
-0.4388101398944855,
0.6766020655632019,
-0.3134424388408661,
0.15460935235023499,
0.30912089347839355,
0.2486039400100708,
0.2317095845937729,
-0.3873298466205597,
-0.3760278522968292,
0.3196379840373993,
0.33135131001472473,
0.9714717864990234,
0.5324016213417053,
0.25493180751800537,
0.2216581106185913,
-0.233343243598938,
-0.3157210350036621,
0.18448518216609955,
-0.7120012044906616,
-0.1881418079137802,
-0.1712695062160492,
-0.679095447063446,
-0.4856502115726471,
0.047280553728342056,
-0.36098527908325195,
-0.04825073108077049,
0.15970996022224426,
0.2528873085975647,
0.5085234642028809,
-0.2201417237520218,
-0.10103647410869598,
0.06724641472101212,
0.08202297985553741,
0.6958619356155396,
-0.38184523582458496,
-0.05689242109656334,
0.011885696090757847,
0.6794736981391907,
-0.12975090742111206,
1.1478625535964966,
-0.3480870723724365,
0.3121676743030548,
0.1359195113182068,
1.1102066040039062,
0.2939736545085907,
0.08287253230810165,
-0.15081197023391724,
-1.2213001251220703,
0.16266858577728271,
0.012016799300909042,
0.38647201657295227,
0.33924347162246704,
-0.7254480123519897,
-0.024145163595676422,
-0.8438531160354614,
-0.040760233998298645,
0.17880158126354218,
-0.28463461995124817,
-0.04079951345920563,
-0.48369377851486206,
-0.20446103811264038,
0.5085474848747253,
0.6686221361160278,
-0.49355268478393555,
-0.13546554744243622,
0.367641806602478,
-0.2226756364107132,
0.05975407734513283,
0.4665472209453583,
0.1700761765241623,
0.1850048154592514,
-0.033406924456357956,
-0.6165130138397217,
0.33756089210510254,
0.017649119719862938,
0.27263960242271423,
0.13018609583377838,
-0.559637188911438,
0.4341045320034027,
0.0074538071639835835,
-0.18439844250679016,
0.700157105922699,
-0.5959562063217163,
0.18396538496017456,
-0.23752033710479736,
0.4530426561832428,
0.235360786318779,
-0.44068643450737,
-0.0727309137582779,
0.6083076596260071,
0.1028723418712616,
-0.6075241565704346,
-0.32552218437194824,
0.4106053411960602,
0.5191527605056763,
-0.3260650634765625,
0.5440645813941956,
0.43330734968185425,
0.9431483745574951,
-0.004095596261322498,
-0.06251811236143112,
-0.4164271056652069,
-0.7682158946990967,
-0.3303860127925873,
0.363958477973938,
-0.3686595559120178,
1.3136301040649414,
0.23894256353378296,
-0.4730699956417084,
0.24380932748317719,
-0.19449663162231445,
0.7691891193389893,
0.1744953840970993,
-0.5334343910217285,
0.43704259395599365,
-0.5964314937591553,
-0.426432341337204,
0.8538115620613098,
0.7339640855789185,
-0.22601160407066345,
0.5345265865325928,
0.36218664050102234,
0.9692322611808777,
-0.5479422211647034,
0.29812753200531006,
-0.043365202844142914,
-0.34983760118484497,
-0.3368504047393799,
0.44063708186149597,
0.4510928988456726,
0.5524634718894958,
-0.09806889295578003,
0.9894747138023376,
-0.21199782192707062,
-0.09077931195497513,
0.5073994994163513,
-0.41209739446640015,
0.235807403922081,
-0.19082769751548767,
-0.01674734801054001,
0.0976327657699585,
0.07173046469688416,
0.38798826932907104,
0.258431077003479,
0.3954645097255707,
-0.2589540183544159,
0.19476257264614105,
-0.3460013270378113,
-0.27316200733184814,
0.08924179524183273,
0.0827484056353569,
-0.4814739525318146,
0.3098408281803131,
0.11224056780338287,
-0.7251567840576172,
0.31595417857170105,
0.03748537600040436,
0.20588408410549164,
0.15634842216968536,
0.39243796467781067,
-0.2094554454088211,
-0.0899808332324028,
0.3263724446296692,
-0.06081671640276909,
-0.24221715331077576,
-0.4762064814567566,
-0.3028739094734192,
0.05497737228870392,
-0.292309045791626,
-0.39631593227386475,
-0.06608898937702179,
0.4309384822845459,
-0.7073414325714111,
-0.39579200744628906,
-0.012334654107689857,
0.1133829727768898,
0.08541841804981232,
-0.609922468662262,
-0.16435474157333374,
-0.4840540885925293,
0.5627185702323914,
0.6394268870353699,
0.3267807066440582,
0.026695668697357178,
-0.9354721903800964,
-0.19285675883293152,
0.19120095670223236,
-0.3059324622154236,
-0.5441399812698364,
-0.054827939718961716,
-0.9749541282653809,
0.07487218827009201,
0.19005908071994781,
1.0858521461486816,
0.6738409399986267,
-0.23253720998764038,
-0.6125579476356506,
-0.228212371468544,
-0.01762048900127411,
-0.058617014437913895,
-0.12444236874580383,
-0.818662703037262,
0.04961619898676872,
-0.17562060058116913,
-1.0117948055267334,
0.06165804713964462,
-0.27448487281799316,
0.6665133833885193,
-0.004830739926546812,
-0.0338628925383091,
0.936866283416748,
-0.3411916196346283,
-0.01329504419118166,
0.43479830026626587,
-0.639440655708313,
-0.12275749444961548,
-0.16476823389530182,
0.1936996877193451,
-0.42775261402130127,
-0.5130007863044739,
-5.397482395172119,
0.1950092762708664,
0.07607080042362213,
-0.9777466654777527,
0.663667619228363,
0.25273120403289795,
0.7539212107658386,
-0.25944772362709045,
-0.053700730204582214,
-0.20825599133968353,
-0.36070507764816284,
0.3777187764644623,
0.21800795197486877,
0.5798266530036926,
0.5700141191482544,
0.5084048509597778,
0.8735104203224182,
-0.08881984651088715,
0.40765273571014404,
-0.13560466468334198,
-0.08294075727462769,
0.03117823787033558,
0.07103043049573898,
0.4431520700454712,
0.48658865690231323,
0.24920882284641266,
-0.21608103811740875,
0.17189018428325653,
-0.5153412222862244,
-0.11618394404649734,
-0.20615935325622559,
-0.027731215581297874,
0.03032585047185421,
-0.6676428914070129,
0.1549183428287506,
0.12368708103895187,
0.39103415608406067,
0.40411534905433655,
-0.1028960719704628,
-0.6236759424209595,
0.05244973301887512,
0.6230360865592957,
0.1668434739112854,
-0.0066650547087192535,
0.7352162599563599,
-0.23445814847946167,
-0.3454084098339081,
-0.12815307080745697,
-0.3062179982662201,
0.6026039719581604,
0.08185780048370361,
-0.29086488485336304,
0.5692242980003357,
-0.13651131093502045,
-0.2464342564344406,
0.28186729550361633,
0.5528168678283691,
0.4314686059951782,
-0.6564629673957825,
0.30303964018821716,
0.1469346135854721,
0.23856477439403534,
0.1357385367155075,
-0.4885901212692261,
-0.3111915588378906,
-0.7016159296035767,
-0.2222268283367157,
-0.1962401419878006,
-0.04436660185456276,
-0.44454342126846313,
-0.2896748483181,
0.42363840341567993,
-0.17921166121959686,
-0.6624333262443542,
0.4452815353870392,
-0.5974562764167786,
-0.31796568632125854,
-0.2566677927970886,
0.0480782650411129,
0.35322877764701843,
-0.4300249516963959,
-0.015613219700753689,
-0.016650637611746788,
0.13615451753139496,
0.6765468120574951,
0.33322039246559143,
-0.38362357020378113,
-0.47889015078544617,
-0.47933125495910645,
-0.5596224665641785,
0.48784181475639343,
-0.6412428617477417,
-0.12917189300060272,
-0.11994180083274841,
0.2525453567504883,
0.4767223298549652,
0.39948713779449463,
-0.006960234604775906,
0.4326554536819458,
-0.12270084023475647,
0.41254061460494995,
-0.4424715042114258,
0.5072408318519592,
-0.2667151689529419,
-0.011227848008275032,
-0.7012963891029358,
-0.11278899759054184,
0.5028889775276184,
0.22704298794269562,
0.025210339576005936,
0.18019551038742065,
0.4484595060348511,
-0.33411669731140137,
-0.2552996277809143,
0.6389911770820618,
-0.028996899724006653,
-0.584217369556427,
0.12399446219205856,
0.35711511969566345,
-0.628664493560791,
0.08603549748659134,
0.3264795243740082,
0.20096977055072784,
-0.311535120010376,
0.06214374676346779,
-0.7665873169898987,
0.30351340770721436,
0.054187752306461334,
-0.8042743802070618,
0.1914295256137848,
-0.6748194098472595,
0.4674670994281769,
0.11965563148260117,
-0.47023874521255493,
-0.1743910163640976,
0.0002699806063901633,
-0.22312459349632263,
0.22094731032848358,
-0.323455274105072,
-0.51772141456604,
0.2621626555919647,
-0.07751414179801941,
-0.2323257476091385,
0.38931894302368164,
0.8020504117012024,
0.3525199294090271,
0.30379337072372437,
0.3410799503326416,
-0.6357523798942566,
-0.23665598034858704,
-0.07323748618364334,
0.07967331260442734,
0.26007169485092163,
-0.5226778984069824,
0.14871405065059662,
0.05012166127562523,
0.1280050426721573,
0.7361288666725159,
-0.08947578072547913,
-0.7796621322631836,
-0.014822768047451973,
0.2697276175022125,
-0.9749177098274231,
0.0059905205853283405,
0.38531294465065,
-0.5935221910476685,
-0.42426595091819763,
-0.14071567356586456,
-0.6337364912033081,
0.9020234942436218,
-0.18117384612560272,
0.2984139323234558,
-0.8207606673240662,
-0.013353094458580017,
-0.1274762898683548,
0.24209856986999512,
-0.20887881517410278,
-0.16898253560066223,
-0.16184259951114655,
-0.5144878625869751,
0.0003177021280862391,
0.4835803210735321,
-0.04436548054218292,
0.6678310632705688,
0.09164731949567795,
-0.6897953152656555,
-0.7001419067382812,
0.006208145059645176,
-0.5624024868011475,
-0.22330892086029053,
0.31368544697761536,
-0.10619920492172241,
0.5013794898986816,
0.3441134989261627,
-0.13334313035011292,
-0.562642514705658,
0.03333631902933121,
0.5648172497749329,
0.31595438718795776,
-0.8120439052581787,
0.19759346544742584,
0.906774640083313,
-0.4583339989185333,
0.6118309497833252,
0.695663571357727,
-0.7778350710868835,
0.19566017389297485,
0.34029385447502136,
-0.06447968631982803,
0.16936174035072327,
-0.10776084661483765,
-0.6798675656318665,
0.1271088719367981,
0.36105674505233765,
-0.5524536371231079,
0.006299729458987713,
0.7610989809036255,
-0.2205052226781845,
-0.11987265944480896,
-0.3200933039188385,
0.14307281374931335,
-0.5762081146240234,
-0.2800397276878357,
-0.4980352818965912,
-0.5669551491737366,
0.7174862027168274,
0.4709964096546173,
-0.048060093075037,
0.6856318712234497,
-0.25996705889701843,
0.5467861890792847,
-0.10638400167226791,
-0.11442381143569946,
0.05679260939359665,
0.38174599409103394,
0.2960541844367981,
-0.5247400999069214,
0.3737962543964386,
0.4106053411960602,
0.011053386144340038,
0.23468683660030365,
0.23177306354045868,
0.09604371339082718,
-0.13328178226947784,
-0.48201632499694824,
-0.2847750186920166,
0.1796882599592209,
-0.4540219008922577,
-0.4540153741836548,
-0.01061948761343956,
0.011827290989458561,
-0.6811054348945618,
-0.5576749444007874,
-0.6666581034660339,
0.9648714065551758,
-0.142776221036911,
0.2206265777349472,
-0.06859146803617477,
0.4101123511791229,
-0.18463602662086487,
-0.7159459590911865,
-0.017454968765378,
-0.2994556128978729,
0.6160993576049805,
0.0802852064371109,
-0.026196947321295738,
-0.9173157811164856,
-0.5813902020454407,
0.27560919523239136,
-0.2533540725708008,
-0.5743798613548279,
-0.4522581696510315,
-0.0478748194873333,
-0.016135185956954956,
0.1792691946029663,
0.38119420409202576,
0.20398005843162537,
-0.9916036128997803,
-0.20617125928401947,
-0.08229678869247437,
-0.7066630125045776,
0.49906259775161743,
0.3242761492729187,
-0.4058845043182373,
-0.4455825090408325,
-0.3719870150089264,
-0.8554759621620178,
-0.5729559063911438,
-0.8706188797950745,
-0.0062948777340352535,
-0.3762318789958954,
-0.0023977209348231554,
-0.40667402744293213,
-0.2974531650543213,
0.01571853645145893,
0.6219845414161682,
-0.3932686746120453,
0.3782990574836731,
0.037003811448812485,
0.6912122368812561,
-0.8051701784133911,
0.5624417662620544,
0.25592321157455444,
-1.0318410396575928,
0.2278452217578888,
0.0007439370965585113,
-0.07281636446714401,
-0.042447205632925034,
0.6144874095916748,
0.06747356057167053,
-0.17300820350646973,
0.06927070766687393,
-0.3175395429134369,
0.5549075603485107,
-0.2680319547653198,
-0.5641322135925293,
0.5097610354423523,
-0.8040109872817993,
-0.22045333683490753,
0.9080217480659485,
0.20726299285888672,
-0.6503064632415771,
0.5339930653572083,
-0.2120283842086792,
-0.5538336634635925,
1.2183541059494019,
-0.1755286604166031,
-0.1778992861509323,
-0.21901732683181763,
0.10375849902629852,
0.10859130322933197,
-0.053304724395275116,
-0.5865548849105835,
0.45854511857032776,
-0.16140398383140564,
-0.08202534914016724,
-0.13550138473510742,
-0.17434923350811005,
-0.15935495495796204,
0.7284011840820312,
-0.1853419691324234,
0.31892433762550354,
-0.16252577304840088,
-0.39114075899124146,
-0.04453175142407417,
0.04983176290988922,
-0.28488481044769287,
0.08906839042901993,
0.03952654078602791,
0.05619959905743599,
0.15582060813903809,
-0.4427766501903534,
-0.0193795133382082,
-0.6417006850242615,
-0.10379969328641891,
-0.7659047245979309,
-0.11870644986629486,
-0.09740044921636581,
-0.6824069023132324,
-0.19880437850952148,
-0.03280888497829437,
-0.39053627848625183,
0.10348351299762726,
-0.05093613266944885,
-0.10871968418359756,
-0.38923317193984985,
0.3136622905731201,
-0.27101126313209534,
-0.2959407567977905,
0.26001325249671936,
0.24858854711055756,
0.014832102693617344,
-0.20153360068798065,
0.7878069877624512,
-0.3240342438220978,
0.22929947078227997,
0.29114827513694763,
0.1159636378288269,
0.3586387038230896,
-0.14500035345554352,
-0.24833883345127106,
0.46848517656326294,
0.17617405951023102,
-0.23217709362506866,
-0.2259388566017151,
-0.4560602009296417,
-0.0635010153055191,
0.7791202068328857,
0.3505550026893616,
-0.20265543460845947,
0.7517557740211487,
0.2860666811466217,
0.3679004907608032,
0.07439419627189636,
-0.3696421682834625,
-0.4825213849544525,
0.2256736159324646,
0.8443710207939148,
0.1883634328842163,
0.13676567375659943,
-0.5569062232971191,
0.315194308757782,
0.2905517816543579,
0.34971463680267334,
-0.010596350766718388,
0.5558185577392578,
-0.25342175364494324,
0.8677369952201843,
-0.20492547750473022,
0.6067259311676025,
-0.18557444214820862,
-0.10543107986450195,
-0.08041468262672424,
0.1490689069032669,
-0.45428335666656494,
-0.2742721140384674,
0.5492653250694275,
-0.2595662772655487,
-0.0027034608647227287,
-0.14425654709339142,
0.1652238667011261,
-0.1836809515953064,
0.38439539074897766,
0.5417069792747498,
0.15386001765727997,
-0.3707304000854492,
0.1866215020418167,
-0.45634472370147705,
-0.5025138258934021,
-0.5109243392944336,
0.2398000806570053,
0.1810382902622223,
-0.24866756796836853,
0.8098533153533936,
-0.7788636088371277,
0.24840253591537476,
-0.16890497505664825,
0.587638795375824,
-0.12083457410335541,
-0.18041813373565674,
0.1472669541835785,
-0.3763402998447418,
-0.3947586715221405,
0.0348350927233696,
-1.0270885229110718,
0.4297158420085907,
-0.3583903908729553,
-0.4712282419204712,
-0.589634120464325,
0.0394291914999485,
0.32554954290390015,
-1.0027754306793213,
0.03500495105981827,
0.020682204514741898,
-0.3598702549934387,
-0.043947987258434296,
0.03361329436302185,
-0.6899663209915161,
0.07554304599761963,
0.0260912012308836
] |
233268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20triangle | Black triangle | Black triangle may refer to one of the following:
Black triangle (badge), a Nazi concentration camp badge worn by inmates deemed "asocial"
Lesbian or feminist symbol reclaimed from the Nazi use
Angularis nigra, triangular gap between teeth
Black triangle (pharmacovigilance), suffixed to the trade name of British medicines when the drug is new on the market
Black triangle (UFO), a type of UFO
Black triangle, several code points in Unicode Geometric Shapes
Places
Black Triangle (region), the nickname for one of Europe's most polluted areas, where Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic meet
The nickname given to the area south of Montreal worst affected by a long term blackout during the North American ice storm of 1998 | [
0.7952511310577393,
0.06773366779088974,
-0.3824349045753479,
0.01365863811224699,
-0.304953932762146,
0.10554372519254684,
0.5209291577339172,
0.4550916850566864,
-0.42095625400543213,
-0.3167574405670166,
-0.692046046257019,
-0.28926509618759155,
-0.47226306796073914,
0.445108562707901,
-0.12217980623245239,
0.873896062374115,
0.37624916434288025,
0.650201141834259,
-0.3214196264743805,
-0.2678801119327545,
-0.11916185170412064,
-0.1980147361755371,
0.2406376451253891,
-0.19116169214248657,
0.35140010714530945,
0.06000130623579025,
0.2413368821144104,
-0.2885667383670807,
-0.27365365624427795,
0.6744889616966248,
0.3025030493736267,
0.5031890869140625,
-0.043327879160642624,
0.16427315771579742,
0.548225462436676,
0.5483049750328064,
-0.42081278562545776,
-0.3200315237045288,
0.04826278239488602,
-0.8799105882644653,
0.3738744854927063,
-0.11962796002626419,
0.2319837361574173,
0.18748189508914948,
-0.024472687393426895,
-0.4986570179462433,
-1.5183385610580444,
0.6574585437774658,
-0.23703697323799133,
0.3252388834953308,
0.10737770795822144,
0.5530823469161987,
-0.11213564872741699,
0.6970100998878479,
0.22444650530815125,
0.2854441702365875,
-0.2873533368110657,
0.11455269157886505,
0.4977312684059143,
-0.9692539572715759,
0.4372932016849518,
-0.03893519565463066,
0.005403632763773203,
0.4720768332481384,
0.09493453055620193,
0.34438207745552063,
-0.03282255679368973,
0.29231733083724976,
-0.7147020697593689,
-0.8036367297172546,
-0.15021264553070068,
-0.18233832716941833,
-0.09325067698955536,
0.008006724528968334,
-0.6108536124229431,
0.05065382272005081,
-0.1648445725440979,
-0.26227059960365295,
-0.24773326516151428,
0.5277349352836609,
-0.1286029815673828,
0.16497088968753815,
0.37523338198661804,
-0.13286375999450684,
0.35988304018974304,
-0.0037854365073144436,
-0.5391431450843811,
0.31512904167175293,
-0.15603651106357574,
-0.04766246676445007,
0.3200206160545349,
-0.06029539927840233,
0.7186383008956909,
0.2174026370048523,
-0.20182621479034424,
0.25897979736328125,
0.6870540380477905,
-0.2731846272945404,
0.2220313847064972,
0.15340878069400787,
0.5629283785820007,
-0.33908286690711975,
0.503929615020752,
-0.04304749518632889,
-0.7140041589736938,
-0.32198360562324524,
-0.2575191557407379,
-0.23465590178966522,
0.13888289034366608,
0.051420487463474274,
-0.3127160966396332,
0.07133675366640091,
0.27570921182632446,
0.11528923362493515,
-0.26763105392456055,
-0.32263365387916565,
0.17578361928462982,
-0.15792258083820343,
0.2324531078338623,
0.2982451021671295,
0.0005272268899716437,
0.3676655888557434,
-0.1912904679775238,
0.6103048920631409,
0.5395193099975586,
-0.050090059638023376,
0.38661980628967285,
0.24383142590522766,
-0.8881215453147888,
0.10280259698629379,
0.26370951533317566,
0.837383508682251,
0.06559950858354568,
0.12517507374286652,
-0.4227837324142456,
-0.01847687177360058,
0.1842135488986969,
-0.1279384344816208,
0.2357560098171234,
0.07931520789861679,
-1.052276849746704,
-0.47061678767204285,
-0.6771373748779297,
-0.28632527589797974,
0.3646516501903534,
-0.6795768141746521,
0.02659149095416069,
-0.03971021622419357,
0.38274678587913513,
-0.28584617376327515,
0.2010515034198761,
-0.26370593905448914,
0.13344743847846985,
-0.2234024554491043,
-0.05132737010717392,
-0.16912925243377686,
-0.05776786431670189,
-0.2089732438325882,
0.30751657485961914,
-0.342599481344223,
0.20686930418014526,
0.4746280014514923,
-0.3829666078090668,
0.4365001916885376,
-0.2352066934108734,
0.25618141889572144,
-0.32208460569381714,
-0.19054265320301056,
-0.43267810344696045,
0.4260299503803253,
0.24068967998027802,
0.2891915738582611,
0.5184463262557983,
-0.029959533363580704,
-0.48665013909339905,
0.5596397519111633,
-0.0740230455994606,
0.17175409197807312,
0.32332414388656616,
0.34114953875541687,
-0.6025259494781494,
0.22212524712085724,
-0.01690507121384144,
-0.5278930068016052,
-0.41178426146507263,
0.06455844640731812,
0.3682827651500702,
0.04651277884840965,
-0.34143924713134766,
0.162001371383667,
-0.667481005191803,
-0.2289748340845108,
-0.008436307311058044,
-0.6440052390098572,
1.2116730213165283,
-0.47046566009521484,
-0.6365305781364441,
0.8613196611404419,
-0.4616459906101227,
0.39754173159599304,
-0.37533798813819885,
-0.2654888331890106,
0.7590086460113525,
-0.23201152682304382,
-0.6618988513946533,
0.18083833158016205,
0.033052317798137665,
0.06279391050338745,
-0.21577368676662445,
0.18807940185070038,
0.7404075860977173,
-0.7021400928497314,
-0.22473813593387604,
-0.12231471389532089,
0.33978500962257385,
0.4196525514125824,
-0.4935268759727478,
-0.09810072928667068,
-0.12167070060968399,
0.04635850712656975,
0.30112895369529724,
-0.5082672834396362,
-0.2595340311527252,
-0.012103362940251827,
0.29136618971824646,
0.286550909280777,
-0.29037755727767944,
0.2847776412963867,
0.9031927585601807,
-1.147053837776184,
0.3791218101978302,
0.05802649259567261,
0.2953989803791046,
-0.25826746225357056,
-0.6051043272018433,
-0.2254454642534256,
0.6206337809562683,
-0.19518625736236572,
0.2868139147758484,
-0.5053740739822388,
0.06870893388986588,
-0.035741399973630905,
0.17593377828598022,
-0.2566605806350708,
0.4103040099143982,
-0.2899097800254822,
-0.01923597976565361,
0.13480420410633087,
0.14058005809783936,
-0.1207369789481163,
0.20981605350971222,
0.7868003249168396,
-0.29767367243766785,
-0.329715758562088,
0.5286357402801514,
0.11183993518352509,
0.5461050271987915,
0.14511620998382568,
0.070071741938591,
-0.3123806118965149,
-0.28693073987960815,
0.11628410220146179,
-0.12280991673469543,
0.12193810194730759,
-0.11650332063436508,
-0.06449420750141144,
-0.4050266742706299,
0.2631155848503113,
0.5550093650817871,
0.7087150812149048,
0.05421147122979164,
0.33784255385398865,
-0.5219447612762451,
-0.16034846007823944,
-0.4536706507205963,
-0.2755585312843323,
0.13839301466941833,
0.6893181204795837,
-0.587908148765564,
-0.22926448285579681,
-0.4072178900241852,
-0.1968092918395996,
0.7537643909454346,
-0.4097626209259033,
0.21249902248382568,
-0.2876473069190979,
0.16392920911312103,
-0.29860225319862366,
-0.3891419768333435,
-0.2565191984176636,
-0.5196531414985657,
0.7258615493774414,
-0.2513203024864197,
-0.15518029034137726,
0.14258675277233124,
0.10138741135597229,
-0.3403192460536957,
0.48739519715309143,
0.5723724365234375,
-0.308394193649292,
0.019718995317816734,
0.5444499254226685,
-0.592150092124939,
0.21567878127098083,
0.49358007311820984,
-0.16637873649597168,
-0.26506108045578003,
0.22997303307056427,
-5.923739910125732,
0.4326382875442505,
-0.35848256945610046,
0.03813687339425087,
-0.5469734072685242,
0.391845703125,
0.5037790536880493,
0.04529116302728653,
-0.26069894433021545,
-0.6501439213752747,
0.2303352952003479,
0.2013002634048462,
-0.1937309354543686,
0.31167253851890564,
-0.19060520827770233,
0.23743176460266113,
-0.1508658230304718,
-0.1665055751800537,
-0.10718296468257904,
-0.04171999916434288,
0.19482921063899994,
0.4518488645553589,
0.04214046522974968,
0.6267910003662109,
0.10650163143873215,
0.07920309901237488,
-0.3923928141593933,
0.26522326469421387,
-0.06736459583044052,
-0.6645544767379761,
0.05171807110309601,
-0.17583346366882324,
-0.07389780879020691,
-0.17740176618099213,
-0.03351752460002899,
-0.051546353846788406,
0.27972662448883057,
-0.26884979009628296,
-0.04394882544875145,
0.1295001208782196,
-0.24511027336120605,
0.9723749756813049,
0.03281931206583977,
-0.152634397149086,
0.8791552782058716,
-0.3185552656650543,
-0.23497509956359863,
-0.2634788155555725,
-0.3727266192436218,
0.15487879514694214,
-0.20170876383781433,
-0.3096604645252228,
-0.1970675140619278,
0.5013784170150757,
0.0016743805026635528,
0.13401126861572266,
-0.05278283357620239,
0.14219149947166443,
-0.6523114442825317,
0.018071727827191353,
0.14510032534599304,
-0.33996307849884033,
-0.1774602234363556,
-0.6371986865997314,
-0.1771274209022522,
-0.4726838767528534,
-0.7246935963630676,
-0.8052456974983215,
0.5000951290130615,
0.3368682563304901,
0.08281726390123367,
0.1849229782819748,
-0.1752091944217682,
-0.6642045974731445,
-0.08813188970088959,
-0.5388770699501038,
-0.03149428218603134,
0.11356625705957413,
0.03150326758623123,
0.3572351634502411,
-0.5260220170021057,
0.2582230567932129,
-0.18293480575084686,
-0.13737255334854126,
-0.03329574689269066,
-0.5762866139411926,
0.016451887786388397,
0.3887237310409546,
-0.35256901383399963,
0.4355078935623169,
0.6498164534568787,
-0.20011794567108154,
0.1061946228146553,
-0.007325387094169855,
-0.32765644788742065,
0.24981820583343506,
-0.19998565316200256,
-0.1077788844704628,
0.043154526501894,
-0.17484521865844727,
0.5222291350364685,
-0.43840864300727844,
0.10191131383180618,
-0.841251015663147,
0.11534922569990158,
0.1435520052909851,
-0.0431603379547596,
0.6849400997161865,
0.865390419960022,
-0.25352632999420166,
-0.006931954994797707,
0.2895842492580414,
0.0840599462389946,
-0.3114367425441742,
0.3488121032714844,
-0.48627015948295593,
0.2892358899116516,
0.48580819368362427,
0.5808436274528503,
-0.6866886615753174,
-0.18820862472057343,
0.4026273488998413,
-0.18491464853286743,
-0.05701329931616783,
-0.006032691802829504,
-0.29125359654426575,
-0.4141409695148468,
0.09423256665468216,
0.2919502854347229,
0.778338611125946,
0.10055331140756607,
0.2175651490688324,
0.17417298257350922,
-0.12578895688056946,
0.14229336380958557,
-0.18355222046375275,
-0.5025983452796936,
-0.047057218849658966,
-0.013193383812904358,
-0.5073225498199463,
0.3715607821941376,
-0.18285666406154633,
0.07646382600069046,
-0.038751568645238876,
0.15596891939640045,
0.23028913140296936,
-0.417303204536438,
-0.1299814134836197,
-0.1249353364109993,
0.44623231887817383,
-0.07775218784809113,
0.6018639802932739,
0.33444857597351074,
-0.42436113953590393,
-0.1930142492055893,
0.27752652764320374,
0.5649322271347046,
0.6843400001525879,
0.40397822856903076,
-0.4326598048210144,
0.4936087131500244,
-0.016204310581088066,
-1.0817493200302124,
-0.21242675185203552,
0.17465563118457794,
-0.7138980627059937,
-0.19018247723579407,
-0.28407058119773865,
0.009961321018636227,
0.6905061602592468,
0.15842698514461517,
-0.36970365047454834,
-0.2562149167060852,
0.4284643232822418,
-0.299628883600235,
0.37638840079307556,
-0.3357822299003601,
0.3633047342300415,
-0.05397134646773338,
0.32166460156440735,
-0.027647975832223892,
-0.026187248528003693,
-0.07939659804105759,
0.585569441318512,
0.43339529633522034,
0.19342751801013947,
-0.1246425211429596,
0.3387436866760254,
-0.037325263023376465,
-0.8887690901756287,
0.24767988920211792,
-0.25787100195884705,
0.14595164358615875,
0.45261406898498535,
-0.4101913571357727,
-0.355013906955719,
-0.615192711353302,
0.343615859746933,
-0.03875400498509407,
0.053392283618450165,
0.2855759561061859,
0.6760056018829346,
-0.5141128897666931,
-0.10025814920663834,
0.03122199885547161,
-0.2178831249475479,
0.666350245475769,
-0.17721503973007202,
-0.3923242688179016,
0.02702322043478489,
-0.4391250014305115,
-0.3326588273048401,
-0.10696954280138016,
0.7063484787940979,
-0.2646861970424652,
-0.0908108726143837,
0.06811527907848358,
-0.6158257722854614,
-0.611750602722168,
0.06980236619710922,
0.03357454761862755,
0.2948856055736542,
-0.32603469491004944,
0.0488680824637413,
-0.11841054260730743,
0.4106616675853729,
0.4332984983921051,
-0.6453802585601807,
0.7192302346229553,
0.5811408162117004,
0.029036711901426315,
0.21788446605205536,
-0.23870572447776794,
0.2732628583908081,
-0.23005932569503784,
0.07344000041484833,
0.14567536115646362,
-0.41673412919044495,
0.21120843291282654,
0.2608913481235504,
0.42339208722114563,
0.2120312750339508,
0.1224784329533577,
-0.7303423285484314,
0.17243574559688568,
0.5139228701591492,
0.43445900082588196,
-0.30559781193733215,
-0.8570695519447327,
0.07251422107219696,
-0.3135015070438385,
-0.24810229241847992,
0.3254561722278595,
-0.5895571112632751,
0.4650252163410187,
0.13394327461719513,
0.00692050252109766,
-0.12599679827690125,
0.26077285408973694,
0.5497955679893494,
-0.19141975045204163,
-0.27079108357429504,
-0.22750568389892578,
0.1132708191871643,
-0.194482684135437,
0.013890192843973637,
-0.43109509348869324,
-0.09570909291505814,
-0.7056978344917297,
-0.8663405776023865,
0.16581520438194275,
0.5116192102432251,
1.0466728210449219,
0.4938841760158539,
0.06437375396490097,
-0.06403196603059769,
-0.2740092873573303,
-0.4481523633003235,
-0.1959531009197235,
0.019660433754324913,
-0.35119056701660156,
-0.3283918797969818,
0.29624611139297485,
-0.2643669545650482,
0.8418723940849304,
-0.577224850654602,
0.33687591552734375,
0.24600741267204285,
-0.16161926090717316,
-0.8212493658065796,
0.058128729462623596,
0.09766843914985657,
-0.06111462786793709,
0.3354395627975464,
-0.22238466143608093,
0.07745003700256348,
-0.007134450599551201,
0.008846437558531761,
0.31491807103157043,
-0.30082839727401733,
-0.9791144132614136,
0.23081649839878082,
-0.24949850142002106,
-0.7361879348754883,
0.34249502420425415,
0.20175345242023468,
0.19914807379245758,
-0.21649986505508423,
0.053863681852817535,
-0.21023793518543243,
0.61097651720047,
-0.5610569715499878,
-0.18608403205871582,
0.26319944858551025,
0.1836204081773758,
0.3014121651649475,
0.27765777707099915,
-0.06934966146945953,
0.18479317426681519,
0.0034081737976521254,
0.43701931834220886,
0.41569870710372925,
0.7483546137809753,
-0.019398100674152374,
-0.1401606649160385,
0.3821376860141754,
0.046511441469192505,
0.07112584263086319,
0.06978654861450195,
0.23850475251674652,
0.3258745074272156,
-0.04825809225440025,
-0.14556103944778442,
0.05173248052597046,
-0.2733154296875,
-0.13792583346366882,
0.1643727868795395,
-0.4086434841156006,
-0.3742367625236511,
0.42918774485588074,
0.2206500619649887,
0.5074663758277893,
-0.4033908247947693,
-0.1462119072675705,
-0.10027031600475311,
0.5098801851272583,
0.06800045073032379,
-0.04849046468734741,
0.3213205933570862,
0.2404172271490097,
0.3882066607475281,
-0.032994240522384644,
-0.7535504102706909,
0.08854009956121445,
0.2797253429889679,
0.0009101878968067467,
0.3815750181674957,
-0.4080117642879486,
-0.8561230897903442,
-0.17244531214237213,
-0.18211932480335236,
0.20119991898536682,
0.1112554520368576,
0.07750902324914932,
-0.21503596007823944,
0.37025076150894165,
-0.1643758863210678,
-0.33255138993263245,
-0.1039477288722992,
-0.5694301724433899,
0.37859484553337097,
-0.3777296245098114,
-0.4192211329936981,
0.06934085488319397,
0.0562358982861042,
-0.3676624298095703,
0.8322847485542297,
0.43950819969177246,
0.27602052688598633,
0.1124953106045723,
-0.42777636647224426,
0.00793894287198782,
-0.14979378879070282,
-0.412036269903183,
0.24100615084171295,
-0.21395903825759888,
-0.31301718950271606,
-0.3902094066143036,
-0.06246510520577431,
-0.06700317561626434,
-0.06981242448091507,
-0.09332478791475296,
-0.2895848751068115,
-0.2520504891872406,
0.2187846601009369,
-0.09289178252220154,
-0.040138743817806244,
0.9308578372001648,
-0.039167944341897964,
0.2917937636375427,
-0.1740553230047226,
-0.2694501280784607,
0.16705115139484406,
-0.12556611001491547,
-0.8452210426330566,
0.43145430088043213,
-0.40185052156448364,
0.016038525849580765,
-0.7156228423118591,
0.2972307801246643,
0.354573518037796,
-0.5854854583740234,
-0.27827775478363037,
0.23591360449790955,
0.16857482492923737,
0.010818206705152988,
0.7744874954223633,
-0.28718656301498413,
-0.26309874653816223,
-0.4918214976787567,
0.2696744501590729,
-0.4205620288848877,
0.5262268781661987,
0.3855646550655365,
-0.2920340299606323,
-0.4528047740459442,
0.7231289148330688,
0.11819950491189957,
-0.13002434372901917,
0.3370858132839203,
-0.364387571811676,
-0.013297498226165771,
-0.30971550941467285,
0.43239733576774597,
-0.6739686727523804,
-0.25250673294067383,
0.3525722622871399,
0.5138167142868042,
-0.25492385029792786,
-0.14901605248451233,
-0.28901877999305725,
-0.32928210496902466,
-0.05294346436858177,
-0.0589003786444664,
0.31111690402030945,
0.2576352059841156,
0.021675003692507744,
-0.3347328007221222,
-0.044122904539108276,
0.7157896757125854,
0.1370868682861328,
-0.16166874766349792,
0.3131955564022064,
0.06861860305070877,
0.5891140103340149,
-0.20756812393665314,
-0.04551316797733307,
-0.40397560596466064,
0.048543624579906464,
0.017697114497423172
] |
233269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emysl%20the%20Ploughman | Přemysl the Ploughman | Přemysl the Ploughman ( Přemysl Oráč; English: Premysl, Przemysl or Primislaus) was the legendary husband of Libuše, and ancestor of the Přemyslid dynasty, containing the line of princes (dukes) and kings which ruled in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 873 or earlier until the murder of Wenceslaus III in 1306.
Legend
According to a legend, Přemysl was a free peasant of the village of Stadice who attracted the notice of Libuše, daughter of a certain Krok, who ruled over a large part of Bohemia. Libuše succeeded her father, and her councillors demanded that she marry, but because Přemysl was not a nobleman she recounted a vision in which they would follow a horse let loose at a junction, and follow it to find her future husband, making it appear as if it was the will of fate not her own wish. Two versions of the legend exist, one in where they are to find a man ploughing a field with one broken sandal, and another in which the man would be sitting in the shade of a single tree, eating from an iron table (his plough). They did so and found Přemysl exactly as foretold.
Přemysl married Libuše, the traditional foundress of Prague, and became prince of the Bohemian Czechs. However, according to the legends, because they found him before he had finished ploughing the field famine was anticipated for the land and did actually come about. He was also said to have planted his hazel-wood staff in the ground before he left, which then grew three sprouts, two of which died but the third continued to grow; this was an omen that his first two sons with Libuše, Radobyl and Lidomir, would die, but their third son, Nezamysl would live and continue the Přemyslid dynasty. Legend has it that the staff continued to grow, and the inhabitants of the neighbouring town were given a grant exempting them from taxes, except for a pint of hazel nuts each year, a tradition which continued into the reign of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, from whom Pope Pius II claimed to have seen a charter renewing the exemption.
He was also said to have removed his peasant's bast shoes before donning the royal robe when he was discovered, and ordered the councillors to bring the shoes with them and keep them as a reminder to the people that a peasant had risen to the highest rank, and to his successors to be humble, remember their origin, and defend the peasantry. The custom of exhibiting a pair of bast shoes at the coronation of the kings of Bohemia was said to have continued throughout the Přemyslid dynasty.
The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in the male line when Wenceslaus III died, but through females the title to Bohemia passed from the Přemyslids to the Luxembourgs and later to the houses of Jagiello, Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine.
Medieval literary traditions
The earliest work mentioning the story about Přemysl and Libuše could be the so-called Christian Legende (Latin title: Vita et passio sancti Vencaslai et sanctae Ludmilae aviae eius) from the end of 10th century, though some historians consider this legend to be a falsum from 12th or 13th century. The legend is further described in the Cosmas Chronicle (Latin title: Chronica Boemorum) written between 1119 and 1125, Short writing about Cyril and Methodius (Latin title: Diffundente sole) from the late 12th century and the Chronicle of Dalimil from the beginning of 14th century.
Several times the legend was recorded during the reign of king and emperor Charles IV in the late 14th century. E.g., the so-called New Chronicle of Bohemiae by Přibík Pulkava and in the chronicle compiled by Giovanni de' Marignolli.
Arts
In addition to appearing in works named for Libuše, Přemysl is also a subject of the writings of Wenceslaus Hajek of Libočany published in 1541, a 1779 ballad by Johann Gottfried Herder, fairy tales by Johann Karl August Musäus, and Clemens Brentano's 1815 The Founding of Prague.
Notes
References
See also
List of Czech rulers
Bibliography
František Palacký: Geschichte von Böhmen Band 1 (Prague, 1844).
Mythical Bohemian princes
Přemyslid dynasty
8th-century rulers in Europe
Czech mythology
Fictional Czech people
Legendary rulers
Founding monarchs | [
-0.7709429264068604,
0.3948688805103302,
0.22561529278755188,
0.07547500729560852,
-0.45002222061157227,
1.3119984865188599,
0.4342729151248932,
0.03540952503681183,
-0.5454258918762207,
0.03867452219128609,
-0.22851267457008362,
-0.3170335590839386,
-0.20896975696086884,
0.2540925145149231,
-0.1050654947757721,
0.04216049611568451,
0.7812083959579468,
0.040093228220939636,
-0.3327496349811554,
-0.25398188829421997,
0.5267755389213562,
-0.4536239802837372,
0.32393884658813477,
0.44951772689819336,
0.3932783007621765,
0.5331542491912842,
0.5763100385665894,
0.06155526265501976,
-0.6486934423446655,
-0.12084855139255524,
-0.35764673352241516,
0.5327354669570923,
0.6727692484855652,
-0.48569416999816895,
-0.2392563670873642,
-0.20142370462417603,
-0.48254069685935974,
-0.6504523158073425,
-0.3028683662414551,
-0.5338330864906311,
0.5294303894042969,
0.47375598549842834,
0.0009763212874531746,
0.28476962447166443,
-0.14810219407081604,
-0.6375654339790344,
-1.34443199634552,
0.2902398109436035,
-0.6719306707382202,
-0.4496205747127533,
0.36826539039611816,
0.6923604011535645,
-0.29324284195899963,
0.014885962009429932,
0.18348708748817444,
0.5087177157402039,
-0.7981328368186951,
-0.468993604183197,
0.8805711269378662,
0.36989685893058777,
0.70769202709198,
0.1575411707162857,
-0.020542509853839874,
0.18174925446510315,
-0.01566466875374317,
-0.07314888387918472,
0.01946902647614479,
0.7560008764266968,
-0.34340548515319824,
-0.7941350340843201,
-0.4983450770378113,
0.2057214081287384,
-0.009416480548679829,
0.03503295034170151,
0.07665768265724182,
-0.4177192747592926,
0.05416800454258919,
-0.14749158918857574,
0.4185752272605896,
-0.06626320630311966,
-0.13174039125442505,
0.08385759592056274,
0.3477560579776764,
0.6322217583656311,
0.39143192768096924,
-0.014723796397447586,
0.12838701903820038,
0.2884019613265991,
-0.23585394024848938,
-0.0232233926653862,
-0.2331094741821289,
-0.16981063783168793,
0.05496383085846901,
0.32731011509895325,
-0.46590307354927063,
-0.18230605125427246,
-0.4625895023345947,
-0.4143993854522705,
0.06878093630075455,
-0.26917481422424316,
0.25910133123397827,
0.32998380064964294,
-0.6408151388168335,
0.26277658343315125,
-0.5352618098258972,
0.23346897959709167,
0.24363486468791962,
-0.16589103639125824,
-0.18557679653167725,
0.4180748164653778,
-0.5965279340744019,
-0.23218879103660583,
-0.173515185713768,
-0.09172555059194565,
0.2784218192100525,
0.4407125413417816,
0.2705930769443512,
-1.1738327741622925,
-0.547795832157135,
0.05079897865653038,
-0.14195863902568817,
0.29215678572654724,
-0.18089503049850464,
0.5668205618858337,
0.06539443880319595,
-0.4733150601387024,
-0.038288045674562454,
0.41276031732559204,
-0.5311587452888489,
0.5220792889595032,
0.5966433882713318,
1.0731943845748901,
-0.33584558963775635,
-0.19289126992225647,
0.15777182579040527,
-0.01808696985244751,
0.01393849216401577,
-0.09430073201656342,
0.024429308250546455,
0.3274325430393219,
-1.086923599243164,
0.10655435174703598,
0.036423131823539734,
0.32914459705352783,
0.29071784019470215,
0.17499391734600067,
0.5699194669723511,
-0.188273623585701,
-0.026154164224863052,
-0.1638939380645752,
-0.06509367376565933,
0.16520553827285767,
0.2094045728445053,
-0.5905271768569946,
-0.30226150155067444,
1.0046565532684326,
0.29260367155075073,
-0.13784776628017426,
0.07888572663068771,
0.4075315594673157,
0.13835026323795319,
0.4370570182800293,
-0.6414905786514282,
-0.4930729866027832,
0.03997666388750076,
0.15783178806304932,
0.5117834806442261,
-0.2529533803462982,
-0.40424948930740356,
0.02065119706094265,
-0.6004634499549866,
0.4850415885448456,
-0.015639204531908035,
-0.14651501178741455,
0.1863849014043808,
0.9784355163574219,
1.3486970663070679,
-0.5694780349731445,
0.41982516646385193,
-0.2472216933965683,
-0.4798438251018524,
0.7358885407447815,
0.20074462890625,
-0.36667388677597046,
0.5488583445549011,
0.695375919342041,
-0.2168908566236496,
-0.6307594180107117,
0.07749602943658829,
-0.7846762537956238,
-0.2529589533805847,
-0.36172735691070557,
-0.14921137690544128,
-0.22877246141433716,
1.0815341472625732,
-0.21937420964241028,
-0.45260897278785706,
-0.25406235456466675,
0.1569187194108963,
0.6966354250907898,
-0.6132273077964783,
-0.3356265425682068,
-0.08677805960178375,
0.43189844489097595,
-0.43654510378837585,
-0.08137934654951096,
-0.09916698932647705,
0.16269703209400177,
0.5577235221862793,
0.16549934446811676,
0.732458233833313,
0.02729276940226555,
-0.007074872963130474,
-0.7084683775901794,
-0.34055095911026,
0.21646608412265778,
0.17119620740413666,
-0.20772719383239746,
-0.041168201714754105,
-0.17083141207695007,
0.4711593687534332,
-0.8440924882888794,
-0.43536365032196045,
0.694694459438324,
0.06578107178211212,
0.5354649424552917,
-0.4082600772380829,
-0.4843270480632782,
-0.6171192526817322,
-0.37939193844795227,
-0.6471937894821167,
0.49291226267814636,
0.16577933728694916,
-0.2008659690618515,
-0.4879254102706909,
-0.08207963407039642,
-0.23853930830955505,
-0.3691604435443878,
0.31217947602272034,
0.15716053545475006,
-0.018305884674191475,
0.3134838342666626,
0.022490698844194412,
0.23003874719142914,
-0.27165284752845764,
0.13578300178050995,
-0.14758916199207306,
0.15762580931186676,
-0.2778174579143524,
-0.583088219165802,
0.3312544524669647,
0.1844438761472702,
-0.2755195200443268,
-0.2804085910320282,
0.5263373851776123,
-0.5953441262245178,
0.15636704862117767,
-0.09148763865232468,
0.18255215883255005,
0.518275797367096,
0.00006986413063714281,
-0.12353500723838806,
-0.07817695289850235,
0.3981148302555084,
0.2888450622558594,
-0.1707780957221985,
0.4058028757572174,
0.2780333161354065,
-0.016936663538217545,
-0.19818447530269623,
-0.17666463553905487,
-0.5833104252815247,
-0.5731926560401917,
-0.110866017639637,
0.7268925309181213,
-0.627956211566925,
-0.03356397897005081,
0.36086907982826233,
-0.023858794942498207,
-0.6727307438850403,
0.03555770218372345,
0.49300166964530945,
-0.058644164353609085,
-0.03329377993941307,
0.25364699959754944,
0.23834148049354553,
-0.4237861633300781,
0.12803857028484344,
0.30723023414611816,
-0.526206910610199,
0.17690284550189972,
0.37975358963012695,
-0.4948582351207733,
0.29763445258140564,
0.04184940829873085,
1.4532561302185059,
-0.6382113695144653,
-0.47863492369651794,
0.5277974605560303,
-0.4267739951610565,
-0.06828605383634567,
0.37502503395080566,
-0.08633198589086533,
0.1564006507396698,
0.7434302568435669,
-0.15099281072616577,
-0.1918436884880066,
-0.23293329775333405,
-5.566906452178955,
0.5625664591789246,
-0.5749924182891846,
-0.28960704803466797,
0.25361642241477966,
0.13091598451137543,
0.2977313697338104,
-0.09309834241867065,
0.48381513357162476,
-0.22948729991912842,
0.20206619799137115,
-0.4365483224391937,
-0.6088807582855225,
0.3562104105949402,
0.6561763882637024,
0.2979213297367096,
0.8162474632263184,
-0.043587446212768555,
-0.06845907866954803,
-0.5360058546066284,
0.6301252245903015,
-0.17885340750217438,
-0.5471103191375732,
0.0593826062977314,
0.29497790336608887,
-0.09687698632478714,
-0.436454713344574,
0.1704612374305725,
-0.804134726524353,
-0.3328544497489929,
-0.18931441009044647,
-0.4547794461250305,
0.2651156485080719,
0.07393401116132736,
-0.2822190225124359,
0.06362055242061615,
0.18357157707214355,
0.742495059967041,
0.3926105499267578,
0.15221233665943146,
-0.07006774842739105,
-0.06778606027364731,
0.0742589682340622,
0.3957553505897522,
0.12985070049762726,
-0.5304071307182312,
-0.4902675449848175,
0.1991993933916092,
-0.47938621044158936,
0.322419673204422,
0.4679516851902008,
0.05835582688450813,
-0.1253279149532318,
0.34783217310905457,
0.38855689764022827,
0.024824077263474464,
-0.1715373396873474,
0.5579434037208557,
-0.5849516987800598,
0.723746120929718,
-0.08485107123851776,
-0.41988059878349304,
0.48711133003234863,
0.2732064425945282,
0.778066873550415,
-0.36459898948669434,
-0.43558454513549805,
-0.3476950526237488,
0.08387759327888489,
0.1499364674091339,
0.1389121562242508,
0.8714955449104309,
-0.22459225356578827,
-0.8135026097297668,
0.7480234503746033,
-0.33775076270103455,
0.008787517435848713,
0.07813680171966553,
0.054372213780879974,
0.13277079164981842,
-0.18449802696704865,
-0.28606411814689636,
-0.5965064764022827,
0.20815357565879822,
0.5478435158729553,
0.3917493522167206,
0.05675129592418671,
-0.44647082686424255,
-0.7827781438827515,
-0.0704442709684372,
0.5373844504356384,
-0.684097170829773,
-0.024086812511086464,
0.3093874752521515,
-0.46480587124824524,
0.3036670684814453,
-0.8712452054023743,
0.11363062262535095,
0.2116643786430359,
0.2588578760623932,
-0.37181180715560913,
0.1736534684896469,
0.18199039995670319,
-0.7698886394500732,
0.31694120168685913,
-0.08161719143390656,
-0.09051341563463211,
-0.212701216340065,
0.7451242804527283,
0.4608076512813568,
0.24914050102233887,
0.16000479459762573,
-0.14490245282649994,
-1.1935123205184937,
0.33502355217933655,
-0.1959681361913681,
-0.12482994794845581,
0.22541619837284088,
0.5923454761505127,
0.14770269393920898,
-0.11689512431621552,
0.05215313658118248,
-0.4249798357486725,
-0.5777850151062012,
-0.5098753571510315,
0.14528508484363556,
0.4080812633037567,
0.09947454184293747,
0.2380249798297882,
-0.45377951860427856,
-0.28639233112335205,
0.1602025032043457,
-0.5548638701438904,
-0.12838958203792572,
0.10343951731920242,
0.0859445109963417,
0.01186953205615282,
0.02496976964175701,
-0.17238739132881165,
0.029993681237101555,
-0.37284621596336365,
-0.3928224444389343,
0.2287583351135254,
0.20193614065647125,
-0.05477731302380562,
0.07372085750102997,
-0.02693578414618969,
0.33382290601730347,
-0.20297986268997192,
0.30164703726768494,
-0.4273166060447693,
0.2330929934978485,
0.6469424962997437,
-0.3319551348686218,
-0.5277971029281616,
-0.112251877784729,
0.04023819416761398,
0.46969854831695557,
0.28101733326911926,
0.035205014050006866,
-0.23620876669883728,
-0.19761507213115692,
-0.9771584272384644,
-0.09400705248117447,
0.26513397693634033,
0.17227798700332642,
-0.45260271430015564,
-0.9029623866081238,
-0.028924351558089256,
1.059833288192749,
0.8831770420074463,
-0.48744997382164,
-0.7872620224952698,
-0.015641938894987106,
0.35019242763519287,
-0.10682038217782974,
0.0029442422091960907,
0.0984826311469078,
-0.12173935025930405,
0.03699147328734398,
0.004704257007688284,
0.5362705588340759,
-0.06214657425880432,
0.4398322105407715,
0.8412779569625854,
-0.4189101457595825,
-0.27155017852783203,
-0.15936464071273804,
-0.14646346867084503,
-0.2907359004020691,
-0.24417521059513092,
-0.40524402260780334,
0.3735787570476532,
0.004736484028398991,
0.08258092403411865,
0.10004980862140656,
-0.1516469120979309,
0.7146974205970764,
-0.32708415389060974,
0.08429661393165588,
-0.5944241881370544,
0.17077718675136566,
-0.15943343937397003,
0.2565043866634369,
0.29642584919929504,
-0.5683600902557373,
0.27258938550949097,
-0.3087408244609833,
-0.5239756107330322,
0.4409717321395874,
-0.11873456835746765,
-0.5617244243621826,
0.29486989974975586,
1.1636649370193481,
-0.045183826237916946,
-0.21006101369857788,
-0.1580859124660492,
0.07827552407979965,
-0.7827880382537842,
-0.66010981798172,
-0.512520968914032,
-0.4721654951572418,
-0.491126149892807,
-0.1495456099510193,
-0.635881245136261,
0.21967996656894684,
0.257889062166214,
0.06229587644338608,
0.5064557194709778,
-0.5559250116348267,
0.680057942867279,
-0.2744688093662262,
0.10263166576623917,
0.23454853892326355,
-0.08621284365653992,
0.006339304614812136,
0.5624493956565857,
-0.22455137968063354,
0.25081712007522583,
0.3369365930557251,
0.6257701516151428,
0.867634654045105,
0.5456961989402771,
0.016727324575185776,
0.5847737789154053,
0.20624056458473206,
-0.2945033609867096,
-0.4016574025154114,
-0.04373803734779358,
0.3149993121623993,
-0.0759635791182518,
-0.16175763309001923,
-0.474245548248291,
0.028633661568164825,
1.43100905418396,
-0.14048297703266144,
-0.007025605533272028,
-0.09170383960008621,
0.27587440609931946,
0.25331512093544006,
-0.30117303133010864,
0.3012336790561676,
0.21554866433143616,
0.021203018724918365,
-0.516802966594696,
0.2367372214794159,
-0.30819112062454224,
0.38281333446502686,
-0.10280244052410126,
-0.3080216348171234,
-0.6684785485267639,
-0.778578519821167,
0.29660654067993164,
0.24173440039157867,
-0.27695152163505554,
-0.16408109664916992,
-0.15260037779808044,
-0.3491085171699524,
0.3372866213321686,
-0.010894558392465115,
-0.8819777369499207,
0.13698939979076385,
0.07574205845594406,
-0.09800872951745987,
0.3549005389213562,
-0.0643763467669487,
0.008721776306629181,
0.1666838526725769,
0.5712089538574219,
0.45605045557022095,
-0.8993077278137207,
0.2066352367401123,
-0.4116189777851105,
0.23455710709095,
-0.014432726427912712,
-0.007220571860671043,
-0.04211990162730217,
0.1041913703083992,
-0.1453627347946167,
0.13947002589702606,
-0.8927232623100281,
0.7443816065788269,
0.6027252078056335,
-0.2822316586971283,
-0.2490692287683487,
0.5282095670700073,
-0.3563554883003235,
-0.05796682834625244,
-0.529258668422699,
-0.003262629732489586,
0.27093660831451416,
-0.25079146027565,
-0.1424606889486313,
-0.2579199969768524,
-0.21221496164798737,
-0.6116812825202942,
-0.04330587387084961,
0.3636818826198578,
-0.09867504239082336,
-0.44033902883529663,
0.3308425545692444,
-0.2138480544090271,
0.03120432421565056,
-0.6058385372161865,
-0.0034681870602071285,
0.6143061518669128,
-0.16352924704551697,
-0.363849014043808,
-0.357693076133728,
0.38579311966896057,
-0.21702158451080322,
-0.49322471022605896,
-0.6451491117477417,
0.5808725357055664,
0.21096812188625336,
-0.3355559706687927,
-0.2408512681722641,
-0.6674195528030396,
0.232547789812088,
0.8382563591003418,
0.09716637432575226,
0.3563401401042938,
-0.7212231159210205,
0.26968836784362793,
0.2159951776266098,
0.2676863968372345,
0.2464289516210556,
-0.5609052181243896,
0.3147337734699249,
-0.07152751833200455,
0.3751031756401062,
-0.3343937397003174,
0.2695903182029724,
-1.0106297731399536,
0.44555532932281494,
0.10932454466819763,
0.4389193058013916,
0.27453380823135376,
-0.2854595482349396,
-0.2572931945323944,
0.24565663933753967,
-0.6511961221694946,
0.6121008992195129,
-0.27008378505706787,
-0.10693666338920593,
0.3074914216995239,
0.02048233523964882,
-0.05743430182337761,
0.20078445971012115,
-0.273137629032135,
0.49623310565948486,
-0.2605976462364197,
-0.11197490990161896,
0.43381935358047485,
0.27584314346313477,
0.15811848640441895,
0.09448165446519852,
0.07320073246955872,
0.6205970048904419,
-0.22200559079647064,
-0.14852115511894226,
-0.3203924894332886,
-0.010683728381991386,
-0.33261966705322266,
0.06833850592374802,
-0.2469041496515274,
0.29761794209480286,
-0.1841631680727005,
-0.0870884507894516,
-0.8815749883651733,
-0.11121787130832672,
-0.6781786680221558,
0.010765808634459972,
0.6271840929985046,
-0.847726047039032,
-0.5423212647438049,
-0.34426069259643555,
1.1165841817855835,
0.07189570367336273,
0.8313471674919128,
0.195387065410614,
-0.15836867690086365,
-0.5266820192337036,
0.6264020800590515,
-0.1595749706029892,
-0.4251546561717987,
0.043614890426397324,
-0.5657486319541931,
-0.1323731243610382,
0.5988286733627319,
0.31853950023651123,
-0.6469777822494507,
-0.10550179332494736,
0.3260570466518402,
0.40605562925338745,
0.09928291290998459,
0.7490063309669495,
-0.09977389872074127,
-0.17636819183826447,
-0.5821931958198547,
0.3075374960899353,
-0.40212079882621765,
0.46740809082984924,
-0.18117667734622955,
0.24758389592170715,
-0.013038147240877151,
0.4715016484260559,
-0.5360331535339355,
-0.29302603006362915,
0.6517385840415955,
-0.5231104493141174,
-0.07253682613372803,
-0.3954636752605438,
0.4516054689884186,
0.293439120054245,
-0.024845700711011887,
0.967802107334137,
0.378680944442749,
-0.10898569226264954,
-0.3861042261123657,
0.2472950965166092,
-0.5168456435203552,
0.7000992894172668,
0.09759534150362015,
0.031302955001592636,
0.18332751095294952,
-0.20717892050743103,
0.06149844825267792,
-0.10236264020204544,
0.11153143644332886,
0.4024900496006012,
0.25196337699890137,
0.3221847712993622,
-0.1589687019586563,
0.52821946144104,
-0.012777849100530148,
-0.5766530632972717,
-0.4184008836746216,
0.04175829887390137,
-0.6110288500785828
] |
233270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullmastiff | Bullmastiff | The Bullmastiff is British breed of dog of mastiff type, with a solid build and a short muzzle. It was developed as a guard dog in the nineteenth century by cross-breeding the English Mastiff with the now-extinct Old English Bulldog. It was recognised as a breed by The Kennel Club in 1924.
History
The origins of the Bullmastiff are unclear. In the nineteenth century, in some regions of England, the Old English Mastiff and English Bulldog were commonly inter-bred to produce dogs suitable for work guarding people and their property. By the beginning of the twentieth century this cross-breed was in widespread use as an aid to gamekeepers in the control of poaching. They were bred by gamekeepers for strength, size and speed using a cross of the tough, heavy and aggressive Bulldog of the nineteenth century with the large, strong, less aggressive Mastiff. As a result, the Bullmastiff is known as the Gamekeeper's Night Dog.
The Bullmastiff was recognised as a breed by The Kennel Club in 1924. Dogs had to have a minimum of four generations of descent from Bullmastiff stock without input from either Bulldog or Mastiff; cross-bred animals could not be registered. The American Kennel Club recognised it in 1934. It was definitively accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1955.
In 1928, the diamond mining company De Beers imported Bullmastiffs to South Africa to guard the mines.
Appearance
The Bullmastiff is a large dog. Bitches stand some at the withers, and usually weigh ; on average, dogs stand about taller and weigh more.
The coat may be fawn, red or brindle, in any shade; some limited white marking on the chest is allowed. The muzzle is black, becoming paler towards the eyes.
It is a brachycephalic dog, flat-faced and short-muzzled, but this does not affect its breathing.
Health
A UK survey based on the lifespan of 96 Bullmastiffs found a median age of 7.5 years.
Health concerns within the breed include hip and elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy, bloat, and cancer, with a relatively high incidence of lymphoma and mast cell tumours. Bullmastiffs are prone to certain hereditary diseases, including:
Hip dysplasia, affecting 24.5% of individuals
Elbow dysplasia, affecting 13.8% of individuals,
Entropion, hypothyroidism affecting 2.8% of individuals,
Lymphoma
Progressive retinal atrophy is a particular problem, since the trait is an autosomal dominant one. (This has recently been called into question by another medical team and has been proven that some Bullmastiffs have autosomal recessive PRA genes. In America, this is being investigated by the American Bullmastiff Health and Research Committee, and the DNA Optigen test only works for dominant genes, so it is considered inadequate at this time.)
See also
List of dog breeds
Mastiff (disambiguation)
References
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Mastiffs | [
0.15638664364814758,
0.22144512832164764,
0.006264606490731239,
-0.6638978123664856,
-0.24005839228630066,
0.28218960762023926,
0.6152487993240356,
-0.14470694959163666,
-0.2458622306585312,
0.17127931118011475,
-0.8091711401939392,
0.30369219183921814,
-0.30693474411964417,
0.19837072491645813,
-0.24804319441318512,
0.15721958875656128,
0.16652679443359375,
0.5081114768981934,
0.14648109674453735,
-0.5589121580123901,
-0.018913153558969498,
-0.7547730207443237,
-0.06383305042982101,
-0.3589543402194977,
0.2937709391117096,
0.22605815529823303,
0.8982803821563721,
0.31015628576278687,
0.10807177424430847,
0.1615358293056488,
0.25491055846214294,
0.5259775519371033,
0.16238325834274292,
-0.1504516899585724,
0.0911194309592247,
-0.07828561216592789,
0.5337920784950256,
0.03869626671075821,
-0.31103748083114624,
-0.3848942518234253,
-0.003429451258853078,
-0.0241596270352602,
0.1789695769548416,
0.1448000818490982,
-0.56825852394104,
-0.8124701380729675,
-1.1690821647644043,
0.5447776317596436,
-0.2661835551261902,
-0.1210748627781868,
-0.35074761509895325,
0.4003759026527405,
-0.22488607466220856,
0.14686861634254456,
0.3124047517776489,
0.3244338035583496,
-0.4208802282810211,
-0.2671933174133301,
0.17613692581653595,
-0.15031157433986664,
0.05968526378273964,
-0.059638261795043945,
0.18832631409168243,
0.14888933300971985,
-0.2387690246105194,
0.29644718766212463,
-0.0910521075129509,
0.41539034247398376,
-0.5217633843421936,
-0.01209958828985691,
-0.34355631470680237,
-0.1871221512556076,
0.043381467461586,
0.37899190187454224,
-0.4115314483642578,
-0.07418157160282135,
0.00086449139053002,
-0.4153977632522583,
0.5083996653556824,
0.3947111964225769,
0.6552140712738037,
0.06827864050865173,
0.12953872978687286,
0.254732608795166,
0.039586424827575684,
0.6934568285942078,
-0.17222553491592407,
-0.08194463700056076,
-0.20831933617591858,
0.9914200901985168,
0.28791552782058716,
0.12221226096153259,
0.2080581933259964,
0.015695858746767044,
0.2396761029958725,
0.22618964314460754,
0.16468320786952972,
0.2587225139141083,
0.2718888521194458,
-0.04536040499806404,
0.025913476943969727,
0.35860738158226013,
0.353284627199173,
-0.26261210441589355,
-0.7788490056991577,
-0.27991774678230286,
-0.3742629587650299,
-0.6468167304992676,
-0.1964636743068695,
0.16278544068336487,
-0.3258951008319855,
-0.1627187430858612,
0.23050415515899658,
-0.10177821666002274,
-0.12730352580547333,
0.20781685411930084,
0.025190850719809532,
-0.3444601893424988,
-0.08944854140281677,
0.12755246460437775,
0.0675591453909874,
0.47767651081085205,
-0.6722002029418945,
-0.05711942911148071,
0.0031741552520543337,
0.28093087673187256,
0.07079868763685226,
0.8516855835914612,
-0.5612765550613403,
0.035106875002384186,
0.04974399507045746,
0.6806563138961792,
-0.17727509140968323,
0.17607517540454865,
-0.8218613862991333,
-0.010316465981304646,
0.7661985754966736,
-0.37075597047805786,
0.05478394404053688,
0.3108566403388977,
-0.9312370419502258,
-0.13899344205856323,
-0.33753901720046997,
-0.2194710671901703,
0.4161958396434784,
0.14247557520866394,
0.33465906977653503,
-0.5395704507827759,
-0.14815373718738556,
-0.4314212203025818,
-0.21762195229530334,
0.12829798460006714,
-0.03710198774933815,
-0.19180332124233246,
-0.06340053677558899,
-0.1761493980884552,
0.3640597462654114,
-0.5897939205169678,
0.4695267379283905,
-0.5492476224899292,
-0.3351793885231018,
0.04226293787360191,
-0.14366260170936584,
0.010044264607131481,
0.5391939878463745,
-0.5063537359237671,
0.5228400230407715,
-0.3143216073513031,
-0.875746488571167,
0.05750628188252449,
-0.1612796187400818,
0.13790036737918854,
0.8179150819778442,
-0.12736837565898895,
0.16450002789497375,
0.17125867307186127,
0.36562106013298035,
0.4650265872478485,
0.4193285405635834,
-0.4762040972709656,
-0.7800691723823547,
0.4007346034049988,
0.7168428301811218,
-0.10786169022321701,
0.5871104598045349,
0.24425017833709717,
0.24062082171440125,
-0.5367514491081238,
-0.3644040524959564,
0.04611686244606972,
-0.5361758470535278,
-0.33600765466690063,
0.48039647936820984,
-0.2125423699617386,
1.5930743217468262,
-0.349730521440506,
-0.6572675704956055,
0.17135636508464813,
0.022411582991480827,
1.1876121759414673,
-0.013583594933152199,
-0.4129832088947296,
0.6275290846824646,
-0.22265277802944183,
-0.668410062789917,
0.4332695007324219,
0.04651894047856331,
0.5155860185623169,
0.4354891777038574,
0.6857194304466248,
0.5337324142456055,
-0.6847960948944092,
-0.030968863517045975,
0.056544043123722076,
-0.3762401044368744,
0.0624149926006794,
0.16646064817905426,
0.05107910558581352,
0.1523217260837555,
-0.7357532382011414,
0.6522312760353088,
0.06253137439489365,
-0.43774715065956116,
0.32750287652015686,
-0.26803499460220337,
0.3695732355117798,
-0.022979797795414925,
-0.036992836743593216,
-0.07730378210544586,
-0.5894919633865356,
0.02169911563396454,
0.5522640347480774,
0.0593205951154232,
0.04867112636566162,
-0.3634556531906128,
-0.557029664516449,
0.4081188440322876,
-0.12071330845355988,
0.3850650191307068,
-0.08604364097118378,
0.21701820194721222,
0.4046404957771301,
-0.19199877977371216,
-0.29691413044929504,
-0.1546669602394104,
-0.0777825191617012,
0.17286916077136993,
1.1272497177124023,
0.04286482557654381,
-0.5789348483085632,
0.48447147011756897,
0.2513607144355774,
0.5413777232170105,
-0.04342932999134064,
0.2952863872051239,
0.17973192036151886,
-0.06455525010824203,
-0.23215414583683014,
0.06781896203756332,
0.16715595126152039,
-0.35777127742767334,
0.7184334993362427,
-0.2488316297531128,
-0.060016099363565445,
0.006436972878873348,
-0.24144737422466278,
-0.30283722281455994,
-0.20522598922252655,
-0.06451594829559326,
0.4602557420730591,
0.6695185899734497,
0.11920218914747238,
-0.5943173170089722,
-0.2263765037059784,
0.1669006645679474,
-0.1640821099281311,
0.4102833867073059,
-0.32776930928230286,
-0.07883143424987793,
-0.5616803765296936,
-0.17617881298065186,
0.5844734907150269,
0.6345690488815308,
-0.25535503029823303,
-0.4070749282836914,
-0.42535075545310974,
0.1348673552274704,
-0.5922457575798035,
-0.12763166427612305,
-0.013759433291852474,
0.023998240008950233,
0.14517061412334442,
-0.06090906634926796,
0.20782992243766785,
-0.8987292647361755,
0.20371252298355103,
-0.3948496878147125,
0.16343267261981964,
0.3641071021556854,
-0.059663187712430954,
-0.04168441891670227,
0.10732335597276688,
0.08670777827501297,
-0.05657578632235527,
0.31232553720474243,
0.011294743046164513,
-0.6257134675979614,
-0.0032809993717819452,
-5.756673336029053,
-0.3895570635795593,
-0.34094202518463135,
-0.24807532131671906,
0.20413103699684143,
0.0035649482160806656,
0.12595674395561218,
-0.20391659438610077,
-0.7401950359344482,
-0.055572424083948135,
0.2839373052120209,
0.144471675157547,
0.33475279808044434,
-0.3369661569595337,
0.7104199528694153,
-0.08724618703126907,
-0.028786707669496536,
0.1892104148864746,
0.47209739685058594,
-0.04918306693434715,
0.2751191556453705,
0.06660903990268707,
-0.2716940641403198,
-0.026122011244297028,
-0.0999164804816246,
0.4988950192928314,
-0.5320899486541748,
-0.3654198944568634,
-0.45202356576919556,
-0.10117621719837189,
0.044770777225494385,
0.31376850605010986,
-0.12423410266637802,
-0.39318418502807617,
0.2611010670661926,
0.10586860775947571,
1.031853199005127,
0.31214913725852966,
0.37339428067207336,
-0.02189982868731022,
0.4325275421142578,
-0.04221533238887787,
0.3343265652656555,
0.2162466049194336,
0.9523786902427673,
-0.3758828341960907,
-0.2636614441871643,
-0.19830037653446198,
-0.3148263394832611,
0.2390599101781845,
-0.26429298520088196,
0.577389121055603,
-0.20922701060771942,
0.4387388527393341,
0.4287334084510803,
0.21113581955432892,
0.304818332195282,
0.04165522754192352,
-0.3400648832321167,
-0.24820856750011444,
0.1460157036781311,
-0.4922645092010498,
-0.029248684644699097,
-0.2479570060968399,
-0.29044309258461,
0.08321547508239746,
-0.18431219458580017,
-0.48981866240501404,
0.21585488319396973,
0.1463228166103363,
-0.1866014003753662,
0.3235151469707489,
0.22574646770954132,
-0.7215662002563477,
0.33235836029052734,
-0.189105823636055,
0.2564750611782074,
0.2832685112953186,
0.07193996757268906,
-0.3549380898475647,
0.06919633597135544,
-0.6013569831848145,
-0.42801433801651,
0.13461336493492126,
-0.3806750476360321,
-1.2117886543273926,
-0.6262500286102295,
0.5854020118713379,
-0.28097471594810486,
-0.6965617537498474,
0.8942168951034546,
-0.15657873451709747,
-0.08845523744821548,
0.18180939555168152,
0.5798235535621643,
0.0641045868396759,
-0.021047690883278847,
0.12479189783334732,
0.051454637199640274,
-0.03654869273304939,
0.409469336271286,
-0.46180880069732666,
-0.35766956210136414,
-0.7370280027389526,
-0.31215906143188477,
-0.45128723978996277,
-0.252402126789093,
0.6030788421630859,
1.2766993045806885,
-0.3083706200122833,
0.18286840617656708,
-0.5543014407157898,
-0.5350548624992371,
-0.48720255494117737,
0.06202498450875282,
0.1450137048959732,
0.05522136017680168,
-0.03170942887663841,
0.1470302939414978,
0.10384501516819,
-0.21365982294082642,
0.5375263690948486,
-0.2670401930809021,
0.04836435988545418,
-0.04306163638830185,
-0.4971623122692108,
0.43977510929107666,
-0.3151282072067261,
-0.21042931079864502,
0.07228194177150726,
-0.36489352583885193,
0.204029381275177,
-0.08135196566581726,
0.1509668231010437,
-0.4656650424003601,
0.16467146575450897,
-0.48077431321144104,
0.1409948170185089,
0.26744651794433594,
-0.275046706199646,
0.06808920949697495,
0.07290512323379517,
0.1720542162656784,
0.4586479961872101,
0.1412145495414734,
0.34471771121025085,
0.01097424142062664,
0.3192696273326874,
-0.14385941624641418,
0.7245548367500305,
-0.09429711848497391,
-0.375115305185318,
0.049010083079338074,
-0.8620021343231201,
-0.0732988715171814,
-0.590423583984375,
0.14098043739795685,
0.8538992404937744,
-0.5214904546737671,
-0.5250995755195618,
-0.09934147447347641,
-0.011621187441051006,
-0.7563135623931885,
-0.300228089094162,
0.1957908719778061,
-0.08865871280431747,
0.0573006309568882,
-0.791044294834137,
-0.4046487808227539,
0.4767945408821106,
-0.19767047464847565,
-0.5410364270210266,
-0.5156243443489075,
-0.4914255738258362,
0.09048514068126678,
0.026045946404337883,
-0.30725130438804626,
-0.13750173151493073,
-0.3119787275791168,
0.3109165132045746,
-0.1300819218158722,
0.3796355426311493,
0.19162282347679138,
0.5795379877090454,
0.6689700484275818,
-0.0924009159207344,
-0.38534173369407654,
0.11020617187023163,
-0.2691340744495392,
0.20036138594150543,
-0.03663844242691994,
0.04562441259622574,
0.7213064432144165,
0.32841983437538147,
-0.6680635809898376,
0.3428145945072174,
-0.273313969373703,
0.7210692167282104,
0.19249822199344635,
-0.5053039193153381,
0.23917974531650543,
0.9362601637840271,
-0.2737232744693756,
0.08023197948932648,
0.36197608709335327,
-0.35264912247657776,
0.31064480543136597,
-0.12462138384580612,
-0.33977562189102173,
0.7513693571090698,
0.18291233479976654,
-0.7645493149757385,
0.04590749368071556,
0.7671880722045898,
-0.7482966184616089,
0.11970999091863632,
0.06995108723640442,
-0.015808871015906334,
0.1927962303161621,
-0.032895278185606,
-0.4469948410987854,
-0.7150884866714478,
-0.7939030528068542,
0.0968543067574501,
-0.38532760739326477,
0.4248076379299164,
0.23655058443546295,
-0.09120303392410278,
0.8760163187980652,
-0.38537269830703735,
-0.2603923976421356,
0.31140628457069397,
0.16327160596847534,
0.03539140895009041,
0.21488073468208313,
0.11352147161960602,
0.05749816074967384,
0.323363721370697,
0.28645068407058716,
0.39960503578186035,
1.302696704864502,
1.3057653903961182,
0.4894038438796997,
-0.2884413003921509,
-0.4381445050239563,
0.3069847822189331,
0.2018931806087494,
-0.9049967527389526,
-0.39130544662475586,
0.17787684500217438,
0.22222822904586792,
-0.30727866291999817,
-0.4536476731300354,
0.2769845724105835,
0.25338321924209595,
-0.4643262028694153,
0.27406835556030273,
0.3951188921928406,
0.3839360773563385,
0.3676547706127167,
0.36725881695747375,
1.1513522863388062,
-0.2823585867881775,
0.2451176643371582,
-0.09864140301942825,
0.20098420977592468,
-0.6491975784301758,
-0.2882123589515686,
0.4766785502433777,
0.0160136129707098,
-0.06213653087615967,
-0.050260744988918304,
1.217104434967041,
0.5961560010910034,
0.08395969867706299,
0.04567211866378784,
-0.16623151302337646,
-0.8462841510772705,
0.13912971317768097,
0.06089690700173378,
0.06519003212451935,
0.12843358516693115,
0.10763965547084808,
-0.5678171515464783,
-0.13902993500232697,
-0.3597557246685028,
0.1997442990541458,
-0.3241022527217865,
-0.1399635225534439,
0.1229197159409523,
-0.25258296728134155,
-0.27478456497192383,
-0.3889409899711609,
0.027526864781975746,
-0.34286874532699585,
0.07578699290752411,
-0.3210389316082001,
0.22391478717327118,
0.07710067182779312,
0.40049460530281067,
-0.5786781907081604,
0.6141936779022217,
-0.4144536256790161,
-0.7852928042411804,
0.44609999656677246,
-0.04254238307476044,
-0.11513654887676239,
-0.4816407561302185,
0.018538115546107292,
0.04088449105620384,
-0.22115540504455566,
-0.38481980562210083,
-0.15118423104286194,
0.7025294899940491,
0.244355246424675,
-0.16586299240589142,
0.21945147216320038,
-0.5328019857406616,
-0.08864644169807434,
0.8257532715797424,
0.23914657533168793,
0.358918160200119,
0.31548699736595154,
0.04912170395255089,
-0.48087823390960693,
0.4757623076438904,
-0.8285224437713623,
-0.13110418617725372,
0.695533037185669,
0.3916607201099396,
0.06389228999614716,
-0.11818952113389969,
-0.7943482398986816,
0.5024401545524597,
0.0312926210463047,
-0.4143702983856201,
0.3437987267971039,
-0.2135128676891327,
0.2534498870372772,
0.2600281238555908,
-0.05956116318702698,
0.17438969016075134,
-0.3871290385723114,
-0.41236841678619385,
-0.09904941916465759,
0.19538605213165283,
-0.23337173461914062,
-0.3882274031639099,
0.5534588098526001,
0.3535410165786743,
0.5043292045593262,
-0.4880383014678955,
0.41309675574302673,
-0.10989691317081451,
0.08254879713058472,
-0.054012153297662735,
-0.09366151690483093,
-0.12204451113939285,
-0.48906123638153076,
0.02470168098807335,
0.051522403955459595,
-0.15026451647281647,
-0.21497252583503723,
-0.19669508934020996,
-0.1847967803478241,
0.5856491923332214,
0.17869149148464203,
-0.538296639919281,
-0.11101973801851273,
0.3317866027355194,
-0.02731671743094921,
0.3570500910282135,
0.3324817419052124,
0.10575716197490692,
0.12995624542236328,
0.5665310621261597,
0.41332754492759705,
0.5659849643707275,
-0.1489594727754593,
-0.6173719763755798,
-0.6358097195625305,
0.20866818726062775,
-0.05039583891630173,
-0.2694520950317383,
0.3895651400089264,
-0.6310750842094421,
-0.7642970681190491,
-0.3605862557888031,
-0.3830266296863556,
-0.5414581894874573,
-0.3600429892539978,
-0.3693132698535919,
-0.2212710976600647,
-0.3784128427505493,
-0.22929884493350983,
-0.7169219851493835,
0.18745636940002441,
0.41899624466896057,
0.10213887691497803,
-0.047169916331768036,
-0.1400485336780548,
0.18315349519252777,
0.06904084980487823,
0.08807975798845291,
-0.012490175664424896,
-0.266202837228775,
-0.09291326999664307,
0.3108704388141632,
-0.40941596031188965,
0.5890101194381714,
0.3490995764732361,
-0.6547278761863708,
-0.10337723046541214,
0.08517753332853317,
-0.3208561837673187,
0.43652981519699097,
0.31476616859436035,
-0.9592049717903137,
-0.29504022002220154,
-0.7486730217933655,
0.37615466117858887,
-0.22006572782993317,
0.20404522120952606,
0.04864601045846939,
-0.03981281444430351,
-0.2566686272621155,
0.5148109197616577,
-0.3114038407802582,
-0.7850211262702942,
0.6126485466957092,
-0.28273797035217285,
0.6594399809837341,
-0.5126074552536011,
-0.1065116748213768,
-0.20913587510585785,
0.06211719661951065,
0.671668529510498,
0.6011715531349182,
-0.008087786845862865,
-0.2181929051876068,
0.3242310881614685,
-0.6068608164787292,
0.21538974344730377,
0.0367526076734066,
0.24734173715114594,
0.2696191370487213,
0.08432548493146896,
-0.552173376083374,
-0.26636582612991333,
0.5254642367362976,
0.650151789188385,
-0.08017964661121368,
-0.008054129779338837,
-0.5354011654853821,
0.1795990765094757,
0.3739801347255707,
-0.19382146000862122,
-0.9381533265113831,
-0.2379923313856125,
-0.0383000485599041
] |
233271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20algae | Brown algae | Brown algae (singular: alga), comprising the class Phaeophyceae, are a large group of multicellular algae, including many seaweeds located in colder waters within the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions. They are dominant on rocky shores throughout cooler areas of the world. Sargassum nitans, which is a brown algae, is found in the Sargossa Sea, which lies between the West Indies and the Azores. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests. Kelp forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is Sargassum, which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.
Between 1,500 and 2,000 species of brown algae are known worldwide. Some species, such as Ascophyllum nodosum, have become subjects of extensive research in their own right due to their commercial importance. They also have environmental significance through carbon fixation.
Brown algae belong to the group Heterokontophyta, a large group of eukaryotic organisms distinguished most prominently by having chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a symbiotic relationship between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. Most brown algae contain the pigment fucoxanthin, which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name. Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae.
Morphology
Brown algae exist in a wide range of sizes and forms. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike cells no more than a few centimeters (a few inches) long. Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic. Other groups of brown algae grow to much larger sizes. The rockweeds and leathery kelps are often the most conspicuous algae in their habitats. Kelps can range in size from the sea palm Postelsia to the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, which grows to over long and is the largest of all the algae. In form, the brown algae range from small crusts or cushions to leafy free-floating mats formed by species of Sargassum. They may consist of delicate felt-like strands of cells, as in Ectocarpus, or of flattened branches resembling a fan, as in Padina.
Regardless of size or form, two visible features set the Phaeophyceae apart from all other algae. First, members of the group possess a characteristic color that ranges from an olive green to various shades of brown. The particular shade depends upon the amount of fucoxanthin present in the alga. Second, all brown algae are multicellular. There are no known species that exist as single cells or as colonies of cells, and the brown algae are the only major group of seaweeds that does not include such forms. However, this may be the result of classification rather than a consequence of evolution, as all the groups hypothesized to be the closest relatives of the browns include single-celled or colonial forms. They can change color depending on salinity, ranging from reddish to brown.
Visible structures
Whatever their form, the body of all brown algae is termed a thallus, indicating that it lacks the complex xylem and phloem of vascular plants. This does not mean that brown algae completely lack specialized structures. But, because some botanists define "true" stems, leaves, and roots by the presence of these tissues, their absence in the brown algae means that the stem-like and leaf-like structures found in some groups of brown algae must be described using different terminology. Although not all brown algae are structurally complex, those that are typically possess one or more characteristic parts.
A holdfast is a rootlike structure present at the base of the alga. Like a root system in plants, a holdfast serves to anchor the alga in place on the substrate where it grows, and thus prevents the alga from being carried away by the current. Unlike a root system, the holdfast generally does not serve as the primary organ for water uptake, nor does it take in nutrients from the substrate. The overall physical appearance of the holdfast differs among various brown algae and among various substrates. It may be heavily branched, or it may be cup-like in appearance. A single alga typically has just one holdfast, although some species have more than one stipe growing from their holdfast.
A stipe is a stalk or stemlike structure present in an alga. It may grow as a short structure near the base of the alga (as in Laminaria), or it may develop into a large, complex structure running throughout the algal body (as in Sargassum or Macrocystis). In the most structurally differentiated brown algae (such as Fucus), the tissues within the stipe are divided into three distinct layers or regions. These regions include a central pith, a surrounding cortex, and an outer epidermis, each of which has an analog in the stem of a vascular plant. In some brown algae, the pith region includes a core of elongated cells that resemble the phloem of vascular plants both in structure and function. In others (such as Nereocystis), the center of the stipe is hollow and filled with gas that serves to keep that part of the alga buoyant. The stipe may be relatively flexible and elastic in species like Macrocystis pyrifera that grow in strong currents, or may be more rigid in species like Postelsia palmaeformis that are exposed to the atmosphere at low tide.
Many algae have a flattened portion that may resemble a leaf, and this is termed a blade, lamina, or frond. The name blade is most often applied to a single undivided structure, while frond may be applied to all or most of an algal body that is flattened, but this distinction is not universally applied. The name lamina refers to that portion of a structurally differentiated alga that is flattened. It may be a single or a divided structure, and may be spread over a substantial portion of the alga. In rockweeds, for example, the lamina is a broad wing of tissue that runs continuously along both sides of a branched midrib. The midrib and lamina together constitute almost all of a rockweed, so that the lamina is spread throughout the alga rather than existing as a localized portion of it.
In some brown algae, there is a single lamina or blade, while in others there may be many separate blades. Even in those species that initially produce a single blade, the structure may tear with rough currents or as part of maturation to form additional blades. These blades may be attached directly to the stipe, to a holdfast with no stipe present, or there may be an air bladder between the stipe and blade. The surface of the lamina or blade may be smooth or wrinkled; its tissues may be thin and flexible or thick and leathery. In species like Egregia menziesii, this characteristic may change depending upon the turbulence of the waters in which it grows. In other species, the surface of the blade is coated with slime to discourage the attachment of epiphytes or to deter herbivores. Blades are also often the parts of the alga that bear the reproductive structures.
Gas-filled floats called pneumatocysts provide buoyancy in many kelps and members of the Fucales. These bladder-like structures occur in or near the lamina, so that it is held nearer the water surface and thus receives more light for photosynthesis. Pneumatocysts are most often spherical or ellipsoidal, but can vary in shape among different species. Species such as Nereocystis luetkeana and Pelagophycus porra bear a single large pneumatocyst between the top of the stipe and the base of the blades. In contrast, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera bears many blades along its stipe, with a pneumatocyst at the base of each blade where it attaches to the main stipe. Species of Sargassum also bear many blades and pneumatocysts, but both kinds of structures are attached separately to the stipe by short stalks. In species of Fucus, the pneumatocysts develop within the lamina itself, either as discrete spherical bladders or as elongated gas-filled regions that take the outline of the lamina in which they develop.
Growth
The brown algae include the largest and fastest growing of seaweeds. Fronds of Macrocystis may grow as much as per day, and the stipes can grow in a single day.
Growth in most brown algae occurs at the tips of structures as a result of divisions in a single apical cell or in a row of such cells. They are single cellular organisms. As this apical cell divides, the new cells that it produces develop into all the tissues of the alga. Branchings and other lateral structures appear when the apical cell divides to produce two new apical cells. However, a few groups (such as Ectocarpus) grow by a diffuse, unlocalized production of new cells that can occur anywhere on the thallus.
Tissue organization
The simplest browns are filamentous—that is, their cells are elongate and have septa cutting across their width. They branch by getting wider at their tip, and then dividing the widening.
These filaments may be haplostichous or polystichous, multiaxial or monoaxial forming or not a pseudoparenchyma. Besides fronds, there are the large in size parenchymatic kelps with three-dimensional development and growth and different tissues (meristoderm, cortex and medulla) which could be consider the trees of the sea. There are also the Fucales and Dictyotales smaller than kelps but still parenchymatic with the same kind of distinct tissues.
The cell wall consists of two layers; the inner layer bears the strength, and consists of cellulose; the outer wall layer is mainly algin, and is gummy when wet but becomes hard and brittle when it dries out. Specifically, the brown algal cell wall consists of several components with alginates and sulphated fucan being its main ingredients, up to 40% each of them. Cellulose, a major component from most plant cell walls, is present in a very small percentage, up to 8%. Cellulose and alginate biosynthesis pathways seem to have been acquired from other organisms through endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer respectively, while the sulphated polysaccharides are of ancestral origin. Specifically, the cellulose synthases seem to come from the red alga endosymbiont of the photosynthetic stramenopiles ancestor, and the ancestor of brown algae acquired the key enzymes for alginates biosynthesis from an actinobacterium. The presence and fine control of alginate structure in combination with the cellulose which existed before it, gave potentially the brown algae the ability to develop complex structurally multicellular organisms like the kelps.
Evolutionary history
Genetic and ultrastructural evidence place the Phaeophyceae among the heterokonts (Stramenopiles), a large assemblage of organisms that includes both photosynthetic members with plastids (such as the diatoms) as well as non-photosynthetic groups (such as the slime nets and water molds). Although some heterokont relatives of the brown algae lack plastids in their cells, scientists believe this is a result of evolutionary loss of that organelle in those groups rather than independent acquisition by the several photosynthetic members. Thus, all heterokonts are believed to descend from a single heterotrophic ancestor that became photosynthetic when it acquired plastids through endosymbiosis of another unicellular eukaryote.
The closest relatives of the brown algae include unicellular and filamentous species, but no unicellular species of brown algae are known. However, most scientists assume that the Phaeophyceae evolved from unicellular ancestors. DNA sequence comparison also suggests that the brown algae evolved from the filamentous Phaeothamniophyceae, Xanthophyceae, or the Chrysophyceae between 150 and 200 million years ago. In many ways, the evolution of the brown algae parallels that of the green algae and red algae, as all three groups possess complex multicellular species with an alternation of generations. Analysis of 5S rRNA sequences reveals much smaller evolutionary distances among genera of the brown algae than among genera of red or green algae, which suggests that the brown algae have diversified much more recently than the other two groups.
Fossils
The occurrence of Phaeophyceae as fossils is rare due to their generally soft-bodied nature, and scientists continue to debate the identification of some finds. Part of the problem with identification lies in the convergent evolution of morphologies between many brown and red algae. Most fossils of soft-tissue algae preserve only a flattened outline, without the microscopic features that permit the major groups of multicellular algae to be reliably distinguished. Among the brown algae, only species of the genus Padina deposit significant quantities of minerals in or around their cell walls. Other algal groups, such as the red algae and green algae, have a number of calcareous members. Because of this, they are more likely to leave evidence in the fossil record than the soft bodies of most brown algae and more often can be precisely classified.
Fossils comparable in morphology to brown algae are known from strata as old as the Upper Ordovician, but the taxonomic affinity of these impression fossils is far from certain. Claims that earlier Ediacaran fossils are brown algae have since been dismissed. While many carbonaceous fossils have been described from the Precambrian, they are typically preserved as flattened outlines or fragments measuring only millimeters long. Because these fossils lack features diagnostic for identification at even the highest level, they are assigned to fossil form taxa according to their shape and other gross morphological features. A number of Devonian fossils termed fucoids, from their resemblance in outline to species in the genus Fucus, have proven to be inorganic rather than true fossils. The Devonian megafossil Prototaxites, which consists of masses of filaments grouped into trunk-like axes, has been considered a possible brown alga. However, modern research favors reinterpretation of this fossil as a terrestrial fungus or fungal-like organism. Likewise, the fossil Protosalvinia was once considered a possible brown alga, but is now thought to be an early land plant.
A number of Paleozoic fossils have been tentatively classified with the brown algae, although most have also been compared to known red algae species. Phascolophyllaphycus possesses numerous elongate, inflated blades attached to a stipe. It is the most abundant of algal fossils found in a collection made from Carboniferous strata in Illinois. Each hollow blade bears up to eight pneumatocysts at its base, and the stipes appear to have been hollow and inflated as well. This combination of characteristics is similar to certain modern genera in the order Laminariales (kelps). Several fossils of Drydenia and a single specimen of Hungerfordia from the Upper Devonian of New York have also been compared to both brown and red algae. Fossils of Drydenia consist of an elliptical blade attached to a branching filamentous holdfast, not unlike some species of Laminaria, Porphyra, or Gigartina. The single known specimen of Hungerfordia branches dichotomously into lobes and resembles genera like Chondrus and Fucus or Dictyota.
The earliest known fossils that can be assigned reliably to the Phaeophyceae come from Miocene diatomite deposits of the Monterey Formation in California. Several soft-bodied brown macroalgae, such as Julescraneia, have been found.
Classification
Phylogeny
Based on the work of Silberfeld, Rousseau & de Reviers 2014.
Taxonomy
This is a list of the orders in the class Phaeophyceae:
Class Phaeophyceae Hansgirg 1886 [Fucophyceae; Melanophycidae Rabenhorst 1863 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006]
Subclass Discosporangiophycidae Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014
Order Discosporangiales Schmidt 1937 emend. Kawai et al. 2007
Family Choristocarpaceae Kjellman 1891
Family Discosporangiaceae Schmidt 1937
Subclass Ishigeophycidae Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014
Order Ishigeales Cho & Boo 2004
Family Ishigeaceae Okamura 1935
Family Petrodermataceae Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014
Subclass Dictyotophycidae Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014
Order Dictyotales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828 ex Phillips et al.
Family Dictyotaceae Lamouroux ex Dumortier 1822 [Scoresbyellaceae Womersley 1987; Dictyopsidaceae]
Order Onslowiales Draisma & Prud’homme van Reine 2008
Family Onslowiaceae Draisma & Prud’homme van Reine 2001
Order Sphacelariales Migula 1909
Family Cladostephaceae Oltmanns 1922
Family Lithodermataceae Hauck 1883
Family Phaeostrophiaceae Kawai et al. 2005
Family Sphacelariaceae Decaisne 1842
Family Sphacelodermaceae Draisma, Prud’homme & Kawai 2010
Family Stypocaulaceae Oltmanns 1922
Order Syringodermatales Henry 1984
Family Syringodermataceae Henry 1984
Subclass Fucophycidae Cavalier-Smith 1986
Order Ascoseirales Petrov1964 emend. Moe & Henry 1982
Family Ascoseiraceae Skottsberg 1907
Order Asterocladales T.Silberfeld et al. 2011
Family Asterocladaceae Silberfeld et al. 2011
Order Desmarestiales Setchell & Gardner 1925
Family Arthrocladiaceae Chauvin 1842
Family Desmarestiaceae (Thuret) Kjellman 1880
Order Ectocarpales Bessey 1907 emend. Rousseau & Reviers 1999a [Chordariales Setchell & Gardner 1925; Dictyosiphonales Setchell & Gardner 1925; Scytosiphonales Feldmann 1949]
Family Acinetosporaceae Hamel ex Feldmann 1937 [Pylaiellaceae; Pilayellaceae]
Family Adenocystaceae Rousseau et al. 2000 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011 [Chordariopsidaceae]
Family Chordariaceae Greville 1830 emend. Peters & Ramírez 2001 [Myrionemataceae]
Family Ectocarpaceae Agardh 1828 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011
Family Petrospongiaceae Racault et al. 2009
Family Scytosiphonaceae Ardissone & Straforello 1877 [Chnoosporaceae Setchell & Gardner 1925]
Order Fucales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827 [Notheiales Womersley 1987; Durvillaeales Petrov 1965]
Family Bifurcariopsidaceae Cho et al. 2006
Family Durvillaeaceae (Oltmanns) De Toni 1891
Family Fucaceae Adanson 1763
Family Himanthaliaceae (Kjellman) De Toni 1891
Family Hormosiraceae Fritsch 1945
Family Notheiaceae Schmidt 1938
Family Sargassaceae Kützing 1843 [Cystoseiraceae De Toni 1891]
Family Seirococcaceae Nizamuddin 1987
Family Xiphophoraceae Cho et al. 2006
Order Laminariales Migula 1909 [Phaeosiphoniellales Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014 ord. nov. prop.]
Family Agaraceae Postels & Ruprecht 1840 [Costariaceae]
Family Akkesiphycaceae Kawai & Sasaki 2000
Family Alariaceae Setchell & Gardner 1925
Family Aureophycaceae Kawai & Ridgway 2013
Family Chordaceae Dumortier 1822
Family Laminariaceae Bory de Saint-Vincent 1827 [Arthrothamnaceae Petrov 1974]
Family Lessoniaceae Setchell & Gardner 1925
Family Pseudochordaceae Kawai & Kurogi 1985
Order Nemodermatales Parente et al. 2008
Family Nemodermataceae Kuckuck ex Feldmann 1937
Order Phaeosiphoniellales Silberfeld, Rousseau & Reviers 2014
Family Phaeosiphoniellaceae Phillips et al. 2008
Order Ralfsiales Nakamura ex Lim & Kawai 2007
Family Mesosporaceae Tanaka & Chihara 1982
Family Neoralfsiaceae Lim & Kawai 2007
Family Ralfsiaceae Farlow 1881 [Heterochordariaceae Setchell & Gardner 1925]
Order Scytothamnales Peters & Clayton 1998 emend. Silberfeld et al. 2011
Family Asteronemataceae Silberfeld et al. 2011
Family Bachelotiaceae Silberfeld et al. 2011
Family Splachnidiaceae Mitchell & Whitting 1892 [Scytothamnaceae Womersley 1987]
Order Sporochnales Sauvageau 1926
Family Sporochnaceae Greville 1830
Order Tilopteridales Bessey 1907 emend. Phillips et al. 2008 [Cutleriales Bessey 1907]
Family Cutleriaceae Griffith & Henfrey 1856
Family Halosiphonaceae Kawai & Sasaki 2000
Family Phyllariaceae Tilden 1935
Family Stschapoviaceae Kawai 2004
Family Tilopteridaceae Kjellman 1890
Life cycle
Most brown algae, with the exception of the Fucales, perform sexual reproduction through sporic meiosis. Between generations, the algae go through separate sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) phases. The sporophyte stage is often the more visible of the two, though some species of brown algae have similar diploid and haploid phases. Free floating forms of brown algae often do not undergo sexual reproduction until they attach themselves to substrate. The haploid generation consists of male and female gametophytes. The fertilization of egg cells varies between species of brown algae, and may be isogamous, oogamous, or anisogamous. Fertilization may take place in the water with eggs and motile sperm, or within the oogonium itself.
Certain species of brown algae can also perform asexual reproduction through the production of motile diploid zoospores. These zoospores form in plurilocular sporangium, and can mature into the sporophyte phase immediately.
In a representative species Laminaria, there is a conspicuous diploid generation and smaller haploid generations. Meiosis takes place within several unilocular sporangium along the algae's blade, each one forming either haploid male or female zoospores. The spores are then released from the sporangia and grow to form male and female gametophytes. The female gametophyte produces an egg in the oogonium, and the male gametophyte releases motile sperm that fertilize the egg. The fertilized zygote then grows into the mature diploid sporophyte.
In the order Fucales, sexual reproduction is oogamous, and the mature diploid is the only form for each generation. Gametes are formed in specialized conceptacles that occur scattered on both surfaces of the receptacle, the outer portion of the blades of the parent plant. Egg cells and motile sperm are released from separate sacs within the conceptacles of the parent algae, combining in the water to complete fertilization. The fertilized zygote settles onto a surface and then differentiates into a leafy thallus and a finger-like holdfast. Light regulates differentiation of the zygote into blade and holdfast.
Ecology
Brown algae have adapted to a wide variety of marine ecological niches including the tidal splash zone, rock pools, the whole intertidal zone and relatively deep near shore waters. They are an important constituent of some brackish water ecosystems, and have colonized freshwater on a maximum of six known occasions. A large number of Phaeophyceae are intertidal or upper littoral, and they are predominantly cool and cold water organisms that benefit from nutrients in up welling cold water currents and inflows from land; Sargassum being a prominent exception to this generalisation.
Brown algae growing in brackish waters are almost solely asexual.
Chemistry
Brown algae have a value in the range of , in contrast with red algae and greens. This reflects their different metabolic pathways.
They have cellulose walls with alginic acid and also contain the polysaccharide fucoidan in the amorphous sections of their cell walls. A few species (of Padina) calcify with aragonite needles.
The photosynthetic system of brown algae is made of a P700 complex containing chlorophyll a. Their plastids also contain chlorophyll c and carotenoids (the most widespread of those being fucoxanthin).
Brown algae produce a specific type of tannin called phlorotannins in higher amounts than red algae do.
Importance and uses
Brown algae include a number of edible seaweeds. All brown algae contain alginic acid (alginate) in their cell walls, which is extracted commercially and used as an industrial thickening agent in food and for other uses. One of these products is used in lithium-ion batteries. Alginic acid is used as a stable component of a battery anode. This polysaccharide is a major component of brown algae, and is not found in land plants.
Alginic acid can also be used in aquaculture. For example, alginic acid enhances the immune system of rainbow trout. Younger fish are more likely to survive when given a diet with alginic acid.
Brown algae including kelp beds also fix a significant portion of the earth's carbon dioxide yearly through photosynthesis. And they can store a great amount of carbon dioxide in them which can help us in the fight against the climate change.
Sargachromanol G, an extract of Sargassum siliquastrum, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects.
Edible Brown Algae
Kelp (Laminariales)
Arame (Eisenia bicyclis)
Badderlocks (Alaria esculenta)
Cochayuyo (Durvillaea antarctica)
Ecklonia cava
Kombu (Saccharina japonica)
Oarweed (Laminaria digitata)
Sea palm Postelsia palmaeformis
Sea whip (Nereocystis luetkeana)
Sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima)
Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)
Hiromi (Undaria undarioides)
Grapestone (Mastocarpus papillatus)
Fucales
Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)
Channelled wrack (Pelvetia canaliculata)
Hijiki or Hiziki (Sargassum fusiforme)
Limu Kala (Sargassum echinocarpum)
Sargassum
Sargassum cinetum
Sargassum vulgare
Sargassum swartzii
Sargassum myriocysum
Spiral wrack (Fucus spiralis)
Thongweed (Himanthalia elongata)
Ectocarpales
Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)
See also
Wrack (seaweed)
References
External links
Monterey Bay Flora
The Monterey Formation of California, University of California Museum of Paleontology
Phaeophyceae, National University of Ireland, Galway
Biological oceanography
Tithonian first appearances
Extant Late Jurassic first appearances | [
0.17826242744922638,
0.11467313766479492,
0.33505818247795105,
-0.19689048826694489,
0.05775582045316696,
0.0020977945532649755,
-0.12283218652009964,
0.5244187712669373,
-0.8091116547584534,
-0.12218479812145233,
-0.05087943375110626,
0.014593875035643578,
-0.2938653528690338,
0.3281143009662628,
0.04264088347554207,
0.695814311504364,
0.21995067596435547,
0.4903547465801239,
-0.3096424639225006,
0.16360121965408325,
-0.7359715700149536,
-0.17009557783603668,
0.46039533615112305,
-0.1650608777999878,
0.3599685728549957,
-0.3764731287956238,
-0.16539400815963745,
1.011348843574524,
0.16871559619903564,
0.1728571653366089,
-0.2858304977416992,
0.7601484656333923,
0.1825917810201645,
0.8086175322532654,
0.020357200875878334,
-0.13962289690971375,
-0.7155083417892456,
-0.4027597904205322,
-0.38309574127197266,
-0.5392606854438782,
-0.23246803879737854,
0.15182998776435852,
0.22745846211910248,
0.3980506360530853,
-0.7144339084625244,
0.47434842586517334,
-0.266020268201828,
0.5980368852615356,
-0.4403257966041565,
0.5972762107849121,
-0.06310806423425674,
0.11572135239839554,
0.40973207354545593,
0.1845797300338745,
0.052845023572444916,
0.4251246452331543,
-0.6354498267173767,
0.7154877185821533,
-0.09124112129211426,
-0.8362210392951965,
-0.0033583021722733974,
-0.25416436791419983,
-0.06959427148103714,
-0.20111779868602753,
0.6676520705223083,
0.8051372170448303,
-0.5562352538108826,
-0.584404706954956,
-0.6678573489189148,
0.39155545830726624,
0.5746656060218811,
-0.6971482038497925,
-0.1492123305797577,
0.7709273099899292,
-0.344510018825531,
-0.5583102703094482,
-0.11187824606895447,
-0.304752379655838,
0.31749674677848816,
0.11678466200828552,
0.0014966997550800443,
0.45028573274612427,
0.29166358709335327,
0.2653915584087372,
-0.012643910013139248,
0.2901557981967926,
-0.7154046297073364,
0.4474702775478363,
-0.5376527309417725,
0.2895622253417969,
0.22289571166038513,
0.0429561622440815,
1.4357529878616333,
0.6280272603034973,
0.2526698112487793,
-0.2404889017343521,
0.19540803134441376,
-0.29005497694015503,
0.27731212973594666,
-0.1437351107597351,
-0.546825110912323,
0.38739150762557983,
0.22720512747764587,
0.5540521740913391,
-0.8001977205276489,
-0.01469742227345705,
-0.06716430187225342,
-0.28571128845214844,
-0.3902413845062256,
-0.07871537655591965,
-0.618634819984436,
0.00912061333656311,
-0.18219777941703796,
0.24706867337226868,
-0.13300147652626038,
0.74314945936203,
-0.4003867208957672,
-0.5036745667457581,
-0.5693138241767883,
-0.24541553854942322,
0.17395317554473877,
0.2956099808216095,
0.285349577665329,
0.28822824358940125,
-0.5473084449768066,
0.09267036616802216,
-0.020594606176018715,
0.520403265953064,
-0.484241783618927,
0.08395504951477051,
0.11588430404663086,
0.3556196987628937,
-0.24482817947864532,
0.07303648442029953,
0.4579066336154938,
-0.11881730705499649,
-0.05393647775053978,
0.16158778965473175,
0.26833218336105347,
0.3590509295463562,
-1.1645677089691162,
-0.638603687286377,
-0.2813289761543274,
-0.2628805637359619,
-0.10921791940927505,
-0.8981587886810303,
0.1738009750843048,
-0.5083866119384766,
-0.17574456334114075,
-0.26005953550338745,
-0.02898401767015457,
-0.15292808413505554,
-0.15006712079048157,
-0.23912832140922546,
-0.380670964717865,
-0.11352130025625229,
0.16427494585514069,
0.25873667001724243,
0.6976847052574158,
0.13611425459384918,
-0.4440699815750122,
-0.11620209366083145,
0.26046591997146606,
-0.20492033660411835,
1.123650074005127,
-0.2596549689769745,
0.5073837637901306,
0.585848867893219,
-0.19081464409828186,
0.7393990159034729,
0.1689777672290802,
-0.1236860528588295,
0.41579121351242065,
-0.08083319664001465,
0.02727331593632698,
-0.059358470141887665,
-0.10176251083612442,
-0.09904365241527557,
0.6445537209510803,
-0.23657062649726868,
-0.5456403493881226,
0.2999652922153473,
0.4523753523826599,
-0.11605622619390488,
-0.4152308404445648,
-0.45240283012390137,
-0.19661307334899902,
0.1712009161710739,
0.7623958587646484,
-0.29418066143989563,
-0.9204780459403992,
-0.7325303554534912,
0.08910096436738968,
-0.11038908362388611,
0.8435528874397278,
-0.3286568224430084,
-0.21472643315792084,
0.22891023755073547,
0.05337882041931152,
0.02456873096525669,
-0.3200220465660095,
0.1812109798192978,
-0.3227543830871582,
0.04325898736715317,
-0.8274547457695007,
0.1553466022014618,
-0.1249447762966156,
-0.12501056492328644,
0.7218994498252869,
-0.03530583158135414,
-0.2833382189273834,
-0.6532483696937561,
0.5417880415916443,
0.026348190382122993,
0.06044074147939682,
-0.32463935017585754,
-1.1365762948989868,
0.19684551656246185,
-0.365913987159729,
-0.3608965277671814,
0.9035367369651794,
0.2900926470756531,
0.054307062178850174,
0.3902662396430969,
-0.03309490531682968,
0.3835875988006592,
0.7781182527542114,
-0.19915437698364258,
0.8655962347984314,
-0.13603761792182922,
0.6929174661636353,
0.08192320168018341,
0.08459937572479248,
-0.6230829954147339,
-0.5377634167671204,
0.3623065650463104,
0.23735304176807404,
-0.3009640872478485,
0.3405036926269531,
-0.2196296602487564,
0.21803151071071625,
-0.2831462025642395,
-0.8160359859466553,
0.062288906425237656,
0.12307015806436539,
-0.4038296639919281,
0.16740849614143372,
0.3336172103881836,
-0.7323482036590576,
-0.018068304285407066,
0.1802249550819397,
0.42534032464027405,
0.2107657641172409,
0.0036691073328256607,
-0.41210585832595825,
-0.2243456393480301,
-0.494705468416214,
0.1010473370552063,
0.5187835693359375,
0.15431489050388336,
-0.3814162015914917,
0.07565393298864365,
0.05893106013536453,
0.0913851335644722,
-0.31113508343696594,
-0.2867896258831024,
-0.05446164309978485,
-0.6230371594429016,
0.3023412525653839,
0.6458198428153992,
0.16238155961036682,
0.01701749488711357,
-1.1191576719284058,
-0.37566468119621277,
-0.07009079307317734,
-0.8135251998901367,
0.3670620322227478,
-0.5246264934539795,
-0.23996394872665405,
-0.02997315302491188,
-0.1814853847026825,
0.4384521543979645,
0.15358354151248932,
-0.6583300232887268,
-0.009106479585170746,
-0.5261027812957764,
0.09248846769332886,
0.03621537983417511,
0.4448779225349426,
0.23432500660419464,
-0.7235438823699951,
-0.11381995677947998,
-0.5196729898452759,
0.12684953212738037,
-0.11375796049833298,
0.10960747301578522,
0.5295039415359497,
-0.4102293848991394,
-0.006782131269574165,
-0.3322184681892395,
-0.6653342843055725,
-0.6048824191093445,
0.010963610373437405,
0.23201531171798706,
-0.2542823553085327,
-0.17618341743946075,
-0.06572909653186798,
0.5058875679969788,
-5.462271690368652,
-0.31021252274513245,
-0.6069468855857849,
0.10010678321123123,
0.16037344932556152,
0.6312432885169983,
0.7428812980651855,
0.32935503125190735,
0.04008958116173744,
-0.43613794445991516,
-0.17229624092578888,
0.02130167931318283,
-0.2518070638179779,
0.7198649048805237,
0.20411987602710724,
0.6817966103553772,
0.0671101063489914,
-0.07578673213720322,
-0.30530983209609985,
-0.222990944981575,
-0.6662511229515076,
0.4813074767589569,
-0.0518340989947319,
0.4357735216617584,
-0.5428357124328613,
0.44657009840011597,
-0.012410304509103298,
0.15324272215366364,
-0.38576507568359375,
-0.24947185814380646,
-0.1445753425359726,
-0.6531291604042053,
-0.1603665053844452,
-0.5601370334625244,
0.40636542439460754,
0.3128127157688141,
0.05651456490159035,
0.039895981550216675,
-0.38056260347366333,
-0.42553818225860596,
0.23833177983760834,
0.49190324544906616,
-0.5940154790878296,
-0.16977360844612122,
0.7307828664779663,
-0.0438314788043499,
-0.5667611360549927,
0.13467547297477722,
-0.15423724055290222,
1.0237712860107422,
-0.22011372447013855,
0.2500348389148712,
0.4455231726169586,
0.14666496217250824,
0.1886698454618454,
0.09212164580821991,
0.41051003336906433,
-0.02159794606268406,
0.051097407937049866,
-0.3870909512042999,
0.7282978892326355,
0.260116308927536,
-0.08281655609607697,
-0.41934406757354736,
0.40162721276283264,
0.13058459758758545,
-0.9893147349357605,
0.025239767506718636,
0.6976823210716248,
-0.6135568618774414,
-0.40500643849372864,
0.039013538509607315,
-0.40720805525779724,
-0.5979570746421814,
0.05449579283595085,
-0.3311975300312042,
-0.1807948350906372,
-0.28591081500053406,
0.19034889340400696,
-0.08545564115047455,
0.2623637914657593,
-0.06534184515476227,
-0.1269160509109497,
0.5237501263618469,
0.1074141338467598,
-1.3333457708358765,
-0.7371701002120972,
-0.3116070330142975,
-0.018768928945064545,
0.07570371776819229,
0.508861243724823,
0.2886999547481537,
0.5884912014007568,
0.16594445705413818,
0.5956311225891113,
0.8621855974197388,
0.28331300616264343,
0.17081405222415924,
0.525750994682312,
-0.5046440362930298,
0.8604804873466492,
-0.06350529938936234,
-0.09398221224546432,
-0.07626479864120483,
-0.006496182177215815,
-0.5479666590690613,
-0.25376299023628235,
1.0617713928222656,
0.3771999776363373,
-0.2190868854522705,
0.5357130765914917,
0.019663162529468536,
0.06340664625167847,
-0.740450918674469,
0.5419285893440247,
0.32834959030151367,
-0.05919351056218147,
0.10479830205440521,
0.8563387393951416,
0.038083601742982864,
-0.1752026081085205,
0.3609265089035034,
0.05803084000945091,
0.03779822215437889,
0.21046026051044464,
-0.16462647914886475,
0.2122536599636078,
-0.013986976817250252,
-0.29492416977882385,
-0.1239243820309639,
0.5922631621360779,
0.5905926823616028,
-0.2399406135082245,
-0.29780206084251404,
0.014832875691354275,
0.1167171522974968,
-0.14158764481544495,
-0.12041248381137848,
-0.35034072399139404,
-0.5733992457389832,
-0.2637440264225006,
-0.6495069265365601,
-0.13864167034626007,
0.5886937379837036,
0.4063413441181183,
0.12280799448490143,
0.07665520906448364,
0.14511118829250336,
0.08710117638111115,
0.9301415681838989,
0.26417097449302673,
-0.0026129772886633873,
0.3504006862640381,
-0.252501517534256,
-0.11658419668674469,
-0.003069914411753416,
0.6723046898841858,
0.2634719908237457,
0.21532206237316132,
-0.24528712034225464,
-0.3566034138202667,
0.12168129533529282,
-0.7673105597496033,
-0.2802627980709076,
-0.6501282453536987,
-0.18210160732269287,
-0.9872869849205017,
-0.06418921053409576,
0.20863525569438934,
0.10435189306735992,
-0.14700496196746826,
-0.40069380402565,
-0.7387222647666931,
-0.448045551776886,
0.25139304995536804,
-0.6387832164764404,
-0.45863571763038635,
0.24272532761096954,
-0.42638257145881653,
-0.5831960439682007,
0.39899787306785583,
-0.26873713731765747,
-0.2809445261955261,
0.3828964829444885,
0.9076873660087585,
-0.23383955657482147,
0.3962945342063904,
-0.6915538311004639,
-0.3649958670139313,
0.05264460667967796,
0.6269003748893738,
-0.13940146565437317,
0.40845268964767456,
0.1702229529619217,
-0.22125516831874847,
-0.10739435255527496,
0.019232502207159996,
0.363099068403244,
-0.2840113043785095,
-0.6185667514801025,
-0.08364375680685043,
0.2765892446041107,
-1.3004940748214722,
0.1252981424331665,
0.23479926586151123,
-0.4828413128852844,
0.6969614028930664,
-0.4521806240081787,
-0.3395617604255676,
-0.20415060222148895,
0.1811051219701767,
-0.3048030138015747,
0.19398261606693268,
0.34931638836860657,
-0.3587284982204437,
0.705454409122467,
0.0024857919197529554,
-0.45909738540649414,
-0.29733505845069885,
0.140926331281662,
-0.1312345713376999,
0.02549932338297367,
0.32393455505371094,
-0.3342248797416687,
-0.3105389177799225,
0.004445536993443966,
0.18352121114730835,
0.3754286468029022,
-0.5116618871688843,
-0.2534745931625366,
0.5704682469367981,
-0.5185744166374207,
-0.1348256915807724,
-0.5809565782546997,
0.277097225189209,
0.31207767128944397,
-0.20693339407444,
0.18834687769412994,
0.38103851675987244,
0.35528135299682617,
0.8786814212799072,
0.919001042842865,
0.0597756952047348,
-0.42369914054870605,
0.46916863322257996,
0.1726953685283661,
0.674903154373169,
-0.20088085532188416,
-0.8194102048873901,
-0.1929888129234314,
0.873878538608551,
-0.36763110756874084,
-0.4206981658935547,
0.054517149925231934,
0.94969242811203,
-0.22250381112098694,
0.3391825258731842,
-0.5571349859237671,
0.2197583168745041,
0.3580465018749237,
0.26375049352645874,
0.2370864748954773,
-0.621757984161377,
-0.06890054792165756,
0.2981032431125641,
-0.9754212498664856,
-0.5032951235771179,
0.07159010320901871,
0.5072575807571411,
-0.41199424862861633,
-0.006759986747056246,
0.11498550325632095,
0.47672176361083984,
0.18779288232326508,
0.06249213218688965,
0.5826079845428467,
0.31345707178115845,
-0.5634272694587708,
0.13531394302845,
-0.09558213502168655,
-1.0802202224731445,
0.03269091248512268,
0.0817328616976738,
0.2554686963558197,
0.02122410573065281,
-0.5902985334396362,
-0.47239798307418823,
-0.341290682554245,
-0.12851199507713318,
-0.4276331067085266,
-0.07548429816961288,
-0.4226298928260803,
0.10057865083217621,
-0.2919430732727051,
0.41014012694358826,
0.2472003549337387,
0.3001205623149872,
0.3029448091983795,
-0.02079373225569725,
0.15549807250499725,
-0.5524779558181763,
0.9835976362228394,
-0.014932009391486645,
-0.31184667348861694,
0.5458367466926575,
0.20848678052425385,
0.12019604444503784,
0.20567291975021362,
-0.2481970638036728,
0.19123998284339905,
0.1425085812807083,
-0.23319391906261444,
-0.2643415033817291,
0.3656669557094574,
-0.36476051807403564,
0.563411295413971,
0.14294269680976868,
-0.8226253390312195,
0.8783794641494751,
0.34884873032569885,
0.1828606277704239,
0.26684466004371643,
-0.41741377115249634,
0.6268334984779358,
0.38394466042518616,
-0.0595637671649456,
-0.08226022124290466,
0.40973877906799316,
0.2443781942129135,
0.49848103523254395,
0.5446369647979736,
0.35975512862205505,
0.12956948578357697,
-0.4713349938392639,
-0.6896056532859802,
0.5030220746994019,
0.10775643587112427,
-0.16301563382148743,
-0.8086313009262085,
1.1989812850952148,
0.6207553744316101,
0.17850758135318756,
0.07588658481836319,
-0.10323215276002884,
-0.05888557806611061,
0.5502409934997559,
-0.5278313755989075,
0.0017003429820761085,
0.49777206778526306,
-0.046052251011133194,
0.07436320185661316,
-0.15262390673160553,
0.661319375038147,
-0.30639544129371643,
-0.19320106506347656,
0.15657760202884674,
0.2673632502555847,
-0.8953536152839661,
-0.4669192433357239,
-0.09983619302511215,
-0.5924756526947021,
0.05088198557496071,
-0.01816895231604576,
0.73046875,
-0.4579671025276184,
0.11147430539131165,
-0.09897585958242416,
-0.6807702779769897,
0.06094804406166077,
-0.031042499467730522,
0.4265080392360687,
-0.017793934792280197,
-0.23449842631816864,
0.010252425447106361,
-0.1874677985906601,
-0.035507384687662125,
0.10438656806945801,
0.2751775085926056,
0.5390301942825317,
0.12483952194452286,
-0.9231764674186707,
0.08529213070869446,
-0.26368406414985657,
-0.5177551507949829,
-0.04076025262475014,
-0.364851176738739,
-0.5052868723869324,
0.13627606630325317,
-0.0024615463335067034,
0.8981198668479919,
0.36043626070022583,
-0.5723382234573364,
0.20757821202278137,
-0.01752406358718872,
-0.4774390161037445,
0.030174527317285538,
0.22654959559440613,
0.7399346828460693,
0.4625764489173889,
-0.7061926126480103,
-0.32052356004714966,
-0.0333944670855999,
0.43567630648612976,
0.536260187625885,
-0.5913010239601135,
0.6852198243141174,
-0.5223279595375061,
-0.12706302106380463,
-0.6551131010055542,
0.4283240735530853,
0.7104804515838623,
-0.012006080709397793,
-0.10037904977798462,
0.06088600680232048,
0.5079051852226257,
0.23423612117767334,
0.1398841142654419,
-0.5320087671279907,
-0.2624930143356323,
0.22778843343257904,
0.3414899408817291,
-0.5747933387756348,
0.014230324886739254,
0.28963205218315125,
-0.22568237781524658,
0.05762643367052078,
-0.06636573374271393,
0.46921437978744507,
-0.45837539434432983,
0.08815333992242813,
-0.32501164078712463,
0.5400059223175049,
-0.6892567276954651,
-0.01215425319969654,
-0.12231399118900299,
-0.2373393177986145,
-0.10256277769804001,
0.48831620812416077,
0.030736155807971954,
-0.41520240902900696,
0.37241509556770325,
0.052926212549209595,
0.22947469353675842,
-0.3275485038757324,
0.1658814400434494,
0.2547580897808075,
0.07673699408769608,
-0.10486797243356705,
-1.2960543632507324,
0.007495308760553598,
0.4329017400741577,
-1.0841314792633057,
0.19357937574386597,
0.2731477916240692,
-0.07685105502605438,
-0.33051618933677673,
-0.28977686166763306,
0.2619582712650299,
-0.09350103884935379,
0.72633957862854
] |
233274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20harpsichordists | List of harpsichordists | Musicians who play the harpsichord are known as harpsichordists. This list includes post 19th-century harpsichordists. Notable earlier harpsichordists mostly appear on the list of Baroque composers.
A
Abraham Abreu
Isolde Ahlgrimm
Rinaldo Alessandrini
Tori Amos
Bob van Asperen
Emilie Autumn
Valda Aveling
B
Enrico Baiano
Ivor Bolton
Michael Borgstede
Hendrik Bouman
Bradley Brookshire
C
Nellie Chaplin
Elisabeth Chojnacka
William Christie
Grant Colburn
Elaine Comparone
Gary Cooper
Mónica Cosachov
Alan Cuckston
Laurence Cummings
Alan Curtis
D
Ottavio Dantone
Thurston Dart
Fernando De Luca
Huguette Dreyfus
E
Richard Egarr
Mahan Esfahani
F
Albert Fuller
G
Anne Gallet
Martin Galling
Lorenzo Ghielmi
Kenneth Gilbert
Lillian Gordis
H
Malcolm Hamilton
Pierre Hantaï
Barbara Harbach
Ketil Haugsand
Anton Heiller
Robert Hill
Asako Hirabayashi
Christopher Hogwood
J
Eileen Joyce
K
Rudolf Kelber
Ralph Kirkpatrick
Igor Kipnis
Ton Koopman
Nicholas Kraemer
L
Marcelle de Lacour
Wanda Landowska
Cosimo Damiano Lanza
Gustav Leonhardt
Raymond Leppard
Christiana Lin
Giedrė Lukšaitė-Mrázková
M
Marie Antoinette
Nicholas McGegan
George Malcolm
Alessandro De Marchi
Sylvia Marlowe
Mitzi Meyerson
Patrick Montan
Davitt Moroney
Lars Ulrik Mortensen
Oscar Milani
N
Nikolaus Newerkla
Anthony Newman
Hervé Niquet
P
Temple Painter
Joseph Payne
Martin Pearlman
Yella Pessl
Daniel Pinkham
Trevor Pinnock
Rafael Puyana
R
Mario Raskin
Karl Richter
Jean Rondeau
Scott Ross
Christophe Rousset
Gilbert Rowland
Zuzana Růžičková
S
Byron Schenkman
János Sebestyén
Skip Sempé
Luciano Sgrizzi
Millicent Silver
Heather Slade-Lipkin
Andreas Staier
Masaaki Suzuki
Simone Stella
T
Colin Tilney
Yann Tiersen
Rosalyn Tureck
V
Fernando Valenti
Jos Van Immerseel
Blandine Verlet
Robert Veyron-Lacroix
Jory Vinikour
W
Helmut Walcha
Peter Watchorn
Guy Whatley
Blanche Winogron
Ernst Victor Wolff
Violet Gordon-Woodhouse
Harpsichordists | [
-0.365518718957901,
0.29945775866508484,
-0.11630416661500931,
-0.41094672679901123,
-0.2574876546859741,
0.6860643029212952,
0.4290621280670166,
0.37693336606025696,
-1.318184494972229,
-0.48705214262008667,
-0.26589900255203247,
0.2175866812467575,
0.32807859778404236,
0.18286478519439697,
-0.09464389085769653,
0.5806965231895447,
0.23719492554664612,
0.14493171870708466,
-0.25456175208091736,
-0.6936355233192444,
-0.02194507233798504,
-0.09418246150016785,
0.5805562138557434,
-0.7113212943077087,
-0.17428073287010193,
-0.018845699727535248,
-0.3999328315258026,
-0.21694892644882202,
0.30860981345176697,
0.0012727314606308937,
-0.11371465772390366,
1.0575963258743286,
0.4464391767978668,
-0.5850270986557007,
0.07999042421579361,
-0.29328256845474243,
0.27515140175819397,
-0.4437001645565033,
0.15695533156394958,
-0.5708656907081604,
-0.12825480103492737,
-0.5621680021286011,
0.5876492857933044,
1.073459506034851,
-0.13247521221637726,
-0.02126656100153923,
-1.562852144241333,
-0.17363838851451874,
-0.17258358001708984,
0.45529720187187195,
0.30665507912635803,
0.0029078901279717684,
0.8941925764083862,
1.1011723279953003,
0.13935762643814087,
-0.11260794848203659,
-0.301144003868103,
0.1912994086742401,
0.35699668526649475,
0.2790529727935791,
0.18788985908031464,
0.8647670149803162,
-0.05675673112273216,
-0.2861902117729187,
0.28351280093193054,
0.08153140544891357,
-0.10957727581262589,
0.5169551968574524,
-0.6501075625419617,
-0.11049964278936386,
0.09410624951124191,
-0.4737604856491089,
0.3642306625843048,
-0.21766254305839539,
-0.1718035489320755,
-0.06593801826238632,
0.07542183995246887,
-0.10969151556491852,
0.48801013827323914,
-0.4031525254249573,
0.14999739825725555,
0.4312784671783447,
0.9093752503395081,
0.2171219289302826,
-0.015435399487614632,
0.30078941583633423,
-0.40286555886268616,
-0.3735206723213196,
-0.06498809903860092,
0.3478955626487732,
0.45591941475868225,
-0.2953222990036011,
0.5604060292243958,
0.46702292561531067,
-0.0985926017165184,
0.34089186787605286,
0.3318062722682953,
-0.2502995431423187,
0.12712791562080383,
0.20652170479297638,
0.42954596877098083,
0.7443503737449646,
0.35605043172836304,
-0.3520253598690033,
-0.03214998543262482,
0.024219175800681114,
-0.35054710507392883,
-0.02620077319443226,
-0.13767413794994354,
-1.0720957517623901,
-0.3161579370498657,
0.05526599660515785,
-0.09521358460187912,
0.14170917868614197,
-0.2528350055217743,
0.33913928270339966,
0.439948707818985,
0.07136761397123337,
-0.5606748461723328,
-0.09737761318683624,
0.4773032069206238,
0.6088866591453552,
0.3562577962875366,
-0.12789559364318848,
-0.607685923576355,
0.618218183517456,
0.8407557606697083,
0.5833839774131775,
0.4000762104988098,
-0.02159423939883709,
0.566754162311554,
1.0502713918685913,
-0.04340492561459541,
-0.2635011374950409,
0.34399843215942383,
-0.011683299206197262,
0.673963725566864,
0.4634280204772949,
0.2615561783313751,
0.6800475716590881,
-0.33376234769821167,
-0.4217844605445862,
-1.6921333074569702,
-0.578220784664154,
0.33171623945236206,
-0.7350252866744995,
-0.4960392415523529,
-0.1200905442237854,
-0.1047229990363121,
0.12084723263978958,
-0.0790819600224495,
-0.05309581756591797,
-0.2004232406616211,
0.22216486930847168,
-0.22224660217761993,
-0.17454396188259125,
0.6705093383789062,
-0.3362596929073334,
0.46924644708633423,
-0.1353738009929657,
-0.08814216405153275,
-0.3957923948764801,
-0.1609639823436737,
0.2417675405740738,
-0.39482390880584717,
0.3758195638656616,
0.19067402184009552,
0.3290081322193146,
-0.13906630873680115,
0.40530988574028015,
-0.8860833644866943,
0.4519978165626526,
0.3579917252063751,
-0.5014937520027161,
-0.22973677515983582,
-0.2336779236793518,
0.5060650110244751,
0.4016857147216797,
0.856501579284668,
-0.16936944425106049,
-0.7717153429985046,
-0.027587231248617172,
0.5440084934234619,
-0.4769424796104431,
0.6197969913482666,
0.39877060055732727,
0.39643681049346924,
0.3722178339958191,
0.5125590562820435,
-0.13530874252319336,
-0.04029948264360428,
-0.2143065333366394,
0.35768264532089233,
-0.048557620495557785,
0.8978196978569031,
0.1911035180091858,
-0.7122257351875305,
0.10082793980836868,
0.45081862807273865,
0.3837413489818573,
-0.27653345465660095,
-0.11627072095870972,
-0.02752913534641266,
0.2355329841375351,
-0.5781534314155579,
1.2707279920578003,
0.09602616727352142,
-0.10420222580432892,
0.6514788866043091,
-0.08643735200166702,
0.7715316414833069,
-0.5091973543167114,
0.11205737292766571,
-0.4382020831108093,
0.10180006176233292,
-0.2052086442708969,
-0.583570122718811,
0.4346630871295929,
-0.22684070467948914,
-0.7448523640632629,
0.6473569273948669,
0.47097450494766235,
0.5020031332969666,
0.41085174679756165,
0.02625168114900589,
1.2410550117492676,
-0.4988473057746887,
0.1649780422449112,
0.021493172273039818,
0.08630608022212982,
0.5016247630119324,
-0.18193814158439636,
0.1420871615409851,
0.19530446827411652,
-0.6753001809120178,
0.07792239636182785,
-0.23551131784915924,
-0.4312227666378021,
0.14786866307258606,
-0.30368006229400635,
0.173749178647995,
0.3713986575603485,
-0.7803494930267334,
0.23689965903759003,
-0.13474297523498535,
-0.23475892841815948,
-0.2525947690010071,
-0.05245126783847809,
-0.12901383638381958,
-0.08681465685367584,
0.6353235244750977,
0.0015672474401071668,
0.13659249246120453,
-0.0631900504231453,
-0.23791448771953583,
0.05392881855368614,
0.3093031942844391,
0.2485029399394989,
-0.32342594861984253,
0.6395933628082275,
-0.1898372620344162,
0.08635056018829346,
0.7006105184555054,
0.2286701649427414,
-0.4732684791088104,
-0.8727205991744995,
0.23668043315410614,
-0.7721887826919556,
1.241885781288147,
0.2787289023399353,
0.427703320980072,
-0.04446810856461525,
-0.2471853643655777,
-1.3849276304244995,
-0.17238207161426544,
-0.06517000496387482,
-0.4691076874732971,
0.014099575579166412,
-0.4624919593334198,
-0.44124090671539307,
-0.19981712102890015,
0.3801122009754181,
0.32829800248146057,
-0.20590686798095703,
-0.7936587333679199,
0.4356665313243866,
0.418152779340744,
-0.19199952483177185,
0.5224759578704834,
-0.24730263650417328,
-0.35566940903663635,
0.22224459052085876,
-0.03127700835466385,
0.13880182802677155,
0.15011125802993774,
0.12620115280151367,
-0.26419875025749207,
0.3014725148677826,
-0.5231359601020813,
-1.0084930658340454,
-1.016098141670227,
0.31621283292770386,
-0.3684457540512085,
-0.2585586607456207,
0.013016746379435062,
-0.22705382108688354,
-0.15980319678783417,
-0.03355966508388519,
-5.032176971435547,
-0.10406367480754852,
-0.20184719562530518,
-0.4272468090057373,
0.23172339797019958,
0.14237776398658752,
0.8745110034942627,
-0.8135250806808472,
-0.19594037532806396,
0.04935120791196823,
0.14669036865234375,
0.17492276430130005,
-0.15199746191501617,
1.1167175769805908,
0.38759440183639526,
0.44480565190315247,
0.2787506580352783,
-0.0174579918384552,
0.1875881552696228,
-0.36614322662353516,
0.4101697504520416,
0.09710608422756195,
0.34686794877052307,
0.0324896015226841,
-0.251801997423172,
0.4492880702018738,
-0.26841896772384644,
-0.37981152534484863,
-0.5375219583511353,
-0.03983074799180031,
-0.22758126258850098,
0.4555504024028778,
-0.35880225896835327,
-0.41720154881477356,
-0.1492474228143692,
-0.039450064301490784,
0.44299229979515076,
0.6410458087921143,
0.18966975808143616,
-0.34732478857040405,
-0.5200116634368896,
0.539248526096344,
-0.2617087662220001,
0.19896818697452545,
0.2193422019481659,
0.034096311777830124,
-0.5470941662788391,
0.15554708242416382,
-0.2204582542181015,
0.6821423172950745,
-0.24678707122802734,
-0.4064142107963562,
1.1138521432876587,
0.39490917325019836,
0.2875696122646332,
-0.9241243600845337,
0.5484160780906677,
0.37514355778694153,
0.2039494812488556,
0.22080035507678986,
0.04902859404683113,
-0.18189610540866852,
0.18139314651489258,
-0.5826943516731262,
-0.10757957398891449,
-0.4654926061630249,
-1.1440834999084473,
0.016808973625302315,
0.4668627083301544,
0.6114072203636169,
-0.020153764635324478,
-0.300778865814209,
-0.0057053579948842525,
-0.9021815061569214,
0.4739159643650055,
-0.37195613980293274,
0.03454611450433731,
0.07315712422132492,
0.22532854974269867,
0.29126349091529846,
-0.1197853833436966,
-0.03333481773734093,
-0.5725947022438049,
0.4869479537010193,
0.13004185259342194,
-0.39392542839050293,
-0.7620904445648193,
-0.19834625720977783,
-0.799950361251831,
-0.459993451833725,
-0.02276863530278206,
-0.07414714992046356,
-0.055916957557201385,
0.2695414423942566,
0.34976470470428467,
0.5165757536888123,
0.547900378704071,
0.1745031625032425,
0.5621992945671082,
-0.08012499660253525,
0.0467974953353405,
-0.20453529059886932,
0.15193109214305878,
-0.020459376275539398,
0.05189849063754082,
-0.5455445051193237,
-0.14376026391983032,
0.23472221195697784,
0.9032472968101501,
-0.05157884955406189,
-0.1986321359872818,
-0.20584124326705933,
-0.3617768883705139,
-0.34894829988479614,
-0.17094799876213074,
-0.620037317276001,
-0.31162571907043457,
0.4651307761669159,
-0.14462009072303772,
-0.18081016838550568,
0.5762554407119751,
-0.5331642627716064,
-0.33066990971565247,
-0.041121017187833786,
-0.4972679316997528,
0.06008680909872055,
-0.0567290224134922,
-0.39776766300201416,
-0.3838808536529541,
0.20996934175491333,
-0.07368196547031403,
0.5599285960197449,
-0.23154547810554504,
0.05184687674045563,
0.1790253221988678,
-0.09105849266052246,
-0.44214770197868347,
0.32971951365470886,
-0.03348762169480324,
-0.8422961831092834,
0.21089541912078857,
-0.39947399497032166,
-0.6676282286643982,
0.08744794875383377,
0.3665076196193695,
0.790973424911499,
0.21239668130874634,
-0.2995970845222473,
-0.4676324725151062,
1.2082865238189697,
0.28008797764778137,
-0.2793777287006378,
0.2154431790113449,
-0.19746476411819458,
0.4496287703514099,
-0.05983280390501022,
-0.3556268811225891,
0.1223272755742073,
-1.0528258085250854,
-0.33353719115257263,
0.20494702458381653,
0.4029422998428345,
-0.972750723361969,
0.13929182291030884,
0.4605947434902191,
-0.5019444823265076,
-0.4467524290084839,
0.03057583048939705,
-0.031242288649082184,
0.8280743360519409,
0.21797685325145721,
-0.42451485991477966,
-0.4828068017959595,
-0.06906761229038239,
0.8092489838600159,
-0.46852269768714905,
0.5176330804824829,
0.8065029978752136,
-0.2703307569026947,
-0.3488093614578247,
0.24375194311141968,
-0.06328500807285309,
-0.044152192771434784,
0.22315232455730438,
0.16349230706691742,
0.07074175029993057,
-0.023134998977184296,
-0.5419753193855286,
0.04271383211016655,
-0.3508104979991913,
-0.16845886409282684,
0.5029076933860779,
-0.06422030180692673,
-0.4221857488155365,
-0.4159606993198395,
-0.6196155548095703,
-0.09783483296632767,
0.5190865993499756,
-0.0579073503613472,
-0.7988908290863037,
0.7025498151779175,
0.06962685286998749,
-0.35690587759017944,
0.20610524713993073,
0.428949236869812,
-0.2719525396823883,
0.24616879224777222,
-0.09535060077905655,
-0.7536323666572571,
0.3828587234020233,
-0.2719326913356781,
-0.6321477890014648,
0.5734289288520813,
0.32488998770713806,
-0.7551615238189697,
-0.2994019687175751,
0.4293068051338196,
-0.44365164637565613,
-0.37733155488967896,
-0.02462123893201351,
-0.3997359871864319,
0.2328467071056366,
-0.2642672657966614,
-0.2047656923532486,
-0.39755991101264954,
0.014664363116025925,
-0.07330988347530365,
-0.1625412106513977,
0.5849769115447998,
-0.5729681253433228,
-0.7012895941734314,
-0.04298388957977295,
-0.05939098447561264,
-0.16890841722488403,
-0.037881288677453995,
-0.08869852125644684,
-0.3852686285972595,
-0.08029522746801376,
-0.1870594024658203,
0.17768029868602753,
0.4441618025302887,
0.6906704306602478,
-0.021145427599549294,
-0.30513790249824524,
-0.4188348948955536,
0.09050644934177399,
0.3760741055011749,
-0.817986249923706,
-0.4553317129611969,
-0.11067862063646317,
0.08179491013288498,
-0.1636960208415985,
-0.9210573434829712,
-0.9145609736442566,
0.6346657276153564,
0.12935660779476166,
-0.18139620125293732,
0.11028397083282471,
0.43649110198020935,
0.2856205403804779,
0.10631566494703293,
0.04252416267991066,
-0.10517469048500061,
0.16798557341098785,
0.3207336664199829,
-0.22438475489616394,
-0.6350226998329163,
-0.4203667640686035,
0.20570173859596252,
-0.18726320564746857,
-0.43362709879875183,
0.17052505910396576,
-0.12990401685237885,
0.38523489236831665,
0.7435375452041626,
0.11060675978660583,
0.2675715386867523,
-0.4296663701534271,
0.47185298800468445,
-0.020009871572256088,
0.39123693108558655,
-0.0987413227558136,
0.40539902448654175,
-0.35688987374305725,
0.21685722470283508,
-0.13866202533245087,
-0.042901333421468735,
-0.3005222976207733,
-0.07353228330612183,
-0.35361748933792114,
0.049862880259752274,
-0.15378926694393158,
0.06238275766372681,
0.7714505195617676,
0.28040793538093567,
0.7831342220306396,
0.4794453978538513,
-0.04962543770670891,
0.04141787067055702,
-0.271645188331604,
-0.3007652163505554,
1.0730018615722656,
0.4469071626663208,
-0.5373637676239014,
0.31613513827323914,
-0.10871046036481857,
0.011592463590204716,
-0.20591913163661957,
-0.3588740825653076,
-0.0406099371612072,
-0.07660715281963348,
0.12880779802799225,
0.1591716706752777,
0.6745666861534119,
-0.0374315045773983,
-0.3808381259441376,
0.43166765570640564,
-0.6152070164680481,
0.05122585967183113,
0.5309442281723022,
0.03586675599217415,
-0.5876686573028564,
0.4938449263572693,
0.023625914007425308,
-0.5301576852798462,
0.2806057333946228,
0.08529995381832123,
-0.6940730810165405,
0.6349718570709229,
0.00005957519533694722,
0.6980386972427368,
0.5551191568374634,
-0.3066636919975281,
0.9823670983314514,
-0.5467341542243958,
-0.4058309495449066,
-0.1724172830581665,
-0.33750423789024353,
-0.695717453956604,
0.4944399297237396,
0.7009382247924805,
0.6927545070648193,
0.39136677980422974,
-0.3453648090362549,
0.009727847762405872,
-0.004024007357656956,
-0.5802916884422302,
0.05062157288193703,
-0.30231592059135437,
-0.7802393436431885,
0.33227062225341797,
0.219305619597435,
0.6065917015075684,
0.3552037477493286,
0.37348830699920654,
0.1286432445049286,
0.5958901047706604,
-0.2659783363342285,
0.21764422953128815,
-1.374057650566101,
0.15547870099544525,
-0.12034143507480621,
0.5982914566993713,
0.2228040099143982,
-0.0009256283519789577,
0.0030853240750730038,
-0.24753589928150177,
-0.10634439438581467,
-0.038889724761247635,
0.14895454049110413,
0.23467451333999634,
0.1927630752325058,
-0.16140151023864746,
0.29247015714645386,
-0.28569602966308594,
-0.14356178045272827,
-0.19562813639640808,
-0.08056991547346115,
0.41736161708831787,
-0.42548424005508423,
-0.6386513710021973,
-0.571529746055603,
-0.2849617898464203,
-0.3111140727996826,
0.09302644431591034,
-0.19704358279705048,
-0.2900915741920471,
0.128363236784935,
0.16095829010009766,
0.02601255103945732,
-0.26474031805992126,
0.019178178161382675,
0.4549277722835541,
-0.26307299733161926,
-0.8048330545425415,
-0.4732780456542969,
-0.45633000135421753,
0.587837815284729,
0.2939051687717438,
-0.11260485649108887,
-0.18998068571090698,
0.9637208580970764,
0.08828636258840561,
0.2461976408958435,
-0.46166616678237915,
-0.12439849227666855,
-0.5861003994941711,
0.08320901542901993,
-0.41027191281318665,
0.31336238980293274,
0.14548270404338837,
-0.280754953622818,
-0.015627851709723473,
0.311289519071579,
0.044482190161943436,
0.15470008552074432,
0.4106018543243408,
-0.18127450346946716,
0.08559537678956985,
-0.10905949771404266,
0.39882194995880127,
-0.34791621565818787,
0.2737015187740326,
0.16510942578315735,
-0.8987801671028137,
-0.2703586518764496,
0.14398939907550812,
-0.02913683094084263,
-0.40674033761024475,
0.6426309943199158,
-0.7228522896766663,
0.5171053409576416,
-0.4254395663738251,
-0.2857719659805298,
-0.0014531173510476947,
-0.24193327128887177,
0.8422635793685913,
0.304653137922287,
0.4836578369140625,
-0.7743634581565857,
-0.25423499941825867,
0.31002679467201233,
0.07441185414791107,
0.7533392906188965,
-3.3311028480529785,
-0.04713821783661842,
0.12369056791067123,
-0.4558289349079132,
-0.029422400519251823,
0.509024977684021,
0.41862693428993225,
-0.6368734240531921,
0.14212514460086823,
-0.25072425603866577,
0.19040076434612274,
-0.6453754305839539,
0.2859443128108978,
-0.48869532346725464,
0.2158469408750534,
0.455924391746521
] |
233281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementite | Cementite | Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, and is a frequently found and important constituent in ferrous metallurgy. While cementite is present in most steels and cast irons, it is produced as a raw material in the iron carbide process, which belongs to the family of alternative ironmaking technologies. The name cementite originated from the research of Floris Osmond and J. Werth, where the structure of solidified steel consists of a kind of cellular tissue in theory, with ferrite as the nucleus and Fe3C the envelope of the cells. The carbide therefore cemented the iron.
Metallurgy
In the iron–carbon system (i.e. plain-carbon steels and cast irons) it is a common constituent because ferrite can contain at most 0.02wt% of uncombined carbon. Therefore, in carbon steels and cast irons that are slowly cooled, a portion of the carbon is in the form of cementite. Cementite forms directly from the melt in the case of white cast iron. In carbon steel, cementite precipitates from austenite as austenite transforms to ferrite on slow cooling, or from martensite during tempering. An intimate mixture with ferrite, the other product of austenite, forms a lamellar structure called pearlite.
While cementite is thermodynamically unstable, eventually being converted to austenite (low carbon level) and graphite (high carbon level) at higher temperatures, it does not decompose on heating at temperatures below the eutectoid temperature (723 °C) on the metastable iron-carbon phase diagram.
Mechanical properties are difficult to obtain. Recent review by Bhadeshia provided the following: Room temperature microhardness of 760-1350HV; Bending strength of 4.6−8 GPa; Young's modulus of 160-180 GPa; Indentation fracture toughness of 1.5-2.7 MPa√m
Pure form
Cementite changes from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at its Curie temperature of approximately 480 K.
A natural iron carbide (containing minor amounts of nickel and cobalt) occurs in iron meteorites and is called cohenite after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described it. As carbon is one of the possible minor light alloy components of metallic planetary cores, the high-pressure/high-temperature properties of cementite (Fe3C) as a simple proxy for cohenite are studied experimentally. The figure shows the compressional behaviour at room temperature.
Other iron carbides
There are other forms of metastable iron carbides that have been identified in tempered steel and in the industrial Fischer–Tropsch process. These include epsilon (ε) carbide, hexagonal close-packed Fe2-3C, precipitates in plain-carbon steels of carbon content > 0.2%, tempered at 100–200 °C. Non-stoichiometric ε-carbide dissolves above ~200 °C, where Hägg carbides and cementite begin to form. Hägg carbide, monoclinic Fe5C2, precipitates in hardened tool steels tempered at 200–300 °C. It has also been found naturally as the mineral Edscottite in the Wedderburn meteorite Characterization of different iron carbides is not at all a trivial task, and often X-ray diffraction is complemented by Mössbauer spectroscopy.
References
Bibliography
Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Iron Carbides: From Prediction to Experimental Confirmation
External links
Crystal structure of cementite at NRL
Iron compounds
Carbides
Metallurgy
Iron | [
0.3151503801345825,
0.6665619015693665,
-0.23963205516338348,
0.037805333733558655,
-0.2936810255050659,
0.19377948343753815,
0.26237502694129944,
0.08952593058347702,
0.2226191908121109,
-0.46517103910446167,
-0.4003172218799591,
0.24085626006126404,
-0.39661672711372375,
0.7381430864334106,
0.3630208671092987,
0.6339315176010132,
0.40140584111213684,
0.26544737815856934,
-0.25479504466056824,
-0.11011407524347305,
-0.1443205326795578,
-0.13545186817646027,
0.30204692482948303,
-0.11924780905246735,
0.5011830925941467,
-0.13684052228927612,
0.19601619243621826,
-0.02437760680913925,
-0.19861721992492676,
0.16709692776203156,
-0.09354960173368454,
0.23399892449378967,
-0.26898089051246643,
-0.18885353207588196,
0.22218970954418182,
0.37390345335006714,
-0.13651539385318756,
-0.2141910344362259,
-0.24704253673553467,
-0.7686284780502319,
0.13123196363449097,
-0.14452484250068665,
0.398820698261261,
0.7378117442131042,
-0.7175583839416504,
0.49679529666900635,
-1.0658795833587646,
0.8197455406188965,
-0.6447815895080566,
-0.06350764632225037,
0.1653691977262497,
0.2062532752752304,
0.35403013229370117,
0.002112925285473466,
0.3465215563774109,
0.05889735370874405,
-0.7593089938163757,
-0.1362849771976471,
0.22848628461360931,
-0.07219239324331284,
-0.138754740357399,
0.46345043182373047,
-0.5642050504684448,
0.5089321136474609,
0.28034642338752747,
0.6160424947738647,
-0.08790058642625809,
0.12829254567623138,
-0.5792335271835327,
0.7277642488479614,
-0.24268175661563873,
-0.0072895195335149765,
-0.4581429958343506,
0.30996519327163696,
-0.16590049862861633,
0.27338913083076477,
-0.42052170634269714,
-0.4475816786289215,
-0.4649367928504944,
0.7173208594322205,
-0.24557921290397644,
0.8394747376441956,
0.6828309893608093,
-0.029972488060593605,
0.4847923219203949,
0.16075396537780762,
-0.7568237781524658,
0.7121637463569641,
-0.8984671831130981,
0.4400581121444702,
-0.4983764886856079,
0.5659441351890564,
0.30977797508239746,
0.05100925639271736,
0.2375948578119278,
-0.35836589336395264,
0.09036660194396973,
0.4214816391468048,
0.7171769142150879,
0.3969879448413849,
0.09255648404359818,
-0.5175904631614685,
-0.03218415752053261,
-0.25609180331230164,
0.09346982836723328,
-0.21837465465068817,
-0.9239298105239868,
-0.05624911189079285,
-0.24197305738925934,
0.20452222228050232,
-0.18646657466888428,
0.011881052516400814,
0.16874241828918457,
-0.08571547269821167,
0.0860147625207901,
-0.009692729450762272,
-0.2194758802652359,
0.6771796941757202,
-0.18645907938480377,
-0.12451118975877762,
-0.49524861574172974,
0.29241111874580383,
-0.30312347412109375,
0.060898810625076294,
-0.3754136264324188,
0.6571706533432007,
-0.27843841910362244,
0.656430184841156,
-0.9082739353179932,
-0.1281447559595108,
0.009584829211235046,
0.809341549873352,
-0.10706192255020142,
-0.20546336472034454,
0.15634457767009735,
-1.3835030794143677,
-0.5597580671310425,
-0.2279755026102066,
0.6336615681648254,
-0.14352300763130188,
-0.44455966353416443,
0.02944144979119301,
-0.4363269507884979,
0.08661340922117233,
0.352846622467041,
-0.23018544912338257,
-0.12820471823215485,
0.43370136618614197,
0.2231052964925766,
0.4573764204978943,
0.08116007596254349,
-0.47069403529167175,
-0.37825432419776917,
0.33584484457969666,
-0.7316203117370605,
-0.09506960958242416,
0.569753885269165,
-0.23900088667869568,
-0.2962210178375244,
-0.4479213058948517,
-0.5143007636070251,
-0.2764577865600586,
0.3321959972381592,
-0.19912658631801605,
0.1739560067653656,
-0.48179149627685547,
0.38714513182640076,
-0.0731300488114357,
0.003754414152354002,
0.7236844897270203,
-0.18407273292541504,
-0.24047218263149261,
-0.1892637014389038,
0.33962079882621765,
0.007384648080915213,
-0.3235290050506592,
-0.1857275366783142,
0.2767084836959839,
0.44579949975013733,
0.028496477752923965,
-0.5302169919013977,
0.09853605926036835,
0.4397498071193695,
0.2172086238861084,
0.22362226247787476,
-0.1183391883969307,
0.9579958915710449,
-0.30838412046432495,
0.36083143949508667,
-0.053435638546943665,
-0.17468227446079254,
0.1386195719242096,
0.17678885161876678,
-0.4261266887187958,
1.3346830606460571,
-0.12232151627540588,
-0.7122260332107544,
-0.12675656378269196,
0.10512672364711761,
0.259989470243454,
-0.07529737055301666,
0.35185688734054565,
0.6843655109405518,
-0.9139476418495178,
0.09575101733207703,
0.5813835859298706,
0.7042173743247986,
-0.0723978653550148,
0.371493935585022,
0.3504098653793335,
0.5142473578453064,
-0.1933637112379074,
0.9121105074882507,
-0.11049191653728485,
0.10779736936092377,
-0.7489819526672363,
0.12814317643642426,
0.35596975684165955,
0.1160881444811821,
0.08160727471113205,
0.7825508713722229,
-0.21716544032096863,
-0.22060054540634155,
0.4713783264160156,
-0.006154751405119896,
0.3554012179374695,
-0.08928519487380981,
-0.6337006688117981,
0.5246323347091675,
0.4184908866882324,
0.24101658165454865,
0.2988998591899872,
0.4107421934604645,
-0.1840512752532959,
0.6314282417297363,
-0.3449474275112152,
0.11608082056045532,
-0.008800678886473179,
-0.37922412157058716,
-0.18425031006336212,
0.164497509598732,
0.30277785658836365,
-0.5871753692626953,
-0.19688937067985535,
0.20660322904586792,
0.10711643844842911,
0.3629179894924164,
0.0499100498855114,
-0.7160378694534302,
0.1172812357544899,
0.11027064174413681,
-0.5590320825576782,
-0.05822489783167839,
-0.22783713042736053,
-0.18503499031066895,
-0.47840002179145813,
-0.35874366760253906,
-0.37766754627227783,
-0.8456254601478577,
0.1449349820613861,
-0.6395054459571838,
-0.5030969977378845,
-0.24363543093204498,
-0.15990447998046875,
-0.13192808628082275,
-0.2657238245010376,
-0.19642706215381622,
-0.04861636459827423,
0.4209038317203522,
0.5952433347702026,
0.3545565605163574,
0.09056368470191956,
-0.4894913136959076,
0.31766560673713684,
-0.19627857208251953,
-0.06466323137283325,
-0.2165476679801941,
0.19846096634864807,
-0.8213134407997131,
-0.008926020935177803,
-0.04258212074637413,
0.5901796221733093,
0.4387088716030121,
-0.6821258664131165,
-0.5809277296066284,
-0.2236691117286682,
0.06460202485322952,
-0.8692391514778137,
-0.3498505651950836,
-0.8205525279045105,
-0.4037397503852844,
-0.15206733345985413,
-0.08335652947425842,
-0.10655594617128372,
-0.06534635275602341,
0.22120022773742676,
-0.17309854924678802,
-0.007398725487291813,
0.07502491027116776,
-0.5581902265548706,
0.06725259870290756,
0.15557672083377838,
-0.6197232604026794,
0.05088363587856293,
0.37008368968963623,
0.5525513887405396,
-0.41722947359085083,
-0.19550159573554993,
-5.7176032066345215,
0.044835809618234634,
0.2594657838344574,
-0.1693635880947113,
1.0995891094207764,
0.11667311191558838,
0.3141407072544098,
-0.1785397082567215,
0.24567681550979614,
-0.16769972443580627,
-0.3747493326663971,
0.6700452566146851,
0.16278475522994995,
0.35481151938438416,
0.3225097060203552,
0.01943344436585903,
0.7552670836448669,
-0.25826096534729004,
0.05411703139543533,
0.3254472017288208,
-0.06247566267848015,
0.3468916118144989,
0.024538207799196243,
0.7003840208053589,
-0.30824679136276245,
-0.39997148513793945,
-0.19421449303627014,
0.5000603795051575,
-0.15503543615341187,
-0.2927490174770355,
-0.12958075106143951,
0.011434642598032951,
0.16296914219856262,
-0.18497498333454132,
0.3397861123085022,
0.44751837849617004,
0.1367723047733307,
-0.008183966390788555,
-0.4220981001853943,
-0.5072458386421204,
-0.08205360174179077,
0.3065153658390045,
0.024374114349484444,
-0.1408378779888153,
0.40384751558303833,
-0.4482199251651764,
-0.07099688798189163,
-0.21481798589229584,
-0.3596284091472626,
0.6210257411003113,
-0.13696664571762085,
0.2791452407836914,
0.524013876914978,
-0.27995043992996216,
0.36813274025917053,
0.4999440312385559,
0.4069855213165283,
-0.12266841530799866,
-0.5347551703453064,
-0.024662502110004425,
-0.347222238779068,
0.08800473064184189,
-0.07671357691287994,
0.14520807564258575,
-0.4322809875011444,
-0.5023512244224548,
-0.5953716039657593,
0.29541096091270447,
0.29058322310447693,
-0.3530326783657074,
-0.8454821109771729,
0.22670620679855347,
-0.025170771405100822,
-0.4683428108692169,
0.7215330004692078,
-0.21309319138526917,
0.21876740455627441,
-0.5512130260467529,
-0.36106640100479126,
0.07621052861213684,
-0.7179096937179565,
0.5747013688087463,
0.018607845529913902,
0.4129974842071533,
0.3653307259082794,
0.8211995363235474,
0.024929039180278778,
0.017054419964551926,
0.0966309905052185,
-0.26626911759376526,
0.610548198223114,
-0.18849711120128632,
0.1889992505311966,
0.3560662269592285,
0.2731415629386902,
0.1769067347049713,
0.11365574598312378,
0.006698547396808863,
0.5164370536804199,
-0.12105026841163635,
0.8313652873039246,
-0.09403713047504425,
-0.1072203516960144,
-0.15572407841682434,
-0.4424605965614319,
-0.5596292018890381,
0.14017634093761444,
0.31707921624183655,
0.18603545427322388,
-0.005834628362208605,
0.08978452533483505,
1.0831718444824219,
-0.6467031836509705,
-0.26077601313591003,
0.5959811806678772,
0.1195041760802269,
-0.8338835835456848,
-0.0438147708773613,
0.2503284811973572,
-0.2465571016073227,
0.08252868056297302,
0.4350464344024658,
-0.028707250952720642,
-0.25079259276390076,
-0.3727937936782837,
-0.05166761204600334,
0.33701246976852417,
-0.2972368001937866,
-0.0976186990737915,
0.12837503850460052,
-0.2999361753463745,
0.4987034499645233,
-0.14359436929225922,
0.5206842422485352,
-0.05985501781105995,
-0.000382526806788519,
-0.3174215853214264,
-0.07410555332899094,
-0.4940192401409149,
-0.6797691583633423,
0.4783596098423004,
-0.2324393391609192,
-0.07469084113836288,
-0.5259377360343933,
0.8626204133033752,
0.06383827328681946,
-0.5884037017822266,
0.4708213806152344,
-0.11855032294988632,
0.22006505727767944,
0.505210816860199,
-0.03266877308487892,
-0.14677326381206512,
-0.18988636136054993,
-0.4513668715953827,
0.20128019154071808,
0.2509343922138214,
0.7408044338226318,
0.3108827769756317,
-0.706653892993927,
-0.1796911358833313,
0.2589356303215027,
-0.5360460877418518,
-0.11485850811004639,
-0.04558676853775978,
-0.49958503246307373,
-0.3709350526332855,
0.0179083663970232,
-0.6997601389884949,
0.1491042673587799,
-0.29393887519836426,
0.11894554644823074,
-0.4905100464820862,
-0.388325959444046,
-0.14673401415348053,
0.2890434265136719,
-0.14423014223575592,
0.19148501753807068,
-0.11929087340831757,
-0.5752545595169067,
0.22853614389896393,
-0.15326178073883057,
0.08223116397857666,
0.1911926120519638,
0.004618195351213217,
-0.4359939694404602,
-0.40316399931907654,
0.01617593877017498,
0.03958519175648689,
-0.651468813419342,
0.7942715883255005,
-0.6408427357673645,
0.09382512420415878,
0.036741483956575394,
0.19301950931549072,
-0.4307538568973541,
0.47911638021469116,
0.3161464035511017,
0.2137349396944046,
-0.8849367499351501,
-0.32469451427459717,
0.24155065417289734,
-0.8341876864433289,
0.220954030752182,
0.7429844737052917,
-0.05518189072608948,
-0.1710856705904007,
0.13917237520217896,
0.2402312308549881,
0.03451814875006676,
0.22069580852985382,
-0.5750933885574341,
-0.09054546803236008,
-0.0903174877166748,
-0.2722129225730896,
0.43002036213874817,
0.7359157800674438,
-0.37671563029289246,
-0.21774613857269287,
-0.21177798509597778,
0.26534947752952576,
-0.7743974328041077,
0.6003591418266296,
-0.1284308135509491,
-0.07249297201633453,
0.5417537689208984,
0.45459315180778503,
0.12010008096694946,
0.32413360476493835,
-0.33058735728263855,
0.5346429347991943,
0.15116828680038452,
-0.4829612076282501,
0.280437707901001,
0.1130576953291893,
-0.1816922128200531,
-0.5296399593353271,
0.1455215960741043,
-0.453637033700943,
0.10484172403812408,
0.30384209752082825,
0.5858008861541748,
0.534325897693634,
-0.26144319772720337,
-0.5521984696388245,
-0.42030081152915955,
0.4378785192966461,
-0.08541150391101837,
-0.32742154598236084,
0.30630922317504883,
0.4711061716079712,
-0.5551871657371521,
-0.7304385900497437,
-0.7183151245117188,
0.32752618193626404,
-0.3829461634159088,
0.42909449338912964,
-0.34139785170555115,
0.13067889213562012,
0.24315138161182404,
-0.49992892146110535,
-0.25860410928726196,
0.18779407441616058,
0.15842357277870178,
-0.16757696866989136,
-0.5072347521781921,
-0.6058784127235413,
-0.48240935802459717,
0.43492764234542847,
-0.5259113311767578,
-0.2314155548810959,
0.026123525574803352,
0.5106490254402161,
0.4820706844329834,
0.13666598498821259,
0.5150197744369507,
0.580538809299469,
-0.5067815780639648,
-0.07891154289245605,
0.556553065776825,
-0.4793301820755005,
0.43388649821281433,
0.2493748813867569,
-0.4344695806503296,
-0.10465873777866364,
-0.5248926877975464,
-0.39882636070251465,
-0.3118765652179718,
-0.8934195041656494,
-0.0632723793387413,
-0.2664302885532379,
-0.17400217056274414,
-0.3195438086986542,
-0.7348461151123047,
-0.3619736433029175,
0.5712988972663879,
-0.4603625237941742,
0.9470246434211731,
-0.11493337899446487,
0.7992454171180725,
-0.5443280935287476,
0.7380733489990234,
0.3434711694717407,
-0.4243265986442566,
-0.37344443798065186,
-0.3647378981113434,
-0.033337272703647614,
-0.2979891896247864,
-0.13175706565380096,
0.03988515958189964,
0.13362069427967072,
-0.026196755468845367,
-0.18079374730587006,
0.5321796536445618,
-0.16983726620674133,
0.3819129467010498,
0.7642625570297241,
-0.34440723061561584,
-0.06374827772378922,
0.484113872051239,
0.43625059723854065,
-0.33842241764068604,
0.17966972291469574,
-0.5541805028915405,
0.12396903336048126,
0.9316551089286804,
0.39681383967399597,
0.0638761967420578,
-0.38305342197418213,
0.3207966983318329,
0.9187400937080383,
-0.057310279458761215,
0.06596999615430832,
0.04604484885931015,
0.18033234775066376,
-0.36353006958961487,
0.1023407056927681,
0.06780971586704254,
-0.24315418303012848,
1.0081313848495483,
-0.03483954444527626,
0.39562419056892395,
-0.5302008390426636,
-0.10127599537372589,
0.48077791929244995,
0.37045639753341675,
-0.27035242319107056,
-0.12478900700807571,
-0.3982136845588684,
0.5407780408859253,
0.20612476766109467,
-0.16663099825382233,
0.28202733397483826,
0.11544192582368851,
-0.3714308440685272,
-0.4673573672771454,
0.44258514046669006,
-0.26769712567329407,
-0.08040941506624222,
0.30625006556510925,
-0.2503115236759186,
0.6075289845466614,
0.4820759892463684,
0.03174706920981407,
-0.4818451404571533,
-0.21866950392723083,
0.3047928810119629,
-0.38313135504722595,
-0.520958662033081,
0.11579371988773346,
0.04784810170531273,
0.1672481745481491,
-0.4750231206417084,
0.6812135577201843,
-0.3334120512008667,
-0.5360303521156311,
0.4668290913105011,
0.3430293798446655,
0.30798789858818054,
-0.07883238047361374,
-0.3011628985404968,
-0.17114658653736115,
-0.7979739904403687,
-0.5462949872016907,
-0.1078503355383873,
-0.20130519568920135,
0.08777940273284912,
0.5897403955459595,
-0.29097285866737366,
0.28707489371299744,
0.16555392742156982,
0.15816809237003326,
-0.061287302523851395,
-0.17569884657859802,
-0.3407195210456848,
-0.35607895255088806,
0.19349680840969086,
0.5991431474685669,
0.044678620994091034,
-0.09238535910844803,
0.09347397089004517,
0.6270369291305542,
0.5490902066230774,
-0.07746072113513947,
-0.13803979754447937,
0.19329921901226044,
-0.31804585456848145,
0.6558154225349426,
-0.6075823903083801,
0.1158319041132927,
0.4237178862094879,
-0.10009784251451492,
-0.3451148569583893,
0.21923600137233734,
-0.4575854539871216,
0.14553233981132507,
0.6319296956062317,
-0.09996112436056137,
0.12474310398101807,
-0.13469521701335907,
0.7981002926826477,
-0.09041149914264679,
0.030633388087153435,
0.27179691195487976,
-0.17316502332687378,
-0.16757670044898987,
0.4456050395965576,
-0.07821080833673477,
-0.4043136239051819,
0.23688596487045288,
0.045018404722213745,
-0.0869067907333374,
-0.07636742293834686,
0.6277501583099365,
-0.9999441504478455,
0.023788906633853912,
-0.1815960854291916,
0.34101197123527527,
-0.5871171951293945,
-0.20594672858715057,
0.6024640202522278,
0.05882004275918007,
-0.5088443756103516,
-0.20106598734855652,
-0.2145039141178131,
-0.33884307742118835,
-0.43204474449157715,
-0.5532906651496887,
-0.17663536965847015,
0.023138893768191338,
0.0439225509762764,
-0.22818563878536224,
-0.1879856288433075,
0.4134301245212555,
-0.023367486894130707,
-0.4499530792236328,
-0.2761261463165283,
-0.8706665635108948,
0.4382624626159668,
0.3646295666694641
] |
233302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Cleveland%20%28LPD-7%29 | USS Cleveland (LPD-7) | USS Cleveland (LPD-7), an Austin-class amphibious transport dock, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the city in Ohio. Her keel was laid down at Ingalls Shipbuilding of Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was launched on 7 May 1966, and was commissioned on 21 April 1967 at Norfolk, Virginia. At the time of decommissioning, she was the third-oldest commissioned ship in the US Navy, behind ("Old Ironsides") and .
After commissioning, Cleveland changed homeport to San Diego, California, to become a member of the Pacific Fleet's Amphibious Force. Cleveland divided her time between operations in the Eastern Pacific and extended deployments to the Western Pacific. Cleveland was normally assigned as part of an Amphibious Readiness Group (ARG) and, with her embarked Marines and other forces, performed a wide variety of missions.
1960s to 1980s
Cleveland first saw action during the Tet Offensive in 1968. In 1972 Cleveland served close in shore in the DMZ region as a platform for 7 Marine AH-1 Cobrajet helos performing operations on NVA troop and supply lines. In January 1973 Cleveland was in a task force on its way to make a landing with Marines in North Vietnam when the Paris peace treaty was signed. After the Vietnam War cease-fire in January 1973, Cleveland joined Task Force 78 in the mine-clearing effort of Haiphong Harbor and Operation End Sweep. Cleveland then began a series of seven Western Pacific deployments between 1974 and 1985.
In 1978, portions of the film Inchon was filmed during a practice amphibious assault off the coast of Korea. This is referenced in the ship's logs of 1978.
Assigned duties as Third Fleet flagship from January through November 1988, Cleveland once again demonstrated the flexibility and professionalism that became her hallmark. Cleveland then briefly shifted focus to environmental protection when she deployed to Prince William Sound, Alaska, in support of oil spill cleanup efforts associated with the Exxon Valdez disaster.
1990s
The ship's next two deployments, in 1990 and 1991, were in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. In October 1992 and in March 1993, Cleveland deployed on short notice to Central America in support of law enforcement operations, or LEO OPS where she was the first LPD to embark an SH-60 Seahawk helicopter. During the March 1993 deployment, Cleveland and the embarked Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) played a key role in what was the largest maritime cocaine seizure to date involving the motor vessel Sea Chariot. This was the result of an unprecedented Joint Counter Drug Mission between the United States Navy and the Colombian Navy called Operation Emerald. These two deployments included four transits of the Panama Canal and steaming over 20,000 miles.
While deployed to the Western Pacific in 1994, Cleveland participated in United Nations relief efforts in Rwanda and the relocation of the United States Liaison office from Mogadishu, Somalia, to Nairobi, Kenya. Following the relocation efforts, Cleveland was ordered to steam into the North Persian Gulf to assist in deterring Iraq's massing of troops on the Kuwaiti border as part of Operation Vigilant Warrior.
Her next inter-deployment cycle was highlighted by Exercise "RIMPAC '96" off the coast of Hawaii, which included the first ever multilateral exercise involving US and Russian forces in US waters. The trip to Hawaii for the exercise culminated in a parade of ships for the 50th anniversary celebration to commemorate the end of the Pacific War. Cleveland returned to the North Persian Gulf during her deployment in 1996 and 1997, participating in coalition and bilateral exercises and achieving yet another milestone as the first Amphibious Warship to actively participate in Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) in support of United Nations sanctions against Iraq.
In the summer of 1998, Cleveland once again participated in the bi-annual RIMPAC exercise. Cleveland then began her sixteenth major deployment in December 1998, embarking Navy SEALs, elements of the 13th MEU(SOC) – Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operation Capable) – and a detachment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). During this deployment Cleveland stood off the Horn of Africa, inserting a military liaison team into Eritrea and remaining ready to conduct a non-combatant evacuation operation. Cleveland then returned to the Persian Gulf to conduct MIO where she served as flagship for the commander of all MIO forces in the Persian Gulf. During this period, an embarked UAV discovered an Iraqi surface-to-surface missile site that was threatening coalition forces. Aircraft from destroyed this missile site while the UAV transmitted live imagery back to Cleveland.
2000s
Cleveland was once again called upon to perform outside her normal realm of operations while participating in recovery and salvage efforts of Alaska Airlines flight 261 in February 2000, receiving the Coast Guard Unit Commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device. Following a Fleet Week visit to San Francisco, California, Cleveland completed her training cycle and deployed for the seventeenth time in March 2001.
Deployed in Jan 2003 in support of operations relevant to the beginning of the ground war which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States and commenced on 20 March 2003 (prior to 19 March, the mission in Iraq was called Operation Enduring Freedom, a carryover from the War in Afghanistan).[20] The invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. Cleveland sailed as part of the USN Magnificent Seven, consisting of the ships USS Dubuque (LPD-8), USS Boxer (LHD-4), USS Comstock (LSD-45), USS Anchorage (LSD-36), USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) and USS Pearl Harbor (LSD-52). Embarked were USMC Amphibious Task Force West and Landing Force West w/ HMM 163 and supporting USMC elements.
USS Cleveland (LPD-7) arrived in San Diego, 4 August 2011, returning from Pacific Partnership 2011, concluding the ship's final mission prior to its decommissioning. During the course of the ship's final mission, the medical contingent treated 38,696 patients at medical and dental civic action projects, or MEDCAPs and DENCAPs.
Both governments of the U.S. and Mexico could not come to an agreement regarding the sale of the vessel; therefore the ship continued on active duty until its decommissioning on 30 September 2011. USS Cleveland will transit to Hawaii, where the ship will be in an inactive reserve status.
Awards
In her 44 years of service, Cleveland received two Combat Action Ribbons, the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, the Navy Unit Commendation, three Meritorious Unit Commendations, eight Navy Excellence Ribbons, three Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals, 23 Vietnam Service Medals, the Southwest Asia Service Medal, the Humanitarian Service Medal, the Coast Guard Unit Commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device, and three Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation.
References
The article includes information from Cleveland's Web site, cleveland.navy.mil
External links
"Index for Histories/Command Operations Reports submitted by Cleveland (LPD 7)", Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center
Austin-class amphibious transport docks
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Vietnam War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
United States Navy Ohio-related ships
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1966 ships | [
-0.5853887796401978,
-0.19950906932353973,
0.03364543244242668,
0.17070649564266205,
-0.011654254980385303,
0.6682876348495483,
-0.04326774179935455,
-0.0501730740070343,
-0.6143887042999268,
-0.1299874186515808,
-0.17328830063343048,
0.5147579312324524,
-0.4125714898109436,
0.21098560094833374,
0.3997153341770172,
-0.09352991729974747,
0.08332348614931107,
0.706731915473938,
-0.0851949006319046,
-0.3527333438396454,
-0.14404109120368958,
-0.06639263033866882,
0.4075815975666046,
0.33320674300193787,
-0.10160688310861588,
0.08395900577306747,
0.39699310064315796,
0.2835182845592499,
0.5519542098045349,
0.4673675000667572,
0.191910982131958,
0.5714132189750671,
0.1498643159866333,
-0.09248386323451996,
0.11602695286273956,
0.012078354135155678,
-0.145882248878479,
-0.12840282917022705,
-0.2858332097530365,
-0.028248615562915802,
-0.8077188730239868,
-0.2329072654247284,
0.07586554437875748,
0.17001742124557495,
-0.14549830555915833,
0.46188926696777344,
-1.3904428482055664,
0.13650549948215485,
-0.09299755841493607,
-0.011973573826253414,
-0.6080753803253174,
-0.15753433108329773,
0.3724592328071594,
0.8154537081718445,
0.3056655526161194,
0.47323936223983765,
-1.2168258428573608,
0.6012039184570312,
-0.5478309392929077,
-0.4600676894187927,
0.40036875009536743,
0.1747114509344101,
1.055125117301941,
0.20806726813316345,
-0.0642285868525505,
0.2120039016008377,
-0.4404081404209137,
0.6853032112121582,
-0.15090925991535187,
0.08805538713932037,
0.4215187132358551,
-0.48878148198127747,
-0.44714489579200745,
0.47571417689323425,
-0.20854872465133667,
0.017165666446089745,
-0.4181467294692993,
-0.590250551700592,
0.0830187126994133,
0.9467911124229431,
-0.13128691911697388,
0.39157620072364807,
1.4144082069396973,
0.41767215728759766,
0.20614945888519287,
0.10844491422176361,
-0.9801034331321716,
0.17940367758274078,
-0.19781149923801422,
0.7193809151649475,
-0.8956813216209412,
-0.3249918222427368,
0.3245866000652313,
0.6245452165603638,
0.3326289653778076,
-0.07911744713783264,
-0.1725095510482788,
0.0937240794301033,
0.21266339719295502,
0.4470806419849396,
-0.054101668298244476,
0.49248120188713074,
0.17412017285823822,
0.100435771048069,
-0.21346168220043182,
-0.0538463331758976,
-0.16866222023963928,
-0.39732709527015686,
-0.5674643516540527,
-0.33312904834747314,
-0.37650996446609497,
-0.17689719796180725,
-0.069049172103405,
-0.609613299369812,
-0.6244229078292847,
0.16843661665916443,
0.24020695686340332,
-0.3107404112815857,
0.0835961103439331,
-0.39686840772628784,
0.7570081949234009,
0.5317383408546448,
0.056291092187166214,
-0.2238861620426178,
0.12592314183712006,
0.205400288105011,
0.6825435757637024,
0.5529996752738953,
-0.4891974925994873,
0.6251258254051208,
0.25138819217681885,
0.2976028323173523,
-0.12225281447172165,
0.35065823793411255,
-0.2811875641345978,
-0.5420454740524292,
0.2777092158794403,
0.6494070887565613,
0.4716433584690094,
0.12367729842662811,
-0.855703592300415,
0.11163170635700226,
-0.5243953466415405,
-0.6622624397277832,
0.4500194191932678,
-0.5859032869338989,
0.06167356297373772,
0.258108526468277,
-0.13702213764190674,
-0.2715521454811096,
0.24895451962947845,
-0.6306350827217102,
0.2600213885307312,
0.160640686750412,
-0.48978373408317566,
0.38551613688468933,
0.5006324648857117,
-0.5790720582008362,
0.38973304629325867,
0.6274693012237549,
-0.08548898994922638,
0.441928893327713,
-0.10538377612829208,
0.0297397393733263,
0.12660862505435944,
0.08904778212308884,
0.3595167100429535,
-0.41220226883888245,
0.35077399015426636,
-0.060601796954870224,
-0.06749175488948822,
-0.06537152826786041,
0.5300852656364441,
-0.027640508487820625,
-0.04093169420957565,
0.10958561301231384,
0.3705551326274872,
0.015142911113798618,
-0.06789277493953705,
-0.4947834014892578,
-0.505092203617096,
-0.022385016083717346,
0.256454199552536,
0.06265315413475037,
0.2628885507583618,
-0.20164799690246582,
0.3173811137676239,
-0.21085073053836823,
0.17195723950862885,
0.09787473827600479,
-0.11091195046901703,
-0.5581327080726624,
-0.08064092695713043,
0.2596907913684845,
1.105860710144043,
0.08042050898075104,
-0.5587332844734192,
-0.4216827154159546,
0.3833930790424347,
0.7035854458808899,
0.38204842805862427,
-0.5909954905509949,
0.38026052713394165,
-0.0623207725584507,
-0.8685664534568787,
0.3904942274093628,
-0.38583293557167053,
0.4359065592288971,
0.02304181642830372,
0.9675995707511902,
0.18865740299224854,
-0.8630530834197998,
0.27953967452049255,
0.46456608176231384,
0.1140706017613411,
-0.747738242149353,
-0.4693796634674072,
-0.8735781311988831,
0.01557701826095581,
-0.32852938771247864,
0.6437728404998779,
0.4996646046638489,
-0.19515369832515717,
-0.1528012454509735,
-0.35989564657211304,
0.15620265901088715,
-0.5995826125144958,
0.4763571321964264,
0.135301411151886,
0.24235258996486664,
0.31196293234825134,
0.32133108377456665,
-0.6356089115142822,
-0.7552515864372253,
0.6679114699363708,
-0.3174586594104767,
0.19269192218780518,
-0.3628908395767212,
0.27538183331489563,
-0.05589728057384491,
-0.01254317257553339,
0.46366721391677856,
-0.5918453335762024,
-0.00384537479840219,
-0.02958965301513672,
-0.9606039524078369,
0.4984249472618103,
-0.12527070939540863,
0.30709144473075867,
-0.2875863313674927,
0.5077318549156189,
0.4134640395641327,
0.2541649639606476,
-0.47752633690834045,
-0.7622793316841125,
-0.008254939690232277,
-0.12630175054073334,
0.34227195382118225,
0.13326989114284515,
-0.3039489686489105,
0.12496379762887955,
0.4910089373588562,
0.15583378076553345,
0.29598018527030945,
0.35444432497024536,
-0.6666408181190491,
-0.42923352122306824,
-0.0010176661890000105,
0.5424072742462158,
-0.14282554388046265,
0.5420576333999634,
-0.2972302734851837,
0.5724563002586365,
-0.8070335388183594,
0.037584129720926285,
-0.20283398032188416,
-0.46038010716438293,
0.5434325933456421,
-0.5978249907493591,
-0.9239626526832581,
0.7328102588653564,
1.0034679174423218,
0.17635048925876617,
-0.5275041460990906,
-0.6505141854286194,
-0.11878552287817001,
0.0026382403448224068,
0.22545136511325836,
-0.16531094908714294,
-0.34519320726394653,
-0.0780290812253952,
-0.6039561033248901,
0.051215723156929016,
0.07281708717346191,
0.040021736174821854,
0.6136813163757324,
0.07364542782306671,
-0.00781912263482809,
0.1144009381532669,
-0.20177072286605835,
-0.6682394742965698,
0.38556498289108276,
-0.058388736099004745,
-0.23070061206817627,
0.34502512216567993,
-0.0931883230805397,
-0.4881943464279175,
0.20036090910434723,
-5.341996669769287,
0.11222875863313675,
-0.46588531136512756,
-0.0002979226701427251,
0.6736538410186768,
0.14656193554401398,
0.5246584415435791,
-0.32040777802467346,
-0.20336492359638214,
-0.3749682605266571,
0.36982500553131104,
0.19023028016090393,
-0.06803019344806671,
0.05766121670603752,
-0.0017347672255709767,
0.09977871924638748,
0.9636232852935791,
-0.4577135443687439,
0.6462305188179016,
-0.3504447638988495,
-0.2886408269405365,
-0.33841830492019653,
0.13308598101139069,
0.19723445177078247,
0.07064669579267502,
0.5686039328575134,
-1.0321213006973267,
0.13734924793243408,
-1.0366106033325195,
0.07530016452074051,
0.0874086245894432,
-0.41650864481925964,
-0.5789830684661865,
-0.1685868501663208,
0.06361543387174606,
-0.4503641426563263,
0.5057815909385681,
-0.17166322469711304,
-0.04168324172496796,
-0.7804328203201294,
-0.5063947439193726,
-0.08609253168106079,
-0.1682290881872177,
-0.03603525832295418,
0.22242408990859985,
0.2002364546060562,
-0.5289207696914673,
-0.14480562508106232,
0.5909032821655273,
1.2041904926300049,
0.3777298629283905,
0.2332741767168045,
0.7108682990074158,
0.593449592590332,
0.8767148852348328,
-0.11979470402002335,
0.33710700273513794,
0.4706101417541504,
-0.3844071328639984,
0.04770911857485771,
0.5719406008720398,
0.09444363415241241,
0.19966889917850494,
-0.6459769010543823,
-0.09559720009565353,
-0.3735615015029907,
0.003686998737975955,
-0.21445539593696594,
0.7218004465103149,
0.1781073361635208,
-0.01811053603887558,
1.1988146305084229,
-0.38045734167099,
-1.113492727279663,
0.29123029112815857,
-0.29930564761161804,
-0.5072218775749207,
-0.46387985348701477,
-0.47578752040863037,
-0.070257768034935,
0.3245570659637451,
-0.09722967445850372,
0.18394781649112701,
0.4646568298339844,
-0.13563016057014465,
-0.44681572914123535,
-0.5733983516693115,
0.4988071024417877,
0.0524156354367733,
-0.12354358285665512,
0.06571667641401291,
-0.4496837556362152,
0.5100417137145996,
0.1332591027021408,
-0.22130200266838074,
-0.4702482521533966,
0.032461561262607574,
0.5997357368469238,
0.3907310664653778,
-0.6518483757972717,
0.4621109962463379,
-0.6926659345626831,
-0.021179812029004097,
0.19140037894248962,
-0.38954880833625793,
-0.5441497564315796,
-0.6319124102592468,
-0.13679896295070648,
0.3688909113407135,
-0.007669142447412014,
0.02636026032269001,
-0.37761640548706055,
0.25685110688209534,
-1.2114813327789307,
1.0710885524749756,
0.3358675539493561,
-0.04865109920501709,
0.3372788727283478,
0.40932393074035645,
0.3365408480167389,
0.14582401514053345,
0.141135111451149,
-0.5121628046035767,
-0.1902763694524765,
0.06823206692934036,
-0.4128801226615906,
0.6845704913139343,
-0.372643381357193,
-0.4394705295562744,
0.09810526669025421,
0.0948425829410553,
0.31201139092445374,
-0.004159049596637487,
0.46254006028175354,
0.15184222161769867,
-0.5666027069091797,
-0.14875063300132751,
-0.19903115928173065,
0.5714470148086548,
0.22876489162445068,
-0.47332537174224854,
0.24795673787593842,
-0.8118317723274231,
0.19829446077346802,
1.0540562868118286,
0.4533034563064575,
0.18098418414592743,
0.13132613897323608,
-0.3955742418766022,
0.3815886974334717,
-0.40794968605041504,
-1.1105457544326782,
0.12094705551862717,
-0.36263537406921387,
-0.31999704241752625,
-0.13059937953948975,
0.21831949055194855,
-0.003168842289596796,
-0.393679678440094,
0.01570783369243145,
-0.28741535544395447,
-0.07263956218957901,
-0.815748393535614,
-0.283243328332901,
0.1807211935520172,
-0.17321684956550598,
0.11691601574420929,
-0.6353127360343933,
-0.10391025245189667,
0.20347662270069122,
-0.09520141780376434,
-0.5587915778160095,
-0.6767749786376953,
0.013920539058744907,
0.5618960857391357,
-0.010620570741593838,
-0.43527162075042725,
-0.11627800762653351,
0.1344003528356552,
0.319510817527771,
-0.1028570681810379,
0.03110763616859913,
-0.3736143708229065,
0.3107607066631317,
0.018255332484841347,
-0.23518237471580505,
-1.1984316110610962,
-0.03303581848740578,
-0.2761673629283905,
0.14232484996318817,
0.13422541320323944,
-0.3343324661254883,
0.05173732712864876,
0.5588154792785645,
-0.9491832256317139,
0.4073737561702728,
0.34387579560279846,
-0.15963827073574066,
0.39206257462501526,
-0.5766604542732239,
0.3304426968097687,
0.5046916007995605,
-0.8707720637321472,
0.36808648705482483,
0.021651487797498703,
-0.43361592292785645,
0.1598939150571823,
0.1867683231830597,
-0.3527262508869171,
0.29133340716362,
0.36750397086143494,
-0.9692258834838867,
0.16023258864879608,
0.6855598092079163,
-0.22421817481517792,
-0.32116207480430603,
0.23493961989879608,
-0.015033619478344917,
-0.285466730594635,
-0.6792635321617126,
-1.2095516920089722,
-0.27924644947052,
0.2538049519062042,
-0.800279438495636,
-0.5781832337379456,
0.5784466862678528,
0.12501634657382965,
-0.6456069350242615,
0.6084294319152832,
-0.2645394504070282,
-0.354293555021286,
0.11486200243234634,
0.015742434188723564,
0.056196149438619614,
0.4256213307380676,
-0.3580065369606018,
-0.13243529200553894,
-0.0897715836763382,
-0.3336835205554962,
0.17468959093093872,
0.3503113090991974,
0.7752610445022583,
0.37977126240730286,
-0.7768799066543579,
-0.1715358942747116,
0.017276596277952194,
0.6835695505142212,
-0.6217563152313232,
-0.12061277776956558,
0.3055799901485443,
0.33235135674476624,
-0.7795587778091431,
-0.48224204778671265,
-0.620090901851654,
0.8200057744979858,
-0.579171359539032,
-0.06194872781634331,
-0.18976499140262604,
0.1331375390291214,
-0.05579444766044617,
-0.580401599407196,
0.3119903802871704,
-0.8070630431175232,
0.1481129378080368,
0.36822548508644104,
0.15390755236148834,
-0.3108977973461151,
-0.24842260777950287,
0.49848031997680664,
-0.2311597466468811,
-0.4239613115787506,
0.26327475905418396,
0.36353108286857605,
0.351449579000473,
-0.21167699992656708,
-0.014492392539978027,
0.03881465271115303,
-0.583626925945282,
0.7877618074417114,
-0.27486488223075867,
-0.3328326344490051,
0.3043185770511627,
-0.49525752663612366,
-0.1483628898859024,
0.1269776076078415,
-0.8164675831794739,
-0.05134070664644241,
-0.8320517539978027,
-0.7015876173973083,
0.423286110162735,
0.12514632940292358,
0.2220097780227661,
-0.0689314678311348,
-0.28123438358306885,
-0.6405644416809082,
0.3618123531341553,
0.12004819512367249,
0.46147480607032776,
-0.46208661794662476,
1.1020258665084839,
-0.313764363527298,
0.9412075877189636,
-0.3743594288825989,
0.166578009724617,
0.22108572721481323,
-0.18837501108646393,
-0.1584869921207428,
-0.19362390041351318,
-0.21664965152740479,
-0.03427496552467346,
-0.26350533962249756,
-0.6516578793525696,
0.2569689452648163,
0.9315246343612671,
-0.19802257418632507,
0.17712004482746124,
1.0591295957565308,
-0.4725354015827179,
0.08435595780611038,
-0.11825121194124222,
-0.08088990300893784,
-0.11549275368452072,
0.23136505484580994,
0.6870070695877075,
-0.12999100983142853,
0.8407594561576843,
-0.5447810292243958,
0.08236849308013916,
0.2302556335926056,
1.113909125328064,
0.2706964910030365,
-0.5432260036468506,
-0.10591886192560196,
0.5347269773483276,
-0.15655237436294556,
-0.4258972704410553,
0.1522594392299652,
-0.4168051779270172,
-0.4756733477115631,
0.5861400365829468,
0.17945922911167145,
0.5394098162651062,
-0.03674504533410072,
-0.2509559690952301,
0.2643560767173767,
0.04935631901025772,
-0.21840162575244904,
0.36798903346061707,
0.437364399433136,
-0.24765633046627045,
0.01038233283907175,
0.37474071979522705,
0.4402367174625397,
0.3324522376060486,
0.09456935524940491,
0.40052279829978943,
0.22405268251895905,
-0.46367621421813965,
-0.16052718460559845,
-0.45416033267974854,
-0.4815279245376587,
0.47547292709350586,
0.5767872929573059,
0.10740361362695694,
-0.15129989385604858,
-0.16360443830490112,
0.013943132944405079,
0.16903746128082275,
0.08671188354492188,
0.3094415068626404,
0.3811664581298828,
0.8130446672439575,
-0.18103566765785217,
-0.0932125374674797,
0.6937257051467896,
0.4255690574645996,
0.6634677648544312,
-0.5253117680549622,
0.13487516343593597,
0.6271775364875793,
-0.4037536382675171,
0.2818528413772583,
-0.3720003068447113,
-0.6297994256019592,
0.08294586837291718,
0.4066660702228546,
-0.2117788940668106,
0.4220511317253113,
0.2838786840438843,
0.1302771419286728,
0.5078713297843933,
-0.22739244997501373,
-0.18408875167369843,
-0.10042622685432434,
0.24772396683692932,
0.48010218143463135,
-0.22128717601299286,
-0.1840272843837738,
0.3351064920425415,
0.1671958565711975,
-0.17737939953804016,
0.5640586614608765,
0.3156946003437042,
0.3702012002468109,
-0.31238988041877747,
0.10747641324996948,
-0.390999972820282,
0.24018065631389618,
-0.22576189041137695,
-0.03261556848883629,
-0.323822557926178,
-0.014806314371526241,
-0.5014311075210571,
0.20919154584407806,
-0.45321428775787354,
-0.26010745763778687,
0.6085561513900757,
-0.746698260307312,
-0.9077922701835632,
-0.016040511429309845,
0.48547476530075073,
-0.2667712867259979,
-0.4244190752506256,
0.5616393089294434,
-0.42808547616004944,
-0.5486045479774475,
-0.046237215399742126,
-0.6255472302436829,
-0.22668886184692383,
0.4469052851200104,
0.0939255878329277,
-0.2587634027004242,
-0.15625768899917603,
0.10554815083742142,
0.14443759620189667,
-0.000997732044197619,
-0.49224385619163513,
0.6494086384773254,
1.0888546705245972,
-0.19560422003269196,
0.5386977195739746,
-0.34578830003738403,
0.014617572538554668,
-0.18365789949893951,
-0.21542249619960785,
-0.2196989357471466,
-0.6378076076507568,
-0.7991241216659546,
0.0413312204182148,
0.7029821872711182,
0.46943214535713196,
-0.45548972487449646,
-0.14985859394073486,
-0.5177868604660034,
0.3965226113796234,
-0.4403446912765503,
0.23602482676506042,
0.20318810641765594,
0.24064001441001892,
0.1580430269241333
] |
233306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Kim | Sandra Kim | Sandra Caldarone (born 15 October 1972), better known as Sandra Kim, is a Belgian singer of Italian descent who won the Eurovision Song Contest 1986. Her father was an Italian immigrant from Torrebruna in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.
At the time of her Eurovision win, she was only 13 years old, making her the youngest winner of the contest, even though the lyrics of her song "J'aime la vie" ("I love life") claim her to be 15; the Swiss petitioned to have the song disqualified after her real age was revealed. This petition ended up failing and Kim went on to win that year's Eurovision song contest. Kim also represented Belgium at the Yamaha Music Festival in Tokyo during the autumn of 1986 and sang the title song for the French animated television series Il était une fois... la vie. Kim's pop rock album Make Up was released on 12 May 2011, containing songs written by famous Belgian artists like Salvatore Adamo, Dani Klein (Vaya Con dios), Ozark Henry, Anthony Sinatra (Piano Club), Jacques Duval and David Bartholomé (Sharko).
She also won the first season of the Belgian version of The Masked Singer as “Queen”.
Early life
Kim was born in Montegnée, near Liège to a hairdresser mother and accordionist father, and started singing when she was seven.
Personal life
In 1994, Kim married Olivier Gerard. They divorced a year later. She has been married to Jurgen Delanghe since 2001.
Discography
Albums
J'aime la vie (1986, French)
Bien dans ma peau (1988, French)
Balance tout (1991, French) / Met open ogen (1991, Dutch)
Les Sixties (1993, French) / Sixties (1993, Dutch)
Onvergetelijk (1997, Dutch)
Heel diep in mijn hart (1998, Dutch, 2-track single)
Make Up (2011, English and French)
Singles (some)
"Tokyo Boy" (French)
"Bel me, schrijf me" (duet with Flemish singer Luc Steeno, Dutch)
"Anyway the Wind Blows" (2010, English)
"Who Are You (07/11/2020, English)
"AMI AMI
References
External links
(English version)
Website about Sandra Kim's discography (French - Dutch - English)
1972 births
Living people
People from Saint-Nicolas, Liège
Belgian people of Italian descent
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Belgium
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1986
French-language singers of Belgium
Dutch-language singers of Belgium
Belgian child singers
21st-century Belgian women singers | [
-0.4471622109413147,
-0.24585622549057007,
-0.034998778253793716,
-0.19029967486858368,
-0.08594942092895508,
1.1100475788116455,
0.2217298150062561,
-0.16907458007335663,
-0.7125674486160278,
0.6931629776954651,
-0.15380361676216125,
0.46379658579826355,
0.057626936584711075,
-0.6061902642250061,
-0.3853311538696289,
-0.36285603046417236,
0.6115971207618713,
0.27959179878234863,
-0.6359171867370605,
-0.4188000559806824,
0.12654858827590942,
0.10397226363420486,
0.25034254789352417,
0.2827613353729248,
-0.12754729390144348,
0.657760739326477,
0.1055334061384201,
0.19156502187252045,
0.2601831555366516,
-0.5694185495376587,
0.01049733441323042,
0.14737974107265472,
0.8820810317993164,
-0.18214845657348633,
-0.01900886371731758,
0.6358181238174438,
0.2797790765762329,
-0.3823522925376892,
-0.6965880990028381,
-0.3659614026546478,
-0.036205798387527466,
0.1055576279759407,
0.260757178068161,
0.3043621778488159,
0.05675162747502327,
-0.553595781326294,
-0.9201987981796265,
0.8684239983558655,
0.021516332402825356,
-0.5238566994667053,
-0.20250539481639862,
-0.15364128351211548,
-0.20722909271717072,
0.6479961276054382,
0.21280214190483093,
-0.5263205170631409,
-0.2251809537410736,
-0.4160780608654022,
-0.4267522394657135,
-0.3272044062614441,
0.09246701747179031,
-0.2061099112033844,
0.05637076869606972,
-0.5674064755439758,
-0.1966114342212677,
-0.06599380820989609,
0.5541905760765076,
0.11949542164802551,
-0.15345577895641327,
-0.4264523983001709,
0.1393243819475174,
0.16776655614376068,
-0.30496349930763245,
-0.5297184586524963,
-0.025036126375198364,
-0.4308772683143616,
0.21782706677913666,
0.03296748176217079,
-0.2312726080417633,
0.39644336700439453,
0.07189523428678513,
-0.44620588421821594,
0.5562942624092102,
0.4750409722328186,
0.2549460232257843,
-0.555155873298645,
-0.21532493829727173,
0.5098481774330139,
-0.5806853175163269,
-0.40593868494033813,
-1.341657280921936,
-0.7867065072059631,
0.15450918674468994,
1.0034798383712769,
-0.10071777552366257,
0.23596569895744324,
-0.592742383480072,
0.34998247027397156,
0.17091067135334015,
-0.3085845410823822,
-0.006716277915984392,
-0.5033367276191711,
-0.279695063829422,
-0.6094737648963928,
-0.9653892517089844,
-0.555675208568573,
0.13972043991088867,
0.118372842669487,
0.036391112953424454,
-0.1883888989686966,
-0.1474190354347229,
-0.37851807475090027,
-0.09504024684429169,
0.21999652683734894,
-0.0441741906106472,
0.5000066757202148,
-0.0879083201289177,
-0.6076078414916992,
-0.9343933463096619,
0.2740743160247803,
0.7008139491081238,
0.13112275302410126,
-0.24765141308307648,
0.5069765448570251,
-0.17603260278701782,
0.5873417258262634,
0.13207510113716125,
0.8108057975769043,
-0.311082661151886,
0.7998160719871521,
-0.12167059630155563,
0.7878035306930542,
-0.3091895878314972,
0.3257233798503876,
-0.10448979586362839,
0.22955648601055145,
0.6328263282775879,
-0.047018785029649734,
-0.08029574155807495,
0.2568063735961914,
-0.8747426271438599,
0.6506938934326172,
-0.8909209370613098,
0.19329987466335297,
0.09177345037460327,
-0.21068185567855835,
-0.7474671006202698,
0.155034601688385,
-0.19502726197242737,
-0.793485164642334,
-0.026367072016000748,
-0.47396087646484375,
-0.2681610584259033,
-0.5379090905189514,
-0.7266831398010254,
0.7237406373023987,
-0.37739837169647217,
-0.13779479265213013,
0.07676920294761658,
0.09894292801618576,
0.37305736541748047,
0.06162397935986519,
0.007928317412734032,
0.3036732077598572,
0.1848292499780655,
-0.18688881397247314,
0.08740662783384323,
0.812521755695343,
0.2415965050458908,
-0.4284979999065399,
-0.1639186143875122,
0.11668656766414642,
-0.3468227982521057,
0.3898496925830841,
-0.8588295578956604,
-0.3305061459541321,
0.2633505165576935,
-0.06321603059768677,
-0.06965474039316177,
-0.07834766805171967,
-0.6057791113853455,
0.2172519713640213,
-0.3477114140987396,
0.2904699146747589,
0.6848500370979309,
0.8162909150123596,
-0.10418882966041565,
0.436085045337677,
0.16255444288253784,
-0.2531443238258362,
-0.4844304621219635,
-0.9593471884727478,
0.5117899775505066,
-0.007873951457440853,
0.24520865082740784,
-0.14016929268836975,
0.30359455943107605,
0.11191805452108383,
0.1321752518415451,
0.5233363509178162,
-0.02428053878247738,
-0.39396801590919495,
0.6008684039115906,
-0.5014448761940002,
0.09752790629863739,
0.4900062680244446,
0.8535629510879517,
0.11105618625879288,
-0.05000631511211395,
0.8073378801345825,
-0.3362712264060974,
-0.451688677072525,
0.2935989499092102,
0.5761458873748779,
-0.6379161477088928,
-0.07740174978971481,
-0.5487402677536011,
0.4032166600227356,
0.5678133964538574,
-0.42355719208717346,
0.6856871843338013,
0.8975068926811218,
-0.6338220238685608,
-0.015085793100297451,
0.09116698801517487,
1.0168025493621826,
-0.046126365661621094,
0.3145483732223511,
0.17048563063144684,
0.3296426832675934,
-0.009886384941637516,
0.5294433236122131,
0.6709927916526794,
-0.06721986085176468,
-0.2414676994085312,
-0.25440123677253723,
0.8852847218513489,
0.3483549952507019,
0.38870900869369507,
-0.08805660903453827,
0.0731838196516037,
0.7213689088821411,
-0.573276937007904,
0.034978993237018585,
-0.39227408170700073,
0.4604085385799408,
-0.32113081216812134,
-0.1354416161775589,
0.29895690083503723,
-0.1342453956604004,
0.6327269077301025,
-0.31983450055122375,
0.5868512392044067,
0.00955461710691452,
-0.460706889629364,
0.06429347395896912,
0.11780256032943726,
-0.07372978329658508,
0.8393316864967346,
-0.05790136754512787,
0.48165059089660645,
-0.4758051633834839,
0.8209837079048157,
0.0284174345433712,
0.014757489785552025,
-0.4731159508228302,
-0.3305971920490265,
-0.492708683013916,
0.5036805868148804,
-0.1560630351305008,
-0.09799310564994812,
0.2023698091506958,
-0.35536134243011475,
0.47689151763916016,
-0.11436355859041214,
0.33596181869506836,
-0.8587530255317688,
0.02848197892308235,
-0.6325390934944153,
-0.8471788167953491,
0.3001214265823364,
0.38294753432273865,
-0.1194813996553421,
-0.33145520091056824,
-0.4622820317745209,
1.120694875717163,
-0.23351673781871796,
-0.3532508313655853,
-0.47269585728645325,
-0.034109581261873245,
0.14393076300621033,
0.6508058905601501,
-0.8616455793380737,
0.008637995459139347,
0.661588728427887,
-0.3535151481628418,
0.04914075508713722,
0.6814060211181641,
-0.022931523621082306,
0.22792863845825195,
0.12891820073127747,
0.38819950819015503,
-0.5709800124168396,
0.30361583828926086,
0.38366708159446716,
0.08185664564371109,
-0.20207862555980682,
-0.1569458246231079,
-5.406622886657715,
0.012074691243469715,
0.012385222129523754,
0.03803484886884689,
-0.0972968190908432,
-0.2648020386695862,
-0.08461356908082962,
-0.20084138214588165,
0.49549296498298645,
-0.2675296366214752,
-0.3938526511192322,
-0.34471964836120605,
-0.5944345593452454,
0.6479482054710388,
-0.012631145305931568,
-0.46353432536125183,
0.19706036150455475,
-0.8837727904319763,
0.8293856978416443,
0.1350046545267105,
0.5631341338157654,
-0.22271937131881714,
-0.11440034955739975,
0.26406025886535645,
-0.3265440762042999,
0.2480781227350235,
-0.021562015637755394,
-0.28690990805625916,
-0.2678370177745819,
0.04427110776305199,
-0.25033530592918396,
-0.35847169160842896,
-0.45454519987106323,
-0.05742308124899864,
0.22029079496860504,
0.009447508491575718,
0.6359269618988037,
-0.4621632993221283,
0.7415599226951599,
-0.4714064598083496,
0.13278432190418243,
-0.19670259952545166,
0.2595769464969635,
0.40976592898368835,
0.3329663574695587,
-0.4154585003852844,
-0.3819010257720947,
-0.6800724267959595,
-0.7020298838615417,
1.3979456424713135,
0.157931387424469,
-0.19320672750473022,
0.516922652721405,
-0.11575391888618469,
0.16045041382312775,
0.14885647594928741,
0.08285928517580032,
-0.017260434105992317,
-0.6917670965194702,
0.8554931879043579,
-0.4006759822368622,
-0.206075519323349,
0.2516365945339203,
-1.1238715648651123,
-0.35042011737823486,
0.49656808376312256,
0.42233964800834656,
0.2896040678024292,
-0.40234532952308655,
-0.263312965631485,
0.19981157779693604,
-0.3308095335960388,
-0.12484333664178848,
-1.2628062963485718,
0.028330275788903236,
0.05079914629459381,
-0.3737943172454834,
0.38948380947113037,
-0.7819817662239075,
0.13822051882743835,
0.16677545011043549,
0.10364579409360886,
0.1508570909500122,
0.21084527671337128,
-0.23916204273700714,
-0.4151516258716583,
0.23010869324207306,
0.14784486591815948,
0.14752265810966492,
-0.11506305634975433,
0.10431741923093796,
-0.7009046077728271,
-0.17807874083518982,
0.6502598524093628,
0.5816820859909058,
0.913470983505249,
0.2091679722070694,
0.1841001659631729,
0.5791309475898743,
-0.07623074948787689,
-0.1800314337015152,
-0.37411823868751526,
0.01839263364672661,
-0.3434637784957886,
-0.019982557743787766,
-0.06371815502643585,
-0.3898860216140747,
-0.702582061290741,
0.23301351070404053,
-0.5139922499656677,
0.20036093890666962,
-0.11168569326400757,
-0.6312845349311829,
-0.043724000453948975,
-0.32604339718818665,
-0.28631332516670227,
0.20406480133533478,
0.1669853776693344,
0.6206465363502502,
0.27016475796699524,
0.3356114327907562,
0.3768802583217621,
-0.05812745541334152,
0.23068343102931976,
0.14508849382400513,
-0.244004026055336,
-0.0216686874628067,
0.08729522675275803,
-0.14858809113502502,
0.45705097913742065,
-0.436445951461792,
0.5207386016845703,
0.035255737602710724,
-0.4491278827190399,
0.6740665435791016,
0.028114240616559982,
0.09479766339063644,
-0.40438103675842285,
0.15043069422245026,
-0.03227681294083595,
-0.3611547648906708,
-0.5342525839805603,
-0.2131517082452774,
0.16032646596431732,
0.3691225051879883,
-0.07934802770614624,
-0.20910793542861938,
-0.5459160804748535,
-0.3547770082950592,
0.44557371735572815,
0.19291254878044128,
0.07663005590438843,
0.44274523854255676,
-0.1493932455778122,
0.26429983973503113,
0.47701534628868103,
0.20417749881744385,
-0.26042988896369934,
-0.317817747592926,
-0.23511280119419098,
0.43725496530532837,
-0.6876108646392822,
-0.7385860085487366,
0.43732690811157227,
-0.12330041825771332,
-0.046123337000608444,
0.13763459026813507,
-0.36146169900894165,
-0.7423762083053589,
0.8742969632148743,
0.07307696342468262,
-0.7733011841773987,
0.34610065817832947,
0.5478717088699341,
-0.12821422517299652,
-0.7318854331970215,
0.36908072233200073,
-0.40572455525398254,
-0.05434393137693405,
0.4368235766887665,
0.018345467746257782,
-0.21363197267055511,
-0.7876389622688293,
0.537394106388092,
0.7335677146911621,
0.19589447975158691,
-1.0742533206939697,
-0.39978477358818054,
-0.6903011798858643,
0.10836786031723022,
-0.34356480836868286,
-0.01873738318681717,
-0.10519316792488098,
0.5306602120399475,
0.1292513906955719,
-0.7569347023963928,
-0.5270698666572571,
-0.05630715936422348,
-0.2737199068069458,
-0.09798798710107803,
-0.2908978760242462,
-0.35391131043434143,
-0.1914650797843933,
-0.2574852406978607,
0.3878563642501831,
-1.0748507976531982,
0.3349924087524414,
0.16034232079982758,
-0.05137775093317032,
0.26020151376724243,
-0.601896345615387,
-0.3193780481815338,
0.552903950214386,
0.8159809112548828,
-0.3596481680870056,
0.28557881712913513,
0.13482710719108582,
0.2341729700565338,
-0.48934751749038696,
-0.22234322130680084,
-0.8644005060195923,
-0.19534416496753693,
-0.31889674067497253,
0.1380399763584137,
-0.7342971563339233,
0.16445626318454742,
0.3195185363292694,
-0.016141517087817192,
0.40894508361816406,
-0.628355860710144,
-0.21329493820667267,
0.269002228975296,
0.1426033079624176,
0.036923378705978394,
0.36083048582077026,
-0.14528755843639374,
0.6590728163719177,
0.5898077487945557,
-0.20882964134216309,
0.6693018674850464,
0.8768317103385925,
0.2548585534095764,
0.12149277329444885,
0.0338670089840889,
-0.0485319085419178,
0.7054086923599243,
0.035215824842453,
-0.30614927411079407,
-0.2116299420595169,
-0.14322903752326965,
0.2144145667552948,
0.47094014286994934,
-0.24127303063869476,
-0.14297394454479218,
1.174680471420288,
-0.3637154996395111,
-0.5207304358482361,
-0.17360453307628632,
0.03748919069766998,
0.48827850818634033,
0.1072772741317749,
0.12242498248815536,
0.15147042274475098,
0.010945419780910015,
0.325256884098053,
0.5240251421928406,
0.07943078875541687,
0.19071486592292786,
-0.3519373834133148,
-0.27205827832221985,
0.07438470423221588,
-0.3408032953739166,
-0.12212775647640228,
0.30950769782066345,
-0.2887904644012451,
0.5770544409751892,
0.18124394118785858,
-0.42503130435943604,
0.11383319646120071,
0.1326482892036438,
-0.08741935342550278,
-0.16644537448883057,
-0.4532312750816345,
-0.028763260692358017,
0.40088048577308655,
-0.3254328966140747,
-0.2587132751941681,
-0.08681005984544754,
0.1353427618741989,
0.3421615660190582,
-0.3761169910430908,
-0.08750365674495697,
-0.6195147037506104,
0.32601240277290344,
-0.17372359335422516,
0.000541865942068398,
0.3090689182281494,
0.5121684074401855,
-0.3466895520687103,
-0.5496721267700195,
-0.49158358573913574,
0.05264278128743172,
0.7258297801017761,
-0.21869179606437683,
-0.611762285232544,
-0.2701238691806793,
0.38883253931999207,
-0.5850577354431152,
0.20000256597995758,
0.6386632323265076,
0.06629819422960281,
0.1334800273180008,
-0.09942294657230377,
0.08744565397500992,
-0.4968813359737396,
-0.10303109139204025,
0.7564863562583923,
-1.004814863204956,
-0.1117418184876442,
0.07408890873193741,
0.3239409327507019,
-0.22230760753154755,
0.5634782314300537,
0.6132180690765381,
0.6116055250167847,
0.7034675478935242,
-0.022533947601914406,
0.011575784534215927,
0.32072293758392334,
0.3335040807723999,
-0.15624041855335236,
0.649880051612854,
0.5190941691398621,
0.6127265691757202,
-0.34630560874938965,
-0.7013276815414429,
-0.1191071942448616,
-0.49717527627944946,
0.47159889340400696,
0.9779757261276245,
0.28262075781822205,
0.2637462317943573,
-0.43501242995262146,
-0.3562961518764496,
0.1195080578327179,
0.22781608998775482,
-0.19144180417060852,
0.48258838057518005,
-0.11847218871116638,
-0.00889080110937357,
-0.2860163748264313,
0.1167801171541214,
-0.4468018114566803,
-0.29813718795776367,
0.43708527088165283,
-0.08483046293258667,
0.7225261926651001,
-0.37524738907814026,
-0.02476470358669758,
0.22229896485805511,
0.4422387480735779,
-0.1299302577972412,
1.136234164237976,
0.5884183645248413,
-0.6860334277153015,
-0.3819151520729065,
-0.6639149785041809,
-0.0821005329489708,
0.4640554189682007,
0.4829888343811035,
-0.002379091689363122,
-0.01904977485537529,
-0.38714101910591125,
0.008707834407687187,
-0.052945662289857864,
0.11355171352624893,
-0.22337643802165985,
0.05250692740082741,
-0.7271089553833008,
0.2884792685508728,
-0.954379677772522,
-0.218726247549057,
-0.30535730719566345,
0.2505642771720886,
-0.5961840748786926,
-0.4942489564418793,
-0.006678668316453695,
0.06291134655475616,
0.31125956773757935,
0.077456995844841,
0.7917323708534241,
-0.44053930044174194,
-0.17393431067466736,
0.19323787093162537,
-0.3540340065956116,
-0.29083287715911865,
0.3458365499973297,
0.504529595375061,
0.7353290319442749,
0.28855159878730774,
0.5147342085838318,
0.46186158061027527,
-0.10494621098041534,
0.3187602162361145,
-0.20721378922462463,
0.4631440341472626,
-0.04600188136100769,
0.06998294591903687,
-0.1385997235774994,
0.0053482926450669765,
0.3008009195327759,
-0.32381221652030945,
0.10479249805212021,
0.03762201592326164,
-0.28683140873908997,
0.4284191131591797,
0.5795936584472656,
0.4196830689907074,
0.3585979640483856,
0.12504176795482635,
-0.23731926083564758,
-0.43880102038383484,
-0.062236759811639786,
-0.10606563836336136,
0.39116212725639343,
0.6316362023353577,
-0.15129756927490234,
-0.249579057097435,
-0.4592219889163971,
0.22358572483062744,
0.4156700074672699,
-0.14001885056495667,
0.03409801796078682,
-0.3236081600189209,
-0.5726739168167114,
-0.23715642094612122,
0.4390939176082611,
-0.35163354873657227,
0.29973292350769043,
-0.06672033667564392,
0.4986021816730499,
-0.02283727191388607,
-0.2550993263721466,
-0.12868578732013702,
-0.7398830652236938,
-0.2793866991996765,
0.20877565443515778,
-0.1857118308544159,
-0.6235036253929138,
-0.13304485380649567,
0.20047564804553986,
-0.007763250265270472,
0.7801335453987122,
-0.6367092132568359,
-0.21768663823604584,
-0.40463122725486755,
0.3638002276420593,
-0.8225762248039246,
-0.26851028203964233,
0.02446916326880455
] |
233313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogofilter | Bogofilter | Bogofilter is a mail filter that classifies e-mail as spam or ham (non-spam) by a statistical analysis of the message's header and content (body). The program is able to learn from the user's classifications and corrections. It was originally written by Eric S. Raymond after he read Paul Graham's article "A Plan for Spam" and is now maintained together with a group of contributors by David Relson, Matthias Andree and Greg Louis.
The statistical technique used is known as Bayesian filtering. Bogofilter's primary algorithm uses the f(w) parameter and the Fisher inverse chi-square technique that he describes.
Bogofilter may be run by a MDA or mail client to classify messages as they are delivered to recipient mailboxes, or be used by a MTA to classify messages as they are received from the sending SMTP server. Bogofilter examines tokens in the message body and header, and refers to wordlists stored by BerkeleyDB, SQLite or QDBM to calculate a probability score that a new message is spam. Bogofilter provides processing for plain text and HTML and supports reading multi-part MIME message including base64, quoted-printable, and uuencoded text or HTML. Bogofilter ignores non-text attachments, such as images.
It is possible to tune Bogofilter's statistical algorithms by modifying various coefficients and other settings in its configuration file, or by using the automated bogotune utility included with the software, which attempts to optimise various coefficients to maximise filtering efficiency for a particular corpus of spam and non-spam.
Standard tests at TREC 2005 show that Bogofilter compares well to its competitors spambayes, CRM114 and DSPAM. Other competitors include, but are not limited to Spamprobe and QSF.
Bogofilter is written in C, and runs on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Mac OS X, HP-UX, AIX and other platforms. It is released under the GNU GPL.
See also
Blacklist
Greylisting
Whitelist
Tarpit
References
External links
Official homepage
A Plan for Spam – An essay by Paul Graham discussing the main ideas behind this program
This article, or an earlier revision of it, was edited from bogofilter's homepage.
Free email software
Spam filtering | [
0.03984319791197777,
0.3307090699672699,
-0.27919360995292664,
-0.1642012596130371,
-0.70389324426651,
-0.20060768723487854,
0.46992459893226624,
0.3161238133907318,
-0.12385249137878418,
-0.21384628117084503,
-0.6119263768196106,
0.1950421929359436,
-0.5980234146118164,
0.2454535812139511,
-0.21278810501098633,
-0.1309158354997635,
-0.06626210361719131,
0.6759592890739441,
-0.1983715295791626,
-0.5713635087013245,
0.015396633185446262,
-0.22829705476760864,
-0.38923799991607666,
-0.8464547991752625,
0.4745626449584961,
0.0848761796951294,
0.3570299446582794,
0.17948198318481445,
-0.6543702483177185,
0.060116034001111984,
0.12267345190048218,
0.6549021601676941,
-0.020674293860793114,
0.015068351291120052,
-0.1608729362487793,
-0.10729838907718658,
-0.13537295162677765,
-0.036921270191669464,
0.04578421264886856,
-0.2854562997817993,
0.08519560098648071,
-0.040479227900505066,
0.04001859948039055,
0.87685227394104,
-0.20609578490257263,
-0.35465070605278015,
-1.5902011394500732,
0.5044567584991455,
-0.567625105381012,
-0.03868742287158966,
-1.1212592124938965,
0.4412132799625397,
0.26420003175735474,
0.33952176570892334,
0.26856061816215515,
0.1940515637397766,
-0.5586762428283691,
-0.5644237399101257,
0.4376247227191925,
0.33190277218818665,
0.3177282214164734,
-0.15341265499591827,
0.15938422083854675,
-0.2979181110858917,
-0.05396030843257904,
0.3154065012931824,
-0.7265467643737793,
0.7852637767791748,
-0.6896985769271851,
-0.5665790438652039,
0.027616651728749275,
-0.5533429384231567,
0.039543863385915756,
-0.03342816233634949,
0.19154635071754456,
0.30090972781181335,
-0.18362385034561157,
0.09890126436948776,
0.24714624881744385,
-0.052720554172992706,
-0.0818750411272049,
0.7177813053131104,
0.13527697324752808,
0.11963652819395065,
0.6119689345359802,
0.17134994268417358,
-0.2546500265598297,
0.7788126468658447,
-0.007345246616750956,
0.329437255859375,
0.7896401882171631,
-0.026294169947504997,
0.4640243649482727,
0.350998193025589,
0.31151118874549866,
-0.06826788187026978,
-0.3073248863220215,
-0.19462354481220245,
0.015126100741326809,
-0.03145240619778633,
-0.2703273296356201,
0.3212774991989136,
0.2539876103401184,
-0.02471458539366722,
-0.6061450839042664,
-0.08324142545461655,
-0.611301839351654,
-0.8766200542449951,
0.39156362414360046,
-0.30988946557044983,
-0.039326511323451996,
0.8284590840339661,
-0.31126871705055237,
-0.02175871655344963,
-0.009279698133468628,
0.3820018470287323,
0.2340104877948761,
-0.46284180879592896,
0.2740100920200348,
0.3516804277896881,
0.2107260376214981,
1.121297001838684,
0.4249189794063568,
-0.2854973375797272,
0.14049535989761353,
-0.06797577440738678,
0.4454522132873535,
0.7034459710121155,
-0.013425064273178577,
0.4834376573562622,
0.3086026608943939,
1.2280834913253784,
0.18036527931690216,
-0.041335880756378174,
-0.3225851058959961,
-0.1692008376121521,
0.5334553122520447,
-0.211570605635643,
0.11626138538122177,
-0.06386920809745789,
-0.8103318214416504,
-0.6400573253631592,
-0.6541552543640137,
-0.3368254601955414,
0.6830334663391113,
0.02446620911359787,
0.02450474165380001,
-0.5522185564041138,
-0.0276692733168602,
-0.2948588728904724,
-0.4028930366039276,
0.14339689910411835,
-0.11813700199127197,
0.08903893828392029,
0.17153900861740112,
0.5452277064323425,
1.0184389352798462,
-0.8009588122367859,
0.23833900690078735,
0.16440454125404358,
0.357632577419281,
0.2852289080619812,
-1.0666581392288208,
-0.21628497540950775,
0.25565800070762634,
-0.44768792390823364,
0.3033424913883209,
0.36385929584503174,
0.2290056049823761,
-0.038331493735313416,
-0.4386911690235138,
-0.28094324469566345,
0.6436807513237,
-0.3195841312408447,
0.7159335613250732,
0.39232727885246277,
0.7760123014450073,
-0.20014384388923645,
0.9654464721679688,
-0.11583243310451508,
-0.6621697545051575,
-0.1484156847000122,
0.24597233533859253,
0.21674340963363647,
0.28549352288246155,
0.41305306553840637,
0.45969629287719727,
-0.22274921834468842,
-0.1740446835756302,
-0.20834140479564667,
-0.9904216527938843,
-0.6558628082275391,
0.6397758722305298,
-0.04245390370488167,
1.4679640531539917,
-0.11604315787553787,
-0.3407151997089386,
0.7393783330917358,
0.4763333201408386,
0.3404461145401001,
-0.05238425359129906,
-0.13524870574474335,
-0.1802520751953125,
-0.2939700782299042,
-0.8958958387374878,
0.698485255241394,
0.03403375297784805,
0.05602756142616272,
-0.8148720264434814,
0.032784171402454376,
0.5290471911430359,
-0.04725636914372444,
0.08482962846755981,
-0.5432665348052979,
-0.32257434725761414,
0.33995479345321655,
-0.2602149248123169,
0.5612115263938904,
-0.26119962334632874,
-0.3468608558177948,
0.7897017002105713,
-0.6325777769088745,
-0.15295149385929108,
0.6101128458976746,
-0.21622435748577118,
0.541217565536499,
0.3390660285949707,
0.46451616287231445,
0.9286788702011108,
-0.6094027161598206,
0.3546016216278076,
-0.11295143514871597,
0.08244795352220535,
-0.5546403527259827,
-0.6436041593551636,
0.055315129458904266,
0.16543196141719818,
-0.16992655396461487,
0.6633403301239014,
-0.3123835027217865,
-0.17144308984279633,
0.6173965930938721,
-0.36533838510513306,
0.001677531050518155,
-0.3656962811946869,
-0.022489309310913086,
-0.26721644401550293,
0.515717625617981,
-0.4098455309867859,
0.19273345172405243,
0.6843913793563843,
0.4155946671962738,
-0.389300137758255,
-0.7737414240837097,
0.30889251828193665,
0.3888959288597107,
-0.5580928921699524,
0.33599603176116943,
0.14717504382133484,
0.3229849338531494,
-0.25247910618782043,
0.2526918053627014,
-0.20154696702957153,
0.17064855992794037,
-0.2968963086605072,
-0.2644596993923187,
-0.3295665979385376,
-0.23967167735099792,
0.35843706130981445,
-0.10943884402513504,
0.1656946986913681,
-0.34533730149269104,
-0.86655592918396,
-0.037753622978925705,
-0.1241871565580368,
-0.43423110246658325,
0.4599545896053314,
0.3509487807750702,
-0.7636747360229492,
-0.5598660111427307,
-0.4599093198776245,
0.7150262594223022,
0.5097561478614807,
-0.22394625842571259,
-0.21330270171165466,
-0.6816104650497437,
0.44117745757102966,
-0.3410312533378601,
-0.09483528882265091,
0.21220746636390686,
-0.05706145614385605,
0.8046768307685852,
0.35444414615631104,
0.5348920822143555,
0.24868640303611755,
0.8599188327789307,
0.1946699321269989,
0.38445979356765747,
0.5876971483230591,
0.1696004420518875,
-0.4251320958137512,
0.08582410961389542,
-0.31326302886009216,
-0.802833616733551,
-0.3050977885723114,
0.0442306250333786,
-0.3182557225227356,
0.025644926354289055,
-5.4338531494140625,
0.5243985652923584,
-0.05252671241760254,
-0.35839301347732544,
0.045594435185194016,
0.2600863575935364,
0.6809282302856445,
-0.4730393588542938,
-0.22718533873558044,
0.2961842715740204,
0.010350599884986877,
0.22151485085487366,
0.19145254790782928,
0.05136431008577347,
0.1638127863407135,
0.24307769536972046,
0.08089010417461395,
0.06684958934783936,
0.16012543439865112,
0.02270398661494255,
-0.5001392364501953,
0.47909703850746155,
0.3700219392776489,
0.20579278469085693,
-0.05670256167650223,
0.27426111698150635,
-0.14163750410079956,
0.2143883854150772,
0.4681786894798279,
0.051376476883888245,
0.7393006086349487,
-0.18229416012763977,
0.19537144899368286,
-0.2749886214733124,
-0.1351291984319687,
0.11964122205972672,
0.9662356972694397,
0.6190508604049683,
0.019673505797982216,
-0.0179053395986557,
0.40972238779067993,
0.6157950758934021,
-0.05292512848973274,
-0.5526092648506165,
0.8853520750999451,
-0.15532265603542328,
-0.36378994584083557,
-0.41038745641708374,
-0.018302569165825844,
0.3715953528881073,
-0.13668935000896454,
-0.5731012225151062,
-0.021685563027858734,
0.7375367879867554,
0.16027961671352386,
-0.25286656618118286,
0.38110679388046265,
-0.16608388721942902,
-0.7664402723312378,
-0.0697222352027893,
0.28424936532974243,
-0.3986018896102905,
0.026640886440873146,
-0.6613847613334656,
0.09277168661355972,
-0.19200588762760162,
-0.051352597773075104,
-0.20296645164489746,
0.47090062499046326,
-0.009314342401921749,
-0.4480641782283783,
0.421747624874115,
0.43092748522758484,
-0.8879255056381226,
0.18350474536418915,
-0.6804441809654236,
0.013538533821702003,
-0.12058145552873611,
-0.3004985749721527,
-0.16242262721061707,
-0.4128909111022949,
-0.5487892627716064,
-1.0405125617980957,
-0.0475313737988472,
-0.21775220334529877,
-0.880435585975647,
0.0912558063864708,
-0.14604626595973969,
-0.5392172336578369,
-0.047942738980054855,
0.6458055377006531,
-0.7138814330101013,
-0.1758916825056076,
-0.030381612479686737,
-0.030543308705091476,
0.8624518513679504,
0.0594526007771492,
0.5522648096084595,
0.255829393863678,
0.4589278995990753,
0.7593287825584412,
-0.5289303660392761,
0.016427211463451385,
-1.0968369245529175,
0.18698129057884216,
0.34784597158432007,
-0.16972967982292175,
0.28732186555862427,
1.0316627025604248,
-0.26693466305732727,
-0.15379789471626282,
0.5641331672668457,
-0.4053214192390442,
-0.35548263788223267,
0.290073037147522,
0.27655288577079773,
-0.462665855884552,
0.048542171716690063,
0.6421727538108826,
-0.35540303587913513,
0.10787009447813034,
0.47038528323173523,
-0.09862849861383438,
-0.19850261509418488,
-0.5750231742858887,
-0.4495540261268616,
0.4156244397163391,
-0.20535409450531006,
-0.1641577184200287,
-0.24938344955444336,
0.45475563406944275,
0.16800378262996674,
-0.21723617613315582,
-0.3465782701969147,
0.28964439034461975,
-0.6568626165390015,
-0.1278691589832306,
0.4547467529773712,
0.3696339428424835,
-0.701470136642456,
0.342726469039917,
-0.47320348024368286,
-0.05458327755331993,
0.395121693611145,
0.3242265284061432,
0.42450883984565735,
-0.13358773291110992,
0.10095195472240448,
-0.5801331996917725,
0.49633195996284485,
-0.3330635130405426,
-0.558817446231842,
0.05932847782969475,
-0.574331521987915,
0.34158459305763245,
0.1858046054840088,
-0.08528167009353638,
0.47572875022888184,
0.002267473377287388,
-0.48512569069862366,
0.21894438564777374,
-0.15750277042388916,
-0.7642525434494019,
-0.5632997751235962,
-0.06332195550203323,
-0.33182293176651,
-0.11210433393716812,
-0.11005619168281555,
-0.455569863319397,
0.24864915013313293,
-0.6443231701850891,
-0.0007268188055604696,
-0.5829209685325623,
-0.17614208161830902,
0.2894560992717743,
0.05710666626691818,
0.11400360614061356,
0.3215278089046478,
0.245395228266716,
0.5359711647033691,
-0.6392247676849365,
-0.010911787860095501,
0.3378269374370575,
0.6083282232284546,
0.8407250642776489,
-0.28144025802612305,
0.23136691749095917,
0.36199209094047546,
-0.7262175679206848,
-0.12295813113451004,
-0.5262095332145691,
0.6457778811454773,
0.37407591938972473,
0.012426739558577538,
-0.1869295835494995,
-0.925545871257782,
-0.26604241132736206,
0.15355506539344788,
-0.22255650162696838,
-0.9900127649307251,
0.2524389624595642,
0.7459569573402405,
-0.7884933352470398,
0.44295579195022583,
-0.15361544489860535,
-0.8413846492767334,
0.008725261315703392,
-0.2024306356906891,
-0.3980671763420105,
0.44840070605278015,
-0.01635274663567543,
-0.6320690512657166,
-0.5660257935523987,
0.06853889673948288,
-0.35835179686546326,
-0.14173784852027893,
-0.09460268169641495,
-0.1317213475704193,
-0.11020527780056,
-0.20076961815357208,
-0.11631138622760773,
-0.3297666311264038,
-0.2236204743385315,
0.5319222807884216,
-0.6854850053787231,
0.23433002829551697,
0.1718132495880127,
-0.702870786190033,
0.7225697040557861,
0.025500895455479622,
0.40802180767059326,
-0.0877893790602684,
0.5543249845504761,
0.7466105222702026,
-0.01502882968634367,
-0.5720254778862,
-0.22630757093429565,
0.3901503086090088,
-0.02938327006995678,
0.014356717467308044,
0.3817083537578583,
0.46685758233070374,
-0.23598618805408478,
-0.2820170819759369,
-0.16806237399578094,
0.3472059965133667,
0.07912617176771164,
-0.42778608202934265,
-0.9546189308166504,
-0.03120477683842182,
0.44883817434310913,
-0.024192320182919502,
-0.47057098150253296,
0.15407083928585052,
0.6131767630577087,
-0.3917038142681122,
-0.0015537006547674537,
-0.23527434468269348,
0.10499844700098038,
0.5479714870452881,
0.05989382788538933,
0.32480865716934204,
0.0877113863825798,
0.7019935846328735,
0.47940245270729065,
0.1192869320511818,
0.30815955996513367,
-0.32075235247612,
-0.07653819024562836,
-0.3720751404762268,
-0.16462503373622894,
-0.05125132575631142,
0.5571459531784058,
0.4801939129829407,
-0.21120141446590424,
0.08686671406030655,
-0.32949894666671753,
-0.5126871466636658,
0.059807151556015015,
0.10301469266414642,
-0.5408892035484314,
-0.5316721796989441,
0.3972362279891968,
-0.6134081482887268,
0.2937120199203491,
-0.7124963402748108,
0.6273820400238037,
-0.08851801604032516,
-0.026241403073072433,
-0.37254706025123596,
-0.7795804738998413,
0.4454774856567383,
-0.8045369982719421,
0.35680991411209106,
0.13894090056419373,
-0.166128471493721,
-0.5074808597564697,
-0.2576157748699188,
-0.47964635491371155,
-0.6755353212356567,
-0.7460590600967407,
0.3648380637168884,
0.46158552169799805,
-0.6395429968833923,
0.391639769077301,
-0.2581212818622589,
-0.048043809831142426,
-0.5710933804512024,
0.2124827653169632,
-0.34792229533195496,
-0.06487463414669037,
0.3761831521987915,
0.026431649923324585,
0.7529682517051697,
-0.44771862030029297,
0.026880670338869095,
0.06007459759712219,
-0.23688511550426483,
0.08180546760559082,
0.3500562608242035,
0.017058955505490303,
-0.3843761086463928,
0.4312784671783447,
0.0019075287273153663,
-0.6342490315437317,
0.8534674048423767,
-0.46914514899253845,
-0.3560948371887207,
0.6552075147628784,
0.35905641317367554,
0.6062417030334473,
-0.056695498526096344,
-0.49591413140296936,
0.6996625661849976,
0.11709104478359222,
-0.5781024098396301,
0.31521183252334595,
-0.11250025033950806,
-1.12067711353302,
0.4359665811061859,
0.24779663980007172,
0.5020003318786621,
-0.4007842242717743,
-0.4076758325099945,
-0.46426406502723694,
0.3397406041622162,
0.04423433914780617,
0.8575122356414795,
0.019995031878352165,
0.6207420825958252,
0.0602848120033741,
-0.05899358540773392,
0.09830787032842636,
-0.2873029112815857,
-0.44927534461021423,
-0.42122596502304077,
0.23107407987117767,
-0.2098017781972885,
-0.9615617394447327,
-0.12766489386558533,
0.2530212998390198,
-0.048693109303712845,
-0.38840946555137634,
0.01903025433421135,
0.4345601797103882,
-0.05314454063773155,
0.4850660562515259,
-0.192993625998497,
0.3043280839920044,
0.3903408944606781,
-0.06537513434886932,
0.38386109471321106,
0.330348402261734,
0.6672235727310181,
-0.39955848455429077,
0.16881538927555084,
0.5568957328796387,
0.384419322013855,
-0.24908030033111572,
-0.03032865561544895,
-0.24317410588264465,
0.2959677577018738,
0.32597070932388306,
-0.5219271779060364,
-0.04202326759696007,
-0.5880229473114014,
-0.28249236941337585,
0.27750805020332336,
-0.013544827699661255,
-0.41501742601394653,
-0.28447091579437256,
-0.5951027870178223,
-0.34537020325660706,
0.5747882723808289,
-0.1836225837469101,
-0.37336787581443787,
0.024940334260463715,
1.1638153791427612,
0.1253689080476761,
0.3005099296569824,
-0.27049392461776733,
-0.03838609531521797,
0.27679574489593506,
0.22704164683818817,
-0.7114062905311584,
0.3194170296192169,
-0.38067272305488586,
-0.24732303619384766,
-0.5561935901641846,
0.39830732345581055,
0.5562908053398132,
0.06470179557800293,
-0.09479634463787079,
0.031323716044425964,
0.22185105085372925,
0.6540255546569824,
0.46060115098953247,
-0.8011728525161743,
-0.35210269689559937,
-0.19222597777843475,
0.007851151749491692,
-0.15789522230625153,
0.41129517555236816,
0.39361533522605896,
0.3945072591304779,
0.3449207544326782,
0.15679483115673065,
-0.3231712877750397,
-0.1878439038991928,
0.17937111854553223,
-0.5257761478424072,
-0.09523656219244003,
-0.660209059715271,
0.32425418496131897,
-0.2869401276111603,
0.0552789531648159,
0.05590580776333809,
0.8179513812065125,
0.345876008272171,
-0.4533214271068573,
-0.2143375426530838,
-0.5050612092018127,
0.16092096269130707,
0.09089638292789459,
-1.1885641813278198,
0.4899786412715912,
0.21421034634113312,
-0.10906264930963516,
-0.5867252945899963,
0.05718322470784187,
0.33584871888160706,
-0.22397634387016296,
0.1631920486688614,
-0.16880111396312714,
0.3871830105781555,
0.575208306312561,
0.26278507709503174,
-0.5093255043029785,
0.004318735562264919,
0.5149556994438171
] |
233317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austenite | Austenite | Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. The austenite allotrope is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902); it exists at room temperature in some stainless steels due to the presence of nickel stabilizing the austenite at lower temperatures.
Allotrope of iron
From alpha iron undergoes a phase transition from body-centred cubic (BCC) to the face-centred cubic (FCC) configuration of gamma iron, also called austenite. This is similarly soft and ductile but can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.03% by mass at ). This gamma form of iron is present in the most commonly used type of stainless steel for making hospital and food-service equipment.
Material
Austenitization means to heat the iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a temperature at which it changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite. The more open structure of the austenite is then able to absorb carbon from the iron-carbides in carbon steel. An incomplete initial austenitization can leave undissolved carbides in the matrix.
For some iron metals, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during the austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.
Austempering
Austempering is a hardening process that is used on iron-based metals to promote better mechanical properties. The metal is heated into the austenite region of the iron-cementite phase diagram and then quenched in a salt bath or other heat extraction medium that is between temperatures of . The metal is annealed in this temperature range until the austenite turns to bainite or ausferrite (bainitic ferrite + high-carbon austenite).
By changing the temperature for austenitization, the austempering process can yield different and desired microstructures. A higher austenitization temperature can produce a higher carbon content in austenite, whereas a lower temperature produces a more uniform distribution of austempered structure. The carbon content in austenite as a function of austempering time has been established.
Behavior in plain carbon-steel
As austenite cools, the carbon diffuses out of the austenite and forms carbon-rich iron-carbide (cementite) and leaves behind carbon-poor ferrite. Depending on alloy composition, a layering of ferrite and cementite, called pearlite, may form. If the rate of cooling is very swift, the carbon does not have time enough to diffuse and the alloy may experience a large lattice distortion known as martensitic transformation in which it transforms into martensite, a body centered tetragonal structure (BCT).The rate of cooling determines the relative proportions of martensite, ferrite, and cementite, and therefore determines the mechanical properties of the resulting steel, such as hardness and tensile strength.
A high cooling rate of thick sections will cause a steep thermal gradient in the material. The outer layers of the heat treated part will cool faster and shrink more, causing it to be under tension and thermal staining. At high cooling rates, the material will transform from austenite to martensite which is much harder and will generate cracks at much lower strains. The volume change (martensite is less dense than austenite) can generate stresses as well. The difference in strain rates of the inner and outer portion of the part may cause cracks to develop in the outer portion, compelling the use of slower quenching rates to avoid this. By alloying the steel with tungsten, the carbon diffusion is slowed and the transformation to BCT allotrope occurs at lower temperatures, thereby avoiding the cracking. Such a material is said to have its hardenability increased. Tempering following quenching will transform some of the brittle martensite into tempered martensite. If a low-hardenability steel is quenched, a significant amount of austenite will be retained in the microstructure, leaving the steel with internal stresses that leave the product prone to sudden fracture.
Behavior in cast iron
Heating white cast iron above causes the formation of austenite in crystals of primary cementite. This austenisation of white iron occurs in primary cementite at the interphase boundary with ferrite. When the grains of austenite form in cementite, they occur as lamellar clusters oriented along the cementite crystal layer surface. Austenite is formed by diffusion of carbon atoms from cementite into ferrite.
Stabilization
The addition of certain alloying elements, such as manganese and nickel, can stabilize the austenitic structure, facilitating heat-treatment of low-alloy steels. In the extreme case of austenitic stainless steel, much higher alloy content makes this structure stable even at room temperature. On the other hand, such elements as silicon, molybdenum, and chromium tend to de-stabilize austenite, raising the eutectoid temperature.
Austenite is only stable above in bulk metal form. However, fcc transition metals can be grown on a face-centered cubic (fcc) or diamond cubic. The epitaxial growth of austenite on the diamond (100) face is feasible because of the close lattice match and the symmetry of the diamond (100) face is fcc. More than a monolayer of γ-iron can be grown because the critical thickness for the strained multilayer is greater than a monolayer. The determined critical thickness is in close agreement with theoretical prediction.
Austenite transformation and Curie point
In many magnetic ferrous alloys, the Curie point, the temperature at which magnetic materials cease to behave magnetically, occurs at nearly the same temperature as the austenite transformation. This behavior is attributed to the paramagnetic nature of austenite, while both martensite and ferrite are strongly ferromagnetic.
Thermo-optical emission
During heat treating, a blacksmith causes phase changes in the iron-carbon system in order to control the material's mechanical properties, often using the annealing, quenching, and tempering processes. In this context, the color of light, or "blackbody radiation," emitted by the workpiece is an approximate gauge of temperature. Temperature is often gauged by watching the color temperature of the work, with the transition from a deep cherry-red to orange-red ( to ) corresponding to the formation of austenite in medium and high-carbon steel. In the visible spectrum, this glow increases in brightness as temperature increases. When cherry-red, the glow is near its lowest intensity and may not be visible in ambient light. Therefore, blacksmiths usually austenitize steel in low-light conditions, to help accurately judge the color of the glow.
See also
Gamma loop
References
Metallurgy
Iron | [
0.03214321658015251,
0.196010023355484,
-0.22735822200775146,
0.0868440791964531,
-0.1953359842300415,
0.2009761482477188,
0.3872353732585907,
-0.352100670337677,
0.37726935744285583,
-0.2150733917951584,
-0.16674143075942993,
0.2898137867450714,
-0.543949544429779,
0.46056199073791504,
0.03523019328713417,
0.8039105534553528,
0.3625734746456146,
0.7299144268035889,
-0.490999311208725,
-0.09905528277158737,
0.025544805452227592,
-0.04803469777107239,
0.4422019422054291,
0.11574868857860565,
0.3972613513469696,
-0.20837773382663727,
0.3516398072242737,
-0.3867611289024353,
-0.053008850663900375,
0.2924870252609253,
-0.3764280676841736,
0.4209068715572357,
-0.3458518385887146,
0.18803302943706512,
-0.031244046986103058,
0.41178661584854126,
-0.24705664813518524,
-0.16739152371883392,
0.06244516000151634,
-0.4274422526359558,
0.10627592355012894,
-0.2072754055261612,
0.2796249985694885,
0.7063398957252502,
-0.6319062113761902,
0.41986730694770813,
-1.4746239185333252,
0.6539545059204102,
-0.5319908261299133,
0.11896416544914246,
0.22980448603630066,
0.19968774914741516,
0.48191946744918823,
0.2827490270137787,
0.11808327585458755,
0.3479315936565399,
-0.46024197340011597,
-0.028078999370336533,
0.43258967995643616,
-0.511645495891571,
0.5515329837799072,
0.16830994188785553,
-0.15497155487537384,
0.34125658869743347,
0.33838942646980286,
0.6826760768890381,
-0.2992094159126282,
0.11523351073265076,
-0.6146636009216309,
0.46510055661201477,
-0.023360544815659523,
-0.10810510814189911,
-0.48973479866981506,
0.18887896835803986,
-0.20310154557228088,
0.3037204146385193,
-0.4416588544845581,
-0.26765331625938416,
-0.31836530566215515,
0.9063625931739807,
-0.13113296031951904,
0.6888387799263,
0.36062416434288025,
0.009629004634916782,
0.08831699192523956,
0.2054980993270874,
-0.6359239816665649,
0.8200867176055908,
-0.28904011845588684,
0.3952706456184387,
-0.08051923662424088,
0.01760919578373432,
0.5820338129997253,
0.13672064244747162,
0.2075158804655075,
-0.339551717042923,
0.3577861785888672,
-0.252240926027298,
0.4717736840248108,
0.10179229825735092,
-0.15135900676250458,
-0.8255129456520081,
-0.5207860469818115,
-0.20939518511295319,
-0.4883253276348114,
0.013649382628500462,
-0.7437993884086609,
-0.3206525146961212,
0.1438685953617096,
0.07525637745857239,
-0.5445063710212708,
0.051986683160066605,
-0.15148307383060455,
0.14066612720489502,
-0.1916327029466629,
-0.025239886716008186,
-0.4028942883014679,
0.07276489585638046,
-0.10917967557907104,
0.18840909004211426,
-0.02886917255818844,
0.6711345911026001,
-0.40604862570762634,
0.1171642318367958,
-0.04408644512295723,
0.6433483958244324,
0.16587376594543457,
0.731427013874054,
-0.5682612061500549,
0.05096624419093132,
0.30327630043029785,
0.7061559557914734,
0.13996466994285583,
-0.16223877668380737,
-0.24916870892047882,
-1.1505876779556274,
-0.505474328994751,
0.16239842772483826,
0.28766292333602905,
0.1792956441640854,
-0.3210480809211731,
-0.0183255672454834,
-0.3724927604198456,
-0.20801527798175812,
0.118982695043087,
-0.7549989223480225,
-0.1849832683801651,
0.302618145942688,
-0.007313253358006477,
0.4096546173095703,
-0.007404407486319542,
-0.38929614424705505,
-0.4282121956348419,
0.19985711574554443,
-0.5657203197479248,
-0.5767968893051147,
0.4909905791282654,
-0.07295529544353485,
-0.016144361346960068,
-0.20244772732257843,
-0.3543245494365692,
-0.17029133439064026,
0.2429826408624649,
-0.14377833902835846,
0.27150920033454895,
-0.34703147411346436,
0.6185925602912903,
0.29022642970085144,
-0.3017437756061554,
0.39085912704467773,
-0.23090770840644836,
-0.49316707253456116,
-0.16089893877506256,
0.8128500580787659,
-0.23679420351982117,
-0.19318847358226776,
-0.17202231287956238,
0.35713547468185425,
0.6657217741012573,
-0.21078361570835114,
-0.7122828364372253,
-0.18748950958251953,
0.6296723484992981,
0.13841216266155243,
0.08972171694040298,
0.28458210825920105,
0.33815068006515503,
-0.21467916667461395,
0.1705721616744995,
0.09813571721315384,
-0.14866192638874054,
0.1044221892952919,
0.1558980494737625,
-0.80278480052948,
1.5185356140136719,
-0.44186344742774963,
-0.6788021326065063,
0.2341693490743637,
-0.29908159375190735,
0.09918364882469177,
-0.04734881967306137,
-0.04575713351368904,
0.5378867387771606,
-0.7159091234207153,
0.11364683508872986,
0.2894427478313446,
0.6456929445266724,
0.3370548486709595,
-0.2968384325504303,
0.046080198138952255,
0.7298518419265747,
-0.1916431039571762,
0.7471970915794373,
-0.06845603883266449,
-0.17152288556098938,
-0.4928140640258789,
-0.4218614995479584,
0.44336771965026855,
0.17319469153881073,
0.4240425229072571,
0.9418201446533203,
-0.23927856981754303,
-0.20527192950248718,
0.11726734787225723,
-0.0068910978734493256,
0.3087548613548279,
0.4732057452201843,
-0.3142370581626892,
0.4237343370914459,
0.2749711573123932,
0.22820164263248444,
-0.06279530376195908,
0.37705498933792114,
0.021781647577881813,
0.3613912761211395,
-0.1744699627161026,
0.2202477753162384,
-0.16599006950855255,
0.24614696204662323,
-0.3868745267391205,
0.3350827395915985,
0.6495854258537292,
-0.4491339921951294,
0.2892150282859802,
-0.042787469923496246,
-0.14070795476436615,
0.3209334909915924,
0.12805266678333282,
-0.3262324035167694,
0.06760601699352264,
-0.14010672271251678,
-0.09699731320142746,
0.01809859089553356,
-0.026177121326327324,
0.02713872492313385,
-0.3988875448703766,
-0.37186482548713684,
-0.04573284834623337,
-0.3044939935207367,
0.4521954655647278,
-0.31302565336227417,
-0.6554620265960693,
-0.4075007438659668,
-0.17673327028751373,
0.10683418810367584,
-0.265254408121109,
-0.17725607752799988,
0.017345650121569633,
0.489016592502594,
0.867705225944519,
0.16739174723625183,
0.44306522607803345,
-0.37302929162979126,
0.24335820972919464,
-0.21615077555179596,
-0.31283923983573914,
-0.03151734173297882,
0.5272355079650879,
-1.0240317583084106,
-0.14654263854026794,
0.11676346510648727,
0.6410218477249146,
0.5875932574272156,
-0.5098606944084167,
-0.5419353246688843,
-0.1457993984222412,
0.15813733637332916,
-0.8915979862213135,
-0.11410674452781677,
-0.3682584762573242,
-0.5382412075996399,
0.3268146216869354,
-0.08199641108512878,
-0.3654479384422302,
0.09705988317728043,
0.4838191568851471,
-0.23585355281829834,
0.5012214779853821,
0.19857443869113922,
-0.37223681807518005,
-0.07534776628017426,
-0.07967584580183029,
-0.2745480239391327,
0.0077470145188272,
0.3334049880504608,
-0.014368235133588314,
-0.21199625730514526,
0.25542357563972473,
-5.786562442779541,
0.23327478766441345,
-0.13497474789619446,
-0.2673490643501282,
0.39318281412124634,
0.382345974445343,
0.018757503479719162,
0.16970545053482056,
-0.11648160964250565,
-0.09578604251146317,
0.1048775464296341,
0.5773851871490479,
-0.02965766191482544,
0.12214946001768112,
0.013064655475318432,
0.644474446773529,
1.0376309156417847,
-0.07312020659446716,
-0.11082994192838669,
0.24850976467132568,
-0.21666298806667328,
0.490768164396286,
0.30594149231910706,
0.9589422345161438,
0.3073619604110718,
-0.4357415437698364,
-0.2770410180091858,
0.5946919918060303,
0.05859751254320145,
-0.3680836856365204,
-0.058640673756599426,
-0.1416029930114746,
0.2312723994255066,
-0.4644925892353058,
0.5211189985275269,
0.44147348403930664,
-0.05652184039354324,
0.03205709531903267,
-0.3904130160808563,
-0.032892949879169464,
-0.13401319086551666,
0.5032534599304199,
-0.35976719856262207,
-0.08963122218847275,
0.6630723476409912,
-0.569270133972168,
-0.11133617907762527,
0.05496864393353462,
-0.36057281494140625,
0.38333478569984436,
-0.4448475241661072,
-0.016367033123970032,
0.10237011313438416,
-0.5802493691444397,
0.619713306427002,
0.7545828819274902,
-0.10266523063182831,
0.38143280148506165,
-0.5814228057861328,
0.038371890783309937,
-0.5117520689964294,
0.4661591351032257,
-0.19753140211105347,
0.4011136293411255,
-0.86799156665802,
-0.33739590644836426,
-0.6221665143966675,
-0.31268543004989624,
0.24356046319007874,
-0.1434408575296402,
-0.74908447265625,
0.4298143982887268,
0.1655990481376648,
-0.7856770157814026,
0.19563569128513336,
-0.2493724524974823,
0.4944969117641449,
-0.21102188527584076,
-0.3705453872680664,
0.056324806064367294,
-1.0751028060913086,
0.3138487637042999,
0.2013021856546402,
0.2602485418319702,
0.4414118528366089,
0.6804856657981873,
-0.3159165680408478,
-0.21868903934955597,
0.2663731276988983,
0.19656355679035187,
0.7485295534133911,
-0.08719071745872498,
0.09928823262453079,
0.18678805232048035,
0.421276718378067,
0.035999659448862076,
0.409194678068161,
0.223841592669487,
0.42963993549346924,
0.012152549810707569,
0.8232458829879761,
-0.1862347275018692,
0.032888900488615036,
-0.5098473429679871,
0.008614386431872845,
-0.583845853805542,
-0.18481823801994324,
0.2757573425769806,
0.7405308485031128,
-0.012008284218609333,
0.00791581254452467,
0.8537489175796509,
-0.27236950397491455,
-0.29398027062416077,
0.7753322124481201,
0.01749611273407936,
-0.38592779636383057,
0.0011376385809853673,
0.3880369961261749,
-0.3679431676864624,
-0.15693287551403046,
0.3067833483219147,
-0.38173604011535645,
-0.6317406296730042,
-0.40442728996276855,
-0.0705043375492096,
0.11925499886274338,
0.28015610575675964,
-0.3194173276424408,
0.1857052892446518,
-0.20415224134922028,
0.3762420415878296,
-0.3893778622150421,
0.30028805136680603,
-0.055982556194067,
0.0817214846611023,
-0.22378285229206085,
0.27723222970962524,
-0.4067081809043884,
-0.5605120658874512,
0.4578777253627777,
-0.2114352434873581,
-0.5633546710014343,
-0.16781194508075714,
0.9937065839767456,
0.04073869436979294,
-0.26709479093551636,
0.2929445505142212,
-0.30556195974349976,
0.03938988596200943,
0.43682244420051575,
-0.1360643357038498,
0.18661066889762878,
-0.03592381253838539,
-0.3149837851524353,
0.5192544460296631,
0.48007866740226746,
0.691451907157898,
-0.13989686965942383,
-0.46709969639778137,
0.050078731030225754,
0.2182490974664688,
-0.6265926361083984,
-0.2728429436683655,
0.13621436059474945,
-0.5380203127861023,
-0.8101224303245544,
0.03650417923927307,
-0.4791874885559082,
0.25920262932777405,
0.07456419616937637,
0.10582917928695679,
-0.32995685935020447,
-0.553638219833374,
-0.10495466738939285,
0.2794385254383087,
-0.37347373366355896,
-0.14135508239269257,
-0.1411076933145523,
-0.6266154050827026,
0.34560832381248474,
-0.4577597975730896,
-0.5273245573043823,
0.07755937427282333,
0.09016034007072449,
-0.25031521916389465,
-0.053698863834142685,
0.11158585548400879,
0.0386199876666069,
-0.6719323396682739,
0.7412375211715698,
-0.8158953785896301,
0.11267261207103729,
-0.12291038781404495,
0.48848989605903625,
-0.32482579350471497,
0.3117499351501465,
0.07456605136394501,
0.2642911374568939,
-0.9891554117202759,
-0.3572119176387787,
0.5017368197441101,
-1.0798094272613525,
0.0475313663482666,
0.10885877907276154,
-0.29258525371551514,
-0.180433988571167,
-0.06037445366382599,
0.15247809886932373,
0.19688306748867035,
-0.0688377395272255,
-0.42100071907043457,
0.22295264899730682,
-0.042385902255773544,
-0.04039283096790314,
0.6964874267578125,
0.3188183307647705,
-0.11230889707803726,
-0.0920865461230278,
-0.4204113483428955,
-0.031018661335110664,
-0.27393049001693726,
0.5760710835456848,
-0.016729295253753662,
0.633262038230896,
0.26713424921035767,
0.6546856760978699,
-0.14023534953594208,
0.3616017997264862,
-0.5684686899185181,
0.17428387701511383,
0.17317257821559906,
-0.43258678913116455,
0.05968720093369484,
0.41653183102607727,
-0.2007024586200714,
-0.3706200420856476,
0.14190085232257843,
-0.06988184154033661,
0.08101046085357666,
0.4876202940940857,
0.40811261534690857,
0.0033072037622332573,
-0.13818342983722687,
-0.31118497252464294,
-0.13920722901821136,
0.06185353174805641,
-0.2633189558982849,
-0.641862690448761,
-0.06348633021116257,
0.10812227427959442,
-0.4684443175792694,
-0.39640340209007263,
-0.7378548383712769,
0.2273494452238083,
-0.5943427681922913,
0.4939207136631012,
-0.13770097494125366,
-0.10870765894651413,
0.39250656962394714,
-0.618513286113739,
-0.2642044723033905,
-0.07774089276790619,
-0.061936087906360626,
-0.257682740688324,
0.28610098361968994,
-0.8483049869537354,
-0.597923755645752,
0.17710527777671814,
-0.6078869104385376,
0.2510920464992523,
0.2719525396823883,
0.7296639084815979,
0.23863668739795685,
-0.18793363869190216,
0.4436691403388977,
0.2605242431163788,
-0.08125639706850052,
-0.38399747014045715,
0.2502112090587616,
-0.6473808288574219,
0.12691907584667206,
0.610105037689209,
-0.20323996245861053,
0.13873390853405,
-0.5886309742927551,
-0.2358134388923645,
-0.2891550362110138,
-1.0114853382110596,
-0.259523868560791,
-0.21705412864685059,
-0.40210163593292236,
-0.3620067536830902,
-0.9209316372871399,
-0.33494675159454346,
0.2802502512931824,
-0.24725185334682465,
0.11346282809972763,
-0.09961463510990143,
0.7271227240562439,
-0.6134604215621948,
0.8382332921028137,
0.20076261460781097,
-0.5138166546821594,
-0.21746264398097992,
-0.22987686097621918,
0.02981298416852951,
-0.37310895323753357,
0.043072741478681564,
0.018132317811250687,
0.261565625667572,
-0.029734501615166664,
-0.2728811204433441,
0.6667006015777588,
-0.34557831287384033,
0.06325148046016693,
0.5913923978805542,
-0.16526779532432556,
0.2825070023536682,
0.5061417818069458,
0.02328818291425705,
0.14037193357944489,
0.3295520842075348,
-0.08508457988500595,
-0.17000657320022583,
0.5704576969146729,
0.07662681490182877,
0.6335978507995605,
-0.5217909812927246,
0.9753487706184387,
0.7583591341972351,
-0.17840127646923065,
0.008023988455533981,
-0.00276371743530035,
0.08432149142026901,
-0.21969002485275269,
0.14630140364170074,
-0.22575661540031433,
-0.46198779344558716,
0.8915207386016846,
-0.01780080609023571,
0.4036770462989807,
-0.278910756111145,
-0.423027902841568,
0.1144828349351883,
0.44148018956184387,
-0.49173250794410706,
-0.03568624332547188,
-0.4068959355354309,
0.2381865382194519,
0.30528873205184937,
-0.3895261585712433,
-0.18766255676746368,
-0.06596178561449051,
-0.7907779216766357,
-0.2528281807899475,
0.3501061499118805,
-0.3179566264152527,
-0.0025707220192998648,
0.4177505075931549,
-0.25741615891456604,
0.4841679632663727,
0.5811960101127625,
-0.052944835275411606,
-0.2562989294528961,
0.0788605734705925,
-0.010090555064380169,
-0.6303278207778931,
-0.46214422583580017,
-0.274069219827652,
-0.03349151462316513,
0.0938630998134613,
-0.16234104335308075,
0.4146193861961365,
-0.16456082463264465,
-0.3485470712184906,
0.5113873481750488,
0.4191398024559021,
0.3009904623031616,
-0.23033244907855988,
-0.3323001563549042,
0.09513155370950699,
-0.3590320348739624,
-0.6485862731933594,
0.06995788961648941,
-0.646580159664154,
0.010147078894078732,
0.5151259899139404,
-0.19247467815876007,
0.2582745850086212,
0.21721550822257996,
-0.14838387072086334,
-0.3194131553173065,
-0.19851373136043549,
-0.45195460319519043,
-0.680544912815094,
0.4422314763069153,
0.5977691411972046,
0.21390482783317566,
0.36942577362060547,
-0.22908610105514526,
0.2755957245826721,
0.7577351331710815,
-0.006648858543485403,
-0.44677549600601196,
0.3772321939468384,
-0.44111424684524536,
0.7819090485572815,
-0.5679399371147156,
-0.07998204231262207,
0.16735826432704926,
-0.7216745615005493,
-0.2843680679798126,
0.008606264367699623,
0.038449741899967194,
-0.16928891837596893,
0.36511823534965515,
-0.11944115161895752,
0.11402908712625504,
0.14384675025939941,
0.36353233456611633,
-0.1980573683977127,
0.2663229703903198,
0.2185923010110855,
-0.4228881001472473,
0.06925810873508453,
0.2284623086452484,
-0.12268692255020142,
-0.30156949162483215,
0.1996997892856598,
-0.3379276990890503,
0.10841907560825348,
-0.197461798787117,
0.7515666484832764,
-0.6159264445304871,
0.027082718908786774,
-0.06677980720996857,
-0.025311600416898727,
-0.6140140891075134,
0.09130238741636276,
0.5402124524116516,
0.07633258402347565,
-0.662198007106781,
0.14022749662399292,
0.003474585246294737,
0.554855465888977,
-0.5658844113349915,
-0.45895737409591675,
0.029334120452404022,
0.30810317397117615,
-0.03461452201008797,
-0.2879185676574707,
-0.14293575286865234,
0.5307977199554443,
-0.22562330961227417,
-0.26998770236968994,
0.22544997930526733,
-0.6846977472305298,
0.49257782101631165,
0.3366462290287018
] |
233332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye | Frye | Frye is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Channing Frye (born 1983), basketball player
Charlie Frye (born 1981), football player for the Oakland Raiders
Don Frye (born 1965), mixed martial arts fighter
Donna Frye (born 1952), San Diego city councilwoman
Dwight Frye (1899–1943), American actor
George Frederick Frye (1833–1912), Seattle pioneer and the City Council member.
Jack Frye (1904–1959), American aviation pioneer
John Frye (1933–2005), Scottish footballer
Joseph Frye (1712–1794), colonial American soldier and general
Marilyn Frye (born 1941), American philosophy professor and feminist theorist
Mark Frye (born 1957), contemporary American composer
Northrop Frye (1912–1991), Canadian literary critic
Richard N. Frye (1920–2014), American scholar of Iranian history
Sean Frye (born 1966), American child actor
Shirley M. Frye, American mathematics educator
Soleil Moon Frye (born 1976), American actress best known for playing Punky Brewster
Spencer Frye (born 1967), American politician
Taylor Frye (1864–1946), American politician and educator
Theodore Christian Frye (1869–1962), American botanist
Thomas Frye (c. 1710–1762), Anglo-Irish painter
Thomas Frye (Rhode Island politician) (1666–1748), Deputy Governor of colony of Rhode Island
Virgil Frye (1930–2012), American actor
Walter Frye (died 1474), English Renaissance composer
William P. Frye (1830–1911), U.S. Senator from Maine
Kelly Frye (1984), American actress
See also
The Frye Company, a bootmaker
Frye Computer Systems, a software company
Frye standard, a test to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence in United States courts
Fry (disambiguation)
Frye Island, Maine, named for Joseph Frye
Fryeburg, Maine, named for Joseph Frye
Scottish surnames
English-language surnames | [
0.30578139424324036,
0.4330749213695526,
-0.37956923246383667,
-0.7326441407203674,
-0.206753209233284,
0.44436606764793396,
0.22044098377227783,
0.25439542531967163,
-0.3684147894382477,
-0.5336315631866455,
-0.23310884833335876,
-0.3074272572994232,
-0.013644056394696236,
1.0185039043426514,
-0.3746297359466553,
0.1350516676902771,
-0.7088009715080261,
0.6393668055534363,
0.03697279840707779,
-0.5465738773345947,
-0.09166564792394638,
-0.04939229413866997,
-0.3472896218299866,
-0.5097337961196899,
0.11265303194522858,
-0.08329382538795471,
0.24588264524936676,
-0.33555588126182556,
0.4964156746864319,
0.23841753602027893,
0.15769031643867493,
0.8662354946136475,
0.031792882829904556,
0.30200183391571045,
-0.22166763246059418,
-0.17018723487854004,
-0.2672083377838135,
-0.2846725583076477,
0.3775298595428467,
-0.0025051685515791178,
-0.011205840855836868,
-0.34655138850212097,
0.19666387140750885,
0.43732115626335144,
-0.25796183943748474,
-0.2366916835308075,
-2.656773805618286,
0.03147651255130768,
-0.36588066816329956,
-0.12503911554813385,
0.1607850044965744,
-0.4456442594528198,
0.4885301887989044,
0.09605758637189865,
0.02571244351565838,
0.050128258764743805,
-0.2967134714126587,
0.09881864488124847,
0.4189542531967163,
0.3576819896697998,
0.7227681279182434,
-0.1494123786687851,
0.23096807301044464,
0.32558396458625793,
0.47405585646629333,
0.2491513043642044,
-0.15177646279335022,
0.5013507604598999,
-0.42275092005729675,
0.3664838373661041,
-0.44158023595809937,
-0.33460497856140137,
0.4128210246562958,
0.7309329509735107,
-0.29123950004577637,
0.23325040936470032,
0.067386694252491,
-0.03141182288527489,
0.39082080125808716,
0.2590758204460144,
0.19188661873340607,
-0.3083682358264923,
0.602963387966156,
0.25801727175712585,
0.3773948550224304,
0.25983738899230957,
-0.7570136785507202,
0.04535706713795662,
-0.008591802790760994,
0.5772812962532043,
-0.07846587151288986,
-0.15707871317863464,
0.16174812614917755,
0.18373173475265503,
-0.3794959485530853,
0.4745578467845917,
0.00405097333714366,
-0.11146140843629837,
0.27152886986732483,
0.10533571988344193,
-0.15438321232795715,
0.2574465274810791,
0.4928244352340698,
0.08604195713996887,
0.07879279553890228,
-0.6331245303153992,
-0.7486804127693176,
-0.24969546496868134,
0.48716190457344055,
-1.8007826805114746,
-0.6006176471710205,
0.6111525297164917,
0.12001482397317886,
0.197086364030838,
0.05010046437382698,
0.6235812902450562,
0.4487468898296356,
-0.47574228048324585,
0.09178051352500916,
0.08475187420845032,
-0.4854881763458252,
0.5030866265296936,
-0.34267014265060425,
0.20784641802310944,
-0.14372673630714417,
0.3372988998889923,
0.08332756161689758,
0.14649738371372223,
-0.13550031185150146,
0.4325161278247833,
0.06735386699438095,
0.7961261868476868,
-0.10599478334188461,
-0.5435026288032532,
-0.11082935333251953,
-0.19203074276447296,
0.3350200653076172,
0.4926280081272125,
0.03493870049715042,
-0.12257970869541168,
-0.5080996751785278,
0.043421629816293716,
-2.243438720703125,
0.44508886337280273,
0.48421791195869446,
0.463585764169693,
-0.3104894757270813,
-0.19541962444782257,
0.12036146968603134,
0.28712379932403564,
0.25995510816574097,
-0.07467794418334961,
0.21024629473686218,
0.29349440336227417,
-0.545354425907135,
-0.18927626311779022,
-0.02627725526690483,
-0.2033657431602478,
0.6275686025619507,
0.1641012728214264,
-0.40078088641166687,
-0.4117432236671448,
0.5848882794380188,
-0.4406290650367737,
0.5241625308990479,
-0.2962352931499481,
0.324670672416687,
-0.5861650705337524,
-0.3307644724845886,
0.2239246368408203,
-0.42884281277656555,
-0.10061369836330414,
0.35011735558509827,
-0.09111925959587097,
0.30252140760421753,
-0.03056839480996132,
0.4364691376686096,
0.21146193146705627,
0.8745301365852356,
-0.4814954698085785,
-0.264251708984375,
-0.15129674971103668,
0.19920459389686584,
0.013341023586690426,
-0.08334192633628845,
0.15642592310905457,
0.15088725090026855,
-0.39651259779930115,
0.06451520323753357,
0.43160712718963623,
-0.18398398160934448,
-0.3469320237636566,
0.38293662667274475,
-0.48226574063301086,
0.4025258421897888,
-0.1714749038219452,
0.14832450449466705,
-0.10954368859529495,
0.17915078997612,
0.7516326904296875,
-0.22613532841205597,
-0.18924134969711304,
0.04761427268385887,
-0.18830816447734833,
-0.16538362205028534,
2.3230574131011963,
0.10057265311479568,
0.33450978994369507,
0.3118181824684143,
0.23031513392925262,
0.3015950620174408,
-0.17010179162025452,
0.5825863480567932,
0.1271974891424179,
-0.0305244829505682,
-0.2684887647628784,
0.4184528887271881,
0.1932329386472702,
-0.3187052309513092,
-0.17902043461799622,
0.4676314890384674,
0.06655807048082352,
0.39080610871315,
0.04369323328137398,
0.6142904758453369,
0.6353349685668945,
0.6063646078109741,
-0.010343210771679878,
0.01900693029165268,
-1.1098307371139526,
0.3310190439224243,
0.2876570224761963,
0.06103399023413658,
-0.13318347930908203,
-0.06873557716608047,
-0.522777259349823,
-0.03439326584339142,
-0.5017830729484558,
0.3426949679851532,
-0.10098107904195786,
-0.014538797549903393,
0.15880750119686127,
-0.4734443724155426,
-0.10297901183366776,
0.13427624106407166,
0.05860797315835953,
0.10438090562820435,
-0.2245187610387802,
-0.05702380836009979,
-0.22510841488838196,
0.5025996565818787,
0.06282836943864822,
0.5916377902030945,
-0.2503564953804016,
0.09695933014154434,
-0.03132081404328346,
-0.04667101427912712,
0.3982333540916443,
-0.13911785185337067,
0.11987634748220444,
-0.6309099197387695,
0.2739245295524597,
0.2500864267349243,
-0.20271092653274536,
-0.47519877552986145,
-0.3833007216453552,
-0.5748160481452942,
-0.13468770682811737,
0.3141557276248932,
-0.017221007496118546,
0.44691869616508484,
0.21261893212795258,
-0.011399630457162857,
-3.1157782077789307,
-0.3080102503299713,
-0.0019360630540177226,
-0.46917930245399475,
0.27562370896339417,
-0.4661250710487366,
-0.15670770406723022,
0.1867586076259613,
0.6406741738319397,
-0.35796573758125305,
-0.15638402104377747,
0.029688365757465363,
-0.07673653960227966,
-0.04409569874405861,
-0.38366174697875977,
-0.04388183727860451,
0.025659386068582535,
-0.20381903648376465,
0.5246521234512329,
-0.10788333415985107,
0.49727731943130493,
-0.11254584044218063,
-0.07057230174541473,
-0.4117826819419861,
-0.4763583838939667,
-0.24280588328838348,
-0.32082173228263855,
-0.20858147740364075,
0.367561936378479,
-0.15005432069301605,
-0.046762384474277496,
0.21008305251598358,
0.12564918398857117,
-0.14949358999729156,
0.1553446650505066,
-4.6526947021484375,
0.02246149815618992,
-0.06149384006857872,
0.36682865023612976,
0.6362485289573669,
-0.24826432764530182,
0.8694025874137878,
-0.12127669155597687,
0.05516102910041809,
0.10266691446304321,
0.21813645958900452,
-0.20261572301387787,
-0.0020703200716525316,
0.2088235765695572,
0.3644516170024872,
0.28857383131980896,
0.6459879875183105,
0.24789103865623474,
0.1681949645280838,
-0.18814899027347565,
-0.034037139266729355,
0.2470320165157318,
-0.3181065022945404,
0.10832180082798004,
0.05427006259560585,
0.3394114375114441,
0.3810673654079437,
0.01824207790195942,
-0.8849728107452393,
-0.534504771232605,
0.08112958818674088,
-0.013572522439062595,
0.11669360846281052,
-0.31387829780578613,
-0.5101037621498108,
0.17164801061153412,
-0.06020413711667061,
0.3067856431007385,
-0.14704617857933044,
0.31798475980758667,
-0.2167927324771881,
0.9048140048980713,
-0.37870725989341736,
-0.10582021623849869,
0.680290699005127,
-0.13254691660404205,
-0.741891086101532,
0.14737707376480103,
-0.12372337281703949,
-0.13973133265972137,
-0.08180306106805801,
-0.01187547855079174,
0.5631853938102722,
0.40290647745132446,
0.5476633906364441,
0.2130296379327774,
0.5344961285591125,
-0.2688877582550049,
-0.05090577155351639,
0.11598805338144302,
0.8797009587287903,
-0.4765370190143585,
0.627586305141449,
-0.04533812403678894,
-0.30630621314048767,
-0.825455904006958,
-0.12178808450698853,
-0.07981675118207932,
-0.07308902591466904,
-0.07944037020206451,
-0.050283923745155334,
0.43223902583122253,
0.42549386620521545,
-0.8113366365432739,
0.05209718272089958,
0.016292354092001915,
-0.0959649607539177,
0.23128193616867065,
-0.02662396803498268,
-0.27737900614738464,
0.18605270981788635,
-0.18254202604293823,
-0.6716240048408508,
0.8929243683815002,
-0.24920831620693207,
-0.3992435336112976,
-0.5436091423034668,
0.2987740933895111,
-0.593920886516571,
-0.41108939051628113,
0.12403622269630432,
0.04412349313497543,
0.15277047455310822,
0.2991168797016144,
0.07591400295495987,
0.07723996043205261,
0.21550771594047546,
-0.625180184841156,
-0.11810551583766937,
-0.21006199717521667,
-0.0037533689755946398,
-0.4924429655075073,
-0.49516192078590393,
-0.4610917270183563,
0.3571995198726654,
-0.044718675315380096,
-0.06096113100647926,
0.4302828311920166,
0.32601261138916016,
0.020189648494124413,
0.30869823694229126,
0.0754467025399208,
-0.4985181987285614,
-0.7671419382095337,
0.4055699110031128,
-0.3310766816139221,
-0.08527369052171707,
0.09292753040790558,
0.13040855526924133,
0.22739478945732117,
-0.0022145924158394337,
0.5651394724845886,
-0.27443212270736694,
-0.4312858581542969,
-0.3360910415649414,
-0.5996932983398438,
-0.08471129834651947,
-0.522958517074585,
-0.5867018699645996,
0.22185900807380676,
-0.16353359818458557,
0.5938432216644287,
-0.1653440296649933,
-0.4802078604698181,
-0.323924720287323,
-0.1329566240310669,
-0.3590969443321228,
0.20888882875442505,
-0.062036942690610886,
-0.24524901807308197,
0.2200722098350525,
-0.2742062509059906,
0.2972491979598999,
-0.0360005721449852,
0.297960489988327,
0.6602280139923096,
0.28589916229248047,
-0.09388982504606247,
-0.3912619352340698,
0.867411196231842,
0.1347835510969162,
-0.49456843733787537,
0.1728130578994751,
-0.18682292103767395,
0.05669707432389259,
-0.03387795761227608,
0.2564684748649597,
0.4192419946193695,
-0.6682286262512207,
0.46085602045059204,
-0.3725029230117798,
-0.28441688418388367,
-0.6152223348617554,
0.011861981824040413,
0.38587552309036255,
-0.3233889937400818,
-0.36010950803756714,
0.08856835216283798,
-0.5803093910217285,
0.362213671207428,
-0.18668010830879211,
-0.18215535581111908,
-0.9848319888114929,
-0.08363842219114304,
0.4723799526691437,
0.02895944193005562,
0.2631847858428955,
0.5227178931236267,
-0.2248772829771042,
-0.33217138051986694,
0.16464628279209137,
0.22256410121917725,
-0.4310586452484131,
0.7879539728164673,
0.3974939286708832,
-0.3599013090133667,
-0.19762924313545227,
-0.20216244459152222,
-0.41362857818603516,
-0.5416596531867981,
-0.28935444355010986,
-0.05546591803431511,
0.5537651777267456,
0.40362685918807983,
-0.4427954852581024,
-0.2366374135017395,
0.3614397943019867,
-0.01029722485691309,
-0.41823330521583557,
-0.6987903714179993,
0.09060607105493546,
0.6281683444976807,
-0.14742837846279144,
0.1520441174507141,
0.3645644783973694,
-0.9914329051971436,
0.08601462095975876,
-0.033772651106119156,
-0.4436803162097931,
0.4274327754974365,
0.043577056378126144,
-1.2416890859603882,
-0.06897745281457901,
0.08506330847740173,
-0.22696401178836823,
-0.2820676267147064,
0.5488730669021606,
0.22186070680618286,
0.5817570686340332,
-0.43857094645500183,
0.4554632902145386,
-0.26063308119773865,
0.15714780986309052,
-0.15005607903003693,
-0.1828465312719345,
0.34391582012176514,
0.16397030651569366,
-0.05311994254589081,
0.9392019510269165,
-0.2555452585220337,
-0.4432010352611542,
-0.053720735013484955,
-0.10434616357088089,
0.29390332102775574,
-0.0852213054895401,
0.04876195639371872,
-0.20679685473442078,
0.2799939215183258,
-0.18031208217144012,
0.4814726710319519,
0.5088858604431152,
1.037299633026123,
0.40061861276626587,
-0.2272874414920807,
-0.24254202842712402,
-0.08831866085529327,
0.3022996187210083,
-0.1096760556101799,
-0.6727120876312256,
0.4028332829475403,
-0.3277599513530731,
-0.6021162867546082,
-0.6461751461029053,
0.003877773880958557,
0.4887978434562683,
-0.3129219710826874,
0.08270531892776489,
0.11629854887723923,
0.41808658838272095,
0.1619921773672104,
-0.19232919812202454,
0.28371256589889526,
-0.07693269848823547,
0.5922659039497375,
0.02448124811053276,
0.5680312514305115,
-0.22515247762203217,
0.23626278340816498,
0.7066381573677063,
-0.4020324945449829,
-0.5293219089508057,
-0.1620093733072281,
-0.16351573169231415,
0.5363389253616333,
0.3280850052833557,
-0.3430086374282837,
0.014584208838641644,
-0.3655689060688019,
0.15213237702846527,
-0.8079394102096558,
1.413474440574646,
-0.10025279223918915,
0.6141130328178406,
-0.7552480697631836,
-0.030406881123781204,
-0.11445027589797974,
-0.4712596833705902,
-0.3591301441192627,
-0.29399293661117554,
-0.07388553768396378,
-0.36835774779319763,
-0.0774616152048111,
-0.021524718031287193,
0.35882458090782166,
-0.2776058614253998,
0.07014240324497223,
-0.3688487708568573,
0.0557960569858551,
0.2156488597393036,
0.07196462899446487,
-0.681185781955719,
0.8435112833976746,
-0.29667213559150696,
0.1096293032169342,
0.19846214354038239,
0.4148036539554596,
-0.03799118474125862,
-0.21354858577251434,
0.25215017795562744,
-0.007596392184495926,
0.2132934182882309,
-0.10601271688938141,
0.14583420753479004,
0.7696855068206787,
-0.16705359518527985,
-0.14751885831356049,
0.7305970788002014,
-0.5191549062728882,
0.0010432052658870816,
0.1500074565410614,
-0.12845049798488617,
-0.5157645344734192,
0.7197442054748535,
-0.0020490430761128664,
-0.08054868876934052,
0.3698631227016449,
-0.030631812289357185,
0.16551144421100616,
-0.07156073302030563,
-0.1521674543619156,
0.3094184696674347,
0.026847705245018005,
-0.5036810636520386,
-0.06144971027970314,
-0.39571672677993774,
0.01447964832186699,
-0.05897367745637894,
-0.2772299349308014,
-0.0025373962707817554,
0.6592450141906738,
0.17344148457050323,
0.8234001398086548,
0.37314897775650024,
-0.016393302008509636,
-0.05537588149309158,
-0.03742899373173714,
-0.3607252538204193,
0.13426494598388672,
0.43480271100997925,
0.1087363138794899,
-0.09434810280799866,
0.4262867271900177,
0.20179852843284607,
-0.3224434554576874,
-0.2119211107492447,
-0.016624577343463898,
0.06652390211820602,
-0.648603618144989,
-0.1402064561843872,
-2.051258087158203,
0.1435297429561615,
-0.2700601816177368,
-0.13977067172527313,
-0.03744300454854965,
0.02998916059732437,
-0.243779256939888,
0.0519128143787384,
-0.3266056776046753,
0.1315065622329712,
0.6201907396316528,
0.5380638837814331,
-0.016414128243923187,
0.1636410653591156,
-0.028089694678783417,
0.5305156707763672,
0.35539621114730835,
0.3677365481853485,
-0.30936259031295776,
-0.21380168199539185,
-0.6270023584365845,
0.2510816156864166,
-0.0839303508400917,
-0.5831208825111389,
-0.2900386452674866,
0.5025637745857239,
-0.18597115576267242,
-0.7002881765365601,
0.5087244510650635,
-0.17208771407604218,
-0.05126487836241722,
0.559943437576294,
-0.2684383690357208,
-0.020313093438744545,
-0.4176061153411865,
-0.9668191075325012,
0.20588360726833344,
-0.16881413757801056,
0.28321751952171326,
0.24158263206481934,
-0.14373700320720673,
-0.04605872184038162,
0.43270066380500793,
-0.09132295846939087,
0.14691193401813507,
0.22362659871578217,
0.4218848943710327,
-0.2930532395839691,
0.2676800787448883,
-0.20021890103816986,
0.6152973771095276,
0.3481118083000183,
-0.23912151157855988,
-0.09103052318096161,
0.23448088765144348,
-0.16275818645954132,
-0.494168221950531,
0.2364232987165451,
-0.030107157304883003,
-0.17153216898441315,
0.16043631732463837,
0.5091556906700134,
0.08609185367822647,
-0.17690110206604004,
-0.18457622826099396,
-0.29676908254623413,
-0.040049053728580475,
0.6058701872825623,
-0.007026330567896366,
-0.0391119047999382,
0.3915587067604065,
-0.3027246594429016,
1.1439450979232788,
-0.260496586561203,
-0.6085649132728577,
0.06550529599189758,
0.29151400923728943,
0.47565409541130066,
1.1241364479064941,
0.08472050726413727,
0.16602516174316406,
-0.11606723815202713,
-0.36653822660446167,
-0.026583459228277206,
0.18424424529075623,
-4.815201759338379,
-0.245060995221138,
-0.053454961627721786,
-0.5645594596862793,
0.2697156071662903,
0.4225229024887085,
0.12180740386247635,
0.07296077907085419,
0.2748872637748718,
0.29673078656196594,
0.4280076324939728,
-0.4943499267101288,
-0.36815497279167175,
-0.601259708404541,
0.5956031084060669,
0.34462791681289673
] |
233335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Whedon | Tom Whedon | Thomas Avery Whedon (August 3, 1932 – March 23, 2016) was an American television screenwriter.
Life and career
Whedon was born in New York City, New York. He was the son of Louise Carroll (Angell) and 1950s TV screenwriter John Whedon. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1955. He and his first wife, political activist Ann Lee (née Jeffries) Stearns, are the parents of sons Samuel (b. 1960) and Matthew Thomas (b. 1962), and film and TV screenwriter Joss Whedon (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Firefly, Dollhouse, and Marvel's The Avengers). Tom and his second wife, Pam Webber, are the parents of screenwriter and musician Jed Whedon (Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog) and scriptwriter Zack Whedon (Fringe, Deadwood).
He was an original writer for the 1950-60s children's television show Captain Kangaroo.
As early as 1964, he collaborated with Jon Stone on a concept for a puppet-centered children's television series using the fairy-tale Cinderella as a basis. During this process, they became acquainted with the creative, but then relatively unknown, Jim Henson and his Muppets. The trio went on to make the Hey, Cinderella! TV special for ABC in 1970.
In the 1970s, Tom Whedon (along with Stone) worked for the Children's Television Workshop, becoming head writer for the award-winning show The Electric Company. Additional writing credits include the more adult fare of The Dick Cavett Show, Benson, Alice, and The Golden Girls.
Whedon died on March 23, 2016, surrounded by family, according to an Instagram post by his son Jed Whedon.
References
External links
1932 births
2016 deaths
American television writers
American male television writers
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Whedon family | [
-0.19849635660648346,
0.291981041431427,
-1.0895054340362549,
0.1305532604455948,
0.4569268822669983,
0.6126116514205933,
0.574061393737793,
-0.15600891411304474,
0.06402646750211716,
-0.1930157095193863,
-0.12945392727851868,
0.5209192037582397,
-0.3355833888053894,
0.06507141888141632,
-0.12072336673736572,
0.04680042713880539,
-0.26284554600715637,
-0.29887697100639343,
-0.026321593672037125,
-0.2614997327327728,
-0.7707235813140869,
-0.42392441630363464,
0.17283648252487183,
0.43371719121932983,
0.0981336459517479,
0.08232210576534271,
-0.33788344264030457,
-0.25596076250076294,
0.389724463224411,
0.2747132480144501,
-0.133316770195961,
0.4393405616283417,
0.22006560862064362,
-1.0305602550506592,
-0.5631936192512512,
-0.2976783215999603,
-0.939201295375824,
-0.20019292831420898,
-0.20535807311534882,
0.27502477169036865,
-0.44877737760543823,
0.22519969940185547,
-0.27137258648872375,
-0.564532995223999,
0.44448211789131165,
-0.023188143968582153,
-2.0642123222351074,
-0.12307828664779663,
-0.6098313927650452,
-0.29468342661857605,
0.09793563187122345,
0.5597989559173584,
0.4587950110435486,
-0.02301011234521866,
-0.10228671133518219,
0.18274809420108795,
0.09115999191999435,
-0.06531334668397903,
0.08246036618947983,
0.40879788994789124,
-0.05931703746318817,
-0.713333785533905,
0.13454779982566833,
-0.09001274406909943,
0.15760540962219238,
0.3237486481666565,
0.030183348804712296,
0.39200231432914734,
0.055796630680561066,
0.323995441198349,
0.39386796951293945,
0.19481892883777618,
0.5486357808113098,
-0.41733041405677795,
0.4180701673030853,
-0.42989835143089294,
0.5420742034912109,
-0.12985111773014069,
-0.549400806427002,
-0.0007261373684741557,
-0.12151318788528442,
0.04756702110171318,
0.20693765580654144,
0.5088747143745422,
0.17907465994358063,
-0.10990657657384872,
-0.2456553876399994,
0.18542639911174774,
-0.20249614119529724,
-0.073109932243824,
-0.4909563362598419,
-0.3050774335861206,
-0.32749509811401367,
-0.2865116000175476,
0.12712325155735016,
-0.25863099098205566,
0.34161755442619324,
0.5963163375854492,
-0.34588319063186646,
-0.02073512226343155,
-0.019580578431487083,
0.16222597658634186,
0.6245979070663452,
-0.10739774256944656,
-0.03947492688894272,
-0.20340736210346222,
0.7361996173858643,
-0.3942500352859497,
0.09698467701673508,
-0.11003854870796204,
-0.3421840965747833,
0.42382270097732544,
0.23053695261478424,
0.16848990321159363,
-0.27613842487335205,
0.863301694393158,
0.1425817310810089,
-0.3171212077140808,
-0.5246598720550537,
0.04382023960351944,
-0.5334632396697998,
-0.07107224315404892,
0.10067654401063919,
0.1342664211988449,
-0.6391399502754211,
-0.27411895990371704,
-0.1534912884235382,
-0.3194657862186432,
-0.5334612131118774,
0.33532682061195374,
0.21761810779571533,
1.1626167297363281,
-0.12450703978538513,
-0.3321129083633423,
-0.4367801547050476,
0.5044164657592773,
-0.10822772979736328,
0.2113140970468521,
-0.4232009947299957,
0.29665887355804443,
-0.3777623176574707,
0.16245554387569427,
-0.7847745418548584,
-0.3011849820613861,
-0.11525310575962067,
-0.4113929271697998,
-0.2911221385002136,
-0.06026306375861168,
-0.07239282131195068,
0.16430912911891937,
-0.161899596452713,
0.14481407403945923,
-0.024043790996074677,
-0.5596457123756409,
-0.2445996254682541,
0.7977760434150696,
0.6754558682441711,
0.32899054884910583,
0.03385443612933159,
-0.07573606818914413,
0.17110565304756165,
0.07907087355852127,
-0.16159690916538239,
-0.45493757724761963,
-0.07250264286994934,
0.100740447640419,
0.7070730328559875,
-0.8362273573875427,
-0.22038376331329346,
0.39392462372779846,
-0.05755636841058731,
-0.054700057953596115,
1.051034688949585,
-0.29701855778694153,
0.48217901587486267,
-0.3311540186405182,
0.8332997560501099,
0.6504889130592346,
0.13697338104248047,
0.18354234099388123,
-0.4115124046802521,
-0.12804624438285828,
-0.3529287576675415,
0.0027035733219236135,
0.4751734137535095,
-0.023759527131915092,
0.22988244891166687,
-0.4958222210407257,
0.5208717584609985,
-0.3563566207885742,
-0.1159721091389656,
-0.9885269999504089,
0.0228652972728014,
0.2754697799682617,
0.9615877866744995,
-0.20550352334976196,
-0.25625211000442505,
0.4306853115558624,
0.3224109709262848,
0.48272642493247986,
0.04176485165953636,
-0.2975156307220459,
0.12182080000638962,
0.027728278189897537,
0.10686701536178589,
0.5476981997489929,
0.6352442502975464,
0.19599442183971405,
0.20897674560546875,
0.5824954509735107,
0.46095654368400574,
-0.2031833678483963,
0.09629973769187927,
0.3830590546131134,
0.06996405869722366,
-1.0307095050811768,
-0.4519670903682709,
-0.6189940571784973,
0.3825458884239197,
-0.7076612710952759,
0.4952457845211029,
0.3643454313278198,
0.09754820913076401,
0.5549989342689514,
-0.20134279131889343,
0.98469477891922,
-0.16929203271865845,
0.09638142585754395,
0.2879047691822052,
-0.4616367518901825,
0.08020970970392227,
0.5898497104644775,
-0.3382689654827118,
-0.8326936960220337,
-0.19072246551513672,
0.28209415078163147,
0.13764545321464539,
-0.3886997401714325,
-0.3599034249782562,
-0.4244515597820282,
-0.022722627967596054,
0.31659141182899475,
-0.4900483191013336,
-0.2190002202987671,
0.21754728257656097,
-0.6034094095230103,
0.3232397437095642,
-0.1012619212269783,
-0.15387557446956635,
0.2941156029701233,
-0.3427926003932953,
0.5682892799377441,
0.6957443356513977,
-0.3517642915248871,
-0.02863464504480362,
0.09948007017374039,
0.09964954853057861,
0.19290339946746826,
0.4933755099773407,
0.06212911382317543,
0.24923963844776154,
0.29937151074409485,
0.09824635833501816,
-0.15362372994422913,
-0.24187760055065155,
-0.5171707272529602,
-0.030429240316152573,
-0.4351275861263275,
-0.30593374371528625,
0.09468391537666321,
0.6340720057487488,
-0.3644294738769531,
0.1263851523399353,
-0.36667877435684204,
0.23307062685489655,
0.15665486454963684,
0.26585978269577026,
-0.30014529824256897,
-0.28713566064834595,
-0.4560447633266449,
0.5957451462745667,
0.8649038672447205,
-0.20199915766716003,
-0.09986323118209839,
0.46731024980545044,
-0.010434765368700027,
-0.48405611515045166,
-0.2374662607908249,
0.424694687128067,
0.1309918612241745,
-0.24430537223815918,
0.42389222979545593,
-0.4202713668346405,
0.45769503712654114,
-0.3004874289035797,
0.23509885370731354,
-0.450555682182312,
-0.6883217692375183,
-0.25115078687667847,
-0.12843121588230133,
-0.5993524789810181,
0.9200519919395447,
-0.34632250666618347,
0.1666027158498764,
0.4494316279888153,
0.704425036907196,
-0.1780308037996292,
-0.30158939957618713,
-5.459158420562744,
-0.21809908747673035,
0.026723438873887062,
-0.22573669254779816,
0.752087414264679,
0.4512365758419037,
-0.12468816339969635,
-0.010425714775919914,
0.40248793363571167,
-0.16980205476284027,
-0.19022123515605927,
0.016710476949810982,
0.18188011646270752,
0.7875086069107056,
0.3704831600189209,
-0.32577067613601685,
0.3015326261520386,
-0.3923628628253937,
-0.057379160076379776,
0.27956482768058777,
-0.3320760428905487,
-0.42890435457229614,
-0.22356344759464264,
-0.06272191554307938,
0.02952074259519577,
0.19511720538139343,
-0.45826050639152527,
0.6093547940254211,
-0.7837902903556824,
0.15162953734397888,
-0.24381989240646362,
-0.4787541627883911,
-0.7568555474281311,
0.2740710973739624,
-0.42685437202453613,
-0.35375696420669556,
0.8903943300247192,
0.2095251977443695,
0.32434603571891785,
0.27199384570121765,
-0.0731070265173912,
-0.10181659460067749,
-1.1411058902740479,
0.03748125582933426,
0.20497046411037445,
0.3350561559200287,
-0.22398661077022552,
-0.22426369786262512,
-0.16905759274959564,
0.499552845954895,
0.6214441061019897,
0.8143733739852905,
0.574910581111908,
0.22380565106868744,
0.6110324859619141,
-0.056440792977809906,
0.5705270171165466,
-0.5628113150596619,
-0.7548995614051819,
0.02316034585237503,
0.18593370914459229,
-0.47605061531066895,
-0.015217985026538372,
-0.05702726170420647,
-0.2732473909854889,
-0.6708278059959412,
-0.19502034783363342,
0.055761270225048065,
0.2946793735027313,
-0.6896026134490967,
0.07851036638021469,
0.6548002362251282,
0.40604448318481445,
-1.4977200031280518,
0.2092324048280716,
-0.03595973178744316,
-0.0883471667766571,
0.22688378393650055,
-0.5029544234275818,
-0.6108909249305725,
-0.10865554213523865,
-0.17171625792980194,
-0.1906280368566513,
0.48769599199295044,
0.206387460231781,
0.2710815668106079,
-0.2713954746723175,
0.5331727266311646,
-0.11196646839380264,
-0.43599411845207214,
-0.18816930055618286,
-0.18041537702083588,
0.1379901021718979,
0.2297014445066452,
0.17222976684570312,
0.13262921571731567,
0.18495649099349976,
0.5157104730606079,
0.14005538821220398,
-0.20310433208942413,
-0.8281249403953552,
-0.34575319290161133,
0.009353261440992355,
-0.726525604724884,
0.03411553055047989,
-0.4360826015472412,
0.054303839802742004,
0.5532534122467041,
0.4450356960296631,
0.28409358859062195,
-0.3311036229133606,
0.48897719383239746,
-0.33118104934692383,
-0.2971659004688263,
0.4266642928123474,
0.2713383436203003,
0.2399940937757492,
0.03592884913086891,
0.3343255817890167,
0.526964008808136,
-0.3752995729446411,
0.3939356207847595,
-0.0034739829134196043,
-0.12562832236289978,
0.6769110560417175,
-0.4608975648880005,
0.15210041403770447,
-0.1698382943868637,
0.22850066423416138,
0.017352130264043808,
-0.6789566874504089,
1.001717448234558,
0.11807797104120255,
0.863629162311554,
-0.16302677989006042,
-0.5017924308776855,
-1.0256764888763428,
0.053583912551403046,
-0.18522252142429352,
0.124597929418087,
0.04336283728480339,
0.015027709305286407,
0.03112754411995411,
-0.21760247647762299,
0.1766822785139084,
-0.5833913683891296,
-0.047867707908153534,
0.4443380534648895,
-0.1642715483903885,
-0.10758446902036667,
-0.16372428834438324,
-0.3950484097003937,
0.43562015891075134,
-0.7264121174812317,
-0.3822363317012787,
0.13546133041381836,
-0.7195214033126831,
0.29154741764068604,
-0.3368004262447357,
-0.3322311341762543,
-0.12344712018966675,
-0.452087938785553,
-0.9998385906219482,
-0.2534848749637604,
-0.204024076461792,
-0.0063282097689807415,
-0.16732263565063477,
-0.043656859546899796,
-0.44338154792785645,
0.5818842053413391,
0.23307457566261292,
-0.2801808714866638,
-0.21453645825386047,
-0.10933661460876465,
0.3084326386451721,
0.10127449035644531,
-0.017082631587982178,
-0.4440585970878601,
-0.10330089181661606,
0.25633174180984497,
-0.13584184646606445,
-0.175778329372406,
-0.9113556742668152,
0.058721233159303665,
0.16036885976791382,
-0.28719499707221985,
-0.0715884417295456,
-0.5370998382568359,
-0.41472703218460083,
-0.050011031329631805,
0.24305890500545502,
-0.5887925624847412,
0.098790243268013,
0.5857149958610535,
-0.16330206394195557,
0.38367944955825806,
0.31894803047180176,
-0.7008671760559082,
-0.33121639490127563,
-0.17097268998622894,
-0.019797099754214287,
0.09786924719810486,
-0.28998300433158875,
-0.3392949104309082,
0.36480748653411865,
-1.5812921524047852,
-0.32909175753593445,
0.07872740924358368,
0.02994661219418049,
1.1437876224517822,
0.31459224224090576,
-0.3820017874240875,
-0.28878167271614075,
-0.16581489145755768,
-0.2801089584827423,
0.0836515873670578,
0.8272039890289307,
0.2702026963233948,
-0.3246193528175354,
-0.31699997186660767,
-0.5258768796920776,
-0.2719370722770691,
-0.18159668147563934,
-0.25616157054901123,
-0.6668047308921814,
-0.23827458918094635,
-0.05023888126015663,
-0.636424720287323,
0.5311445593833923,
-0.12273094803094864,
0.18852272629737854,
-0.13275840878486633,
0.26042529940605164,
0.7065660357475281,
-0.07642114907503128,
-0.8935787081718445,
0.26651614904403687,
0.024942804127931595,
-0.6700232625007629,
0.11669635772705078,
0.7645834684371948,
0.9658129215240479,
0.8060246109962463,
0.2895941436290741,
0.533990740776062,
-0.20332220196723938,
0.05766144022345543,
-0.49328985810279846,
0.15243275463581085,
0.34679967164993286,
0.8726117014884949,
0.23034508526325226,
-0.35143864154815674,
0.03376249596476555,
0.6727297902107239,
-0.01979924365878105,
-0.2108834832906723,
0.2168361097574234,
0.12170034646987915,
0.00889428798109293,
-0.4019126892089844,
0.07682573050260544,
-0.16833606362342834,
0.11940639466047287,
-0.2004224807024002,
0.040029291063547134,
-0.1962895542383194,
0.12151195108890533,
0.42429929971694946,
-0.90753173828125,
-0.22364972531795502,
-0.3186720311641693,
0.014766445383429527,
0.765276312828064,
-0.18683405220508575,
0.30851075053215027,
0.8413068056106567,
-0.29734984040260315,
0.20353978872299194,
-0.4215404987335205,
-0.40150827169418335,
0.34067022800445557,
-0.5166873335838318,
-0.4644899368286133,
0.020393574610352516,
0.005612490698695183,
0.5739237666130066,
-0.27774930000305176,
0.20670713484287262,
-0.041306450963020325,
-0.4326043725013733,
0.054654594510793686,
-0.18559961020946503,
0.17825277149677277,
0.041065432131290436,
-0.6605604887008667,
0.01844071038067341,
1.4295469522476196,
0.05032416433095932,
-0.14513203501701355,
-0.578989565372467,
0.4896661639213562,
0.3832525312900543,
0.07849147915840149,
0.16094937920570374,
-0.09363304823637009,
-0.6791706085205078,
-0.08494564890861511,
-0.5385034680366516,
0.3059762716293335,
0.1985825002193451,
-0.39719876646995544,
0.08202105015516281,
0.7747890949249268,
-0.33226311206817627,
-0.006600109860301018,
0.8644745349884033,
-0.5303425192832947,
-0.07878808677196503,
-0.1292545050382614,
0.14163757860660553,
-0.07445554435253143,
0.34458446502685547,
-0.9419081807136536,
-0.07467254251241684,
0.7857242226600647,
0.26830142736434937,
0.11506883054971695,
-0.37411025166511536,
0.18375016748905182,
0.6574504375457764,
-0.6427543759346008,
-0.2032882124185562,
0.20212127268314362,
0.016531068831682205,
-0.2179499864578247,
0.20143884420394897,
0.14808286726474762,
0.2983618378639221,
0.12581153213977814,
-0.11001397669315338,
0.6323835253715515,
0.14349550008773804,
0.6161555051803589,
0.2510423958301544,
-0.07790281623601913,
0.4994695782661438,
0.5242408514022827,
-0.3650737404823303,
-0.20402516424655914,
0.4741330146789551,
0.22533726692199707,
0.35752150416374207,
-0.20689484477043152,
0.629199206829071,
-0.47792112827301025,
0.41136088967323303,
0.09795581549406052,
-0.15750518441200256,
-0.3338838815689087,
-0.14932823181152344,
-0.1497403383255005,
0.7965563535690308,
0.653569221496582,
0.543701171875,
0.057990800589323044,
0.22517545521259308,
-0.5490257740020752,
-0.15515446662902832,
0.38476085662841797,
-0.10906779766082764,
0.0780145674943924,
-0.2995840311050415,
0.6984182000160217,
0.3554438054561615,
0.08979620784521103,
0.7708327174186707,
-0.5644346475601196,
-0.13494087755680084,
-0.5178274512290955,
-0.22692646086215973,
0.18280446529388428,
-0.05935291945934296,
-0.47542786598205566,
0.149329274892807,
0.36381208896636963,
-0.1482696384191513,
0.14540691673755646,
0.09249431639909744,
-0.29315173625946045,
-0.12342114746570587,
-0.7758182287216187,
-0.25269660353660583,
0.45463770627975464,
-0.6713848114013672,
0.010236958973109722,
-0.40826553106307983,
0.673826277256012,
0.507147490978241,
0.253968745470047,
0.1943746954202652,
0.18747985363006592,
-0.08209074288606644,
0.04997215047478676,
-0.7347992062568665,
0.23627756536006927,
-0.19523033499717712,
0.16389763355255127,
-1.0937093496322632,
0.06679549813270569,
0.047520365566015244,
0.82533860206604,
-0.4524419605731964,
0.4552617073059082,
-0.40419939160346985,
-0.44948914647102356,
0.5664396286010742,
-0.03579121455550194,
0.4317997992038727,
-0.31410548090934753,
0.39218008518218994,
0.03360884264111519,
-0.4522205591201782,
0.2535834312438965,
-0.19962991774082184,
0.1512557417154312,
0.4195065200328827,
-0.18599870800971985,
0.24454671144485474,
0.39977824687957764,
-0.4585660696029663,
0.5086072087287903,
-0.5383986234664917,
0.07080824673175812,
-0.1745099425315857,
-0.3761628568172455,
1.1591318845748901,
0.853458046913147,
0.5054895281791687,
-0.633357048034668,
0.7203031182289124,
0.3044239282608032,
-0.4748731553554535,
0.2825302183628082,
-1.2997722625732422,
0.14162704348564148,
-0.054868876934051514,
-0.21561449766159058,
0.6076227426528931,
0.004962338600307703,
0.023626381531357765,
-0.3522794246673584,
0.21712952852249146,
-0.29819464683532715,
0.20996737480163574,
0.2105046957731247,
-0.43167805671691895,
-0.143692284822464,
0.6122598648071289,
0.09021510928869247
] |
233336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious%20transport%20dock | Amphibious transport dock | An amphibious transport dock, also called a landing platform/dock (LPD), is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions. Several navies currently operate this kind of ship. The ships are generally designed to transport troops into a war zone by sea, primarily using landing craft, although invariably they also have the capability to operate transport helicopters.
Amphibious transport docks perform the mission of amphibious transports, amphibious cargo ships, and the older dock landing ships (LSD) by incorporating both a flight deck and a well deck that can be ballasted and deballasted to support landing craft or amphibious vehicles. The main difference between LSDs and LPDs is that while both have helicopter landing decks, the LPD also has hangar facilities for protection and maintenance. In the United States Navy, the newer class of LPD has succeeded the older classes of LSDs, and both the Navy and United States Marine Corps are looking to the LPD to be the basis of their new LX(R) program to replace their LSDs.
LPD classes
Decommissioned
Gallery
See also
Amphibious warfare ship
Dock landing ship
Landing Platform Helicopter
List of amphibious warfare ships
References
Ship types
Amphibious warfare vessels | [
0.21556927263736725,
-0.09602688997983932,
0.14054644107818604,
-0.0487590916454792,
0.1599361002445221,
0.14152732491493225,
-0.3323725461959839,
0.21838735044002533,
-0.8411206007003784,
-0.6219136118888855,
-0.6752433776855469,
0.3686671853065491,
-0.22625496983528137,
0.08937826007604599,
0.3305017948150635,
0.6448633670806885,
0.17987075448036194,
0.232993021607399,
0.05873769894242287,
-0.008103557862341404,
-0.32872411608695984,
0.04456835612654686,
0.06638330966234207,
-0.41872718930244446,
0.06802189350128174,
-0.27022039890289307,
0.5127958655357361,
0.5532529950141907,
0.010259304195642471,
-0.06819704920053482,
0.3619665503501892,
-0.33710789680480957,
-0.08005698770284653,
0.15799085795879364,
0.16719049215316772,
-0.33486974239349365,
-0.4876287281513214,
-0.45648685097694397,
-0.6630333065986633,
-0.7757570147514343,
-0.793361485004425,
-0.21044805645942688,
0.6401907801628113,
0.08607298880815506,
-0.4021391272544861,
-0.13756336271762848,
-0.706312894821167,
-0.057617709040641785,
-0.4145817160606384,
0.42370763421058655,
-0.3518953323364258,
0.27791836857795715,
-0.045272406190633774,
0.3011530339717865,
0.3947007954120636,
0.5913135409355164,
-0.7073233723640442,
0.0073415301740169525,
0.031088633462786674,
-0.8563140034675598,
0.13455958664417267,
0.40662312507629395,
0.5061472654342651,
0.5714057683944702,
0.7315168976783752,
-0.5203818678855896,
-0.22383444011211395,
-0.2153359204530716,
-0.4736579656600952,
-0.5723641514778137,
0.05765830725431442,
-0.014296364039182663,
0.11662283539772034,
0.40929925441741943,
-0.4499136805534363,
-0.4459673762321472,
0.29754140973091125,
-0.4270004332065582,
-0.3085542917251587,
0.5988333225250244,
-0.10292831063270569,
0.7274577617645264,
0.528741717338562,
0.37623903155326843,
0.23569418489933014,
0.217633455991745,
-0.707790195941925,
0.5977113246917725,
-0.7826514840126038,
0.35098516941070557,
0.30796778202056885,
0.21832309663295746,
0.4507846534252167,
0.461667001247406,
0.3858296275138855,
0.18534402549266815,
-0.03096003457903862,
-0.007982238195836544,
0.41360902786254883,
0.4134189784526825,
-0.3544233441352844,
-0.12624341249465942,
0.3964026868343353,
0.10251504182815552,
-0.624538779258728,
-0.2971811890602112,
-0.3941507935523987,
-0.010347067378461361,
-0.2947126626968384,
0.025353893637657166,
-0.49427375197410583,
0.03238349407911301,
0.08736106008291245,
0.13887448608875275,
-0.3681696057319641,
0.5267751216888428,
0.005196979269385338,
0.294633686542511,
-0.42534083127975464,
-0.21457932889461517,
0.7911244630813599,
0.5982039570808411,
-0.1106652319431305,
-0.2664056420326233,
-0.2672278881072998,
-0.1903028041124344,
0.4624742567539215,
0.4828382432460785,
-0.9197990894317627,
0.13868732750415802,
0.2922947406768799,
0.39348846673965454,
-0.7285935878753662,
0.8548505902290344,
-0.7939981818199158,
-0.04081682860851288,
0.30760475993156433,
0.6587101817131042,
1.0452656745910645,
0.23994144797325134,
-1.7475045919418335,
-0.3749811053276062,
-0.03897452726960182,
-0.5468016266822815,
0.156448096036911,
-0.4250885248184204,
0.20229363441467285,
-0.2768164277076721,
-0.7970460653305054,
-0.18253931403160095,
-0.15696442127227783,
-0.16264383494853973,
-0.015611090697348118,
0.05435740575194359,
-0.30268779397010803,
0.1909031718969345,
0.42162999510765076,
-0.3748965561389923,
0.24934329092502594,
0.2539307773113251,
-0.47477880120277405,
0.09120035171508789,
-0.26511716842651367,
0.03038133680820465,
0.10428009927272797,
-0.14607051014900208,
0.0447818897664547,
0.1091156005859375,
0.496762216091156,
0.39567831158638,
-0.11973130702972412,
0.21856433153152466,
0.4973887801170349,
-0.0037490702234208584,
-0.19260726869106293,
0.08698097616434097,
0.632361650466919,
-0.10754325240850449,
0.7967817783355713,
-0.11389203369617462,
-0.6828905940055847,
0.48409929871559143,
0.4999130964279175,
-0.2210102528333664,
-0.6421549916267395,
-0.5468135476112366,
0.3563205599784851,
-0.49686679244041443,
-0.0761546716094017,
0.26692038774490356,
-0.45918071269989014,
-0.3587970435619354,
-0.12636880576610565,
-0.27335259318351746,
1.4073982238769531,
-0.5410364866256714,
-0.6113963723182678,
0.5992743372917175,
-0.2938086986541748,
0.6015130877494812,
0.07352568209171295,
0.17633119225502014,
0.3662213385105133,
-0.15477526187896729,
-0.5999296307563782,
0.15945206582546234,
0.39837267994880676,
0.19024835526943207,
-0.19292481243610382,
0.321487694978714,
0.16792622208595276,
-0.5416325926780701,
0.3315710723400116,
-0.6835559606552124,
0.5983341336250305,
-0.022972268983721733,
-0.6944782137870789,
0.07018006592988968,
-0.31487205624580383,
-0.05555550381541252,
0.8903816342353821,
-0.1716051548719406,
-0.5737496018409729,
0.4014507830142975,
-0.2907118797302246,
-0.32440701127052307,
-0.48944059014320374,
0.14396612346172333,
0.35657671093940735,
-0.43275922536849976,
-0.06734599173069,
-0.05862487107515335,
-0.33947357535362244,
-0.5115112662315369,
-0.5206402540206909,
-0.15011514723300934,
0.1823273003101349,
-0.09207850694656372,
0.16970625519752502,
0.24245214462280273,
-0.33503055572509766,
0.10966412723064423,
-0.8052282929420471,
-0.05449919030070305,
0.3598140478134155,
-0.2987421751022339,
0.15462759137153625,
-0.1319538652896881,
-0.1356828808784485,
-0.23996461927890778,
-0.10594586282968521,
0.17358174920082092,
0.3896678686141968,
-0.12762351334095,
0.209811270236969,
-0.5430303812026978,
-0.4386034905910492,
0.2550525665283203,
-0.08563061058521271,
-0.5083847045898438,
-0.45084622502326965,
0.246564120054245,
-0.11959514021873474,
0.32969021797180176,
0.1342681646347046,
-0.16474376618862152,
-0.19719834625720978,
0.012764940038323402,
0.13474798202514648,
0.9311625361442566,
0.8394193649291992,
-0.06093576177954674,
-0.30528149008750916,
-0.7138358950614929,
-0.5681213140487671,
-0.1689763218164444,
0.570948600769043,
0.275625079870224,
-0.15644852817058563,
-0.4586818218231201,
0.4866240918636322,
0.0911850780248642,
0.3931700885295868,
-0.6328625679016113,
0.4697171747684479,
-0.46589547395706177,
0.07541457563638687,
0.11783913522958755,
-0.36057254672050476,
-0.34296557307243347,
-0.5160161852836609,
-0.23409603536128998,
0.17590615153312683,
0.5443537831306458,
0.2672384977340698,
0.21430402994155884,
-0.13236096501350403,
-0.35124507546424866,
0.365115225315094,
-0.08813198655843735,
-0.9029838442802429,
0.07996118813753128,
-0.060629282146692276,
-0.05516558513045311,
0.229801207780838,
-0.16053757071495056,
-0.4077620506286621,
0.41514497995376587,
-5.494950771331787,
-0.12092079222202301,
-0.583277702331543,
-0.200545534491539,
0.5504405498504639,
0.34442514181137085,
0.17271682620048523,
-0.15949256718158722,
0.06421931833028793,
0.013349787332117558,
-0.19753266870975494,
0.24969154596328735,
0.24902476370334625,
0.10865284502506256,
0.38915908336639404,
0.5208716988563538,
0.7356476187705994,
0.16168472170829773,
0.2515098452568054,
0.02244926244020462,
-0.3775291442871094,
-0.23480743169784546,
0.01506031583994627,
0.4638242721557617,
0.025750963017344475,
0.14311759173870087,
-0.36340779066085815,
-0.3727518916130066,
-0.4136204421520233,
0.04581727832555771,
-0.0966930091381073,
0.06161308288574219,
0.04314686357975006,
-0.5474148392677307,
0.17964613437652588,
-0.11134834587574005,
0.23018302023410797,
0.049296990036964417,
0.04243270680308342,
-0.684712827205658,
-0.22472120821475983,
0.18920375406742096,
-0.008721621707081795,
-0.33113205432891846,
0.007420448586344719,
-1.1308168172836304,
0.005823502782732248,
0.11268807202577591,
0.1939755082130432,
1.201043725013733,
0.11595463752746582,
0.29419201612472534,
0.8269238471984863,
0.14392265677452087,
0.46835625171661377,
-0.12892617285251617,
0.5615188479423523,
0.002406581537798047,
-0.34546372294425964,
-0.06618968397378922,
0.372972697019577,
-0.3638695776462555,
-0.9215270280838013,
-0.43910229206085205,
-0.10856235772371292,
0.09184262901544571,
-0.13196417689323425,
-0.17545703053474426,
0.8741615414619446,
-0.03999444842338562,
-0.5978599786758423,
0.6360385417938232,
-0.040214281529188156,
-0.9760461449623108,
0.37080439925193787,
-0.5689927935600281,
-0.2689002752304077,
-0.2971838712692261,
-0.16436974704265594,
-0.09731245040893555,
-0.3612963855266571,
-0.08404219150543213,
-0.222860187292099,
0.061508551239967346,
0.020668212324380875,
-0.341683954000473,
-0.25816309452056885,
0.0805964320898056,
0.170505553483963,
-0.036005206406116486,
0.5454520583152771,
0.04460836946964264,
0.5721415281295776,
0.19786523282527924,
0.45724838972091675,
-0.266675740480423,
0.050895776599645615,
0.20718170702457428,
1.0543447732925415,
-0.8805772662162781,
0.40289756655693054,
0.04102033004164696,
0.032498784363269806,
0.3278684914112091,
-0.20090796053409576,
-0.46207115054130554,
-0.09513895958662033,
0.2630075216293335,
0.8364760279655457,
0.4547945559024811,
0.177719384431839,
0.33833324909210205,
0.28665661811828613,
-1.0914443731307983,
0.1641046553850174,
0.6469494104385376,
-0.5200416445732117,
0.6949620842933655,
0.5788736939430237,
-0.1939583420753479,
0.1496027559041977,
0.041657205671072006,
-0.11550414562225342,
-0.3886323571205139,
0.5201185941696167,
-0.2916993796825409,
0.14546674489974976,
0.22205233573913574,
0.04144087806344032,
-0.3199072778224945,
0.8872783184051514,
0.6653546690940857,
0.15407195687294006,
-0.11686262488365173,
-0.1985466182231903,
-0.774240255355835,
-0.10344411432743073,
-0.05031423643231392,
0.13633576035499573,
-0.4117712676525116,
-0.4647681713104248,
-0.7016326785087585,
-0.1239498034119606,
0.10449377447366714,
0.4474947452545166,
0.2385607808828354,
-0.15631814301013947,
0.861506998538971,
0.15527783334255219,
0.4440895915031433,
-0.3528277277946472,
-0.4609696865081787,
-0.11535415798425674,
-0.3938135504722595,
0.130937859416008,
-0.7767974734306335,
0.08905850350856781,
0.18646691739559174,
0.5439655184745789,
-0.6016114354133606,
0.19716626405715942,
0.20612472295761108,
-0.6995813250541687,
-0.41703227162361145,
-0.4306621253490448,
0.020939020439982414,
-0.7559382319450378,
-0.6497156620025635,
0.1858285665512085,
0.43317925930023193,
-0.46259281039237976,
-1.1471866369247437,
-0.6586365699768066,
-0.056836821138858795,
0.3198285400867462,
0.06637563556432724,
-0.38093996047973633,
0.04951741173863411,
-0.06750942766666412,
-0.018053142353892326,
0.2542155086994171,
-0.28156182169914246,
0.09612004458904266,
0.29842621088027954,
0.1125454530119896,
-0.1686987727880478,
-0.27916738390922546,
-0.07151097059249878,
-0.1922953724861145,
-0.2156589776277542,
-0.12153417617082596,
0.128620907664299,
0.2309044897556305,
0.328634113073349,
-0.24777446687221527,
0.20960545539855957,
-0.40337565541267395,
0.49956628680229187,
-0.14144527912139893,
-0.38299527764320374,
0.08189641684293747,
0.2922256290912628,
-0.9617814421653748,
0.3670562207698822,
-0.06612441688776016,
0.02743498794734478,
0.6161837577819824,
-0.22687508165836334,
0.21905310451984406,
0.2111203521490097,
-0.4078659117221832,
-0.447252482175827,
0.1654849648475647,
0.8257826566696167,
-0.9851158857345581,
0.27288201451301575,
-0.3541206419467926,
-0.5025606751441956,
0.054841287434101105,
-0.17473368346691132,
0.0998028814792633,
-0.12207196652889252,
-0.0730302631855011,
0.04302997514605522,
-0.6648123264312744,
0.669603705406189,
0.10990628600120544,
-0.5329971313476562,
0.05835743620991707,
0.0764843001961708,
0.009137097746133804,
-0.6599102020263672,
-0.28863272070884705,
-0.06970106065273285,
0.28260329365730286,
0.02228647843003273,
0.0143418675288558,
-0.8882665038108826,
0.10899055004119873,
0.056564249098300934,
0.4076319932937622,
1.125989556312561,
0.3872576653957367,
-0.7026565670967102,
-0.03504794463515282,
0.3757326304912567,
0.7399997711181641,
-1.291871190071106,
-0.48741772770881653,
0.23730041086673737,
0.646569013595581,
-0.516810953617096,
-0.8584516644477844,
-0.3002384305000305,
0.5825297236442566,
-0.4012475311756134,
-0.5942537784576416,
-0.14654694497585297,
-0.26173731684684753,
0.2583274245262146,
0.23363123834133148,
0.06766530126333237,
-0.33059197664260864,
-0.11249826848506927,
0.36823680996894836,
-0.8264899253845215,
-0.3233169913291931,
0.42482176423072815,
0.05293229594826698,
-0.3725545108318329,
-0.2163504958152771,
0.4862925708293915,
1.103347897529602,
0.7986280918121338,
0.7966623902320862,
-0.29827746748924255,
0.5163700580596924,
-0.6220473051071167,
0.9555085897445679,
0.45356738567352295,
-0.5561771988868713,
0.21385058760643005,
-0.2954486906528473,
-0.2695242762565613,
0.28088605403900146,
-0.47645020484924316,
0.3576454520225525,
-0.07141099870204926,
-0.40378859639167786,
-0.02310328185558319,
0.16453863680362701,
0.011076955124735832,
-0.18707247078418732,
0.43280571699142456,
-0.5226857662200928,
0.45363321900367737,
0.276638001203537,
0.2993955910205841,
0.1597588062286377,
0.4880880117416382,
-0.6781895756721497,
1.1623599529266357,
-0.23089399933815002,
-1.1691466569900513,
0.4991494119167328,
-0.4282022714614868,
-0.04996764287352562,
-0.8509650826454163,
0.45244041085243225,
0.1892198622226715,
0.008525773882865906,
-0.11870156228542328,
-0.061105553060770035,
0.8932674527168274,
0.3262993097305298,
-0.028029359877109528,
0.44392916560173035,
-0.6085267663002014,
0.11857070028781891,
0.3004859983921051,
-0.20349903404712677,
0.1687360554933548,
-0.5058924555778503,
0.19662576913833618,
0.11917489022016525,
0.35314568877220154,
-0.17801669239997864,
-0.64504075050354,
0.332133948802948,
0.6335620880126953,
0.6276353597640991,
0.1143881157040596,
0.15818987786769867,
0.008913843892514706,
-0.30052343010902405,
-0.13120831549167633,
0.2092323899269104,
-0.1973600536584854,
-0.2943897843360901,
0.9506667256355286,
0.058506350964307785,
0.16207729279994965,
-0.07847944647073746,
-0.13717183470726013,
0.01339668221771717,
0.6841732859611511,
0.33022263646125793,
-0.0007077735499478877,
-0.0529828704893589,
0.6285039186477661,
0.3918883800506592,
0.25792524218559265,
0.16507746279239655,
0.19997110962867737,
-0.21716797351837158,
-0.19045136868953705,
0.25662368535995483,
-0.5711844563484192,
0.21691566705703735,
0.07008237391710281,
-0.07693133503198624,
0.6746225357055664,
0.2702096700668335,
0.08197712153196335,
0.1967538595199585,
-0.3313246965408325,
0.6466585993766785,
-0.8262191414833069,
0.5052517652511597,
0.4711231291294098,
0.4925249218940735,
1.381849765777588,
-0.6285322904586792,
-0.033491455018520355,
0.1241644099354744,
0.4053856432437897,
0.180912584066391,
0.571672797203064,
0.1371835172176361,
-0.10520812124013901,
-0.20093755424022675,
-0.1960633397102356,
0.12436074763536453,
-0.4054275155067444,
-0.27285030484199524,
-0.03070843033492565,
-0.02677251398563385,
0.11029739677906036,
0.21202310919761658,
1.0273196697235107,
0.20443716645240784,
-0.701758623123169,
0.16358432173728943,
-0.163718119263649,
-0.47031813859939575,
0.18200471997261047,
0.21533532440662384,
0.6037149429321289,
0.11063245683908463,
-0.19652867317199707,
-0.38496583700180054,
0.6503264904022217,
0.06471417099237442,
0.06565004587173462,
-0.46410730481147766,
-0.006127712316811085,
-0.46013572812080383,
0.2752881646156311,
-0.4144763648509979,
0.1652413159608841,
0.7398229241371155,
0.13125576078891754,
-0.25535500049591064,
0.3730585277080536,
-0.24696588516235352,
0.2987007796764374,
0.48612239956855774,
-0.7404923439025879,
0.1489914506673813,
-0.6965028643608093,
0.18787088990211487,
-0.038338471204042435,
-0.0493374764919281,
-0.09974707663059235,
-0.32302749156951904,
-0.3902580142021179,
0.26182278990745544,
0.20620910823345184,
-0.45003247261047363,
0.42004725337028503,
-0.04268917813897133,
0.3817746937274933,
-0.7479620575904846,
0.4648132622241974,
0.03611644729971886,
-0.05705351009964943,
-0.05393913760781288,
0.43239283561706543,
0.5004361271858215,
-0.743367612361908,
0.47927623987197876,
-0.13851487636566162,
-0.1278659701347351,
-0.3453992009162903,
0.16206204891204834,
-0.6631181240081787,
-0.349763959646225,
0.1924150586128235,
-0.5184887647628784,
0.4926319718360901,
0.5510697960853577,
-0.9099223017692566,
0.7593087553977966,
-0.02075718156993389,
0.15892699360847473,
0.20788082480430603,
0.13598302006721497,
-0.08668897300958633,
-0.5586209893226624,
0.08527249097824097
] |
233338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Perry | Matthew Perry | Matthew Langford Perry (born August 19, 1969) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian and producer. He is best known for his role as Chandler Bing on the NBC television sitcom Friends, which ran from 1994 to 2004. Due to the immense popularity of the sitcom, Perry and the rest of the six-member main cast ensemble were each making $1 million per episode by 2002.
Along with starring in the short-lived television series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Perry also appeared in a number of films, including Fools Rush In, Almost Heroes, The Whole Nine Yards, and 17 Again. In 2010, he expanded his resume to include both video games and voice-over work when he voiced Benny in the video game Fallout: New Vegas.
Perry was the co-creator, co-writer, executive producer, and star of the ABC sitcom Mr. Sunshine, which ran from February to April 2011. In August 2012, Perry began starring as Ryan King, a sportscaster, on the NBC sitcom Go On. The series was canceled on May 10, 2013. Perry co-developed and starred in the CBS sitcom The Odd Couple portraying Oscar Madison from 2015 to 2017.
Early life
Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts, on August 19, 1969. His mother, Suzanne Marie Morrison (née Langford), is a Canadian journalist and former press secretary to former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. His father, John Bennett Perry (born 1941), is an American actor and former model. His parents divorced before his first birthday and his mother subsequently married Canadian born broadcast journalist Keith Morrison. He was raised by his mother in Ottawa, Ontario, and was enrolled at Ashbury College. While growing up, he took a keen interest in tennis and became a top-ranked junior player.
Career
When he was 15, Perry moved from Ottawa to Los Angeles to pursue acting and attended The Buckley School in Sherman Oaks, graduating in 1987. He pursued improv comedy at the LA Connection in Sherman Oaks while still in high school.
He went on to play Chazz Russell in the TV series Second Chance. After 13 episodes, Second Chance became Boys Will Be Boys, with the plots refocused on the adventures of Chazz and his friends. After the show's single season, Perry stayed in Los Angeles and made his screen debut in the 1988 film A Night in the Life of Jimmy Reardon. In 1989, Perry had a three-episode arc on the series Growing Pains, in which he portrayed Carol Seaver's boyfriend 'Sandy' who dies in the hospital after a drunk-driving accident.
In the midst of his many continuing guest roles on TV, Perry was cast as a regular on the 1990 CBS sitcom Sydney, playing the younger brother of Valerie Bertinelli's title character. In 1991, he made a guest appearance on Beverly Hills, 90210 as Roger Azarian. Perry landed his next TV starring role on the ABC sitcom Home Free, which aired only 11 episodes in the spring of 1993, followed by a sitcom pilot titled LAX 2194.
He attempted to secure an audition for the pilot Six of One, later to be known as Friends, by Marta Kauffman and David Crane, both of whom he had worked with on Dream On. However, due to previous commitments to the pilot LAX 2194, he was not initially considered for an audition. When he did eventually get a reading, he landed the part of Chandler Bing.
Friends was hugely successful, and Perry, along with his co-stars, became international celebrities – something Perry had long hoped for. "There was steam coming out of my ears, I wanted to be famous so badly," he told The New York Times in 2002. "You want the attention, you want the bucks, and you want the best seat in the restaurant." The program earned him an Emmy nomination in 2002 for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, along with Matt LeBlanc, but the two lost to Ray Romano. Perry appeared in films such as Fools Rush In (alongside father John Bennett Perry and Salma Hayek), Almost Heroes, Three to Tango, The Whole Nine Yards (alongside Bruce Willis) and its sequel The Whole Ten Yards, and Serving Sara.
While known primarily for his comic roles, Perry has carved out a career in drama as well, particularly in his portrayal of Associate White House Counsel Joe Quincy in Aaron Sorkin's The West Wing. His three appearances in that series (twice in the fourth season and once in the fifth) earned him two Emmy nominations for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2003 and 2004. Perry is referred to in the show prior to his guest appearance – Donna Moss seeks him out (off-screen) in the episode "20 Hours in LA." He also appeared as attorney Todd Merrick in two episodes near the end of Ally McBeal'''s five-season run, including a two-hour special intended to revive the legal comedy-drama.
After Friends wrapped up, Perry made his directorial debut in an episode of the 4th season of the American comedy-drama Scrubs, in which he also guest starred as "Murray Marks", an operator of a small airport's traffic control team. Murray is asked to donate a kidney to his father Gregory (played by Perry's real father).
He starred in the TNT movie, The Ron Clark Story also known as "The Triumph" which premiered August 13, 2006. Perry played small-town teacher Ron Clark who relocates to the toughest class in the country. Perry received a Golden Globe nomination as well as an Emmy nomination for his performance.
From 2006 to 2007, Perry appeared in Aaron Sorkin's drama Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. Perry played Matt Albie alongside Bradley Whitford's Danny Tripp, a writer-director duo brought in to help save a failing sketch show. Perry's character was considered to be substantially based on Sorkin's own personal experiences, particularly in television. In 2006, he began filming Numb, a film based on a man suffering from depersonalization disorder. The film's tentative release date was pushed back several times, but was finally released to DVD on May 13, 2008. He also appeared in David Mamet's Sexual Perversity in Chicago in London. In 2009, he starred in the film 17 Again playing the older Mike O'Donnell.
In 2008, Perry starred in the offbeat film Birds of America as Morrie Tanager, an uptight man who has to deal with his siblings. Showtime passed on a pilot called The End of Steve, a dark comedy starring, written and produced by Perry and Peter Tolan.
Perry's new comedy pilot, Mr. Sunshine, based on Perry's original idea for the show, was bought by ABC. Perry was set to portray a middle-aged man with an identity crisis. ABC canceled the series after nine episodes.
On March 1, 2012, it was reported that Perry had signed on to star on the NBC comedy pilot Go On, written and produced by former Friends writer/producer Scott Silveri. The project was picked up to series in May 2012. Perry portrayed Ryan King, a sportscaster who tries to move on after the death of his wife through the help of mandatory therapy sessions. The pilot aired on August 8, 2012, as a "sneak preview" after the 2012 Summer Olympics. The series premiered on September 11, 2012. On October 2, 2012, NBC ordered a full season of 22 episodes. NBC canceled Go On in May 2013, shortly after the conclusion of its first season.
In 2012, Perry guest-starred on the CBS drama The Good Wife, as attorney Mike Kresteva. In 2013, he reprised his role in the fourth season.
In 2014, Perry made his British TV debut in the one-off comedy program The Dog Thrower, which aired on May 1 as part of Sky Arts' Playhouse Presents. Perry portrayed "a charismatic man" who enchanted onlookers by throwing his dog in the air. From 2015 to 2017, Perry starred in, co-wrote, and served as executive producer of a revival of the sitcom The Odd Couple on CBS. Perry played Oscar Madison opposite Thomas Lennon as Felix Unger.
Perry played the lead role in a new production of his play The End of Longing, which premiered on February 11, 2016, at the Playhouse Theatre in London. The play transferred Off-Broadway to MCC Theater, which opened on June 5, 2017, with Jennifer Morrison.
In March 2017, Perry again reprised his role as attorney Mike Kresteva, in The Good Fight, a sequel show to the CBS drama The Good Wife.
Later in 2017, he starred as Ted Kennedy in the mini-series The Kennedys: After Camelot.
In 2018, Business Insider reported Perry's net worth to be around $80 million.
Personal life
Perry holds both Canadian and American citizenship.
Perry dated Yasmine Bleeth in 1995. He also dated Julia Roberts from 1995 to 1996. Perry had to write and submit a paper on quantum physics to Roberts in order for her to appear on Friends. He later dated Lizzy Caplan from 2006 to 2012.
Perry is a fan of the Fallout video game series. On a 2009 episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, he gave DeGeneres a copy of Fallout 3. This prompted game studio Obsidian Entertainment to cast him in the next installment of the series, Fallout: New Vegas.
In August 2018, it was reported that Perry had abdominal surgery to repair a gastrointestinal perforation. On September 15, 2018, he revealed in a tweet that he had spent three months recovering in the hospital, suggesting the surgery took place in June 2018.
He became engaged to Molly Hurwitz, a literary manager, in November 2020. They were first rumored to be dating in December 2019, when they had reportedly spent Christmas together. In June 2021, Perry announced he had called off the engagement, telling People magazine, "Sometimes things just don't work out and this is one of them. I wish Molly the best."
He has described his politics to be "left of center".
Drug and alcohol addiction
Perry completed a 28-day program in 1997 for a Vicodin addiction. His weight fluctuated drastically over the next few years and once dropped down to . He lost in 2000 due to pancreatitis. He again entered rehab in February 2001 for addiction to Vicodin, methadone, amphetamines, and alcohol. He was filming Serving Sara in Texas when he suffered severe stomach pains, and flew to Los Angeles to check into Marina del Rey's Daniel Freeman Hospital. Perry's publicist, Lisa Kasteler, confirmed his rehab stay. Perry later revealed that due to his addiction issues, he does not remember three years of his time on Friends'', "somewhere between season three and six." Perry has been sober since 2001.
In 2011, as a celebrity spokesperson for the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, Perry went to Capitol Hill to lobby members of Congress in support of funding for drug courts.
Perry received a Champion of Recovery award in May 2013 from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for opening Perry House, a sober living home situated in his former mansion in Malibu, California. Perry later sold the home and shuttered the rehab center in 2015.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Video games
Specials
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1969 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Canadian descent
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of American descent
Living people
Male actors from Massachusetts
Male actors from Ottawa
People from Williamstown, Massachusetts
Articles containing video clips | [
-0.037749771028757095,
0.1612415760755539,
-0.22210989892482758,
-0.10160405188798904,
0.38929131627082825,
0.6417504549026489,
0.6136592626571655,
0.5111922025680542,
-0.1550234705209732,
-0.014018876478075981,
-0.3358742594718933,
0.4963935315608978,
0.11054587364196777,
0.1864403486251831,
0.004663197323679924,
0.9850860238075256,
-0.04159500449895859,
0.2098410278558731,
-0.19615651667118073,
-0.33521631360054016,
-0.5415821075439453,
-0.20180979371070862,
0.27641478180885315,
0.3857196569442749,
-0.659870982170105,
1.1646358966827393,
-0.42386969923973083,
0.11540654301643372,
-0.19353419542312622,
-0.1376461684703827,
0.1903948038816452,
0.2233869433403015,
0.45825955271720886,
-0.6705990433692932,
-0.09968144446611404,
0.28823912143707275,
-0.275418758392334,
-0.07821657508611679,
-0.20863990485668182,
0.11043045669794083,
-0.07051344960927963,
0.052984386682510376,
-0.17309387028217316,
-0.47863632440567017,
-0.2914384603500366,
-0.19781045615673065,
-1.3312288522720337,
0.1617273986339569,
-0.7026825547218323,
-0.6793606281280518,
-0.06535161286592484,
0.21009652316570282,
0.1802763044834137,
-0.31683650612831116,
0.24547936022281647,
-0.4537856876850128,
-0.03160843998193741,
-0.026486491784453392,
0.2130500078201294,
0.011180275119841099,
0.028229087591171265,
-0.3047902286052704,
-0.0075348904356360435,
-0.699263334274292,
-0.09261933714151382,
0.0211693923920393,
0.40009137988090515,
0.6122310161590576,
0.014606835320591927,
-0.10657476633787155,
0.016273630782961845,
0.10459689795970917,
0.24421033263206482,
-0.2660662531852722,
0.5318481922149658,
0.3679184913635254,
0.2259868085384369,
0.1490035355091095,
0.02086733467876911,
0.4616902470588684,
0.1604911834001541,
-0.08996985852718353,
0.6307066082954407,
0.5373973250389099,
-0.11677628010511398,
-0.0653260350227356,
-0.0704890713095665,
0.23874086141586304,
-0.43114903569221497,
0.15744830667972565,
-0.7860810160636902,
-0.05455214902758598,
0.20844151079654694,
0.3984493017196655,
0.15281957387924194,
-0.8597901463508606,
-0.35885024070739746,
0.19197526574134827,
0.1849682629108429,
-0.19908283650875092,
-0.1842169165611267,
-0.1789044588804245,
0.37833017110824585,
-0.5543109178543091,
-0.36235201358795166,
0.02981354296207428,
-0.09133108705282211,
0.12786127626895905,
-0.5017976760864258,
-0.23052674531936646,
-0.40014708042144775,
0.3028128743171692,
-0.06173191964626312,
0.1576148420572281,
-0.08405751734972,
0.635334312915802,
0.3316304087638855,
-0.38764071464538574,
-0.4917724132537842,
0.0634935200214386,
-0.3098151385784149,
0.4637153744697571,
-0.12226025760173798,
0.514421284198761,
-0.6726792454719543,
-0.3022005259990692,
0.00805622711777687,
-0.4195431172847748,
-0.21182167530059814,
0.16333401203155518,
0.10166404396295547,
0.7320528626441956,
-0.17623837292194366,
-0.3135051727294922,
-0.47761496901512146,
0.07591776549816132,
-0.11101697385311127,
0.020610682666301727,
-0.033750686794519424,
-0.27289900183677673,
-0.6159754991531372,
-0.5299032330513,
-0.5707526206970215,
-0.21411994099617004,
0.28264597058296204,
-0.016271816566586494,
-0.2592032849788666,
-0.25331342220306396,
-0.1754407286643982,
0.00556559395045042,
-0.4691605567932129,
0.49950313568115234,
-0.2002950757741928,
-1.1729174852371216,
0.03667045384645462,
-0.05986024811863899,
0.7191221714019775,
-0.022085385397076607,
0.29571136832237244,
-0.2877432107925415,
0.5052717328071594,
-0.11666412651538849,
-0.003466434543952346,
-0.30218401551246643,
1.1365805864334106,
-0.43057069182395935,
-0.11731293797492981,
-0.5475066900253296,
-0.09346547722816467,
-0.2492496520280838,
-0.10824473202228546,
0.46239209175109863,
0.2971450388431549,
-0.06150371953845024,
-0.0721549242734909,
0.2712317705154419,
0.18822677433490753,
0.322854220867157,
0.06107470020651817,
0.058923542499542236,
-0.42418086528778076,
-0.17388896644115448,
0.25554439425468445,
0.06723841279745102,
0.21749411523342133,
0.15491870045661926,
0.20982307195663452,
-0.4480615556240082,
0.5687065124511719,
0.1710716336965561,
-0.7812658548355103,
-0.5775486826896667,
0.43542200326919556,
-0.050319600850343704,
0.3316625654697418,
-0.001629177015274763,
-0.27405279874801636,
0.506712794303894,
0.7216068506240845,
0.652898371219635,
-0.6014609336853027,
-0.5666930079460144,
0.32073262333869934,
0.4602958559989929,
-0.1099717989563942,
0.4889686107635498,
0.6589077711105347,
0.3184034824371338,
-0.015000537969172001,
0.2735714614391327,
-0.2562858462333679,
-0.9125966429710388,
0.09657151997089386,
0.6689872145652771,
-0.2778378427028656,
-0.8723899722099304,
-0.6112570762634277,
-0.7200352549552917,
-0.17887473106384277,
-0.5791671276092529,
-0.047412555664777756,
0.3917374610900879,
0.3032768964767456,
0.20176169276237488,
-0.4412473142147064,
1.1561554670333862,
-0.18440286815166473,
0.05332477018237114,
0.3110731542110443,
-0.4760587811470032,
-0.05600334331393242,
0.6921370625495911,
-0.4893606901168823,
-0.7821959257125854,
-0.30943426489830017,
0.18153336644172668,
0.516779899597168,
-0.6658089756965637,
-0.136640727519989,
-0.7006279826164246,
0.49165403842926025,
0.3420793116092682,
-0.5379862785339355,
-0.20059023797512054,
0.2382494956254959,
-0.030486686155200005,
0.37123748660087585,
0.27121004462242126,
-0.10118021816015244,
0.2954404056072235,
0.44564247131347656,
-0.1560327708721161,
0.22208505868911743,
0.147051140666008,
0.2558446228504181,
-0.21423985064029694,
0.30083346366882324,
-0.054153922945261,
-0.16733209788799286,
0.3007746934890747,
0.14544254541397095,
-0.01650228165090084,
-0.23206715285778046,
-0.71387779712677,
-0.4511093199253082,
0.12091560661792755,
-0.034869104623794556,
-0.8369387984275818,
-0.06528301537036896,
0.11996329575777054,
0.14738017320632935,
-0.5414953231811523,
-0.20195303857326508,
-0.035205770283937454,
0.21824847161769867,
0.44478970766067505,
0.0007527918787673116,
-0.36850178241729736,
-0.2546454071998596,
-0.5657457113265991,
0.30059242248535156,
0.7272201776504517,
-0.1913364976644516,
-0.49284058809280396,
-0.2451862096786499,
-0.7318918108940125,
-0.5257072448730469,
0.09163007885217667,
-0.3047361671924591,
-0.144121915102005,
-0.0696568563580513,
0.39618372917175293,
0.33835187554359436,
1.0224379301071167,
-0.3101465404033661,
-0.22788192331790924,
0.42039886116981506,
0.011087700724601746,
-0.03648940473794937,
0.0003516447322908789,
-0.4019211232662201,
0.41988641023635864,
0.07814277708530426,
0.33093470335006714,
0.2429988980293274,
0.11543100327253342,
-0.7528691291809082,
-0.46959176659584045,
-5.670999050140381,
-0.025154609233140945,
0.07494378834962845,
-0.035823944956064224,
0.545645534992218,
-0.09588751196861267,
0.6803847551345825,
-0.32681605219841003,
0.303999662399292,
0.24987398087978363,
-0.107025645673275,
0.13244381546974182,
0.03184593468904495,
0.21941109001636505,
0.4941791594028473,
0.15058673918247223,
0.14813491702079773,
-0.5087605118751526,
0.07753252983093262,
0.7152910232543945,
-0.1441914588212967,
0.06693103164434433,
-0.48572155833244324,
-0.5941623449325562,
-0.2671981751918793,
-0.05958346650004387,
-0.6498230695724487,
0.6759073138237,
-0.6213136315345764,
0.026152076199650764,
-0.5780512094497681,
-0.03316224738955498,
-0.3802182376384735,
0.027033310383558273,
-0.35837313532829285,
-0.17072267830371857,
0.485646516084671,
-0.32602524757385254,
0.2671205699443817,
-0.4160327613353729,
-0.01112213172018528,
-0.0043183742091059685,
-0.884891152381897,
-0.09362701326608658,
0.547655463218689,
0.07506845146417618,
-0.4901222288608551,
-0.4048066735267639,
0.31802213191986084,
0.3164866864681244,
0.8021745085716248,
0.29493117332458496,
0.41295886039733887,
0.21136559545993805,
0.49809300899505615,
-0.5140050053596497,
0.4985891878604889,
0.28397828340530396,
-0.7784688472747803,
0.09888286143541336,
0.09233677387237549,
-0.08160049468278885,
-0.0617830827832222,
0.12858906388282776,
0.32977303862571716,
-0.20683428645133972,
0.4954235851764679,
0.26780861616134644,
0.17976652085781097,
-0.8735560774803162,
0.0993286520242691,
-0.028382929041981697,
0.3434458076953888,
-1.0901238918304443,
0.34867173433303833,
-0.6566388010978699,
0.3651356101036072,
0.3551044762134552,
-1.0180649757385254,
-0.8927658796310425,
-0.23974183201789856,
-0.3232431411743164,
0.16037903726100922,
0.3266831338405609,
0.6196472644805908,
0.10832510143518448,
-0.27740374207496643,
0.39703845977783203,
0.22110259532928467,
-0.5146437883377075,
-0.2812805473804474,
-0.43184828758239746,
0.1267199069261551,
0.4202718138694763,
-0.025348959490656853,
0.2116093784570694,
0.731758713722229,
0.949708104133606,
0.14332257211208344,
0.4261566400527954,
0.02069765329360962,
-0.724620521068573,
0.2730481028556824,
-0.6175979375839233,
0.2655341327190399,
0.10049900412559509,
0.5497260689735413,
0.2397584468126297,
0.7801258563995361,
-0.23849889636039734,
0.14765967428684235,
0.7581204175949097,
-0.6289486885070801,
-0.024175168946385384,
0.006323498208075762,
0.31314408779144287,
-0.49434971809387207,
0.04446928948163986,
0.3341623544692993,
0.6600499749183655,
-0.22958111763000488,
0.13355115056037903,
-0.05990448221564293,
0.43459635972976685,
-0.09477466344833374,
-0.2918437719345093,
-0.12936890125274658,
-0.2574114203453064,
0.6701647043228149,
0.14162050187587738,
-0.6861672401428223,
0.4441959261894226,
0.11540364474058151,
0.19914990663528442,
0.4095020890235901,
-0.17709513008594513,
-0.23548009991645813,
-0.03445104882121086,
0.27406108379364014,
0.38950687646865845,
0.2639293074607849,
-0.259726881980896,
0.09823128581047058,
0.25239816308021545,
0.38393619656562805,
0.1244686022400856,
0.32469525933265686,
0.4519173204898834,
-0.30915364623069763,
0.5849029421806335,
0.21575728058815002,
-0.05490729585289955,
0.22686220705509186,
-0.6096834540367126,
0.05267099663615227,
0.4373668134212494,
-0.6952938437461853,
-0.2638198137283325,
0.589877188205719,
-0.1992596834897995,
0.1005118265748024,
-0.5793986320495605,
-0.6735450625419617,
-0.139162078499794,
0.13488835096359253,
-0.11548124998807907,
-0.34186413884162903,
-0.24825872480869293,
-1.0256141424179077,
0.04578709602355957,
0.09813191741704941,
-0.18226920068264008,
-0.2862887978553772,
0.5137386918067932,
0.07347225397825241,
-0.1494562327861786,
-0.3540605902671814,
-0.1512605994939804,
-0.29178982973098755,
0.7007709741592407,
-0.07214230298995972,
0.16671840846538544,
-0.6130534410476685,
-0.12914863228797913,
-0.014517871662974358,
-0.029283372685313225,
-0.49943530559539795,
0.028431210666894913,
-0.2980797588825226,
0.27101144194602966,
0.232092946767807,
-0.24294646084308624,
-0.12306628376245499,
0.612504780292511,
-0.11363974213600159,
-0.15438425540924072,
0.45172879099845886,
-0.6396741271018982,
0.1399531364440918,
0.04538924619555473,
-0.0888400450348854,
0.30720266699790955,
-0.5587276220321655,
0.3865085244178772,
0.21312320232391357,
-0.10884508490562439,
-0.1883641481399536,
0.05732950568199158,
-0.33668774366378784,
0.274875670671463,
-0.25508129596710205,
0.07194173336029053,
-0.005093714687973261,
0.37280982732772827,
-0.2529180645942688,
-0.0178949236869812,
0.6469035744667053,
0.15383094549179077,
0.5179374814033508,
-0.4421903192996979,
-0.3097485303878784,
-0.7012761235237122,
0.003570443019270897,
-0.04687941446900368,
-0.5463497042655945,
0.24259020388126373,
0.37492287158966064,
-0.6566267609596252,
0.29019495844841003,
-0.05989707261323929,
0.1056651771068573,
-0.2220304310321808,
0.28758692741394043,
0.73590487241745,
-0.15967920422554016,
0.15530480444431305,
-0.4740252196788788,
0.8129525184631348,
-0.40614184737205505,
0.5147040486335754,
0.9714183211326599,
0.8396845459938049,
-0.09958577156066895,
-0.03534424677491188,
0.12105105072259903,
0.4589647948741913,
0.37438392639160156,
-0.33928295969963074,
-0.4629747271537781,
-0.038016464561223984,
0.7617241144180298,
-0.0350213348865509,
-0.21886204183101654,
0.8157780766487122,
0.7466569542884827,
-0.6058328151702881,
0.432525098323822,
-0.4223988354206085,
-0.27536046504974365,
0.07871285080909729,
0.07509484142065048,
-0.2857363820075989,
-0.09253712743520737,
0.036945801228284836,
-0.3628157079219818,
0.10220732539892197,
-0.3919190466403961,
-0.11613554507493973,
-0.027276022359728813,
-0.31106263399124146,
-0.3812244236469269,
-0.039594076573848724,
-0.11009493470191956,
0.6722348928451538,
-0.3198535442352295,
0.27531692385673523,
0.5306135416030884,
0.06892704218626022,
-0.12831349670886993,
0.14106042683124542,
-0.20283138751983643,
0.3531661629676819,
-0.11764411628246307,
-1.0142614841461182,
0.3229839503765106,
-0.0971779003739357,
0.17683161795139313,
0.0880640372633934,
-0.19802939891815186,
0.0435820035636425,
-0.143045574426651,
0.4155804216861725,
-0.5682303309440613,
-0.11991070955991745,
-0.032076455652713776,
-0.6035465598106384,
-0.07209394127130508,
1.0179882049560547,
-0.09779280424118042,
0.391582727432251,
-0.19442923367023468,
0.726289689540863,
0.5095216631889343,
-0.4512866735458374,
0.016571925953030586,
-0.057568274438381195,
-0.24974830448627472,
-0.4637554883956909,
-0.024790937080979347,
0.016363147646188736,
0.737790584564209,
0.022650280967354774,
0.5468500256538391,
0.5205027461051941,
0.044641006737947464,
-0.05926874279975891,
0.8237240314483643,
0.0754530131816864,
-0.26288044452667236,
-0.041556525975465775,
-0.36242541670799255,
-0.47869691252708435,
0.6805610656738281,
-0.5805948972702026,
0.5491170287132263,
1.0145719051361084,
0.5307377576828003,
0.03114495985209942,
-0.2857178747653961,
0.8273588418960571,
0.14373016357421875,
-0.44087252020835876,
0.12824493646621704,
0.3558075428009033,
-0.1286744475364685,
-0.8241786360740662,
0.41714540123939514,
0.3611721694469452,
0.6762518882751465,
0.0980563685297966,
-0.5074302554130554,
0.4635668098926544,
-0.06753148138523102,
0.4603644013404846,
0.1877390295267105,
0.13213162124156952,
-0.12311267107725143,
0.04665037989616394,
-0.4246881306171417,
-0.16654466092586517,
-0.2304690033197403,
-0.11015123128890991,
0.1901167929172516,
-0.4759657084941864,
0.38834142684936523,
-0.7618893384933472,
0.2941652238368988,
-0.06145094335079193,
-0.2745991051197052,
-0.0796675980091095,
0.05159568414092064,
-1.062087059020996,
0.8417019248008728,
0.49132078886032104,
-0.492684543132782,
-0.2749236822128296,
0.2320912629365921,
-0.7689656019210815,
-0.27571070194244385,
0.40400832891464233,
-0.18332764506340027,
0.11755607277154922,
-0.04318656027317047,
0.6383838653564453,
0.49516600370407104,
-0.022567857056856155,
0.4438251852989197,
-0.3222700357437134,
-0.2224174439907074,
0.25255510210990906,
-0.3664592504501343,
-0.24090833961963654,
-0.012075171805918217,
-0.28230246901512146,
0.3768225610256195,
0.1440022587776184,
-0.10573429614305496,
0.3878001570701599,
-0.17947791516780853,
-0.18512049317359924,
0.34964612126350403,
-0.5022491812705994,
-0.40901732444763184,
0.17616811394691467,
-0.5891712307929993,
0.005428369622677565,
-0.5937176942825317,
0.5815955400466919,
0.4176030457019806,
0.2435033619403839,
0.43305113911628723,
0.42778801918029785,
0.3254551887512207,
-0.18811766803264618,
-0.28453096747398376,
0.17760394513607025,
-0.11565952748060226,
-0.16032420098781586,
-0.7630314230918884,
-0.004412193316966295,
0.23578087985515594,
0.08748933672904968,
-0.7378230094909668,
-0.25167566537857056,
-0.09520873427391052,
-0.1686682105064392,
0.116986483335495,
0.020334046334028244,
0.1519341617822647,
-0.4899061322212219,
-0.3878551125526428,
0.7576661109924316,
0.2773692011833191,
0.026293441653251648,
-0.21179300546646118,
0.6561158299446106,
-0.1666465699672699,
-0.289667010307312,
-0.19619515538215637,
0.437869668006897,
-0.21471092104911804,
0.4730796217918396,
-0.6181795001029968,
0.026769090443849564,
-0.46028223633766174,
-1.1031278371810913,
0.8248708248138428,
0.7367720007896423,
0.5914100408554077,
-0.19429287314414978,
0.4883873164653778,
-0.040793467313051224,
-0.6652640700340271,
-0.25410008430480957,
-0.6179438829421997,
0.20549039542675018,
-0.28153619170188904,
-0.05946198105812073,
-0.09786047041416168,
0.2722126543521881,
-0.13719505071640015,
-0.5070423483848572,
0.13234691321849823,
-0.7853334546089172,
-0.23883257806301117,
-0.3393207788467407,
-0.026802994310855865,
0.2613520920276642,
0.9449840188026428,
-0.3733680248260498
] |
233347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20del%20Pollaiuolo | Antonio del Pollaiuolo | Antonio del Pollaiuolo ( , , ; 17 January 1429/14334 February 1498), also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiuolo (also spelled Pollaiolo), was an Italian painter, sculptor, engraver, and goldsmith during the Italian Renaissance.
Biography
He was born in Florence. His brother, Piero del Pollaiuolo, was also an artist, and the two frequently worked together. Their work shows both classical influences and an interest in human anatomy; reportedly, the brothers carried out dissections to improve their knowledge of the subject. They took their nickname from the trade of their father, who in fact sold poultry (pollaio meaning "hen coop" in Italian). Antonio's first studies of goldsmithing and metalworking were under either his father or Andrea del Castagno: the latter probably taught him also in painting. Other sources relate that he worked in the Florence workshop of Bartoluccio di Michele, where Lorenzo Ghiberti also received his training. During this time, he also took an interest in engraving.
Some of Pollaiuolo's painting exhibits strong brutality, of which the characteristics can be studied in his portrayal of Saint Sebastian, painted in 1473–1475 for the Pucci Chapel of the SS. Annunziata of Florence. However, in contrast, his female portraits exhibit a calmness and a meticulous attention to detail of fashion, as was the norm in late 15th century portraiture.
He achieved his greatest successes as a sculptor and metal-worker. The exact ascription of his works is doubtful, as his brother Piero did much in collaboration with him. The fifteenth-century addition of the infant twins Romulus and Remus to an existing bronze sculpture of the Ancient Roman mythological she-wolf who nursed them has been attributed by some to him.
He only produced one surviving engraving, the Battle of the Nude Men, but both in its size and sophistication this took the Italian print to new levels, and remains one of the most famous prints of the Renaissance.
In 1484 Antonio took up his residence in Rome, where he executed the tomb of Pope Sixtus IV, now in the Museum of St. Peter's (finished in 1493), a composition in which he again manifested the quality of exaggeration in the anatomical features of the figures. In 1496 he went to Florence in order to put the finishing touches to the work already begun in the sacristy of Santo Spirito.
He died in Rome as a rich man, having just finished his mausoleum of Pope Innocent VIII, also in St. Peter's, and was buried in the church of San Pietro in Vincoli, where a monument was raised to him near that of his brother.
His main contribution to Florentine painting lay in his analysis of the human body in movement or under conditions of strain, but he is also important for his pioneering interest in landscape. His students included Sandro Botticelli.
Major works
Paintings
The Assumption of St Mary Magdalene (c. 1460) - Tempera on panel, Museo della Pala del Pollaiolo, Staggia Senese
Altarpiece for the Chapel of the Cardinal of Portugal (1467) - Fresco, San Miniato al Monte, Florence
Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1465) - Poplar panel, 52,5 x 36,2 cm, Staatliche Museen, Berlin
The Saints Vincent, James and Eustace (1468) - Tempera on wood, 172 x 179 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Apollo and Daphne (1470–1480) - Tempera on wood, 30 x 20 cm, National Gallery, London
Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1475) - Tempera on wood, 55 x 34 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Hercules and the Hydra (c. 1475) - Tempera on wood, 17 x 12 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Hercules and Antaeus (c. 1478)- Tempera on wood, 16 x 9 cm, Uffizi, Florence
Portrait of a Girl - Panel, Museo Poldi Pezzoli, Milan
Hercules and Deianira - Oil on Canvas, Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven
Sculptures
St Christopher and the Infant Christ - Metropolitan Museum, New York
Hercules (1475) - Bode Museum, Berlin
Tomb of Pope Sixtus IV (1493) – Saint Peter's Basilica
Engraving
Notes
References
Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Pollaiuolo in his Lives of the Artists.
External links
Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Antonio del Pollaiolo (see index)
The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Antonio del Pollaiolo (see index)
Italian Renaissance painters
Italian Renaissance sculptors
Painters from Florence
Sculptors from Florence
Quattrocento painters
15th-century births
1498 deaths
Italian goldsmiths
Italian male sculptors
Italian printmakers
Burials at San Pietro in Vincoli
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
15th-century Italian painters
15th-century Italian sculptors
15th-century engravers
Catholic painters
Catholic decorative artists
Catholic engravers
Catholic sculptors | [
0.052310604602098465,
-0.01211246196180582,
0.043459877371788025,
0.3235327899456024,
0.5373201966285706,
1.272063136100769,
-0.2721821963787079,
-0.21549288928508759,
-0.900176465511322,
-0.4194850027561188,
-0.3078288733959198,
0.30704089999198914,
-0.18968048691749573,
0.15268351137638092,
-0.3549495339393616,
-0.4106407165527344,
0.6219221353530884,
-0.29003915190696716,
-0.48802104592323303,
0.10651753097772598,
0.1289563775062561,
-0.3483025133609772,
-0.15794964134693146,
-0.09890025109052658,
-0.5560651421546936,
0.01266462355852127,
-0.15538127720355988,
-0.03794994577765465,
0.511140763759613,
-0.019126594066619873,
0.10203862935304642,
0.591852605342865,
0.2526736259460449,
-0.35982921719551086,
-0.8820343613624573,
0.27097979187965393,
-0.1670146882534027,
-0.20063641667366028,
0.0003469549701549113,
0.13913343846797943,
-0.188804492354393,
0.19476458430290222,
0.31543537974357605,
0.4037568271160126,
-0.09715927392244339,
-0.17905449867248535,
-1.287396788597107,
0.5459573864936829,
-0.4048856794834137,
-0.06777337938547134,
-0.09456641972064972,
0.09137246012687683,
-0.3239694833755493,
0.6449391841888428,
-0.25249120593070984,
0.05130483955144882,
-0.6358771920204163,
-0.6282715201377869,
0.4686749577522278,
-0.7960734367370605,
0.674444854259491,
0.3650602102279663,
0.648213267326355,
-0.11139878630638123,
0.05864794924855232,
-0.1641654223203659,
-0.02045244537293911,
0.4869154393672943,
-0.159918874502182,
0.2968422472476959,
-0.08360067754983902,
0.9959436655044556,
-0.1474451869726181,
-0.07962490618228912,
0.33720144629478455,
-0.5112051367759705,
-0.2862638533115387,
0.19971919059753418,
-0.0026640892028808594,
0.5758280158042908,
0.47951415181159973,
-0.299966424703598,
1.6459592580795288,
0.3279128074645996,
0.29368093609809875,
0.4650716781616211,
-0.17501258850097656,
0.17057180404663086,
-0.3941241204738617,
-0.18333300948143005,
-0.25019535422325134,
-0.7512801885604858,
0.5623695850372314,
-0.06141815334558487,
0.28909507393836975,
0.6927417516708374,
-0.5486851334571838,
0.6167959570884705,
-0.5218164920806885,
0.19113467633724213,
-0.22319678962230682,
-0.09884867817163467,
-0.04252311959862709,
-0.05275494232773781,
-0.16414038836956024,
-0.3311811089515686,
-0.15852054953575134,
-0.09656969457864761,
-0.2015191614627838,
0.6641082167625427,
-0.3139883577823639,
0.11787690222263336,
-0.5639086961746216,
0.15449227392673492,
0.05771735683083534,
-0.15170767903327942,
0.4283219575881958,
-0.44594985246658325,
-1.3648873567581177,
-0.23314109444618225,
0.32597804069519043,
0.4992885887622833,
0.030984709039330482,
-0.24246343970298767,
-0.4382258951663971,
-0.35680654644966125,
0.4205600619316101,
0.20765161514282227,
-0.27742627263069153,
-0.011570202186703682,
0.3320469260215759,
0.8290834426879883,
-0.30750590562820435,
-0.498640775680542,
-0.35068103671073914,
-0.051691822707653046,
-0.27248895168304443,
-0.15318715572357178,
-0.17541825771331787,
-0.4007318317890167,
-0.7362746000289917,
-0.10240573436021805,
-0.13556182384490967,
0.025732124224305153,
-0.3927655518054962,
-0.049165572971105576,
0.6910611391067505,
-0.42557305097579956,
0.11789145320653915,
-0.48428475856781006,
-0.45371800661087036,
-0.3280028998851776,
0.24917717278003693,
-0.5472525954246521,
0.0134455980733037,
0.08841780573129654,
0.2597544491291046,
-0.09061809629201889,
-0.0445377342402935,
-0.25769904255867004,
0.49751701951026917,
-0.29545775055885315,
-0.43423569202423096,
0.03340092673897743,
0.6128515005111694,
-0.0023417817428708076,
0.6980658173561096,
0.19643470644950867,
-0.14571507275104523,
0.07933073490858078,
-0.5166622996330261,
-0.09185757488012314,
-0.055564381182193756,
0.16740146279335022,
-0.40800729393959045,
0.31949496269226074,
0.5063939094543457,
0.2630639374256134,
0.4068787097930908,
-0.4097617566585541,
-0.9129564762115479,
0.056928493082523346,
-0.06629938632249832,
0.14937570691108704,
0.23411814868450165,
-0.12166861444711685,
0.8653974533081055,
-0.04946763440966606,
0.4663686156272888,
-0.4370751678943634,
-0.5475070476531982,
-0.25290900468826294,
-0.18036364018917084,
-0.2008959949016571,
0.8503559827804565,
0.43788182735443115,
-0.6006729006767273,
0.5797431468963623,
0.059353627264499664,
0.591668963432312,
-0.27838143706321716,
0.1509435474872589,
0.3648017346858978,
-0.14591021835803986,
0.2699378728866577,
-0.1633594036102295,
0.23220005631446838,
0.38672229647636414,
0.7919670939445496,
0.41259336471557617,
0.7420405745506287,
-0.6187995672225952,
0.5209506154060364,
1.0610843896865845,
-0.4145410656929016,
-0.16856250166893005,
-0.5412832498550415,
-0.06341636180877686,
-0.4716809093952179,
-0.40672561526298523,
0.22810254991054535,
-0.01219073124229908,
-0.3474067151546478,
0.897174060344696,
0.23294413089752197,
1.4743200540542603,
-0.057431913912296295,
-0.2704343795776367,
0.39745843410491943,
-0.5736309885978699,
-0.42637667059898376,
0.18854892253875732,
0.2773744761943817,
0.13597996532917023,
0.009029100649058819,
0.24242083728313446,
0.640661895275116,
-0.6965222358703613,
0.8031185269355774,
-0.7684703469276428,
0.21586903929710388,
0.37363603711128235,
-0.13905389606952667,
-0.15290658175945282,
0.8189697861671448,
0.4885552227497101,
0.2710956931114197,
0.22287088632583618,
-0.04546353220939636,
-0.17268212139606476,
-0.28846508264541626,
0.7895368933677673,
-0.472995400428772,
0.3992549479007721,
-0.3358367383480072,
-0.714119017124176,
0.9496155381202698,
-0.5164663791656494,
-0.2739429771900177,
-0.387993723154068,
0.03023669309914112,
0.2734678387641907,
0.7863738536834717,
0.24023176729679108,
0.2220771163702011,
-0.38190358877182007,
0.20092220604419708,
-0.13581936061382294,
0.2999351918697357,
-0.16412268579006195,
0.7369309663772583,
0.30229413509368896,
-0.7494778037071228,
0.6044696569442749,
0.03714672103524208,
-0.305806040763855,
-0.5411378741264343,
-0.3090871274471283,
0.08025405555963516,
-0.832243800163269,
-0.2359275072813034,
0.4082118272781372,
-0.8069831132888794,
-0.1991584300994873,
-0.4024440050125122,
0.0717325210571289,
-0.14853353798389435,
-0.8818986415863037,
0.0772002786397934,
-0.22175537049770355,
0.10233462601900101,
0.4973345398902893,
-0.3680776059627533,
-0.07919525355100632,
0.053850941359996796,
0.06677848100662231,
-0.6539946794509888,
-0.5561155676841736,
0.03568270057439804,
-0.6019758582115173,
-0.7594717741012573,
-0.11438042670488358,
0.731289803981781,
0.4650362730026245,
0.23505088686943054,
0.20821067690849304,
0.29042568802833557,
0.04563130810856819,
-5.0962700843811035,
0.40652674436569214,
-0.13992421329021454,
0.33772245049476624,
-0.6344144344329834,
-0.3127625584602356,
0.7108161449432373,
0.09613057225942612,
0.917310357093811,
-0.47862550616264343,
0.4412253499031067,
-0.39108169078826904,
-0.30000004172325134,
0.674901008605957,
-0.15595963597297668,
0.7066283226013184,
-0.053102314472198486,
0.42668667435646057,
-0.06326606869697571,
0.3351512849330902,
-0.32495740056037903,
-0.027618026360869408,
0.15353916585445404,
0.5679786205291748,
0.4256531298160553,
0.09171440452337265,
-0.4940107464790344,
-0.12429627776145935,
-1.0858787298202515,
-0.6879656314849854,
-0.33737844228744507,
-0.007191355340182781,
-0.04864952713251114,
0.13594916462898254,
0.3946159780025482,
-0.36667054891586304,
0.5562169551849365,
0.8741114139556885,
-0.25216054916381836,
0.3390873968601227,
0.1405177116394043,
-0.07033662497997284,
-0.3948248028755188,
0.3635163903236389,
0.20795205235481262,
-0.36064305901527405,
-0.29487815499305725,
-0.2085804045200348,
-0.369975745677948,
0.5760204792022705,
0.5467597246170044,
-0.15056852996349335,
0.14071285724639893,
0.043626826256513596,
0.3486546576023102,
0.5069963932037354,
0.26466110348701477,
0.2620072662830353,
-0.7486988306045532,
0.846331775188446,
-0.06262080371379852,
-0.16936320066452026,
-0.11416807770729065,
-0.25009310245513916,
0.0033520956058055162,
0.5709284543991089,
0.4641759395599365,
-0.02169700898230076,
-0.12327318638563156,
-0.02804265357553959,
-0.021708045154809952,
1.0518878698349,
-0.358656644821167,
-1.439666986465454,
0.08314894884824753,
-0.38176029920578003,
0.31245124340057373,
0.08889906853437424,
-0.620868980884552,
-0.5153749585151672,
-0.012608498334884644,
-0.9532175064086914,
0.29508769512176514,
0.7468245029449463,
0.6520246863365173,
0.8919596672058105,
0.010623762384057045,
0.12288935482501984,
-0.9062480926513672,
0.5758012533187866,
0.5298222303390503,
0.12029232084751129,
-0.29727086424827576,
-0.3071337640285492,
-0.26986539363861084,
0.059355951845645905,
0.21138611435890198,
0.3340364694595337,
0.3191318213939667,
0.44993332028388977,
-0.08556994050741196,
0.019389105960726738,
-0.4264390766620636,
0.12269213050603867,
-0.039735421538352966,
-0.2904852330684662,
-0.22860179841518402,
-0.02941148541867733,
0.8090184330940247,
0.0771346390247345,
0.026118764653801918,
0.2509910464286804,
-0.6465880870819092,
-0.1889461725950241,
0.04760434478521347,
-0.46593838930130005,
0.11450274288654327,
0.655155599117279,
0.02948109060525894,
-0.31465789675712585,
0.37366893887519836,
0.17785388231277466,
-0.20579242706298828,
-0.8474856615066528,
-0.35770201683044434,
0.24369610846042633,
-0.8775011301040649,
0.0972881093621254,
0.3595961928367615,
0.06124616041779518,
-0.09796802699565887,
0.3450566232204437,
-0.66307133436203,
0.3150010108947754,
0.2617001235485077,
0.038182176649570465,
-0.7964239716529846,
-0.9551418423652649,
0.19910737872123718,
-0.08163759857416153,
0.20507052540779114,
-0.4731892943382263,
-0.4928801357746124,
0.1439955234527588,
0.26638129353523254,
0.2327302247285843,
-0.6191654205322266,
0.03418216481804848,
-0.6365395188331604,
0.3760544955730438,
-0.07056538760662079,
0.16005656123161316,
0.1142900213599205,
-0.10962306708097458,
-0.035635918378829956,
0.008593243546783924,
-0.7474777102470398,
0.5617018342018127,
0.05992976576089859,
-0.06088230758905411,
0.26254186034202576,
-0.24719008803367615,
-0.8184859752655029,
-0.07085379213094711,
-0.4278677999973297,
-0.09347222745418549,
-0.4964621961116791,
-0.20424319803714752,
-0.1907520890235901,
0.34528878331184387,
0.42318102717399597,
-0.7356144785881042,
-0.17214590311050415,
-0.3988601863384247,
0.11092480272054672,
-0.4478131830692291,
-0.22215081751346588,
0.188529834151268,
-0.3552781939506531,
0.235838383436203,
0.01650269515812397,
-0.3083835542201996,
-0.1702161282300949,
-0.9545390605926514,
0.6575114727020264,
0.14110445976257324,
-0.5084083676338196,
-0.4555087089538574,
-0.47343629598617554,
0.03134617954492569,
-0.4253007471561432,
-0.050488684326410294,
-0.20194704830646515,
0.32320159673690796,
0.20656853914260864,
-0.6246392726898193,
0.07191652059555054,
0.4314265549182892,
0.17076297104358673,
-0.4878607392311096,
-0.4749114215373993,
-0.08849232643842697,
-0.845058798789978,
-0.22969402372837067,
-0.48189660906791687,
-0.7638636827468872,
0.5021542906761169,
0.3395194709300995,
-0.3972112536430359,
0.46670764684677124,
-0.27499130368232727,
-0.8877409100532532,
-0.18949712812900543,
0.4133615791797638,
-0.0007714637322351336,
0.6594324111938477,
-0.40990710258483887,
-0.28279051184654236,
-0.5542186498641968,
-0.6831806898117065,
-0.06447739899158478,
0.1177169531583786,
-0.6420788168907166,
-0.02628767490386963,
-0.01851663924753666,
0.4194394648075104,
-0.1250912994146347,
-0.058868635445833206,
0.6230024695396423,
-0.4952380657196045,
0.5902010798454285,
-0.1889944076538086,
-0.35354867577552795,
0.35586661100387573,
-0.04809935763478279,
-0.004973624367266893,
0.30989375710487366,
-0.20500564575195312,
-0.023845773190259933,
0.5830031633377075,
0.08801418542861938,
0.6169579029083252,
0.17652544379234314,
0.30151525139808655,
0.012341657653450966,
0.6785721778869629,
0.1037645936012268,
0.12647023797035217,
-0.08533931523561478,
0.10649866610765457,
0.19108615815639496,
-0.40485164523124695,
-0.07466058433055878,
-0.35357680916786194,
1.141890048980713,
-0.6127237677574158,
0.6127109527587891,
0.4869968593120575,
0.24573741853237152,
0.08317659050226212,
0.23503759503364563,
0.7225173115730286,
0.5616042613983154,
-0.2418970912694931,
0.34473520517349243,
0.10778660327196121,
0.11294016242027283,
-0.09955161064863205,
0.08691215515136719,
-0.06458526104688644,
0.347942054271698,
-0.03661574423313141,
0.435286283493042,
0.7888795733451843,
-0.2649127244949341,
0.09057669341564178,
-0.10584259033203125,
-0.6893671154975891,
1.4776169061660767,
-0.14600320160388947,
-1.0616647005081177,
0.36605003476142883,
-0.14261509478092194,
-0.05973801389336586,
-0.22334574162960052,
-0.37240010499954224,
-0.4899340867996216,
0.41302254796028137,
-0.027441687881946564,
0.2686920166015625,
-0.2278779298067093,
0.19660957157611847,
-0.014718323014676571,
0.09854549169540405,
0.12283401191234589,
0.8989230394363403,
-0.6239736676216125,
0.1882484406232834,
-0.7808353304862976,
-0.22750218212604523,
-0.35162660479545593,
0.2065601646900177,
0.5574222207069397,
0.6234717965126038,
0.2115018218755722,
0.40202340483665466,
-0.08410538733005524,
-0.19507791101932526,
-0.6689079403877258,
0.3098488748073578,
-0.06867547333240509,
-0.25354790687561035,
0.28549712896347046,
-0.33796215057373047,
-0.21119774878025055,
-0.08057558536529541,
1.2322871685028076,
0.40644019842147827,
-0.9135674238204956,
-0.029530173167586327,
0.5360473394393921,
-0.1504557728767395,
0.275224506855011,
-0.24624086916446686,
0.4326898455619812,
0.12206462025642395,
-0.0509316623210907,
-0.06112385541200638,
-0.41515490412712097,
0.883589506149292,
-0.1137366071343422,
-0.2514459788799286,
-0.5775853991508484,
0.5034362077713013,
0.2875833809375763,
-0.13756854832172394,
-0.12686787545681,
-0.6613782048225403,
0.034387703984975815,
0.24370349943637848,
0.26708996295928955,
1.2590529918670654,
-0.6543680429458618,
0.3696400225162506,
-0.25937360525131226,
0.2632802724838257,
-0.4700659215450287,
-0.020882105454802513,
-0.3978732228279114,
-0.16634619235992432,
-0.03703178092837334,
0.031847383826971054,
0.23000821471214294,
-0.45317190885543823,
0.18195948004722595,
0.7038496136665344,
0.6043117642402649,
-0.02997119165956974,
-0.016918543726205826,
-0.060370370745658875,
-0.1978825479745865,
0.06781403720378876,
1.0633469820022583,
-0.5040728449821472,
-0.9427394270896912,
0.06752216815948486,
-0.9638096690177917,
0.03183538839221001,
-0.4716237485408783,
0.33461856842041016,
0.08944736421108246,
-0.002707613632082939,
-0.022678373381495476,
0.68288654088974,
0.3372943699359894,
0.6721045970916748,
0.9337370991706848,
0.6214944124221802,
-0.21313117444515228,
-0.058682430535554886,
-1.4027514457702637,
-0.6310515403747559,
-0.0077532026916742325,
-0.10760053247213364,
0.05460241064429283,
-0.5641710162162781,
-0.13685083389282227,
-0.35374215245246887,
-0.08193744719028473,
-0.3698846697807312,
-0.3004624545574188,
-0.3876371681690216,
0.19172732532024384,
0.7121655941009521,
-0.75849449634552,
-0.24554379284381866,
0.3481542766094208,
0.9698288440704346,
-0.32586586475372314,
-0.03743920102715492,
0.6599481701850891,
-0.1846729815006256,
0.15388768911361694,
-0.4151265025138855,
-0.31936731934547424,
-0.030700335279107094,
-0.01075565256178379,
0.3498533368110657,
-0.9031023383140564,
0.09359364956617355,
-0.10926239937543869,
-0.3022530972957611,
-0.14060205221176147,
0.16305434703826904,
-0.6586397886276245,
-0.29783061146736145,
0.760329008102417,
-0.08501182496547699,
-0.08043821901082993,
-0.35877951979637146,
0.7965433597564697,
-0.47246789932250977,
0.2750421464443207,
-0.4206576347351074,
0.08213969320058823,
0.3094806373119354,
-0.07651406526565552,
-0.41819697618484497,
-0.2983064353466034,
0.1380593627691269,
0.015840426087379456,
0.4450685679912567,
-0.30280017852783203,
-0.7603665590286255,
-0.8822325468063354,
-0.2844829261302948,
1.0659834146499634,
0.04277626425027847,
0.4444006383419037,
-1.2325359582901,
0.9670023322105408,
0.2701079249382019,
-0.19761882722377777,
-0.14603255689144135,
0.5406284332275391,
0.14763808250427246,
-0.6724357008934021,
-0.0873434916138649,
0.6354883313179016,
0.3718811273574829,
0.06258459389209747,
0.1391335427761078,
0.8877613544464111,
-0.6938984394073486,
-0.24493269622325897,
0.19861964881420135,
0.12161825597286224,
-0.48868197202682495,
0.23662357032299042,
0.1616983711719513
] |
233350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels%20Ryberg%20Finsen | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Niels Ryberg Finsen (15 December 1860 – 24 September 1904) was a Faroese-Icelandic physician and scientist. In 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science."
Biography
Niels Finsen was born in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, as the second-oldest of four children. His father was , who belonged to an Icelandic family with traditions reaching back to the 10th century, and his mother was Johanne Formann from Falster, Denmark.
The family moved to Tórshavn from Iceland in 1858 when his father was given the position of Landfoged. When Niels was four years old his mother died, and his father married her cousin Birgitte Kirstine Formann, with whom he had six children. In 1871 his father was made Amtmand of the Faroe Islands. His father was a member of the Faroese parliament for 12 years, and his older brother Olaf similarly became a member of parliament, for five years, as well as the first mayor of the capital, Tórshavn.
Finsen got his early education in Tórshavn, but in 1874 was sent to the Danish boarding school Herlufsholm, where his older brother Olaf was also a student. Unlike Olaf, Niels had a difficult stay at Herlufsholm, culminating with a statement from the principal which claimed Niels was "a boy of good heart but low skills and energy". As a consequence of his low grades and difficulties with the Danish language, he was sent to Iceland in 1876 to enroll in his father's old school, Lærði skólinn, in Reykjavík. By the time he graduated he was 21 years old and finished 11th out of 15th students.
Studies in medicine
In 1882, Finsen moved to Copenhagen to study medicine at the University of Copenhagen, from which he graduated in 1890. Because he had studied in Iceland before moving to Copenhagen to study, he enjoyed privileged admission to Regensen, which is the most prestigious college dormitory in Denmark. Prioritisation of Icelandic and Faroese individuals in the admission process was official Danish government policy that had been put in place in order to integrate the educated elites of its colonies with the university population in Copenhagen. Following graduation, he became a prosector of anatomy at the university. After three years, he quit the post to devote himself fully to his scientific studies. In 1898 Finsen was given a professorship and in 1899 he became a Knight of the Order of Dannebrog.
The was founded in 1896, with Finsen serving as its first director. It was later merged into Copenhagen University Hospital and currently serves as a cancer research laboratory that specializes in proteolysis.
Finsen suffered from Niemann–Pick disease, which inspired him to sunbathe and investigate the effects of light on living things. As a result, Finsen is best known for his theory of phototherapy, in which certain wavelengths of light can have beneficial medical effects. His most notable writings were Finsen Om Lysets Indvirkninger paa Huden ("On the effects of light on the skin"), published in 1893 and Om Anvendelse i Medicinen af koncentrerede kemiske Lysstraaler ("The use of concentrated chemical light rays in medicine"), published in 1896. The papers were rapidly translated and published in both German and French. In his late work he researched the effects of sodium chloride, observing the results of a low sodium diet, which he published in 1904 as En Ophobning af Salt i Organismen ("An accumulation of salt in the organism").
Finsen won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1903 for his work on phototherapy. He was the first Scandinavian to win the prize and is the only Faroese Nobel Laureate to date. In 1904, Finsen was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
Personal life
Finsen married Ingeborg Balslev (1868–1963) on 29 December 1892.
Finsen's health began to fail in the mid-1880s. He had symptoms of heart trouble and suffered from ascites and general weakness. The sickness disabled his body but not his mind, and he continued to work from his wheelchair. He died in Copenhagen on 24 September 1904. Accounts of his funeral can be found at the National Library of Medicine.
Memorials
The Finsen Laboratory at Copenhagen University Hospital is named in his honor. Finsensvej in Frederiksberg is also named in his honor and so was the Finsen Power Station, which was located on its north side.
A large memorial to Finsen designed by Rudolph Tegner
was installed next to Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen in 1909. It shows a standing naked man flanked by two kneeling naked women reaching up to the sky. The sculpture is entitled Mod lyset (Towards the Light), and symbolised Finsen's principal scientific theory that sunlight can have healing properties. It is situated on the corner of Blegdamsvej and Nørre Allé.
In Tórshavn there is also a memorial to Finsen and one of the city's main streets, Niels Finsens gøta, bears his name. Kommunuskúlin, the old public school in central Tórshavn is rebuilt for student housing with the new name Finsen.
References
External links
Niels Finsen, an engine of our ingenuity
An extensive biography on Niels Finsen (in Danish only)
The Finsen Institute at Copenhagen University Hospital
Our Friend, the Sun: Images of Light Therapeutics from the Osler Library Collection, c. 1901-1944. Digital exhibition by the Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University
1860 births
1904 deaths
Faroese physicians
Danish Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Faroese people of Icelandic descent
Danish knights
University of Copenhagen alumni
Light therapy
People from Tórshavn
19th-century Faroese people | [
0.1471858024597168,
0.4290408790111542,
-0.14961327612400055,
0.25286057591438293,
-0.45008182525634766,
0.6373152136802673,
0.8701211214065552,
-0.17370879650115967,
-0.49194589257240295,
-0.47164833545684814,
-0.14919264614582062,
0.17619766294956207,
-0.1099490225315094,
0.3898613750934601,
-0.10333435982465744,
-0.14353212714195251,
-0.231011301279068,
-0.06213201954960823,
-0.5306496024131775,
0.3543732166290283,
-0.43394118547439575,
0.16323421895503998,
0.484601765871048,
0.05675302818417549,
-0.34046778082847595,
-0.12827348709106445,
-0.06555435061454773,
-0.029371362179517746,
0.6223322153091431,
0.07248964160680771,
0.3444433808326721,
0.6224080920219421,
0.12073245644569397,
-0.37317797541618347,
-0.7072468996047974,
0.00969481747597456,
-0.6804853677749634,
0.08578716963529587,
0.7497302293777466,
0.5809824466705322,
-0.2523474395275116,
0.5152732729911804,
-0.24977275729179382,
0.11201663315296173,
0.24021963775157928,
-0.7737450003623962,
-2.1929590702056885,
0.39521411061286926,
-0.5341746807098389,
0.29196202754974365,
-0.15317773818969727,
-0.1945258527994156,
0.8297234773635864,
0.5525991320610046,
0.08780910074710846,
0.5529202222824097,
-0.6330327391624451,
0.09581474214792252,
-0.18233990669250488,
-0.07923442125320435,
0.8605395555496216,
0.21956568956375122,
0.222773477435112,
-0.08122128993272781,
0.7018717527389526,
0.167270228266716,
0.13815094530582428,
0.01656476967036724,
0.4930691123008728,
-0.3543729782104492,
-0.14242403209209442,
0.8831849098205566,
0.4316581189632416,
-0.1482122242450714,
0.35079067945480347,
-0.6908695101737976,
-0.004381925333291292,
0.09019602090120316,
0.09550757706165314,
-0.2214066982269287,
-0.32461079955101013,
-0.8104329109191895,
0.7456272840499878,
0.613088071346283,
-0.3870425224304199,
-0.313732385635376,
-0.7929986119270325,
-0.06646925210952759,
-0.5325773358345032,
-0.08800188452005386,
0.00996228028088808,
-0.4163609445095062,
0.22990280389785767,
0.07409689575433731,
0.5596210956573486,
0.427813857793808,
-0.2876904308795929,
0.6357874870300293,
-0.6211640238761902,
0.21990549564361572,
0.009102901443839073,
-0.17059975862503052,
-0.06650509685277939,
-0.019398745149374008,
0.5488907694816589,
-0.04982439801096916,
-0.5906937122344971,
-0.5673243403434753,
-0.3640788495540619,
-0.2169470191001892,
-1.1025798320770264,
0.12160521000623703,
0.19255836308002472,
-0.33336591720581055,
-0.07554778456687927,
0.5041953325271606,
-0.20065587759017944,
-1.0955246686935425,
-0.5549789667129517,
-0.3020845949649811,
-1.2054040431976318,
0.43607887625694275,
-0.04784116521477699,
0.44225621223449707,
-0.63310706615448,
0.17027047276496887,
-0.2624281048774719,
0.3886791169643402,
-0.1853165328502655,
0.2766353189945221,
0.5192185044288635,
0.46106189489364624,
-0.6476783752441406,
-0.27008554339408875,
-0.0928402990102768,
-0.06227139011025429,
0.17021296918392181,
0.15093782544136047,
-0.18844269216060638,
0.7158845067024231,
0.16540412604808807,
-0.7779263257980347,
-0.5702309608459473,
0.1743701696395874,
0.13891245424747467,
-0.2048749476671219,
-0.3823866844177246,
-0.17341667413711548,
-0.276427298784256,
-0.2783925533294678,
-0.0619027316570282,
0.2654002606868744,
0.20318105816841125,
-0.1282769739627838,
0.14420770108699799,
1.1770524978637695,
0.16702327132225037,
0.21218173205852509,
0.4931199848651886,
-0.042559683322906494,
0.6625506281852722,
0.12834633886814117,
-0.46596503257751465,
0.18145695328712463,
0.2324954718351364,
-0.5967584252357483,
0.11531490832567215,
0.1397346556186676,
-0.05085766687989235,
0.23799586296081543,
-0.024752607569098473,
-0.3452748656272888,
0.28953275084495544,
0.06498124450445175,
0.6911030411720276,
0.43400201201438904,
-0.2981528639793396,
0.12837804853916168,
0.44771409034729004,
-0.5813595652580261,
-1.095088005065918,
-0.43337610363960266,
0.004814634565263987,
-0.1184576153755188,
-0.1462319791316986,
0.2890567481517792,
0.3564283549785614,
0.20700107514858246,
0.9738175868988037,
-0.01138501800596714,
-0.3000074326992035,
-0.9268790483474731,
0.2732623517513275,
0.22851300239562988,
1.3067641258239746,
0.3440767526626587,
-0.14757224917411804,
0.6058973073959351,
-0.5329659581184387,
0.06470312178134918,
-0.43458133935928345,
-0.5241689682006836,
0.08916276693344116,
-0.15349769592285156,
0.20145675539970398,
0.8488888144493103,
0.32304227352142334,
-0.5889489650726318,
-0.31937506794929504,
0.8036858439445496,
0.055858250707387924,
-0.6450527906417847,
0.31803515553474426,
0.3354058563709259,
-0.30444303154945374,
-0.40727898478507996,
-0.33384400606155396,
0.11442745476961136,
0.783315122127533,
-0.1496766060590744,
0.37344449758529663,
0.12429399788379669,
0.3255109488964081,
0.9520320296287537,
0.582892656326294,
1.0301425457000732,
0.19472530484199524,
0.5554478764533997,
-0.1570604145526886,
-0.878632128238678,
0.15257897973060608,
-0.28104984760284424,
0.748970091342926,
-0.02929002419114113,
0.2992941737174988,
-0.06667882204055786,
0.07990778237581253,
0.14656813442707062,
0.28475669026374817,
-0.4099869728088379,
0.23749509453773499,
0.6620628833770752,
-0.7873388528823853,
0.43468552827835083,
0.43336161971092224,
0.364677757024765,
-0.9637444615364075,
-0.39837002754211426,
-0.1575925499200821,
-0.21846355497837067,
0.30887654423713684,
0.5180494785308838,
-0.2340623140335083,
-0.2939532399177551,
0.19280609488487244,
-0.03332265838980675,
0.663000762462616,
-0.2981777489185333,
0.006360454950481653,
-0.07992080599069595,
-0.059063710272312164,
0.17607276141643524,
0.2113785296678543,
-0.2951182723045349,
0.041640713810920715,
-0.29292088747024536,
-0.03382325917482376,
-0.8638667464256287,
0.3439256250858307,
-0.28903940320014954,
0.293082058429718,
-0.0004798166628461331,
-0.1821371167898178,
0.12092579156160355,
-0.1552908569574356,
-0.8135870099067688,
-0.41092440485954285,
0.5956499576568604,
-0.3719356060028076,
-0.4230917990207672,
0.21818381547927856,
1.0521118640899658,
-0.5457735657691956,
0.2933116555213928,
-0.4708898961544037,
0.18272003531455994,
-1.0366582870483398,
0.04965951293706894,
0.05892179161310196,
-0.39045917987823486,
-0.058970533311367035,
0.8920469284057617,
-0.5237205624580383,
0.071834996342659,
-0.628776490688324,
0.17016038298606873,
-0.5344969630241394,
-0.6771620512008667,
0.07176961749792099,
0.017707834020256996,
-1.0292010307312012,
0.01620033197104931,
0.43638840317726135,
-0.15733368694782257,
0.0906440019607544,
-0.11636753380298615,
-0.18094268441200256,
-0.11628024280071259,
-5.114599227905273,
-0.0392303541302681,
-0.06057935580611229,
-0.4969904124736786,
0.4577835202217102,
0.3112301826477051,
0.16932092607021332,
-0.20821428298950195,
0.7032213807106018,
-0.6308825016021729,
0.5849977731704712,
0.19679392874240875,
0.19863003492355347,
0.7620722651481628,
0.47618958353996277,
0.8534814119338989,
0.3792757987976074,
-0.01947130262851715,
0.3270919919013977,
0.17333516478538513,
0.4198516607284546,
-0.48777303099632263,
-0.31351879239082336,
0.9574231505393982,
-0.23726482689380646,
0.05351072549819946,
-0.4132641553878784,
0.15735112130641937,
-0.7482263445854187,
-0.3039076030254364,
0.13103994727134705,
0.31258994340896606,
-0.128448948264122,
0.07257208228111267,
0.34140098094940186,
-0.055949170142412186,
0.23218175768852234,
0.6528945565223694,
-0.1809837520122528,
0.13340327143669128,
-0.3011506497859955,
0.2058466076850891,
-0.743287205696106,
-0.24640604853630066,
-0.39733394980430603,
-0.2518077790737152,
-0.3691062927246094,
0.7260111570358276,
-0.6597549915313721,
0.8606608510017395,
0.49401310086250305,
-0.5635616183280945,
-0.321507066488266,
0.5613592863082886,
-0.07058872282505035,
-0.24019210040569305,
-0.14178413152694702,
0.3839215934276581,
-0.7707270979881287,
0.06084175407886505,
-0.24419653415679932,
-0.4313545525074005,
0.10067947208881378,
-0.5799108147621155,
-0.1757955104112625,
-0.007937646470963955,
-0.16722452640533447,
-0.16178931295871735,
0.03848195821046829,
-0.49438178539276123,
-0.10285551100969315,
0.9474526047706604,
0.32724449038505554,
-1.1653913259506226,
-0.2760784924030304,
-0.3182707130908966,
-0.36638587713241577,
-0.47128966450691223,
-0.48595091700553894,
0.08075039088726044,
-0.043512146919965744,
-0.7100388407707214,
-0.7187028527259827,
1.0584050416946411,
1.0643651485443115,
0.21271531283855438,
-0.460114061832428,
-0.3179972469806671,
-0.40596121549606323,
-0.4811718761920929,
-0.13137106597423553,
-0.6699926853179932,
0.5671493411064148,
0.5042709112167358,
-0.6275811791419983,
0.5098337531089783,
-0.6677059531211853,
0.2322779893875122,
0.47387269139289856,
0.08502749353647232,
0.5536462664604187,
0.4182423949241638,
-0.247752383351326,
-0.2956724464893341,
0.1963101476430893,
0.041537459939718246,
-0.17752644419670105,
-0.17074531316757202,
0.6330112218856812,
0.018871624022722244,
-0.0031589053105562925,
0.5123504400253296,
-0.11191938072443008,
-0.20054447650909424,
0.3428049683570862,
-0.11026085168123245,
0.05851546302437782,
0.47323378920555115,
0.48263826966285706,
0.339011549949646,
-0.25561606884002686,
-0.004515068605542183,
0.32572340965270996,
-0.26997289061546326,
0.7368638515472412,
-0.09075765311717987,
-0.14924181997776031,
-0.6235496997833252,
-0.3553090989589691,
0.36017462611198425,
-0.07482142746448517,
1.0914642810821533,
0.03978123888373375,
0.2861405909061432,
-0.05954998731613159,
-0.6294342279434204,
-0.6095306873321533,
0.04933853819966316,
-0.298687607049942,
-0.5601898431777954,
0.08218486607074738,
-0.017458191141486168,
0.1243281289935112,
0.553894579410553,
-0.37396082282066345,
0.26515743136405945,
0.32382017374038696,
0.06421419233083725,
-0.6839362978935242,
1.0001245737075806,
-0.5406231880187988,
-0.03452247381210327,
0.003354932414367795,
-0.41673606634140015,
-0.10884470492601395,
0.6820827126502991,
-0.24551625549793243,
0.3042261600494385,
-0.4953587055206299,
0.2543950378894806,
-0.28072869777679443,
-0.5790477395057678,
-0.8318187594413757,
-0.1629370152950287,
-0.11016025394201279,
0.29114624857902527,
-1.0453616380691528,
-0.17664992809295654,
-0.8843246698379517,
0.44496408104896545,
-0.2935428321361542,
-0.49295902252197266,
-0.9282585978507996,
-0.20324526727199554,
-0.22068804502487183,
-0.2919559180736542,
0.37616226077079773,
0.8049353957176208,
-0.21918299794197083,
-0.11671437323093414,
0.37291690707206726,
0.5983588695526123,
-0.4468023180961609,
0.036949872970581055,
1.0692459344863892,
0.16876813769340515,
-0.44913873076438904,
-0.7145498991012573,
0.024861391633749008,
-0.14332033693790436,
0.28597790002822876,
-0.078718401491642,
0.0029854420572519302,
0.7906802892684937,
0.0966862216591835,
-0.4964624047279358,
-0.30511513352394104,
-0.07728958874940872,
-0.051128827035427094,
-0.5368749499320984,
0.33541589975357056,
0.39821165800094604,
0.017929673194885254,
0.1473136991262436,
-0.09434912353754044,
-0.6235724091529846,
-0.03224925696849823,
0.5403549671173096,
-0.06373833864927292,
0.556764543056488,
-0.6511306762695312,
-0.6724500060081482,
-0.04818473011255264,
0.7086322903633118,
-0.6837116479873657,
0.3658283054828644,
0.740646243095398,
-0.26628705859184265,
-0.6796060800552368,
-0.32095304131507874,
-0.9286874532699585,
-0.22376680374145508,
-0.3474354147911072,
-0.582420825958252,
-0.3078945279121399,
-0.3814002573490143,
0.2732867896556854,
0.6894848942756653,
1.1021689176559448,
-0.03571208938956261,
0.10325730592012405,
-0.11573535203933716,
0.01335753221064806,
0.16786208748817444,
-0.2683210074901581,
0.2334558665752411,
0.40644145011901855,
0.5109732747077942,
-0.15197555720806122,
0.038160376250743866,
0.3757955729961395,
1.0010054111480713,
0.23998813331127167,
0.24843980371952057,
-0.31523701548576355,
0.38275736570358276,
0.683908998966217,
-0.38336262106895447,
0.23096245527267456,
0.0036897645331919193,
0.007951934821903706,
-0.16232849657535553,
-0.5963571071624756,
-0.33220645785331726,
0.799177348613739,
0.23390471935272217,
0.13220588862895966,
0.4771144688129425,
0.055773504078388214,
-0.061933282762765884,
-0.04161911457777023,
0.3538655936717987,
-0.2003163993358612,
-0.08397231996059418,
0.18350189924240112,
0.6886105537414551,
-0.3815329074859619,
-0.48101872205734253,
0.3322363495826721,
0.08613074570894241,
-0.34184831380844116,
-0.7129284739494324,
-0.23417553305625916,
0.24945558607578278,
-0.45164695382118225,
0.5396453738212585,
0.12030341476202011,
-0.08908741176128387,
0.17292924225330353,
-0.1344441920518875,
-0.5174453854560852,
-0.4018465280532837,
0.5781376957893372,
-0.060899436473846436,
-0.8674358129501343,
-0.3361242413520813,
-0.6248717308044434,
-0.11087217181921005,
-0.4814203977584839,
0.07091346383094788,
-0.9632312059402466,
0.18981428444385529,
-0.134816974401474,
0.5007312297821045,
0.1183796375989914,
0.34783995151519775,
-0.4965171813964844,
1.0270230770111084,
-0.3056166172027588,
-0.20789942145347595,
-0.3583545684814453,
0.4341057240962982,
0.8225204348564148,
-0.13004916906356812,
0.35385891795158386,
0.2088250368833542,
-0.1347542405128479,
-0.111012764275074,
-0.1024806797504425,
0.17352847754955292,
0.5571051836013794,
-0.09139519929885864,
-0.20195016264915466,
0.6019152998924255,
-0.48439258337020874,
-0.5006338953971863,
0.0897730365395546,
-0.38160520792007446,
-0.33996516466140747,
-0.1251250058412552,
0.2516818344593048,
1.002524495124817,
0.46183347702026367,
-0.5331013798713684,
-0.10502364486455917,
0.5689366459846497,
0.69802325963974,
0.4032934010028839,
0.11238906532526016,
0.5442526936531067,
-0.12038395553827286,
-0.16198192536830902,
-0.32631635665893555,
1.0591368675231934,
-0.059330474585294724,
0.6509395837783813,
-0.04297735542058945,
-0.551876425743103,
-0.2071974277496338,
0.37076064944267273,
-0.026704449206590652,
1.0834572315216064,
-0.24767938256263733,
-0.06862901896238327,
-0.11022615432739258,
0.10505316406488419,
-0.1838446408510208,
0.2702009379863739,
0.04636315256357193,
-0.1982429027557373,
0.4754798114299774,
-0.24220222234725952,
0.10551533848047256,
-0.6696299314498901,
-0.3648598790168762,
0.30089402198791504,
0.2552455961704254,
-1.006118893623352,
-0.2220718264579773,
0.38411134481430054,
-0.22304941713809967,
-1.010529637336731,
0.7796631455421448,
-0.03760434314608574,
-0.23111304640769958,
-0.5473669171333313,
0.32885465025901794,
-0.5574103593826294,
0.3459913432598114,
0.21911287307739258,
0.03357701376080513,
-0.5547463297843933,
0.16981549561023712,
0.2847316861152649,
0.2833617925643921,
-0.07579980045557022,
0.9200834631919861,
-0.019453048706054688,
-0.2754465341567993,
0.5219877362251282,
-0.5287508964538574,
0.2657046914100647,
-0.05054239183664322,
-0.569739580154419,
-0.09139097481966019,
-0.1520121991634369,
-0.22175130248069763,
0.2526302635669708,
0.279788076877594,
0.06796224415302277,
0.5771726369857788,
-0.4386996924877167,
0.07158936560153961,
0.3180531859397888,
-0.7557629942893982,
0.3819584548473358,
-0.3444770872592926,
0.4227334260940552,
0.2883445620536804,
-0.5821336507797241,
-0.7806648015975952,
0.3864195644855499,
0.32800084352493286,
0.3631976246833801,
-0.10161514580249786,
0.8310656547546387,
-0.35582882165908813,
0.8696704506874084,
0.24980159103870392,
0.3177438974380493,
0.008395958691835403,
0.7799381613731384,
-0.22829726338386536,
-0.00992290023714304,
-0.4357200562953949,
-0.22996291518211365,
0.6565278768539429,
-0.5676364898681641,
-0.5714739561080933,
0.13354456424713135,
-0.0855865478515625,
-0.06626935303211212,
-0.30611521005630493,
-0.1846058964729309,
-0.5195590257644653,
-0.17559276521205902,
-0.10981887578964233,
0.1512826830148697,
0.0899735689163208,
0.8229272365570068,
-0.3615887761116028,
0.22038279473781586,
-0.8096048831939697,
-0.6711922287940979,
-0.013054213486611843,
-0.7469031810760498,
-0.04530094563961029,
0.38198819756507874,
0.1925075501203537,
-0.2056477963924408,
0.47532176971435547,
0.14301271736621857,
-0.5044732093811035,
-0.13104265928268433,
0.6256202459335327,
0.013403913006186485,
-0.0935150682926178,
-0.3711734414100647,
-0.15472331643104553,
0.012956780381500721,
-0.17076300084590912,
-0.5194990634918213,
0.5660009384155273,
-0.6764985918998718,
0.43107205629348755,
0.3535095155239105,
-0.15445014834403992,
-0.46295812726020813,
0.5278875827789307,
-0.15619711577892303
] |
233351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero%20del%20Pollaiolo | Piero del Pollaiolo | Piero del Pollaiuolo ( , , ; also spelled Pollaiolo; in Florence – 1496 in Rome), also known as Piero Benci, was an Italian Renaissance painter from Florence. His brother was the artist Antonio del Pollaiuolo and the two frequently worked together. Their work shows both classical influences and an interest in human anatomy; reportedly, the brothers carried out dissections to improve their knowledge of the subject.
Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Pollaiuolo in his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.
Works
Profile Portrait of a Young Woman (c. 1465) - oil on wood
The Archangel Raphael and Tobias (c.1465-1470)
Cardinal del Portogallo Altarpiece (1467–68) - altarpiece
7 Virtues (1469-1470; 6 painted by Pollaiolo):
Charity
Faith
Temperance
Prudence
Hope
Justice
Portrait of a Young Woman (c.1470)
Apollo and Daphne (c.1470-1480)
Portrait of Galeazzo Maria Sforza (c.1471) - tempera on wood
Portrait of a Woman (c.1475)
Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (completed 1475) - oil on wood
Coronation of the Virgin (1483) - altar-piece painted in the choir of the cathedral at San Gimignano
References
External links
Biography on the Web Gallery of Art
Extensive biography of Antonio and Piero del Pollaiolo
Piero del Pollaiolo at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery
Italian Paintings: Florentine School, a collection catalog containing information about del Pollaiolo and his works (see pages: 123–125; MMA #50.135.3).
1440s births
1496 deaths
Painters from Florence
Quattrocento painters
Italian male painters
Renaissance painters
15th-century Italian painters
Catholic painters | [
0.1973356455564499,
-0.3597342073917389,
0.25401410460472107,
0.11644208431243896,
0.1892169862985611,
1.0685184001922607,
-0.44734475016593933,
-0.16137659549713135,
-1.2013518810272217,
-0.8674432635307312,
0.04333530366420746,
0.009709380567073822,
-0.6919028162956238,
0.2249489426612854,
-0.1466105431318283,
-0.2527589201927185,
0.4690011739730835,
-0.25691115856170654,
-0.8054648637771606,
-0.024993551895022392,
0.2768888473510742,
-0.5104968547821045,
-0.13581229746341705,
-0.019951285794377327,
-0.6306407451629639,
-0.06608285009860992,
-0.01956656388938427,
0.5606792569160461,
1.0184632539749146,
-0.21502725780010223,
0.3815423250198364,
0.470278263092041,
0.16993704438209534,
-0.03440149500966072,
-1.1159359216690063,
-0.016180504113435745,
0.18072660267353058,
-0.09374304860830307,
-0.025030458346009254,
-0.047526758164167404,
-0.4981034994125366,
0.11439555138349533,
0.32323965430259705,
0.08905310928821564,
0.20464573800563812,
-0.4427586495876312,
-1.156492829322815,
0.7416402101516724,
-0.7124865651130676,
-0.037937458604574203,
-0.17264661192893982,
0.3700990080833435,
-0.05774696543812752,
0.5429137349128723,
-0.4013715088367462,
0.42649441957473755,
-0.5550897121429443,
-0.5640876293182373,
0.5241522789001465,
-1.0971248149871826,
0.657353401184082,
0.3085992932319641,
0.8284044861793518,
0.3125346302986145,
0.27754881978034973,
-0.17559973895549774,
-0.26188263297080994,
0.6118980646133423,
0.2979069948196411,
-0.029001448303461075,
-0.23122484982013702,
0.6549637317657471,
0.20424270629882812,
0.2409588247537613,
0.22542442381381989,
-0.21616484224796295,
-0.41282886266708374,
-0.16529788076877594,
-0.07528108358383179,
0.26634013652801514,
0.5733083486557007,
-0.3179851174354553,
0.9077678918838501,
0.3642546236515045,
0.43863749504089355,
0.30405503511428833,
-0.16634510457515717,
-0.16414429247379303,
-0.5147868990898132,
-0.02098814956843853,
-0.3182055354118347,
-0.8295722007751465,
0.36858123540878296,
-0.12624843418598175,
0.759223997592926,
0.5737760066986084,
-0.5903612375259399,
0.3690983057022095,
-0.5485540628433228,
-0.0011575475800782442,
-0.6238210201263428,
-0.2279082089662552,
-0.36409756541252136,
0.17941944301128387,
-0.3885940611362457,
0.05289490520954132,
-0.11623451858758926,
-0.010875510051846504,
-0.6250494718551636,
0.5983096957206726,
-0.2427878975868225,
-0.06313923001289368,
-0.6726500391960144,
-0.045601602643728256,
-0.20536242425441742,
-0.3633924126625061,
0.45683759450912476,
-0.5853899121284485,
-1.1702263355255127,
-0.536740779876709,
0.2980598509311676,
0.5284602642059326,
-0.005906785372644663,
-0.6706489324569702,
-0.4259665608406067,
-0.39808008074760437,
0.4557792544364929,
0.21768689155578613,
-0.24070002138614655,
0.2057621031999588,
0.7157793045043945,
0.9855169653892517,
-0.16509971022605896,
-0.468980073928833,
-0.5029705762863159,
0.12062814831733704,
-0.47119638323783875,
-0.10396185517311096,
-0.3958401679992676,
-0.6416409611701965,
-0.5410560369491577,
-0.11520253121852875,
-0.0711609274148941,
-0.043037306517362595,
-0.3868708312511444,
-0.15919648110866547,
0.6783409118652344,
-0.5495536923408508,
-0.22532443702220917,
-0.6616575121879578,
-0.35022157430648804,
-0.24620629847049713,
0.26946306228637695,
-0.3351830840110779,
0.310400128364563,
0.5761346817016602,
0.7185042500495911,
-0.052520688623189926,
-0.0736112892627716,
-0.27211880683898926,
0.2047577202320099,
-0.33154287934303284,
-0.2528435289859772,
-0.011636794544756413,
1.0810860395431519,
-0.1760261207818985,
0.40741485357284546,
0.15431420505046844,
0.01759175769984722,
0.27107498049736023,
-0.7616660594940186,
0.03266208991408348,
0.17432920634746552,
-0.025885749608278275,
-0.03315811604261398,
0.08099563419818878,
0.891666054725647,
0.21095170080661774,
0.13019977509975433,
-0.47655463218688965,
-0.7913896441459656,
-0.007419940549880266,
0.02761409617960453,
0.04077506810426712,
0.31497839093208313,
-0.3114558160305023,
0.5508171319961548,
-0.19498692452907562,
0.6325172185897827,
-0.525117039680481,
-0.5180181860923767,
-0.43952322006225586,
-0.15643158555030823,
-0.28343287110328674,
1.0298004150390625,
0.44777193665504456,
-0.5217457413673401,
0.5753681659698486,
-0.08190225809812546,
0.5874308347702026,
-0.21825022995471954,
0.11423300206661224,
0.7107072472572327,
0.07988762855529785,
-0.11193875223398209,
0.15405292809009552,
0.19464270770549774,
0.43006426095962524,
0.3231227695941925,
0.7616190314292908,
0.5352928042411804,
-0.3800819218158722,
0.41770991683006287,
0.5571628212928772,
-0.4271625876426697,
-0.36222705245018005,
-0.7537856101989746,
0.05867115408182144,
-0.4325183629989624,
-0.5503429174423218,
0.017507297918200493,
-0.3076677918434143,
-0.2749848961830139,
0.9336798787117004,
0.33664974570274353,
1.3854877948760986,
-0.04085667058825493,
-0.014122876338660717,
0.24521420896053314,
-0.5754255652427673,
-0.49540773034095764,
0.6240670084953308,
0.38985463976860046,
0.3132020831108093,
-0.3046705722808838,
0.5721566081047058,
0.5327773690223694,
-0.36240139603614807,
0.8770692348480225,
-0.7099973559379578,
0.46287041902542114,
0.457267165184021,
-0.07902725785970688,
-0.22369514405727386,
0.788619875907898,
0.7034156322479248,
0.2828866243362427,
0.08774778246879578,
0.03168962523341179,
-0.14660950005054474,
0.29855313897132874,
0.8933271765708923,
-0.21016646921634674,
0.07353927195072174,
-0.08136168122291565,
-0.5629610419273376,
1.0553739070892334,
-0.714777410030365,
-0.14842605590820312,
-0.3512623906135559,
-0.4778790771961212,
-0.028346097096800804,
0.6240024566650391,
0.3384314477443695,
0.20285281538963318,
-0.48065680265426636,
0.37542369961738586,
-0.18103794753551483,
0.4391289949417114,
0.20102611184120178,
0.5083610415458679,
0.25626444816589355,
-0.7854805588722229,
0.7146132588386536,
-0.2172713577747345,
-0.24916411936283112,
-0.35901352763175964,
-0.2725588083267212,
0.3564757704734802,
-0.6249706745147705,
-0.2282162606716156,
0.3101247549057007,
-0.4879358410835266,
-0.32732000946998596,
-0.28521955013275146,
0.33829212188720703,
-0.1474771350622177,
-0.3905772864818573,
0.10673333704471588,
-0.0830628052353859,
0.29048311710357666,
0.3489575684070587,
-0.621029257774353,
0.1867026835680008,
-0.111231230199337,
0.1263713836669922,
-0.6578534841537476,
-0.5070149898529053,
0.2942296862602234,
-0.9110556840896606,
-0.9373155832290649,
-0.20085136592388153,
0.7830331325531006,
0.2153216302394867,
0.288654625415802,
0.4043949544429779,
0.17192567884922028,
0.21196286380290985,
-4.87842321395874,
0.3881469964981079,
0.10512442141771317,
0.4711734354496002,
-0.7484248280525208,
-0.35695987939834595,
0.34834519028663635,
-0.09609971940517426,
0.8684912323951721,
-0.2711501717567444,
0.5080004334449768,
-0.27984943985939026,
-0.27050259709358215,
0.41529592871665955,
0.0645451694726944,
0.9517168402671814,
-0.33003467321395874,
0.11345639079809189,
0.07323364168405533,
0.3106560707092285,
-0.5852943062782288,
0.26545587182044983,
0.11901538819074631,
0.38584256172180176,
0.533781886100769,
0.6180731058120728,
-0.7345680594444275,
-0.09044831246137619,
-1.3841732740402222,
-0.2810497283935547,
-0.46181607246398926,
-0.0850503072142601,
-0.056475404649972916,
0.4189620912075043,
0.1818491518497467,
-0.10842186212539673,
0.5118740797042847,
0.6723681092262268,
-0.3135755658149719,
0.2816562056541443,
0.019948644563555717,
-0.22173762321472168,
-0.8507903814315796,
0.37271639704704285,
0.039247822016477585,
-0.3708440065383911,
-0.6981268525123596,
-0.17455825209617615,
-0.09833974391222,
0.7287601828575134,
0.5372630953788757,
-0.04949129372835159,
-0.04752980172634125,
0.16201668977737427,
0.5466665625572205,
0.19368594884872437,
0.22709524631500244,
0.12748803198337555,
-0.789905846118927,
0.7700577974319458,
-0.05187744274735451,
-0.5381528735160828,
-0.2756503224372864,
0.1440030187368393,
0.445162296295166,
0.4973008632659912,
0.5724709033966064,
-0.24489939212799072,
-0.40744659304618835,
-0.4597225487232208,
0.13495582342147827,
1.1164331436157227,
-0.22142021358013153,
-1.3027616739273071,
0.045399028807878494,
-0.4252215027809143,
-0.08980411291122437,
0.02449510060250759,
-0.14265964925289154,
-0.4544503688812256,
0.05123506486415863,
-1.1010003089904785,
0.07754921168088913,
0.44897031784057617,
0.3719036877155304,
0.6647486686706543,
0.17017889022827148,
0.18417826294898987,
-1.004682183265686,
0.6782079935073853,
0.3052574396133423,
-0.3173266351222992,
-0.06073674187064171,
-0.2820625603199005,
-0.44396260380744934,
0.5291795134544373,
0.14005938172340393,
0.641243577003479,
0.4758194386959076,
0.07753836363554001,
0.345456063747406,
-0.036759816110134125,
-0.5760699510574341,
0.04843821004033089,
-0.12638863921165466,
-0.38278764486312866,
-0.26062318682670593,
0.014984168112277985,
0.8658363819122314,
0.2742125988006592,
0.3842754662036896,
0.2665081322193146,
-0.3831110894680023,
0.03677048534154892,
0.20552413165569305,
-0.24259603023529053,
-0.007416549604386091,
0.5294251441955566,
-0.05777011439204216,
-0.05361252650618553,
0.6207275986671448,
-0.12344763427972794,
-0.5289003252983093,
-0.5930382013320923,
-0.20818285644054413,
0.4020487070083618,
-0.870963454246521,
0.10842210054397583,
0.13429903984069824,
0.19084742665290833,
0.06446211040019989,
0.2989689111709595,
-0.3861287832260132,
0.05837664008140564,
0.4797397553920746,
-0.2802044451236725,
-1.0063320398330688,
-0.8388258814811707,
0.3576090633869171,
-0.2842591106891632,
-0.006930764764547348,
-0.00894305668771267,
-0.6855461597442627,
0.14907492697238922,
0.3639064133167267,
0.40440627932548523,
-0.7439425587654114,
0.13802993297576904,
-0.584495484828949,
0.19745443761348724,
-0.22126388549804688,
0.04257421940565109,
-0.19226866960525513,
-0.20731793344020844,
-0.2408052682876587,
-0.20146211981773376,
-1.1082401275634766,
0.3966594934463501,
0.2463577836751938,
-0.035789333283901215,
-0.07914277911186218,
-0.18638144433498383,
-1.0833147764205933,
-0.09353242069482803,
-0.44665637612342834,
0.05469987541437149,
-0.3027825951576233,
-0.3471295237541199,
-0.39227455854415894,
0.15544864535331726,
0.29367196559906006,
-0.7243591547012329,
-0.42375338077545166,
-0.3780711889266968,
0.16129885613918304,
-0.5548702478408813,
-0.3636917173862457,
0.11122014373540878,
0.31098970770835876,
0.4648350179195404,
-0.19127336144447327,
-0.41574156284332275,
-0.13846389949321747,
-0.6840656995773315,
0.4262579083442688,
0.32714882493019104,
-0.7598820924758911,
-0.6553078293800354,
-0.6553731560707092,
-0.0008848460856825113,
-0.25490742921829224,
0.0038003691006451845,
-0.2559049129486084,
0.8338804244995117,
0.42914634943008423,
-0.9543061852455139,
-0.24396514892578125,
0.2509338855743408,
-0.12177515029907227,
-0.40393349528312683,
-0.6319541335105896,
0.12439434230327606,
-0.6607837080955505,
-0.301198810338974,
-0.6078358888626099,
-0.6045497059822083,
0.6212229132652283,
0.1396423727273941,
-0.48015254735946655,
0.6670705676078796,
-0.6065132021903992,
-0.5817241668701172,
-0.02348886989057064,
0.6294564008712769,
0.09997276961803436,
0.7531053423881531,
-0.5768224000930786,
-0.2857661247253418,
-0.48592332005500793,
-0.853198230266571,
0.05406944826245308,
-0.13800488412380219,
-1.0306884050369263,
-0.25400108098983765,
-0.2279687225818634,
0.3193139433860779,
-0.1466180384159088,
-0.5745995044708252,
0.5591298937797546,
-0.18935570120811462,
0.8228931427001953,
-0.3612849712371826,
0.08344428241252899,
0.38317352533340454,
-0.16453735530376434,
0.00029972990159876645,
0.39220982789993286,
-0.04736243188381195,
-0.0426911935210228,
0.3478989899158478,
0.36865687370300293,
0.779173731803894,
-0.09991055727005005,
0.2695937156677246,
0.4795059561729431,
0.6884772777557373,
0.32917046546936035,
-0.02688251994550228,
-0.14126412570476532,
0.2226421982049942,
0.3884919285774231,
-0.5148119330406189,
-0.32213282585144043,
-0.5152580738067627,
0.8711580038070679,
-0.9265066981315613,
0.2850396931171417,
0.204160675406456,
0.20760422945022583,
0.26965203881263733,
0.3298456370830536,
0.8929739594459534,
0.6125739812850952,
-0.0466914027929306,
0.2981467545032501,
0.10353259742259979,
0.28326645493507385,
-0.0756523609161377,
-0.04813181981444359,
0.09463097900152206,
0.1545289009809494,
-0.05522508919239044,
0.16125322878360748,
0.6139553785324097,
-0.07231941819190979,
0.13146935403347015,
0.04033558815717697,
-0.5698322653770447,
1.3939297199249268,
0.07112987339496613,
-1.2386853694915771,
0.47129014134407043,
0.022913025692105293,
-0.38619866967201233,
-0.7124399542808533,
-0.6142352819442749,
-0.3270421326160431,
0.9174660444259644,
-0.29427117109298706,
0.3741122782230377,
0.10614199191331863,
-0.05522686615586281,
-0.05997851490974426,
0.1426214873790741,
0.47186514735221863,
0.6964347958564758,
-0.8641213774681091,
0.2504902184009552,
-0.6362218856811523,
-0.03602205589413643,
-0.8662219643592834,
0.3796847462654114,
0.33056339621543884,
0.1821015328168869,
0.3537200689315796,
0.17973165214061737,
-0.07685922831296921,
-0.34428879618644714,
-0.22638732194900513,
0.17165228724479675,
-0.10040412843227386,
-0.2861820459365845,
0.16176556050777435,
-0.30313220620155334,
-0.4130004942417145,
0.11974407732486725,
1.2535024881362915,
0.389482319355011,
-0.8610342741012573,
-0.06431625038385391,
0.447957843542099,
0.09627996385097504,
0.4281795918941498,
-0.4024108946323395,
0.21204949915409088,
0.07845641672611237,
-0.27140191197395325,
0.1493731141090393,
-0.36487308144569397,
0.9657778143882751,
-0.0605354905128479,
-0.26142922043800354,
-0.8698477149009705,
0.8352499604225159,
0.18373608589172363,
-0.0645802691578865,
0.3231765329837799,
-0.5137986540794373,
0.23744231462478638,
-0.254330575466156,
0.3025553524494171,
1.071831464767456,
-0.34745967388153076,
0.3708433210849762,
-0.370890736579895,
0.5819209218025208,
-0.5029720067977905,
-0.06516975164413452,
-0.08563059568405151,
-0.14057065546512604,
0.2239740937948227,
0.09474268555641174,
0.33346039056777954,
-0.17284034192562103,
0.015177611261606216,
0.7774925231933594,
0.6547675132751465,
0.24077506363391876,
-0.3977506160736084,
-0.0014369265409186482,
0.21833017468452454,
-0.003824448911473155,
0.5860990881919861,
-0.6656723022460938,
-0.6913459300994873,
0.19924572110176086,
-0.503215491771698,
-0.05301734432578087,
-0.5503076314926147,
0.37102124094963074,
0.044477418065071106,
0.31656062602996826,
0.29810136556625366,
0.8914519548416138,
0.12706153094768524,
0.7420962452888489,
0.7757734656333923,
0.8363507390022278,
-0.22499392926692963,
0.06886929273605347,
-1.0824613571166992,
-0.43593499064445496,
0.12265349924564362,
0.08600031584501266,
-0.15655267238616943,
-0.6976225972175598,
0.21350383758544922,
-0.3213568329811096,
-0.15398190915584564,
-0.7551047205924988,
-0.6178362965583801,
-0.29660341143608093,
0.0809468924999237,
0.5396968722343445,
-0.7823721170425415,
-0.16227096319198608,
0.1879195123910904,
0.9445510506629944,
-0.42093104124069214,
-0.49142447113990784,
0.3770816922187805,
-0.3576824367046356,
0.015324709005653858,
-0.16352637112140656,
-0.06955549865961075,
-0.10462015122175217,
0.020936114713549614,
0.18081648647785187,
-0.7531266212463379,
0.20456843078136444,
0.19279314577579498,
0.03526211529970169,
-0.23659998178482056,
0.45974716544151306,
-0.8049845099449158,
0.30666932463645935,
0.7604634761810303,
-0.09985104203224182,
-0.030149148777127266,
-0.3221449553966522,
0.5943536758422852,
-0.3468400239944458,
0.1654018610715866,
0.030028503388166428,
0.031978707760572433,
0.4972458481788635,
-0.1170833557844162,
-0.11524850875139236,
-0.07007024437189102,
0.5093973875045776,
-0.18840532004833221,
0.4357018768787384,
-0.5846796631813049,
-0.5118666291236877,
-0.8233724236488342,
-0.23830682039260864,
1.1695835590362549,
-0.1588267832994461,
0.3740132749080658,
-0.7592656016349792,
1.1219443082809448,
0.024303337559103966,
0.2542813718318939,
-0.0411858893930912,
0.551068902015686,
0.1471826285123825,
-0.7422024011611938,
0.003762991866096854,
1.0057778358459473,
0.18975043296813965,
0.3635377883911133,
0.24617965519428253,
0.9051967859268188,
-0.7722095847129822,
0.039797332137823105,
0.42193490266799927,
-0.17761147022247314,
-0.41168540716171265,
-0.021363023668527603,
0.236958310008049
] |
233353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borwein%27s%20algorithm | Borwein's algorithm | In mathematics, Borwein's algorithm is an algorithm devised by Jonathan and Peter Borwein to calculate the value of . They devised several other algorithms. They published the book Pi and the AGM – A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity.
Ramanujan–Sato series
These two are examples of a Ramanujan–Sato series. The related Chudnovsky algorithm uses a discriminant with class number 1.
Class number 2 (1989)
Start by setting
Then
Each additional term of the partial sum yields approximately 25 digits.
Class number 4 (1993)
Start by setting
Then
Each additional term of the series yields approximately 50 digits.
Iterative algorithms
Quadratic convergence (1984)
Start by setting
Then iterate
Then pk converges quadratically to ; that is, each iteration approximately doubles the number of correct digits. The algorithm is not self-correcting; each iteration must be performed with the desired number of correct digits for 's final result.
Cubic convergence (1991)
Start by setting
Then iterate
Then ak converges cubically to ; that is, each iteration approximately triples the number of correct digits.
Quartic convergence (1985)
Start by setting
Then iterate
Then ak converges quartically against ; that is, each iteration approximately quadruples the number of correct digits. The algorithm is not self-correcting; each iteration must be performed with the desired number of correct digits for 's final result.
One iteration of this algorithm is equivalent to two iterations of the Gauss–Legendre algorithm.
A proof of these algorithms can be found here:
Quintic convergence
Start by setting
where is the golden ratio. Then iterate
Then ak converges quintically to (that is, each iteration approximately quintuples the number of correct digits), and the following condition holds:
Nonic convergence
Start by setting
Then iterate
Then ak converges nonically to ; that is, each iteration approximately multiplies the number of correct digits by nine.
See also
Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula
Chudnovsky algorithm
Gauss–Legendre algorithm
Ramanujan–Sato series
References
External links
Pi Formulas from Wolfram MathWorld
Pi algorithms | [
-0.5123937726020813,
0.8136457800865173,
-0.11672308295965195,
-0.4279795289039612,
-0.4261443018913269,
0.5411548018455505,
0.48456960916519165,
-0.639087438583374,
0.01286859530955553,
-0.19182667136192322,
-0.2518394887447357,
0.2108382284641266,
-0.5047391653060913,
0.24763880670070648,
0.2025943547487259,
0.13920386135578156,
0.5111854076385498,
0.04307999834418297,
0.011631006374955177,
-0.405113160610199,
0.04666472598910332,
0.02302318997681141,
-0.016262389719486237,
-0.08968530595302582,
0.20524874329566956,
-0.048083238303661346,
0.0021027519833296537,
-0.22296172380447388,
-0.27341902256011963,
0.2595372796058655,
-0.06348005682229996,
1.1631152629852295,
0.3160860538482666,
-0.41815054416656494,
0.11438699066638947,
0.27297115325927734,
0.25718769431114197,
-0.10624600946903229,
0.09571050107479095,
0.09495595097541809,
0.580815851688385,
0.14285530149936676,
0.30145955085754395,
0.22044414281845093,
-0.6037011742591858,
-0.6324543356895447,
-1.9990036487579346,
0.04422593489289284,
-0.48493292927742004,
-0.8984513282775879,
-0.6221336126327515,
0.4956526458263397,
0.4958643615245819,
0.34669816493988037,
-0.5336024165153503,
0.6284708976745605,
-0.3201117217540741,
-0.2737458646297455,
0.7745808362960815,
-0.3574942648410797,
0.2642756700515747,
-0.27076056599617004,
0.38171035051345825,
0.07255569845438004,
-0.07599619776010513,
0.8876550793647766,
0.13353613018989563,
0.47836199402809143,
-0.3757842481136322,
-0.041381631046533585,
-0.24146652221679688,
-0.47484681010246277,
-0.2962886691093445,
0.1926409900188446,
-0.749131977558136,
-0.2508080005645752,
-0.05468030273914337,
0.11874587088823318,
0.008211410604417324,
0.5061521530151367,
-0.32367411255836487,
0.26854535937309265,
0.5049008131027222,
-0.001712185563519597,
0.6195041537284851,
0.14969611167907715,
-0.29610320925712585,
0.18200042843818665,
-0.7093828916549683,
0.1308208703994751,
-0.21347324550151825,
-0.3163953125476837,
0.11749797314405441,
-0.1337328553199768,
0.019205646589398384,
-0.32979854941368103,
0.09669359773397446,
-0.1865556836128235,
0.27347293496131897,
0.19194971024990082,
-0.28027334809303284,
-0.07510685175657272,
0.2273731380701065,
-0.08175777643918991,
-0.38612666726112366,
-0.5284693241119385,
-0.8090134859085083,
-0.788662314414978,
0.27587345242500305,
0.39004725217819214,
-0.6144530177116394,
0.20731358230113983,
0.03090907447040081,
-0.13870547711849213,
-0.14721429347991943,
0.02948588877916336,
-0.4554702937602997,
0.2626846730709076,
-0.18066343665122986,
0.47055584192276,
0.03868047893047333,
1.1396832466125488,
-0.3055625855922699,
0.584004282951355,
-0.24533359706401825,
-0.0031920354813337326,
0.3014114499092102,
0.818351149559021,
-0.42052268981933594,
0.44618329405784607,
0.4255020320415497,
0.718214750289917,
0.692734956741333,
-0.3211560547351837,
-0.12947337329387665,
-0.33092793822288513,
-0.27055123448371887,
-0.295592725276947,
-0.6451467275619507,
-0.022454136982560158,
-0.38681885600090027,
-0.5041024684906006,
0.11462287604808807,
0.261563241481781,
0.5872300863265991,
-0.04463179409503937,
-0.06187012419104576,
-0.6875213980674744,
0.18273349106311798,
-0.07095476239919662,
-0.056323662400245667,
0.30035853385925293,
-0.5319722890853882,
-0.2020377814769745,
-0.5738294720649719,
0.5724007487297058,
-0.13675716519355774,
0.01967758499085903,
-0.255555123090744,
0.41126805543899536,
0.024899423122406006,
0.24851882457733154,
-0.33833587169647217,
-0.07930713891983032,
-0.10702118277549744,
-0.9219673871994019,
1.2932939529418945,
0.48730233311653137,
-0.10868562012910843,
0.2311566323041916,
-0.5258795619010925,
-0.3999064862728119,
0.5474388003349304,
-0.44894903898239136,
-0.014319857582449913,
0.17969657480716705,
0.979643702507019,
-0.13031908869743347,
0.5831720232963562,
-0.18681193888187408,
-0.7435010075569153,
0.24003641307353973,
0.18061988055706024,
0.2433032989501953,
0.7797856330871582,
0.010346067138016224,
0.2730506658554077,
-0.3156062066555023,
0.005325588397681713,
0.176284521818161,
-0.7138180732727051,
-0.009655562229454517,
0.6253421306610107,
-0.5735720992088318,
1.0717822313308716,
0.7010736465454102,
-0.3529491424560547,
0.43781179189682007,
-0.3423619568347931,
0.5199481248855591,
-0.589265763759613,
-0.643135130405426,
0.1518992930650711,
0.44110819697380066,
-0.366501122713089,
0.491060733795166,
0.05053943395614624,
0.127863347530365,
-0.2801206409931183,
0.7362127900123596,
-0.005726389586925507,
0.37908196449279785,
0.1225442886352539,
-0.31925538182258606,
-0.35980504751205444,
0.1762259602546692,
-0.4655262529850006,
0.4381519854068756,
-0.35478296875953674,
-0.12325719743967056,
0.6867972016334534,
-0.022070802748203278,
-0.33946800231933594,
0.4213699996471405,
0.19451767206192017,
1.0916748046875,
0.7810547351837158,
0.27488982677459717,
0.48503947257995605,
-0.233014315366745,
0.29320529103279114,
0.1888437569141388,
0.3186258375644684,
0.021505074575543404,
0.24858148396015167,
0.14043283462524414,
0.31428104639053345,
-0.3058036267757416,
0.38301482796669006,
-0.4177485704421997,
-0.014453868381679058,
0.5819619297981262,
-0.039678990840911865,
-0.1859748661518097,
-0.8001341819763184,
-0.04496650770306587,
-0.556930422782898,
0.16617843508720398,
-0.4209643006324768,
0.07220228761434555,
0.07111945003271103,
0.6136106252670288,
-0.1499776691198349,
-0.18163545429706573,
0.007582338526844978,
0.18761298060417175,
0.06319930404424667,
0.49547988176345825,
0.5096665620803833,
0.8332805037498474,
0.06159079074859619,
-0.2557392418384552,
0.15947335958480835,
-0.2804945409297943,
-0.45321139693260193,
-0.6679560542106628,
-0.2787545621395111,
-0.4478975236415863,
0.8332083821296692,
-0.020519688725471497,
-0.2818509638309479,
-0.7804896831512451,
-0.8063583374023438,
0.19402751326560974,
-0.12963628768920898,
-0.506930410861969,
-0.18127919733524323,
0.15667736530303955,
-1.2214744091033936,
-0.25062716007232666,
-0.09457278996706009,
0.8686586618423462,
-0.45649078488349915,
-0.5252033472061157,
-0.15965530276298523,
-0.3005211353302002,
-0.4421028792858124,
0.08830668032169342,
0.2956455647945404,
0.121120385825634,
-0.8340274691581726,
0.4332311153411865,
-0.2799948751926422,
-0.466198593378067,
0.618324339389801,
1.145957350730896,
-0.02057352475821972,
-0.47255682945251465,
0.13126204907894135,
-0.09101743996143341,
-0.4345379173755646,
-0.03710073232650757,
-0.2607514262199402,
-0.3133479058742523,
-0.3675089180469513,
-0.21322959661483765,
-0.33294957876205444,
0.6453222632408142,
-5.531769275665283,
0.5526390671730042,
-0.3480803370475769,
-0.01965169981122017,
-0.15470315515995026,
0.27161070704460144,
0.2620972990989685,
-0.054965365678071976,
-0.2922685146331787,
-0.3781239986419678,
0.025812596082687378,
-0.6097272634506226,
-0.6153036952018738,
1.1356061697006226,
0.4511990547180176,
0.010217406786978245,
0.2995855212211609,
0.12465354800224304,
0.409567654132843,
0.516546368598938,
0.002522420836612582,
-0.5287483930587769,
-0.27589261531829834,
-0.3767528831958771,
-0.11917393654584885,
0.6638659834861755,
-0.025703798979520798,
0.804904043674469,
-0.7093037366867065,
0.09202340990304947,
-0.1296473890542984,
-0.5367124676704407,
-0.10655117779970169,
-0.41515064239501953,
0.024960780516266823,
0.5533509850502014,
0.2469811886548996,
-0.21760541200637817,
0.41669514775276184,
0.17745447158813477,
-0.19739073514938354,
0.830790102481842,
0.09730932116508484,
0.1806974560022354,
0.6016754508018494,
-0.009368383325636387,
-0.314524382352829,
0.5757554769515991,
-0.2357502579689026,
0.13109542429447174,
0.06641387194395065,
-0.15804490447044373,
0.15658500790596008,
0.001755106495693326,
-0.29432910680770874,
-0.4393209218978882,
0.18922778964042664,
-0.5210490226745605,
-0.2870314121246338,
0.2314896285533905,
0.6198434233665466,
-0.592751145362854,
0.5699059367179871,
-0.12508079409599304,
-0.2423911988735199,
-0.7445510029792786,
-0.29253950715065,
-0.5149351954460144,
-0.24595054984092712,
0.2882419228553772,
0.011024899780750275,
0.4162795841693878,
-0.32416802644729614,
-0.6738795042037964,
-0.431539386510849,
-0.38866254687309265,
0.28069931268692017,
0.14185889065265656,
0.14842906594276428,
0.3441615402698517,
-0.2013276368379593,
-1.13840651512146,
-0.8628985285758972,
0.501925528049469,
0.5771279335021973,
-0.36546435952186584,
-0.7439349889755249,
0.09813239425420761,
-0.7908452153205872,
-0.14429719746112823,
0.2486497014760971,
-0.43539586663246155,
0.7410166263580322,
0.3949132263660431,
0.2810286283493042,
0.39474502205848694,
0.25679001212120056,
0.2286929339170456,
0.1525323987007141,
0.26414579153060913,
-0.05738625302910805,
-0.7434029579162598,
0.19885088503360748,
-0.3742838203907013,
0.4503192603588104,
0.11150867491960526,
-0.23779401183128357,
0.5499303340911865,
0.2653666138648987,
-0.0024622976779937744,
-0.6297515034675598,
0.21309879422187805,
-0.4475332796573639,
0.10252144187688828,
0.52154141664505,
0.14394603669643402,
-0.7476779222488403,
-0.4910440742969513,
0.6483026742935181,
0.12284041196107864,
0.2620643973350525,
0.7017272710800171,
0.18710167706012726,
-0.18464204668998718,
-0.03398918733000755,
-0.4503385126590729,
0.18063442409038544,
0.06264997273683548,
-0.15652814507484436,
-0.09903606027364731,
0.10686390101909637,
0.6333830952644348,
-0.3315717279911041,
0.18154704570770264,
0.4885598123073578,
-0.11771795898675919,
-0.24171920120716095,
-0.10240009427070618,
-0.07416211813688278,
-0.2940223217010498,
1.1567633152008057,
0.22265800833702087,
-0.14689739048480988,
-0.3940432667732239,
-0.06443856656551361,
0.551441490650177,
0.22383899986743927,
-0.6964425444602966,
-0.8711960911750793,
0.30688241124153137,
-0.0928521528840065,
-0.6940656900405884,
0.46650612354278564,
-0.42949506640434265,
0.341405987739563,
-0.07923359423875809,
-0.27021685242652893,
0.5629873871803284,
0.29892146587371826,
-0.24855974316596985,
0.49204495549201965,
-0.2647522985935211,
-0.5557247400283813,
-0.5727420449256897,
0.03869333118200302,
-0.1338883489370346,
-0.07698629796504974,
-0.14411433041095734,
-0.5043245553970337,
0.8779396414756775,
0.40219876170158386,
0.23737893998622894,
-0.15508398413658142,
-0.38094043731689453,
-0.010079856030642986,
-0.16648045182228088,
0.2868362367153168,
-0.05935966968536377,
-0.23037149012088776,
-0.5243621468544006,
0.22175680100917816,
-0.31606045365333557,
-0.08378847688436508,
0.6330775618553162,
0.8800990581512451,
-0.1702699214220047,
0.018036620691418648,
0.07658368349075317,
-0.5674629211425781,
-0.5904809236526489,
0.219852477312088,
-0.10869595408439636,
0.3608062267303467,
-0.085232213139534,
-0.4156531095504761,
-0.6979712247848511,
0.03929997608065605,
0.4864961802959442,
-0.4483299255371094,
-0.342180073261261,
-0.364349901676178,
0.47889915108680725,
-0.430472731590271,
0.4104481041431427,
0.6134326457977295,
-0.8422200679779053,
-0.4430449604988098,
-0.06436058133840561,
-0.7274526953697205,
0.6193104386329651,
-0.39948341250419617,
-0.6130545139312744,
-0.49362123012542725,
-0.4092143177986145,
-0.6696520447731018,
-0.16372039914131165,
0.6424736380577087,
0.07983537763357162,
-0.3211826682090759,
-0.42120590806007385,
-0.037945136427879333,
-0.5323910713195801,
-0.08485028147697449,
0.24472157657146454,
-0.055206943303346634,
0.2956412136554718,
-0.10963116586208344,
-0.02148975245654583,
0.31416693329811096,
0.10701432824134827,
-0.1288653165102005,
-0.20433460175991058,
0.15834970772266388,
0.06863719969987869,
-0.0900503471493721,
-0.7450249791145325,
-0.25476470589637756,
0.8195578455924988,
-0.6963019371032715,
-0.1467231810092926,
0.055132459849119186,
0.2492058128118515,
0.09814205765724182,
0.10711731016635895,
0.1626521795988083,
0.31346967816352844,
0.07295961678028107,
-0.042039502412080765,
-0.2646004259586334,
0.3280618488788605,
-0.3493427634239197,
0.7864439487457275,
-0.549830973148346,
0.034301068633794785,
0.569162130355835,
0.5931054949760437,
0.036936961114406586,
-0.31220611929893494,
0.4657706618309021,
0.40121179819107056,
-0.09478159993886948,
0.30407482385635376,
0.024658042937517166,
0.2881651222705841,
0.09688867628574371,
0.7620812654495239,
0.21296241879463196,
-0.6450957655906677,
-0.00414803484454751,
-0.2708812355995178,
0.25619077682495117,
-0.5588013529777527,
-0.0705777257680893,
0.9147074222564697,
0.1594037115573883,
0.438489705324173,
0.18194475769996643,
0.2966358959674835,
-0.04307709261775017,
-0.4445934295654297,
-0.30511581897735596,
0.20822463929653168,
0.2321234941482544,
-0.5553033351898193,
0.11570315062999725,
-0.1159970611333847,
0.2051754593849182,
0.12065551429986954,
-0.10132979601621628,
0.460193395614624,
-0.9754820466041565,
0.44750455021858215,
-0.9278596043586731,
-0.06812979280948639,
-0.4070984423160553,
0.16601739823818207,
0.1218615248799324,
0.2124457210302353,
-0.3454842269420624,
-0.7710579633712769,
-0.38314715027809143,
0.11305263638496399,
-0.05457020178437233,
-0.13449804484844208,
0.5226190686225891,
0.6869536638259888,
0.43688538670539856,
0.15103597939014435,
-0.44498908519744873,
-0.2473747581243515,
0.08026327937841415,
0.1371322125196457,
-0.08849912881851196,
0.32628336548805237,
-0.4190118610858917,
-0.27768674492836,
0.4825981557369232,
-0.4247813820838928,
0.37106195092201233,
0.6073315143585205,
-0.2529515326023102,
-0.39943385124206543,
1.1952096223831177,
-0.47627249360084534,
-0.37210342288017273,
0.7364091277122498,
-0.04832112044095993,
0.21511822938919067,
-0.5188401937484741,
0.16707314550876617,
0.1997470259666443,
-0.00345038459636271,
-0.7445147633552551,
0.46232253313064575,
-0.16290760040283203,
-0.08088638633489609,
0.36503511667251587,
-0.7444472908973694,
-0.13630187511444092,
-0.12033220380544662,
0.43128472566604614,
0.8408995866775513,
-0.2692497968673706,
0.29938405752182007,
-0.2339913249015808,
0.3743003010749817,
-0.1275877058506012,
0.22363102436065674,
-0.27453917264938354,
0.3883810043334961,
0.06817476451396942,
0.1034642830491066,
-0.07520291209220886,
-0.1963222771883011,
-0.03251462057232857,
-0.16358140110969543,
0.27889159321784973,
-0.32889536023139954,
0.09935098886489868,
0.1825726330280304,
0.15018807351589203,
-0.005700824782252312,
0.05470867455005646,
-0.2884237468242645,
-0.10839846730232239,
0.12797321379184723,
0.2802727222442627,
-0.2689546048641205,
0.07942415773868561,
0.5458273887634277,
-0.10252431780099869,
0.0070548043586313725,
0.2349313497543335,
0.3471393585205078,
0.40980157256126404,
-0.09063198417425156,
-0.24550442397594452,
0.2558995187282562,
-0.08620505779981613,
-0.13129833340644836,
0.31220000982284546,
0.1317477524280548,
-0.4068779945373535,
-0.27190640568733215,
-0.3902035355567932,
-0.5611960887908936,
-0.35023432970046997,
0.009219667874276638,
0.0003808762412518263,
-0.026819491758942604,
0.10620437562465668,
-0.3442510664463043,
-0.2719274163246155,
0.38248929381370544,
0.04894913733005524,
0.5294209122657776,
-0.6807200908660889,
1.1104040145874023,
0.9496725797653198,
0.10908785462379456,
0.3820226192474365,
-0.028283122926950455,
0.2757936120033264,
0.3558644950389862,
-0.473137766122818,
0.26474979519844055,
-0.42782527208328247,
0.610806941986084,
-0.17409008741378784,
0.0869951993227005,
0.08509533852338791,
-0.26316380500793457,
-0.1718369573354721,
0.022857800126075745,
-0.13157396018505096,
-0.05784161761403084,
0.3417864441871643,
-0.1666157841682434,
0.00039954259409569204,
-0.3430948257446289,
-0.16892290115356445,
0.15599507093429565,
0.06633768230676651,
0.11243635416030884,
0.0027079542633146048,
0.1896035522222519,
0.35338422656059265,
-0.8527430295944214,
-0.1382373571395874,
0.11506927013397217,
-0.22962668538093567,
0.3702971339225769,
-0.8253310322761536,
0.1417735517024994,
-0.1127287894487381,
-0.3238963782787323,
0.8374574780464172,
-0.08669640868902206,
0.17271660268306732,
-0.5186402797698975,
-0.2239231914281845,
0.16307461261749268,
-0.010667928494513035,
0.4619942903518677,
-0.17628167569637299,
0.7875670194625854,
-0.10001520812511444,
-0.5216395854949951,
-0.5691934823989868,
0.29944971203804016,
0.4357414245605469,
-0.04219764843583107,
-0.20382486283779144,
-0.27731025218963623,
-0.18858225643634796,
0.18520858883857727,
-0.08500546962022781,
-0.5276092290878296,
-0.004220311064273119,
0.6353536248207092
] |
233357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego%20reduction | Ego reduction | The concept of ego reduction is predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego to describe the conscious adult self; and broadly describes the deflating of an over-inflated or egotistical sense of oneself - a curtailment of what Iris Murdoch called “the anxious avaricious tentacles of the self”.
Among other contexts, ego reduction has been seen as a goal in Alcoholics Anonymous; as a part of BDSM play, providing a means of entering "subspace"; and as a way of attaining religious humility and freedom from desire in Buddhism.
Alcoholics Anonymous
Harry Tiebout saw the surrender of the alcoholic in AA as dependent upon ego reduction, in the twin sense of a relinquishment of personal narcissism, and the development of a new trust in other people.
Tiebout stressed that this was a process that should be applied only to the (over-extended) infantile ego the surviving remnants of an original megalomania that had not been worn away by the normal processes of life.
Therapy
While most therapy favours a process of strengthening the ego functions, at the expense of the irrational parts of the mind, a reduction in self-importance and ego is also generally valorised: Robin Skynner for example describing the 'shrink' as a head-shrinker, and adding that “as our swollen heads get smaller... as people we grow”.
Rational emotive behaviour therapy also favours such ego reduction as a part of extending self-control and confirming personal boundaries.
Buddhism
Ego reduction is traditionally seen as the goal of the Buddha's teaching.
However, the goal of egolessness (as Buddhist therapists warn) is not to be confused with a mere loss or paralysis of ego functions: it is rather their incorporation and transcendence.
See also
References
Freudian psychology
Alcoholics Anonymous | [
-0.2900620996952057,
0.29508739709854126,
-0.5633160471916199,
0.14477725327014923,
-0.437404602766037,
0.6025493144989014,
0.672929584980011,
0.19270654022693634,
0.318154513835907,
-0.27552980184555054,
-0.046689655631780624,
0.9578520655632019,
-0.15489426255226135,
0.08479145914316177,
-0.02324807085096836,
0.18199512362480164,
0.5827103853225708,
0.10319525003433228,
-0.5266537070274353,
-0.09401173144578934,
-0.3639606237411499,
-0.24097824096679688,
0.13082905113697052,
-0.09397680312395096,
0.11780442297458649,
-0.27204158902168274,
0.7524861693382263,
-0.7879086136817932,
-0.12443801760673523,
0.13905899226665497,
-0.18130329251289368,
0.5355381965637207,
-0.20588301122188568,
-0.1476120799779892,
-0.41351988911628723,
0.3282734155654907,
-0.12790349125862122,
-0.38926926255226135,
-0.09134025871753693,
-0.08175474405288696,
-0.0118130873888731,
0.373530775308609,
0.030865993350744247,
0.16022087633609772,
-0.5524566173553467,
-0.2876602113246918,
-1.8339357376098633,
0.21315866708755493,
-0.16626235842704773,
-0.22510360181331635,
-0.7733141183853149,
0.30786386132240295,
0.5698572993278503,
0.27589377760887146,
-0.3873806595802307,
0.46118953824043274,
-0.7736112475395203,
0.1114153042435646,
0.3648330271244049,
-0.6015422940254211,
0.8602696657180786,
0.30279314517974854,
0.027313459664583206,
0.10643767565488815,
-0.5230648517608643,
0.37786605954170227,
0.19366534054279327,
0.8346409201622009,
-0.40670374035835266,
-0.8985211849212646,
-0.6550005674362183,
-0.35801100730895996,
0.27401313185691833,
0.22462350130081177,
-0.8140043020248413,
0.14015622437000275,
0.3049948215484619,
-0.6140292882919312,
0.270342081785202,
-0.1782444268465042,
0.021374639123678207,
0.2381288707256317,
0.301251620054245,
-0.705757200717926,
0.39382869005203247,
-0.5994430184364319,
0.5607420802116394,
0.6048914194107056,
-0.1294085532426834,
0.239532932639122,
0.14157643914222717,
-0.015491973608732224,
0.6352185606956482,
0.07253313064575195,
0.28214409947395325,
0.23553147912025452,
1.3482820987701416,
0.011752203106880188,
-0.2481142282485962,
-0.21392497420310974,
0.5046518445014954,
0.25977709889411926,
0.21049731969833374,
-0.7262899875640869,
-0.3458777368068695,
-0.6031284332275391,
0.5001943111419678,
-0.5191895365715027,
-0.27998432517051697,
-0.32530754804611206,
-0.9418388605117798,
0.5217028260231018,
-0.20419511198997498,
0.06462429463863373,
-0.24449415504932404,
-0.4298921823501587,
0.1404004991054535,
-0.2781178951263428,
-0.3333931267261505,
-0.19086645543575287,
0.31869858503341675,
0.6710719466209412,
-0.23048406839370728,
-0.3427031636238098,
-0.3227580487728119,
-0.40716683864593506,
-0.08545996248722076,
0.9023792743682861,
-0.7752456068992615,
0.03684341162443161,
0.2520008981227875,
0.4378086030483246,
-0.12776032090187073,
-0.3696082532405853,
-0.04836420714855194,
-0.10754310339689255,
1.171957015991211,
-0.22235654294490814,
0.0029322365298867226,
0.08807039260864258,
-0.37964361906051636,
-0.5303832292556763,
-1.0968750715255737,
0.3331889510154724,
0.537799596786499,
-0.38334447145462036,
0.6303174495697021,
0.2784683406352997,
-0.16207654774188995,
-0.48839887976646423,
0.144618421792984,
-0.03266191855072975,
0.037670545279979706,
-0.34695151448249817,
0.5940423011779785,
0.18257373571395874,
0.055109791457653046,
-0.39800402522087097,
0.3606358766555786,
0.05219487473368645,
0.36639469861984253,
-0.42665550112724304,
-0.5036748647689819,
-0.2772858142852783,
0.1923886090517044,
-0.726049542427063,
0.037301912903785706,
0.01686691679060459,
0.03895179182291031,
0.13056117296218872,
0.07420972734689713,
-0.028380118310451508,
0.2938123941421509,
-0.2939908504486084,
-0.05130106583237648,
0.5826485753059387,
0.43702372908592224,
0.4985209107398987,
-0.23666134476661682,
-0.1915610283613205,
-1.0043659210205078,
0.20395231246948242,
-0.03136405348777771,
-0.2139500081539154,
0.5370051264762878,
-0.28351229429244995,
0.5124260783195496,
0.2280135154724121,
-0.3238380551338196,
0.05620940774679184,
-0.794494092464447,
-0.7707035541534424,
0.3578038811683655,
-0.2917199730873108,
1.4358538389205933,
-0.00005065387085778639,
-0.2385142743587494,
0.7710615992546082,
0.39578676223754883,
-0.09299203753471375,
-0.3299311399459839,
-0.6564377546310425,
-0.37410905957221985,
0.5392212867736816,
-0.4168775975704193,
0.5714616775512695,
-0.209852933883667,
0.10940475016832352,
-0.40790513157844543,
0.46255818009376526,
0.31571877002716064,
-0.9241474270820618,
0.17055751383304596,
-0.6348360180854797,
-0.23791246116161346,
0.3595810830593109,
-0.17174579203128815,
-0.15828683972358704,
-0.8197383284568787,
-0.368144690990448,
0.145675927400589,
-0.18282970786094666,
0.19744180142879486,
0.18355002999305725,
0.4829328656196594,
0.5523840188980103,
0.5289981961250305,
-0.2013600468635559,
0.35088714957237244,
-0.708218514919281,
-0.05697276443243027,
-0.023441391065716743,
0.21933412551879883,
-0.009744588285684586,
-0.15154483914375305,
0.5019732713699341,
0.49727198481559753,
-0.6326711177825928,
0.4202081859111786,
-0.8831555247306824,
-0.046850450336933136,
-0.559551477432251,
0.020318256691098213,
0.35579144954681396,
0.14666004478931427,
0.255182147026062,
-0.22172334790229797,
0.34334900975227356,
-0.8022302985191345,
0.53600013256073,
-0.28726300597190857,
0.774267315864563,
0.19674664735794067,
-0.45605748891830444,
0.0905991718173027,
-0.4204006493091583,
-0.039383187890052795,
-0.1582484394311905,
0.420067697763443,
-0.1819140464067459,
-0.18309053778648376,
0.5356737375259399,
-0.20494475960731506,
0.012001203373074532,
-0.03787105530500412,
-0.10906868427991867,
-0.563188374042511,
-0.014464636333286762,
0.29874682426452637,
-0.11353878676891327,
0.4699757993221283,
-0.08032018691301346,
-0.7392091751098633,
0.23850195109844208,
-0.47988012433052063,
-0.23813694715499878,
0.11423884332180023,
0.20040060579776764,
-0.35852909088134766,
-0.1766774207353592,
-0.08683327585458755,
0.8208634257316589,
0.13638775050640106,
-0.6875847578048706,
0.03531569242477417,
-0.3010607659816742,
-0.0879211276769638,
-0.08451911807060242,
0.17153528332710266,
-0.173488050699234,
0.020260866731405258,
0.3677885830402374,
0.3051435947418213,
-0.1342490017414093,
-0.1313246190547943,
0.5138947367668152,
0.02535053715109825,
0.3983262777328491,
0.4586086869239807,
0.09762384742498398,
-0.02980603650212288,
0.09516250342130661,
-0.19861173629760742,
-0.32593828439712524,
-0.050063904374837875,
0.038362134248018265,
-0.06797385960817337,
0.22062407433986664,
-5.589416980743408,
0.024598069489002228,
-0.008360639214515686,
0.06088828667998314,
-0.8943381905555725,
0.2131611704826355,
0.341096967458725,
-0.15281862020492554,
-1.0764226913452148,
-0.1186966821551323,
-0.5578943490982056,
-0.2495390921831131,
-0.011327659711241722,
0.7517434358596802,
0.12135390937328339,
-0.17186981439590454,
0.3089073896408081,
-0.17345088720321655,
-0.27411678433418274,
0.5080894231796265,
-0.36172550916671753,
0.1394551396369934,
-0.18274641036987305,
0.7319926619529724,
0.07117251306772232,
-0.14046944677829742,
-0.117738276720047,
0.19823122024536133,
-0.5247156023979187,
0.0769708901643753,
-0.022102484479546547,
-0.4749661386013031,
0.36490926146507263,
0.3676498234272003,
0.3292568624019623,
0.36067095398902893,
0.3281339406967163,
0.045153554528951645,
0.11606082320213318,
-0.6305053234100342,
-0.783869206905365,
0.5560303926467896,
0.15147879719734192,
0.3010379374027252,
0.5541402697563171,
0.34984418749809265,
0.08580906689167023,
-0.20775461196899414,
-0.6795200109481812,
0.19963300228118896,
0.10103420168161392,
-0.09620793163776398,
-0.16805510222911835,
-0.01081311609596014,
0.1749345362186432,
-0.027268061414361,
0.3245493173599243,
-0.49564632773399353,
-0.5742709040641785,
-0.1782478243112564,
0.49140074849128723,
-0.11105289310216904,
-0.3277900516986847,
-0.14763040840625763,
0.23685701191425323,
-0.15987394750118256,
-0.6845273375511169,
-0.576015293598175,
0.40813466906547546,
0.45764291286468506,
-0.29124173521995544,
0.9066439270973206,
0.1360783725976944,
-0.7764763832092285,
-0.23512527346611023,
-0.5886158347129822,
-0.48115015029907227,
0.3185075521469116,
-0.1389768123626709,
0.49829617142677307,
-0.5903112292289734,
-0.31691187620162964,
-0.7333638668060303,
0.5375546813011169,
-0.02053266204893589,
-0.1697033941745758,
0.14829206466674805,
0.6245384216308594,
-0.6099878549575806,
0.5461885333061218,
0.4141497015953064,
0.2908882796764374,
-0.43696653842926025,
0.20476771891117096,
0.08036021888256073,
0.7908473014831543,
-0.15744777023792267,
0.3607495129108429,
0.43664640188217163,
-0.016259396448731422,
0.37680211663246155,
-0.41102340817451477,
-0.27417057752609253,
-0.11145776510238647,
0.23018783330917358,
0.23695454001426697,
-0.5156723260879517,
0.3706907033920288,
0.8635891675949097,
-0.5842028260231018,
-0.11790044605731964,
0.43534979224205017,
-0.1305437982082367,
-0.17653773725032806,
0.6586682200431824,
0.21835945546627045,
-0.18144036829471588,
0.3008280396461487,
0.6051304936408997,
-0.14034566283226013,
0.33881762623786926,
0.2974837124347687,
-0.540046215057373,
-0.11367501318454742,
-0.21603186428546906,
-0.055398616939783096,
-0.05170821771025658,
0.207426980137825,
-0.23298710584640503,
0.5072958469390869,
0.5937991738319397,
0.14869274199008942,
0.24846729636192322,
-0.05451011657714844,
0.08962605893611908,
-0.49668365716934204,
0.030357759445905685,
-0.09422708302736282,
-0.5182225108146667,
-0.3004149794578552,
0.5519975423812866,
0.25357291102409363,
0.39815542101860046,
-0.2572457492351532,
0.6506851315498352,
-0.04112568870186806,
-0.30224335193634033,
-0.7487260699272156,
-0.5592013001441956,
0.013089347630739212,
0.26590973138809204,
-0.4694252908229828,
0.02251109667122364,
-0.45224639773368835,
0.10924772918224335,
0.2094021588563919,
-0.28284555673599243,
-0.5024545192718506,
0.009884976781904697,
0.08844882249832153,
0.3007614016532898,
-0.3904075622558594,
-0.780049204826355,
-0.5381379723548889,
0.47335129976272583,
-0.04460462927818298,
-0.3246878683567047,
-1.0079413652420044,
0.06958632171154022,
0.4511983096599579,
-0.23393654823303223,
-0.1032063215970993,
-0.47691503167152405,
0.024778423830866814,
0.5824510455131531,
-0.01353111770004034,
-0.6373520493507385,
-0.049027860164642334,
0.24404634535312653,
-0.04981616884469986,
0.12702955305576324,
-0.303968608379364,
-0.3595191240310669,
-0.056278154253959656,
0.9509598016738892,
-0.31393706798553467,
-0.4241439998149872,
0.18689365684986115,
-0.7802289724349976,
0.06291643530130386,
-0.2454577088356018,
0.5636172294616699,
0.43015801906585693,
0.42979440093040466,
-0.223821222782135,
-0.17935986816883087,
-0.3302745521068573,
0.2520390450954437,
0.1927887499332428,
0.03466629236936569,
0.3076987564563751,
0.6480339765548706,
-0.16031894087791443,
-0.011171246878802776,
0.4780564308166504,
-0.5228980183601379,
0.0069737122394144535,
0.005346867721527815,
-0.7846030592918396,
0.8611463308334351,
-0.4568345844745636,
-0.13815759122371674,
-0.8644474744796753,
0.08700194209814072,
0.07099825888872147,
0.22142821550369263,
-0.08420118689537048,
-0.9188848733901978,
-0.2232213169336319,
-0.11390900611877441,
0.6650964021682739,
-0.040162697434425354,
-0.6604999899864197,
-0.15338288247585297,
-0.39704081416130066,
-0.8956104516983032,
0.24445338547229767,
-0.5878084301948547,
0.5667653679847717,
-0.09147470444440842,
-0.07380052655935287,
0.3481854200363159,
0.12877552211284637,
0.0782974511384964,
0.04929237812757492,
-0.4724012315273285,
0.4970470070838928,
0.8945524096488953,
-0.36256760358810425,
0.007845074869692326,
0.4309031665325165,
0.8841196298599243,
-0.26294633746147156,
0.03150497004389763,
-0.141503244638443,
0.5875593423843384,
0.14899809658527374,
-0.7169654369354248,
-0.4829317629337311,
0.07428516447544098,
-0.026150085031986237,
-0.32291972637176514,
-0.5439355373382568,
-0.3044416308403015,
0.4903601109981537,
-0.19254957139492035,
0.06388583779335022,
-0.49325910210609436,
0.17243024706840515,
0.24219153821468353,
0.38192546367645264,
0.0022589664440602064,
-0.14941641688346863,
0.11871952563524246,
0.3175307810306549,
0.607982337474823,
0.23141780495643616,
0.1971140205860138,
0.12926620244979858,
-0.9691734910011292,
0.5005230903625488,
0.3074069321155548,
-0.19796496629714966,
0.06533241271972656,
0.12866222858428955,
0.1518985629081726,
-0.36158040165901184,
0.010106292553246021,
-0.3752066195011139,
-0.6177340149879456,
0.886423647403717,
0.14584332704544067,
0.5727209448814392,
-0.46881136298179626,
0.045996133238077164,
-0.48109951615333557,
0.31531912088394165,
-0.5827412605285645,
-0.22542066872119904,
0.023890700191259384,
-0.07067423313856125,
-0.1153629869222641,
0.24461086094379425,
0.06723294407129288,
-0.1525925248861313,
0.7011045813560486,
0.13339829444885254,
0.09190626442432404,
-0.3884926438331604,
-0.4744463860988617,
-0.4005427062511444,
0.24708124995231628,
-0.27450302243232727,
-0.5427361130714417,
0.114309161901474,
0.12766283750534058,
0.21100997924804688,
-0.4273228049278259,
-0.05244550481438637,
-0.19191566109657288,
0.5856464505195618,
-0.11131073534488678,
0.21455949544906616,
0.47930148243904114,
-0.23970574140548706,
-0.2332557886838913,
0.6241288185119629,
-0.01918630674481392,
0.05239684507250786,
0.7234923243522644,
-0.1749695986509323,
-0.04903973639011383,
0.6039085984230042,
-0.4209654927253723,
-0.11130449175834656,
0.088028185069561,
-0.2756548523902893,
0.2773052453994751,
0.28316372632980347,
0.9302726984024048,
0.6110414266586304,
0.30617624521255493,
-0.20537270605564117,
0.9843831658363342,
0.4231145679950714,
-0.6200782656669617,
0.8124364614486694,
-0.4639611542224884,
-0.34472644329071045,
0.23055851459503174,
0.5028413534164429,
0.4601566195487976,
0.0016277562826871872,
0.4262048900127411,
0.13048385083675385,
0.5578488707542419,
0.17824487388134003,
0.5417127013206482,
-0.034314386546611786,
0.5749045014381409,
0.7400408387184143,
-0.31382453441619873,
0.08230845630168915,
-0.363450825214386,
0.08063571155071259,
-0.4517349302768707,
0.5227077603340149,
-0.3021497428417206,
-0.9121852517127991,
0.21771690249443054,
-0.1683378368616104,
0.0463719442486763,
0.3981457054615021,
-0.37982359528541565,
0.5732041001319885,
0.3107759654521942,
0.07783301174640656,
-0.44383373856544495,
0.5782883167266846,
0.024285871535539627,
0.1909625083208084,
0.12509413063526154,
0.17470048367977142,
0.026066716760396957,
0.6574347019195557,
-0.17037715017795563,
0.8912538290023804,
0.031082656234502792,
0.28157222270965576,
-0.08248156309127808,
-0.03515041619539261,
-0.055121295154094696,
-0.0916968435049057,
-0.0908965989947319,
0.19669462740421295,
0.01591205783188343,
0.3122180700302124,
-0.032847583293914795,
0.09929333627223969,
-0.061644021421670914,
-0.051716189831495285,
-0.09412626177072525,
-0.1045365259051323,
0.46624383330345154,
-0.2807035446166992,
0.1977880448102951,
-0.7490573525428772,
0.1700488179922104,
0.06973714381456375,
-0.2336352914571762,
-0.6246838569641113,
0.7682743668556213,
-0.36528563499450684,
0.5539422035217285,
-0.29944440722465515,
0.5400780439376831,
-0.35160931944847107,
-0.671749472618103,
-0.5394929051399231,
0.538373589515686,
0.2827135920524597,
-0.2872864007949829,
-0.226060688495636,
0.7371318936347961,
-0.05364706739783287,
0.6636277437210083,
0.1323198527097702,
-0.0909201130270958,
-0.1468600183725357,
-0.38468077778816223,
0.05655154213309288,
0.24076586961746216,
0.3093225359916687,
-0.19874361157417297,
-0.41776546835899353,
0.16769754886627197,
0.0087745888158679,
-0.12945054471492767,
-0.08985107392072678,
0.06560727953910828,
-0.8231216669082642,
0.3708339035511017,
-0.6093000173568726,
0.49166426062583923,
-0.5367332696914673,
0.03275040164589882,
0.7337247133255005,
0.16846445202827454,
-0.013479386456310749,
-0.13566671311855316,
-0.10729487240314484,
-0.5731353759765625,
0.13663350045681,
0.8315721154212952,
-0.40996959805488586,
0.013600296340882778,
-0.2611447870731354,
-0.48648789525032043,
0.002654781797900796,
0.007542798295617104,
0.29146093130111694,
-0.134925976395607,
0.02033177576959133,
-0.49548831582069397,
-0.21942350268363953,
-0.04110432043671608,
-0.0005122511647641659,
-0.6326437592506409,
-0.15260900557041168,
0.3245992660522461
] |
233359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderio%20da%20Settignano | Desiderio da Settignano | Desiderio da Settignano, real name Desiderio de Bartolomeo di Francesco detto Ferro ( 1428 or 1430 – 1464) was an Italian sculptor active during the Renaissance.
Biography
He came from a family of stone carvers and stonemasons in Settignano, near Florence. Although his work shows the influence of Donatello, specifically in his use of low reliefs, it is most likely that he received his training in the large Florentine workshop run by Bernardo and Antonio Rossellino. Desiderio matriculated into the Arte dei Maestri di Pietra e Legname, Florence's guild of Stone and Woodworkers, in 1453 and shortly thereafter already was supplying cherub head medallions for the frieze running across the front of the Pazzi Chapel in the second cloisteryard of the Basilica of Santa Croce.
It is rather surprising that he would have received such an important commission as the Tomb of Carlo Marsuppini so early in his career. Apparently, his design capabilities and sensitivity to the tactile qualities of marble had already been recognized. In composing this wall tomb for the Basilica of Santa Croce, Desiderio relied upon the precedent set only a few years earlier in Bernardo Rossellino's Tomb of Leonardo Bruni. This seems quite appropriate since Marsuppini had succeeded Bruni in the position of Florentine State Chancellor and had been mentored by him just as Desiderio had received his training from Bernardo Rossellini. In fact, in his design for the tomb, Desiderio was paying homage to Bernardo's example in much the same fashion as Marsuppini did when he had composed the epitaph for the Bruni Tomb. Desiderio took over the essential compositional scheme of an elevated triumphal arch containing a sarcophagus and effigy bier from the Bruni monument but transformed the sobriety of the earlier memorial into a work of heightened decorative fancy. In the Marsuppini tomb, Desiderio placed standing children holding heraldic shields on either side of the sarcophagus, draped long festoons from an ornate candelabra which surmounts the arch of the lunette, and positioned running youths above the pilasters which frame the funeral niche.
In the niche itself, he ignored the symbolism of the Trinity by using four instead of three panels as the backdrop for the sarcophagus. To increase the visibility of the deceased scholar and statesman, he tilted Marsuppini's effigy forward toward the viewer and carved elaborate floral decorations on the rounded corners of the lion-footed sarcophagus. The motifs used are all somewhat classical in inspiration and the total effect is light and charming, even joyous, if somewhat unfocused.
In 1461 he finished a tabernacle intended for installation either in the Sacrament Chapel in San Lorenzo,dedicated to the Medici family saints, Cosmas and Damien, located in the left transept of the church; or, more likely, it was first installed in the main chapel choir.<ref>This discussion of Desiderio's tabernacle in San Lorenzo is derived from that of Charles R. Mack, "Tabernacle of the Sacrament," International Dictionary of Art and Artists: Art, Chicago/London: St. James Press, 1990, 109</ref>
For his Tabernacle of the Sacrament, Desiderio returned (as he had done earlier for the Marsuppini Tomb) to a prototype originated by his probable master, Bernardo Rossellino. This time, Desiderio found his inspiration in Rossellino's c. 1450 tabernacle for the chapel of the Women's Hospital of Santa Maria Nuovo (now in San Egidio). What Desiderio produced is unquestionably one of the most decoratively delightful examples of early Renaissance sculpture. The composition consists of a pilaster framed aedicula within which a spatially receding barrel vault leads the eye back to the actual doorway of the sacramental closet.
In the lunetteabove is a half-length figure of God/Christ energetically displaying an open book in reference to Revelations 1:8: "I am the Alpha and the Omega; the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord." Halfway down this illusionary corridor, angels rush in from side passages, their draperies fluttering with the pictorial excitement of Fra Filippo Lippi.
The aedicula of the tabernacle is surmounted by an elaborately framed lunette that encloses an image of the blessing Christ Child, standing upon the sacramental chalice, flanked by bowing angels. Two more angels, holding tall candelabra, stand in weight-shift pose to either side of the tabernacle. All of this, apparently, rested upon a base containing a relief of the Lamentation, which seems rather out of place in an otherwise festive context.
Yet this remembrance of Christ's Passion is essential to Desiderio's iconographic program. The body of Christ forms the base upon which his spiritual body (in the form of the Sacrament)is contained and above which the Benediction is given. Wherever its first location was, the tabernacle was removed in 1677, taken apart and reassembled for use in the Neroni family chapel in the right transept.
For the Neroni, the sculptural components of the tabernacle were recomposed, with the flanking candalabra angels placed in reverse, in outwardly facing positions. Console blocks were used to support the tabernacle which, in a final Baroque touch, was set against a background of colored marble slabs. More recently, the tabernacle has been relocated to the right side of the nave of San Lorenzo and reconstructed in accordance with what is believed to have been the sculptor's original intent, although it is thought that a number of elements have disappeared.
The Lamentation relief provides a fine example of Desiderio's talent for low relief carving, but really does not display his mastery of rilievo schiaccato, in the execution of which he was second only to Donatello.
For Desiderio's handling of "flattened relief" we must turn to his panel of Saint Jerome at Prayer in the Desert (National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC) or his tondo of the Meeting of Christ and John the Baptist as Youths (Louvre Museum, Paris). The Saint Jerome "comes as close to painting as sculpture can get and the expressive faces of Christ and John in the tondo demonstrate the 15th-century appreciation of Desiderio by Giovanni Santi, the father of Raphael, who spoke of "the dreamy Desiderio, so gentle and beautiful."
Beyond the Marsuppini tomb and the San Lorenzo tabernacle, little of Desiderio's work is documented or dated and a chronological reconstruction of his artistic development is a matter of conjecture based upon stylistic comparisons. The extent of his autograph work has been debated; many works sometimes attributed to him might be better given to assistants, followers, or to his brother Geri, with whom he frequently collaborated.
Desiderio made great contributions in the field of portraiture especially as it came to the representation of children. This was a genre which he practically reinvented, drawing upon Roman examples of the Augustan Age. Such sculptures present their youthful subjects with informality even animation; often with open-mouthed expression, they convey a sense of immediacy. His name has been connected with several marble and wooden female busts. The best of these includes the marble bust of Marietta Strozzi in Berlin that projects a soft, ethereal beauty that seems to originate from a marble surface that glows from within the stone.
Throughout his brief career, one of the most telling characteristics of his technique was his unusual ability to give to his sculptures a textural sensuousness that demands touch. Of all Quattrocento sculptors, Desiderio was, perhaps, the most tactile in his appeal. His work displays true understanding for the crystalline luminosity of marble and how a gently polished and modulated surface could produce an inner glow and how Donatello's famed rilievo schiacciato could be further refined to convey a sense of light softly diffused by its passage through atmosphere. At his best Desiderio da Settignano was a sculptor of soft persuasion and subtle nuances.
According to Vasari, his last work was the painted wooden statue of St. Mary Magdalene, now in Santa Trinita, left unfinished and completed by Benedetto da Maiano after Desiderio's death.
Desiderio da Settignano died in Florence in 1464. The most famous of his pupils was Simone Ferrucci.
Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Desiderio da Settignano in his Lives of the Artists.
Selected works
The tomb of Carlo Marsuppini (1459) in Santa Croce, FlorenceBeauregard Madonna with Standing Christ Child (c. 1455) – marble relief, Norton Simon Museum, PasedinaA Little Boy (c. 1455–1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art Washington, DCThe Virgin and Child (c. 1455–1460) – marble reliefThe Christ Child ? (c. 1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
The Altar of the Sacrament in San Lorenzo, Florence (completed in 1461)Saint Jerome in the Desert (c. 1461) – marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCCiborium of the Sacrament, marble, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCSt. Jerome in the Desert, marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCMadonna and Child in Swaddling Clothes, marble relief, Bargello Museum, Florence
Bust of a Young Boy, (c. 1460), marble bust, J.Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Laughing Boy, (c. 1464), marble bust, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Julius Caesar in Profile,(c. 1460) marble high relief, Louvre Museum, Paris
Marietta Strozzi, (c. 1460) marble bust, Staatliche Museen, Berlin
Portrait of a Boy Looking Down, Bargello Museum, Florence
Young John the Baptist, marble bust, Bargello Museum, Florence
Jesus and John the Baptist, marble relief tondo, Louvre Museum, Paris
See also
Master of the Marble Madonnas
References
External links
Works by Desiderio da Settignano
Italian Renaissance sculptors
Sculptors from Florence
1430s births
1464 deaths
People from the Province of Florence
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors | [
0.05661313980817795,
-0.09086453914642334,
-0.20954479277133942,
0.34748420119285583,
-0.45702412724494934,
0.7434864044189453,
0.23675072193145752,
0.017858808860182762,
-0.7414116263389587,
-1.4121553897857666,
0.3186277449131012,
-0.12398161739110947,
-0.43829545378685,
0.3524692952632904,
-0.14977975189685822,
0.03733523562550545,
0.7806839346885681,
-0.3626418113708496,
-0.6173630952835083,
-0.05321679636836052,
0.26043736934661865,
-0.5199968814849854,
0.08570456504821777,
-0.21171985566616058,
-0.4289516508579254,
0.03683700039982796,
0.4208669066429138,
-0.04345521330833435,
0.5660696029663086,
0.19797897338867188,
0.3721557557582855,
0.4909224808216095,
-0.13731929659843445,
-0.32212087512016296,
-0.7924677729606628,
0.05392023175954819,
-0.1187412217259407,
-0.15784983336925507,
-0.5639531016349792,
0.0214140135794878,
-0.46844005584716797,
0.3223137855529785,
0.13909199833869934,
0.11332961171865463,
0.39440518617630005,
-0.30125072598457336,
-1.3433433771133423,
0.3270566165447235,
-0.5754356980323792,
-0.6215274930000305,
0.15676578879356384,
0.055082615464925766,
0.04713600128889084,
0.8051897883415222,
-0.0981682538986206,
0.7561325430870056,
-0.7672672271728516,
-0.3532913327217102,
0.2582683265209198,
-0.45445019006729126,
0.3086029291152954,
0.5882692337036133,
0.057001300156116486,
0.14801783859729767,
0.4191291630268097,
0.40468230843544006,
-0.1839354783296585,
0.4444833993911743,
-0.044766366481781006,
-0.10780152678489685,
-0.16783834993839264,
0.36691349744796753,
0.634841799736023,
0.3513985872268677,
0.4009845554828644,
-0.35007739067077637,
-0.2732938230037689,
0.057079967111349106,
0.3427935540676117,
-0.126659095287323,
0.5234453082084656,
0.20393706858158112,
1.2093428373336792,
0.3976234495639801,
0.4326750338077545,
0.3327658176422119,
-0.35708072781562805,
-0.07686416059732437,
-0.603634238243103,
0.5367045402526855,
-0.2680516541004181,
-0.7225935459136963,
0.524263322353363,
0.04286396503448486,
0.30563095211982727,
0.9534128308296204,
-0.3085985779762268,
0.6171027421951294,
-0.2547522187232971,
0.5355655550956726,
-0.14606763422489166,
0.24503080546855927,
-0.19223172962665558,
-0.18969377875328064,
0.13882271945476532,
-0.49561500549316406,
-0.7068108320236206,
-0.031002501025795937,
-0.6355980038642883,
0.675351619720459,
-0.4471558928489685,
0.5001412034034729,
-0.6775078773498535,
-0.19328425824642181,
0.0806044414639473,
-0.02580931782722473,
0.5633515119552612,
-0.5190672874450684,
-0.8090102672576904,
-0.28002259135246277,
0.5134015083312988,
0.00882335938513279,
-0.12767460942268372,
-0.42788979411125183,
-0.7921987175941467,
0.23975694179534912,
0.43760284781455994,
-0.04425301030278206,
-0.06896066665649414,
0.1474912017583847,
0.7230043411254883,
1.1501896381378174,
-0.3873286545276642,
-0.622132420539856,
-0.3123473525047302,
-0.4478491544723511,
0.2121925950050354,
0.024362223222851753,
-0.36055704951286316,
-0.01380672212690115,
-0.5006585121154785,
0.18855464458465576,
-0.12187235057353973,
0.2776699662208557,
-0.27896827459335327,
0.07958242297172546,
0.8991456627845764,
-0.29607143998146057,
0.1742601841688156,
-0.18820667266845703,
-0.028332972899079323,
-0.5382294654846191,
-0.2895241677761078,
-0.3866927921772003,
-0.07919706404209137,
0.7131054997444153,
0.5696581602096558,
-0.4051925539970398,
-0.03836721181869507,
-0.0030124655459076166,
0.2391209751367569,
-0.4125370979309082,
-0.48603981733322144,
0.5447429418563843,
0.9439242482185364,
-0.5016069412231445,
0.6729674935340881,
-0.46190038323402405,
0.10964396595954895,
0.2276419699192047,
-0.8438537120819092,
0.7087140679359436,
0.04659401252865791,
-0.5404156446456909,
0.41356727480888367,
0.32783469557762146,
0.4846871495246887,
0.1721128523349762,
0.04620618000626564,
-0.4566000699996948,
-0.7035012245178223,
0.05271970480680466,
0.26061150431632996,
0.03680049628019333,
0.7676196098327637,
-0.06980884820222855,
1.318387746810913,
-0.14162878692150116,
-0.12911954522132874,
-0.3570660948753357,
-0.7054065465927124,
-0.2757747769355774,
0.4477681517601013,
-0.30522578954696655,
1.1483793258666992,
0.7402554154396057,
-0.5497720837593079,
0.5255100727081299,
0.027123086154460907,
0.6141639351844788,
-0.320703387260437,
0.22514910995960236,
0.508851945400238,
-0.18471693992614746,
0.1185532733798027,
0.2570582330226898,
0.32870855927467346,
0.290576696395874,
0.4773499667644501,
1.070586919784546,
1.141094446182251,
-0.6731590032577515,
0.359348863363266,
0.6558517217636108,
-0.4493497610092163,
-0.43175220489501953,
-0.5312260985374451,
0.28651532530784607,
-0.37030765414237976,
-0.32888856530189514,
0.2325630933046341,
-0.05633925646543503,
-0.48923739790916443,
0.9068480730056763,
0.42099907994270325,
0.9859870672225952,
-0.22820743918418884,
-0.1349572092294693,
0.04269393905997276,
-0.4996207356452942,
-0.4455193877220154,
0.8177438378334045,
0.8477542996406555,
0.24032990634441376,
0.20353208482265472,
0.3164052367210388,
0.20197522640228271,
-1.071557879447937,
0.35126981139183044,
-0.49418699741363525,
0.2830400764942169,
0.9539795517921448,
-0.43301182985305786,
-0.02177553065121174,
0.4697718024253845,
0.7010119557380676,
0.21710442006587982,
0.0993117019534111,
-0.24972151219844818,
-0.06804440170526505,
0.08731301128864288,
0.8225955367088318,
0.16256414353847504,
-0.08749961853027344,
-0.1937825083732605,
-0.278011679649353,
0.3909907937049866,
-0.752615213394165,
-0.35970282554626465,
-0.22733941674232483,
-0.3550671339035034,
-0.038881320506334305,
0.8384175300598145,
0.13219493627548218,
-0.359953910112381,
-0.7652159333229065,
-0.18247461318969727,
0.35049885511398315,
0.3965291380882263,
-0.3858640789985657,
0.20178590714931488,
-0.2731735110282898,
-0.7320780754089355,
0.5449928045272827,
-0.10342294722795486,
-0.4606238603591919,
-0.8202003240585327,
0.145769402384758,
-0.41762930154800415,
-0.5195298194885254,
-0.10813897103071213,
0.7769908308982849,
-0.1920168399810791,
-0.16566795110702515,
-0.8049753904342651,
0.6656703352928162,
0.3647952973842621,
-0.5479713678359985,
-0.2264837771654129,
-0.1731099933385849,
0.11200348287820816,
0.35260534286499023,
-0.6402261257171631,
0.34259238839149475,
-0.3214762508869171,
0.2319970279932022,
-1.168871521949768,
-0.7224182486534119,
0.641356885433197,
-0.9382093548774719,
-0.5403205156326294,
-0.0022526956163346767,
0.29583027958869934,
0.4685654640197754,
0.2597264051437378,
0.07733040302991867,
0.12913449108600616,
0.027436066418886185,
-4.884828567504883,
0.27845385670661926,
-0.032817427068948746,
0.3061240315437317,
-0.19395653903484344,
-0.13470251858234406,
0.8801774978637695,
0.16697844862937927,
0.24652661383152008,
-0.36805811524391174,
0.34578391909599304,
-0.09681686013936996,
-0.07818212360143661,
0.8858291506767273,
0.05796513333916664,
0.770873486995697,
0.42080143094062805,
0.31961092352867126,
0.24722932279109955,
0.34820130467414856,
-0.021459044888615608,
-0.19657719135284424,
0.08718940615653992,
0.1426052451133728,
0.7837548851966858,
-0.3358551859855652,
-0.7709136605262756,
-0.1300896853208542,
-1.13572096824646,
-0.29112663865089417,
-0.05813898518681526,
0.005365349352359772,
-0.3375011384487152,
0.2824436128139496,
0.029568227007985115,
-0.25965312123298645,
0.907375156879425,
0.6161466836929321,
0.048145975917577744,
0.26959988474845886,
-0.19941554963588715,
-0.2982728183269501,
-0.7919241189956665,
0.8468634486198425,
0.672910213470459,
-0.42339324951171875,
-0.6660957932472229,
-0.4477193057537079,
-0.3552345633506775,
0.90179842710495,
0.4125635623931885,
-0.45463210344314575,
-0.38356906175613403,
0.12103068083524704,
0.04886876046657562,
-0.0038841613568365574,
0.01808854192495346,
0.09134208410978317,
-1.0647859573364258,
1.045427918434143,
-0.166335329413414,
-0.43597695231437683,
-0.010697470977902412,
-0.4041321575641632,
0.0565519854426384,
-0.10774998366832733,
0.06795569509267807,
-0.5425803065299988,
-0.14992476999759674,
-0.028782350942492485,
-0.05948524922132492,
1.481109380722046,
-0.2555743157863617,
-1.2381014823913574,
0.5433829426765442,
-0.04326356202363968,
-0.03740810230374336,
-0.1584130972623825,
-0.18881693482398987,
-0.24311994016170502,
-0.021808573976159096,
-0.6884820461273193,
-0.08743865042924881,
0.9727286696434021,
0.42608797550201416,
0.9815260767936707,
-0.1774068921804428,
0.02215152233839035,
-0.9904788732528687,
0.02772383950650692,
0.2702833414077759,
-0.3775322139263153,
0.11310695111751556,
-0.003913575317710638,
-0.6414650678634644,
0.4608832895755768,
0.1704939305782318,
0.1879347413778305,
0.039291445165872574,
-0.09618397802114487,
0.3592890501022339,
-0.3484800159931183,
-0.3459571599960327,
0.4327561855316162,
-0.3824901282787323,
-0.44152647256851196,
-0.20806455612182617,
0.34658896923065186,
0.6458176374435425,
0.03665439411997795,
-0.10668010264635086,
0.4506790339946747,
-0.6213122010231018,
0.33437061309814453,
0.2142176628112793,
-0.42216598987579346,
0.03366447985172272,
-0.06011950224637985,
-0.03388572111725807,
-0.43456292152404785,
0.5061821937561035,
-0.003727232338860631,
-0.10513190180063248,
-1.0162044763565063,
-0.008095305413007736,
-0.035511042922735214,
-0.5502284169197083,
0.4593673646450043,
-0.0015469009522348642,
-0.08011460304260254,
-0.16623017191886902,
0.45716363191604614,
-0.4568667411804199,
-0.22164791822433472,
0.08772460371255875,
-0.5149211287498474,
-1.0682060718536377,
-0.4654409885406494,
0.21553023159503937,
-0.03503100201487541,
0.23862233757972717,
0.11112742125988007,
-0.44705483317375183,
0.002830775920301676,
0.4923604130744934,
0.44728177785873413,
0.3366832435131073,
-0.3124714195728302,
-0.7681633234024048,
0.12185715138912201,
-0.45407164096832275,
-0.5347553491592407,
-0.19735774397850037,
-0.9755911827087402,
-0.06686236709356308,
-0.23565110564231873,
-0.2747683823108673,
0.5759857892990112,
-0.30426326394081116,
-0.187906876206398,
-0.09568052738904953,
-0.0037971786223351955,
-0.9568124413490295,
0.38021016120910645,
0.13705846667289734,
0.21544411778450012,
-0.5103042125701904,
-1.0896217823028564,
-0.3564392030239105,
0.473032146692276,
0.22061438858509064,
-0.5250616669654846,
-0.35309335589408875,
-0.3036946952342987,
0.1615682989358902,
-0.45996665954589844,
-0.3562491536140442,
0.14115533232688904,
-0.40998855233192444,
-0.10025957971811295,
-0.2475913017988205,
-0.16144956648349762,
-0.25685128569602966,
-0.48874589800834656,
0.3392002284526825,
0.22605997323989868,
-0.8189868927001953,
-0.23448951542377472,
-0.4257167875766754,
-0.4484391510486603,
-0.4578592777252197,
0.11562180519104004,
-0.12008718401193619,
0.20760904252529144,
0.17260894179344177,
-0.9159199595451355,
0.06331649422645569,
0.6033443808555603,
0.14903323352336884,
-1.0366194248199463,
-0.012698049657046795,
0.4255768060684204,
-0.13362155854701996,
0.09851905703544617,
0.011309335008263588,
-0.8548402190208435,
0.5289037823677063,
0.7209931015968323,
-0.26164862513542175,
0.8275439739227295,
-0.0644206553697586,
-1.0784870386123657,
-0.19117122888565063,
0.6934775710105896,
-0.04628870263695717,
0.19098705053329468,
0.06435304880142212,
0.03846707567572594,
-0.6817624568939209,
-0.34502676129341125,
-0.26826605200767517,
0.04129260033369064,
-0.9062073230743408,
0.06970883905887604,
-0.7271926403045654,
-0.1119222640991211,
0.2683141231536865,
-0.16682100296020508,
1.043112874031067,
-0.373513787984848,
0.5139672160148621,
0.579622745513916,
0.14542196691036224,
-0.3666275441646576,
-0.23312756419181824,
-0.3998202979564667,
0.5955440998077393,
0.4585791528224945,
0.008479415439069271,
0.22349752485752106,
-0.10036201775074005,
0.9881442189216614,
0.6128258109092712,
-0.3293576240539551,
0.2862791419029236,
0.6658118367195129,
-0.02917456068098545,
0.05221041291952133,
-0.19474755227565765,
0.29070618748664856,
0.10946761816740036,
-0.517304003238678,
-0.6014516353607178,
-0.6189708113670349,
0.7831696271896362,
-0.5690450668334961,
0.18977311253547668,
0.4194050133228302,
0.23225343227386475,
0.1850525587797165,
-0.12215354293584824,
1.0907373428344727,
0.5639349222183228,
0.35840466618537903,
0.24831128120422363,
0.08801239728927612,
0.37812522053718567,
-0.25093474984169006,
0.4752694070339203,
-0.17495374381542206,
-0.2894836664199829,
-0.28895634412765503,
0.25803035497665405,
0.6357815265655518,
-0.104503333568573,
0.05623096227645874,
0.21667684614658356,
-0.45669955015182495,
1.0123519897460938,
-0.36167845129966736,
-1.020372748374939,
0.39534348249435425,
0.31141966581344604,
-0.7005888223648071,
-0.5251486301422119,
-0.7078736424446106,
-0.42547112703323364,
0.633111298084259,
-0.39225295186042786,
0.3568933308124542,
-0.35208356380462646,
-0.5139380693435669,
-0.2914051413536072,
0.047520723193883896,
-0.26584190130233765,
0.5746636986732483,
-0.933344841003418,
-0.09239958226680756,
0.04296630248427391,
-0.09483718872070312,
-0.6570775508880615,
0.1369074583053589,
0.24543043971061707,
0.0723695307970047,
0.3608782887458801,
0.46271300315856934,
-0.027863796800374985,
-0.44500449299812317,
0.15417219698429108,
0.2510753273963928,
-0.25249791145324707,
-0.3619063198566437,
0.31263574957847595,
0.1459735780954361,
-0.6457868814468384,
0.17184939980506897,
0.8799728751182556,
0.11125851422548294,
-0.6466350555419922,
0.23245885968208313,
0.24275332689285278,
0.0032438435591757298,
0.3064984977245331,
-0.48060739040374756,
0.016659507527947426,
0.6778020858764648,
-0.37991389632225037,
-0.2999124228954315,
0.15991133451461792,
0.7140229344367981,
-0.17579776048660278,
-0.056248344480991364,
-1.0293887853622437,
0.8258516192436218,
0.06157746911048889,
0.04743465408682823,
0.49809372425079346,
-0.32836195826530457,
0.26428359746932983,
0.0066022807732224464,
0.4103181064128876,
0.7099779844284058,
-0.2257353663444519,
0.31377899646759033,
-0.7020976543426514,
0.2540379762649536,
-0.03491435945034027,
0.021139923483133316,
0.11182156950235367,
-0.17086470127105713,
-0.04328261688351631,
0.23750039935112,
0.041969913989305496,
0.329476535320282,
-0.14953693747520447,
0.39002740383148193,
0.5930458903312683,
-0.06031422317028046,
-0.69667649269104,
-0.16943511366844177,
-0.014032537117600441,
-0.16586969792842865,
0.16062359511852264,
-0.2615366578102112,
-1.003827452659607,
0.05921226367354393,
-0.5000874996185303,
0.08652568608522415,
-0.48537904024124146,
0.2937062978744507,
0.09806486964225769,
-0.31230324506759644,
0.08886780589818954,
0.4835871160030365,
0.5037532448768616,
0.1413045972585678,
0.9048647284507751,
0.6047459244728088,
-0.4128033518791199,
-0.3072192370891571,
-0.7930541634559631,
0.2898530662059784,
-0.34299635887145996,
-0.031281016767024994,
-0.1194230243563652,
-0.4783881604671478,
-0.2075551301240921,
-0.05798202008008957,
0.473793625831604,
-0.21444270014762878,
-0.51496422290802,
-0.002941247308626771,
-0.2497701495885849,
0.29185426235198975,
-0.8626927733421326,
-0.02602984569966793,
-0.08737058937549591,
0.9824956059455872,
-0.26896679401397705,
-0.2838679552078247,
0.303829163312912,
0.13346336781978607,
-0.03545541688799858,
-0.09949547052383423,
-0.011716444045305252,
0.16795232892036438,
-0.3075501024723053,
0.8248869776725769,
-0.524624228477478,
0.3255741000175476,
-0.12085030972957611,
0.2975667417049408,
-0.5155720114707947,
0.7321386933326721,
-0.7308050394058228,
-0.25057747960090637,
0.8774154782295227,
-0.6194816827774048,
-0.2565436363220215,
-0.09348397701978683,
0.5754590034484863,
-0.3592759370803833,
-0.16382288932800293,
0.001648039324209094,
0.0632818192243576,
-0.4225257635116577,
0.36392688751220703,
-0.33156123757362366,
0.1578236222267151,
0.5833006501197815,
-0.050694916397333145,
0.5791846513748169,
-0.5439479947090149,
-0.4697088599205017,
-0.7601132392883301,
0.0425574891269207,
0.7467976808547974,
-0.35998308658599854,
0.45292210578918457,
-0.33692213892936707,
0.9590091109275818,
0.10815602540969849,
-0.17335884273052216,
0.30365803837776184,
0.8799310326576233,
0.006697427947074175,
-0.6341752409934998,
-0.322968989610672,
1.040378451347351,
0.3678971230983734,
0.16152557730674744,
0.24639014899730682,
0.47662463784217834,
-0.694991409778595,
-0.08651885390281677,
0.21772751212120056,
-0.04483310878276825,
-1.102524995803833,
0.48280882835388184,
-0.053527601063251495
] |
233369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus | Nablus | Nablus ( ; ; , Biblical Shechem, ISO 259-3 Škem; ) is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately north of Jerusalem (approximately by road), with a population of 126,132. Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a Palestinian commercial and cultural center, home to An-Najah National University, one of the largest Palestinian institutions of higher learning, and the Palestinian Stock Exchange.
The city was named by the Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 CE as Flavia Neapolis. During the Byzantine period, conflict between the city's Christian and Samaritan inhabitants peaked in a series of Samaritan revolts before their suppression in 529 dwindled that community's numbers in the city. Many Samaritans converted to Islam following the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, and the city was given its present Arabic name Nablus. The Crusaders drafted the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Council of Nablus and its Muslim, Christian and Samaritan inhabitants prospered. The city then came under the control of the Ayyubids and Mamluk Sultanate. Under the Ottomans, who conquered the city in 1517, Nablus served as the administrative and commercial center for the surrounding area, corresponding to the present-day northern West Bank.
After the city was captured by British forces during World War I, Nablus was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it came under Jordanian rule together with the rest of the West Bank. Israel has occupied Nablus since the 1967 Six-Day War and since 1995, it has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority. Today, the population is predominantly Muslim, with small Christian and Samaritan minorities.
History
Classical antiquity
Flavia Neapolis ("new city of the emperor Flavius") was named in 72 CE by the Roman emperor Vespasian and applied to an older Samaritan village, variously called Mabartha ("the passage") or Mamorpha. Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, the new city lay west of the Biblical city of Shechem which was destroyed by the Romans that same year during the First Jewish–Roman War. Holy places at the site of the city's founding include Joseph's Tomb and Jacob's Well. Due to the city's strategic geographic position and the abundance of water from nearby springs, Neapolis prospered, accumulating extensive territory, including the former Judean toparchy of Acraba.
Insofar as the hilly topography of the site would allow, the city was built on a Roman grid plan and settled with veterans who fought in the victorious legions and other foreign colonists. In the 2nd century CE, Emperor Hadrian built a grand theater in Neapolis that could seat up to 7,000 people. Coins found in Nablus dating to this period depict Roman military emblems and gods and goddesses of the Greek pantheon such as Zeus, Artemis, Serapis, and Asklepios. Neapolis was entirely pagan at this time. Justin Martyr who was born in the city c. 100 CE, came into contact with Platonism, but not with Christians there. The city flourished until the civil war between Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger in 198–9 CE. Having sided with Niger, who was defeated, the city was temporarily stripped of its legal privileges by Severus, who designated these to Sebastia instead.
In 244 CE, Philip the Arab transformed Flavius Neapolis into a Roman colony named Julia Neapolis. It retained this status until the rule of Trebonianus Gallus in 251 CE. The Encyclopaedia Judaica speculates that Christianity was dominant in the 2nd or 3rd century, with some sources positing a later date of 480 CE. It is known for certain that a bishop from Nablus participated in the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. The presence of Samaritans in the city is attested to in literary and epigraphic evidence dating to the 4th century CE. As yet, there is no evidence attesting to a Jewish presence in ancient Neapolis.
Conflict among the Christian population of Neapolis emerged in 451. By this time, Neapolis was within the Palaestina Prima province under the rule of the Byzantine Empire. The tension was a result of Monophysite Christian attempts to prevent the return of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Juvenal, to his episcopal see. However, the conflict did not grow into civil strife.
As tensions among the Christians of Neapolis decreased, tensions between the Christian community and the Samaritans grew dramatically. In 484, the city became the site of a deadly encounter between the two groups, provoked by rumors that the Christians intended to transfer the remains of Aaron's sons and grandsons Eleazar, Ithamar and Phinehas. Samaritans reacted by entering the cathedral of Neapolis, killing the Christians inside and severing the fingers of the bishop Terebinthus. Terebinthus then fled to Constantinople, requesting an army garrison to prevent further attacks. As a result of the revolt, the Byzantine emperor Zeno erected a church dedicated to Mary on Mount Gerizim. He also forbade the Samaritans to travel to the mountain to celebrate their religious ceremonies, and expropriated their synagogue there. These actions by the emperor fueled Samaritan anger towards the Christians further.
Thus, the Samaritans rebelled again under the rule of emperor Anastasius I, reoccupying Mount Gerizim, which was subsequently reconquered by the Byzantine governor of Edessa, Procopius. A third Samaritan revolt which took place under the leadership of Julianus ben Sabar in 529 was perhaps the most violent. Neapolis' bishop Ammonas was murdered and the city's priests were hacked into pieces and then burned together with the relics of saints. The forces of Emperor Justinian I were sent in to quell the revolt, which ended with the slaughter of the majority of the Samaritan population in the city.
Early Islamic era
Neapolis, along with most of Palestine, was conquered by the Muslims under Khalid ibn al-Walid, a general of the Rashidun army of Umar ibn al-Khattab, in 636 after the Battle of Yarmouk. The city's name was retained in its Arabicized form, Nabulus. The town prevailed as an important trade center during the centuries of Islamic Arab rule under the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties.
Under Muslim rule, Nablus contained a diverse population of Arabs and Persians, Muslims, Samaritans, Christians and Jews. In the 9th century CE, Al-Yaqubi reported that Nablus had a mixed population of Arabs, Ajam (Non-Arabs), and Samaritans. In the 10th century, the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi, described it as abundant of olive trees, with a large marketplace, a finely paved Great Mosque, houses built of stone, a stream running through the center of the city, and notable mills. He also noted that it was nicknamed "Little Damascus." At the time, the linen produced in Nablus was well known throughout the Old World.
Crusader period
The city was captured by Crusaders in 1099, under the command of Prince Tancred, and renamed Naples. Though the Crusaders extorted many supplies from the population for their troops who were en route to Jerusalem, they did not sack the city, presumably because of the large Christian population there. Nablus became part of the royal domain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Muslim, Eastern Orthodox Christian, and Samaritan populations remained in the city and were joined by some Crusaders who settled therein to take advantage of the city's abundant resources. In 1120, the Crusaders convened the Council of Nablus out of which was issued the first written laws for the kingdom. They converted the Samaritan synagogue in Nablus into a church. The Samaritan community built a new synagogue in the 1130s. In 1137, Arab and Turkish troops stationed in Damascus raided Nablus, killing many Christians and burning down the city's churches. However, they were unsuccessful in retaking the city. Queen Melisende of Jerusalem resided in Nablus from 1150 to 1161, after she was granted control over the city in order to resolve a dispute with her son Baldwin III. Crusaders began building Christian institutions in Nablus, including a church dedicated to the Passion and Resurrection of Jesus, and in 1170 they erected a hospice for pilgrims.
Ayyubid and Mamluk rule
Crusader rule came to an end in 1187, when the Ayyubids led by Saladin captured the city. According to a liturgical manuscript in Syriac, Latin Christians fled Nablus, but the original Eastern Orthodox Christian inhabitants remained. Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229), wrote that Ayyubid Nablus was a "celebrated city in Filastin (Palestine)... having wide lands and a fine district." He also mentions the large Samaritan population in the city. After its recapture by the Muslims, the Great Mosque of Nablus, which had become a church under Crusader rule, was restored as a mosque by the Ayyubids, who also built a mausoleum in the old city.
In October 1242, Nablus was raided by the Knights Templar. This was the conclusion of the 1242 campaign season in which the Templars had joined forces with the Ayyubid emir of Kerak, An-Nasir Dawud, against the Mamluks. The Templars raided Nablus in revenge for a previous massacre of Christians by their erstwhile ally An-Nasir Dawud. The attack is reported as a particularly bloody affair lasting for three days, during which the Mosque was burned and many residents of the city, Christians alongside Muslims, were killed or sold in the slave markets of Acre.
The successful raid was widely publicized by the Templars in Europe; it is thought to be depicted in a late 13th-century fresco in the Templar church of San Bevignate, Perugia.
In 1244, the Samaritan synagogue, built in 362 by the high priest Akbon and converted into a church by the Crusaders, was converted into al-Khadra Mosque. Two other Crusader churches became the An-Nasr Mosque and al-Masakim Mosque during that century.
The Mamluk dynasty gained control of Nablus in 1260 and during their reign, they built numerous mosques and schools. Under Mamluk rule, Nablus possessed running water, many Turkish baths and exported olive oil and soap to Egypt, Syria, the Hejaz, several Mediterranean islands, and the Arabian Desert. The city's olive oil was also used in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Ibn Battuta, the Arab explorer, visited Nablus in 1355, and described it as a city "full of trees and streams and full of olives." He noted that the city grew and exported carob jam to Cairo and Damascus.
Ottoman era
Nablus came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, along with the whole of Palestine. The Ottomans divided Palestine into six sanjaqs ("districts"): Safad, Jenin, Jerusalem, Gaza, Ajlun and Nablus, all of which were part of Ottoman Syria. These five sanjaqs were subdistricts of the Vilayet of Damascus. Sanjaq Nablus was further subdivided into five nahiya (subdistricts), in addition to the city itself. The Ottomans did not attempt to restructure the political configuration of the region on the local level such that the borders of the nahiya were drawn to coincide with the historic strongholds of certain families. Nablus was only one among a number of local centers of power within Jabal Nablus, and its relations with the surrounding villages, such as Beita and Aqraba, were partially mediated by the rural-based chiefs of the nahiya. During the 16th century, the population was predominantly Muslim, with Jewish, Samaritan and Christian minorities.
After decades of upheavals and rebellions mounted by Arab tribes in the Middle East, the Ottomans attempted to reassert centralized control over the Arab vilayets. In 1657, they sent an expeditionary force led mostly by Arab sipahi officers from central Syria to reassert Ottoman authority in Nablus and its hinterland, as part of a broader attempt to established centralized rule throughout the empire at that time. In return for their services, the officers were granted agricultural lands around the villages of Jabal Nablus. The Ottomans, fearing that the new Arab land holders would establish independent bases of power, dispersed the land plots to separate and distant locations within Jabal Nablus to avoid creating contiguous territory controlled by individual clans. Contrary to its centralization purpose, the 1657 campaign allowed the Arab sipahi officers to establish their own increasingly autonomous foothold in Nablus. The officers raised their families there and intermarried with the local notables of the area, namely the ulama and merchant families. Without abandoning their nominal military service, they acquired diverse properties to consolidate their presence and income such as soap and pottery factories, bathhouses, agricultural lands, grain mills and, olive and sesame oil presses.
The most influential military family were the Nimrs, who were originally local governors of Homs and Hama's rural subdistricts. Other officer families included the Akhrami, Asqalan, Bayram, Jawhari, Khammash, Mir'i, Shafi, Sultan and Tamimi families, some of which remained in active service, while some left service for other pursuits. In the years following the 1657 campaign, two other families migrated to Nablus: the Jarrars from Balqa and the Tuqans from northern Syria or Transjordan. The Jarrars came to dominate the hinterland of Nablus, while the Tuqans and Nimrs competed for influence in the town. The former held the post of mutasallim (tax collector, strongman) of Nablus longer, though non-consecutively than any other family. The three families maintained their power until the mid-19th century.
In the mid-18th century, Zahir al-Umar, the autonomous Arab ruler of the Galilee became a dominant figure in Palestine. To build up his army, he strove to gain a monopoly over the cotton and olive oil trade of the southern Levant, including Jabal Nablus, which was a major producer of both crops. In 1771, during the Egyptian Mamluk invasion of Syria, Zahir aligned himself with the Mamluks and besieged Nablus, but did not succeed in taking the city. In 1773, he tried again without success. Nevertheless, from a political perspective, the sieges led to a decline in the importance of the city in favor of Acre. Zahir's successor, Jezzar Pasha, maintained Acre's dominance over Nablus. After his reign ended in 1804, Nablus regained its autonomy, and the Tuqans, who represented a principal opposing force, rose to power.
Egyptian rule and Ottoman revival
In 1831–32 Khedivate Egypt, then led by Muhammad Ali, conquered Palestine from the Ottomans. A policy of conscription and new taxation was instituted which led to a revolt organized by the a'ayan (notables) of Nablus, Hebron and the Jerusalem-Jaffa area. In May 1834, Qasim al-Ahmad—the chief of the Jamma'in nahiya—rallied the rural sheikhs and fellahin (peasants) of Jabal Nablus and launched a revolt against Governor Ibrahim Pasha, in protest at conscription orders, among other new policies. The leaders of Nablus and its hinterland sent thousands of rebels to attack Jerusalem, the center of government authority in Palestine, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, and they conquered the city on 31 May. However, they were later defeated by Ibrahim Pasha's forces the next month. Ibrahim then forced the heads of the Jabal Nablus clans to leave for nearby villages. By the end of August, the countrywide revolt had been suppressed and Qasim was executed.
Egyptian rule in Palestine resulted in the destruction of Acre and thus, the political importance of Nablus was further elevated. The Ottomans wrested back control of Palestine from Egypt in 1840–41. However, the Arraba-based Abd al-Hadi clan which rose to prominence under Egyptian rule for supporting Ibrahim Pasha, continued its political dominance in Jabal Nablus.
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, Nablus was the principal trade and manufacturing center in Ottoman Syria. Its economic activity and regional leadership position surpassed that of Jerusalem and the coastal cities of Jaffa and Acre. Olive oil was the primary product of Nablus and aided other related industries such as soap-making and basket weaving. It was also the largest producer of cotton in the Levant, topping the production of northern cities such as Damascus. Jabal Nablus enjoyed a greater degree of autonomy than other sanjaqs under Ottoman control, probably because the city was the capital of a hilly region, in which there were no "foreigners" who held any military or bureaucratic posts. Thus, Nablus remained outside the direct "supervision" of the Ottoman government, according to historian Beshara Doumani.
World War I and British Mandate
Between 19 September and 25 September 1918, in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War the Battle of Nablus took place, together with the Battle of Sharon during the set piece Battle of Megiddo. Fighting took place in the Judean Hills where the British Empire's XX Corps and airforce attacked the Ottoman Empire's Yildirim Army Group's Seventh Army which held a defensive position in front of Nablus, and which the Eighth Army had attempted to retreat to, in vain.
The 1927 Jericho earthquake destroyed many of the Nablus' historic buildings, including the An-Nasr Mosque. Though they were subsequently rebuilt by Haj Amin al-Husayni's Supreme Muslim Council in the mid-1930s, their previous "picturesque" character was lost. During British rule, Nablus emerged as a site of local resistance and the Old City quarter of Qaryun was demolished by the British during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Jewish immigration did not significantly impact the demographic composition of Nablus, and it was slated for inclusion in the Arab state envisioned by the United Nations General Assembly's 1947 partition plan for Palestine.
Jordanian period
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Nablus came under Jordanian control. Thousands of Palestinian refugees fleeing from areas captured by Israel arrived in Nablus, settling in refugee camps in and around the city. Its population doubled, and the influx of refugees put a heavy strain on the city's resources. Three such camps still located within the city limits today are Ein Beit al-Ma', Balata and Askar. During the Jordanian period, the adjacent villages of Rafidia, Balata al-Balad, al-Juneid and Askar were annexed to the Nablus municipality. Nablus was annexed by Jordan in 1950.
Israeli period
The 1967 Six-Day War ended in the Israeli occupation of Nablus. Many Israeli settlements were built around Nablus during the 1980s and early 1990s. The restrictions placed on Nablus during the First Intifada were met by a back-to-the-land movement to secure self-sufficiency, and had a notable outcome in boosting local agricultural production.
In 1976, Bassam Shakaa was elected mayor. On 2 June 1980, he survived an assassination attempt by the Jewish Underground, considered a terrorist group by Israel, which resulted in Shakaa losing both his legs. In the spring of 1982, the Israeli administration removed him from office and installed an army officer who ran the city for the following three and a half years.
On 29 July 1985, the Israeli army imposed a 5-day curfew on the city. At the time this was the longest curfew ever imposed on a Palestinian community in the West Bank. It was lifted 2 hours each day to allow residents to find food. The curfew was in response to the murder of two teachers on 21 July near Jenin and the killing of an Israeli para-military on 30 July. Najah University was closed for 2 months after posters with pictures of PLO leader were found.
In January 1986, the Israeli administration ended with the appointment of Zafer al-Masri as mayor. A popular leader of the Nablus Chamber of Commerce al-Masri began a program of improvements in the town. Despite maintaining that he would have nothing to do with Israeli autonomy plans he was assassinated on 2 March 1986. The assassination was widely believed to be the work of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
On 18 June 1989 Salah el Bah'sh, aged 17, was shot dead by an Israeli soldier whilst walking through the Nablus Casbah. Witnesses told B'Tselem, the Israeli Human Rights group, that he was shot in the chest at close range after not responding to a soldier shouting "Ta'amod" (Halt!). The army indicated that an investigation was being carried out. B'Tselem understood that the victim was killed by a rubber bullet.
Palestinian control
Jurisdiction over the city was handed over to the Palestinian National Authority on December 12, 1995, as a result of the Oslo Accords Interim Agreement on the West Bank. Nablus is surrounded by Israeli settlements and was site of regular clashes with the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the First Intifada when the local prison was known for torture.
In the 1990s, Nablus was a hub of Palestinian nationalist activity in the West Bank and when the Second Intifada began, arsonists of Jewish shrines in Nablus were applauded. After the controversy over the Muhammad cartoons in Jyllands-Posten, originally published in Denmark in late September 2006, militias kidnapped two foreigners and threatened to kidnap more as a protest. In 2008, Noa Meir, an Israeli military spokeswoman, said Nablus remains "capital of terror" of the West Bank.
From the start of the Second Intifada, which began in September 2000, Nablus became a flash-point of clashes between the IDF and Palestinians. The city has a tradition of political activism, as evinced by its nickname, jabal al-nar (Fire Mountain) and, located between two mountains, was closed off at both ends of the valley by Israeli checkpoints. For several years, movements in and out of the city were highly restricted. The city and the refugee camps of Balata and Askar constituted the center of "knowhow" for the production and operation of the rockets in the West Bank.
According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 522 residents of Nablus and surrounding refugee camps, including civilians, were killed and 3,104 injured during IDF military operations from 2000 to 2005. In April 2002, following the Passover massacre—an attack by Palestinian militants that killed 30 Israeli civilians attending a seder dinner at the Park Hotel in Netanya—Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military operation targeting in particular Nablus and Jenin. At least 80 Palestinians were killed in Nablus during the operation and several houses were destroyed or severely damaged.
The operation also resulted in severe damage to the historic core of the city, with 64 heritage buildings being heavily damaged or destroyed. IDF forces reentered Nablus during Operation Determined Path in June 2002, remaining inside the city until the end of September. Over those three months, there had been more than 70 days of full 24-hour curfews. According to Gush Shalom, IDF bulldozers damaged the al-Khadra Mosque, the Great Mosque, the al-Satoon Mosque and the Greek Orthodox Church in 2002. Some 60 houses were destroyed, and parts of the stone-paving in the old city were damaged. The al-Shifa hammam was hit by three rockets from Apache helicopters. The eastern entrance of the Khan al-Wikala (old market) and three soap factories were destroyed in F-16 bombings. The cost of the damage was estimated at $80 million US.
In August 2016, the Old City of Nablus became a site of fierce clashes between a militant group vs Palestinian police. On August 18, two Palestinian Police servicemen were killed in the city. Shortly after the raid of police on the suspected areas in the Old City deteriorated into a gun battle, in which three armed militia men were killed, including one killed by beating following his arrest. The person beaten to death was the suspected “mastermind” behind the August 18 shooting - Ahmed Izz Halaweh, a senior member of the armed wing of the Fatah movement the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. His death was branded by the UN and Palestinian factions as a part of “extrajudicial executions.” A widespread manhunt for multiple gunmen was initiated by the police as a result, concluding with the arrest of one suspect Salah al-Kurdi on August 25.
Geography
Nablus lies in a strategic position at a junction between two ancient commercial roads; one linking the Sharon coastal plain to the Jordan valley, the other linking Nablus to the Galilee in the north, and the biblical Judea to the south through the mountains. The city stands at an elevation of around above sea level, in a narrow valley running roughly east–west between two mountains: Mount Ebal, the northern mountain, is the taller peak at , while Mount Gerizim, the southern mountain, is high.
Nablus is located east of Tel Aviv, Israel, west of Amman, Jordan and north of Jerusalem. Nearby cities and towns include Huwara and Aqraba to the south, Beit Furik to the southeast, Tammun to the northeast, Asira ash-Shamaliya to the north and Kafr Qaddum and Tell to the west.
Old City
In the center of Nablus lies the old city, composed of six major quarters: Yasmina, Gharb, Qaryun, Aqaba, Qaysariyya, and Habala. Habala is the largest quarter and its population growth led to the development of two smaller neighborhoods: al-Arda and Tal al-Kreim. The old city is densely populated and prominent families include the Nimrs, Tuqans, and Abd al-Hadis. The large fortress-like compound of the Abd al-Hadi Palace built in the 19th century is located in Qaryun. The Nimr Hall and the Tuqan Palace are located in the center of the old city. There are several mosques in the Old City: the Great Mosque of Nablus, An-Nasr Mosque, al-Tina Mosque, al-Khadra Mosque, Hanbali Mosque, al-Anbia Mosque, Ajaj Mosque and others.
There are six (Turkish baths) in the Old City, the most prominent of them being al-Shifa and al-Hana. Al-Shifa was built by the Tuqans in 1624. Al-Hana in Yasmina was the last hamaam built in the city in the 19th century. It was closed in 1928 but restored and reopened in 1994. Several leather tanneries, souks, pottery and textile workshops line the Old City streets. Also located in the Old City is the 15th-century Khan al-Tujjar caravanserai and the Manara Clock Tower, built in 1906.
Climate
The relatively temperate Mediterranean climate brings hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters to Nablus. Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months in Nablus are July and August with the average high being . The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at . Rain generally falls between October and March, with annual precipitation rates being approximately .
Demographics
In 1596, the population consisted of 806 Muslim households, 20 Samaritan households, 18 Christian households, and 15 Jewish households. Local Ottoman authorities recorded a population of around 20,000 residents in Nablus in 1849. In 1867 American visitors found the town to have a population of 4,000 'the chief part of whom are Mohammedans', with some Jews and Christians and 'about 150 Samaritans'. In the 1922 British census of Palestine, there were a total of 15,947 inhabitants: 15,238 Muslims, 16 Jews, 544 Christians, 147 Samaritans and others. Population continued to grow, rising to 17,181 at the 1931 census of Palestine.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Nablus had a population of 126,132 in 2007. In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had a population of 100,034, including 23,397 refugees, accounting for about 24% of the city's residents. Nablus' Old City had a population of 12,000 in 2006. The population of Nablus city comprises 40% of its governorate's inhabitants.
Approximately half of population is under 20 years old. In 1997, the age distribution of the city's inhabitants was 28.4% under the age of 10, 20.8% from 10 to 19, 17.7% from 20–29, 18% from 30 to 44, 11.1% from 45 to 64 and 3.7% above the age of 65. The gender distribution was 50,945 males (50.92%) and 49,089 females (49.07%).
Religion
In 891 CE, during the early centuries of Islamic rule, Nablus had a religiously diverse population of Samaritans, local Muslims and Christians. Arab geographer Al-Dimashqi, recorded that under the rule of the Mamluk Dynasty (Muslim Dynasty based in Egypt), local Muslims, Samaritans, Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Jews populated the city. At the 1931 census, the population was counted as 16,483 Muslims, 533 Christians, 6 Jews, 7 Druses and 160 Samaritans. However, this census was taken after the 1929 Palestine riots which drove the Jews out of many majority-Arab cities.
The majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim, but there are small Christian and Samaritan communities as well. Much of the local Palestinian Muslim population of Nablus is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam. Certain Nabulsi family names are associated with Samaritan ancestry – Muslimani, Yaish, and Shakshir among others. According to the historian Fayyad Altif, large numbers of Samaritans converted due to persecution and because the monotheistic nature of Islam made it easy for them to accept it.
In 1967, there were about 3,500 Christians of various denominations in Nablus, but that figure dwindled to about 650 in 2008. Of the Christian populace, there are seventy Orthodox Christian families, about thirty Catholic (Roman Catholic and Eastern Melkite Catholic) families and thirty Anglican families. Most Christians used to live in the suburb of Rafidia in the western part of the city.
There are seventeen Islamic monuments and eleven mosques in the Old City. Nine of the mosques were established before the 15th century. In addition to Muslim houses of worship, Nablus contains an Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Justin Martyr, built in 1898, and the ancient Samaritan synagogue, which is still in use.
Economy
Historic
Beginning in the early 16th century, trade networks connecting Nablus to Damascus and Cairo were supplemented by the establishment of trading posts in the Hejaz and Gulf regions to the south and east, as well as in the Anatolian Peninsula and the Mediterranean islands of Crete and Cyprus. Nablus also developed trade relations with Aleppo, Mosul, and Baghdad.
The Ottoman government ensured adequate safety and funding for the annual pilgrimage caravan (qafilat al-hajj) from Damascus to the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This policy benefited Nablus economically. Pilgrimage caravans became the key factor in the fiscal and political relationship between Nablus and the central government. For a brief period in the early 17th century, the governor of Nablus, Farrukh Pasha, was appointed leader of the pilgrimage caravan (amir al-hajj), and he constructed a large commercial compound in Nablus for that purpose.
In 1882, there were 32 soap factories and 400 looms exporting their products throughout the Middle East. Nablus exported three-fourths of its soap — the city's most important commodity—to Cairo by caravan through Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, and by sea through the ports of Jaffa and Gaza. From Egypt, and particularly from Cairo and Damietta, Nablus merchants imported mainly rice, sugar, and spices, as well as linen, cotton, and wool textiles. Cotton, soap, olive oil, and textiles were exported by Nablus merchants to Damascus, whence silks, high-quality textiles, copper, and a number luxury items, such as jewellery were imported.
With regard to the local economy, agriculture was the major component. Outside of the city limits, there were extensive fields of olive groves, fig and pomegranate orchards and grape vineyards that covered the area's slopes. Crops, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, melons and mulukhiyya were grown in the fields, vegetable gardens, and grain mills scattered across central Samaria. Nablus was also the largest producer of cotton in the Levant, producing over of the product by 1837.
Modern era
Nablus has a bustling modern commercial center with restaurants, and a shopping mall. Traditional industries continue to operate in Nablus, such as the production of soap, olive oil, and handicrafts. Other industries include furniture production, tile production, stone quarrying, textile manufacturing and leather tanning.
The Vegetable Oil Industry Co. is a Nablus factory that produces refined vegetable oils, especially olive oil, and vegetable butter from the factory is exported to Jordan. The al-Huda Textiles factory is also located in Nablus. In 2000, the factory produced 500 pieces of clothing daily; however, production plummeted to 150–200 pieces daily in 2002. Al-Huda mainly imports textiles from China and exports finished products to Israel. There are eight restaurants in the city and four hotels — the largest being al-Qasr and al-Yasmeen. Nablus' once-thriving soap industry has been largely isolated due to difficult transportation conditions stemming from West Bank closures and IDF incursions. Today, there are only two soap factories still operating in the city.
The Al-Arz ice-cream company is the largest of six ice-cream manufacturers in the Palestinian territories. The Nablus business developed from an ice-factory set up by Mohammad Anabtawi in the town centre in 1950. It produces 50 tons a day, and exports to Jordan and Iraq. Most of the ingredients are imported from Israel.
Before 2000, 13.4% of Nablus' residents worked in Israel, with the figure dropping to 4.7% in 2004. The city's manufacturing sector made up 15.7% of the economy in 2004, a drop from 21% in 2000. Since 2000, most of the workforce has been employed in agriculture and local trade. In the wake of the Intifada, unemployment rates rose from 14.2% in 1997 to 60% in 2004. According to an OCHA report in 2008, one of the reasons for the high unemployment was a ring of checkpoints around the city, leading to the relocation of many businesses.
Since the removal of the Hawara roadblock, the casbah has become a vibrant marketplace. Nablus is home to the Palestine Securities Exchange (PSE) and the al-Quds Financial Index, housed in the al-Qasr building in the Rafidia suburb of the city. The PSE's first trading session took place on February 19, 1997. In 2007, the capitalization of the PSE topped 3.5 million Jordanian dinars.
Education
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, 44,926 were enrolled in schools (41.2% in primary school, 36.2% in secondary school, and 22.6% in high school). About 19.8% of high school students received bachelor diplomas or higher diplomas. In 2006, there were 234 schools and 93,925 students in the Nablus Governorate; 196 schools are run by the Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority, 14 by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and 24 are private schools.
Nablus is also home to an-Najah National University, the largest Palestinian university in the West Bank. Founded in 1918 by the an-Najah Nabulsi School, it became a college in 1941 and a university in 1977. An-Najah was closed down by Israeli authorities during the First Intifada, but reopened in 1991. Today, the university has three campuses in Nablus with over 16,500 students and 300 professors. The university's faculties include seven in the humanities and nine in the sciences.
Health care
There are six hospitals in Nablus, the four major ones being al-Ittihad, St. Lukes, al-Watani (the National) and the Rafidia Surgery Hospital. The latter, located in Rafidia, a suburb in western Nablus, is the largest hospital in the city. Al-Watani Hospital specializes in oncology services. The Anglican St. Lukes hospital and the National Hospital were built in 1900 and 1910 respectively. In addition to hospitals, Nablus contains the al-Rahma and at-Tadamon clinics, the al-Razi medical center, the Amal Center for Rehabilitation and 68 pharmacies. In addition to that, in 2001, Nablus Speciality Hospital was built, in which it is specialized in open heart surgery, angiograms and angioplasties. Rafidia Surgical Hospital is located in the city.
Culture and arts
Nablus and its culture enjoy a certain renown throughout the Palestinian Territories and the Arab world with significant and unique contributions to Palestinian culture, cuisine and costume. Nabulsi, meaning "from Nablus", is used to describe items such as handicrafts (e.g. Nabulsi soap) and food products (e.g. Nabulsi cheese) that are made in Nablus or in the traditional Nablus style.
Traditional costume
Nablus costume was of a distinctive style that employed colorful combinations of various fabrics. Due to its position as important trade center with a flourishing souk ("market"), in the late 19th century, there was a large choice of fabrics available in the city, from Damascus and Aleppo silk to Manchester cottons and calicos. Similar in construction to the garments worn in the Galilee, both long and short Turkish style jackets were worn over the ("robe"). For daily wear, were often made of white cotton or linen, with a preference for winged sleeves. In the summer, costumes often incorporated interwoven striped bands of red, green and yellow on the front and back, with appliqué and braidwork popularly decorating the qabbeh ("square chest piece").
Cuisine
Nablus is one of the Palestinian cities that sustained elite classes, fostering the development of a culture of "high cuisine", such as that of Damascus or Baghdad. The city is home to a number of food products well known throughout the Levant, the Arab world and the former provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
Kanafeh (or Kunafa) is the best known Nabulsi sweet. It is made of several fine shreds of pastry noodles with honey-sweetened cheese in the center. The top layer of the pastry is usually dyed orange with food coloring and sprinkled with crushed pistachios. Now made throughout the Middle East, kanafeh Nabulsi uses a white-brine cheese called jibneh Nabulsi. Boiled sugar is used as a syrup for kanafeh.
Other sweets made in Nablus include baklawa, "Tamriya", mabrumeh and ghuraybeh, a plain pastry made of butter, flour and sugar in an "S"-shape, or shaped as fingers or bracelets.
Cultural centers
There are three cultural centers in Nablus. The Child Cultural Center (CCC), founded in 1998 and built in a renovated historic building, operates an art and drawing workshop, a stage for play performances, a music room, a children's library and a multimedia lab. The Children Happiness Center (CHC) was also established in 1998. Its main activities include promoting Palestinian culture through social events, dabke classes and field trips. In addition to national culture, the CHC has a football and chess team. The Nablus municipal government established its own cultural center in 2003, called the Nablus Municipality Cultural Center (NMCC) aimed at establishing and developing educational facilities.
Soap production
Nabulsi soap or sabon nabulsi is a type of castile soap produced only in Nablus and made of three primary ingredients: virgin olive oil, water, and a sodium compound. Since the 10th century, Nabulsi soap has enjoyed a reputation for being a fine product, and has been exported across the Arab world and to Europe. Though the number of soap factories decreased from a peak of thirty in the 19th century to only two today, efforts to preserve this important part of Palestinian and Nabulsi cultural heritage continue.
Made in a cube-like shape about tall and wide, the color of Nabulsi soap is like that of "the page of an old book." The cubes are stamped on the top with the seal of the factory that produces it. The soap's sodium compound came from the barilla plant. Prior to the 1860s, in the summertime, the barilla would be placed in towering stacks, burned, and then the ashes and coals would be gathered into sacks, and transported to Nablus from the area of modern-day Jordan in large caravans. In the city, the ashes and coals were pounded into a fine natural alkaline soda powder called . Today, is still used in combination with lime.
Local government
The city of Nablus is the muhfaza (seat) of the Nablus Governorate, and is governed by a municipal council made up of fifteen elected members, including the mayor.
The two primary political parties in the municipal council are Hamas and Fatah. In the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections, the Reform and Change list representing the Hamas faction won 73.4% of the vote, gaining the majority of the municipal seats (13). Palestine Tomorrow, representing Fatah, gained the remaining two seats with 13.0% of the vote. Other political parties, such as the Palestinian People's Party and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine failed to gain any seats in the council, though they each received over 1,000 votes.
Yaish's four-year term legally expired in December 2009. While elections in the West Bank were scheduled for 17 July 2010, they were canceled due to Fatah's lack of agreement on list of candidates. Nablus was one of the most important municipalities where Fatah failed to resolve internal conflicts that resulted in two competing Fatah lists: one headed by former mayor Ghassan Shakaa and one headed by Amin Makboul.
In the October 2012 municipal elections, Hamas boycotted the polls, protesting the holding of elections while reconciliation efforts with Fatah were at a standstill. Former mayor Ghassan Shakaa, a former local Fatah leader, won the vote as an independent against Fatah member Amin Makboul and another independent candidate.
Mayors
Modern mayorship in Nablus began in 1869 with the appointment of Sheikh Mohammad Tuffaha by the Ottoman governor of Syria/Palestine. On July 2, 1980, Bassam Shakaa, then mayor of Nablus, lost both of his legs as a result of a car bombing carried out by Israeli militants affiliated with the Gush Emunim Underground movement.
The current mayor, Adly Yaish, a Hamas member, was arrested by the Israel Defense Forces in May 2007, during Operation Summer Rains, launched in retaliation for the kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Hamas. Municipal council members Abdel Jabbar Adel Musa "Dweikat", Majida Fadda, Khulood El-Masri, and Mahdi Hanbali were also arrested. He spent 15 months in prison without being charged.
Municipal services
In 1997, 99.7% of Nablus' 18,003 households were connected to electricity through a public network. Prior to its establishment in 1957, electricity came from private generators. Today, the majority of the inhabitants of 18 nearby towns, in addition to the city's inhabitants, are connected to the Nablus network.
The majority of households are connected to a public sewage system (93%), with the remaining 7% connected through cesspits. The sewage system, established n the early 1950s, also connects the refugee camps of Balata, Askar and Ein Beit al-Ma'. Pipe water is provided for 100% of the city's households, primarily through a public network (99.3%), but some residents receive water through a private system (0.7%). The water network was established in 1932 by the British authorities and is fed by water from four nearby wells: Deir Sharaf, Far'a, al-Badan and Audala.
Fire department
Nablus is one of the few cities in the West Bank to have a fire department, which was founded in 1958. At that time, the "fire brigade" (as it was called) was composed of five members and one extinguishing vehicle. In 2007, the department had seventy members and over twenty vehicles. Until 1986, it was responsible for all of the northern West Bank, but today it only covers the Nablus and Tubas Governorates. From 1997 to 2006, Nablus' fire department extinguished 15,346 fires.
Transportation
In the early 20th century, Nablus was the southernmost station of a spur from the Jezreel Valley railway's Afula station, itself a spur from the Hejaz railway. The extension of the railway to Nablus was built in 1911–12. During the beginning of the British Mandate, one weekly train was operated from Haifa to Nablus via Afula and Jenin. The railway was destroyed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the route of the line bisected by the Green Line.
The main Beersheba–Nazareth road running through the middle of the West Bank ends in Nablus, although thoroughfare of local Arabs is severely restricted. The city was connected to Tulkarm, Qalqilya and Jenin by roads which are now blocked by the Israeli West Bank barrier. From 2000 until 2011, Israel maintained checkpoints such as Huwwara checkpoint which effectively cut off the city, severely curtailing social and economic travel. From January 2002, buses, taxis, trucks and private citizens required a permit from the Israeli military authorities to leave and enter Nablus. Since 2011, there has been a relaxation of travel restrictions and the dismantlement of some checkpoints.
The nearest airport is the Ben Gurion International Airport in Lod, Israel, but because of restrictions governing the entry of Palestinians to Israel, and their lack of access to foreign Embassies to get travel visas, many residents must travel to Amman, Jordan to use the Queen Alia International Airport, which requires passage through a number of checkpoints and the Jordanian border. Taxis are the main form of public transportation within Nablus and the city contains 28 taxi offices and garages.
Sports
The Nablus football stadium has a capacity of 8,000. The stadium is home to the city's football club al-Ittihad, which is in the main league of the Palestinian Territories. The club participated in the Middle East Mediterranean Scholar Athlete Games in 2000.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Nablus is twinned, or has sister city relationships with:
Lille, France
Nazareth, Israel
Dublin, Ireland
Como, Italy
Naples, Italy
Toscana, Italy
Poznań, Poland
Rabat, Morocco
Stavanger, Norway
Khasavyurt, Russia
Dundee, United Kingdom
Boulder, Colorado, USA
See also
List of cities administered by the Palestinian National Authority
List of people from Nablus
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To The City of Nablus
Nablus City, Welcome to Palestine
A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy
Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus
Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA (PDF).
Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama)
Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar
Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities, Volume 6 (1992)
Cities in the West Bank
History of Palestine (region)
Historic Jewish communities
Levant
Canaanite cities
Municipalities of the State of Palestine
Palestinian Christian communities | [
-0.276299387216568,
0.06761492788791656,
-0.21649183332920074,
-0.5232398509979248,
-0.19669847190380096,
1.197666049003601,
-0.2822677493095398,
0.7160122394561768,
-0.1763806790113449,
-0.6407551765441895,
-0.942884087562561,
-0.3645669221878052,
-0.3074255585670471,
0.18094290792942047,
0.24162058532238007,
0.6074355244636536,
0.24052783846855164,
0.02847990393638611,
0.16343145072460175,
-0.523673951625824,
0.0797702893614769,
0.0443011075258255,
0.30200502276420593,
0.3080885410308838,
-0.002272900426760316,
-0.4118192195892334,
0.07506601512432098,
-0.005519915372133255,
-0.14342866837978363,
-0.23572753369808197,
0.014111249707639217,
0.3208533227443695,
-0.3766547739505768,
-0.20381475985050201,
0.6944317817687988,
0.0551379956305027,
-0.2579277753829956,
-0.21199454367160797,
0.02983824908733368,
-0.5881524085998535,
-0.03755439072847366,
-0.3268411457538605,
-0.06358835101127625,
0.10732453316450119,
0.18642553687095642,
-0.4964470863342285,
-0.8327460289001465,
0.27135607600212097,
-1.0101913213729858,
-0.007783456705510616,
-0.6561768054962158,
0.12295259535312653,
-0.16159836947917938,
0.5221466422080994,
0.32368043065071106,
0.18387091159820557,
-0.41489773988723755,
-0.14497894048690796,
0.5780924558639526,
0.4206846058368683,
0.8870882987976074,
0.11588075011968613,
0.04421063885092735,
-0.09848346561193466,
0.3350856900215149,
0.12439902126789093,
0.2783583104610443,
0.2789611220359802,
-0.006335257086902857,
-0.29798075556755066,
-0.16975711286067963,
0.31373798847198486,
-0.6561103463172913,
-0.3583827018737793,
-0.17334406077861786,
-0.4202280044555664,
-0.11958056688308716,
-0.26413431763648987,
-0.2504298985004425,
0.5021237134933472,
-0.2561182677745819,
0.06863723695278168,
0.5478922128677368,
0.09114674478769302,
0.466792494058609,
0.1661900132894516,
-0.5771080851554871,
0.263856440782547,
-0.771668553352356,
-0.14664608240127563,
-0.19940075278282166,
-0.1180085688829422,
0.11267764121294022,
-0.3103978633880615,
-0.34339025616645813,
-0.04070024937391281,
-0.21420690417289734,
0.3110547959804535,
-0.14369988441467285,
-0.056854382157325745,
-0.08707679808139801,
0.6090019345283508,
0.673880934715271,
0.3110233247280121,
-0.20619285106658936,
-0.07400191575288773,
0.5028170943260193,
0.062303654849529266,
0.7352562546730042,
-0.3783040940761566,
0.710711658000946,
0.15610796213150024,
-0.2481381595134735,
-0.0012423547450453043,
0.4045238792896271,
0.0067464429885149,
-0.20485855638980865,
0.056913893669843674,
-0.6009949445724487,
0.13816392421722412,
-0.28413307666778564,
0.47700628638267517,
-0.00870637595653534,
0.23939862847328186,
0.012804766185581684,
-0.3008672893047333,
0.07500678300857544,
0.520609974861145,
-0.6770552396774292,
0.45956337451934814,
0.3036293089389801,
0.44271785020828247,
-0.10780565440654755,
0.19666928052902222,
0.1847318857908249,
-0.10531840473413467,
-0.7113049030303955,
0.184038445353508,
0.8315796256065369,
-0.09582756459712982,
-1.0120941400527954,
-0.03706155717372894,
0.07045887410640717,
0.22796045243740082,
0.16329637169837952,
-0.23588508367538452,
0.2998295724391937,
-0.9066398739814758,
-0.1206805557012558,
-0.4382164180278778,
0.5911129713058472,
-0.13632942736148834,
-0.10064857453107834,
-0.3089233338832855,
-0.30906942486763,
-0.44146934151649475,
0.47635138034820557,
0.31624114513397217,
-0.08612390607595444,
0.2470579743385315,
-0.14772005379199982,
-0.27545982599258423,
0.3400803804397583,
-0.45253226161003113,
-0.4225021004676819,
0.016635436564683914,
1.2105799913406372,
0.021865403279662132,
0.6271561980247498,
0.11460809409618378,
-0.29331380128860474,
-1.0891839265823364,
0.5416603684425354,
-0.32635584473609924,
0.15189099311828613,
-0.4103653132915497,
1.2192726135253906,
0.42090165615081787,
0.06970644742250443,
-0.44234782457351685,
-0.4604265093803406,
0.17366087436676025,
-0.22515827417373657,
0.0875554084777832,
0.2480611950159073,
-0.2313472032546997,
-0.2968651354312897,
-0.18208639323711395,
-0.4292694628238678,
0.6953321099281311,
0.17486146092414856,
-0.43284711241722107,
0.3722285032272339,
0.7258404493331909,
0.6424763202667236,
0.2449967861175537,
-0.4071192443370819,
0.30227744579315186,
-0.01813417486846447,
0.7404351234436035,
-0.7788323163986206,
0.1455155462026596,
0.5893347859382629,
-0.5238737463951111,
-0.1811956912279129,
0.4139917194843292,
0.013729546219110489,
0.28774869441986084,
-0.2592005729675293,
0.24050666391849518,
0.5325095057487488,
-0.44345226883888245,
-0.07218043506145477,
0.10385564714670181,
0.22626663744449615,
-0.5911478996276855,
0.07681162655353546,
0.3099825084209442,
-0.03202085196971893,
-0.03358903527259827,
0.5816518068313599,
-0.13242585957050323,
-0.010173744522035122,
-0.27362188696861267,
0.06766422092914581,
-0.1278480887413025,
0.1087440624833107,
0.14297477900981903,
-0.39666664600372314,
-0.3067781925201416,
0.05053454264998436,
-0.23941898345947266,
-0.1538556069135666,
-0.2889382839202881,
-0.619856595993042,
-0.49115318059921265,
-0.36204880475997925,
-0.29371798038482666,
0.9209650754928589,
0.12094342708587646,
0.1255495399236679,
-0.04697906970977783,
-0.3792594373226166,
-0.465314120054245,
1.0433510541915894,
0.5871722102165222,
0.0825529471039772,
0.02011101134121418,
0.26949551701545715,
0.24333782494068146,
-1.0388119220733643,
0.3079715073108673,
0.009884603321552277,
-0.5019879937171936,
0.6157844066619873,
-0.28849512338638306,
0.2219953089952469,
0.3707825839519501,
1.1463018655776978,
-0.11061085015535355,
-0.4891090393066406,
0.08443915098905563,
-0.23147235810756683,
0.2730375826358795,
-0.5632765293121338,
0.07055600732564926,
-0.1870638132095337,
-0.614456832408905,
0.052600301802158356,
0.5085368156433105,
0.9154960513114929,
-0.12386319041252136,
0.25104576349258423,
0.23815004527568817,
0.32288679480552673,
0.27924424409866333,
0.558580219745636,
-0.21783600747585297,
-0.3480467200279236,
-0.1733756810426712,
0.5288589596748352,
0.38953572511672974,
0.23175500333309174,
-0.5168048143386841,
-0.07676708698272705,
0.21475179493427277,
0.3344246745109558,
-0.5925695896148682,
0.23467190563678741,
-0.4507364332675934,
-0.3982616662979126,
0.27863603830337524,
0.23649166524410248,
0.7545353770256042,
0.2396855354309082,
-0.14738240838050842,
0.21057811379432678,
-0.6050048470497131,
0.07339958101511002,
-0.29114025831222534,
-0.7578916549682617,
0.859238862991333,
-0.6084396839141846,
0.23803609609603882,
0.29255908727645874,
-0.014445907436311245,
-0.6185767650604248,
0.6278889775276184,
-5.490807056427002,
0.31750166416168213,
-0.3823583722114563,
-0.21905896067619324,
-0.140106201171875,
-0.1402965635061264,
0.3694602847099304,
-0.5179005861282349,
0.44632890820503235,
-0.1046680137515068,
-0.06624484807252884,
-0.1572737991809845,
-0.08055704832077026,
0.5204650163650513,
0.7255408763885498,
0.4136798679828644,
0.3937678635120392,
-0.5995519757270813,
-0.2815617620944977,
-0.2655567228794098,
-0.197019562125206,
-0.8107097744941711,
-0.5489387512207031,
0.3579968810081482,
0.07826536148786545,
0.35204988718032837,
0.205300971865654,
-0.11697328835725784,
-0.8607332110404968,
-0.4008200466632843,
-0.14512261748313904,
-0.5704610347747803,
0.11748585104942322,
0.14446142315864563,
0.23982708156108856,
-0.07483667135238647,
0.9644930362701416,
-0.12119995802640915,
0.540968656539917,
-0.6287288665771484,
0.0465252660214901,
0.584308385848999,
-0.5441043376922607,
-0.6821488738059998,
0.4388662576675415,
0.022513100877404213,
-0.7933143973350525,
0.037778034806251526,
-0.08295473456382751,
0.5984262824058533,
0.6440783143043518,
-0.21707303822040558,
-0.4049787223339081,
0.1541207730770111,
-0.19432727992534637,
-0.014653175137937069,
0.15838661789894104,
-0.7308867573738098,
-0.22872641682624817,
0.3097386360168457,
0.7573849558830261,
-0.22644077241420746,
-0.16084334254264832,
0.03949272260069847,
0.5129453539848328,
-0.6497054100036621,
-0.13872657716274261,
-0.3923763036727905,
0.14400002360343933,
0.5402423739433289,
-0.11283078044652939,
-0.06949350982904434,
-0.4638376235961914,
-0.6456069350242615,
-0.4207048714160919,
-0.723817765712738,
-0.4689517319202423,
-0.1435222178697586,
-0.5141688585281372,
-0.07811057567596436,
-0.3526414632797241,
-1.0621525049209595,
0.0942743793129921,
0.1877264529466629,
0.03163906931877136,
-0.7277964949607849,
0.27404624223709106,
0.5333744287490845,
-0.09759259223937988,
-0.6657204031944275,
0.9195688366889954,
-0.33032944798469543,
1.040042519569397,
0.2592887878417969,
-0.64018714427948,
0.5278542637825012,
-0.23174656927585602,
0.39745691418647766,
0.784582257270813,
0.16873006522655487,
0.5434401631355286,
-0.5364874005317688,
0.023508600890636444,
-0.2728555202484131,
-0.10542228817939758,
0.3675726652145386,
-0.2270170897245407,
0.32805335521698,
0.4778388738632202,
-0.4154469966888428,
-0.39487290382385254,
-0.08741831034421921,
0.04232197627425194,
-0.5103646516799927,
0.7618858814239502,
-0.29244810342788696,
-0.13051995635032654,
1.1508469581604004,
0.33545899391174316,
0.9699272513389587,
0.1559881567955017,
0.04386254772543907,
0.14362122118473053,
0.01767723634839058,
-0.2977536618709564,
-0.37666258215904236,
-0.2524963915348053,
0.5573650002479553,
-0.024374576285481453,
-0.002414742950350046,
0.4076973497867584,
-0.11486084759235382,
0.21513080596923828,
-0.1698531061410904,
0.037868376821279526,
-0.24434028565883636,
-1.1760995388031006,
-0.7517370581626892,
0.11262711137533188,
0.9059491753578186,
0.17396697402000427,
-0.12572412192821503,
0.22588366270065308,
-0.15162481367588043,
0.22755120694637299,
0.2773663103580475,
-0.1863403171300888,
0.0900183692574501,
-0.623283326625824,
-0.11640337109565735,
0.10266576707363129,
-0.18012697994709015,
0.18603315949440002,
0.09956769645214081,
0.0015429169870913029,
0.1145300641655922,
0.6039021015167236,
0.5622609853744507,
0.3781185448169708,
0.07774876803159714,
0.1843496561050415,
-0.43119102716445923,
-0.9172684550285339,
0.02033495530486107,
-0.029278773814439774,
-0.005819519050419331,
0.38726165890693665,
-0.18241414427757263,
0.027582690119743347,
0.26217588782310486,
0.2679794430732727,
-1.1030948162078857,
-0.665044367313385,
0.003295114729553461,
0.12725979089736938,
-0.09896612912416458,
-0.32029595971107483,
0.08776907622814178,
-0.17438258230686188,
-0.26511332392692566,
-0.3287319839000702,
-0.2544136643409729,
0.02079286240041256,
0.6455742120742798,
0.2878432273864746,
0.06101808696985245,
-0.02709025889635086,
-0.12304499745368958,
-0.6567464470863342,
0.03205329552292824,
0.45298367738723755,
-0.9543790221214294,
-0.2584504783153534,
0.6516246795654297,
0.13916414976119995,
-0.5423704385757446,
0.6140868067741394,
0.5218483209609985,
-0.6523973941802979,
0.36384332180023193,
-0.37506765127182007,
0.3828805387020111,
-0.6837805509567261,
0.6139329671859741,
-0.3232918679714203,
-0.6271972060203552,
0.2700307071208954,
0.08149512112140656,
-0.6305372714996338,
-0.23238304257392883,
-0.552203893661499,
0.11584073305130005,
0.013827565126121044,
0.5022029876708984,
-0.7223886847496033,
0.33614498376846313,
0.30589932203292847,
-0.11710472404956818,
-0.06668667495250702,
-0.3934902548789978,
-0.18652935326099396,
-0.20126782357692719,
0.026053940877318382,
-0.25817427039146423,
0.25398021936416626,
1.0783463716506958,
-0.16717933118343353,
-0.5575678944587708,
-0.4339541792869568,
0.040798429399728775,
0.18914149701595306,
-0.2350856214761734,
0.8724804520606995,
0.5157365202903748,
0.5091150403022766,
-0.05997342988848686,
0.06940515339374542,
-0.6778768301010132,
-0.314914345741272,
0.40799039602279663,
0.5173394083976746,
-0.2732955813407898,
-0.3345479667186737,
-0.24163153767585754,
0.26250046491622925,
0.3421373665332794,
0.43390795588493347,
-0.26992273330688477,
-0.35429397225379944,
0.29535043239593506,
0.4608173668384552,
0.029021700844168663,
-0.4880138039588928,
-0.15307597815990448,
0.7182729244232178,
-0.026294339448213577,
0.2430761158466339,
0.15183427929878235,
-0.13713102042675018,
0.3739968538284302,
0.10349312424659729,
-0.3505048155784607,
0.01321507804095745,
0.6771179437637329,
0.02770715393126011,
-0.6047577261924744,
-0.2778783440589905,
-0.3274570405483246,
-0.03757698833942413,
-0.1226491928100586,
-0.20699605345726013,
-0.16381041705608368,
0.3848284184932709,
-0.01961737498641014,
-0.3908306062221527,
0.014156348071992397,
0.20614035427570343,
-0.12589561939239502,
0.14241278171539307,
-0.0038532258477061987,
-1.114786148071289,
-0.12021685391664505,
-0.22973744571208954,
-0.008211115375161171,
0.1644698679447174,
-0.6493182182312012,
-0.017006341367959976,
0.55145663022995,
0.038336481899023056,
0.17830561101436615,
-0.03332289308309555,
-0.3653435707092285,
-0.7399576306343079,
0.24650496244430542,
0.11970500648021698,
-0.19883641600608826,
0.17420388758182526,
0.695428192615509,
-0.2704854905605316,
-0.3710450530052185,
-1.3162509202957153,
0.2138526290655136,
-0.2519703805446625,
-0.5505549907684326,
0.3025033473968506,
0.4274711310863495,
0.11723516881465912,
0.34783822298049927,
-0.07486103475093842,
0.1373116672039032,
0.43386462330818176,
-0.3333936631679535,
0.4611225724220276,
0.7568593621253967,
-0.8040229082107544,
0.3065047860145569,
0.7178242206573486,
-0.5909717679023743,
0.2875325083732605,
0.5455487966537476,
-0.14160293340682983,
-0.24809280037879944,
0.4221130311489105,
0.5736122131347656,
-0.17340105772018433,
0.7768641114234924,
0.5831724405288696,
-0.22934645414352417,
0.06074108928442001,
0.2997203469276428,
0.4264407157897949,
-0.6342394948005676,
-0.3862793445587158,
-0.14107714593410492,
-0.33448758721351624,
-0.46278247237205505,
0.11851689964532852,
-0.2926443815231323,
-0.16274034976959229,
0.3691694736480713,
0.4164811670780182,
0.489763468503952,
-0.4509406089782715,
0.13637715578079224,
-0.24240054190158844,
0.6588211059570312,
-0.020506586879491806,
-0.15412575006484985,
0.17551100254058838,
-0.301395446062088,
0.01885784976184368,
-0.2755575478076935,
-0.15539811551570892,
-0.3934169113636017,
0.35060814023017883,
-0.08593251556158066,
0.21035602688789368,
0.09446040540933609,
-0.39987680315971375,
0.40622520446777344,
0.31359824538230896,
0.17457759380340576,
0.8163485527038574,
-0.2569636404514313,
-0.09060197323560715,
-0.45184698700904846,
0.19770953059196472,
-0.3511713743209839,
-0.42880237102508545,
0.38696256279945374,
0.007332407869398594,
0.19398018717765808,
-0.5573444366455078,
-0.4018215239048004,
0.48966848850250244,
0.723768413066864,
-0.19129791855812073,
0.6983104348182678,
-0.09137474745512009,
0.7350387573242188,
0.6115213632583618,
-0.5758639574050903,
-0.018567537888884544,
-0.5750709176063538,
-0.05860015004873276,
-0.22776132822036743,
0.2996828854084015,
-0.4851946532726288,
-1.03656005859375,
-0.3330162465572357,
-0.35202500224113464,
-0.25698912143707275,
-0.09731139242649078,
0.05127803608775139,
-0.501059889793396,
-0.49030205607414246,
-0.03218011558055878,
1.1552376747131348,
-0.11094247549772263,
0.09079771488904953,
0.5894252061843872,
0.02713650092482567,
-0.31692400574684143,
0.21458680927753448,
-0.002606372581794858,
-0.08766518533229828,
-0.09316065162420273,
0.11852294206619263,
-0.28613120317459106,
0.4817807078361511,
0.6347192525863647,
0.4875568449497223,
0.24617275595664978,
0.5590477585792542,
-0.5241336226463318,
0.23241667449474335,
0.49390900135040283,
-0.1309925615787506,
0.47885024547576904,
-0.3934266269207001,
0.449903279542923,
-0.05665511637926102,
-0.8040750026702881,
0.7821692824363708,
0.36733707785606384,
-0.01491861417889595,
0.18906839191913605,
0.32572928071022034,
-0.6408155560493469,
0.26773908734321594,
0.28265848755836487,
-0.26581871509552,
-0.5784866809844971,
-0.13104794919490814,
-0.3756955564022064,
0.003822769969701767,
0.6564371585845947,
0.32083117961883545,
0.20276030898094177,
-0.5918086171150208,
-0.2102196216583252,
-0.3187163174152374,
-0.07638181746006012,
-0.06341416388750076,
-0.2694021165370941,
0.17767882347106934,
-0.8170565366744995,
0.08519455045461655,
-0.5970206260681152,
0.9217260479927063,
0.25343695282936096,
-0.16617949306964874,
0.6154358983039856,
0.3197900652885437,
0.15059825778007507,
-0.34543275833129883,
-0.4635641872882843,
-0.8512002825737,
0.3802930414676666,
-0.3892735242843628
] |
233370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian%20%28Doctor%20Who%29 | Silurian (Doctor Who) | The Silurians are a race of reptilian humanoids in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The species first appeared in Doctor Who in the 1970 serial Doctor Who and the Silurians, and were created by Malcolm Hulke. The first Silurians introduced are depicted as prehistoric and scientifically advanced sentient humanoids who predate the dawn of man; in their backstory, the Silurians went into self-induced hibernation to survive what they predicted to be a large atmospheric upheaval caused by the Earth capturing the Moon.
The Silurians introduced in the 1970 story are broad, three-eyed land-dwellers. The 1972 serial The Sea Devils, also by Hulke, introduced their eponymous amphibious cousins. Both Silurians and Sea Devils made an appearance in 1984's Warriors of the Deep, and did not appear in the show again before its cancellation in 1989. Following the show's revival in 2005, heavily redesigned Silurans were reintroduced to the series in 2010, and have recurred frequently since then, while the Sea Devils are set to reappear in 2022, with their designs being kept mostly the same. In 2018 the real-life scientists Adam Frank and Gavin Schmidt named their Silurian hypothesis for the fictional species.
Commonly called Silurians, after their supposed origins in the Silurian period, the creatures have also been referred to by other names. In The Sea Devils, the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) claims that "properly speaking", the Silurians should have been called "Eocenes". The name Homo reptilia is first used to describe the creatures in the novelisation Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters (1974), and is first used in the series proper in the episode "The Hungry Earth" (2010). In The Sea Devils, an amphibious Silurian is dubbed a "Sea Devil" by the human workman Clark (Declan Mulholland), while in Warriors of the Deep, the land-dwelling Silurians use the term "Sea Devil" to refer to their aquatic counterparts.
Creation
Drawing on the ideas of the Quatermass serials, producer Peter Bryant and producer and script editor Derrick Sherwin decided that for the series' seventh season, the show's protagonist the Doctor should be restricted to contemporary Earth and work alongside the UNIT organisation, featured prominently in the sixth season's serial The Invasion. Producer Barry Letts and script editor Terrance Dicks, inheriting this new vision for the series, also wanted their stories for the seventh season to have a serious, deeper subtext. They approached Malcolm Hulke, co-writer of the Patrick Troughton serials The Faceless Ones (1967) and The War Games (1969), to write a serial for this new season.
Hulke saw limitations with this earthbound format – he believed there would be two types of stories, one featuring mad scientists and the other alien invasions. Terrance Dicks claims credit for thinking of the idea of creatures that had been there all along; however, other sources give Hulke credit for deliberately thinking his way outside his earlier preconceptions.
While planning stories for Doctor Who'''s ninth season, Dicks and Letts decided to revive the Silurian concept, this time with the twist of these new Silurians originating in the sea. Originally dubbed "Sea Silurians", they were rechristened "Sea Devils" for dramatic effect as Hulke's storyline was edited.
Johnny Byrne, writer of the Peter Davison serial Warriors of the Deep (1984), notes that the Myrka creature was created to absolve the Silurians from the guilt of genocide, using the creature as a weapon of last resort.
Appearances
Television
In their first appearance in "Doctor Who and the Silurians" (1970), a group of Silurians are awakened from hibernation by the energy from a nearby nuclear power research center in Derbyshire. The Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) initially manages to negotiate an honourable compromise with the colony's leader. Unfortunately, the colony's leader is murdered by a younger Silurian who becomes the new leader, intent on a far more aggressive policy. To that end, the Silurians then attempt to reclaim the planet from humanity by releasing a deadly virus and attempting to disperse the Van Allen radiation belt. Both plans were thwarted by the Doctor. Despite the Doctor's best efforts to broker a peaceful solution, the Silurians are still determined to exterminate humanity, only to have their base destroyed by UNIT on the orders of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney) to preempt this open threat.
In "The Sea Devils" (1972), an amphibious variety of Silurians are awakened from their hibernation by a renegade Time Lord known as the Master (Roger Delgado), who persuades them to reclaim the planet from the human race. Despite the Third Doctor's efforts to convince them otherwise, the Sea Devils eventually decide to go to war, forcing the Doctor to destroy their base. It is revealed, however, that there were many colonies still in hibernation around the world. The land-based Silurians and the "Sea Devils" next appeared, together, in "Warriors of the Deep" (1984), where they attempt again to reclaim Earth from the humans. Set in the year 2084 during a prolonged "cold war" between factions of humanity, the serial describes the Sea Devils as being elite warriors; they sport bulletproof samurai-style armour. The Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison) tries in vain to prevent any bloodshed against either species; he tells companions Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding) and Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) to give the Silurians oxygen to keep them safe from the hexachromite gas he released into the base's atmosphere. The last surviving Silurian in the episode, however, is killed by Turlough, leaving the Doctor despondent.
Silurians are reintroduced to the series, following its cancellation and revival, in the 2010 two part story, "The Hungry Earth" and "Cold Blood", in which Silurians are awoken in 2020 by an underground drilling operation. These Silurians lack the third eye of their 1970–1984 counterparts, and wear masks. Having misinterpreted the drilling as a deliberate attack, the Silurians take hostages. After a protracted conflict, the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) leaves behind Tony Mack (Robert Pugh) and Nasreen Chaudhry (Meera Syal) in the Silurian city to act as ambassadors to the human race when they re-awaken in a thousand years, despite the race being active again 64 years later in "Warriors of the Deep".
In "The Pandorica Opens" (2010), some Silurians appear in A.D. 102 alongside various alien enemies of the Doctor (including alien Daleks, Cybermen, Sontarans, Judoon and other species) to imprison the Doctor in the mythical "Pandorica" in order, as they see it, to save the universe from him.
Recurring character Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh) is then introduced in "A Good Man Goes to War" (2011) as a Silurian detective in the Victorian era, who befriended the Doctor after a brief rampage on the London Underground. She lives with her human wife Jenny Flint (Catrin Stewart), and after "A Good Man", also employs the Sontaran Strax (Dan Starkey) as her butler. The "Paternoster Gang", as the three are known, sometimes including the Doctor, appear again in "The Snowmen" (2012) and its three short prequels in 2012–2013, "The Crimson Horror", "The Name of the Doctor" (both 2013), and "Deep Breath" (2014). In "The Crimson Horror", Vastra claims to be from 65 million years ago.
Silurians are mentioned in the 2011 Torchwood: Miracle Day episode "The Blood Line" (2011); Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) briefly muses that the Blessing (an ancient phenomenon beneath the Earth's surface) could be out of "Silurian mythology".
A Silurian doctor named Malohkeh (Richard Hope) is seen attending to Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice) in "The Wedding of River Song" (2011) in an aborted timeline. Hope plays another Silurian in "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (2012), seen briefly on a computer screen. The titular spaceship is a Silurian Ark searching for a new planet with a cargo of dinosaurs, the Silurian colony on board having been ejected from the ship by Solomon (David Bradley) prior to the episode. The ship is shown to have reached a planet named Siluria with its dinosaurs at the episode's conclusion.
In "The Time of the Doctor" (2013), many Silurian Arks are seen among the ships gathered round Trenzalore.
Sea Devils are set to reappear in "Legend of the Sea Devils" (2022), alongside the Thirteenth Doctor (Jodie Whittaker). This marks their first appearance in the revived series and their first physical appearance since "Warriors of the Deep" (1984). Unlike the Silurians, their appearance and design is kept mostly the same as the original series.
Literature
All of the Silurian stories on television prior to 2010 were novelised. The novelisation of Doctor Who and the Silurians, Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters (1974) adds a prologue which features the beginning of the Silurians' hibernation; the novelisation avoids referring to the reptiles as Silurians. Terrance Dicks' novelisation of Warriors of the Deep (1984) describes Icthar, the sole survivor of the Silurian Triad, as a survivor of the Silurian colony in the caves near the nuclear research facility from Doctor Who and the Silurians; according to this book, the Silurians were only sealed away, not destroyed. In Seventh Doctor Virgin New Adventures novel Blood Heat (1993), Silurians of an alternate reality have conquered Earth after the Third Doctor was killed in their initial appearance, with the Seventh Doctor eventually forcing the humans and Silurians of this world into a truce. Contradicting the Warriors of the Deep novelisation, the novel The Scales of Injustice (1996) mentions that Icthar's shelter awoke forty years before the events of Doctor Who and the Silurians, and that the shelter is located on the other side of the world to the British Isles. In The Scales of Injustice, the power-hungry Silurian Auggi plans to eradicate humanity, beginning with an invasion fleet of Silurian hybrids on the Kent coast. UNIT successfully fights off this fleet. The Third Doctor also learns about the Silurians' battle cruisers and Myrka weapon in this book, both of which appear in Warriors of the Deep.
Silurians have also made many minor appearances in the Virgin New Adventures series of novels. By the 26th century, the time of human archaeologist Bernice Summerfield's, the term "Earth Reptile" has become popularly used to describe Silurians following their peaceful integration with human society, such as in the novel Eternity Weeps (1997). A Silurian short story, "Cold War", also features in the anthology Short Trips: Steel Skies (2003). Additionally, while not appearing in The Wheel of Ice (2012), they are mentioned; apparently, the Arkive attempted to lure them to Saturn, but they went into hibernation before this is possible. Madame Vastra also co-stars in the novella Devil in the Smoke (2012) and the novel Silhouette (2014).
Comics
The Silurians also make a number of appearance in comic books. Comic book story "Twilight of the Silurians" (1980) is set during the species' last days pre-hibernation, where Silurians observe captive "ape-men" in their zoological research station, millions of years ago. The comic book "City of Devils" (1983) features two Doctor Who companions, journalist Sarah Jane Smith and robot dog K-9 uncover a hidden city of Silurians (here, 'Eocenes') in an Egyptian archaeological dig, who seek peaceful coexistence with humans; this comic strip is based on the premise of the television spin-off special K9 and Company. In the story arc "Final Genesis" (1993), an alternate universe is depicted wherein Silurians made peace with humanity and the two races live in harmony; UNIT is renamed URIC, the 'United Races Intelligence Command'. In the Doctor Who Magazine comic strip cycle "The Cybermen" (1994–1996), the cyborg race of Cybermen discover Silurians and Sea Devils living on their own planet Mondas during an unspecified time in the past; in Doctor Who, Mondas is Earth's former "twin planet". The strip also portrays Golgoth, a primordial humanoid reptile god-figure, who resembles a Sea Devil and may have some link to the Silurians. Madame Vastra co-stars in the Doctor Who Magazine comic strip "The Crystal Throne" (2014).
Audio drama
Silurians also feature in the Big Finish Productions audio play Bloodtide (2001), in which the Sixth Doctor intervenes when Charles Darwin and the HMS Beagle expedition encounter a rogue Silurian group in the Galápagos Islands. The audio drama reveals that the leader of this group had been responsible for creating humanity's prehistoric ancestors via a forbidden breeding program, sabotaging the Silurian stasis chambers to escape punishment for his actions. In the audio drama The Poison Seas (2003), from the Bernice Summerfield series of adventures, Summerfield travels to the planet Chosan sometime in the future to assist a colony of Earth Reptiles (Sea Devils) under threat there. In UNIT: The Coup (2004), the Silurians attempt to finally make peace with the humans, though the general public believes it to be a stunt involving men in rubber suits. In UNIT: The Wasting (2005), Silurians aid UNIT in finding a cure for a deadly plague. In 2017, the Silurians appear in the Seventh Doctor audio The Silurian Candidate, where the Silurian Triad of 2088 attempt to infiltrate a crucial peace conference by brainwashing one of the participants so that he will kill himself and the other major leader in a manner that would trigger a nuclear war, but the Doctor is able to avert this plan, and instead proposes a new plan where the Silurian colonies will come out of suspended animation millennia in the future after Earth recovers from being ravaged by solar flares (as referenced in The Ark in Space), colonies gradually 'waking up' so that humanity and Silurians will essentially rebuild Earth without either side possessing numerical superiority.
Outside Doctor Who
Silurians also appear outside Doctor Who-related media. A cave drawing of a Silurian and a Sea Devil appear in a cave on Mars in a work of steampunk fiction by D'Israeli, Scarlet Traces: The Great Game. Silurians and Sea Devils are referenced in the second volume of Alan Moore's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen where they were connected to the creature from the Black Lagoon; League of Extraordinary Gentlemen is set in a fictional universe which reconciles the exploits of all fictional characters in one continuity.
A 2018 journal article published in the International Journal of Astrobiology, in which the authors discuss the detectability of past industrial civilizations in Earth's geologic record, makes reference to the "Silurian hypothesis" in its title.
Summary of appearances
This list does not include Madame Vastra who has her own list.
Doctor Who
Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970)
The Sea Devils (1972)
Warriors of the Deep'' (1984)
"The Hungry Earth" / "Cold Blood" (2010)
"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (2012)
"Legend of the Sea Devils" (2022)
Cameos
"The Pandorica Opens" (2010)
"A Good Man Goes to War" (2011)
"The God Complex" (2011)
"The Wedding of River Song" (2011)
"Face the Raven" (2015)
Notes
References
Doctor Who races
Fictional reptilians
Television characters introduced in 1970
Fictional endangered and extinct species | [
-0.2307441681623459,
0.15995469689369202,
-0.18916478753089905,
-0.14362649619579315,
-0.4926420748233795,
0.49270373582839966,
-0.20895618200302124,
0.6921181082725525,
-0.5930737853050232,
0.17007547616958618,
-0.44194862246513367,
-0.05260104686021805,
-0.11438927054405212,
0.9225741624832153,
0.4449669420719147,
0.5002180337905884,
-0.12910665571689606,
0.7210686206817627,
0.08654607087373734,
0.057901155203580856,
-0.0031893777195364237,
-0.09071590006351471,
0.22490699589252472,
-0.004080560058355331,
-0.1250906139612198,
0.07060940563678741,
0.3286396563053131,
0.50981205701828,
0.3186616003513336,
-0.5514863729476929,
0.24347956478595734,
0.4229387938976288,
-0.10609197616577148,
-0.3789065182209015,
-0.11779838055372238,
0.0324912965297699,
-0.5482210516929626,
-0.19157925248146057,
-0.36441826820373535,
-0.3529549539089203,
-0.11164911836385727,
-0.23268041014671326,
0.6663630604743958,
0.604498565196991,
-0.983738899230957,
-0.3436796963214874,
-1.3282198905944824,
0.23285964131355286,
-0.8170285224914551,
0.46832168102264404,
-0.3558453321456909,
0.07462876290082932,
0.7215409874916077,
-0.5031677484512329,
0.3738009035587311,
0.7318441867828369,
-0.6872088313102722,
-0.16879746317863464,
0.04411596804857254,
-0.5388776659965515,
1.0099873542785645,
-0.15206806361675262,
0.05596813187003136,
-0.6366226673126221,
0.2071184366941452,
0.6000277996063232,
0.4288508892059326,
0.04619106650352478,
-0.29201802611351013,
-0.3291231095790863,
-0.4183904826641083,
-0.38003531098365784,
0.20787343382835388,
0.7848960757255554,
-0.484284907579422,
-0.31809717416763306,
0.35571786761283875,
-0.38186436891555786,
0.4325532019138336,
-0.0004768809594679624,
0.3732753396034241,
0.6982497572898865,
1.3054224252700806,
0.2993195354938507,
0.44973045587539673,
-0.3754613697528839,
-0.7410765290260315,
0.046513792127370834,
-0.13818714022636414,
0.28041356801986694,
-0.625014066696167,
-0.23467200994491577,
0.9388837218284607,
0.09478148818016052,
-0.2291775792837143,
-0.333623468875885,
-0.08903192728757858,
-0.2328430563211441,
0.20753376185894012,
0.22230367362499237,
-0.36069557070732117,
0.25411781668663025,
0.02682633139193058,
-0.2689889669418335,
-0.2835395932197571,
0.09107501059770584,
-0.13491374254226685,
-0.053082291036844254,
-0.3311123847961426,
0.30441224575042725,
-0.7030916213989258,
0.3162546157836914,
-0.6807703375816345,
0.194804847240448,
-0.10445385426282883,
0.3799334764480591,
0.049924444407224655,
-0.5602697134017944,
-0.6777015924453735,
-0.15207679569721222,
0.6262843012809753,
0.23426061868667603,
0.09422816336154938,
0.18084904551506042,
0.10094545781612396,
0.23678205907344818,
0.23967888951301575,
-0.2519878149032593,
-0.7328119874000549,
0.48142993450164795,
0.6499283909797668,
1.1196523904800415,
-0.8408573865890503,
-0.05842429772019386,
0.10847590118646622,
-0.46546462178230286,
-0.11385051906108856,
0.579479455947876,
0.22798335552215576,
0.49016889929771423,
-0.9556296467781067,
-0.41394805908203125,
-0.699165940284729,
-0.12631045281887054,
0.35119831562042236,
-0.5059065818786621,
0.14545583724975586,
-0.04727509990334511,
-0.6043940782546997,
-0.7070204019546509,
-0.2965991497039795,
-0.19434161484241486,
0.07922394573688507,
-0.39829811453819275,
0.628859281539917,
0.17535492777824402,
0.509464681148529,
-0.1199813261628151,
0.5088885426521301,
0.037941884249448776,
0.0755794420838356,
0.48803552985191345,
-0.7589543461799622,
-0.06822831928730011,
0.7059217691421509,
0.06642228364944458,
0.03965951129794121,
-0.016150156036019325,
0.40840715169906616,
0.5204331874847412,
-0.4431232810020447,
0.1792059987783432,
0.6385475993156433,
-0.3166206479072571,
0.13990361988544464,
-0.3027048707008362,
0.8732301592826843,
0.519501805305481,
-0.1432129591703415,
-0.4818603992462158,
-0.5498589277267456,
-0.10965054482221603,
-0.37188661098480225,
-0.2998371720314026,
-0.05793377384543419,
-0.20444022119045258,
0.12564490735530853,
0.07184898853302002,
0.16696615517139435,
0.37414059042930603,
-0.6106584072113037,
0.20640721917152405,
0.6117739081382751,
-0.003343069227412343,
0.8731086254119873,
0.15383592247962952,
-0.6767315864562988,
0.6368414759635925,
-0.42402470111846924,
0.1901879757642746,
-0.01641913130879402,
0.44925954937934875,
0.26811549067497253,
0.07089047878980637,
-0.7323610186576843,
0.13049474358558655,
0.318507581949234,
-0.1404479742050171,
0.879390299320221,
0.5456819534301758,
0.20926547050476074,
-0.10616331547498703,
0.3682318329811096,
0.035679399967193604,
-0.039344366639852524,
-0.05174323171377182,
-0.6111751198768616,
0.08574081212282181,
-0.2084520310163498,
-0.7085683345794678,
0.8433324694633484,
0.05821918696165085,
0.14538966119289398,
-0.05887385457754135,
-0.32629069685935974,
0.8355823159217834,
0.41855403780937195,
-0.17717458307743073,
0.12911862134933472,
-0.19285959005355835,
0.300502747297287,
0.37868574261665344,
-0.10050999373197556,
-0.5118997097015381,
-0.40609604120254517,
-0.3744260370731354,
-0.12802454829216003,
-0.6986334919929504,
0.05825233832001686,
-0.12462539970874786,
0.1994519829750061,
-0.10700280219316483,
-1.4937489032745361,
0.2320232093334198,
0.6144431233406067,
0.0608537532389164,
-0.2286801040172577,
0.1947755515575409,
-0.19850988686084747,
-0.2539847493171692,
-0.21351253986358643,
0.5866795182228088,
0.17453056573867798,
0.0995384007692337,
0.903978168964386,
0.018161673098802567,
-0.20567180216312408,
-0.029276322573423386,
0.5777617692947388,
-0.10111933201551437,
-0.5041671395301819,
0.0644640401005745,
0.17979583144187927,
-0.38476794958114624,
0.10401560366153717,
-0.7847086191177368,
-0.5480330586433411,
-0.8864391446113586,
0.30655914545059204,
0.5654081702232361,
0.250822514295578,
-0.14291274547576904,
-0.8863042593002319,
0.01261112280189991,
-0.22364437580108643,
-0.16657881438732147,
-0.2797912359237671,
-0.2000362128019333,
0.0931973084807396,
-0.26730602979660034,
0.025710832327604294,
0.4281163513660431,
0.5151835083961487,
-0.23999866843223572,
-0.7223620414733887,
0.013049665838479996,
0.2880498468875885,
-0.1280604749917984,
0.3618577718734741,
-0.6552063822746277,
-0.39971426129341125,
0.1072559654712677,
-0.6051300764083862,
0.5821270942687988,
-0.0886077955365181,
0.10316309332847595,
0.1020963042974472,
0.56602543592453,
0.5155097246170044,
-0.41809096932411194,
-0.6312297582626343,
0.6109946370124817,
-0.11068717390298843,
0.09595448523759842,
0.014878874644637108,
-0.2631590962409973,
-0.1675034761428833,
-0.21254830062389374,
-5.524244785308838,
-0.19305779039859772,
-0.3541709780693054,
0.33672240376472473,
0.6046798825263977,
1.1740577220916748,
0.7248461842536926,
0.10492877662181854,
0.08012297749519348,
-0.049688346683979034,
-0.2342837154865265,
0.19664961099624634,
-0.3189001679420471,
0.10799376666545868,
0.33519503474235535,
0.5106977224349976,
-0.008880612440407276,
-0.08132638782262802,
-0.3239392638206482,
-0.273364394903183,
-0.41165250539779663,
-0.17772987484931946,
-0.13660283386707306,
0.19953984022140503,
-0.04849771037697792,
0.6826807856559753,
-0.6437186002731323,
-0.31587424874305725,
-0.7061555981636047,
0.3351166248321533,
0.007428651209920645,
0.14704105257987976,
-0.052774809300899506,
-0.83677077293396,
-0.13662226498126984,
0.10669504106044769,
0.4697667956352234,
-0.005444674752652645,
0.3550945520401001,
-0.8869110941886902,
-0.8483415246009827,
0.297293096780777,
0.25017374753952026,
0.051247358322143555,
0.5958187580108643,
0.18665362894535065,
-0.6267316937446594,
-0.2095254510641098,
0.19925141334533691,
1.1740628480911255,
-0.4049900770187378,
-0.2734382450580597,
-0.03289183974266052,
0.5929876565933228,
-0.19941872358322144,
0.5139181017875671,
-0.15202660858631134,
0.993998110294342,
0.1457461714744568,
-0.19210729002952576,
0.15586215257644653,
-0.3019486963748932,
-0.24358350038528442,
-0.3710779845714569,
-0.5141006708145142,
0.17245453596115112,
-0.5305177569389343,
-0.04067886993288994,
0.23883117735385895,
-0.4166339635848999,
-0.3529117703437805,
-0.012781629338860512,
-0.5031023621559143,
-0.9352717995643616,
0.10823757201433182,
-0.5439997315406799,
-0.5677707195281982,
-0.02033810503780842,
-0.6321424245834351,
0.574914276599884,
0.011383170261979103,
-0.7069922685623169,
-0.671890377998352,
0.33151665329933167,
-0.385219007730484,
-0.990912675857544,
0.1082758828997612,
-0.4721277356147766,
-0.18028567731380463,
-0.24762648344039917,
-0.12372545152902603,
-0.5365384817123413,
-0.02815867029130459,
0.3990243971347809,
0.8914286494255066,
0.604661762714386,
0.043783038854599,
0.49574151635169983,
0.8967649936676025,
0.00595123553648591,
0.39268723130226135,
-0.30993011593818665,
-0.1500082015991211,
-0.6632328033447266,
-0.29480108618736267,
-0.3133835792541504,
-0.48029500246047974,
-0.12159258127212524,
0.05181993916630745,
-0.5688286423683167,
0.05269329994916916,
-0.470371276140213,
-0.5261865854263306,
0.29213976860046387,
0.8539054989814758,
0.15023082494735718,
0.09384999424219131,
0.9146925806999207,
0.9673553109169006,
0.2924775183200836,
-0.0866318941116333,
0.05422212928533554,
-0.6184378266334534,
-0.4085937440395355,
0.5616672039031982,
-0.10040149837732315,
0.333263635635376,
0.23149047791957855,
0.2669069170951843,
0.16235339641571045,
-0.6390163898468018,
0.4654959738254547,
-0.04514717310667038,
0.094578817486763,
0.26557108759880066,
0.10577388107776642,
-0.6259073615074158,
0.3924139440059662,
-0.03128580003976822,
0.07783281058073044,
0.008962911553680897,
-0.701853334903717,
0.40295037627220154,
0.5241101384162903,
0.22120259702205658,
-0.07179225236177444,
0.6477645039558411,
-0.09706270694732666,
0.114308662712574,
0.6969872713088989,
0.3149160146713257,
0.5287975072860718,
0.6568817496299744,
-1.0848956108093262,
-0.12964187562465668,
-0.6953946352005005,
0.5359994769096375,
0.4814017117023468,
-0.3105219900608063,
-0.4886859357357025,
0.2129143476486206,
-0.476735383272171,
-0.383317768573761,
0.2135130614042282,
0.2432977259159088,
-0.0004152007750235498,
-0.2950754165649414,
-0.7480588555335999,
-0.23640398681163788,
0.4441048502922058,
-0.621903121471405,
0.3447487950325012,
-0.48334231972694397,
0.38854002952575684,
0.4425581991672516,
-0.32277217507362366,
-0.443022757768631,
0.5803546905517578,
-0.013487592339515686,
-0.39778202772140503,
-0.3678060472011566,
0.5691416263580322,
-0.5109243392944336,
-0.29794153571128845,
0.1337343454360962,
-0.25507834553718567,
0.08191322535276413,
-0.2622668445110321,
-0.3435046672821045,
-0.1957729309797287,
0.11753641068935394,
0.7725030779838562,
0.34845709800720215,
0.1031913310289383,
-0.736365020275116,
0.3567597568035126,
-0.27299752831459045,
0.4073834717273712,
0.16216184198856354,
-0.477191686630249,
0.28891289234161377,
0.5093156099319458,
-0.38915660977363586,
-0.3052084147930145,
0.6053319573402405,
-0.454664945602417,
0.14424286782741547,
-0.39074668288230896,
-0.7007404565811157,
0.48323068022727966,
-0.5086644291877747,
-0.31482064723968506,
0.37989580631256104,
0.33451342582702637,
-0.8917237520217896,
-0.12390535324811935,
-0.5558356642723083,
-0.17346987128257751,
-0.10875890403985977,
0.13392677903175354,
-0.4317781329154968,
-0.041586484760046005,
0.08230631798505783,
-0.21156896650791168,
-0.7293809056282043,
-0.0028325526509433985,
0.926097571849823,
-0.2396431714296341,
-0.2699299156665802,
-0.2619078457355499,
0.15524005889892578,
-0.17873160541057587,
0.18904414772987366,
-0.9703523516654968,
-0.3305283784866333,
0.472873717546463,
0.44346022605895996,
0.12264450639486313,
0.09111326187849045,
0.7122433185577393,
0.7934316992759705,
0.5350859761238098,
-0.001842978992499411,
-0.6170614361763,
0.026313019916415215,
0.34496673941612244,
0.3951144516468048,
-0.21338416635990143,
-0.4873184263706207,
-0.3474326729774475,
0.28584206104278564,
-0.3443576395511627,
-0.7890459299087524,
-0.057315558195114136,
0.6523388028144836,
-0.8778741359710693,
0.6368964314460754,
0.1289503127336502,
0.03357961028814316,
-0.6471320390701294,
0.07505656033754349,
-0.009166134521365166,
-0.2544403672218323,
0.22933726012706757,
0.08829092979431152,
0.2462811917066574,
-0.4455392360687256,
-0.1592157632112503,
0.9285867214202881,
0.20911942422389984,
-0.05410899966955185,
0.17758475244045258,
0.24430835247039795,
0.2231719195842743,
0.0968446284532547,
-0.15778355300426483,
0.20583698153495789,
-0.4961490035057068,
-0.0528387576341629,
-0.10629916191101074,
-0.2830997705459595,
0.9814919829368591,
-0.10267407447099686,
-0.02658512070775032,
0.37102940678596497,
-0.6101371645927429,
-0.07160668075084686,
-0.24742792546749115,
-0.10335418581962585,
0.20239925384521484,
-0.005767745431512594,
0.20212064683437347,
0.41444525122642517,
0.24948221445083618,
0.4824449419975281,
-0.26885879039764404,
-0.6448302865028381,
-0.27253952622413635,
-0.10946932435035706,
0.2356441169977188,
-0.8481653332710266,
0.8387984037399292,
0.41539254784584045,
-0.3644135892391205,
0.20286814868450165,
0.022295445203781128,
0.42408862709999084,
-0.014805177226662636,
-0.09721334278583527,
0.05025438591837883,
0.37268775701522827,
-0.6134830713272095,
-0.037587251514196396,
0.7362686395645142,
-0.43210723996162415,
-0.02681688405573368,
0.5538887977600098,
-0.6758415699005127,
0.034823138266801834,
0.8315206170082092,
0.3979998826980591,
0.49858224391937256,
0.2725105881690979,
-0.04636223241686821,
-0.08073272556066513,
0.24191677570343018,
-0.1801169216632843,
0.18864984810352325,
0.445595383644104,
0.04426627978682518,
0.4487314522266388,
-0.1772482842206955,
-0.41878828406333923,
0.23211652040481567,
-0.5884917974472046,
-0.04530944302678108,
0.35826289653778076,
0.03557316213846207,
-0.17887602746486664,
1.0694531202316284,
0.14902104437351227,
0.12477847933769226,
-0.09997263550758362,
-0.3324352204799652,
0.021587202325463295,
0.5941737294197083,
-0.301234632730484,
-0.03935438022017479,
0.8941469788551331,
0.10405576229095459,
0.009259596467018127,
0.02622055821120739,
-0.14321577548980713,
-0.23642495274543762,
0.5288673639297485,
-0.2460404485464096,
-0.01214023120701313,
-0.8792669177055359,
-0.12977862358093262,
-0.255732923746109,
-0.2035694122314453,
-0.09212373197078705,
-0.09456788003444672,
0.3403666615486145,
0.005583032034337521,
0.14906860888004303,
-0.38865742087364197,
-0.5872228741645813,
-0.6668593883514404,
0.293055921792984,
0.8313344717025757,
0.12529227137565613,
-0.1419103890657425,
0.05044105648994446,
0.18809014558792114,
-0.009776919148862362,
0.5408514738082886,
0.3002445101737976,
-0.09821446239948273,
-0.3745507299900055,
-0.46784576773643494,
-0.06159919500350952,
0.19085855782032013,
-0.3324550986289978,
0.41900402307510376,
0.021474217996001244,
0.08190962672233582,
-0.0530596524477005,
0.08214323967695236,
0.4362209141254425,
-0.20885691046714783,
-0.3802037835121155,
-0.19497546553611755,
-0.38775214552879333,
-0.6712411046028137,
-0.11123282462358475,
0.13706406950950623,
0.3001915216445923,
0.1911991834640503,
-0.16357573866844177,
0.5813252925872803,
0.14377756416797638,
0.2562221586704254,
0.25498539209365845,
-0.18854449689388275,
0.5763087272644043,
-0.7781747579574585,
0.2742983102798462,
-0.7846364974975586,
0.5815062522888184,
0.7246807217597961,
0.23673386871814728,
-0.4038359224796295,
0.6247237920761108,
-0.021320480853319168,
-0.036493219435214996,
0.17039966583251953,
0.038562409579753876,
0.19297726452350616,
0.008371966890990734,
-0.3595960736274719,
0.5901321172714233,
-0.27591878175735474,
0.12162993848323822,
-0.3704802095890045,
0.19689270853996277,
-0.02357710897922516,
-0.14475136995315552,
-0.12889942526817322,
0.11074405163526535,
-0.053604915738105774,
0.4498332142829895,
-0.21064282953739166,
-0.0668027251958847,
0.20190361142158508,
0.048555534332990646,
0.1867447793483734,
0.33738788962364197,
0.013700504787266254,
-0.05249479040503502,
0.004137898795306683,
-0.14923211932182312,
0.18919353187084198,
-0.45189011096954346,
0.11631279438734055,
-0.1227063462138176,
-0.050622180104255676,
-0.5930220484733582,
-0.35977402329444885,
0.12758316099643707,
-0.004252180922776461,
-0.1985452026128769,
0.2608189880847931,
-0.5630562901496887,
-0.34079214930534363,
0.3720787763595581,
0.07703959196805954,
-0.08723229169845581,
0.2772519588470459,
0.04161203280091286
] |
233371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20World%20%28supermarket%29 | New World (supermarket) | New World is a New Zealand full-service supermarket chain. Each store is independently owned, operated and is part of one of 2 Foodstuffs' co-operatives (Foodstuff North Island and Foodstuffs South Island). Other members of the Foodstuffs Co-operatives which are also independently owned and operated include Pak'nSave and Four Square stores.
History
Founded in 1963, New World was the first American-style full-service supermarket brand of Foodstuffs, and the second in New Zealand (after Foodtown). As of December 2021, there are more than 140 New World supermarkets across the North and South Islands of New Zealand. New World has been a member of the Fly Buys program since the program started in September 1996.
In early 2003 New World helped introduce Superbank, a completely electronic banking network aimed at saving customers money. While New World Supermarkets had much advertising for the service in their stores, Superbank didn't have any physical services inside the store. In August 2006 it was announced that after heavy losses Superbank would be shut down and have its portfolio sold to GE Capital.
Historically, New World used a coupon saver system. This was replaced in 2014 in South Island stores by the Clubcard system; this was phased into North Island stores in 2016.
Private label brands
New World has eight private label brands - all of which are owned by parent company Foodstuffs and are also available across their retailer's cooperative.
Pams - Over 1,500 Products in all grocery categories.
Pams Finest - This range of over 130 products are natural and a more healthy choice.
Pams Superfood - Around 42 products for a consumer looking for a health boost for a cost friendly price.
Pams Gluten Free - A range of 13 gluten free products.
Pams Free Range - Over 10 free range products (all from chicken).
Pams Organic - Nearly 20 organic fruit/vegetable products.
Pams Plant Based - 18 products that offer consumers a meat/dairy free alternative to their favourite meals.
Value - Over 450 Products over all categories, these are usually the cheapest option for consumers.
Pams is a house brand in New Zealand that has been around since 1937; original created by the Four Square supermarket chain.
Gallery
See also
Foodstuffs
Pak'nSave
Four Square
Superbank
Pams
References
External links
Supermarkets of New Zealand
Retail companies established in 1963
New Zealand companies established in 1963 | [
0.7530533671379089,
-0.17598043382167816,
-0.022863680496811867,
-0.5133272409439087,
0.15013723075389862,
0.20714199542999268,
0.2659022808074951,
0.40718457102775574,
-0.13309307396411896,
-0.07535350322723389,
-0.3026082515716553,
0.1550542414188385,
0.27413490414619446,
0.6858416199684143,
0.23788326978683472,
-0.11133967339992523,
0.1771693378686905,
0.6301409602165222,
0.07149287313222885,
-0.18686261773109436,
-0.3936034142971039,
-0.7934986352920532,
0.4944957196712494,
0.053795915096998215,
-0.2942676246166229,
0.14171139895915985,
0.48152464628219604,
0.30374306440353394,
-0.045728761702775955,
-0.013032483868300915,
0.1883569359779358,
0.6776400804519653,
0.37672993540763855,
-0.2499600648880005,
0.29389238357543945,
-0.3063257932662964,
0.220103457570076,
-0.12458425015211105,
-0.6754285097122192,
-0.4684803783893585,
0.04443773999810219,
-0.2650979161262512,
0.0734691247344017,
0.7328984141349792,
-0.17602993547916412,
-0.24975165724754333,
-1.4163267612457275,
-0.17377948760986328,
-1.5782619714736938,
-0.048577383160591125,
0.20628811419010162,
0.23391930758953094,
0.2909218966960907,
0.06626522541046143,
-0.18117119371891022,
0.9135327339172363,
-0.9260684847831726,
0.02194051258265972,
0.1778506338596344,
-0.711051881313324,
0.2156377136707306,
0.3998984694480896,
0.06813666224479675,
0.12863054871559143,
0.5549306273460388,
-0.11953161656856537,
-0.07026238739490509,
0.72623211145401,
0.06316076219081879,
-0.0833180844783783,
-0.35522890090942383,
-0.3622617721557617,
0.21481266617774963,
0.21186554431915283,
-0.4286264181137085,
-0.23131456971168518,
-0.14399421215057373,
0.15095902979373932,
0.231953963637352,
0.2063402384519577,
-0.22185327112674713,
0.14662785828113556,
0.22438371181488037,
-0.24548551440238953,
0.2950133979320526,
0.1246933713555336,
-0.1583506464958191,
-0.6181545853614807,
-0.07716990262269974,
0.6357380151748657,
-0.2265758514404297,
0.057297904044389725,
0.24106699228286743,
0.3222242593765259,
-0.30172428488731384,
-0.373373806476593,
-0.38779592514038086,
0.05878613516688347,
0.4951220154762268,
-0.17419551312923431,
-0.06564994901418686,
-0.1264774352312088,
0.5085521936416626,
-0.3030892312526703,
0.017855439335107803,
-0.39773327112197876,
-0.0899457335472107,
-0.44732946157455444,
0.26314473152160645,
0.07468938827514648,
-0.6750622987747192,
0.38747209310531616,
-0.007786814123392105,
-0.017427051439881325,
0.13100920617580414,
0.5892674326896667,
0.1351754367351532,
-0.10815230011940002,
-0.9612070918083191,
-0.5072206258773804,
0.3544275462627411,
0.33078157901763916,
-0.08652457594871521,
0.6050110459327698,
0.06962240487337112,
0.3508208990097046,
0.21908853948116302,
0.2239929884672165,
-0.03099238872528076,
0.31531697511672974,
0.3077705204486847,
0.543968141078949,
-0.2987784147262573,
-0.3357745409011841,
0.07207641750574112,
-0.006184518337249756,
0.2216525375843048,
-0.011968744918704033,
0.3556565046310425,
-0.20042981207370758,
-0.7889422178268433,
-0.017824437469244003,
-0.431756854057312,
-0.06773309409618378,
0.9253017902374268,
0.2208586037158966,
0.164042666554451,
-0.22346992790699005,
-0.4237416088581085,
-0.3419405221939087,
0.12176424264907837,
0.09612198173999786,
-0.0689704641699791,
-0.042891133576631546,
-0.1770775318145752,
0.34978270530700684,
0.41182824969291687,
-0.27227872610092163,
0.012769483029842377,
0.4016343057155609,
-0.07348370552062988,
0.3408338725566864,
0.0963018462061882,
-0.10609357059001923,
-0.04257197678089142,
-0.4669773280620575,
-0.06060418114066124,
-0.054370395839214325,
0.3909105658531189,
-0.05889338254928589,
-0.5223088264465332,
-0.21455064415931702,
0.1755729615688324,
0.04943188279867172,
-0.030435094609856606,
-0.30478745698928833,
0.7735065221786499,
0.026559438556432724,
0.17815664410591125,
-0.47046780586242676,
-0.3827199935913086,
0.3233605623245239,
0.6785700917243958,
-0.3258058428764343,
0.4435255527496338,
-0.2518865466117859,
0.3543502688407898,
0.4566946029663086,
0.3049943149089813,
0.5509760975837708,
-0.01540224626660347,
-0.10287804156541824,
0.23008209466934204,
-0.4027096629142761,
0.23361225426197052,
0.4746074974536896,
-0.15111546218395233,
1.3285810947418213,
-0.30237072706222534,
0.19192707538604736,
-0.3059585988521576,
0.323137104511261,
-0.08667145669460297,
0.11568505316972733,
-0.8659836053848267,
0.24496740102767944,
0.8864776492118835,
-0.1744900643825531,
0.8062834739685059,
0.21111689507961273,
0.292911559343338,
-0.26765206456184387,
0.2818148732185364,
-0.06628181785345078,
0.3347982168197632,
0.07797218859195709,
0.19172285497188568,
0.20932510495185852,
0.002220803638920188,
-0.22195442020893097,
1.0705029964447021,
0.48454999923706055,
0.32418933510780334,
-0.5016342997550964,
0.15976180136203766,
0.4114672541618347,
-0.02602352946996689,
-0.5670706629753113,
0.3143894374370575,
0.01937727816402912,
0.31762295961380005,
0.2497663050889969,
0.24976713955402374,
-0.2742728888988495,
0.16549454629421234,
-0.16774362325668335,
0.06553430110216141,
-0.3691158890724182,
0.4128164052963257,
0.12901602685451508,
-0.0713152214884758,
-0.1875842809677124,
-0.5710128545761108,
0.12645980715751648,
0.7413512468338013,
-0.05438634380698204,
-0.49883705377578735,
0.2305653989315033,
-0.06471775472164154,
-0.2736995220184326,
0.3083858788013458,
-0.49017107486724854,
0.49870234727859497,
0.22619563341140747,
0.27018728852272034,
-0.5948569774627686,
-0.5310192108154297,
0.043583933264017105,
0.8501133322715759,
0.15337936580181122,
-0.42100608348846436,
-0.17579181492328644,
0.00020196667173877358,
0.2265767902135849,
-0.06074267998337746,
-0.29973194003105164,
-0.38655030727386475,
-0.3503473401069641,
-0.1840495765209198,
0.12013233453035355,
0.40471163392066956,
0.22921277582645416,
-0.6579918265342712,
-0.3671235740184784,
0.45882508158683777,
-0.6906827688217163,
-0.029931312426924706,
0.7642351388931274,
0.0073176114819943905,
-0.5190902948379517,
0.37408003211021423,
0.6823635697364807,
0.22093959152698517,
-0.9065821766853333,
-0.24489834904670715,
0.19326642155647278,
0.11064612120389938,
0.041643671691417694,
-0.49418771266937256,
-0.2852959930896759,
-0.13363100588321686,
-0.04758112132549286,
-0.8968340754508972,
0.05127204582095146,
0.2090965211391449,
0.15000450611114502,
0.2620060443878174,
-0.3194989264011383,
0.00383672583848238,
-0.19032534956932068,
0.5612520575523376,
-0.013119303621351719,
0.038955286145210266,
-0.11064271628856659,
-0.15164223313331604,
-0.4984995126724243,
0.45911315083503723,
-0.8492020964622498,
-5.850557327270508,
0.01679808832705021,
0.0724325180053711,
0.3445400297641754,
0.22916410863399506,
-0.6351847052574158,
0.8161512017250061,
-0.033462055027484894,
0.30598899722099304,
-0.15214411914348602,
-0.166799396276474,
-0.287293940782547,
-0.1384095549583435,
-0.10502695292234421,
0.44575580954551697,
0.6540089249610901,
0.4773317575454712,
0.771060585975647,
0.500125527381897,
0.2731555700302124,
0.06434974074363708,
-0.36250340938568115,
-0.2026113122701645,
0.02668297104537487,
0.278821736574173,
0.5030105710029602,
-0.23737715184688568,
0.12210877984762192,
-0.6867871284484863,
-0.3981267213821411,
-0.2630166709423065,
-0.28508439660072327,
-0.13751444220542908,
-0.7043827176094055,
-0.009161636233329773,
-0.20390760898590088,
0.355337530374527,
0.0214906707406044,
0.3577556908130646,
-0.46053990721702576,
0.1442175805568695,
0.4049985408782959,
0.6731221675872803,
-0.39498433470726013,
0.4918094873428345,
-0.2808871269226074,
-0.3805728256702423,
-0.09695136547088623,
-0.3758490979671478,
0.8698900938034058,
0.5346832871437073,
0.34800708293914795,
0.2946905791759491,
0.04934914782643318,
-0.161372110247612,
-0.19296975433826447,
0.040117956697940826,
0.11622165143489838,
0.21821250021457672,
-0.03179679065942764,
0.21257612109184265,
-0.3979724049568176,
-0.10193007439374924,
-0.3353802561759949,
0.097419872879982,
-0.053730983287096024,
-0.10355012118816376,
0.03132878243923187,
0.24825681746006012,
-0.35735708475112915,
-0.5366633534431458,
-0.3206532299518585,
0.3148220479488373,
-0.4696104824542999,
-0.08914444595575333,
-0.5417203307151794,
-0.4604116380214691,
0.07213223725557327,
-0.17557938396930695,
-0.399455726146698,
-0.33856523036956787,
-0.9932817816734314,
-0.46699270606040955,
0.2511880099773407,
0.5416773557662964,
-1.115124225616455,
-0.6384955048561096,
-0.12421865016222,
-0.6176056861877441,
-0.18626178801059723,
0.1877487450838089,
0.07054569572210312,
0.359409362077713,
0.034209348261356354,
0.4791003167629242,
0.4801881015300751,
0.3268306255340576,
0.4286062717437744,
0.15781165659427643,
-0.015012405812740326,
0.3056797385215759,
-0.20920516550540924,
0.22390227019786835,
-0.17915238440036774,
0.2245434820652008,
0.1381080597639084,
0.6043657064437866,
-0.020861685276031494,
0.28616854548454285,
-0.19686676561832428,
-0.15835188329219818,
-0.2603754997253418,
-0.7616044282913208,
0.09762700647115707,
0.0957227274775505,
0.630863606929779,
-0.4109256863594055,
0.2096933275461197,
0.29677271842956543,
0.20240141451358795,
0.19523543119430542,
0.3658002018928528,
-0.08407299965620041,
-0.23376718163490295,
-0.16065694391727448,
-0.5281800031661987,
-0.011625652201473713,
0.09544921666383743,
-0.010890098288655281,
-0.252145379781723,
0.22170214354991913,
0.04616275057196617,
0.2786189019680023,
-0.7884430289268494,
0.02360541559755802,
-0.10786275565624237,
0.13656768202781677,
-0.2411259412765503,
0.06817653030157089,
0.26630836725234985,
-0.4336074888706207,
0.010582291521131992,
0.04816007986664772,
0.790107250213623,
0.04990313947200775,
0.554594874382019,
0.5222645401954651,
-0.14337825775146484,
-0.4592095911502838,
0.15664678812026978,
-0.1286311000585556,
-0.8568998575210571,
0.5162473917007446,
-0.6666565537452698,
0.1569543033838272,
-0.006224661599844694,
0.317394495010376,
0.1904822140932083,
-0.25093963742256165,
-0.26675841212272644,
0.16723862290382385,
-0.8664320707321167,
-0.2867772579193115,
0.3282427191734314,
0.29366832971572876,
0.06305787712335587,
-0.03341517597436905,
-0.4145694971084595,
-0.6092812418937683,
0.5532656908035278,
0.3343639075756073,
-0.2166260927915573,
-0.8751964569091797,
-0.11734461784362793,
0.46531420946121216,
0.25615787506103516,
0.21949972212314606,
-0.3685079514980316,
0.09345949441194534,
0.11130700260400772,
0.1824771612882614,
0.3501071631908417,
-0.19607175886631012,
0.28401362895965576,
0.8464766144752502,
-0.8557519912719727,
-0.4609190821647644,
0.24272477626800537,
-0.1897365152835846,
-0.23048757016658783,
0.04164498299360275,
0.34117865562438965,
0.5233680009841919,
0.13882173597812653,
0.017440304160118103,
-0.5234661102294922,
-0.1230093389749527,
0.19551727175712585,
-0.13408517837524414,
-0.3127310574054718,
-0.36093035340309143,
0.3858567774295807,
-0.6746619343757629,
0.2837643325328827,
0.4289800226688385,
-0.17651204764842987,
0.36919406056404114,
-0.08396758139133453,
-0.24381037056446075,
0.33133357763290405,
-0.5684886574745178,
-0.39872485399246216,
-0.020438091829419136,
-0.03275678679347038,
-0.8672624230384827,
-0.049514979124069214,
0.24088405072689056,
-0.5795500874519348,
-0.1857481449842453,
-0.5594112277030945,
-0.1894746720790863,
-0.2970753610134125,
-0.4053390622138977,
-0.3733961284160614,
-0.4512103199958801,
1.2731950283050537,
0.6021972894668579,
-0.2955473065376282,
-0.19947408139705658,
-0.5537592768669128,
-0.06664975732564926,
-0.31858137249946594,
0.015267614275217056,
0.016040559858083725,
0.10301274806261063,
1.1029545068740845,
0.1380242556333542,
0.37523558735847473,
0.17404106259346008,
0.740533173084259,
-0.11788061261177063,
0.5510353446006775,
-0.06301696598529816,
-0.40122172236442566,
-0.3100370466709137,
0.4077048599720001,
0.45432204008102417,
0.4408847689628601,
-0.7962411046028137,
-0.08657252788543701,
-0.3423573970794678,
-0.8362369537353516,
-0.27337753772735596,
0.047938648611307144,
0.8197129964828491,
-0.6989648938179016,
0.17596395313739777,
-0.024226291105151176,
-0.2831875681877136,
-0.344542920589447,
0.5039806962013245,
-0.14146298170089722,
-0.1647694706916809,
0.5985656380653381,
0.7055969834327698,
0.3680097162723541,
-0.9101755619049072,
-0.667401909828186,
-0.24045522511005402,
-0.5655784606933594,
-0.03575040027499199,
0.03347402065992355,
-0.019620345905423164,
0.6901699304580688,
0.5994113683700562,
-0.37019363045692444,
-0.12112994492053986,
-0.9330497980117798,
0.020994527265429497,
-0.5717734098434448,
0.37784603238105774,
0.3304738402366638,
0.023604393005371094,
-0.2688160836696625,
0.09902597218751907,
-0.4597734808921814,
-0.529266893863678,
-0.2504795491695404,
-0.3663320243358612,
0.3851082921028137,
-0.18713782727718353,
-0.3355262875556946,
0.12301496416330338,
-0.35351982712745667,
0.05528170242905617,
0.31206345558166504,
0.26415303349494934,
-0.4618436098098755,
-0.1620834767818451,
-0.3301120102405548,
-0.1706482619047165,
0.8453152179718018,
0.40293586254119873,
-0.32855069637298584,
0.6453303694725037,
0.3469052016735077,
-0.14133284986019135,
-0.22673150897026062,
0.38060101866722107,
-0.2153504639863968,
0.19289307296276093,
-0.37622734904289246,
0.2527763843536377,
0.6878954172134399,
-0.37415021657943726,
0.36067309975624084,
0.534697949886322,
-0.7722102403640747,
-0.5588790774345398,
0.3430478572845459,
0.32111939787864685,
0.09190233051776886,
0.07013921439647675,
0.23859082162380219,
-0.23533691465854645,
0.7255056500434875,
-0.5411477088928223,
-0.5097100138664246,
0.4863607585430145,
-0.14700843393802643,
-0.005184223409742117,
0.04965335130691528,
-0.633899986743927,
0.015001576393842697,
-0.48043254017829895,
-0.17126058042049408,
0.18294711410999298,
-0.01612785831093788,
-0.5489739775657654,
0.8926136493682861,
0.5806954503059387,
-0.1643107533454895,
-0.37932372093200684,
0.16108888387680054,
-0.3709787428379059,
0.22083880007266998,
0.33997586369514465,
-0.07429234683513641,
0.17240458726882935,
0.675898551940918,
-0.03290427103638649,
-0.29343271255493164,
-0.27324867248535156,
-0.36777815222740173,
-0.1404143124818802,
-0.5827813744544983,
-0.015156597830355167,
-0.6601027846336365,
0.34935784339904785,
-0.5529165267944336,
0.09318898618221283,
0.4500085413455963,
0.31774482131004333,
0.009534423239529133,
-0.14718279242515564,
-0.31814444065093994,
-0.2663458585739136,
-0.486660361289978,
-0.27088454365730286,
0.815199613571167,
0.017458533868193626,
0.17389936745166779,
-0.237528994679451,
0.14148707687854767,
0.05266653001308441,
0.7252550721168518,
-0.16827723383903503,
0.46714532375335693,
-0.22024622559547424,
0.33661484718322754,
0.04655253887176514,
-0.11938489228487015,
-0.7073516249656677,
0.13511815667152405,
0.32543349266052246,
-0.2512657344341278,
-0.39137154817581177,
0.3666493892669678,
-0.7073904871940613,
0.242881178855896,
-0.19010765850543976,
-0.4971671998500824,
-0.15859858691692352,
0.1523277759552002,
-0.421615868806839,
-0.18511313199996948,
-0.1281910389661789,
0.5177484154701233,
-0.30369898676872253,
-0.10795090347528458,
0.08109290152788162,
0.33416658639907837,
0.4007529020309448,
0.8020702004432678,
0.24599158763885498,
0.2394474893808365,
-0.46078425645828247,
0.14559082686901093,
-0.8073385953903198,
0.5936329960823059,
0.47791242599487305,
0.4154937267303467,
0.04313403367996216,
-0.06531907618045807,
-0.02965560182929039,
-0.11405319720506668,
0.37814635038375854,
0.22190751135349274,
-0.0738305002450943,
0.16140961647033691,
-0.09289918094873428,
-0.5800952315330505,
0.22424817085266113,
0.3316872715950012,
-0.5676155686378479,
-0.33557820320129395,
0.1392490267753601,
0.05656871944665909,
-1.0891032218933105,
0.32159698009490967,
0.1911487728357315,
-0.33413705229759216,
-0.5430894494056702,
-0.08878786861896515,
-0.7338201403617859,
-0.017346883192658424,
0.38379111886024475,
0.5723649263381958,
0.2840980887413025,
0.022571353241801262,
-0.357450395822525,
-0.25313955545425415,
0.43052375316619873,
0.38318777084350586,
-0.36686432361602783,
0.11839360743761063,
0.26548632979393005,
-0.23172083497047424,
-0.9651854038238525,
0.4898788630962372,
-0.066304050385952,
-0.3519750237464905,
0.3353382647037506,
-0.1150452047586441,
-0.2619767487049103,
0.0874449834227562,
0.2847738564014435,
0.2506566047668457,
0.4851457476615906,
-0.0470564104616642
] |
233373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20food | Local food | Local food is food that is produced within a short distance of where it is consumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket system.
Local food (or "locavore") movements aim to connect food producers and consumers in the same geographic region, to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to affect the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place. The term has also been extended to include not only the geographic location of supplier and consumer but can also be "defined in terms of social and supply chain characteristics." For example, local food initiatives often promote sustainable and organic farming practices, although these are not explicitly related to the geographic proximity of producer and consumer.
Local food represents an alternative to the global food model, which often sees food traveling long distances before it reaches the consumer.
History
In the USA, the local food movement has been traced to the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, which spawned agricultural subsidies and price supports. The contemporary American movement can be traced back to proposed resolutions to the Society for Nutrition Education's 1981 guidelines. In 1994, Chicago pop culture made local food a trend in the Midwest. These largely unsuccessful resolutions encouraged increased local production to slow farmland loss. The program described "sustainable diets" - a term then new to the American public. At the time, the resolutions were met with strong criticism from pro-business institutions, but have had a strong resurgence of backing since 2000.
In 2008, the United States farm bill was revised to emphasise nutrition: "it provides low-income seniors with vouchers for use at local produce markets, and it added more than $1 billion to the fresh fruit and vegetable program, which serves healthy snacks to 3 million low-income children in schools".
Definitions
No single definition of local food systems exists. The geographic distances between production and consumption varies within the movement. However, the general public recognizes that "local" describes the marketing arrangement (e.g. farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers' markets or to schools). Definitions can be based on political or geographic boundaries, or on food miles. The American Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 states that:
In May 2010 the USDA acknowledged this definition in an informational leaflet.
State definitions of "local" can be included in laws, statutes, regulations, or program materials, however few state laws explicitly define "local" food. Most states use "local" (or similar words like "native") in food procurement and marketing policies to mean that the food was produced within that state.
The concept of "local" is also seen in terms of ecology, where food production is considered from the perspective of a basic ecological unit defined by its climate, soil, watershed, species and local agrisystems, a unit also called an ecoregion or a foodshed. Similar to watersheds, foodsheds follow the process of where food comes from and where it ends up.
Contemporary local food markets
In America, local food sales were worth $1.2 billion in 2007, more than doubled from $551 million in 1997. There were 5,274 farmers' markets in 2009, compared to 2,756 in 1998. In 2005, there were 1,144 community-supported agriculture organizations (CSAs). There were 2,095 farm to school programs in 2009. Using metrics such as these, a Vermont-based farm and food advocacy organization, Strolling of the Heifers, publishes the annual Locavore Index, a ranking of the 50 U.S. states plus Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. In the 2016 Index, the three top-ranking states were Vermont, Maine and Oregon, while the three lowest-ranking states were Nevada, Texas and Florida.
Websites now exist that aim to connect people to local food growers. They often include a map where fruit and vegetable growers can pinpoint their location and advertise their produce.
Supermarket chains also participate in the local food scene. In 2008 Walmart announced plans to invest $400 million in locally grown produce. Other chains, like Wegman's (a 71-store chain across the northeast), have long cooperated with the local food movement. A recent study led by economist Miguel Gomez found that the supermarket supply chain often did much better in terms of food miles and fuel consumption for each pound compared to farmers markets.
Local food campaigns
Local food campaigns have been successful in supporting small local farmers. After declining for more than a century, the number of small farms increased 20% in the six years to 2008, to 1.2 million, according to the Agriculture Department.
Launched in 2009, North Carolina's 10% local food campaign is aimed at stimulating economic development, creating jobs and promoting the state's agricultural offerings. The campaign is a partnership between The Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS), with support from N.C. Cooperative Extension and the Golden LEAF Foundation.
In 2017, a campaign was started in Virginia by the Common Grains Alliance mirroring many of the efforts of the North Carolina campaign.
Motivations for eating local
Motivations for eating local food include healthier food, environmental benefits, and economic or community benefits. Many local farmers whom locavores turn to for their source of food use the crop rotation method when producing their organic crops. This method not only aids in reducing the use of pesticides and pollutants, but also keeps the soil in good condition rather than depleting it. Locavores seek out farmers close to where they live, and this significantly reduces the amount of travel time required for food to get from farm to table. Reducing the travel time makes it possible to transport the crops while they are still fresh, without using chemical preservatives. The combination of local farming techniques and short travel distances makes the food consumed more likely to be fresh, an added benefit.
Benefits
Community
Local eating can support public objectives. It can promote community interaction by fostering relationships between farmers and consumers. Farmers' markets can inspire more sociable behavior, encouraging shoppers to visit in groups. 75% of shoppers at farmers' markets arrived in groups compared to 16% of shoppers at supermarkets. At farmers' markets, 63% had an interaction with a fellow shopper, and 42% had an interaction with an employee or farmer. More affluent areas tend to have at least some access to local, organic food, whereas low-income communities, which in America often have African American and Hispanic populations, may have little or none, and "are often replete with calorie-dense, low-quality food options", adding to the obesity crisis.
Environmental
Local foods require less energy to store and transport, possibly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Economic
Farmers markets create local jobs. In a study in Iowa (Hood 2010), the introduction of 152 farmers' markets created 576 jobs, a $59.4 million increase in output, and a $17.8 million increase in income.
Nutritional
Since local foods travel a shorter distance and are often sold directly from producer to consumer, they may not require as much processing or packaging as other foods that need to be transported over long distances. If they are not processed, they may contain fewer added sugars or preservatives. The term “local” is sometimes synonymous with sustainable or organic practices, which can also arguably provide added health benefits.
Criticism
Food miles
Critics of the local foods movement question the fundamental principles behind the push to eat locally. For example, the concept that fewer "food miles" translates to a more sustainable meal has not been supported by major scientific studies. According to a study conducted at Lincoln University in New Zealand: "As a concept, food miles has gained some traction with the popular press and certain groups overseas. However, this debate which only includes the distance food travels is spurious as it does not consider total energy use especially in the production of the product." The locavore movement has been criticized by Dr. Vasile Stănescu, the co-senior editor of the Critical Animal Studies book series, as being idealistic and for not actually achieving the environmental benefits of the claim that the reduced food miles decrease the number of gasses emitted. Studies have shown that the amount of gasses saved by local transportation while existing, does not have a significant enough impact to consider it a benefit. Food miles concept does not consider agriculture, which is having contributed the highest when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions. Plus, season and transportation medium also makes a difference.
The only study to date that directly focuses on whether or not a local diet is more helpful in reducing greenhouse gases was conducted by Christopher L. Weber and H. Scott Matthews at Carnegie-Mellon. They concluded that "dietary shift can be a more effective means of lowering an average household's food-related climate footprint than ‘buying local’".
Environmental impact
Numerous studies have shown that locally and sustainably grown foods release more greenhouse gases than food made in factory farms. The "Land Degradation" section of the United Nations report Livestock's Long Shadow concludes that "Intensification - in terms of increased productivity both in livestock production and in feed crop agriculture - can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation". Nathan Pelletier of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia found that cattle raised on open pastures release 50% more greenhouse gas emissions than cattle raised in factory farms. Adrian Williams of Cranfield University in England found that free range and organic raised chickens have a 20% greater impact on global warming than chickens raised in factory farm conditions, and organic egg production had a 14% higher impact on the climate than factory farm egg production. Studies such as Christopher Weber's report on food miles have shown that the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in production far outweighs those in transportation, which implies that locally grown food is actually worse for the environment than food made in factory farms.
Economic feasibility
While locavorism has been promoted as a feasible alternative to modern food production, some believe it might negatively affect the efficiency of production. As technological advances have influenced the amount of output of farms, the productivity of farmers has skyrocketed in the last 70 years. These latter criticisms combine with deeper concerns of food safety, cited on the lines of the historical pattern of economic or food safety inefficiencies of subsistence farming which form the topic of the book The Locavore's Dilemma by geographer Pierre Desrochers and public policy scholar Hiroko Shimizu.
See also
Local purchasing
The 100-Mile Diet
Bioregionalism
Community-based economics
Community garden
Community-supported agriculture (CSA farms)
Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture
Farm to fork
Farm to School
Food cooperative
Foodscaping
Geography of food
List of diets
List of food cooperatives
Localism (politics)
Locavolt
Slow Food
Slow Money
Small farm
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable distribution
Sustainable Table
Terra Madre
References
Further reading
McWilliams, James. Just Food: Where Locavores Get It Wrong and How We Can Truly Eat Responsibly. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010.
Wilk, Richard, ed. Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2006.
Food politics
Localism (politics)
Rural community development
Sustainable food system
Ecology terminology
Food security | [
0.6953735947608948,
-0.17026934027671814,
0.03302634507417679,
-0.12248913198709488,
-0.06792481988668442,
0.31512269377708435,
0.16035215556621552,
0.6495294570922852,
-0.3873583674430847,
-0.838071882724762,
-0.6693435311317444,
0.11835071444511414,
-0.011066727340221405,
0.2996237277984619,
-0.4305325746536255,
0.8100106716156006,
0.3438401520252228,
0.5793362259864807,
0.2773697078227997,
0.07589899748563766,
-0.4486891031265259,
-0.4937599003314972,
-0.060941483825445175,
-0.07433513551950455,
0.48593705892562866,
-0.1396278440952301,
0.31179291009902954,
0.3579550087451935,
0.0444183424115181,
-0.321371465921402,
-0.2598543167114258,
0.3485061824321747,
0.2620930075645447,
0.10183606296777725,
0.10863113403320312,
-0.571540355682373,
0.23089760541915894,
-0.2026975005865097,
-0.7529758810997009,
-0.2758103311061859,
-0.2816975712776184,
0.1568688452243805,
0.23981733620166779,
0.6233344078063965,
0.02732519619166851,
-0.6287890672683716,
-1.3657443523406982,
0.408631831407547,
-1.068429708480835,
-0.02778647094964981,
-0.21977411210536957,
-0.056993234902620316,
0.4864516258239746,
-0.006769223604351282,
-0.0515013262629509,
0.4732970595359802,
-0.6327695846557617,
0.23251928389072418,
0.10008330643177032,
-0.12541423738002777,
-0.09779996424913406,
0.409741073846817,
-0.2804108262062073,
0.024539804086089134,
0.18183556199073792,
0.039293088018894196,
0.18285582959651947,
0.1171736791729927,
0.24653135240077972,
-0.4246072471141815,
-0.27381110191345215,
-0.4972761273384094,
-0.10707883536815643,
0.6686912775039673,
-0.7832177877426147,
-0.2249513864517212,
0.10511358082294464,
-0.006796099245548248,
-0.3378891944885254,
0.3102540969848633,
-0.40715503692626953,
0.010826965793967247,
-0.2794395387172699,
-0.5189287066459656,
0.5490806698799133,
-0.15470434725284576,
-0.4958323538303375,
0.06435275077819824,
-0.37108153104782104,
0.6566245555877686,
0.642537534236908,
0.24483326077461243,
0.6126177906990051,
-0.337080180644989,
-0.3577980399131775,
0.004275213461369276,
0.30725395679473877,
0.1774626225233078,
0.19093015789985657,
0.19179894030094147,
-0.7301734685897827,
0.0300280898809433,
0.5694212913513184,
0.16228453814983368,
-0.583791971206665,
-0.040153320878744125,
-0.2729438841342926,
-0.16683818399906158,
0.266579806804657,
0.07402831315994263,
-0.07446172833442688,
0.4687880575656891,
-0.1630266159772873,
0.17206189036369324,
-0.17913728952407837,
0.06001315265893936,
0.2650527358055115,
0.32580700516700745,
-0.7877621054649353,
-0.7237575054168701,
-0.2549951672554016,
0.6062462329864502,
-0.20829099416732788,
0.4368036687374115,
-0.09848672151565552,
-0.2320718765258789,
0.5544887185096741,
0.31232750415802,
-0.40054529905319214,
0.2791692018508911,
0.4748395085334778,
0.4944821298122406,
-0.15513679385185242,
0.06534337997436523,
-0.031551845371723175,
-0.2764352560043335,
0.36108675599098206,
0.22246712446212769,
0.6199404001235962,
-0.22356168925762177,
-0.9153849482536316,
-0.1302093118429184,
-0.19215941429138184,
0.34841305017471313,
0.18439288437366486,
-0.20392891764640808,
0.2265995442867279,
-0.7559860944747925,
-0.13898688554763794,
-0.38630181550979614,
0.12753835320472717,
0.4241613745689392,
-0.15741834044456482,
0.22051972150802612,
-0.3466339707374573,
0.3676503896713257,
-0.06627760827541351,
-0.049032922834157944,
0.38311508297920227,
0.09661689400672913,
0.17262405157089233,
0.58786940574646,
-0.04039522260427475,
-0.4828755259513855,
0.18118998408317566,
-0.721847653388977,
-0.057091500610113144,
0.617766797542572,
0.14943648874759674,
-0.03439338505268097,
-0.16982290148735046,
0.22526586055755615,
-0.06895489990711212,
-0.2814213037490845,
-0.5585159659385681,
0.09483042359352112,
0.1303158849477768,
0.18386857211589813,
0.4667506814002991,
0.2151564657688141,
-0.47623759508132935,
0.46362560987472534,
0.26937130093574524,
-0.37690168619155884,
0.05216558277606964,
-0.3533990681171417,
0.12986087799072266,
-0.05237467586994171,
-0.42553552985191345,
-0.3647809624671936,
-0.44408801198005676,
-0.5126301050186157,
-0.24127846956253052,
-0.701117753982544,
0.6244533061981201,
-0.09552665054798126,
-0.15878784656524658,
1.2415122985839844,
0.24147652089595795,
0.19428285956382751,
-0.059180136770009995,
-0.15000571310520172,
-0.05561108514666557,
-0.5047692656517029,
-0.7084037065505981,
0.22937649488449097,
0.210626021027565,
-0.01707950234413147,
0.7875979542732239,
-0.06948509812355042,
0.13811631500720978,
-0.1920563131570816,
0.23212967813014984,
-0.39712396264076233,
0.16480444371700287,
0.28411152958869934,
-0.11075189709663391,
0.42211899161338806,
0.541851818561554,
-0.5999413132667542,
0.9377945065498352,
-0.25041526556015015,
0.08232713490724564,
0.4071836471557617,
-0.020129995420575142,
0.37229663133621216,
0.35863855481147766,
-0.003680618479847908,
0.4014052450656891,
-0.35699933767318726,
-0.08536481857299805,
-0.025794045999646187,
0.18060049414634705,
-0.6217985153198242,
-0.22432275116443634,
0.20281048119068146,
0.1523473858833313,
0.14647014439105988,
-0.15311002731323242,
-0.13059286773204803,
-0.012641898356378078,
0.01908978447318077,
-0.24359366297721863,
-0.22655728459358215,
0.3677448332309723,
0.10728923231363297,
-0.4429183006286621,
0.1311357468366623,
0.21791480481624603,
-0.26180726289749146,
0.3816751539707184,
0.06815658509731293,
0.7731544971466064,
-0.2721884548664093,
0.06547610461711884,
-0.4526277482509613,
0.01842423342168331,
-0.15796124935150146,
0.6602015495300293,
0.11484933644533157,
-0.09760842472314835,
0.1642509251832962,
0.06251787394285202,
-0.17518892884254456,
-0.43671929836273193,
-0.6447697281837463,
-0.5244511961936951,
-0.7485828399658203,
-0.1507115662097931,
0.54047030210495,
0.6627839207649231,
0.10273263603448868,
-0.5125119090080261,
-0.20548628270626068,
-0.14167672395706177,
-0.5520434975624084,
0.41282278299331665,
0.3103267252445221,
-0.10100299119949341,
-0.6201051473617554,
0.08387375622987747,
0.12304189056158066,
0.6723717451095581,
-0.8692384958267212,
-0.4991849362850189,
-0.8475555777549744,
0.08398022502660751,
-0.03724689781665802,
-0.4782658815383911,
-0.05806449055671692,
-0.46581265330314636,
0.06014643982052803,
-0.2710873782634735,
-0.04444882273674011,
0.4846784472465515,
0.23408189415931702,
-0.3557214140892029,
0.03538382053375244,
0.2433903068304062,
-0.9537819623947144,
0.06708641350269318,
0.1135932058095932,
-0.14211605489253998,
0.17148618400096893,
-0.1563452035188675,
-0.14893825352191925,
-0.1236104741692543,
-0.45529842376708984,
-5.967092990875244,
0.06146983057260513,
-0.18598614633083344,
-0.17297303676605225,
-0.05615847557783127,
-0.36169788241386414,
1.0782036781311035,
-0.23951177299022675,
0.29054445028305054,
0.29696813225746155,
-0.15173260867595673,
-0.034481897950172424,
0.048871539533138275,
0.11557015031576157,
0.554182767868042,
0.4576195180416107,
0.3149881362915039,
0.5139082074165344,
0.15566504001617432,
0.3579966127872467,
0.03525768220424652,
-0.2036506086587906,
-0.04907377064228058,
0.38765206933021545,
0.02023528888821602,
-0.04187682643532753,
-0.6504970788955688,
0.11569882184267044,
-0.6316909193992615,
-0.08053809404373169,
0.11368734389543533,
-0.30789318680763245,
0.22935530543327332,
-0.6052941083908081,
0.5721518993377686,
0.13880303502082825,
-0.026187017560005188,
0.31465446949005127,
-0.05779261514544487,
-0.49262523651123047,
-0.0725320354104042,
0.5865849852561951,
0.37058332562446594,
-0.25179001688957214,
0.26147183775901794,
-0.2721020579338074,
-0.22015240788459778,
-0.3396323323249817,
-0.40968501567840576,
0.6763465404510498,
0.30123308300971985,
0.16856718063354492,
0.5030679106712341,
-0.008463059552013874,
-0.012276316061615944,
-0.03572859987616539,
0.6007526516914368,
0.2452026903629303,
-0.035084016621112823,
-0.2937344014644623,
0.3152801990509033,
-0.6531177759170532,
-0.08809376507997513,
-0.28366175293922424,
-0.5563175678253174,
0.5727484822273254,
-0.4832724630832672,
-0.30368301272392273,
0.021554918959736824,
0.2650569677352905,
-0.5821292400360107,
-0.14395417273044586,
0.12663885951042175,
-0.35403311252593994,
0.17210006713867188,
-0.6575201153755188,
-0.4672411382198334,
-0.044133927673101425,
0.2626263201236725,
0.051528628915548325,
-0.3109150528907776,
-0.0897730365395546,
-0.3487582504749298,
-0.012402241118252277,
0.2326166331768036,
-0.5528647899627686,
-0.056423161178827286,
-0.5147078037261963,
-0.6426524519920349,
-0.3068678677082062,
0.804969310760498,
-0.20899736881256104,
0.46479788422584534,
0.14824546873569489,
0.6047789454460144,
-0.03193708881735802,
0.331699937582016,
-0.26381129026412964,
0.18006440997123718,
-0.5888983607292175,
0.6808963418006897,
-0.2596372067928314,
-0.40687912702560425,
0.12909580767154694,
0.37426286935806274,
-0.012021335773169994,
-0.19383294880390167,
0.590898334980011,
1.054512858390808,
-0.42574504017829895,
0.35024887323379517,
0.56232750415802,
-0.7184129357337952,
-0.39606568217277527,
-0.022771619260311127,
0.11640666425228119,
-0.2522529363632202,
0.060458552092313766,
0.44557371735572815,
0.1486050933599472,
0.10049527138471603,
0.3254779577255249,
0.05739748105406761,
0.19961367547512054,
0.02744968794286251,
-0.6768164038658142,
0.28942471742630005,
0.014506448991596699,
-0.042014796286821365,
0.050715647637844086,
0.5543373227119446,
0.34164705872535706,
0.3503088057041168,
-0.322128564119339,
0.010742572136223316,
0.20704352855682373,
0.21685495972633362,
-0.10664944350719452,
-0.329454243183136,
-0.3298344910144806,
-0.2421046793460846,
0.07051793485879898,
0.18474052846431732,
0.08685331046581268,
0.23671315610408783,
0.5301764011383057,
-0.19137683510780334,
0.08234483748674393,
-0.31436601281166077,
-0.2015223205089569,
0.16591788828372955,
0.12819232046604156,
0.3565138280391693,
0.4875989258289337,
0.04421524330973625,
-0.6856143474578857,
0.2868614196777344,
0.1954459547996521,
0.02260456793010235,
-0.501719057559967,
0.2828391194343567,
-0.8698488473892212,
-0.8402062058448792,
0.24094386398792267,
-0.1093827486038208,
-0.44289469718933105,
-0.29472848773002625,
-0.14697103202342987,
0.3017478585243225,
0.4102918207645416,
0.2885989546775818,
-0.33311739563941956,
-0.45572105050086975,
-0.2414129227399826,
-0.08782230317592621,
-0.6611459851264954,
0.06913527846336365,
0.4223983585834503,
-0.4733012616634369,
-0.17259180545806885,
0.22617091238498688,
-0.23831389844417572,
0.020953267812728882,
0.25652259588241577,
0.18415307998657227,
-0.2322862297296524,
-0.028321221470832825,
-0.24481067061424255,
0.026857594028115273,
-0.38298290967941284,
0.10738799721002579,
0.11024326831102371,
0.5097265243530273,
0.13860394060611725,
0.4048554003238678,
-0.4883454442024231,
0.16065271198749542,
-0.06830591708421707,
-0.48925018310546875,
-0.23929312825202942,
0.07882978022098541,
0.21315424144268036,
-0.9565660357475281,
0.4138811528682709,
0.3280521333217621,
-0.017313681542873383,
0.5138787031173706,
0.078994981944561,
-0.2188207507133484,
-0.24655140936374664,
-0.9486517906188965,
-0.29282787442207336,
0.026772597804665565,
0.42617738246917725,
-0.5980692505836487,
0.13789349794387817,
-0.10765285044908524,
-0.024574484676122665,
0.4734620749950409,
-0.26748237013816833,
0.44015270471572876,
0.06843823194503784,
-0.36738982796669006,
-0.021804800257086754,
0.18640322983264923,
0.9819862246513367,
0.6652262210845947,
-0.8785491585731506,
0.27924492955207825,
-0.26323968172073364,
0.03979886323213577,
-0.15989574790000916,
0.04519294947385788,
0.578751802444458,
-0.5186464786529541,
0.23226146399974823,
-0.07035741209983826,
-0.2572311758995056,
0.16203103959560394,
0.6300950050354004,
0.06687368452548981,
0.9790571928024292,
-0.09896072000265121,
-0.23622408509254456,
-0.2512892782688141,
0.5697779059410095,
0.23155681788921356,
0.04829008877277374,
-0.5949151515960693,
-0.1322673261165619,
0.20184049010276794,
-0.4087474048137665,
-0.1463293433189392,
-0.22434674203395844,
0.2743181884288788,
-0.5616119503974915,
-0.6672461032867432,
0.3004117012023926,
0.304908812046051,
0.23813854157924652,
0.37443745136260986,
-0.29810407757759094,
0.21943804621696472,
0.047700218856334686,
0.7874934077262878,
-0.2156115472316742,
-0.46407607197761536,
-0.22018876671791077,
0.16176706552505493,
-0.2856653928756714,
0.18469089269638062,
-0.25168633460998535,
0.496812105178833,
0.40652766823768616,
1.1245228052139282,
-0.17679469287395477,
-0.06909196078777313,
-0.4062355160713196,
-0.012067105621099472,
-0.21898525953292847,
0.14603619277477264,
-0.22345441579818726,
0.24224717915058136,
-0.4242323637008667,
-0.010265946388244629,
-0.40692710876464844,
-0.0884060189127922,
-0.19633924961090088,
-0.5985094904899597,
-0.14121446013450623,
-0.07110792398452759,
-0.21032777428627014,
0.14819981157779694,
0.050461750477552414,
-0.26186448335647583,
0.16211993992328644,
0.4493482708930969,
0.48160773515701294,
0.001788318040780723,
-0.3337545394897461,
-0.6436204314231873,
0.4731040298938751,
-0.026346774771809578,
-0.5703249573707581,
0.746182918548584,
0.2827775776386261,
0.06508824229240417,
-0.17783376574516296,
0.12676864862442017,
-0.5694646835327148,
0.06549178808927536,
-0.15557175874710083,
0.5092860460281372,
0.530154824256897,
-0.20293216407299042,
0.13229699432849884,
0.22466318309307098,
-0.9461395144462585,
0.6717408895492554,
0.46826714277267456,
0.3819958567619324,
-0.7227797508239746,
0.08232638984918594,
0.40724995732307434,
0.2021639496088028,
0.48951464891433716,
-0.30202150344848633,
-0.4053042232990265,
-0.04535426199436188,
-0.20235803723335266,
0.26323002576828003,
0.7084532976150513,
-0.5210587382316589,
-0.20438456535339355,
-0.44849690794944763,
0.1464361846446991,
0.05418678745627403,
-0.3064534664154053,
-0.5042749047279358,
0.6971522569656372,
0.5155868530273438,
-0.12521521747112274,
0.18244338035583496,
0.27201563119888306,
0.10915747284889221,
0.24439820647239685,
0.39604100584983826,
0.2561095952987671,
0.09795592725276947,
0.37761321663856506,
0.0013297557597979903,
-0.10876186937093735,
0.1396825909614563,
0.7402328848838806,
-0.2896536588668823,
-0.225032240152359,
0.13495443761348724,
-0.31746479868888855,
-0.34551915526390076,
0.012815041467547417,
-0.13477879762649536,
0.44997987151145935,
0.15814776718616486,
-0.14237968623638153,
0.18293410539627075,
-0.06131695955991745,
0.31129375100135803,
-0.9265929460525513,
-0.14713801443576813,
0.6146653890609741,
0.27642548084259033,
0.5019931793212891,
-0.4943998157978058,
0.27851587533950806,
0.4205282926559448,
0.3595229983329773,
-0.0905994400382042,
0.49028873443603516,
-0.10960299521684647,
0.03616330400109291,
-0.0007268737535923719,
-0.05789701268076897,
-0.09061249345541,
-0.6392458081245422,
-0.026133421808481216,
0.08846829831600189,
-0.542237401008606,
0.5687771439552307,
-0.49121639132499695,
-0.010550231672823429,
0.12024232745170593,
-0.3077975809574127,
0.18017873167991638,
-0.2562965750694275,
-0.31196656823158264,
0.19786235690116882,
-0.2067836970090866,
0.6757358312606812,
0.4596205949783325,
-0.2372288852930069,
0.04610590264201164,
0.12232446670532227,
-0.016781659796833992,
0.3915233016014099,
0.1203918308019638,
0.5302744507789612,
-0.258303701877594,
-0.3398575782775879,
-0.6379749774932861,
0.8876877427101135,
0.3611043691635132,
-0.22984783351421356,
0.09392387419939041,
-0.29024580121040344,
0.2852024734020233,
0.2734692394733429,
0.26221001148223877,
-0.43898412585258484,
0.30810004472732544,
-0.7496660947799683,
0.15349192917346954,
-0.6795754432678223,
0.32003799080848694,
0.22904086112976074,
-0.011036467738449574,
-0.42244818806648254,
0.20365014672279358,
0.5551550388336182,
-0.8760532140731812,
0.4005140960216522,
-0.19477544724941254,
0.7524373531341553,
-0.6286651492118835,
0.37390244007110596,
-0.4900149703025818,
0.08576942980289459,
0.48677054047584534,
0.32556721568107605,
0.3373270332813263,
0.2718717157840729,
-0.28251567482948303,
-0.5093385577201843,
0.1517557054758072,
-0.09117338061332703,
-0.02630486711859703,
0.08065086603164673,
0.14095251262187958,
-0.009147697128355503,
-1.304583191871643,
0.5212693214416504,
0.08369866758584976,
-0.388957679271698,
-0.007224963046610355,
0.4574790298938751,
-0.6734069585800171,
0.10886771231889725,
0.11453729122877121,
-0.23974142968654633,
-0.10539889335632324,
0.2111193686723709
] |
233375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%27nSave | Pak'nSave | PAK'nSAVE (stylised PAK'nSAVE, originally PAK 'N SAVE) is a New Zealand discount food warehouse chain owned by the Foodstuffs cooperative.
Founded in 1985, PAK'nSAVE was the last of the three major New Zealand supermarket chains (the other two are Countdown and New World) to be founded. By September 2017, there were 57 PAK'nSAVE stores operating across the North and South Islands of New Zealand.
Stores are large and have a no frills environment, often with unlined interiors and concrete floors. Customers are left to pack their own bags, however (since 2019) plastic bags are no longer sold at checkout. Customers are instead expected to supply their own re-usable bags. Many stores offer boxes set on or under a large desk where customers can pack their groceries for easier convenience. From 2015, PAK'nSAVE was consistently the cheapest supermarket in New Zealand during several years of surveys.
History
PAK'nSAVE was developed following a trip by a group of Foodstuffs executives to the United States in 1985. On that visit they saw Cub Foods, operated by SuperValu, Pak 'n Save operated by Safeway, and other box warehouse supermarkets. Foodstuffs then copied this format in New Zealand. The original PAK'nSAVE format was almost an identical copy of Safeway's Pak 'n Save chain in northern California.
The first store, styled "PAK 'N SAVE", opened in June 1985 at Kaitaia in the North Island.
Operations
By September 2017, there were 57 PAK'nSAVE stores across New Zealand.
The name probably originates from the cost-saving practice of leaving customers to pack their own groceries, with checkout operators simply placing the products purchased back into a trolley. PAK'nSAVE provides the cardboard boxes used for shipping products to the store, but customers are encouraged to purchase longer-lasting bags or to bring their own.
The stores are laid out as supermarket aisles, but with minimalistic design, and often perpendicular to the checkout lanes rather than the traditional parallel found in other New Zealand supermarkets and retailers. Extra products that are not on shelves are stacked above the shelves on the pallets they were delivered in. meaning that the floor space can be used for retail and storage. The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs.
PAK'nSAVE stores often buys stock in bulk. This process means that stores don't offer a wide variety of brands and pack sizes as full-service supermarkets, with products often restricted to market leaders and store brands. A 2009 Consumer magazine survey noticed the lack of range especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories.
Most stores have self checkout and some have self scanning facilities. Self-checkout facilities are small checkout for express (15 items or less) purchases, where customers scan and bag their own groceries, with several self-checkouts monitored over by a single staff member for assistance and to clear any restricted transactions (e.g. alcohol). Self-scanning facilities (Shop n' Go) are where a pre-registered customer scans each item with a hand-held scanner as they put them in their trolley. This reduces waiting time at the checkout, with most customers only requiring to pay for the groceries, although random rescans do take place. All stores have conventional checkout operator scanning available.
PAK'nSAVE Mini
On 13 September 2017, Levin's Write Price supermarket was rebranded as PAK'nSAVE Mini.
PAK'nSAVE Mini is a small format store that stocks around 2,500 products. In comparison, standard PAK'nSAVE stores stock approximately 8,000 products.
Competition
PAK'nSAVE's main competitors are Countdown, owned by Woolworths NZ, and Foodstuffs' full-service supermarket, New World.
In the annual Consumer magazine survey of supermarket prices, PAK'nSAVE has been named the country's cheapest supermarket (either unanimously or by majority of centres surveyed) in all eleven surveys since the current survey methodology was adopted in 2003. The latest survey was conducted in May 2013, which was based on the purchase of forty common products, including food, non-alcoholic drinks, personal care and cleaning items (but excluding meat, fresh fruit and vegetables due to quality comparison issues and alcohol due to local licensing rules and heavy discounting practises). In the survey, PAK'nSAVE was named cheapest in six of the seven centres surveyed (north Auckland, south-east Auckland, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Christchurch and Dunedin), and was named second-cheapest in the remaining centre (Wellington) behind Countdown.
PAK'nSAVE also came out the cheapest supermarkets in the 2001 and 2002 Consumer magazine surveys. These surveys were paper surveys where prices on 140 items were recorded by surveyors visiting the supermarket and recording the shelf prices. However, the method was prone to supermarkets cheating by temporarily marking down shelf prices while the surveyor was in store, and the method was scrapped in 2003. Since then, the survey is conducted on only forty items, purchased by undercover surveyors through the checkouts and the prices taken from the till receipt, with the food purchased donated to local food banks.
Marketing
PAK'nSAVE is well known for its "cut price" television and print adverts utilising a stick figure, named "Stickman", in black on a yellow background (occasionally, the colour scheme is reversed, including during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics). The television adverts are voiced by comedian Paul Ego.
In 2011, the Stickman adverts were one of the finalists for Best Ad in the annual Fair Go Ad Awards, but ultimately lost (by landslide) to the New Zealand Lotteries Commission's "Wilson the Dog" adverts.
Fuel discounts
PAK'nSAVE offers fuel discounts to shoppers for spending a qualifying amount on shopping. PAK'nSAVE stores with on-site PAK'nSAVE fuel filling stations offer vouchers to use at these stations. The PAK'nSAVE fuel vouchers are unique in that they can only be used at the fuel site associated with the store of purchase, whereas all other New Zealand supermarkets' fuel discount vouchers operate at any participating station across the country. Stores without on-site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers for use at Mobil service stations (before January 2013, the vouchers were accepted at BP instead). Competition for fuel discounts has grown in the past few years, with cases of offering discounts of 50 cents per litre to customers when they spend at least $400 in store.
The standard fuel price at the PAK'nSAVE pump can often be higher than that of neighbouring service stations, thereby partially negating the PAK'nSAVE discount.
Fuel sites
In December 2002, the first PAK'nSAVE fuel site was opened at the PAK'nSAVE in Tamatea. It was originally owned by BP New Zealand and Foodstuffs. More fuel sites were opened in more PAK'nSAVE stores and New World joined for the fuel sites later. In 2012, when BP New Zealand ended its contract with Foodstuffs, they changed ownership to Mobil and Foodstuffs.
Fundraising
In November 2015 PAK'nSAVE stores around New Zealand participated in the annual Movember fundraising effort, raising NZ$106,000 for Movember New Zealand. This was the largest sum ever raised by a New Zealand company for the charity.
References
External links
Supermarkets of New Zealand
Retail companies established in 1985
Discount stores
New Zealand companies established in 1985 | [
0.6199163198471069,
0.0624309666454792,
-0.3807615637779236,
-0.28387564420700073,
-0.08972635120153427,
0.6941084265708923,
0.2658480405807495,
0.2793457508087158,
-0.22785894572734833,
0.12820696830749512,
-0.007997793145477772,
-0.19276081025600433,
-0.15349918603897095,
0.15753474831581116,
0.07366763055324554,
-0.12000877410173416,
0.3267356753349304,
0.7079766988754272,
0.15849702060222626,
-0.14174678921699524,
0.08853542059659958,
-0.7585921287536621,
0.5504845380783081,
0.06094688922166824,
0.5158327221870422,
0.5321721434593201,
0.2646206021308899,
-0.08437244594097137,
-0.25769105553627014,
0.13388994336128235,
-0.01714656874537468,
0.8798159956932068,
0.3382124900817871,
-0.37979334592819214,
0.4759022295475006,
-0.049183595925569534,
0.24104274809360504,
0.40534600615501404,
-0.39767566323280334,
-0.19159333407878876,
-0.06686549633741379,
-0.660021185874939,
0.04612337425351143,
0.21556879580020905,
0.3247402310371399,
-0.6132586598396301,
-0.9222162365913391,
0.35078251361846924,
-1.4138439893722534,
-0.1543865203857422,
-0.17771130800247192,
0.3011695146560669,
0.23350423574447632,
-0.2775881886482239,
0.08148560672998428,
0.7642241716384888,
-0.521936297416687,
-0.005896410439163446,
0.14301495254039764,
-0.5387152433395386,
0.034130584448575974,
0.05835967883467674,
0.17057520151138306,
-0.03807772696018219,
0.18567782640457153,
-0.04776229336857796,
-0.04540341719985008,
0.6277957558631897,
0.11623279005289078,
-0.7282120585441589,
-0.00816329475492239,
-0.1338905692100525,
-0.017992103472352028,
0.027194170281291008,
0.07194922864437103,
-0.26722151041030884,
-0.35005608201026917,
0.20324333012104034,
0.4383373558521271,
0.6330335736274719,
-0.600134015083313,
-0.2827540636062622,
-0.26490598917007446,
0.0449436791241169,
0.41232094168663025,
0.27407780289649963,
-0.12256941199302673,
-0.0700339749455452,
-0.21579131484031677,
0.4183000326156616,
-0.1929311454296112,
-0.38217103481292725,
0.6633390784263611,
-0.0037351585924625397,
-0.0944414809346199,
0.16040246188640594,
-0.3559553623199463,
0.42968258261680603,
0.5719752311706543,
-0.013032768853008747,
-0.10839541256427765,
-0.19957248866558075,
0.48588284850120544,
-0.16984295845031738,
-0.46401455998420715,
-0.31730255484580994,
-0.18009983003139496,
-0.5404146909713745,
0.5957211852073669,
-0.5291332602500916,
-0.3571024239063263,
0.23797611892223358,
-0.10680338740348816,
0.18059895932674408,
0.0044484250247478485,
0.4035077691078186,
-0.06088108941912651,
-0.49561071395874023,
-0.7215477824211121,
-0.09186435490846634,
0.11432459205389023,
0.6341225504875183,
-0.34184959530830383,
0.47504663467407227,
-0.18922388553619385,
-0.16374622285366058,
0.3490714132785797,
0.48444750905036926,
0.05951767787337303,
0.8265271782875061,
0.23707972466945648,
0.22645936906337738,
0.1966036707162857,
0.4396701753139496,
-0.3598373830318451,
-0.29434892535209656,
0.28596463799476624,
-0.35631880164146423,
0.7464810609817505,
-0.08171554654836655,
-0.801585853099823,
0.2903164327144623,
-0.3865249454975128,
-0.09817269444465637,
0.10900260508060455,
0.5070815682411194,
-0.2650608718395233,
-0.5686832666397095,
0.3471088111400604,
-0.8319582343101501,
0.2340567708015442,
-0.49992600083351135,
0.5090683102607727,
-0.14038023352622986,
0.24447043240070343,
0.5550603270530701,
0.4817822277545929,
-0.07843319326639175,
0.01561856921762228,
0.1559908390045166,
0.08504455536603928,
0.34482070803642273,
-0.11711723357439041,
0.13770772516727448,
0.3440793454647064,
-0.033253319561481476,
-0.09754281491041183,
-0.09674057364463806,
0.5196992754936218,
0.15011940896511078,
-0.41764959692955017,
0.09627547115087509,
0.4341583251953125,
-0.04918099194765091,
-0.37700918316841125,
-0.1665148138999939,
0.023389063775539398,
0.2101040929555893,
0.3098021447658539,
-0.022132692858576775,
-0.41198205947875977,
0.48767444491386414,
0.09661823511123657,
-0.38869205117225647,
0.27036717534065247,
-0.28787761926651,
0.5716979503631592,
-0.09085670858621597,
-0.12377011030912399,
0.8089655637741089,
-0.5538047552108765,
-0.5745646953582764,
0.4231777787208557,
-0.13384471833705902,
0.6910672783851624,
0.14925850927829742,
-0.3465646207332611,
1.0451706647872925,
0.6589290499687195,
0.6755748391151428,
-0.18766815960407257,
0.03858274966478348,
0.3864976167678833,
-0.9248661994934082,
-1.3159945011138916,
0.650050938129425,
0.009992466308176517,
-0.09024201333522797,
0.6892601251602173,
-0.05338878929615021,
0.19811272621154785,
-0.6214288473129272,
0.23197567462921143,
-0.23712347447872162,
0.00816143024712801,
0.016701702028512955,
-0.09142414480447769,
0.41760027408599854,
0.1180247962474823,
-0.22575077414512634,
0.34607061743736267,
-0.22345133125782013,
0.3287579417228699,
-0.175055593252182,
0.007591563276946545,
0.564582109451294,
0.5362308621406555,
-0.5513198375701904,
0.5564004182815552,
0.4083499014377594,
0.4756089448928833,
0.1716882735490799,
0.16876359283924103,
-0.0769946351647377,
-0.1406264454126358,
0.009090341627597809,
0.25808101892471313,
-0.532512903213501,
0.5235317349433899,
0.04623265564441681,
0.1361742615699768,
0.4115305244922638,
-0.26854097843170166,
-0.6815564632415771,
0.9097513556480408,
0.05810276418924332,
-0.3719036877155304,
0.15691593289375305,
0.3016742169857025,
0.1602301150560379,
-0.03689496964216232,
0.03813556581735611,
0.1740364134311676,
0.15854744613170624,
-0.040750496089458466,
0.012141915038228035,
-0.030326642096042633,
-0.2266097068786621,
0.4501231014728546,
-0.21207943558692932,
-0.1678677648305893,
0.21701963245868683,
0.3007289171218872,
0.08281433582305908,
0.29793819785118103,
-0.650545597076416,
0.10048596560955048,
-0.0477786622941494,
0.45016080141067505,
-0.14451174437999725,
0.9331771731376648,
-0.45633313059806824,
-0.5310131907463074,
-0.059422943741083145,
-0.17524217069149017,
-0.9595397710800171,
0.41500866413116455,
0.6620347499847412,
-0.24363291263580322,
-0.8305544257164001,
0.1694960594177246,
0.5121999979019165,
0.018121199682354927,
-0.5973917245864868,
0.2556053400039673,
-0.14014869928359985,
-0.020827030763030052,
0.07636775821447372,
-0.42393115162849426,
-0.10819566994905472,
0.09413128346204758,
-0.14485540986061096,
-0.5149015784263611,
-0.2661197781562805,
0.04900503158569336,
0.038817089051008224,
-0.022618817165493965,
0.25405630469322205,
0.8620930314064026,
-0.14763912558555603,
0.17747455835342407,
-0.24215418100357056,
-0.20514337718486786,
0.2980346381664276,
0.018558546900749207,
-0.24579410254955292,
0.16902917623519897,
-0.7647154331207275,
-5.788424968719482,
0.348075270652771,
-0.19390738010406494,
0.08927998691797256,
0.2505972385406494,
-0.15034334361553192,
0.8290738463401794,
-0.3908121585845947,
0.01771664433181286,
-0.16101078689098358,
-0.41022586822509766,
0.14350566267967224,
0.29954010248184204,
-0.11387666314840317,
0.17833282053470612,
0.5859137773513794,
0.2983877658843994,
0.9422683715820312,
0.9052902460098267,
-0.29874899983406067,
0.21687625348567963,
-0.14806270599365234,
-0.14647623896598816,
0.19605226814746857,
-0.17313767969608307,
0.6360280513763428,
-0.2713014483451843,
0.21362358331680298,
-0.9571260213851929,
-0.5314101576805115,
-0.22158807516098022,
-0.3719053268432617,
-0.4276154637336731,
-0.43103688955307007,
-0.2528173327445984,
-0.4979563355445862,
0.42937830090522766,
-0.2835831940174103,
0.4053723216056824,
-0.34335243701934814,
0.05672137066721916,
0.1567021757364273,
0.5165270566940308,
-0.0822763592004776,
0.8781535625457764,
0.040440961718559265,
-0.4762367904186249,
-0.5870517492294312,
-0.5499441623687744,
0.556214451789856,
0.6956145167350769,
0.008429481647908688,
-0.03972730413079262,
0.3434699475765228,
-0.17038825154304504,
0.3199183940887451,
0.015348696149885654,
0.14112257957458496,
0.019838973879814148,
0.3809908926486969,
0.3263542056083679,
-0.06478806585073471,
-0.09899277985095978,
-0.5505525469779968,
-0.233509361743927,
-0.05143781006336212,
0.17232030630111694,
-0.21435147523880005,
0.5386729836463928,
-0.20867733657360077,
-0.30543965101242065,
-0.08477413654327393,
-0.13257496058940887,
-0.7845490574836731,
0.07897842675447464,
-0.4294547438621521,
0.13947650790214539,
0.34702539443969727,
-0.5138020515441895,
0.28707605600357056,
-0.14702267944812775,
-0.28150054812431335,
-0.03922385349869728,
0.020355254411697388,
-0.012776576913893223,
-0.7556642293930054,
-0.37141942977905273,
0.2601914405822754,
-0.21746514737606049,
0.03875626623630524,
0.11166407912969589,
-0.004996877629309893,
-0.094134621322155,
0.0031712250784039497,
0.5428999662399292,
0.40059661865234375,
0.23845688998699188,
0.040346864610910416,
0.2639887034893036,
-0.13322001695632935,
0.08757302165031433,
-0.307406485080719,
-0.25649240612983704,
-0.6898017525672913,
-0.34653446078300476,
-0.2377769500017166,
-0.13674511015415192,
0.10171596705913544,
0.42230623960494995,
-0.1661018431186676,
-0.25261086225509644,
0.24314014613628387,
-0.5951170921325684,
-0.017704619094729424,
0.10072046518325806,
0.36393436789512634,
-0.25688159465789795,
0.08087603747844696,
0.29550430178642273,
0.3626037538051605,
0.221617192029953,
-0.03290117159485817,
0.03305673971772194,
-0.5225475430488586,
-0.11810343712568283,
-0.977510392665863,
0.03472095727920532,
0.07777362316846848,
-0.40027135610580444,
-0.10334338247776031,
0.30851832032203674,
-0.2781580090522766,
0.2367599606513977,
-0.47222021222114563,
-0.04382486268877983,
-0.005973185878247023,
-0.3813054859638214,
-0.6120802760124207,
0.14255094528198242,
0.2632181644439697,
-0.2700462341308594,
-0.1640072762966156,
-0.1622573286294937,
0.5928404927253723,
-0.22233575582504272,
0.5951101183891296,
-0.26006588339805603,
-0.017146222293376923,
-0.6633854508399963,
0.060391176491975784,
-0.24547652900218964,
-0.4265478849411011,
0.3107430040836334,
-0.827966570854187,
0.4337771534919739,
0.40752023458480835,
0.1134505569934845,
0.12392031401395798,
-0.24368713796138763,
0.08913417160511017,
0.03940628468990326,
-0.7360791563987732,
-1.3963706493377686,
-0.10592921823263168,
-0.34749752283096313,
-0.42547807097435,
-0.19330698251724243,
-0.7015057802200317,
-0.4685920774936676,
0.44164127111434937,
-0.1147555485367775,
-0.6309337019920349,
-0.24727170169353485,
0.13735616207122803,
0.6480038166046143,
-0.49643903970718384,
0.07358530163764954,
-0.02408311888575554,
-0.1348540335893631,
0.18797533214092255,
-0.09520947188138962,
0.2923039495944977,
-0.3757932186126709,
0.3524366021156311,
0.5842666625976562,
-0.30720704793930054,
-0.7060517072677612,
0.03340548649430275,
-0.2803594470024109,
0.11661560088396072,
-0.4327995479106903,
-0.21708595752716064,
0.6902239918708801,
0.5384748578071594,
0.18032528460025787,
-0.5053189992904663,
-0.3150123357772827,
0.812179446220398,
-0.29565536975860596,
-0.05610848590731621,
0.32931530475616455,
0.4063107669353485,
-0.4429788589477539,
0.2615758180618286,
0.14255684614181519,
-0.05229363590478897,
0.333492249250412,
0.21229562163352966,
-0.2743839919567108,
0.06460544466972351,
-0.2942860424518585,
-0.6057320833206177,
-0.17686916887760162,
0.8350350856781006,
-0.5713543891906738,
0.3290758430957794,
0.11433207988739014,
-0.3227410316467285,
0.0898527204990387,
-0.5172118544578552,
-0.31736013293266296,
-0.3014250695705414,
-0.6183483004570007,
-0.3186589181423187,
-0.5210647583007812,
1.5607540607452393,
0.5766599774360657,
-0.3939352035522461,
0.01844118908047676,
-0.24201282858848572,
-0.0528285875916481,
-0.46095770597457886,
-0.15525400638580322,
0.4403468072414398,
0.15010352432727814,
0.9996646642684937,
-0.31469711661338806,
0.12376675009727478,
0.16037999093532562,
0.2927858233451843,
-0.21412093937397003,
0.5144734978675842,
0.323709636926651,
-0.972165584564209,
-0.5804056525230408,
0.5608808994293213,
0.27556681632995605,
0.2564610242843628,
-0.6805432438850403,
0.11228691786527634,
0.03170042112469673,
-0.5303996801376343,
-0.39669838547706604,
-0.4361194670200348,
1.1516929864883423,
-0.6386573910713196,
0.222177654504776,
0.05100635439157486,
-0.15024060010910034,
-0.19449330866336823,
0.140078604221344,
0.022508859634399414,
-0.3130609095096588,
0.7695960998535156,
0.27898159623146057,
0.2984829843044281,
-0.14094217121601105,
-0.45778825879096985,
0.26970404386520386,
-0.8915510177612305,
0.003486700588837266,
0.050614457577466965,
0.3762787878513336,
0.9383954405784607,
0.3173765242099762,
-0.3121902346611023,
0.3455820679664612,
-0.7984098196029663,
-0.3635193407535553,
-0.42223232984542847,
0.06729026138782501,
0.3697037994861603,
0.11498121917247772,
-0.13669785857200623,
0.11974732577800751,
-1.1987226009368896,
-0.2510262429714203,
-0.06594881415367126,
-0.4446926712989807,
0.3337986469268799,
-0.49599695205688477,
0.018262894824147224,
-0.16751030087471008,
-0.37829896807670593,
-0.513823926448822,
0.23977628350257874,
0.4247514009475708,
-0.38131776452064514,
-0.04122627526521683,
-0.34798166155815125,
-0.6307074427604675,
0.4706838130950928,
-0.033408407121896744,
-0.0541505366563797,
-0.005772406235337257,
0.6634079217910767,
-0.2667980194091797,
-0.34839797019958496,
0.24150504171848297,
0.1342822015285492,
-0.04202094301581383,
-0.37126705050468445,
0.5389381051063538,
0.40984249114990234,
-0.22418354451656342,
-0.1543099582195282,
0.55159991979599,
-0.7251524329185486,
-0.12641267478466034,
0.3608555793762207,
0.5813245177268982,
-0.06574447453022003,
0.137543722987175,
0.5882964134216309,
0.13223017752170563,
0.480206161737442,
-0.029810799285769463,
-0.37762993574142456,
0.6703522205352783,
0.3991229236125946,
-0.0793018713593483,
0.05838267132639885,
-0.2452961951494217,
-0.03599008172750473,
-0.24524691700935364,
-0.14430798590183258,
-0.3028550148010254,
-0.09226084500551224,
-0.17654214799404144,
0.8491160869598389,
0.334877610206604,
-0.027714146301150322,
0.16649699211120605,
-0.14026321470737457,
0.01734030805528164,
0.007014874368906021,
0.39158180356025696,
-0.39142486453056335,
0.4605214297771454,
0.4476670026779175,
-0.34262707829475403,
-0.20148847997188568,
-0.39041250944137573,
-0.2612926959991455,
-0.00248967413790524,
0.1288234442472458,
-0.10576539486646652,
-0.6602422595024109,
0.20729930698871613,
0.03458642214536667,
0.2214467078447342,
-0.060435701161623,
0.03658834099769592,
-0.05262133851647377,
-0.2944944500923157,
-0.34296509623527527,
-0.06522864103317261,
-0.8127425312995911,
0.04100688919425011,
0.4808605909347534,
0.12673026323318481,
0.48366019129753113,
-0.04414774477481842,
0.26200658082962036,
-0.04780469089746475,
1.1444393396377563,
-0.1274721920490265,
0.9132472276687622,
-0.4331118166446686,
0.7319415807723999,
-0.11179731041193008,
-0.04255622997879982,
-0.19417041540145874,
-0.06448781490325928,
0.7676262259483337,
-0.4480491876602173,
-0.2714412212371826,
0.010996031574904919,
-0.49402493238449097,
0.43200287222862244,
-0.0009680980583652854,
-0.35365062952041626,
-0.05631084740161896,
0.2559652328491211,
0.11738880723714828,
0.19829902052879333,
-0.30198732018470764,
0.48102036118507385,
-0.2577039301395416,
-0.05706029385328293,
0.13190707564353943,
0.10907312482595444,
0.5354782342910767,
0.1597742736339569,
0.32201841473579407,
0.33251720666885376,
-0.5748216509819031,
-0.1889171004295349,
-0.25974389910697937,
0.20538128912448883,
0.7322611212730408,
0.4999839961528778,
-0.2334868460893631,
0.3163648843765259,
-0.2499666064977646,
0.03805879130959511,
-0.02217607945203781,
-0.27988752722740173,
-0.1229071095585823,
-0.22438521683216095,
0.024443211033940315,
-0.7144201993942261,
0.3887441158294678,
0.5393129587173462,
-0.35325852036476135,
-0.4210623502731323,
0.3045600950717926,
-0.22098764777183533,
-0.938359260559082,
0.5440708994865417,
-0.4242464303970337,
0.22736749053001404,
-0.3337934911251068,
0.00048276473535224795,
-0.6822843551635742,
-0.2133449912071228,
-0.07795083522796631,
0.9899248480796814,
0.582883894443512,
-0.2156813144683838,
0.31153663992881775,
-0.6592571139335632,
0.33821743726730347,
-0.12947505712509155,
0.34800636768341064,
0.29429107904434204,
-0.3271019458770752,
-0.6258604526519775,
-0.6733601689338684,
0.4346598982810974,
-0.271183043718338,
-0.531736433506012,
0.16464336216449738,
-0.10795047879219055,
-0.3633517324924469,
-0.152543306350708,
0.10116703808307648,
-0.1416551023721695,
-0.03215792030096054,
0.24329660832881927
] |
233382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston%20Manning | Preston Manning | Ernest Preston Manning (born June 10, 1942) is a Canadian retired politician. He was the founder and the only leader of the Reform Party of Canada, a Canadian federal political party that evolved into the Canadian Alliance in 2000 which in turn merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form today's Conservative Party of Canada in 2003. Manning represented the federal constituency of Calgary Southwest in the Canadian House of Commons from 1993 until his retirement in 2002. He served as leader of the Official Opposition from 1997 to 2000.
Manning is the son of former Social Credit Premier of Alberta Ernest Manning. Earning a Bachelor of Arts in economics in 1964, Manning rose to prominence in 1987, when he and an alliance of associates created the Reform Party, an anti-establishment right-wing populist party that won its first seat in 1989 and had a regionalist Western Canadian base. Shortly after that, the party rapidly gained momentum in the 1993 Canadian federal election, where it in total won 52 seats. In the 1997 Federal Election, support increased as the party's number of seats rose to 60 and became the Official Opposition, although Manning struggled to win ridings in Central and Atlantic Canada in order to become prime minister. In 2000, the Reform Party was succeeded by the Canadian Alliance. Manning lost the leadership election to Stockwell Day but continued to serve in the federal parliament until his retirement in January 2002.
Manning has been deemed the "father of modern-day Canadian Conservatism" and remains active in Conservative Party politics and campaigns. Manning is also seen as the founder of the green conservative movement in Canada. Upon his retirement, he has founded the Manning Foundation for Democratic Education and the Manning Centre for Building Democracy, not-for-profit organizations dedicated to strengthening Canadian democracy in accordance with conservative principles.
Early life and career
Manning was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He is the son of Muriel Aileen (née Preston) and Ernest Manning, Social Credit Party Premier of Alberta between 1943 and 1968 and a Canadian Senator from 1970 to 1983. Preston's grandparents were English immigrants.
Manning grew up in the Garneau district of Edmonton, but moved at age twelve with his parents to the family dairy farm east of Edmonton from which he attended a rural school – Horse Hill High School. He enrolled in the honours physics program at the University of Alberta in 1960, but switched after three years to economics and graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Arts in economics. He sought election to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1965 federal election as a candidate of the federal Social Credit Party in Edmonton East, but was defeated.
When the Prairies began to prosper because of its status as an international wheat basket and the discovery of oil, the Social Credit Party, changed course from its 1930s share-the-wealth roots to embrace rugged individualism and free enterprise. Upon graduation from university in 1966, Manning briefly worked as a salaried researcher for the National Public Affairs Research Foundation—a small, independent think tank led by David R. Wilson, who had been formerly with the Social Credit as executive director. The New York Times described the focus of the Foundation as fighting "creeping socialism" in Canada. This research enabled Manning to work on quasi political projects of interest to himself and his father. One such project included the preparation of a proposal for re-aligning Alberta provincial politics through a proposed merger of the governing Social Credit Party with the up-and-coming Progressive Conservative Party led by Peter Lougheed. The proposal was ultimately rejected by the leadership of both parties but the statement of conservative principles it contained resurfaced time and time again in Manning's subsequent political ventures – in the statement of principles contained in a book researched by him for Ernest Manning entitled in Political Realignment: A Challenge for Thoughtful Canadians and in the statements of principles of the Reform Party of Canada, the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance, and the Conservative Party of Canada.
In 1967, Manning married Sandra (née Beavis). Together they have five children.
Preston Manning has described himself as "a great fan and imperfect follower of Jesus of Nazareth" and has studied and lectured extensively on managing the interface between faith and politics.
Manning and a colleague, Dr. Erick Schmidt, a PhD sociologist and Executive Secretary to the Alberta cabinet in the 1960s, became interested in the General Systems Theory of biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy and its possible application to governmental and business organizations. Together, Manning and Schmidt authored a White Paper on Human Resources Development for the Alberta government applying systems concepts to the reorganization of Alberta's social services. It was presented to the Alberta legislature in 1968 and later formed the basis of Alberta's Human Resources Development Authority and related programs under Premier Harry Strom, Ernest Manning's successor. Manning also contributed to the development of a "socio-economic development model" for TRW Systems of Redondo Beach, California, as the firm was endeavouring to shift its focus from the systems management of military projects to the management of "civil systems".
Over the next twenty years Manning continued to work as a management consultant using his firms – M and M Systems Research Ltd. and Manning Consultants Ltd. – to pursue projects of political relevance. These included the development of strategies to prevent investor owned utilities from being nationalized by their provincial governments, developing a model of federal provincial negotiations which enabled his firm to predict the outcomes of federal provincial conferences, and assisting energy companies to increase their hiring of aboriginal workers and purchases from aboriginal owned and operated companies. In an effort to stimulate economic growth in the depressed region of north central Alberta, Manning served for almost twenty years as the President and CEO of a duel objective – social and economic – enterprise named Slave Lake Developments Ltd (later renamed Spruceland Properties Ltd). When the company was finally sold in 2016 it distributed over $55 million in dividends to some 300 local shareholders – illustrating Manning's belief that economic development could be more effectively stimulated in a depressed region by "a better distribution of the Tools of Wealth Creation" than by income redistribution schemes.
Reform Party of Canada
In the mid-1980s, Manning and his associates were becoming increasingly aware of a growing political discontent in Western Canada and growing disillusionment with the traditional federal political parties. Interest in western separatism was growing as well. On October 16, 1986, Manning convened a small meeting in Calgary of 5 people – himself, Dr. David Elton (a pollster and President of the Canada West Foundation), James Gray (a prominent Progressive Conservative and Calgary business man), and two oil sector lawyers, Bob Muir and Doug Hilland – to discuss the West's political options. The group could not agree on a specific course of action but decided there would be merit in holding a conference in the spring of 1987 to develop a Western Political Agenda and to sponsor a debate on various means of advancing it.
A conference organizing and promotional group was assembled which now included several prominent but disillusioned Liberals, Stan Roberts a former Liberal MLA from Manitoba and Francis Winspear, a prominent Edmonton businessman who offered to help finance the conference. Ted Byfield, the publisher and editor of The Western Report, also became heavily involved in shaping the Western Agenda and in promoting what was now named The Western Assembly on Canada's Economic & Political Future.
In May 1987, the Western Assembly was held in Vancouver. It adopted a short Western Political Agenda which included such proposals as balancing the federal budget, electing the Canadian Senate, entrenching economic rights, more vigorously pursuing free trade, and allowing more free votes in the House of Commons. The Assembly was also presented with three major options for advancing the Agenda – working through an existing federal party, forming a new western based interest or pressure group, or forming a new western based, federal political party – following in the footsteps of previous western based federal parties, the Progressive Party of Canada, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the federal Social Credit party. Manning presented the case for the new party, the attendees voted 77 percent in favour of that option, and a resolution was passed to hold the Founding Convention for the new party in Winnipeg in the fall.
The proposed Founding Assembly was subsequently held in Winnipeg on October 30 to November 1, 1987. It resolved unanimously to create a new federal party based in the west, adopted a draft constitution and a platform embodying the Western Agenda, and chose to name itself, at Manning's suggestion, the Reform Party of Canada. One highlight of the Assembly was an address by Stephen Harper on the application of a "regional fairness criterion" to national decision making. Knowing that any new party would need a Policy Chief, Manning had approached Harper, then a graduate student in economics at the University of Calgary, and invited him to make a major presentation at the Winnipeg Assembly. Harper became the Reform Party's Policy Chief and would later become Prime Minister of Canada. The Founding Assembly concluded with the election of Diane Ablonczy, a Calgary lawyer, as Chair of the new party's governing Council and Manning as Leader – after the only other candidate, Stan Roberts, dropped out of the leadership contest citing voting irregularities.
Rise to prominence
In the 1988 Canadian federal election, both Harper and Manning were Reform Party candidates – Manning running in the federal riding of Yellowhead against former Prime Minister Joe Clark. In total, Reform ran 72 candidates, all of whom were defeated, although 15, including Manning and Harper, finished in second place. In 1989, however, Reform scored its first electoral victory when a by-election was held on March 13 in the federal riding of Beaver River and the Reform candidate, Deborah Grey was elected. Stephen Harper joined Ms. Grey in Ottawa as her Policy Advisor and Executive Assistant, while Manning continued to travel the country building the party.
These building efforts were relatively successful in Ontario and the West, but Manning's efforts to plant the party in Quebec and points east were especially hampered by his inability to speak French and to present Reform as more than a regional party.
Between the 1988 and 1993 federal elections, two significant events helped to boost public awareness of Manning, the Reform Party, and the party's organizational capabilities. The first was a province wide election in Alberta to choose a candidate to be recommended to the Governor General by the federal government for appointment to the Canadian Senate. Reform put forward Stan Waters, a prominent Calgary businessman, war hero, and former Lieutenant-General and Commander of the Canadian Armed Forces. He and Manning campaigned vigorously across the province and on election day, October 16, 1989, Waters received slightly more than 620,000 votes (41.7 percent of the total) – the largest electoral mandate ever received by a single candidate for a Canadian parliamentary office. On June 11, 1990, Waters was reluctantly recommended for appointment to the Senate by then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney where he (Waters) continued to campaign vigorously for Reform's "Triple-E Senate" – Elected, Equal, and Effective.
Success in the 1993 federal election
In June 1993, Prime Minister Mulroney resigned, to be replaced by Kim Campbell, who then called a federal election for October 25, 1993. Manning and Reform campaigned on the theme of "The West Wants In". and the Reform agenda adopted at previous party conventions. When the results were in, Reform had received 2,559,245 votes and elected 52 members to the House of Commons – with Manning winning in Calgary Southwest, Stephen Harper winning in Calgary West, and Deborah Grey being re-elected in Beaver River. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was reduced to two seats, the greatest electoral defeat ever suffered by a major federal political party in Canada. 51 of Reform's seats were in the west and Manning emerged as the principal political voice of the West and fiscal conservatism in the House of Commons.
Despite finishing second in the popular vote, Reform came up three seats short of becoming the Official Opposition, largely because the concentration of support for the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois in Quebec was slightly stronger than the concentration of support for Reform in the West. However, the Liberal government under Jean Chrétien characterized Manning and Reform as their main opponent on non-Quebec matters. In 1995 when Bloc leader Lucien Bouchard's position as Opposition Leader granted him a meeting with visiting US President Bill Clinton, Manning was also given a meeting with Clinton to diffuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.
Parliamentary years
The 1993 Liberal Red Book containing its election platform scarcely mentioned deficit and debt reduction, but Reform had gained over 2.5 million votes campaigning heavily on the need to balance the federal budget. Much of Manning's and Reform's energy in the 35th Parliament was therefore focused on pressuring the Chrétien government on this issue and in 1998 the federal budget was at last balanced for the first time in years.
Manning and Reform also continued to pressure the government on the issue of Senate reform, but the Liberals argued that this could only be accomplished by a constitutional amendment and that the country was weary of constitutional matters. On April 20, 1998, Manning gave the longest and most comprehensive speech on Senate reform given in the House of Commons in the 20th century. In it he described in graphic detail the major defects of the Senate and the inappropriate, patronage infected behaviour of many of its members. He then reviewed all the previous major attempt at Senate reform and the reasons for their failure, concluding with the case for Reform's Triple E Senate. The government was unmoved, and Senate reform was not pursued in earnest again until the Harper government introduced Senate reform legislation embodying two-thirds of the Triple E Senate concept in 2007. When referred to the Supreme Court, however, the court ruled that the federal government could not unilaterally make the changes contained in the bill and once again Senate reform was stalled indefinitely.
During Reform's first term, several of its members and spokespersons made offensive and politically incorrect remarks which enabled its opponents to label it as extreme and undisciplined. On some occasions Manning was obliged to apologize on behalf of the party; on other occasions he dismissed criticisms by saying "A bright light sometimes attracts a few bugs." Manning allowed his members considerable liberty in voting in the House of Commons, especially on matters not central to the Reform platform. While "freer voting for members of parliament" was a plank in the Reform platform, its exercise in practice frequently led to headlines such as "Reform Divided" and damaged rather than enhanced Manning's efforts to push democratic reforms.
1997 federal election
On June 2, 1997, the next federal general election was held. Support for the Bloc declined in Quebec, the party winning 44 seats, down 10 from the previous election. This time Reform won 19.1 percent of the popular vote (2,513,070 votes) and 60 seats, including one in Ontario, compared with 18.8 percent of the popular vote for the Progressive Conservatives (2,446,705 votes) and 20 seats. The gains by Reform were sufficient to make Manning Leader of the Official Opposition in the 36th Parliament. But vote splitting between Reform and the Progressive Conservative Party continued to hand scores of federal seats, especially in Ontario, to the federal Liberals, who again formed a majority government.
Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance
The 1997 federal election convinced Manning and others that the continued vote splitting between Reform and the Progressive Conservatives needed to be addressed if Canada was to ever get a conservative oriented federal government. At the May 1998 Reform Convention in London, Ontario, Manning therefore proposed an effort to create a United Alternative to the Liberals and a process for exploring the possibility of bringing Reform and the Progressive Conservatives together. A resolution endorsing the United Alternative proposal was then debated and passed by a vote of 91 percent in favour.
The subsequent United Alternative initiative was aided by the departure of Jean Charest from the leadership of the federal Progressive Conservatives to pursue provincial politics in Quebec and by the support of provincial Progressive Conservative premiers, in particular, Mike Harris of Ontario, Gary Filmon of Manitoba, and Ralph Klein in Alberta. The process for achieving it, under Manning's leadership, was incremental, beginning with the creation of a United Alternative Steering Committee involving representatives of both parties and the convening of an initial United Alternative Conference. The Conference was held in February 1999, and attended by 1,500 delegates including both Reform and PC representatives.
On the urging of Manning and others, the Conference endorsed an action plan to create a new federal political party, its constitution, principles, and platform to be determined at a second United Alternative convention prior to June 30, 2000. In keeping with its grass roots consultative tradition, the executive of the Reform Party then scheduled a referendum among party members on the question, "Should the Reform Party of Canada continue with the United Alternative process – Yes or No?" Besides carrying on his duties as Official Opposition Leader, Manning then went on an extensive, cross country campaign to convince Reformers to vote Yes. On June 10, 1999, 60.5 percent of the participating Reform members voted Yes, to continuing the UA process – enough support for Manning to continue to press the UA option, but enough internal opposition to indicate that there were still many obstacles to be overcome.
In January 2000, the second United Alternative Conference was held, with Manning keeping a low profile so as not to convey the impression that the exercise was really just a Reform "take over" of the federal Progressive Conservatives. Major speeches in favour of creating the new party were therefore given by Stockwell Day, Alberta's Progressive Conservative Finance Minister, and Tom Long, a well known lieutenant of Ontario's Progressive Conservative Premier, Mike Harris. This convention, after vigorous debate, approved the constitutional framework and platform for a new party, to be named the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance.
Immediately following the second UA Conference, the Reform Party held a one-day conference of its own. It reviewed the results of the UA conference and was required by its constitution to vote on whether it approved or disapproved of Manning's continued leadership. Reform delegates were asked again if they wished to continue the UA process, and if they did so, to authorize a final referendum among Reform Party members as to whether or not to become part of the Canadian Alliance. Manning gave yet another major address in support of "political realignment". It was entitled "Think Big" and was nationally televised, aimed as much at the Canadian electorate as at Reformers. The motion to hold a second referendum was subsequently carried. The vote endorsing Manning's continued leadership of the Reform Party also carried by 73 percent in favour. While this support level for Manning's leadership was substantial, it was also evident that he was slowly using up his personal political capital in pushing the realignment agenda.
Believing that the best way to convince Reformers to support the Canadian Alliance was to demonstrate that the Alliance and its platform were saleable to the Canadian people, Manning launched another 6-week cross country tour aimed at convincing general audiences, not just Reformers, of the merits of the concept. On March 25, 2000, a large crowd of Reformers assembled at the Palliser hotel in Calgary to receive the results of the second party referendum. 91.5 percent of the participating members from across the country voted in the affirmative – the Reform Party of Canada ceased to exist and the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance officially came into being. Immediately following the vote, Manning advised the Speaker of the House of Commons that all Reform members of Parliament should now be recognized as members of the Canadian Alliance and that Deborah Grey would serve as leader of the official opposition (and interim leader of the Canadian Alliance) until a leader of the Canadian Alliance was chosen.
Leadership election
Exhausted by three years of constant campaigning to create the "united alternative", Manning and his supporters now prepared to engage in yet another campaign – for the leadership of the newly created Canadian Alliance. It was to be decided by a vote of the Alliance membership using a preferential ballot and to be completed by July 8, 2000. The slogan adopted by the Manning Team for this campaign was "PM4PM". Manning had resigned his position as Leader of the Opposition to combat the charge that it gave him an unfair advantage over other contestants for the Alliance leadership. Because it was important that the Alliance leadership be contested by prominent Progressive Conservatives, not just by Reformers, Manning welcomed the entry of Stockwell Day, the Alberta cabinet minister, into the contest. Because it was equally important that the leadership contest involve a prominent Progressive Conservative from Ontario, so that the Alliance did not appear to be totally western dominated, both Manning and Day also welcomed Tom Long's entry.
The Canadian Alliance leadership contest itself lasted 3 months in which the contenders crisscrossed the country numerous times and grew the membership of the Canadian Alliance to over 200,000 members, when the results of the first ballot were announced on June 24, 2000, Stockwell Day had received 44 percent of the vote (53,249 votes out of 120,557), with Manning receiving 36 percent and Long 18 percent. When the results of the second ballot were counted on July 8, 2000, the vote was 64 percent for Day and 36 percent for Manning. Stockwell Day became the leader of the Canadian Alliance and Leader of the Official Opposition in parliament. Manning's role as a political party and opposition leader was over. As he ruefully remarked, "The operation was a success but the doctor died."
Conservative Party of Canada
In the fall of 2000, the Liberals called an early election vigorously contested by the Canadian Alliance and its new Leader. But although Day, Manning, and other key Reformers were re-elected the Alliance won only 66 seats. Manning served briefly in the 37th parliament as his party's critic for Science and Technology. But it was felt that his presence as a former leader hampered Day's leadership efforts and he resigned his seat in January 2002.
After considerable internal dissension, Day resigned as Canadian Alliance leader to be replaced by Stephen Harper who had re-entered federal politics after remaining aloof during the party's formation. Negotiations were then undertaken between Harper and Peter MacKay, who had assumed the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. In the fall of 2003 an agreement in principle was reached to merge the two parties to create the Conservative Party of Canada (CPC). In March 2004, the leadership of the CPC was won by Stephen Harper.
Manning took no formal part in the creation of the CPC, devoting himself to building "the conservative movement" as distinct from its partisan manifestations. Nor did he play a prominent role in the next three federal elections, although he continued to support the CPC in principle and provide advice and support to individual candidates.
The CPC – building on foundations laid by Reform, the Alliance, and the Progressive Conservative Party – continued to make electoral progress. In the January 2006 federal election it won 124 seats compared to 103 for the Liberals and formed its first minority government with Harper as Prime Minister. Seeking a majority, Harper asked the Governor General to dissolve the House in September 2008. In the subsequent October election, the CPC won 143 seats – still 12 seats short of a majority. Early in 2011, the Harper government was defeated by a non-confidence vote, thus forcing a general election. This time, in the May 2011 election, the CPC won 166 seats, sufficient to form a majority government. In that election, the Liberals won the fewest federal seats in their history, and were reduced to third party status, while the NDP made unprecedented gains to become the Official Opposition.
While Manning himself was not directly involved in the formation or activities of the Harper government, he took pride in two things: that a number of the principles and policies first espoused by Reform had been included in the CPC constitution and platform; and that 18 of those who served as cabinet ministers in the Harper administration were first recruited and elected to parliament under the Reform and Alliance banners.
Evaluation
Most commentary on Manning and his Reform Party ignores his political thinking and portrays him in terms of traditional western-based political protest movements. Sigurdson (1994) argues that Manning should be regarded instead as a postmodern conservative whose politics are a response to the process of postmodernization that has characterized Canada in recent years.
Manning himself has said that the greatest contribution of Reform to national politics was to demonstrate that, despite all the flaws and shortcomings of Canadians democracy, a small group of people with limited resources could still take the tools that democracy gives to all Canadians – freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom to persuade electors to vote this way or that – and change, at least to some degree, the composition and direction of the parliament and the policies of the national government.
Upon his retirement from parliament, Manning and his associates established two, not-for-profit, organizations – the Manning Foundation for Democratic Education and the Manning Centre for Building Democracy – with Manning serving as the President and CEO of both. The purpose of both organizations is to strengthen democracy in Canada, in accordance with conservative values and principles.
The principal themes on which Manning has written, lectured, and consulted on since leaving parliament and partisan responsibilities have included:
Securing greater freedom of choice for Canadians with respect to health, education, and social services – the three largest components of provincial government budgets.
Strengthening relations between the scientific and political communities (Manning is a founding supporter and promoter of the annual Canadian Science Policy Conference)
Equipping faith oriented Canadians to participate wisely and graciously in democratic politics.
Understanding populism from the perspective of Western Canada's extensive experience with that political phenomenon
Beyond "left-centre-right" politics; redefining political space for next generation Canadians
Harnessing market mechanisms (pricing systems, financial incentives, entrepreneurship) to environmental conservation as an alternative to massive macro and micro environmental regulation by governments
Addressing poverty and economic inequalities by securing a broader distribution of the Tools of Wealth Creation, rather than relying solely on income redistribution through progressive taxation.
Market capitalism vs. State Directed Capitalism: Citizen Directed Democracy vs. State Directed Democracy: Winning the Ideological Battle with Communist China.
Fair Deal panel
On November 9, 2019, Premier Jason Kenney announced that Manning would lead an Alberta panel focused on getting a "fair deal" in Confederation, along with expanding the autonomy of the Alberta government. The panel is considering measures such as withdrawing Alberta workers from the Canada Pension Plan, the establishment of a provincial tax collection agency, ending the use of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and creating an independent police force, and establishing a formal Alberta constitution. This announcement was made during a speech by Premier Kenney at the Manning Centre in Red Deer. The panel submitted its final report in May 2020.
Manning Centre
In 2005, Manning left the House of Commons and founded the Manning Centre for Building Democracy, a not-for-profit "political think tank and advocacy group" that promoted conservative principles. The Manning Centre had provided a networking opportunity for "conservatives from different provincial parties", and their "federal counterparts" and a space to "exchange ideas and propose policy initiatives", according to Chuck Strahl, who had served as a Reform MP and Conservative cabinet minister. Prior to the creation of the Manning Centre, there "wasn't a networking opportunity for what Preston always called the 'conservative movement,' as opposed to political parties." Preston believed that "the conservative movement benefit[ed] from getting together, in all of its facets, and without having the party hierarchy managing it or overlooking it. This was the best way to get the best conservative ideas."
For twelve years, the Manning Centre organized the annual Manning Networking Conference.
In July 2016, Manning resigned from his executive functions with the Foundation and Centre, although he continues to support and pursue its objectives in his role as Founder. Management of the Centre and Foundation is currently the responsibility of their Boards of Directors as they conduct the search for Manning's successor.
In the run up to the 2019 Canadian federal election, the Manning Centre provided a "total of $312,450 to a network of related third-party advertising groups" operating on Facebook and Instagram. This included $240,000 to Canada Strong and Proud for a "series of anti-Trudeau and anti-Liberal campaign ads." The centre also "gave $4,500 to Newfoundland and Labrador Strong and another $11,200 to Nova Scotia Strong.
On January 16, 2020 Manning announced that he was retiring from the Centre, to spend more time with his family. Troy Lanigan, the president of the Manning Centre, said that the Centre and the "high-profile conferences it organizes", were in the process of being renamed and "rebranded". The newly branded entity will continue to break "down silos and getting conservatives to work together and work strategically to create opportunities for success", as Manning had done.
Honours and awards
Manning has served as a Fellow of the Canada West Foundation, the Fraser Institute, the Marketplace Institute of Regent College and as a Distinguished Visitor at the University of Toronto and the University of Calgary. He is the recipient of honorary degrees from the University of Toronto, York University, McMaster Divinity School, Tyndale University, the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, the University of British Columbia, and Trinity Western University.
In 2007, Manning was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada. In that year, he was also appointed to the Council of Canadian Academies.
In 2007, Manning hosted a Canadian adaptation of the radio series This I Believe on CBC Radio One.
When Manning was Leader of the Opposition, he was featured in a skit on the Canadian TV show, Royal Canadian Air Farce on December 31, 1997. This skit was one of three contenders for the Viewer's Choice "Flashback" for the episode airing on December 5, 2008.
In 2012, Manning was appointed to the Alberta Order of Excellence.
In 2013, Manning was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
Order of Canada Citation
Manning was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2007 for devoting "his life to public service." He was honoured as the founding father of the Reform Party and as leader of the Official Opposition. He was acknowledged for his steadfastness in giving "voice to the concerns of many Canadians" and for "tirelessly [championing] the cause of democratic and political reform." Following his retirement from politics, He founded Manning Centre for Building Democracy in 2005. He also "continued his contribution to public policy dialogue through his involvement with numerous research and consulting organizations", such as the Fraser Institute, and the Canada West Foundation.
Writings
Together with former Ontario Premier Mike Harris, Manning co-authored a six-volume study and publication for the Fraser Institute and Montreal Economic Institute entitled VISION for a Canada Strong and Free (2007). He is also the author of several books:
References
Recollections, commentary and analysis
Bratt, Duane. "Implementing the Reform Party agenda: the roots of Stephen Harper's foreign policy." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 24.1 (2018): 1-17. online
Cody, Howard. "Captive Three Times Over: Preston Manning and the Dilemmas of the Reform Party." American Review of Canadian Studies. Volume: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp 445–67. online edition
Dabbs, Frank. Preston Manning: The Roots of Reform (2000)
Dobbin, Murray. Preston Manning and the Reform Party (1991), unsympathetic
Flanagan, Tom. Waiting for the Wave: The Reform Party and Preston Manning. Toronto: Stoddart, 1995. 245 pp., favourable study by former official of reform Party
Manning, Preston. The New Canada (1992), Manning's manifesto; a primary source
Manning, Preston. Think Big: Adventures in Life and Democracy, (2003), his memoir; a primary source
Sharpe, Sydney and Don Braid. Storming Babylon: Preston Manning and the Rise of the Reform Party (1992)
Bergman, Andrew J. "My Teenage Crush on Preston Manning" (2012) Ballast Magazine.
Think Big: Adventures in Life and Democracy by Preston Manning
Like Father, Like Son by Lloyd MacKey
2006 Maclean's interview with Manning
1997 Macleans's interview with Manning
External links
Manning Centre
Preston Manning's papers in the University of Calgary Archives
1942 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian political party founders
Candidates in the 1965 Canadian federal election
Companions of the Order of Canada
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Living people
Massey College, Toronto
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence
Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta
Politicians from Calgary
Politicians from Edmonton
Reform Party of Canada
Reform Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election
Reform Party of Canada MPs
Social Credit Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
University of Alberta alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians | [
-0.25986379384994507,
-0.27868831157684326,
-0.6143004894256592,
0.3394366204738617,
0.4180772304534912,
1.1076866388320923,
0.12107300758361816,
0.04826418682932854,
-0.24683833122253418,
-0.3996529281139374,
0.36852791905403137,
0.8396714329719543,
-0.1896417886018753,
-0.6569260954856873,
-0.06524874269962311,
0.6011357307434082,
-0.5918382406234741,
-0.1872578263282776,
-0.14145255088806152,
-0.009991941042244434,
-0.36901572346687317,
-0.8985993266105652,
0.4517534077167511,
0.7840059995651245,
-0.3026667833328247,
0.924101710319519,
-0.12139753252267838,
-0.11407598108053207,
0.04816151037812233,
0.2869967818260193,
-0.2592173218727112,
0.1952541023492813,
0.6080265641212463,
-0.37558892369270325,
-0.36785370111465454,
0.1662750095129013,
0.2542153298854828,
-0.42119595408439636,
0.31439781188964844,
0.1902373880147934,
0.057573478668928146,
0.1056920662522316,
0.33290722966194153,
-0.3081221878528595,
0.6087644696235657,
-0.15097501873970032,
-2.1806952953338623,
-0.6291802525520325,
-0.31056416034698486,
-0.9563395977020264,
-0.23396778106689453,
0.5822134613990784,
0.3529512882232666,
0.026588451117277145,
0.9100079536437988,
-0.17862971127033234,
-0.08322694897651672,
0.22973351180553436,
-0.10587766766548157,
-0.8685593008995056,
-0.10799005627632141,
-0.2649109959602356,
1.1474624872207642,
-0.2833590805530548,
0.3970656394958496,
-0.05871754139661789,
0.001249885419383645,
0.282809317111969,
0.015697302296757698,
0.3047010898590088,
-0.11862175166606903,
0.5136038661003113,
0.6931549906730652,
0.02275562658905983,
0.38403186202049255,
-0.010596786625683308,
-0.19792494177818298,
0.11237423121929169,
-0.12443622946739197,
0.7553865909576416,
-0.5484907031059265,
-0.35984542965888977,
0.20601226389408112,
0.4835033714771271,
0.21556144952774048,
0.3202030658721924,
-0.6797683835029602,
0.5628183484077454,
-0.3766328990459442,
-0.1268317848443985,
-1.3191206455230713,
-0.29768288135528564,
0.18838125467300415,
-0.17275962233543396,
-0.5695277452468872,
-0.8379533290863037,
0.040504127740859985,
0.6622443795204163,
0.06667432188987732,
-0.038175348192453384,
0.18955107033252716,
-0.5044671297073364,
0.2962139844894409,
-0.6763305068016052,
-0.841650664806366,
-0.2587454319000244,
-0.012135391123592854,
0.1029868796467781,
0.016130737960338593,
-0.5664336085319519,
-0.19342753291130066,
0.3408491909503937,
0.47984740138053894,
-0.3362792134284973,
-0.029668180271983147,
0.062791608273983,
-0.2933296263217926,
-0.4282608926296234,
-0.5006592273712158,
0.2838287353515625,
-0.19463258981704712,
0.08579715341329575,
-0.30140411853790283,
-0.15289118885993958,
-0.8993422985076904,
-0.10354606807231903,
0.1664242446422577,
-0.32828643918037415,
-0.18579846620559692,
0.3654709756374359,
0.3197474777698517,
1.0860509872436523,
-0.8399259448051453,
0.10390999913215637,
-0.8254254460334778,
0.17656990885734558,
-0.2843397855758667,
-0.0645512044429779,
-0.25817519426345825,
0.2092646062374115,
-0.07912412285804749,
0.15858526527881622,
-0.4822872579097748,
-0.5598294138908386,
-0.18460826575756073,
-0.15914736688137054,
0.18780268728733063,
-0.11343411356210709,
0.5430715680122375,
-0.06257445365190506,
0.8150562047958374,
0.5612055659294128,
0.20582298934459686,
-0.6449916362762451,
-0.19033603370189667,
1.0016802549362183,
0.3747262954711914,
0.12536434829235077,
0.2723846733570099,
0.33236098289489746,
0.3076249659061432,
-0.22921670973300934,
0.04301123693585396,
0.17833057045936584,
0.3900986313819885,
0.1706445962190628,
-0.4923446476459503,
-0.912665069103241,
0.169239804148674,
0.460952490568161,
0.03243538737297058,
-0.06532003730535507,
0.10015469044446945,
-0.2212115377187729,
-0.22501394152641296,
0.0029575196094810963,
0.47329258918762207,
0.4916827976703644,
0.23881465196609497,
-0.7471138834953308,
-0.7124756574630737,
-0.3742835223674774,
0.3046709895133972,
0.3233333230018616,
0.3348177373409271,
0.5354511141777039,
0.37241044640541077,
-0.2070556879043579,
1.2251639366149902,
-0.06064954400062561,
-0.06473158299922943,
-0.759308397769928,
0.36909717321395874,
-0.5227742791175842,
0.6389322876930237,
0.14528927206993103,
-0.35071685910224915,
0.6150417327880859,
-0.3547716736793518,
0.5478995442390442,
0.05387302115559578,
-0.5497963428497314,
0.692625880241394,
-0.6053866744041443,
0.028702184557914734,
1.1388797760009766,
0.2367590069770813,
0.18856815993785858,
0.22890183329582214,
0.8782895803451538,
0.049661342054605484,
-0.9310641288757324,
-0.6861035227775574,
1.062017560005188,
-0.2250782996416092,
-1.0374127626419067,
-0.7316359281539917,
-0.6410309076309204,
0.12582065165042877,
-0.899677574634552,
0.37548696994781494,
0.6605958342552185,
-0.5816569924354553,
0.5445250868797302,
-0.30944252014160156,
1.0185813903808594,
-0.23457540571689606,
0.2950616776943207,
0.08154132217168808,
-0.6677941083908081,
0.7446317672729492,
0.5844321250915527,
0.051631562411785126,
-0.73610520362854,
0.36908626556396484,
0.03790973871946335,
0.6866490244865417,
0.32855886220932007,
-0.13104930520057678,
-0.5447287559509277,
0.3243045508861542,
0.16632919013500214,
-0.6839324831962585,
-0.20516684651374817,
-0.13386133313179016,
-0.1273006796836853,
-0.11657056212425232,
0.14994943141937256,
0.17669528722763062,
-0.09578865021467209,
0.5359742641448975,
0.39717963337898254,
0.588297426700592,
0.16144762933254242,
0.1517760008573532,
0.036204930394887924,
0.3800711929798126,
0.3902563452720642,
-0.04150973632931709,
0.20742671191692352,
0.12467144429683685,
-0.058705687522888184,
-0.40730544924736023,
0.4125797748565674,
0.025583893060684204,
-0.21407099068164825,
-0.4074932932853699,
0.022481022402644157,
-0.05960550531744957,
-0.14244280755519867,
-0.003197982208803296,
-0.21780763566493988,
0.22529758512973785,
-0.44332820177078247,
0.4304236173629761,
0.46969887614250183,
0.08706270903348923,
0.5000717639923096,
-0.5071684122085571,
-0.9580314755439758,
0.7665311694145203,
1.0596801042556763,
-0.2764470875263214,
-0.062591053545475,
0.5065590143203735,
0.14279863238334656,
-0.25220826268196106,
-0.006962261162698269,
0.2761370539665222,
-0.5164476037025452,
-0.30141693353652954,
0.42450961470603943,
-0.8168532848358154,
0.1813710480928421,
0.3518025577068329,
-0.00616955291479826,
0.11065327376127243,
-0.485861212015152,
0.39637646079063416,
-0.48160234093666077,
-0.24243804812431335,
0.29665908217430115,
0.1180478036403656,
0.0363113097846508,
0.4826396405696869,
0.028477326035499573,
-0.5381815433502197,
-0.8169349431991577,
-4.908587455749512,
0.23199564218521118,
0.3487968444824219,
-0.5614940524101257,
0.3605801463127136,
0.0906348004937172,
0.11599915474653244,
-0.12583355605602264,
0.11072534322738647,
-0.271986186504364,
0.005382093600928783,
-0.30148229002952576,
0.07765820622444153,
0.3225914537906647,
1.0007641315460205,
0.39784756302833557,
0.9351270794868469,
-0.744156002998352,
0.6532626152038574,
-0.05105828493833542,
0.10466087609529495,
-0.1178719624876976,
-0.11469968408346176,
0.14885497093200684,
-0.1896626353263855,
0.4286426305770874,
-0.6139485836029053,
0.24212291836738586,
-0.40515050292015076,
-0.3908544182777405,
0.35616061091423035,
0.1746654510498047,
-0.5778174996376038,
0.030598394572734833,
-0.2663118541240692,
-0.8464643955230713,
0.3894886374473572,
0.7837331891059875,
0.39058220386505127,
-0.6877908706665039,
-0.03349409997463226,
-0.19382032752037048,
-1.0589568614959717,
-0.22614872455596924,
-0.05569370090961456,
0.12294542044401169,
-0.4613896906375885,
-0.43399250507354736,
-0.46810784935951233,
0.44307222962379456,
0.19682326912879944,
0.39517855644226074,
0.591404914855957,
0.1490696668624878,
0.3578717112541199,
-0.1422673910856247,
0.173581063747406,
0.0021269754506647587,
-0.7412481904029846,
0.731257975101471,
-0.08596906810998917,
-0.5412461757659912,
0.299971342086792,
-0.07893137633800507,
-0.5883265733718872,
-0.26953062415122986,
-0.2967450022697449,
0.2646676301956177,
0.5725829005241394,
-0.6550523638725281,
-0.23150494694709778,
0.01262129470705986,
-0.06453317403793335,
-1.4187873601913452,
-0.0014817198971286416,
-0.6295254230499268,
-0.39142248034477234,
0.3494669497013092,
-0.3893076181411743,
-0.6898043155670166,
0.3167772889137268,
-0.1110028401017189,
0.8302186727523804,
0.45290863513946533,
0.7927061915397644,
0.3605332374572754,
-0.8452346324920654,
0.5217849016189575,
0.4111376106739044,
-0.5011142492294312,
-0.1985505372285843,
-0.38381078839302063,
0.4138759970664978,
-0.09751424938440323,
0.2347477525472641,
-0.34734833240509033,
0.5904695391654968,
0.28495126962661743,
0.08535118401050568,
-0.5832645297050476,
-0.4772036075592041,
-0.33383679389953613,
-0.3791881799697876,
-1.0299370288848877,
-0.1075589656829834,
-0.04674837365746498,
-0.09602367877960205,
0.22111301124095917,
0.5001382231712341,
0.16134564578533173,
-0.46719878911972046,
0.41282764077186584,
-0.65450119972229,
-0.8002234101295471,
-0.08806223422288895,
0.128167524933815,
-0.23347389698028564,
-0.021817276254296303,
1.0097788572311401,
0.6028037071228027,
0.09395481646060944,
0.04459182173013687,
0.14373524487018585,
0.07228300720453262,
0.02772689238190651,
-0.16737614572048187,
-0.01724368706345558,
-0.42185652256011963,
-0.34804293513298035,
-0.07339183986186981,
0.09160985797643661,
0.8202813267707825,
0.22148697078227997,
-0.0015243692323565483,
-0.4747522175312042,
0.03159990534186363,
-0.16158582270145416,
-0.0073067485354840755,
0.07138992100954056,
0.03315168619155884,
0.15940120816230774,
0.30135658383369446,
-0.13993486762046814,
0.09218437969684601,
0.08133833110332489,
0.21928033232688904,
0.18940189480781555,
0.31229326128959656,
0.05984080210328102,
0.7571250796318054,
-0.4167204201221466,
-0.38225018978118896,
0.23675832152366638,
-1.011061191558838,
-0.2681626081466675,
0.6592267751693726,
-0.802842378616333,
-0.07062516361474991,
0.07551339268684387,
-0.6135120987892151,
0.682020902633667,
0.19407600164413452,
-0.9457800388336182,
-0.208062544465065,
-0.18105290830135345,
-0.2355189025402069,
-0.4900495707988739,
-0.2378779649734497,
-0.39957088232040405,
0.7176356315612793,
0.27895388007164,
-0.2920694947242737,
-0.2850062847137451,
0.49636557698249817,
0.01164848543703556,
-0.5233857035636902,
0.005860301665961742,
-0.4113937318325043,
0.49404528737068176,
0.09554986655712128,
0.0775926485657692,
0.0063036903738975525,
-0.660062313079834,
-0.34390443563461304,
0.3832125961780548,
-0.45453834533691406,
-0.8539267778396606,
-0.6882365345954895,
0.03743832930922508,
0.5928835868835449,
0.5917357802391052,
-0.5269521474838257,
-0.08511000871658325,
0.961377739906311,
0.04551222175359726,
0.4999072551727295,
0.29475194215774536,
-0.5238296985626221,
-0.613727867603302,
0.02637089416384697,
-0.10221844166517258,
0.2354458123445511,
-0.1240268349647522,
-0.22783371806144714,
-0.3493306338787079,
-0.5068694353103638,
-0.18479931354522705,
0.04644438251852989,
-0.052767302840948105,
0.5133598446846008,
-0.10203967243432999,
0.49056363105773926,
0.02251427434384823,
0.5178171992301941,
-0.6776939034461975,
0.10589887946844101,
0.1111300066113472,
0.7233688235282898,
-0.5888164043426514,
-0.7493941783905029,
-0.6362746953964233,
-0.08564244955778122,
-0.07481289654970169,
-0.12058544903993607,
-0.4207897484302521,
0.05514201521873474,
0.4010712206363678,
-0.33109721541404724,
0.4678385853767395,
0.5511123538017273,
-0.3257806599140167,
-0.6587393283843994,
0.3420266807079315,
0.062460530549287796,
0.4768478572368622,
0.4538394808769226,
0.1993885487318039,
0.44168537855148315,
-0.826339602470398,
-0.1696101725101471,
0.6964255571365356,
1.194349765777588,
0.5899044871330261,
-0.8184599280357361,
-0.08194535225629807,
-0.048583995550870895,
1.1583040952682495,
-0.549602746963501,
-0.4061855971813202,
-0.013685890473425388,
0.801436722278595,
-0.13376353681087494,
-0.3983057141304016,
0.34355539083480835,
1.2508368492126465,
-0.4310685396194458,
-0.06758413463830948,
0.24542614817619324,
0.3467656373977661,
0.4122614860534668,
-0.2811199724674225,
0.12825511395931244,
-0.09376741200685501,
0.6349919438362122,
0.3787133991718292,
0.6233035326004028,
-0.25573086738586426,
0.11761990934610367,
0.22784654796123505,
-0.6422029137611389,
-0.5643654465675354,
0.07762037962675095,
-0.20160405337810516,
0.4692121744155884,
-0.4192003309726715,
-0.18285568058490753,
0.7435892224311829,
-0.16793526709079742,
0.3499380946159363,
-0.7039234042167664,
-0.6665159463882446,
0.03644321486353874,
0.3061845600605011,
-0.5084400773048401,
-0.08956458419561386,
-0.7645698189735413,
-0.051277026534080505,
0.3783293664455414,
-0.07740809768438339,
-0.004228393547236919,
-0.31319868564605713,
0.212259903550148,
-0.49517831206321716,
-0.31010180711746216,
-0.2901248037815094,
0.2710806131362915,
-0.25450587272644043,
0.7097402811050415,
0.17439356446266174,
0.24813459813594818,
-0.6808669567108154,
0.6761334538459778,
0.021498261019587517,
0.2575400769710541,
0.0987299382686615,
0.06919977813959122,
-0.45351719856262207,
-0.34998658299446106,
-0.25665998458862305,
0.32644373178482056,
0.5300717353820801,
-0.4616207182407379,
0.46742984652519226,
0.3409891426563263,
-0.6717097759246826,
-0.4792073965072632,
0.4827435314655304,
-0.3702002167701721,
-0.4069165587425232,
0.30192720890045166,
0.3098410367965698,
0.2962144911289215,
0.6943576335906982,
0.13844884932041168,
0.3498576581478119,
1.244031548500061,
0.23717297613620758,
-0.2799524664878845,
0.1785932332277298,
-0.13672634959220886,
-0.22062134742736816,
-0.5930693745613098,
-0.43073078989982605,
0.79142826795578,
-0.215759739279747,
-0.7505034804344177,
0.12128371745347977,
-0.2313358336687088,
0.2074194848537445,
0.34274840354919434,
-0.1735517978668213,
0.9778576493263245,
0.02062934823334217,
0.24863940477371216,
-0.04244351014494896,
0.2152380794286728,
0.15391631424427032,
0.6503447890281677,
-0.09826360642910004,
-0.7977983355522156,
-0.11410517245531082,
-0.2266562581062317,
-0.047172173857688904,
-0.6770893931388855,
-0.09950271993875504,
-0.11994168907403946,
0.831997811794281,
-0.641366720199585,
-0.308232843875885,
-0.949358344078064,
-0.18945226073265076,
-0.8191171288490295,
1.5574284791946411,
0.4389723837375641,
-0.47145143151283264,
0.015464071184396744,
0.061751388013362885,
-0.8792135715484619,
-0.04120415076613426,
0.2873971462249756,
-0.30317267775535583,
0.069487065076828,
-0.5016363859176636,
0.4678677022457123,
-0.423807293176651,
0.0803004577755928,
0.1396283507347107,
-0.29646092653274536,
-0.42282241582870483,
0.33178943395614624,
-0.2142617106437683,
0.6277274489402771,
-0.20375442504882812,
-0.5111029148101807,
0.7478976845741272,
-0.5017642378807068,
0.05272226780653,
0.21609938144683838,
-0.005687875673174858,
0.06047092005610466,
0.3518708050251007,
-0.4427192509174347,
-0.5112367868423462,
0.4367339313030243,
0.22426162660121918,
0.2015521228313446,
-0.6797394752502441,
0.552825927734375,
1.1064088344573975,
0.5074909329414368,
-0.31156468391418457,
0.41155311465263367,
0.029231036081910133,
-0.12638422846794128,
-0.38559025526046753,
-0.05034293979406357,
0.023312197998166084,
-0.2670762240886688,
-0.41546130180358887,
0.404321551322937,
0.16588126122951508,
0.9377778768539429,
-0.7016180157661438,
-0.13609929382801056,
-0.628216564655304,
-0.34889617562294006,
0.39168399572372437,
-0.40366077423095703,
-0.0842750295996666,
0.17317530512809753,
0.36738452315330505,
-0.14079317450523376,
0.5868856310844421,
0.525836706161499,
-0.12209286540746689,
0.19986581802368164,
0.0662783682346344,
-0.19842855632305145,
-0.38213813304901123,
0.45731785893440247,
-0.07505322992801666,
-0.7053959369659424,
-0.6891486048698425,
0.1642851084470749,
-0.23887257277965546,
0.0756339281797409,
0.6569554209709167,
0.4015190005302429,
0.40701740980148315,
-0.3571873903274536,
0.9571036696434021,
0.23245467245578766,
-0.06718648225069046,
-0.3748926520347595,
-1.1073863506317139,
0.032977234572172165,
-0.07072800397872925,
-0.7968232035636902,
0.5090463757514954,
0.5746179223060608,
-0.2772367596626282,
-0.4969738721847534,
0.5311130881309509,
-0.9377805590629578,
0.15566839277744293,
0.025617102161049843,
0.2653956115245819,
0.42157450318336487,
0.11093989759683609,
0.09561541676521301
] |
233385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISWIM | ISWIM | ISWIM (acronym for If you See What I Mean) is an abstract computer programming language (or a family of languages) devised by Peter Landin and first described in his article "The Next 700 Programming Languages", published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966.
Although not implemented, it has proved very influential in the development of programming languages, especially functional programming languages such as SASL, Miranda, ML, Haskell and their successors, and dataflow programming languages like Lucid.
Design
ISWIM is an imperative programming language with a functional core, consisting of a syntactic sugaring of lambda calculus to which are added mutable variables and assignment and a powerful control mechanism: the program point operator. Being based on lambda calculus, ISWIM has higher-order functions and lexically scoped variables.
The operational semantics of ISWIM are defined using Landin's SECD machine and use call-by-value, that is eager evaluation. A goal of ISWIM was to look more like mathematical notation, so Landin abandoned ALGOL's semicolons between statements and begin ... end blocks and replaced them with the off-side rule and scoping based on indentation.
A notationally distinctive feature of ISWIM is its use of where clauses. An ISWIM program is a single expression qualified by where clauses (auxiliary definitions including equations among variables), conditional expressions and function definitions. Along with CPL, ISWIM was one of the first programming languages to use where clauses.
A notable semantic feature was the ability to define new data types, as a (possibly recursive) sum of products. This was done using a somewhat verbose natural language style description, but apart from notation amounts exactly to the algebraic data types found in modern functional languages. ISWIM variables did not have explicit type declarations and it seems likely (although not explicitly stated in the 1966 paper) that Landin intended the language to be dynamically typed, like LISP and unlike ALGOL; but it is also possible that he intended to develop some form of type inference.
Implementations and derivatives
No direct implementation of ISWIM was attempted but Art Evan's language PAL, and John C. Reynolds' language Gedanken, captured most of Landin's concepts, including powerful transfer-of-control operations. Both of these were typed dynamically. Milner's ML may be considered equivalent to ISWIM without the J operator and with type inference.
Another line of descent from ISWIM is to strip out the imperative features (assignment and the J operator) leaving a purely functional language. It then becomes possible to switch to lazy evaluation. This path led to programming languages SASL, Kent Recursive Calculator (KRC), Hope, Miranda, Haskell, and Clean.
References
Programming languages created in 1966
Academic programming languages
Experimental programming languages
Functional languages
History of computing in the United Kingdom | [
-0.051832862198352814,
0.1215401291847229,
0.02489025518298149,
-0.05627346411347389,
0.063458152115345,
-0.05987582728266716,
0.4820229411125183,
-0.1205841451883316,
-0.06031952053308487,
-0.14472119510173798,
-0.37817883491516113,
0.41113537549972534,
-0.25063735246658325,
-0.08405498415231705,
0.17141437530517578,
-0.2043413370847702,
0.3188118040561676,
0.16093304753303528,
-0.36116495728492737,
0.21108566224575043,
0.01767670176923275,
0.21875886619091034,
-0.244388610124588,
-0.7001963257789612,
0.5836187601089478,
0.1062517911195755,
0.3847482204437256,
-0.215861514210701,
-0.05348389968276024,
-0.061650149524211884,
-0.13101592659950256,
-0.21660545468330383,
0.11434461176395416,
-0.409281462430954,
-0.5506359338760376,
0.11242544651031494,
-0.6958777904510498,
0.24126869440078735,
-0.5383578538894653,
-0.32936617732048035,
-0.09964421391487122,
-0.434777170419693,
0.35267120599746704,
-0.09505455195903778,
-0.6681997179985046,
-0.5064736008644104,
-1.5477465391159058,
-0.15624025464057922,
-0.9567791223526001,
0.09805858135223389,
-0.8474735617637634,
0.06790926307439804,
-0.13031020760536194,
0.2892211675643921,
0.11594463139772415,
-0.049149006605148315,
0.3729059100151062,
-0.6008707880973816,
-0.05711394548416138,
-0.4485538601875305,
0.5106745958328247,
-0.32229480147361755,
0.21341761946678162,
0.16620653867721558,
0.05667957663536072,
0.8350236415863037,
-0.24182987213134766,
0.17419704794883728,
-0.5060116052627563,
-0.09722340106964111,
0.24944663047790527,
-0.39720743894577026,
-0.6134993433952332,
0.2611335217952728,
-0.035016607493162155,
-0.3460392653942108,
0.32120949029922485,
-0.10882271826267242,
-0.24986745417118073,
0.2595060467720032,
-1.0620150566101074,
0.39182913303375244,
0.7809478640556335,
-0.2627395987510681,
0.3757932484149933,
-0.18699780106544495,
-0.33609482645988464,
1.050563097000122,
-0.6611398458480835,
0.19610802829265594,
0.3166583180427551,
-0.46011701226234436,
0.45899519324302673,
-0.13077908754348755,
0.2537096440792084,
-0.18195395171642303,
-0.41775694489479065,
-0.02521839179098606,
-0.13817085325717926,
0.11036444455385208,
0.13236446678638458,
-0.33980825543403625,
-0.10525219142436981,
-0.2491651177406311,
-0.47485747933387756,
0.13573409616947174,
0.1298627108335495,
-0.6695097088813782,
0.48568567633628845,
-0.24038560688495636,
-0.20262151956558228,
0.025518691167235374,
0.5375899076461792,
-0.011905753053724766,
0.04083653911948204,
0.23677650094032288,
0.4171272814273834,
-0.029744364321231842,
-0.2317097783088684,
0.215301975607872,
0.3975757658481598,
0.8695486783981323,
0.718568742275238,
0.118580661714077,
0.2019173800945282,
0.047283511608839035,
0.2385978400707245,
0.8921468257904053,
-0.3321693539619446,
0.060346562415361404,
0.20014353096485138,
0.628622829914093,
0.8090176582336426,
-0.3421461582183838,
-0.4051857590675354,
0.18049085140228271,
0.012641473673284054,
0.25531837344169617,
-0.3463011384010315,
0.33205446600914,
-0.11135207116603851,
0.04979492351412773,
-0.5974699854850769,
0.05187699571251869,
0.15945039689540863,
-0.21177971363067627,
0.09178387373685837,
0.07077471166849136,
-0.1670229136943817,
0.05283864587545395,
-0.26005545258522034,
-0.3976100981235504,
-0.47268232703208923,
-0.02422967553138733,
0.45901918411254883,
0.6487067341804504,
-0.10985026508569717,
0.12659773230552673,
0.05544159188866615,
0.15429647266864777,
-0.015069768764078617,
0.3875685930252075,
-0.48073315620422363,
-0.3127650320529938,
0.06379982829093933,
-0.5261275172233582,
0.19255883991718292,
0.3927241265773773,
0.5187082886695862,
0.1661127656698227,
0.45184990763664246,
-0.5405359268188477,
0.15888629853725433,
0.181844100356102,
-0.3142780661582947,
-0.22445890307426453,
0.921978235244751,
-0.07212555408477783,
0.6986793875694275,
0.06836535781621933,
-0.6625897288322449,
-0.25185808539390564,
0.15775465965270996,
-0.02266114577651024,
0.2874971926212311,
0.1244530975818634,
0.48032453656196594,
0.18701571226119995,
-0.2996543049812317,
-0.10032159835100174,
-0.5051952600479126,
-0.40269601345062256,
0.30970674753189087,
-1.0115565061569214,
0.855245053768158,
0.4800657033920288,
-0.4475533366203308,
0.5260356664657593,
-0.18695443868637085,
0.34966838359832764,
0.5198200941085815,
0.11798180639743805,
0.4306568503379822,
-0.09874683618545532,
-0.07582826912403107,
0.5052386522293091,
-0.05698563903570175,
0.3932509422302246,
-0.5863372683525085,
0.3829690217971802,
0.11044192314147949,
-0.18696115911006927,
0.5861330032348633,
-0.5261732935905457,
-0.39188745617866516,
-0.18668724596500397,
-0.2801935076713562,
0.5970180034637451,
-0.00967408251017332,
-0.022370748221874237,
0.893885612487793,
0.01388818770647049,
-0.4125130772590637,
0.11632559448480606,
-0.15425390005111694,
0.6293508410453796,
0.5405035018920898,
0.24388904869556427,
0.7602770924568176,
-0.711638867855072,
-0.37008386850357056,
-0.7083228230476379,
0.5947222113609314,
-0.03337698057293892,
0.1608874499797821,
-0.121114581823349,
0.07970889657735825,
-0.11952970176935196,
0.44647732377052307,
-0.09109123796224594,
0.1411646604537964,
0.3618236482143402,
-0.5831670761108398,
-0.1890505999326706,
0.3246142268180847,
-0.04463354870676994,
0.09083287417888641,
-0.2198733687400818,
-0.19282470643520355,
0.515190839767456,
-0.4345596730709076,
0.6232611536979675,
0.38560250401496887,
-0.4298054277896881,
-0.1798262596130371,
0.6139740347862244,
0.010790534317493439,
0.28815004229545593,
0.587683379650116,
0.9594006538391113,
-0.6058782935142517,
0.10508240014314651,
-0.03386104479432106,
0.19098436832427979,
-0.012155300006270409,
-0.6833663582801819,
-0.40184667706489563,
-0.2998383045196533,
0.45830604434013367,
0.408608615398407,
0.7796895503997803,
-0.41620853543281555,
-0.11378458887338638,
-0.3434109389781952,
-0.22682298719882965,
-1.3319236040115356,
0.7207952737808228,
0.3518790602684021,
-0.7650357484817505,
-0.8000542521476746,
0.02288985811173916,
0.9221732020378113,
-0.005867923144251108,
-0.40191033482551575,
0.31791624426841736,
-0.6275014877319336,
-0.14975598454475403,
-0.3517042100429535,
-0.21865180134773254,
-0.22590680420398712,
-0.5633026957511902,
0.4110839068889618,
-0.20801211893558502,
-0.2442474514245987,
0.30691322684288025,
0.5309409499168396,
0.30823618173599243,
-0.40769779682159424,
-0.470122754573822,
0.11350936442613602,
-0.533717930316925,
0.39068976044654846,
0.0002969375636894256,
0.10951442271471024,
-0.010723436251282692,
0.059043072164058685,
-0.05516805499792099,
0.024724720045924187,
-5.739970684051514,
-0.25877615809440613,
-0.19406667351722717,
-0.15983335673809052,
0.07077417522668839,
0.2989813983440399,
0.3085710108280182,
0.15450003743171692,
0.13692286610603333,
0.0367424450814724,
-0.04359907656908035,
-0.37046968936920166,
-0.27995723485946655,
0.3649742901325226,
0.2555113434791565,
0.12653814256191254,
0.16331793367862701,
0.10964766144752502,
0.1617458611726761,
0.1574120670557022,
0.197978213429451,
-0.49952542781829834,
0.20692938566207886,
0.5061949491500854,
-0.013951031491160393,
0.231056347489357,
-0.7354152202606201,
0.33720099925994873,
-0.2110438048839569,
-0.20582491159439087,
0.15210895240306854,
-0.5107362270355225,
-0.22190479934215546,
-0.5112266540527344,
-0.546644389629364,
0.029764389619231224,
1.0256106853485107,
0.2173701822757721,
0.5978845953941345,
-0.014906148426234722,
-0.009331541135907173,
0.40657415986061096,
0.1787482649087906,
-0.8223421573638916,
0.49391525983810425,
0.09649122506380081,
-0.5224039554595947,
-0.43108630180358887,
-0.31656691431999207,
0.04658866301178932,
-0.3545359969139099,
-0.29587382078170776,
0.18337075412273407,
-0.14456939697265625,
-0.07007799297571182,
-0.2691281735897064,
0.04480692371726036,
0.5537382960319519,
-0.4177521765232086,
0.4874299466609955,
0.7640906572341919,
-0.18256017565727234,
0.13833341002464294,
-0.941524088382721,
-0.05643399432301521,
0.13744252920150757,
-0.5024638175964355,
0.0572306290268898,
0.48748329281806946,
0.2241530418395996,
-0.05297473073005676,
0.005095441825687885,
-0.4650838375091553,
-1.2502363920211792,
-0.2129562646150589,
-0.22097265720367432,
0.31014177203178406,
-0.06763242185115814,
0.075688935816288,
-0.016913119703531265,
0.00886324979364872,
-0.6871457695960999,
-0.26534610986709595,
0.2902032136917114,
-0.004960225895047188,
-0.28395888209342957,
-0.2555862069129944,
0.13726043701171875,
0.08690478652715683,
0.3786472976207733,
0.7703397274017334,
0.22593005001544952,
0.004566397983580828,
0.1664489060640335,
0.6648761630058289,
-0.041352804750204086,
0.2622140645980835,
0.21968403458595276,
0.6173514127731323,
-0.19524253904819489,
0.00886514876037836,
-0.4131854176521301,
0.1835702806711197,
-0.5054817199707031,
-0.04009200260043144,
0.3249979317188263,
-1.0548635721206665,
0.03189251571893692,
1.135535478591919,
-0.30362939834594727,
-0.5391797423362732,
0.28475168347358704,
-0.5889354348182678,
-0.15060213208198547,
0.06868038326501846,
0.1338498294353485,
-0.7292677760124207,
0.28816989064216614,
0.29304203391075134,
-0.01756834052503109,
0.04452277347445488,
0.1436137557029724,
-0.093612439930439,
-0.26402169466018677,
-0.08181542903184891,
-0.3902004659175873,
0.06474469602108002,
0.6632197499275208,
-0.39369961619377136,
-0.5615189075469971,
0.25961506366729736,
0.5451623201370239,
0.05162787809967995,
0.07752041518688202,
0.29921379685401917,
-0.19132287800312042,
-0.32407963275909424,
0.17482200264930725,
-0.2190602421760559,
-0.2798601984977722,
0.16312234103679657,
-0.15777714550495148,
0.45201119780540466,
0.17349225282669067,
0.41429951786994934,
0.2582208216190338,
0.41482987999916077,
-0.4068731665611267,
-0.34437888860702515,
0.5399158000946045,
0.2751537561416626,
-0.3164198696613312,
0.3478458523750305,
-0.15620467066764832,
-0.7974897623062134,
0.5659489035606384,
0.19839616119861603,
0.047186315059661865,
-0.22379596531391144,
-0.16010378301143646,
0.1338784098625183,
0.07273366302251816,
-1.0709290504455566,
-0.1514778733253479,
0.5244646668434143,
0.2324802428483963,
-0.24181580543518066,
0.03605541214346886,
-0.07056248933076859,
0.3453642725944519,
0.3388633728027344,
-0.38977059721946716,
-0.4201480746269226,
-0.3773133158683777,
0.280019611120224,
0.5478646755218506,
0.29970666766166687,
-0.061199791729450226,
0.09184173494577408,
0.011226169764995575,
0.2451281100511551,
-0.18870869278907776,
-0.45171448588371277,
0.5494707822799683,
0.3995581269264221,
-0.5646271705627441,
0.11607155948877335,
0.22617915272712708,
-0.7720539569854736,
-0.26114141941070557,
-0.07677214592695236,
-0.11811979115009308,
0.7263579964637756,
0.10132937133312225,
-0.6584974527359009,
0.11916564404964447,
0.15830790996551514,
0.5689244866371155,
-0.44844937324523926,
-0.45148858428001404,
0.46565911173820496,
-0.0809926986694336,
-0.23331719636917114,
-0.17171059548854828,
0.031512532383203506,
-1.125491738319397,
-0.3896799385547638,
-0.3830257058143616,
-0.06309027224779129,
0.11884280294179916,
-0.18219046294689178,
-0.3475643992424011,
-0.14218364655971527,
-0.41842925548553467,
-0.22192507982254028,
0.06791679561138153,
-0.0011484045535326004,
-0.16605982184410095,
-0.15537072718143463,
-0.39297378063201904,
-0.34143468737602234,
0.07144851237535477,
0.16329152882099152,
0.21070612967014313,
-0.4447864294052124,
-0.09120023995637894,
0.37448081374168396,
-0.4227471351623535,
0.4281504154205322,
-0.7054232954978943,
0.13682037591934204,
-0.13551770150661469,
0.18870659172534943,
0.6074905395507812,
-0.26556336879730225,
-0.7469336986541748,
-0.0016581844538450241,
0.07930492609739304,
-0.3290340304374695,
0.06209401786327362,
-0.04314861074090004,
0.42851459980010986,
0.0062193721532821655,
-0.4427301287651062,
-0.09581352770328522,
-0.15214359760284424,
0.259468674659729,
-0.5270655751228333,
-0.3264327645301819,
0.1616421639919281,
-0.27080148458480835,
-0.18582427501678467,
-0.4305766224861145,
0.03102744184434414,
0.9029009938240051,
0.37170279026031494,
-0.045898377895355225,
-0.6128134727478027,
-0.304874449968338,
-0.29208531975746155,
0.0866139605641365,
0.23704825341701508,
-0.754304826259613,
0.4986075460910797,
-0.15080341696739197,
0.29576876759529114,
-0.27050745487213135,
-0.2972474694252014,
0.6683499217033386,
-0.3321080505847931,
0.09432356804609299,
-0.3066851794719696,
0.03176354616880417,
0.9281390309333801,
0.2330787181854248,
-0.4325942099094391,
-0.0933174267411232,
-0.06321518123149872,
0.4477793574333191,
-0.10972337424755096,
-0.3848912715911865,
0.26694366335868835,
0.2935435473918915,
-0.2090543955564499,
0.13343846797943115,
-0.22901305556297302,
0.4424184262752533,
-0.4290843904018402,
-0.09793705493211746,
0.3528674840927124,
-1.1580924987792969,
0.6724900007247925,
-0.409136563539505,
0.18020367622375488,
-1.0161932706832886,
-0.21201191842556,
0.17423804104328156,
0.0950220599770546,
-0.4368278682231903,
-0.02959558553993702,
0.18532472848892212,
0.16331332921981812,
0.4112505316734314,
-0.2819247841835022,
0.04588395357131958,
0.15104128420352936,
0.04886223003268242,
0.2998414635658264,
-0.08887257426977158,
-0.31195276975631714,
-0.09811819344758987,
0.3920179605484009,
-0.01525853294879198,
0.5006703734397888,
-0.7391654253005981,
0.1473659723997116,
0.6611629128456116,
-0.4356013238430023,
0.6319412589073181,
0.14887133240699768,
0.1592283397912979,
0.03838888928294182,
0.3956771790981293,
0.08468069136142731,
-0.6026511192321777,
0.34993571043014526,
0.24081642925739288,
-0.24271754920482635,
-0.11405068635940552,
0.258076548576355,
0.3664398789405823,
0.37258780002593994,
-0.5136264562606812,
0.2909367084503174,
-0.4202687442302704,
-0.2642167806625366,
0.03763582184910774,
-0.3125268518924713,
-0.28975093364715576,
0.5220227837562561,
0.6552457213401794,
0.8756740689277649,
-0.08384449034929276,
-0.26810187101364136,
-0.5213963985443115,
0.18157395720481873,
0.42050978541374207,
0.6459144949913025,
0.09079696238040924,
0.3865501582622528,
0.28507277369499207,
0.06381680071353912,
0.4117952883243561,
-0.5709829926490784,
0.15449169278144836,
-0.33859115839004517,
-0.020802881568670273,
-0.4751940965652466,
0.5153821706771851,
-0.10596131533384323,
-0.13429893553256989,
0.16295307874679565,
0.7191819548606873,
0.0998341366648674,
-0.0009920154698193073,
0.5366397500038147,
-0.135950967669487,
-0.30470579862594604,
0.48049983382225037,
0.40038320422172546,
-0.09665729105472565,
0.580610454082489,
-0.40946486592292786,
0.2564478814601898,
-0.5683271884918213,
0.5353521704673767,
-0.03250230476260185,
0.37637585401535034,
-0.26065269112586975,
-0.08286502212285995,
0.08134946972131729,
-0.21676190197467804,
-0.28384658694267273,
0.15891729295253754,
0.3003452718257904,
0.12255429476499557,
0.28087693452835083,
0.006978917401283979,
-0.5676770806312561,
0.3346889019012451,
-0.19307610392570496,
-1.005914330482483,
-0.6049805879592896,
0.3037106692790985,
-0.4399687945842743,
0.34081128239631653,
-0.7885894775390625,
0.5983788967132568,
0.5000782012939453,
-0.042712971568107605,
0.016390345990657806,
-0.20287500321865082,
0.507815957069397,
0.19639049470424652,
-0.41158050298690796,
0.5125680565834045,
-0.24742883443832397,
-0.05804622173309326,
-0.6201781034469604,
0.24800656735897064,
0.6819011569023132,
0.5083348751068115,
0.2806590497493744,
-0.21339954435825348,
-0.384933203458786,
0.17731821537017822,
0.35302653908729553,
-0.08905545622110367,
0.27564823627471924,
0.5415201187133789,
-0.3016161620616913,
-0.236214280128479,
-0.3090038001537323,
0.6702176928520203,
-0.20052318274974823,
0.4115782380104065,
0.33635812997817993,
-0.13773073256015778,
-0.5959087014198303,
0.09061013162136078,
0.11912062764167786,
-0.013500845059752464,
-0.2131257802248001,
0.7320864796638489,
-0.2716542184352875,
0.6027874946594238,
0.5099779367446899,
0.6138134002685547,
0.3296565115451813,
-0.24383313953876495,
-0.08034630119800568,
0.44366732239723206,
-0.42489394545555115,
0.3082118332386017,
-1.2738447189331055,
0.5481159090995789,
-0.028475595638155937,
-0.8542926907539368,
-0.6743893027305603,
0.5042915940284729,
-0.06469478458166122,
-0.2637406587600708,
-0.30585354566574097,
-0.4157165586948395,
-0.08785824477672577,
0.8392177224159241,
0.7599971890449524,
-0.3672581911087036,
0.04812411963939667,
0.4194239675998688
] |
233389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%20syndrome | Möbius syndrome | Möbius syndrome is a rare congenital neurological disorder which is characterized by facial paralysis and the inability to move the eyes from side to side. Most people with Möbius syndrome are born with complete facial paralysis and cannot close their eyes or form facial expressions. Limb and chest wall abnormalities sometimes occur with the syndrome. People with Möbius syndrome have normal intelligence, although their lack of facial expression is sometimes incorrectly taken to be due to dullness or unfriendliness. It is named for Paul Julius Möbius, a German neurologist who first described the syndrome in 1888. In 1994, the "Moebius Syndrome Foundation" was founded, and later that year the first "Moebius Syndrome Foundation Conference" was held in Los Angeles. A charity for Möbius syndrome was set up and registered in the UK in 1999 by Linda Anderson from Tyne and Wear, whose son had been born with the condition in 1980. She campaigned for many years, held conferences and gave medical speeches in America before she had to step away from the charity because of ill health.
Signs and symptoms
People with Möbius syndrome are born with facial paralysis and the inability to move their eyes laterally. Often, their upper lip is retracted due to muscle shrinkage. Occasionally, the cranial nerves V and VIII are affected. If cranial nerve VIII is affected, the person experiences hearing loss.
Other symptoms that sometimes occur with Möbius syndrome are:
Limb abnormalities—clubbed feet, missing fingers or toes
Chest-wall abnormalities (Poland syndrome)
Crossed eyes (strabismus)
Difficulty in breathing and/or in swallowing
Corneal erosion resulting from difficulty in blinking
Children with Möbius syndrome may have delayed speech because of paralysis of muscles that move the lips, soft palate and tongue root. However, with speech therapy, most people with Möbius syndrome can develop understandable speech. Möbius syndrome has been associated with increased occurrence of the symptoms of autism. Some children with Möbius syndrome are mistakenly labeled as intellectually disabled because of their expressionless faces, strabismus and frequent drooling.
Social and lifestyle effects
Möbius syndrome does not prevent individuals from experiencing personal and professional success. Due to the importance of facial expression and smiling in social interaction, the inability to form either can lead to individuals with Möbius being perceived as unhappy, unfriendly or uninterested in conversations. Individuals who are familiar with Möbius patients such as family or friends can recognize other signals of emotion such as body language, to the point that they sometimes report forgetting that the person has facial paralysis. Indeed, people with Möbius syndrome are often adept at compensating for a lack of expression by using body language, posture, and vocal tone to convey emotion.
Pathogenesis
Möbius syndrome results from the underdevelopment of the VI and VII cranial nerves. The VI cranial nerve controls lateral eye movement, and the VII cranial nerve controls facial expression.
The causes of Möbius syndrome are poorly understood. It is thought to result from a vascular disruption (temporary loss of bloodflow) in the brain during prenatal development. There can be many reasons for vascular disruption leading to Möbius syndrome. Most cases do not appear to be genetic. However, genetic links have been found in a few families. Some maternal trauma may result in impaired or interrupted blood flow (ischemia) or lack of oxygen (hypoxia) to a developing fetus. Some cases are associated with reciprocal translocation between chromosomes or maternal illness. In the majority of cases of Möbius syndrome in which autosomal dominant inheritance is suspected, sixth and seventh cranial nerve paralysis (palsy) occurs without associated limb abnormalities.
The use of drugs and a traumatic pregnancy may also be linked to the development of Möbius syndrome. The use of the drugs misoprostol or thalidomide by women during pregnancy has been linked to the development of Möbius syndrome in some cases. Misoprostol is used to induce abortions in Brazil and Argentina as well as in the United States. Misoprostol abortions are successful 90% of the time, meaning that 10% of the time the pregnancy continues. Studies show that the use of misoprostal during pregnancy increases the risk of developing Möbius syndrome by a factor of 30. While this is a dramatic increase in risk, the incidence of Möbius syndrome without misoprostal use is estimated at one in 50000 to 100000 births (making the incidence of Möbius syndrome with misoprostol use, less than one in 1000 births). The use of cocaine (which also has vascular effects) has been implicated in Möbius syndrome.
Some researchers have suggested that the underlying problem of this disorder could be congenital hypoplasia or agenesis of the cranial nerve nuclei. Certain symptoms associated with Möbius syndrome may be caused by incomplete development of facial nerves, other cranial nerves, and other parts of the central nervous system.
Oral/dental concerns
Neonatal
When a child is born with Möbius syndrome, there may be difficulty in closing the mouth or swallowing. The tongue may fasciculate (quiver) or be hypotonic (low muscle tone). The tongue may be larger or smaller than average. There may be low tone of the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and the masticatory system. The palate may be arched excessively (a high palate), because the tongue does not form a suction that would normally shape the palate down further. The palate may have a groove (this may be partially due to intubation early on if it is for an extended period of time) or may be cleft (incompletely formed). The opening to the mouth may be small. Feeding problems may become a critical issue early on if adequate nutrition is difficult.
Primary dentition
The primary (baby) teeth generally start coming in by 6 months of age, and all 20 teeth may be in by two and a half years of age. The eruption timing varies greatly. There may be an incomplete formation of the enamel on the teeth (enamel hypoplasia) that makes the teeth more vulnerable to caries (cavities). There may be missing teeth eruptions. If the infant is not closing down properly, the lower jaws become more noticeably deficient (micrognathia or retrognathia). The front teeth may not touch when the child closes down because the back teeth have overerrupted or because of incomplete formation of the maxilla. This condition is called an anterior open bite and has facial/skeletal implications. The saliva may be thick, or the infant may have a dry mouth.
Transitional dentition
Between age 5 and 7, most children start losing their primary teeth. Occasionally, some primary teeth are slow to exfoliate (fall out), and the dentist may want to remove a primary tooth early to prevent orthodontic problems. Likewise, premature loss of primary teeth may create orthodontic problems later on. When a tooth is lost prematurely, removable or fixed spacers may be needed to prevent the shifting of teeth. Interceptive orthodontic treatment can be initiated at this stage of development to help with crowding or to help relate the upper and lower jaws. Consistent with a high palate is a narrow arch shape of the upper teeth as they line up in the mouth. This may cause the upper front teeth to flare out and become more prone to fracture if accidentally hit. Interceptive orthodontics has an important role in this situation. Appliances that expand the upper arch tend to bring the front teeth back into a more-normal position. Some appliances can even help allow the front teeth to close to normal in an open-bite situation. The mouth and lips may tend to get dry with the Möbius patient. Lack of a good oral seal (lips together) allows the gingiva (gums) to get dry and may get inflamed and irritated.
Permanent dentition
After the last primary tooth is lost, usually around the age of twelve, final orthodontic treatment can be initiated. A patient that has not been able to close or swallow well probably will have an open bite, deficient lower-jaw growth, a narrow archform with crowded teeth, and upper anterior flaring of teeth. Orthognathic (jaw) surgery may be indicated. This should be completed in most situations before the smile surgery where the gracilis muscle is grafted to the face.
Genetic links to 13q12.2 and 1p22 have been suggested.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically made by the physical characteristics and symptoms, patient history and a thorough clinical evaluation. There is no specific diagnostic test that confirms Möbius syndrome. Some specialised tests may be carried out to rule out other causes of facial palsy.
Treatment
There is no single course of medical treatment or cure for Möbius syndrome. Treatment is supportive and in accordance with symptoms. If they have difficulty nursing, infants may require feeding tubes or special bottles to maintain sufficient nutrition. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy can improve motor skills and coordination and can lead to better control of speaking and eating abilities. Often, frequent lubrication with eye drops is sufficient to combat dry eye that results from impaired blinking. Surgery can correct crossed eyes, protect the cornea via tarsorraphy, and improve limb and jaw deformities. Sometimes called smile surgery by the media, muscle transfers grafted from the thigh to the corners of the mouth can be performed to provide the ability to smile. Although "smile surgery" may provide the ability to smile, the procedure is complex and can take twelve hours for each side of the face. Also, the surgery cannot be considered a "cure" for Möbius syndrome, because it does not improve the ability to form other facial expressions.
Epidemiology
It is estimated that there are, on average, 2 to 20 cases of Möbius syndrome per million births. Although its rarity often leads to late diagnosis, infants with this disorder can be identified at birth by a "mask-like" lack of expression that is detectable during crying or laughing and by an inability to suck while nursing because of paresis (palsy) of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves. Also, because a person with Möbius syndrome cannot follow objects by moving their eyes from side to side, they turn their head instead.
Culture
Literature and media with mentions of Möbius syndrome include:
The protagonist of the novel Painted by Eliza Wyatt and Christian Leffler has Möbius syndrome.
In the second season of Scream Queens, Daira Janessen (Riley McKenna Weinstein), also known as Chanel 8, has Möbius syndrome.
In the first season of American medical drama The Good Doctor, a teenage patient is depicted with Möbius syndrome.
In the BBC TV series Face, Loraine Deveney, a Möbius syndrome patient, was portrayed as a successful example of "smile surgery" performed by R. M. Zuker, M.D.
The German TV series Dr. Stefan Frank episode "Ein himmlisches Lächeln" (season 4, episode 4) is about a young boy living with Möbius syndrome.
The book "Secret Weapon" of the Alex Rider series gives a mention to Darcus Drake, a man with Möbius syndrome.
In “The Adventure of the Man Who Never Laughed”, a story written by John H. Watson, M.D./discovered by J. N. Williamson, and collected in Holmes For The Holidays, edited by Martin H. Greenberg, Jon L. Lellenberg and Carol-Lynn Waugh (Berkley Prime Crime, 1996), a missing person has Möbius syndrome.
References
External links
Möbius syndrome at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Neurological disorders
Syndromes affecting the eyes
Genetic disorders with OMIM but no gene
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting the nervous system | [
-0.05892123281955719,
0.32776206731796265,
-0.4733588695526123,
-0.39538103342056274,
-0.08190058916807175,
0.5305052399635315,
1.3876351118087769,
0.6691351532936096,
-0.8319905400276184,
-0.8697082996368408,
-0.578551173210144,
0.29642823338508606,
-0.81740403175354,
0.38857319951057434,
-0.07939178496599197,
0.202162966132164,
0.4374222457408905,
0.26971882581710815,
-0.3668740689754486,
0.2518610656261444,
0.1027156263589859,
-0.6120839715003967,
0.48293787240982056,
-0.4491753876209259,
-0.4071730077266693,
-0.38100218772888184,
0.11459925025701523,
0.30686700344085693,
0.5460179448127747,
-0.2895885705947876,
0.08414249867200851,
0.14296938478946686,
0.24469812214374542,
-0.5504652857780457,
-0.35534408688545227,
-0.3640448749065399,
-0.7013653516769409,
-0.289590060710907,
0.048711877316236496,
0.07003476470708847,
-0.1257874220609665,
-0.2603711783885956,
0.14978237450122833,
0.02254416048526764,
-0.3106662631034851,
-0.33579573035240173,
-1.313628911972046,
0.7049230933189392,
-0.782026469707489,
-0.030333170667290688,
0.16683125495910645,
0.2989063858985901,
0.24023115634918213,
0.5571404695510864,
0.40521925687789917,
-0.11734079569578171,
-1.2766057252883911,
-0.29598090052604675,
0.5682778358459473,
-0.3179680407047272,
0.7193446159362793,
-0.3036496341228485,
0.15816985070705414,
0.3162512183189392,
-0.5717328786849976,
0.402696430683136,
0.06466366350650787,
1.1085907220840454,
-0.5254307985305786,
-0.3980921804904938,
0.19779816269874573,
0.1178087517619133,
0.15285193920135498,
0.2314869612455368,
-0.29873940348625183,
-0.17898905277252197,
0.16662314534187317,
-0.6268291473388672,
0.364239901304245,
-0.3019864559173584,
0.32556986808776855,
-0.1986011415719986,
0.7768206596374512,
0.43280157446861267,
-0.0667281523346901,
0.1637026071548462,
-0.5144477486610413,
0.6338943839073181,
-0.3209792673587799,
0.38121500611305237,
-0.13150709867477417,
0.4408556818962097,
0.06591449677944183,
-0.12188369035720825,
-0.23182018101215363,
0.5455119013786316,
0.20347201824188232,
0.12443643808364868,
0.6156137585639954,
0.2317042350769043,
0.1198539137840271,
0.22596532106399536,
-0.0177740678191185,
-0.35052546858787537,
0.5471628308296204,
-0.1156427338719368,
-0.12177698314189911,
-0.14442646503448486,
-0.2925674319267273,
0.1836940497159958,
-1.1433628797531128,
0.011885014362633228,
0.038931723684072495,
-0.5871760249137878,
-1.0902589559555054,
-0.06284677237272263,
0.37479832768440247,
-0.1543184220790863,
-0.32325372099876404,
-0.8421725034713745,
-0.1770237535238266,
0.12442931532859802,
0.17347483336925507,
0.42908164858818054,
-0.6565108299255371,
0.1735331118106842,
-0.4626382887363434,
0.3489682674407959,
0.06753459572792053,
0.6741881370544434,
0.35084518790245056,
0.4816301465034485,
-0.014679193496704102,
-0.062228597700595856,
0.3471689820289612,
-0.42387425899505615,
0.4031446576118469,
-0.002278112107887864,
0.210249125957489,
0.18837228417396545,
-0.3552026152610779,
-0.5183182954788208,
-0.7471346855163574,
0.5828180313110352,
0.02531564049422741,
-0.30028119683265686,
-0.3518806993961334,
0.43704599142074585,
0.08648855239152908,
-0.03738763928413391,
-0.3692607581615448,
0.01066606491804123,
-0.03490348160266876,
0.11359818279743195,
-0.5844634771347046,
0.14592601358890533,
0.22254979610443115,
-0.6191154718399048,
0.8039828538894653,
0.23565267026424408,
0.592629075050354,
0.43156754970550537,
-0.8226222991943359,
-0.042521677911281586,
-0.020913951098918915,
-0.40174195170402527,
0.06334982067346573,
0.009868822991847992,
-0.1719074249267578,
0.21988406777381897,
-0.3548218905925751,
0.20787662267684937,
0.2550520598888397,
-0.13464033603668213,
0.4119403660297394,
0.09098111093044281,
0.33390751481056213,
0.12963950634002686,
0.8331730961799622,
-0.36625176668167114,
-0.46611952781677246,
-0.09993249922990799,
0.38897913694381714,
-0.08767778426408768,
0.2874005138874054,
-0.031700603663921356,
0.3992054760456085,
-0.2080204039812088,
-0.5038439631462097,
-0.5695874094963074,
-0.5888928174972534,
-0.3751120865345001,
0.31682607531547546,
0.19644105434417725,
1.2705577611923218,
-0.3948783278465271,
-1.1293070316314697,
0.7220749855041504,
0.24690653383731842,
0.511759877204895,
-0.10600202530622482,
-0.7550791501998901,
0.2978828549385071,
0.5094419717788696,
-0.41089239716529846,
0.19472001492977142,
0.10931199789047241,
0.14559946954250336,
0.18743713200092316,
0.5554675459861755,
0.6694512963294983,
-1.465240716934204,
-0.00826361682265997,
-0.10593262314796448,
0.417584091424942,
0.4880336821079254,
-0.3986089825630188,
0.10228785872459412,
-0.24223701655864716,
0.2949473261833191,
0.8693166375160217,
-0.5017583966255188,
-0.1577131301164627,
0.2631990611553192,
0.2332170009613037,
0.39092525839805603,
0.6929380893707275,
0.03316926583647728,
0.496324747800827,
-1.1530072689056396,
0.21502192318439484,
0.339890718460083,
0.34466877579689026,
-0.8363568782806396,
0.20915377140045166,
-0.29763054847717285,
0.6643922328948975,
-0.5169033408164978,
-0.17328281700611115,
-0.15018330514431,
-0.013652154244482517,
0.09861557930707932,
-0.49347183108329773,
0.04206522926688194,
0.46567073464393616,
-0.4034588634967804,
-0.15586800873279572,
0.2942027747631073,
-0.631319522857666,
-0.2833593189716339,
0.05448029190301895,
1.3836568593978882,
0.2469455897808075,
-0.7829445600509644,
0.0865611582994461,
0.29552847146987915,
0.5651993751525879,
-0.4374212622642517,
0.3109571635723114,
0.03964027389883995,
-0.3995319902896881,
0.4151431918144226,
0.4145617187023163,
0.203838512301445,
-0.5594305992126465,
-0.4088212549686432,
-0.08129293471574783,
0.1480320245027542,
0.44646480679512024,
0.42780035734176636,
1.2017643451690674,
-0.13310545682907104,
-0.6401008367538452,
0.07460696250200272,
-0.26345086097717285,
-0.4218418598175049,
-0.13690492510795593,
-0.19340313971042633,
-0.8925986289978027,
-0.23125538229942322,
-0.023828845471143723,
0.7168008685112,
0.2554287016391754,
0.1310490369796753,
-0.19871024787425995,
0.052235059440135956,
-0.0041979276575148106,
-0.24545982480049133,
-0.4780265688896179,
-0.3416837453842163,
-0.6468266248703003,
0.6310882568359375,
-0.252939909696579,
0.39997270703315735,
-0.05899706482887268,
-0.08713148534297943,
0.167914018034935,
-0.19234143197536469,
0.10750705748796463,
-0.5378900766372681,
0.10481634736061096,
0.719675600528717,
-0.132395938038826,
-0.22122497856616974,
0.21624523401260376,
0.23377755284309387,
0.03295092284679413,
0.0438230000436306,
-5.414822101593018,
0.13127222657203674,
-0.1347477287054062,
-0.4365505874156952,
0.36142051219940186,
0.348989337682724,
1.0225428342819214,
0.06763573735952377,
0.029764266684651375,
0.06630222499370575,
0.22117900848388672,
0.4858171045780182,
-0.3895495533943176,
0.21462112665176392,
-0.23085157573223114,
0.0702623650431633,
-0.5472147464752197,
-0.2528354823589325,
0.46015259623527527,
0.5973016619682312,
-0.1860354095697403,
0.08245765417814255,
-0.354862242937088,
0.5558009147644043,
-0.4325106143951416,
0.12684208154678345,
-0.12644179165363312,
0.1407429426908493,
-0.7231929898262024,
0.26265379786491394,
0.35183650255203247,
-0.5300032496452332,
-0.23140613734722137,
-0.16399067640304565,
-0.5981113314628601,
-0.3422105610370636,
0.028521770611405373,
-0.4743989408016205,
-0.16470351815223694,
0.02240549586713314,
-0.5453483462333679,
-0.15606683492660522,
-0.24783280491828918,
0.09591647237539291,
0.32379066944122314,
-0.39478740096092224,
-0.3270263373851776,
-0.11006671190261841,
-0.22349491715431213,
0.896665632724762,
0.2204904556274414,
-0.3792321979999542,
-0.12053924053907394,
0.6818538308143616,
0.1352202594280243,
-0.00020264144404791296,
0.5982701182365417,
0.0427778996527195,
0.19912327826023102,
0.3185674846172333,
0.4100811183452606,
-0.35077783465385437,
-0.34344908595085144,
-0.5436844229698181,
0.2706710398197174,
-0.40191876888275146,
-0.524800181388855,
-0.31807368993759155,
0.9554842114448547,
0.0008827842539176345,
-0.00710831256583333,
0.3798087239265442,
0.17054280638694763,
-1.3225979804992676,
0.5538039803504944,
-0.2324952483177185,
-0.4451376497745514,
-0.6986863017082214,
-0.06453824043273926,
-0.26726680994033813,
-0.0963725671172142,
-0.4511795938014984,
-0.3309115469455719,
0.23080657422542572,
0.7176621556282043,
-0.49479037523269653,
-0.11634602397680283,
0.24586495757102966,
0.4421555697917938,
-0.5361100435256958,
0.82716965675354,
-0.07361927628517151,
0.2850160598754883,
-0.0791679173707962,
-0.30555397272109985,
1.1117892265319824,
-0.16186146438121796,
0.7639312744140625,
0.4813280701637268,
0.43605902791023254,
0.3444769084453583,
-0.712043821811676,
0.12043661624193192,
-0.4506106972694397,
0.2559042274951935,
0.06487507373094559,
-0.4799679219722748,
0.5638704299926758,
0.10595249384641647,
-0.13361042737960815,
0.018290089443325996,
-0.23298192024230957,
-0.2003016322851181,
-0.014876811765134335,
0.4689048230648041,
-0.18254372477531433,
-0.16845840215682983,
0.47165995836257935,
0.09357956051826477,
-0.3385922610759735,
-0.06988972425460815,
0.6711454391479492,
-0.46083810925483704,
0.46189236640930176,
0.3077792525291443,
-0.1876433789730072,
-0.09731907397508621,
0.07223638892173767,
-0.2526623010635376,
0.03168027475476265,
-0.679784893989563,
0.5694639086723328,
0.4223063290119171,
0.4058859050273895,
0.01756328158080578,
-0.8272234201431274,
-0.00638053473085165,
-0.22776342928409576,
0.15480969846248627,
-0.0890885517001152,
0.3389092981815338,
-0.07157885283231735,
-0.14479690790176392,
0.32494744658470154,
0.19514480233192444,
0.20193442702293396,
-0.2485894113779068,
0.05898139998316765,
-0.556439995765686,
-0.028960732743144035,
0.2790432572364807,
-0.7598640322685242,
0.2560090124607086,
0.43264785408973694,
-0.33541813492774963,
0.5763466954231262,
0.008239112794399261,
0.26828914880752563,
-0.029361091554164886,
-0.08213535696268082,
-0.032993853092193604,
-0.5054828524589539,
-1.2093291282653809,
-0.00229385937564075,
0.05102093517780304,
-0.04122287780046463,
-0.05936916917562485,
-1.056886076927185,
-0.05000341683626175,
0.3601461946964264,
-0.7676570415496826,
-0.21154215931892395,
-0.24172227084636688,
-0.28639912605285645,
0.3963862359523773,
0.08273602277040482,
-0.909005880355835,
0.2523132562637329,
-0.06130814552307129,
0.15578751266002655,
-0.12943212687969208,
0.245136097073555,
-0.21284492313861847,
0.4366344213485718,
0.22119025886058807,
0.06583525240421295,
0.20151479542255402,
-0.31582126021385193,
-0.26230955123901367,
-0.5256826281547546,
0.34167489409446716,
0.3092418611049652,
0.18910057842731476,
0.43504998087882996,
0.15901876986026764,
0.021398203447461128,
-0.4198147654533386,
0.08672412484884262,
0.09479161351919174,
-0.2736165523529053,
-0.5103006958961487,
0.7062243819236755,
-0.3122919499874115,
0.26695454120635986,
1.0463639497756958,
-0.2853299677371979,
0.6123164296150208,
0.0653950572013855,
-0.7809568643569946,
0.5376784205436707,
-0.31405961513519287,
-0.6662098169326782,
-0.23806801438331604,
0.621400773525238,
-0.8439575433731079,
-0.03600257635116577,
0.09945054352283478,
-0.9320842027664185,
-0.05906031280755997,
0.2681039571762085,
-0.36910030245780945,
-0.23731468617916107,
-0.20296621322631836,
-0.18839776515960693,
-0.7281575202941895,
0.42203012108802795,
0.3985692262649536,
0.043924976140260696,
1.4763097763061523,
-0.0414460226893425,
0.18612447381019592,
-0.04019216448068619,
0.004315780010074377,
0.10831818729639053,
-0.7558794021606445,
-0.3246643841266632,
0.36499276757240295,
0.36476224660873413,
0.2889714241027832,
0.2588934898376465,
0.7701568603515625,
0.6335427165031433,
0.05228554084897041,
0.1904260218143463,
0.0589931383728981,
0.024017585441470146,
0.49775010347366333,
-0.6459725499153137,
-0.11271505057811737,
0.09435978531837463,
0.24382956326007843,
0.0021102430764585733,
-0.10086198896169662,
-0.13487161695957184,
0.4227224588394165,
0.10105486959218979,
0.10377410799264908,
-0.4531172811985016,
0.0576876662671566,
-0.1691640466451645,
-0.11408673971891403,
0.04188854619860649,
0.08332037925720215,
-0.35031643509864807,
-0.35274481773376465,
0.012348420917987823,
-0.2671835422515869,
-0.17417064309120178,
0.668853223323822,
0.05953897163271904,
-0.1486397236585617,
-0.6316882967948914,
0.4080761969089508,
0.16840659081935883,
-0.00879307184368372,
0.5902137160301208,
-0.3138624131679535,
-0.6288551092147827,
-0.2206103503704071,
0.031126365065574646,
0.049388010054826736,
-0.5381088852882385,
-0.05387156084179878,
-0.28016334772109985,
0.4417418837547302,
-0.3966563642024994,
0.11932424455881119,
-0.5336004495620728,
-0.05876786634325981,
0.03728041052818298,
-1.008705973625183,
0.39347025752067566,
0.2501536011695862,
0.05875873565673828,
-0.28275635838508606,
0.3675026297569275,
0.21392175555229187,
0.6360447406768799,
-0.4421692192554474,
-0.37946656346321106,
-0.4728613793849945,
0.5108909606933594,
0.03248688206076622,
-0.6403101682662964,
0.5726005434989929,
-0.023441150784492493,
-0.6002272963523865,
-0.7669276595115662,
0.4928888976573944,
0.2372923046350479,
-0.249330535531044,
-0.19280748069286346,
0.44747716188430786,
0.43115952610969543,
-0.17732656002044678,
0.47474581003189087,
0.3315165340900421,
-0.47738590836524963,
-0.3015025556087494,
0.13767476379871368,
0.27774691581726074,
0.5582574009895325,
0.5706215500831604,
-0.7254197001457214,
-0.6144346594810486,
0.6048212051391602,
0.48014429211616516,
0.2026752382516861,
0.6534076929092407,
0.4825967252254486,
0.6232492327690125,
-0.24360114336013794,
-0.33846405148506165,
0.5004786252975464,
0.5258640646934509,
0.12804485857486725,
0.3816383481025696,
-0.6695410013198853,
-0.30557242035865784,
-0.024063631892204285,
0.15670393407344818,
0.8264787793159485,
0.30265212059020996,
0.10691924393177032,
-0.38643962144851685,
0.17060473561286926,
-0.3329482078552246,
0.5340818166732788,
0.16641297936439514,
-0.6965949535369873,
0.6667845845222473,
-0.6910582780838013,
-0.07090068608522415,
-0.4312712848186493,
0.43299001455307007,
0.2649920582771301,
-0.26477235555648804,
-0.731687068939209,
-0.39612606167793274,
0.005518544465303421,
-0.042034320533275604,
-0.24818265438079834,
0.4985221326351166,
0.20525850355625153,
-0.29952412843704224,
-0.035255227237939835,
0.18883974850177765,
-0.10446747392416,
0.21344906091690063,
-0.0791829451918602,
-0.27805060148239136,
-0.14334577322006226,
-0.15965735912322998,
0.6827167868614197,
0.6483290195465088,
0.2585880756378174,
-0.1090007945895195,
0.2325674146413803,
0.009610938839614391,
-0.44136571884155273,
-0.3551640510559082,
-0.1983223855495453,
-0.840141773223877,
-0.0896669253706932,
0.16195160150527954,
0.09592872858047485,
-0.2239045798778534,
0.023366380482912064,
-0.1555163860321045,
-0.13125748932361603,
-0.14426276087760925,
0.3168116509914398,
0.43051719665527344,
0.11659912019968033,
0.393983393907547,
-0.13848547637462616,
0.053104087710380554,
0.39548826217651367,
-0.21330763399600983,
-0.15715214610099792,
0.17917755246162415,
0.31898564100265503,
-0.2945719361305237,
-0.08953997492790222,
-0.6109672784805298,
0.36135461926460266,
0.38753005862236023,
0.49909380078315735,
-0.9371811151504517,
0.3236234486103058,
-0.09594761580228806,
0.5352581739425659,
0.36843326687812805,
0.5925249457359314,
0.019651297479867935,
-0.03240317106246948,
0.689374566078186,
-0.10019660741090775,
-0.4803314805030823,
-0.605552613735199,
0.33811429142951965,
-0.9502676129341125,
0.7621474862098694,
0.16505135595798492,
-0.2197161167860031,
-0.4491296410560608,
0.571641206741333,
-0.1879800260066986,
-0.2397823929786682,
0.13071762025356293,
-0.3673836588859558,
0.5935398936271667,
0.016060570254921913,
-0.03783021494746208,
-0.8330011963844299,
-0.44765207171440125,
0.5423370599746704,
0.7264774441719055,
0.11477355659008026,
-0.16988998651504517,
0.3138907551765442,
-0.6621900200843811,
0.18502824008464813,
-0.005708353128284216,
0.40008655190467834,
-0.3625642657279968,
-0.6293382048606873,
-0.1778264045715332,
-0.31178656220436096,
-0.029190372675657272,
0.360799103975296,
-0.44209182262420654,
0.009721921756863594,
-0.18079809844493866,
-0.33456751704216003,
0.22252191603183746,
-0.07073799520730972,
-0.43571633100509644,
-0.43514516949653625,
0.3029339611530304
] |
233394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth%20Domitien | Elisabeth Domitien | Elisabeth Domitien (1925 – 26 April 2005) served as the prime minister of the Central African Republic from 1975 to 1976. She was the first and only woman to hold the position.
Family background
Domitien was born in Lobaye. The family had a plantation, and her father was employed in the postal service while her mother was a farmer.
Early life and career
Domitien was the eldest child and the only daughter. She received only rudimentary instruction in reading and writing in a Catholic school and learned cooking and sewing. She spent much of her time working in the field and helped to sell farm products. However, she learned to deal with numbers and established herself as a farmer and business woman. She had a strong personality and was enterprising, making her popular among the village women and an informal leader in the community. At the age of 20 she became involved in the liberation struggle.
Political life
Domitien mobilized the population with her speeches in Sangho, helped unite different groups and created a sense of national identity. She became head of the women's group in the independence movement, the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN). She collaborated closely with Barthélémy Boganda, the founder of the movement, and became president of the party in 1953. The country became independent in 1960 and Domitien collaborated with the first president of the Central African Republic, David Dacko, and the commander-in-chief, Jean-Bédel Bokassa. She served as a political adviser both to the leaders and to ordinary people, trying to reconcile different interests and improve the living standards of the population. Dacko ruled in an authoritarian way and the country soon became a one-party state with MESAN as the sole legal party. In 1965 Bokassa seized power in a coup, abolished the constitution, dissolved parliament and appointed himself as the head of the party, state and government with legislative and executive power.
In 1972 Bokassa declared himself president for life and made Domitien vice president of the party. In 1973 she led the first national congress of Central African farmers. She was clever and industrious, appealed to the population and served as a unifying force which Bokassa needed. In 1974 he declared himself as marshal. He had a cabinet in which the ministers changed constantly and on 2 January 1975 he formed a new government. Here Bokassa introduced the post of prime minister and Elisabeth Domitien was appointed to the position. It was the International Women's Year and Bokassa wanted to draw positive notice to himself internationally by appointing a woman in a leading position. She was the first woman to serve as prime minister of an African nation.
Domitien worked to strengthen the income and position of women. She was criticized by some people in CAR for the support she gave Bokassa. In her view the population should follow their leader. At the same time, she demanded that the president should respect the people and safeguard their interests. She was not afraid to voice her opinion, even to the president, and got many people out of jail after they were arrested without trial. Her relationship with Bokassa soured when he wanted to proclaim himself emperor. When Domitien opposed the plan, she was promptly fired and her cabinet was dismissed (7 April 1976).
With the overthrow of Bokassa in September 1979, Domitien was arrested and brought to trial on charges of covering up extortion committed by Bokassa during her tenure as prime minister. She served a brief prison term and was put on trial in 1980, after which she was prohibited from returning to politics. In 1981, the military gained control again and ruled for 12 years. In 1993, it was replaced by a civilian government and Ange-Félix Patassé was elected president. Domitien received compensation for the unjust treatment she had been exposed to. She remained a prominent figure, both as a former politician and as a businesswoman, and was buried with official honours when she died in 2005.
Personal life
Domitien married twice; her first husband was Jean Baka who was an accountant in a river company and commuted back and forth between Bangui and Brazzaville. They had a daughter, Beatrice in 1941, but were eventually divorced. Later, Domitien married Mr Ngouka-Langadiji who was mayor and ran a coffee plantation in the Mobaye region east of the capital. He had several wives and did not move when he married Elisabeth. She lived alone in Bangui, and her husband came to visit her.
References
1925 births
2005 deaths
20th-century women politicians
Female heads of government
Women rulers in Africa
Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa politicians
People of French Equatorial Africa
People from Bangui
Prime Ministers of the Central African Republic
Women prime ministers
Women government ministers of the Central African Republic | [
-0.5345149040222168,
0.26677778363227844,
-0.4805087745189667,
-0.19520311057567596,
-0.21754173934459686,
0.7914116382598877,
0.4052996337413788,
0.10469131916761398,
-0.8798901438713074,
-0.27429378032684326,
0.5076310634613037,
0.3444075882434845,
0.22397135198116302,
0.7370577454566956,
-0.14764085412025452,
-0.034739814698696136,
0.46963998675346375,
0.21873734891414642,
-0.5360854268074036,
-0.5504521131515503,
-0.4049554765224457,
-0.26282426714897156,
0.3919532001018524,
-0.06841549277305603,
-0.06617111712694168,
0.1989617645740509,
0.46983516216278076,
0.4114629626274109,
0.4101907014846802,
0.014289416372776031,
0.09898196905851364,
0.14973855018615723,
0.44363152980804443,
0.014864711090922356,
0.021366063505411148,
-0.05277472734451294,
0.35382306575775146,
-0.23688894510269165,
-0.43108734488487244,
-0.4424836337566376,
-0.6620591878890991,
0.3262504041194916,
0.13686016201972961,
0.10683665424585342,
-0.08543934673070908,
-0.5335924625396729,
-1.0206987857818604,
0.18887439370155334,
-0.6751440763473511,
-0.36205095052719116,
-0.5378767848014832,
-0.0584077350795269,
1.1528353691101074,
0.47373735904693604,
0.6024661660194397,
-0.2708790600299835,
-1.1536338329315186,
-0.5050317645072937,
-0.5155518054962158,
-0.4578920602798462,
0.15246842801570892,
0.12127144634723663,
0.00850611925125122,
-0.1377415508031845,
0.21007338166236877,
-0.2150827795267105,
0.0026867364067584276,
0.2790563702583313,
-0.21548062562942505,
-0.21091322600841522,
0.20860327780246735,
0.2049756795167923,
0.4218918979167938,
-0.49168750643730164,
0.07707346230745316,
-0.5030619502067566,
0.4673251509666443,
-0.19482795894145966,
0.45999565720558167,
-0.2758564054965973,
-0.6628867983818054,
-0.7856842279434204,
0.5964352488517761,
-0.11612434685230255,
0.4540465474128723,
0.07347527146339417,
0.3699808418750763,
0.4033656418323517,
-0.6854440569877625,
-0.12588846683502197,
-1.0566574335098267,
-0.4085404574871063,
-0.10096775740385056,
-0.46317458152770996,
-0.5211631655693054,
-0.023789267987012863,
0.022846125066280365,
0.35245513916015625,
0.16396601498126984,
0.21996428072452545,
0.4106273055076599,
0.0487067885696888,
-0.08225315064191818,
-0.2709408700466156,
-0.5719934105873108,
-0.6034698486328125,
-0.10636933892965317,
-0.1115594208240509,
-0.45499876141548157,
-0.1219620332121849,
-0.5903176665306091,
-0.18395747244358063,
-0.155304953455925,
-0.1291956901550293,
0.20055827498435974,
0.03175476938486099,
0.00042300886707380414,
-0.1740826666355133,
-0.3598692715167999,
-0.20488649606704712,
0.38159582018852234,
-0.14052702486515045,
0.056642431765794754,
-0.11540688574314117,
-0.4246194660663605,
0.18836867809295654,
-0.3369079530239105,
-0.06092972308397293,
0.006486563943326473,
0.1887437105178833,
1.2899138927459717,
0.768200159072876,
-0.6888207793235779,
-0.13307306170463562,
-0.30532142519950867,
-0.4995287358760834,
0.7114218473434448,
0.4256426692008972,
0.464727520942688,
-0.03800591453909874,
-0.16927295923233032,
0.4774467647075653,
-0.20911531150341034,
0.22780367732048035,
-0.11676075309515,
-0.31189143657684326,
-0.018635455518960953,
0.38210922479629517,
0.3314272463321686,
0.08688020706176758,
-0.3049588203430176,
-0.5358518362045288,
0.21376611292362213,
-0.5159168243408203,
-0.7031797766685486,
0.715460479259491,
0.3371943533420563,
0.1907333880662918,
-0.059340476989746094,
0.4807199537754059,
0.8251243829727173,
0.33007994294166565,
0.40367475152015686,
-0.08728209882974625,
0.6023722290992737,
-0.15821413695812225,
-0.09479860216379166,
0.32260391116142273,
0.11094872653484344,
-0.024294178932905197,
-0.6903281211853027,
0.22895881533622742,
-0.0855969712138176,
-0.3444446623325348,
-0.2859117388725281,
0.7197744250297546,
0.22972913086414337,
-0.049898661673069,
0.2418002188205719,
0.007357384543865919,
-0.5239959955215454,
-0.25846990942955017,
-0.14037087559700012,
0.2846744954586029,
0.8531252145767212,
0.3383897542953491,
0.43028128147125244,
-0.21224647760391235,
0.41344329714775085,
-0.23385865986347198,
-0.24113620817661285,
-0.6869084239006042,
1.0092737674713135,
-0.27970266342163086,
0.9302481412887573,
-0.08199989795684814,
-0.2018968015909195,
0.7306193709373474,
0.018139798194169998,
0.31958726048469543,
-0.4410650134086609,
-0.39919042587280273,
0.2472183108329773,
-0.5952162742614746,
0.11266293376684189,
0.5707135200500488,
0.13065983355045319,
0.07665301114320755,
0.2767148017883301,
1.5524992942810059,
0.30669838190078735,
-0.5107371211051941,
-0.09819476306438446,
0.4126938283443451,
-0.04525274038314819,
-0.3277815580368042,
-0.4010692536830902,
0.0643661692738533,
0.24258223176002502,
0.40802890062332153,
0.22764480113983154,
0.0789872333407402,
-0.7833290696144104,
0.871900200843811,
0.09489645063877106,
0.2674456536769867,
-0.03806699439883232,
0.05891289561986923,
0.276711642742157,
0.7528296113014221,
0.04545294865965843,
0.4066450297832489,
0.47072216868400574,
-0.6974431276321411,
0.544895589351654,
0.3611328899860382,
-0.23935052752494812,
-0.19808128476142883,
-0.06485515832901001,
-0.5405672788619995,
0.40496015548706055,
0.5037479996681213,
-0.4719008803367615,
0.5690575242042542,
-0.1288297176361084,
0.853717029094696,
-0.6169358491897583,
0.002509481506422162,
-0.42449232935905457,
-0.15226401388645172,
-0.20232835412025452,
0.36167529225349426,
0.35833629965782166,
-0.10279953479766846,
-0.08569091558456421,
-0.92067950963974,
-0.06118191406130791,
-0.18896770477294922,
0.6228438019752502,
0.21002066135406494,
0.4951036274433136,
-0.8596677780151367,
-0.1687980443239212,
0.6911497116088867,
0.1273350566625595,
-0.17904867231845856,
-0.25159913301467896,
-0.20856711268424988,
-0.20390008389949799,
-0.020526040345430374,
-0.4976915121078491,
-0.6647415161132812,
0.014070234261453152,
0.14243128895759583,
0.33648499846458435,
-0.3161751329898834,
-0.8264471888542175,
0.7694674730300903,
-0.39305922389030457,
-0.6618435382843018,
0.0493352971971035,
0.981836199760437,
-0.18869879841804504,
-0.2292126566171646,
0.04135093837976456,
0.5048262476921082,
-0.038133736699819565,
-0.5658841133117676,
-0.44337499141693115,
0.09773007780313492,
-0.09954284876585007,
-0.0932115763425827,
-0.6582084894180298,
-0.44166409969329834,
-0.20043334364891052,
0.016360526904463768,
-0.9923866987228394,
-0.2558261752128601,
0.457540363073349,
0.013716226443648338,
0.21023255586624146,
0.5577707886695862,
0.09482401609420776,
0.4462380111217499,
0.2619633674621582,
-0.09193489700555801,
-0.032254405319690704,
-0.1958206295967102,
-5.642129421234131,
0.06565429270267487,
0.2609441876411438,
-0.6544773578643799,
-0.22677187621593475,
-0.19294026494026184,
0.5226664543151855,
0.04864218831062317,
0.23894141614437103,
-0.43125635385513306,
0.26768821477890015,
0.20139950513839722,
-0.30778074264526367,
0.82847660779953,
0.4984595477581024,
0.06487015634775162,
0.3598552346229553,
-0.948112964630127,
0.4509931206703186,
0.4632425904273987,
0.5973304510116577,
-0.07302665710449219,
-0.0706104189157486,
-0.0657167136669159,
0.5285986661911011,
-0.07184155285358429,
0.16393493115901947,
-0.2882165312767029,
-0.9414251446723938,
-0.5798931121826172,
0.1367415189743042,
-0.2685590088367462,
-0.2079525738954544,
0.05434379354119301,
-0.012598799541592598,
-0.271329402923584,
0.43066224455833435,
0.7019761204719543,
-0.269619882106781,
-0.382037490606308,
0.14479759335517883,
0.12892365455627441,
-0.13585495948791504,
0.2639566957950592,
-0.21736469864845276,
-0.22289901971817017,
-0.4685012698173523,
-0.052567191421985626,
-0.7418818473815918,
1.14302396774292,
-0.2741506099700928,
-0.5878686904907227,
-0.07263000309467316,
-0.25488659739494324,
0.32715386152267456,
-0.0019404372433200479,
-0.04898311197757721,
0.38289710879325867,
-1.0240061283111572,
0.6166036128997803,
0.09833856672048569,
0.13391295075416565,
0.35382363200187683,
-0.6464906930923462,
-0.1102449968457222,
-0.06215409189462662,
-0.49781495332717896,
0.3863275647163391,
0.1979265660047531,
0.02492077462375164,
0.10646655410528183,
0.14975301921367645,
-0.15462099015712738,
-1.0418508052825928,
0.12770669162273407,
-0.49584659934043884,
-0.26954516768455505,
-0.3047224283218384,
0.03262539580464363,
0.049349594861269,
0.6180537343025208,
-0.09368642419576645,
0.00813896395266056,
0.651373565196991,
0.07418874651193619,
-0.2737354338169098,
-0.17672979831695557,
0.12901116907596588,
-0.2546013295650482,
0.4215921461582184,
0.026472846046090126,
-0.5407055616378784,
-0.17449767887592316,
0.3328419029712677,
-0.1331404596567154,
0.2746273875236511,
-0.11247073113918304,
-0.43095001578330994,
0.20472954213619232,
-0.4734605550765991,
-0.3428891897201538,
-0.08916375041007996,
0.3592599630355835,
-0.17230090498924255,
0.2307441085577011,
-0.10813048481941223,
-0.23433837294578552,
-0.25315332412719727,
-0.04996349290013313,
0.07337980717420578,
0.028082838281989098,
0.334112286567688,
-0.42823439836502075,
-0.8601296544075012,
0.3192572593688965,
-0.29046112298965454,
-0.08089941740036011,
0.09774260222911835,
0.2933289110660553,
-0.3525320291519165,
-0.09959526360034943,
0.4511731266975403,
-0.06198529899120331,
0.592480480670929,
0.3136238157749176,
-0.00043939638999290764,
0.3098372220993042,
-0.150427907705307,
-0.32212430238723755,
0.3151703476905823,
-0.38616225123405457,
0.38893261551856995,
0.008960653096437454,
-0.4231276214122772,
0.6511186361312866,
-0.7690454125404358,
-0.26207026839256287,
-0.5295838713645935,
-0.34039002656936646,
0.022676115855574608,
-0.2582990825176239,
0.0263625830411911,
0.00438543688505888,
0.16209180653095245,
-0.06051960214972496,
-0.09102579206228256,
0.3173544108867645,
-0.10989633947610855,
-0.27123549580574036,
0.2829577922821045,
-0.19166654348373413,
0.0701865404844284,
0.8384966850280762,
-0.17072075605392456,
-0.12817692756652832,
-0.1782049983739853,
0.525165319442749,
0.004458744078874588,
-0.4879860579967499,
0.19486545026302338,
-0.24638693034648895,
-0.7190083861351013,
-1.3456225395202637,
-0.0748981311917305,
0.2746168375015259,
0.3647342324256897,
-0.4167231619358063,
-0.3068321645259857,
0.012735758908092976,
0.8191702365875244,
0.2909214496612549,
-0.7681982517242432,
-0.19435881078243256,
-0.24822819232940674,
0.44523942470550537,
-0.6367872357368469,
0.3554950952529907,
0.5020550489425659,
-0.15299902856349945,
-0.2612271308898926,
-0.028767885640263557,
0.22700923681259155,
-0.36566802859306335,
-0.06329640001058578,
0.33736249804496765,
0.2485792189836502,
-0.41389182209968567,
-0.2873368561267853,
0.12690913677215576,
-0.19369792938232422,
0.4270476698875427,
0.3231261968612671,
-0.13323062658309937,
0.7862204909324646,
-0.4419882595539093,
-0.2500360310077667,
-0.10847096145153046,
0.3745143413543701,
-0.1489516794681549,
-0.2740596532821655,
-0.02419397421181202,
0.5919999480247498,
0.40175721049308777,
0.09386710077524185,
0.41486644744873047,
-0.4184299111366272,
0.87653648853302,
-0.021043704822659492,
0.5057427287101746,
0.2790292799472809,
-0.917785108089447,
-0.13168177008628845,
0.2938028872013092,
0.977594256401062,
-0.6064049601554871,
0.3026772737503052,
0.49205029010772705,
-0.20849695801734924,
-0.33494681119918823,
-0.5037738680839539,
-0.512870192527771,
-0.40299883484840393,
-0.5130062103271484,
0.20727728307247162,
-0.517066240310669,
0.6433424949645996,
0.7252949476242065,
0.2491980493068695,
0.2997826337814331,
0.6210819482803345,
-0.5496717095375061,
0.1704280525445938,
-0.08533545583486557,
-0.22967208921909332,
-0.19418726861476898,
-0.4476425051689148,
0.8942171335220337,
0.3480986952781677,
-0.33313384652137756,
-0.060410816222429276,
0.64927738904953,
0.39172831177711487,
0.3552110493183136,
-0.5328951478004456,
-0.18977007269859314,
0.2457270324230194,
-0.05595669522881508,
-0.35492655634880066,
0.1764146089553833,
0.16610834002494812,
-0.012441142462193966,
0.13981695473194122,
-0.9235643148422241,
-0.6828809976577759,
0.7108942866325378,
-0.20306812226772308,
-0.13443954288959503,
0.10943932831287384,
0.47581425309181213,
0.22441962361335754,
-0.3453013300895691,
0.13052314519882202,
0.24003392457962036,
0.12431292235851288,
0.6671003699302673,
0.1323983520269394,
0.05334044247865677,
0.19441142678260803,
0.07076501846313477,
-0.34254318475723267,
-0.34389424324035645,
-0.38576462864875793,
0.054032471030950546,
-0.034205809235572815,
-0.12786802649497986,
-0.13846880197525024,
-0.3921830356121063,
-0.0350164920091629,
0.2346406728029251,
-0.1399807184934616,
-0.3674360513687134,
0.03596403822302818,
-0.11128614097833633,
0.36938512325286865,
0.22859734296798706,
-0.6332944631576538,
-0.6585007309913635,
-0.318858802318573,
-0.6314415335655212,
-0.10309894382953644,
-0.04296441003680229,
-0.10159981995820999,
0.18595431745052338,
0.20909282565116882,
-0.08828014135360718,
0.6565594673156738,
-0.25396081805229187,
0.693027675151825,
0.03831895813345909,
-0.20006714761257172,
-0.5229875445365906,
0.2857409715652466,
0.6233088374137878,
0.16138550639152527,
-0.3602524399757385,
0.04582163691520691,
-0.2661542296409607,
-0.3906761109828949,
0.054560188204050064,
0.4106810688972473,
0.3067115843296051,
-0.0801517441868782,
-0.01967555284500122,
-0.022714514285326004,
-0.53143709897995,
0.08609939366579056,
0.19256167113780975,
-0.711220383644104,
-0.6419386267662048,
-0.30031439661979675,
-0.12655013799667358,
0.23047693073749542,
-0.1034027710556984,
-0.14800319075584412,
0.8725554347038269,
1.1500978469848633,
0.022862395271658897,
0.48014798760414124,
0.5395503640174866,
-0.651934027671814,
-0.20707592368125916,
0.5500534772872925,
-0.15892180800437927,
0.32798948884010315,
-0.5373613238334656,
0.09557683020830154,
0.06704030930995941,
-0.5398639440536499,
0.49801453948020935,
0.38412970304489136,
0.14084894955158234,
0.8741206526756287,
-0.7963182926177979,
-0.36708563566207886,
0.2269320785999298,
0.018754908815026283,
-0.3237731456756592,
0.43651488423347473,
0.5848025679588318,
0.2238255739212036,
0.40740102529525757,
-0.20649927854537964,
-0.17644403874874115,
-0.38819998502731323,
-0.06665969640016556,
0.2731432318687439,
0.6331121921539307,
-0.06614033132791519,
-0.12839366495609283,
0.3396611213684082,
-0.23090679943561554,
-0.584042489528656,
0.7816949486732483,
0.2734787166118622,
0.5063800811767578,
0.1274746060371399,
0.2476550042629242,
-0.0670146495103836,
-0.012554104439914227,
0.029252877458930016,
0.5667579174041748,
-0.2575453817844391,
-0.03007100149989128,
0.2872237265110016,
0.36414244771003723,
-0.12428951263427734,
0.22771534323692322,
-0.03149246424436569,
-0.2301725447177887,
0.1554427295923233,
-0.3931707739830017,
0.30521371960639954,
-0.00765247642993927,
-0.06400223821401596,
-0.5100929737091064,
0.287041574716568,
0.3908243477344513,
0.08476582169532776,
0.24118424952030182,
-0.25525328516960144,
0.5705409646034241,
-0.5605301856994629,
0.0034657283686101437,
-0.05623620003461838,
-0.2903327941894531,
0.39167189598083496,
-0.2592645287513733,
0.712856113910675,
0.5362803339958191,
-0.32686689496040344,
-0.29664626717567444,
0.3334523141384125,
-0.29544734954833984,
0.11789316684007645,
0.5967421531677246,
0.1438705027103424,
0.046068254858255386,
-0.15768852829933167,
-0.6459177136421204,
0.35308027267456055,
-0.06865846365690231,
-0.0923028364777565,
-0.5207110047340393,
0.3703478276729584,
0.06322170794010162,
0.16638827323913574,
0.44612404704093933,
0.05802011117339134,
-0.12575797736644745,
0.30334341526031494,
-0.26420795917510986,
-0.8869774341583252,
0.5041987895965576,
0.20541676878929138,
-0.018174178898334503,
-0.11456388235092163,
0.0580177828669548,
-0.36624404788017273,
0.21105989813804626,
-0.0265638530254364,
-0.31209972500801086,
0.05240324139595032,
-0.1668270081281662,
0.08953667432069778,
-0.4588799774646759,
-0.05754714459180832,
0.5745334029197693,
0.2705017924308777,
-0.13060347735881805,
-0.20871661603450775,
0.1538587063550949,
0.06282293796539307,
0.5231113433837891,
-0.16034261882305145,
-0.40153124928474426,
0.15495802462100983,
0.24100011587142944,
0.23575107753276825,
-0.5286434888839722,
-0.32149186730384827,
-0.12501780688762665,
-0.3477647006511688,
0.1275368183851242,
-0.8527001142501831,
0.31249213218688965,
-1.0297348499298096,
0.04424687847495079,
-0.49601277709007263,
0.21935148537158966,
0.25070449709892273
] |
233396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronic%20brain | Positronic brain | A positronic brain is a fictional technological device, originally conceived by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. It functions as a central processing unit (CPU) for robots, and, in some unspecified way, provides them with a form of consciousness recognizable to humans. When Asimov wrote his first robot stories in 1939 and 1940, the positron was a newly discovered particle, and so the buzz word "positronic" added a scientific connotation to the concept. Asimov's 1942 short story "Runaround" elaborates his fictional Three Laws of Robotics, which are ingrained in the positronic brains of nearly all of his robots.
Conceptual overview
Asimov remained vague about the technical details of positronic brains except to assert that their substructure was formed from an alloy of platinum and iridium. They were said to be vulnerable to radiation and apparently involve a type of volatile memory (since robots in storage required a power source keeping their brains "alive"). The focus of Asimov's stories was directed more towards the software of robots—such as the Three Laws of Robotics—than the hardware in which it was implemented, although it is stated in his stories that to create a positronic brain without the Three Laws, it would have been necessary to spend years redesigning the fundamental approach towards the brain itself.
Within his stories of robotics on Earth and their development by U.S. Robots, Asimov's positronic brain is less of a plot device and more of a technological item worthy of study.
A positronic brain cannot ordinarily be built without incorporating the Three Laws; any modification thereof would drastically modify robot behavior. Behavioral dilemmas resulting from conflicting potentials set by inexperienced and/or malicious users of the robot for the Three Laws make up the bulk of Asimov's stories concerning robots. They are resolved by applying the science of logic and psychology together with mathematics, the supreme solution finder being Dr. Susan Calvin, Chief Robopsychologist of U.S. Robots.
The Three Laws are also a bottleneck in brain sophistication. Very complex brains designed to handle world economy interpret the First Law in an expanded sense to include humanity as opposed to a single human; in Asimov's later works like Robots and Empire this is referred to as the "Zeroth Law". At least one brain constructed as a calculating machine, as opposed to being a robot control circuit, was designed to have a flexible, childlike personality so that it was able to pursue difficult problems without the Three Laws inhibiting it completely. Specialized brains created for overseeing world economics were stated to have no personality at all.
Under specific conditions, the Three Laws can be obviated, with the modification of the actual robotic design.
Robots that are of low enough value can have the Third Law deleted; they do not have to protect themselves from harm, and the brain size can be reduced by half.
Robots that do not require orders from a human being may have the Second Law deleted, and therefore require smaller brains again, providing they do not require the Third Law.
Robots that are disposable, cannot receive orders from a human being and are not able to harm a human, will not require even the First Law. The sophistication of positronic circuitry renders a brain so small that it could comfortably fit within the skull of an insect.
Robots of the latter type directly parallel contemporary industrial robotics practice, though real-life robots do contain safety sensors and systems (a weak form of the First Law; the robot is a safe tool to use, but has no "judgment", which is implicit in Asimov's own stories).
In Allen's trilogy
Several robot stories have been written by other authors after Asimov's death. For example, in Roger MacBride Allen's Caliban trilogy, a Spacer roboticist called Gubber Anshaw invents the gravitonic brain. It offers speed and capacity improvements over traditional positronic designs, but the strong influence of tradition make robotics labs reject Anshaw's work. Only one roboticist, Fredda Leving, chooses to adopt gravitonics, because it offers her a blank slate on which she could explore alternatives to the Three Laws. Because they are not dependent upon centuries of earlier research, gravitonic brains can be programmed with the standard Laws, variations of the Laws, or even empty pathways which specify no Laws at all.
References in other fiction and films
Abbott and Costello Go To Mars
When Queen Allura of Venus (Mari Blanchard) puts Orville (Lou Costello) to a lie detector test in an ESP-enabled crystal chair, she states that it is "based on the principle of the Positronic Brain."
The Avengers
In a mini story entitled "Night Vision!" in Annual #6 of the Marvel comic, writer Scot Edelman refers to the brain of the synthezoid "The Vision" as positronic. The Vision had a complicated history, being born of the dead android body of the original Human Torch, and the mind of the dead human Wonder Man, not to mention being programmed to be a killing machine by the armageddon-happy sentient robot Ultron, who in his turn had been inadvertently created by scientist Henry Pym, originally as a lab assistant. He overcame his programming and became a hero, but The Vision was always alternately coldly logical and given to violent emotion, and was able to break all three laws.
Doctor Who
In the fourth season (1966–67) Doctor Who story "The Power of the Daleks", second incarnation of the Doctor, played by Patrick Troughton, awakens from his first regeneration and eventually faces one of his old nemeses, the Daleks. Human space colonists examine "dead" Daleks and, upon their re-activation, conjecture as to "what sort of positronic brain must this device possess". However, the Daleks are actually organic life-forms that were encased in robotic shells, and thus do not possess the purported positronic brain and, in any case, do not obey the Three Laws of Robotics.
In the seventeenth season (1979–80) story "The Horns of Nimon", the fourth incarnation of the Doctor, played by Tom Baker, recognizes the Labyrinth-like building complex that serves as the lair of the Nimons as resembling both physically and functionally a "giant positronic circuit". When adequately fueled, the circuit was capable of transferring massive amounts of energy over vast distances to generate two black holes as gateways to hyperspace and to sustain a tunnel that served as the motive power between them for the transport of an invading force of Nimons from the dying planet Crinoth to Skonnos.
In the fifth series (2010) Doctor Who story "Victory of the Daleks", the Daleks create a human-cyborg scientist "Bracewell", that is implanted in to the British scientific community to develop technology for the war effort. The creation was said to be controlled by a positronic brain.
Star Trek
Several fictional characters in Star Trek: The Next Generation—Lieutenant Commander Data, his "mother" Julianna Soong Tainer, his daughter Lal, and his brothers Lore and B-4—are androids equipped with positronic brains created by Dr. Noonien Soong.
None of these androids are constrained by Asimov's robot laws: Lore, lacking ethics and morals, kills indiscriminately; and Data, though his actions are restricted by ethical programming provided by his creator, is also capable of killing in situations where it is absolutely necessary (exactly what constitutes "absolutely necessary" also being determined by him). Also, Data is not required to obey all orders from humans. He only obeys orders in his duties as a Starfleet officer.
"Positronic implants" were used to replace lost function in Vedek Bareil's brain in the Deep Space 9 episode "Life Support".
Perry Rhodan
In the German science fiction series Perry Rhodan (written starting in 1961), positronic brains (German: Positroniken) are the main computer technology; for quite a time they are replaced by the more powerful Syntronics, but those stop working due to the increased Hyperimpedance. The most powerful positronic brain is called NATHAN and covers large parts of the Earth's moon. Many of the larger computers (including NATHAN) as well as the race of Posbis combine a biological component with the positronic brain, giving them sentience and creativity.
I, Robot
The robots in the 2004 film I, Robot (loosely based upon several of Isaac Asimov's stories) also have positronic brains. Sonny, one of the main characters from the film, has two separate positronic brains—the second being a positronic "heart"—so it has choices open to him the other robots in the film do not have. Sonny also has the possibility of being able to develop emotions and a sense of right and wrong independent of the Three Laws of Robotics; it has the ability to choose not to obey them.
The film also features a colossal positronic brain, VIKI, who is bound by the Three Laws. Its interpretation of the laws allows VIKI to directly harm humans to protect humanity as a whole in an application of the Zeroth Law.
Bicentennial Man
The robots in the 1999 film Bicentennial Man (based on one of Asimov's stories) also have positronic brains, including the main character Andrew, an NDR series robot that starts to experience human characteristics such as creativity. Only when Andrew allows his positronic brain to "decay", thereby willfully abandoning his immortality, is he declared a human being.
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
Twiki and Crichton, two robotic characters who appear in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century television series, were equipped with positronic brains. Crichton recited Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics" upon activation.
Mystery Science Theater 3000
In 1989, in the Mystery Science Theater 3000 Season One episode The Corpse Vanishes, Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo read an issue of Tiger Bot magazine featuring an interview with the Star Trek character, Data. They then lament the fact that they don't have positronic brains like him.
Spectreman
In the second episode, Spectreman's robot head is found and viewers discover he is a robot with a positronic brain.
Stellaris
The game Stellaris features Positronic Artificial Intelligence as a possible research goal, which is employed with "Synthetics" (sentient robotic beings) and sentient computers for usage in research, administration, combat etc.
Space Station 13
In the game Space Station 13, players can research and construct positronic brains, and place them inside of AIs, cyborgs and even mechas.
Further reading
An Asimov Companion: Characters, Places and Terms in the Robot/Empire/Foundation Metaseries by Donald E. Palumbo, McFarland (2016)
Science Fiction and Futurism: Their Terms and Ideas by Ace G. Pilkington, McFarland (2017)
Chaos Theory, Asimov's Foundations and Robots, and Herbert's Dune: The Fractal Aesthetic of Epic Science Fiction by Donald Palumbo, Greenwood Press (2002)
"My Robots", essay by Isaac Asimov first published by Ace Books as an introduction to "Isaac Asimov's Robot City" (1987)
Isaac Asimov by William F. Touponce, Twayne Publishers (1991)
The Unauthorized Trekkers' Guide to The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine by James Van Hise, HarperPrism (1995)
References
External links
Doctor Who devices
Fictional computers
Foundation universe
Star Trek devices
Fictional elements introduced in 1939 | [
-0.0810120701789856,
0.5419752597808838,
-0.3798289895057678,
0.39749032258987427,
0.1604316532611847,
0.3233126103878021,
-0.0341758094727993,
0.6621221899986267,
0.10647884011268616,
-0.22807402908802032,
-0.4314889907836914,
0.48776188492774963,
-0.6639963388442993,
0.34778931736946106,
-0.27116090059280396,
-0.4420141279697418,
0.5624852776527405,
0.11163532733917236,
-0.37343013286590576,
0.05652238801121712,
-0.06073591113090515,
0.3233182728290558,
0.24979928135871887,
0.011110087856650352,
0.38720884919166565,
-0.4281001389026642,
0.11490078270435333,
-0.36424529552459717,
0.07282695919275284,
0.3636329472064972,
-0.36460593342781067,
0.555518627166748,
-0.08663822710514069,
-0.4022286832332611,
-0.19166570901870728,
-0.05002450942993164,
-0.6194360256195068,
0.05497468262910843,
-0.492625892162323,
-0.05193938687443733,
0.4621652066707611,
0.33623650670051575,
0.139517143368721,
-0.219074085354805,
-0.5505196452140808,
-0.4407890737056732,
-1.4850983619689941,
0.5355069637298584,
-1.0323349237442017,
-0.1404445916414261,
-0.2789364159107208,
0.072442427277565,
0.2789990305900574,
0.6046023964881897,
-0.28106531500816345,
0.4465641975402832,
-0.2307833731174469,
-0.4063716232776642,
0.17218345403671265,
-0.025649413466453552,
0.06600037217140198,
0.20079639554023743,
0.02093900740146637,
0.10786394029855728,
-0.12723541259765625,
-0.2508639991283417,
0.538395881652832,
0.2503669559955597,
-0.3854418396949768,
-0.35536906123161316,
-0.25838416814804077,
-0.27524319291114807,
0.007209151051938534,
0.06121297553181648,
-0.46611079573631287,
-0.2794744074344635,
0.9558461308479309,
-0.014265683479607105,
-0.08289869129657745,
0.16393712162971497,
-0.1478745937347412,
0.6349311470985413,
0.4655461013317108,
0.23986630141735077,
0.14468945562839508,
0.049109552055597305,
-0.7204439640045166,
0.4828055202960968,
-0.43884965777397156,
-0.0019982021767646074,
-0.01100186537951231,
-0.05175843462347984,
0.5834497213363647,
-0.0770169273018837,
0.4456629157066345,
0.11961079388856888,
0.24158309400081635,
-0.1593288779258728,
-0.3706429600715637,
0.21743975579738617,
-0.06135464459657669,
0.07094637304544449,
0.5112426280975342,
-0.10361259430646896,
0.4370662271976471,
-0.2936367094516754,
0.47778958082199097,
-0.508124828338623,
0.02333700843155384,
0.25456908345222473,
-0.5545939803123474,
0.3062189817428589,
-0.014853223226964474,
0.5684729814529419,
-0.6875315308570862,
0.09187837690114975,
0.2763253450393677,
-0.044203802943229675,
-0.40524011850357056,
-0.3175213932991028,
-0.07203786075115204,
0.9689477682113647,
0.04526612162590027,
-0.5197679400444031,
0.07677613943815231,
0.14639033377170563,
0.32516977190971375,
0.4574612081050873,
-0.7905932664871216,
0.010223249904811382,
0.26939675211906433,
0.5589384436607361,
-0.07042289525270462,
0.0025135213509202003,
0.00007587398431496695,
-0.03420836478471756,
0.3417833149433136,
-0.19699636101722717,
-0.14916105568408966,
0.6701163053512573,
-0.2612457275390625,
-0.7874545454978943,
-0.4939174950122833,
-0.046110112220048904,
0.35661375522613525,
-0.3129503130912781,
-0.07890481501817703,
0.050563063472509384,
-0.21256095170974731,
-0.16418685019016266,
-0.4529056251049042,
-0.04660652205348015,
-0.18308816850185394,
-0.13969066739082336,
0.4875353276729584,
0.18810084462165833,
0.332400381565094,
0.1769760400056839,
0.05205252394080162,
0.16286501288414001,
0.2155941128730774,
-0.17091608047485352,
-0.5408692955970764,
-0.45780065655708313,
-0.33143261075019836,
-0.5333444476127625,
1.0581997632980347,
0.018721258267760277,
0.15051719546318054,
0.25492751598358154,
-0.3157070577144623,
-0.20466172695159912,
0.9544395804405212,
0.17563408613204956,
0.07101849466562271,
0.09366989880800247,
0.8403046131134033,
0.23366045951843262,
0.5154874324798584,
0.18216513097286224,
-0.6502879858016968,
-0.25992506742477417,
-0.10801979154348373,
-0.5636307597160339,
0.33288583159446716,
-0.2541535198688507,
0.5703859925270081,
0.09017741680145264,
-0.2799902856349945,
-0.3631381690502167,
-0.24318672716617584,
-0.3114059567451477,
0.3030925691127777,
-0.3562287986278534,
1.6605215072631836,
0.03910756856203079,
-0.2942360043525696,
0.3941637873649597,
0.11916939914226532,
0.4384825527667999,
-0.11522354185581207,
-0.24626116454601288,
0.5373435616493225,
-0.04898533970117569,
-0.16729827225208282,
0.12729918956756592,
0.10302280634641647,
-0.311987966299057,
-0.04768569394946098,
0.3588714897632599,
0.5330729484558105,
0.06381992995738983,
0.43253087997436523,
-0.4732172191143036,
-0.11803094297647476,
-0.1633453071117401,
-0.7165824174880981,
0.6217524409294128,
-0.3827839493751526,
-0.09479881823062897,
0.545214831829071,
-0.19454829394817352,
-0.1272004097700119,
0.3036746680736542,
0.20700624585151672,
1.300565242767334,
0.411106139421463,
-0.07002662867307663,
0.3294936716556549,
-0.40658068656921387,
0.04282151162624359,
-0.19703325629234314,
0.15848340094089508,
-0.06361924856901169,
-0.26520389318466187,
-0.10126223415136337,
0.047080911695957184,
-0.24259501695632935,
0.1299733817577362,
-0.1272077113389969,
0.04620710015296936,
0.0989006906747818,
-0.6760634779930115,
0.15200024843215942,
-0.100087471306324,
-0.11549431085586548,
-0.2299259454011917,
0.08570807427167892,
-0.017633536830544472,
0.18309606611728668,
-0.61907958984375,
0.4050867557525635,
0.5389516949653625,
-0.2806186378002167,
0.5110796689987183,
-0.3009553849697113,
-0.012664753012359142,
0.10534809529781342,
0.566970705986023,
0.3967992961406708,
-0.24480226635932922,
0.49742215871810913,
0.09198838472366333,
-0.025000857189297676,
-0.1975068897008896,
-1.1501045227050781,
0.37105944752693176,
-0.3200547993183136,
0.15729282796382904,
0.5844209790229797,
0.6347503066062927,
-0.3382660448551178,
-0.19326898455619812,
0.23997244238853455,
-0.4426332712173462,
-1.150077223777771,
-0.1193607896566391,
0.24879007041454315,
-0.35590919852256775,
-0.5832211375236511,
-0.35307949781417847,
0.8877714276313782,
0.03161792457103729,
-0.09931290149688721,
-0.0045149740763008595,
-0.31627190113067627,
-0.2693379819393158,
-0.18416665494441986,
0.06927447766065598,
-0.1437717080116272,
-0.9733346104621887,
-0.26094484329223633,
-0.42564648389816284,
-0.03312716260552406,
-0.22218580543994904,
1.1166493892669678,
0.25521719455718994,
-0.18880201876163483,
-0.019032778218388557,
-0.20026689767837524,
-0.4800545275211334,
0.30929258465766907,
-0.2822997570037842,
0.16706432402133942,
0.24031475186347961,
0.013192528858780861,
0.02567427046597004,
0.6162765622138977,
-5.854828834533691,
-0.1264694780111313,
-0.23864686489105225,
-0.4193911850452423,
0.2116488665342331,
0.907191276550293,
0.2663343548774719,
-0.1094830110669136,
-0.21072641015052795,
-0.11660019308328629,
-0.49370139837265015,
-0.004462010692805052,
-0.4115956723690033,
0.7621477842330933,
0.40130946040153503,
-0.020877551287412643,
-0.11039019376039505,
-0.31782859563827515,
0.0569496713578701,
0.2382708042860031,
0.3159417510032654,
-0.18360306322574615,
-0.25647181272506714,
0.824606716632843,
0.059247180819511414,
0.2377329021692276,
-0.554825484752655,
0.16407231986522675,
-0.23310622572898865,
0.15736046433448792,
0.4534682333469391,
-0.5513271689414978,
-0.1829606294631958,
-0.5189496278762817,
0.03090141899883747,
0.3492804169654846,
0.5954840183258057,
0.24029552936553955,
0.6899771094322205,
-0.128548726439476,
-0.24067322909832,
0.4392405152320862,
-0.02593277394771576,
-0.16082130372524261,
0.7360478043556213,
-0.18551534414291382,
-0.25658267736434937,
-0.045493610203266144,
-0.8089333772659302,
0.044913750141859055,
0.10283857583999634,
0.04249337688088417,
-0.17991462349891663,
0.1116030141711235,
0.29461145401000977,
-0.07132959365844727,
0.36690619587898254,
0.3283752501010895,
-0.36513233184814453,
-0.21416522562503815,
0.4950908124446869,
-0.2555373013019562,
-0.09722341597080231,
-0.30940088629722595,
-0.27298274636268616,
-0.09272710978984833,
-0.500569224357605,
-0.01949748396873474,
0.406451553106308,
0.05885298177599907,
-0.11633427441120148,
0.7436474561691284,
0.07036971300840378,
-0.9133943915367126,
0.004781186580657959,
0.42541274428367615,
-0.13762761652469635,
-0.1263519823551178,
0.09588412940502167,
0.3515113890171051,
-0.5372995138168335,
-0.4005402624607086,
-0.8834250569343567,
0.012779446318745613,
0.012233422137796879,
-0.2557622790336609,
-0.838309109210968,
0.2896413803100586,
-0.6771038770675659,
0.04369635134935379,
0.8701655864715576,
-0.2960909903049469,
0.2979675829410553,
0.33741310238838196,
0.5199614763259888,
0.17682698369026184,
-0.10835126787424088,
0.47808513045310974,
0.807125985622406,
0.2329934537410736,
-0.3075881004333496,
0.13148333132266998,
-0.24438105523586273,
-0.745801568031311,
-0.29200753569602966,
-0.33293262124061584,
-0.44771289825439453,
0.2918204069137573,
0.49764367938041687,
-0.2679603695869446,
-0.3275584578514099,
0.7838720679283142,
-0.1979539692401886,
-0.23577174544334412,
0.3727133274078369,
0.20119424164295197,
-0.057773407548666,
0.5000421404838562,
0.35241103172302246,
-0.014646046794950962,
-0.2587261199951172,
0.12399076670408249,
-0.34507426619529724,
-0.059983111917972565,
0.2064838856458664,
-0.5279735326766968,
-0.0017877137288451195,
-0.11464744806289673,
0.01427843514829874,
-0.2428588718175888,
0.386772483587265,
0.42425739765167236,
-0.11035440862178802,
0.5382559895515442,
0.2849760949611664,
-0.22754062712192535,
-0.20930492877960205,
-0.040966182947158813,
-0.07625207304954529,
-0.06349155306816101,
0.5257155895233154,
0.03857684135437012,
0.4896141290664673,
-0.44339367747306824,
-0.17530539631843567,
0.11542269587516785,
-0.003060394199565053,
0.05937265232205391,
-0.06733161956071854,
0.11587876826524734,
-0.036093078553676605,
-0.09626805037260056,
0.22229233384132385,
-0.32417431473731995,
0.056150488555431366,
0.4766574203968048,
0.026854095980525017,
-0.12350475043058395,
-0.21903565526008606,
0.28028610348701477,
0.31489673256874084,
-0.4081871211528778,
-1.01809823513031,
-0.26628053188323975,
0.13839492201805115,
0.29570987820625305,
-0.7096663117408752,
-0.5718400478363037,
0.1756073236465454,
0.4546699821949005,
0.06753551959991455,
-0.28671279549598694,
-0.5098006725311279,
-0.3276059329509735,
0.4082478880882263,
0.09298454225063324,
0.014934355393052101,
0.03049847111105919,
-0.35463663935661316,
-0.39950472116470337,
0.3573807179927826,
-0.3540126383304596,
-0.2515007257461548,
0.04530181363224983,
0.6020911931991577,
-0.3537532687187195,
0.17861445248126984,
0.1811632663011551,
-0.2774589955806732,
-0.4940348267555237,
-0.9188756942749023,
0.31180819869041443,
0.19282911717891693,
0.3706238865852356,
-0.26713401079177856,
0.009259379468858242,
-0.4635881185531616,
0.5554613471031189,
0.024543818086385727,
-0.20033696293830872,
-0.32522836327552795,
0.331232488155365,
0.041087791323661804,
-0.4428143799304962,
0.8071178197860718,
-0.5577681660652161,
-0.14439140260219574,
-0.29454582929611206,
0.1864500492811203,
0.7498663663864136,
-0.8218897581100464,
0.009912628680467606,
-0.1337287425994873,
-0.07489115744829178,
-0.20546700060367584,
0.2972497045993805,
0.18062788248062134,
-0.23178641498088837,
-0.6275908350944519,
0.019769884645938873,
-0.048700962215662,
0.43752041459083557,
-0.18461740016937256,
-0.35991171002388,
-0.14312036335468292,
-0.09864646941423416,
0.23234733939170837,
-0.057723645120859146,
0.4321628212928772,
-0.3806289732456207,
-0.31055861711502075,
0.2103232741355896,
-0.45597177743911743,
0.20059123635292053,
0.07735970616340637,
-0.7050077319145203,
0.6148026585578918,
0.45365914702415466,
-0.4224449098110199,
0.0819900780916214,
0.8767649531364441,
0.3605005443096161,
-0.18157333135604858,
0.29403015971183777,
0.13594478368759155,
0.6344605088233948,
0.7008322477340698,
-0.08697780966758728,
-0.4956626296043396,
-0.1753477305173874,
0.37217527627944946,
-0.4635254740715027,
-0.8854478001594543,
-0.3133479356765747,
0.5239644646644592,
-0.40750622749328613,
-0.014796480536460876,
-0.09055561572313309,
0.1098996102809906,
-0.10719137638807297,
-0.04204417020082474,
-0.041212160140275955,
-0.5868273973464966,
-0.06902729719877243,
0.25949081778526306,
0.07930097728967667,
-0.42913997173309326,
-0.31620824337005615,
0.5063161253929138,
-0.7598835229873657,
0.48100197315216064,
-0.01737695373594761,
0.23537085950374603,
0.6899397373199463,
0.054234202951192856,
0.47502943873405457,
0.20031285285949707,
-0.21955624222755432,
-0.28500184416770935,
-0.2497936636209488,
-0.1702159345149994,
1.1365647315979004,
-0.002208498539403081,
-0.7151771187782288,
0.03331010416150093,
-0.29456114768981934,
0.632348358631134,
-0.47384190559387207,
-0.010159858502447605,
0.138770192861557,
-0.7963420748710632,
0.09252438694238663,
-0.06645925343036652,
-0.0936196818947792,
-0.04049888625741005,
-0.31876906752586365,
0.13837625086307526,
0.2521961033344269,
0.02440694160759449,
-0.13746018707752228,
-0.7281890511512756,
-0.00651123421266675,
0.3391403555870056,
-0.9556376338005066,
0.7763293385505676,
0.14241622388362885,
0.02616081014275551,
0.05882300063967705,
-0.41421520709991455,
-0.3073209822177887,
-0.009290462359786034,
-0.25629332661628723,
-0.41010409593582153,
0.6091706156730652,
-0.5275605916976929,
-0.06508946418762207,
0.5021429061889648,
-0.6259387731552124,
0.5734113454818726,
0.46525293588638306,
0.1056823581457138,
-0.13368871808052063,
0.0011141652939841151,
-0.8869547843933105,
-0.5290361046791077,
0.15052656829357147,
-0.15096540749073029,
0.07189075648784637,
-0.3988499045372009,
0.06937134265899658,
0.5119043588638306,
-0.02514725551009178,
-0.511955201625824,
0.7806952595710754,
-0.123355932533741,
-0.4700174331665039,
0.31675663590431213,
-0.7809840440750122,
-0.17926125228405,
0.4828685522079468,
0.08844316750764847,
0.30789273977279663,
-0.28528764843940735,
0.5765472650527954,
-0.35074833035469055,
0.41354987025260925,
0.34572136402130127,
0.6571827530860901,
-0.3858530521392822,
0.39716246724128723,
0.3762432634830475,
-0.10083532333374023,
0.11028153449296951,
-0.03529176861047745,
0.27964019775390625,
-0.5363832712173462,
0.4396232068538666,
-0.4351765811443329,
-0.10048326104879379,
0.08866359293460846,
0.132819265127182,
0.5759809613227844,
0.4528639018535614,
-0.16135980188846588,
0.3806581199169159,
0.5098812580108643,
0.11141251027584076,
-0.34723371267318726,
0.12817661464214325,
-0.28086137771606445,
0.12085622549057007,
0.3781428635120392,
-0.2088845819234848,
0.3228204548358917,
-0.41511446237564087,
0.46388596296310425,
0.2779620885848999,
0.30717071890830994,
0.036967113614082336,
-0.782374382019043,
-0.09614090621471405,
-0.3200410008430481,
-0.14236998558044434,
-0.19818276166915894,
0.22861602902412415,
0.16950862109661102,
0.055916689336299896,
0.241079643368721,
0.28882575035095215,
0.011536124162375927,
-0.16405075788497925,
-0.7695726752281189,
0.19771091639995575,
0.06486445665359497,
-0.007872042246162891,
-0.17306719720363617,
-0.14810049533843994,
0.11378548294305801,
-0.1756950169801712,
0.3023216128349304,
0.10246742516756058,
-0.002535655163228512,
0.1903880089521408,
0.4180094301700592,
-0.5317057371139526,
0.31620556116104126,
-0.1541408747434616,
-0.6169164776802063,
-0.6694796681404114,
0.10759022831916809,
0.17304782569408417,
-0.19140122830867767,
-0.18894068896770477,
0.23107825219631195,
-0.1645205169916153,
-0.12463598698377609,
0.23525457084178925,
-0.13290709257125854,
0.263349324464798,
-0.36431676149368286,
0.07870423048734665,
0.4083544909954071,
0.08949945867061615,
0.38099879026412964,
-0.5750051736831665,
-0.022712096571922302,
0.6639595031738281,
-0.5639871954917908,
-0.21040822565555573,
-0.10162147134542465,
-0.3538196086883545,
0.15339703857898712,
-0.7850489616394043,
0.40310782194137573,
-0.029004663228988647,
-0.7668988108634949,
0.5479801893234253,
0.24324257671833038,
-0.2482718825340271,
-0.401978999376297,
0.07173353433609009,
0.31704139709472656,
-0.010086951777338982,
0.20765328407287598,
-0.15184667706489563,
0.3404259979724884,
-0.0228874534368515,
-0.18198972940444946,
0.44225677847862244,
0.2334108203649521,
0.06980101764202118,
0.0069920700043439865,
-0.1615258902311325,
-0.30959025025367737,
-0.29696953296661377,
0.3459443747997284,
0.19564926624298096,
-0.4912472367286682,
0.26787275075912476,
0.5805277824401855
] |
233398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopen%20set | Clopen set | In topology, a clopen set (a portmanteau of closed-open set) in a topological space is a set which is both open and closed. That this is possible may seem counter-intuitive, as the common meanings of and are antonyms, but their mathematical definitions are not mutually exclusive. A set is closed if its complement is open, which leaves the possibility of an open set whose complement is also open, making both sets both open closed, and therefore clopen. As described by topologist James Munkres, unlike a door, "a set can be open, or closed, or both, or neither!" emphasizing that the meaning of "open"/"closed" for is unrelated to their meaning for (and so the open/closed door dichotomy does not transfer to open/closed sets). This contrast to doors gave the class of topological spaces known as "door spaces" their name.
Examples
In any topological space the empty set and the whole space are both clopen.
Now consider the space which consists of the union of the two open intervals and of The topology on is inherited as the subspace topology from the ordinary topology on the real line In the set is clopen, as is the set This is a quite typical example: whenever a space is made up of a finite number of disjoint connected components in this way, the components will be clopen.
Now let be an infinite set under the discrete metricthat is, two points have distance 1 if they're not the same point, and 0 otherwise. Under the resulting metric space, any singleton set is open; hence any set, being the union of single points, is open. Since any set is open, the complement of any set is open too, and therefore any set is closed. So, all sets in this metric space are clopen.
As a less trivial example, consider the space of all rational numbers with their ordinary topology, and the set of all positive rational numbers whose square is bigger than 2. Using the fact that is not in one can show quite easily that is a clopen subset of ( is a clopen subset of the real line ; it is neither open nor closed in )
Properties
A topological space is connected if and only if the only clopen sets are the empty set and
A set is clopen if and only if its boundary is empty.
Any clopen set is a union of (possibly infinitely many) connected components.
If all connected components of are open (for instance, if has only finitely many components, or if is locally connected), then a set is clopen in if and only if it is a union of connected components.
A topological space is discrete if and only if all of its subsets are clopen.
Using the union and intersection as operations, the clopen subsets of a given topological space form a Boolean algebra. Boolean algebra can be obtained in this way from a suitable topological space: see Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras.
See also
Notes
References
General topology | [
-0.7287400960922241,
0.28531375527381897,
0.02357238158583641,
-0.020298290997743607,
-0.4845998287200928,
-0.16273345053195953,
-0.2001262754201889,
0.24172499775886536,
-0.1576819121837616,
-0.5380086302757263,
-0.9983500838279724,
0.309436172246933,
-0.4954211711883545,
0.25254449248313904,
0.3358045518398285,
0.21841813623905182,
0.6677760481834412,
0.275743693113327,
-0.450770765542984,
-0.5273772478103638,
0.09536326676607132,
0.3273468613624573,
-0.27515581250190735,
-0.48985373973846436,
0.7067798376083374,
-0.21392114460468292,
-0.27531078457832336,
0.21598994731903076,
0.7894494533538818,
0.6818586587905884,
0.10137022286653519,
0.5800637602806091,
0.0009409239864908159,
-0.1809798628091812,
-0.0049193729646503925,
-0.46129781007766724,
0.6211682558059692,
-0.092523492872715,
0.04769308492541313,
-0.41483670473098755,
0.5417115092277527,
0.26831454038619995,
0.514385998249054,
0.35384443402290344,
-0.5463566780090332,
-0.08301906287670135,
-1.3923299312591553,
-0.0067612542770802975,
0.1891467422246933,
-0.2302883267402649,
-0.09565407782793045,
-0.16837261617183685,
-0.0060047670267522335,
0.35369065403938293,
-0.20496080815792084,
0.14927509427070618,
-0.946044921875,
-0.265788733959198,
0.5157381892204285,
0.13414019346237183,
-0.42539143562316895,
0.46949952840805054,
0.3104936480522156,
0.3835044503211975,
-0.0740315318107605,
0.9892632365226746,
-0.26403969526290894,
-0.29277878999710083,
-0.40632739663124084,
-0.21154551208019257,
-0.0438821017742157,
-0.5879666805267334,
-0.19199244678020477,
0.3750291168689728,
-0.06348609924316406,
0.03650198131799698,
-0.6527476906776428,
-0.36108359694480896,
0.3063286244869232,
0.32324832677841187,
-0.5082797408103943,
1.2511073350906372,
0.584708034992218,
-0.10345861315727234,
0.8714137673377991,
-0.12346048653125763,
-0.8562149405479431,
1.0592060089111328,
-0.9387519955635071,
0.800571084022522,
0.36467161774635315,
0.11978062242269516,
0.38062798976898193,
-0.2547273337841034,
0.2038498818874359,
0.5254206657409668,
0.6585824489593506,
-0.10803467035293579,
0.38898006081581116,
0.3028445541858673,
-0.05385385453701019,
-0.21489383280277252,
-0.17018955945968628,
-1.0061756372451782,
-0.5973623991012573,
-0.4384539723396301,
-0.19500817358493805,
-0.16484706103801727,
0.08067786693572998,
0.2102077603340149,
-0.6225824356079102,
0.3151555359363556,
0.08520203083753586,
0.16181212663650513,
-0.031245041638612747,
-0.08692392706871033,
0.22056084871292114,
0.2017064392566681,
0.3537527322769165,
-0.2095537930727005,
-0.49837666749954224,
0.1686071902513504,
0.24832536280155182,
0.6956591010093689,
-0.23064137995243073,
0.02353622019290924,
-0.18804776668548584,
1.135956883430481,
-0.5794973969459534,
-0.15538111329078674,
-0.09346629679203033,
0.6276984810829163,
0.7084658741950989,
0.1450144499540329,
-0.028920697048306465,
-0.17064739763736725,
-0.21702247858047485,
-0.2976400852203369,
0.06312407553195953,
0.4911660850048065,
-0.36124756932258606,
-0.025592008605599403,
-0.22079254686832428,
-0.06338487565517426,
0.4413577616214752,
0.3215704560279846,
0.02518727071583271,
-0.2029261589050293,
-0.04705272987484932,
-0.05774947255849838,
0.0730084553360939,
0.40169796347618103,
-0.6720253825187683,
0.12807196378707886,
-0.18902117013931274,
0.4159090518951416,
0.4571770131587982,
0.6382094025611877,
-0.5742027163505554,
-0.170495867729187,
-0.2205359935760498,
-0.03046703152358532,
-0.28512144088745117,
-0.5417246222496033,
0.6171978712081909,
-0.7040991187095642,
-0.24632838368415833,
0.06526335328817368,
-0.1361880749464035,
0.8704786896705627,
-0.3407133221626282,
-0.11911508440971375,
0.04193497821688652,
0.13489992916584015,
0.09550857543945312,
0.17365209758281708,
0.7907702326774597,
-0.23497606813907623,
0.3968416154384613,
0.24329283833503723,
-0.969550371170044,
0.15809084475040436,
0.41763389110565186,
-0.4702546000480652,
0.2656373381614685,
0.08634743094444275,
0.32636889815330505,
0.02094755508005619,
0.6235358715057373,
-0.09626628458499908,
-0.4928015470504761,
-0.27614331245422363,
-0.2794552743434906,
-0.4590334892272949,
1.3302133083343506,
0.08892062306404114,
-0.5305066108703613,
0.023680688813328743,
-0.2618158459663391,
0.5013942718505859,
0.11216165870428085,
0.040284112095832825,
0.2061537206172943,
-0.194856196641922,
-0.4800941050052643,
0.9252884984016418,
-0.5561337471008301,
-0.27677270770072937,
-0.4922109544277191,
0.5431104302406311,
-0.0015249132411554456,
0.2610446512699127,
0.8120412230491638,
-0.11433656513690948,
0.10592763125896454,
-0.035206884145736694,
-0.1546836942434311,
-0.33861809968948364,
0.030365558341145515,
-0.3321462869644165,
1.275197148323059,
-0.029582379385828972,
0.1374516487121582,
0.11347860097885132,
-0.6444796919822693,
0.5719870924949646,
0.6210886836051941,
0.800356924533844,
0.40301743149757385,
-0.27637046575546265,
-0.34832364320755005,
-0.36049461364746094,
-0.0035267279017716646,
-0.5477750301361084,
0.5010246634483337,
0.6448293328285217,
0.46242624521255493,
-0.7334412932395935,
-0.2597998380661011,
-0.7387415766716003,
0.18518869578838348,
0.3171587586402893,
-0.7296974658966064,
0.118185855448246,
0.2013842761516571,
-0.2623319625854492,
-0.5387269854545593,
0.14481894671916962,
-0.4267313480377197,
-0.2759760320186615,
-0.6442367434501648,
-0.29746752977371216,
-0.16639454662799835,
-0.42390161752700806,
-0.5030502080917358,
-0.02570323832333088,
-0.003765164641663432,
0.22766399383544922,
0.11771945655345917,
0.5307987928390503,
-0.26185184717178345,
-0.2579963207244873,
-0.33940911293029785,
-0.3499363958835602,
-0.30056455731391907,
-0.43380501866340637,
-0.6054990887641907,
0.10669698566198349,
1.0269477367401123,
0.2688741385936737,
-0.265112966299057,
-1.176513433456421,
-0.8457491397857666,
0.18810302019119263,
-1.098896861076355,
-0.6679049134254456,
-0.15773643553256989,
-0.22657914459705353,
-0.777492880821228,
-0.10287199169397354,
-0.25522708892822266,
0.330832302570343,
0.3835960328578949,
-0.4571332037448883,
-0.6007698774337769,
-0.23009386658668518,
0.049739133566617966,
-0.8434059023857117,
-0.34161376953125,
-0.5285868048667908,
0.15641534328460693,
0.34064117074012756,
-0.0452616848051548,
-0.04903045669198036,
0.8831381797790527,
0.6868457198143005,
-0.17104187607765198,
-0.1069321483373642,
-0.27429816126823425,
-0.34168869256973267,
-0.8890745043754578,
-0.2253790646791458,
-0.2657562792301178,
0.12187564373016357,
0.34025633335113525,
0.17112226784229279,
-0.2246127426624298,
-0.08789864927530289,
-5.352051734924316,
0.24402780830860138,
0.0040857126004993916,
-0.1141689121723175,
-0.4315109848976135,
0.25527429580688477,
0.8104667067527771,
-0.097642682492733,
-0.332712858915329,
0.2702047526836395,
-0.10151518881320953,
0.07909554988145828,
-0.6851735711097717,
0.9284530282020569,
0.5363960266113281,
0.3081408143043518,
-0.004828999750316143,
0.09979244321584702,
0.21889719367027283,
0.059886157512664795,
-0.5520412921905518,
-0.47470971941947937,
-0.029775729402899742,
-0.14367739856243134,
-0.2462908774614334,
0.37442103028297424,
-0.08609436452388763,
-0.12226421386003494,
-0.31655219197273254,
-0.1508198380470276,
0.06183429807424545,
0.10889340192079544,
0.016149552538990974,
-0.5820876955986023,
-0.7359627485275269,
0.36138999462127686,
0.27873626351356506,
-0.12129666656255722,
-0.25453007221221924,
-0.39395782351493835,
-0.2061750590801239,
0.8042871356010437,
0.11789112538099289,
-0.2556486427783966,
-0.06659607589244843,
-0.44917938113212585,
-0.08518031239509583,
-0.5149551033973694,
-0.36192673444747925,
0.7531808018684387,
-0.3799249529838562,
-0.14398430287837982,
0.401614785194397,
-0.17753654718399048,
0.3216497302055359,
0.19100266695022583,
0.2531994581222534,
-0.20400196313858032,
-0.5448576807975769,
0.34332606196403503,
0.1977279931306839,
-0.986212968826294,
0.9219041466712952,
-0.29419180750846863,
-0.5048061013221741,
0.04457584396004677,
-1.1488037109375,
-0.17927853763103485,
0.6909852027893066,
0.11919035762548447,
-0.7054701447486877,
0.12454342842102051,
0.21194861829280853,
-0.6820113658905029,
-0.15113306045532227,
-0.8430519700050354,
-0.1786939799785614,
-0.3931560218334198,
0.3000473976135254,
0.43473830819129944,
0.13530604541301727,
0.3481089472770691,
-0.4835151433944702,
0.8399044871330261,
0.18183542788028717,
-0.3376319110393524,
-0.37588995695114136,
-0.19837024807929993,
-0.15619829297065735,
-0.23699451982975006,
0.054136961698532104,
-0.1698848009109497,
0.708052396774292,
0.6446192860603333,
0.4324512183666229,
-0.059366628527641296,
0.3441224694252014,
0.3974355161190033,
0.12437966465950012,
-0.39600592851638794,
0.685458779335022,
-0.10183873772621155,
0.18952375650405884,
0.5109205842018127,
-0.025984026491642,
-0.13333040475845337,
-0.5642978549003601,
0.9605426788330078,
0.7851150035858154,
0.13415558636188507,
-0.1590147763490677,
0.06678303331136703,
-0.3879771828651428,
-0.5953944325447083,
0.4465654790401459,
0.22961825132369995,
-0.6298122406005859,
0.05803787708282471,
0.649103045463562,
0.20238426327705383,
-0.26695695519447327,
0.44055476784706116,
0.5270001888275146,
-0.32175102829933167,
-0.7734590172767639,
-0.38740968704223633,
0.40398934483528137,
-0.3354872167110443,
-0.16428032517433167,
-0.17336153984069824,
-0.13614127039909363,
0.8843095302581787,
0.21521320939064026,
-0.1327955424785614,
0.2332177460193634,
-0.3977663516998291,
0.17489662766456604,
0.23730862140655518,
0.023640496656298637,
-0.45381876826286316,
0.5321465730667114,
-0.1888798177242279,
-0.3134247958660126,
-0.21810925006866455,
0.49212926626205444,
0.0022442354820668697,
-0.20178675651550293,
0.015186885371804237,
-0.1990814357995987,
0.6709336042404175,
-0.34266236424446106,
-0.5315282940864563,
0.7445751428604126,
-0.48286372423171997,
0.385457307100296,
0.039322562515735626,
-0.4440246820449829,
0.4004717469215393,
0.4902450442314148,
-0.811788022518158,
0.013290643692016602,
-0.0828390121459961,
-0.7055307030677795,
-0.11164309084415436,
-0.18362952768802643,
-0.08131607621908188,
-0.4674447774887085,
-0.20005685091018677,
-0.9085635542869568,
-0.03329339995980263,
0.00705196475610137,
-0.10314415395259857,
0.13768737018108368,
-0.30760282278060913,
0.10537359863519669,
-0.0717284306883812,
0.447543740272522,
0.1174306720495224,
0.4502122700214386,
-0.5331732630729675,
0.28739938139915466,
-0.7666247487068176,
0.06743308156728745,
0.10900911688804626,
1.2976939678192139,
-0.12481928616762161,
-0.22658571600914001,
0.2179526686668396,
-0.19335879385471344,
0.013017412275075912,
0.4664418399333954,
-0.22648639976978302,
-0.29197436571121216,
0.20706360042095184,
-0.12894250452518463,
-0.28078997135162354,
0.6969975233078003,
-0.27852925658226013,
-0.06360780447721481,
-0.8346571922302246,
-0.49272671341896057,
0.3319743871688843,
-0.5606030821800232,
0.6385228037834167,
0.7550235986709595,
-0.6705029010772705,
0.06481419503688812,
-0.29624879360198975,
-0.45932403206825256,
0.19035577774047852,
-0.33156874775886536,
-0.5621874928474426,
-0.08287851512432098,
-0.5414234399795532,
-0.17839772999286652,
0.568882405757904,
0.4056355059146881,
-0.45321378111839294,
-0.24757803976535797,
-0.48439446091651917,
0.08138733357191086,
-0.5663231611251831,
-0.005161902401596308,
-0.12964695692062378,
-0.10455486178398132,
0.16578076779842377,
0.23293928802013397,
-0.44887426495552063,
0.5300397276878357,
-0.046298980712890625,
-0.18516719341278076,
-0.20392154157161713,
-0.04470057412981987,
-0.08147426694631577,
-0.14997150003910065,
-0.869478166103363,
-0.4358394742012024,
0.3729681968688965,
-0.6478594541549683,
-0.6234525442123413,
0.1953047513961792,
0.44116702675819397,
0.20479513704776764,
-0.3710561692714691,
-0.19621898233890533,
0.09841254353523254,
0.23487704992294312,
-0.6271624565124512,
-0.022595135495066643,
0.11736103147268295,
0.302699476480484,
-0.2944052517414093,
-0.0021575926803052425,
-0.1623700112104416,
0.5795220732688904,
0.8737416863441467,
-0.025773653760552406,
-0.2114631086587906,
0.19619888067245483,
0.4463950991630554,
-0.2626173198223114,
-0.653958261013031,
-0.29084184765815735,
0.20748484134674072,
0.47089239954948425,
0.20314548909664154,
-0.19001361727714539,
-0.3401435911655426,
0.6269137859344482,
-0.20068980753421783,
0.16221238672733307,
-0.12786228954792023,
0.6304028034210205,
0.09371181577444077,
0.7613391280174255,
0.3707667291164398,
-0.04542921110987663,
-0.25620734691619873,
-0.5293748378753662,
0.33414462208747864,
-0.7560675144195557,
-0.4498786926269531,
-0.13655731081962585,
-0.49502140283584595,
0.04582317918539047,
-0.28294244408607483,
0.4032035768032074,
0.3583945631980896,
-0.054693516343832016,
0.18782642483711243,
-0.6673351526260376,
-0.10854949802160263,
0.1624201089143753,
0.010834962129592896,
-0.03369121626019478,
0.5872654914855957,
-0.04729166626930237,
0.41521909832954407,
-0.4851875901222229,
0.04931989312171936,
-1.0092676877975464,
0.13467612862586975,
-0.22118720412254333,
-0.5564509630203247,
0.6680776476860046,
0.7824602723121643,
0.09946031868457794,
0.15737012028694153,
0.09209977090358734,
0.06276996433734894,
0.5864350199699402,
0.729249119758606,
0.03621484339237213,
0.5243169069290161,
-0.7093417644500732,
-0.07177189737558365,
0.5508954524993896,
-0.4665500223636627,
0.5074331164360046,
0.5520722270011902,
0.1661095768213272,
-0.08708669245243073,
0.43689578771591187,
0.0007678123656660318,
-1.1644244194030762,
0.5359070301055908,
-0.2646830379962921,
0.14191481471061707,
-0.04949464648962021,
0.38670310378074646,
0.7529903650283813,
0.26096805930137634,
-0.18823783099651337,
0.3823396861553192,
0.238383948802948,
-0.4213255047798157,
-0.5041062831878662,
-0.12163729220628738,
-0.15694661438465118,
0.4856351315975189,
0.7608984708786011,
0.8426183462142944,
-0.24048449099063873,
0.33366823196411133,
-0.5271329879760742,
0.28574931621551514,
0.24048873782157898,
0.34246426820755005,
-0.3123915493488312,
0.49297386407852173,
0.5076872110366821,
-0.11780563741922379,
0.34930428862571716,
-0.09328562766313553,
-0.17427878081798553,
0.18505147099494934,
0.27881866693496704,
-0.36946430802345276,
0.1617051661014557,
0.26810190081596375,
-0.10922051221132278,
0.6011213064193726,
-0.2643658518791199,
0.6237071752548218,
0.03687614947557449,
0.03608549386262894,
0.6208274960517883,
-0.22169183194637299,
0.3189481496810913,
0.20065665245056152,
-0.5022535920143127,
0.5305203795433044,
0.1318671852350235,
0.7548345923423767,
0.19560293853282928,
-0.5771684050559998,
0.03925499692559242,
0.3802953362464905,
-0.43161171674728394,
-0.19855140149593353,
0.2553642690181732,
-0.48931649327278137,
0.031795062124729156,
-0.6694067120552063,
0.2891172170639038,
0.33173710107803345,
-0.04985439404845238,
0.01865285448729992,
-0.429277628660202,
0.6907731294631958,
0.35514119267463684,
0.10705266147851944,
0.46294105052948,
0.03743409365415573,
0.5478350520133972,
0.47326913475990295,
-0.7511444091796875,
1.16184663772583,
0.4888724386692047,
-0.590137779712677,
0.015317058190703392,
-0.1769385188817978,
0.36707353591918945,
0.16061589121818542,
-0.9936296343803406,
0.2461804449558258,
-0.3951660692691803,
-0.14613403379917145,
-0.5359774827957153,
0.3038257658481598,
0.6485975980758667,
0.5856826901435852,
0.09873217344284058,
0.3690388798713684,
-0.16015520691871643,
-0.2508913278579712,
0.7528462409973145,
0.08630300313234329,
-0.30060872435569763,
-0.232298344373703,
0.13504555821418762,
-0.338893860578537,
0.2607392966747284,
0.30903360247612,
0.5196585655212402,
-0.1481783390045166,
0.4040626585483551,
0.061267998069524765,
0.11471464484930038,
0.10506182163953781,
0.4551308751106262,
-0.31888481974601746,
-0.6960805058479309,
0.370978981256485,
0.060507114976644516,
-0.16284656524658203,
0.12871813774108887,
0.3353223502635956,
0.354140967130661,
-0.5704357624053955,
-0.41953858733177185,
0.1230294480919838,
-0.803659975528717,
0.27775368094444275,
-0.1791647970676422,
0.4570424556732178,
-0.28319641947746277,
-0.9327884912490845,
-1.0611050128936768,
0.25425398349761963,
0.4064483642578125,
-0.4992419183254242,
0.18218080699443817,
-0.1843237727880478,
-0.29263707995414734,
0.1481134593486786,
0.3307558298110962,
-0.3260900676250458,
-0.29783135652542114,
0.7503804564476013
] |
233403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20engine | Siege engine | A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare. Some are immobile, constructed in place to attack enemy fortifications from a distance, while others have wheels to enable advancing up to the enemy fortification. There are many distinct types, such as siege towers that allow foot soldiers to scale walls and attack the defenders, battering rams that damage walls or gates, and large ranged weapons (such as ballistae, catapults/trebuchets and other similar constructions) that attack from a distance by launching projectiles. Some complex siege engines were combinations of these types.
Siege engines are fairly large constructions – from the size of a small house to a large building. From antiquity up to the development of gunpowder, they were made largely of wood, using rope or leather to help bind them, possibly with a few pieces of metal at key stress points. They could launch simple projectiles using natural materials to build up force by tension, torsion, or, in the case of trebuchets, human power or counterweights coupled with mechanical advantage. With the development of gunpowder and improved metallurgy, bombards and later heavy artillery became the primary siege engines.
Collectively, siege engines or artillery together with the necessary soldiers, sappers, ammunition, and transport vehicles to conduct a siege are referred to as a siege train.
Antiquity
Ancient Assyria through the Roman Empire
The earliest siege engines appear to be simple movable roofed towers used for cover to advance to the defenders' walls in conjunction with scaling ladders, depicted during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Advanced siege engines including battering rams were used by Assyrians, followed by the catapult in ancient Greece.
In Kush siege towers as well as battering rams were built from the 8th century and employed in Kushite siege warfare, such as the siege of Ashmunein in 715 BC.
The Spartans used battering rams in the Siege of Plataea in 429 BC, but it seems that the Greeks limited their use of siege engines to assault ladders, though Peloponnesian forces used something resembling flamethrowers.
The first Mediterranean people to use advanced siege machinery were the Carthaginians, who used siege towers and battering rams against the Greek colonies of Sicily. These engines influenced the ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius I, who developed a catapult in 399 BC.
The first two rulers to make use of siege engines to a large extent were Philip II of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. Their large engines spurred an evolution that led to impressive machines, like the Demetrius Poliorcetes' Helepolis (or "Taker of Cities") of 304 BC: nine stories high and plated with iron, it stood tall and wide, weighing . The most used engines were simple battering rams, or tortoises, propelled in several ingenious ways that allowed the attackers to reach the walls or ditches with a certain degree of safety. For sea sieges or battles, seesaw-like machines (sambykē or sambuca) were used. These were giant ladders, hinged and mounted on a base mechanism and used for transferring marines onto the sea walls of coastal towns. They were normally mounted on two or more ships tied together and some sambykē included shields at the top to protect the climbers from arrows. Other hinged engines were used to catch enemy equipment or even opposing soldiers with opposable appendices which are probably ancestors to the Roman corvus. Other weapons dropped heavy weights on opposing soldiers.
The Romans preferred to assault enemy walls by building earthen ramps (agger) or simply scaling the walls, as in the early siege of the Samnite city of Silvium (306 BC). Soldiers working at the ramps were protected by shelters called vineae, that were arranged to form a long corridor. Convex wicker shields were used to form a screen (plutei or plute in English) to protect the front of the corridor during construction of the ramp. Another Roman siege engine sometimes used resembled the Greek ditch-filling tortoise, called a musculus ("muscle"). Battering rams were also widespread. The Roman Legions first used siege towers around 200 BC; in the first century BC, Julius Caesar accomplished a siege at Uxellodunum in Gaul using a ten-story siege tower. Romans were nearly always successful in besieging a city or fort, due to their persistence, the strength of their forces, their tactics, and their siege engines.
The first documented occurrence of ancient siege artillery pieces in Europe was the gastraphetes ("belly-bow"), a kind of large crossbow. These were mounted on wooden frames. Greater machines forced the introduction of pulley system for loading the projectiles, which had extended to include stones also. Later torsion siege engines appeared, based on sinew springs. The onager was the main Roman invention in the field.
Ancient China
The earliest documented occurrence of ancient siege-artillery pieces in China was the levered principled traction catapult and an high siege crossbow from the Mozi (Mo Jing), a Mohist text written at about the 4th – 3rd century BC by followers of Mozi who founded the Mohist school of thought during the late Spring and Autumn period and the early Warring States period. Much of what we now know of the siege technology of the time comes from Books 14 and 15 (Chapters 52 to 71) on Siege Warfare from the Mo Jing. Recorded and preserved on bamboo strips, much of the text is now extremely corrupted. However, despite the heavy fragmentation, Mohist diligence and attention to details which set Mo Jing apart from other works ensured that the highly descriptive details of the workings of mechanical devices like Cloud Ladders, Rotating Arcuballistas and Levered Catapults, records of siege techniques and usage of siege weaponry can still be found today.
Elephant
Indian, Sri Lankan, Chinese and Southeast Asian kingdoms used war elephants as siege engines.
Middle Ages
Medieval designs include a large number of catapults such as the mangonel, onager, the ballista, the traction trebuchet (first designed in China in the 3rd century BC and brought over to Europe in the 4th century AD), and the counterweight trebuchet (first described by Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi in the 12th century, though of unknown origin). These machines used mechanical energy to fling large projectiles to batter down stone walls. Also used were the battering ram and the siege tower, a wooden tower on wheels that allowed attackers to climb up and over castle walls, while protected somewhat from enemy arrows.
A typical military confrontation in medieval times was for one side to lay siege to an opponent's castle. When properly defended, they had the choice whether to assault the castle directly or to starve the people out by blocking food deliveries, or to employ war machines specifically designed to destroy or circumvent castle defenses. Defending soldiers also used trebuchets and catapults as a defensive advantage.
Other tactics included setting fires against castle walls in an effort to decompose the cement that held together the individual stones so they could be readily knocked over. Another indirect means was the practice of mining, whereby tunnels were dug under the walls to weaken the foundations and destroy them. A third tactic was the catapulting of diseased animals or human corpses over the walls in order to promote disease which would force the defenders to surrender, an early form of biological warfare.
Modern era
With the advent of gunpowder, firearms such as the arquebus and cannon—eventually the petard, mortar and artillery—were developed. These weapons proved so effective that fortifications, such as city walls, had to be low and thick, as exemplified by the designs of Vauban.
The development of specialized siege artillery, as distinct from field artillery, culminated during World War I and World War II. During the First World War, huge siege guns such as Big Bertha were designed to see use against the modern fortresses of the day. The apex of siege artillery was reached with the German Schwerer Gustav gun, a huge caliber railway gun, built during early World War II. Schwerer Gustav was initially intended to be used for breaching the French Maginot Line of fortifications, but was not finished in time and (as a sign of the times) the Maginot Line was circumvented by rapid mechanized forces instead of breached in a head-on assault. The long time it took to deploy and move the modern siege guns made them vulnerable to air attack and it also made them unsuited to the rapid troop movements of modern warfare.
See also
References
Sources
External links
Paolo Santini De Machinis or De machinis bellicis de Mariano Taccola, Paris, BnF, Département des manuscrits, Latin 7239
Scenes of Siege Warfare | [
-0.22224979102611542,
0.33230793476104736,
-0.06520190834999084,
0.3324650526046753,
-0.10585524141788483,
-0.024546094238758087,
0.5412347316741943,
-0.7777101993560791,
-0.11703825742006302,
-0.4337725341320038,
-0.7462587356567383,
0.6888519525527954,
0.17697620391845703,
0.34212759137153625,
-0.2284889668226242,
0.34217676520347595,
0.4326624572277069,
0.18909136950969696,
0.10906989872455597,
-0.040884099900722504,
-0.3363790512084961,
-0.36865246295928955,
0.8009839653968811,
0.11935382336378098,
0.1270187646150589,
-0.23790566623210907,
0.32933905720710754,
0.1659405529499054,
-0.18087168037891388,
-0.024170218035578728,
0.08240050077438354,
0.531805157661438,
-0.217256560921669,
-0.7359601855278015,
-0.14417770504951477,
-0.10542471706867218,
-0.27669161558151245,
-0.16619354486465454,
-0.20416875183582306,
-0.8060364127159119,
-0.3209461569786072,
0.27336952090263367,
0.36198142170906067,
0.6837409734725952,
-0.4584530293941498,
-0.11266271770000458,
-1.3907328844070435,
-0.23639072477817535,
-0.6320248246192932,
-0.11494319140911102,
-0.5419993996620178,
0.228080153465271,
0.20596371591091156,
0.09032250195741653,
0.1785798966884613,
0.5004653334617615,
-0.4708176255226135,
-0.36948516964912415,
0.3673526644706726,
-0.5724551677703857,
-0.06767228990793228,
0.05797033756971359,
-0.2811254560947418,
0.1827084720134735,
0.13847407698631287,
-0.7452839612960815,
0.0068080672062933445,
-0.04312979802489281,
-0.47234058380126953,
-0.18939736485481262,
-0.16348308324813843,
-0.4313276708126068,
0.070619136095047,
-0.07910969853401184,
-0.3525243103504181,
-0.09532155096530914,
0.11270205676555634,
-0.6917794942855835,
-0.28666168451309204,
0.3568115234375,
-0.019765594974160194,
0.3830699622631073,
0.421220600605011,
-0.14612415432929993,
0.489191472530365,
0.3697509169578552,
-0.3147404193878174,
0.46362459659576416,
-0.6745763421058655,
0.42446663975715637,
0.21844874322414398,
-0.2350616157054901,
0.25045424699783325,
0.20422890782356262,
-0.09215641766786575,
0.04376165196299553,
0.309155136346817,
0.3893239200115204,
0.21207335591316223,
0.6706969738006592,
0.38242074847221375,
-0.1012464091181755,
0.6745526790618896,
-0.13499483466148376,
-0.29410943388938904,
0.04619953781366348,
-0.5299032330513,
-0.15676990151405334,
-0.6583110094070435,
0.024502087384462357,
-0.43002456426620483,
0.07512253522872925,
-0.30786439776420593,
-0.2099708765745163,
0.02899813838303089,
-0.03980426490306854,
0.03620714694261551,
0.36249637603759766,
0.04002160578966141,
0.195136159658432,
0.7320627570152283,
0.7733615636825562,
-0.43945494294166565,
0.43585026264190674,
-0.019246486946940422,
0.08134067803621292,
0.6326361894607544,
0.8576915264129639,
-0.6106133460998535,
-0.3436296880245209,
0.6565951108932495,
1.206655502319336,
-0.2205018252134323,
0.31561583280563354,
-0.5686903595924377,
0.15692244470119476,
0.09571244567632675,
0.40063944458961487,
0.43218764662742615,
0.14788947999477386,
-1.2799232006072998,
-0.292163610458374,
0.06299301236867905,
-0.17120282351970673,
0.06238815188407898,
-0.14791765809059143,
-0.24550862610340118,
-0.5371106863021851,
-0.4207175076007843,
-0.1658373326063156,
-0.4157893657684326,
0.42538154125213623,
-0.6759889721870422,
0.38162803649902344,
-0.5846577286720276,
-0.11526985466480255,
-0.10702960193157196,
-0.6396077871322632,
0.08083801716566086,
-0.16282880306243896,
-0.4327915906906128,
-0.06313236057758331,
-0.5412053465843201,
0.6722785830497742,
-0.01133437268435955,
-0.10956093668937683,
0.8164536952972412,
0.40647098422050476,
0.23514550924301147,
-0.2513560950756073,
-0.4092070460319519,
0.1454990804195404,
0.05103573203086853,
-0.010022125206887722,
-0.05579916387796402,
0.2307576984167099,
1.0336341857910156,
0.2835339903831482,
0.9298404455184937,
-0.062141381204128265,
-0.6796438097953796,
0.3217630982398987,
0.5865855813026428,
-0.20981241762638092,
0.42512860894203186,
0.2475120723247528,
0.26415422558784485,
-0.552977442741394,
-0.410463809967041,
-0.5214994549751282,
-0.4766741991043091,
0.2367260754108429,
0.3314073085784912,
-0.41931086778640747,
1.0667136907577515,
-0.40774574875831604,
-0.22886723279953003,
0.457974910736084,
-0.13779371976852417,
0.5514999032020569,
0.695866048336029,
-0.14802728593349457,
0.3984605669975281,
-0.27657875418663025,
-0.6290737390518188,
0.08813903480768204,
0.598815381526947,
0.25845181941986084,
0.012616874650120735,
0.09285429120063782,
0.3872526288032532,
-0.19374395906925201,
0.3499257266521454,
-0.6546292901039124,
0.16910353302955627,
0.3761369287967682,
-0.6471288204193115,
0.25941112637519836,
0.11760763823986053,
-0.20978248119354248,
0.8885125517845154,
-0.33387911319732666,
-0.61576908826828,
0.7783965468406677,
-0.5127808451652527,
0.16210438311100006,
0.09009049832820892,
-0.2253120094537735,
0.29577672481536865,
-0.9351518750190735,
-0.08575338870286942,
0.018594970926642418,
-0.19911198318004608,
-0.4521123468875885,
-0.16429635882377625,
0.07425504922866821,
0.016337458044290543,
0.23232513666152954,
0.10189589112997055,
-0.12549835443496704,
0.016202760860323906,
0.37984737753868103,
-0.4056786894798279,
0.7005242109298706,
0.4285598695278168,
0.025097712874412537,
0.5538744926452637,
0.49326372146606445,
0.007220545317977667,
-0.5606445670127869,
0.2513684928417206,
0.1572471261024475,
0.7828452587127686,
-0.1731468141078949,
0.3124111294746399,
-0.5620765686035156,
-0.290825217962265,
-0.08990474790334702,
-0.20626592636108398,
0.23571404814720154,
0.04471171647310257,
0.058330174535512924,
-0.34508392214775085,
-0.08786063641309738,
0.31060683727264404,
-0.5606798529624939,
-0.12650637328624725,
-0.542482852935791,
-0.15908591449260712,
0.5347102880477905,
0.2926616668701172,
-0.11379767954349518,
-0.305869996547699,
-0.6844034790992737,
-0.14450392127037048,
-0.5214868783950806,
0.23463675379753113,
0.036827921867370605,
-0.3303871154785156,
-0.1597534418106079,
0.12162799388170242,
0.701649010181427,
0.38245677947998047,
-0.6974553465843201,
-0.014211590401828289,
-0.49524226784706116,
0.2598143517971039,
-0.17085003852844238,
0.2591712474822998,
-0.2403959035873413,
-0.47122785449028015,
-0.1765764206647873,
-0.08832988142967224,
0.6058058738708496,
0.07953966408967972,
0.6430059671401978,
-0.3890891671180725,
-0.0411362498998642,
0.3203684985637665,
-0.28928297758102417,
-0.6161454319953918,
-0.07054749876260757,
-0.6005805134773254,
-0.04944213852286339,
-0.3644024729728699,
-0.2643113434314728,
-0.420489639043808,
0.16740867495536804,
-5.718833923339844,
-0.345191091299057,
-0.21774350106716156,
-0.7036404013633728,
0.43503323197364807,
0.42821282148361206,
0.21894565224647522,
-0.09108572453260422,
-0.39418038725852966,
-0.25380200147628784,
0.10687322169542313,
0.4752402901649475,
0.13064008951187134,
0.04952669516205788,
0.43257936835289,
0.04679578170180321,
0.38431480526924133,
0.23669542372226715,
0.32499077916145325,
-0.12631939351558685,
0.2314615547657013,
0.10482656955718994,
-0.18146438896656036,
0.22495733201503754,
0.597844660282135,
-0.14664950966835022,
-0.1594608724117279,
-0.17604471743106842,
-0.4212268888950348,
0.4269566535949707,
-0.35340026021003723,
-0.24420678615570068,
-0.13608568906784058,
0.20576739311218262,
-0.09553114324808121,
0.18784457445144653,
0.6508034467697144,
0.6511428356170654,
0.40058547258377075,
-0.3915412425994873,
-0.38670262694358826,
0.5212208032608032,
0.21024730801582336,
0.3457854092121124,
0.40055176615715027,
-0.9695872664451599,
0.28041601181030273,
-0.1447078287601471,
-0.09188253432512283,
0.6163226366043091,
-0.3548988103866577,
-0.005089444573968649,
0.9695152640342712,
-0.2071305513381958,
0.21123944222927094,
0.04405515268445015,
0.48952820897102356,
-0.03325609490275383,
-0.1380719393491745,
0.1325187236070633,
-0.1834019422531128,
-0.5360661149024963,
-0.5944215655326843,
-0.06332485377788544,
0.0890001580119133,
-0.15048085153102875,
-0.36341676115989685,
-0.23585285246372223,
0.4233907461166382,
-0.026521774008870125,
-0.5198416709899902,
0.8828102350234985,
0.48841047286987305,
-0.7770451903343201,
0.46748819947242737,
-0.27678847312927246,
0.019306760281324387,
-0.3528492748737335,
0.20099931955337524,
0.09372134506702423,
-0.6536363363265991,
-0.25198328495025635,
-0.4032146632671356,
-0.3088136315345764,
0.12255273759365082,
-0.3239057958126068,
-0.09966884553432465,
-0.14419472217559814,
0.30410704016685486,
-0.20177775621414185,
0.9772643446922302,
-0.001918547204695642,
0.6354950070381165,
-0.03428802639245987,
0.7605345845222473,
0.7093075513839722,
-0.08341692388057709,
0.290387362241745,
0.6815931797027588,
-0.3298507332801819,
0.17529448866844177,
-0.054902058094739914,
0.5036642551422119,
-0.2669185400009155,
0.12101277709007263,
-0.09124196320772171,
-0.3058158755302429,
0.3604365587234497,
0.8673480749130249,
0.2664649486541748,
-0.09146220982074738,
0.2600393295288086,
-0.428735613822937,
-0.3006933629512787,
-0.08193930238485336,
0.05233907327055931,
-0.4769998788833618,
0.9411600232124329,
0.5623013377189636,
-0.25821834802627563,
0.20402111113071442,
0.4744630455970764,
-0.17764070630073547,
-0.5755544900894165,
-0.0019686624873429537,
-0.022126369178295135,
0.32147228717803955,
0.20836742222309113,
0.2774638235569,
-0.46584346890449524,
0.1456575095653534,
0.7934409379959106,
0.07909193634986877,
0.21980811655521393,
-0.34718140959739685,
-0.5562235116958618,
-0.14299140870571136,
-0.18207423388957977,
-0.19851329922676086,
-0.1905563622713089,
-0.08772056549787521,
-0.7176492214202881,
0.013448314741253853,
-0.36963534355163574,
0.7058174014091492,
0.2327161431312561,
-0.02603870816528797,
0.37449806928634644,
0.11240915954113007,
0.6904093027114868,
-0.680242121219635,
-0.4452067017555237,
0.15447084605693817,
-0.7440687417984009,
-0.0915965884923935,
-0.2943478226661682,
0.16715767979621887,
0.6010257601737976,
0.015228004194796085,
-0.8953802585601807,
0.4270375967025757,
0.08609529584646225,
-0.8373425006866455,
-0.014259619638323784,
0.13203033804893494,
0.3314669132232666,
-0.284057080745697,
-0.3794911205768585,
-0.0886537954211235,
0.5878085494041443,
-0.09302407503128052,
-0.6942896842956543,
-0.9977991580963135,
-0.4467855989933014,
0.45266157388687134,
-0.12835820019245148,
-0.3882226049900055,
0.13588906824588776,
-0.5081672072410583,
-0.45004910230636597,
0.4364849328994751,
-0.12025444209575653,
0.16207700967788696,
0.16665466129779816,
0.27329036593437195,
-0.5432275533676147,
-0.07222487777471542,
0.5507544279098511,
-0.20947645604610443,
-0.13333754241466522,
-0.11907655000686646,
0.0036609661765396595,
0.2534419298171997,
-0.06966396421194077,
-0.2906765043735504,
-0.03298771008849144,
-0.2925035059452057,
0.5089466571807861,
-0.08583157509565353,
-0.5868668556213379,
0.053832270205020905,
0.2661255896091461,
-0.8086416721343994,
0.17051732540130615,
0.3208193778991699,
-0.05140587314963341,
0.3303033113479614,
-0.3172098398208618,
0.39422473311424255,
0.5549212694168091,
-0.14651750028133392,
-0.6375508904457092,
0.14440219104290009,
0.5920738577842712,
-0.47284549474716187,
-0.007460608612746,
-0.01906176470220089,
-0.06522216647863388,
-0.26378050446510315,
-0.06882061064243317,
0.12277878820896149,
-0.35916152596473694,
-0.1463126391172409,
0.322782427072525,
-0.5579627156257629,
0.31201431155204773,
0.007598875090479851,
-0.40259239077568054,
0.07011555880308151,
-0.09559802711009979,
-0.19369065761566162,
-0.012098349630832672,
0.36077365279197693,
-0.06766414642333984,
0.5301536321640015,
-0.21818068623542786,
0.10664891451597214,
-0.15844176709651947,
-0.6454172134399414,
-0.23835287988185883,
0.5092850923538208,
1.027248740196228,
-0.08618809282779694,
-0.041474342346191406,
-0.010141478851437569,
0.1568121463060379,
0.21736130118370056,
-0.8167304992675781,
-0.6847122311592102,
0.09834951907396317,
0.31447845697402954,
-0.14277207851409912,
-0.6487677097320557,
-0.023328853771090508,
0.6505300998687744,
-0.7941062450408936,
0.08742598444223404,
0.14784455299377441,
0.1697295606136322,
0.4580739736557007,
0.02622998133301735,
-0.17913632094860077,
-0.1725596934556961,
-0.24329130351543427,
0.135920912027359,
-0.31823259592056274,
-0.6433835029602051,
-0.47985371947288513,
0.12311278283596039,
-0.3431825041770935,
0.23773925006389618,
0.34977227449417114,
0.8218753933906555,
0.5139738917350769,
0.7577421069145203,
0.28467419743537903,
-0.3137216567993164,
-0.18254055082798004,
-0.023586632683873177,
0.666837215423584,
-0.1399737447500229,
0.1550479531288147,
-0.043211277574300766,
-0.6670557260513306,
0.1729598045349121,
-0.002069045789539814,
0.4457474648952484,
0.08152174204587936,
0.01563815213739872,
-0.34844014048576355,
-0.19878338277339935,
-0.2809984087944031,
-0.09856182336807251,
0.37597906589508057,
-0.06446079909801483,
0.47970160841941833,
-0.5466568470001221,
0.1411420851945877,
-0.038679469376802444,
0.5524246096611023,
-0.5508928298950195,
0.780089795589447,
0.2599102258682251,
-1.0774134397506714,
0.8943625092506409,
-0.1582278460264206,
-0.11238367855548859,
-0.46556538343429565,
0.22391673922538757,
-0.30784717202186584,
-0.21452172100543976,
0.34146469831466675,
-0.12970535457134247,
0.9679803252220154,
0.01554280985146761,
-0.16351814568042755,
0.7053912878036499,
-0.3304520547389984,
-0.1545814424753189,
0.2946484088897705,
0.03462914004921913,
0.11280569434165955,
0.14921443164348602,
-0.09841521084308624,
-0.28692546486854553,
0.585350513458252,
-0.6999188661575317,
-0.934132993221283,
0.00955912284553051,
0.12827672064304352,
0.6826769113540649,
0.19313310086727142,
-0.3396703898906708,
0.8897260427474976,
-0.3263985812664032,
-0.1975749433040619,
0.32929784059524536,
-0.5866318345069885,
-0.12345414608716965,
0.5398662090301514,
0.3419513702392578,
-0.1881440281867981,
-0.26124998927116394,
-0.0359286293387413,
-0.4796769320964813,
0.8142492175102234,
0.008356225676834583,
0.4757237434387207,
-0.48557615280151367,
0.565418541431427,
0.1702793538570404,
-0.04859031364321709,
0.5285331010818481,
0.12950389087200165,
-0.11388488113880157,
-0.4376264810562134,
0.616270899772644,
0.19689711928367615,
0.32242801785469055,
-0.15076002478599548,
0.45529910922050476,
0.22676080465316772,
0.5904006361961365,
-0.3112613558769226,
0.157769575715065,
0.18484742939472198,
0.2477702647447586,
-0.5003018379211426,
-0.1242845430970192,
0.32920339703559875,
0.1627306044101715,
0.12740999460220337,
-0.1768573671579361,
0.10121782124042511,
0.3256753981113434,
-0.025496870279312134,
0.1889200359582901,
0.1731887012720108,
0.1259145438671112,
-0.34029677510261536,
-0.34942492842674255,
0.32265380024909973,
-0.15785254538059235,
-0.3743179738521576,
-0.39944911003112793,
-0.06147075444459915,
-0.39582645893096924,
-0.06957429647445679,
0.1758120059967041,
-0.1203303262591362,
0.05371168255805969,
-0.30059242248535156,
-0.23254112899303436,
-0.34967344999313354,
-0.02225281111896038,
-0.2889752984046936,
0.22984671592712402,
0.660753071308136,
-0.2094353288412094,
0.6781641244888306,
0.06008822098374367,
0.4982394874095917,
-0.07690993696451187,
-0.00931250024586916,
-0.4358016848564148,
-0.10076887160539627,
0.028180371969938278,
0.5912252068519592,
-0.4664905071258545,
0.42819011211395264,
0.3631746470928192,
-0.5733048915863037,
0.18749363720417023,
0.09742259234189987,
-0.6379087567329407,
-0.054769694805145264,
0.392789751291275,
-0.23159798979759216,
0.33911609649658203,
-0.8777575492858887,
0.24422454833984375,
-0.21764184534549713,
0.44639289379119873,
-0.4564358592033386,
-0.14786392450332642,
-0.18347544968128204,
0.4552883207798004,
-0.5531448721885681,
-0.5916962623596191,
0.18123547732830048,
-0.14531981945037842,
0.34744584560394287,
-0.8634214401245117,
0.13419291377067566,
-0.5845522880554199,
0.061036739498376846,
0.639715313911438,
-0.16329322755336761,
0.26914432644844055,
-0.26837781071662903,
0.3680013418197632,
0.1493275910615921,
-0.17558684945106506,
0.017117073759436607,
-0.8509473204612732,
-0.21212172508239746,
-0.4729417860507965,
-0.023732589557766914,
0.056923072785139084,
0.4667120575904846,
0.2799423038959503,
-0.25311845541000366,
0.41400402784347534,
-0.3553186357021332,
-0.023347368463873863,
0.6049813628196716,
0.3831484615802765,
-1.0245671272277832,
-0.7939543724060059,
-0.059050291776657104
] |
233404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20policy | Foreign policy | A state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to internal or domestic policy) is its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through multilateral platforms. The Encyclopedia Britannica notes that a government's foreign policy may be influenced by "domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs."
Naming
The term foreign evolved during the mid-13th century from ferren, foreyne, "out of doors", based on the Old French forain, "outer, external, outdoor; remote", reflecting the sense of "not in one's own land" first attested in the late 14th century. Spelling in English was altered in the 17th century, perhaps by influence of the words reign and sovereign. Both words were associated at the time with the most common office of monarch that determined foreign policy, a set of diplomatic goals seeks to outline how a country will interact with other countries of the world.
History
The idea of long-term management of relationships followed the development of professional diplomatic corps that managed diplomacy. Since 1711, the term diplomacy has been taken to mean the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or nations.
In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed "affairs". Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (peasant riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs was applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states.
Organisations such as the Council of Foreign Relations in the United States are sometimes employed by government foreign relations organisations to develop foreign policy proposals as alternatives to existing policy, or to provide analytical assessments of evolving relationships.
See also
Alliance
Balance of power (international relations)
Diplomacy
Diplomatic history
Foreign policy analysis
Intergovernmental organization
International relations theory
International relations
References
Further reading
Christopher Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Jean-Frédéric Morin and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018.
Steve Smith, Amelia Hadley and Tim Dunne (eds), Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Frank A. Stengel and Rainer Baumann, "Non-State Actors and Foreign Policy," The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by Cameron Thies, 266–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.456.
External links
Subfields of political science
International relations
Public policy | [
0.41885048151016235,
-0.06868194788694382,
-0.23039212822914124,
0.03998961299657822,
0.29941415786743164,
0.2413201779127121,
0.32575711607933044,
0.4571095407009125,
-0.38051438331604004,
-0.7224633693695068,
-0.5290770530700684,
0.563931941986084,
0.12375899404287338,
0.6036400198936462,
0.2001340240240097,
0.4719145894050598,
0.4432277977466583,
0.32749080657958984,
0.3408079147338867,
0.016401758417487144,
-1.0254743099212646,
0.2879526615142822,
0.3359772562980652,
-0.40780365467071533,
0.5464458465576172,
-0.5483348965644836,
0.366209477186203,
-0.14758101105690002,
-0.22274360060691833,
0.09723389893770218,
0.11896244436502457,
-0.021138949319720268,
-0.38937675952911377,
0.4107827842235565,
-0.4862458109855652,
0.054934192448854446,
0.03176642954349518,
-0.09414593875408173,
-0.3785094916820526,
-0.5728343725204468,
-0.12248385697603226,
-0.08181855827569962,
0.1117430180311203,
0.19939428567886353,
-0.13044585287570953,
-1.057917594909668,
-1.0153160095214844,
0.5674998164176941,
-0.173751562833786,
0.08894205838441849,
-0.35698172450065613,
0.09739232063293457,
-0.026774471625685692,
-0.17123597860336304,
-0.057952847331762314,
0.46010661125183105,
-0.19086186587810516,
-0.30386239290237427,
-0.20852124691009521,
-0.8628747463226318,
0.19023406505584717,
-0.1427910327911377,
0.7695764303207397,
0.3722759187221527,
0.6666127443313599,
0.21224255859851837,
0.2238588035106659,
-0.2787059247493744,
-0.382325142621994,
-0.8146606683731079,
-1.0744590759277344,
-0.16152577102184296,
-0.2930569648742676,
0.022371625527739525,
-0.14738860726356506,
-0.15831823647022247,
0.1342010796070099,
-0.037396389991045,
-0.360787034034729,
0.005818220321089029,
-0.1226886659860611,
0.523192286491394,
-0.13875965774059296,
-0.3638618290424347,
0.10982292890548706,
-0.12919726967811584,
0.013756980188190937,
0.6234589219093323,
-0.020363038405776024,
0.674527645111084,
0.5670931935310364,
0.1526511311531067,
0.18218040466308594,
-0.14733223617076874,
-0.009466451592743397,
-0.4547055661678314,
0.5663018226623535,
-0.6129868030548096,
0.14019307494163513,
-0.02488340623676777,
-0.2896713614463806,
0.0670567974448204,
0.3252459168434143,
0.03995474800467491,
-0.4584214687347412,
-0.4530937671661377,
-0.01480704452842474,
-0.7233843803405762,
-0.20850065350532532,
0.18491670489311218,
-0.06059890612959862,
0.08265426754951477,
-0.009722293354570866,
0.1014517992734909,
-0.6678488254547119,
0.22041764855384827,
-0.09643545001745224,
-0.33517640829086304,
0.06183841452002525,
0.12011045962572098,
0.21792557835578918,
0.1695098578929901,
-0.07887731492519379,
-0.43080827593803406,
0.3514808416366577,
-0.3906158208847046,
0.5243822932243347,
-0.10910795629024506,
-0.8301081657409668,
-0.2651664912700653,
0.27438774704933167,
0.3935234248638153,
-0.2625596821308136,
0.4714677929878235,
-0.3963380753993988,
-0.2207186222076416,
0.7476640343666077,
-0.0010432058479636908,
0.3837010860443115,
0.20286691188812256,
-0.5314384698867798,
-0.8233150243759155,
-0.2733641266822815,
-0.22518481314182281,
0.2938006520271301,
-0.6027671694755554,
0.14969821274280548,
-0.4813471734523773,
-0.4175422191619873,
0.11545386910438538,
-0.14263002574443817,
0.16913920640945435,
-0.03289273381233215,
0.5642127990722656,
-0.2980109453201294,
0.06548050791025162,
0.809928297996521,
-0.17828679084777832,
-0.05437087640166283,
0.001064647571183741,
0.3705936372280121,
-0.026274600997567177,
-0.0598745197057724,
-0.04432066157460213,
-0.05745391920208931,
-0.23091523349285126,
-0.056618582457304,
0.5702900290489197,
0.2758459746837616,
-0.2231748402118683,
-0.3242467939853668,
0.5646988749504089,
0.4286768436431885,
-0.050230175256729126,
0.15653590857982635,
0.15222808718681335,
-0.34460562467575073,
0.015489857643842697,
0.5271628499031067,
0.24818632006645203,
-0.4773663878440857,
-0.09148834645748138,
0.015682416036725044,
0.21634966135025024,
-0.36557087302207947,
0.06277106702327728,
-0.13038228452205658,
-0.3989506661891937,
0.13022376596927643,
-0.28215691447257996,
-0.22157618403434753,
-0.7124894857406616,
-0.22219157218933105,
-0.6655551195144653,
0.7287943959236145,
-0.12035267055034637,
-0.3443218469619751,
1.1688822507858276,
-0.5770664215087891,
-0.23950225114822388,
-0.011824852786958218,
-0.5062999129295349,
0.3438056409358978,
0.09177780151367188,
-0.33078333735466003,
0.1201835423707962,
0.41906753182411194,
0.14445243775844574,
0.1798945963382721,
0.6767394542694092,
0.22149929404258728,
-0.4117516577243805,
0.26340121030807495,
-0.3128644526004791,
0.23643113672733307,
0.24161627888679504,
-0.7029959559440613,
0.45765942335128784,
-0.24913863837718964,
0.1524580866098404,
0.8851414918899536,
-0.3011329174041748,
0.24197912216186523,
1.1607400178909302,
-0.2923407256603241,
-0.3502546548843384,
-0.07149482518434525,
0.38002923130989075,
-0.0779811441898346,
-0.49592137336730957,
0.049008939415216446,
-0.44270414113998413,
0.40415969491004944,
-0.4531760513782501,
-0.4495477080345154,
0.36280161142349243,
-0.35911062359809875,
0.26043054461479187,
0.07038015127182007,
-0.49775615334510803,
0.015724951401352882,
0.12124647945165634,
-0.13698114454746246,
0.8271931409835815,
-0.46881359815597534,
-0.030079135671257973,
-0.03897431492805481,
-0.08309115469455719,
-0.20586270093917847,
0.24299006164073944,
-0.047624338418245316,
0.3947341740131378,
0.33666905760765076,
-0.26133525371551514,
-0.1498822420835495,
-0.44235455989837646,
0.007986889220774174,
0.32210516929626465,
0.37245824933052063,
-0.20929212868213654,
-0.4446256160736084,
0.30677154660224915,
0.09015220403671265,
0.21396110951900482,
-0.1932922750711441,
-0.013061637990176678,
-0.17622552812099457,
0.10401922464370728,
-0.37829750776290894,
0.3733009397983551,
0.4638938903808594,
0.10527253895998001,
-0.5848541855812073,
-0.06289023905992508,
0.1378188580274582,
-0.16297411918640137,
0.44500064849853516,
0.2988991439342499,
-0.6678152084350586,
-0.568230390548706,
0.1463523954153061,
0.3805426359176636,
0.056929416954517365,
-0.7944984436035156,
-0.03294229507446289,
-1.0046336650848389,
0.027961241081357002,
-0.6150657534599304,
-0.13205423951148987,
0.5614150166511536,
-0.08073610812425613,
0.012310937978327274,
-0.053758881986141205,
-0.4105871319770813,
0.020555904135107994,
0.33245334029197693,
-0.3608345687389374,
0.38577979803085327,
0.396115243434906,
-0.33768290281295776,
-0.13347944617271423,
0.03405632823705673,
-0.37030333280563354,
0.0005275983130559325,
0.4642529785633087,
-0.1501433104276657,
-0.11823132634162903,
0.21632380783557892,
-5.978697776794434,
-0.1936667412519455,
-0.12043943256139755,
-0.06227371096611023,
0.33778631687164307,
0.18303252756595612,
0.4356667995452881,
-0.43096020817756653,
0.09651681035757065,
-0.18034876883029938,
-0.0567510761320591,
-0.05139283463358879,
0.016020558774471283,
0.5609397292137146,
0.37895259261131287,
0.09752301126718521,
0.45792773365974426,
0.11635417491197586,
-0.08684598654508591,
0.4220530390739441,
-0.22586658596992493,
0.051821019500494,
0.37176865339279175,
0.6382665634155273,
0.5374459624290466,
-0.14339593052864075,
-0.5440361499786377,
-0.27318331599235535,
0.16697478294372559,
0.39487457275390625,
-0.2116231471300125,
-0.12618498504161835,
0.41681790351867676,
-0.08901391178369522,
0.22567994892597198,
-0.3617497980594635,
0.3106158971786499,
0.24847419559955597,
-0.0388626791536808,
-0.2561770975589752,
-0.15080152451992035,
0.9535390734672546,
0.13882200419902802,
0.10274848341941833,
-0.15111860632896423,
-0.2300795018672943,
0.3346463739871979,
-0.37265393137931824,
-0.445703387260437,
0.30106452107429504,
-0.2893185615539551,
0.3598466217517853,
0.20053237676620483,
-0.5555450916290283,
-0.2194717824459076,
0.14305640757083893,
0.3339955508708954,
-0.09092076122760773,
-0.6471262574195862,
0.2647557854652405,
-0.0517389252781868,
-0.5268449187278748,
-0.010604885406792164,
-0.07781344652175903,
-0.06517099589109421,
-0.15873101353645325,
-1.0161879062652588,
-0.628537118434906,
0.652357816696167,
-0.06457562744617462,
-0.11996820569038391,
0.21100836992263794,
0.27438896894454956,
-0.8024292588233948,
0.17634975910186768,
-0.8896101117134094,
-0.12869952619075775,
-0.0026343916542828083,
0.5947421789169312,
-0.04385312274098396,
-0.37164562940597534,
0.7928714752197266,
-0.0753520280122757,
0.06949203461408615,
-0.07744220644235611,
-0.3383021652698517,
0.4140497148036957,
-0.07142174988985062,
-0.2630440294742584,
0.08896943181753159,
0.7215722799301147,
-0.4959664046764374,
0.8593624830245972,
-0.38316765427589417,
0.12519711256027222,
0.501605749130249,
-0.19855232536792755,
0.20118087530136108,
0.3418271243572235,
-0.5874326825141907,
0.36591362953186035,
-0.14692555367946625,
-0.3784664273262024,
-0.5934357047080994,
0.13199497759342194,
0.3311278223991394,
0.07606525719165802,
0.32782819867134094,
1.1643632650375366,
-0.6397664546966553,
-0.009102225303649902,
0.15475308895111084,
-0.29923540353775024,
-0.40933114290237427,
-0.13694244623184204,
0.14800743758678436,
-0.7758374214172363,
0.5158107280731201,
0.5769007205963135,
-0.10797940194606781,
0.2601259648799896,
0.16683359444141388,
-0.1647878885269165,
0.10721933096647263,
-0.5131402015686035,
-0.3206852376461029,
-0.3710079491138458,
-0.2809358239173889,
0.0020974285434931517,
-0.12242830544710159,
0.7265259623527527,
0.32803717255592346,
0.07107988744974136,
-0.4110991954803467,
0.6948565244674683,
0.062295202165842056,
0.5197674036026001,
-0.11633282899856567,
-0.35499709844589233,
-0.6577647924423218,
0.0872439295053482,
0.08355512470006943,
0.23408076167106628,
0.11579512804746628,
0.2626364231109619,
-0.2409549057483673,
-0.37193378806114197,
0.2705894112586975,
-0.2164296656847,
0.6163934469223022,
-0.06554098427295685,
0.08619723469018936,
0.07955534011125565,
-0.013102598488330841,
-0.10388027131557465,
-0.34363067150115967,
0.7256713509559631,
-0.11606499552726746,
0.2311500459909439,
-0.43059536814689636,
0.0690988153219223,
-0.234305739402771,
-0.482531875371933,
0.012629862874746323,
0.1919981986284256,
0.2922714054584503,
-0.9199085235595703,
0.044439200311899185,
0.36306270956993103,
0.7065702080726624,
0.5690070390701294,
-0.39055177569389343,
-0.22754864394664764,
-0.30250322818756104,
-0.1251775175333023,
0.08359941840171814,
0.023084323853254318,
0.35858798027038574,
0.03637239336967468,
0.27576974034309387,
0.09387703239917755,
-0.7429951429367065,
-0.20727573335170746,
-0.08431979268789291,
-0.10168932378292084,
-0.1619870662689209,
0.1776365488767624,
0.04448385909199715,
-0.12948614358901978,
-0.16512230038642883,
0.04352691397070885,
0.02661873959004879,
-0.0351361446082592,
-0.17632435262203217,
0.12139583379030228,
-0.3121843636035919,
-0.7113831639289856,
0.15650571882724762,
-0.47951701283454895,
-0.08388140797615051,
0.6670868396759033,
0.7558073401451111,
-0.6656801700592041,
-0.08074844628572464,
-0.4162934124469757,
0.1039629876613617,
0.2949528098106384,
-0.03953108564019203,
0.4651484787464142,
0.5096833109855652,
-0.6439599990844727,
-0.21556977927684784,
-0.6257720589637756,
0.4400859773159027,
-0.08053218573331833,
-0.12324317544698715,
-0.36850014328956604,
-0.5568849444389343,
0.18665124475955963,
-0.05665239691734314,
0.6320919394493103,
-0.20496807992458344,
-0.5407029390335083,
0.19817963242530823,
-0.2008894830942154,
-0.032580435276031494,
0.3285773992538452,
-0.6103800535202026,
0.4473511576652527,
0.09575264155864716,
0.17005698382854462,
-0.39899954199790955,
0.4276929199695587,
0.28950199484825134,
0.06445423513650894,
-0.4105982482433319,
-0.29382070899009705,
0.11344655603170395,
0.11988084018230438,
0.028956584632396698,
-0.24422046542167664,
0.6921952962875366,
-0.1403980255126953,
-0.5444754958152771,
-0.12158240377902985,
0.5962619185447693,
0.6014452576637268,
-0.4730873107910156,
-0.2612960636615753,
0.11688047647476196,
-0.06357672065496445,
-0.3906320035457611,
-0.3331938087940216,
-0.45991405844688416,
-0.025425273925065994,
-0.031243445351719856,
-0.3448874056339264,
0.05186553671956062,
-0.17277373373508453,
0.5304176211357117,
-0.10886705666780472,
-0.6652950048446655,
-0.529075562953949,
-0.40354830026626587,
0.467189222574234,
-0.40418216586112976,
-0.3202374577522278,
0.30852094292640686,
-0.3261865973472595,
-0.1957736611366272,
-0.15903697907924652,
-0.3287384510040283,
0.6349587440490723,
0.12327679246664047,
0.8510954976081848,
0.0351460836827755,
0.006846716161817312,
0.20533810555934906,
-0.26831966638565063,
0.09188235551118851,
-0.38309189677238464,
-0.34285038709640503,
0.05080011859536171,
-0.7903874516487122,
0.5703359246253967,
-0.9423488974571228,
0.3853076994419098,
0.03622542694211006,
-0.3638301193714142,
-0.49175766110420227,
-0.11643190681934357,
0.02639106847345829,
-0.2246559113264084,
0.17345856130123138,
-0.5338351130485535,
0.35234561562538147,
0.047971442341804504,
0.24145346879959106,
-0.061593569815158844,
0.29962459206581116,
-0.44266796112060547,
0.24338354170322418,
-0.1695147305727005,
-0.18148353695869446,
0.5322738289833069,
0.010581005364656448,
-0.2954424321651459,
-0.2689818739891052,
0.025934308767318726,
0.026867341250181198,
0.30091342329978943,
-0.029826439917087555,
0.6292425394058228,
0.3336307108402252,
-0.23562264442443848,
0.36932435631752014,
0.25005388259887695,
-0.8820570707321167,
0.4017154574394226,
0.23181860148906708,
0.13878466188907623,
-0.18828651309013367,
0.12299162149429321,
0.020369429141283035,
0.46613365411758423,
0.19414079189300537,
-0.20161637663841248,
0.2538292407989502,
0.21662181615829468,
0.1145852729678154,
0.17716163396835327,
0.5590161085128784,
-0.19775260984897614,
-0.17811939120292664,
-0.07344340533018112,
-0.2918412685394287,
0.38206958770751953,
-0.46351560950279236,
-0.2781928479671478,
0.8490556478500366,
0.6169449687004089,
0.2701801657676697,
0.012556794099509716,
0.06267306953668594,
-0.2092369943857193,
0.34623628854751587,
0.4028359055519104,
0.32323333621025085,
-0.6549513339996338,
0.6481205821037292,
0.6494755744934082,
-0.05870295315980911,
0.07205241173505783,
0.03475892171263695,
-0.05330481752753258,
-0.43696391582489014,
0.37702715396881104,
-0.0667152851819992,
-0.14517858624458313,
-0.4590839147567749,
0.35186639428138733,
0.3977512717247009,
0.41276928782463074,
-0.21814660727977753,
0.8835499882698059,
0.19885648787021637,
0.2647005617618561,
-0.560258150100708,
0.26044875383377075,
-0.05743347108364105,
0.21498039364814758,
0.14359955489635468,
-0.13081210851669312,
0.17772403359413147,
0.10803138464689255,
-0.1851533055305481,
0.22215446829795837,
0.09536544233560562,
0.10615042597055435,
-0.2763923108577728,
-0.35112401843070984,
-0.10759580880403519,
-0.17694441974163055,
-0.7103167176246643,
-0.37058570981025696,
0.5702382326126099,
0.012706248089671135,
0.23466160893440247,
-0.5553113222122192,
-0.053664714097976685,
0.19746381044387817,
-0.3964652419090271,
0.03439059853553772,
0.5927221179008484,
0.1327081322669983,
-0.199288010597229,
0.22159317135810852,
1.0109800100326538,
-0.0334201343357563,
-0.15135446190834045,
0.29696691036224365,
0.05722301825881004,
-0.3153908848762512,
0.30515581369400024,
-0.08091729134321213,
-0.24646198749542236,
-0.624120831489563,
0.12896813452243805,
-0.6574971675872803,
0.4953283369541168,
0.2580382525920868,
-0.3986088037490845,
-0.016256097704172134,
0.20476950705051422,
0.15465903282165527,
0.23426249623298645,
0.8179342150688171,
-0.20488519966602325,
0.28025123476982117,
-0.5023274421691895,
0.3780687749385834,
-0.023266252130270004,
0.14984530210494995,
0.24889728426933289,
-0.13407281041145325,
0.09522638469934464,
0.49106988310813904,
0.6663063168525696,
-0.4668552875518799,
0.6044872403144836,
-0.631067156791687,
-0.41446807980537415,
-0.2657454311847687,
0.5151366591453552,
-0.40088751912117004,
0.1395578235387802,
0.10255406051874161,
0.665972888469696,
0.4002071022987366,
-0.6318908333778381,
0.028062861412763596,
-0.02979961596429348,
0.5813696384429932,
0.0006185649544931948,
-0.12524305284023285,
-0.16336418688297272,
0.051042284816503525,
0.20148780941963196,
-0.5446101427078247,
0.4150198698043823,
0.30717262625694275,
-0.13167482614517212,
0.5153223276138306,
0.09177351742982864,
0.07661960273981094,
0.07840777188539505,
0.6662002801895142,
-0.4773613214492798,
-0.05685179680585861,
0.6044899821281433
] |
233405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20words%20having%20different%20meanings%20in%20American%20and%20British%20English%20%28A%E2%80%93L%29 | List of words having different meanings in American and British English (A–L) | This is the List of words having different meanings in British and American English: A–L. For the second portion of the list, see List of words having different meanings in British and American English: M–Z.
Asterisked (*) meanings, though found chiefly in the specified region, also have some currency in the other region; other definitions may be recognised by the other as Briticisms or Americanisms respectively. Additional usage notes are provided where useful.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
See also
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: M–Z
List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
List of British words not widely used in the United States
References
Further reading
Note: the below are general references on this topic. Individual entries have not yet been audited against the references below and readers looking for verifiable information should consult the works below unless individual entries in the article's table are properly sourced.
External links
The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionaryan online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category
Words having different meanings in British and American English: A-L, List of
Lists of English words
American English words | [
0.019012346863746643,
0.5180479288101196,
-0.6455317139625549,
-0.6329674124717712,
-0.7997629642486572,
0.6158778071403503,
0.9177197813987732,
0.7154375314712524,
-0.6038103103637695,
-0.4189169108867645,
-0.3554342985153198,
-0.027774536982178688,
-0.1713099479675293,
0.3973841965198517,
0.36932194232940674,
0.3295159935951233,
0.13776014745235443,
0.8135526180267334,
-0.08489973843097687,
-0.036130666732788086,
0.2035483568906784,
0.2145540565252304,
0.4082488417625427,
-0.5395656228065491,
0.17744658887386322,
0.13986875116825104,
0.4068370759487152,
-0.43653109669685364,
-0.3453716039657593,
-0.027871817350387573,
0.11840414255857468,
1.155887484550476,
0.1293647438287735,
-0.12160627543926239,
0.22830931842327118,
-0.9250481724739075,
0.3321649730205536,
-0.29760855436325073,
0.25193893909454346,
-0.5068726539611816,
-0.03679912909865379,
0.023884542286396027,
0.3809746503829956,
0.3592687249183655,
-0.0956074446439743,
-0.3479839861392975,
-1.94138503074646,
-0.6998472809791565,
-0.8361620903015137,
-0.10799502581357956,
0.066075898706913,
-0.08816670626401901,
1.019276738166809,
0.5686440467834473,
0.21759887039661407,
0.7269677519798279,
-0.7742461562156677,
0.019101273268461227,
0.656538724899292,
0.469285249710083,
0.5058276653289795,
0.0055975886061787605,
-0.2551185190677643,
0.04972495138645172,
0.3467576503753662,
0.7432197332382202,
-0.41127482056617737,
0.3307860195636749,
-0.8547775745391846,
0.21474722027778625,
-0.41831693053245544,
-0.4847581386566162,
0.6567793488502502,
0.030339855700731277,
-0.024202896282076836,
0.281011700630188,
0.058187223970890045,
-0.006246455013751984,
-0.19703631103038788,
-0.6866554617881775,
-0.5774698853492737,
0.14399218559265137,
0.48076388239860535,
-0.3336789906024933,
0.14639562368392944,
0.12163712829351425,
-0.7346422076225281,
-0.2160920947790146,
0.19194094836711884,
1.0848931074142456,
0.23571708798408508,
0.03785499930381775,
0.18858326971530914,
0.12086737900972366,
0.23423157632350922,
-0.11209084093570709,
0.16376809775829315,
0.00789390504360199,
0.2279965579509735,
0.36925432085990906,
-0.15518230199813843,
0.28940367698669434,
0.7897378206253052,
-0.4110065996646881,
-0.7760121822357178,
-0.3221797049045563,
-0.5349428057670593,
-0.1956942081451416,
0.7002708911895752,
-1.9708199501037598,
-0.6045986413955688,
0.47897082567214966,
-0.07902517914772034,
0.1251070499420166,
-0.5185412168502808,
0.24187207221984863,
0.46517881751060486,
0.5163525342941284,
0.0035030830185860395,
0.17724862694740295,
-0.28951653838157654,
0.6010569334030151,
0.3069477379322052,
-0.12043853849172592,
0.07474979758262634,
0.5300155282020569,
0.27269884943962097,
-0.3157668113708496,
0.6504614353179932,
0.36480674147605896,
0.1196063980460167,
0.8411417007446289,
0.20309177041053772,
-0.6875615119934082,
-0.22699829936027527,
-0.34154433012008667,
0.7314172387123108,
0.29772013425827026,
0.3091204762458801,
0.3183220326900482,
-0.7817822098731995,
-0.3133206069469452,
-2.4182426929473877,
-0.10941066592931747,
0.5657676458358765,
0.044911012053489685,
-0.6480274200439453,
-0.14966553449630737,
-0.05321032926440239,
0.4085492789745331,
0.23992814123630524,
-0.6871827244758606,
-0.12641063332557678,
0.20827241241931915,
-0.0880870521068573,
0.3135249614715576,
-0.013653362169861794,
-0.18955138325691223,
0.4446772634983063,
0.20388230681419373,
-0.09747101366519928,
0.05435046926140785,
0.23142041265964508,
0.12081082910299301,
0.23277439177036285,
0.12283910065889359,
-0.048926323652267456,
0.1053476482629776,
-0.2790660262107849,
0.3930451273918152,
-0.35661718249320984,
-0.09118568152189255,
0.7664191722869873,
-0.31611138582229614,
0.0691046342253685,
-0.025767309591174126,
0.038148295134305954,
0.12778109312057495,
0.6467820405960083,
-0.32286402583122253,
-0.4071824252605438,
0.21389995515346527,
0.15630531311035156,
-0.13042740523815155,
0.2892782688140869,
0.02480735071003437,
0.5473676919937134,
-0.006174239329993725,
0.21890771389007568,
0.005470806732773781,
-0.112339086830616,
-0.6433087587356567,
0.2667001485824585,
-0.261515736579895,
0.8313533067703247,
0.01243518479168415,
-0.45234885811805725,
0.11229199171066284,
0.5038493275642395,
0.5705973505973816,
-0.2007356584072113,
-0.49115994572639465,
-0.08506081253290176,
0.558862566947937,
-0.2661854028701782,
2.3044352531433105,
-0.02906721830368042,
0.20257605612277985,
0.10611630231142044,
0.5868806838989258,
0.5071134567260742,
-0.16563287377357483,
0.39611950516700745,
-0.2151811569929123,
0.36191993951797485,
-0.18906237185001373,
0.2936854660511017,
0.12874102592468262,
-0.26891887187957764,
-0.3665354549884796,
0.7453411221504211,
-0.019503740593791008,
0.0006475677364505827,
0.1560155749320984,
-0.1246221587061882,
0.5861899256706238,
-0.07465388625860214,
0.30260249972343445,
-0.02068631909787655,
-0.6081249713897705,
0.8978438973426819,
-0.14903567731380463,
-0.22517140209674835,
-0.42650648951530457,
-0.5642224550247192,
-0.5830766558647156,
-0.10433123260736465,
-0.19537876546382904,
0.36641350388526917,
-0.22867660224437714,
0.14615407586097717,
0.3022738993167877,
-0.7845786213874817,
0.2493358552455902,
-0.30991747975349426,
0.025116492062807083,
-0.09443496912717819,
-0.19109191000461578,
0.3800774812698364,
-0.006196224130690098,
0.9478622078895569,
0.09890662133693695,
0.04036615043878555,
-0.1614476591348648,
-0.010100601240992546,
0.25203463435173035,
-0.05327658727765083,
0.26203081011772156,
0.3355514109134674,
0.40161630511283875,
-0.4980548620223999,
0.30512213706970215,
0.6437056064605713,
0.05883411690592766,
-0.6355767250061035,
-0.16763313114643097,
-0.5978721380233765,
-0.2164383828639984,
0.1497715562582016,
-0.03065984696149826,
0.0671556293964386,
-0.045369744300842285,
-0.6377109885215759,
-2.836057662963867,
0.035288386046886444,
0.33179372549057007,
0.3629162311553955,
0.042186979204416275,
-0.8945018649101257,
-0.17313013970851898,
0.23681406676769257,
0.6072272658348083,
-0.038626182824373245,
0.12294122576713562,
-0.15407529473304749,
-0.5186635255813599,
0.7854043841362,
-0.08680514991283417,
0.04361950606107712,
-0.21535035967826843,
-0.24632751941680908,
-0.22875069081783295,
-0.21649134159088135,
-0.03952106088399887,
-0.08511760085821152,
0.24519230425357819,
-0.0636838749051094,
0.34751561284065247,
0.19161109626293182,
-0.01670331507921219,
-0.1334373652935028,
0.2802390456199646,
-0.6689513325691223,
-0.11025863885879517,
0.05046732351183891,
0.13384951651096344,
-0.5778829455375671,
0.2188171148300171,
-4.099422931671143,
0.3649578094482422,
-0.49680137634277344,
-0.12784312665462494,
-0.1468534618616104,
-0.23395702242851257,
0.39739754796028137,
-0.2668779790401459,
-0.5727875232696533,
0.23333114385604858,
0.0676770806312561,
-0.2977382242679596,
-0.4787488281726837,
0.6865119338035583,
0.7203407287597656,
0.07306308299303055,
0.29177379608154297,
-0.042139872908592224,
0.46145346760749817,
0.06447605788707733,
0.09083237498998642,
0.8770768046379089,
0.36597877740859985,
0.34051743149757385,
0.5931218862533569,
0.7671338319778442,
0.03498724102973938,
0.11129752546548843,
-0.49725624918937683,
0.22108376026153564,
0.008027367293834686,
0.40724924206733704,
0.12257324904203415,
-0.5535370707511902,
-0.25702306628227234,
-0.1597471982240677,
0.200530543923378,
0.3653419315814972,
0.9019443988800049,
-0.42876335978507996,
-0.40055572986602783,
0.9452729225158691,
-0.0026072654873132706,
0.3918760418891907,
0.3090474009513855,
0.07827994227409363,
-0.579695999622345,
-0.22940495610237122,
-0.07724451273679733,
0.7332775592803955,
-0.5927623510360718,
0.03364428132772446,
0.8084782361984253,
0.5909549593925476,
0.12696339190006256,
-0.13152150809764862,
0.2515292167663574,
-0.33772996068000793,
-0.04503494128584862,
0.05030544474720955,
0.4948899745941162,
-0.5915988683700562,
-0.10288415849208832,
-0.41993221640586853,
0.5544872283935547,
-1.2275151014328003,
-0.432559072971344,
-0.4222528636455536,
0.37008100748062134,
0.2424018234014511,
-0.23702450096607208,
0.015163952484726906,
-0.06754415482282639,
-0.7346912622451782,
0.27072030305862427,
-0.22782093286514282,
-0.4349876344203949,
0.3490091562271118,
0.3782843053340912,
0.12956206500530243,
-0.2579282522201538,
-0.05042180046439171,
-0.8089056611061096,
1.0580875873565674,
-0.16765451431274414,
-0.5796862244606018,
-0.8224225044250488,
0.13352641463279724,
-0.9565946459770203,
-0.09683380275964737,
0.23947109282016754,
-0.2620844542980194,
-0.09529946744441986,
0.38491857051849365,
0.07721522450447083,
0.1183810755610466,
0.8419879078865051,
-0.41316625475883484,
0.27517226338386536,
-0.4241600036621094,
0.16833335161209106,
-0.9551132917404175,
-0.2026619166135788,
-0.21291427314281464,
0.005512906238436699,
-0.27433112263679504,
-0.5714160799980164,
0.6790772080421448,
0.2614307701587677,
-0.42714205384254456,
-0.06451039016246796,
-0.2560260593891144,
-0.2741958200931549,
-0.16489139199256897,
0.42680302262306213,
-0.10169999301433563,
-0.2359018623828888,
0.7228764891624451,
0.3454452157020569,
0.2945574223995209,
0.2218104749917984,
0.1680022031068802,
-0.022824648767709732,
-0.4643222689628601,
-0.2034274786710739,
-0.3177070915699005,
-0.15535160899162292,
-0.18039312958717346,
-0.42174139618873596,
0.24315601587295532,
-0.40726810693740845,
0.0007737648556940258,
-0.17266400158405304,
-0.5036055445671082,
-0.036895398050546646,
-0.27370864152908325,
-0.06482786685228348,
0.7062929272651672,
0.006953233387321234,
-0.604987621307373,
0.22242854535579681,
-0.30755549669265747,
-0.2940112352371216,
0.10232710093259811,
0.45769059658050537,
0.8163456320762634,
0.2864522337913513,
-0.6950998306274414,
-0.5871273279190063,
0.4021826386451721,
0.11391285806894302,
-0.3060062527656555,
-0.0102741913869977,
-0.58431077003479,
0.011330573819577694,
0.22765614092350006,
0.12298642098903656,
0.4144097864627838,
-0.8732782602310181,
-0.3918774724006653,
0.1429048329591751,
-0.11582272499799728,
-0.9036830067634583,
0.11037062853574753,
0.4472878575325012,
-1.0532382726669312,
-0.18423423171043396,
0.003984259441494942,
-0.5149441957473755,
0.8629472851753235,
-0.1277148723602295,
-0.2774984836578369,
-0.6893290281295776,
0.5500925183296204,
0.40666845440864563,
-0.027164900675415993,
0.22208969295024872,
0.2623803913593292,
-0.1470164954662323,
-0.1511716991662979,
0.14038962125778198,
-0.30042654275894165,
0.022747015580534935,
0.8269748091697693,
0.24308891594409943,
-0.18332979083061218,
-0.19163455069065094,
-0.04676501080393791,
-0.3228791058063507,
-0.3397495150566101,
0.011641361750662327,
0.13578033447265625,
0.22571800649166107,
-0.03565753623843193,
-0.9766490459442139,
-0.4879799485206604,
-0.0683218464255333,
0.03844577074050903,
0.09695654362440109,
-0.5357614159584045,
0.8501865267753601,
0.8291130661964417,
-0.4115847647190094,
0.16728468239307404,
0.1015501394867897,
-0.7809204459190369,
0.4310497045516968,
0.19578543305397034,
-0.8860089182853699,
0.8747398257255554,
0.06806198507547379,
-0.90720534324646,
-0.4192570149898529,
0.09145783632993698,
-0.2280915379524231,
-0.5353925228118896,
0.5282602906227112,
0.23790352046489716,
0.11991968005895615,
-0.3898504078388214,
0.3173827826976776,
-0.5481522083282471,
-0.3834657669067383,
-0.4493578374385834,
-0.27484726905822754,
0.4154953062534332,
-0.2796548902988434,
-0.7727272510528564,
1.0226850509643555,
-0.4132581949234009,
0.2614750862121582,
0.08627966046333313,
0.48516982793807983,
0.6007128953933716,
-0.20125426352024078,
0.2514820396900177,
-1.1135804653167725,
0.06422191113233566,
-0.018321659415960312,
0.18385189771652222,
0.7316492199897766,
0.3724040985107422,
0.34703558683395386,
-0.8350929021835327,
-0.70555579662323,
0.6916380524635315,
0.21000082790851593,
-0.719113290309906,
-0.5392024517059326,
-0.21475596725940704,
0.19001440703868866,
-0.9467153549194336,
-0.48719924688339233,
-0.7335143685340881,
0.7457101345062256,
-0.012527883984148502,
-0.32778558135032654,
0.22592957317829132,
-0.02422020584344864,
0.32572126388549805,
0.09667627513408661,
0.23191191256046295,
-0.5204451680183411,
1.0134488344192505,
-0.07335343956947327,
0.57939612865448,
0.04283294826745987,
0.45644935965538025,
0.4604461193084717,
-0.17248758673667908,
-0.4829070270061493,
-0.366031289100647,
-0.2519091069698334,
0.4022948741912842,
0.33478090167045593,
-0.2207385152578354,
-0.16768760979175568,
-0.7691946625709534,
0.2607107162475586,
-0.530569314956665,
1.0384997129440308,
0.04304126650094986,
0.5697522163391113,
-0.30739879608154297,
0.3237496018409729,
-0.26632559299468994,
-0.2409050315618515,
-0.02118668518960476,
-0.30574488639831543,
-0.008855338208377361,
-0.4126824736595154,
0.15796613693237305,
-0.48709961771965027,
0.2969149947166443,
0.14271077513694763,
0.1652492880821228,
0.024594847112894058,
0.06249430775642395,
0.4195236563682556,
-0.422572523355484,
-0.8038013577461243,
0.7156844735145569,
0.20189546048641205,
0.10070396214723587,
0.4117564558982849,
0.706551194190979,
0.34903502464294434,
-0.39085397124290466,
0.30842459201812744,
-0.05872941389679909,
0.11990048736333847,
0.5541518926620483,
0.45509782433509827,
1.0223695039749146,
0.5483080744743347,
0.0882612094283104,
0.23348668217658997,
-0.5684301853179932,
0.06558431684970856,
0.41719794273376465,
0.05630509927868843,
-0.9100969433784485,
0.8793407678604126,
0.22214525938034058,
-0.9739144444465637,
0.8723932504653931,
0.24378804862499237,
-0.7759838104248047,
0.634330689907074,
0.3377867341041565,
0.2656266987323761,
0.17961746454238892,
-0.6612657308578491,
0.037982694804668427,
-0.35093986988067627,
-0.44939616322517395,
0.035174835473299026,
-0.24896854162216187,
-0.4648991525173187,
0.5563363432884216,
0.4339594542980194,
0.41098833084106445,
0.20948302745819092,
-0.4937000870704651,
-0.34678640961647034,
-0.3654477894306183,
-0.256281316280365,
0.3396376967430115,
0.09071659296751022,
-0.15874086320400238,
0.25120148062705994,
0.46991419792175293,
0.414559543132782,
-0.2779027819633484,
-0.11811000108718872,
-0.1638922095298767,
0.14914563298225403,
-0.4586211144924164,
-0.09544435888528824,
-2.1623342037200928,
-0.19238430261611938,
0.1389516144990921,
-0.023989878594875336,
-0.14435327053070068,
0.1869882047176361,
-0.22958210110664368,
0.4462624490261078,
0.07656398415565491,
-0.21805262565612793,
0.3692758083343506,
0.2832626402378082,
0.08438283950090408,
0.21050342917442322,
-0.21841542422771454,
0.11234652996063232,
0.44925516843795776,
-0.01407555304467678,
-0.26007941365242004,
0.10577628761529922,
-0.06774550676345825,
0.01210031658411026,
0.1937064677476883,
-0.36329951882362366,
-0.7531681656837463,
0.3005891740322113,
-0.014450802467763424,
-0.43210533261299133,
0.5239741802215576,
0.014880993403494358,
0.39913251996040344,
0.19437135756015778,
-0.36217641830444336,
-0.03004206344485283,
-0.2325892150402069,
-0.6104692220687866,
0.13549920916557312,
-0.6240248084068298,
0.7368727922439575,
-0.3714955747127533,
-0.4949440062046051,
0.09109031409025192,
0.417449027299881,
0.3273220360279083,
0.1298518031835556,
-0.46841418743133545,
0.28187012672424316,
-0.42921432852745056,
0.5566197633743286,
-0.16288445889949799,
0.031250450760126114,
0.08060118556022644,
-0.3351062834262848,
-0.3896884024143219,
0.5086327195167542,
-0.012199346907436848,
-0.021183384582400322,
0.1397937536239624,
-0.39052483439445496,
-0.2402845174074173,
0.016731953248381615,
0.14922741055488586,
-0.3657791316509247,
-0.028294973075389862,
0.6419291496276855,
-0.2936117351055145,
-0.5429676175117493,
0.175906702876091,
0.5003536343574524,
-0.2724756598472595,
0.26426592469215393,
-0.20405162870883942,
0.599242091178894,
-0.2123028039932251,
-0.5473955869674683,
-0.12181393057107925,
0.12278103828430176,
0.3839118480682373,
1.1391799449920654,
0.3088650405406952,
0.2100868970155716,
-0.4914976954460144,
-0.41631343960762024,
0.34523892402648926,
0.7468079328536987,
-4.837555885314941,
-0.19125622510910034,
-0.06598864495754242,
-0.5070151090621948,
-0.0931507870554924,
0.3497700095176697,
0.15521222352981567,
-0.252121239900589,
0.09084492921829224,
0.31823456287384033,
0.28183528780937195,
0.12315794080495834,
0.0716443881392479,
-0.8214252591133118,
0.25820863246917725,
0.5260686874389648
] |
233407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20British%20terms%20not%20widely%20used%20in%20the%20United%20States | Glossary of British terms not widely used in the United States | This is a list of British words not widely used in the United States. In Canada, New Zealand, India, South Africa, and Australia, some of the British terms listed are used, although another usage is often preferred.
Words with specific British English meanings that have different meanings in American and/or additional meanings common to both languages (e.g. pants, cot) are to be found at List of words having different meanings in American and British English. When such words are herein used or referenced, they are marked with the flag [DM] (different meaning).
Asterisks (*) denote words and meanings having appreciable (that is, not occasional) currency in American English, but are nonetheless notable for their relatively greater frequency in British speech and writing.
British English spelling is consistently used throughout the article, except when explicitly referencing American terms.
0–9
999 Pronounced "nine nine nine", the UK Emergency phone number (US 911)
A
abseil to descend on a rope (US rappel)
Action Man the action figure toy sold in the US as G.I. Joe.
agony aunt or uncle (informal) the author of an agony column (US advice columnist or Dear Abby)
agony column (informal) a newspaper or magazine column providing advice to readers' personal problems (US advice column)
aeroplane any fixed-wing aircraft (US airplane)
"all change" the public-transportation announcement for the last stop (US All out)
amongst a synonym of among acceptable in British English while seeming old fashioned or pretentious in American English
anorak a hooded coat (US parka); a socially impaired obsessive, particularly trainspotters (US geek, trekkie, otaku, &c.)
answerphone an automated telephone-answering machine, from the trademark Ansafone (US & UK answering machine)
anti-clockwise, anticlockwise the direction opposite to clockwise (US counterclockwise).
approved school (informal) a reform school for juvenile delinquents, from their pre-1969 designation; juvenile detention centres, whether Secure Training Centres for 15- to 18-year-olds or Young Offender Institutions for 18- to 21-year-olds (US juvie)
argy-bargy (informal) a noisy disagreement ranging from a verbal dispute to pushing-and-shoving or outright fighting.
arse buttocks, backside or anus (more vulgar than US ass)
(fall) arse over tit (vulgar) to fall head over heels
(be) arsed (informal) to be made to get off one's arse, usually as a negative or conditional (US be bothered to)
artic an abbreviation of "articulated lorry" (US semi)
as at (before dates) on a particular date
aubergine US eggplant (both the fruit and colour)
Auntie or Auntie Beeb (affectionate) the BBC
autocue an automated system for providing scripts to actors and orators, from a genericised trademark (US teleprompter)
B
balls-up (vulgar, though possibly not in origin) error, mistake, SNAFU. See also cock-up. (US: fuck up, screw up, mess up)
bap soft bread roll or a sandwich made from it (this itself is a regional usage in the UK rather than a universal one); in plural, breasts (vulgar slang e.g. "get your baps out, love"); a person's head (Northern Ireland).
barmaid *, barman a woman or man who serves drinks in a bar. Barman and the originally American bartender appeared within a year of each other (1837 and 1836); barmaid is almost two centuries older (circa 1658).
barmy crazy, unbalanced (US: balmy)
barney a noisy quarrel, trouble; origin unknown.
barrister * In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, this used to be the only type of lawyer qualified to argue a case in both higher and lower law courts; contrasts with solicitor. For Scotland, see advocate. Occasionally used in the U.S., but not to define any particular type of lawyer.
bedsit (or bedsitter) one-room flat that serves as a living room, kitchen and bedroom and with shared bathroom facilities (US: see SRO; compare studio apartment (in British English a studio apartment – sometimes 'studio flat' – would have a self-contained bathroom)' efficiency)
Beeb, the Beeb (affectionate slang) the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). See also 'Auntie' (above). The British band Queen released an album called At the Beeb in the UK and it had to be called "At the BBC" for US release.
Belisha beacon orange ball, containing a flashing light or now sometimes surrounded by a flashing disc of LEDs, mounted on a post at each end of a zebra crossing (q.v.); named after the UK Minister of Transport Leslie Hore-Belisha who introduced them in 1934.
bell-end the glans penis (slang, vulgar), a term of abuse.
berk, burk or burke a mildly derogatory term for a fool or stupid person. An abbreviation of either 'Berkshire Hunt' or 'Berkeley Hunt', rhyming slang for cunt.
bespoke * custom-made to a buyer's specification (US:custom-made)
bevvy an alcoholic beverage
biccie, bicky, bikky a biscuit (US: "cookie")
big girl's blouse a man or a boy who behaves in a way which other men think is how a woman would behave, especially if they show they are frightened of something
bint a condescending and sometimes derogatory term for a woman (from the Arabic for 'daughter'). Usage varies with a range of harshness from 'bitch', referring to a disagreeable and domineering woman, to only a slightly derogatory term for a young woman.
biro a ballpoint pen. Named after its Hungarian inventor László Bíró and the eponymous company which first marketed them. (US: "Bic")
bits and bobs sundry items to purchase, pick up, etc. (e.g. whilst grocery shopping); Britain and US: odds and ends
black pudding (US: blood sausage)
blag (slang) to obtain or achieve by deception and/or ill preparation, to bluff, to scrounge, to rob, to wing it. A scam, tall story or deception. Derived from the French word blague.
bleeder derogatory term used in place of bloke ("what's that stupid bleeder done now?"); use has declined in recent years.
blimey (informal) an exclamation of surprise. (Originally gor blimey, a euphemism for God blind me, but has generally lost this connotation.)
bloke (informal) man, fellow. e.g. Terry is a top bloke. Also common in Australia and New Zealand. (US and UK also: guy, US dude).
blower telephone
blues and twos (slang) emergency vehicle with lights and sirens (emergency services in the UK generally use blue flashing lights and formerly used a two-tone siren) (US: lights and sirens or code)
bobby police officer, named after Sir Robert Peel, the instigator of the world's first organised police force. The word "peeler" of similar origin, is used in Northern Ireland.
Bob's your uncle "there you go", "it's that simple". (Some areas of US have the phrase Bob's your uncle, Fanny's your aunt)
bodge a cheap or poor (repair) job, can range from inelegant but effective to outright failure. e.g. "You properly bodged that up" ("you really made a mess of that"). (US: kludge, botch or cob, shortened form of cobble) See Bodger.
boffin an expert, such as a scientist or engineer
bog roll (roll of) toilet ("bog") paper (slang).
bog-standard * completely ordinary, run-of-the-mill, unadulterated, unmodified. (US vanilla, garden-variety).
boiled sweet type of confection (US: hard candy)
bollocks (vulgar; originally ballocks, colloquially also spelled as bollox) testicles; verbal rubbish (as in "you're talking bollocks") (US: bullshit). The somewhat similar bollix is found in American English, but without the anatomical connotations or vulgar sense meaning 'mess up'. The twin pulley blocks at the top of a ship's mast are also known as bollocks, and in the 18th century priests' sermons were colloquially referred to as bollocks; it was by claiming this last usage that the Sex Pistols prevented their album Never Mind the Bollocks from being banned under British obscenity laws. Related phrases include bollocksed, which means either tired ("I'm bollocksed!") or broken beyond repair; bollocks up, meaning to mess up ("He really bollocksed that up"); and [a] bollocking, meaning a stern telling off. Compare dog's bollocks, below
bonce head (informal)
bone-idle * lazy
botty, bot a person's bottom (informal or childish)
brass monkeys cold – from "cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey". According to a popular folk etymology, this phrase derives from cannonballs stowed on a brass triangle named after a "powder monkey" (a boy who runs gunpowder to the ship's guns) spilling owing to the frame's contraction in cold weather. (This is however incorrect for several physical and linguistic reasons.) The phrase is a 20th-century variant of earlier expressions referring to other body parts, especially the nose and tail, indicating that the brass monkey took the form of a real monkey.
brekkie, brekky (slang) synonym of breakfast
breve (musical) a note of two bars' length (or a count of 8) in 4/4 time (US: double whole note)
bristols (vulgar, rhyming slang) breasts; from football team Bristol City = titty
brolly (informal) umbrella
brown bread (rhyming slang) dead; "You're brown bread, mate!"
browned off Fed up, annoyed or out of patience.
bubble and squeak dish of cooked cabbage fried with cooked potatoes and other vegetables. Often made from the remains of the Sunday roast trimmings.
budgerigar or (colloquial) budgie a small Australian parrot (US: not distinguished from other parakeets)
buggered (vulgar, literally a synonym for 'sodomised') worn out; broken; thwarted, undermined, in a predicament, e.g. "If we miss the last bus home, we're buggered" (US: screwed). Also used to indicated lack of motivation as in "I can't be buggered". (US: "I can't be bothered.")
bugger all little or nothing at all; "I asked for a pay rise and they gave me bugger all"; "I know bugger all about plants"; damn all. US: zip, jack or (offensive) jack shit. Usage is rare in the US.
building society an institution, owned by its depositors rather than shareholders, that provides mortgage loans and other financial services (US equivalent: savings and loan association)
bum bag a bag worn on a strap around the waist (US: fanny [DM] pack)
bumble to wander aimlessly or stroll/walk without urgency to a destination; usually synonymous with amble when used in the US.
bumf, bumph useless paperwork or documentation (from "bum fodder", toilet paper)
bunce a windfall; profit; bonus
bureau de change an office where money can be exchanged (US: currency exchange)
burgle * (originally colloquial, back-formation from burglar) to commit burglary (in the US, burglarize is overwhelmingly preferred, although burgle is occasionally found).
butty (Northern England) a sandwich (esp. 'chip butty' or 'bacon butty').
by-election (US: special election)
C
cack (slang) faeces (feces); nonsense or rubbish: "what a load of cack" could equally be used to describe someone talking nonsense or as a criticism of something of poor quality. Also spelt "kak" as used in Afrikaans and Dutch. Derived from an ancient Indo-European word, kakkos, cognate with German word Kacke, Welsh word "cach" and the Irish and Scottish Gaelic word "cac" which all mean 'shit'.
cack-handed (informal) clumsy * ; left-handed. Derived from cack, meaning "fæces (feces)", with reference to the tradition that only the left hand should be used for cleaning the 'unclean' part of the human body (i.e. below the waist).
cafetière device for making coffee (US: French press)
caff abbreviation for a cafe; now used mainly for the old-fashioned establishment to distinguish from coffeeshops.
cagoule type of lightweight hooded waterproof clothing (US: windbreaker)
call minder (rare) telephone message recorder (US and UK also: answering machine; voicemail machine)
candidature synonymous with candidacy
candy floss spun sugar confection (US: cotton candy); "candyfloss culture" was also used around the late 1950s / early 1960s as a derisory term for the emerging American pop culture, similar to "McCulture" or "Coca-Cola culture" in more recent times
caravan park area where caravans are parked (US: Trailer park for near-permanently-installed mobile homes, RV park or campground for areas intended for short term recreational vehicle parking. Trailer parks are typically low-income permanent residencies; RV parks/campgrounds are a holiday (vacation) destination.)
car boot storage area of car (US: trunk). Can also mean car boot sale.
car hire car rental
car park area where cars are parked (US usually parking lot if outdoor, parking garage if indoor).
carer a person who cares for another, such as a child, elderly, or disabled person. (US: caregiver)
carriageway the part of a road that carries the traffic; see also dual carriageway
cash machine automated teller machine.
cashpoint automated teller machine. Originally a brand name for Lloyds TSB ATMs, now genericized.
caster sugar Finely granulated white or pale golden sugar. (US: superfine sugar)
cat's eyes reflectors used to mark lane divisions and edges of roads, also written cats-eye, genericised from the trademark Catseye (US: raised pavement marker; Botts' dots are similar)
central heating boiler (US: furnace)
central reservation physical barrier separating the two carriageways (on dual carriageways and motorways) (US: median strip)
chancer (slang) an opportunist
char, cha (informal) tea. From Mandarin 茶 (chá).
char (informal) see charwoman
charlady see charwoman
Chartered Accountant one authorised to certify financial statements; the equivalent of an American CPA (Certified Public Accountant)
charwoman (dated) a woman employed as a cleaner
chat up (someone) talk flirtatiously with. Similar to American "come on to (someone)".
chav (slang, often derogatory, used primarily in England) typically a nouveau riche or working class person, often of lowish intelligence, who wears designer label (e.g. Burberry) copies, fake gold bling, and is a trouble-maker. "Chav" is used nationally, though "charv" or "charva" was originally used in the northeast of England, deriving from the Roma word charva, meaning a disreputable youth. The closest US equivalents to the chav stereotype are arguably wiggers, although the cultural differences are existent.
cheeky * impertinent; noun form, cheek, impertinence; a child answering back to an adult might be told "don't give me any of your cheek" (also there is the expression "cheeky monkey!" in reaction to a cheeky remark).
cheerio! (informal, friendly) exclamation of farewell (similar to 'seeya!' and 'ta-ra!'). No connection to the breakfast cereal Cheerios.
Chesterfield sofa a deep buttoned sofa, with arms and back of the same height. It is usually made from leather and the term Chesterfield in British English is only applied to this type of sofa.
child-minder (babysitter) a person who looks after babies and young children (usually in the person's own home) while the parents are working. Child-minders are a more professional type of babysitter, and in England are required to be registered with Ofsted, the government-sanctioned education regulation body. They must also have at least a Level 2 qualification in childcare. A babysitter does not require these qualifications. Babysitter is more common in the UK.
chimney pot smoke-stack above a house. "Pot" refers to the cylindrical topmost part that is usually earthenware. The part below is the chimney or chimney stack.
chinagraph pencil pencil designed to write on china, glass etc. (US: grease pencil, china marker)
chip shop (informal) fish-and-chip shop (parts of Scotland, Ireland: chipper), also chippy (see also List of words having different meanings in British and American English)
chinwag (slang) chat
chuffed (informal) proud, satisfied, pleased. Sometimes intensified as well chuffed; cf. made up
chunder vomit
chunter (sometimes chunner) to mutter, to grumble, to talk continuously; "What's he chuntering on about?"
clanger (informal) a big mistake, blunder, bad joke or faux pas ("to drop a clanger") (US: to lay an egg)
clapped out (informal) worn out (said of an object)
cleg horse fly
clingfilm thin plastic film for wrapping food (US: plastic wrap, Saran wrap)
cobblers * shoe repairers ; (slang) a weaker version of bollocks, meaning 'nonsense' (often "a load of old cobblers"), from rhyming slang 'cobbler's awls' = balls
cock-up, cockup * (mildly vulgar) error, mistake.
codswallop *, codd's wallop "You're talking codswallop". Sometimes said to be named after Hiram Codd, the inventor of the Codd bottle, which was commonly used in the late 19th century for fizzy drinks ("Codd's wallop"), though this derivation is thought to be false etymology. (US: You're talking garbage)
common or garden of the usual or ordinary type.
communication cord near-obsolete term for the emergency brake on a train. It is nowadays an alarm handle connected to a PA system which alerts the driver.
community payback court-mandated sentence of community service either in addition to or as a substitute for incarceration
compère (French) master of ceremonies, MC
compulsory purchase the power of the governmental authority to take private property for public use (similar to US: eminent domain)
conservatoire music school (US usually conservatory)
cooker kitchen stove (US: stove)
cool box box for keeping food and liquids cool (US and UK also: cooler)
cop off with (slang) to successfully engage the company of a potential sexual partner, to "pull"; to copulate (have sexual intercourse) with.
coriander * when referring to the leaves, often called "cilantro" in the US
cornflour Finely ground flour made from corn, used as a thickener in cooking (US: corn starch)
Cor Blimey see Gor Blimey
coster, costermonger a seller of fruit and vegetables
cotton bud wad of cotton wool fixed to a small stick, used for cleaning (US: cotton swab, Q-Tip)
council house/flat, also council housing or estate public housing. In Scotland the term housing scheme, or simply scheme is more commonly used. (US: projects)
counterfoil * stub of a cheque, ticket etc. (US: stub)
counterpane a decorative cloth used to cover a bed when it is not in use (US: bedspread)<ref>"And just what the fuck is a counterpane? I wondered in a small, unhappy voice..." Bill Bryson Notes from a Small Island" HarperCollins publishers 1995 </ref>
courgette (French) the plant Cucurbita pepo (US: zucchini, from Italian).
crack on(-to) whereas "crack on" may be used in a generalised sense as "[to] get on with [something]" (often, a task), to "crack on to [some person, specifically]" indicates one was, or planned to, engage in flirtation, to varying degrees
crikey (dated) exclamation of surprise (once a euphemism for Christ's keys or perhaps Christ Kill Me. Popularized in the US by late Australian herpetologist Steve Irwin)
crimble, crimbo, chrimbo Christmas, especially with regard to its more secular and commercial aspects.
crisps very thinly sliced fried potatoes, often flavoured, eaten cold as a snack (US: potato chips)
crotchet a musical note with a duration of one count in a time signature of 4/4 (common time) (US: quarter note; see Note value)
cuddly toy soft toy (sometimes used in the US; also stuffed animal, plush toy). Occurs as the title of the Monkees' song "Cuddly Toy", written by Nilsson.
cuppa [cup of] tea (never coffee or other beverage)
current account personal bank account used for everyday transactions (US: checking account)
D
daft * odd, mad, eccentric, daffy, crazy – often with the implication of it being amusingly so. "Don't be daft" and "don't be silly" are approximately synonymous.
dekko (informal) a look, reconnoître "I'll take a dekko at it later." – British military slang derived from the Hindustani dhek/dekho meaning "to see". Also less commonly decco, deccie, deek, deeks.
dene wooded valley or seaside dune (mainly S W England)
doddle something accomplished easily – "It's a doddle", meaning "it's easy".
dodgems * funfair or fairground bumper cars
dodgy * unsound, unstable, and unreliable (US: sketchy). 'That bloke over there looks a bit dodgy'
dogsbody someone who carries out menial tasks on another's behalf; a drudge (US: grunt)
the dog's bollocks (vulgar) something excellent or top quality, the "bee's knees", the "cat's whiskers". Sometimes just "the bollocks." (US: the shit). In polite company this phrase may be toned down to "The mutt's nuts", or the phrase "The bee's knees" may be used as a polite substitute.
dole * (informal) welfare, specifically unemployment benefit. Sometimes used in the US, esp. older generation
donkey's years a very long time. (originally "donkey's ears" as rhyming slang).
door furniture (US: door hardware)
doolally (informal), mentally ill. From the former British Army Deolali transit camp in India
dosh (slang) money (US: dough) "how much dosh you got on ya?"
doss to be lazy, "I've been dossing all day", also can mean to truant, "dossing off" (similar to bunking off). Additionally it can informally take the form of a noun (i.e. "that lesson was a doss", meaning that lesson was easy, or good (primarily central Scotland). Also "dosser", a lazy person, or a tramp (US bum); "to doss down", to find a place to sleep, to sleep on some substitute for a bed such as a sofa, the floor, or a park bench; "doss-house", temporary accommodation for tramps or homeless people, cheap dilapidated rented accommodation with low standards of cleanliness (US: flophouse)
double first an undergraduate degree where the candidate has gained First-Class Honours in two separate subjects, or alternatively in the same subject in subsequent examinations (see British undergraduate degree classification)
draper a dealer in drapery (i.e. clothing, textiles, etc.) (US: dry goods [DM])
draughts the board game (US: checkers)
drawing pin * pin with a large, flat head, used for fixing notices to noticeboards etc. (US: thumbtack)
dress circle the seats in the first balcony of a theatre (US: balcony or loge although dress circle is used in a few very large opera houses that have many levels of balconies)
drink-driving operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol (US: drunk driving; DUI [Driving Under the Influence]; DWI [Driving While Intoxicated/Impaired]; OWI [Operating While Intoxicated])
driving licence document authorising the holder to drive a vehicle (US: driver's license, driver license)
dual carriageway road, usually a major one, with the two directions of travel separated by a traffic-free, and usually slightly raised, central reservation. Each direction of travel (carriageway) comprises two or more 'lanes'. (US: divided highway)
dustbin (sometimes used in the US) receptacle for rubbish, very often shortened to 'bin'. (US: trash can; wastebasket)
dustbin man or dustman rubbish collector (US: garbage man; trash man; sanitation engineer)
dustcart/dustbin lorry rubbish/refuse collecting vehicle (US: garbage truck; trash truck)
E
economy class * the cheapest class of passenger airline travel (US: coach or coach class)
earth, earthed connected to an electric common return (including but not limited to the physical earth), (US: ground, grounded)
Elastoplast an adhesive bandage placed on a minor cut or scrape (UK also: plaster or sticking/sticky plaster [DM]; US: Adhesive bandage, Band-Aid)
electric fire domestic electric heater (US: space heater)
engaged tone tone indicating a telephone line in use, (US: busy signal)
estate agent * a person who sells property for others (US: realtor, real estate agent)
estate car a station wagon
ex-directory (of a telephone number) unlisted; also informally of a person "he's ex-directory", meaning his telephone number is unlisted
extension lead Extension cable typically refers to mains power but may refer to other cables like telephones, (US and UK also: extension cord)
F
faff to dither, futz, waste time, be ineffectual, "I spent the day faffing about in my room". Also related noun ("That's too much of a faff").
fag end cigarette butt; also used as in "the fag end of the day", i.e. the last part of the working day
fairing a gift, particularly one given or bought at a fair (obsolete); type of cookie (biscuit) made in Cornwall
fairy cake a small sponge cake (US and UK also: cupcake)
fairy lights Christmas lights
fan-assisted oven an oven that has fans to circulate air around food (US and UK: convection oven)
fiddly * requiring dexterity to operate ("the buttons on the tiny mobile phone were too fiddly")
fire brigade fire department
fish fingers (US: fish sticks)
fiver five pound note (bill)
fizzy drink * carbonated soft drink (US: soda, pop, coke, tonic (New England) depending on the region)
flex electrical lead (UK); electrical cord (US)
flight lieutenant an Air Force officer rank (US: captain)
flypast ceremonial flight of aircraft (US: flyby)
flyover a road crossing over another road (US: overpass)
footie (slang) football (US: soccer)
fortnight * a period of 14 days (and nights) or two weeks
freephone a telephone number where the caller is not charged for the call (US: toll-free number)
French letter (slang) condom
funfair a travelling fair with amusements, stalls, rides etc. (US: carnival or traveling carnival)
full stop (US: period (punctuation mark))
G
gaff (slang) house, home. Also any other place: cheap music hall, theatre, pub, club, shop, hangout
gaffer * (informal) old man; (informal) boss; football manager (US: soccer coach); Also in US: (professional) chief electrician on a theatrical or film set.
gangway * a path between the rows of seats in a theatre or elsewhere (US aisle; gangway is a naval command to make a path for an officer)
gaol A prison, mostly historical (US and most modern UK usage: jail)
G clamp A metal screw clamp (US: C clamp).
gearbox system of gears in a vehicle or other machinery (US transmission)
In UK transmission typically refers to drive shafts.
gear-lever / gearstick handle for changing gears in a vehicle or other machinery (US gearshift)
gen (informal) information, info (short for "intelligence") (US: intel)
get off with someone * (colloquial) to begin a sexual relationship
Geordie a person from Newcastle upon Tyne, or used as an adjective to describe the accent or culture of the surrounding Tyne and Wear region of England.
get on [one's] tits annoy or irritate.
gherkin a pickled cucumber (US: "pickle")
git * (derogatory) scumbag, idiot, annoying person (originally meaning illegitimate; from archaic form "get", bastard, which is still used to mean "git" in Northern dialects and is used as such in The Beatles' song "I'm So Tired")
giro (slang), social security benefit payment (US: welfare), is derived from the largely obsolete Girobank payment system that was once used in Britain for benefit and state pension payments.
glandular fever mononucleosis
gob 1. (n.) mouth, e.g. "Shut your gob" (US: "Shut your trap/flap")
2. (v.) phlegm or spit containing phlegm (US: loogie)
gobby loudmouthed and offensive
gob-shite (vulgar, insult) slang term for a person who is being mouthy about something or someone
gobsmacked (slang) utterly astonished, open-mouthed
gods (the) (informal) the highest level of seating in a theatre or auditorium, usually the "Upper Circle", as in "we have a seat up in the gods" (US: nosebleed section)
go pear-shaped see pear-shaped
golden syrup Syrup of a golden-yellow colour.
goolies (slang) the testicles, from goli Hindi for ball.
gor blimey exclamation of surprise, also cor blimey (originally from "God blind me")
Gordon Bennett! expression of surprise, contempt, outrage, disgust, frustration.
gormless stupid or clumsy
go-slow a protest in which workers deliberately work slowly (US: slowdown or work to rule)
green fingers talent for growing plants (US: green thumb)
greengrocer * a retail trader in fruit and vegetables
gritter a truck that spreads sand or salt on roads when they are covered with ice (US: salt truck, salt spreader)
grotty disgusting, dirty, poor quality (originally from grotesque, though now rarely used with quite that meaning). In a scene from the 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, George Harrison has to explain the meaning and origin of the word; the impression is given that it was then considered modern slang, known only to trendy youngsters (this is no longer the case). George Harrison would have been familiar with the word as well-established Liverpool slang.
group captain an Air Force officer rank (US: colonel)
guard's van (n.) (also known as a Brake Van or a Driving Van Trailer) the leading or trailing carriage on a train nowadays used for luggage storage (US: Caboose)
gumption * initiative, common sense, or courage
gutties running shoes, tennis shoes, maybe from "gutta percha" old source of natural rubber
guv'nor/guv (slang) A contraction of "governor", used to describe a person in a managerial position e.g. "Sorry mate, can't come to the pub, my guv'nor's got me working late tonight". Heard mostly in London.
H
half- [as in 'half-eight'] meaning thirty minutes past the hour (Standard English and US: "Half past").
handbrake * Parking brake operated by a hand control, usually a lever (US: Emergency brake. In the US, the traditional "hand brake" is more often to be found on a bicycle or motorcycle as opposed to a car as in the UK.); handbrake turn, a stunt where the handbrake is used to lock the rear wheels and the resulting oversteer enables the car to be turned rapidly in a small space (US related: J-turn, bootleg turn, U-turn.)
ha'penny (pronounced "HAY-penny" or "HAYP-nee") half a penny; a coin of this denomination belonging to the predecimal coinage which is no longer in circulation. There was also a half penny in the decimal coinage introduced in 1971 which was 1/200 of a pound; these stopped being legal tender in 1985 and were removed from circulation.
ha'porth (pronounced "HAY-puth") halfpennyworth.
hash sign the symbol "#" (US: number sign, pound sign [DM], hash tag)
headmaster, headmistress, headteacher, head * the person in charge of a school (US: principal [DM]; headmaster and the like are usually used for private schools)
Heath Robinson (of a machine or contraption) absurdly complex (see Rube Goldberg machine).
high street primary business and shopping street (US: main street)
hire purchase a credit system by which purchased articles are paid for in installments (US: installment plan or layaway if the item is kept at the store until the final payment is made)
hoarding a panel used to display outdoor advertisements, such as on the sides of buildings, or alongside highways (US billboard)
hob the hot surface on a stove (US: burner)
hold-all a bag (US: duffel bag)
holidaymaker person on holiday [DM] (US: vacationer)
hols (informal) short for holidays [DM]
hoover vacuum [cleaner], to vacuum (archaic in the US); a genericised trademark, from The Hoover Company, the first main manufacturer of vacuum cleaners
hot up to become more exciting (US: heating up).
hundreds-and-thousands coloured sugar sprinkles used for dessert decoration (US: sprinkles, non-pareils, jimmies)
I
ice lolly frozen fruit juice on a stick; (US: ice pop, Popsicle),
icing sugar (US: powdered sugar)
industrial action (see article; US: job action)
inverted commas quotation marks (see also American and British English differences – Punctuation)
invigilator person who monitors an examination (US: proctor [DM])
ironmongery ironware, hardware; hardware store
identity parade police lineup
J
jacket potato baked potato
jam sandwich (slang) police car. So called as, in the past, most UK police vehicles were white with a horizontal yellow-edged red fluorescent stripe along the entire length of their sides, giving a certain resemblance to a white bread sandwich with a coloured jam filling. The majority of marked vehicle operated by the Metropolitan Police Service retain this livery, albeit the cars are now (mostly) silver. Some older vehicles are still in white, while the Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) use red vehicles. (US: black-and-white. In many cities of the US, police cars are painted black at the hood and trunk and white on the doors and roof.)
jammy (git, cow) (slang) lucky (person, woman)
JCB generic name for a mechanical excavator or backhoe loader, based on the eponymously named company which manufactures such devices.
jemmy To break into a lock, from the tool that is used in such an occasion as burglary (US: jimmy)
jerry (slang) pejorative term for a German or Germans
jerrybuilt or jerry-built : An improvised or unsafe building or piece of infrastructure (e.g. an electrical installation), probably in contravention of safety legislation; (US: jerry-rigged, jury-rigged).
jiggery-pokery Trickery or dishonest behaviour.
jimmy (Rhyming slang) urinate, as in jimmy riddle – piddle
jobsworth (slang) Originally a minor clerical/government worker who refuses to be flexible in the application of rules to help clients or customers (as in "it will cost me more than my job's worth to bend the rules"). Also used more broadly to apply to anyone who uses their job description in a deliberately obstructive way.
johnny (slang) a condom (US: rubber [DM], Jimmy-hat)
John Thomas Better known as slang for penis or "dick" (US: cock, dick, or johnson) From the novel Lady Chatterley's Lover
Joey Term of abuse used of someone perceived to be foolish, stupid, incompetent, clumsy, uncoordinated, ridiculous, idiotic. Originated with the appearances of cerebral palsy sufferer Joey Deacon on children's TV programme Blue Peter; still a popular insult among adults who saw the programmes as children.
jumble sale (see article; US: rummage sale)
jumper a pullover *, sweater
jump leads booster cables used to jump-start a car (US: jumper cables)
K
Karno's Army a chaotic, ineffective team (usually: Fred Karno's Army) (related US: Keystone Kops, Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight)
kecks (informal, also spelt keks) trousers or underpants
kerfuffle * a disorderly outburst, disturbance or tumult; from Scots carfuffle kazi (slang) lavatory (numerous alternative spellings are seen, such as khazi, karzy, karsey, carzey etc.)
kip (slang) sleep.
kirby grip hair grip. (US: bobby pin)
kitchen roll paper towels
knackered (slang) exhausted, broken; the term may derive from either of two meanings of the noun knacker (see knacker's yard and knackers below), thus to slaughter or castrate
knacker's yard premises where superannuated livestock are sent for rendering, etc. by a knacker. Sometimes refers to the same for vehicles, a scrapyard (US: junkyard)
knackers (slang) testicles
knickers girls' and women's underpants (US: panties): hence, "Don't get your knickers in a twist" (US: "don't get your panties in a wad", "keep calm", "hold your horses", "chill out")
L
ladybird red and black flying insect (US: ladybug)
lag (usually "old lag") an inmate in a prison
landslip A collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff (US: landslide)
launderette self-service laundry (US: laundromat, from an expired Westinghouse trademark)
lav (informal) lavatory, toilet; also, lavvy (in the US, airplane restrooms are typically called lavatories)
lead (electrical, as on an appliance or musical instrument, microphone etc.) electrical cord (US)
learnt past tense of "learn" (US: learned); occasionally used in African American Vernacular English
legacy accounts funds left in a budget (US: funds remaining)
legless extremely drunk
lessons classes (class used more commonly in US English)
let-out (n.) a means of evading or avoiding something
letter box 1. a slot in a wall or door through which incoming post [DM] is delivered (US: mail slot, mailbox)
2. (less common) a box in the street for receiving outgoing letters and other mail (more usually called a postbox or pillar box) (US: mailbox)
See also Letterbox (US & UK): a film display format taking its name from the shape of a letter-box slot
life assurance also described as life insurance regardless of coverage (US: life insurance)
liquidiser blender
lock-in * illegal gathering in a pub at night to drink after the pub is supposed to have stopped serving alcohol, where the landlord "locks in" his guests to avoid being caught by police. Unless the landlord charges for the drinks at the time, the people in the pub are considered his personal guests; if money is exchanged beforehand or afterwards then it is considered a gift from the guest to the landlord for the hospitality. Since the introduction of the smoking ban in England and Wales in 2007, a "lock in" can now mean a landlord locking the pub doors and allowing smoking inside the premises. Also called a stay-back or stoppy-back in Northern England. (US: may refer to a large and highly chaperoned "sleep over" at a church, school, etc.)
lodger * tenant renting a room rather than an entire property; typically lives with the renter and his/her family
lollipop man / woman / lady a school crossing guard who uses a circular stop sign
lolly * 1. lollipop /ice lolly (US: popsicle); (q.v.)
2. (slang) money
loo toilet (usually the room, not just the plumbing device) (US: bathroom in a home, restroom in a public place; occasionally washroom in the north, borrowed from Canadian usage)
lorry a large goods-carrying motor vehicle (US and UK also: truck)
loudhailer megaphone (US: bullhorn)
lower ground In houses, a floor below ground level but not fully underground, typically under a raised ground floor which has steps up from ground level to the main entrance. In offices and shops, a basement.
lurgy (hard 'g', originally spelled "lurgi") 1. An imaginary illness allegedly passed on by touch—used as an excuse to avoid someone. (c.f. US: cooties) From an episode of the Goon Show. 2. (slang) A fictitious, yet highly infectious disease; often used in the phrase "the dreaded lurgy", sometimes as a reference to flu-like symptoms. Can also be used when informing someone one is unwell but one either does not know or does not want to say what the illness is.
M
mains power, the mains 230 V (Typically denoted on domestic electricals as the older 240 V standard) AC electric current, provided by the electricity grid to homes and businesses; also attrib. ("mains cable") (US: 120 volts AC, variously called: line power, grid power, AC power, household electricity, etc.)
manky (slang) feeling ill, rough, out of sorts; filthy, dirty, rotten. (of uncertain origin, poss. from French "manqué" – missed, wasted or faulty)
mardy (derogatory, mainly Northern and Central England) describes someone who is in a bad mood, or more generally a crybaby or whiner or "grumpy, difficult, unpredictable". Used, for example, by children in the rhyme "Mardy, mardy mustard...", and in the title of the Arctic Monkeys song "Mardy Bum". The verb to throw a mardy means to display an outburst of anger.
maths mathematics (US: math)
MD (managing director) equivalent of US CEO (Chief Executive Officer), also used in the UK
Mexican wave simply called The Wave in the US
mentioned in dispatches a commendation through being identified positively in a military report
milliard (obsolete) one thousand million, or 1,000,000,000 (US: billion or 1,000,000,000) Has for a long time been superseded by the short scale usage of billion (1,000,000,000) and was never as commonly used in the UK as it still is in mainland Europe (where the long scale is still used); when the long scale was used in Britain, "a thousand million" was more commonplace.
minge (vulgar) (rhymes with singe) female genitals or pubic hair
minger (from the Scots ming "to smell strongly and unpleasantly"; rhymes with "singer") someone who is unattractive (i.e. minging, see below).
minging (from the Scots ming "to smell strongly and unpleasantly"; rhymes with "singing") disgusting, dirty; unattractive.
minim a musical note with the duration of two counts in a time signature of 4/4 (US: half note; see Note value)
mobile phone (US: cell phone)
moggie, moggy (informal) non-pedigree cat; alley cat; any cat regardless of pedigree; Morris Minor car; Morgan car
Mole grips trade name for (US: Vise-Grips).
mong (offensive) stupid person or one with learning difficulties; from Mongol in its sense as an obsolete term for someone with Down's syndrome
monged (out) (slang) being incapable of constructive activity due to drug use, alcohol consumption or extreme tiredness
MOT, MOT test (pronounced emm'oh'tee) mandatory annual safety and roadworthiness test for motor vehicles over 3 years old (from "Ministry of Transport", now renamed "Department for Transport")
motorway A controlled-access highway, the largest class of road on the British road network, designed for fast, high volume traffic. Abbreviated to M, as in M25 or M1. (US: equivalent to freeway)
mouthing off shouting, ranting or swearing a lot about something or someone. e.g.: "that guy was just mouthing off about something" (US [DM]: backtalk; often shortened to mouth ["I don't need your mouth".])
move house, move flat, etc. to move out of one's house or other residence into a new residence (US: move, move out)
multi-storey used as a noun, to refer to a multi-level parking structure.
munter an ugly woman (rarely, man); similar to minger
muppet an incompetent or foolish person
N
naff (slang) lame, tacky, cheap, low quality (origin uncertain – numerous suggestions include backslang for fan, an old term for a vagina), also gay slang for a straight man (said to mean "Not Available For Fucking"
naff all nothing, fuck all
naff off (dated slang) shove it, get lost, go away – a much less offensive alternative to "fuck off" (originally obscure Polari slang, made popular by prison sitcom Porridge and famously used by Princess Anne)
nail varnish a varnish applied to nails to enhance strength and glossiness. (US: nail polish)
nark * 1. (v.) (informal) irritate; also narked, the adjective.
2. (n.) (slang) police informer (US: narc, derived from narcotics agent, but often used in a general sense)
nappy absorbent undergarment for babies (US: diaper)
National Insurance compulsory payments made to the Government from earnings to pay for welfare benefits, the National Health Service (see below) and the state pension fund.
never-never (slang) hire purchase (see above). Often used in the media as a derogatory term to describe credit or debt.
newsagent strictly a shop owner or shop that sells newspapers, usu. refers to a small shop, e.g. corner shop, convenience store, newsstand, or similar (US: newsdealer)
newsreader someone who reads the news on TV or radio. See news presenter for a description of the different roles of a newscaster, a British newsreader and an American news anchor.
nice one * (slang) a way of thanking someone, or congratulating them.
nick 1. (v.) to steal
2. (n.) a police station or prison
nicked arrested ("you're nicked") – related to "the nick", above (US: up the river, busted)
nicker (colloquial) 1 pound, maintains singular form when used in a plural context ("it cost me 2 nicker"), rarely used in the singular
niff an unpleasant smell
Nissen hut hemicylindrical building of corrugated metal. Named for the designer. (US: Quonset hut, named for the place of US manufacture)
NHS the National Health Service, the state run healthcare system within the United Kingdom
nob 1. head
2. a person of wealth or social standing
nobble (v.) to sabotage, attempt to hinder in some way. E.g. "Danny nobbled my chances at the pub quiz by getting Gary to defect to his team."
nonce a slang term for paedophile, pimp, child molester, or idiot.
nosy (or nosey) parker * a busybody (similar to US: butt-in, buttinski, nosy)
nous Good sense; shrewdness: "Hillela had the nous to take up with the General when he was on the up-and-up again" (Nadine Gordimer). Rhymes with "mouse".
nought the number zero, chiefly British spelling of naughtnoughts and crossesgame played by marking Xs and Os in a 3x3 grid (US: tic-tac-toe)
nowt nothing; not anything. "I've got nowt to do later." Northern English. (see also 'owt' – anything; as in the phrase "you can't get owt for nowt" or "you can't get anything for nothing")
number plate vehicle registration plate (sometimes used in the US; also license plate or license tag)
numpty (originally Scottish, now more widespread) a stupid person
nutter (informal) a crazy or insane person, often violent; also used as a more light-hearted term of reproach ("Oi nutter!") (occasionally used in the US) (US and UK also: nut, nutcase)
O
OAP Old Age Pensioner (US senior citizen)
off-licence / offie a store for alcoholic beverages which must be imbibed elsewhere (US liquor store)
off-the-peg of clothes etc., ready-made rather than made to order (US: off-the-rack)
off you/we go * a command to begin something or to start moving (US: "let's go")
offal * the entrails and internal organs of a butchered animal.
oi coarse exclamation to gain attention, roughly equivalent to "hey" ("Oi, you!" = "Hey you!")
oik, oick an obnoxious or unpleasant person; can also mean someone who is working class
the Old Bill (slang) The police – specifically the Metropolitan Police in London, but use of the term has spread elsewhere in England
one-off * something that happens only once; limited to one occasion (as an adjective, a shared synonym is one-shot; as a noun ["She is a one-off"; US: one of a kind])
on the back foot outclassed; outmanoeuvred by a competitor or opponent
on the piss (vulgar) drinking heavily; going out for the purpose of drinking heavily; at a slight angle, said of an object that should be vertical
orientate * less common alternative to orient, deprecated by some as an unnecessary back-formation from orientation other ranks members of the military who are not commissioned officers. (US: incorporates both enlisted ranks and non-coms in the US usage of these terms)
oughtn't A contraction of "ought not" (US "shouldn't, ought not")
overdraft * money spent on a bank account that results in a debit (negative) balance; the amount of the debit balance, an "overdraft facility", is permission from a bank to draw to a certain debit balance. In US English, overdraft and overdraft limit are used, respectively.
overleaf * on the other side of the page (US: reverse)
owt anything. Northern English. "Why aren't you saying owt?" See also 'nowt' – as in the phrase "can't get owt for nowt" meaning "can't get anything for nothing."
oy See "oi".
P
P45 a form issued upon severance of employment stating an employee's tax code. (US: pink slip) The idiom "to get your P45" is often used in Britain as a metonym for being fired or RIF'd. The alternate phrases "to get your cards", or "get your books" are often used – dependent on region.
package holiday a holiday in which transport, accommodation, itinerary etc. are organised by a travel company (US and UK less frequently: package tour). Cf holiday [DM]
Page Three a feature found in some tabloid newspapers consisting of a large photograph of a topless female glamour model
Paki a Pakistani person; often loosely applied to anyone from South Asia, or of perceived South Asian origin. Now considered extremely offensive.
Paki shop a newsagent or general corner shop run by a person of Pakistani or other South Asian origin. No longer considered an acceptable term; edited out of repeat showings of an episode of Only Fools and Horses. Not to be confused with "packie", used in some areas of the US such as New England, short for "package store", meaning "liquor store". As with some other terms (cf. fanny pack), this is a case where innocent US use of a term may be unintentionally offensive in the UK.
panda car (informal) police car. Small police car used for transport, as opposed to a patrol or area car (analogous to US: black-and-white) Derives from a period in the 1970s when UK police cars resembled those of their US counterparts, only with blue replacing black.
paper round (the job of making) a regular series of newspaper deliveries (US: paper route)
paraffin kerosene
paracetamol a common and widely available drug for the treatment of headaches, fever and other minor aches and pains (US: acetaminophen, Tylenol)
parkie (informal) park-keeper
parky (informal) cold, usually used in reference to the weather
pasty, Cornish pasty hard pastry case filled with meat and vegetables served as a main course, particularly in Cornwall and in the north of England
pear-shaped usually in the phrase "to go pear-shaped", meaning to go drastically or dramatically wrong (possibly from the idea of a ball deflating). cf tits-up
peckish * moderately hungry (usage dated in US)
peeler in Northern Ireland, colloquial word for "policeman". Similar to "bobby", q.v.
pelican crossing pedestrian crossing with traffic lights operated by pedestrians (formed from Pedestrian Light-ControlledArchived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: )
people mover or people carrier a minivan or other passenger van
pernickety fastidious, precise or over-precise (US: persnickety)
Perspex * Trade name for Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a transparent thermoplastic sometimes called "acrylic glass" (US: Plexiglass, trade name of a form produced earlier in the U.S.)
petrol refined mixture of hydrocarbons, used esp. to fuel motor vehicles (short for petroleum spirit, or from French essence de pétrole) (US: gasoline, gas). Also variously known as motor spirit (old-fashioned), motor gasoline, mogas, aviation gasoline and avgas (the last two being a slightly heavier type designed for light aircraft)
petrol-head, petrolhead someone with a strong interest in cars (especially high performance cars) and motor racing (US: gearhead or motorhead).
phone box payphone, public phone. See also "telephone kiosk" (infra) (US: phone booth)
pikey a pejorative slang term, used originally to refer to Irish Travellers. Now refers to anyone whose lifestyle is characterised by itinerancy, theft, illicit land occupancy with destruction of amenities, and disregard for authority, without reference to ethnic or national origin.
pillar box box in the street for receiving outgoing mail, in Britain traditionally in the form of a free-standing red pillar; also called postbox or, less commonly, letter box (US: mailbox)
See also Pillarbox: the effect created when an image is not wide enough for the full width of the display screen (i.e. the vertical equivalent of the horizontal letterbox).
pillar-box red the traditional bright red colour of a British pillar box (US: fire engine red or candy apple red)
pillock (slang, derogatory) foolish person, used esp. in northern England but also common elsewhere. Derived from the Northern English term pillicock, a dialect term for penis, although the connection is rarely made in general use.
pinch * to steal.
pisshead (vulgar) someone who regularly gets heavily drunk (cf. BrE meaning of pissed).
pissing it down [with rain] (slang, mildly vulgar) raining hard (sometimes "pissing down" is used in the US, as in "It's pissing down out there.") Also "pissing it down the drain" or "pissing it away" * meaning to waste something.
pitch playing field
plain flour Flour that does not contain a raising agent. (US: All-purpose flour)
plait * braid, as in hair
plaster Band-Aid
plasterboard Drywall
pleb * (derogatory) person of lower class, from plebeian; similar to townie. Also commonly used to mean idiot.
plectrum (US and UK: guitar pick)
plimsoll a type of shoe with a canvas upper and rubber sole, formerly the typical gym shoe used in schools. Now superseded by "trainer". (US: sneaker or Tennis shoe)
plod policeman (mildly derogatory) – from PC Plod in Enid Blyton's Noddy books.
plonk a disparaging term for cheap wine, especially cheap red wine, is now widely known in the UK and also to a lesser extent in the USA. Derives from French vin blanc and came into English use on the western front in World War I.
plonker * (very mildly derogatory) fool. Used esp. in the south-east of England, although not unknown elsewhere (probably popularised in the rest of the UK by Only Fools and Horses). Derived from a slang term for penis, and sometimes used in this fashion, e.g. "Are you pulling my plonker?" (to express disbelief) (US var: "Are you yanking my chain?")
points (n.) mechanical crossover on a railway, (US: switch), hence the term "points failure" is a very common cause of delays on railways, such as the London Underground.
polling day (n.) synonym of election day
ponce (n.) (slang) someone with overly affected airs and graces; an effeminate posturing man; a pimp. Originates from Maltese slang. (related US: poncey)
(v.) (slang) to act like a pimp; to cadge, to borrow with little or no intention of returning, often openly so ("Can I ponce a ciggie off you, mate?")
ponce about/around (v.) (slang) to act like a fop, to wander about aimlessly without achieving anything
ponce off (v.) (slang) to mooch, to hit up, to leave in a pompous manner
pong (n.) (slang) a strong unpleasant smell; (v.) to give off a strong unpleasant smell; (adj.) pongy
poof, poofter (derogatory) a male homosexual (US equivalent: fag, faggot)
pouffe, poof, poove A small drum-shaped soft furnishing used as a foot rest (related US: hassock, Ottoman)
porky, porkies slang for a lie or lying, from rhyming slang "pork pies" = "lies"
postage and packing, P&P charge for said services (US: shipping and handling, S&H; the word postage is, however, used in both dialects)
postal order a money order designed to be sent through the post, issued by the UK Post Office (US: money order, or postal money order if the context is ambiguous)
postbox, post box box in the street for receiving outgoing mail (US: mailbox; drop box); see also letter box, pillar box
postcode alphanumeric code used to identify an address, part of a UK-wide scheme. (US equivalent: ZIP Code)
poste restante service whereby mail is retained at a post office for collection by the recipient (from French) (US: general delivery)
postie (informal) postman (of either gender)
pound shop (US: dollar store)
power point electrical outlet
poxy (slang) something that is unsatisfactory or in generally bad condition.
prang (slang) to crash a motor vehicle with generally minor damage (US: fender bender)
pram, perambulator wheeled conveyance for babies (US: baby-carriage)
prat * (slang) an incompetent or ineffectual person, a fool, an idiot
press-up a conditioning exercise in which one lies prone and then pushes oneself up by the arms (outside Britain: push-up)
pritt-stick glue stick, from the trademark of a common brand.
proper * Real or very much something. "He's a proper hero" (US: "He's a real hero")
provisional licence, provisional driving licence a licence for a learner driver, who has not yet passed a driving test (US: learner's permit)
prozzie, (occasionally prozzer) a prostitute (US: hooker)
pub short for public house (US: bar)
publican the landlord of a public house.
pud (informal) short for "pudding", which may mean dessert or occasionally a savoury item such as Yorkshire pudding or black pudding; a fool (informal term usually used good-naturedly between family members). pulling his pud, means male masturbation by a "pudknocker".
pukka legitimate, the real thing, of good quality (usually Southeastern England term, recently more widely popularised by Jamie Oliver, but dating back to the 19th century). From Hindi-Urdu .
punch-up a fistfight
puncture (n.) A flat tire on a vehicle, as in "I had a puncture on my bicycle".
punnet small basket for fruit, usually strawberries
punter customer or user of services. Often refers to a naive speculator, bettor, or gambler, or a customer of a prostitute or confidence trickster.
pushbike (informal) bicycle (predates the modern safety bicycle q.v. velocipede) (often used in contrast to a motor bike)
pushchair forward-facing baby carriage (US: stroller)
Q
quango quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation. A semi-public (supposedly non-governmental) advisory or administrative body funded by the taxpayer, often having most of its members appointed by the government, and carrying out government policy.
quaver a musical note with the duration of one half-count in a time signature of 4/4 (US: eighth note). Also compound nouns semiquaver (US: sixteenth note), demisemiquaver (US: thirty-second note), hemidemisemiquaver (US: sixty-fourth note); see note value. Also a variety of snack food potato crisp/chip.
queue A sequence or line of people (maybe in vehicles or whatever) awaiting their turn for a service or activity (similar to US line).
quid (informal) the pound sterling monetary unit; remains quid in plural form ("Can I borrow ten quid?") (similar to US buck, meaning dollar)
quids in (informal) a financially positive end to a transaction or venture "After all that, we'll be quids in!" (US: money ahead)
quieten used in the phrase "quieten down" (US: quiet down)
R
randy (informal) having sexual desire, (now more common in the US because of the Austin Powers franchise) (US: horny)
ranker an enlisted soldier or airman or (more rarely) a commissioned officer who has been promoted from enlisted status ("the ranks" *)
rashers * cuts of bacon
rat-arsed (slang) extremely drunk (similar to US shit-faced)
recce (informal) reconnoître, reconnaissance (pronounced ) (US: recon)
recorded delivery certified mail (No longer in official use: replaced by "signed for on delivery".)
Red top sensational tabloid newspaper
reel of cotton in the US is spool of thread
Register Office, Registry Office government office where births, marriages, civil partnerships, and deaths are recorded; usually refers to local Register Office (in each town or locality). General Register Office is the relevant government department. In England and Wales until 2001, almost all civil (non-church) marriages took place in the local Register Office; different laws apply in Scotland and Northern Ireland. "Register Office" is the correct legal term, but "registry office" is in common informal use. (US: Office of Vital Statistics)
Release on Licence a term for parole in England and Wales
retail park an out-of-town shopping complex populated mainly by large format stores, one of which is typically a supermarket. (US: strip mall, or the specialised business jargon power center, are roughly equivalent)
return A ticket that is valid for travel to a destination and back. A round-trip ticket.
roadworks upgrade or repairs of roads (US: construction; roadwork [singular])
rocket (eruca sativa) leafy, green vegetable used in salads and sandwiches, (US: arugula)
rock hard candy in cylindrical form often sold at holiday locations and made so that the location's name appears on the end even when broken. (US: no exact equivalent, but similar to a candy cane)
rodgering or rogering (vulgar) to engage in a sexual act, or suggest it. e.g.: "I'd give her a good rodgering!"
ropey (informal) chancy; of poor quality; uncertain (see dodgy). Can also mean unwell when used in the form to feel ropey
row * a heated noisy argument (rhymes with cow)
reverse charge call a telephone call for which the recipient pays (US and UK also: collect call); also v. to reverse charge, to reverse the charges*, etc. to make such a call (dated in US, used in the 1934 American film It Happened One Night – US usually: to call collect)
rota a roll call or roster of names, or round or rotation of duties
(the) rozzers (rare slang) Police ("Quick, the rozzers! Scarper!") – possibly from Robert Peel, who also gave his name to two other slang terms for the police: peelers (archaic) and bobbies (becoming old-fashioned).
rubbish * worthless, unwanted material that is rejected or thrown out; debris; litter; metaphorically: bad human output, such as a weak argument or a poorly written novel (US: trash, garbage)
rucksack * a backpack.
rug muncher * lesbian.
rumpy pumpy sexual intercourse, used jokingly. (Popularised in England by its usage in The Black Adder and subsequent series; the suggestion of actor Alex Norton of a Scots term.)
S
sandwich cake or sandwich (US: layer cake)
sarky (informal) sarcastic (abbrev.) "Why are you being so sarky?" (US: snarky)
sarnie, sarny, sannie (informal) sandwich (abbrev.)
sat nav GPS, from satellite navigation
scouser a person from Liverpool, or the adjective scouse to describe anything or anyone from either Liverpool or Merseyside.
scrubber a lower class, (usually young) woman of low morals
scrumpy cloudy cider, often high in alcoholic content
scrumping action of stealing apples from an orchard; also v. to scrump
self-raising flour self-rising flour
secateurs gardening tool for pruning plants (US:garden shears, pruners or clippers)
secondment (/sɪˈkɒndmənt/) the temporary assignment of a person from his or her regular place of work to work elsewhere. From v. second (/sɪˈkɒnd/)
selling-out shop A North English form of off-licence (US liquor store)
Sellotape transparent adhesive tape (trademark) (US Scotch tape)
semibreve a musical note with the duration of four counts in a time signature of 4/4 (US: whole note; see Note value)
send to Coventry ostracize, shun (US: send to Siberia, vote off the island)
service station A motorway service area, a location adjacent to motorways and major roads supplying fuel, food, and sometimes accommodation (US: rest stop)
serviette (from French) table napkin [DM]. Regarded as a non-U word, but widely used by non-U people. Frequently encountered in Canada.
shafted broken beyond repair – can also be used to describe extreme exhaustion. Also cheated, ripped off: he got shafted
shag To have sexual intercourse
shambolic chaotic, disorganized
shandy * a drink consisting of lager or beer mixed with a soft drink, originally ginger beer but now more usually lemonade, in near-equal parts.
shanks's pony on foot, walking – as in "The car's broken down, so it's shanks's pony I'm afraid".
shan't A contraction of shall not, considered archaic in American English (US and UK also: "won't"). Rarely used in Scotland.
shirtlifter homosexual.
shite (vulgar) variant of shit
shopping trolley A cart supplied by a business for use by customers for transport of merchandise to the checkout counter during shopping. (US: shopping cart)
sixes and sevens crazy, muddled (usually in the phrase "at sixes and sevens"). From the London livery company order of precedence, in which position 6 is claimed by both the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and the Worshipful Company of Skinners.
sket (slang) a promiscuous woman; US: slut, skank
skew-whiff skewed, uneven, not straight
skint (informal) out of money (US: broke)
skip industrial rubbish bin (US: dumpster)
skirting board a wooden board covering the lowest part of an interior wall (US: baseboard)
skive [off] (informal) to sneak off, avoid work; to play truant (US: play hookey)
slag * (slang) a promiscuous woman; US: slut, skank
slag off * to badmouth; speak badly of someone, usually behind their back
slaphead (informal) bald man
slapper a promiscuous woman
sleeping partner a partner in business, often an investor, who is not visibly involved in running the enterprise (US: silent partner)
sleeping policeman mound built into a road to slow down vehicles (UK also: hump [DM]; US & UK also: speed bump)
slip road (US: entrance ramp/onramp or exit ramp/offramp)
slippy (slang) smooth, wet, with no friction or traction to grip something (US: slippery)
slowcoach (slang) a slow person (US: slowpoke)
smalls underclothing, underwear, particularly underpants
smart dress formal attire
smeghead (slang) idiot; a general term of abuse, from Red Dwarf.
snog (slang) a 'French kiss' or to kiss with tongues (US [DM]: deep kiss, not necessarily with tongues)
soap dodger one who is thought to lack personal hygiene
sod off (vulgar, moderately offensive) go away; get lost
solicitor lawyer, legal representative (US: attorney)
spacker, spacky, spazmo (vulgar, offensive to many) idiot, general term of abuse: from "Spastic", referring in England almost exclusively (when not used as an insult) to a person suffering from cerebral palsy. (variant forms spaz/spastic, are used in American English) See also Joey.
spanner (US: wrench)
(slang) an idiot, a contemptible person (US: a less pejorative synonym for tool.) "He's as stupid as a bag of spanners." (US var.: "He's dumber than a bag of hammers".)
spawny lucky
spiffing (informal) very good (old-fashioned, or consciously used as old-fashioned, associated stereotypically with upper-class people) (US: spiffy)
spiv a dealer in black market goods (during World War II). The term wide boy is also often used in the same sense
spliff * (slang) a hand-rolled cigarette containing a mixture of marijuana and tobacco, also joint. (Also used in US; joint, j, or blunt more widely used.)
spotted dick an English steamed suet pudding containing dried fruit (usually currants), commonly served with custard.
squaddie (informal) a non-commissioned soldier (US: grunt)
square go unarmed brawl
squadron leader an Air Force officer rank (US: major)
squidgy (informal) soft and soggy (US: squishy)
squiffy (informal) intoxicated (popularly but probably erroneously said to be from British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, a noted imbiber). The word can also be synonymous with skew-whiff.
squiz (rare) look, most often used in the form to have a squiz at...
stamp (slang) National Insurance payments (e.g.: I have not paid enough stamps to get my full state pension)
star jump a form of exercise (US: jumping jack)
sticky-backed plastic large sheet of thin, soft, coloured plastic that is sticky on one side; generic term popularised by craft segments on the children's TV show Blue Peter (US similar: contact paper)
sticky wicket (usually "batting on a sticky wicket") facing a difficult situation. From cricket: a sticky wicket is one that has a damp surface on top of a dry base, typically after rain. It causes the ball to bounce unpredictably and possibly dangerously for the batsman
stockist a seller (as a retailer) that stocks merchandise of a particular type, usually a specified brand or model (US: dealer)
stone the crows exclamation of surprise (US holy cow, holy mother of pearl)
straight away immediately (sometimes used in the US; also right away)
strong flour flour made from wheat varieties which are high in gluten. Used for making bread. (US: bread flour)
stroke to move one's hand slowly and gently over something e.g. stroke a dog. (US: pet)
strop (informal) bad mood or temper
stroppy, to have a strop on (informal) recalcitrant, in a bad mood or temper
sun cream sunscreen
suck it and see to undertake a course of action without knowing its full consequences (US: "take your chances")
supply teacher a school employee who teaches students when their usual instructor is absent. (US: substitute teacher)
suss [out] * (informal) to figure out (from suspicion)
suspender belt a ladies' undergarment to hold up stockings (US: garter belt)
swot 1. v. to study for an exam (US cram)
2. n. (derogatory) aloof and unpopular schoolchild or student who studies to excess (US: nerd)
sweets the same term for candy in US
sweet FA (slang) nothing (from "Sweet Fanny Adams", alternative: "Sweet Fuck All"), "I know sweet FA about cars!" (US: jack shit)
swimming costume swimsuit or bathing suit; also for short.
T
ta (informal) "thank you"
Taff, Taffy moderately offensive nickname for a Welshman
tailback A long line of stationary or slow-moving traffic extending back from a busy junction or similar obstruction on the road. (US: back up)
takeaway food outlet where one can order food to go (or be delivered) (not usually applied to fast food chains). Usage: "we had a takeaway for dinner", "we went to the local takeaway". [DM]; (US: takeout)
take the piss (vulgar) / take the mickey (slang) to make fun of somebody or something; to act in a non-serious manner about something important. Can also mean to transgress beyond what are perceived as acceptable bounds, or to treat with perceived contempt
takings * receipts of money at a shop etc.
Tannoy loudspeaker (a proprietary brand name), public address system
tapping up in professional team sport, attempting to persuade a player contracted to one team to transfer to another team without the knowledge or permission of the player's current team (US: "tampering")
ta-ra! (informal, friendly) exclamation of farewell (similar to 'seeya!' and 'cheerio!' (above)). Originally from Merseyside (see Scouser, above)
telephone kiosk payphone, public phone. See also "phone box" (supra) (US: phone booth)
tea towel a cloth which is used to dry dishes, cutlery, etc., after they have been washed. (US: dish towel)
telerecording a recording of a live television broadcast made directly from a cathode ray tube onto motion picture film. The equivalent US term is kinescope.
telly (informal) television
tenner ten pound note
Territorial a member of the Territorial Army (in 2014 renamed the Army Reserve)(US rough equivalent is the Army Reserve and National Guard)
tetchy * irascible
thick; thickie stupid; person of low intelligence.
throw a wobbly (informal) to lose one's temper, throw a tantrum
thruppennies (rhyming slang) breasts/tits (from thrupenny bits, obsolete British coin)
tinned canned as in "tinned soup" or "a tin of tuna"
tip a dump or to throw something away
Tipp-Ex white tape or liquid used to make corrections of ink on paper (US: Wite-Out)
tipping [it] down raining hard
titchy very small; tiny (from tich or titch a small person, from Little Tich, the stage name of Harry Relph (1867–1928), English actor noted for his small stature)
titfer (rhyming slang) hat (from tit-for-tat)
[go] tits up (mildly vulgar) to suddenly go wrong (literally, to fall over. US: go belly up). cf pear-shaped (appears in the US mainly as military jargon, sometimes sanitized to "tango uniform")
toad-in-the-hole batter-baked sausages, sausages baked in Yorkshire Pudding
toff (slang) member of the upper classes
toffee apple a sugar-glazed apple on a stick eaten esp. on Guy Fawkes Night and Hallowe'en (US: caramel apple or candy apple)
toffee-nosed antisocial in a pretentious way, stuck up
Tommy Atkins, Tommy common term for a British soldier, particularly associated with World War I
tonk (informal) to hit hard, sometimes used in cricket to describe a substantial boundary shot: "he tonked it for six". In Southern England can also mean muscular. (US: ripped or buff).
tosser * (slang) Largely equivalent to "wanker" but less offensive; has the same literal meaning, i.e. one who masturbates ("tosses off"). (US: jerk).
tosspot (colloquial, archaic) a drunkard; also used in the sense of "tosser".
totty (informal, offensive to some) sexually alluring woman or women (more recently, also applied to males). Originally a term for a prostitute in the late 19th century.
tout usually in the context "ticket tout"; to re-sell tickets, usually to a live event. Verb: to tout, touting. Ticket touts can usually be seen outside a venue prior to the beginning of the event, selling tickets (which may well be fake) cash-in-hand. Known as scalping in the US.
tower block high rise public housing building. In recent years the US term apartment building has become fashionable to create the distinction between stigmatised public housing projects, and towers built to contain desirable private accommodation. Equally the US word condominium could also be applied to a tower block.
Trading Standards local government departments responsible for enforcing laws regulating the conduct of businesses.
trainers training shoes, athletic shoes. (US: sneakers).
transit, transit van generic name for a full size panel van, based on the Ford vehicle of the same name, which in Britain dominates the market for such vehicles.
transport cafe (sometimes "caff") roadside diner on a highway used primarily by lorry (truck) drivers (US: truckstop)
treacle refined black sugar syrup (US: molasses)
truncheon * a police officer's weapon (US: nightstick or billy)
tuppence two pence, also infantile euphemism for vagina. cf twopenn'orth
tuppenny-ha'penny cheap, substandard
turf accountant bookmaker for horse races (US and UK: bookie)
turn-indicator direction-indicator light on a vehicle (US: turn signal)
turning A place where one can turn off a road. Not generally used where the turn would take one onto a more major road or for a crossroads. (US: turn). "drive past the post office and you'll see a small turning to the right, which leads directly to our farm"
turn-ups an arrangement at the bottom of trouser-legs whereby a deep hem is made, and the material is doubled-back to provide a trough around the external portion of the bottom of the leg. (US: cuffs)
twee * excessively cute, quaint, or "precious" (Similar to US cutesy)
twopenn'orth, tuppenn'orth, tup'en'oth one's opinion (tuppenn'orth is literally "two pennies worth" or "two pence worth", depending on usage); (US equivalent: two cents' worth, two cents). cf tuppence
U
Ulster Scots Inhabitants of Ulster, mostly in modern-day Northern Ireland, whose ancestors were Scottish people who settled there, or residents of Northern Ireland who descend from those settlers (US: Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irish)
uni short for university, used much like US college
up himself/herself (informal) someone who is stand-offish, stuck-up, snobby. "He's a bit up himself." Euphemistic variation of up his own arse. (US: snotty, full of himself/herself)
up sticks (US: pull up stakes)
up the duff (informal) pregnant; Australian in origin
V
veg shortened form of vegetable or vegetables. (US: veggie, veggies)
verger (virger, in some churches) someone who carries the verge or other emblem of authority before a scholastic, legal, or religious dignitary in a procession; someone who takes care of the interior of a church and acts as an attendant during ceremonies.
verruca a wart on one's foot. (US: plantar wart)
W
WAG "wives and girlfriends", typically in reference to the significant others of footballers (US soccer players).
wage packet weekly employee payment, usually cash though now less commonly given as such (US paycheck)
wally (informal) a mild form of idiot or fool (US dummy)
wanker (offensive) a masturbator, used generally as a term of abuse in the fashion of the US jagoff or jerk.
WC a "water closet", a loo, a public or private toilet without a bath (US bathroom or restroom)
washing-up liquid liquid detergent used for washing dishes (US dishwashing detergent or liquid, dish soap)
wazzock an idiot, popularised (at least in Southern England) by the 1981 song "Capstick Comes Home" by Tony Capstick, originated and historically more common in Northern England
well extremely, very. "He's well rich" (US "He's way rich")
Wellingtons, wellies Wellington boots, waterproof rubber boots named after the Duke of Wellington.
welly (informal) effort (e.g.: "Give it some welly" to mean "put a bit of effort into an attempt to do something" US: elbow grease (also UK), oomph); also the singular of "wellies", for Wellington boots (US: gumboots, rubber boots)
What ho! (interj.) Hello! (warmly) Now considered old-fashioned and (like "spiffing", above) stereotypically associated with the upper class (and in particular the works of P.G. Wodehouse).
wheel brace tool used to remove the nuts/bolts of the wheel of an automobile (US: Lug wrench)
whilst A more restricted form of "while" which cannot be used as a noun, verb, or preposition. In the US, "whilst" is old-fashioned and pretentious to the point where it is now only appropriate for creating a dated effect, as in historical fiction.
whinge (informal) complain, whine, especially repeated complaining about minor things (e.g. "Stop whingeing" meaning "stop complaining"); cognate with whine, originated in Scottish and Northern English in the 12th century. Hence whinger (derogatory), someone who complains a lot.
whip-round an impromptu collection of money. (Uk and US: pass the hat round)
white coffee coffee with milk or cream.
white pudding oat and fat sausage often eaten at breakfast, common in Ireland and Scotland
wide boy see spiv, above
windbreaker a series of small connected screens designed to break the wind at the beach, staked into the sand by wooden poles usually with the aid of a rubber mallet
windscreen (US: windshield)
wing commander an Air Force officer rank (US: lieutenant-colonel)
wing mirrors the external mirrors on a vehicle – though no longer normally attached to the 'wings' (US: fenders) but to the doors (US: sideview mirrors, side mirrors)
winkle (slang) childish term for a penis (US: winkie)
witter (informal) to continue to talk trivially about a subject long after the audience's interest has gone (assuming there was any interest in the first place). "He wittered on."
wobbler, wobbly (informal) tantrum
write-off * when cost of repair of a damaged asset (usually a car) is not feasible or exceeds its insurance value (US:total loss, totalled; hull loss [for aircraft]) Is also used formally in the context of accounting, including in the US, to mean a permissible deduction applied to offset certain kinds of costs ("a tax write-off").
wog (offensive, term of abuse) member of an ethnic minority, especially a brown one. The word can refer to a wide variety of non-Europeans, including Arabs, sub-Saharans Africans (and those of sub-Saharan descent), Iranians, Indians and Pakistanis, and Turks.
Y
Y-fronts men's briefs with an inverted-Y-shaped frontal flap; originally a trademark (US: briefs or jockey shorts / jockeys; US slang: tighty-whiteys)
yob, yobbo lout, young troublemaker (origin: boy spelt backwards)
yomp to move on foot across rough terrain carrying heavy amounts of equipment and supplies without mechanised support (Royal Marines slang popularised by the Falklands War of 1982, army equivalent is to tab). Also used informally for any walk across rough ground.
yonks a long time, ages. "I've not seen her for yonks." (colloquial)
Z
zebra crossing a strip across a road, with wide black and white stripes, where vehicles must stop when pedestrians want to cross (similar to US crosswalk)
zed last letter of the alphabet, pronounced "zee" in the U.S.
Zimmer, Zimmer frame a trade name for a walking frame, from the American firm Zimmer Holdings. (US, colloquially: walker)
See also
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: A–L
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: M–Z
List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
Cockney rhyming slang
References
Bibliography
Hargraves, Orin (2002). Mighty Fine Words and Smashing Expressions: Making Sense of Transatlantic English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
External links
BBC.co.uk, A large project being undertaken by the BBC to document and chart the different word-usage and accents in the British Isles.
British and American terms, Oxford Dictionaries
Effingpot.com An American's guide to speaking British, written by a Brit living in Texas.
Translating American to British A guide to British slang.
American-British/British-American Dictionaries An American to British dictionary and a British to American Dictionary.
The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary An online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category.
Lists of English words
Lists of English phrases
Words, British, not widely used in the United States, List of
Wikipedia glossaries | [
-0.08330311626195908,
0.6572031378746033,
-0.29818010330200195,
-0.4977317452430725,
-0.2181924283504486,
0.13248378038406372,
0.9330123662948608,
0.9234153032302856,
-0.41007423400878906,
-0.1370362490415573,
-0.3149912357330322,
0.0016659803222864866,
-0.04497121274471283,
0.45297008752822876,
0.07695270329713821,
0.3097839951515198,
-0.13404729962348938,
0.7056682705879211,
0.24729648232460022,
0.031261615455150604,
-0.1435844749212265,
-0.004154599271714687,
0.23772059381008148,
-0.7476345896720886,
0.22145844995975494,
0.17574048042297363,
0.7203040719032288,
-0.383592426776886,
-0.6518454551696777,
-0.4419044554233551,
-0.17749160528182983,
0.9543383717536926,
-0.1393594741821289,
0.1320873498916626,
0.04647082835435867,
-0.43609535694122314,
0.23260895907878876,
-0.5591065287590027,
0.4471861720085144,
-0.6150575280189514,
-0.2442772090435028,
-0.3205145001411438,
0.5222830176353455,
0.2907147705554962,
-0.19053687155246735,
-0.42343753576278687,
-1.9947961568832397,
-0.3542301654815674,
-1.019903302192688,
-0.17687785625457764,
-0.4361913800239563,
0.04668493941426277,
0.8069132566452026,
0.5836894512176514,
-0.11348042637109756,
0.5861716270446777,
-0.7177712321281433,
-0.10069169849157333,
0.3566126525402069,
0.40631040930747986,
0.5430464148521423,
0.422724187374115,
-0.15112780034542084,
-0.02975139021873474,
0.4255884289741516,
0.4180847108364105,
-0.3043098747730255,
0.362393856048584,
-0.8133183121681213,
-0.129712775349617,
-0.3466894030570984,
-0.5294728875160217,
0.49309080839157104,
0.20900508761405945,
-0.001957586035132408,
0.43298065662384033,
0.049531273543834686,
0.20563559234142303,
-0.12234225124120712,
-0.5075012445449829,
-0.03906513750553131,
0.3879644572734833,
0.7233355045318604,
-0.36618903279304504,
0.08740448206663132,
0.33071425557136536,
-0.6036018133163452,
-0.043084871023893356,
0.17978759109973907,
0.8702964186668396,
0.2725016176700592,
0.2824569046497345,
0.08314716070890427,
0.11634271591901779,
-0.07701347023248672,
-0.32156476378440857,
-0.15043817460536957,
0.044795069843530655,
-0.08869240432977676,
0.30899444222450256,
0.012494763359427452,
0.23844704031944275,
1.2011895179748535,
-0.22321783006191254,
-0.6342284679412842,
-0.2065543681383133,
-0.35236409306526184,
0.024835214018821716,
0.6770001649856567,
-1.4187501668930054,
-0.20726819336414337,
0.6302596926689148,
0.29553502798080444,
-0.06952498108148575,
-0.6012482643127441,
0.26936981081962585,
0.4175812900066376,
0.6221610903739929,
-0.11488177627325058,
-0.11035715043544769,
-0.0022693288046866655,
0.7290999293327332,
0.29850974678993225,
-0.4539620578289032,
0.3415045440196991,
0.5064175724983215,
0.3461315929889679,
-0.1376967579126358,
0.189335897564888,
0.4373382329940796,
0.1898917555809021,
1.028950810432434,
-0.23802775144577026,
-0.35454192757606506,
-0.26065072417259216,
-0.5248158574104309,
0.5162256956100464,
0.17941908538341522,
0.28584837913513184,
0.6136375069618225,
-0.559441864490509,
-0.16167768836021423,
-1.9727586507797241,
-0.05483737960457802,
0.4601055681705475,
-0.06138952076435089,
-0.44805848598480225,
-0.3020613491535187,
-0.0465414822101593,
0.42549750208854675,
0.29261860251426697,
-0.4660276174545288,
0.2804754078388214,
0.5266658067703247,
-0.024726329371333122,
-0.027515778318047523,
0.3453730046749115,
-0.3316969573497772,
0.356941819190979,
0.24126535654067993,
-0.3906286656856537,
-0.05586205795407295,
-0.16759240627288818,
0.16448242962360382,
0.04502209648489952,
0.05830133706331253,
0.18388082087039948,
0.035395026206970215,
-0.08750829845666885,
0.38784128427505493,
-0.14551633596420288,
-0.17178191244602203,
0.411970317363739,
-0.3671056628227234,
0.16980358958244324,
-0.024699067696928978,
0.10047342628240585,
0.22558854520320892,
0.46155494451522827,
-0.22823594510555267,
-0.46410953998565674,
0.12599875032901764,
0.22381913661956787,
-0.3201892077922821,
0.14797736704349518,
-0.10357005894184113,
0.5452841520309448,
-0.15650354325771332,
-0.24979935586452484,
-0.20018109679222107,
-0.007964910939335823,
-0.8541179895401001,
0.08325783163309097,
-0.3794117271900177,
0.7814359664916992,
0.3230634927749634,
-0.3486032485961914,
0.3753194212913513,
0.206575408577919,
0.6755129098892212,
-0.08508041501045227,
-0.1649065762758255,
0.0023814619053155184,
0.5958104133605957,
-0.2593793272972107,
1.906563401222229,
0.024175791069865227,
0.23172792792320251,
0.49175286293029785,
0.3710913062095642,
0.6353210210800171,
-0.5328483581542969,
0.11922148615121841,
-0.12787848711013794,
0.1856101006269455,
-0.27655404806137085,
0.3569414019584656,
0.020016731694340706,
-0.11508364230394363,
-0.3495824337005615,
0.7491441369056702,
0.15988990664482117,
0.3782026767730713,
0.05606571584939957,
-0.1936238557100296,
0.377370685338974,
-0.29053807258605957,
0.2168155312538147,
-0.16848941147327423,
-1.020797848701477,
0.7800328135490417,
-0.23104465007781982,
-0.08555513620376587,
-0.6179335713386536,
-0.5090948343276978,
-0.7866888642311096,
-0.28061148524284363,
-0.18424108624458313,
0.2887939512729645,
-0.013024863786995411,
-0.05825275182723999,
-0.10137532651424408,
-0.5547057390213013,
0.22497773170471191,
0.004364953376352787,
0.06593745946884155,
0.17979788780212402,
0.09621579945087433,
0.4448976516723633,
-0.14680558443069458,
1.0435881614685059,
0.38030800223350525,
0.18938837945461273,
-0.20695197582244873,
0.3293926417827606,
0.4650285243988037,
-0.32132840156555176,
0.2535095810890198,
0.3138878345489502,
0.25579020380973816,
-0.638362467288971,
0.8097371459007263,
0.21510730683803558,
0.27502432465553284,
-0.4118849039077759,
-0.30091315507888794,
-0.3721246123313904,
-0.5942023396492004,
0.04854212701320648,
-0.024726852774620056,
0.16729842126369476,
0.2102223038673401,
-0.7929108142852783,
-2.2118303775787354,
0.47217288613319397,
0.6134137511253357,
0.2514045834541321,
0.02423306368291378,
-0.6561229228973389,
-0.01476067490875721,
0.06850658357143402,
0.5399677157402039,
-0.07508622109889984,
-0.17504966259002686,
-0.3896263837814331,
-0.7512654066085815,
0.6680761575698853,
-0.2759236991405487,
0.31504252552986145,
0.014000591821968555,
-0.41879335045814514,
-0.0876614898443222,
-0.30305588245391846,
0.13141237199306488,
0.012098126113414764,
0.11153089255094528,
-0.03954937309026718,
0.31195056438446045,
-0.20224450528621674,
-0.1226879209280014,
-0.46777835488319397,
0.4712478220462799,
-0.3848891854286194,
-0.3963182866573334,
-0.11537724733352661,
-0.16503609716892242,
-0.14844243228435516,
-0.12194960564374924,
-4.94563102722168,
0.294761061668396,
-0.5155638456344604,
-0.16323252022266388,
0.2809302806854248,
0.08237165212631226,
0.5755181908607483,
-0.23427210748195648,
-0.7412984371185303,
0.33129459619522095,
0.18623091280460358,
-0.017765792086720467,
-0.09524836391210556,
0.42343664169311523,
0.597099781036377,
0.053701531141996384,
0.4117334485054016,
-0.17950183153152466,
0.2650122046470642,
0.23777267336845398,
0.4243065416812897,
0.5847645998001099,
0.518544614315033,
0.3491060435771942,
0.2586934268474579,
1.0150432586669922,
0.14948523044586182,
0.32137221097946167,
-0.3807065784931183,
-0.06367089599370956,
0.3043609857559204,
0.27534300088882446,
0.5297101140022278,
-0.6703565120697021,
-0.22235025465488434,
-0.21234352886676788,
0.27105197310447693,
0.41172894835472107,
0.5910245180130005,
-0.450238972902298,
-0.17985846102237701,
0.6569685935974121,
-0.09765621274709702,
0.3031527101993561,
0.5648229718208313,
0.1385851949453354,
-0.29469746351242065,
-0.45560362935066223,
0.051445379853248596,
0.7527801990509033,
-0.4632786214351654,
0.2116423100233078,
0.868962287902832,
0.6991972327232361,
-0.053576208651065826,
-0.1633964478969574,
0.3732771873474121,
0.23793400824069977,
-0.14439445734024048,
-0.2618560492992401,
0.44211509823799133,
-0.6694945096969604,
-0.13005465269088745,
-0.4582023620605469,
0.046532366424798965,
-0.9122017025947571,
-0.5960522890090942,
-0.26150667667388916,
0.3168773651123047,
0.5043001770973206,
-0.5191966891288757,
-0.3221900463104248,
0.06280208379030228,
-0.581301212310791,
0.25074633955955505,
-0.027922136709094048,
-0.31436145305633545,
0.14257633686065674,
0.19064871966838837,
0.11698148399591446,
-0.19246426224708557,
0.17096242308616638,
-0.5286694765090942,
0.7971570491790771,
0.07865560054779053,
-0.682763397693634,
-0.6783204674720764,
0.10207147151231766,
-0.9567438364028931,
-0.6795036196708679,
0.25540047883987427,
-0.06513544917106628,
-0.011692388914525509,
-0.023333698511123657,
0.2878987491130829,
0.2029973268508911,
0.5849369764328003,
-0.1936635673046112,
0.11136586219072342,
-0.30523228645324707,
0.23248274624347687,
-0.6682871580123901,
0.0655122846364975,
-0.6129875183105469,
0.023890504613518715,
-0.36338937282562256,
-0.50040602684021,
0.7625627517700195,
0.3693624436855316,
-0.655962347984314,
-0.28498250246047974,
-0.25837406516075134,
-0.5115354657173157,
0.10124050080776215,
0.06602007150650024,
0.06514186412096024,
-0.021212801337242126,
0.2636714577674866,
0.05465786159038544,
0.38461577892303467,
0.22111673653125763,
0.1477150321006775,
0.020375017076730728,
-0.29367974400520325,
-0.5552122592926025,
-0.7021999955177307,
-0.07805538177490234,
-0.17486916482448578,
-0.6646636128425598,
-0.06832095980644226,
-0.08470717817544937,
0.047783587127923965,
-0.35237231850624084,
-0.17652678489685059,
0.28942573070526123,
0.021182788535952568,
0.05055246502161026,
0.6952716112136841,
-0.22315825521945953,
-0.8598294258117676,
0.2309170514345169,
-0.7794738411903381,
-0.12074527144432068,
0.20658743381500244,
0.3748748302459717,
0.5339821577072144,
0.3776305913925171,
-0.19025613367557526,
-0.7217897176742554,
0.6601564884185791,
0.10782962292432785,
-0.08332935720682144,
0.24968652427196503,
-0.43170100450515747,
-0.010763783007860184,
0.2796042263507843,
0.3661877512931824,
0.5505814552307129,
-0.5089391469955444,
-0.47565197944641113,
0.07398422062397003,
-0.315380334854126,
-0.6517634391784668,
0.10561606287956238,
0.5297233462333679,
-0.7460614442825317,
0.1286706030368805,
-0.013841969892382622,
-0.3172975778579712,
0.9974973797798157,
0.16683131456375122,
0.24618437886238098,
-0.833391547203064,
0.16947729885578156,
0.5373753905296326,
-0.048642970621585846,
-0.0017741027986630797,
0.39414745569229126,
-0.09029251337051392,
0.051925744861364365,
-0.034095555543899536,
-0.6692659258842468,
0.08157356828451157,
0.4403912127017975,
0.05775074660778046,
-0.16197025775909424,
0.005975078791379929,
-0.05846494063735008,
-0.3333059251308441,
-0.3886655271053314,
0.08235827833414078,
0.16852521896362305,
0.6214050650596619,
0.06479993462562561,
-0.9110419750213623,
-0.1613040566444397,
0.07958537340164185,
0.41622695326805115,
-0.20602016150951385,
-0.3164195120334625,
0.9719164371490479,
0.29083868861198425,
-0.33783453702926636,
0.12267260253429413,
0.020878851413726807,
-0.793453574180603,
0.30199411511421204,
0.04299944266676903,
-0.8398093581199646,
0.730251669883728,
-0.09967061877250671,
-1.0509333610534668,
-0.24848279356956482,
-0.12773628532886505,
-0.25544068217277527,
-0.3161769509315491,
0.17108260095119476,
0.2982015311717987,
0.1053939089179039,
-0.0879061222076416,
0.1343744844198227,
-0.0700240507721901,
-0.2281474471092224,
-0.3566184639930725,
-0.017087964341044426,
0.31701749563217163,
-0.09334071725606918,
-0.6464688777923584,
0.8343530297279358,
-0.3037267029285431,
-0.28423625230789185,
-0.1341073215007782,
0.6048890352249146,
0.2956697940826416,
-0.007149850949645042,
0.49036842584609985,
-0.8305699229240417,
-0.025893960148096085,
-0.1588001251220703,
0.40808045864105225,
0.5986499190330505,
0.5630731582641602,
0.12586243450641632,
-0.5354206562042236,
-0.7082679867744446,
0.671212375164032,
0.584716260433197,
-0.6450676321983337,
-0.6239535212516785,
0.1569368541240692,
0.20553751289844513,
-0.5080141425132751,
-0.8672360181808472,
-0.14653447270393372,
0.6811813116073608,
-0.17407257854938507,
-0.32936111092567444,
0.42125725746154785,
-0.012101322412490845,
0.21546070277690887,
-0.02750679850578308,
0.15051470696926117,
-0.35768863558769226,
0.7512338161468506,
-0.019267072901129723,
0.0978839173913002,
0.16118641197681427,
0.09010741114616394,
0.5737081170082092,
-0.2493559718132019,
-0.3700557351112366,
-0.26913920044898987,
-0.32513824105262756,
0.14706680178642273,
0.005015137605369091,
-0.5179755687713623,
0.05650642514228821,
-0.7830637097358704,
0.17746908962726593,
-0.20889732241630554,
0.5804370641708374,
0.06231052428483963,
0.35830745100975037,
-0.39519375562667847,
0.3475508391857147,
-0.3179401755332947,
-0.26431044936180115,
-0.06480709463357925,
-0.33610305190086365,
-0.11752011626958847,
-0.29784026741981506,
0.1454961895942688,
-0.48211777210235596,
0.40836086869239807,
-0.3814879357814789,
-0.0029163409490138292,
0.052476540207862854,
0.0008717913297004998,
0.1193528100848198,
-0.301471471786499,
-0.5923014283180237,
0.6837560534477234,
0.022495148703455925,
-0.4446238875389099,
0.3077099621295929,
0.2042660117149353,
0.02460813894867897,
-0.10490954667329788,
0.2895587086677551,
-0.28847038745880127,
-0.04292702674865723,
0.3777350187301636,
0.480060875415802,
1.1918174028396606,
0.4050982594490051,
-0.05538013577461243,
0.11973122507333755,
-0.565862238407135,
-0.31144726276397705,
0.3382484018802643,
0.20756524801254272,
-0.7441290020942688,
0.5388908386230469,
0.22134247422218323,
-0.5644615888595581,
0.7612351775169373,
0.06423851102590561,
-0.7266038060188293,
0.6494212746620178,
0.08741220831871033,
0.2911190986633301,
0.07384860515594482,
-0.44919678568840027,
0.35592854022979736,
-0.5490974187850952,
-0.35579317808151245,
-0.0981556624174118,
-0.2191426157951355,
-0.4384033977985382,
0.4458102583885193,
0.1463462859392166,
0.3014708161354065,
0.1526300311088562,
-0.36459505558013916,
-0.1908145546913147,
-0.3925502896308899,
-0.27082034945487976,
-0.12800617516040802,
0.217899888753891,
-0.46649065613746643,
0.2090265154838562,
0.5353745222091675,
0.35010868310928345,
-0.1550457626581192,
0.20592191815376282,
-0.3844653367996216,
-0.07851520925760269,
-0.39299577474594116,
-0.18847957253456116,
-2.1383986473083496,
-0.13897694647312164,
0.3409242331981659,
-0.3222065269947052,
-0.07791095972061157,
0.007249470800161362,
0.05387404188513756,
0.41261065006256104,
0.27488967776298523,
-0.2740169167518616,
0.4196457266807556,
0.4825391471385956,
0.10227639228105545,
0.29293495416641235,
-0.3303094208240509,
0.008794424124062061,
0.34735560417175293,
0.4437798261642456,
-0.09964384138584137,
0.14888083934783936,
-0.41708001494407654,
0.03629003465175629,
0.11669228225946426,
-0.24609540402889252,
-0.1769706904888153,
0.3976193070411682,
-0.08714259415864944,
-0.4006745517253876,
0.2801034450531006,
-0.13952559232711792,
0.23686106503009796,
0.016511859372258186,
-0.5542067289352417,
-0.32059478759765625,
-0.20598989725112915,
-0.6807870268821716,
-0.3559240400791168,
-0.36993610858917236,
0.6595041155815125,
-0.21448227763175964,
-0.2461746633052826,
0.14802610874176025,
0.0936242863535881,
0.352744996547699,
0.30851078033447266,
-0.27508604526519775,
0.45623692870140076,
-0.17521220445632935,
0.5503213405609131,
-0.6319211721420288,
0.12754212319850922,
0.08547618240118027,
0.0894833505153656,
-0.22451899945735931,
0.20294199883937836,
0.08361314237117767,
0.061517134308815,
0.12989658117294312,
-0.30140307545661926,
-0.3898749351501465,
-0.11960287392139435,
0.4171975255012512,
-0.06256367266178131,
-0.016914110630750656,
0.4590698778629303,
-0.14459364116191864,
-0.33900004625320435,
0.2275594174861908,
0.266560822725296,
-0.3980312645435333,
0.3367808163166046,
-0.3659968078136444,
0.27124151587486267,
0.02239137701690197,
-0.00446125166490674,
-0.06969688832759857,
0.4271257817745209,
0.4680253267288208,
0.8747430443763733,
0.16185881197452545,
0.15043452382087708,
-0.23014768958091736,
-0.09687959402799606,
0.5522647500038147,
0.37313100695610046,
-3.9553565979003906,
-0.11307014524936676,
-0.14216144382953644,
-0.40472298860549927,
-0.14868207275867462,
0.29528895020484924,
0.06481289863586426,
-0.06670671701431274,
-0.15551158785820007,
0.10373307764530182,
0.3954348564147949,
-0.23177236318588257,
-0.11972447484731674,
-0.7075032591819763,
0.439248651266098,
0.6578472852706909
] |
233408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20American%20terms%20not%20widely%20used%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Glossary of American terms not widely used in the United Kingdom | This is a list of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom. In Canada and Australia, some of the American terms listed are widespread; however, in some cases, another usage is preferred.
Words with specific American meanings that have different meanings in British English and/or additional meanings common to both dialects (e.g., pants, crib) are to be found at List of words having different meanings in British and American English. When such words are herein used or referenced, they are marked with the flag [DM] (different meaning).
Asterisks (*) denote words and meanings having appreciable (that is, not occasional) currency in British English, but nonetheless distinctive of American English for their relatively greater frequency in American speech and writing. Americanisms are increasingly common in British English, and many that were not widely used some decades ago, are now so (e.g., regular in the sense of "regular coffee").
American spelling is consistently used throughout this article, except when explicitly referencing British terms.
0–9
101 (pronounced 'one o one') used to indicate basic knowledge; e.g., "Didn't you learn to sweep the floor in housework 101?" (from the numbering scheme of educational courses where 101 would be the first course in a sequence on the subject).
401(k) (pronounced 'four o one kay') an employer-sponsored retirement plan in the United States. Derived from the section of the United States Internal Revenue Code authorizing such plans.
40 (pronounced 'forty') a 40-ounce (1.183L) bottle of malt liquor, commonly drunk by American youths.
411 (pronounced 'four one one') colloquial, information about something (from 4-1-1, directory assistance number) (UK: 118xxx or 192)
5-0 (pronounced 'five o') colloquial, the police (from Hawaii Five-O, an American television series)
501(c) (pronounced 'five o one cee') a legally recognized non-profit organization in the United States, roughly equivalent to a Company Limited by Guarantee recognized by the Charity Commission as having charitable status in the United Kingdom. Derived from the relevant section of the Internal Revenue Code.
529 (pronounced 'five twenty-nine') a tax-advantaged savings plan in the United States, similar to a 401(k), but instead used to fund the higher education expenses of the plan's beneficiary (usually the donors' child or grandchild). Derived from the relevant section of the Internal Revenue Code.
86 (pronounced 'eighty six') colloquial, to abandon, reject, or kill something or someone; e.g., "Let's eighty-six the whole thing." Similar to "Deep Six", although unlikely to have been derived from nautical terms as is "Deep Six". "86ing" someone can also mean ordering them to leave, as a bartender or bouncer to a rowdy or intoxicated patron.
911 (pronounced 'nine one one') the US emergency telephone number (UK: 999, US and UK: 112)
A
acclimate (verb) (UK usually: acclimatise)
acetaminophen (or the brand name Tylenol) (UK: paracetamol)
affirmative action providing opportunities in education or work based on race or gender (UK: positive discrimination)
airplane a powered fixed-wing aircraft. Alteration of UK aeroplane, probably influenced by aircraft
aluminum (UK: aluminium)
amtrac Landing Vehicle Tracked, military vehicle used in World War II (not to be confused with Amtrak, the passenger railroad corporation)
arroyo a usually dry creek. Spanish in origin.
arugula, rugola the herb also known as rocket or garden rocket. Borrowed from southern Italian dialect in the early 1960s ("Ask Italian greengrocers for arugula, rucola or ruccoli; ask other markets for rouquette, rocket salad or, simply, rocket." — The New York Times, May 24, 1960, in OED).
automobile a car
B
baby carriage pushable vehicle for transporting babies, also called stroller, buggy or regionally baby coach (UK: perambulator (very old-fashioned or formal), pram, or, for the type that an older baby sits rather than lies in, pushchair)
baby shower (or just "shower") party with gifts to celebrate an impending birth (less common in the UK)
bachelor party / bachelorette partya party held for a man (bachelor) or woman (bachelorette) soon to be married (UK: stag night/hen night)
bachelorette a young, single woman who has never married
backhoe a piece of excavating equipment (UK usually digger, mechanical digger, excavator, or JCB, genericized trademark)
ballpark a baseball stadium; used to mean an approximation ("in the ballpark"; "a ballpark figure")
Band-Aid * (trademark) bandage for minor wounds, (UK: plaster [DM], Elastoplast (trademark)); also, a makeshift solution
bangs front part of the hair cut to hang over the forehead (UK: a fringe)
barrette hair slide
baseboard skirting board
bayou (from Louisiana French) an often marshy slow-moving minor watercourse, usually located in a low-lying area (as in the Mississippi River delta region of the southern United States)
bedroom community a commuter town or suburb (UK: dormitory town [DM])
bear claw A kind of sweet pastry served throughout the United States, named for its large, clawlike shape.
bell pepper a mild (not spicy) red or green pepper or capsicum in Australian English and Indian English
bellhop a hotel porter
beltway a ring road, or orbital motorway found around or within many cities.
big-box store a large retail establishment built on one level, typically with few, if any, windows.
blacktop a road surface [DM] composed of asphalt concrete; also a verb ("to blacktop a parking lot") (UK: compare tarmac)
bleachers the raised open air tiered rows of seats (stands) found at sports fields or at other spectator events
blinders (on a horse) (UK: blinkers)
blood sausage black pudding
boardwalk a walkway usually made of planking, typically along a beach (as that of Atlantic City) (UK: promenade)
bobby pin hair grip, Kirby grip
bodega a Spanish term for a winery. A convenience store, especially in a Spanish-speaking neighborhood.
booger (slang) a piece of coagulated nasal mucus (UK: bogey)
bookmobile a large vehicle housing a mobile lending library (UK: mobile library)
boombox a large portable stereo, syn. with ghettoblaster, which is also American in origin but is common in the UK.
boondocks (also the boonies) rough country; a very rural location or town; backwoods; the "sticks". Sometimes refers to rough, poor neighborhoods in a city. From Tagalog.
boondoggle slang term for a scheme that wastes time and money; originally a braided ornamental cord or leather strap
Botts' dot see raised pavement marker
breadbox a box for storing bread (UK: bread bin)
broil to cook food with high heat with the heat applied directly to the food from above (UK: grill) [DM].
brownstone a type of residential building found in Boston, New York City, and other large cities
bullhorn a megaphone, sometimes used to refer to a portable airhorn
burglarize to carry out a burglary (UK: burgle; burgle is very rare in US, and burglarize virtually nonexistent in UK)
burlap cloth made from jute or sisal, traditionally rough and used to make rope and sacks (UK: hessian)
busboy junior restaurant worker assisting waiting staff, table clearer, water pourer etc.
butte an isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top
C
caboose a railroad car attached usually to the rear mainly for the crew's use (UK: guard's van or brake van)
Canadian bacon Back bacon (bacon made from center-cut boneless pork loin). Also ham, usually pressed and sliced like bacon.
candy apple, candied apple toffee apple
canola a type of rapeseed that produces an edible oil (originally a trademark, of Canadian origin (from Canada and oleum 'oil'))
careen (of a vehicle) to travel fast and out of control, usually swerving or cornering (UK: career)
carhop someone serving food at a drive-in, often on rollerskates
catercorner (or catercornered, catacorner, kitty-corner, catty-corner, etc.) (adverb) diagonally, diagonally opposite ("The house looks catercorner to mine"). Cater corner is the original form (from the French quatre and English corner = four + corner), but the forms kitty corner and catty corner (folk etymology) are usual in speech, catty corner especially in the North and West, while the former in the Midland and South. Sometimes (dialectal, regional) also kitty/catty wampus/wumpus (unclearly derived), which can also mean "awry", or "skew-whiff".
catsup alternative spelling of ketchup that rarely sees use in the UK.
cell phone, cellphone, cell (short for cellular telephone) a portable telephone; UK: mobile phone, often abbreviated to mobile Used in the UK in the early years of mobile telephony.
certified mail recorded delivery
ChapStick * (trademark, sometimes used generically) a lip balm
charge account in a store or shop (UK: credit account)
checkers a popular board game (UK: draughts)
checking account the type of bank account used for drawing checks; distinguished from savings account. (UK: current account or cheque account; use of cheques is now much less common in the UK)
cilantro (from Spanish "cilantro") coriander leaf, while in the US, coriander refers only to the seed.
cleats in the context of field sports, athletic shoes with studded soles used for football or soccer (UK: Football boots, rugby boots)
conniption (fit) (slang) temper tantrum.
co-ed, coed female student at a coeducational college (e.g., "He saw the party as an opportunity to meet co-eds."); any group of people with members from both genders (e.g., "My soccer team is co-ed.")
comfort station a public toilet
condo colloquially, any owned (as opposed to rented) apartment (UK: flat); more strictly such an apartment or house with common areas controlled by and charged for by a homeowner association; short for condominium (England and Wales: commonhold)
cookout informal meal cooked and eaten outdoors, a cross between a picnic and a barbecue or a cooking competition taking place outdoors
cooties fictional disease, a term used by children (UK: germs, lurgy); also a term for lice
copacetic fine and dandy; good; well; A-OK; cool. Creole, perhaps from the French "Comme c'est sympathique"
costume party party where costumes are worn (UK: fancy-dress party)
cotton candy spun sugar often sold at fairs (UK: candy floss)
counterclockwise (UK: anti-clockwise)
coveralls a one-piece outer protective garment (UK: overall, boiler suit)
crapshoot risky and uncertain venture; from craps, a dice game
cremains the remains of a dead body after cremation (UK: remains, ashes)
criminy, crimony a mild oath or to express surprise; perhaps alteration of jiminy, gemini; probably euphemism for Late Latin Jesu domine ("Jesus Lord!") (UK: crumbs, etc.), of Christ or from Italian crimine (crime)
critter (informal) a creature; sometimes a term of endearment
D
deplane to disembark from an aeroplane
deputy or sheriff's deputy A paid county law enforcement official working for an elected sheriff; roughly equivalent to a police constable in the UK.
derby historically, a hat worn by men (UK: bowler)
diaper An absorbent undergarment (UK: nappy)
dime a 10-cent coin. Derived from the Old French word disme (the original spelling), meaning a tenth part or tithe, and ultimately from the Latin decima. Can also mean a ten dollar quantity of an illegal drug (or dime bag). Five-and-dime, dime store, a store selling cheap merchandise; a dime a dozen, so abundant as to be worth little (UK: ten a penny); on a dime, in a small space ("turn on a dime", UK: turn on a sixpence) or immediately ("stop on a dime", UK: stop on a sixpence); nickel-and-dime, originally an adjective meaning "involving small amounts of money" and then "insignificant", also a verb meaning "to rip-off by many seemingly insignificant charges" (the nickel [DM] is the 5-cent coin). In Britain, the old sixpence, a small coin of a comparable size and value ( new pence), is still used in similar expressions despite being replaced when a decimal currency was introduced in 1971.
direct deposit a method of payment by bank transfer, similar to European giro, almost exclusively used for deposits of pay checks or government benefits
discombobulated to be confused or disconcerted; (UK and US: discomposed) Sometimes now used with conscious, self-mocking irony by generally more formal British speakers.
dishrag a cloth for washing dishes (UK and US: dishcloth)
dishwashing liquid a liquid soap used for washing dishes (dishsoap) (UK: washing-up liquid)
dish towel a towel for drying dishes (UK: tea towel)
district attorney state or city public prosecutor (UK: Crown Prosecutor (England and Wales); Procurator Fiscal (Scotland))
divided highway a road with a highway median/central reservation (UK) (UK: dual carriageway)
docent a university lecturer; also a volunteer guide in a museum or similar institution
doohickey word used for an unknown item. (a thingamajig, thingamabob, or just a thingy) (UK: wotsit)
douche or douchebag * an insult for a contemptible person (from the device for rinsing the vagina or anus)
downspout pipe for carrying rainwater from a gutter to the ground (UK & US: drainpipe)
downtown* (noun, adv., adj.) (in, to, toward, or related to) either the lower section or the business center of a city or town—(used in UK but more common expression would be city centre or CBD)
drape, drapes (UK and US: curtain)
driver license, driver's license (UK: driving licence)
drugstore a pharmacy, or a store selling candy, magazines, etc. along with medicines (UK approx.: chemist or "corner shop" [DM])
druthers preference of one thing over another derived from a contraction of "I would rather" or "I'd rather" (e.g., "if I had my druthers, I'd...")
drywall gypsum board, plasterboard, or any process that builds interior walls without the use of water (UK: plasterboard)
dude * A man; a dandy; a city-dweller visiting a ranch. Often used to address a man.
Dumpster (trademark: might be becoming genericized) large trash receptacle (UK approx.: skip [DM]); to dumpster-dive, to rummage through a Dumpster
dweeb a boring, studious or socially inept person (a nerd, a geek or a "drip" an old-fashioned mild pejorative for someone exceptionally eccentric or lacking in social skills)
E
eggplant the plant Solanum melongena (UK: aubergine);
elephant ear Deep fried dough covered with cinnamon-sugar. Commonly found at fairs and carnivals.
elevator (UK: lift)
emergency brake brake in motor vehicle operated by a lever used to keep it stationary. Also referred to as an "E-brake". (UK and US: handbrake)
eminent domain the power of the government to take private property for public use (similar to UK compulsory purchase)
English muffin (UK: "muffin", "hot muffin")
envision * to envisage
eraser * (UK: rubber [DM])
expressway a type of limited-access road (UK: motorway)
exurb the ring of prosperous rural communities beyond the suburbs, see commuter town
F
fanny pack pouch-like bag that ties or snaps around the wearer's waist (UK: bum bag). In the UK 'fanny' is a vulgar slang term for the vulva and thus this word could cause offence.
faucet a valve for controlling the flow of a liquid (UK and US: tap [DM])
flack a publicist or press agent; sometimes also an alternate spelling of flak "negative commentary", which is used in the UK. Although flack "press agent" was first recorded just one year after flak "anti-aircraft fire" (from German Fliegerabwehrkanone "aircraft defence cannon"), the two are likely unrelated.
flashlight* portable battery-powered electric lamp (UK: usually torch)
flatware knives, spoons, and forks (as opposed to holloware); (UK usually cutlery [DM]
freeway (see article) (UK: motorway)
French press Device for making coffee (UK: cafetière)
freshman a first-year student in college or high school (fresher in UK)
French fries (or fries) * pieces of potato that have been deep-fried. (UK: chips [DM]; "French fries" is known via American fast food chains, due to which it usually refers to the thin, crispy variety of chips served there)
frosting A confection applied to cakes (US and UK: icing)
front desk (UK: reception)
frosh, see freshman
G
garbage (UK: rubbish)
garbage can (UK: dustbin or simply bin)
gasoline (abbreviated gas; esp. in the past also spelled gasolene) (UK: petrol)
gee whiz * as an interjection, an old-fashioned expression of admiration, surprise or enthusiasm (a euphemism for "Jesus"); as an adjective, denotes something characterized by or meant to cause excitement or sensation ("gee-whiz technology"; "a gee-whiz attitude")
general delivery (UK: poste restante)
get-go (git-go) the very beginning (of something); e.g. "I warned them right from the get-go."
GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) (UK: Residual-current device (RCD), or colloquially, breaker or circuit breaker) A safety device attached to consumer mains power supplies to prevent accidental electrocution and/or damage to connected equipment.
green thumb (UK: green fingers)
grifter a con artist, transient swindler, or professional gambler (US and UK: con man); also grift can mean an act of thievery or trickery
gotten Past participle of "get" (got in most of the UK); "gotten" is however of British origin, still retained in some older dialects, and is sometimes now used again under US influence. In American English there is a distinction in usage: "gotten" is used to refer to the process of acquisition, obtainment or to having entered a state over a matter of time, whereas "got" signifies possession.
grits A maize (sweetcorn) porridge common in the southern U.S. and relatively unknown in the UK
ground beef (UK) minced beef, or just mince
grunt Slang for infantryman: (UK: squaddie)
H
half bath a room for personal hygiene that lacks a shower or bathtub (i.e. a bathroom [DM], in the American sense of the term, which lacks a place to actually bathe). Equivalent to a British W.C..
hard candy (UK: boiled sweets)
heavy cream double cream (UK)
hickey a bruise on one's skin resulting from kissing or sucking (UK: love bite)
highball an alcoholic drink made with a spirit, particularly whisky, and water, soda water or any carbonated beverage, served in a tall glass with ice
ho The word "whore", also used as a derogatory term for any woman. The spelling is associated with African-American English.
hobo tramp; homeless, unskilled, itinerant worker; subculture of wandering homeless people, particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains.
hoecake A coarse cake of maize flour.
hominy maize kernels that have been soaked in a caustic solution then coarsely ground; see also grits
play hooky to play truant from school; to cut class (UK also: skive, bunk off or playing wag or wagging off or mooching)
horseback riding simply "riding" or horse riding in the UK
howdy (short for how do you do) casual greeting that originated in the Southern States. (UK How do?)
hush puppy a bite-sized ball of deep-fried cornmeal batter commonly eaten in southern America. (Non-existent in the UK, where "Hush Puppies" denotes the international brand of shoes of that name)
HVAC Heating + Ventilating (or Ventilation) + Air Conditioning; often pronounced "H-vack". (used in technical circles in the UK, where such systems are less common than in the US due to differences in climate)
I
intimate apparel lingerie; used mainly in advertisements.
J
jack off, jerk off * (slang) to masturbate; UK usage would be "to wank". If used as a disparaging noun, as in "that guy is such a jackoff [or jerkoff]", the UK equivalent would be "wanker" or "tosser". In this sense, sometimes written "jagoff", though this probably has a different derivation.
jackhammer (UK: pneumatic drill)
Jane Doe See John Doe.
jaywalking crossing or walking in the street or road unlawfully. There is no equivalent concept in UK law.
jeez minced oath for "Jesus", sometimes spelled geez
jerk someone around to unfairly delay, stymie, thwart or cause confusion, sometimes with the intent to defraud.
Jell-o (trademark) gelatin dessert (UK: jelly [DM])
john (slang) a toilet; also, the client of a prostitute
johnson (slang) penis (US and UK : willy)
John Doe unnamed defendant or victim (as in a lawsuit), or a person whose identity is unknown or is intended to be anonymous; also, an average man; compare John Q. Public (UK equivalent is Joe Bloggs, or John Smith). The female equivalent is Jane Doe, or less frequently "Jane Roe" as in Roe v. Wade. Also Baby Doe.
John Hancock a signature (from the name of the President of the Second Continental Congress, who was the first signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and wrote his signature the largest)—"put your John Hancock here". "John Henry" is also seen, using Hancock as a perceived homophone of "Hank", a common nickname of Henry. (UK: monicker.)
John Q. Public the common man, typical member of the general public. Also stated as Joe Public, Joe Blow, Joe Schmoe, Joe Six-Pack, Eddie Punchclock, or Joe Lunchbucket. (UK: Joe Bloggs, Joe Public)
K
kitty-corner, caddy-corner, also catty-corner see catercorner
L
ladybug a red, black-spotted beetle (UK: ladybird)
laundromat a public place to wash laundry (UK: laundrette or launderette)
layer cake (UK: sandwich cake or (in the context of cakes) sandwich
learner's permit a restricted license for a person learning to drive, who has not yet passed the necessary driver's test (rules vary from state to state); also called driver's permit (UK: provisional driving licence)
left field * a notional source of unexpected or illogical questions, ideas, etc. ("that proposal came out of left field") Defined by the Merriam-Webster online American dictionary as having American baseball-related origins
(the) Lower 48 used mainly by Alaskans, this is a colloquialism for the 48 Contiguous United States. The more general term Outside may be used for any part of US territory outside Alaska, such as Hawaii or Puerto Rico as well.
license plate*, license tag vehicle registration plate (UK: number plate)
lumber wood used for commercial purposes (UK timber)
lunch meat another term for luncheon meat (UK and US)
M
mail carrier, mailman a person who delivers mail to residences and businesses; also letter carrier (UK and US: postman, postwoman, although the term "postal worker" is encouraged so as to remain gender-neutral)
main street The principal street of a small town or city, on which most of its retail businesses are situated, or a metaphor for smaller cities and/or small businesses in general. The phrase "Wall Street vs. Main Street" (or variants thereof) is sometimes used to make the distinction between big and small business (UK: usually high street, although main street is commonly used in Scotland).
mass transit (UK: public transport)
math mathematics (UK: maths).
maven expert, guru; from Yiddish.
midsize medium size
Miranda (Miranda warning) the warning (usually "You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law." etc.) given to criminal suspects before interrogation; (Miranda rights) the rights stated in the warning, as established in the United States Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona; hence mirandize, to recite the Miranda warning to (a criminal suspect). In the UK this is referred to as "reading rights" or "cautioned as to his rights" (not to be confused with a police caution).
mohawk a type of haircut (UK: mohican)
mom, momma, mommy, also mama*, mamma mother (UK often: mum[my], mam, ma)
mom-and-pop single-family operated small business ("a mom-and-pop store") (UK and US: family business)
mono / mononucleosis (UK: glandular fever)
mortician (UK and US: undertaker, funeral director)
moxie courage, daring, and energy as in "This guy's got moxie!" (from an advertisement for an American soft drink from Northern New England)
N
narc / nark law enforcement narcotics agent; but 'to narc on' someone is to inform on them to an authority figure, used also as a noun labeling a person who does such (UK and New Zealand: grass)
New York minute (colloquial) an instant, a very short time period
night crawler earthworm or worm
nightstand encompassed by bedside table
nightstick historically, a police officer's weapon (UK: truncheon)
nix nothing; to cancel or disallow
normalcy normality. Used, although not coined, by President Warren G. Harding ("a return to normalcy", Harding's 1920 presidential campaign slogan)
O
obligated (archaic or dated in UK; UK and US: obliged)
off-the-rack clothes bought straight from a store (UK: off-the-peg)
oftentimes * often (archaic in Britain but colloquial in America, especially clause-initially)
ornery irritable, crotchety, cranky, troublemaking (from ordinary); very mild and may situationally be used affectionately
overpass * (UK and US: flyover)
P
pantyhose (UK: sheer tights) In the U.S. "tights" is used for similar non-sheer garments; "pantyhose" refers only to sheer or semi-sheer nylon-based tights
paper route a regular series of newspaper deliveries (UK: paper round)
parking garage multi-storey car park
parking lot a usually outside area for the parking of automobiles (UK: car park)
penitentiary prison; gaol/jail.
penny-ante (adj.) petty, insignificant—from penny ante, poker played for a very low ante
person of color a person who is not white. See also colored.
plastic wrap thin, clear plastic used for covering or wrapping food (UK: cling-film)
Plexiglas Trade name for Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a transparent thermoplastic sometimes called "acrylic glass" (UK: Perspex)
plumber's butt or plumber's crack buttock cleavage, also called the working man's smile (UK: builder's bum, brickie's bum or builder's cleavage)
plushie, plush toy soft toy (UK: cuddly toy). Also in the U.S.: stuffed animal, not to be confused with a dead animal mounted by a taxidermist.
Popsicle A trademarked brand of frozen juice, or flavored ice on a stick. The term is widely used to describe all such confections without regard to brand. (UK: ice lolly)
porch pirate Person who steals packages from unsuspecting customers' porches or front door areas.
powdered sugar (UK: icing sugar)
R
rain check used metaphorically to indicate that the person cannot accept the current invitation but would like to be invited to a future event. Stores may give a coupon to purchase the item later at the advertised price. Originated in the US as a coupon given to a baseball ticket-holder when a game was cancelled because of rain; it would entitle the holder to attend a replacement game for no charge.
railroad (UK and US: railway). Also, to send someone to prison without a fair trial.
raised pavement marker commonly called reflector, Botts' dot or cat's eye (UK: cat's eye)
rambunctious excessively boisterous
rappel to descend on a rope (UK: abseil)
Realtor (trademark) member of the National Association of Realtors; as a genericized trademark, any real estate broker or real estate agent (UK: estate agent)
restroom a toilet, particularly a public one.
RIF, RIF'd abbreviation for Reduction In Force; i.e. to be honorably discharged from employment (UK: redundancy, made redundant, laid off *, paid off)
roil to render muddy by stirring up the dregs of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc., in casks or bottles; to roil a spring; also, to disquiet or disturb (also rile in the sense of "to anger", riled up for "angry")
roustabout an unskilled laborer, especially at an oil field, at a circus, or on a ship. Used in the oil industry in the UK.
rowhouse (UK: terraced house)
Rube Goldberg device Absurdly complex machine (UK: Heath Robinson device)
rutabaga the turnip Brassica napus napobrassica (UK: swede)
RV (recreational vehicle) see article for usage of the terms RV, motor home, and the British camper [DM] and caravan [DM]
RV park (UK: caravan site or less usually caravan park)
S
Saran wrap (trademark) plastic wrap. Increasingly genericized without regard to brand. (UK: cling film)
sawbuck sawhorse; also a ten dollar bill (so named because some designs incorporated the Roman number ten, or "X", which resembles a sawhorse)
scads great amounts
scallion * also used in Ireland; also known as spring onion in Great Britain and the US
scalper ticket tout
Scotch-Irish (North) Americans who are identified as having descended from Scottish people who settled in Northern Ireland and Irish Protestants; also Scots-Irish (UK: Ulster Scots)
Scotch Tape (trademark) sticky tape (UK: Sellotape [trademark])
scuttlebutt gossip, rumor; originally meant water fountain (UK: rumour)
self-rising flour self-raising flour
shill * a person pretending to a member of the general public to lend credibility or excitement to a confidence scheme; e.g., a person who claims to have received benefit from snake oil. Recently popularized in the UK by eBay ("shill bidding" or bidding to drum up excitement with no intention of buying). The UK equivalent to a shill would be a "plant", from having someone "planted" in an audience or amongst bystanders. The term "plant" is equally used and understood in the United States.
shredded cheese grated cheese
shuck the husk of an ear of corn (maize), an oyster shell, etc.; used in plural to mean something worthless or as an interjection ("shucks!"); (verb) to remove the shuck; also, to discard, get rid of, remove ("I shucked my coat")
shyster* A lawyer or accountant of dubious ethical standards. This phrase commonly indicates a person with no ethical restraints. (From German Scheister)
sidewalk usually paved path for pedestrian traffic, often constructed of concrete or less usually of stone (UK: pavement [DM], footpath [DM], legally footway)
sidewalk superintendent someone spectating a construction or demolition job (UK: bystander [DM])
skim milk (UK: skimmed milk)
skosh a little bit. See also List of English words of Japanese origin
s'more (usually pl.) A camp fire treat consisting of a roasted marshmallow and a slab of chocolate sandwiched between two pieces of graham cracker. Contraction from "some more"
sneaker (usually pl.) a form of footwear, also called tennis shoe or "gym shoe"—see regional vocabularies of American English (UK: trainer, plimsoll, regional dap, pump, [DM])
snuck colloquial past tense and past participle form of "sneak" (US standard and UK: sneaked)
soccer used in the UK but the sport is mainly known as "football" (or fully as association football); historically most common among the middle and upper classes in the UK (i.e. outside the game's traditional core support base); more common in Ireland to avoid confusion with Gaelic football. In the US, an unqualified reference to "football" would normally be understood to mean American football.
soda fountain (see article)
soda pop (UK: soft/fizzy/carbonated drink [with CO2 e.g. Coca-Cola], pop)
sophomore a second-year college or high school student (Trinity College Dublin has sophister in this sense); (adj.) the second in a series (as in, an athlete's "sophomore season", a band's "sophomore album")
specialty * (UK: speciality, though specialty is used in law and medicine)
special election (UK: by-election)
spelunking exploring caves for fun: (UK and US: caving)(UK: potholing)
spring break an extended holiday or party for students occurring during March and April (UK: Easter holiday)
spyglass a telescope or set of lenses used to observe subjects at distance (once common in UK usage, but now only in dialect)
station wagon an automobile with extended rear cargo area (UK: estate (car))
steam shovel a large mechanical excavator (UK: digger or JCB (genericized trademark))
steno (short for "stenographer") (UK: shorthand typist)
stickshift, stick (car with) manual transmission, as opposed to an automatic (UK and US: gear stick or gear lever for the stick; manual for the car)
stool pigeon, stoolie police informer (UK: grass) (from the use of captive birds as hunting decoys)
stop light (UK and US: traffic light)
streetcar vehicle on rails for passenger transportation [DM] usually within a city; also called trolley [DM] or trolley car if electrically powered by means of a trolley (UK and US: tram)
strep throat a sore throat caused by Streptococcus
stroller vehicle for baby transportation featuring the child in a sitting position, usually facing forward (UK: pushchair, buggy [DM])
SUV * Sport-Utility Vehicle. A 4×4 ("four by four") in the UK; in the US "4×4" usually refers to a four wheel drive pickup truck
sweatpants (UK: track bottoms, tracksuit bottoms)
T
tailpipe exhaust pipe
takeout (UK: takeaway; Scotland and US also carry-out)
teeter(-totter), teeterboard (UK and US: a seesaw)
telecast to broadcast by television
teleprompter (see article) (UK: compare autocue)
thru* Through. An abbreviation mostly used in the fast food industry, as in Drive Thru. Also used in traffic signs ("Thru Traffic Keep Left"; i.e., traffic that is continuing through an interchange rather than exiting should keep to the left) and occasionally road names ("New York State Thruway") and sometimes in newspaper headlines. Seen in the UK at McDonald's, Burger King etc.
thumbtack short nail or pin with a large, rounded metal head suitable for driving in by hand (UK: drawing pin)
track and field meeting * (track meet) (UK usually athletics meeting [DM]); see also track [DM]
trackless trolley a trolleybus; see trolley in [DM]
trash rubbish, waste. Originating in Middle English and used by Shakespeare, the term fell from use in Britain. See also "garbage"
trashcan (UK: dustbin, rubbish bin, bin)
travel trailer (UK: caravan)
turn signal direction-indicator lights (UK usually indicators; US and UK also blinkers [DM])
two-bits literally, worth 25 cents or a quarter (a bit is an eighth of a dollar); figuratively, worth very little, insignificant (informal). (UK: two bob, but almost obsolete and more common in London and the south-east; likewise Mickey Mouse).
two cents, two cents' worth an opinion, a piece of one's mind (as in, "I'm gonna go down there and give him my two cents") - (UK similar: two pence, two penneth, two penn'orth or tuppence worth)
U
undershirt an upper undergarment with no collar, and with short or no sleeves, worn next to the skin under a shirt (UK: vest [DM], semmit in Scotland and Northern Ireland )
upscale relating to goods targeted at high-income consumers (UK: upmarket)
uptown (noun, adj., adv.) (in, to, toward, or related to) either the upper section or the residential district of a city; e.g., in Manhattan, New York City the term refers to the northern end of Manhattan, generally speaking, north of 59th Street; see also Uptown, Minneapolis; Uptown, Chicago; Uptown New Orleans; compare downtown. Often has implications of being a desirable or upscale neighborhood. However, in Butte, Montana and Charlotte, North Carolina, "Uptown" refers to what would be called "downtown" in most other cities.
V
vacationer someone taking a vacation [DM] (UK: holidaymaker)
vacay informal shortening of vacation (comparable to UK hols)
vajayjay (slang) vagina
variety meats offal
varmint or varmit (UK and US: vermin)
W
washcloth (UK: flannel, UK often and US less frequently facecloth; US less frequently also washrag)
washrag See washcloth
wastebasket synonym for trash can, especially one intended for light waste (UK: wastepaper basket)
weatherization* weatherproofing of buildings, occasionally used in the UK but would be spelled weatherisation
windshield the front window of an automobile (UK: windscreen)
winningest superlative of adjective winning; having most wins or championships (especially in sporting contexts)
wiseguy a mobster; also smartass (e.g., "hey, wiseguy…")
woodsy abundant in trees, suggestive of woods; woody, wooded
Y
y'all (regional — Southern American, African-American, and Appalachian) contraction of Ye all, used as second-person dual or plural pronoun. (e.g., "Hey, are y'all coming to the dance?") Also all y'all, comparable in meaning and register to north-English, Northern Irish and Scottish "youse, yous".
yellow light as in the color at a stoplight (q.v.) or traffic lights (UK: amber)
yinz, yunz, you'uns (Western Pennsylvania, especially Pittsburgh) plural you; derived from you ones. Likewise youse in Philadelphia.
Z
zee name of the last letter of the English alphabet (UK: zed)
zinger a witty, often caustic remark; something supposed to cause surprise or shock
ZIP code (for Zone Improvement Plan) the postal code used by the United States Postal Service composed of 5 digits as in 90210, sometimes a suffix of 4 digits after a hyphen is used. (UK equivalent: postcode or post code or rarely postal code)
zipper * (UK usually zip [DM])
zucchini the plant Cucurbita pepo, also zucchini squash (UK: courgette, closely related to the larger marrow)
See also
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: A–L
List of words having different meanings in British and American English: M–Z
List of British words not widely used in the United States
References
External links
British and American terms, Oxford Dictionaries
Words, American, not widely used in the United Kingdom, List of
Lists of English words
American English words
Wikipedia glossaries | [
-0.06634768843650818,
0.6125601530075073,
-0.07725858688354492,
-0.6189931035041809,
-0.2137865275144577,
0.2118670791387558,
0.8994840979576111,
0.9205761551856995,
-0.4114816188812256,
-0.07198064029216766,
-0.32559967041015625,
0.026871737092733383,
0.013731656596064568,
0.3745713233947754,
0.030671270564198494,
0.34559735655784607,
-0.1402287483215332,
0.7680945992469788,
0.32880735397338867,
0.05686376616358757,
-0.10142041742801666,
-0.1216982752084732,
0.3250294625759125,
-0.7081262469291687,
0.284305602312088,
0.0316949337720871,
0.7284538745880127,
-0.4664752185344696,
-0.8960524797439575,
-0.5052478313446045,
-0.21216413378715515,
1.043944001197815,
-0.08861056715250015,
0.10345695167779922,
0.13627876341342926,
-0.24526265263557434,
0.28466087579727173,
-0.5387507677078247,
0.19181455671787262,
-0.502620279788971,
-0.2976601719856262,
-0.36809661984443665,
0.7461070418357849,
0.19939981400966644,
-0.22147104144096375,
-0.5027945041656494,
-1.9651774168014526,
-0.16493892669677734,
-1.0162345170974731,
0.09508910030126572,
-0.42765358090400696,
0.12353763729333878,
0.725701093673706,
0.338040828704834,
-0.09913063794374466,
0.7099303007125854,
-0.6770873069763184,
-0.3485826551914215,
0.3865121901035309,
0.5046365261077881,
0.6857428550720215,
0.4165366590023041,
-0.12238260358572006,
0.09803083539009094,
0.5907068252563477,
0.43311384320259094,
-0.4047171175479889,
0.3599192202091217,
-0.8009965419769287,
-0.06409816443920135,
-0.25487440824508667,
-0.3757893145084381,
0.23816531896591187,
0.15188750624656677,
-0.13081373274326324,
0.3625921905040741,
-0.13221919536590576,
0.33650287985801697,
-0.07845068722963333,
-0.5156697630882263,
0.08965785056352615,
0.2915286421775818,
0.7142487168312073,
-0.444030225276947,
0.1442646086215973,
0.3301302194595337,
-0.5948992967605591,
-0.12374874204397202,
-0.0036611766554415226,
0.6527681350708008,
0.3774752914905548,
0.2852349579334259,
0.1434311717748642,
0.004692437127232552,
-0.09655064344406128,
-0.16070088744163513,
-0.038460902869701385,
0.007965167053043842,
-0.10018400102853775,
0.23168163001537323,
-0.10767321288585663,
0.2796782851219177,
1.142992615699768,
-0.5297446250915527,
-0.7009619474411011,
-0.16772325336933136,
-0.388006329536438,
0.1152099072933197,
0.750425398349762,
-0.9263963103294373,
-0.2478148341178894,
0.5739078521728516,
0.2953069806098938,
0.07443699985742569,
-0.6101468205451965,
0.20607340335845947,
0.5181288719177246,
0.7325916886329651,
0.009884764440357685,
-0.0845288634300232,
0.20697534084320068,
0.8398218750953674,
0.33374130725860596,
-0.22227488458156586,
0.4593150019645691,
0.37432754039764404,
0.323126882314682,
-0.15783420205116272,
0.20883330702781677,
0.44182783365249634,
0.1717328578233719,
0.8780540823936462,
-0.3364160656929016,
-0.335604727268219,
-0.22581177949905396,
-0.4220263361930847,
0.4687262773513794,
0.24088597297668457,
0.5975470542907715,
0.7512855529785156,
-0.5381951928138733,
-0.13877397775650024,
-1.6212053298950195,
-0.1251271516084671,
0.42341622710227966,
-0.0715559870004654,
-0.5051437020301819,
-0.3938475549221039,
-0.17242024838924408,
0.3668374717235565,
0.4454783499240875,
-0.3809755742549896,
0.17311587929725647,
0.428004652261734,
0.17681464552879333,
0.10979805141687393,
0.3686538338661194,
-0.19989390671253204,
0.16794079542160034,
0.2560769319534302,
-0.2689814865589142,
0.08790461719036102,
-0.06590677797794342,
0.1952211558818817,
0.1266256719827652,
-0.015158628113567829,
0.2908706068992615,
0.009197310544550419,
0.0010460143676027656,
0.2983526885509491,
-0.07756641507148743,
-0.16021908819675446,
0.611216127872467,
-0.3567642271518707,
0.2771155536174774,
0.00023412631708197296,
0.0060847667045891285,
0.15556281805038452,
0.3954649269580841,
-0.2277919054031372,
-0.5491586923599243,
0.36037057638168335,
0.07646665722131729,
-0.35908764600753784,
0.19346469640731812,
-0.10342869162559509,
0.6392618417739868,
-0.07492313534021378,
-0.13343387842178345,
-0.016795560717582703,
-0.042725056409835815,
-1.0338505506515503,
0.037237491458654404,
-0.46980148553848267,
0.5902599692344666,
0.4187276065349579,
-0.4019569754600525,
0.48970916867256165,
0.05074143782258034,
0.7298874855041504,
-0.0542588084936142,
-0.15317222476005554,
0.004527126904577017,
0.6420546770095825,
-0.3489210605621338,
1.3975191116333008,
0.045784153044223785,
0.16227467358112335,
0.5781147480010986,
0.5055845379829407,
0.48763808608055115,
-0.7124919891357422,
0.1101369634270668,
-0.14498543739318848,
0.15337684750556946,
-0.18239369988441467,
0.47614404559135437,
-0.040124647319316864,
-0.07567377388477325,
-0.42228633165359497,
0.7977778911590576,
0.12555548548698425,
0.35278499126434326,
0.010788310319185257,
-0.3042353093624115,
0.40622326731681824,
-0.07881689071655273,
0.18352428078651428,
-0.11048521101474762,
-1.1624295711517334,
0.823315441608429,
-0.2304726243019104,
0.04076287895441055,
-0.7473702430725098,
-0.41180288791656494,
-0.8322558403015137,
-0.3379113972187042,
-0.13516461849212646,
0.4134473204612732,
0.03326011449098587,
-0.033873870968818665,
-0.10748559236526489,
-0.6039775013923645,
0.16789695620536804,
0.05756739154458046,
0.08129296451807022,
0.24777154624462128,
0.13284458220005035,
0.4541071951389313,
-0.11177976429462433,
1.071136713027954,
0.25025680661201477,
0.26992934942245483,
-0.1741262525320053,
0.19104458391666412,
0.5010137557983398,
-0.28194406628608704,
0.36180180311203003,
0.38428834080696106,
0.3140009045600891,
-0.7058603167533875,
0.7944247126579285,
0.19157066941261292,
0.33221033215522766,
-0.2666964828968048,
-0.350646048784256,
-0.35966983437538147,
-0.7384824156761169,
0.1689351499080658,
-0.14741134643554688,
0.13593989610671997,
0.03296202793717384,
-0.8507449626922607,
-1.4824812412261963,
0.34360140562057495,
0.4601820111274719,
0.21999196708202362,
0.033206600695848465,
-0.5977519750595093,
-0.050353433936834335,
0.010847924277186394,
0.6587797999382019,
-0.019015079364180565,
-0.20046330988407135,
-0.22350507974624634,
-0.6312165260314941,
0.5586585998535156,
-0.37843504548072815,
0.2051495909690857,
-0.06786416471004486,
-0.3772367238998413,
-0.18204408884048462,
-0.38905447721481323,
0.16211186349391937,
-0.11096633225679398,
-0.1067063957452774,
0.07868378609418869,
0.2866035997867584,
-0.26490795612335205,
-0.2272113561630249,
-0.47917428612709045,
0.4513412117958069,
-0.28357821702957153,
-0.38906821608543396,
0.06223270297050476,
-0.1234896332025528,
-0.2317599654197693,
-0.19772423803806305,
-5.381103992462158,
0.2285826951265335,
-0.6454154849052429,
-0.18601486086845398,
0.4029224216938019,
0.15082478523254395,
0.499805212020874,
-0.2784822881221771,
-0.8229929804801941,
0.3436168134212494,
0.08556852489709854,
-0.07120806723833084,
0.036291275173425674,
0.3886723518371582,
0.5558658242225647,
0.032925207167863846,
0.16472986340522766,
-0.2231980711221695,
0.14696484804153442,
0.24785929918289185,
0.15145176649093628,
0.6760245561599731,
0.5334796905517578,
0.4008292257785797,
0.4710504412651062,
1.03940749168396,
0.03488802909851074,
0.14464348554611206,
-0.49328938126564026,
-0.08905307203531265,
0.367152601480484,
0.1880490928888321,
0.4223513603210449,
-0.5430102348327637,
-0.2755275070667267,
-0.2838142216205597,
0.35073065757751465,
0.4252370595932007,
0.5315992832183838,
-0.42724207043647766,
-0.24048210680484772,
0.5499811768531799,
0.1553015261888504,
0.34656667709350586,
0.5557355880737305,
0.07610869407653809,
-0.2917984426021576,
-0.39505359530448914,
-0.1489807367324829,
0.8353415727615356,
-0.5056412816047668,
0.3106537461280823,
0.42853397130966187,
0.5739054083824158,
-0.227412149310112,
-0.07253352552652359,
0.5120803713798523,
0.24142371118068695,
-0.003949553705751896,
-0.47334226965904236,
0.5727656483650208,
-0.6482195258140564,
-0.1720895618200302,
-0.4478236734867096,
0.06018601357936859,
-0.9669044613838196,
-0.4721086621284485,
-0.20947986841201782,
0.3529881238937378,
0.4267834722995758,
-0.543626070022583,
-0.4169420003890991,
-0.12269362062215805,
-0.7001655101776123,
0.16821761429309845,
-0.2410547286272049,
-0.27855730056762695,
0.17327730357646942,
0.1452130228281021,
0.169320747256279,
-0.15182755887508392,
0.101410411298275,
-0.512847900390625,
0.8350692987442017,
-0.06506098806858063,
-0.7579746246337891,
-0.6471543312072754,
0.22305415570735931,
-0.8776314854621887,
-0.715539813041687,
0.12020180374383926,
-0.10663394629955292,
0.026231469586491585,
-0.10453936457633972,
0.2796250879764557,
0.2790146470069885,
0.4873238503932953,
-0.17591208219528198,
0.1921970099210739,
-0.398826003074646,
0.06952015310525894,
-0.5980269312858582,
0.04825271666049957,
-0.548760175704956,
0.024409646168351173,
-0.30981335043907166,
-0.5487346053123474,
0.6422184109687805,
0.23470766842365265,
-0.7604767084121704,
-0.34752383828163147,
-0.2959822416305542,
-0.47752755880355835,
0.2610071003437042,
-0.03390293940901756,
0.13828414678573608,
0.03831734508275986,
0.33433523774147034,
0.06300315260887146,
0.2016364187002182,
0.08562343567609787,
0.05884573981165886,
-0.046997468918561935,
-0.16803069412708282,
-0.5489575862884521,
-0.6800206899642944,
-0.12958715856075287,
-0.06262171268463135,
-0.5083775520324707,
-0.01930629462003708,
-0.08836140483617783,
-0.11967743933200836,
-0.2899569869041443,
-0.1632697582244873,
0.25319141149520874,
-0.00627874955534935,
0.08425195515155792,
0.6985970735549927,
-0.03397052735090256,
-0.6884654760360718,
0.4435647428035736,
-0.8129482269287109,
-0.04626486822962761,
0.2806987464427948,
0.2623975872993469,
0.41624194383621216,
0.4119289517402649,
-0.16687451303005219,
-0.6372853517532349,
0.5651760101318359,
0.13672992587089539,
0.055839456617832184,
0.18037492036819458,
-0.5078607797622681,
-0.12078855186700821,
0.03497687354683876,
0.24025467038154602,
0.471946120262146,
-0.7530582547187805,
-0.3948032557964325,
0.03923756256699562,
-0.33955278992652893,
-0.6998904943466187,
-0.018637066707015038,
0.6390981674194336,
-0.8770366311073303,
0.13502028584480286,
-0.05688145011663437,
-0.2722932696342468,
0.9181234240531921,
0.03216845914721489,
0.1980462670326233,
-0.6608723998069763,
0.20333188772201538,
0.5177237391471863,
-0.07550322264432907,
0.12254781275987625,
0.24785414338111877,
-0.03033515252172947,
0.05179809033870697,
0.08042087405920029,
-0.4881211221218109,
0.10659660398960114,
0.5733250379562378,
0.1753276139497757,
-0.28234586119651794,
-0.02710414119064808,
-0.22279979288578033,
-0.21111395955085754,
-0.4493439495563507,
0.1441367119550705,
0.36986133456230164,
0.7081702947616577,
0.18143534660339355,
-0.79213947057724,
-0.1517532616853714,
0.18129056692123413,
0.4887838065624237,
-0.20206080377101898,
-0.15411144495010376,
0.8719553351402283,
0.3807465136051178,
-0.30897706747055054,
0.0619867779314518,
-0.10407235473394394,
-0.6667694449424744,
0.27250775694847107,
0.1482485830783844,
-0.8365287780761719,
0.6309255957603455,
-0.08298081159591675,
-1.156672477722168,
-0.46901148557662964,
0.029675278812646866,
-0.43214789032936096,
-0.3900992274284363,
0.08694829791784286,
0.3040277063846588,
0.06936316937208176,
-0.1610897183418274,
0.18587902188301086,
-0.16851237416267395,
-0.2017403542995453,
-0.3238767683506012,
0.012382440268993378,
0.2998395264148712,
0.06390248239040375,
-0.7283350825309753,
0.8465664386749268,
-0.27967971563339233,
-0.2836932837963104,
-0.05558773875236511,
0.7210455536842346,
0.5057511925697327,
-0.06582460552453995,
0.480270117521286,
-0.8782423734664917,
-0.15015433728694916,
-0.025143316015601158,
0.5171253085136414,
0.6446401476860046,
0.4817180037498474,
-0.030386293306946754,
-0.6961668729782104,
-0.682917594909668,
0.6492519974708557,
0.43710750341415405,
-0.6656662225723267,
-0.6341246366500854,
0.2574167847633362,
0.15040311217308044,
-0.501511812210083,
-0.6770002245903015,
-0.28430476784706116,
0.6409669518470764,
-0.20951883494853973,
-0.2345999777317047,
0.5240864157676697,
-0.16219830513000488,
0.16273367404937744,
-0.05129607021808624,
0.1012977659702301,
-0.18521739542484283,
0.8985634446144104,
-0.022487543523311615,
0.10445870459079742,
0.05831523612141609,
0.025486933067440987,
0.5646143555641174,
-0.32352378964424133,
-0.4940486550331116,
-0.2541465163230896,
-0.2595013678073883,
0.1533409059047699,
0.12019812315702438,
-0.7428939342498779,
0.0890343189239502,
-0.8134788274765015,
0.3204249143600464,
-0.06599368900060654,
0.4403740167617798,
0.009143157862126827,
0.24271489679813385,
-0.41616353392601013,
0.35406744480133057,
-0.2319958209991455,
-0.33182743191719055,
0.014112181961536407,
-0.33461979031562805,
-0.020328884944319725,
-0.26300179958343506,
0.07847298681735992,
-0.5278347730636597,
0.44757500290870667,
-0.5645405650138855,
-0.057532042264938354,
0.11339515447616577,
-0.14678886532783508,
0.1356697529554367,
-0.440923810005188,
-0.5837684869766235,
0.570957362651825,
0.01537358108907938,
-0.3937491476535797,
0.3182400166988373,
0.42931923270225525,
-0.0770600289106369,
-0.1795227825641632,
0.2947618067264557,
-0.27784159779548645,
-0.05819080024957657,
0.3517545461654663,
0.38335102796554565,
1.1694663763046265,
0.41924479603767395,
-0.08892577141523361,
0.01867511495947838,
-0.7122045755386353,
-0.3054175078868866,
0.38362905383110046,
0.17249839007854462,
-0.818735659122467,
0.4505190849304199,
0.21488890051841736,
-0.4611954987049103,
0.6995704174041748,
0.03943391516804695,
-0.6173601150512695,
0.6043275594711304,
0.23483353853225708,
0.2697269320487976,
0.15521429479122162,
-0.5489820837974548,
0.29231926798820496,
-0.5042964220046997,
-0.31894201040267944,
-0.1878557652235031,
-0.3873877227306366,
-0.3512512445449829,
0.4354449212551117,
0.07530880719423294,
0.25420108437538147,
0.22425758838653564,
-0.39994803071022034,
-0.23384042084217072,
-0.36976489424705505,
-0.2386421412229538,
-0.16527758538722992,
0.22416523098945618,
-0.3692581057548523,
0.26081717014312744,
0.529449462890625,
0.2636788785457611,
-0.2859993577003479,
0.2762055993080139,
-0.30209654569625854,
-0.18509766459465027,
-0.3915138244628906,
-0.2449256330728531,
-1.540791630744934,
-0.2351885288953781,
0.4538602828979492,
-0.3110140860080719,
-0.04577629268169403,
-0.16103166341781616,
-0.000980531214736402,
0.5458856821060181,
0.2248869091272354,
-0.21295657753944397,
0.4202408790588379,
0.4838253855705261,
-0.09251850098371506,
0.1033027321100235,
-0.28929683566093445,
0.1640263795852661,
0.4479985535144806,
0.48519521951675415,
-0.08379299193620682,
0.20428435504436493,
-0.4811267554759979,
-0.16695640981197357,
0.24743278324604034,
-0.40596064925193787,
-0.2657490670681,
0.5892754793167114,
-0.0548090822994709,
-0.4337323307991028,
0.18908724188804626,
-0.27701666951179504,
0.16466228663921356,
-0.34162649512290955,
-0.5744931101799011,
-0.1848268210887909,
-0.34060171246528625,
-0.7669151425361633,
-0.4074319303035736,
-0.4011220633983612,
0.6103357672691345,
-0.013772492296993732,
-0.18854530155658722,
0.1892787665128708,
0.1402675360441208,
0.21645765006542206,
0.49305012822151184,
-0.2345397025346756,
0.47964245080947876,
-0.1635911613702774,
0.6056235432624817,
-0.5200809240341187,
0.21178308129310608,
0.17941372096538544,
-0.038619790226221085,
-0.21494849026203156,
0.34259334206581116,
0.013967565260827541,
0.2310713678598404,
0.20499703288078308,
-0.17529438436031342,
-0.26285895705223083,
-0.12352076917886734,
0.25737473368644714,
-0.035771433264017105,
0.05172070488333702,
0.37370407581329346,
-0.07869640737771988,
-0.224106565117836,
0.19846275448799133,
0.4343007206916809,
-0.5250252485275269,
0.31987112760543823,
-0.4565873146057129,
0.3500886559486389,
-0.04738308861851692,
-0.07906896620988846,
-0.1295078992843628,
0.583379864692688,
0.3858025074005127,
1.0471503734588623,
0.08572600781917572,
0.1343206763267517,
-0.2015119045972824,
0.14362862706184387,
0.46431195735931396,
0.3705591559410095,
-2.462454080581665,
-0.15145158767700195,
-0.2597995102405548,
-0.38558119535446167,
-0.13905514776706696,
0.3567141592502594,
0.1544191837310791,
-0.14981748163700104,
-0.2811553478240967,
-0.009481072425842285,
0.3293064534664154,
-0.3369376063346863,
-0.12655071914196014,
-0.6030988097190857,
0.4858088195323944,
0.43925219774246216
] |
233410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama-gi | Ama-gi | Ama-gi is a Sumerian word written ama-gi4 or ama-ar-gi4. It has been translated as "freedom", as well as "manumission", "exemption from debts or obligations", and "the restoration of persons and property to their original status" including the remission of debts. Other interpretations include a "reversion to a previous state" and release from debt, slavery, taxation or punishment.
The word originates from the noun ama "mother" (sometimes with the enclitic dative case marker ar), and the present participle gi4 "return, restore, put back", thus literally meaning "returning to mother". Assyriologist Samuel Noah Kramer has identified it as the first known written reference to the concept of freedom. Referring to its literal meaning "return to the mother", he wrote in 1963 that "we still do not know why this figure of speech came to be used for 'freedom'."
The earliest known usage of the word was in the reforms of Urukagina. By the Third Dynasty of Ur, it was used as a legal term for the manumission of individuals.
It is related to the Akkadian word anduraāru(m), meaning "freedom", "exemption" and "release from (debt) slavery".
A number of libertarian organizations have adopted the cuneiform glyph as a symbol claiming it is "the earliest-known written appearance of the word 'freedom'". It is used as a logo by the Instituto Político para la Libertad of Peru, the New Economic School – Georgia, Libertarian publishing firm Liberty Fund, and was the name and logo of the journal of the London School of Economics' Hayek Society.
References
Sumerian words and phrases
Slavery in Asia
Slavery in antiquity | [
0.23715995252132416,
0.542932391166687,
-0.188090518116951,
-0.43713879585266113,
-1.1019996404647827,
0.3989228904247284,
0.2925451695919037,
-0.20174789428710938,
-0.23521363735198975,
0.07831484079360962,
-0.5682209134101868,
0.6004326939582825,
-0.5075533390045166,
-0.09052353352308273,
-0.07296955585479736,
0.3256432116031647,
0.2160198986530304,
0.5705986618995667,
-0.42081159353256226,
-0.13145631551742554,
0.48253127932548523,
0.028440356254577637,
0.1588667631149292,
-0.38886353373527527,
0.43387216329574585,
0.5657477378845215,
0.6399035453796387,
0.16248588263988495,
0.4021144509315491,
-0.29526251554489136,
-0.3123084306716919,
0.6668524146080017,
0.16685613989830017,
-0.1364675909280777,
0.19396525621414185,
0.21075615286827087,
-0.14105324447155,
-0.04182260483503342,
-0.02130723185837269,
-0.1395595520734787,
0.17658627033233643,
-0.7715167999267578,
-0.09513672441244125,
0.24513933062553406,
-0.4624389111995697,
-0.29069122672080994,
-1.7225087881088257,
0.3338594436645508,
-0.9899574518203735,
0.15024209022521973,
-1.0398614406585693,
0.332031786441803,
-0.7975520491600037,
0.4107966423034668,
0.3420388996601105,
1.0444520711898804,
-1.1424182653427124,
-0.5315475463867188,
0.48564499616622925,
0.12093435227870941,
0.594353973865509,
-0.5204246640205383,
0.09894999861717224,
0.10746260732412338,
-0.6738678812980652,
0.3934779763221741,
-0.4351217448711395,
0.3132646083831787,
-0.47145816683769226,
-0.6118249893188477,
-0.39431852102279663,
0.4042215943336487,
-0.5076172351837158,
-0.06473416835069656,
-0.5273520946502686,
0.11669915169477463,
-0.4419860541820526,
-0.3880108594894409,
0.4184439480304718,
-0.06753575056791306,
-0.40046682953834534,
-0.2630987763404846,
0.6343048810958862,
0.5016480088233948,
0.008880361914634705,
0.039922963827848434,
-0.616529107093811,
0.05125666782259941,
-0.6562213897705078,
0.9530787467956543,
0.25851917266845703,
-0.5269173979759216,
0.4080335795879364,
0.2686707079410553,
-0.5753026604652405,
0.08596336096525192,
-0.7242470383644104,
-0.306393027305603,
0.2609921097755432,
-0.0030886465683579445,
-0.5408157110214233,
0.4410495460033417,
0.004911136347800493,
0.03553646057844162,
-0.7801691889762878,
0.07016557455062866,
-0.23302754759788513,
-0.3778746724128723,
-0.07815427333116531,
-0.32629331946372986,
-0.46826624870300293,
0.6232035160064697,
-0.17656034231185913,
-0.2034764289855957,
0.1885278970003128,
-0.5337203741073608,
0.028268681839108467,
-0.37426263093948364,
-0.3520960807800293,
-0.05421974137425423,
0.8686487078666687,
1.034155249595642,
0.41991081833839417,
-0.08462025225162506,
0.6624239087104797,
0.016276249662041664,
-0.18626998364925385,
0.369464635848999,
-0.29201316833496094,
0.1023917943239212,
-0.027646919712424278,
0.14600050449371338,
0.27408403158187866,
0.44128942489624023,
-0.15949346125125885,
-0.35910844802856445,
0.04275339096784592,
-0.06822418421506882,
0.0926465317606926,
-0.04424750804901123,
-0.843019425868988,
-0.3360464572906494,
-0.6238966584205627,
-0.039664145559072495,
0.5988624691963196,
0.37687772512435913,
-0.23282641172409058,
0.5560856461524963,
-0.4543825387954712,
0.40131449699401855,
0.2366032749414444,
-0.15891395509243011,
0.3343067765235901,
-0.004270198289304972,
0.11842525005340576,
0.17100265622138977,
0.249503955245018,
0.6749990582466125,
0.05485192686319351,
0.10169672220945358,
-0.026683500036597252,
0.0730597972869873,
-0.4416312873363495,
-0.010779288597404957,
0.45155397057533264,
-0.2155948430299759,
0.032836996018886566,
0.6210208535194397,
-0.14707335829734802,
0.22448700666427612,
-0.6845843195915222,
-0.7673105001449585,
0.585497260093689,
-0.12554341554641724,
-0.6534334421157837,
-0.2878234386444092,
0.8672935962677002,
0.03347920626401901,
0.3654780983924866,
-0.2853337824344635,
-0.9208049774169922,
-0.34657421708106995,
-0.14756707847118378,
-0.2213241308927536,
0.47747769951820374,
0.12374183535575867,
0.4326085150241852,
-0.3825979232788086,
0.2518663704395294,
-0.02758011966943741,
-0.1991366595029831,
-0.17323708534240723,
0.3101339638233185,
-0.1596730500459671,
0.44595402479171753,
0.12872198224067688,
-0.7897195816040039,
0.42655235528945923,
0.1503026783466339,
0.9783535599708557,
-0.15656529366970062,
-0.2404533177614212,
0.5017704963684082,
-0.15405984222888947,
0.15368595719337463,
0.9103700518608093,
-0.48526743054389954,
0.8173520565032959,
0.06195386126637459,
0.3240641951560974,
0.36389458179473877,
0.15855050086975098,
0.340934157371521,
-0.013033762574195862,
0.17148016393184662,
0.33961644768714905,
-0.4710834324359894,
-0.019611027091741562,
0.20287485420703888,
-0.10372046381235123,
0.46364760398864746,
-0.34832292795181274,
-0.609225869178772,
-0.013069151900708675,
-0.5427955985069275,
0.9746637344360352,
0.13063091039657593,
0.4050996005535126,
0.42899131774902344,
-0.5289267897605896,
0.33308491110801697,
-0.4191543459892273,
0.6769945621490479,
-0.26407474279403687,
0.4154123365879059,
0.01964576542377472,
0.4402691423892975,
-0.059544194489717484,
0.8684499859809875,
-0.35539013147354126,
-0.31960543990135193,
0.5156232714653015,
-0.25323164463043213,
-0.3076567053794861,
0.5786916017532349,
-0.28349122405052185,
0.10292501747608185,
-0.16632993519306183,
-0.3028755486011505,
0.348787784576416,
0.22608022391796112,
-0.06892342865467072,
-0.13604523241519928,
0.1274091601371765,
-0.41137629747390747,
-0.012607550248503685,
-0.26172834634780884,
-0.10517334192991257,
0.5676573514938354,
0.14965885877609253,
-0.2692612409591675,
0.3237331509590149,
0.10758692026138306,
-0.32444050908088684,
0.29207542538642883,
-0.7491394281387329,
-0.3203641474246979,
0.3448520302772522,
0.731224775314331,
-0.010133882984519005,
0.3919363021850586,
-0.438558965921402,
-0.2655997574329376,
0.1370946317911148,
-0.5403487086296082,
-0.6344609260559082,
0.2990835905075073,
0.45398521423339844,
-0.837439775466919,
-0.47053298354148865,
0.11736509948968887,
0.3330872356891632,
0.4797307252883911,
-0.09649813920259476,
-0.3670547604560852,
-0.38060224056243896,
-0.12779682874679565,
-0.44063082337379456,
0.215888112783432,
-0.8081517815589905,
0.05553402006626129,
0.33207497000694275,
0.11569197475910187,
-0.1798005998134613,
0.7919517755508423,
0.011493535712361336,
0.11043398082256317,
0.5548604130744934,
-0.04830790311098099,
-0.401109516620636,
-0.15428201854228973,
0.2106870859861374,
-0.38558557629585266,
-0.06065670773386955,
-0.3279976546764374,
0.2741965055465698,
-0.4217285215854645,
0.33911895751953125,
-5.711016654968262,
0.165340393781662,
-0.7840747833251953,
-0.49302706122398376,
0.1795022338628769,
0.4421985149383545,
0.16837440431118011,
0.14380063116550446,
0.3350788652896881,
-0.5811295509338379,
0.13748838007450104,
-0.5206178426742554,
-0.04536240175366402,
0.5136497020721436,
0.11908184736967087,
0.20895624160766602,
0.33209094405174255,
0.5722172260284424,
0.33276039361953735,
0.35025107860565186,
0.5221288800239563,
-0.0771457627415657,
-0.17557893693447113,
0.7532971501350403,
-0.0608745813369751,
-0.04398114234209061,
0.13167476654052734,
-0.24212399125099182,
-0.0680546760559082,
-0.37181514501571655,
0.126371830701828,
-0.30955201387405396,
-0.028806576505303383,
-0.13140611350536346,
-0.533108115196228,
0.17338289320468903,
1.3411409854888916,
0.05508942902088165,
0.5735791325569153,
-0.3001905679702759,
0.06753159314393997,
0.15319842100143433,
0.5514656901359558,
-0.598694920539856,
0.14347578585147858,
0.0705287829041481,
-1.0201442241668701,
-0.11408507823944092,
-0.021740887314081192,
-0.11627262085676193,
0.06715403497219086,
-0.3194560110569,
0.009033954702317715,
-0.13969874382019043,
0.2186363935470581,
-0.05345341935753822,
0.25809377431869507,
0.2896668314933777,
-0.01875879615545273,
0.5364903807640076,
0.7420738935470581,
-0.3976777195930481,
0.24114254117012024,
-0.8665129542350769,
-0.011947866529226303,
0.3105219900608063,
-0.24049295485019684,
-0.41745907068252563,
0.42485684156417847,
0.26590707898139954,
-0.6574005484580994,
0.2115861475467682,
-0.34975507855415344,
-0.7430432438850403,
0.16038352251052856,
-0.3948163390159607,
-0.1332370787858963,
0.07084314525127411,
-0.4325512945652008,
0.047978781163692474,
-0.21702061593532562,
-0.8167996406555176,
-0.3799970746040344,
0.3613370954990387,
0.19156759977340698,
-0.2905920743942261,
0.4029102921485901,
0.16013352572917938,
0.39028966426849365,
0.44952553510665894,
0.6870003938674927,
-0.39311081171035767,
0.021574562415480614,
0.3914409875869751,
0.23646187782287598,
0.2717520296573639,
0.16909128427505493,
-0.38330167531967163,
0.940315842628479,
-0.024366052821278572,
-0.08695916086435318,
-0.6030066609382629,
0.2189001441001892,
-0.36333805322647095,
-0.5659794211387634,
0.10553736984729767,
-0.5157703757286072,
-0.030161816626787186,
0.9994876384735107,
-0.22840921580791473,
-0.40364062786102295,
0.00256484467536211,
-0.039132412523031235,
0.05582905188202858,
0.7650495767593384,
-0.14800313115119934,
0.07442007958889008,
0.4309080243110657,
0.465478777885437,
-0.17773519456386566,
-0.5587676763534546,
0.3978976905345917,
-0.5119763016700745,
-0.08784222602844238,
-0.12006320059299469,
-0.4680427312850952,
-0.10755262523889542,
0.46645453572273254,
-0.405326247215271,
-0.3464958369731903,
-0.004990405403077602,
-0.2236720323562622,
0.2774718701839447,
0.1196611076593399,
0.11382988840341568,
-0.015478280372917652,
0.20371682941913605,
0.03885144367814064,
-0.1326204389333725,
-0.3436829149723053,
0.2618020176887512,
-0.7367019653320312,
0.09999696165323257,
0.3496498465538025,
0.4610854983329773,
0.5472272634506226,
0.31717991828918457,
-0.2793036103248596,
-0.5052131414413452,
0.3582843542098999,
0.5464657545089722,
-0.279051274061203,
0.3896552622318268,
-0.251853346824646,
-0.2247791588306427,
0.43071359395980835,
-0.39397913217544556,
-0.16675150394439697,
-0.010459979996085167,
-0.4197050929069519,
0.3328597843647003,
-0.36407387256622314,
-1.1606297492980957,
-0.012846504338085651,
-0.17948907613754272,
-0.08648569136857986,
0.1928054690361023,
-0.3561752140522003,
-0.09231898188591003,
0.6311891674995422,
0.010977815836668015,
-0.17629969120025635,
-0.04255777224898338,
-0.1566317081451416,
0.4578981101512909,
0.3373168706893921,
0.0898759514093399,
0.2565113306045532,
0.3546537756919861,
-0.01904132403433323,
0.11151126027107239,
0.33213239908218384,
0.11922237277030945,
0.3746882677078247,
0.14550842344760895,
-0.2652859687805176,
-0.19657792150974274,
0.36359623074531555,
-0.714489758014679,
-0.1758560985326767,
-0.12554126977920532,
0.04652583226561546,
0.27712300419807434,
0.022397466003894806,
-0.010247682221233845,
-0.07564505934715271,
0.2698642313480377,
0.688508927822113,
0.2888031303882599,
-0.11397738009691238,
0.2958139479160309,
0.33340156078338623,
-0.5163407921791077,
-0.12177656590938568,
0.04516572132706642,
-0.5934264659881592,
0.24417419731616974,
0.4215891659259796,
-0.317614883184433,
0.3554795980453491,
0.13567039370536804,
-0.6450219750404358,
-0.11019246280193329,
-0.03264801949262619,
0.09162279963493347,
0.2395581305027008,
-0.4084063172340393,
0.3506440222263336,
0.06032535806298256,
-1.1347578763961792,
-0.006257689092308283,
-0.633914589881897,
0.6412615180015564,
0.4372161626815796,
-0.26873236894607544,
0.1438296139240265,
0.17131300270557404,
-0.32158955931663513,
0.29229775071144104,
0.2253303974866867,
0.3018261194229126,
0.11729346960783005,
0.28203195333480835,
0.4476233124732971,
-0.498054563999176,
-0.7140004634857178,
-0.5452578067779541,
0.030181311070919037,
-0.181956946849823,
0.010158469900488853,
0.274178147315979,
0.2844303846359253,
-0.1711166501045227,
0.08299843966960907,
-0.304015189409256,
0.36921611428260803,
-0.20194940268993378,
-0.39290469884872437,
0.2716462314128876,
0.6270583868026733,
0.26657572388648987,
-0.39715880155563354,
-0.5293874740600586,
-0.22217924892902374,
0.9787404537200928,
-0.798215925693512,
0.3935738801956177,
-0.39769798517227173,
0.0005442470428533852,
0.1827288717031479,
0.2228926122188568,
0.19034358859062195,
-0.49176859855651855,
0.19273976981639862,
-0.44198915362358093,
0.38627898693084717,
-0.7590833306312561,
-0.1137474924325943,
0.5519192814826965,
0.20374983549118042,
-0.18354637920856476,
-0.4323134124279022,
0.06731864809989929,
0.7308202385902405,
0.10701212286949158,
-0.24983148276805878,
-0.38296589255332947,
-0.33038127422332764,
0.22886943817138672,
-0.2064042091369629,
-0.3159019351005554,
-0.16349250078201294,
0.23916968703269958,
-0.1614413857460022,
-0.44888314604759216,
-0.7228757739067078,
-0.42610302567481995,
-0.006457674317061901,
-0.09424526989459991,
0.3230990469455719,
-0.8755807280540466,
0.8913174271583557,
-0.29544270038604736,
-0.05923502519726753,
-0.7385339736938477,
0.001931448932737112,
0.539496898651123,
0.7229966521263123,
-0.27703753113746643,
-0.07383140921592712,
-0.26400628685951233,
-0.12597669661045074,
0.2740097641944885,
0.07972859591245651,
-0.5129694938659668,
-0.22244440019130707,
0.158765509724617,
-0.38668495416641235,
-0.1730126589536667,
0.1307152509689331,
-0.2605651915073395,
0.11736948043107986,
0.8193710446357727,
0.6539269685745239,
-0.3871518075466156,
0.25886067748069763,
0.41207194328308105,
-0.3081882894039154,
-0.40716466307640076,
0.29129981994628906,
0.7045171856880188,
0.22549493610858917,
0.43194061517715454,
0.5904222726821899,
-0.25282302498817444,
0.008005703799426556,
0.09223741292953491,
-0.3722337782382965,
0.21457064151763916,
0.0710439458489418,
0.5128997564315796,
-0.5138452649116516,
-0.17747355997562408,
0.3370438516139984,
0.24778565764427185,
-0.37564408779144287,
-0.4732695519924164,
-0.6409321427345276,
-0.17487788200378418,
0.4078795611858368,
0.48215460777282715,
1.0043485164642334,
0.16512349247932434,
-0.3934841454029083,
-0.24887578189373016,
-0.15716782212257385,
-0.1450737714767456,
0.2146586775779724,
-0.2912936508655548,
-0.1354588121175766,
-0.04655194655060768,
-0.13131298124790192,
0.6692448258399963,
-0.660615861415863,
-0.13549140095710754,
0.4756287634372711,
-0.09199580550193787,
-0.22017040848731995,
-0.24820446968078613,
0.5242578983306885,
-0.10065025836229324,
0.09443376958370209,
0.6171432733535767,
-0.07564897835254669,
-0.16091251373291016,
-0.3265635371208191,
-0.03095395304262638,
-0.2787536680698395,
0.14810886979103088,
0.1059514656662941,
-0.8212544918060303,
0.6970568895339966,
0.052343036979436874,
0.35805559158325195,
0.08447607606649399,
0.4507853090763092,
0.13739457726478577,
-0.2240178883075714,
-0.48453688621520996,
0.1333865076303482,
-0.04518362134695053,
-0.05980347469449043,
-0.20950469374656677,
-0.7825737595558167,
-0.14055468142032623,
-0.032609518617391586,
0.23587337136268616,
-0.21713213622570038,
-0.11957716196775436,
0.4986010193824768,
-0.14391888678073883,
-0.21565194427967072,
-0.30708378553390503,
0.03798534348607063,
0.27891984581947327,
0.41774922609329224,
-0.7429319024085999,
0.42123904824256897,
0.6848078370094299,
-0.05460699647665024,
0.24444733560085297,
0.3368470072746277,
0.41209307312965393,
-0.18265406787395477,
-0.4002510905265808,
-0.3882540762424469,
0.2087806910276413,
-0.0449141189455986,
-0.21924912929534912,
0.2823258936405182,
0.6156090497970581,
0.13722814619541168,
0.10230924934148788,
0.08500919491052628,
0.011519982479512691,
-0.4058946371078491,
0.5832322239875793,
-0.40812253952026367,
-0.06814529746770859,
-0.27364787459373474,
-0.33872470259666443,
-0.07304015755653381,
-0.5543391108512878,
0.587938129901886,
0.11852627992630005,
0.21500954031944275,
0.2458803355693817,
-0.0678161010146141,
-0.5286709666252136,
0.12385358661413193,
0.24878738820552826,
-0.47344914078712463,
-0.5182209014892578,
0.28181931376457214,
-0.028042970225214958,
-0.4468076825141907,
0.07333967834711075,
0.34719881415367126,
0.10823267698287964,
-0.3374558389186859,
0.08165021985769272,
-0.3519473969936371,
-0.0594233013689518,
0.05711367726325989,
-0.5676425099372864,
0.1845891773700714,
-0.09082572162151337,
-0.9435365796089172,
-0.6741321086883545,
0.41682934761047363,
0.13448436558246613,
-0.1642073541879654,
0.34514185786247253,
0.31305456161499023,
0.11354286968708038,
-0.06443186104297638,
0.7355720400810242,
-0.40208062529563904,
0.09329260140657425,
0.5225498080253601
] |
233411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communards | Communards | The Communards () were members and supporters of the short-lived 1871 Paris Commune formed in the wake of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
Following the war's conclusion, according to historian Benedict Anderson, thousands fled abroad, roughly 20,000 Communards were executed during the ("Bloody Week"), and 7,500 were jailed or deported under arrangements which continued until a general amnesty during the 1880s; this action by Adolphe Thiers forestalled the proto-communist movement in the French Third Republic (1871–1940).
The Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune
The working class of Paris were feeling ostracized after the decadence of the Second Empire and the Franco-Prussian War. The Prussians besieged Paris in September 1870, causing suffering among Parisians. The poor ate cat or rat meat or went hungry. Out of resentment from this situation grew radical and socialist political clubs and newspapers. While Paris was occupied, socialist groups tried twice to overthrow the provisional government.
In January 1871, Otto von Bismarck and the French minister of foreign affairs, Jules Favre, decided that France would hold national elections. Adolphe Thiers, who had been loyal to the Second Empire, was elected head of the newly monarchist republic. During the war, the capital had moved from Paris to Bordeaux. When the war ended, the government declined to move back to Paris and instead moved to Versailles. In the early morning of March 18, the government stationed in Versailles sent military forces into Paris to collect a reserve of cannons and machine guns. The detachment was still gathering the munitions when the Parisians awoke, and soon the soldiers were surrounded. In the chaos that followed, the soldiers killed two of their own, and by the end of the day, they were mainly sided with the Parisians. Insurgents now controlled the city, and they declared a new government called the Paris Commune, which lasted from March 18 to May 28, 1871.
Thiers refused to bargain with the Communards, despite their attempts to do so. He taught newly released French soldiers the "evils" of the Communards as the government prepared for a battle. Starting on May 21 and continuing through May 28, soldiers chased the National Guard members who sided with the Communards through the streets. Around 18,000 Parisians were killed, 25,000 were imprisoned, and thousands more were later executed. The violence of Bloody Week became a rallying cry for the working classes; politicians would later proudly brag about their participation with the Commune.
Deportation
After Bloody Week, the government asked for an inquest into the causes of the uprising. The inquest concluded that the main cause of the insurrection was a lack of belief in God, and that this problem had to be corrected immediately. It was decided that a moral revival was needed, and a key part of this was deporting 4,500 Communards to New Caledonia. There was a two-part goal in this, as the government also hoped that the Communards would civilize the native Kanak people on the island. The government hoped that being exposed to the order of nature would return the Communards to the side of "good."
New Caledonia had become a French colony in 1853, but just ten years later it still only had 350 European colonists. After 1863, New Caledonia became the principal destination of convicts transported from France after French Guiana was deemed too unhealthy for people of European descent. Thereafter, convicts from France made up the largest number of arriving residents. During the busiest time of deportation, there were estimated to be about 50,000 total people on the island. This included 30,000 Kanak, 2,750 civilian colonists, 3,030 military personnel, 4,000 déportés (political criminals, including the Communards), 6,000 (common-law criminal convicts), and 1,280 criminal convicts who had served their sentences but were still living on the island. There were four main penitentiary sites on the island, one of which, Isle of Pines (1870–1880), was for the Communards deportees exclusively.
Sentences
There were three sentences given out to the : simple deportation, deportation to a fortified place, and deportation with forced labor. A simple deportation sentence was given to about two-thirds of the Communards. These people were sent to live in small villages on the Isle of Pines. Those sentenced to deportation to a fortified place were sent to the Ducos peninsula. About 300 Communards were sentenced to deportation with forced labor; these were the people convicted of crimes such as arson in addition to their political crimes. They were sent to be with the criminal convicts on Nou. Some prisoners’ sentences were changed by the local penal administrators, and some were changed by the French government after petitions for leniency.
Life in New Caledonia
The government did not give out enough food, clothing, or shelter for all of the . Some were assigned housing in rickety structures, but others had to find their own materials to build huts. Construction tools could be bought from the administration. Hunting for food became part of the daily routine. Some even traded their clothing for food with the Kanak. Not every part of life on the island was bad, however. Those living on the Isle of Pines and Ducos peninsula had freedom of movement, allowing them to live where they wanted and swim and fish at their leisure. They lived in simple wood huts that formed small, face-to-face communities that were intended to be self-governing.
Those sentenced to forced labor often endured abuse at the hands of their jailers. They were habitually mistreated while imprisoned, with whippings and the use of thumbscrews as common punishments for minor infractions.
The National Assembly passed legislation that gave the wives and children of freedom to go to New Caledonia. It also gave wives a much greater right to property than they had in France, giving them half the property rights over any grant given to their husbands. Through this legislation, 174 families making up 601 people were reunited by 1877.
Escape
The relatively 'laid back' period of deportation ended when six déportés successfully escaped from the Ducos peninsula in 1874. François Jourde was the main planner of the escape, which he developed while living in the port town of Nouméa. He had developed connections with a ship's captain, John Law, who was paid for his participation. The escapees, who included Jourde, Henri Rochefort, Paschal Grousset, Olivier Pain, Achille Ballière, and Bastien Grandhille, boarded the boat under the cover of darkness and hid in the ship's hold until they cleared the harbor. Law dropped them off in Sydney, Australia, where crowds gathered to see them. Reports of their escape and the strict conditions they had lived under were printed in newspapers in Australia, the United States, and Europe. While the escapees attempted to publicize the plight of those still on the island, the déportés who remained had to deal with the repercussions of the escape. New rules forbade the prisoners from approaching the sea without permission, subjected them to daily roll calls, and banned them from entering the forests, even to collect firewood.
Relationships with the Kanak
There are clearly documented examples of friendships between the Communards and the Kanak. Achille Ballière and his friends visited the Kanak in their homes, shared meals with them, and played with their children. In the first few years of the deportation there were at least two marriages between the Kanak and Communards. However, the separation of the groups enforced after the 1874 escapes prevented any more such relationships from forming. During the eight-month-long Kanak insurrection in 1878, the Communards displayed a solidarity with their effort in the local press. This solidarity did not last long, however, as beliefs of racial differences soon took over.
Louise Michel looked to the Kanak youth for guidance and inspiration, and offered them moral support when they joined the 1878 insurrection. She ran a school for the Kanak and encouraged a local theater to perform a Kanak drama. She fully expected the achievements of the Kanak to match those of the French, though she wrote about them in very paternalistic terms that were common for her time period.
Famous Communards
Henri Rochefort gave a series of lectures that were published in the New York Herald Tribune while staying in the United States after his escape from New Caledonia. They were highly critical of the French government for denying its citizens liberty. His 1884 novel helped shape the legend of the deportation. It offered a portrayal of the deportation and the policies of the government in New Caledonia that was different from what the governmental propaganda was promoting.
George Pilotell (1845–1918) was the son of a Judge but pursued art and moved to Paris in 1862. As a prolific political caricaturist he was frequently imprisoned and became an active member of the commune in which he appointed himself 'Directeur des Beaux Arts' but later properly appointed a 'commissaire special'. In 1874 he escaped a death sentence by fleeing to London. While he was well known for his caricatures in France, he gained a reputation in England as a fashion designer, society portrait painter and theatre costume designer. He has work in the National Portrait Gallery, the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Amnesty
By the summer of 1878, the concern of amnesty for the Communards had become a significant political issue for France. In January 1879, the prime minister, Dufaure, granted mass pardons for the Communards in an attempt to stop the calls for amnesty. The pardons excused the convictions of the Communards. This was a problem for many people, however, who had never actually been convicted, only indicted. On January 16, the government published a list of whose sentences were pardoned. These people were allowed to return to France. More than one thousand Communards, however, were not included in this list. Men who had been convicted of crimes other than political or whose political opinions were considered too dangerous were left behind.
After the announcement of the pardons, many people in France were hoping for a stronger declaration of total amnesty. Petitions were passed around in all Paris neighborhoods to try and influence the government. A bill calling for total amnesty was introduced into the Chamber of Deputies by Louis Blanc and into the senate by Victor Hugo. The legislation that was eventually pushed through ensured full civil rights to those not convicted of crimes beyond political, and officially ended the prosecution of Communards in military courts. In July 1880, parliament finally voted for total amnesty.
Nine ships brought the back to France. The first arrived in August 1879 and the last arrived in July 1880. Large crowds greeted the ships with celebrations. Donations of money were collected for the Communards and festivals were held to raise money. A committee of aid, headed by Louis Blanc and Victor Hugo, planned a dinner at which they dispersed a small amount of money to all who attended. Offers of employment were made, overcoats were given out, and temporary housing was offered.
Aftermath
Some Communards chose never to come back to France after having built successful lives in New Caledonia or adopting other countries, such as Australia, as home. Many Communards who did come back returned to public life, such as Louise Michel. However, many found the adjustment to freedom difficult. Meetings between Communards and their former jailers occurred in the streets, at times leading to minor skirmishes. In December 1879, an investigative committee was formed to look into charges of torture in New Caledonia. The inquiry lasted two years, collecting the results of previous government studies, more than forty depositions, and testimonials to parliament by the Communards. The Communards’ memories of abuse then became public record, which helped to heal the relations between the former prisoners and the state.
See also
Communards' Wall in the Père-Lachaise cemetery
French Third Republic
Communalism
Communism
Socialism
Database
Jean-Claude Farcy, [the judicial repression of the Paris Commune (1871-1880)], put online on 26 September 2019, URL : https://communards-1871.fr
References
Bibliography
External links
French Third Republic
Paris Commune
1871 in France
it:Comunardi | [
-0.09950348734855652,
0.07417155802249908,
-0.6115299463272095,
-0.22460433840751648,
-1.0809571743011475,
0.25418081879615784,
0.16232647001743317,
0.3792020380496979,
0.0537765733897686,
-0.7595469951629639,
-0.6271112561225891,
0.4618090093135834,
-0.5027506351470947,
0.8203449249267578,
-0.042888984084129333,
0.3847307860851288,
0.5468506813049316,
0.07810233533382416,
0.37657618522644043,
-0.2887691259384155,
-0.3291821777820587,
-0.019423967227339745,
-0.08327978104352951,
-0.5288436412811279,
0.02077120542526245,
0.3630377948284149,
0.4467073678970337,
0.3871735632419586,
0.6386741995811462,
0.043860554695129395,
0.14811013638973236,
0.8974719047546387,
0.006735113449394703,
-0.7458631992340088,
-0.22093963623046875,
0.14639653265476227,
0.23718243837356567,
-0.14530080556869507,
0.07504641264677048,
-0.35113197565078735,
0.0017979958793148398,
-0.45897918939590454,
-0.027215296402573586,
0.44871312379837036,
0.1636842042207718,
-0.21353761851787567,
-1.6160619258880615,
0.5462638139724731,
-0.5479196906089783,
0.12770336866378784,
-0.34794366359710693,
0.31502997875213623,
0.27931004762649536,
0.711643636226654,
-0.14713764190673828,
0.4202583134174347,
-1.2531455755233765,
-0.5577101111412048,
0.2623620927333832,
-0.6032447814941406,
-0.2595483362674713,
0.5925875902175903,
0.6332191824913025,
0.08503153175115585,
-0.28585782647132874,
0.2058718353509903,
0.041182223707437515,
0.5195902585983276,
-0.46955153346061707,
-0.5066981315612793,
-0.03223147988319397,
-0.23473778367042542,
-0.048832427710294724,
0.3366232216358185,
0.1492474526166916,
-0.48276659846305847,
0.1661791205406189,
0.06051303818821907,
-0.0807233527302742,
0.21794262528419495,
-0.19015651941299438,
0.4950774908065796,
0.9631169438362122,
0.14553943276405334,
0.2847771942615509,
0.7456986308097839,
-0.2555135488510132,
-0.3109677731990814,
-0.5349944829940796,
0.36534127593040466,
-0.028009049594402313,
-0.3126084506511688,
0.9808428287506104,
-0.5994391441345215,
-0.08784220367670059,
0.45563581585884094,
1.0279808044433594,
0.7067566514015198,
-0.18394556641578674,
0.27687230706214905,
0.48176708817481995,
0.6644678115844727,
0.5015916228294373,
0.24240557849407196,
-0.8834995627403259,
-0.09329653531312943,
-0.013071631081402302,
-0.8117210268974304,
0.04771098867058754,
-0.6254476308822632,
0.04053344950079918,
-0.01127488724887371,
-0.32553356885910034,
-0.20010225474834442,
0.2101106196641922,
0.3857268989086151,
0.5039567947387695,
-0.3475760221481323,
0.246130108833313,
-0.20958316326141357,
-0.6676575541496277,
0.5457820892333984,
0.10879254341125488,
0.024476828053593636,
-0.29244452714920044,
0.37532028555870056,
0.6751106381416321,
0.4929061532020569,
-0.5059786438941956,
0.31030091643333435,
-0.03859977051615715,
0.791681706905365,
-0.5457316040992737,
-0.3151535093784332,
-0.059190500527620316,
-0.3970198631286621,
0.4444641172885895,
0.3140901029109955,
-0.18850605189800262,
0.39348188042640686,
-0.7753828763961792,
-0.4887615442276001,
-0.08331321179866791,
-0.2762456238269806,
0.6877593398094177,
-0.5273573994636536,
-0.5228144526481628,
-0.22323036193847656,
0.13017964363098145,
-0.6186261177062988,
0.2183879166841507,
-0.8764095306396484,
0.6194719672203064,
0.3617578148841858,
0.11060553789138794,
0.2635485827922821,
0.28224724531173706,
-0.30836835503578186,
0.8579499125480652,
0.33067864179611206,
0.2582075595855713,
0.512731671333313,
-0.0191513542085886,
0.017439989373087883,
0.03384808823466301,
-0.08847323060035706,
-0.6418449282646179,
-0.011223847977817059,
0.2030038684606552,
0.20853407680988312,
-0.5600156188011169,
-0.18273073434829712,
0.18815802037715912,
-0.35764265060424805,
0.3199976980686188,
0.5856078863143921,
0.6456409096717834,
0.6632544994354248,
0.2295016497373581,
-0.09882723540067673,
-0.675910472869873,
0.27320557832717896,
0.4235176146030426,
-0.02585146576166153,
0.4691818058490753,
0.2566814124584198,
-0.1222766637802124,
-0.6986218690872192,
-0.20720654726028442,
0.015425186604261398,
-0.1571182757616043,
-0.738978385925293,
0.3281421363353729,
-0.9268633127212524,
1.552950143814087,
-0.21490728855133057,
-0.39341533184051514,
0.9983917474746704,
0.267416387796402,
0.3278094530105591,
-0.39349600672721863,
0.17280793190002441,
0.6687231659889221,
0.14556291699409485,
-0.6441076993942261,
0.3302443325519562,
-0.10666315257549286,
0.08381881564855576,
-0.17174220085144043,
0.27915239334106445,
0.21090081334114075,
-0.5049642324447632,
0.3161681890487671,
0.19394949078559875,
0.10970605909824371,
-0.26107531785964966,
-0.6253320574760437,
0.39937150478363037,
-0.0587829127907753,
0.16573600471019745,
-0.10039453953504562,
-1.0757572650909424,
-0.32479920983314514,
0.7073833346366882,
-0.5478792190551758,
0.014358586631715298,
0.4922441244125366,
0.10240641981363297,
-0.521264910697937,
-0.35714754462242126,
0.43300625681877136,
-0.45700135827064514,
-0.5372093319892883,
-0.1954498142004013,
-0.7716565132141113,
-0.10454194247722626,
0.12127964198589325,
-0.4883469045162201,
-0.1474120020866394,
-0.35191917419433594,
0.5738328099250793,
-0.1577645242214203,
0.04672323912382126,
0.1623586267232895,
-0.46749451756477356,
0.050474803894758224,
0.12952597439289093,
0.6296210885047913,
0.5025233030319214,
0.07389821857213974,
-0.07603812217712402,
0.20155639946460724,
0.49765342473983765,
-0.9771852493286133,
0.09721443802118301,
-0.5524678826332092,
1.0595253705978394,
-0.40290382504463196,
0.23435595631599426,
-0.06448788195848465,
-0.3563174605369568,
-0.2696746289730072,
-0.07639425992965698,
0.86175537109375,
0.24838268756866455,
-0.8251919746398926,
-0.17997193336486816,
0.1003950759768486,
0.3881979286670685,
0.4911782741546631,
0.43519213795661926,
-0.025988947600126266,
-0.5252915620803833,
0.023236757144331932,
-0.019401302561163902,
0.02312084473669529,
-0.9570149779319763,
1.1531822681427002,
-1.0987284183502197,
-0.00017170191858895123,
-0.3959779143333435,
0.2680964767932892,
0.29110363125801086,
-0.3235311508178711,
0.00712956115603447,
0.3025924563407898,
0.1169547513127327,
0.07603094726800919,
0.10538246482610703,
-0.02073921635746956,
-0.003052807878702879,
-0.5486080646514893,
-0.26074662804603577,
-0.15036533772945404,
0.12820841372013092,
-0.19513025879859924,
-0.6801428198814392,
0.2757522463798523,
0.2627265155315399,
-0.12427254766225815,
-0.14695137739181519,
0.542914628982544,
-0.10862334817647934,
0.26246964931488037,
0.29107263684272766,
0.09646930545568466,
0.016970345750451088,
0.15474840998649597,
-5.345683574676514,
0.06539503484964371,
0.27917516231536865,
0.30994465947151184,
-0.5877665281295776,
0.10448365658521652,
0.42956113815307617,
-0.6547678112983704,
-0.4457029700279236,
-0.558931827545166,
-0.5577201247215271,
-0.2593502700328827,
0.1488136500120163,
0.4288314878940582,
-0.1258687824010849,
-0.05095460265874863,
0.18724669516086578,
-0.17603230476379395,
0.24336330592632294,
-0.13880011439323425,
0.07792793959379196,
-0.019161708652973175,
0.34812572598457336,
0.704494059085846,
0.08175436407327652,
-0.2424786537885666,
-0.08882095664739609,
0.36276134848594666,
-0.5688520073890686,
-0.17040827870368958,
-0.200971782207489,
0.09082341939210892,
0.6499055624008179,
-0.2876676023006439,
0.11299698054790497,
-0.6353582739830017,
0.6706902384757996,
-0.02792450785636902,
-0.47578468918800354,
-0.4113227427005768,
-0.3730752766132355,
0.49708691239356995,
-0.24217528104782104,
-0.2720305323600769,
0.8749732971191406,
-0.02370803989470005,
-0.41515758633613586,
0.13899382948875427,
-0.023784922435879707,
0.5676750540733337,
-0.08005499094724655,
-0.5971909165382385,
0.23863929510116577,
0.13311618566513062,
0.14249254763126373,
-0.18041159212589264,
0.4989471137523651,
-0.6688340902328491,
-0.42719897627830505,
0.23183760046958923,
0.984563410282135,
0.038152825087308884,
0.14677554368972778,
-0.8237654566764832,
0.258869469165802,
-0.6561112403869629,
-0.8523586988449097,
0.5626883506774902,
0.38643068075180054,
0.45929792523384094,
0.17710070312023163,
0.9613366723060608,
-0.40610358119010925,
-0.9065002799034119,
0.17937909066677094,
0.0012304848060011864,
-0.20224252343177795,
0.20704972743988037,
0.19265364110469818,
0.8705754280090332,
-0.26135414838790894,
-0.09249714761972427,
-0.1779748499393463,
0.24524126946926117,
-0.022388959303498268,
-0.11441560089588165,
0.3029744327068329,
0.96333909034729,
-0.5922825932502747,
0.2066410332918167,
0.21686743199825287,
-0.20645999908447266,
0.4660460650920868,
0.32642483711242676,
-0.18852251768112183,
-0.03569985181093216,
0.286334365606308,
-0.2746424078941345,
0.5289807319641113,
0.11956516653299332,
-0.11682292819023132,
0.17278577387332916,
-0.18613511323928833,
-0.2993806004524231,
-0.1465861052274704,
-0.47956329584121704,
-0.31421640515327454,
0.6336050033569336,
0.4861537218093872,
0.3309975564479828,
-0.15393410623073578,
-0.4046877920627594,
-0.4431120753288269,
0.15251529216766357,
0.34519094228744507,
-0.43464311957359314,
0.01772446185350418,
0.20316606760025024,
0.22970756888389587,
-0.01984943076968193,
-0.18713819980621338,
0.7112769484519958,
-0.6595829725265503,
0.2488720417022705,
0.03493332490324974,
-0.025807343423366547,
-0.20543482899665833,
-0.20598305761814117,
0.14087730646133423,
0.23940521478652954,
-0.04424573481082916,
0.18743842840194702,
0.07284483313560486,
0.3503893315792084,
0.7338009476661682,
-0.9000144600868225,
-0.36419394612312317,
0.040942881256341934,
0.3945208191871643,
0.09061065316200256,
0.2112247794866562,
-0.020968826487660408,
0.21278342604637146,
0.34347572922706604,
0.4571433365345001,
0.7002710700035095,
0.12342379987239838,
0.04479089379310608,
-0.5145889520645142,
0.8938097357749939,
0.14136172831058502,
0.021077023819088936,
0.8357897400856018,
-0.23409512639045715,
0.2460954189300537,
-0.22415190935134888,
0.29174739122390747,
0.12018606066703796,
-0.23754741251468658,
-0.5540406703948975,
-0.1049121767282486,
-0.40110787749290466,
-1.0623645782470703,
-0.053318750113248825,
0.5942286252975464,
-0.7108210921287537,
0.370648592710495,
-0.6817905902862549,
-0.4929426610469818,
-0.1277310699224472,
-0.6556883454322815,
-0.08662918955087662,
0.013960674405097961,
0.3041370213031769,
-0.29983073472976685,
-0.5809503197669983,
0.2312551736831665,
0.21966104209423065,
-0.3237950801849365,
-0.7118735909461975,
0.017122361809015274,
0.4617469906806946,
0.1266055852174759,
0.3260638415813446,
0.6192938685417175,
-0.5936756730079651,
-0.06962285935878754,
-0.259132444858551,
-0.28794267773628235,
0.180402934551239,
0.34121376276016235,
0.32882240414619446,
-0.12675173580646515,
0.25400757789611816,
-0.5463549494743347,
-0.3883720636367798,
-0.03110501542687416,
0.4700232148170471,
-0.03279789537191391,
-0.2540498971939087,
0.5238518714904785,
0.3143458664417267,
0.4507199823856354,
-0.11604958027601242,
0.2441074550151825,
0.02687070518732071,
0.6779313087463379,
-0.2731022834777832,
-0.8704288005828857,
0.20558209717273712,
-0.4451710879802704,
-0.6711387634277344,
-0.17375455796718597,
0.1305447518825531,
-0.7318770289421082,
-0.2175048440694809,
0.16900165379047394,
0.02759508416056633,
-0.37704238295555115,
-0.20343557000160217,
-0.039876170456409454,
-0.33235964179039,
-0.6452698707580566,
-0.06834374368190765,
-0.8229981660842896,
1.105623483657837,
0.37192264199256897,
0.00032919025397859514,
0.4622846841812134,
-0.309857040643692,
-0.32480454444885254,
0.2882809042930603,
-0.16860459744930267,
-0.5897608399391174,
-0.38698509335517883,
-0.14845846593379974,
0.33748677372932434,
-0.17839288711547852,
-0.0640953853726387,
0.2995823621749878,
-0.1381838321685791,
1.0229192972183228,
-0.017845546826720238,
-0.7773005962371826,
-0.4186682403087616,
0.4169812500476837,
0.6494619846343994,
-0.15271905064582825,
-0.21866782009601593,
0.002229555044323206,
-0.30856019258499146,
0.08919618278741837,
-0.9654030799865723,
-0.24796000123023987,
0.5605076551437378,
0.08516287058591843,
-0.9253287315368652,
0.24070653319358826,
0.6080949902534485,
0.06180470064282417,
0.036511924117803574,
-0.10892617702484131,
-0.39041465520858765,
0.4500330686569214,
0.1132601723074913,
0.1257496476173401,
-0.24700480699539185,
-0.30262690782546997,
-0.13209810853004456,
-0.1068883016705513,
0.08847535401582718,
-0.48510923981666565,
-0.6451030969619751,
0.5058891773223877,
0.2512287497520447,
-0.20648010075092316,
-0.15208207070827484,
-0.4575195014476776,
0.1773061603307724,
-0.5297290086746216,
-0.5224696397781372,
0.14552025496959686,
0.497610867023468,
0.46910202503204346,
0.4315066933631897,
-1.0195238590240479,
-0.04535965994000435,
-0.0653098002076149,
-1.195586919784546,
0.0215997863560915,
-0.41644325852394104,
0.24936306476593018,
0.5025113821029663,
0.7420058250427246,
0.030894991010427475,
0.011478077620267868,
-0.463847815990448,
0.03351627662777901,
-0.6038312911987305,
0.5671278238296509,
-0.723940908908844,
0.25658118724823,
0.04749533161520958,
-0.8669726848602295,
-0.011011840775609016,
0.9486308693885803,
0.026034925132989883,
-0.6242267489433289,
-0.10491704940795898,
0.13410775363445282,
-0.03571593388915062,
-0.3557371497154236,
-0.30559131503105164,
0.5844359993934631,
-0.8110624551773071,
0.516477108001709,
0.23564688861370087,
-1.2900899648666382,
0.11022495478391647,
0.04464709013700485,
-0.007318682968616486,
0.2717655897140503,
-0.10154823213815689,
0.08163581043481827,
-0.052658338099718094,
0.666576623916626,
-0.06941061466932297,
-0.15411856770515442,
-0.01628236100077629,
-0.1884053498506546,
0.04506968706846237,
0.6353085041046143,
-1.0038973093032837,
0.24553421139717102,
-0.8596131801605225,
-0.37036705017089844,
0.22557537257671356,
-0.19666072726249695,
0.38043880462646484,
0.20612192153930664,
0.5227187871932983,
0.21476700901985168,
-0.4677979350090027,
-0.40563711524009705,
-0.06983284652233124,
0.5241469144821167,
0.1423732340335846,
0.33156195282936096,
0.8381332755088806,
0.49213293194770813,
0.40252232551574707,
0.3108717203140259,
-0.07729543745517731,
0.19123874604701996,
0.37579649686813354,
-0.34061944484710693,
-0.3316913843154907,
-0.018745457753539085,
0.10571268200874329,
-0.17679956555366516,
-0.17504878342151642,
-0.13907045125961304,
0.12165465205907822,
-0.19861385226249695,
-0.2128441035747528,
0.5756179690361023,
0.6265916228294373,
-0.14538751542568207,
-0.08278443664312363,
0.21362638473510742,
0.2655803859233856,
0.17918577790260315,
-0.13370200991630554,
-0.20450107753276825,
0.05788949504494667,
-0.31796813011169434,
0.432854026556015,
0.16141296923160553,
0.21738183498382568,
-0.189514622092247,
0.05037625506520271,
-0.152086079120636,
-0.19667582213878632,
-0.38649454712867737,
0.12059243023395538,
0.020077751949429512,
-0.2847990393638611,
0.24495339393615723,
0.41714009642601013,
0.04513638839125633,
-0.08108869940042496,
-0.5065041780471802,
-0.3486754298210144,
-0.6435604095458984,
0.07900986820459366,
0.3304896950721741,
-0.25853294134140015,
0.763889729976654,
0.5572763681411743,
-0.6643222570419312,
-0.175318643450737,
0.19811755418777466,
-0.12355194240808487,
-0.3606870770454407,
0.6428877711296082,
0.16232949495315552,
-0.46473070979118347,
-1.043629765510559,
-0.7392548322677612,
0.32159706950187683,
0.1439482420682907,
0.101473867893219,
-0.38370367884635925,
1.430841088294983,
-0.1715153306722641,
-0.31326955556869507,
0.8280729651451111,
-0.3936068117618561,
-0.12559367716312408,
-0.5817581415176392,
0.07755522429943085,
-0.10260454565286636,
0.5593709349632263,
0.009668310172855854,
-0.1276327520608902,
-0.737751841545105,
0.3321000337600708,
-0.6956900358200073,
0.869819700717926,
0.06179242208600044,
0.023923862725496292,
0.5005595088005066,
0.008960364386439323,
-0.43186813592910767,
-0.4764997363090515,
-0.5230672359466553,
0.615023672580719,
0.13505002856254578,
0.29061999917030334,
0.3795187771320343,
0.46047696471214294,
-0.21845896542072296,
0.6005929708480835,
-0.013608177192509174,
-0.20497426390647888,
0.2832510471343994,
-0.08014130592346191,
-0.34030595421791077,
-0.6152969598770142,
-0.05932963266968727,
0.7461810111999512,
-0.008553503081202507,
0.30556777119636536,
-0.7833601236343384,
0.3578512370586395,
-0.17023347318172455,
0.2091493308544159,
-0.7677283883094788,
-0.12661364674568176,
0.32246607542037964
] |
233412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Barrymore | Michael Barrymore | Michael Ciaran Parker (born 4 May 1952), known by his stage name Michael Barrymore, is an English actor, comedian and television presenter of game shows and light entertainment programmes on British television in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. These included Strike It Lucky, My Kind of People, My Kind of Music, Kids Say the Funniest Things, and his own variety show, Barrymore. In 1993, he headlined the Royal Variety Performance.
At his peak, Barrymore was voted the UK's favourite television star several times, and became one of the highest-paid stars on television from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s. After his peak of popularity in the mid-1990s, Barrymore appeared on Celebrity Big Brother and other shows including The Friday Night Project, Graham Norton's Bigger Picture, This Morning, The Sharon Osbourne Show and The Saturday Night Show. He starred in Bob Martin from 2000 to 2001, a comedy drama in which he played the title role of a failing television game-show host.
Barrymore's television career effectively ended after the death of Stuart Lubbock in 2001 following a party at Barrymore's house in Essex. Barrymore was the subject of police investigations and legal action around the case over several years.
Early life
Born Michael Ciaran Parker in Bermondsey, he lived in the Dickens estate for the first 18 years of his life with his two elder siblings. His father left when Barrymore was 11 and they never saw each other again. Barrymore and his siblings were raised in the Roman Catholic faith of their Irish mother, Margaret.
Career
Early career
Barrymore spent his early career working as a Redcoat at Butlins holiday camps and then in the West End theatre shows of London, where he met dancer and lifelong friend Cheryl St Claire in 1974. They married in 1976. With Cheryl as manager and the mastermind behind Barrymore's rise to fame, he first won a 1975 edition of New Faces, became a regular panellist on Blankety Blank and then the warm-up man for Larry Grayson on the Generation Game and also for Little and Large theatre shows. In the early days, Barrymore used to do impressions of John Cleese and Norman Wisdom, among others.
Television career (1976–2002)
Barrymore rose to fame via appearances on Blankety Blank and Who Do You Do? and his television career began firstly by having his own sketch show entitled The Michael Barrymore Show in 1983, which starred a young Nicholas Lyndhurst, and he also appeared in Russ Abbott's Madhouse as various characters between 1981 and 1982. He walked out of his contract with LWT, who produced The Michael Barrymore Show, after only one series; he then landed the presenter's role on the BBC gameshow, Get Set Go!. He appeared in a number of Royal Variety Performance shows, his first being in 1983. He became the host of ITV gameshow Strike It Lucky (which later became Strike It Rich) in 1986 and it grew in popularity over the years and this was watched by 18 million viewers at its peak.
This was Barrymore's first successful presenting role (Get Set Go! had been cancelled after only one single series), which led then to his own light entertainment show, Barrymore in 1991. However, before that he had his own show between 1988 and 1989, produced for the BBC entitled Michael Barrymore's Saturday Night Out; it was set in Jersey and the theme tune, "Doin' the Crab" had been released as a single in 1987.
In 1991, Barrymore was given his own show entitled Barrymore where he interviewed guests, performed his comedy routines and joined in with other performers on the show. The show lasted throughout the 1990s right up to 2000, and was consistently nominated for awards over the years in the UK. Among the many famous guests that appeared on Barrymore were Cliff Richard, Uri Geller, and Spike Milligan.
Following his appearance on the 1993 Royal Variety Performance, where he performed a version of "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" with soldiers, he became popular on television and on the stage. The Royal Variety Show performance brought the house down and cemented Barrymore's place at the heart of the British public. Barrymore became well known through his catchphrases of "Awight!", on making his entrance, and on Strike It Lucky, "Top, middle or bottom?" and "What is a hot spot not?", to which the studio audience would reply "Not a good spot".
Following on from the success, Barrymore had a very public battle with substance abuse. He went into rehab due to his alcohol and drug addiction in 1994. He left after a couple of months and went on to write a best-selling book about his experiences, including rehab, and he also went on a stage tour called Back in Business in 1994.
He then regained his former status and made another series of Barrymore and recorded a new series called My Kind of People. He came out as gay on 19 August 1995 and split from his wife in 1996. He made a new series of Strike It Lucky, now called Strike It Rich and another Barrymore series. More editions of Strike It Rich and Barrymore were shown in 1997 and he also appeared in Spice World as Mr. Step.
A spin-off talent show, My Kind of People and game show My Kind of Music followed the success of both Barrymore and Strike It Rich. Following a dip in ratings, Barrymore was cancelled in 1997 (it later returned in 2000). He went on to new projects with Kids Say the Funniest Things, Animals Do the Funniest Things and Barrymore on Broadway. He was voted the UK's favourite TV star several times, and became one of the highest-paid stars on TV. Barrymore won the National Television Award for Most Popular Entertainment Presenter five out of the first six years, last at the 6th NTAs in 2000. This makes him the last winner of that award before Ant and Dec, who since the 7th NTAs in 2001 have been named Most Popular Entertainment Presenter (or, since 2016, Most Popular TV Presenter) every year the awards were held, 19 in all as of January 2020.
He recorded two new series called My Kind of Music and Kids Say the Funniest Things in 1998 along with more Strike It Rich. Newer editions of all three series were shown and another series of Barrymore was recorded and shown in 2000. The year 2000 also saw Barrymore move into acting in Bob Martin where he played the character of Bob Martin; he recorded two series of the comedy (2000–01). Barrymore also presented a second series of Kids Say the Funniest Things which aired in late 2000 and also a fourth series of My Kind of Music which was on the air at the time that Stuart Lubbock died in Barrymore's pool on 31 March 2001. Following Lubbock's death, both Bob Martin and My Kind of Music stayed on the air but whilst the investigation was ongoing, he did not record any further programmes for ITV. They constantly backed him when asked by the newspapers and simply waited for investigations to conclude. In October 2001, Barrymore was given a drugs caution and began recording a new series of My Kind of Music. There had been talks of him recording a Christmas special called Barrymore's My Kind of Christmas but due to public outrage, this was shelved.
My Kind of Music aired in early 2002. The inquest into Lubbock's death began in September 2002 and due to revelations about Barrymore's private life and his refusal to answer key questions relating to drugs, his contract was cancelled following the conclusion of the inquest.
Death of Stuart Lubbock
Party
Following a party at Barrymore's house in Essex in the early hours of 31 March 2001, a 31-year-old man, Stuart Lubbock, drowned in Barrymore's swimming pool. Three witnesses – including Barrymore – claimed to have found him motionless in the pool. Witnesses disagreed on whether Lubbock was found floating on top of the pool or at the bottom. Barrymore had said he was on top of the pool. Lubbock, described as a "bubbly partygoer", had traces of drugs and alcohol in his system. In the postmortem, pathologists discovered severe anal injuries, which several experts, including senior Home Office pathologist Nathaniel Cary, later agreed were consistent with a sexual assault.
Many tabloid newspapers accused Barrymore of holding drug-fuelled gay orgies in his home and asserted he had some responsibility for the death. It was claimed that Barrymore had been seen at the party rubbing cocaine onto Lubbock's gums, an allegation Barrymore denied.
Arrest and inquest
Barrymore received a police caution for possession and use of cannabis. Barrymore and two other people at the party, unemployed Justin Merritt and drag queen Jonathan Kenney, were arrested on suspicion of murder on 6 June 2001. No other charges were laid against him or anyone else in connection with the death. The inquest that took place in September 2002 reached an open verdict. In light of the verdict, Cheryl Barrymore was approached by a friend of the Lubbock family. She provided the family's solicitor with both an affidavit and subsequent court testimony that her ex-husband had lied under oath, and could in fact swim; she also alleged he had rubbed cocaine onto the gums of other people as well as his own.
In November 2002, Barrymore's lawyers successfully demanded that Essex Police re-investigate matters surrounding Lubbock's death. Their focus was on Barrymore's allegations that the injuries inflicted upon Lubbock's body could have occurred while it was lying unguarded in the mortuary. A pathologist's report found that Lubbock's wounds were only four hours old at the time of the examination at 4 pm, while Lubbock had been pronounced dead at the Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow at 8.20 am that morning. Barrymore told Five Live: "We want to prove the fact that the anal injuries could not have happened at the house." He added: "If these injuries had happened then, why have the police not charged anyone with anything?" An investigation into these claims by Essex Police in 2003 found "no evidence" to support them, instead concluding there was "strong evidence" the injuries were sustained before the arrival of paramedics.
Private prosecution
On Barrymore's high-profile return to the UK in January 2006 to take part in Celebrity Big Brother, former solicitor, politician and local activist Anthony Bennett initiated a private prosecution, comprising six charges regarding Barrymore's alleged misuse of drugs on the night of Stuart Lubbock's death. The action commenced in Epping Magistrates' Court in January 2006 and, on 10 February 2006, a District Judge at Southend Magistrates' Court blocked the private prosecution against Barrymore on the grounds of insufficient evidence being available for the case to continue. Bennett was no longer a solicitor and was acting independently of Terry Lubbock, Stuart's father.
Reopened investigation
In an interview with Piers Morgan in the December 2006 edition of GQ, Barrymore stated there were other witnesses to the events who were hiding information. On 2 December 2006, police announced they were re-opening the investigation into Lubbock's death. The re-investigation followed a lengthy dossier submitted by Bennett, who was now Terry Lubbock's solicitor, cataloguing a series of alleged failures by Essex Police in the original investigation and claiming that there had been an elaborate cover-up of the true circumstances of Lubbock's death.
Complaints processes
On 22 December 2006, following a successful complaint to the Press Complaints Commission by Bennett, The Sun published a letter from Terry Lubbock replying to the newspaper's five-page feature on Barrymore earlier in the year which featured Terry's meeting with Barrymore.
On 1 March 2007, the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), following a complaint lodged the previous December by Terry Lubbock, announced an investigation into aspects of the police inquiry into Lubbock's death after receiving complaints from the Lubbock family. It was reported that complaints surrounded information Essex Police gave to a coroner and pathologist after Lubbock's death. In May the IPCC agreed with Terry Lubbock a schedule of 36 separate complaints relating to the original investigation into Lubbock's death.
Further arrests
On 14 June 2007, Essex Police arrested Barrymore and two other men on suspicion of murder and sexual assault in the Lubbock case. The two other men arrested were Jonathan Kenney, Barrymore's partner at the time of the death, and Justin Merritt, an unemployed former dustman at the time, all present at the party when Lubbock died. The three men were held for questioning at South Woodham Ferrers police station.
This followed reports in The Harlow Herald that police had seized tapes from the home of Barrymore's literary agent, Tony Cowell, allegedly containing conversations between Cowell and Barrymore.
On 15 June 2007, police were given permission to question Barrymore and one other man for a further 12 hours. Barrymore's solicitor Henri Brandman confirmed his client was one of the men arrested. Later that day Barrymore was released on police bail pending further enquiries. His solicitor stated that Barrymore "categorically denied" the allegations made and had not been charged with any offence.
Investigation dropped
On 31 July 2007, it was announced that Barrymore had been re-bailed to appear at an Essex Police station on 10 September. He answered bail on 10 September at a police station in Harlow, Essex. Police were then granted a further 12 hours to question him. On that date, Barrymore and the other two men were told that they would not face charges for the events that occurred. The case was left open. In July 2008 Lubbock's father published the book Not Awight: Getting Away With Murder, co-authored with Bennett, explaining their theory that Stuart had died as a result of a violent attack on him, which Barrymore and his associates that night covered up.
Civil action
In July 2015, Barrymore began the process of suing Essex Police over his arrest. In October 2016, it was reported that High Court papers showed police had admitted that Barrymore was wrongfully arrested and detained. This was because "the arresting officer, PC Cootes, was not fully aware of the grounds for arrest ... and not by reason of a lack of reasonable grounds to suspect the claimant."
On 18 August 2017, the High Court in London ruled that Barrymore would be entitled to "more than nominal" damages against Essex Police after being wrongly arrested 10 years previously. The judge did not decide on the sum to be awarded, as his ruling dealt only with the preliminary issue of the level of damages to be awarded. Barrymore was not present for the decision but valued his claim at more than £2.4 million. Essex Police released a statement on 1 July 2019 to announce that the claim for damages had been dropped, and that no payment had been made to Barrymore, following an appeal; the Court of Appeals judges determined instead that Barrymore was entitled only to ‘nominal’ damages.
Renewed appeal
On 4 February 2020 Essex Police offered a £20,000 reward for information leading to a conviction. The cash reward, funded by Essex Police and the charity Crimestoppers, was in response to a new Channel 4 documentary on the incident, Barrymore: The Body in the Pool, that aired on 6 February 2020.
On 17 March 2021, Essex Police confirmed that they had arrested a 50-year-old man from Cheshire in connection with the indecent assault and murder of Stuart Lubbock, as a result of the appeal. Lucy Morris of Essex Police stated, "Nine people were at that party. We know that not everyone was responsible for what happened but someone was. Now is the time to come forward, if you haven’t done so already, to set this matter to rest by providing us with any information you have." She emphasised Essex police had, "never given up on this case" and investigations were complex. In May 2021, Stuart Lubbock's father Terry, who was suffering from terminal cancer, expressed his hopes that the truth would come out. After Terry Lubbock died, his friend Harry Cichy said, "He thought about Stuart every waking hour, seven days a week. He's died sad because he's died knowing people never knew the truth about what happened. But no one could have fought harder for their son."
Career revivals
Following the revelation of Lubbock's death, ITV terminated Barrymore's contract and his television career collapsed. A new series of Kids Say the Funniest Things recorded prior to the scandal was pulled from the ITV schedule and never broadcast. The Guardian reported that the BBC cancelled publication of Barrymore's life story. In September 2003, Barrymore staged a one-man show at London's Wyndham's Theatre, which closed after a few days. He subsequently emigrated to New Zealand to live with his partner, Shaun Davis. He has since had live stage shows in New Zealand and Australia. In 2005, he appeared in Chicago in Napier, New Zealand.
Celebrity Big Brother
In December 2005, it was announced that Barrymore was being paid £150,000 by Channel 4 to take part in Celebrity Big Brother commencing 5 January 2006. He had a difficult relationship with housemate George Galloway, which culminated in a 20-minute heated argument between the two men. On 27 January 2006 he finished runner-up to Chantelle Houghton.
After Celebrity Big Brother
Remaining in the UK, Barrymore was booked to be the guest host on Channel 4's The Friday Night Project for the edition broadcast on 3 February 2006. This is the last time that Barrymore appeared on a show as the presenter. The months following Barrymore's appearance on Big Brother were full of speculation that Barrymore was in talks with a number of television channels over the possibility of new shows, but nothing ever came of this. Barrymore's appearance on the Friday Night Project is the last time he presented a primetime television show.
It was announced that for Christmas 2006, Barrymore would play the title role in Bill Kenwright's production of Scrooge – The Musical. He performed the lead role at the Empire Theatre, Sunderland, but the production's scheduled transfer to the West End was cancelled. In January 2008, Barrymore took the role of comedian and writer Spike Milligan in the stage play Surviving Spike. It played Windsor and later the Edinburgh Fringe, but again, its West End transfer was cancelled. In February 2010, he appeared on Irish television on The Saturday Night Show, where he unexpectedly performed numerous bizarre and controversial antics, including pretending to be Jedward's father. In May 2010, Barrymore startled his co-contestants on a reality TV show by revealing that he had fallen in love with a woman. Barrymore was filming an episode of Channel 4 show Come Dine With Me, with former Generation Game host Anthea Redfern and presenters Pat Sharp and Jenny Powell, when he said he was going to have a party to celebrate that he was "coming back in".
His personal publicity, particularly in the tabloid press, continues to be negative. In December 2011, he was convicted of cocaine possession and fined £780. Although Strike It Rich and Strike It Lucky have been repeated on the digital channel Challenge, his entertainment shows such as Barrymore and My Kind of People are never repeated anywhere and his work is never included on clip shows, such as those marking ITV's 50th anniversary or the 100th anniversary of the London Palladium.
His only work in 2012 was on local radio stations, and on hospital radio. One was on Minster FM, on Greg Scott's breakfast show on 25 February 2012, where he was surprised to meet one of his all-time favourite television guests, Fiona Iverson, who had appeared on his show twenty years earlier.
In 2013, Barrymore appeared on RTÉ show The Saturday Night Show for the second time, his first appearance was in February 2010, on this show he talked about his harsh treatment by the press, his addiction and also the possibility of a new show called My Kind of Twits. He subsequently claimed on Twitter that a pilot for My Kind of Twits would be filmed in May, but this did not happen. Barrymore also appeared on The Nolan Show in June 2013.
On 9 June 2014, Barrymore appeared on The Jeremy Kyle Show on ITV in which he was interviewed in depth by Kyle for one hour about his life in show business, marriage and sexuality. Barrymore announced to the audience that he had been 'clean' for three years without alcohol or other drugs.
In August 2014, Barrymore stated that he would be presenting a new show called Stealing The Limelight which would be similar to My Kind of People where he and a co-presenter called Barrie Drewitt-Barlow would travel the country and allow members of the public to audition for the chance to appear on the show. Dates were booked in Liverpool, Manchester and London. However, this came to nothing and the Twitter page for the new show now no longer exists.
In September 2019, it was announced that Barrymore would take part in the twelfth series of ITV's Dancing on Ice starting in January 2020. However on 18 December 2019, he had to withdraw because of a broken hand and was replaced by former Blue Peter presenter Radzi Chinyanganya.
Personal life
Barrymore met his former wife Cheryl Cocklin in 1974 while she was performing as a dancer in a West End theatre show. They married in 1976.
Cocklin became his manager and was the mastermind behind Barrymore's rise to fame. Cocklin later said that Barrymore had problems with alcohol and depression, and as a result of his attack on her at the Hotel Bel-Air in Los Angeles, she was placed by British police on the "at risk" register.
At the height of his popularity, Barrymore suffered increasing alcohol problems. Barrymore claims he wanted to seek help, but that Cheryl continually told him: "No, you're not (alcoholic). Don't be stupid."
Sexuality
In mid-1995, at the height of his fame, he went to The White Swan gay pub in London's East End, where he gave an impromptu stage performance to the largely local crowd singing the words: "Start spreading the news – I'm gay today". Within 48 hours, every tabloid newspaper had printed its own version of the evening's events, including an untrue claim that Barrymore had thrown away his wedding ring.
In November 1995, Barrymore attended the National Television Awards. At an after-show party on a live late night radio show, he publicly declared he was gay and "no longer wanted to live a lie", following which he split with Cheryl. She later claimed that Barrymore took the step and did not tell her because of his talks with Diana, Princess of Wales.
Divorce
After several aborted reunions, Cheryl and Michael divorced in 1997; she went on to publish the autobiography Catch a Falling Star in 2002, which contained details of their acrimonious split. The couple subsequently had no contact, and Cheryl at her request ceased to be Barrymore's agent or manager. Barrymore later suggested in his 2006 autobiography Awight Now: Setting the Record Straight that Cheryl was a control freak who controlled his every movement including his clothes, and she had created the character that was "Michael Barrymore", which consequently drove him to alcohol, drugs and gay affairs. In an interview in 2002, Barrymore stated he had an alcohol addiction and was in recovery.
On 1 April 2005, Cheryl died of lung cancer, aged 55, at the Hospital of St John and St Elizabeth in St John's Wood.
Filmography
Stand-up videos
References
Further reading
The New Zealand Herald Barrymore not to blame for son's death, said father Barrymore not to blame for son's death, says father – Life & Style – NZ Herald News
External links
1952 births
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
BBC people
Bisexual male actors
Butlins Redcoats
Comedians from London
English game show hosts
English male comedians
English male television actors
English people convicted of drug offences
English people of Irish descent
ITV people
LGBT broadcasters from the United Kingdom
Bisexual comedians
LGBT actors from England
Living people
People from Bermondsey
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians | [
-0.2860479950904846,
-0.058627910912036896,
-0.1323249638080597,
-0.5172606110572815,
0.511875569820404,
0.7415427565574646,
0.23429161310195923,
0.24600937962532043,
-0.5752988457679749,
0.42319661378860474,
-0.7233270406723022,
0.6805556416511536,
-0.011232134886085987,
0.04962513968348503,
0.20847055315971375,
0.6014856100082397,
0.28737661242485046,
-0.10749632865190506,
-0.1471392661333084,
-0.39979833364486694,
-0.4263782203197479,
0.7622759938240051,
0.014456557109951973,
0.15352855622768402,
-0.4369856119155884,
0.5764101147651672,
-0.512933075428009,
-0.13982248306274414,
0.08366650342941284,
-0.13033989071846008,
0.2705381512641907,
0.14692974090576172,
0.6735741496086121,
-0.18777085840702057,
-0.03983089700341225,
-0.20810750126838684,
-0.0805526077747345,
0.011669797822833061,
-0.6298686861991882,
0.24143579602241516,
0.5015500783920288,
-0.128895565867424,
0.09774089604616165,
-0.3245738446712494,
-0.5665925145149231,
-0.4242824614048004,
-1.0857484340667725,
0.3650195002555847,
-0.5893721580505371,
-0.189182311296463,
-0.21546515822410583,
0.7055773138999939,
-0.029483383521437645,
-0.3978947103023529,
0.267808198928833,
0.0723857581615448,
-0.07344039529561996,
-0.2179277539253235,
0.3524669110774994,
-0.17483340203762054,
0.1582423895597458,
0.2571638226509094,
-0.24048496782779694,
-0.8546159863471985,
-0.178877055644989,
-0.19194906949996948,
0.7280290722846985,
0.5430224537849426,
-0.039722561836242676,
-0.5026711225509644,
0.5359358787536621,
0.3881441652774811,
0.0777457132935524,
-0.07652744650840759,
0.31546831130981445,
-0.07658767700195312,
0.6370609998703003,
-0.03456061705946922,
-0.011781178414821625,
0.12032458186149597,
0.18168319761753082,
-0.16052567958831787,
0.5776767730712891,
1.1266897916793823,
0.022020868957042694,
-0.2547142803668976,
0.13623620569705963,
0.5230613350868225,
-0.39089053869247437,
-0.20857089757919312,
-0.765630841255188,
-0.060221195220947266,
0.46471160650253296,
0.4317055642604828,
-0.06195909157395363,
-0.08485664427280426,
-0.1694224625825882,
-0.3880692720413208,
0.7800394296646118,
-0.5256063938140869,
-0.5250543355941772,
-0.4297123849391937,
0.2470589280128479,
-0.9784005880355835,
-0.34478384256362915,
0.8571768999099731,
0.14713270962238312,
-0.41911327838897705,
-0.7462738752365112,
0.4498935639858246,
-0.857825756072998,
-0.04183528572320938,
0.04403388127684593,
0.43735799193382263,
0.400968074798584,
0.09929246455430984,
-0.16724030673503876,
-0.2500154376029968,
-0.978141725063324,
0.6327283978462219,
0.49473682045936584,
-0.02281739003956318,
-0.38094738125801086,
1.0863300561904907,
-0.5309735536575317,
-0.40332260727882385,
0.35426557064056396,
0.03355657309293747,
0.04149332642555237,
0.1317795217037201,
0.3333791494369507,
0.6470515727996826,
-0.5381768941879272,
-0.02180682308971882,
-0.425886332988739,
0.25884461402893066,
0.2949731647968292,
-0.2526988387107849,
-0.140317901968956,
-0.02667609602212906,
-0.4730781018733978,
-0.07577311992645264,
-0.1997523307800293,
-0.013670631684362888,
0.0968392863869667,
-0.31481117010116577,
0.010380781255662441,
0.20281566679477692,
-0.20024777948856354,
-0.42814886569976807,
-0.07309401780366898,
0.06691845506429672,
0.15806809067726135,
-0.8284868597984314,
0.0596410296857357,
0.4850221574306488,
-0.10282714664936066,
-0.3252652585506439,
-0.3005998432636261,
-0.3778807818889618,
0.531579315662384,
-0.28922420740127563,
0.05155240371823311,
0.050685491412878036,
0.5251002311706543,
0.08186082541942596,
-0.0006108737434260547,
-0.6689616441726685,
-0.30144423246383667,
0.25990620255470276,
-0.04779352247714996,
0.6657728552818298,
0.8108614683151245,
0.019088998436927795,
-0.6328322887420654,
0.2616198658943176,
0.1484309285879135,
0.30759692192077637,
0.5216876864433289,
-0.1867443323135376,
-0.6635785102844238,
-0.5048057436943054,
-0.019231382757425308,
0.081952765583992,
0.21734988689422607,
0.1099034771323204,
0.42184582352638245,
-0.3834342658519745,
0.6927480101585388,
-0.13894791901111603,
-1.081294298171997,
-0.21668778359889984,
-0.1566707342863083,
-0.6451934576034546,
0.3968345522880554,
-0.009859960526227951,
-0.3119331896305084,
-0.006351003423333168,
0.7745969295501709,
0.8045276403427124,
0.0768330991268158,
-0.17532873153686523,
0.4656534790992737,
0.260075181722641,
-0.34174394607543945,
0.1734127402305603,
0.5774163007736206,
-0.07236755639314651,
0.3468771278858185,
0.4607257544994354,
-0.09354943037033081,
-0.456614226102829,
0.0038087437860667706,
0.25442034006118774,
-0.01392950490117073,
0.07448858767747879,
-0.4365607500076294,
-0.14319513738155365,
-0.2657630741596222,
-0.21061310172080994,
0.254520058631897,
0.4907884895801544,
-0.11283081024885178,
0.4503522217273712,
-0.023519283160567284,
1.189182162284851,
0.03735220059752464,
-0.2518564760684967,
0.8146214485168457,
-0.6880912184715271,
-0.49389562010765076,
0.07968045026063919,
-0.11803371459245682,
-0.7605937719345093,
-0.21225428581237793,
-0.20490649342536926,
0.6908520460128784,
-0.27543309330940247,
-0.46687209606170654,
-0.6838774681091309,
0.433102548122406,
0.18079718947410583,
-0.5905359387397766,
-0.20104755461215973,
0.07956254482269287,
0.5665258765220642,
-0.2523469030857086,
0.26723963022232056,
-0.1583007425069809,
-0.033643752336502075,
0.31952229142189026,
0.12128835916519165,
0.21889103949069977,
0.44875067472457886,
0.29357948899269104,
0.42489293217658997,
0.24437566101551056,
0.05997335910797119,
0.15112243592739105,
0.48608577251434326,
-0.01675923727452755,
-0.19774888455867767,
0.18016760051250458,
0.004172667395323515,
-0.5034382343292236,
-0.41537800431251526,
-0.007748573087155819,
-0.5572291612625122,
0.22393743693828583,
-0.040820829570293427,
0.17951537668704987,
-0.5868939161300659,
-0.2910577058792114,
0.16374415159225464,
0.3914412558078766,
0.3000437617301941,
0.14424347877502441,
0.07491646707057953,
-0.25294142961502075,
-0.8276264667510986,
0.23689821362495422,
0.4577004313468933,
-0.3726065158843994,
0.383428156375885,
-0.18651841580867767,
-0.30818232893943787,
-0.7649503946304321,
0.11966431885957718,
-0.22544334828853607,
0.041551873087882996,
-0.2985101640224457,
0.6322369575500488,
-0.3628998398780823,
0.4753560721874237,
-0.0810435488820076,
-0.08865794539451599,
0.09931130707263947,
-0.0066167814657092094,
0.24486161768436432,
0.3691393733024597,
-0.17848429083824158,
0.4964415729045868,
-0.26445630192756653,
0.18069320917129517,
0.5012933015823364,
-0.29847559332847595,
-0.7414369583129883,
-0.4192618131637573,
-5.54367733001709,
-0.05720841884613037,
0.10672244429588318,
-0.048967715352773666,
0.7773857116699219,
-0.09767676144838333,
0.20259645581245422,
-0.31583553552627563,
0.24531707167625427,
-0.15924330055713654,
-0.19143559038639069,
-0.015685657039284706,
-0.37155139446258545,
0.7054234743118286,
0.7671418190002441,
0.08348336070775986,
0.05458158254623413,
-0.44676119089126587,
0.6170726418495178,
0.48401859402656555,
-0.22484898567199707,
-0.24909134209156036,
-0.5061113238334656,
0.14464165270328522,
-0.5083500146865845,
0.6923703551292419,
-0.5001190900802612,
-0.09185107052326202,
-0.690733790397644,
-0.23201687633991241,
-0.4414200782775879,
-0.024225475266575813,
-0.5321142077445984,
-0.08299919217824936,
-0.2797694802284241,
-0.016571691259741783,
0.4519168436527252,
-0.7835911512374878,
0.4608687460422516,
-1.0291107892990112,
0.15975581109523773,
0.26980656385421753,
-0.48781442642211914,
0.2316192239522934,
0.847191333770752,
-0.4067983627319336,
-0.3598501682281494,
-0.37813517451286316,
0.214909628033638,
0.4093693196773529,
0.5506266355514526,
0.626629650592804,
0.008370283991098404,
-0.015705524012446404,
0.5264982581138611,
-0.040728356689214706,
0.17015378177165985,
0.1115100085735321,
-0.4625895321369171,
0.6275848746299744,
0.310033917427063,
0.018919095396995544,
-0.19699230790138245,
0.10917320847511292,
0.036740969866514206,
-0.253722608089447,
0.5220520496368408,
0.06729520112276077,
0.6828951239585876,
-0.841425359249115,
-0.10116764158010483,
-0.3304279148578644,
0.4824884235858917,
-0.7879098653793335,
-0.3180984556674957,
0.13851705193519592,
0.4509856402873993,
0.30727386474609375,
-0.24861903488636017,
-0.09233737736940384,
-0.49448516964912415,
-0.4359910488128662,
-0.3791608214378357,
0.06788048893213272,
-0.31106889247894287,
-0.35247448086738586,
-0.3713303804397583,
0.5003675818443298,
-0.12924084067344666,
-0.5443729162216187,
0.200810506939888,
-0.38743191957473755,
-0.0166346225887537,
0.3325697183609009,
0.5628962516784668,
0.8221943378448486,
0.08141953498125076,
0.9530753493309021,
-0.03703438118100166,
0.37375810742378235,
-0.22489206492900848,
-0.9360898733139038,
0.7693650722503662,
-0.5052924156188965,
0.16920766234397888,
-0.00048765778774395585,
0.32873791456222534,
-0.20701375603675842,
0.40830814838409424,
0.04886804521083832,
0.3792869448661804,
0.33285945653915405,
-0.7819476127624512,
0.4437844157218933,
0.2352779656648636,
-0.22006504237651825,
-0.01729215309023857,
-0.0023911758325994015,
0.23383614420890808,
0.7414803504943848,
-0.141169473528862,
0.36793291568756104,
-0.036797504872083664,
0.02337423339486122,
-0.6488102078437805,
-0.11839960515499115,
0.071766696870327,
-0.3090239465236664,
0.5848325490951538,
-0.39816945791244507,
-0.04427903890609741,
0.7217689752578735,
-0.03928176686167717,
-0.00306530948728323,
0.7941372394561768,
-0.12257508188486099,
-0.0433899387717247,
-0.41497838497161865,
0.19624710083007812,
0.12300921976566315,
0.3943456709384918,
-0.9435271620750427,
0.10829343646764755,
0.34910741448402405,
-0.10250317305326462,
-0.5340432524681091,
-0.0840090960264206,
0.18163739144802094,
0.509467601776123,
0.784899890422821,
0.5386943817138672,
0.18920037150382996,
0.1258782148361206,
-0.8569750785827637,
-0.18781235814094543,
-0.12186259031295776,
-0.9133853912353516,
-0.5847952961921692,
0.4826538562774658,
-0.10229382663965225,
0.5072839856147766,
0.06615699082612991,
-1.1248283386230469,
0.15237832069396973,
0.5174145102500916,
0.13657070696353912,
-0.22687411308288574,
-0.266338974237442,
-0.006392437499016523,
0.7646161317825317,
-0.6659172177314758,
-0.5099085569381714,
-0.45067334175109863,
0.5144480466842651,
0.4555310308933258,
-0.14460709691047668,
-0.4056667685508728,
-0.5464914441108704,
-0.1435970664024353,
0.24920497834682465,
0.603979229927063,
-0.09171324968338013,
-0.5207845568656921,
0.018227800726890564,
0.2743077874183655,
-0.4691777229309082,
-0.9458274245262146,
0.05486941337585449,
0.19606776535511017,
0.040448106825351715,
-0.3728815019130707,
0.119941346347332,
0.30371153354644775,
0.36500006914138794,
-0.616481363773346,
-0.11905289441347122,
-0.1846190243959427,
0.12905709445476532,
0.1648571640253067,
-0.18717718124389648,
-0.3808332681655884,
-0.4379260838031769,
-0.44306349754333496,
-0.49501141905784607,
0.7413905262947083,
-0.6156310439109802,
-0.09591300040483475,
-0.08138012886047363,
0.07209423929452896,
0.4544805586338043,
-0.23151934146881104,
-0.20428195595741272,
-0.2876473665237427,
0.2929854094982147,
-0.37427598237991333,
0.07750257849693298,
0.22581017017364502,
0.11065023392438889,
-0.142573744058609,
-0.4210405647754669,
-0.20076097548007965,
-0.8095301985740662,
-0.11071445047855377,
0.14323408901691437,
-0.5464417338371277,
-0.3959156572818756,
0.6698742508888245,
-0.7049677968025208,
0.4452248215675354,
0.3231979012489319,
-0.11236365139484406,
-0.19615547358989716,
0.5291635990142822,
0.5495579242706299,
-0.29344919323921204,
0.23794898390769958,
0.22059248387813568,
0.47007855772972107,
-0.13769924640655518,
0.2676626741886139,
0.6085900068283081,
0.5102216601371765,
-0.2690020203590393,
-0.24659740924835205,
0.0011809789575636387,
0.4760587811470032,
0.5650569796562195,
-0.48218241333961487,
-0.13813500106334686,
0.051501497626304626,
0.4966381788253784,
0.16153064370155334,
-0.045240167528390884,
0.47677090764045715,
0.3217390477657318,
-1.0880441665649414,
0.35829684138298035,
-0.36025017499923706,
-0.142175555229187,
0.02930726855993271,
0.18692126870155334,
-0.24057216942310333,
0.04996076226234436,
-0.18267948925495148,
0.0035511539317667484,
-0.3595617413520813,
0.13245989382266998,
0.13148601353168488,
0.22240088880062103,
-0.1940208524465561,
0.07840925455093384,
-0.07031940668821335,
-0.42292726039886475,
0.9245310425758362,
-0.23541003465652466,
0.23044197261333466,
0.5205767750740051,
-0.8738102316856384,
0.27009090781211853,
0.17853814363479614,
-0.6221782565116882,
0.6877512335777283,
0.21869240701198578,
-0.7652086615562439,
-0.22687502205371857,
-0.8509500026702881,
0.3890494704246521,
0.14955654740333557,
0.0423416905105114,
-0.10883070528507233,
-0.14782945811748505,
0.30040183663368225,
-0.5852909088134766,
-0.39789435267448425,
-0.3788112699985504,
-0.6574844717979431,
-0.4417704939842224,
0.7096379399299622,
0.01574818417429924,
0.15639576315879822,
-0.05025671795010567,
0.27641698718070984,
0.23396837711334229,
-0.4555850028991699,
-0.19304481148719788,
0.033736277371644974,
0.22421398758888245,
-0.6433513164520264,
-0.18062421679496765,
0.024514781311154366,
0.31990739703178406,
-0.23059996962547302,
0.18036693334579468,
0.3286891579627991,
0.026455700397491455,
-0.1600760966539383,
1.0434857606887817,
-0.4237719774246216,
0.045341428369283676,
0.12672321498394012,
-0.012455562129616737,
-0.32045263051986694,
0.13395588099956512,
-0.49481824040412903,
0.46660441160202026,
0.8379278779029846,
0.4937841296195984,
-0.23083268105983734,
0.3753473460674286,
0.7369784712791443,
-0.04014118015766144,
-0.310369074344635,
0.15172158181667328,
0.4273184537887573,
0.05613403022289276,
-1.0788856744766235,
0.31666436791419983,
0.10749893635511398,
0.48435473442077637,
0.2883510887622833,
-0.047150857746601105,
0.02105964906513691,
-0.08511471748352051,
-0.14396533370018005,
-0.2188854068517685,
0.2968935966491699,
0.31421133875846863,
-0.10312864929437637,
-1.0836353302001953,
-0.15682156383991241,
0.338309645652771,
0.04436732456088066,
0.7093155384063721,
-0.3843432068824768,
0.803982675075531,
-0.16234621405601501,
-0.16702648997306824,
-0.6235892176628113,
-0.4900992810726166,
0.13393859565258026,
0.5959289073944092,
-0.2793714702129364,
0.788268506526947,
0.26274561882019043,
-0.49750518798828125,
0.05303782969713211,
-0.24083136022090912,
-0.6801900863647461,
0.21476732194423676,
0.32717907428741455,
-0.12795592844486237,
0.1168292909860611,
-0.5624685287475586,
0.24329665303230286,
0.07116048038005829,
-0.23167505860328674,
0.44695714116096497,
-0.20835807919502258,
-0.30148518085479736,
0.3689575493335724,
-0.23922501504421234,
-0.36447370052337646,
-0.24418848752975464,
-0.18237441778182983,
-0.04007923975586891,
0.06339433044195175,
0.14531132578849792,
0.2786865830421448,
-0.6811273097991943,
0.05207077041268349,
0.48046213388442993,
-0.8937056660652161,
-0.5146618485450745,
0.4358823895454407,
-0.2939983010292053,
-0.05531281232833862,
-0.4340429902076721,
0.5830168128013611,
0.36587876081466675,
-0.03554564341902733,
0.741460382938385,
0.5320267677307129,
0.11408434063196182,
0.05739068612456322,
-0.5036184191703796,
0.12146907299757004,
-0.2724105417728424,
-0.3468568027019501,
-0.7275463938713074,
0.06833241879940033,
0.5394740700721741,
-0.21057072281837463,
-0.3081696033477783,
-0.19826532900333405,
-0.5157797336578369,
0.20662318170070648,
0.42275500297546387,
0.2770692706108093,
0.42084237933158875,
-0.3032107353210449,
0.0855269655585289,
0.9011460542678833,
0.2804054319858551,
0.04721406102180481,
-0.12501129508018494,
0.6700578927993774,
-0.06643473356962204,
-0.17789454758167267,
-0.47918272018432617,
0.7532785534858704,
-0.09470529109239578,
-0.1280643492937088,
-0.45917779207229614,
0.11359290033578873,
-0.44925498962402344,
-1.1895915269851685,
0.8542495965957642,
0.39611780643463135,
0.22211933135986328,
-0.21055078506469727,
0.20621176064014435,
0.17155039310455322,
0.7829306721687317,
-0.04413604363799095,
-0.5615070462226868,
-0.5590924620628357,
0.3791899085044861,
-0.38063833117485046,
-0.22554609179496765,
0.18616074323654175,
0.09222448617219925,
-0.5597419142723083,
0.4457167983055115,
-0.615964412689209,
-0.13376498222351074,
0.24877028167247772,
0.32612571120262146,
-0.29851868748664856,
0.1275629997253418,
-0.272064208984375
] |
233413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Carrillo | Fernando Carrillo | Fernando Enrique Carrillo Roselli (born January 6, 1966, in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan actor, model and singer.
Biography
Fernando Enrique Carrillo Roselli was born on January 6, 1966, in Caracas, Venezuela. He was mostly educated in London. He graduated from the Central University of Venezuela.
Career
Fernando is most known for his telenovelas, such as María Isabel and his most popular, Rosalinda starring with Mexican superstar Thalía. Carrillo was part of a music band in Venezuela along with 2 siblings. In December 2012, he revisited the Philippines. He was interviewed by Korina Sanchez during her radio show on DZMM and Boy Abunda on The Buzz.
Personal life
On 1990, he married the actress, Catherine Fulop. The couple divorced in 1994.
He has a son named Ángel Gabriel Carrillo who was born in November 2008.
He resides in Tulum, Mexico.
Filmography
Television
Theater
Movies
Television programs
Discography
Singles
As lead artist
1990 — Desde aquí
1998 — Algún día
2000 — Fernando in Manila
References
External links
(contains Flash)
1970 births
Living people
Venezuelan expatriates in Mexico
Venezuelan male telenovela actors
Venezuelan people of Italian descent
Venezuelan Roman Catholics
Male actors from Caracas
20th-century Venezuelan male singers
21st-century Venezuelan male singers
20th-century Venezuelan male actors
21st-century Venezuelan male actors
Participants in Argentine reality television series
Bailando por un Sueño (Argentine TV series) participants | [
-0.2759804427623749,
0.10990677773952484,
-0.14521661400794983,
-0.06303664296865463,
0.6328355669975281,
0.7415993809700012,
0.08880537748336792,
0.279738187789917,
-0.21925053000450134,
-0.13723745942115784,
-0.00032162832212634385,
0.7354196310043335,
0.2679280936717987,
0.04691449552774429,
0.1264401525259018,
0.31084325909614563,
-0.11440172046422958,
0.8001532554626465,
-0.1467619240283966,
-0.6750985980033875,
-1.0414031744003296,
0.11651898920536041,
0.033646706491708755,
0.3747768998146057,
-0.6997021436691284,
0.4837145209312439,
-0.5364622473716736,
0.4282199442386627,
0.17136560380458832,
-0.2606785297393799,
0.18418967723846436,
0.33976292610168457,
0.8077419996261597,
0.012512202374637127,
-0.37575167417526245,
0.20164909958839417,
-0.32749056816101074,
-0.7219955921173096,
0.12968014180660248,
-0.29059889912605286,
0.119474396109581,
0.2320026457309723,
-0.1674976646900177,
-0.5467545986175537,
-0.3838801383972168,
-0.5516300797462463,
-0.9953768253326416,
0.27740544080734253,
-0.295094758272171,
-0.4776690900325775,
-0.34544843435287476,
-0.06302478909492493,
-0.13864722847938538,
0.4481457471847534,
0.3701258897781372,
-0.43397802114486694,
-0.5965933203697205,
-0.46783196926116943,
0.06261252611875534,
0.020557768642902374,
0.1977049857378006,
0.24257339537143707,
0.38087940216064453,
-1.309360384941101,
0.6728564500808716,
-0.0003077986475545913,
0.8279595375061035,
-0.5809987783432007,
-0.42116522789001465,
-0.04849293828010559,
-0.04063468053936958,
0.35090795159339905,
0.45874351263046265,
-0.8129717111587524,
0.02930615283548832,
-1.0054155588150024,
-0.46387502551078796,
0.6667630672454834,
-0.3470762073993683,
0.9369088411331177,
0.34807050228118896,
-0.4436855614185333,
0.5788745284080505,
0.25213977694511414,
0.37476837635040283,
0.25933969020843506,
-0.45149922370910645,
0.2706854045391083,
-0.8145918846130371,
-0.15310242772102356,
-1.2237669229507446,
-0.283591628074646,
-0.0012866175966337323,
0.5864034295082092,
-0.25204068422317505,
-0.20684672892093658,
-0.25275757908821106,
-0.1692744940519333,
-0.004321014974266291,
0.13021495938301086,
0.08955185860395432,
-0.13736902177333832,
0.4390506446361542,
-0.5227330327033997,
-0.43487080931663513,
0.1154535785317421,
0.08632101863622665,
0.6307750344276428,
-0.985225260257721,
-0.1365528702735901,
-0.5107029676437378,
0.2195260226726532,
-0.08380401134490967,
-0.03336184844374657,
-0.15663963556289673,
0.3906264901161194,
0.2681015133857727,
-0.3415796160697937,
-0.7492033839225769,
0.4010789692401886,
-0.014268447645008564,
0.14658239483833313,
-0.1657927930355072,
0.8577090501785278,
-0.3560309112071991,
0.4179997742176056,
0.06600438803434372,
0.04526074230670929,
-0.18354934453964233,
0.4101469814777374,
0.49212679266929626,
0.7699113488197327,
-0.2964572012424469,
0.11131476610898972,
-0.36308228969573975,
-0.5623911619186401,
-0.11420799046754837,
0.294746994972229,
-0.08751454949378967,
-0.555582582950592,
-0.3061571419239044,
-0.29350030422210693,
-0.06497306376695633,
0.09297250956296921,
0.11758806556463242,
0.013913027010858059,
0.052702225744724274,
-0.22235994040966034,
-0.03980478271842003,
-0.4919155538082123,
-0.14217527210712433,
0.5761443376541138,
-0.10046816617250443,
-1.1149135828018188,
-0.23538446426391602,
0.19118919968605042,
0.4187699556350708,
-0.7990031242370605,
0.7083867192268372,
-0.27842050790786743,
0.547312319278717,
-0.1480802446603775,
-0.11028481274843216,
0.47435930371284485,
0.06924306601285934,
-0.5153974890708923,
0.2001809924840927,
0.3972468674182892,
-0.04739159345626831,
0.41103214025497437,
-0.1547851860523224,
0.6030322909355164,
-0.19980791211128235,
-0.6161016821861267,
-0.3096025586128235,
0.002715364098548889,
-0.11454389989376068,
-0.10454202443361282,
-0.22187873721122742,
0.0907299593091011,
-0.49064183235168457,
0.02884703502058983,
-0.21890680491924286,
0.043786123394966125,
0.24103659391403198,
0.062322359532117844,
0.1965314894914627,
0.3096781373023987,
0.5187709331512451,
0.2328578531742096,
-0.8102498650550842,
0.011333433911204338,
-0.3423153758049011,
-0.2482728511095047,
-0.05168851837515831,
0.1199561282992363,
-0.3518977165222168,
0.39139917492866516,
0.23892568051815033,
0.3291812837123871,
-1.0291651487350464,
-0.004585774149745703,
0.8716540336608887,
0.4732530415058136,
-0.10755982249975204,
-0.1954641044139862,
0.5415138006210327,
0.5138276219367981,
0.28885936737060547,
0.7972670793533325,
-0.029046954587101936,
-0.1652778685092926,
-0.009863981045782566,
0.35280123353004456,
-0.11721525341272354,
-0.8016902804374695,
-0.6927156448364258,
-0.5204519629478455,
-0.1283617615699768,
0.2277800738811493,
0.5496546030044556,
0.08252240717411041,
-0.5698954463005066,
0.3659824728965759,
-0.14353002607822418,
0.9885169267654419,
0.16631042957305908,
-0.07571084797382355,
0.6370573043823242,
-0.8841784000396729,
-0.016268238425254822,
0.0703166127204895,
-0.32489338517189026,
-0.5517032742500305,
-0.26408651471138,
0.3631328344345093,
0.37435024976730347,
-0.4282081127166748,
-0.9761174917221069,
-0.5356621742248535,
0.8051403760910034,
0.15218301117420197,
-0.2161691039800644,
0.06493834406137466,
0.05645290017127991,
0.2548319101333618,
-0.01405190210789442,
0.12270291149616241,
-0.21691569685935974,
0.3001835346221924,
-0.1855785995721817,
0.10195842385292053,
-0.09959178417921066,
-0.30983197689056396,
0.3527889549732208,
0.18845495581626892,
0.35498329997062683,
-0.019061865285038948,
0.1839168667793274,
0.21020632982254028,
0.32705268263816833,
0.09026229381561279,
-0.07857692986726761,
0.3533652126789093,
-0.37113431096076965,
-0.22868692874908447,
0.10070671886205673,
-0.798234760761261,
0.42065247893333435,
-0.2506019175052643,
-0.07592619210481644,
-0.3846398890018463,
-0.12322752177715302,
0.12451159209012985,
-0.08556868135929108,
-0.003673126455396414,
-0.19370584189891815,
0.32989469170570374,
-0.64958256483078,
-1.000250220298767,
0.0004049535491503775,
0.14080940186977386,
-0.30094271898269653,
-0.5572708249092102,
-0.4207313060760498,
-0.09898540377616882,
-0.11241652071475983,
-0.24917703866958618,
-0.2287721484899521,
-0.15655814111232758,
-0.5463470220565796,
0.5756032466888428,
-0.00874277763068676,
0.9334427118301392,
-0.2832931876182556,
-0.6460411548614502,
0.34100252389907837,
-0.07401908189058304,
0.6924710273742676,
-0.2500285506248474,
-0.14977186918258667,
0.6368705034255981,
0.18512019515037537,
0.126930370926857,
0.39652571082115173,
0.16020064055919647,
0.3951447904109955,
0.22373929619789124,
-5.228455066680908,
-0.19329719245433807,
0.1349867880344391,
0.036836426705121994,
0.44903507828712463,
-0.19297143816947937,
0.42151567339897156,
0.11543576419353485,
0.41089120507240295,
-0.18685095012187958,
-0.12337373197078705,
0.4410514235496521,
0.13830319046974182,
0.7641336917877197,
0.5818953514099121,
0.30229270458221436,
-0.0864039957523346,
-0.6192405819892883,
0.21372681856155396,
0.8641107678413391,
-0.4220186173915863,
-0.5726754069328308,
-0.19186295568943024,
0.3257993161678314,
-0.2203434705734253,
-0.11692579090595245,
-0.609051525592804,
-0.07613148540258408,
-1.5151185989379883,
-0.3477492928504944,
-0.616266667842865,
0.2196929007768631,
-0.4092281460762024,
0.01353765930980444,
-0.1623491793870926,
-0.25844457745552063,
0.41215187311172485,
-0.6414674520492554,
-0.26310935616493225,
-0.42676296830177307,
-0.00684682372957468,
0.16261829435825348,
-0.9766729474067688,
0.1604902744293213,
0.2821836471557617,
0.04316156730055809,
-0.6468983292579651,
-0.5343228578567505,
0.03555472940206528,
0.6193400621414185,
0.47532153129577637,
-0.42596471309661865,
0.14391180872917175,
0.21207360923290253,
0.8246579766273499,
0.08640385419130325,
0.5108147263526917,
-0.10139863938093185,
-0.6802501678466797,
1.1389497518539429,
0.28254783153533936,
0.10785796493291855,
-0.4091022312641144,
-0.5646284222602844,
-0.0697760209441185,
0.11213352531194687,
0.9615572690963745,
-0.24225541949272156,
0.5276497006416321,
-0.6054958701133728,
0.01793242245912552,
0.3323553502559662,
0.04888394847512245,
-1.1480399370193481,
-0.022990239784121513,
-0.3861081004142761,
0.0051858327351510525,
-0.06546644121408463,
-0.8904590606689453,
-0.586880624294281,
-0.053564444184303284,
-0.5470621585845947,
0.209451362490654,
-0.13071729242801666,
0.19352184236049652,
0.5296723246574402,
-0.15231919288635254,
0.006845441646873951,
0.6828495264053345,
-0.055103953927755356,
0.5871152877807617,
-0.4108874499797821,
0.21651329100131989,
-0.06385969370603561,
0.07415846735239029,
0.27987051010131836,
-0.04202466085553169,
0.5561955571174622,
-0.05858964845538139,
-0.12338445335626602,
0.257208913564682,
-0.6657962203025818,
0.10603950172662735,
-0.3348595201969147,
0.49405112862586975,
0.364554226398468,
0.6162535548210144,
0.01427678856998682,
0.16993996500968933,
-0.19010592997074127,
0.6109880805015564,
0.30502983927726746,
-0.6700356602668762,
-0.4216277003288269,
0.5833442807197571,
-0.124763622879982,
0.008737316355109215,
-0.012460792437195778,
0.33254474401474,
0.956490695476532,
0.2891276180744171,
0.4831892251968384,
0.4296692907810211,
-0.005115307867527008,
-0.14999045431613922,
-0.013751747086644173,
0.15279053151607513,
0.44508087635040283,
0.10980149358510971,
-0.5570939779281616,
-0.23453038930892944,
0.8989373445510864,
0.4451540410518646,
-0.3600093424320221,
0.28048935532569885,
0.08517544716596603,
-0.09726724028587341,
-0.45135945081710815,
1.123671293258667,
-0.08202937245368958,
0.2282102406024933,
-0.3527502119541168,
-0.36849135160446167,
0.17984557151794434,
0.5618349313735962,
-0.3225691020488739,
-0.2429608702659607,
-0.18746677041053772,
-0.45952001214027405,
1.1421254873275757,
0.4283939599990845,
-0.2393788844347,
-0.004949227441102266,
-0.7535726428031921,
-0.4456789791584015,
0.4828113615512848,
-0.8449791073799133,
-0.4368118643760681,
0.15304462611675262,
0.0530109629034996,
0.6171815991401672,
-0.39614391326904297,
-0.4973517060279846,
0.6027888655662537,
0.34340253472328186,
0.7839722037315369,
-0.8165784478187561,
-0.4094995856285095,
-0.7839289903640747,
0.8220292925834656,
0.14446592330932617,
-0.833427369594574,
-0.20503167808055878,
-0.12017401307821274,
0.3774213492870331,
-0.18969322741031647,
-0.036122217774391174,
0.13350199162960052,
-0.10243567824363708,
0.17902158200740814,
0.18215589225292206,
0.0893070176243782,
-0.6120381355285645,
-0.2928152084350586,
0.2926257848739624,
0.1791563481092453,
-0.7651976943016052,
-0.37492695450782776,
-0.3585372567176819,
0.3821353614330292,
-0.28147509694099426,
0.3839702010154724,
0.46028363704681396,
-0.05253727734088898,
-0.1911061406135559,
-0.5298420190811157,
-0.25684860348701477,
-0.4322754740715027,
0.33057186007499695,
-0.021222038194537163,
-0.48896458745002747,
0.07042286545038223,
-0.5934385061264038,
0.29074111580848694,
0.2737712860107422,
-0.7372116446495056,
-0.18283334374427795,
0.6575194597244263,
-0.4858216345310211,
0.22679056227207184,
-0.45705389976501465,
-0.6827442646026611,
-0.0022462911438196898,
0.29297706484794617,
-0.12361469864845276,
0.3241659700870514,
0.6035059690475464,
-0.14556442201137543,
-0.5107608437538147,
-0.015428704209625721,
-0.30573102831840515,
-0.5550132393836975,
-0.16828344762325287,
0.023179158568382263,
-0.7011919617652893,
0.02494118921458721,
-0.022008374333381653,
-0.8151993751525879,
0.8275594115257263,
-0.20290744304656982,
0.0032114239875227213,
0.12409034371376038,
0.4014222025871277,
-0.05075773596763611,
-0.7127344608306885,
0.17688563466072083,
0.05556255206465721,
0.46678051352500916,
-0.20794448256492615,
0.368830144405365,
0.9022838473320007,
0.7000436782836914,
-0.3170599639415741,
0.131048783659935,
0.5916906595230103,
0.9725762009620667,
0.28555917739868164,
-0.21602800488471985,
-0.5739543437957764,
-0.07984211295843124,
0.3369520902633667,
-0.3280129134654999,
-0.32983070611953735,
0.3373797535896301,
0.3201841115951538,
-0.23938308656215668,
-0.29100528359413147,
0.09613712131977081,
-0.14571893215179443,
0.448354035615921,
-0.026307398453354836,
-0.47771039605140686,
0.23857860267162323,
-0.6415902376174927,
0.1367819607257843,
0.049292128533124924,
0.16193120181560516,
0.1933402568101883,
0.3997536599636078,
0.061165377497673035,
-0.24008622765541077,
0.21601782739162445,
-0.0024510605726391077,
0.9218420386314392,
-0.045601341873407364,
0.9857260584831238,
0.529575765132904,
-0.3106704652309418,
0.061607860028743744,
-0.35161712765693665,
-1.0804179906845093,
0.5500856041908264,
-0.4194895923137665,
-0.3255580961704254,
-0.1549808382987976,
-0.04137398675084114,
-0.19688893854618073,
0.2299163043498993,
0.23197130858898163,
0.44002988934516907,
-0.43657079339027405,
0.3066132366657257,
-0.7368975877761841,
0.17006827890872955,
-0.00591895030811429,
-0.11031264066696167,
-0.29237765073776245,
1.231216311454773,
-0.29865214228630066,
-0.3109056353569031,
0.28252533078193665,
0.4327682554721832,
0.3889658451080322,
0.06951411068439484,
0.17406564950942993,
-0.18550141155719757,
0.38729825615882874,
-0.46318259835243225,
-0.384170264005661,
0.5675212740898132,
-0.1872585117816925,
0.11288769543170929,
0.3249315023422241,
-0.029477467760443687,
-0.17231476306915283,
0.4098872244358063,
1.1085351705551147,
0.04619595408439636,
-0.12916900217533112,
0.10612927377223969,
0.32444900274276733,
-0.35488903522491455,
0.6311564445495605,
-0.07670710235834122,
0.8419299125671387,
1.148054599761963,
-0.38417595624923706,
-0.3399446904659271,
0.25190648436546326,
0.49625539779663086,
-0.2524622082710266,
-0.16815581917762756,
0.21570277214050293,
0.2616356909275055,
0.004419098608195782,
-0.46419236063957214,
0.29680415987968445,
0.08570930361747742,
0.3567063510417938,
0.09444763511419296,
0.2133372724056244,
0.9822717308998108,
-0.6694954037666321,
0.6364299058914185,
0.2922000586986542,
0.32562920451164246,
-0.03558864817023277,
0.6991791725158691,
-1.1900995969772339,
-0.24321690201759338,
-0.022269029170274734,
-0.11480762809515,
0.7064777612686157,
-0.289867639541626,
0.016263986006379128,
0.0968770757317543,
-0.2967382073402405,
-0.08925287425518036,
-0.5617526173591614,
0.01774747110903263,
-0.3128322958946228,
-0.22299309074878693,
0.9950118660926819,
0.5218216180801392,
-0.4181670546531677,
0.08545020967721939,
-0.7539989352226257,
-0.4540616571903229,
-0.2774072289466858,
0.14978356659412384,
-0.45468753576278687,
0.30010277032852173,
-0.5365123152732849,
0.5836419463157654,
0.011426076292991638,
0.1027773842215538,
0.07755956798791885,
-0.05250265821814537,
-1.114495873451233,
0.11398164927959442,
-0.7987481355667114,
0.10904241353273392,
-0.2774585485458374,
0.2886486053466797,
-0.13213932514190674,
-0.3567928969860077,
-0.5746896862983704,
0.10122615844011307,
0.39369332790374756,
0.03917333111166954,
0.3740180730819702,
-0.31507399678230286,
0.24745990335941315,
0.8466399312019348,
-0.3147723972797394,
-0.1778496503829956,
-0.2973422408103943,
0.39461857080459595,
0.22823666036128998,
-0.4558645188808441,
0.4488860070705414,
0.4485858082771301,
0.27426406741142273,
-0.47945934534072876,
-0.48620012402534485,
-0.38274213671684265,
-0.35661083459854126,
0.4233407974243164,
-0.3718527853488922,
-0.018155017867684364,
0.4522700309753418,
-0.40384018421173096,
-0.4508907198905945,
-0.026058997958898544,
-0.5655903816223145,
0.4398818016052246,
0.1645107865333557,
-0.1860748827457428,
0.26776978373527527,
-0.14195002615451813,
-0.24012809991836548,
0.2034745216369629,
0.11074987798929214,
0.3343801200389862,
0.4344554543495178,
0.0686243325471878,
-0.03624981269240379,
0.26697224378585815,
-0.8696709871292114,
0.11691520363092422,
0.12678423523902893,
0.2857193052768707,
-1.207838535308838,
0.13165761530399323,
-0.5735543370246887,
-1.005792498588562,
0.6479950547218323,
1.2725659608840942,
0.9707270860671997,
-0.26055529713630676,
0.4763481616973877,
0.4026193916797638,
0.364254891872406,
-0.6495034694671631,
0.2253316342830658,
-0.36339643597602844,
-0.10679705440998077,
0.3685925006866455,
-0.2811203896999359,
0.27774426341056824,
0.3638196587562561,
-0.05316060781478882,
0.5894567966461182,
-0.6058791279792786,
-0.5928502678871155,
0.4789189398288727,
0.5499461889266968,
-0.5574742555618286,
0.3383411467075348,
-0.4636523723602295
] |
233415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra%20Monk | Debra Monk | Debra Monk is an American actress, singer, and writer, best known for her performances on the Broadway stage. She earned her first Tony Award for the 1993 production of Redwood Curtain and won an Emmy Award for several guest appearances on NYPD Blue between 1998 and 1999.
Life and career
Monk was born in Middletown, Ohio. She was voted "Best Personality" by her graduating class at Wheaton High School in Silver Spring, Maryland. In 1973, she graduated from Frostburg State University. In 1975, Monk was awarded a Master of Fine Arts from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.
Monk garnered first attention in theatrical circles as one of the co-writers and co-stars of the musical Pump Boys and Dinettes (1982). She won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for performance in Redwood Curtain (1993). She was nominated for a Tony Award for roles in Picnic (1994), Steel Pier (1997), and Curtains (2007). In 2000, she won an Obie Award for The Time of the Cuckoo. She returned to the stage in Steppenwolf Theatre Company's production of Visiting Edna by David Rabe in September 2016.
Monk appeared on the Food Channel cooking show Barefoot Contessa, where she cooked Roasted Chicken, Arugula and Bread Salad, and Tri-Berry Crumble.
Monk has appeared in over 30 films since the early 1990s. She made her film debut in the movie version of Prelude to a Kiss, playing Aunt Dorothy. She later appeared in The Bridges of Madison County (1995) and The Devil's Advocate (1997). On television, she has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for a recurring role as Katie Sipowicz in the ABC series, NYPD Blue. She also guest-starred on Law & Order, Desperate Housewives, The Closer, and Girls. Monk had recurring roles in A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001-02), Grey's Anatomy (2006-11), and Damages (2007-12).
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Broadway
Pump Boys and Dinettes - 1982 (also co-author and co-director)
Prelude to a Kiss - 1990
Nick & Nora - 1991
Redwood Curtain - 1993 - Tony Award
Picnic - 1994 - Tony Award nomination
Company - 1995
Steel Pier - 1997 - Tony Award nomination
Ah, Wilderness! - 1998
Thou Shalt Not - 2001
Chicago - 2005
Curtains - 2007 - Tony Award nomination
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof - 2012
Off-Broadway
The Time of the Cuckoo - Obie Award
Ancestral Voices
The Seagull
Death Defying Acts
Three Hotels
Oil City Symphony - 1986 (co-author, Drama Desk Award)
Assassins - 1990
References
External links
Debra Monk at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Star File: Debra Monk at Broadway.com
at playbill.com August 9, 2006
Living people
Actresses from Maryland
Actresses from Ohio
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Tony Award winners
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
Obie Award recipients
People from Middletown, Ohio
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Frostburg State University alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | [
-0.06678889691829681,
0.26083508133888245,
-0.9047783017158508,
-0.5525662302970886,
0.3972667455673218,
0.720425009727478,
0.6642276048660278,
-0.05454631894826889,
-0.6470632553100586,
-0.04110913723707199,
-0.135547935962677,
0.8271491527557373,
0.5196419954299927,
0.2517191171646118,
-0.4441682696342468,
0.5382458567619324,
0.49723538756370544,
0.14441032707691193,
0.055892303586006165,
-0.8079407811164856,
-0.45769208669662476,
0.051832858473062515,
0.2132265716791153,
-0.006794181652367115,
-0.7359631657600403,
0.6621164083480835,
-0.35334673523902893,
0.15996064245700836,
0.15274693071842194,
0.03608647361397743,
0.023420795798301697,
0.03609294816851616,
0.6296613812446594,
-0.5064696073532104,
0.16347156465053558,
0.5720699429512024,
-0.07346535474061966,
-0.006253817584365606,
-0.481645405292511,
-0.3276410400867462,
-0.16858932375907898,
-0.12852995097637177,
0.26196449995040894,
0.22626608610153198,
-0.12970291078090668,
-0.20558200776576996,
-1.5005359649658203,
0.431606650352478,
-0.5862100124359131,
-0.27023106813430786,
-0.039516083896160126,
0.4684361219406128,
0.8907530307769775,
-0.15069133043289185,
0.16904428601264954,
-0.4060588479042053,
-0.40804028511047363,
0.15568016469478607,
0.41674891114234924,
-0.19483056664466858,
0.016530878841876984,
0.058113183826208115,
-0.17989908158779144,
-0.781762957572937,
0.2895314693450928,
-0.18936605751514435,
0.7297223806381226,
-0.10742022842168808,
-0.008534549735486507,
-0.40531522035598755,
0.24561604857444763,
0.45343804359436035,
0.488911896944046,
-0.2621872127056122,
-0.05500003695487976,
-0.32258182764053345,
0.7057241797447205,
-0.1308859884738922,
0.2423975169658661,
0.21245986223220825,
-0.009334719739854336,
0.16378335654735565,
0.5859003663063049,
0.41367220878601074,
-0.10206484794616699,
-0.5618216395378113,
-0.2921072542667389,
-0.05666600912809372,
-0.7946749329566956,
0.1559358686208725,
-0.8706070184707642,
-0.16140654683113098,
-0.3382372260093689,
1.0122535228729248,
0.17654430866241455,
0.032763879746198654,
0.12320960313081741,
-0.07739348709583282,
0.615879476070404,
-0.08265460282564163,
-0.4959120750427246,
-0.047877565026283264,
0.450751930475235,
-0.4343988597393036,
-0.4321131110191345,
0.08314017951488495,
0.08676355332136154,
-0.10788406431674957,
-0.4070279896259308,
0.0284261554479599,
-0.407981812953949,
-0.07357022911310196,
-0.18058818578720093,
-0.03209082409739494,
0.38938239216804504,
0.7126995325088501,
0.303215354681015,
-0.16722793877124786,
-0.7661360502243042,
0.1967090517282486,
0.2345043569803238,
0.4405411183834076,
-0.06686708331108093,
0.6231372952461243,
-0.7569024562835693,
0.2022254317998886,
0.09843041747808456,
0.13223537802696228,
-0.022520853206515312,
-0.1597764641046524,
-0.21551132202148438,
0.8484355807304382,
-0.25340208411216736,
-0.25375092029571533,
-0.22446289658546448,
0.06588932126760483,
0.37057849764823914,
-0.04873877391219139,
0.4694293737411499,
0.4446791708469391,
-0.6371514201164246,
-0.13993947207927704,
-0.7571361064910889,
-0.046973004937171936,
1.065278172492981,
-0.38030803203582764,
0.15572935342788696,
0.10949920862913132,
-0.5223856568336487,
0.05482818931341171,
-0.2220931500196457,
0.22401195764541626,
-0.05193950608372688,
-0.5532740354537964,
-0.46707218885421753,
-0.419752836227417,
0.6908332705497742,
-0.014796462841331959,
0.09936191886663437,
-0.018569093197584152,
0.4793124794960022,
0.1070597916841507,
0.3143264353275299,
-0.2962355613708496,
0.30952343344688416,
-0.36333781480789185,
-0.19767902791500092,
-0.3934352397918701,
-0.1466074287891388,
0.2459934800863266,
-0.34459948539733887,
0.44336411356925964,
0.0032558473758399487,
-0.1150217056274414,
-0.6519058346748352,
0.33409008383750916,
-0.03782663494348526,
0.5596952438354492,
-0.43754446506500244,
-0.04195202887058258,
-0.5197747349739075,
0.31889820098876953,
0.09856288135051727,
0.13627037405967712,
0.34401965141296387,
0.1415223330259323,
0.10587263852357864,
0.1464477777481079,
0.7830581068992615,
0.0048392461612820625,
-0.6683405041694641,
-0.17231926321983337,
0.6167519092559814,
0.2283424586057663,
0.07674366235733032,
0.037764642387628555,
-0.2214554101228714,
0.27369269728660583,
0.35992375016212463,
-0.017694944515824318,
-0.03219737485051155,
-0.1256144791841507,
0.12635910511016846,
0.28805652260780334,
-0.07401006668806076,
0.5797028541564941,
0.6772233843803406,
-0.09183283895254135,
0.282170832157135,
0.18801482021808624,
-0.09778226912021637,
-0.7429537773132324,
0.5593671798706055,
0.5499625205993652,
-0.27684614062309265,
-0.6379361152648926,
-0.645857572555542,
0.07306920737028122,
0.4102303087711334,
-0.5455352067947388,
0.7445924878120422,
0.38109090924263,
0.2015744149684906,
-0.19123290479183197,
-0.496053546667099,
0.5654258131980896,
-0.5444369316101074,
0.34289485216140747,
0.4700469970703125,
0.09635785967111588,
0.035303834825754166,
0.420549601316452,
-0.5091877579689026,
-0.6865149140357971,
-0.4413134753704071,
0.07492996007204056,
0.4669632017612457,
-0.18433082103729248,
0.40474194288253784,
-0.5509688258171082,
0.05971001461148262,
0.4100412130355835,
-0.7864472270011902,
0.5054897665977478,
-0.28227660059928894,
-0.12123759090900421,
-0.03746192529797554,
-0.18186059594154358,
0.049130748957395554,
-0.06919725984334946,
0.39981624484062195,
0.12043153494596481,
0.41492119431495667,
-0.17779268324375153,
-0.0001674380764598027,
0.2193460464477539,
-0.16056910157203674,
-0.06567229330539703,
0.8777573108673096,
0.30327674746513367,
0.14680156111717224,
-0.3507407009601593,
0.39999184012413025,
-0.2924642860889435,
-0.6340276598930359,
-0.19678474962711334,
0.3024042248725891,
-0.4074646830558777,
0.31244957447052,
0.024365315213799477,
0.22157065570354462,
-0.27274224162101746,
-0.4206220507621765,
-0.37101903557777405,
0.004991139750927687,
0.2404136061668396,
-0.14753565192222595,
0.07576240599155426,
-0.44081491231918335,
-0.6712620854377747,
0.3224951922893524,
0.5702821016311646,
-0.1058771014213562,
-0.4888925552368164,
-0.5812757611274719,
-0.14978739619255066,
0.18815013766288757,
-0.4346441924571991,
-0.2826177477836609,
0.08279821276664734,
0.02182670496404171,
0.49450230598449707,
-0.331172376871109,
0.25717973709106445,
0.18435464799404144,
0.18612129986286163,
0.142366424202919,
0.39384013414382935,
-0.748220682144165,
0.35352370142936707,
0.059577614068984985,
0.420024573802948,
-0.2781853675842285,
0.48731523752212524,
0.07625536620616913,
0.30671361088752747,
-0.6257549524307251,
-0.2253069132566452,
-5.6729207038879395,
-0.24090518057346344,
-0.022493870928883553,
-0.09722601622343063,
0.3479756712913513,
-0.5404196381568909,
0.3579963147640228,
-0.4324505031108856,
0.20671942830085754,
-0.08589289337396622,
-0.11815109848976135,
0.35160204768180847,
-0.6200788617134094,
0.5620095729827881,
0.18964608013629913,
0.07285623252391815,
-0.048307888209819794,
-1.1433191299438477,
0.106741763651371,
0.6877878308296204,
-0.08306964486837387,
-0.03204774484038353,
-0.3052154779434204,
-0.1110595315694809,
0.1699836552143097,
0.28060564398765564,
-0.6331770420074463,
0.10651051253080368,
-0.7264750003814697,
-0.41900545358657837,
-0.38634777069091797,
-0.2933882772922516,
-0.5199419856071472,
-0.15157972276210785,
-0.0025840967427939177,
0.02036573551595211,
0.29761451482772827,
-0.4744645953178406,
0.20558878779411316,
-0.5840393900871277,
-0.46450549364089966,
0.2509448826313019,
-0.3699062168598175,
-0.19536201655864716,
0.382735013961792,
-0.1690242886543274,
-0.39921683073043823,
-0.36767712235450745,
0.17535008490085602,
0.8275070190429688,
0.39154738187789917,
-0.017077429220080376,
0.8339481949806213,
-0.3408971428871155,
0.6781752705574036,
-0.5732685327529907,
0.38605672121047974,
-0.010459192097187042,
-0.32079583406448364,
-0.007316278293728828,
0.08469752967357635,
-0.3673646152019501,
0.3130306005477905,
-0.5310139656066895,
-0.16479800641536713,
-0.16226118803024292,
-0.0601690374314785,
0.281040221452713,
0.20481303334236145,
-0.516719400882721,
0.41521814465522766,
0.1181236281991005,
-0.014444543980062008,
-1.1357855796813965,
0.3462677597999573,
-0.5202968716621399,
0.03865864872932434,
0.08437500149011612,
-0.5294784903526306,
-0.3290926516056061,
0.12789852917194366,
-0.4115357995033264,
0.5193706154823303,
0.27991431951522827,
0.3765548765659332,
-0.27076780796051025,
-0.1676422506570816,
0.5251955389976501,
-0.7565264105796814,
-0.12815026938915253,
-0.28148213028907776,
0.2718096673488617,
-0.07279285788536072,
0.5286575555801392,
0.6482250094413757,
0.27229729294776917,
0.414277583360672,
0.4587254524230957,
-0.002504640957340598,
0.34798112511634827,
-0.1510050743818283,
-0.6719022989273071,
0.6247561573982239,
-0.5428244471549988,
0.1243881955742836,
0.05769950896501541,
0.12956954538822174,
-0.3683011531829834,
0.8797445893287659,
-0.4988059997558594,
0.2252415269613266,
0.3085716962814331,
-0.07549819350242615,
-0.404757559299469,
0.3135131895542145,
-0.08589515835046768,
-0.2775387167930603,
0.4005141258239746,
0.03762093186378479,
0.6777696013450623,
0.2503858804702759,
0.32655948400497437,
-0.15374770760536194,
0.40796998143196106,
-0.32807105779647827,
-0.2645376920700073,
0.009479315020143986,
0.07096485048532486,
0.21703793108463287,
0.21371398866176605,
-0.4397888481616974,
0.225228413939476,
-0.12267442047595978,
-0.16151677072048187,
0.5492675304412842,
0.27201807498931885,
-0.6345845460891724,
0.14732374250888824,
-0.30728939175605774,
0.35539141297340393,
0.21660847961902618,
-0.44549456238746643,
-0.13339130580425262,
0.47614604234695435,
0.3866080343723297,
0.22247625887393951,
0.12766768038272858,
-0.26972898840904236,
-0.07072817534208298,
0.6190508008003235,
0.6990538239479065,
0.34442421793937683,
0.2819662094116211,
-0.5822793245315552,
-0.10971514880657196,
-0.23274341225624084,
-0.16102871298789978,
-0.34086519479751587,
0.41058775782585144,
0.01264245342463255,
-0.03696753829717636,
-0.410680890083313,
-0.5158463716506958,
0.15912999212741852,
0.0742746889591217,
-0.2999725341796875,
-0.15980170667171478,
-0.6490136384963989,
-0.8318782448768616,
0.253608763217926,
-0.1302160769701004,
-0.6741817593574524,
0.14932014048099518,
0.3591112792491913,
0.5537523031234741,
0.07470288872718811,
0.11834783852100372,
-0.22844700515270233,
0.105829618871212,
0.30606746673583984,
0.34041067957878113,
-0.4913937449455261,
-0.9121648669242859,
0.010747087188065052,
0.3136194348335266,
-0.3655083179473877,
-0.47704216837882996,
-0.3545360863208771,
-0.08818912506103516,
0.020864231511950493,
-0.22376005351543427,
-0.22009164094924927,
-0.07840010523796082,
-0.10164722800254822,
-0.8136281371116638,
-0.10803365707397461,
0.19924159348011017,
-0.22466501593589783,
0.15356747806072235,
-0.29881715774536133,
-0.16980576515197754,
0.15111804008483887,
-0.9811607599258423,
0.12218857556581497,
0.9081439971923828,
-0.9680529236793518,
-0.0839783325791359,
-0.057686422020196915,
-0.026362508535385132,
0.46435487270355225,
-0.3247647285461426,
0.0022233487106859684,
0.33681535720825195,
0.09015756100416183,
-0.35207778215408325,
-0.31021037697792053,
0.3282613754272461,
-0.023032957687973976,
-0.30558690428733826,
-0.49331939220428467,
-0.17267918586730957,
-0.9104735255241394,
-0.094675712287426,
0.08568068593740463,
-1.0840818881988525,
0.4027375280857086,
0.28205108642578125,
-0.5147443413734436,
0.4354873299598694,
-0.24871332943439484,
0.06756923347711563,
0.3001111149787903,
-0.03139914199709892,
0.047364797443151474,
-0.679629921913147,
-0.5215978026390076,
-0.06244649365544319,
0.36044299602508545,
-0.19338008761405945,
0.6280735731124878,
0.38095155358314514,
0.6063053011894226,
-0.2866382598876953,
0.060286346822977066,
0.07215923815965652,
0.3102845549583435,
-0.3289024233818054,
-0.3764170706272125,
-0.455047070980072,
0.19903847575187683,
0.41915297508239746,
-0.07733449339866638,
-0.17270956933498383,
0.10600771754980087,
0.6292092800140381,
-0.6775215268135071,
0.09660232067108154,
-0.15793167054653168,
-0.3763863444328308,
-0.15298888087272644,
0.534353494644165,
-0.5561513304710388,
-0.6746699213981628,
-0.4152594804763794,
-0.30895882844924927,
0.010601632297039032,
-0.06505276262760162,
-0.31623291969299316,
0.2792118787765503,
-0.3341498076915741,
0.13861176371574402,
-0.04061074182391167,
-0.1217358410358429,
0.36208152770996094,
0.14876310527324677,
0.5965784788131714,
0.06018022075295448,
-0.1705099642276764,
0.45411211252212524,
-0.17340096831321716,
0.4023691713809967,
0.3862438201904297,
-0.6076406836509705,
-0.4565359652042389,
0.6931421160697937,
-0.34790533781051636,
0.38080355525016785,
-0.47217056155204773,
-0.14830994606018066,
-0.09514729678630829,
-0.3261405825614929,
0.11023062467575073,
-0.10951198637485504,
0.1160271093249321,
-0.18492788076400757,
0.16723321378231049,
0.10272697359323502,
0.3722027838230133,
0.28176382184028625,
-0.005823173560202122,
-0.2830307185649872,
0.21736598014831543,
0.4712419807910919,
-0.3845934271812439,
0.007157846353948116,
-0.10312823951244354,
-0.15688276290893555,
-0.7445830702781677,
-0.3059925138950348,
0.6551049947738647,
0.16836194694042206,
-0.2305843085050583,
0.3862753212451935,
0.7011163830757141,
0.10870590060949326,
0.0269415732473135,
0.5905641317367554,
-0.18207833170890808,
0.029844943434000015,
-0.02010197751224041,
-0.41793292760849,
-0.4670475423336029,
0.22629718482494354,
-0.09728983044624329,
0.6136341691017151,
0.7370202541351318,
0.2786949574947357,
-0.21146661043167114,
-0.5603563785552979,
-0.05401027575135231,
0.37651124596595764,
-0.21207644045352936,
0.4234445095062256,
0.25967809557914734,
0.2896503806114197,
-0.7959206104278564,
0.4157348871231079,
0.5339986681938171,
0.2268766313791275,
0.43305090069770813,
-0.3109287917613983,
0.30560654401779175,
0.02540077269077301,
0.0929846242070198,
-0.09274892508983612,
-0.05444445088505745,
-0.09883382171392441,
0.7581100463867188,
-0.6582109332084656,
-0.27011361718177795,
0.16360460221767426,
-0.09041865170001984,
0.25870481133461,
-0.5460866689682007,
1.1367906332015991,
-0.3999558687210083,
0.3341127038002014,
-0.26370981335639954,
-0.0811806470155716,
0.033493123948574066,
-0.41499072313308716,
-0.8641062378883362,
0.7071835994720459,
0.5086742639541626,
-0.4852387607097626,
-0.2229606956243515,
-0.29658743739128113,
-0.6234287619590759,
-0.18571658432483673,
0.4293629825115204,
0.21307289600372314,
0.7393252849578857,
-0.5510017275810242,
0.4275982677936554,
0.44033336639404297,
0.26031336188316345,
0.4657900035381317,
-0.6212038993835449,
-0.018580583855509758,
0.014588597230613232,
-0.2037738412618637,
-0.08482033014297485,
-0.3037923574447632,
0.12755034863948822,
0.2641732096672058,
0.10163433104753494,
0.16446827352046967,
0.3154871463775635,
0.018022099509835243,
-0.007299855351448059,
0.7696614265441895,
-0.743039071559906,
-0.06286151707172394,
0.11289230734109879,
-0.32175299525260925,
0.498151034116745,
-0.18380871415138245,
1.0733673572540283,
0.29620274901390076,
0.25966399908065796,
0.3716311752796173,
1.0753514766693115,
0.2619398534297943,
0.4583725929260254,
-0.7327844500541687,
0.029430855065584183,
-0.7009484171867371,
-0.01620265282690525,
-0.6221941113471985,
-0.045532550662755966,
0.47161051630973816,
0.035392843186855316,
-0.17068837583065033,
-0.09698792546987534,
-0.003425732720643282,
0.7110405564308167,
0.607179582118988,
0.5679109692573547,
0.2152794897556305,
0.10968170315027237,
-0.15486003458499908,
0.8538342118263245,
0.1463691145181656,
-0.07291734963655472,
-0.19435615837574005,
0.43977779150009155,
-0.4661559760570526,
-0.3234737515449524,
-0.05482896417379379,
-0.027602819725871086,
0.043799154460430145,
0.5168546438217163,
-0.4073432683944702,
0.14421769976615906,
-0.2247163951396942,
-0.22806134819984436,
0.4259849190711975,
0.5699340105056763,
1.0659383535385132,
-0.3113152086734772,
0.27255719900131226,
-0.036242127418518066,
-0.48498833179473877,
0.3653147220611572,
-1.583822250366211,
-0.4122574031352997,
0.08257242292165756,
-0.467232346534729,
0.2980484962463379,
0.558220624923706,
0.03191118687391281,
-0.5958781242370605,
0.2977107763290405,
-0.45189160108566284,
-0.6080054044723511,
-0.04671729728579521,
0.4629850685596466,
-0.14055845141410828,
0.28389203548431396,
-0.5736050009727478
] |
233416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan%20River | Raritan River | The Raritan River is a major river of New Jersey. Its watershed drains much of the mountainous area of the central part of the state, emptying into the Raritan Bay on the Atlantic Ocean.
History
Geologists assert that the lower Raritan provided the course of the mouth of the Hudson River approximately 6,000 years ago. Following the end of the last ice age, the Narrows had not yet been formed and the Hudson flowed along the Watchung Mountains to present-day Bound Brook, then followed the course of the Raritan eastward into Lower New York Bay.
The name Raritan possibly derives from a branch of the Lenape people called the Nariticongs, the first people known to settle the Raritan Valley. Following conflict with the arriving Dutch colonists, the native people of the region were forced to sell their territory near the Raritan Bay and move further inland along the river valley. As English colonists took over the region, they took advantage of the river's location between New York and Philadelphia as well as a road network developed by the Lenape to turn the region into a transportation and commercial hub. As a result, the Raritan River became an important waterway for colonial travel and trade, allowing for the development of trade centers like Raritan Landing and New Brunswick where agricultural and raw material goods could be sold. During the American Revolutionary War, the river was the site of guerilla warfare by American militiamen against British patrols, culminating in the Battle of Bound Brook where a large British force attacked an American outpost south of the river.
The success of the Erie Canal sparked a "canal fever" in the United States, catalyzing the construction of the Delaware and Raritan Canal between New Brunswick on the Raritan and Bordentown on the Delaware to provide a critical link between New York City and Philadelphia on the Delaware River. The vast majority of traffic along the canal was Pennsylvania anthracite coal with the rest consisting mostly of agricultural goods, and at its peak in 1866 it transported more cargo than the Erie Canal. In 1932 the canal shut down for commercial use, though in 1974 it was turned into a state park for recreational use and remains used as a water supply for Central New Jersey.
Description
The river forms at the confluence of the North and South Branches just west of Somerville at the border of Bridgewater, Branchburg, and Hillsborough Townships. It flows for approximately before slowing in tidewater at New Brunswick, and its estuary extends more entering the western end of Raritan Bay at South Amboy.
Comprehensive measures have been taken to reduce the pollution and increase the water quality. These actions have benefited the fish population which include (but are not limited to) largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, sunfish, catfish, trout, chain pickerel, american eels, carp and yellow perch. Pike can be found in relative abundance in some portions of the river like Clinton and Califon. An occasional Musky has been taken out of the Raritan as well. The tidal portions of the river host migratory salt water species such as striped bass, fluke, winter flounder, weakfish and bluefish. Recently, efforts to restore anadromous fish populations have been made, done by removing many of the obsolete dams and the constructing dam bypass infrastructure. Hopefully this will result in restoring shad, striped bass, and sturgeon populations in the river. Many nesting birds and water fowl make their homes in and along the length of the river. Crustaceans such as blue claw crab, fiddler crabs and green crabs are also found in the tidal sections of the river. Crayfish can be found farther upstream.
The river is also used for recreational boating, including use by the rowing team of Rutgers University in New Brunswick. The river is featured in the title of Rutgers' alma mater, On the Banks of the Old Raritan, and its flooding is mentioned in the song.
Near its mouth, the river is spanned by the Raritan Bay Drawbridge, a New Jersey Transit railroad bridge which carries the North Jersey Coast Line; the Victory Bridge which carries Route 35 (connecting Perth Amboy and Sayreville, New Jersey); the Edison Bridge, which carries U.S. Route 9 (connecting Woodbridge Township and Sayreville); and the Driscoll Bridge, which carries the Garden State Parkway (connecting Woodbridge Township and Sayreville).
Water supply
The Raritan River is an important source of drinking water for the central portion of New Jersey. A water processing plant operated by New Jersey American Water is located in Somerset and draws its water at the confluence of the Raritan River and its largest tributary (the Millstone River), providing an average of of water per day.
The New Jersey Water Supply Authority operates two reservoirs off of the Raritan river, the Spruce Run Reservoir and Round Valley Reservoir, and controls releases of water to ensure the “minimum passing flow rates” enforced by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Additionally, the Delaware and Raritan Canal, managed by the New Jersey Water Supply Authority, serves as a water supply that pumps over of water per day from the Delaware to the Raritan river and serves over 1 million customers along the way
Flooding
The Raritan River has persistent flooding problems when excessive rain from storms affects the river basin. The flooding problems mainly affect the town of Bound Brook, which is partially built on a natural floodplain at the junction of several tributaries, and Manville, which has a large neighborhood known as Lost Valley that lies on the floodplain between the Raritan River and its largest tributary river, which is known as the Millstone River. Other towns in the Raritan River basin also experience flooding to a lesser degree.
Record flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd in September 1999 () flood crest, above flood stage) caused renewed interest in a flood control project called the Green Brook Flood Control Project, which is designed to protect Bound Brook from a 150-year flood. In August 2011, record flooding occurred once again after Hurricane Irene swept through the area. This problem was exacerbated by well-above average rainfall that fell in the weeks before the storm hit, and spurred completion of the Army Corps of Engineers flood control project. As of 2015, the current status of this project is:
The R2 levee system is functionally complete – The R2 Levee System is designed to provide Bound Brook with protection from a 150-year flood level. The levee is built to the height of the raised Talmage Avenue Bridge.
Closure gates along Raritan are functionally complete – The gate closures across the New Jersey Transit railroad tracks on the western side of Bound Brook and at the South Main Street railroad underpass that leads to Queens Bridge have been completed and are used to keep flood waters out of Bound Brook.
The new Talmadge Avenue Bridge that connects Bound Brook and Bridgewater, New Jersey is functionally complete. The replacement bridge was built to the height of the R2 Levee to prevent Middle Brook and Raritan River waters from entering Bound Brook from the west.
To improve water flow through Bound Brook, the former Conrail bridge over the Raritan River and its associated railroad embankment that were located east of Bound Brook were removed during 2007. The bridge and embankment, when they were in place, acted to block the river flow through the Bound Brook area. To build the main Bound Brook R2 levee, the bridge and embankment needed to be removed.
Gallery
Communities on the Raritan
(In alphabetical order)
Bound Brook
Bridgewater
East Brunswick
Edison
Franklin Township
Highland Park
Hillsborough
Manville
Middlesex
New Brunswick
Perth Amboy
Piscataway
Raritan
Sayreville
Somerville
South Amboy
South Bound Brook
Woodbridge
Tributaries
The Raritan river is formed by the confluence of:
North Branch Raritan River
South Branch Raritan River
Its main tributaries are:
Green Brook
Lawrence Brook
Millstone River
South River
Others are:
Arrarat Creek
Crows Mill Creek
Cuckholds Brook
Dukes Brook
Garron Creek
Manalapan Brook
Middle Brook
Mile Run
Buell Brook
Mill Brook
Padilla Creek
Peters Brook
Pine Creek
Randolph Brook
Red Root Creek
See also
List of New Jersey rivers
List of crossings of the Raritan River
Raritan Bay
Raritan Bayshore
Sandy Hook Bay
Delaware and Raritan Canal
Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park
Manasquan River
Navesink River
Passaic River
Rahway River
Shrewsbury River
Arthur Kill
Raritan River Project
Hudson Canyon
References
External links
Delaware & Raritan Canal State Park
Duke Island Park
Raritan Basin Watershed Alliance
U.S. Geological Survey: NJ stream gaging stations
The Raritan-Millstone Heritage Alliance
Smallmouth bass article from the New Jersey Division of Fish Game and Wildlife
Rivers of Middlesex County, New Jersey
Rivers of Somerset County, New Jersey
Rivers of New Jersey
Delaware and Raritan Canal
Bodies of water in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey | [
-0.7683366537094116,
-0.24040435254573822,
-0.6708630919456482,
-0.11532921344041824,
0.5271894931793213,
0.7411353588104248,
0.6253834962844849,
0.9273195862770081,
-0.3166857063770294,
-0.45788195729255676,
-0.025582097470760345,
0.5822113156318665,
-0.35793477296829224,
0.41448891162872314,
-1.0594263076782227,
0.5215216279029846,
0.7624316215515137,
0.2523666024208069,
1.077710509300232,
-0.5185450911521912,
-0.45618483424186707,
0.2441336065530777,
0.8155972361564636,
0.2693460285663605,
-0.05651078745722771,
-0.25637227296829224,
-0.01489852275699377,
-0.14605803787708282,
0.16764496266841888,
0.4210933446884155,
-0.14469246566295624,
1.3006154298782349,
-0.1010352373123169,
-0.7041761875152588,
0.4342079162597656,
-0.47183969616889954,
-0.25382134318351746,
-0.13773778080940247,
-0.5785728693008423,
-0.4336256682872772,
-0.4782410264015198,
-0.08732599020004272,
0.1263817399740219,
-0.08331657201051712,
0.49618494510650635,
0.31441718339920044,
-0.7035931348800659,
-0.43094512820243835,
-0.756259560585022,
-0.2870793044567108,
0.0523899681866169,
1.0423640012741089,
0.016770286485552788,
0.7340017557144165,
0.1575019210577011,
0.13080604374408722,
-0.6890437602996826,
0.11052633821964264,
0.4694051444530487,
0.3775390684604645,
0.7210407257080078,
0.42693349719047546,
-0.6326658129692078,
0.25344690680503845,
-0.1219777837395668,
0.38846901059150696,
0.0011619111755862832,
0.6804665327072144,
-0.6515610814094543,
-0.43718257546424866,
-0.05886240303516388,
-0.0659392848610878,
-0.1604759842157364,
0.08998412638902664,
-0.3219148814678192,
0.1710108071565628,
-0.2663711905479431,
0.29882699251174927,
-0.28393077850341797,
-0.10910465568304062,
0.24765673279762268,
0.4923309087753296,
0.6316896677017212,
0.5696444511413574,
0.0747692734003067,
0.25895777344703674,
-0.12423894554376602,
0.3915044665336609,
0.08096639066934586,
0.24698108434677124,
-0.2762438952922821,
0.6198793649673462,
0.17595089972019196,
-0.04117508977651596,
-0.140139639377594,
-0.3318646252155304,
-0.19956333935260773,
-0.0350586362183094,
0.1444312036037445,
0.30451980233192444,
0.014890272170305252,
0.4804086983203888,
1.377874493598938,
0.25223955512046814,
-0.771499752998352,
0.017535120248794556,
-0.30574026703834534,
0.13289840519428253,
0.24077242612838745,
-0.25258973240852356,
-0.03194740042090416,
0.5858553051948547,
-0.5307945013046265,
0.13642536103725433,
-0.21490344405174255,
0.7098430395126343,
0.1256512701511383,
-0.892778754234314,
0.16790986061096191,
-0.7092470526695251,
0.5187178254127502,
0.3971096873283386,
0.18776032328605652,
-0.06822235137224197,
0.23297232389450073,
0.03441574424505234,
0.7647270560264587,
-0.1479012817144394,
0.6867532730102539,
-0.04661396145820618,
0.31387630105018616,
1.452187180519104,
-0.37458178400993347,
-0.19767096638679504,
-0.43765947222709656,
-0.5273054838180542,
0.33290794491767883,
0.4443836808204651,
0.4097028374671936,
0.6847127079963684,
-0.9036744236946106,
-0.21648159623146057,
-0.19944268465042114,
-0.8365565538406372,
-0.027451731264591217,
-0.09111230075359344,
-0.16314011812210083,
-0.44959041476249695,
0.03032388724386692,
-0.1416780948638916,
0.6358782052993774,
0.2445780336856842,
-0.6094275116920471,
-0.04174582287669182,
0.1323106735944748,
-0.22189459204673767,
0.8401723504066467,
-0.13871300220489502,
-0.049324508756399155,
0.5332464575767517,
-0.22749048471450806,
0.2636670768260956,
0.8778485655784607,
-0.14518901705741882,
0.14558222889900208,
0.15235300362110138,
0.22128765285015106,
-0.37850677967071533,
0.410918653011322,
-0.10347447544336319,
0.09314379096031189,
-0.6289364695549011,
0.6891851425170898,
-0.9496535658836365,
0.15069790184497833,
-0.15077532827854156,
0.500882625579834,
0.4478176534175873,
0.35753244161605835,
-0.40091079473495483,
-0.7202701568603516,
1.1198149919509888,
0.035318098962306976,
-0.33437657356262207,
-0.23410539329051971,
-0.0845448449254036,
0.2227628231048584,
0.6232501864433289,
-0.20692603290081024,
0.5896500945091248,
0.6413158178329468,
-0.06976819038391113,
0.07686907052993774,
0.18318001925945282,
0.2958715558052063,
0.2795504033565521,
-0.9016943573951721,
0.7773874402046204,
0.3287293314933777,
0.23773913085460663,
-0.5424217581748962,
-0.5422051548957825,
0.5679161548614502,
-0.3544478714466095,
-0.8971709609031677,
0.19825802743434906,
0.48922786116600037,
-0.2301562875509262,
0.5953631401062012,
-0.07273919135332108,
-0.08041521906852722,
-0.3372744023799896,
-0.5149567127227783,
-0.23055845499038696,
0.8297571539878845,
-0.7152068018913269,
-0.029935365542769432,
-0.183365598320961,
0.22192174196243286,
-0.38908419013023376,
0.8010208606719971,
0.09019652754068375,
0.3209560513496399,
0.2302800714969635,
0.04877747967839241,
0.9642327427864075,
-0.6972827315330505,
-0.27865129709243774,
0.15441454946994781,
0.15259213745594025,
0.14343735575675964,
-0.059274014085531235,
-0.2608371376991272,
-0.8980231881141663,
-0.7665570378303528,
-0.5817383527755737,
-0.5220217704772949,
-0.6147188544273376,
0.9100990891456604,
0.3263499438762665,
0.22267557680606842,
0.16768887639045715,
-1.7471004724502563,
0.4647586941719055,
0.07917244732379913,
-0.27746284008026123,
-0.3425213098526001,
-0.032246433198451996,
-0.38774362206459045,
-0.7102243304252625,
-0.16509763896465302,
0.4419352114200592,
0.4979811906814575,
0.3268224596977234,
0.4974413216114044,
0.33112552762031555,
-0.34246617555618286,
0.6527146697044373,
0.6673743724822998,
0.29403385519981384,
-0.5104093551635742,
0.3626822829246521,
0.235296830534935,
0.14753316342830658,
-0.1437050998210907,
0.23808696866035461,
-0.25274714827537537,
-0.08608047664165497,
0.22339916229248047,
0.13727949559688568,
0.7052314877510071,
-0.35144349932670593,
0.4214957058429718,
-1.0653042793273926,
0.5186733603477478,
-0.27074915170669556,
0.26140666007995605,
0.14194481074810028,
-0.6155626177787781,
-0.46501341462135315,
0.5660229325294495,
1.0264774560928345,
-0.11170452833175659,
-0.871475875377655,
0.32636186480522156,
-0.2063332200050354,
0.6716418266296387,
0.5306132435798645,
0.16183526813983917,
0.3234315514564514,
-0.26272156834602356,
-0.6422814726829529,
-0.5924447178840637,
0.45636388659477234,
0.12371518462896347,
0.12662872672080994,
0.39528632164001465,
0.1833650916814804,
0.1265515834093094,
-0.7545698285102844,
-0.5790069103240967,
0.3628895878791809,
0.13306301832199097,
-0.2830546200275421,
0.11079692840576172,
-0.6732429265975952,
-0.1931815892457962,
-0.07119989395141602,
-4.797215461730957,
0.47643524408340454,
-0.46060842275619507,
0.04529021680355072,
0.10987567156553268,
-0.4552820026874542,
0.41229933500289917,
-0.1766563206911087,
0.062389690428972244,
0.13558216392993927,
0.2588430345058441,
0.03616012632846832,
-0.3952796757221222,
-0.04703090339899063,
0.39787742495536804,
-0.4572189152240753,
0.3448188006877899,
-0.3884815275669098,
0.46757155656814575,
0.33648014068603516,
-0.14104865491390228,
0.31069278717041016,
-0.21896277368068695,
-0.15114635229110718,
0.3015744090080261,
0.9361093044281006,
-0.36487898230552673,
-0.1811320185661316,
-0.7768381237983704,
0.170074924826622,
-0.1589939445257187,
0.048890117555856705,
-0.3834769129753113,
-0.4298778176307678,
0.11011181771755219,
-0.8670300245285034,
0.04411835968494415,
0.21083547174930573,
1.033276915550232,
-0.7967894673347473,
-0.34070974588394165,
0.7685229182243347,
-0.4061114490032196,
-0.16723330318927765,
-0.11707029491662979,
-0.17064116895198822,
-0.5062501430511475,
-0.4343739449977875,
0.16227993369102478,
0.9801576733589172,
0.2688716948032379,
0.1819041222333908,
0.25908708572387695,
-0.20982509851455688,
0.2662951946258545,
-0.4902166426181793,
-0.1555042713880539,
-0.6588717699050903,
-0.17597433924674988,
0.33912765979766846,
0.07732845842838287,
-0.7949018478393555,
-0.16179926693439484,
0.3084733486175537,
0.3427383303642273,
-0.8910990357398987,
-0.35639190673828125,
-0.342021107673645,
0.7169678807258606,
0.3307734429836273,
0.1175900548696518,
-0.44315874576568604,
-0.1429876834154129,
-0.841057300567627,
0.1444445252418518,
-0.56172114610672,
-1.2408348321914673,
-0.06763879209756851,
0.8198487758636475,
-0.3246322572231293,
-0.3679535686969757,
-0.09183003753423691,
0.038106661289930344,
0.9091060161590576,
0.37131214141845703,
-0.3015380799770355,
-0.3467239439487457,
0.28402823209762573,
-0.9676604270935059,
-0.6922751069068909,
0.2249596118927002,
-0.10875284671783447,
0.6072258353233337,
-0.15775221586227417,
-0.06410019844770432,
0.46068698167800903,
-0.11991717666387558,
0.051256563514471054,
0.0059911091811954975,
-0.15686537325382233,
1.3254787921905518,
-0.4307395815849304,
0.41152554750442505,
-0.6241075396537781,
0.07833848893642426,
0.03463334962725639,
-0.45146942138671875,
0.4624890387058258,
0.5688683390617371,
-0.4027225375175476,
-0.6544815301895142,
-0.7678360342979431,
-0.05418102815747261,
-0.861380398273468,
0.2789091169834137,
-0.28256556391716003,
-0.5169795155525208,
1.053829312324524,
0.5676552653312683,
-0.055615637451410294,
0.4950587749481201,
1.0307259559631348,
-0.029669178649783134,
-0.4239359200000763,
0.038736164569854736,
-0.3077298700809479,
0.14798176288604736,
0.33743777871131897,
-0.5998420715332031,
0.47745996713638306,
-0.042073387652635574,
-0.38842934370040894,
-0.29896280169487,
-0.22915324568748474,
-0.21074159443378448,
-0.5290228724479675,
-0.6881922483444214,
-0.7027314901351929,
-0.3308211863040924,
0.22621417045593262,
0.2815651297569275,
-0.019594702869653702,
0.2885582447052002,
-0.015617724508047104,
0.2769097089767456,
0.27581095695495605,
0.0560116171836853,
-0.5523570775985718,
-0.6195612549781799,
0.32585108280181885,
0.1353268325328827,
-0.30691102147102356,
-0.9008233547210693,
-0.6689838767051697,
0.17464610934257507,
-0.23673377931118011,
0.29653075337409973,
-0.16644588112831116,
0.1708340048789978,
0.04604264348745346,
0.6508072018623352,
0.11368574947118759,
-1.0261948108673096,
0.01766415685415268,
-0.25820428133010864,
-0.1935206651687622,
-0.1879737824201584,
-0.11963831633329391,
-0.7695145606994629,
0.7832792401313782,
0.30688509345054626,
-0.1308419555425644,
-0.22475282847881317,
-0.08174551278352737,
0.2336340993642807,
0.04791511967778206,
-0.15222249925136566,
0.5458281636238098,
-0.14084701240062714,
0.27920177578926086,
-0.3206207752227783,
-0.36911091208457947,
-0.8372697234153748,
0.8040068745613098,
0.6231330633163452,
-0.9598841667175293,
-0.012937873601913452,
0.014565552584826946,
-0.552577793598175,
0.05091017857193947,
0.506202220916748,
-0.39146745204925537,
0.08925244212150574,
0.026752542704343796,
-0.674092173576355,
0.21716155111789703,
0.041761886328458786,
0.5695103406906128,
-0.14604277908802032,
-0.3021683692932129,
0.3408907949924469,
0.7580645084381104,
-0.6026256084442139,
0.4604312479496002,
-0.5515392422676086,
-0.47698649764060974,
0.3158818483352661,
0.2151428610086441,
-1.236282467842102,
0.9421280026435852,
0.48226621747016907,
-0.48639312386512756,
0.7360070943832397,
0.045788489282131195,
-0.7170929908752441,
-0.12261247634887695,
-0.022426819428801537,
-0.09572712332010269,
0.010936124250292778,
-0.4651676416397095,
-0.3339384198188782,
-0.049239546060562134,
-0.12902460992336273,
-0.8903965353965759,
0.016069283708930016,
0.5748592615127563,
0.48367980122566223,
-0.533907949924469,
0.6431469917297363,
-0.6441879868507385,
-0.21315480768680573,
-0.4291524887084961,
0.2600424289703369,
-0.163824200630188,
-0.09106075763702393,
-0.10491728782653809,
0.058512941002845764,
-0.2143455594778061,
0.23628608882427216,
0.5776000022888184,
0.3554299473762512,
0.9798506498336792,
-0.4895874857902527,
-0.9849783182144165,
0.000279702217085287,
0.6039087772369385,
0.4537300765514374,
-0.2052149474620819,
-0.537520706653595,
0.059862494468688965,
0.8127142786979675,
-0.17767488956451416,
-1.0960572957992554,
-0.20981433987617493,
1.5204027891159058,
-0.07786615192890167,
0.1823934018611908,
0.05700099095702171,
-0.33492398262023926,
-0.11136668175458908,
0.06471487134695053,
-0.2699466049671173,
-0.3719690442085266,
0.4222491383552551,
0.31908515095710754,
-0.944182813167572,
-0.3128832280635834,
-0.06688904017210007,
0.15725752711296082,
-0.5129429697990417,
0.082308329641819,
-0.45984095335006714,
-0.02973482944071293,
0.3217030167579651,
-0.5684927701950073,
0.16712285578250885,
0.5300320386886597,
-0.5980262756347656,
0.883781373500824,
0.47882944345474243,
-0.23366868495941162,
-0.11256075650453568,
-0.21297751367092133,
0.2663657069206238,
0.4086288809776306,
-0.17011165618896484,
0.5611167550086975,
0.4660930037498474,
0.3192536532878876,
0.14159494638442993,
-0.1068890243768692,
-0.8640632629394531,
-0.1417885273694992,
-0.19907139241695404,
0.17058038711547852,
0.5068084597587585,
-0.024071762338280678,
0.5519018769264221,
0.24191181361675262,
-0.104978546500206,
-1.3516100645065308,
0.6804542541503906,
0.24112752079963684,
-0.3477354049682617,
0.18681928515434265,
0.5499644875526428,
-0.30682146549224854,
-0.1557806134223938,
0.2660791277885437,
-0.2791074514389038,
-0.1341041773557663,
0.03261706978082657,
-0.07574398815631866,
0.9873737096786499,
-0.16261890530586243,
0.2552042305469513,
0.23556086421012878,
-0.31980904936790466,
0.07276351749897003,
0.2526455521583557,
0.07719745486974716,
-0.8025408983230591,
0.5490469932556152,
0.5542857050895691,
-0.17169764637947083,
1.4477375745773315,
-0.46030354499816895,
-0.8736003637313843,
0.31926578283309937,
0.033200476318597794,
0.5156206488609314,
0.22108478844165802,
-1.2640143632888794,
0.17344650626182556,
-0.430633008480072,
-0.2232886403799057,
0.05736611410975456,
-0.4648865759372711,
-1.1756943464279175,
0.3225175142288208,
0.5933526754379272,
0.4615829885005951,
0.39038726687431335,
0.28336429595947266,
0.023521019145846367,
-0.514765202999115,
0.46525809168815613,
0.23782561719417572,
-0.2194647639989853,
-1.1436467170715332,
0.4816044569015503,
-0.32512983679771423,
0.24985331296920776,
-0.2625112533569336,
0.7095320224761963,
-0.013961254619061947,
0.46431535482406616,
-0.14807447791099548,
0.2234870344400406,
-0.9785336852073669,
-0.09183232486248016,
0.7144622206687927,
0.2669963240623474,
-0.1390080451965332,
-0.4463895261287689,
-0.24820484220981598,
0.42665407061576843,
-0.13681389391422272,
-0.8660817742347717,
0.05888120085000992,
-0.13518716394901276,
0.20521238446235657,
-0.35384222865104675,
-0.12265224009752274,
0.38850706815719604,
0.6877715587615967,
-0.5929604768753052,
0.26780176162719727,
-0.1052929013967514,
0.1931157261133194,
-0.28020742535591125,
0.40023157000541687,
-0.378943532705307,
-0.5986965298652649,
-0.07473037391901016,
0.3916185796260834,
-0.3721877634525299,
-0.4864931106567383,
-0.7490355968475342,
-0.09114258736371994,
-0.14480555057525635,
-0.19138957560062408,
0.031005507335066795,
0.11529670655727386,
-0.7464369535446167,
-0.35144948959350586,
-0.7331886887550354,
1.5583620071411133,
0.14197635650634766,
0.12695220112800598,
0.49959152936935425,
0.45396581292152405,
-0.232356458902359,
0.9877716898918152,
-0.5352510809898376,
0.3334524631500244,
-0.9429458975791931,
0.2074202597141266,
-0.5665804147720337,
0.8744982481002808,
0.7189347147941589,
0.051901526749134064,
-0.1217033788561821,
0.7383147478103638,
-0.3931085169315338,
0.23876631259918213,
0.7342051267623901,
-0.4128447473049164,
-0.1855970174074173,
0.013639413751661777,
0.3635666072368622,
-0.1756862848997116,
-0.0982983410358429,
0.692398190498352,
-0.29326331615448,
-0.6196805834770203,
-0.14578744769096375,
-0.14177046716213226,
-0.9469481110572815,
-0.4070793092250824,
-0.3294936716556549,
-0.019657928496599197,
0.03483092412352562,
0.6329116821289062,
0.040510568767786026,
-0.35664108395576477,
0.5045175552368164,
0.26731857657432556,
0.5713209509849548,
0.0019471307750791311,
-0.236127570271492,
-0.16108421981334686,
0.3623987138271332,
-0.22114023566246033,
-0.7293189764022827,
-0.8066850900650024,
-0.053909044712781906,
-0.43880516290664673,
-0.23086516559123993,
0.395219624042511,
0.21916751563549042,
-0.2988058924674988,
0.3774477243423462,
0.10112466663122177,
-0.030689066275954247,
-0.16346974670886993,
0.017536548897624016,
-0.5226830840110779,
-0.2701103687286377,
0.30114519596099854
] |
233418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Kobe%20Station | Shin-Kobe Station | is a railway station on the San'yō Shinkansen and the Seishin-Yamate Line serving the city of Kobe, Japan, and the surrounding area. It is located to the north of Kobe city centre, at the foot of Mount Rokkō. The Shinkansen trains mostly run inside tunnels under the mountains in this area. The station exists in a small space in between two long tunnels (Rokkō and Kobe Tunnels).
This station was newly built for the San'yō Shinkansen and is connected with the city center by the Kobe Municipal Subway.
Lines
JR West (San'yō Shinkansen)
Kobe Municipal Subway (Seishin-Yamate Line and Hokushin Line, station number: S02)
Layout
Sanyō Shinkansen
Two side platforms serving two tracks. Both platforms have platform screen doors.
Seishin-Yamate Line and Hokushin Line
One side platform serving one track and one island platform serving two tracks (one of which is single ended).
Adjacent stations
History
The shinkansen station opened on 15 March 1972. The subway station opened on 18 June 1985. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR West. The Hokushin Line started operation on 2 April 1988.
On 17 January 1995, the station was affected by the Great Hanshin earthquake, with all services halted. Operations resumed on the Hokushin Line from 18 January, subway services resumed from 16 February, and Sanyo Shinkansen services resumed from 8 April 1995.
From the start of the revised timetable introduced on 1 October 2003, Shin-Kobe Station became a mandatory stopping point for all high-speed Shinkansen trains.
Surrounding area
Shin-Kobe Oriental City
Shin-Kobe Ropeway
Nunobiki Falls
Nunobiki Herb Garden
Maya Cablecar and Maya Ropeway
Mt. Maya
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
JR West station information
Railway stations in Kobe
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1972
Sanyō Shinkansen
Stations of Kobe Municipal Subway | [
-0.05840738117694855,
-0.19392088055610657,
-0.17023035883903503,
-0.14484235644340515,
-0.2941031754016876,
0.07166201621294022,
1.2373725175857544,
0.178005650639534,
-0.21639814972877502,
-0.4052773714065552,
0.08002825081348419,
0.38318130373954773,
-0.4047684967517853,
0.6621283292770386,
-0.4899759590625763,
-0.6848901510238647,
0.7689979076385498,
-0.050688955932855606,
-0.22685280442237854,
-0.7610427141189575,
0.21405325829982758,
-0.07763619720935822,
0.2239382117986679,
0.4509814977645874,
0.1033141240477562,
-0.26835352182388306,
0.038962338119745255,
0.5503233075141907,
-0.09786484390497208,
-0.05104395002126694,
0.18608221411705017,
0.13348449766635895,
-0.20046789944171906,
-0.27281978726387024,
0.1260005086660385,
0.1253800243139267,
0.14862117171287537,
-0.5317927598953247,
0.12232822924852371,
0.20382918417453766,
-0.0660749226808548,
0.16964441537857056,
0.006597002502530813,
0.19006633758544922,
0.38278964161872864,
-0.7901123762130737,
-1.3713994026184082,
-0.1019376590847969,
-0.6375571489334106,
0.625889241695404,
-0.29847386479377747,
0.10780768096446991,
-0.2627471089363098,
0.5906955599784851,
0.4171464443206787,
0.8185198903083801,
-0.7048615217208862,
0.2960118055343628,
-0.11727551370859146,
-0.044276975095272064,
0.4480418562889099,
-0.04798733815550804,
-0.047997377812862396,
0.5604268908500671,
0.06786041706800461,
0.6950525641441345,
0.25838521122932434,
0.1781485676765442,
-0.05130031332373619,
-0.2762952744960785,
0.3345071077346802,
0.2830549478530884,
0.15226700901985168,
0.45172175765037537,
-0.03282599151134491,
-1.0591590404510498,
-0.7820647358894348,
-0.6579920649528503,
-0.9860599637031555,
0.21541357040405273,
-1.2068101167678833,
-0.043538134545087814,
0.7981249690055847,
-0.05335614085197449,
1.0127620697021484,
0.06497351080179214,
-0.7966409921646118,
0.38015806674957275,
-0.8094585537910461,
0.781965970993042,
-0.4981498122215271,
0.5758113861083984,
-0.06798390299081802,
-0.203780859708786,
0.1372867226600647,
-0.3516666889190674,
-0.4862067997455597,
0.7019083499908447,
0.7355465292930603,
0.36122527718544006,
-0.16318528354167938,
-0.7584471106529236,
0.8586860299110413,
-0.05054282769560814,
-0.6234700679779053,
-1.2089344263076782,
-0.13786686956882477,
-0.8232979774475098,
-0.28064554929733276,
-0.022959323599934578,
-0.5873491168022156,
0.42690208554267883,
-0.5038735270500183,
-0.15470659732818604,
-0.12819182872772217,
0.10911232978105545,
0.3765374720096588,
-0.993914783000946,
-0.33820608258247375,
-0.46841514110565186,
-0.0673987939953804,
-0.08193451166152954,
-0.3909430503845215,
0.3838596045970917,
0.09994532912969589,
0.4859192669391632,
-0.12026672810316086,
0.341800332069397,
0.48944002389907837,
0.15637286007404327,
0.699145495891571,
1.1701985597610474,
0.2579188942909241,
-0.3337118327617645,
0.6549540758132935,
-0.9938169121742249,
-0.3296357989311218,
-0.05955075845122337,
-0.18027664721012115,
0.13599032163619995,
-1.186362385749817,
0.10756674408912659,
-0.8526184558868408,
-0.4062967896461487,
0.320902556180954,
0.5877970457077026,
-1.1864856481552124,
-0.33940476179122925,
-0.3201916813850403,
-0.3917441964149475,
0.3751625418663025,
1.2975581884384155,
-0.28043511509895325,
0.5108133554458618,
-0.5566078424453735,
0.2340536117553711,
1.0548732280731201,
0.02183774672448635,
-0.38975051045417786,
-0.0028448838274925947,
-0.2000996470451355,
0.4915439784526825,
-0.6618768572807312,
-0.30335643887519836,
-0.00876163225620985,
-0.44043880701065063,
0.48330771923065186,
-0.09544283151626587,
0.21067698299884796,
0.375108003616333,
-0.20572878420352936,
-1.0088855028152466,
-0.21543832123279572,
-0.3440702557563782,
0.431438684463501,
-0.2843472361564636,
0.7207328677177429,
0.009984760545194149,
0.01657707430422306,
-0.09531979262828827,
-1.2081888914108276,
0.26648029685020447,
0.3919808268547058,
0.45236629247665405,
0.18324688076972961,
0.16084422171115875,
-0.39559680223464966,
0.36937394738197327,
-0.4214461147785187,
0.2837868928909302,
-0.42377856373786926,
-0.3413058817386627,
-0.20770646631717682,
0.07841438055038452,
0.8230255842208862,
0.26229938864707947,
0.13698652386665344,
1.0118435621261597,
-0.7140393257141113,
0.3343855142593384,
-0.034583210945129395,
-0.4126185476779938,
0.5243790149688721,
0.07149937003850937,
-1.4144134521484375,
0.46230998635292053,
0.16713197529315948,
0.15196028351783752,
0.08758293837308884,
0.5686334371566772,
-0.08446845412254333,
-0.009357635863125324,
0.19122232496738434,
0.19477355480194092,
0.24528390169143677,
-0.21002081036567688,
-0.31969037652015686,
-0.6514686942100525,
0.5711244344711304,
-0.6363992691040039,
0.6692048907279968,
0.22081398963928223,
-0.18283793330192566,
0.5840311050415039,
-0.2834671139717102,
0.7429377436637878,
0.06847239285707474,
1.2032792568206787,
-0.24278853833675385,
-0.1157897487282753,
0.5535123944282532,
-0.03676215186715126,
0.5244317054748535,
0.09311842918395996,
-0.36432990431785583,
0.14167268574237823,
0.537254810333252,
-0.43865352869033813,
0.5088904500007629,
-0.11344543844461441,
0.11893394589424133,
0.20936241745948792,
-0.6911733150482178,
0.9982490539550781,
1.0621329545974731,
0.17126375436782837,
0.12892481684684753,
0.31756478548049927,
-0.375348299741745,
-0.0798678994178772,
-0.0322883315384388,
0.304220587015152,
0.3753491938114166,
-0.5989984273910522,
-0.10680707544088364,
-0.7950432300567627,
-0.22058601677417755,
0.13438592851161957,
-0.8225846290588379,
0.35845041275024414,
0.15462447702884674,
-0.37784188985824585,
-0.1421934813261032,
-0.39975136518478394,
-0.6236337423324585,
0.02742880955338478,
0.1620841920375824,
0.23997724056243896,
0.6626554131507874,
0.00854270439594984,
0.2018492966890335,
-0.33639150857925415,
-0.6225287914276123,
0.13775505125522614,
-0.614459216594696,
-0.05776863545179367,
-0.0003358918474987149,
1.2207250595092773,
-0.14745867252349854,
0.39704635739326477,
0.3605169653892517,
0.4931706488132477,
0.06550690531730652,
-1.0985487699508667,
-0.1295948326587677,
-0.39375415444374084,
-0.6688245534896851,
-0.7603281140327454,
-0.5488290786743164,
-0.06061220169067383,
-0.8597550988197327,
0.6502888202667236,
-0.10270866006612778,
0.1901513785123825,
0.0185077004134655,
-0.17790605127811432,
-0.0993095338344574,
-0.2569480538368225,
0.5770940184593201,
-0.864436149597168,
-0.22032180428504944,
-0.3988441824913025,
0.04353942722082138,
0.49577948451042175,
0.1734779179096222,
0.1434873789548874,
-0.06375032663345337,
-0.8864943981170654,
-4.356855869293213,
0.8494030237197876,
-0.5902425050735474,
0.38120004534721375,
0.6007325649261475,
0.31676942110061646,
0.6839424967765808,
0.06747037172317505,
0.8070526123046875,
-0.6931685209274292,
0.12442918866872787,
-0.14013631641864777,
0.010099747218191624,
0.3132564127445221,
-0.007502532564103603,
-0.005780850071460009,
0.36942848563194275,
-0.2902626395225525,
0.3082423806190491,
-0.7524967789649963,
-0.6545224189758301,
-0.019364189356565475,
0.3144652247428894,
1.2800097465515137,
-0.009045583195984364,
1.0828255414962769,
-1.2754119634628296,
-0.09829182177782059,
-0.9238017201423645,
-0.3144493103027344,
0.4369857609272003,
-0.4352712035179138,
0.10055559128522873,
0.09479940682649612,
-0.2593182623386383,
0.09027282148599625,
0.7788063883781433,
-0.3499371111392975,
0.4803120493888855,
-0.06952935457229614,
-0.34010133147239685,
-0.09337413311004639,
0.0007299334974959493,
-0.5601761937141418,
0.7799193263053894,
-0.6276988387107849,
-0.5520217418670654,
-0.02481701597571373,
0.10641258209943771,
0.298977792263031,
0.3165048062801361,
0.3934183716773987,
0.5473814606666565,
-0.4956713318824768,
0.18776486814022064,
-0.6636406183242798,
0.3669842779636383,
-0.007201777305454016,
-0.1377708911895752,
0.05564887076616287,
0.015344565734267235,
-0.1003761813044548,
0.07324256002902985,
-0.4486292600631714,
-0.007626289967447519,
-0.14618241786956787,
0.6937360763549805,
0.17742787301540375,
-0.04714613035321236,
0.3952711522579193,
-1.3409051895141602,
0.4644099473953247,
0.41265976428985596,
-1.070582389831543,
0.6758005619049072,
-0.7684593200683594,
-0.8296311497688293,
0.14309819042682648,
-0.11957141757011414,
-0.2598112225532532,
-0.06930194795131683,
-0.1421496421098709,
-0.02504781074821949,
0.7396260499954224,
0.10819277167320251,
-0.7537767291069031,
0.3937511146068573,
-0.04755173623561859,
0.4075017273426056,
-0.10092747211456299,
0.6512102484703064,
-0.18888728320598602,
0.3452323079109192,
0.14299824833869934,
-0.3743595480918884,
0.33362409472465515,
-0.003937940113246441,
1.0592224597930908,
-0.7225610613822937,
-0.2436022162437439,
0.35582390427589417,
-0.3853522837162018,
-0.6008236408233643,
-0.43419817090034485,
-0.23271481692790985,
-1.0615880489349365,
0.2118837982416153,
0.0690639540553093,
-0.18387471139431,
-0.009666252881288528,
-0.21106252074241638,
-0.5290576815605164,
-0.9850438833236694,
-0.3218413293361664,
0.5896016359329224,
0.3875950276851654,
-0.5379571318626404,
0.5678837299346924,
-0.27392908930778503,
0.5923063158988953,
0.3532215356826782,
0.4568493366241455,
0.04815392196178436,
-0.1575336903333664,
-0.1966896951198578,
0.09819991141557693,
-0.004315365105867386,
0.5687641501426697,
0.3394392430782318,
-0.11500287801027298,
-0.04032253101468086,
1.1755852699279785,
-0.3091256320476532,
-0.23814520239830017,
-0.45835715532302856,
-0.7363519668579102,
-0.6803150177001953,
-0.7672423124313354,
0.6000322103500366,
0.8328807950019836,
0.6887652277946472,
0.30740514397621155,
-1.0617339611053467,
-0.010565190576016903,
0.2701966166496277,
1.0762578248977661,
-0.6967073082923889,
-0.13014324009418488,
-0.8819183111190796,
-0.0446929894387722,
-0.41771361231803894,
-0.8445586562156677,
0.037637896835803986,
-0.3660936653614044,
-0.09305794537067413,
0.7679541707038879,
-0.3869170546531677,
0.4212050437927246,
-0.6780111193656921,
0.3565340042114258,
-0.05667746812105179,
-0.3669847548007965,
-0.44641926884651184,
0.1586112678050995,
-0.7698595523834229,
-0.502578616142273,
0.23455148935317993,
-0.5048074722290039,
-0.606329083442688,
0.08300907164812088,
0.1330646425485611,
-0.30766353011131287,
-0.1973116099834442,
-0.48477253317832947,
0.3185836970806122,
0.08243180066347122,
0.5318781137466431,
0.2707010805606842,
0.0985177680850029,
-0.38771653175354004,
0.25343289971351624,
-0.17677851021289825,
0.002808779012411833,
0.6816486120223999,
0.29037100076675415,
-1.2236324548721313,
-0.2448519468307495,
-0.27293479442596436,
0.3090991675853729,
-0.20223551988601685,
0.3833887279033661,
-0.5671446919441223,
0.3881942629814148,
0.3683622181415558,
0.9271584749221802,
-1.1876404285430908,
0.4353385865688324,
-0.1370282620191574,
-0.4678436517715454,
-0.48758426308631897,
-0.46774938702583313,
0.638163149356842,
-0.7232421636581421,
0.44321611523628235,
0.22336317598819733,
-0.5355682373046875,
0.22814379632472992,
1.1456971168518066,
-0.5423431396484375,
-0.21932503581047058,
-0.8026126027107239,
-0.4222491979598999,
0.7962713837623596,
-0.48627111315727234,
-0.3431702256202698,
-0.003698792541399598,
0.09058935195207596,
-0.0352243073284626,
-0.4253941774368286,
-0.49313390254974365,
-0.7543010711669922,
0.3920406401157379,
-0.5152727365493774,
-0.4744912087917328,
-0.7047368288040161,
0.7273264527320862,
0.5644806027412415,
-0.5349956154823303,
-0.2174256294965744,
-0.6495847702026367,
0.27409273386001587,
0.14449678361415863,
0.5314103960990906,
0.765525221824646,
-0.08393637835979462,
-0.744047224521637,
-0.1764906942844391,
0.10247861593961716,
0.9251613616943359,
0.5113581418991089,
1.0158380270004272,
0.7384475469589233,
0.4051682949066162,
-0.1912205070257187,
0.3610493242740631,
0.45002466440200806,
0.7625859379768372,
-0.35209354758262634,
-0.17775891721248627,
0.8360318541526794,
0.21262408792972565,
-0.9647207856178284,
-1.0386179685592651,
-0.3372328281402588,
0.5231136083602905,
-0.8535632491111755,
-0.22705110907554626,
0.8770239949226379,
-0.2890930473804474,
0.29017123579978943,
-0.4064498543739319,
-0.5394572019577026,
-0.5770044326782227,
0.4283003509044647,
-0.23871587216854095,
0.0379217304289341,
-0.29649269580841064,
-0.6153140068054199,
0.44967424869537354,
-0.624953031539917,
-0.5439947247505188,
-0.597842276096344,
-0.03015451692044735,
0.621734082698822,
0.16049012541770935,
0.5209271311759949,
-0.30647987127304077,
-0.20969918370246887,
-0.4024975895881653,
-0.3434736728668213,
-0.4927189350128174,
-0.30802974104881287,
0.06586449593305588,
-0.5462031364440918,
-0.4124380350112915,
-0.9896755218505859,
0.35533401370048523,
0.15436291694641113,
-0.1532766968011856,
0.5799528360366821,
-1.2982041835784912,
-0.4657215476036072,
0.17712388932704926,
-0.23792600631713867,
-0.3947313725948334,
0.25848281383514404,
0.0645756945014,
0.6182095408439636,
-0.4340399205684662,
0.056568194180727005,
-0.42846980690956116,
0.26789677143096924,
-0.39474886655807495,
-0.21547499299049377,
0.015186638571321964,
0.08679654449224472,
0.06290481239557266,
0.20772109925746918,
0.10471389442682266,
0.9808371663093567,
0.22850698232650757,
0.006069314666092396,
0.4167368412017822,
1.1891506910324097,
0.23596152663230896,
0.6610341668128967,
-0.03534071147441864,
-0.8014667630195618,
-0.4547034502029419,
-0.14359524846076965,
0.09639224410057068,
0.5336556434631348,
0.026279520243406296,
0.5583967566490173,
-0.12481222301721573,
0.9026471972465515,
-0.013774735853075981,
0.22890736162662506,
-0.4502781927585602,
1.118557095527649,
0.24720299243927002,
-0.9323870539665222,
-0.12657545506954193,
0.3929155766963959,
-0.22735539078712463,
-0.2984316647052765,
-0.07022199034690857,
-0.2955455482006073,
0.23443368077278137,
0.3876311779022217,
-0.3151996433734894,
0.9197733998298645,
-0.9165997505187988,
-0.011281202547252178,
0.3116212785243988,
0.6819120049476624,
0.3183463513851166,
0.17141011357307434,
-0.09955976158380508,
0.2956288754940033,
0.687075674533844,
0.1401529461145401,
-0.24926675856113434,
-0.291988343000412,
0.1138712614774704,
0.28666457533836365,
-0.1272563338279724,
-0.5926108956336975,
0.4354310631752014,
0.2729669511318207,
0.27072200179100037,
-0.6252771615982056,
0.33764782547950745,
0.06022632122039795,
-0.44155412912368774,
-0.2764870524406433,
0.22359895706176758,
-0.12530167400836945,
0.2021707445383072,
0.4908866286277771,
-0.6661251783370972,
0.20452134311199188,
-0.02665482647716999,
0.39188718795776367,
0.35525110363960266,
1.1574938297271729,
0.39350733160972595,
0.056052617728710175,
-0.08027605712413788,
0.49341049790382385,
-0.2578200697898865,
0.8981791734695435,
-0.17524254322052002,
-0.5405300855636597,
0.2256983071565628,
0.6241678595542908,
-0.34090718626976013,
0.29875075817108154,
-0.9057284593582153,
-0.47172796726226807,
0.4707280695438385,
0.12973150610923767,
-0.2020198553800583,
0.2650386691093445,
-0.49070480465888977,
-0.05217351019382477,
-0.07010652869939804,
-0.10110928863286972,
0.8422371745109558,
0.2253868579864502,
-0.1657162606716156,
0.24589520692825317,
-0.2808784246444702,
0.7496517300605774,
-0.45643317699432373,
0.6267451643943787,
-0.5686460733413696,
0.09045524895191193,
-0.30977490544319153,
0.2377162128686905,
0.4718369245529175,
0.9607564806938171,
0.005066852085292339,
0.29470473527908325,
-0.5387316346168518,
0.3029573857784271,
0.8741343021392822,
0.08708814531564713,
-0.30393391847610474,
0.07799477875232697,
0.11192800104618073,
-1.2264342308044434,
0.2738165557384491,
0.782094419002533,
0.5012193918228149,
-0.4509812593460083,
0.053193870931863785,
-0.47046250104904175,
0.43886518478393555,
0.7555873990058899,
0.20319534838199615,
-0.38396915793418884,
-0.13330137729644775,
-0.6042807102203369,
0.05277366191148758,
0.29970499873161316,
-0.04458528757095337,
1.5401968955993652,
1.0984535217285156,
-0.7218382358551025,
0.6992641687393188,
-0.016208596527576447,
0.19860360026359558,
0.18394571542739868,
-0.5335943102836609,
-0.18223153054714203,
-0.3797566890716553,
-0.569144606590271,
-1.035886287689209,
-0.01554198656231165,
0.477804034948349,
-0.4240490794181824,
0.9954040050506592,
-0.11719880253076553,
0.10033035278320312,
-0.43160420656204224,
0.29843267798423767,
0.07864473760128021,
0.8251119256019592,
-0.16238290071487427
] |
233421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshin%20Electric%20Railway | Hanshin Electric Railway | is a Japanese private railway company of Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group that links Osaka and Kobe. It also owns the Hanshin Tigers baseball team.
The first character for Kobe (神戸) and the second character for Osaka (大阪) combine to form the company name, 阪神, which can be read Han-shin.
IC cards (PiTaPa and ICOCA) are accepted when taking trains.
Rail lines
Operating lines
Main Line (本線) ( – , 32.1 km)
Hanshin Namba Line (阪神なんば線) ( – , 10.1 km)
The section between Nishikujō and Ōsaka-Namba is the newest line of Hanshin that opened on March 20, 2009. Prior to this extension the line was called the Nishi-Ōsaka Line.
Mukogawa Line (武庫川線) ( – , 1.7 km)
Kobe Kosoku Line (神戸高速線) (Category-2, – , 5.0 km)
The tracks of the line are owned by Kobe Rapid Transit Railway Co., Ltd. as the Tozai Line.
Abandoned lines
Kita-Osaka Line (北大阪線) ( – )
Kokudo Line(国道線) (Noda – Higashi-Kobe)
Koshien Line (甲子園線) (Kamikoshien - - Hamakoshien - Nakatsuhama)
Amagasaki Kaigan Line (尼崎海岸線) ( - Higashihama)
Mukogawa Line (武庫川線) (Mukogawa - Muko-ohashi - ): the line between Muko-ohashi and Nishinomiya (JNR) was used only for freight trains operated by JNR.
Incomplete lines
Imazu Deyashiki Line (今津出屋敷線): Takasu - Suzaki - Hamakoshien - Imazu
Amagasaki Takarazuka Line (尼崎宝塚線): Amagasaki - : planned by Takarazuka Amagasaki Railway Company
Daini Hanshin Line: Umeda - - Amagasaki - -
History
June 12, 1899: was established.
July 7, 1899: The company was renamed "Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd."
April 7, 1968: Kobe Rapid Railway was opened and joint operation with Sanyo Electric Railway was started.
February 15, 1998: Joint operation with Sanyo Electric Railway for limited express service between Umeda and Himeji was started.
June 20, 2006: Hankyu Holdings, Inc. completed its purchase of a controlling interest in Hanshin in a transaction valued at about $2.2 billion.
March 20, 2009: Joint operation with Kintetsu Railway for Rapid Express service between Sannomiya and Kintetsu Nara was started.
Rolling stock
Limited Express/Express
1000 series - through services onto the Kintetsu Nara Line
8000 series
9000 series - through services onto the Kintetsu Nara Line
9300 series
Local
5001
5131/5331
5500 series
5550 series (since January 2010)
5700 series (since August 2015) (2016 Blue Ribbon Award winner)
Mukogawa Line
7861
7890/7990
Subsidiaries
Hanshin Electric Railway owns the Hanshin Tigers baseball team, whose home ground is Hanshin Koshien Stadium in front of Kōshien Station of the railway's Main Line.
One of the company's subsidiaries is the Osaka-based company Hanshin Contents Link, that operates the Billboard Japan brand under licence from Billboard's publisher.
References
External links
Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Group Website in English
Hanshin Electric Railway Website in English
Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
Railway companies of Japan
Rail transport in Osaka Prefecture
Transport in Kobe
Japanese companies established in 1899
Railway companies established in 1899
Hankyu Hanshin Holdings | [
0.09204790741205215,
-0.4146079421043396,
-0.1648503690958023,
0.20915912091732025,
-0.46108976006507874,
0.5640556812286377,
0.5530457496643066,
0.2632129490375519,
-0.45760443806648254,
0.09505771100521088,
0.43520408868789673,
-0.0073192184790968895,
-0.38686466217041016,
0.20966680347919464,
-0.22975178062915802,
-0.13357876241207123,
0.47796404361724854,
0.35203608870506287,
-0.40025022625923157,
-0.6921830773353577,
0.06212785094976425,
-0.05629761889576912,
0.8882641196250916,
-0.14901617169380188,
0.20351731777191162,
-0.3356850743293762,
-0.2199820727109909,
0.7242118120193481,
-0.28428488969802856,
-0.3089238405227661,
0.1390635222196579,
0.46079620718955994,
0.08875003457069397,
0.4043302536010742,
-0.07761193066835403,
-0.13833892345428467,
0.00842217355966568,
-0.6152715086936951,
0.05000538378953934,
0.17119088768959045,
0.3569205701351166,
0.08044581860303879,
-0.20714890956878662,
0.23732513189315796,
0.5119306445121765,
-0.39817526936531067,
-1.0651788711547852,
0.4649914801120758,
-0.2616097927093506,
0.1453786939382553,
-0.4498431086540222,
0.5014972686767578,
0.2558830976486206,
0.7727298736572266,
-0.0028335130773484707,
0.9688259363174438,
-0.4250592291355133,
0.35165300965309143,
0.05838605388998985,
-0.2722858488559723,
0.24597959220409393,
0.1217423602938652,
-0.07940760254859924,
0.7368874549865723,
0.40781909227371216,
0.5011878609657288,
-0.11819535493850708,
0.33803486824035645,
-0.05238726735115051,
-0.36085057258605957,
0.35714584589004517,
0.02840237133204937,
0.19524991512298584,
0.275860458612442,
0.1634950190782547,
-0.7893121838569641,
-0.33194342255592346,
-0.7935288548469543,
-0.31680989265441895,
0.3979349732398987,
-0.23628871142864227,
0.15816479921340942,
0.6480122804641724,
-0.2568434476852417,
0.7644256949424744,
0.35430240631103516,
-0.43713903427124023,
0.29016876220703125,
-0.6555400490760803,
0.24776755273342133,
-0.5740343928337097,
0.45932066440582275,
0.07179106026887894,
-0.2996838390827179,
-0.6685642600059509,
-0.06239159405231476,
-0.600494384765625,
0.2278909981250763,
0.6498838067054749,
0.5661266446113586,
-0.07811775803565979,
-0.07738939672708511,
0.4189099371433258,
0.23578642308712006,
-0.844506025314331,
-1.0043659210205078,
-0.07741545140743256,
-0.10842029750347137,
-0.386705607175827,
0.21113400161266327,
-1.1306172609329224,
0.31474220752716064,
-0.44096314907073975,
-0.0482751838862896,
0.3233616054058075,
-0.10546916723251343,
0.07542052119970322,
-0.7569998502731323,
0.3332236409187317,
-0.22539493441581726,
0.43789803981781006,
0.21122388541698456,
-0.8154993653297424,
0.6311683654785156,
-0.04901793971657753,
0.4797216057777405,
0.06245981529355049,
0.11293654888868332,
0.08289939165115356,
-0.20478172600269318,
0.8739569187164307,
1.1075705289840698,
-0.2962677478790283,
-0.16366852819919586,
0.2745167016983032,
-0.4674302339553833,
0.2204093486070633,
0.4484207332134247,
0.0020451087038964033,
0.30552881956100464,
-1.3906487226486206,
0.005887036211788654,
-0.25072959065437317,
-0.29032906889915466,
-0.029578400775790215,
0.3139408230781555,
-1.0235644578933716,
-0.4659394323825836,
-0.6393078565597534,
-0.27692803740501404,
0.1944618821144104,
0.6211693286895752,
-0.21446716785430908,
0.3719717562198639,
-0.40076228976249695,
0.03352706879377365,
0.6841144561767578,
-0.5580035448074341,
0.3404507637023926,
0.15448416769504547,
-0.08672831207513809,
0.044316232204437256,
-0.5542008280754089,
0.27335888147354126,
-0.6469706296920776,
-0.5466383099555969,
0.19308984279632568,
0.17652340233325958,
0.19929960370063782,
-0.42038729786872864,
0.006990914698690176,
-0.5824922323226929,
-0.22203755378723145,
-0.3286113440990448,
0.36649757623672485,
-0.4631510376930237,
-0.0957583412528038,
-0.3253377377986908,
-0.06221333518624306,
-0.07719055563211441,
-0.9923186898231506,
0.32428789138793945,
0.24657507240772247,
-0.33520054817199707,
-0.2100757658481598,
0.599257230758667,
-0.5162043571472168,
0.4056099057197571,
0.2672630846500397,
-0.2624838650226593,
0.10504180192947388,
-0.20633727312088013,
-0.3182489275932312,
-0.8822957277297974,
0.7596718668937683,
0.007056299597024918,
0.1191258355975151,
0.5949915647506714,
-0.23077505826950073,
0.033450014889240265,
0.41029366850852966,
-0.2644161880016327,
-0.13844825327396393,
0.4019775390625,
-0.4406835436820984,
-0.005640305113047361,
0.08263298124074936,
0.07309872657060623,
-0.2703854739665985,
0.06471134722232819,
-0.08161531388759613,
0.268413782119751,
0.4771745204925537,
-0.4631214737892151,
0.31666699051856995,
-0.08246662467718124,
-0.4987930655479431,
-0.24504083395004272,
0.45391255617141724,
0.19609028100967407,
0.6256284713745117,
-0.05185241624712944,
-0.5651528239250183,
0.8184695839881897,
-0.6961559653282166,
0.6767794489860535,
0.41689375042915344,
0.8223269581794739,
-0.4041673243045807,
-0.16811220347881317,
0.5781866312026978,
0.04111203923821449,
-0.045709747821092606,
0.09725402295589447,
0.06291674077510834,
0.6822993159294128,
0.2926976978778839,
0.020877229049801826,
0.24162064492702484,
0.07419435679912567,
0.3301509618759155,
0.1509527713060379,
-0.6363217830657959,
0.551453173160553,
0.8615395426750183,
-0.3944939076900482,
-0.169752836227417,
0.5071658492088318,
-0.7667275667190552,
-0.31145092844963074,
-0.20990997552871704,
0.04850064590573311,
0.19305531680583954,
0.056065067648887634,
0.1812376230955124,
-0.5185589790344238,
0.25143754482269287,
-0.05910927802324295,
0.1109498143196106,
-0.08671557903289795,
0.14524123072624207,
-0.5314812660217285,
-0.1573086380958557,
-0.5555247664451599,
-0.22846917808055878,
0.0063905781134963036,
-0.1378188282251358,
-0.17731845378875732,
0.6915333867073059,
0.1070457398891449,
0.4699399769306183,
-0.1068689301609993,
-0.46483999490737915,
0.34736576676368713,
-0.44941192865371704,
-0.5415813326835632,
-0.15918223559856415,
1.1905877590179443,
-0.6649764776229858,
0.048688847571611404,
0.14551709592342377,
0.09693026542663574,
0.00492560351267457,
-0.698612630367279,
-0.42406392097473145,
-0.5317293405532837,
-0.2965231239795685,
-0.25258976221084595,
-0.6403324007987976,
-0.5261756777763367,
-0.500817060470581,
0.2986465096473694,
-0.5058317184448242,
0.24127505719661713,
0.08152083307504654,
0.20834901928901672,
-0.016677768900990486,
0.02123522385954857,
0.6529770493507385,
-0.7598426342010498,
-0.17884288728237152,
-0.48974326252937317,
0.12809200584888458,
-0.0380009301006794,
-0.1057603508234024,
0.3105529844760895,
-0.07179692387580872,
-0.31756457686424255,
-5.3445024490356445,
0.2236633002758026,
-0.47940048575401306,
0.15936805307865143,
0.6064825057983398,
0.3358745574951172,
0.40510812401771545,
0.01827721856534481,
0.5270646214485168,
-0.37571054697036743,
0.04798876866698265,
-0.005923707038164139,
-0.10716709494590759,
0.007411006838083267,
-0.21967287361621857,
0.172162264585495,
0.12319650501012802,
-0.024467341601848602,
0.3554530739784241,
-0.40972650051116943,
-0.20501716434955597,
-0.14974337816238403,
-0.32220330834388733,
1.0330208539962769,
0.7976776361465454,
0.2775234878063202,
-0.8596414923667908,
0.06131403148174286,
-0.3891400992870331,
-0.2574143409729004,
0.5684611201286316,
-0.5615498423576355,
0.10922122001647949,
0.3494853973388672,
-0.23114773631095886,
-0.42367514967918396,
0.6094425916671753,
0.05119192600250244,
0.12882409989833832,
0.24618476629257202,
-0.31868213415145874,
0.4652840495109558,
-0.6085654497146606,
-0.5508179664611816,
0.2470051646232605,
-0.7597352862358093,
-0.6411513090133667,
-0.19609704613685608,
0.013969418592751026,
0.7124686241149902,
0.12026476860046387,
0.526610791683197,
0.7043293714523315,
-0.4878700077533722,
0.3631044030189514,
-0.2893041968345642,
-0.5552425384521484,
-0.16755007207393646,
-0.06961501389741898,
0.10174486041069031,
0.4862021803855896,
0.3377892076969147,
-0.1378803700208664,
-0.1710350662469864,
-0.16629724204540253,
-0.12398017197847366,
0.17402192950248718,
-0.22105637192726135,
0.13443009555339813,
0.3485870063304901,
-1.243848204612732,
0.5291024446487427,
0.9287369251251221,
-0.729150116443634,
0.3962823152542114,
-0.3351564407348633,
-0.30793502926826477,
0.4550684094429016,
0.20198896527290344,
0.0572592057287693,
-0.30224674940109253,
-0.3353366553783417,
-0.17273129522800446,
0.4150938093662262,
0.5896616578102112,
-0.2951326370239258,
0.29762002825737,
-0.07284272462129593,
0.4009372889995575,
0.14393456280231476,
0.9798226356506348,
-0.6826759576797485,
0.9888683557510376,
-0.06467505544424057,
0.16995307803153992,
0.6412689685821533,
-0.19599361717700958,
0.7690480947494507,
-0.0022009925451129675,
-0.9233241081237793,
0.3251946270465851,
0.09610726684331894,
-0.41129937767982483,
-0.39945828914642334,
-0.09758340567350388,
-0.9826180338859558,
0.4370243549346924,
-0.13599222898483276,
0.018803507089614868,
0.40989071130752563,
0.13167209923267365,
-0.5775290727615356,
-0.7081398367881775,
-0.29509666562080383,
0.49600741267204285,
0.21888849139213562,
-0.49946779012680054,
0.49689266085624695,
-0.002286371309310198,
0.1377110481262207,
0.09389496594667435,
0.73853600025177,
-0.46004825830459595,
-0.3992011249065399,
-0.5640213489532471,
-0.13939082622528076,
-0.3003233075141907,
0.7641968131065369,
0.33260130882263184,
-0.010357184335589409,
-0.24189579486846924,
0.7035486102104187,
-0.028704669326543808,
-0.21983590722084045,
-0.41546395421028137,
-0.6461920142173767,
-0.5124589204788208,
-0.18508057296276093,
0.25564029812812805,
0.29717743396759033,
-0.030643928796052933,
0.11568458378314972,
-0.7949071526527405,
-0.04456440731883049,
-0.3102315664291382,
1.0238174200057983,
-0.3476468622684479,
-0.19567415118217468,
-0.33834171295166016,
-0.20329207181930542,
-0.2343314290046692,
-1.0075819492340088,
-0.15705712139606476,
0.253805935382843,
-0.4606826901435852,
0.27787381410598755,
-0.0069450209848582745,
0.3101799488067627,
-0.4547785520553589,
-0.10049200057983398,
0.027407873421907425,
-0.561979353427887,
-0.48194175958633423,
0.2548834979534149,
0.08182105422019958,
0.1278386265039444,
0.3244149088859558,
-0.7755004167556763,
-0.02383514679968357,
0.16040168702602386,
0.2465134859085083,
-0.0654795840382576,
0.09217886626720428,
-0.7278891801834106,
0.49492987990379333,
0.3875759243965149,
0.02199949324131012,
0.000005085555585537804,
-0.3618118166923523,
-0.5574495792388916,
0.6579370498657227,
0.08733605593442917,
-0.32103481888771057,
0.7459948062896729,
0.1965325027704239,
-0.8755987882614136,
-0.1038535088300705,
-0.1456918865442276,
0.37390580773353577,
0.09986809641122818,
-0.031281955540180206,
-0.1156468391418457,
0.3076992332935333,
0.6351792812347412,
0.5727725625038147,
-0.7596179842948914,
0.14638464152812958,
0.016056012362241745,
-0.5758483409881592,
-1.133164644241333,
-0.1548367291688919,
0.3524891138076782,
-0.05889631807804108,
0.07855274528265,
0.5424416661262512,
-0.3594721853733063,
0.1306399255990982,
0.5084699392318726,
-0.1041252389550209,
-0.3840520977973938,
-0.8138778209686279,
-0.564699649810791,
0.025505468249320984,
-0.43673670291900635,
-0.25097376108169556,
0.33871451020240784,
0.5941061973571777,
-0.20659509301185608,
-0.7738363146781921,
-0.41294190287590027,
-0.4627809226512909,
0.6655811667442322,
-0.4798678159713745,
-0.7137996554374695,
-0.6908490657806396,
0.4163932502269745,
0.43339696526527405,
-0.601407527923584,
-0.5457653999328613,
-0.31700775027275085,
-0.1220334842801094,
0.1799398958683014,
-0.04397906735539436,
0.8022214770317078,
-0.2929520308971405,
0.1306767761707306,
-0.2619077265262604,
0.010719404555857182,
1.2284998893737793,
0.532961368560791,
0.5784355401992798,
0.45289477705955505,
-0.1798001378774643,
0.23150640726089478,
-0.0007579480879940093,
0.8136375546455383,
0.6698328256607056,
-0.10592078417539597,
0.1393928974866867,
0.6570183038711548,
0.252461701631546,
-0.5915358066558838,
-0.8600356578826904,
-0.23164458572864532,
0.7850777506828308,
-0.4957457482814789,
-0.42709580063819885,
0.058334264904260635,
-0.5953031778335571,
-0.09967130422592163,
-0.21155357360839844,
-0.6428731083869934,
-0.298336386680603,
0.0845109149813652,
0.07726608216762543,
0.35886725783348083,
-0.2989177405834198,
-0.2502326965332031,
0.4695132374763489,
-0.9104854464530945,
0.12860321998596191,
-0.10360271483659744,
0.18239521980285645,
0.4140801429748535,
0.013032143004238605,
0.16433073580265045,
-0.24070289731025696,
0.14408375322818756,
-0.633503258228302,
0.40964290499687195,
-0.5361523628234863,
-0.06425217539072037,
0.19848422706127167,
-0.3639894127845764,
-0.5869454145431519,
-0.44935640692710876,
0.36999669671058655,
-0.03057772107422352,
-0.22620074450969696,
-0.23348623514175415,
-0.38961634039878845,
-0.7807860374450684,
-0.011020176112651825,
-0.42054638266563416,
-0.6151914000511169,
0.21269944310188293,
-0.3815896809101105,
0.16634932160377502,
0.08811618387699127,
0.1175827905535698,
-0.1492302566766739,
0.40705615282058716,
0.11422630399465561,
-0.12476611137390137,
0.04514964297413826,
0.2995727062225342,
0.1880025863647461,
-0.3315710127353668,
0.4076762795448303,
0.8568243980407715,
0.24943318963050842,
0.16372986137866974,
-0.02009192295372486,
1.1672472953796387,
0.012863248586654663,
0.555204451084137,
0.08525484055280685,
-0.46478867530822754,
-0.5141566395759583,
0.039296139031648636,
0.35867372155189514,
0.8388364911079407,
-0.04130929708480835,
-0.04195564240217209,
-0.13506951928138733,
0.35080817341804504,
-0.2385636270046234,
0.24089644849300385,
0.040178585797548294,
0.8381344676017761,
0.36217033863067627,
-0.4808778762817383,
-0.6464471220970154,
0.90716153383255,
0.30939632654190063,
0.08040037006139755,
0.3533276319503784,
-0.34332767128944397,
0.1583881378173828,
0.3251361548900604,
0.16889317333698273,
0.5136643052101135,
-0.8047155141830444,
-0.10100007057189941,
0.10852988064289093,
0.9953759908676147,
0.157779261469841,
0.04004409536719322,
-0.17844673991203308,
0.531619131565094,
0.5991167426109314,
0.42488348484039307,
0.0649295374751091,
-0.0424230583012104,
-0.11034581810235977,
0.10841923952102661,
-0.2748362421989441,
-0.3047780394554138,
0.6347517967224121,
0.20126481354236603,
0.5765181183815002,
0.20671461522579193,
-0.02243848890066147,
0.008318021893501282,
-0.3178735375404358,
-0.1397734135389328,
-0.010615866631269455,
-0.4185314178466797,
-0.09988680481910706,
-0.031631093472242355,
-0.4980282187461853,
-0.0012105514761060476,
0.3466857969760895,
0.3472521901130676,
-0.12730075418949127,
0.9700300097465515,
0.6008992195129395,
0.24709853529930115,
-0.025409145280718803,
0.6062302589416504,
-0.26448991894721985,
0.8287057876586914,
-0.29396918416023254,
-0.5167053937911987,
-0.29276570677757263,
0.12470237165689468,
-0.20673295855522156,
0.41528668999671936,
-0.647849440574646,
-0.48698392510414124,
-0.33468151092529297,
-0.46539491415023804,
-0.4060356616973877,
0.1976463943719864,
-0.3088375926017761,
-0.39723411202430725,
-0.05818948894739151,
0.21630270779132843,
0.812171459197998,
0.4469657838344574,
0.2062762975692749,
0.2774224877357483,
0.264925479888916,
0.7515501379966736,
-0.4143325388431549,
0.533740222454071,
-1.0934010744094849,
-0.035466164350509644,
-0.3114243745803833,
-0.38264426589012146,
0.6494036912918091,
0.10593365877866745,
-0.04356103017926216,
-0.2541145980358124,
0.2794249951839447,
0.23525354266166687,
0.7880733609199524,
-0.16982302069664001,
-0.3981027901172638,
0.06168423965573311,
-0.5538057088851929,
-0.5460731983184814,
0.34352511167526245,
0.8831536173820496,
0.03546544164419174,
-0.13660891354084015,
0.3535013496875763,
-0.5130138397216797,
0.08965947479009628,
0.2240435630083084,
0.072469063103199,
-0.455378919839859,
-0.2751878499984741,
-0.6937487721443176,
-0.3776065409183502,
0.10559748113155365,
-0.14784908294677734,
0.6961559057235718,
0.6218427419662476,
0.25649818778038025,
0.24801374971866608,
0.2596430778503418,
0.21250171959400177,
0.32148584723472595,
0.1491062045097351,
-0.3468206226825714,
-0.19869646430015564,
-0.5505907535552979,
-1.1839419603347778,
-0.019410766661167145,
0.05820723995566368,
-0.45100340247154236,
0.7472595572471619,
0.3683609664440155,
0.47551581263542175,
-0.28031831979751587,
0.7333763241767883,
-0.5440863966941833,
0.7717148065567017,
-0.7727146148681641
] |
233422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard%20Power%20Systems | Ballard Power Systems | Ballard Power Systems Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell products for markets such as heavy-duty motive (consisting of bus and tram applications), portable power, material handling as well as engineering services. Ballard has designed and shipped over 400 MW of fuel cell products to date.
History
Ballard was founded in 1979 by geophysicist Geoffrey Ballard under the name Ballard Research Inc. to conduct research and development on high-energy lithium batteries. Since committing to the development of PEM fuel cell technology in 1989, Ballard has delivered PEM fuel cell products worldwide to a number of leading product manufacturers.
Ballard went public in 1993 on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE), and in 1995 was listed on the NASDAQ. Ballard Power Systems opened a fuel cell manufacturing facility in 2000 in Burnaby, B.C.
Automotive fuel cell cooperations
On February 1, 2008, Ballard spun out Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (AFCC) to allow for further expansion of fuel cell technology. After the split, Ballard continued as a publicly traded company focusing on non-automotive applications (including buses), while AFCC became a privately held company of 150 employees, developing hydrogen fuel cell stacks for automobiles. AFCC's initial ownership split was Daimler AG (50.1%), Ford Motor Company (30.0%), and Ballard itself (19.9%).
In 2018, Ballard signed a contract with Weichai Power for a strategic partnership. Weichai acquired for 163 million USD 19.9 percent of Ballard's shares. As part of this collaboration, Ballard and Weichai intend to supply the Chinese market with fuel cell systems for trucks, busses, and forklifts.
In cooperation with German car manufacturer Audi, Ballard is part of a development partnership for automotive fuel cells, which will run at least until 2022. Ballard delivers fuel cells to bus manufacturers, e.g. Van Hool (Belgium), New Flyer (Canada) and Solaris (Poland).
Other activity areas
Besides road vehicles, Ballard delivers fuel cells also for trains, mining trucks, marine applications, and backup power systems for critical infrastructures such as radio towers. Furthermore, a fuel cell system for application in drones is under development.
Achievements
Ballard has:
supplied vehicles with fuel cells traveling more than 30 million kilometers in total to date 2021
access to 2,000 patents/applications
References
https://www.bctechnology.com/news/2021/3/22/Fuel-Cell-Electric-Vehicles-Powered-by-Ballard-Have-Now-Driven-Over-75-Million-Kilometers--Enough-to-Circle-the-Globe-1870-Times.cfm
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies based in Burnaby
Fuel cell manufacturers | [
-0.6392075419425964,
0.3236602544784546,
-0.48482629656791687,
-0.4729802906513214,
-0.181310772895813,
0.18985514342784882,
0.013793013989925385,
0.1500798463821411,
-0.32282206416130066,
-0.0026239489670842886,
-0.6311978697776794,
0.02269616164267063,
-0.5195015072822571,
1.135862946510315,
0.0621422603726387,
0.9039435386657715,
-0.29497551918029785,
0.5986679196357727,
0.10283078253269196,
-0.3870730698108673,
-0.5194254517555237,
-0.544535219669342,
0.6104785799980164,
0.35190990567207336,
-0.055929701775312424,
0.028844529762864113,
-0.35313913226127625,
0.3429946005344391,
-0.2117108255624771,
0.39422929286956787,
-0.4533129036426544,
0.3961833417415619,
0.032127562910318375,
-0.413737952709198,
0.47084957361221313,
0.04431108012795448,
0.5388323068618774,
0.03173352777957916,
-0.1957513391971588,
-0.6572592258453369,
-0.18380838632583618,
0.11175229400396347,
0.13431204855442047,
0.1280595362186432,
0.7480660676956177,
-0.5995674729347229,
-2.114344596862793,
-0.31853431463241577,
-0.7609640955924988,
-0.24561673402786255,
-0.43621689081192017,
0.10713810473680496,
0.836397111415863,
0.3282924294471741,
0.34501662850379944,
0.6564768552780151,
-0.7369707226753235,
0.4943331182003021,
0.21644087135791779,
0.0320395827293396,
-0.11817152798175812,
-0.2070588916540146,
0.2936023771762848,
0.009285823442041874,
0.18164947628974915,
0.2975330650806427,
-0.4319928288459778,
0.016283463686704636,
-0.10940469056367874,
0.5302435755729675,
0.0719064250588417,
-0.19495196640491486,
0.6365071535110474,
0.7250968217849731,
-0.4022711515426636,
0.21096225082874298,
0.30124369263648987,
-0.3034779727458954,
-0.4965967833995819,
0.5930930376052856,
0.17785896360874176,
0.40603503584861755,
0.9661192297935486,
-0.5450588464736938,
0.6859951615333557,
0.5752280950546265,
-0.3674933612346649,
-0.34106841683387756,
0.6657480001449585,
0.6539744734764099,
-0.7117714285850525,
0.0450885035097599,
0.18933115899562836,
0.6784753203392029,
0.027391232550144196,
-0.4209349453449249,
0.19482319056987762,
0.32977035641670227,
0.3276466727256775,
0.4444282054901123,
-0.051632851362228394,
0.4177272915840149,
0.8769668936729431,
-0.0014247264480218291,
0.0589909665286541,
-0.3884945809841156,
-0.5694424510002136,
-0.6131370663642883,
0.03105003945529461,
-1.4417765140533447,
-0.25803619623184204,
0.20771999657154083,
-0.05921053886413574,
-0.3891565799713135,
-0.27284151315689087,
0.9697886109352112,
0.5882478952407837,
-0.021513840183615685,
0.8885958194732666,
-0.23104262351989746,
0.6725755929946899,
1.1725101470947266,
-0.7804442644119263,
0.7042897343635559,
-0.5815830230712891,
0.8145933151245117,
0.8610702753067017,
0.23343726992607117,
0.23222556710243225,
0.531367838382721,
-0.03701521456241608,
0.6950714588165283,
-0.4158554971218109,
-0.27812421321868896,
0.21694928407669067,
-0.997258186340332,
1.1961486339569092,
0.32464760541915894,
0.4937952160835266,
-0.1535959243774414,
-1.0633236169815063,
-0.7108420133590698,
-1.9953818321228027,
-0.9262305498123169,
0.2371395379304886,
0.0355684794485569,
-0.5071018934249878,
0.3962513506412506,
-0.08635804057121277,
0.6846206188201904,
-0.05125196650624275,
-0.1344003975391388,
-0.23504984378814697,
0.223774716258049,
-0.47328999638557434,
-0.1793798804283142,
0.6507309079170227,
-0.38898375630378723,
0.4826123118400574,
0.2897885739803314,
0.19480746984481812,
0.3303365409374237,
0.15092694759368896,
0.043957196176052094,
-0.28499552607536316,
-0.3860107660293579,
0.3500553369522095,
-0.5338971018791199,
0.038412708789110184,
0.2079746127128601,
-0.28143730759620667,
-0.0652572438120842,
-0.05940912291407585,
-0.36189526319503784,
0.652273952960968,
-0.30644652247428894,
0.7529388666152954,
0.29232731461524963,
-0.19483891129493713,
-0.3397088348865509,
-0.6827656030654907,
0.11060760170221329,
0.4223858714103699,
0.09583039581775665,
0.3869340121746063,
0.10282743722200394,
0.5366287231445312,
-0.4496973752975464,
0.12933190166950226,
0.05252246931195259,
-0.3280036449432373,
-0.12079142034053802,
-0.09967357665300369,
-0.5304272770881653,
0.27118971943855286,
0.2534308135509491,
-0.39845791459083557,
0.41346681118011475,
0.072533018887043,
0.32163378596305847,
-0.14085900783538818,
0.05593663826584816,
-0.2665453255176544,
-0.11120438575744629,
-0.8955989480018616,
1.3877569437026978,
-0.14761827886104584,
0.35303667187690735,
0.3208151161670685,
0.7522434592247009,
0.5627813339233398,
-0.6017137169837952,
-0.21346956491470337,
-0.2879657745361328,
0.49182742834091187,
-0.7856334447860718,
-0.1656368374824524,
0.07967238873243332,
0.25277817249298096,
-0.10426373779773712,
0.9120673537254333,
-0.031417351216077805,
0.0767238587141037,
0.4178811311721802,
-0.5209859013557434,
1.2702641487121582,
-0.026447493582963943,
0.29478979110717773,
-0.044131360948085785,
0.08030948787927628,
0.7453250288963318,
0.303214430809021,
-0.4187220335006714,
-0.6266369223594666,
-0.10622867941856384,
-0.3795924782752991,
-0.31546780467033386,
-0.4017162322998047,
0.7072023749351501,
-0.0006789411418139935,
0.7706765532493591,
0.02878439798951149,
-0.9326253533363342,
0.11444422602653503,
0.39298099279403687,
-0.689140796661377,
-0.6647402048110962,
-0.13179638981819153,
0.36001020669937134,
-0.15843349695205688,
0.5824995636940002,
-0.3296124041080475,
0.22239728271961212,
-0.24976176023483276,
0.09700802713632584,
-0.20690234005451202,
-0.5222041606903076,
0.12497361749410629,
-0.6856124997138977,
-0.44732657074928284,
0.07568365335464478,
0.014252045191824436,
0.0932314395904541,
-0.49580177664756775,
-0.36228567361831665,
-0.5555040836334229,
-0.9594650268554688,
-0.35061636567115784,
0.05327709764242172,
-0.2932046055793762,
0.2284494936466217,
0.07847140729427338,
0.25798168778419495,
-1.8764255046844482,
0.32371631264686584,
0.15741705894470215,
-0.5950657725334167,
0.0951952412724495,
-0.921371579170227,
-0.049697015434503555,
0.9184629321098328,
-0.031035423278808594,
-0.19002732634544373,
0.010246061719954014,
-0.8483867645263672,
0.06138214096426964,
0.11854937672615051,
0.09532888233661652,
-0.32040226459503174,
-0.11593274772167206,
-0.2622428238391876,
-0.4489874839782715,
-0.6295502185821533,
0.6635359525680542,
-0.21419988572597504,
0.31972357630729675,
-0.31716760993003845,
0.15809808671474457,
0.18335148692131042,
-0.20000861585140228,
-0.1223185807466507,
0.3819916546344757,
-1.2528440952301025,
-0.8593149781227112,
0.007326533552259207,
-0.4857542812824249,
0.18549205362796783,
-0.6591804623603821,
-4.00786828994751,
0.011287309229373932,
-0.8067964315414429,
-0.346610963344574,
0.520612895488739,
-0.725924551486969,
0.6355931758880615,
-0.2832942306995392,
-0.00838822964578867,
0.9647109508514404,
0.32593974471092224,
-0.31787756085395813,
-0.30580615997314453,
0.1921994686126709,
0.2560116946697235,
0.6029579639434814,
1.1144343614578247,
-0.004628405440598726,
0.8916107416152954,
-0.4240332841873169,
0.5001662969589233,
-0.10209862142801285,
-0.904370903968811,
0.3218505084514618,
0.11104128509759903,
0.9032894372940063,
0.024009354412555695,
0.2254263162612915,
-1.1499247550964355,
0.3999522924423218,
-0.3377668857574463,
0.03809613734483719,
0.10923285037279129,
-0.22833351790905,
-0.21020811796188354,
-0.32520341873168945,
0.2770020067691803,
-0.006697697564959526,
-0.005650147330015898,
-0.5116202235221863,
0.23192279040813446,
0.1329539269208908,
-0.30102142691612244,
0.07082261145114899,
0.44357234239578247,
-0.2280774563550949,
-1.1584914922714233,
-0.1067248210310936,
0.26306840777397156,
0.932229220867157,
-0.03540192171931267,
-0.30894050002098083,
1.1681445837020874,
0.6002346873283386,
-0.1613498032093048,
-0.2840750813484192,
0.2745762765407562,
-0.10626573115587234,
-0.44393330812454224,
0.7587438225746155,
0.7392251491546631,
-0.20041027665138245,
0.35013750195503235,
-0.16214844584465027,
-0.3453560769557953,
-0.34663718938827515,
-0.0005899289972148836,
-0.310325026512146,
0.10297420620918274,
0.12573198974132538,
-0.5410367846488953,
0.41649535298347473,
-0.4004782438278198,
-0.4986245632171631,
-0.012504931539297104,
-0.7741149663925171,
0.10272266715765,
0.5763512253761292,
-0.4348333179950714,
-0.24760736525058746,
-0.5759254097938538,
-0.10169298201799393,
-0.09592883288860321,
0.8101611733436584,
0.1523180902004242,
0.05523628741502762,
-0.6007561087608337,
0.2102992981672287,
-0.4817388653755188,
-0.021800456568598747,
0.7833126187324524,
-0.24861200153827667,
0.44249460101127625,
0.365322083234787,
0.0038341335020959377,
-0.27325981855392456,
0.8548433780670166,
0.05331484228372574,
0.5312215089797974,
-1.1154742240905762,
-0.34901195764541626,
-0.3334266245365143,
-0.16425253450870514,
-0.11054719239473343,
-0.5473531484603882,
-0.7812839150428772,
-0.3238825798034668,
-0.4047561287879944,
0.23187653720378876,
-0.030838558450341225,
0.0757298618555069,
-0.46205171942710876,
-0.39032527804374695,
-0.22298972308635712,
0.9079558253288269,
-0.07844386249780655,
-0.27085167169570923,
1.4033344984054565,
-0.0003415477112866938,
0.6781802773475647,
0.3776261508464813,
-0.06389730423688889,
0.0551166795194149,
-0.1450321525335312,
-0.020006025210022926,
-0.36554479598999023,
0.22467495501041412,
0.4328203499317169,
0.014131818898022175,
0.14050185680389404,
-0.0702420249581337,
-0.37486886978149414,
0.0024001561105251312,
-0.3257429897785187,
-0.8439114093780518,
-0.8625346422195435,
-0.6633756756782532,
0.05007145181298256,
0.17108401656150818,
0.17442893981933594,
0.04763347655534744,
0.6601828336715698,
-0.6728670597076416,
0.606099545955658,
0.004635007586330175,
0.925082266330719,
0.2760366201400757,
-0.48094409704208374,
-0.485746294260025,
0.38376814126968384,
0.023777808994054794,
-1.2276513576507568,
0.3479404151439667,
-0.4861360788345337,
-0.09716686606407166,
-0.18567439913749695,
0.38827458024024963,
0.4726870357990265,
0.17137295007705688,
-0.2457129955291748,
0.10369810461997986,
0.2648724317550659,
-0.8440051674842834,
-0.017325114458799362,
-0.04202644154429436,
-0.22100548446178436,
0.06599026918411255,
0.0313708521425724,
-0.34635692834854126,
1.1824097633361816,
0.32997673749923706,
0.14244449138641357,
-0.6234343647956848,
-0.6527716517448425,
0.9112361669540405,
-0.10733714699745178,
0.6300544142723083,
0.105058953166008,
0.11790890246629715,
-0.08966730535030365,
0.04412950202822685,
-0.43014344573020935,
-0.9716425538063049,
1.0227982997894287,
-0.36273014545440674,
-0.39479947090148926,
-0.1284962296485901,
-1.090977668762207,
-0.4702211618423462,
0.29387667775154114,
0.21121643483638763,
0.014323825016617775,
0.2150009423494339,
-0.40877413749694824,
-0.6203279495239258,
-0.8129799962043762,
0.14469453692436218,
0.12142523378133774,
-0.5906553864479065,
-1.213904619216919,
0.2818416357040405,
0.9680585861206055,
-0.36152902245521545,
0.42640429735183716,
0.08883009850978851,
-1.097105860710144,
0.11896739155054092,
-0.006693317089229822,
-0.44752082228660583,
0.7151996493339539,
0.04817039519548416,
-0.5950125455856323,
0.47011104226112366,
0.1767009198665619,
-0.44985732436180115,
0.019746605306863785,
0.9148728847503662,
-0.0928494855761528,
-0.10730259120464325,
-0.318575918674469,
-0.11310277879238129,
-0.15713827311992645,
-0.17301271855831146,
-0.5962049961090088,
-0.734128475189209,
0.9089987277984619,
0.39742061495780945,
-0.9871748089790344,
0.5547788739204407,
-0.5999195575714111,
-0.6275736689567566,
0.34916409850120544,
-0.2159324437379837,
0.06890048831701279,
0.5843186378479004,
0.4380181133747101,
-0.7054947018623352,
0.4287166893482208,
0.8009908199310303,
0.4513714909553528,
0.08620008826255798,
0.23539872467517853,
0.6255239844322205,
-0.5861507654190063,
-0.3719387352466583,
0.20290999114513397,
0.5839876532554626,
-0.312161922454834,
-0.8846835494041443,
0.20750249922275543,
0.8325526714324951,
-0.7237438559532166,
-0.46387621760368347,
-0.65131014585495,
1.3160719871520996,
-0.35724374651908875,
-0.18981817364692688,
0.1445879489183426,
-0.4911409914493561,
-0.3753904700279236,
-0.4797836244106293,
0.39850088953971863,
-0.5314177870750427,
0.22015170753002167,
0.678928792476654,
1.118799090385437,
-0.1821211278438568,
0.3316854238510132,
0.31200215220451355,
-0.7844768166542053,
-0.29446130990982056,
-0.4570387005805969,
0.19426022469997406,
0.5684766173362732,
0.19032669067382812,
0.13772745430469513,
0.37760797142982483,
-0.6346257925033569,
-0.06031643971800804,
-0.5287952423095703,
0.8759528994560242,
0.1813068389892578,
0.6876002550125122,
0.24003851413726807,
1.067744493484497,
-0.8188855051994324,
-0.9123990535736084,
-0.10993412137031555,
-0.8461816310882568,
0.15758047997951508,
-0.5130031108856201,
-0.32057344913482666,
0.2211788296699524,
0.23310349881649017,
-0.24831411242485046,
0.6882662177085876,
0.10890524089336395,
0.02520401030778885,
-0.46357205510139465,
0.37937501072883606,
-0.7071221470832825,
1.3845505714416504,
-0.24898312985897064,
-0.44974568486213684,
0.6462145447731018,
-0.2904529869556427,
0.15608122944831848,
-0.163873091340065,
0.02029898576438427,
-0.18572953343391418,
0.46467044949531555,
0.22622624039649963,
0.37229642271995544,
0.8672881722450256,
-0.13334773480892181,
0.4557863175868988,
0.027302952483296394,
-0.4624922275543213,
0.17829644680023193,
0.07393471896648407,
0.5388672351837158,
-0.20940443873405457,
1.0923717021942139,
0.16475148499011993,
0.2720792889595032,
1.1486536264419556,
-0.12323250621557236,
0.09852352738380432,
1.0565074682235718,
-0.22023683786392212,
0.334270715713501,
-0.5732486844062805,
-0.8219045400619507,
0.39575234055519104,
-0.5425028800964355,
0.17905068397521973,
-0.23252460360527039,
-0.31657087802886963,
-0.6529783606529236,
0.5317718386650085,
0.5323095917701721,
0.6691118478775024,
0.24274942278862,
-0.17992068827152252,
-0.0619235634803772,
0.20140120387077332,
0.26421594619750977,
0.7284458875656128,
0.4078429341316223,
-0.09381276369094849,
-0.5029327273368835,
0.45558252930641174,
0.13213424384593964,
-0.226082906126976,
-0.02053225412964821,
-0.34998342394828796,
0.012896683998405933,
-0.07385165244340897,
0.5148804187774658,
-1.048551321029663,
-0.13830526173114777,
-0.09114779531955719,
0.42888951301574707,
-0.07253263145685196,
0.2029770463705063,
-0.6677969098091125,
0.20586499571800232,
-0.9204094409942627,
-0.3319999575614929,
0.6437533497810364,
0.44421228766441345,
0.31058740615844727,
0.33852311968803406,
1.098688006401062,
0.7088937163352966,
0.23632274568080902,
0.22240449488162994,
-0.22488810122013092,
0.24333332479000092,
0.31243181228637695,
-0.42243146896362305,
0.716437816619873,
0.17061640322208405,
-0.2350957989692688,
0.5321727991104126,
0.020856870338320732,
-0.45312070846557617,
0.812130868434906,
0.36156362295150757,
0.12377414107322693,
0.5104029774665833,
-0.20258797705173492,
-0.8095337152481079,
0.007098700851202011,
0.3000374436378479,
0.38997530937194824,
-0.019933300092816353,
-0.04527774453163147,
0.20509521663188934,
-0.3553428649902344,
0.2560957372188568,
0.22969883680343628,
0.9011712074279785,
0.3224908411502838,
0.1053796261548996,
0.07484938949346542,
-0.373719185590744,
0.33665189146995544,
-0.5004614591598511,
0.6503103375434875,
-0.3698221445083618,
0.3557898998260498,
-0.048292990773916245,
0.4353727102279663,
0.08219686895608902,
-0.08921073377132416,
0.47597065567970276,
-0.8658178448677063,
-0.576133131980896,
-0.4774937331676483,
-0.5540446639060974,
-0.48424625396728516,
0.4034384787082672,
0.46508875489234924,
-0.2883383631706238,
-1.124341368675232,
0.4047907292842865,
-0.06399789452552795,
-0.22410643100738525,
0.690673828125,
0.2525821328163147,
0.12325272709131241,
0.12382510304450989,
-0.2903760075569153,
-0.5542871952056885,
-0.6253344416618347,
-0.1434125006198883,
0.4951767325401306,
0.9418597221374512,
-0.48511937260627747,
-0.3222731947898865,
-0.8121467232704163,
0.36517879366874695,
-0.2530650496482849,
-3.1832659244537354,
-0.49831071496009827,
-0.3304985463619232,
-1.3134580850601196,
-0.1981094926595688,
0.43140754103660583,
-0.3923097848892212,
-0.026614971458911896,
-0.1180775910615921,
-0.047888316214084625,
0.3147619068622589,
-0.00987591315060854,
0.4189947545528412,
-0.7384843826293945,
0.6641111373901367,
-0.3562418818473816
] |
233425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mongol%20rulers | List of Mongol rulers | The following is a list of Mongol rulers.
The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.
Khamag Mongol (1120s–1206)
Kaidu – the first Khan to unite the Mongol clans
Khabul Khan – the first Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation
Ambaghai Khan
Hotula Khan
Yesugei (de facto)
Genghis Khan
Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
Great Khans and Yuan dynasty
Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor () practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as ).
With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han.
Genghis Khan (1206–1227)
Tolui Khan (as Regent) (1227–1229)
Ögedei Khan (1229–1241)
Töregene Khatun (as Regent) (1241–1246)
Güyük Khan (1246–1248)
Oghul Qaimish (as Regent) (1248–1251)
Möngke Khan (1251–1259)
Ariq Böke (1259–1264)
Kublai Khan (1260–1294) – Khagan title: Setsen; Temple name: Shizu (1271–1294) Era name: Zhongtong (中統) (1260–1264); Zhiyuan (至元) (1264–1294)
Temür Khan – Khagan title: Öljeitu; Temple name: Chengzong – (1294–1307); Era names: Yuanzhen (元貞) (1295–1297); Dade (大德) (1297–1307)
Külüg Khan – Khagan title: Khülük; Temple name: Wuzong – (1308–1311); Era name: Zhida (至大) (1308–1311)
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan – Temple name: Renzong – (1311–1320); Era names: Huangqing (皇慶) (1312–1313); Yanyou (延祐) (1314–1320)
Gegeen Khan – Khagan title: Gegeen; Temple name: Yingzong – (1321–1323); Era name: Zhizhi (至治) (1321–1323)
Yesün-Temür – Temple name: Taiding Di – (1323–1328); Era names: Taiding (泰定) (1321–1328); Zhihe (致和) 1328
Ragibagh Khan – Temple name: Tianshun Di; Era name: Tianshun (天順) (1328)
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür – Khagan title: Jayaaatu; Temple name: Wenzong – (1328–1329 / 1329–1332); Era names: Tianli (天歷) (1328–1330); Zhishun (至順) (1330–1332)
Khutughtu Khan Kusala – Khagan title: Khutughtu; Temple name: Mingzong; Era name: Tianli (天歷) (1329)
Rinchinbal Khan – Temple name: Ningzong; Era name: Zhishun (至順) (1332)
Toghon Temür – Khagan title: Ukhaantu; Temple name: Huizong ; Shundi – (1333–1370); Era names: Zhishun (至順) (1333); Yuantong (元統) (1333–1335); Zhiyuan (至元) (1335–1340); Zhizheng (至正) (1341–1368); Zhiyuan (至元) 1368–1370
Golden Horde
Batu Khan (1227–1255)
Sartaq (1255–56)
Ulaghchi (1257)
Berke (1257–1266)
Mengu-Timur (1266–1282)
Tuda Mengu (1282–1287)
Talabuga (1287–1291)
Toqta (1291–1312)
Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341)
Tini Beg (1341–1342)
Jani Beg (1342–1357)
Berdi Beg (1357–1361)
Qulpa (1359–1360)
Nawruz Beg (1360–1361)
Khidr (1361–1362)
Timur Khwaja (1362)
Abdallah (1362–1370), actual ruler was Mamai
Murad (1362–1367), actual ruler was Mamai
Aziz (1367–1369), actual ruler was Mamai
Jani Beg II (1369–1370), actual ruler was Mamai
Muhammad Bolak (1370–1379), actual ruler was Mamai
Tulun Beg Khanum (as regent) (1370–1373), actual ruler was Mamai
Aig Beg (1373–1376), actual ruler was Mamai
Arab Shaykh (1376–1379), actual ruler was Mamai
Kagan Beg (1375–1376), actual ruler was Mamai
Ilbani (1373–1376), actual ruler was Mamai
Hajji Cherkes (1375–1376), actual ruler was Mamai
Urus Khan (1376–1378), Urus was also Khan of the White Horde and uncle of Toqtamish, allowing the Hordes to unite.
Muhammad Bolaq (1375), actual ruler was Mamai
Ghiyath-ud-din Khaqan Beg (1375–1377)
Toqtaqiya (1377)
Arab Shah Muzaffar (1377–1380), actual ruler was Mamai
Timur-Malik (1377–1378)
Ghiyath-ud-din Khaqan Beg (1375–1377)
Tokhtamysh (1380–1395)
Temür Qutlugh (1396–1401), actual ruler was Edigu
Shadi Beg (1399–1407), actual ruler was Edigu
Pulad (1407–1410), actual ruler was Edigu
Temür (1410–1412)
Jalal ad-Din khan (1411–1412)
Feicüs al-Doste (1413–1414)
Karimberdi
Kebeg
Jabbar Berdi (1417–1419)
Olugh Mokhammad (1419–1421, 1428–1433)
Dawlat Berdi (1419–1421, 1427–1432)
Baraq (1422–1427)
Seyid Akhmed (1433–1435)
Küchük Muhammad (1435–1459)
Mahmud (1459–1465)
Ahmed (1465–1481)
Shayk Ahmad (1481–1498, 1499–1502)
Murtada (1498–1499)
Left wing (White Horde)
Orda (1226–1251)
Qun Quran (1251–c.1280)
Köchü (c.1280–1302)
Buyan (Bayan) (1302–1309)
Sasibuqa (1309–1315)
Ilbasan (1315–1320)
Mubarak Khwaja (1320–1344)
Chimtay (1344–1374)
Urus (1374–1376)
Toqtaqiya (1376)
Timur-Malik (1377)
Tokhtamysh (1377–1378)
Koiruchik (1378–1399)
Baraq (1423–1428)
Muhammed (1428–1431)
Mustafa (1431–1446)
This Horde was annexed by Abu'l-Khayr Khan of the Shaybanids in 1446.
Right wing (Blue Horde)
Actual rulers of the Golden Horde (Jochid Ulus, Kipchak Khanate) were members of the House of Batu until 1361.
Batu Khan (1227–1255)
Sartaq (1255–56)
Ulaghchi (1257)
Berke (1257–1266)
Mengu-Timur (1266–1282)
Tuda Mengu (1282–1287)
Talabuga (1287–1291)
Toqta (1291–1312)
Öz Beg Khan (1312–1341)
Tini Beg (1341–1342)
Jani Beg (1342–1357)
Berdi Beg (1357–1361)
Qulpa (1359–1360)
Nawruz Beg (1360–1361)
Khidr (1361–1362)
Timur Khwaja (1362)
Abdallah (1362–1370), actual ruler was Mamai
Great Horde (1466–1502)
Ilkhanate
Hülëgü (1256–1265)
Abaqa (1265–1282)
Tekuder (1282–1284)
Arghun (1284–1291)
Gaykhatu (1291–1295)
Baydu (1295)
Ghazan (1295–1304)
Öljaitü (1304–1316)
Abu Sa'id (1316–1335)
Arpa Ke'ün (1335–1336)
After the murder of Arpa, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.
Musa (1336–1337) (puppet of 'Ali Padshah of Baghdad)
Muhammad (1336–1338) (Jalayirid puppet)
Sati Beg (1338–1339) (Chobanid puppet)
Sulayman (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the Sarbadars 1341–1343)
Jahan Temür (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
Anushirwan (1343–1356) (non-dynastic Chobanid puppet)
Ghazan II (1356–1357) (known only from coinage)
Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):
Togha Temür (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the Kartids 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür)
Chobanids (1335–1357)
Jalayirid Sultanate (1335–1432)
Injuids (1335–1357)
Arghun Dynasty (1479?–1599?)
Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khan 1226–1242
Qara Hülëgü 1242–1246 d. 1252
Yesü Möngke 1246–1252
Qara Hülëgü (restored) 1252
Mubarak Shah 1252–1260
Orghana Khatun (fem.), regent 1252–1260
Alghu 1260–1266
Mubarak Shah (restored) 1266
Baraq 1266–1270
Negübei 1270–c. 1272
Buqa Temür c. 1272–1287
Duwa 1287–1307
Könchek 1306–1308
Taliqu 1308–1309
Kebek 1309 d. 1325
Esen Buqa I 1309–c. 1318
Kebek (restored) c. 1318–1325
Eljigidey 1325–1329
Duwa Temür 1329–1330
Aladdin Tarmashirin 1331–1334
Buzan 1334–1335
Changshi 1335–1338
Yesun Temur c. 1338–c. 1342 with...
'Ali-Sultan 1342
Muhammad I ibn Pulad 1342–1343
Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur 1343–1346
Danishmendji 1346–1348
The Chagatai Khanate was split into two parts, western and eastern.
Moghulistan (Eastern Chagatai Khanate)
Bayan Qulï 1348–1358
Shah Temür 1358
Tughlugh Timur (in Mogulistan 1348–1363) 1358–1363
Ilyas Khodja (in Mogulistan 1363–1368) 1363 d. 1368
Adil-Sultan 1363
Khabul Shah 1364–1370
From 1370 on, the Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur.
Suurgatmish 1370–1388
Sultan Mahmud (Mohammed II) 1388–1402
Kara Del (1383–1513)
Al-Adil Kitbugha-Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate (1294–1296)
Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1634)
Khagans of the Northern Yuan dynasty (rump state of Yuan dynasty):
Toghon Temür (1368–1370)
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1370–1378)
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1378–1388)
Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1392)?
Engke Khan (?–1392)
Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1392–1399)
Gün Temür Khan (1400–1402)
Örüg Temür Khan (Guilichi) – non-chingisid
Öljei Temür Khan (Bunyashiri) (1403–1412)
Delbeg Khan (Dalbag) (1415)
Oyiradai (1415–1425)
Adai Khan (1425–1438)
Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1433–1452)
Agbarjin (1453)
Esen taishi – the leader of the Oirats (1453–1454)
Markörgis Khan (Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
Molon Khan (1465–1466)
Manduul Khan (1475–1478)
Dayan Khan (Batu Möngke) (1478–1516)
Bars Bolud Jinong (deputy)
Bodi Alagh Khan (1516–1547)
Daraisung Guden Khan (1547–1557)
Tümen Jasagtu Khan (1557–1592)
Buyan Sechen Khan (1592–1604)
Ligdan Khan (1604–1634)
Genghisid Setsen Khans of Eastern Mongolia (1627–1922)
Ancestry of Navaanneren (previous Setsen Khans):
Batmunkh Dayan Khaan /1464–1543/, 29th Great Khan and descendant of Genghis Khan (1162–1227) through Kubilai Khan.
Gersenz Jalair Khuntaij /1513–1549/, youngest son of Dayan Khan through Queen Samar Ghailu (also called Jimsgene Khatan).
Amindural /1550/, fourth son of Gersenz, ruled northern Kerulen river area.
Moro Buima, son of Amindural.
Khar Zagal /until 1627/, son of Morbuim, ruled until 1627.
Sholoi /1627–1652/, son of Morbuim, succeeded his brother Khar Zagal in 1627. First with the title of Setsen Khan.
Babu /1652–1683/, fifth son of Sholoi.
Norov /1683–1701/, third son of Babu.
Ravdan /1688/
Omokhei /Sonomdorj/ /1701–1709/, was only 10 years old in 1701, so was brought up under the tutelage of Namjil Erdene Taij, a grandson of Sholoi.
Gunchin /1709–1728/, eldest son of Omokhei.
Tsevdenbainjuur /1728–1733/, eldest son of Gunchin.
Choijav /1733–1735/, grandson of Norov.
Damiran/1735–1751/, second son of Gunchin.
Manibadar /1751–1767/, eldest son of Damiran.
Tsevdenjav /1767–1788/, second son of Damiran.
Tseveendorj /1788–1795/, eldest son of Tsevdenjav.
Puntsagdorj /1795/, only son of Tseveendorj.
Sanzaidorj /1796–1800/, second generation grandson of Choijav.
Mahashiri /1800–1807/, paternal uncle of Puntsagdorj.
Enkhtor /1807–1816/, son of Mahashiri.
Artased/1817–1874/, son of Enkhtor.
Tserendorj /1874–1893/, son of Artased.
Demchigdorj /1893–1909/, eldest son of Tserendorj.
Navaanneren /1910–1922/, eldest son of Tserendondov, who was the son of Orjinjav the son of Artased.
Oirats
Four Oirat (1399–1634)
Ugetchi Khashikha (c. 1399)
Batula (Bahamu, Mahamud) (1399–1408)
Togoon Tayisi (Toghan) (1408–1438)
Esen (1438–1454)
Amasanj (1454–1455)
Ush-Temür (Ish-Temür) (1455–1469)
Khishig Urlugh
Arkhan Chingsang
Dzungar Khanate
Khara Khula (d. 1634)
Baatur Khung-Taiji (1634–1653)
Sengge (1653–1670)
Galdan Boshugtu Khan (1670–1697)
Tsewang Arabtan (1694–1727)
Galdan Tseren Khan (1727–1745)
Tsewang-Dorji-Namjil (1746–1749)
Lamdarja (1749–1752)
Dawachi (1752–1755)
Khans of Khoshut Khanate
Güshi Khan Toro-Baikhu (1642–1655)
Dayan Ochir Khan (1655–1669)
Gonchug Dalai Khan (1669–1698)
Lhazang Chingis Khan (1698–1717)
Khotgoid Khanate (late 16th century – late 17th century)
Torghud khans of the Kalmyk Khanate
Kho Orluk (d. 1644)
Shukhur Daichin (1644–1661)
Puntsuk (1661–1669)
Ayuka Khan (1669–1724)
Tseren Donduk Khan (1724–1735)
Donduk Ombo Khan (1735–1741)
Donduk Dashi Khan (1741–1761)
Ubashi Khan (1762–1771)
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)
Bogd Khan (r. 1911–19, 1921–24) – Era name: Olnoo Örgögdsön (1911–1924); (the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu) – Tibetan Spiritual head of Mongolian's Geluk Sect.
See also
Borjigin
Choros
History of Mongolia
Khoshut
List of heads of state of Mongolia
List of Mongol khatuns
List of Mongol states
Yuan dynasty family tree
References
Citations
Sources
Dughlát Muhammad Haidar, Norbert Elias, Edward Denison Ross – The Tarikh-i-rashidi
Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols
Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank -The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, J. A. Boyle -The Cambridge history of Iran, 5
Konstantin Nikolaevich Maksimov – Kalmykia in Russia's past and present national policies and administrative system
History of the Mongol Empire
Lists of khans
Mongolia | [
-0.27104663848876953,
0.8015060424804688,
-0.899268627166748,
-0.026338614523410797,
-1.1381640434265137,
0.31246623396873474,
0.8074159026145935,
0.3881921172142029,
-0.717258095741272,
-0.14719709753990173,
-0.1758839339017868,
-0.412457674741745,
-0.5278922915458679,
0.6846328973770142,
-0.21990711987018585,
0.5372747778892517,
0.2521419823169708,
0.4182904362678528,
-0.26374128460884094,
-0.3906276822090149,
0.3557875156402588,
0.13640139997005463,
0.16331736743450165,
-0.017753563821315765,
0.10097363591194153,
0.21228651702404022,
1.0091856718063354,
-0.06357325613498688,
-0.4526599049568176,
0.1954771727323532,
-0.484340101480484,
0.7492847442626953,
-0.15079766511917114,
0.10487986356019974,
-0.39039552211761475,
-0.4013361632823944,
0.22513341903686523,
-0.04966791346669197,
-0.23051147162914276,
-0.7800962924957275,
-0.2353128343820572,
0.20922207832336426,
0.2200663536787033,
1.0068622827529907,
0.4904867708683014,
-0.5019147396087646,
-1.4981498718261719,
0.13203173875808716,
-0.2760239839553833,
-0.5525580048561096,
-0.13947676122188568,
-0.12578807771205902,
-0.027382278814911842,
0.18893814086914062,
0.275147944688797,
0.43023085594177246,
-0.8390976190567017,
-0.03885149583220482,
-0.14313195645809174,
0.6152206659317017,
0.918880045413971,
0.4373347759246826,
-0.0800970047712326,
0.06591024249792099,
0.2907974421977997,
-0.1599722057580948,
-0.13869783282279968,
0.5598586797714233,
-0.06797417253255844,
-0.03804316371679306,
-0.057727448642253876,
0.3113024830818176,
0.4259279668331146,
0.016841888427734375,
0.05425043776631355,
-0.4743176996707916,
-0.2527454197406769,
0.06856222450733185,
0.8384146094322205,
-0.8817717432975769,
-0.21237489581108093,
0.048924483358860016,
0.5756555199623108,
0.2857726514339447,
-0.07613477855920792,
-0.39245283603668213,
-0.054030757397413254,
-0.5948131680488586,
-0.3779847323894501,
0.5661318302154541,
0.14978133141994476,
0.48465585708618164,
0.38393187522888184,
0.24227844178676605,
-0.11757383495569229,
-0.19743609428405762,
-0.7318324446678162,
0.4696379601955414,
-0.07253360003232956,
-0.157941535115242,
0.052188433706760406,
0.8394515514373779,
-0.1721908301115036,
-0.541958749294281,
-0.40767982602119446,
-0.5578499436378479,
-0.3647686243057251,
0.18670044839382172,
-0.4261636435985565,
-0.9764243960380554,
-0.5863901376724243,
0.7028728723526001,
0.07796110212802887,
0.04750463366508484,
-0.0758335217833519,
0.3553239703178406,
0.11248865723609924,
-0.5666788816452026,
-0.14901043474674225,
0.20466557145118713,
-0.3648037016391754,
0.6432308554649353,
-0.6493066549301147,
0.38214021921157837,
0.3569377362728119,
0.19978784024715424,
0.37966564297676086,
-0.10217596590518951,
-0.2163742035627365,
0.4811478555202484,
-0.09370201081037521,
1.0157593488693237,
-0.3322891592979431,
-0.1308680772781372,
0.31846535205841064,
-0.18707017600536346,
0.2587123513221741,
0.2913148105144501,
-0.01642194576561451,
-0.002132780384272337,
-1.4348434209823608,
-0.18242615461349487,
-1.7369685173034668,
0.40411704778671265,
-0.08453265577554703,
0.3154849708080292,
0.15311789512634277,
-0.05189476162195206,
-0.39127328991889954,
-0.3190755248069763,
-0.7819619178771973,
-0.36928045749664307,
-0.1593189537525177,
0.12240324914455414,
-0.1199953556060791,
0.28994986414909363,
0.4172876477241516,
-0.16214030981063843,
0.5300390720367432,
-0.2494688481092453,
0.09377524256706238,
0.047764405608177185,
0.3323705792427063,
0.10658317804336548,
0.23529762029647827,
-0.08129924535751343,
0.004932913929224014,
0.39363840222358704,
-0.37688642740249634,
-0.43105387687683105,
-0.9017751216888428,
0.013925403356552124,
-0.1558721363544464,
-0.23791638016700745,
0.25025469064712524,
0.2888590693473816,
0.40064841508865356,
0.036399632692337036,
-0.04082988575100899,
0.2828584909439087,
-0.5064918398857117,
-0.02233961410820484,
0.2614699602127075,
0.2093898355960846,
0.7837620377540588,
0.47069597244262695,
0.05677202343940735,
-0.047912873327732086,
-0.22796730697155,
-0.540498673915863,
0.0010609900346025825,
-0.08986219763755798,
0.23181670904159546,
-0.23029614984989166,
0.7968499064445496,
0.14528310298919678,
-0.04554878920316696,
-0.5193151831626892,
0.08429241925477982,
0.6825092434883118,
-0.33651578426361084,
-0.8848803639411926,
-0.07483788579702377,
0.3788589835166931,
-0.13940206170082092,
1.5585405826568604,
-0.4490125775337219,
0.40713003277778625,
0.7471976280212402,
0.8137525320053101,
0.7750752568244934,
-0.476617693901062,
0.10699555277824402,
0.14966177940368652,
-0.494025856256485,
0.4843902587890625,
-0.439957857131958,
0.5166081190109253,
-0.09999562799930573,
-0.5691341161727905,
1.1807928085327148,
-0.15914569795131683,
0.20714294910430908,
0.2888035774230957,
-0.18688154220581055,
0.8199140429496765,
0.01139289140701294,
0.16070230305194855,
-0.09817342460155487,
-0.46048879623413086,
0.10279260575771332,
-0.23295803368091583,
0.16297103464603424,
-0.2690184712409973,
-0.5789021849632263,
-0.5750911235809326,
-0.7524635195732117,
-0.1808488517999649,
0.36514121294021606,
-0.17110280692577362,
-0.033284708857536316,
0.16991575062274933,
0.025102434679865837,
-0.09446436166763306,
-0.28543147444725037,
0.10060170292854309,
-0.4575120806694031,
0.10324499756097794,
-0.20352447032928467,
-0.5111078023910522,
0.4476724863052368,
-0.17909717559814453,
-0.025519341230392456,
-0.4615907073020935,
0.37602487206459045,
-0.12131360173225403,
-0.21436439454555511,
-0.04635829105973244,
0.4163937568664551,
-0.2649654448032379,
0.08839908242225647,
0.30493634939193726,
0.06097080186009407,
-0.23466122150421143,
0.026075663045048714,
-0.27224671840667725,
-0.010438277386128902,
-0.28970229625701904,
0.47157958149909973,
-0.046546533703804016,
0.31435489654541016,
-0.13844524323940277,
-0.574372410774231,
-2.2855544090270996,
0.27947795391082764,
-0.5582008361816406,
-0.012362342327833176,
0.23919692635536194,
-0.2656220495700836,
-0.4276409447193146,
0.34674808382987976,
0.7339127659797668,
0.2575609087944031,
-0.5434603095054626,
-0.5961657166481018,
-0.7276095747947693,
0.3807089030742645,
0.07639835774898529,
0.484125554561615,
-0.2232373207807541,
0.18545083701610565,
0.3085980713367462,
-0.38437381386756897,
0.03527529910206795,
-0.09823654592037201,
0.5632079243659973,
0.0014117949176579714,
0.3922855854034424,
-0.3195112347602844,
-0.7267871499061584,
-0.8208776116371155,
0.18308234214782715,
-0.34209540486335754,
-0.3807620406150818,
0.12803742289543152,
0.22089797258377075,
-0.1578986942768097,
0.2275841385126114,
-4.979275226593018,
0.07023271918296814,
-0.3969133198261261,
-0.31884291768074036,
-0.07468469440937042,
0.03720830753445625,
0.3947613537311554,
0.06588868051767349,
0.20223894715309143,
-0.014812634326517582,
-0.3319539725780487,
-0.3734602630138397,
-0.3295181691646576,
-0.1264209747314453,
0.7779728174209595,
0.4716905653476715,
0.7058539390563965,
0.2987881898880005,
0.3228949010372162,
-0.27523085474967957,
0.16890449821949005,
-0.3142664134502411,
-0.41273680329322815,
0.5562444925308228,
0.3715932369232178,
0.7366496324539185,
0.32272079586982727,
-0.1963818371295929,
-0.6564241051673889,
-0.2738898992538452,
-0.5089036822319031,
-0.4747891128063202,
0.14551040530204773,
0.10528673976659775,
-0.3968679904937744,
0.1512719839811325,
0.6269379258155823,
0.992004930973053,
0.4111970067024231,
-0.0007497112965211272,
-0.2361559271812439,
0.28290656208992004,
0.07564235478639603,
0.66074538230896,
0.3075171709060669,
-0.7212826013565063,
-0.7642775177955627,
0.4584997594356537,
-0.8189440965652466,
0.39842668175697327,
0.061878226697444916,
-0.2131645530462265,
0.6265328526496887,
-0.2257658690214157,
0.21947164833545685,
0.1540224552154541,
0.07731804251670837,
0.002125406637787819,
-0.19773289561271667,
0.6332390904426575,
0.5609059929847717,
-0.5197025537490845,
0.1580965667963028,
-0.18347778916358948,
0.5687113404273987,
-0.24129338562488556,
-0.5434265732765198,
-0.02969963289797306,
-0.5298211574554443,
0.20465409755706787,
-0.5882827639579773,
0.30328550934791565,
-0.5973300337791443,
-0.58360755443573,
0.36386746168136597,
-0.2095797061920166,
-0.5248209834098816,
0.4722751975059509,
0.14169912040233612,
0.10397710651159286,
-0.12630632519721985,
-0.17709818482398987,
-0.6851500272750854,
0.9024996161460876,
0.36181414127349854,
-0.06028333306312561,
-0.26523852348327637,
0.17651133239269257,
-0.17396427690982819,
-0.0550961010158062,
0.7952036261558533,
-0.6324021220207214,
0.08922233432531357,
0.420881062746048,
0.3683620095252991,
0.3548252582550049,
0.39190244674682617,
-0.6838161945343018,
0.6488956212997437,
-0.07045921683311462,
0.2778146266937256,
-0.07450627535581589,
0.051567547023296356,
-0.3427460193634033,
-0.4410797953605652,
-0.0006900408770889044,
-0.15949060022830963,
0.8823677897453308,
0.5190646648406982,
-0.2090698927640915,
0.30921104550361633,
-0.5586294531822205,
-0.14394132792949677,
-0.5270155668258667,
0.9618756771087646,
-0.0002130772190866992,
0.17906184494495392,
0.9504239559173584,
0.39434415102005005,
0.3522782027721405,
0.40529677271842957,
0.22711801528930664,
-0.501050591468811,
0.12442559748888016,
0.35709908604621887,
0.3327733874320984,
-0.2000216245651245,
0.11269614845514297,
0.007389490958303213,
-0.20990222692489624,
-0.009144173003733158,
-0.3173639476299286,
-0.07440551370382309,
0.13359050452709198,
-0.5535827875137329,
0.1505488008260727,
-0.07364140450954437,
-0.3873102068901062,
-0.0021966316271573305,
-0.732909619808197,
-0.616429328918457,
-0.24904444813728333,
-0.10076315701007843,
0.5154677629470825,
0.16062751412391663,
0.45970314741134644,
0.5521166920661926,
-0.04651442542672157,
-0.1719418466091156,
0.6882539391517639,
-0.4288216233253479,
-0.5745648145675659,
0.63768070936203,
-0.2735811173915863,
-0.4945664703845978,
0.1316172182559967,
0.4537692964076996,
0.45883893966674805,
-0.30784860253334045,
-0.42610451579093933,
-0.3206970691680908,
-0.3837127983570099,
-0.6897064447402954,
0.3510938882827759,
0.04020632430911064,
-0.3688492178916931,
-0.19158627092838287,
-0.01166977547109127,
-0.38444146513938904,
1.336812138557434,
0.48458394408226013,
0.06419051438570023,
-0.6363439559936523,
-0.3064836859703064,
0.6744766235351562,
-0.08545031398534775,
0.8875994086265564,
0.5255000591278076,
-0.29194375872612,
-0.16124072670936584,
-0.10976604372262955,
0.14147518575191498,
-0.04538591951131821,
1.2501481771469116,
-0.005433840211480856,
0.2717699408531189,
-0.4059886932373047,
-0.010799301788210869,
-0.5456433892250061,
-0.29081690311431885,
-0.06201474741101265,
0.507413387298584,
-0.32782045006752014,
-0.5807380080223083,
-0.9717090129852295,
-0.2248915731906891,
0.43052923679351807,
0.16314463317394257,
0.31193554401397705,
-0.3603126108646393,
0.4563491940498352,
0.5862858295440674,
0.2054508775472641,
0.2486283779144287,
-0.09654750674962997,
-0.7787580490112305,
0.8638531565666199,
-0.010365758091211319,
-0.4465405344963074,
0.22738297283649445,
0.08522725850343704,
-1.0335304737091064,
-0.4425707757472992,
0.461814284324646,
-0.4065440893173218,
-0.26887375116348267,
0.524167001247406,
-0.3181121051311493,
-0.41118714213371277,
-0.6075616478919983,
0.2701739966869354,
-0.5255308151245117,
-0.10555567592382431,
-0.2523229718208313,
-0.4509252905845642,
0.31151098012924194,
-0.24122145771980286,
-0.2886274755001068,
0.2716839015483856,
-0.3250701427459717,
-0.0715579241514206,
-0.08285538852214813,
-0.06721805036067963,
-0.4653298854827881,
-0.479443222284317,
-0.1431947946548462,
0.26662689447402954,
0.08855228871107101,
-0.273588627576828,
0.3567964434623718,
0.14657741785049438,
0.8901039361953735,
0.5848843455314636,
-0.11593658477067947,
-0.011727798730134964,
-0.2066061645746231,
-0.4043214023113251,
-0.25497400760650635,
0.33361953496932983,
-0.0677637904882431,
-0.16815055906772614,
0.048710133880376816,
-0.7053728699684143,
-0.40647754073143005,
0.8734295964241028,
-0.15374167263507843,
0.11252596229314804,
0.11179491877555847,
0.082013800740242,
0.03307180479168892,
-0.13372550904750824,
0.712188720703125,
-0.48131173849105835,
-0.1379045993089676,
0.003327450715005398,
0.21392428874969482,
-0.26912420988082886,
-0.023597780615091324,
0.6454271674156189,
0.0016882260097190738,
-0.5238581895828247,
-0.9345641732215881,
-0.1482972502708435,
0.47804132103919983,
-0.1080627366900444,
0.08776504546403885,
0.15988916158676147,
0.09463360160589218,
0.6037748456001282,
0.3294660449028015,
-0.007773344870656729,
-0.1950298547744751,
0.16079415380954742,
-0.12323075532913208,
0.30328378081321716,
-0.28471246361732483,
-0.43852221965789795,
0.13151314854621887,
-0.28727054595947266,
0.2958732843399048,
-0.3390502333641052,
-0.33697235584259033,
-0.10175647586584091,
0.8778033256530762,
0.4894958734512329,
0.6042776703834534,
-0.20816659927368164,
0.3245849609375,
-0.5178134441375732,
-0.08680745959281921,
-0.43150296807289124,
0.7340472936630249,
0.07017502188682556,
-0.21356633305549622,
0.2801288664340973,
0.4712268114089966,
0.28197261691093445,
0.10501030087471008,
0.010115676559507847,
0.01301694568246603,
0.2424807995557785,
0.2858172655105591,
0.7321085333824158,
0.2892603576183319,
0.319022536277771,
0.19752229750156403,
0.4636111855506897,
-0.373870313167572,
-0.054003894329071045,
-0.17781078815460205,
0.44324469566345215,
-0.11724015325307846,
-0.005956279579550028,
0.20624753832817078,
-0.17756380140781403,
0.22578756511211395,
-0.17949116230010986,
-0.6312990188598633,
0.03547174856066704,
0.11946431547403336,
0.27385690808296204,
0.12783770263195038,
-0.8338262438774109,
0.41648051142692566,
-0.35579735040664673,
-0.32838618755340576,
0.0137445367872715,
-0.34576737880706787,
0.3289075195789337,
1.063070297241211,
-0.016336454078555107,
0.46558699011802673,
-0.6258189082145691,
0.008936376310884953,
-0.4802965521812439,
0.3856227993965149,
-0.7397326827049255,
0.6379148364067078,
0.3784092664718628,
-0.2081882804632187,
0.4292841851711273,
0.10309206694364548,
-0.01789858564734459,
-0.46712726354599,
0.37792038917541504,
-0.4876024127006531,
0.4252541959285736,
0.056056905537843704,
0.19919505715370178,
-1.637021780014038,
0.00024108155048452318,
-0.2342982441186905,
-0.15749219059944153,
0.2748294174671173,
0.545734703540802,
0.6053743958473206,
0.21262021362781525,
-0.15294644236564636,
0.20546887814998627,
0.07454869151115417,
0.45926710963249207,
0.01946490816771984,
0.4769624173641205,
0.1454164832830429,
-0.026066282764077187,
0.0037388771306723356,
-0.12236849963665009,
-0.3400377333164215,
0.17625397443771362,
-0.8118931651115417,
0.140867680311203,
-0.154979407787323,
-0.06452067196369171,
-1.1681829690933228,
0.4189196527004242,
0.3568806052207947,
-0.3584635853767395,
0.13759443163871765,
0.060596827417612076,
0.15634557604789734,
-0.21007391810417175,
-0.41263842582702637,
-0.010653152130544186,
0.03680827096104622,
-0.3661595284938812,
-0.2387101948261261,
-0.6273545026779175,
0.4832618236541748,
0.08476418256759644,
-0.5217893719673157,
0.1502382457256317,
0.07547514140605927,
0.44599834084510803,
0.21436530351638794,
0.1981833130121231,
0.4961167573928833,
0.2309626191854477,
-0.17509350180625916,
-0.399711012840271,
0.36180150508880615,
-0.1591079980134964,
-0.2853527367115021,
0.1845538169145584,
0.5424038767814636,
-0.06499389559030533,
0.13124887645244598,
0.3679567277431488,
-0.417620450258255,
0.10046009719371796,
-0.24465304613113403,
0.030995333567261696,
-0.85812908411026,
-0.0014364676317200065,
0.38921406865119934,
-0.12631745636463165,
-0.5275825262069702,
0.15315552055835724,
0.8907620906829834,
-0.374189555644989,
0.4740627706050873,
0.2124025523662567,
0.0654306709766388,
0.03218895196914673,
-1.0211786031723022,
-0.163208469748497,
0.22782586514949799,
0.672002911567688,
0.7230393290519714,
0.1533644050359726,
-0.5790807604789734,
-0.09396340698003769,
-0.07659647613763809,
0.4713909327983856,
0.7744960188865662,
-3.063539743423462,
-0.3567211627960205,
-0.16127504408359528,
-0.43288522958755493,
-0.4795111417770386,
0.9691235423088074,
0.23943009972572327,
0.5183655023574829,
0.483757883310318,
-0.06704068183898926,
-0.014287120662629604,
-0.18029610812664032,
-0.11904613673686981,
-0.8226463198661804,
-0.1121615469455719,
0.42057105898857117
] |
233428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinDVD | WinDVD | WinDVD (owned by Corel Corporation which bought InterVideo in 2006) is a commercial video player and music player software for Microsoft Windows. It enables the viewing of DVD-Video movies on the user's PC. DVD-Video backups stored on hard disk (created using software such as DVD Decrypter) can also be played. The player can also be used to play videos and audio/music files in other formats encoded with different codecs, for instance DivX, Xvid, Windows Media Video video and MP3 and AAC audio. Newer versions also support full Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD (HD DVD support removed after WinDVD 9) playback with menus, with CPRM DRM support.
Features and Functions
Features and functions supported by InterVideo WinDVD version 8.0 during video/movie and audio/music playback.
Supported video formats/codecs: MPEG-1, MPEG-2 (including HD support), MPEG-TS, DVD-Video, MiniDVD, MPEG-4 ASP (like Xvid and DivX, including DivX Pro), H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, VC-1, WMV HD, DVD-VR, DVD+VR, 3GPP and 3GPP2, QuickTime, RealMedia/RealVideo
Supported audio formats/codecs: WAV, MP3, AAC, LPCM, MLP Lossless, Dolby Digital (5.1) and Dolby Digital (2.0), Dolby Digital EX, DTS 2.0 and 5.1, DTS Neo:6, DTS 96/24, DTS-ES Discrete, RealMedia/RealAudio
Video Playback
TrimensionDNM - interpolates frames to give smooth playback
Smooth Reverse Playback - smooth reverse/rewind playback without dropping frames
Video Desktop - display subpanel to let the movie play in the background, just like a Windows wallpaper
Software Video Deinterlacing - ensures a smoother and clearer video image on progressive displays
Dynamic range compression and SRS - offers modes suited to Quiet, Noisy and Normal listening environments
Instant Replay - Jump back to the line you missed, or catch that action sequence again
"Boss Key" - One click hides the player out of the way from the desktop
9X Digital Zoom
Closed captioning support provides closed captioning for the deaf and hard of hearing
Video Bookmarks enable quick access to a user's favorite movie scenes
Saved as a file with ".bmk" extension for later use or export for use on another computer
Resume playback - allows users to play a DVD from the last scene prior to stopping
Screen snapshots can be captured with a user-defined aspect ratio
External subtitle support allows playback via AVI, DivX and WMV files
Supports SRT, SUB, SSA, ASS, PSB, SMI extensions and XSUB (DivX embedded subtitles)
Allows you to adjust the placement, subtitle color and size of subtitles
On-screen display (OSD) lets users define where video information is located
Color Themes lets users personalize the look of your player to match their mood or their desktop
Low Frequency Effects (LFE) mixes the LFE channel (bass) with front speaker channels
Dolby Pro Logic IIx - 2.0 - 5.1 => 7.1 audio-channels expansion technology (upsample anything from 2.0 to 7.1 surround sound)
Dolby Headphone - Virtual surround sound on 2-channel (stereo) headphones
Music Playback
Dynamic range compression and SRS - offers modes that give better bass tones of your music
General Features
Playlist playback and creation support - for audio or video files from DVDs, VCDs, SVCDs and CDs
"Movie Encyclopedia" is a feature of WinDVD that enables users to access a movie database for details on movies, actors and directors, (similar to IMDb).
UPnP Control Point (UPnP-client) - Play videos from any UPnP AV MediaServer device in your home network
UPnP UPnP AV MediaServer (UPnP-server) - allows other UPnP Control Point devices in your home network to stream audio/video files from WinDVD
See also
Comparison of video player software
LinDVD
WinDVD Recorder
References
External links
WinDVD at Corel
1998 software
Software Blu-ray players
Software DVD players
Windows media players | [
-0.1950989067554474,
-0.0918390229344368,
0.5957395434379578,
0.5064043402671814,
-0.15520687401294708,
-0.11175201833248138,
-0.18056577444076538,
-0.10975237190723419,
-0.0202036090195179,
-0.2288796752691269,
-0.19332456588745117,
0.4029652178287506,
0.1041678786277771,
0.25627022981643677,
0.12431371957063675,
-0.5133649706840515,
0.3827526569366455,
0.27194708585739136,
-0.43277105689048767,
-1.0361829996109009,
-0.11185144633054733,
-0.39874252676963806,
0.27479949593544006,
0.027866842225193977,
-0.21219277381896973,
0.04300058260560036,
-0.22278204560279846,
0.405089795589447,
-0.25178995728492737,
0.2648365795612335,
-0.05343707650899887,
0.6124807596206665,
0.3399816155433655,
-0.3794439733028412,
-0.22938817739486694,
-0.05783528462052345,
-0.3821616470813751,
0.343619704246521,
-0.559038519859314,
-0.28239384293556213,
0.2777458131313324,
-0.027591606602072716,
0.18277253210544586,
0.1850370168685913,
0.41969189047813416,
-0.012025521136820316,
-1.104341745376587,
0.19588054716587067,
-0.4107898473739624,
-0.26225316524505615,
-0.686813235282898,
0.19385755062103271,
0.0010535571491345763,
0.34627681970596313,
0.5936189889907837,
0.21566890180110931,
-0.20166201889514923,
-0.07640263438224792,
0.12135900557041168,
-0.40857967734336853,
0.1339225471019745,
-0.22926154732704163,
-0.49114635586738586,
-0.1565336138010025,
0.28933149576187134,
-0.2530553638935089,
0.10542946308851242,
0.14126120507717133,
-0.28712698817253113,
-0.8244436979293823,
0.7376112341880798,
-0.10180971771478653,
0.00981723889708519,
-0.4572755992412567,
0.43454891443252563,
-0.22577469050884247,
0.6030785441398621,
0.05852556973695755,
0.7275132536888123,
0.36212196946144104,
0.12453607469797134,
0.4084928333759308,
0.6284657120704651,
-0.21103930473327637,
-0.12623371183872223,
-0.1368451863527298,
0.028826408088207245,
-0.1816221922636032,
-0.7517189383506775,
-0.1873641014099121,
-0.12793485820293427,
-0.469611793756485,
0.7475739121437073,
0.20045876502990723,
0.2655210494995117,
0.13576717674732208,
-0.47551336884498596,
0.6304428577423096,
0.5017626285552979,
0.14499007165431976,
-0.31900539994239807,
0.20651063323020935,
-0.07046616077423096,
-0.04625412076711655,
-0.15267904102802277,
-0.3781130313873291,
-0.353799045085907,
-0.5153069496154785,
-0.2392522692680359,
0.25563931465148926,
0.055198512971401215,
0.03798285126686096,
0.18431547284126282,
0.16748790442943573,
0.13527147471904755,
0.1367962658405304,
0.1678846925497055,
-0.048086151480674744,
0.42243626713752747,
0.5626635551452637,
0.3723691999912262,
0.7889888882637024,
-0.05683693289756775,
0.25757545232772827,
-0.32041868567466736,
0.24192549288272858,
0.7750657200813293,
0.22400027513504028,
-0.28762614727020264,
-0.46943703293800354,
0.11177495121955872,
0.885155200958252,
0.06721144169569016,
0.4112818241119385,
0.32643434405326843,
-0.02175498940050602,
0.5614153146743774,
-0.46601566672325134,
-0.4106968641281128,
-0.043057385832071304,
-0.6812580823898315,
-0.200617715716362,
-0.4971107840538025,
-0.2094849944114685,
-0.2625468969345093,
0.2486175149679184,
-0.30381807684898376,
-0.8042286038398743,
-0.5189487338066101,
-0.03204537183046341,
-0.04779938608407974,
0.6195911169052124,
-0.20112872123718262,
-0.24681197106838226,
-0.3022121489048004,
0.5887331962585449,
0.5549250245094299,
-0.07811319828033447,
-0.3528287708759308,
0.1871061474084854,
0.0103585384786129,
0.32124555110931396,
-0.3019371032714844,
0.19427581131458282,
-0.03333042934536934,
-0.44107040762901306,
0.3332394063472748,
0.36974701285362244,
0.23241281509399414,
-0.20519974827766418,
-0.18220506608486176,
0.1417924463748932,
0.27243202924728394,
0.14717663824558258,
0.574643611907959,
-0.1298203021287918,
0.5491223931312561,
0.3426857590675354,
0.1506522297859192,
0.2856735289096832,
-0.39348462224006653,
0.20202533900737762,
0.26038607954978943,
-0.3208968937397003,
0.10532284528017044,
0.47095850110054016,
0.06671129912137985,
0.2759415805339813,
0.44608283042907715,
-0.3614285886287689,
-0.5472421646118164,
-0.7534589767456055,
0.5011143684387207,
-0.26316601037979126,
0.5518028736114502,
0.18819044530391693,
-0.4181363880634308,
0.2671326696872711,
0.19461606442928314,
0.27166682481765747,
0.12146925926208496,
-0.08210419118404388,
0.5262324213981628,
-0.42301639914512634,
-0.2718675136566162,
-0.08462890237569809,
0.22744636237621307,
-0.36567845940589905,
-0.7078146934509277,
-0.20470057427883148,
-0.289255827665329,
-0.3364734947681427,
0.41928353905677795,
0.15042172372341156,
0.13395386934280396,
0.017272351309657097,
-0.9169059991836548,
0.3759419918060303,
0.21668781340122223,
-0.29123902320861816,
0.36315837502479553,
-0.36585524678230286,
-0.31512877345085144,
0.6222233176231384,
-0.6128572821617126,
0.9440295100212097,
-0.0045894137583673,
0.0834127739071846,
0.34083622694015503,
-0.0008321456843987107,
-0.13321161270141602,
0.5519848465919495,
-0.40572789311408997,
-0.5415064096450806,
0.21306908130645752,
0.2615761458873749,
0.15683820843696594,
-0.34210219979286194,
0.7794188261032104,
0.060311559587717056,
0.594023585319519,
0.2596346139907837,
-0.10146934539079666,
-0.22282938659191132,
0.6374831199645996,
-0.10448800027370453,
0.06572514027357101,
-0.0533311665058136,
-0.015656502917408943,
-0.09929778426885605,
0.353254109621048,
0.019161343574523926,
-0.24953505396842957,
-0.1869187355041504,
-0.1568681001663208,
0.14267422258853912,
-0.3620564341545105,
-0.23525196313858032,
-0.1722065508365631,
0.5530980229377747,
0.21302081644535065,
-0.26348769664764404,
0.08925110846757889,
-0.27818819880485535,
0.22706708312034607,
-0.9775713086128235,
0.0525551363825798,
0.07016394287347794,
0.38490548729896545,
0.19859246909618378,
-0.3278909921646118,
-0.003867656923830509,
-0.34668833017349243,
0.06891608983278275,
-0.6898573637008667,
-0.5884230136871338,
0.15852516889572144,
0.04941433295607567,
-0.3580701947212219,
-1.0721180438995361,
0.2543748915195465,
0.396087110042572,
0.39279860258102417,
-0.15233540534973145,
-0.21369516849517822,
0.17818427085876465,
0.20477324724197388,
0.02256348356604576,
-0.2684820294380188,
-0.14013206958770752,
-0.2534996271133423,
0.3605021834373474,
-0.17870453000068665,
0.5691853165626526,
0.2244521826505661,
1.0415235757827759,
0.1532323956489563,
-0.24036020040512085,
0.4349941313266754,
0.04164058342576027,
-0.1275346428155899,
-0.3190575838088989,
-0.12250532954931259,
-0.22436009347438812,
0.10165783017873764,
-0.2815462648868561,
-0.22826853394508362,
-0.5841383337974548,
-6.045437812805176,
0.03540171682834625,
-0.28360915184020996,
-0.25027209520339966,
-0.09466063976287842,
-0.024260297417640686,
0.3273865878582001,
-0.06769762188196182,
0.33976003527641296,
-0.19531826674938202,
-0.25866732001304626,
0.26272863149642944,
0.008121226914227009,
0.014945589005947113,
0.5147485136985779,
0.12537173926830292,
0.5143700242042542,
0.06636986136436462,
0.21646049618721008,
-0.5370541214942932,
0.35475823283195496,
-0.033670615404844284,
0.12370547652244568,
0.044688474386930466,
-0.07555302232503891,
0.045359786599874496,
-0.24922403693199158,
0.1424420028924942,
-0.11131160706281662,
-0.3865547776222229,
0.322756290435791,
-0.5317396521568298,
-0.25441408157348633,
0.3000284731388092,
0.2627154588699341,
-0.11739272624254227,
0.6511670351028442,
0.6349271535873413,
0.3052896559238434,
-0.24310031533241272,
0.6883370876312256,
0.18795982003211975,
-0.07314333319664001,
-0.14695218205451965,
0.33810341358184814,
-0.12034239619970322,
-0.25741493701934814,
0.4458954930305481,
-0.33553582429885864,
0.9099093079566956,
0.09405997395515442,
-0.11481229215860367,
-0.19521407783031464,
0.5780894756317139,
-0.3827226459980011,
-0.3840888738632202,
0.0712357833981514,
-0.3816376328468323,
-0.5112258791923523,
0.6413470506668091,
0.2414821833372116,
-0.4701589047908783,
0.009210743941366673,
-0.73265141248703,
-0.10360796004533768,
-0.2683376371860504,
-0.17620782554149628,
-0.19360968470573425,
0.47414812445640564,
0.29399144649505615,
0.32710617780685425,
0.0529116727411747,
0.6083165407180786,
-0.6529605984687805,
0.41426709294319153,
-0.19030267000198364,
0.45366448163986206,
0.010498595423996449,
-0.3865627646446228,
0.4510901868343353,
0.23403574526309967,
-0.4580407738685608,
-0.15536357462406158,
-0.28506502509117126,
-0.7424874305725098,
-0.5773231983184814,
-0.44267502427101135,
-0.16489309072494507,
0.09336534887552261,
0.3026995062828064,
0.8526067733764648,
-0.6956722736358643,
0.09384092688560486,
0.05669460818171501,
0.36008068919181824,
0.6540948748588562,
0.45914426445961,
0.21205395460128784,
0.4242483079433441,
-0.06935125589370728,
0.16215509176254272,
-0.3260495364665985,
0.1038714200258255,
-0.6055565476417542,
0.031319402158260345,
-0.08921050280332565,
0.024830946698784828,
-0.34427210688591003,
0.885602593421936,
-0.047049593180418015,
0.258673757314682,
-0.1768055409193039,
0.03250885009765625,
-0.04269888997077942,
0.28752243518829346,
-0.5024552941322327,
-0.26400092244148254,
0.45455417037010193,
0.3757271468639374,
-0.6111360192298889,
0.14527380466461182,
0.11738234013319016,
0.398566871881485,
-0.7453837394714355,
-0.4444838762283325,
0.0389828234910965,
-0.0904465988278389,
-0.04521026834845543,
-0.14650054275989532,
-0.11764031648635864,
0.04277905821800232,
0.0332866832613945,
0.32918065786361694,
-0.09938430786132812,
0.0327325314283371,
-0.6696199178695679,
-0.46638643741607666,
0.05248253047466278,
0.05363435298204422,
-0.09097163379192352,
0.09741814434528351,
-0.17625023424625397,
0.17848992347717285,
-0.13690485060214996,
0.16553577780723572,
0.08310448378324509,
-0.0372358001768589,
-0.44256827235221863,
-0.3246282935142517,
0.03841182962059975,
0.0713859423995018,
-0.14888234436511993,
0.6214826703071594,
-0.327054888010025,
-0.5185065269470215,
0.09710042923688889,
0.09529048204421997,
-0.15007612109184265,
0.25290197134017944,
-0.44687381386756897,
0.07251140475273132,
-0.003280988661572337,
-0.9952564239501953,
0.17145386338233948,
-0.04710690304636955,
0.22779282927513123,
-0.737288773059845,
-0.22853122651576996,
-0.001000457676127553,
-0.11970609426498413,
0.45640116930007935,
-0.35656335949897766,
-0.5952543020248413,
-0.22646643221378326,
0.587329089641571,
0.4566327929496765,
-0.0874912291765213,
-0.41347089409828186,
-0.09324458241462708,
0.010729935951530933,
0.037157073616981506,
0.06615176796913147,
-0.4384205639362335,
0.16745485365390778,
0.43580520153045654,
-0.3640863597393036,
-0.45093008875846863,
-0.10648937523365021,
-0.2828513979911804,
0.17767399549484253,
-0.42144566774368286,
0.5439234972000122,
0.41221123933792114,
0.046663686633110046,
0.2007455825805664,
-0.5387455821037292,
-0.06564512103796005,
0.5090415477752686,
-0.47530224919319153,
-1.1625614166259766,
-0.3518562912940979,
0.22419242560863495,
-0.15612828731536865,
0.1584869772195816,
0.060034070163965225,
-0.7598069310188293,
0.07508353888988495,
-0.1339762657880783,
0.3180631995201111,
-0.2605729401111603,
-0.3111836612224579,
-0.1947133094072342,
-0.0723244696855545,
0.005065420642495155,
-0.11157163232564926,
0.16401194036006927,
0.6706022620201111,
-0.20386749505996704,
-0.6813101172447205,
-0.07931492477655411,
-0.2828444540500641,
0.07200787961483002,
-0.7982490658760071,
0.05770790949463844,
-1.2026596069335938,
0.520176887512207,
0.008385051041841507,
-0.506917417049408,
0.04658592492341995,
0.24722516536712646,
0.12502743303775787,
-0.033843789249658585,
-0.1346626728773117,
0.3567895293235779,
0.03665660694241524,
0.0023857380729168653,
-0.39188721776008606,
0.052312035113573074,
-0.14249224960803986,
-0.019285740330815315,
0.570044219493866,
0.5605278015136719,
-0.5494339466094971,
-0.059758156538009644,
0.11235278099775314,
0.3270389139652252,
-0.1378554403781891,
-0.11758086830377579,
-0.7572624683380127,
-0.04522459954023361,
0.28696104884147644,
-0.48529675602912903,
-0.17571404576301575,
0.11546238511800766,
1.2770453691482544,
-0.38256415724754333,
0.08596329391002655,
-0.20499639213085175,
-0.035150203853845596,
0.10861758887767792,
0.0044724964536726475,
0.012128512375056744,
-0.2217516303062439,
0.07071693241596222,
0.0992426872253418,
0.15600939095020294,
-0.09323365241289139,
-0.703274667263031,
-0.4505273997783661,
-0.11222241818904877,
0.29728493094444275,
0.16897375881671906,
0.17132854461669922,
0.8207297325134277,
0.01626693643629551,
0.3738856315612793,
-0.039162442088127136,
-0.15835368633270264,
-0.03070681355893612,
-0.0401444137096405,
-0.6297010779380798,
-0.359749436378479,
-0.027899183332920074,
-0.6779306530952454,
-0.4559990465641022,
0.09763538092374802,
0.2551094889640808,
0.13962361216545105,
0.2814820408821106,
-0.2748850882053375,
-0.17021796107292175,
0.4270336329936981,
-0.246461883187294,
0.41759341955184937,
0.41592058539390564,
-0.039464693516492844,
0.11330530792474747,
-0.35645920038223267,
0.12346064299345016,
-0.5981244444847107,
-0.2427510917186737,
0.15032754838466644,
0.3732377886772156,
-0.6468636989593506,
0.5579038262367249,
-0.031014982610940933,
0.39018842577934265,
0.03488260507583618,
-0.0933167114853859,
-0.18225468695163727,
0.586134672164917,
-0.14163313806056976,
-0.10375627875328064,
0.5447177290916443,
-0.26131823658943176,
0.31599557399749756,
0.4338410794734955,
0.1381608098745346,
0.3017640709877014,
-0.12000606954097748,
0.4503929913043976,
0.2764216363430023,
0.4328891336917877,
0.1374337524175644,
-0.10124464333057404,
0.18493881821632385,
-0.1518971472978592,
-0.11017350107431412,
0.6261022090911865,
-0.16278508305549622,
0.4032193422317505,
-0.3471684157848358,
-0.37483033537864685,
0.9642913937568665,
-0.15955683588981628,
-0.20314644277095795,
-0.07397615909576416,
-0.08394085615873337,
-0.4729668200016022,
0.25366705656051636,
0.4170325696468353,
0.1046261340379715,
0.004251845646649599,
0.11451341211795807,
-0.16804513335227966,
0.1025138720870018,
0.08685071766376495,
0.07081028074026108,
-0.21391740441322327,
-0.13898295164108276,
-0.3277164697647095,
-0.23989064991474152,
0.03299371153116226,
-0.4197711944580078,
-0.08128629624843597,
-0.5296685695648193,
0.39723876118659973,
0.31642940640449524,
0.6778545379638672,
0.023284394294023514,
0.1220209002494812,
-0.002204841934144497,
0.5464026927947998,
-0.20269925892353058,
-0.5554435849189758,
0.13081198930740356,
0.48544687032699585,
-0.09091336280107498,
0.0383172370493412,
-0.17111170291900635,
-0.061413127928972244,
0.35692763328552246,
-0.0587359257042408,
0.8104543089866638,
-0.7003273963928223,
0.19014325737953186,
0.09992726892232895,
-0.007065845653414726,
0.11999815702438354,
-0.1878640204668045,
-0.41057950258255005,
-0.15920932590961456,
0.09852570295333862,
0.16236212849617004,
0.032092586159706116,
-0.7366445064544678,
0.3207966685295105,
0.22268261015415192,
0.31087592244148254,
-0.5410578846931458,
0.20353658497333527,
-1.1552841663360596,
-0.1495313197374344,
0.3079277276992798,
0.004366323351860046,
-0.25198909640312195,
-0.0357203483581543,
0.7857874035835266,
0.13394740223884583,
0.31189605593681335,
0.45014968514442444,
0.1297309249639511,
0.14643041789531708,
0.08112867176532745,
-0.2724531590938568,
0.2886577248573303,
-0.7235406041145325,
-0.07805634289979935,
-0.6695641279220581,
0.6366848945617676,
0.28752022981643677,
0.31682321429252625,
0.057995013892650604,
-0.28603482246398926,
0.20126670598983765,
0.08220425248146057,
1.1189281940460205,
0.14400064945220947,
-0.016024364158511162,
0.08982153981924057,
-0.5642420053482056,
-0.42695215344429016,
0.32022905349731445,
0.12053003907203674,
0.8739142417907715,
0.1026473343372345,
0.1437443196773529,
-0.039161115884780884,
-0.4160737991333008,
0.5356733202934265,
-0.02134271338582039,
-0.1354718655347824,
-0.5023052096366882,
1.0855412483215332,
-0.3786868751049042,
-0.23057126998901367,
-0.039540618658065796,
0.40247642993927,
0.2702552378177643,
-0.8533097505569458,
-0.19929172098636627,
0.26142027974128723,
0.10631812363862991,
-0.07472962886095047,
-0.6264042854309082,
0.052220139652490616,
0.2525964379310608,
-0.07024239003658295,
-0.8461771607398987,
0.19880549609661102,
0.11990422010421753,
-0.4386221170425415,
0.5746036171913147,
-0.4873647391796112,
0.24963895976543427,
0.38502776622772217,
-0.21076421439647675,
-0.12077289819717407,
-0.159709170460701,
-0.012487536296248436
] |
233429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20pacemaker | Cardiac pacemaker | The contraction of cardiac muscle (heart muscle) in all animals is initiated by electrical impulses known as action potentials. The rate at which these impulses fire controls the rate of cardiac contraction, that is, the heart rate. The cells that create these rhythmic impulses, setting the pace for blood pumping, are called pacemaker cells, and they directly control the heart rate. They make up the cardiac pacemaker, that is, the natural pacemaker of the heart. In most humans, the concentration of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node is the natural pacemaker, and the resultant rhythm is a sinus rhythm.
Sometimes an ectopic pacemaker sets the pace, if the SA node is damaged or if the electrical conduction system of the heart has problems. Cardiac arrhythmias can cause heart block, in which the contractions lose any useful rhythm. In humans, and sometimes in other animals, a mechanical device called an artificial pacemaker (or simply "pacemaker") may be used after damage to the body's intrinsic conduction system to produce these impulses synthetically.
Control
Primary (SA node)
One percent of the cardiomyocytes in the myocardium possess the ability to generate electrical impulses (or action potentials) spontaneously. A specialized portion of the heart, called the sinoatrial node (SA node), is responsible for atrial propagation of this potential.
The sinoatrial node (SA node) is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. These cells are modified cardiomyocytes. They possess rudimentary contractile filaments, but contract relatively weakly compared to the cardiac contractile cells.
The pacemaker cells are connected to neighboring contractile cells via gap junctions, which enable them to locally depolarize adjacent cells. Gap junctions allow the passage of positive cations from the depolarization of the pacemaker cell to adjacent contractile cells. This starts the depolarization and eventual action potential in contractile cells. Having cardiomyocytes connected via gap junctions allow all contractile cells of the heart to act in a coordinated fashion and contract as a unit. All the while being in sync with the pacemaker cells; this is the property that allows the pacemaker cells to control contraction in all other cardiomyocytes.
Cells in the SA node spontaneously depolarize, ultimately resulting in contraction, approximately 100 times per minute. This native rate is constantly modified by the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers via the autonomic nervous system, so that the average resting cardiac rate in adult humans is about 70 beats per minute. Because the sinoatrial node is responsible for the rest of the heart's electrical activity, it is sometimes called the primary pacemaker.
Secondary (AV junction and Bundle of His)
If the SA node does not function properly and is unable to control the heart rate, a group of cells further down the heart will become the ectopic pacemaker of the heart. These cells form the Atrioventricular node (or AV node), which is an area between the left atrium and the right ventricle within the atrial septum, will take over the pacemaker responsibility.
The cells of the AV node normally discharge at about 40-60 beats per minute, and are called the secondary pacemaker.
Further down the electrical conducting system of the heart is the Bundle of His. The left and right branches of this bundle, and the Purkinje fibers, will also produce a spontaneous action potential at a rate of 30-40 beats per minute, so if the SA and AV node both fail to function, these cells can become pacemakers. It is important to realize that these cells will be initiating action potentials and contraction at a much lower rate than the primary or secondary pacemaker cells.
The SA node controls the rate of contraction for the entire heart muscle because its cells have the quickest rate of spontaneous depolarization, thus they initiate action potentials the quickest. The action potential generated by the SA node passes down the electrical conduction system of the heart, and depolarizes the other potential pacemaker cells (AV node) to initiate action potentials before these other cells have had a chance to generate their own spontaneous action potential, thus they contract and propagate electrical impulses to the pace set by the cells of the SA node. This is the normal conduction of electrical activity in the heart.
Generation of action potentials
There are 3 main stages in the generation of an action potential in a pacemaker cell. Since the stages are analogous to contraction of cardiac muscle cells, they have the same naming system. This can lead to some confusion. There is no phase 1 or 2, just phases 0, 3, and 4.
Phase 4 - Pacemaker potential
The key to the rhythmic firing of pacemaker cells is that, unlike other neurons in the body, these cells will slowly depolarize by themselves and do not need any outside innervation from the autonomic nervous system to fire action potentials.
In all other cells, the resting potential (-60mV to -70mV) is caused by a continuous outflow or "leak" of potassium ions through ion channel proteins in the membrane that surrounds the cells. However, in pacemaker cells, this potassium permeability (efflux) decreases as time goes on, causing a slow depolarization. In addition, there is a slow, continuous inward flow of sodium, called the "funny" or pacemaker current. These two relative ion concentration changes slowly depolarize (make more positive) the inside membrane potential (voltage) of the cell, giving these cells their pacemaker potential. When the membrane potential gets depolarized to about -40mV it has reached threshold (cells enter phase 0), allowing an action potential to be generated.
Phase 0 - Upstroke
Though much faster than the depolarization of phase 4, the upstroke in a pacemaker cell is slow compared to that in an axon.
The SA and AV node do not have fast sodium channels like neurons, and the depolarization is mainly caused by a slow influx of calcium ions. (The funny current also increases). Calcium enters the cell via voltage-sensitive calcium channels that open when the threshold is reached. This calcium influx produces the rising phase of the action potential, which results in the reversal of membrane potential to a peak of about +10mV. It is important to note that intracellular calcium causes muscular contraction in contractile cells, and is the effector ion. In heart pacemaker cells, phase 0 depends on the activation of L-type calcium channels instead of the activation of voltage-gated fast sodium channels, which are responsible for initiating action potentials in contractile (non-pacemaker) cells. For this reason, the pacemaker action potential rising phase slope is more gradual than that of the contractile cell (image 2).[7]
Phase 3 - Repolarization
The reversal of membrane potential triggers the opening of potassium leak channels, resulting in the rapid loss of potassium ions from the inside of the cell, causing repolarization (Vm gets more negative). The calcium channels are also inactivated soon after they open. In addition, as sodium channels become inactivated, sodium permeability into the cell is decreased. These ion concentration changes slowly repolarize the cell to resting membrane potential (-60mV). Another important note at this phase is that ionic pumps restore ion concentrations to pre-action potential status. The sodium-calcium exchanger ionic pump works to pump calcium out of the intracellular space, thus effectively relaxing the cell. The sodium/potassium pump restores ion concentrations of sodium and potassium ions by pumping sodium out of the cell and pumping (exchanging) potassium into the cell. Restoring these ion concentrations is vital because it enables the cell to reset itself and enables it to repeat the process of spontaneous depolarization leading to activation of an action potential.
Clinical significance
Damage to the SA node
If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become its pacemaker. This center is typically represented by cells inside the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is an area between the atria and ventricles, within the atrial septum. If the AV node also fails, Purkinje fibers are occasionally capable of acting as the default or "escape" pacemaker. The reason Purkinje cells do not normally control the heart rate is that they generate action potentials at a lower frequency than the AV or SA nodes.
Artificial pacemakers
See also
Cardiac action potential
Electrical conduction system of the heart
References
Cardiac anatomy
Cardiac electrophysiology | [
0.3353804349899292,
-0.10053949058055878,
-0.2517583966255188,
0.008741473779082298,
-0.018153507262468338,
-0.08688747137784958,
0.29166078567504883,
-0.4835043251514435,
-0.330471009016037,
-0.280672550201416,
0.03401072695851326,
0.5091241598129272,
-0.3579762876033783,
-0.3532240092754364,
-0.15295228362083435,
0.2546516954898834,
0.5916532874107361,
0.45639732480049133,
-0.05107976123690605,
-0.827201783657074,
-0.05905630439519882,
-0.09467676281929016,
0.9620640873908997,
0.026523390784859657,
-0.04343976825475693,
-0.19009526073932648,
-0.07299633324146271,
-0.21345210075378418,
0.13336671888828278,
-0.17962899804115295,
-0.20378172397613525,
0.19707535207271576,
-0.2748478055000305,
-0.17372027039527893,
0.5273515582084656,
0.055655479431152344,
-0.4177132248878479,
-0.18058311939239502,
-0.35363438725471497,
-0.5433213114738464,
-0.2943647801876068,
-0.10781855136156082,
-0.24670763313770294,
0.15218956768512726,
-0.3964616358280182,
-0.0532904788851738,
-1.5448755025863647,
-0.11277619749307632,
0.10900579392910004,
0.17681993544101715,
0.03342461958527565,
0.6306136846542358,
0.8436543941497803,
0.5699365139007568,
-0.007649541366845369,
0.2942248582839966,
-0.04452982544898987,
0.004115281160920858,
0.3842530846595764,
-0.0913483053445816,
0.1058153584599495,
-0.5790724158287048,
-0.6602699756622314,
0.5895041227340698,
0.47290104627609253,
0.2563536465167999,
0.2967575788497925,
0.18653899431228638,
-0.06145277991890907,
-0.1835113763809204,
-0.7092102766036987,
-0.6140178442001343,
0.26629993319511414,
0.27592089772224426,
-0.1667221039533615,
-0.26809343695640564,
-0.24759460985660553,
-0.4033691883087158,
0.19741705060005188,
0.33565622568130493,
0.3011000454425812,
0.5407925844192505,
0.228593111038208,
0.38721978664398193,
-0.2519799768924713,
0.6654311418533325,
-0.42325517535209656,
0.398097425699234,
-0.4055984914302826,
0.17987550795078278,
-0.022975049912929535,
-0.32157453894615173,
0.16093748807907104,
0.096927210688591,
-0.09832292050123215,
-0.007044128607958555,
-0.2670905590057373,
-0.1638965904712677,
-0.1868697702884674,
0.20987839996814728,
0.020594410598278046,
0.26753106713294983,
0.5271458029747009,
-0.5715681910514832,
0.50395268201828,
-0.43426406383514404,
-0.09912093728780746,
-0.18251368403434753,
-0.2932863235473633,
-0.0690901055932045,
-0.18871481716632843,
-0.49055927991867065,
-0.28550392389297485,
-0.0747271180152893,
-0.05824298411607742,
0.6123930811882019,
0.5311017036437988,
0.12189271301031113,
-0.2858365476131439,
-0.11451311409473419,
0.4989567697048187,
0.8502914309501648,
0.1405414193868637,
0.18961670994758606,
-0.22655710577964783,
0.27476659417152405,
0.8270259499549866,
0.30934348702430725,
0.3634321093559265,
-0.26305001974105835,
-0.04629553109407425,
0.7663604021072388,
-0.2572987675666809,
0.045378416776657104,
-0.0027443754952400923,
0.1899641901254654,
0.3267054259777069,
0.2971704304218292,
0.3109368681907654,
1.1146572828292847,
0.1884031593799591,
-0.09175942093133926,
-0.2855331599712372,
-0.4175739884376526,
0.4188142716884613,
-0.13909901678562164,
-0.5226630568504333,
-0.31732091307640076,
-0.2060883343219757,
-0.08285835385322571,
-0.4636942148208618,
0.4939962923526764,
-0.0037783863954246044,
0.24442358314990997,
-0.3422449231147766,
0.0027644806541502476,
-0.034782372415065765,
-0.14625704288482666,
0.15625181794166565,
-0.1818343698978424,
-0.5251082181930542,
0.2359536737203598,
-0.3463488817214966,
-0.010196884162724018,
-0.501983642578125,
-0.22652365267276764,
0.9455949664115906,
0.5279544591903687,
0.4015490412712097,
-0.6396464109420776,
-0.6105190515518188,
-0.07644464820623398,
-0.13578258454799652,
-0.059352386742830276,
-0.2808120548725128,
-0.235041081905365,
0.9462225437164307,
0.2949582636356354,
0.24262450635433197,
-0.3810843229293823,
-0.6738587617874146,
0.23474101722240448,
0.09380064159631729,
-0.4708895683288574,
1.1322776079177856,
-0.47086048126220703,
0.7448537349700928,
0.1704033464193344,
-0.3897453844547272,
-0.024237241595983505,
0.5376595258712769,
0.2713882327079773,
0.4435153007507324,
0.006046087946742773,
1.1558520793914795,
-0.5109639763832092,
-0.3662065267562866,
0.5323520302772522,
0.11681531369686127,
0.31823891401290894,
-0.3032621145248413,
-0.11535803228616714,
0.10217857360839844,
-0.3819405138492584,
-0.4259929358959198,
0.06456629186868668,
0.478354811668396,
-0.13369259238243103,
0.09082616865634918,
-0.11140578240156174,
0.5192900896072388,
-0.20672588050365448,
0.35428276658058167,
-0.46257275342941284,
-0.11704860627651215,
-0.09108813107013702,
-0.017250359058380127,
0.2607877254486084,
-0.10370896756649017,
-0.23209039866924286,
0.5019221305847168,
-0.022811781615018845,
0.07608505338430405,
0.9386196136474609,
-0.14289294183254242,
0.6037660241127014,
0.578860342502594,
-0.3771056532859802,
0.07307400554418564,
-0.5470486283302307,
0.124821238219738,
-0.6530250906944275,
-0.27339228987693787,
0.3022114634513855,
-0.602920651435852,
0.08402321487665176,
-0.44738027453422546,
-0.8264957070350647,
-0.2574927806854248,
-0.1625245064496994,
0.3939361572265625,
0.16691245138645172,
-0.13276906311511993,
0.28808027505874634,
0.5342877507209778,
-0.33247271180152893,
0.14228977262973785,
0.704593300819397,
-0.815976083278656,
-0.2833518087863922,
-0.33996060490608215,
0.4209632873535156,
0.4866683781147003,
-0.32900843024253845,
0.02648925594985485,
-0.5855025053024292,
-0.11636409163475037,
0.1972765326499939,
0.36810216307640076,
0.4895728826522827,
0.32238489389419556,
-0.5148807168006897,
0.2911943793296814,
0.08130503445863724,
-0.3473019599914551,
-0.9643878936767578,
-0.5459026098251343,
-0.5952926874160767,
0.5655644536018372,
0.6066207885742188,
0.6832922697067261,
0.4055633246898651,
-0.23928706347942352,
-0.3862021863460541,
0.009170417673885822,
-0.8216593861579895,
0.04936256259679794,
0.4446439743041992,
-0.15885800123214722,
0.24217753112316132,
0.2931363880634308,
0.5345799922943115,
0.8570127487182617,
-0.11411289125680923,
-0.43128108978271484,
0.29446232318878174,
-0.17949643731117249,
-0.819465160369873,
0.1542583554983139,
-0.24740684032440186,
-0.5255983471870422,
0.23302243649959564,
-0.23483002185821533,
0.0881279781460762,
-0.10974588990211487,
0.2870929539203644,
0.26615968346595764,
0.10783329606056213,
-0.06497232615947723,
-0.38932090997695923,
-0.045159149914979935,
0.13552410900592804,
-0.21827122569084167,
-0.28568577766418457,
0.2401174008846283,
0.080513134598732,
-0.0862148329615593,
-0.23800919950008392,
-5.789673805236816,
-0.6045346260070801,
0.3172595202922821,
-0.850612223148346,
0.06317245215177536,
0.5638858079910278,
0.7719458937644958,
-0.32867103815078735,
-0.32888063788414,
0.482296884059906,
-0.2301739752292633,
0.7646809220314026,
0.1614883691072464,
0.05491028353571892,
0.19973993301391602,
-0.14640000462532043,
-0.027475999668240547,
0.07536012679338455,
0.2269258052110672,
0.06402485817670822,
0.5983027219772339,
-0.2544991374015808,
-0.1010395884513855,
0.5353740453720093,
0.11693175137042999,
-0.3512882888317108,
0.003383893985301256,
0.03069419227540493,
-0.20032396912574768,
-0.19528257846832275,
-0.2524515390396118,
-0.4828551113605499,
-0.2601105272769928,
-0.15936051309108734,
0.36039531230926514,
-0.3442811071872711,
0.7296949028968811,
0.6620937585830688,
0.5614206790924072,
-0.38912445306777954,
0.29841348528862,
0.45206648111343384,
0.01319754309952259,
-0.23877394199371338,
-0.18938729166984558,
0.10767977684736252,
-0.09012769907712936,
0.23112258315086365,
-0.7038242816925049,
0.441832572221756,
0.14308184385299683,
-0.327111154794693,
0.3126712143421173,
-0.16108955442905426,
0.6341246366500854,
-0.011582653038203716,
0.25374311208724976,
0.314240425825119,
0.20165607333183289,
-0.019511668011546135,
-0.17782600224018097,
-0.5677227973937988,
-0.6907448768615723,
-0.4899362027645111,
0.02214173600077629,
0.12279384583234787,
-0.4110349714756012,
-0.6307088136672974,
0.4551866948604584,
0.5646406412124634,
-0.43483203649520874,
0.00800612848252058,
0.1845410019159317,
-0.7878507375717163,
0.6335750818252563,
-0.3353370428085327,
0.2709643542766571,
-0.129230335354805,
-0.12421420961618423,
0.18138837814331055,
-0.6092482805252075,
-0.42624154686927795,
-0.11597871035337448,
-0.189618319272995,
0.5143981575965881,
0.07217475026845932,
-0.37707650661468506,
0.1594548523426056,
-0.2811361849308014,
0.09633506834506989,
0.30102401971817017,
-0.017706403508782387,
-0.09955263882875443,
0.4096857011318207,
0.4035820960998535,
0.26246899366378784,
0.03406449779868126,
-0.23367449641227722,
0.549087643623352,
-0.21754829585552216,
0.42726683616638184,
0.4175516664981842,
-0.050686128437519073,
-0.6732468008995056,
-0.15581031143665314,
0.1287851482629776,
-0.6099615097045898,
0.09438633173704147,
0.37040746212005615,
0.01868145540356636,
-0.5436450839042664,
-0.25400713086128235,
-0.3192100524902344,
-0.2681672275066376,
0.1179163008928299,
-0.2489752173423767,
-0.22028498351573944,
0.41371774673461914,
0.38013067841529846,
-0.1710708886384964,
-0.21189458668231964,
0.12735658884048462,
-0.7990928292274475,
-0.32686880230903625,
0.32606038451194763,
0.044447146356105804,
-0.021450283005833626,
0.5916526317596436,
-0.26351842284202576,
-0.3558827042579651,
0.4085513949394226,
0.14049045741558075,
0.15323907136917114,
0.9126520752906799,
0.09613879024982452,
-0.3647826910018921,
-0.7034174203872681,
0.21677793562412262,
0.32547613978385925,
0.14145030081272125,
-0.13958260416984558,
-0.056107115000486374,
0.005818123929202557,
-0.29510802030563354,
0.8921895623207092,
0.2503261864185333,
-0.18263275921344757,
-0.45953071117401123,
-0.5158820748329163,
-0.10963081568479538,
0.5018112063407898,
-0.5259713530540466,
-0.08272524923086166,
-0.014574605971574783,
-0.06275062263011932,
-0.10301502048969269,
0.27223584055900574,
0.11478544026613235,
0.009493237361311913,
-0.5408321022987366,
0.06292568147182465,
0.3462933599948883,
-1.0440068244934082,
-0.33652541041374207,
0.3794146776199341,
-0.03572875261306763,
-0.2189139574766159,
-0.38912394642829895,
0.2568415701389313,
0.5982096195220947,
-0.25081729888916016,
-0.3501998484134674,
-0.44949719309806824,
-0.12067040055990219,
0.3255257308483124,
-0.061555273830890656,
0.19001585245132446,
-0.021295100450515747,
-0.5922273993492126,
-0.15742434561252594,
0.4943140745162964,
-0.09943536669015884,
0.15456970036029816,
0.41992971301078796,
0.369100958108902,
-0.5480476021766663,
0.5966669321060181,
-0.2678067088127136,
-0.2502158284187317,
0.07383918762207031,
0.5543835759162903,
0.365248441696167,
0.1670079082250595,
-0.3768577575683594,
-0.11723358929157257,
0.07045665383338928,
-0.126109316945076,
0.7130740284919739,
0.1679583489894867,
-0.7274386882781982,
0.23251409828662872,
0.15217357873916626,
-0.08652650564908981,
0.18161797523498535,
0.4744807779788971,
-0.05713419243693352,
-0.3084743320941925,
0.26799431443214417,
0.053650837391614914,
0.34680095314979553,
-0.30714473128318787,
-0.307638019323349,
0.5047502517700195,
0.3865739405155182,
-0.3251784145832062,
0.29853081703186035,
0.16265177726745605,
-0.7144582867622375,
-0.5039094090461731,
-0.5773186087608337,
0.18157434463500977,
-0.05536568909883499,
-0.6529847979545593,
-0.250617116689682,
-0.010392596013844013,
-0.39592865109443665,
0.6289716958999634,
-0.11996499449014664,
0.6618035435676575,
-0.18986451625823975,
-0.8235734105110168,
-0.10252401977777481,
-0.3572376072406769,
-0.4581460952758789,
-0.5746578574180603,
-0.4761918783187866,
-0.40177878737449646,
0.030659828335046768,
0.01439705491065979,
0.055185601115226746,
0.086627297103405,
1.1656748056411743,
-0.45195072889328003,
0.21858392655849457,
-0.3048117160797119,
0.7109930515289307,
0.18087756633758545,
-0.932947039604187,
0.006035615690052509,
0.7206429243087769,
0.11373524367809296,
-0.23566006124019623,
0.04734103009104729,
-0.3166213035583496,
0.5643305778503418,
-0.2708809971809387,
0.13631445169448853,
-0.10111205279827118,
0.01289747841656208,
-0.0763511136174202,
-0.35538655519485474,
-0.441733181476593,
0.02784469723701477,
-0.23711727559566498,
0.14766515791416168,
0.5114726424217224,
-0.5923559665679932,
-0.682713508605957,
0.46911901235580444,
-0.3320956528186798,
0.3396565318107605,
0.16019365191459656,
-0.1241595521569252,
-0.01404364500194788,
0.5148885250091553,
0.3837689757347107,
0.031252119690179825,
0.3368872106075287,
0.22164209187030792,
0.6899198889732361,
0.4410710632801056,
0.11352032423019409,
0.3510078191757202,
-0.5169841051101685,
0.6990455985069275,
-0.4632195830345154,
0.10245124995708466,
-0.6984378099441528,
-0.02041546069085598,
0.12291503697633743,
-0.29817909002304077,
-0.2694055736064911,
-0.04539451748132706,
-0.16836605966091156,
-0.10512734204530716,
0.5254165530204773,
-0.0004019758780486882,
0.05170046538114548,
-0.45900049805641174,
-0.051823150366544724,
-0.5316364169120789,
0.7327929139137268,
0.5210577249526978,
-0.3256571590900421,
-0.5339897274971008,
0.1406664401292801,
0.12420785427093506,
-0.4707627296447754,
-0.7306233048439026,
-0.07008395344018936,
-0.6713341474533081,
-0.07755400985479355,
0.5433371067047119,
0.12090922147035599,
-0.4568425416946411,
0.013433290645480156,
0.31683549284935,
-0.13078045845031738,
0.0888676717877388,
0.46130818128585815,
0.08776144683361053,
0.030933110043406487,
0.3372623324394226,
-1.0167142152786255,
-0.8890430927276611,
0.15037795901298523,
-0.3065299391746521,
0.1381930261850357,
0.07904941588640213,
0.34026867151260376,
1.1953388452529907,
0.566575825214386,
0.09893397241830826,
0.68758624792099,
-0.00027294288156554103,
0.08678527176380157,
0.2586929202079773,
-0.4861137866973877,
-0.6814878582954407,
-0.11286872625350952,
0.9886599779129028,
0.2048206478357315,
0.23812785744667053,
0.762890100479126,
-0.01635177806019783,
-0.25423797965049744,
0.015279285609722137,
0.2461954951286316,
-0.5953253507614136,
-0.03640073165297508,
0.3889281153678894,
-0.21656151115894318,
0.14198264479637146,
0.6437827348709106,
0.11997239291667938,
-0.33800947666168213,
0.7185499668121338,
-0.16023221611976624,
0.22719405591487885,
-0.17518486082553864,
-0.4796530604362488,
0.33322998881340027,
0.5425437092781067,
0.3743470013141632,
0.39934346079826355,
-0.026265965774655342,
0.3468211889266968,
-0.1423231065273285,
-0.003644095966592431,
-0.01485991757363081,
-0.12078148126602173,
0.5423335433006287,
-0.4978708326816559,
0.08070634305477142,
0.18568798899650574,
-0.6968629956245422,
-0.07336419820785522,
-0.12974926829338074,
0.09502798318862915,
0.005698466207832098,
0.20545607805252075,
-0.21651171147823334,
-0.2155223935842514,
-0.8427753448486328,
-0.23743943870067596,
0.18288607895374298,
-0.35844433307647705,
-0.317381888628006,
0.2868039906024933,
-0.025066247209906578,
-0.08661462366580963,
0.2993496358394623,
0.686625599861145,
-0.6031595468521118,
-0.011489064432680607,
-0.44325289130210876,
0.0548810139298439,
0.2514154314994812,
0.03271516039967537,
0.3466717600822449,
0.33660733699798584,
0.4535861909389496,
-0.5440213084220886,
-0.10315932333469391,
-0.06484450399875641,
0.2765527069568634,
-0.18503820896148682,
0.19833603501319885,
-0.5050686001777649,
0.3139210045337677,
1.0226609706878662,
-0.030542880296707153,
-0.0169671680778265,
0.3836304843425751,
-0.2558791935443878,
0.626626193523407,
0.4070006310939789,
-0.5804328322410583,
0.09963580220937729,
-0.4849734306335449,
-0.46466711163520813,
-0.15848958492279053,
0.9075779914855957,
0.17762534320354462,
-0.330125093460083,
-0.4783647358417511,
0.6999757289886475,
-0.6265391707420349,
-0.6315889954566956,
-0.07656637579202652,
-0.967587411403656,
0.01666015386581421,
-0.16312634944915771,
0.3859812617301941,
-0.08567330241203308,
-0.23206870257854462,
-0.14734019339084625,
0.15343646705150604,
0.20994561910629272,
-0.4527330994606018,
0.211605504155159,
0.5954427719116211,
-0.15299972891807556,
0.15436460077762604,
-0.7310898900032043,
-0.25303786993026733,
-0.6924028992652893,
-1.0186996459960938,
0.25994256138801575,
0.20466956496238708,
0.1268056035041809,
-0.44648298621177673,
-0.14311087131500244,
0.09151143580675125,
-0.15837159752845764,
0.3566499352455139,
0.10445600003004074,
-0.26432451605796814,
-0.09591079503297806,
-0.05051201954483986
] |
233433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Fyodorov | Nikolay Fyodorov | Nikolay Fyodorov may refer to:
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (1829–1903), Russian Orthodox Christian philosopher and futurist
Nikolay Fyodorov (film director) (1914–1994), animator and film director
Nikolay Fyodorov (politician) (born 1958), 1st President of Chuvashia and Russian Federal Minister of Agriculture
Nikolay Ivanovich Fedorov (1918–1990), Russian painter and textile designer
See also
Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin, Soviet military commander | [
0.24334843456745148,
0.8571725487709045,
-0.0756581649184227,
0.049713391810655594,
-0.5010532140731812,
1.0085803270339966,
0.34259268641471863,
-0.06239234283566475,
-0.3002081513404846,
-0.005405299365520477,
-0.30845126509666443,
0.31375652551651,
-0.4154038429260254,
0.6229397058486938,
-0.1662302017211914,
0.6633865237236023,
0.40188026428222656,
0.21205981075763702,
-0.5794491767883301,
0.15463916957378387,
0.1508031189441681,
0.1079828143119812,
0.2510140836238861,
0.013937003910541534,
-0.34111490845680237,
-0.10057276487350464,
0.4214459955692291,
0.2551673650741577,
-0.1882285177707672,
0.6206021308898926,
-0.4407159984111786,
0.48510316014289856,
0.29584062099456787,
0.001353991567157209,
-0.5174399018287659,
0.012438137084245682,
0.19595368206501007,
0.007005804218351841,
-0.04137572646141052,
-0.27863138914108276,
0.4278213381767273,
0.49355751276016235,
0.12428215891122818,
-0.38450437784194946,
-0.4933561086654663,
-1.0585051774978638,
-1.2373939752578735,
0.7746433615684509,
-0.29779452085494995,
-0.32351255416870117,
0.1881689727306366,
0.00022321711003314704,
0.1785649061203003,
0.018044959753751755,
-0.26125261187553406,
0.6247811913490295,
-0.9015536308288574,
-0.274525910615921,
0.42925214767456055,
0.2542029023170471,
0.6341376304626465,
0.6745989322662354,
0.03823830932378769,
0.17378802597522736,
0.3242904245853424,
-0.18755896389484406,
-0.2752058804035187,
0.3770557641983032,
-0.02321159467101097,
-0.032344233244657516,
-0.2951790690422058,
0.28065750002861023,
0.35814011096954346,
0.11693588644266129,
0.14768099784851074,
-0.556364119052887,
-0.42851415276527405,
0.14568866789340973,
0.23209244012832642,
0.06595289707183838,
0.1187334656715393,
-0.4538257122039795,
0.3809265196323395,
0.14914023876190186,
-0.026753416284918785,
-0.3115021586418152,
0.018309425562620163,
0.30648162961006165,
-0.5633935928344727,
0.10590663552284241,
0.45116889476776123,
-0.3182199001312256,
0.44025081396102905,
-0.31914547085762024,
-0.16182543337345123,
0.35217031836509705,
-0.38937315344810486,
-0.05642561987042427,
-0.03607930243015289,
-0.06018199771642685,
-0.19100308418273926,
0.46792975068092346,
-0.05065649747848511,
-0.25351887941360474,
-0.2962550222873688,
-0.27636945247650146,
-0.39102524518966675,
0.30422618985176086,
-0.2796381115913391,
0.09945262223482132,
-1.0671119689941406,
0.6309225559234619,
0.12552699446678162,
0.17124851047992706,
0.24942685663700104,
-0.034915607422590256,
-0.24112536013126373,
-1.475936770439148,
-0.20111732184886932,
-0.1826581507921219,
0.14675456285476685,
0.5883046984672546,
-0.3836990296840668,
0.43437454104423523,
-0.23132316768169403,
-0.13777278363704681,
0.21280847489833832,
0.37578362226486206,
-0.4546470642089844,
0.438454270362854,
0.4156343936920166,
0.4602387249469757,
-0.5370795726776123,
0.3444148302078247,
0.1414191573858261,
-0.22559694945812225,
0.2557505667209625,
-0.07014786452054977,
-0.5458895564079285,
0.318590372800827,
-0.789272129535675,
0.04674274101853371,
-0.13764730095863342,
-0.1558871567249298,
0.15369120240211487,
-0.043587397783994675,
0.26809942722320557,
0.2986030876636505,
-0.3846723735332489,
-0.2397502362728119,
-0.3394995629787445,
-0.16493909060955048,
-0.19730521738529205,
-0.18657635152339935,
-0.11451282352209091,
0.473242849111557,
0.6664791703224182,
-0.1613842099905014,
0.5889784693717957,
-0.27351516485214233,
0.5307665467262268,
0.12929892539978027,
-0.034187134355306625,
0.5942487716674805,
0.2531830072402954,
-0.4305710196495056,
0.20065130293369293,
0.3131794035434723,
-0.5240054130554199,
-0.015101761557161808,
-0.1176702082157135,
0.24048206210136414,
-0.18545804917812347,
0.09344654530286789,
0.004337974824011326,
0.42190277576446533,
0.11663398891687393,
0.41915807127952576,
-0.04655977338552475,
-0.3726786971092224,
-0.7269747257232666,
-0.1603035032749176,
-0.648348867893219,
0.1870206743478775,
-0.11205313354730606,
0.06737521290779114,
-0.4165242910385132,
0.3067014813423157,
0.5743352174758911,
-0.43883374333381653,
-0.012450658716261387,
-0.5685892105102539,
-0.5084946155548096,
-0.4758961498737335,
0.9270356893539429,
0.18132199347019196,
-0.4789828360080719,
0.10949428379535675,
0.2681426405906677,
0.8928451538085938,
-0.04823848605155945,
-0.690400242805481,
-0.5532748103141785,
0.3681768476963043,
0.1191302090883255,
0.6228446364402771,
0.339580774307251,
0.09904927015304565,
0.33878302574157715,
0.7369478344917297,
0.8209635615348816,
-0.3352745473384857,
0.38914716243743896,
-0.13939185440540314,
-0.0469575934112072,
-0.03796548396348953,
-0.9033365249633789,
0.005844512954354286,
-0.20507590472698212,
-0.0010658841347321868,
0.4532404839992523,
-0.10335271060466766,
0.018504176288843155,
0.6712583303451538,
-0.24934571981430054,
0.566186785697937,
0.27513954043388367,
0.035118527710437775,
-0.050188325345516205,
-0.6370602250099182,
0.1481126993894577,
0.09504756331443787,
0.25168362259864807,
-0.060404445976018906,
-0.32781344652175903,
-0.09029445797204971,
-0.0451224148273468,
-0.19986028969287872,
0.25957778096199036,
0.1207575649023056,
-0.029467327520251274,
0.31208187341690063,
0.10141068696975708,
0.07784847915172577,
0.12176360189914703,
0.49629896879196167,
-0.1517292857170105,
0.12964703142642975,
-0.5695815086364746,
-0.42670202255249023,
0.3230418264865875,
0.17853179574012756,
0.17459985613822937,
0.3181889057159424,
-0.17283372581005096,
0.10894010961055756,
0.4322677254676819,
-0.14772021770477295,
-0.47331148386001587,
0.21222856640815735,
0.23203043639659882,
0.11225160211324692,
0.2022838145494461,
-0.11259523779153824,
-0.04875652864575386,
-0.13522383570671082,
0.24530190229415894,
-0.49050089716911316,
0.5183144211769104,
-0.058763060718774796,
0.3505069613456726,
-0.2353849858045578,
-0.6247532367706299,
0.32902225852012634,
0.18592561781406403,
-0.7421258687973022,
0.07624942809343338,
0.32667168974876404,
-0.7147748470306396,
-0.29047343134880066,
-0.1871565878391266,
0.802770733833313,
-0.11485955864191055,
0.18239788711071014,
-0.29635852575302124,
-0.30862754583358765,
-0.5174360275268555,
0.22568276524543762,
0.20547428727149963,
-0.40387919545173645,
0.16575653851032257,
0.31569162011146545,
-0.2711981534957886,
0.1476426124572754,
-0.23411870002746582,
0.7210054993629456,
-0.4048355221748352,
-0.42341533303260803,
0.6104533672332764,
-0.2713172733783722,
-0.9545714855194092,
-0.25111517310142517,
-0.16475482285022736,
-0.01460949145257473,
0.17835181951522827,
0.014972199685871601,
-0.21183985471725464,
-0.09895792603492737,
-5.761992931365967,
0.05342031270265579,
-0.6475791931152344,
0.02932683192193508,
0.3447600305080414,
0.12173599749803543,
0.18796387314796448,
-0.0894433930516243,
0.16995060443878174,
-0.19546858966350555,
0.1236935406923294,
-0.1664508730173111,
-0.5504863858222961,
0.48567017912864685,
0.8128923773765564,
0.32169583439826965,
0.42072996497154236,
0.0499236024916172,
0.34297433495521545,
-0.17296402156352997,
0.2483871728181839,
0.15825428068637848,
-0.2330625206232071,
0.6110538244247437,
0.7791129350662231,
0.6563498973846436,
-0.3763164281845093,
0.042062222957611084,
-0.6735879182815552,
-0.4606931805610657,
-0.5060613751411438,
0.09868504852056503,
-0.10075782984495163,
0.3806074261665344,
0.2513602375984192,
-0.2284323126077652,
0.22816841304302216,
0.4990021586418152,
0.3313817083835602,
-0.02456582896411419,
0.13286332786083221,
0.4566766619682312,
-0.6933512687683105,
-0.28819698095321655,
-0.10316398739814758,
-0.4530738890171051,
-0.3121674060821533,
1.017738699913025,
-0.4995422065258026,
0.05168012157082558,
0.26272594928741455,
0.052464596927165985,
0.2585020959377289,
-0.010643377900123596,
0.30139297246932983,
0.2067326307296753,
0.4316524267196655,
0.16658863425254822,
-0.5964376926422119,
0.5826645493507385,
0.10887039452791214,
0.019009621813893318,
0.17688877880573273,
-0.3266035318374634,
0.47274428606033325,
-0.10125777125358582,
0.0792883038520813,
-0.08856231719255447,
-0.20621487498283386,
-0.46933457255363464,
-0.5602562427520752,
1.0633518695831299,
-0.5062322020530701,
-1.0582555532455444,
0.11757120490074158,
-0.1743350625038147,
-0.5371581315994263,
0.03968237712979317,
-0.4661144018173218,
0.4094468951225281,
-0.24688184261322021,
-0.5485931634902954,
-0.2582795321941376,
1.0650185346603394,
0.5133500695228577,
0.4576908051967621,
-0.055323317646980286,
0.22088339924812317,
-0.3227616548538208,
0.0848296657204628,
0.5323646664619446,
-0.5887754559516907,
0.46822604537010193,
0.39772969484329224,
-0.2618061900138855,
0.16030648350715637,
-0.18506848812103271,
-0.07590950280427933,
-0.21896356344223022,
-0.06645490229129791,
0.5022063255310059,
-0.10995811223983765,
-0.16444776952266693,
-0.47548264265060425,
0.33141040802001953,
-0.4283284842967987,
-0.04597124084830284,
0.18314257264137268,
0.9223724007606506,
0.5313700437545776,
0.06109191104769707,
0.21979063749313354,
-0.12455470114946365,
-0.7454504370689392,
0.6027734875679016,
-0.2367965430021286,
0.26019150018692017,
0.6363512873649597,
-0.015504208393394947,
0.41223621368408203,
-0.0979604423046112,
0.04884118214249611,
-0.8703995943069458,
0.007822436280548573,
0.06734566390514374,
0.37560907006263733,
-0.056844424456357956,
-0.27686798572540283,
0.12091957032680511,
0.35134023427963257,
0.0021431997884064913,
0.6719669699668884,
-0.5206810235977173,
-0.1931229680776596,
0.0036242196802049875,
-0.05427423119544983,
-0.2646954357624054,
-0.8358508944511414,
0.05859491229057312,
-0.605389416217804,
0.21239721775054932,
-0.10209278762340546,
-0.2154942750930786,
0.7868910431861877,
-0.32003697752952576,
0.3661864101886749,
0.21723246574401855,
0.06948114186525345,
-0.08939802646636963,
0.20589737594127655,
-0.10194065421819687,
0.12185676395893097,
0.057834193110466,
0.054598044604063034,
-0.3629298210144043,
0.03629620745778084,
-0.5350687503814697,
0.34935474395751953,
-0.19290313124656677,
0.012896384112536907,
0.38601651787757874,
-0.09666696190834045,
-1.0003753900527954,
-0.3149685263633728,
0.5225026607513428,
-0.3308359682559967,
-0.5779768824577332,
-0.2019762098789215,
-0.18544365465641022,
1.3265340328216553,
0.4638321101665497,
-0.4918186664581299,
-0.7452028393745422,
0.16932842135429382,
0.09257563948631287,
-0.26851722598075867,
0.3403252363204956,
0.12214165180921555,
-0.01703360676765442,
0.09373088926076889,
0.3055103123188019,
0.23424184322357178,
-0.23500756919384003,
0.7242767214775085,
0.5461020469665527,
-0.006181702949106693,
-0.48859703540802,
-0.31341779232025146,
-0.11395261436700821,
-0.6501867771148682,
-0.3703451156616211,
0.11550461500883102,
0.10175908356904984,
0.0266106016933918,
0.06456966698169708,
-0.5044527649879456,
-0.16166366636753082,
0.09083336591720581,
0.05493796244263649,
-0.1638699620962143,
0.29104533791542053,
0.5359988808631897,
-0.23435890674591064,
-0.36015453934669495,
-0.07449415326118469,
-0.7886846661567688,
0.6850464940071106,
0.13074690103530884,
0.08719722181558609,
-0.09302709251642227,
-0.31689387559890747,
-0.4590565860271454,
-0.18168890476226807,
0.18693119287490845,
-0.554625391960144,
0.15639686584472656,
0.8658413290977478,
0.033194053918123245,
-0.8486654758453369,
-0.5798124670982361,
-0.3542971611022949,
-0.16100241243839264,
-0.3717576861381531,
-0.16567811369895935,
-0.6001883149147034,
-0.16367600858211517,
0.569817841053009,
-0.08426084369421005,
0.1629263460636139,
-0.33716145157814026,
0.04494598135352135,
-0.2288942188024521,
-0.3087942600250244,
-0.035312213003635406,
-0.7058311104774475,
-0.17848874628543854,
0.3855063021183014,
0.037072986364364624,
-0.10684840381145477,
-0.26075199246406555,
0.38996630907058716,
0.6829845905303955,
-0.13597580790519714,
-0.44263359904289246,
-0.1464601308107376,
0.18916483223438263,
0.3095896542072296,
-0.427010178565979,
0.0481913723051548,
0.34424155950546265,
0.23100820183753967,
0.029329748824238777,
-0.7153976559638977,
-0.32010024785995483,
0.31646114587783813,
-0.14187559485435486,
-0.0326426737010479,
0.7419485449790955,
0.3803662955760956,
0.5827972292900085,
-0.005793354474008083,
0.5449602603912354,
-0.3131341338157654,
-0.2756434679031372,
-0.49941036105155945,
0.2671317458152771,
-0.35921013355255127,
0.0181043092161417,
-0.14097534120082855,
-0.4413328766822815,
-0.0998084619641304,
-0.561471700668335,
0.08112198114395142,
0.6407765746116638,
-0.030629994347691536,
0.14662209153175354,
0.18448631465435028,
0.17719994485378265,
-0.23273347318172455,
-0.09852875769138336,
-1.0904648303985596,
-0.2030669003725052,
0.11638284474611282,
-0.37201014161109924,
-0.31457191705703735,
-0.9913647174835205,
0.24733686447143555,
-0.20860320329666138,
-0.5663172602653503,
0.23858916759490967,
-0.5547541975975037,
-0.22250904142856598,
-0.5795865654945374,
-0.16640335321426392,
-0.2388596534729004,
-0.09879036247730255,
-0.3173421323299408,
0.4359952509403229,
-0.3860926330089569,
0.20568600296974182,
-0.8225729465484619,
0.5262033939361572,
0.46184757351875305,
-0.009268471039831638,
0.31097233295440674,
0.7745257019996643,
0.2765423059463501,
-0.26112040877342224,
-0.4671814739704132,
-0.06286085397005081,
0.6918397545814514,
0.20780734717845917,
0.16728998720645905,
0.21710418164730072,
-0.04430549964308739,
0.2683611214160919,
0.49304714798927307,
-0.039000723510980606,
-0.29064109921455383,
-0.4376954436302185,
0.7328737378120422,
-0.17681412398815155,
-0.10101207345724106,
-0.2969043552875519,
-0.2917692959308624,
0.5329826474189758,
-0.13651414215564728,
-0.28817614912986755,
0.19050458073616028,
0.42559099197387695,
0.08418940007686615,
0.5382702946662903,
-0.8388597369194031,
0.5434262752532959,
0.12420869618654251,
0.09516765177249908,
-0.2214146852493286,
-0.68002849817276,
-0.11198647320270538,
0.2263832539319992,
0.3031941056251526,
1.1640511751174927,
-0.5719309449195862,
-0.2453014850616455,
0.10513143986463547,
0.2683939039707184,
-0.008434230461716652,
0.28526386618614197,
-0.48754802346229553,
-0.2199201136827469,
0.6013550758361816,
-0.37817317247390747,
-0.32441970705986023,
-0.3811601996421814,
-0.4247681796550751,
-0.014845553785562515,
0.03572073578834534,
-0.568480908870697,
0.4121166169643402,
0.32593613862991333,
0.1760791391134262,
-0.4128440320491791,
-0.017722584307193756,
-0.03482244908809662,
0.3286643624305725,
0.11727206408977509,
-0.0035074183251708746,
-0.864816427230835,
0.1321655511856079,
-0.21442130208015442,
0.3699668049812317,
-0.10805652290582657,
0.24744606018066406,
0.09216634184122086,
0.09252727776765823,
0.2820352613925934,
0.7545133829116821,
0.14660105109214783,
-0.07727135717868805,
-0.03327038139104843,
-0.609362781047821,
0.5472812652587891,
-0.5621407628059387,
-0.42812860012054443,
-0.02542930282652378,
-0.04780995845794678,
-0.1187037006020546,
0.14274728298187256,
0.44127413630485535,
-0.2309972196817398,
-0.17735706269741058,
-0.3252791464328766,
-0.42026057839393616,
0.5475393533706665,
-0.5911868810653687,
-0.07901129126548767,
-0.4831748306751251,
0.13338516652584076,
0.5323529243469238,
0.05641160532832146,
-0.030398909002542496,
-0.39105358719825745,
0.2833568751811981,
0.26278984546661377,
-0.4107384979724884,
-0.02483534812927246,
-0.6530238389968872,
-0.02548900432884693,
-0.442148357629776,
0.7086837887763977,
0.12949466705322266,
-0.4966088831424713,
-0.22300228476524353,
0.4753820598125458,
-0.17057763040065765,
0.18021920323371887,
0.8297199010848999,
-0.5164620280265808,
0.3213367164134979,
-0.6392321586608887,
-0.02895171381533146,
-0.4517715573310852,
0.1228555217385292,
0.7095348834991455,
-0.4230037033557892,
-0.5045372247695923,
-0.18353675305843353,
0.492153525352478,
-0.13846741616725922,
-0.05732142552733421,
-0.3243788778781891,
-0.10756482183933258,
-0.1282632201910019,
0.18696503341197968,
-0.22095155715942383,
-0.06169885769486427,
0.7791661024093628,
0.8659396171569824,
0.3311852216720581,
-0.7677942514419556,
-0.03911522775888443,
-0.0057144477032125,
0.5253811478614807,
0.321662038564682,
0.5421311855316162,
0.2295747995376587,
-0.32276520133018494,
-0.30464911460876465,
-0.26941365003585815,
0.17613308131694794,
0.24172049760818481,
-0.0006986626540310681,
0.37077730894088745,
-0.19943325221538544,
0.41744428873062134,
-0.1445101499557495,
0.11976639926433563,
-0.46869245171546936,
0.6654897332191467,
-0.33865946531295776
] |
233434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ohio%20%281812%29 | USS Ohio (1812) | USS Ohio was a schooner "launched at Cleveland in 1810 by merchants named Murray and Bigsbey." purchased by the US Navy in 1812; converted to a warship by Henry Eckford; and commissioned prior to 13 June 1813, with Sailing Master Daniel Dobbins in command.
Ohio served on Lake Erie in the squadron commanded by Captain Oliver Hazard Perry during the War of 1812. The squadron's mission was to wrest control of the lake from the British. With four other purchased ships, Ohio lay at Black Rock below the Falls in the Niagara River, prevented by British blockade from entering Lake Erie. Finally, in a combined operation with the Army, Perry was able to bring the ships out to join the remainder of the squadron in Presque Isle Bay at Erie, Pennsylvania. Ohio arrived at Erie on 8 July 1813.
After searching for the British, the squadron anchored at Sandusky on 17 August. Ohio returned to Erie for provisions and stores for the squadron, rejoining her sister ships on 3 September. The same day she set sail for Erie again, and thus was not with the squadron when it won the memorable victory over the British at Put-in Bay on 10 September. Three days later Ohio reached Put-in Bay with sorely needed fresh vegetables and meat.
As soon as the ice cleared in early 1814, Ohio began patrolling between Long Point and Erie to intercept any British movement by water. In May she assisted in fitting out prizes and at Put-in Bay, and convoyed them to Erie.
On 12 August 1814, Ohio was captured along with the schooner by the British within pistol shot of Fort Erie. Somers was renamed Huron while Ohio was renamed Sauk. "[T]he Sauk (ex-Ohio) and Huron (ex-Somers) were taken up Chippewa Creek and submerged in one of its tributaries, Street's Creek, just in case the American tried to recapture them in a raid across the Niagara." The schooners were raised and refitted in the spring of 1815. They both wintered at the Royal Navy station at the mouth of the Grand River.
The Ohio's subsequent history is unknown after 1817.
References
Schooners of the United States Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United States
Great Lakes ships
United States Navy Ohio-related ships
History of Erie, Pennsylvania
1812 ships
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
Vessels captured from the United States Navy | [
-0.7925839424133301,
0.18846118450164795,
-0.35892242193222046,
0.3922993540763855,
0.5903457999229431,
0.4373968839645386,
0.2266526222229004,
-0.049796897917985916,
-0.4205538332462311,
0.06497126817703247,
0.5933018326759338,
-0.08142362534999847,
-0.3627309203147888,
0.5036988258361816,
-0.40103912353515625,
0.18296730518341064,
-0.05458575114607811,
0.4377177059650421,
-0.04164943844079971,
-0.4092453122138977,
-0.48759591579437256,
-0.05982036888599396,
0.6841129660606384,
0.10594633221626282,
0.32805851101875305,
-0.06540324538946152,
0.37627169489860535,
-0.13401009142398834,
0.09641208499670029,
0.25839757919311523,
0.10057953745126724,
1.0948351621627808,
0.39948201179504395,
-0.3162476122379303,
-0.31600290536880493,
-0.07525817304849625,
-0.3152414858341217,
0.15955115854740143,
0.23748333752155304,
-0.438618540763855,
-0.6400974988937378,
-0.20481906831264496,
-0.08113129436969757,
0.1326596736907959,
-0.0616011880338192,
-0.09001258760690689,
-1.5303874015808105,
-0.15552283823490143,
0.005632189102470875,
0.024294383823871613,
-0.14868900179862976,
0.09419342875480652,
0.23059821128845215,
0.534574031829834,
-0.5605908036231995,
0.3076716363430023,
-0.6030117273330688,
-0.07686074078083038,
-0.19354279339313507,
-0.13537968695163727,
0.4710366725921631,
0.7500180006027222,
0.814089834690094,
0.1464640349149704,
-0.09821552038192749,
0.21193641424179077,
-0.15946292877197266,
0.6771419644355774,
-0.4046080410480499,
0.22857092320919037,
0.42747801542282104,
-0.20168085396289825,
-0.16484130918979645,
0.36171650886535645,
0.21856562793254852,
-0.1726832240819931,
-0.007587767206132412,
-0.3890135586261749,
0.2963270843029022,
0.9467284083366394,
0.0864589661359787,
-0.11405027657747269,
0.8871449828147888,
0.3321179449558258,
-0.18360362946987152,
0.521650493144989,
-0.5155852437019348,
0.08633238077163696,
-0.2200462967157364,
0.36358416080474854,
-0.06641999632120132,
0.05372127145528793,
0.1819196343421936,
0.6616744995117188,
0.1483461707830429,
0.16048197448253632,
-0.6050284504890442,
0.1983008235692978,
-0.14963336288928986,
-0.09088139981031418,
-0.21794821321964264,
0.35526835918426514,
0.4606320261955261,
0.43654340505599976,
-0.28578200936317444,
0.24759553372859955,
0.25431501865386963,
-0.022227631881833076,
-0.2335589975118637,
-0.022437307983636856,
0.44353780150413513,
0.40366071462631226,
-0.19402365386486053,
0.10557302087545395,
-0.25158482789993286,
0.08132901042699814,
0.5070711374282837,
-0.6681970953941345,
0.17561687529087067,
-0.6744784116744995,
-0.2586553990840912,
0.9421964287757874,
-0.1869143396615982,
-0.171177476644516,
0.4937906861305237,
0.6142777800559998,
0.4617430865764618,
0.3380916118621826,
-0.45121127367019653,
0.2233932465314865,
0.22049352526664734,
0.9919727444648743,
-0.2592577636241913,
-0.23592522740364075,
-0.33954066038131714,
-0.015781117603182793,
-0.2057112157344818,
0.6558886170387268,
0.1924254596233368,
-0.0668129175901413,
-0.8436993956565857,
-0.17336107790470123,
-0.29468902945518494,
-0.5798654556274414,
-0.08001474291086197,
-0.31440025568008423,
0.0996951162815094,
0.15712134540081024,
-0.5040638446807861,
-0.019417546689510345,
0.39642608165740967,
-0.22692838311195374,
0.139980748295784,
0.2955436110496521,
0.01602833904325962,
0.001858326024375856,
-0.05400499701499939,
-0.18697938323020935,
0.5999221801757812,
0.7078826427459717,
-0.42146289348602295,
0.23543280363082886,
-0.2481849640607834,
-0.377395898103714,
0.4269663691520691,
0.3285070061683655,
0.307005912065506,
-0.1744311898946762,
0.41089358925819397,
-0.647079586982727,
-0.28150591254234314,
0.015989650040864944,
0.3156191110610962,
-0.3756711184978485,
0.0008157911943271756,
0.2286078780889511,
0.5423524379730225,
0.49789589643478394,
0.4145287871360779,
-0.8375234603881836,
-0.5581468939781189,
0.10180918872356415,
0.7232125997543335,
-0.01954522915184498,
-0.3462204933166504,
0.3101390600204468,
0.2588142156600952,
-0.14527451992034912,
0.11238150298595428,
0.5891369581222534,
-0.08285364508628845,
-0.18378160893917084,
-0.2423142045736313,
-0.15873247385025024,
1.531467318534851,
0.5637082457542419,
-1.0554345846176147,
0.24299684166908264,
0.26876991987228394,
0.6168646812438965,
0.15409515798091888,
-0.2573522925376892,
0.11459779739379883,
-0.359764963388443,
-0.5518863797187805,
0.05585840344429016,
0.28089118003845215,
0.9140291810035706,
0.10996872186660767,
0.3511221408843994,
0.08851468563079834,
-0.34655094146728516,
0.11597669869661331,
0.42426419258117676,
0.15184031426906586,
-0.22647346556186676,
0.12562043964862823,
-0.6967955827713013,
0.5184835195541382,
0.06223001331090927,
0.47467613220214844,
-0.03794330358505249,
0.19556131958961487,
0.37407174706459045,
0.2163056880235672,
0.08288270235061646,
-0.8020749688148499,
0.47297725081443787,
-0.18994268774986267,
-0.46608051657676697,
-0.30919936299324036,
0.028029130771756172,
-0.0536838099360466,
-0.31510022282600403,
0.5413854122161865,
-0.45260089635849,
-0.019222106784582138,
-0.23514476418495178,
0.8215895295143127,
0.06260518729686737,
0.35757744312286377,
0.6512909531593323,
-0.5163893103599548,
0.3890385925769806,
0.3073060214519501,
-0.4758625030517578,
0.33743536472320557,
-0.2966076731681824,
0.12512826919555664,
-1.0618547201156616,
0.30465176701545715,
0.5979027152061462,
0.3704010248184204,
-0.3417252004146576,
-0.40547648072242737,
-0.5479904413223267,
0.11313961446285248,
0.03721677511930466,
0.14900565147399902,
0.36946356296539307,
-0.028774254024028778,
0.6219872832298279,
-0.1947111189365387,
0.5779043436050415,
0.4442250728607178,
-0.4909217059612274,
-0.6827660202980042,
-0.4701833128929138,
0.01815447397530079,
0.27345794439315796,
0.663488507270813,
0.07655654847621918,
0.20130766928195953,
-0.26906776428222656,
0.9994525909423828,
-0.1819932609796524,
-0.7048557996749878,
0.5986700057983398,
-0.8646838665008545,
-0.7582916021347046,
0.09499263763427734,
0.6258981227874756,
-0.29179054498672485,
-0.9766255617141724,
-0.46561336517333984,
-0.2628083825111389,
0.39721938967704773,
-0.13461579382419586,
-0.46391183137893677,
0.07510529458522797,
0.12858331203460693,
-0.5349575877189636,
0.21774069964885712,
0.5306541323661804,
0.5797491669654846,
0.6284505724906921,
-0.0667656734585762,
0.16269096732139587,
-0.03151870146393776,
0.34741100668907166,
-1.065973162651062,
0.3839219808578491,
-0.25327715277671814,
-0.71060711145401,
-0.11549100279808044,
-0.4458070695400238,
0.17624686658382416,
0.340463787317276,
-5.526650905609131,
-0.5547845959663391,
-0.32007378339767456,
-0.0547567643225193,
-0.4386862516403198,
-0.25121960043907166,
0.19488036632537842,
-0.42810821533203125,
0.024775579571723938,
0.09404748678207397,
1.1033248901367188,
0.5295944809913635,
-0.07658646255731583,
-0.033800650388002396,
0.4432099163532257,
-0.19021138548851013,
0.9582034945487976,
0.07960590720176697,
-0.16614989936351776,
-0.08694776147603989,
0.03488171100616455,
-0.046196822077035904,
0.18890134990215302,
-0.36198338866233826,
0.15596698224544525,
-0.016734598204493523,
0.28706344962120056,
0.0018363470444455743,
-0.48370251059532166,
-0.32202187180519104,
-0.0827857181429863,
0.28125515580177307,
0.3129226863384247,
-0.4046283960342407,
-0.2503988444805145,
-0.6872437596321106,
0.34192898869514465,
0.2884419560432434,
0.01188876386731863,
-0.2693202793598175,
-0.34754568338394165,
-0.20100761950016022,
-0.272107869386673,
-0.7252716422080994,
0.27988508343696594,
-0.4488893151283264,
0.17863957583904266,
0.44745945930480957,
0.1874288022518158,
0.7239447832107544,
0.5503800511360168,
-0.06407728046178818,
0.31036582589149475,
0.5160579681396484,
0.3177835941314697,
-0.1987321376800537,
0.245942622423172,
-0.04491734877228737,
-0.34025856852531433,
-0.12163988500833511,
0.5455127358436584,
-0.07406726479530334,
-0.11186683923006058,
-0.6133795976638794,
0.10142844915390015,
-0.19024400413036346,
-0.15990421175956726,
-0.2576724588871002,
0.4567543864250183,
0.26702871918678284,
-0.011594361625611782,
0.935718297958374,
0.6622074246406555,
-0.8514416217803955,
0.20985816419124603,
-0.6604128479957581,
-0.4258558750152588,
-0.23186422884464264,
-0.5205364227294922,
-0.45277804136276245,
0.07109026610851288,
-0.07694224268198013,
0.14954379200935364,
0.9170658588409424,
0.1700289398431778,
-0.3077426850795746,
-0.2646702527999878,
0.1706485152244568,
-0.2528058588504791,
-0.12034759670495987,
0.38003841042518616,
-0.24189037084579468,
-0.011163568124175072,
0.4898070991039276,
0.37190064787864685,
-0.6048356890678406,
-0.01751965470612049,
0.4947364032268524,
0.6814177632331848,
-0.2906075119972229,
0.40737271308898926,
-0.3299630582332611,
-0.24310491979122162,
-0.5467063784599304,
-0.18079093098640442,
-0.18014757335186005,
-1.1005288362503052,
-0.356749564409256,
0.6844666600227356,
-0.3070019483566284,
-0.4730439782142639,
-0.9167993664741516,
-0.3611760139465332,
-0.32485175132751465,
0.04978962987661362,
-0.1254950910806656,
0.6336479783058167,
0.4281345307826996,
0.7792367935180664,
-0.15731902420520782,
-0.08647814393043518,
0.6231343150138855,
0.09547334909439087,
-0.32767677307128906,
0.031128885224461555,
-0.4938437342643738,
0.8753015995025635,
-0.06126890331506729,
-0.6469416618347168,
0.4395422637462616,
-0.08186965435743332,
-0.22187496721744537,
-0.43449005484580994,
-0.1557244211435318,
0.23150403797626495,
0.303122878074646,
-0.07389938086271286,
-0.39712509512901306,
0.30448049306869507,
-0.10899043083190918,
-0.7155651450157166,
-0.3090846538543701,
-0.3714301586151123,
-0.08328426629304886,
1.346399188041687,
0.3122248947620392,
0.6917202472686768,
0.2958948016166687,
-0.6523123979568481,
0.7318713068962097,
-1.2469536066055298,
-0.8853961229324341,
0.18447288870811462,
-0.14420419931411743,
0.1487022340297699,
-0.05423612520098686,
0.803045928478241,
0.014860378578305244,
-0.47239241003990173,
0.15171313285827637,
0.17890746891498566,
0.07650332152843475,
-0.15567456185817719,
-0.7895802855491638,
0.14923915266990662,
0.4540077745914459,
-0.24352753162384033,
0.14299212396144867,
-0.4121243953704834,
0.24122916162014008,
0.27327433228492737,
-0.1882702112197876,
-0.6174536943435669,
0.123685322701931,
0.24341237545013428,
0.11918757110834122,
-0.759685754776001,
-0.06954904645681381,
0.28623059391975403,
-0.08865493535995483,
-0.4410298466682434,
-0.2987228333950043,
-0.01318334974348545,
0.061436381191015244,
0.695991575717926,
-0.14838165044784546,
-0.7889001965522766,
0.08905857056379318,
-0.27657607197761536,
0.262114554643631,
0.1864364594221115,
0.0014953213976696134,
0.16109812259674072,
0.35212263464927673,
-0.3071304261684418,
0.32744914293289185,
0.08958419412374496,
0.16876517236232758,
0.4895549416542053,
-0.6255084872245789,
0.5164573192596436,
0.09007242321968079,
-0.475276917219162,
0.31620094180107117,
-0.6189143657684326,
-0.3877617418766022,
-0.2895544469356537,
0.1132097914814949,
-0.5132185816764832,
0.5075363516807556,
0.6397889256477356,
-0.8634876012802124,
0.38563811779022217,
0.49054691195487976,
-0.358273983001709,
-0.1957075297832489,
0.012068090960383415,
0.2041313797235489,
0.155039981007576,
-0.48842692375183105,
-0.8618400692939758,
-0.4579024314880371,
0.03489905223250389,
-0.27555522322654724,
-0.529066801071167,
0.4286603033542633,
0.09607455134391785,
-0.2910187244415283,
0.2772296667098999,
-0.27776917815208435,
-0.2841993570327759,
-0.055192261934280396,
-0.059736933559179306,
-0.13521285355091095,
1.0532147884368896,
-0.42713379859924316,
0.1272069811820984,
0.14247523248195648,
-0.18140719830989838,
0.9350070953369141,
0.41439133882522583,
0.627517819404602,
0.08927255868911743,
-0.31381756067276,
0.09986887872219086,
-0.02838093787431717,
0.15171405673027039,
0.15427418053150177,
-0.6069445610046387,
0.030386969447135925,
0.3464128375053406,
-0.6591511368751526,
-0.8304908275604248,
-0.36264199018478394,
1.1475608348846436,
-0.3800615072250366,
0.021168844774365425,
-0.10023628920316696,
-0.19030161201953888,
-0.2334335893392563,
-0.285607248544693,
0.6070647835731506,
-1.0785832405090332,
-0.19494357705116272,
0.7535707354545593,
0.09026017785072327,
-0.5633031129837036,
-0.31767457723617554,
-0.11719542741775513,
0.1419980227947235,
-0.6034611463546753,
-0.09489201009273529,
0.48339056968688965,
0.36276760697364807,
-0.015603980049490929,
-0.04524151235818863,
-0.2756286561489105,
-0.36459439992904663,
0.6872157454490662,
0.06796982139348984,
-0.796147346496582,
0.25599586963653564,
-0.6741468906402588,
-0.24312609434127808,
-0.4673581123352051,
-0.23846368491649628,
-0.3919275104999542,
-0.3374636471271515,
0.26512259244918823,
0.12187211960554123,
-0.042100876569747925,
0.5193531513214111,
-0.3935602009296417,
0.126083642244339,
-0.48305875062942505,
0.4030236005783081,
-0.3071005046367645,
0.3941367566585541,
-0.25726693868637085,
0.6858531832695007,
-0.5593823194503784,
0.47743934392929077,
-0.025944272056221962,
0.22575902938842773,
-0.17338578402996063,
0.3387473225593567,
0.16870354115962982,
0.20843778550624847,
0.065851591527462,
-0.3893482983112335,
0.11782754957675934,
-0.7258528470993042,
0.2728731036186218,
-0.059587933123111725,
-0.13353073596954346,
-0.34152016043663025,
0.9845491647720337,
-0.7355805039405823,
-0.4110051095485687,
-0.12679994106292725,
0.08565749228000641,
-0.03659813106060028,
0.21361814439296722,
0.6665140986442566,
-0.00903886929154396,
0.36441683769226074,
-0.8520596623420715,
0.10177178680896759,
-0.21866664290428162,
1.0123032331466675,
0.2946435511112213,
0.19943349063396454,
-0.4787561595439911,
0.2941141724586487,
-0.46125900745391846,
0.32870563864707947,
-0.06035500764846802,
-0.22827903926372528,
-0.710847795009613,
0.3672875165939331,
0.21735583245754242,
0.08149651437997818,
-0.28110623359680176,
-0.5554943680763245,
-0.16257759928703308,
0.5185173153877258,
-0.12791313230991364,
-0.13769648969173431,
0.3091583847999573,
-0.2315542846918106,
0.1680140197277069,
0.35775625705718994,
0.6866095066070557,
-0.3382846713066101,
-0.21561342477798462,
0.3292771279811859,
0.34965091943740845,
0.056871358305215836,
-0.05222032219171524,
-0.3884536921977997,
-0.15201710164546967,
-0.10351771861314774,
0.557569682598114,
-0.40849196910858154,
-0.44961702823638916,
-0.045261919498443604,
-0.3348378539085388,
0.2543002963066101,
-0.11710847169160843,
-0.4497353434562683,
-0.1583617776632309,
-0.39757177233695984,
-0.20759984850883484,
-0.1572890728712082,
-0.23152562975883484,
0.23822541534900665,
0.44887787103652954,
0.5698663592338562,
0.05395995080471039,
0.15690240263938904,
-0.8423470258712769,
0.18535025417804718,
-0.048927661031484604,
-0.6852235794067383,
-0.11916863918304443,
0.013451891951262951,
-0.4951344132423401,
0.06641834229230881,
-0.21449241042137146,
-0.47309571504592896,
0.41269415616989136,
-0.49063387513160706,
-0.5261737704277039,
0.24645330011844635,
-0.600820779800415,
-0.13634809851646423,
0.590552806854248,
0.2698219418525696,
0.36871421337127686,
0.21286451816558838,
-0.3257496654987335,
-0.07026007771492004,
0.026543080806732178,
0.30107223987579346,
-0.20634908974170685,
0.7501867413520813,
-0.6182175874710083,
0.43745625019073486,
-0.542131781578064,
0.05486194044351578,
-0.3060508072376251,
0.2687615156173706,
-0.3884975016117096,
0.1628611981868744,
-0.6597644090652466,
-0.5488805174827576,
0.7162612676620483,
-0.7746723294258118,
-0.29930198192596436,
0.014867542311549187,
0.4767270088195801,
-0.5497285723686218,
-0.42529478669166565,
-0.3021056652069092,
-0.14897441864013672,
-0.42414480447769165,
-0.12658539414405823,
-0.468328595161438,
0.21577127277851105,
0.34400859475135803,
0.4845876693725586,
-0.2569490969181061,
-0.2260134220123291,
0.5394322276115417,
-0.2572905719280243,
0.26911142468452454,
-0.2319057285785675,
0.1486983299255371,
0.4479122459888458,
0.1174876019358635,
0.2950857877731323,
-0.25815320014953613,
0.3266492784023285,
-0.20673055946826935,
0.3173963725566864,
0.21365278959274292,
0.06781138479709625,
-0.3717173933982849,
-0.19837477803230286,
0.5998088121414185,
-0.00711330259218812,
-0.06349702924489975,
0.2298525720834732,
-0.673407256603241,
0.659659743309021,
-0.5796838998794556,
0.27877914905548096,
-0.7601326107978821,
-0.23943102359771729,
0.34142857789993286
] |
233435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ohio%20%281820%29 | USS Ohio (1820) | The second USS Ohio was a ship of the line of the United States Navy, rated at 74 guns, although her total number of guns was 104. She was designed by Henry Eckford, laid down at Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1817, and launched on 30 May 1820. She went into ordinary and in the ensuing years decayed badly. Refitted for service in 1838, Ohio sailed on 16 October 1838 to join the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore Isaac Hull. Acting as flagship for two years, she protected commerce and suppressed the slave trade off the African coast. Ohio proved to have excellent performance under sail, repeatedly making more than . One of her officers stated, "I never supposed such a ship could be built—a ship possessing in so great a degree all the qualifications of a perfect vessel." In 1840, Ohio returned to Boston, where she again went into ordinary. From 1841 to 1846, Ohio served as receiving ship.
To meet the needs of the Mexican–American War, Ohio was recommissioned on 7 December 1846, and sailed on 4 January 1847 for the Gulf of Mexico, arriving off Veracruz on 22 March. Ohio landed 10 guns on 27 March to help in the siege of Veracruz; but the city soon surrendered.
Ohio drew too much water for coastal operations in the gulf. However, 336 of her crew participated in the Tuxpan River Expedition. In 1847, the entire distance from the mouth of the river to the town was covered with thick jungle growth. The enemy had constructed three well-positioned forts on bluffs overlooking bends in the river. On 18 April, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived off the mouth of the river with 15 vessels. At 22:00, light-draft steamers Scourge, Spitfire, and Vixen, each towing a schooner, moved up stream. Bombships , , and followed closely while 30 surf boats containing 1,500 men brought up the rear. Approaching the town, the squadron came under hot fire from Fort LaPena. Cmdre. Perry ordered Commander Franklin Buchanan to disembark the surf boats and storm the fort. As the landing party swept ashore, the Mexicans abandoned their position. The other two forts fell in a like manner, with only light casualties sustained by the squadron. Men from Ohio retrieved the guns of brig Truxtun, which had foundered in a storm near Tuxpan on 16 September 1846. The town was occupied and all military stores destroyed.
Following Tuxpan, Ohio sailed from Veracruz and arrived in New York on 9 May. On 26 June, she sailed to bolster the Pacific Squadron, first carrying the U.S. minister to Brazil and operating off the east coast of South America until December. In Valparaíso on 21 January 1848, Cmdre. Thomas ap Catesby Jones took her as the flagship of the Pacific Squadron, intending to blockade the western Mexico ports. Ohio arrived at Mazatlán on 6 May, shortly after the Mexican–American War ended. Jones used the fleet to help transport to Monterey, California, those that had aided the United States in the war, arriving there on 9 October. Ohio then sailed to Sausalito, in San Francisco Bay. Ohio spent the next two years in the Pacific protecting commerce and policing the newly acquired California Territory during the chaotic early months of the gold rush. Scurvy struck the crew in the spring of 1849 in San Francisco Bay, so Jones sent Ohio to the Sandwich Islands for fresh food.
In 1850, she returned to Boston, where she again went into ordinary. In 1851, Ohio became a receiving ship and continued this duty until again placed in ordinary in 1875. Ohio was sold at Boston to J. L. Snow of Rockland, Maine on 27 September 1883. She was burned in the following year, in Greenport Harbor, New York; the remains are still accessible to scuba divers. The wreck is off Fanning Point, in about of water.
See also
Samuel P. Carter – first American officer to be awarded both the rank of rear admiral and major general
References
Howard Chapelle, The History of the American Sailing Navy: the Ships and their Development (New York: Norton, 1949)
Log book of the USS Ohio (National Archives)
Gene A. Smith, Thomas ap Catesby Jones, Commodore of Manifest Destiny (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000)
External links
Info on location of wreck
Historic pictures and model of vessel
Ohio (1820)
Ships built in Brooklyn
Ohio (1820)
Shipwrecks of the New York (state) coast
Mexican–American War ships of the United States
Ships of the Union Navy
1820 ships
Maritime incidents in 1884
Victorian-era ships of the line | [
-0.9880714416503906,
-0.1323816329240799,
-0.7170324921607971,
0.3039803206920624,
0.11269304901361465,
0.6327236890792847,
0.5496353507041931,
-0.42474839091300964,
-0.5343693494796753,
-0.4454752504825592,
0.6119812726974487,
0.2100048065185547,
-0.2561095058917999,
0.5003621578216553,
-0.19566893577575684,
0.3797803223133087,
-0.04275179281830788,
0.46350017189979553,
-0.31053900718688965,
-0.4190526306629181,
-0.37668946385383606,
0.1624571532011032,
0.4708004593849182,
0.015927044674754143,
-0.09895756840705872,
0.0844905748963356,
0.6371950507164001,
-0.09843917191028595,
0.4938609302043915,
0.30723413825035095,
0.0196247361600399,
0.8515554070472717,
-0.12656548619270325,
-0.06934724748134613,
-0.3600449860095978,
-0.1262277364730835,
-0.13009920716285706,
-0.12804335355758667,
0.4873208701610565,
-0.23316241800785065,
-0.6398434042930603,
-0.4117122292518616,
0.07250313460826874,
0.5402509570121765,
-0.3896605968475342,
-0.2028077393770218,
-1.7740422487258911,
-0.063001349568367,
0.0132712097838521,
0.316285103559494,
-0.23164598643779755,
-0.14038853347301483,
0.5230159759521484,
0.8718956112861633,
-0.42562738060951233,
0.42315319180488586,
-0.7729009389877319,
0.2894052267074585,
-0.4101174473762512,
-0.19348087906837463,
0.5448352098464966,
0.7088882923126221,
0.9197681546211243,
0.2674059569835663,
-0.06810398399829865,
0.1756788194179535,
-0.5811638236045837,
0.4658086597919464,
-0.4302619993686676,
0.19192475080490112,
0.5867578983306885,
-0.18857158720493317,
-0.2571011483669281,
0.1328195184469223,
0.20045985281467438,
0.004221946932375431,
-0.2879934012889862,
-0.6572396755218506,
0.31077975034713745,
0.49547693133354187,
-0.09112238883972168,
-0.00769196217879653,
0.8212103843688965,
-0.047059185802936554,
-0.4177204370498657,
0.39132750034332275,
-0.46113166213035583,
-0.002260669134557247,
-0.10404279828071594,
0.23688830435276031,
-0.2514484226703644,
-0.1050347164273262,
-0.06999354064464569,
0.7290764451026917,
0.11982633918523788,
0.29701709747314453,
-0.44839975237846375,
-0.15298698842525482,
-0.021413590759038925,
0.1644917130470276,
0.2656370997428894,
0.08819037675857544,
0.38840940594673157,
0.140986368060112,
-0.3894937336444855,
0.10659109055995941,
-0.02683468721807003,
-0.41192829608917236,
-0.28310829401016235,
0.17750521004199982,
0.02160244807600975,
0.2073521614074707,
-0.1062333881855011,
-0.22393681108951569,
-0.45723941922187805,
-0.41253143548965454,
0.5050896406173706,
-0.6377896070480347,
-0.017011450603604317,
-0.4127621650695801,
0.09157218039035797,
0.6559964418411255,
-0.18392013013362885,
-0.28826433420181274,
0.2700435519218445,
0.309291809797287,
0.5821584463119507,
0.4305458068847656,
-0.5613089799880981,
0.0006317124934867024,
1.00006902217865,
0.7169989347457886,
-0.024337830021977425,
-0.07001092284917831,
-0.31187838315963745,
-0.4470495581626892,
-0.2530483305454254,
0.615018367767334,
-0.08404812216758728,
0.2527938187122345,
-0.3600161075592041,
-0.09452089667320251,
-0.12078454345464706,
-0.401775598526001,
-0.1301143616437912,
-0.5077195763587952,
-0.003696083789691329,
0.17602130770683289,
-0.8381534218788147,
0.001128818141296506,
0.3789237439632416,
-0.30837830901145935,
0.299301415681839,
0.29266631603240967,
-0.0925312265753746,
0.08862417191267014,
0.28057339787483215,
-0.35618117451667786,
0.4868813455104828,
0.47134119272232056,
-0.38240423798561096,
-0.008917737752199173,
-0.1841309666633606,
-0.2910216748714447,
0.7189435958862305,
0.6758089065551758,
0.07732778042554855,
-0.2327231466770172,
0.2322642058134079,
-0.5722154974937439,
-0.23991194367408752,
-0.12775780260562897,
0.17462480068206787,
-0.18889576196670532,
0.0600428469479084,
0.22702652215957642,
0.3408798575401306,
0.580378532409668,
0.5396333336830139,
-0.9034932851791382,
-0.5310133695602417,
-0.44094619154930115,
0.8231953382492065,
-0.001131423283368349,
0.1915002316236496,
0.17359116673469543,
0.30423083901405334,
0.014363427646458149,
0.053405750542879105,
0.4103316068649292,
0.016420740634202957,
-0.36851075291633606,
-0.2638111710548401,
-0.0628802552819252,
1.711006999015808,
0.3360585570335388,
-1.0140422582626343,
0.03394573554396629,
0.12070874124765396,
0.06281435489654541,
0.3807116746902466,
-0.49017900228500366,
0.24962320923805237,
0.29593712091445923,
-0.46986252069473267,
-0.00027811978361569345,
0.33760926127433777,
0.7179560661315918,
0.007973900064826012,
0.6224784255027771,
0.47376441955566406,
-0.603526771068573,
0.17485488951206207,
0.3246172070503235,
-0.10705796629190445,
-0.2948700189590454,
0.2307203710079193,
-0.9003708958625793,
0.46584269404411316,
0.010093340650200844,
0.6860632300376892,
0.2972656786441803,
0.030942944809794426,
0.502327561378479,
-0.08404430001974106,
-0.2682669460773468,
-0.8221406936645508,
0.8043578863143921,
-0.17788657546043396,
-0.2105897068977356,
-0.382408082485199,
-0.03383668512105942,
0.3654775619506836,
-0.050764672458171844,
0.45454299449920654,
-0.05539124831557274,
-0.09841056913137436,
-0.05549870431423187,
0.36382558941841125,
-0.24521635472774506,
-0.08995400369167328,
0.8818528056144714,
-0.5358330607414246,
0.5839403867721558,
0.3180895745754242,
-0.348458468914032,
0.2491622418165207,
-0.3025592267513275,
-0.1291532814502716,
-0.9551079869270325,
0.45795825123786926,
0.771748423576355,
0.20627392828464508,
-0.4169936776161194,
-0.13365258276462555,
-0.23244449496269226,
0.4060656726360321,
-0.1620631068944931,
0.15386278927326202,
0.3795487582683563,
-0.0695861428976059,
0.5232094526290894,
0.08479474484920502,
0.6652510762214661,
0.26249706745147705,
-0.4501306712627411,
-0.6941033601760864,
-0.5475254654884338,
-0.014128193259239197,
0.46993353962898254,
0.9537475109100342,
0.3435249626636505,
-0.012130110524594784,
-0.42717835307121277,
0.6561265587806702,
-0.23569908738136292,
-0.1934848129749298,
0.39379122853279114,
-0.9324118494987488,
-0.6329599618911743,
0.15842077136039734,
0.8939923048019409,
0.21157298982143402,
-0.6555413603782654,
-0.5964910387992859,
-0.2382449209690094,
0.5954458117485046,
-0.28441497683525085,
-0.5718116760253906,
0.010863874107599258,
-0.14033305644989014,
-0.1354328840970993,
0.2499462217092514,
0.20411846041679382,
0.34279167652130127,
0.502466082572937,
-0.3489031493663788,
0.03598741814494133,
0.24204294383525848,
0.24485549330711365,
-0.9717982411384583,
-0.10193883627653122,
0.18587170541286469,
-0.4390319287776947,
-0.06804758310317993,
-0.8482051491737366,
0.17334182560443878,
0.5110884308815002,
-5.466192245483398,
-0.8015395998954773,
-0.1623067408800125,
0.16072699427604675,
-0.1369023323059082,
0.15815474092960358,
0.0994245857000351,
-0.5430014729499817,
-0.23034892976284027,
-0.013299099169671535,
1.3070783615112305,
0.6436827778816223,
0.01337838638573885,
0.17202281951904297,
0.05560575798153877,
0.0181416068226099,
0.8175792694091797,
0.19588574767112732,
0.09054919332265854,
0.16394783556461334,
0.03546779975295067,
-0.08803793042898178,
-0.010977239347994328,
-0.18098770081996918,
0.5413335561752319,
-0.28904929757118225,
-0.504123330116272,
-0.08416328579187393,
-0.07532589137554169,
-0.5998143553733826,
-0.15769647061824799,
0.39460068941116333,
0.19118987023830414,
-0.10781886428594589,
0.10977403074502945,
-0.6589658260345459,
-0.016198044642806053,
0.3552306294441223,
0.06993743032217026,
-0.2395707666873932,
-0.4106867015361786,
0.14278669655323029,
-0.14359444379806519,
-0.23268058896064758,
0.11604894697666168,
-0.6591492891311646,
-0.12647973001003265,
0.1503617763519287,
0.43692126870155334,
0.7264260053634644,
0.5992434024810791,
-0.027920881286263466,
0.42581579089164734,
0.3673885464668274,
0.35611188411712646,
-0.23801575601100922,
-0.34677645564079285,
0.2603662610054016,
-0.09359226375818253,
-0.09111003577709198,
0.22730441391468048,
-0.2254805564880371,
-0.15758737921714783,
-0.22663681209087372,
-0.17779044806957245,
-0.6318931579589844,
-0.25284671783447266,
-0.23525387048721313,
0.556710958480835,
0.24070537090301514,
-0.051800407469272614,
1.1814850568771362,
0.7742453813552856,
-1.1692765951156616,
0.4898187220096588,
-0.3012489974498749,
-0.3849064111709595,
-0.5243462324142456,
-0.6753522753715515,
-0.312419593334198,
0.07962043583393097,
0.02925131283700466,
0.35608094930648804,
0.9820754528045654,
0.3846800923347473,
-0.3190173804759979,
-0.27025631070137024,
0.06002580374479294,
-0.14794912934303284,
-0.34658828377723694,
0.045284565538167953,
-0.3983461856842041,
0.23299573361873627,
0.055549219250679016,
0.41145408153533936,
-0.6637259125709534,
-0.11359384655952454,
0.6327580213546753,
0.621936559677124,
-0.29802218079566956,
0.41483286023139954,
-0.03468930348753929,
0.06182112172245979,
-0.1397767961025238,
-0.30079302191734314,
0.23158985376358032,
-0.7454438805580139,
-0.006160801742225885,
0.6513542532920837,
0.044297996908426285,
-0.7068548202514648,
-0.8702634572982788,
-0.24322287738323212,
-0.005283322650939226,
0.3137694299221039,
0.006626384798437357,
0.13838575780391693,
0.13132210075855255,
0.5426717400550842,
0.2075781524181366,
0.14469854533672333,
0.6919735074043274,
-0.48513856530189514,
-0.7808433175086975,
-0.1948464810848236,
-0.41890960931777954,
0.7233176827430725,
-0.4567852020263672,
-0.5843737721443176,
0.4238620698451996,
-0.08162210136651993,
0.26915213465690613,
-0.7664008140563965,
0.22368203103542328,
0.2841840088367462,
-0.051288217306137085,
0.18665342032909393,
0.15848183631896973,
0.07823482900857925,
-0.2540017068386078,
-0.8226940631866455,
-0.35915306210517883,
-0.42727604508399963,
-0.21910111606121063,
1.3742324113845825,
0.14334110915660858,
0.9630023241043091,
0.03861619159579277,
-0.42109569907188416,
0.6376647353172302,
-1.0750877857208252,
-0.8702629208564758,
0.20396648347377777,
-0.5471622347831726,
0.24667295813560486,
0.07954934984445572,
0.5425089597702026,
0.08822838962078094,
-0.6780320405960083,
0.34108680486679077,
-0.21306948363780975,
0.06376229226589203,
-0.323038786649704,
-0.7352020740509033,
0.40315935015678406,
0.6853408813476562,
-0.1827963888645172,
-0.12779267132282257,
-0.3560042381286621,
0.27164873480796814,
0.14106565713882446,
-0.225023552775383,
-0.36790743470191956,
-0.05253394693136215,
0.13435347378253937,
0.3812853991985321,
-0.6078667044639587,
-0.0029885265976190567,
0.11945901066064835,
0.024050220847129822,
-0.2647005319595337,
-0.07474549859762192,
-0.1951581835746765,
0.18976274132728577,
0.5958802103996277,
-0.042766306549310684,
-0.6785624623298645,
0.2531689405441284,
-0.0827752947807312,
0.04287125915288925,
0.24568313360214233,
-0.6451312899589539,
0.004733973182737827,
0.14241564273834229,
-0.661693274974823,
0.40445154905319214,
0.37539350986480713,
0.17054982483386993,
0.4124332666397095,
-0.6532410979270935,
0.4746614396572113,
0.2930625379085541,
-0.5966936349868774,
0.248943492770195,
-0.3592338263988495,
-0.45801034569740295,
-0.2256907969713211,
-0.45279571413993835,
-0.15182717144489288,
0.3439464271068573,
0.3381521999835968,
-0.8338213562965393,
0.22356820106506348,
0.13393758237361908,
-0.0880965068936348,
0.11062122881412506,
-0.13621997833251953,
0.2227817326784134,
-0.06240832060575485,
-0.6042413711547852,
-0.9725309014320374,
-0.46637335419654846,
-0.023485355079174042,
-0.09751756489276886,
-0.5455435514450073,
-0.02222374826669693,
-0.13138411939144135,
-0.10952522605657578,
0.09383200109004974,
-0.23480834066867828,
-0.1975633054971695,
0.08378470689058304,
0.07459084689617157,
-0.30416497588157654,
1.008941411972046,
-0.8968983292579651,
0.053048573434352875,
-0.047774650156497955,
-0.31633442640304565,
0.7149352431297302,
0.18930892646312714,
0.42573148012161255,
-0.10637929290533066,
-0.42668431997299194,
0.14955925941467285,
-0.2267485409975052,
0.3819393813610077,
-0.2937436103820801,
-0.603632390499115,
0.2867339253425598,
0.4586203098297119,
-0.8428328037261963,
-0.9956782460212708,
-0.1890636533498764,
0.9833947420120239,
-0.33240440487861633,
0.23116114735603333,
0.007403550203889608,
-0.24624788761138916,
0.08658211678266525,
-0.2668156623840332,
0.5749083757400513,
-1.2678649425506592,
-0.37117499113082886,
0.46584552526474,
-0.0869041308760643,
-0.09137516468763351,
-0.6634849905967712,
0.17823684215545654,
0.16928507387638092,
-0.3411852717399597,
0.33266928791999817,
0.040460970252752304,
0.30550187826156616,
-0.22919897735118866,
0.3506893515586853,
-0.5478193163871765,
-0.4365547299385071,
0.8760667443275452,
0.05506737902760506,
-0.49344581365585327,
0.25060492753982544,
-0.47178828716278076,
-0.11398575454950333,
-0.36267030239105225,
-0.1352217048406601,
-0.2701537013053894,
-0.5736924409866333,
0.07557109743356705,
0.11660746484994888,
0.26184460520744324,
0.03282379359006882,
-0.24427121877670288,
0.13118568062782288,
-0.21576684713363647,
0.45621034502983093,
-0.48387008905410767,
0.1426858901977539,
-0.42654386162757874,
0.6103653907775879,
-0.26263242959976196,
0.6546177268028259,
0.08091447502374649,
0.4348944425582886,
-0.08633013814687729,
0.39615097641944885,
0.24501188099384308,
-0.032407183200120926,
-0.29620397090911865,
-0.2712430953979492,
-0.1991792917251587,
-0.6711609959602356,
0.33422333002090454,
0.04497162625193596,
-0.408463716506958,
-0.4744180142879486,
0.7112653851509094,
-0.19601455330848694,
-0.3796756863594055,
-0.05437839403748512,
-0.08641353994607925,
-0.02083297073841095,
0.1794656664133072,
0.7072383165359497,
-0.02793080359697342,
0.3502708673477173,
-0.6301390528678894,
0.12797237932682037,
-0.1649225950241089,
1.1293926239013672,
0.17020133137702942,
-0.13620144128799438,
-0.4121009111404419,
0.4380362033843994,
-0.2765725255012512,
0.4182322025299072,
0.11928562074899673,
0.22025953233242035,
-0.3924018144607544,
0.45314252376556396,
0.15003708004951477,
0.27082982659339905,
-0.29116296768188477,
-0.1450360268354416,
-0.2212981879711151,
0.3347729742527008,
-0.05191230773925781,
-0.1743156909942627,
0.3935558795928955,
-0.072517991065979,
0.32239750027656555,
0.3414222300052643,
0.4843406081199646,
0.03696681186556816,
-0.356845885515213,
0.9561095833778381,
0.5193712115287781,
-0.3089771270751953,
-0.16117112338542938,
0.044590383768081665,
-0.03309650346636772,
-0.22258463501930237,
0.48782703280448914,
-0.3517732620239258,
-0.5565926432609558,
-0.12016244232654572,
-0.722436785697937,
0.5538116693496704,
-0.5146279335021973,
-0.409310907125473,
-0.05612603574991226,
-0.28870853781700134,
0.05410297214984894,
-0.677314817905426,
0.1365087330341339,
0.33849582076072693,
0.5402194857597351,
0.3483964502811432,
0.17869555950164795,
0.3010454475879669,
-0.6110467910766602,
0.13762471079826355,
-0.2561274766921997,
-0.891213059425354,
-0.23350819945335388,
0.38510802388191223,
-0.20980611443519592,
0.2983781695365906,
-0.3405126631259918,
-0.41197308897972107,
0.7941506505012512,
-0.5010825395584106,
-0.7459693551063538,
-0.17973880469799042,
-0.44260379672050476,
-0.2509314715862274,
0.5656049847602844,
0.29819101095199585,
0.2853170931339264,
0.3390785753726959,
-0.28772178292274475,
-0.1670874059200287,
-0.016838155686855316,
0.382744163274765,
-0.29003414511680603,
0.49586281180381775,
-0.6747328639030457,
0.4830072820186615,
-0.5239508748054504,
0.004628629889339209,
-0.08019991219043732,
-0.07378748804330826,
-0.29729777574539185,
0.327148973941803,
-0.38413533568382263,
-0.6444526314735413,
0.5470672845840454,
-0.8505394458770752,
-0.49422764778137207,
0.1440424770116806,
0.7370586395263672,
-0.5080012679100037,
-0.07500319182872772,
0.26124054193496704,
-0.498604953289032,
-0.5422562956809998,
0.0692552775144577,
-0.4168524146080017,
0.38719090819358826,
0.6706164479255676,
0.32526108622550964,
-0.392094224691391,
-0.29127106070518494,
0.498485267162323,
-0.349735826253891,
0.4371265172958374,
-0.07697706669569016,
0.2851625680923462,
0.28097105026245117,
0.17551754415035248,
0.37475335597991943,
-0.5768811702728271,
0.17340312898159027,
-0.06984604150056839,
0.15647612512111664,
0.1580941081047058,
0.0706135705113411,
-0.3628119230270386,
0.25756824016571045,
0.6645926237106323,
0.11558763682842255,
0.051714397966861725,
0.3015085458755493,
-0.6547260284423828,
0.5724180936813354,
-0.3085087239742279,
0.32993853092193604,
-0.3276210427284241,
0.13354213535785675,
0.23603492975234985
] |
233436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywalker%20Sound | Skywalker Sound | Skywalker Sound is the sound effects, sound editing, sound design, sound mixing and music recording division of Lucasfilm. Founded in 1975, the company's main facilities are located at George Lucas's Skywalker Ranch in Lucas Valley, near Nicasio, California.
History
Skywalker Sound was founded as Sprocket Systems in San Anselmo, California.
While located in San Anselmo, Sprocket Systems came into contact with the local residents from time to time. For instance, Kentfield resident Pat Welsh was "discovered" while shopping at a camera store and went on to provide the voice for E.T. During the sound recording of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Harrison Ford could be spotted practicing his bullwhip technique in the parking lot.
Sprocket Systems moved from San Anselmo following a disastrous flood in January 1982. The company changed its name to Skywalker Sound in 1987 after the company moved to Skywalker Ranch.
Skywalker Sound's staff of sound designers and re-recording mixers have either won or been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound and Best Sound Editing every year since Star Wars in 1977; in that year, Ben Burtt was given a Special Achievement Award, since the category for Sound Editing had not yet been established. Skywalker Sound has won 15 Academy Awards and received 62 nominations.
Mixing stages, editorial services, and scoring stages are all located in a central "Tech Building," with dining areas and living quarters in the vicinity but separate from the main work area.
In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Skywalker Sound as part of its purchase of Lucasfilm.
Notable staff
David Acord
Christopher Barnett
Richard Beggs
Tom Bellfort
Steve Boeddeker
Christopher Boyes
Ben Burtt
Bob Edwards
Frank Eulner
Andre Fenley
Lora Hirschberg
Richard Hymns
Leslie Ann Jones
Ren Klyce
Dennis Leonard
Michael Levine
Scott Levine
Tom Myers
Steve Orlando
Gary A. Rizzo
Gary Rydstrom
Chris Scarabosio
Michael Semanick
Michael Silvers
Mac Smith
Gary Summers, M.P.S.E.
Randy Thom
Gwendolyn Yates Whittle
Matthew Wood
Partial filmography
Any film with an asterisk means that though Skywalker Sound did not provide the sound, a creative worked on it.
1970s
Star Wars (1977)
1980s
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Koyaanisqatsi (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
The Adventures of André and Wally B. (1984)
Grand Canyon: The Hidden Secrets (1984)
Cocoon (1985)
Latino (1985)
The Legend of Billie Jean (1985)
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985)
Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985)
The Mean Season (1985)
Fletch (1985)
Explorers (1985)
Luxo, Jr. (1986)
Howard the Duck (1986)
Captain EO (1986)
Red's Dream (1987)
Spaceballs (1987)
Willow (1988)
Tin Toy (1988)
The Couch Trip (1988)
Powaqqatsi (1988)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
The Land Before Time (1988)
Colors (1988)
Cocoon: The Return (1988)
Always (1989)
Knick Knack (1989)
Romeo (1989)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Fletch Lives (1989)
Driving Miss Daisy (1989)
1990s
Cold Dog Soup (1990)
Henry & June (1990)
The Godfather Part III (1990)
Wild at Heart (1990)
Avalon (1990)
Backdraft (1991)
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
Soapdish (1991)
Rush (1991)
Bugsy (1991)
The Five Heartbeats (1991)
A Brief History of Time (1991)
A Few Good Men (1992)
Single White Female (1992)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992-1993)
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (OVA) (1993-1994)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Super Mario Bros. (1993)
True Romance (1993)
Thumbelina (1994)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Radioland Murders (1994)
The Crow (1994)
Speed (1994)
A Troll in Central Park (1994)
Home for the Holidays (1995)
The Pebble and the Penguin (1995) (as Skywalker Sound South)
Se7en (1995)
Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995)
Gumby: The Movie (1995)
Strange Days (1995)
My Family (1995)*
Toy Story (1995)
Jumanji (1995)
Broken Arrow (1996)
Mission: Impossible (1996)
Mars Attacks! (1996)
The Rock (1996)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Blazing Dragons (1996)
Con Air (1997)
Contact (1997)
Geri's Game (1997)
Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997)
Starship Troopers (1997)
Hercules (1997)
Men in Black (1997)
Titanic (1997)
Volcano (1997)
A Bug's Life (1998)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
Armageddon (1998)
Quest for Camelot (1998)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
The Iron Giant (1999)
The 13th Warrior (1999)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Fight Club (1999)
Office Space (1999)
2000s
Titan A.E. (2000)
For the Birds (2000)
Dinosaur (2000)
What Lies Beneath (2000)
Cast Away (2000)
102 Dalmatians (2000)
Spy Kids (2001)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Osmosis Jones (2001)
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)
Pearl Harbor (2001)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001)
Jurassic Park III (2001)
Monkeybone (2001)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (OVA) (2000-2002)
Punch-Drunk Love (2002)
Minority Report (2002)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
The Ring (2002)
Hart's War (2002)
The Emperor's Club (2002)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Panic Room (2002)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams (2002)
Boundin' (2003)
Finding Nemo (2003)
Mickey's PhilharMagic (2003)
Hulk (2003)
Bad Boys II (2003)
Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003)
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003-2005)
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
Peter Pan (2003)
Shrek 2 (2004)
The Incredibles (2004)
The Polar Express (2004)
Howl's Moving Castle (2004)
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
War of the Worlds (2005)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Feast (2005)
Munich (2005)
Lorelei: The Witch of the Pacific Ocean (2005)
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)
One Man Band (2005)
King Kong (2005)
Hoodwinked! (2005)
Cars (2006)
Lifted (2006)
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006)
Charlotte's Web (2006)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
Zoom (2006)
Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
Eragon (2006)
Brave Story (2006)
Barnyard (2006; Score Recorded and Mixed at)
Ratatouille (2007)
Transformers (2007)
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
The Simpsons Movie (2007)
Bee Movie (2007)
Enchanted (2007)
Beowulf (2007)
Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters (2007)
Cloverfield (2008)
WALL-E (2008)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
The Sky Crawlers (2008)
Bolt (2008)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008-2013, 2014, 2020)
Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
Shaolin Girl (2008)
Iron Man (2008)
Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Presto (2008)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
Up (2009)
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009)
Avatar (2009)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Terminator Salvation (2009)
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Coraline (2009)
Fanboys (2009)
I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009)
9 (2009)
2010s
Iron Man 2 (2010)
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)
Despicable Me (2010)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 (2010)
The Last Airbender (2010)
Tron: Legacy (2010)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Rango (2011)
Rio (2011)
Super 8 (2011)
Cars 2 (2011)
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 (2011)
Cowboys & Aliens (2011)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
War Horse (2011)
The Lorax (2012)
ParaNorman (2012)
Men in Black 3 (2012)
Brave (2012)
The Avengers (2012)
Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Flight (2012)
Red Tails (2012)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
House of Cards (2013-2018)
The Croods (2013)
Epic (2013)
Despicable Me 2 (2013)
Monsters University (2013)
The Lone Ranger (2013)
Iron Man 3 (2013)
Free Birds (2013)
Thor: The Dark World (2013)
Nymphomaniac (2013)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)
Rio 2 (2014)
The Boxtrolls (2014)
Gone Girl (2014)
Maleficent (2014)
Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Lucy (2014)
Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Strange Magic (2015)
Home (2015)
The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015)
The Little Prince (2015)
Inside Out (2015)
Tomorrowland (2015)
Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
The Peanuts Movie (2015)
Jurassic World (2015)
Minions (2015)
Ant-Man (2015)
Creed (2015)
The Good Dinosaur (2015)
The Walk (2015)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
The Revenant (2015)
Pixels (2015)
The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016)
Finding Dory (2016)
Captain America: Civil War (2016)
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016)
The Secret Life of Pets (2016)
Zootopia (2016)
The Angry Birds Movie (2016)
The BFG (2016)
Life, Animated (2016)
Pete's Dragon (2016)
X-Men: Apocalypse (2016)
Mars (2016–present)
Moana (2016)
Doctor Strange (2016)
Sing (2016)
Rogue One (2016)
Native (2016)
Monster Trucks (2017)
Kong: Skull Island (2017)
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)
Cars 3 (2017)
Despicable Me 3 (2017)
Star Wars Forces of Destiny (2017-2018)
Only the Brave (2017)
Mindhunter (2017)
Thor: Ragnarok (2017)
Coco (2017)
Ferdinand (2017)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
The Post (2017)
Phantom Thread (2017)
Black Panther (2018)
A Wrinkle in Time (2018)
Ready Player One (2018)
Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018)
Incredibles 2 (2018)
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018)
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018)
Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)
The Front Runner (2018)
Next Gen (2018)
High Life (2018)
The Grinch (2018)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Vice (2018)
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)
Io (2019)
Alita: Battle Angel (2019)
The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2019)
Triple Frontier (2019)
Captain Marvel (2019)
Unicorn Store (2019)
Avengers: Endgame (2019)
Bolden (2019)
A Hidden Life (2019)
Brightburn (2019)
The Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
The Lion King (2019)
Dark Phoenix (2019)
Haunt (2019)
The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019)
Men in Black: International (2019)
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (2019)
Ad Astra (2019)
Knives Out (2019)
Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019)
Spies in Disguise (2019)
2020s
Dolittle (2020)
Onward (2020)
The Willoughbys (2020)
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run (2020)
Mulan (2020)
Over the Moon (2020)
The Croods: A New Age (2020)
Soul (2020)
Minari (2020)
Raya and the Last Dragon (2021)
Wish Dragon (2021)
Luca (2021)
Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021)
The Green Knight (2021)
The French Dispatch (2021)
The Suicide Squad (2021)
Vivo (2021)
Black Widow (2021)
Eternals (2021)
Licorice Pizza (2021)
Encanto (2021)
West Side Story (2021)
Don't Look Up (2021)
Sing 2 (2021)
Upcoming
Turning Red (2022)
Top Gun: Maverick (2022)
Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022)
Thor: Love and Thunder (2022)
Minions: The Rise of Gru (2022)
Lightyear (2022)
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022)
Blazing Samurai (2022)
Avatar 2 (2022)
Untitled Mario film (2022)
References
External links
Skywalker Sound Blog (unofficial)
1975 establishments in California
American companies established in 1975
Mass media companies established in 1975
Film sound production
Disney acquisitions
Lucasfilm
George Lucas
Companies based in Marin County, California
Television and film post-production companies | [
0.5449451804161072,
0.6130883693695068,
-0.08828110992908478,
0.2820058763027191,
0.08553013950586319,
-0.038612984120845795,
-0.16506467759609222,
-0.507919430732727,
0.08158745616674423,
-0.015884671360254288,
-0.4729122221469879,
0.2700779438018799,
0.3326263725757599,
0.24067290127277374,
-0.07313212007284164,
-0.47269773483276367,
-0.11996704339981079,
0.42274948954582214,
0.39730769395828247,
-0.6590986847877502,
-0.15080538392066956,
0.0674600675702095,
0.33609136939048767,
-0.07367532700300217,
-0.44965749979019165,
0.07309805601835251,
0.06294366717338562,
0.75517338514328,
0.03145763650536537,
0.21942667663097382,
0.18823383748531342,
0.7542327642440796,
-0.512809693813324,
-0.31477540731430054,
-0.13635388016700745,
-0.3406771719455719,
-0.5217217803001404,
-0.3015412986278534,
0.05052126571536064,
-0.30737918615341187,
-0.3376610577106476,
0.09713314473628998,
0.08681949973106384,
0.053119610995054245,
0.3124275207519531,
-0.39346063137054443,
-1.569088339805603,
0.09585967659950256,
-0.593101978302002,
0.13049936294555664,
-0.5291273593902588,
0.023485317826271057,
0.30514436960220337,
0.12671060860157013,
0.01975972205400467,
0.8712801933288574,
-0.4954480230808258,
0.17530962824821472,
-0.12042972445487976,
-0.1411522626876831,
0.15926319360733032,
-0.5431715846061707,
-0.15012504160404205,
0.2821945548057556,
0.5081640481948853,
-0.22297020256519318,
0.39483460783958435,
-0.34733957052230835,
0.04424196109175682,
-0.07692721486091614,
0.4981226623058319,
0.20239630341529846,
0.06212611123919487,
-0.002654056763276458,
-0.4001106023788452,
-0.07321690768003464,
0.4897461235523224,
-0.1368730366230011,
0.3570100963115692,
0.3629858195781708,
0.44574472308158875,
0.3996760845184326,
0.544639527797699,
0.3889982998371124,
-0.6127009391784668,
0.4160240888595581,
-0.036639098078012466,
-0.6292324066162109,
-0.4071780741214752,
0.5697317719459534,
-0.7546302676200867,
-0.6537213325500488,
0.7624717354774475,
-0.058386240154504776,
-0.0878821313381195,
-0.029981184750795364,
-0.11982264369726181,
0.5686110258102417,
0.12859776616096497,
0.5114538669586182,
-0.6335234045982361,
0.2853925824165344,
0.48102423548698425,
-0.3372231721878052,
-0.24447940289974213,
0.18465958535671234,
-0.7330766320228577,
-0.4261704981327057,
-0.7305383682250977,
0.46459895372390747,
-0.15012933313846588,
0.11689282208681107,
0.1227606013417244,
0.19399461150169373,
-0.2678140699863434,
0.22268731892108917,
0.0335424430668354,
-0.3338823616504669,
-0.26235806941986084,
-0.03645162284374237,
0.6111746430397034,
0.6233790516853333,
-0.19322535395622253,
-0.011931116692721844,
-0.2927910387516022,
0.40003594756126404,
0.7308832406997681,
-0.11957172304391861,
-0.38946884870529175,
-0.4335172772407532,
0.14410868287086487,
0.6524794101715088,
-0.3847823143005371,
-0.09351424872875214,
0.20945394039154053,
-0.020002055913209915,
0.3710205852985382,
0.022620167583227158,
-0.13184814155101776,
-0.1045801192522049,
-0.626697838306427,
-0.4945184290409088,
-0.7542353868484497,
-0.43860962986946106,
0.23941074311733246,
0.13311868906021118,
-0.3243332803249359,
-0.4636894762516022,
-0.6820328235626221,
-0.2597905099391937,
-0.12688125669956207,
0.12292743474245071,
-0.23784731328487396,
-0.396223783493042,
-0.2651978135108948,
0.1266854703426361,
0.8631072044372559,
-0.23567363619804382,
0.29678744077682495,
-0.1485978662967682,
-0.1404125988483429,
-0.2608253061771393,
-0.29553931951522827,
0.36982160806655884,
0.02501695044338703,
-0.36236974596977234,
0.21888746321201324,
0.30956318974494934,
-0.08408831804990768,
-0.5427899956703186,
0.009243910200893879,
-0.32652702927589417,
0.11325837671756744,
-0.5979559421539307,
0.2651072144508362,
-0.36341914534568787,
0.8705910444259644,
0.9817337393760681,
0.17331935465335846,
0.14556647837162018,
-0.6371347308158875,
0.20961572229862213,
-0.3253837823867798,
0.03740396350622177,
-0.24972516298294067,
-0.3923323452472687,
0.22579573094844818,
-0.11983370035886765,
-0.4675430953502655,
-0.00176611403003335,
-0.8800435066223145,
-0.4867371916770935,
0.6568571329116821,
-0.6887935400009155,
0.33637669682502747,
0.19177336990833282,
-0.4735828638076782,
0.9614283442497253,
0.10254193842411041,
0.4663921594619751,
-0.2076258808374405,
0.5866312384605408,
0.3236120045185089,
-0.5029451847076416,
-0.3848017752170563,
0.13761593401432037,
0.6260202527046204,
-0.14079374074935913,
-0.07581524550914764,
0.061131853610277176,
0.05570021644234657,
0.44273796677589417,
0.41536086797714233,
0.008515912108123302,
0.385860413312912,
-0.5890060067176819,
-1.129915714263916,
-0.17249652743339539,
0.12869660556316376,
-0.4220132827758789,
0.33434659242630005,
0.2208186537027359,
-0.05746050924062729,
0.04772116616368294,
-0.08204810321331024,
0.986506998538971,
-0.059981659054756165,
-0.24232904613018036,
0.022443749010562897,
-0.23500996828079224,
0.050903525203466415,
0.07768915593624115,
-0.8259486556053162,
-0.3481447994709015,
0.04746007174253464,
0.036655861884355545,
0.09634482115507126,
-0.4962020516395569,
0.509254515171051,
-0.08728697896003723,
0.3682490885257721,
-0.058616477996110916,
-0.7688531875610352,
0.11222813278436661,
0.608295202255249,
0.17340540885925293,
0.20077477395534515,
-0.06330566108226776,
-0.5945883989334106,
-0.3180600106716156,
0.3245929479598999,
0.36894291639328003,
0.023368000984191895,
0.055872827768325806,
0.6137180924415588,
-0.10818002372980118,
-0.17222534120082855,
-0.42298686504364014,
-0.29282131791114807,
0.044008322060108185,
0.46778106689453125,
0.2969065010547638,
0.4450954794883728,
0.14452658593654633,
0.045325975865125656,
-0.7968499064445496,
-0.09879247844219208,
-0.6685546636581421,
0.2989327013492584,
0.3873506486415863,
0.24357837438583374,
-0.0011809897841885686,
-0.06009654328227043,
-0.04387889429926872,
-0.20231711864471436,
-0.5937153697013855,
0.048703208565711975,
-0.08465778082609177,
-0.022253286093473434,
-0.39383238554000854,
0.9458742141723633,
0.17081423103809357,
0.016355469822883606,
-0.24545758962631226,
-0.7410119771957397,
-0.19308805465698242,
-0.009201660752296448,
-0.18781302869319916,
-0.24902188777923584,
0.32086870074272156,
-0.14634206891059875,
0.06510820984840393,
0.12010737508535385,
0.5532140135765076,
0.0287170372903347,
0.38397306203842163,
-0.2237863689661026,
0.08424347639083862,
0.03691432252526283,
-0.39142924547195435,
-0.15442334115505219,
0.5255817770957947,
-0.15222007036209106,
-0.6792466044425964,
0.04645255208015442,
0.32086145877838135,
-0.20679587125778198,
-0.653022825717926,
-5.974241256713867,
-0.2325223684310913,
0.04551498591899872,
-0.13284511864185333,
0.27527281641960144,
0.06867975741624832,
0.3778456449508667,
-0.6388459205627441,
0.44724321365356445,
0.07994583994150162,
0.0073927175253629684,
-0.010926783084869385,
0.36264392733573914,
-0.04554226994514465,
-0.07751300930976868,
0.3621780276298523,
0.34275704622268677,
0.29258856177330017,
0.12971694767475128,
0.46157529950141907,
-0.33841654658317566,
-0.15737977623939514,
-0.017510753124952316,
0.08880098164081573,
0.026629198342561722,
-0.23488186299800873,
-0.5659202337265015,
0.19253365695476532,
-0.4970206916332245,
0.13333924114704132,
0.08414673060178757,
-0.2889905571937561,
-0.2550339698791504,
0.23274530470371246,
0.32647988200187683,
-0.13873830437660217,
0.47676974534988403,
0.13545481860637665,
0.4847560524940491,
-0.16661569476127625,
0.19326530396938324,
0.3053528070449829,
-0.02011355198919773,
-0.041421569883823395,
-0.011823909357190132,
-0.16005787253379822,
-0.262673944234848,
0.3908097445964813,
0.1524585783481598,
0.8945167064666748,
0.3709871172904968,
-0.18025127053260803,
0.48416900634765625,
0.059443410485982895,
0.044934630393981934,
0.10859082639217377,
0.12339235097169876,
-0.12014710903167725,
0.00018434111552778631,
0.40181946754455566,
0.31295856833457947,
-0.7899534702301025,
-0.3104062080383301,
0.22943831980228424,
-0.10899247229099274,
-0.07374560832977295,
-0.0686919242143631,
-0.3198971450328827,
-0.22495009005069733,
-0.0808788612484932,
-0.05846164748072624,
0.12229812890291214,
-0.07279694080352783,
-0.9800804257392883,
-0.039910513907670975,
-0.02206796407699585,
-0.08375173062086105,
-0.06512218713760376,
-0.23962414264678955,
0.12087768316268921,
-0.3740676939487457,
-0.42289412021636963,
-0.041859131306409836,
-0.22864440083503723,
-0.4344754219055176,
-0.4684118926525116,
-0.28373053669929504,
-0.02182353101670742,
0.06856818497180939,
0.06385739892721176,
0.6019371747970581,
-0.26947125792503357,
0.07774752378463745,
0.41813069581985474,
0.08641739189624786,
0.06758393347263336,
0.9360500574111938,
0.6336675882339478,
0.5086809396743774,
-0.30659180879592896,
0.08467113226652145,
-0.1511194258928299,
-0.1610596776008606,
-0.373220294713974,
-0.006205097772181034,
-0.077815942466259,
0.005759204272180796,
-0.2144498974084854,
0.4952445328235626,
-0.035998035222291946,
-0.028353042900562286,
-0.22714994847774506,
-0.36977916955947876,
0.16874393820762634,
0.6718661785125732,
-0.6076342463493347,
-0.06756794452667236,
0.8836709260940552,
-0.275799036026001,
-0.16045360267162323,
-0.0010151391616091132,
0.37744584679603577,
-0.18445336818695068,
0.006339003797620535,
0.2778351902961731,
0.3838590681552887,
-0.3342454433441162,
0.17964258790016174,
-0.10266680270433426,
0.04372101277112961,
0.07444600760936737,
0.09517672657966614,
0.16922490298748016,
0.5747213959693909,
0.0485253743827343,
-0.48233762383461,
-0.7466301321983337,
-0.04424147307872772,
0.03223145008087158,
-0.12534353137016296,
0.18885394930839539,
0.1658094823360443,
0.1253213882446289,
0.13745658099651337,
0.9421728849411011,
0.4075266718864441,
-0.03546726331114769,
-0.46460264921188354,
-0.4966454803943634,
0.3696674406528473,
-0.013844922184944153,
-0.6286207437515259,
-0.201712965965271,
-0.7255170941352844,
-0.0420246422290802,
-0.3256683647632599,
-0.7014756202697754,
-0.2782837450504303,
0.026755129918456078,
-0.16193778812885284,
0.5915773510932922,
0.22566328942775726,
-0.4386308789253235,
0.05209686607122421,
0.02478661574423313,
-0.20818713307380676,
-0.0680372416973114,
-0.29746711254119873,
-0.47104454040527344,
-0.3405360281467438,
0.05999061465263367,
-0.009306960739195347,
-0.3682202398777008,
-0.4418105185031891,
0.6917546987533569,
0.48890766501426697,
-0.6685971021652222,
0.19197304546833038,
-0.1662370264530182,
-0.26094332337379456,
-0.10748934000730515,
0.584423303604126,
-0.13665255904197693,
-0.22965429723262787,
-0.13299702107906342,
-0.4561615586280823,
-0.022837530821561813,
-0.380802184343338,
-0.22440554201602936,
-0.3669275939464569,
-0.06333405524492264,
0.5362333059310913,
0.13453802466392517,
0.006676481571048498,
-0.48790162801742554,
-0.3947789967060089,
0.08394177258014679,
0.09672515094280243,
-0.03229866549372673,
-0.5665543675422668,
0.14041107892990112,
0.11518140137195587,
-0.27223050594329834,
0.23381751775741577,
0.8507544994354248,
-0.016205234453082085,
0.02405315823853016,
0.5533765554428101,
-0.2152387648820877,
-0.019744673743844032,
-0.19176293909549713,
-1.0298410654067993,
-0.06673572212457657,
-0.05543002486228943,
-0.34834566712379456,
0.13983465731143951,
0.7245104908943176,
-0.4217287302017212,
0.24606572091579437,
-0.2904127240180969,
-0.03395019471645355,
0.06067110225558281,
0.06610030680894852,
-0.1827208548784256,
-0.42472851276397705,
0.4025101959705353,
0.2650991976261139,
-0.208762988448143,
0.5176216959953308,
-0.6253175735473633,
-0.9295579791069031,
0.13519003987312317,
0.3704853951931,
0.39490461349487305,
-0.09732098877429962,
0.2163141965866089,
-0.5133247375488281,
0.23253050446510315,
0.4930075705051422,
0.03314804658293724,
0.09567958861589432,
0.8438466787338257,
-0.20689068734645844,
0.0025820182636380196,
-0.23535297811031342,
0.6920419335365295,
-0.34571266174316406,
0.028129596263170242,
-0.4407694637775421,
0.31477561593055725,
0.044963590800762177,
-0.09888254851102829,
-0.08119042962789536,
0.346996933221817,
0.5869393944740295,
-0.5504195690155029,
0.03697431832551956,
0.14702469110488892,
-0.35977795720100403,
-0.6732578873634338,
0.07061509788036346,
0.010533996857702732,
-0.21224334836006165,
0.01189810037612915,
-0.001420976361259818,
0.350787878036499,
-0.17548319697380066,
-0.30487731099128723,
-0.13436907529830933,
-0.445162832736969,
0.6269670128822327,
0.5088670253753662,
0.028542911633849144,
0.7462363839149475,
-0.031856559216976166,
0.4945293962955475,
-0.09985390305519104,
-0.16880135238170624,
-0.5671424269676208,
-0.09443545341491699,
-0.05954936519265175,
0.16010203957557678,
-0.209198459982872,
-0.6848572492599487,
0.17781659960746765,
0.10478217899799347,
0.301763117313385,
-0.03827603906393051,
-0.02024531364440918,
-0.07697857916355133,
-0.14092230796813965,
0.13226014375686646,
0.198606476187706,
0.3561829924583435,
-0.1343381404876709,
-0.46582502126693726,
0.13539166748523712,
0.17274345457553864,
-0.07871359586715698,
-0.09579332172870636,
-0.06615961343050003,
0.24661068618297577,
0.44519928097724915,
-0.08774174749851227,
0.5799651145935059,
-0.05106981843709946,
0.08164232224225998,
-0.6959506869316101,
0.13575375080108643,
-0.17563487589359283,
0.21075373888015747,
0.07520763576030731,
-0.17726770043373108,
1.108818531036377,
-0.27701908349990845,
0.48590031266212463,
1.0859497785568237,
-0.19628742337226868,
0.3744470775127411,
0.5042431354522705,
-0.07505790144205093,
-0.6805824637413025,
0.5269537568092346,
-0.30243736505508423,
-0.5146515965461731,
0.29624900221824646,
-0.34753093123435974,
0.1520577371120453,
0.5576741695404053,
0.2258967012166977,
0.6173672080039978,
-0.27299830317497253,
-0.2262573391199112,
0.5707783102989197,
-0.5977698564529419,
-0.07147588580846786,
0.16741235554218292,
-0.4215061068534851,
-0.6499828696250916,
0.06109238788485527,
0.32669106125831604,
0.046380940824747086,
0.17812305688858032,
-0.0672464445233345,
0.14689397811889648,
0.0009102438925765455,
0.5099437236785889,
0.26028984785079956,
-0.21157315373420715,
0.35844841599464417,
0.16686837375164032,
-0.015100209973752499,
0.4184972643852234,
0.21596837043762207,
0.3259549140930176,
-0.30761680006980896,
0.2934068441390991,
0.3966714143753052,
0.23681089282035828,
0.5213571786880493,
0.18677692115306854,
0.10421767085790634,
0.6854278445243835,
-0.31073275208473206,
-0.359283447265625,
-0.25285884737968445,
0.051426567137241364,
-0.10274672508239746,
0.03510620445013046,
-0.052926402539014816,
-0.17797033488750458,
0.7263340353965759,
-0.42410677671432495,
-0.07557933032512665,
0.16037292778491974,
0.23095250129699707,
0.6324834823608398,
-0.2297147959470749,
-0.08172552287578583,
0.08746186643838882,
-0.3257621228694916,
0.29741883277893066,
0.13128599524497986,
-0.4629421532154083,
0.008017229847609997,
-0.24630358815193176,
-0.6297197937965393,
0.2338343858718872,
0.3543086647987366,
-0.3226985037326813,
0.535137414932251,
-0.4741816520690918,
-0.2755891978740692,
-0.0006061737658455968,
-0.510455310344696,
-0.24897368252277374,
0.19162043929100037,
0.3011719286441803,
-0.07838062196969986,
0.23570477962493896,
0.48235780000686646,
0.5508172512054443,
0.4551779329776764,
0.48219960927963257,
0.13008050620555878,
0.6358245611190796,
-0.8778316378593445,
0.2759217321872711,
-0.7121138572692871,
0.7552403211593628,
-0.22866669297218323,
-0.0989794209599495,
-0.07139796763658524,
0.07342816144227982,
-0.32265788316726685,
-0.1681443154811859,
0.7733153104782104,
0.30832991003990173,
0.5841372609138489,
-0.14654366672039032,
-0.37744081020355225,
-0.2796015739440918,
-0.024686703458428383,
0.35734739899635315,
0.04290331155061722,
0.035169702023267746,
-0.42783981561660767,
-0.025924932211637497,
-0.6790838837623596,
0.39604559540748596,
-0.12297273427248001,
0.21793599426746368,
-0.3945992887020111,
0.5771925449371338,
-0.6311313509941101,
-0.8323667645454407,
-0.26548272371292114,
0.4989888072013855,
0.39413532614707947,
-0.793283998966217,
-0.01104949414730072,
0.7065595388412476,
-0.037044864147901535,
-0.012952643446624279,
-0.22550688683986664,
-0.05376998335123062,
0.17145292460918427,
-0.42992159724235535,
-0.8122612833976746,
0.5883654356002808,
0.32072126865386963,
-0.2795097827911377,
0.6140817403793335,
-0.27952077984809875,
0.048767201602458954,
0.421680748462677,
0.5658078789710999,
-0.3008541762828827,
0.4850289821624756,
-0.47080767154693604
] |
233437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook | Yearbook | A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a type of a book published annually. One use is to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school. The term also refers to a book of statistics or facts published annually. A yearbook often has an overarching theme that is present throughout the entire book.
Many high schools, colleges, and elementary and middle schools publish yearbooks; however, many schools are dropping yearbooks or decreasing page counts given social media alternatives to a mass-produced physical photographically-oriented record. From 1995 to 2013, the number of U.S. college yearbooks dropped from roughly 2,400 to 1,000.
History
Proto-yearbooks in the form of scrap books appeared in US East Coast schools towards the end of the 17th century. The first formal yearbook was the 1806 Profiles of Part of the Class Graduated at Yale College.
Yearbooks by country
Australia
Yearbooks published by Australian schools follow a consistent structure to their North American counterparts. Australian yearbooks function as an annual magazine for the school body, with a significant focus on objectively reporting the events that occurred during the schooling year. Yearbook staff predominantly consist of only one or two school teachers who serve as editors in chief. Australian school yearbooks are predominantly created on A4 paper size, featuring a softcover style front-and-back cover, typically 250 or 300 g/m2 density. Hardcover style yearbooks are not as common, although exceptions occur.
This is sold as allowing a higher level of student involvement whilst making the workflow simpler and easier for all involved. Additionally, some schools feature a separate yearbook for students in year 2.
Publishing
Australian school yearbooks are primarily published with technology, with a mix of colour, spot colour, and black and white pages, depending on the school's budget.
India
India does not have a long history of publishing school yearbooks. However, top Business schools and Engineering colleges publish custom yearbooks. This is typically created by the final year students of the batch. A yearbook or a memory book would consist of testimonials and common pages such as Directors address and events, festivals picture collages.
Most top schools do create schools magazines which are shared with each student. Some of the early adopters among school students are starting to create custom yearbooks in the same line as created by students from US or Europe. This trend is likely to pick up with the advent of technology platforms that make it easy for students to create them .
Nigeria
In Nigeria, it is very common to find yearbooks in schools as it is in countries such as the US and Canada, though there are a number of schools that allocate annual funding and publish yearbooks at the end of the school year (July or August). These yearbooks closely resemble those found in the US, with columns about certain themes, in-depth coverage of major events and large collections of photos, as well as drawings reflecting daily life at these schools. Some schools do produce yearbook yearly.
South Africa
In South Africa it is not as common to find yearbooks in schools as it is in countries such as the US and Canada, though there are a number of schools that allocate annual funding and publish yearbooks at the end of the school year (November or December). These yearbooks closely resemble those found in the US, with columns about certain themes, in-depth coverage of major events and large collections of photos, as well as drawings reflecting daily life at these schools.
Major events covered include Matric Farewell Dances (equivalent to Senior Prom in the US), annual sporting events (such as Inter-schools where a number of schools assemble and compete in various sports as well as with dance routines in competition for spirit awards etc.), and grade group events organized specifically for a specific grade.
United States
Elementary and middle schools may have a designated staff member who is in charge of putting together that school's yearbook, with or without the help of the students. These books are usually considerably smaller than a high school or college yearbook.
High school yearbooks generally cover a wide variety of topics from academics, student life, sports, clubs and other major school events. Generally, each student is pictured with their class, while seniors might get a page-width picture or a slightly larger photo than the underclassmen to reflect their status in the school. Each school organization, such as a sports team or academic/social club, is usually pictured. A high school yearbook staff consists of students with one or more faculty advisors. The yearbook staff can be chosen in a variety of ways, including volunteer extracurricular organization, academic class, or assigned to the entire senior class.
High school yearbooks are considered a form of journalism by scholastic journalism such as the Columbia Scholastic Press Association, the National Scholastic Press Association, the Journalism Education Association and state and regional scholastic press associations. Numerous awards are given for journalistic excellence annually.
Colleges that publish yearbooks follow a similar format to high schools. Some include detailed recaps of football and basketball games. College yearbooks are considered by the Associated Collegiate Press (ACP) to be a form of journalism. ACP holds the annual Pacemaker competition for college yearbooks as well as other collegiate media outlets. Many colleges have phased out yearbooks due to high prices and low demand, while some, like Auburn University, opt to support annual publications with relatively small portions of student fees to continue this over 120-year-old tradition. The Glomerata continues to be one of the most circulated yearbooks in the country, distributing 8,000 copies to Auburn University's student body in April 2018.
U.S. military
Warships of the United States Navy often produce a yearbook style publication upon completion of a long deployment (typically six months or more). These books, referred to by sailors as "cruise books" are produced on board by the ship's Morale, Welfare and Recreation department and Public Affairs staff, and then printed ashore by the same printing companies that publish high school and college yearbooks. The cruise book of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier typically reaches over 600 pages in length, as it includes portraits of the more than 5,000 sailors and Marines assigned to the ship's company and embarked carrier air wing.
The Navy's Recruit Training Center in Great Lakes, Illinois also produces yearbook style publications for each graduating division of recruits. These publications are much smaller, as each recruit division totals roughly 80 sailors. The book is called "The Keel" after the part of a ship that is constructed first, as RTC or boot camp sets the foundation for the sailor's career. These books contain a color section common to all books published that year, with a specific black and white section added for each recruit division and their "brother" or "sister" division.
Production and distribution
Compilation
Yearbooks are generally compiled by a student club or a yearbook class, usually advised by a faculty member. The yearbook staff usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and compiling all of the information to be contained within the book, also deciding the layout and allocation of space for each contributor.
Sections
Most yearbooks have a similar format, which includes individual photographs of students, information on activities, sports and other activities.
People (seniors, underclassmen, faculty)
In the U.S., where a yearbook often covers the whole school and not just the senior class, these sections are usually arranged in chronological order by class (freshmen, sophomore, junior, and senior), in either ascending or descending order. Normally students will have individual portraits accompanied by their names. Senior photographs are usually larger than those of underclassmen and are sometimes accompanied by text about their accomplishments throughout high school and their future plans. Frequently, seniors are polled to nominate their classmates for "superlatives" or "class celebrities" (such as "most likely to succeed", "most athletic", "most spirited", "best smile", and "class clown"), are often published in the senior section. Some private schools and smaller high schools set aside an entire page for each senior. These pages are sometimes designed by the seniors themselves, with each senior submitting a digital or physical version of the page they would like featured in the book.
"Picture Day" is the school day in the United States and Canada when students have their photographs taken by a professional photographer. Parents can purchase packages of these portraits to distribute, often accompanied by other items featuring the portrait. The pictures are not inexpensive for the amount of time and effort involved – which can be less than one minute per student – partly because the photography company usually pays the school part of the price for each photo sold in a "rebate" or unadvertised "fundraising" scheme. These portraits often go into the school yearbook, which are usually distributed at the end of the school year. The pictures may also be used on student ID cards. There will also generally be a second day ("retake day") to take pictures if the student is absent.
In the UK and other countries, where yearbooks often only cover the final year group and not the entire school, each student may have more space for answers to various questions as well as their photo (or photos). In Year 11 (England & Wales) members are usually grouped by form/class; whilst Year 13 tend not to be grouped in such a way, but instead just appear alphabetically throughout the book. Its common in these markets for each person to have between a quarter and a whole page each, depending on the budget available for the yearbook (as more pages means a higher cost). The editorial team chooses questions for members to answer (such as "Favourite teacher?" or "Where will you be in 5 years time?") and these answers appear alongside member photos. These photos and answers are sometimes also collected online.
Student life
Several pages are often used for pages chronicling activities undertaken by students, such as trips abroad, activity trips, sporting and other special events. This part of the book often covers students' lives both inside and outside of the campus.
Sometimes members of a yearbook write editorial and journalistic content about life as a student, current events (local, national, and international), and other matters of interest to the peer group.
Academics/education
This section covers the classes, projects and more educational aspects of the school year.
Organizations
This section describes student organizations (sometimes referred to as clubs) and what they did during the year. These descriptions are often accompanied by a photo or photos of the organizations' members. This section sometimes includes a list of the members of each organization.
Sports
Often listed by season or club, these pages chronicle the accomplishments of the school's teams. Along with a short article listing the season's highlights, these pages include team photographs and action pictures.
Advertising pages
Many yearbooks gain revenue by including a section of ads from local businesses.
Some schools sell advertisements for seniors. Parents, other family members, and friends use these ads to congratulate a senior — or group of seniors — for their accomplishments.
Index
Bigger yearbooks tend to include an alphabetical listing of everyone included in the yearbook, along with a listing of the pages they may be found on.
Colophon
Usually near the end of the book, the colophon lists staff members and acknowledgements. The colophon includes technical information pertaining to the yearbook such as publisher, total number of pages, paper weight and copyright.
Signature or autograph page
Some yearbooks contain a few pages which will be left blank for people to write messages about the preceding year and summer. This tradition was inherited from commonplace books.
Design
Students may design yearbook pages themselves or use company-provided templates in most cases.
In general, most yearbook pages are designed as double-page spreads and include several items:
Headline: An abbreviated sentence highlighting the content of the spread, usually involving word play along with factual information
Story/Copy: Staffs usually write short stories capturing the highlights of a specific department, sports season, organization, etc., from the past year. Often, yearbook staff members will either interview students, teachers and others for comments. Alternative story formats have gained popularity in recent times, allowing stories to be told in visual ways (graphs, charts, polls, timelines, etc.).
Photographs: Every spread that isn't a portrait or an ad spread contains candid shots of students, suitable to the page's topic and theme. Included with the photographs are one or more captions, which describe each picture; these often begin with a .
In the past, most yearbooks were laid out by hand, with photographs physically cropped and placed on layout boards. The work was tedious, and required multiple deadlines and contact with a yearbook publisher. Today, virtually all yearbooks are published using computers, which allows for shorter deadlines and easier editing. Students typically design pages using a desktop publishing program, usually Adobe InDesign. Some schools use a proprietary web-based design program belonging to the company that prints the book.
Publication
U.S. printing companies
Yearbook printing companies usually have representatives who work with the adviser and staff at each school to assist in the creation of the yearbook.
Yearbook companies that use off-set printing require that groups of pages be sent periodically, rather than all at once, to the plant. This is done to stagger the work required to complete yearbooks for all the schools they cover. After the editors review each page and make changes, the pages are sent to the yearbook plant, usually via the Internet. Yearbook companies that use digital printing methods may only require one submission since the entire book is printed at once.
If the proofing process is not performed on-line, the adviser and editors receive proofs (typically full size prints) about a week or so after the submission of pages. This gives the school a final opportunity to make adjustments or changes. After all the proofs have been returned to the printing company the requested corrections are made, the books are printed, bound, and then sent to the school for distribution. Two examples of printing companies include Balfour and Jostens.
A number of educational institutions and yearbook printing companies operate camps and summer sessions at which student yearbook personnel can learn or polish the skills they need in their work.
Distribution
Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow students, teachers, and other members of the school to obtain the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the U.S., those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation) and other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each other's yearbooks.
Some schools distribute yearbooks after the end of the school year—such as in July, at homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.
Digital yearbooks
A digital yearbook or eYearbook is a yearbook holding memories of a given time with a given group of people—most commonly, a school year at a particular school—that exists in digital form.
A digital yearbook may contain text, images, audio, and video. While a traditional paper yearbook may contain 300+ pages, a digital yearbook can contain unlimited pages. The end product of a digital yearbook can be a CD-ROM, a DVD or is captured in an eBook format. The first CD-ROM yearbook was created by students at South Eugene High School in 1990.
In 2014 Forever Connected created the first widely adopted interactive, mobile yearbook, based on the print edition. Students can sign, sticker and send video to classmates right from their mobile devices. It is the most widely used digital yearbook and was originally sold by traditional yearbook publishers and as add-on to a print purchase. In 2019 Forever Connected rebranded as FC Yearbook and began offering their platform directly to schools. A number of patents were awarded on the technology to the parent company Yearbooker, Inc.
In 2021 FC Yearbook accommodated remote and in-person student signatures and offered a print edition with the digital signatures printed in the book, as a direct-to-home offer. This became the origin of "virtual yearbook day" where in-person and remote students could simultaneously sign each other's yearbook in a yearbook party. On May 14, 2021, FC Yearbook announced the first print yearbook ordered from a digital yearbook in an app, marking "digital-first" as a unique change in the yearbook commerce model.
See also
Annual Cyclopedia
Columbia Scholastic Press Association
National Scholastic Press Association
Periodical
Serial
Further reading
Akers, M. (ed.), Scholastic Yearbook Fundamentals. 1993. New York: Columbia Scholastic Press Association.
Blakely, D. and Evans, C., A Complete Guide to Yearbook Journalism. 1991. Sylvania, Ohio: Advise Publications.
Cutsinger, J. and Herron, M., History Worth Repeating: A Chronology of School Yearbooks. 1996. Minneapolis, MN: Jostens, Inc.
Hall, H.L., Yearbook Guidebook. 1994. Minneapolis, MN: National Scholastic Press Association.
References
External links
Books by type
Education terminology
sv:Examenstidning | [
0.2399318665266037,
0.17415660619735718,
-0.005006395746022463,
0.27895018458366394,
-0.11879366636276245,
-0.3158942461013794,
-0.03836072236299515,
0.4418624937534332,
-0.3364630937576294,
-0.022498415783047676,
-0.4505596458911896,
0.23683036863803864,
0.2212827056646347,
0.03777916729450226,
-0.5421868562698364,
0.09603133797645569,
0.14828354120254517,
0.5098302960395813,
0.05749567970633507,
-0.35396456718444824,
-0.6853014826774597,
-0.2762162685394287,
0.2622748017311096,
-0.3603155016899109,
0.19205619394779205,
0.03803129866719246,
0.275482177734375,
-0.13808323442935944,
-0.4786914587020874,
0.23508840799331665,
-0.23037561774253845,
0.17768961191177368,
0.2816009223461151,
0.36425650119781494,
0.07931661605834961,
-0.052996356040239334,
-0.10950472205877304,
-0.1874465048313141,
-0.22829270362854004,
-0.5396026372909546,
0.1609637290239334,
0.01464477926492691,
-0.2054947316646576,
0.3343714475631714,
-0.48212650418281555,
-0.5028622150421143,
-1.4214587211608887,
0.30214810371398926,
-0.5671877264976501,
-0.010236689820885658,
-0.6616277098655701,
0.5105614066123962,
0.03654332831501961,
0.38440388441085815,
-0.3833909034729004,
0.8212052583694458,
0.3457767069339752,
0.09227930009365082,
-0.27384763956069946,
-0.3048071265220642,
0.381619393825531,
-0.28979578614234924,
0.10044635832309723,
0.18763861060142517,
0.4691237211227417,
-0.23123066127300262,
0.23765255510807037,
-0.010573267936706543,
0.10768070071935654,
-0.44068869948387146,
-0.5987023115158081,
-0.07351276278495789,
-0.05287336930632591,
0.11274154484272003,
-0.4162209630012512,
-0.03201663866639137,
0.18160569667816162,
-0.15596918761730194,
-0.2755654454231262,
-0.08771016448736191,
0.034668684005737305,
0.5002579689025879,
0.5273541808128357,
0.0831025093793869,
0.09760380536317825,
0.18133476376533508,
-0.4921359419822693,
-0.19239601492881775,
0.04405573755502701,
0.30822479724884033,
0.06650140136480331,
-0.0616142675280571,
0.6677079796791077,
0.30516090989112854,
0.3340667188167572,
-0.17712844908237457,
0.030870158225297928,
0.03048766404390335,
0.060144126415252686,
-0.1478642225265503,
-0.013501596637070179,
0.0044931950978934765,
0.4164572060108185,
-0.06916139274835587,
-0.5336236357688904,
-0.34357547760009766,
0.0015112637775018811,
-0.4930248260498047,
0.5503337383270264,
0.2382715940475464,
0.29610535502433777,
0.24494251608848572,
-0.11333289742469788,
-0.0859127789735794,
-0.03978629410266876,
0.3636091351509094,
0.3726297914981842,
-0.06194575875997543,
-0.6949526071548462,
0.05740754306316376,
-0.18201059103012085,
0.64815753698349,
0.1605817973613739,
-0.3255172669887543,
-0.04083242267370224,
0.2856304943561554,
0.40525564551353455,
0.5427202582359314,
-0.570814847946167,
-0.41460901498794556,
-0.22322528064250946,
0.1439909040927887,
-0.38431453704833984,
0.20563967525959015,
0.06376686692237854,
-0.20459502935409546,
0.010717417113482952,
0.06699643284082413,
0.39197149872779846,
0.11050138622522354,
-0.3780715763568878,
-0.29444319009780884,
-0.46584805846214294,
-0.5073660016059875,
0.21971003711223602,
-0.5096253752708435,
0.17058047652244568,
-0.5758684873580933,
-0.2686411142349243,
-0.2240738868713379,
0.4547958970069885,
0.004925496410578489,
-0.339790403842926,
-0.011000568978488445,
-0.15823253989219666,
-0.06378636509180069,
0.3057807981967926,
-0.14147213101387024,
0.06209130212664604,
0.2625522017478943,
0.26683080196380615,
0.45169898867607117,
-0.4742392301559448,
-0.07065029442310333,
-0.27020329236984253,
-0.12058845162391663,
0.32656043767929077,
0.22304989397525787,
0.1364731788635254,
-0.4625758230686188,
-0.1557006686925888,
-0.11220219731330872,
0.05100851133465767,
0.1749633252620697,
-0.18504613637924194,
0.09053953737020493,
0.6317048072814941,
0.5800569653511047,
0.43640267848968506,
-0.07224483042955399,
-0.4453292489051819,
0.16434460878372192,
0.2220865786075592,
-0.17039576172828674,
0.2822951078414917,
-0.049139901995658875,
0.23490051925182343,
0.05932271108031273,
-0.042639583349227905,
0.06486587226390839,
-0.5421513319015503,
-0.3218236267566681,
-0.22916743159294128,
-0.37774714827537537,
0.7510590553283691,
-0.41762131452560425,
-0.1802239567041397,
1.0149340629577637,
-0.3116822838783264,
0.24780285358428955,
-0.2912878692150116,
0.2635391056537628,
0.3212558627128601,
-0.3248359262943268,
-0.4299323260784149,
-0.23308463394641876,
0.43391644954681396,
0.6422582864761353,
-0.17556898295879364,
0.15946567058563232,
0.17616669833660126,
-0.1691998690366745,
0.45409509539604187,
0.21480116248130798,
0.027951136231422424,
0.16074919700622559,
-0.546787440776825,
0.4130442142486572,
-0.09784897416830063,
-0.13270553946495056,
1.2987691164016724,
-0.033871833235025406,
-0.11023744940757751,
0.39646968245506287,
-0.12138671427965164,
0.061808470636606216,
0.37069010734558105,
-0.2488267421722412,
0.4422776997089386,
-0.7096655964851379,
0.6560961008071899,
-0.05597841367125511,
0.19509190320968628,
-0.4814799427986145,
-0.3094280958175659,
0.025988373905420303,
-0.21222156286239624,
-0.2634516954421997,
0.3607768714427948,
-0.13570275902748108,
0.06830541789531708,
-0.29322364926338196,
0.20023253560066223,
0.1508319079875946,
0.4128856360912323,
0.479551762342453,
-0.1543603390455246,
0.48687538504600525,
-0.1298370659351349,
-0.16731642186641693,
0.24652577936649323,
0.23493592441082,
0.6109022498130798,
-0.23982088267803192,
-0.3829607367515564,
-0.06986492872238159,
-0.08514272421598434,
0.11612411588430405,
0.6376091241836548,
0.41566190123558044,
-0.042484983801841736,
-0.1682879775762558,
-0.0943874642252922,
-0.1969156265258789,
-0.3964090645313263,
-0.14329960942268372,
0.0929962545633316,
-0.6880713701248169,
-0.26811057329177856,
0.3043811321258545,
0.3939855396747589,
0.43566566705703735,
-0.2360917180776596,
-0.007536618504673243,
0.01423733402043581,
-0.535016655921936,
0.57474285364151,
0.04855731129646301,
-0.29850104451179504,
-0.7934646010398865,
-0.37886497378349304,
0.24009189009666443,
0.5411441326141357,
-0.5718413591384888,
-0.20135299861431122,
-0.616838812828064,
0.12904049456119537,
-0.310592383146286,
-0.05103050917387009,
-0.11574283242225647,
-0.2506242096424103,
0.16175241768360138,
0.36181744933128357,
0.18349942564964294,
0.6686611771583557,
0.34389594197273254,
0.0930633395910263,
0.018118567764759064,
-0.32264748215675354,
-0.300832599401474,
0.17072562873363495,
-0.08290696889162064,
0.2974514365196228,
-0.0910087302327156,
0.5729627013206482,
0.1125403493642807,
0.0893746092915535,
-0.1055125966668129,
-6.306714057922363,
-0.13883331418037415,
-0.508906364440918,
-0.2313258796930313,
-0.43078896403312683,
-0.0012096409918740392,
0.6849244236946106,
-0.10446911305189133,
-0.29051804542541504,
0.09203134477138519,
-0.3625563085079193,
-0.04137386754155159,
0.15562817454338074,
0.5572941303253174,
0.4776626527309418,
0.3331465423107147,
0.5777369737625122,
0.11844824254512787,
-0.1036839485168457,
0.5841168165206909,
0.043730027973651886,
-0.17404846847057343,
-0.09936846047639847,
0.4290362596511841,
0.5194664597511292,
0.11504863202571869,
0.036143578588962555,
-0.02772417850792408,
0.1747296005487442,
0.04098945111036301,
0.3690006732940674,
-0.0076513513922691345,
0.04907893016934395,
-0.13640077412128448,
0.13070853054523468,
-0.1236715242266655,
0.40314748883247375,
0.40741634368896484,
0.1601049304008484,
-0.17089426517486572,
0.2104823887348175,
0.2742314040660858,
0.05885648727416992,
-0.215363547205925,
0.3604021966457367,
-0.05730140209197998,
-0.11604167520999908,
-0.42027682065963745,
-0.8221381902694702,
0.4880007207393646,
0.4059157371520996,
0.10764975100755692,
0.12915796041488647,
0.06945117563009262,
-0.16548967361450195,
0.025003213435411453,
0.44562265276908875,
-0.2730354368686676,
-0.684671938419342,
-0.18398317694664001,
0.3335319757461548,
-0.08319678157567978,
-0.040100302547216415,
-0.1618955433368683,
-0.9586306214332581,
-0.3561575412750244,
-0.8664885759353638,
-0.5243455767631531,
0.06288274377584457,
0.2366824597120285,
-0.16234059631824493,
0.37722378969192505,
-0.06712701171636581,
-0.7834897637367249,
0.059707798063755035,
-0.42401817440986633,
0.059699539095163345,
0.2275480329990387,
-0.15234707295894623,
0.42622101306915283,
-0.22812587022781372,
-0.21241621673107147,
0.1321086287498474,
0.28176409006118774,
-0.23555472493171692,
-0.3892136812210083,
0.13457874953746796,
0.4977981150150299,
-0.53046715259552,
-0.548343300819397,
1.1348422765731812,
0.1543118804693222,
0.3277873396873474,
0.30173635482788086,
0.2672015130519867,
0.1017223447561264,
0.6088550090789795,
-0.3622209429740906,
0.5881389379501343,
-0.2818355858325958,
0.2076287716627121,
0.1463322788476944,
-0.020188428461551666,
-1.0415329933166504,
-0.19182077050209045,
-0.18616195023059845,
-0.39733177423477173,
0.17689913511276245,
0.7334312796592712,
-0.45842471718788147,
-0.2769636809825897,
-0.04035938158631325,
-0.4770694077014923,
-0.6413359045982361,
0.37384772300720215,
0.0518893301486969,
0.06638741493225098,
0.5386750102043152,
-0.15545342862606049,
-0.07185346633195877,
-0.30733856558799744,
0.3718225955963135,
-0.4082396328449249,
-0.3811819851398468,
-0.3934783935546875,
-0.19502419233322144,
-0.3606345057487488,
-0.19786949455738068,
0.1992700695991516,
0.12794890999794006,
0.4797641336917877,
0.2672428488731384,
0.05878150090575218,
0.12892946600914001,
-0.06510486453771591,
0.2961282730102539,
-0.05257100611925125,
-0.2838652729988098,
-0.08452381193637848,
-0.4212583601474762,
0.4442202150821686,
0.09603535383939743,
-0.20082613825798035,
-0.4439024031162262,
0.6477338075637817,
0.06596805155277252,
-0.49205848574638367,
0.10935106873512268,
0.05963980406522751,
0.4401923716068268,
-0.18072091042995453,
-0.2919454574584961,
-0.05369744822382927,
-0.11179386079311371,
-0.05500296130776405,
0.2323031723499298,
0.28422704339027405,
0.315062940120697,
-0.09086783230304718,
-0.06668613106012344,
-0.09072685241699219,
-0.5366328954696655,
-0.7095614075660706,
-0.1706884652376175,
0.12050560861825943,
0.18797330558300018,
-0.5215116739273071,
0.13483856618404388,
0.03318651393055916,
0.6514953970909119,
0.3374508321285248,
-0.01536740455776453,
-0.5392460227012634,
-0.3829862177371979,
-0.00024750319425947964,
0.3221374750137329,
0.26974236965179443,
-0.30418017506599426,
-0.2856197655200958,
-0.059870485216379166,
0.16945071518421173,
-0.7027506232261658,
0.11169882863759995,
0.1660332977771759,
0.38632842898368835,
0.05429625138640404,
0.2416466474533081,
0.24995553493499756,
-0.5053914785385132,
0.11747357994318008,
0.20349879562854767,
-0.5354012846946716,
0.30594679713249207,
-0.35155120491981506,
-0.029161762446165085,
-0.40370509028434753,
0.20165513455867767,
0.047222789376974106,
-0.00626270892098546,
-0.10881202667951584,
0.012023934163153172,
0.17670024931430817,
-0.3973729908466339,
-0.28442227840423584,
-0.2726934254169464,
-0.6447888016700745,
-0.09937140345573425,
-0.09457823634147644,
-0.49638307094573975,
0.504245400428772,
-0.11582199484109879,
0.2015943080186844,
-0.5047866702079773,
-0.08784876018762589,
-0.21224647760391235,
0.17161433398723602,
-0.13645000755786896,
-0.5491966009140015,
-0.04164253920316696,
-0.09892325848340988,
0.28021174669265747,
0.31632429361343384,
-0.5717122554779053,
-0.12919266521930695,
0.19555531442165375,
0.2216527760028839,
0.4469836950302124,
-0.5162527561187744,
0.08965689688920975,
-0.38067156076431274,
0.13075493276119232,
0.0941854789853096,
-0.3336730897426605,
-0.2856859266757965,
0.038247305899858475,
-0.026559362187981606,
-0.18813227117061615,
0.42312994599342346,
0.27183154225349426,
0.2049238383769989,
-0.5654999017715454,
0.8860257267951965,
-0.12467490136623383,
-0.31182336807250977,
-0.34298941493034363,
0.40003636479377747,
0.048518188297748566,
0.13574564456939697,
-0.6775822639465332,
0.3940235674381256,
0.31537142395973206,
-0.4850057065486908,
0.047689519822597504,
-0.09471120685338974,
0.0976046621799469,
0.054350681602954865,
-0.35867422819137573,
0.4080410897731781,
0.07745516300201416,
0.41658756136894226,
0.07556558400392532,
-0.051330696791410446,
-0.5723481178283691,
-0.008125539869070053,
0.6342672109603882,
0.27084672451019287,
-0.223497673869133,
0.28328725695610046,
0.2280011922121048,
0.053547970950603485,
0.09405208379030228,
0.005646320525556803,
0.4837007522583008,
0.5161927342414856,
0.48079216480255127,
0.1309807002544403,
-0.34518393874168396,
-0.04208119213581085,
-0.3325403332710266,
-0.0009361823904328048,
-0.015171566978096962,
0.06289086490869522,
-0.20949393510818481,
-0.29229116439819336,
0.2764102518558502,
-0.5567619204521179,
0.40191566944122314,
0.47164320945739746,
-0.35206422209739685,
-0.10933853685855865,
-0.1043732687830925,
-0.16539603471755981,
-0.21206407248973846,
0.06895695626735687,
-0.2760451138019562,
0.20814861357212067,
0.6055198311805725,
0.27307572960853577,
0.04457202926278114,
0.5473899841308594,
-0.15266366302967072,
0.16277678310871124,
0.05080556124448776,
-0.7809849381446838,
0.47457778453826904,
0.057235997170209885,
-0.31185394525527954,
-0.20521102845668793,
-0.42868128418922424,
0.11798135936260223,
-0.11100979149341583,
-0.29219767451286316,
0.3737987279891968,
0.338502436876297,
-0.695193886756897,
-0.171550452709198,
0.29999855160713196,
-0.300984650850296,
0.6191220879554749,
-0.2931358516216278,
0.016856931149959564,
0.13712793588638306,
0.24199680984020233,
-0.11856214702129364,
-0.5890591740608215,
0.03695152327418327,
-0.43081769347190857,
0.22647666931152344,
-0.1810292899608612,
-0.35528573393821716,
0.21939988434314728,
0.5177028179168701,
-0.06258773803710938,
0.23554562032222748,
-0.4120773375034332,
-0.6112126708030701,
0.22604209184646606,
-0.5139278173446655,
-0.5693328976631165,
0.4666185975074768,
0.75603187084198,
0.20409007370471954,
0.16191795468330383,
0.1967988759279251,
0.13713429868221283,
-0.04563315212726593,
0.08070395141839981,
0.3522661328315735,
-0.2604224681854248,
0.3620638847351074,
-0.16611944139003754,
-0.17429889738559723,
-0.06258630007505417,
-0.20241855084896088,
0.26755809783935547,
-0.8667972087860107,
0.27803945541381836,
-0.16288521885871887,
0.08395744115114212,
-0.3487739562988281,
-0.4547173082828522,
0.6517788171768188,
0.14099644124507904,
-0.06688962131738663,
0.18256157636642456,
0.03359375521540642,
0.32604554295539856,
0.04423633590340614,
0.16463162004947662,
0.06921064108610153,
-0.12206892669200897,
0.19896946847438812,
-0.5069958567619324,
-0.007997286505997181,
0.2360653132200241,
0.09755908697843552,
0.3569750487804413,
0.046879205852746964,
0.23982372879981995,
-0.07087598741054535,
0.03312230110168457,
-0.06577350199222565,
-0.2839081883430481,
-0.5055081248283386,
0.014583487063646317,
-0.0256896261125803,
0.15405260026454926,
0.27765750885009766,
0.27020418643951416,
-0.5582832098007202,
0.42306968569755554,
-0.2307664155960083,
0.054247934371232986,
0.23838981986045837,
-0.20530816912651062,
0.28555017709732056,
-0.014222386293113232,
0.9531358480453491,
-0.13031192123889923,
0.12595407664775848,
-0.4418879449367523,
-0.34286725521087646,
0.03755423054099083,
-0.17611710727214813,
-0.31827956438064575,
0.2563750445842743,
0.2254572957754135,
-0.011745326220989227,
-0.5581357479095459,
0.12166310101747513,
0.39178037643432617,
-0.45683571696281433,
0.17580103874206543,
0.4814397096633911,
0.2887956500053406,
0.03910859301686287,
0.506687581539154,
-0.08032164722681046,
-0.057969074696302414,
-0.08995465189218521,
0.25889456272125244,
0.5156062841415405,
0.5160275101661682,
0.34045445919036865,
-0.11736093461513519,
-0.08398827165365219,
-0.009924568235874176,
-0.17426596581935883,
-0.19172029197216034,
-0.20092441141605377,
-0.4754256010055542,
-0.3977298140525818,
-0.5602424144744873,
0.731105625629425,
-0.43313145637512207,
0.27286219596862793,
0.4294286370277405,
0.32087501883506775,
0.3514281213283539,
-0.45487987995147705,
-0.2889659106731415,
0.2672899663448334,
0.21143373847007751,
-0.14713263511657715,
0.11661640554666519,
0.6089473366737366,
-0.13040907680988312,
-0.055775050073862076,
-0.13426394760608673,
0.4271957576274872,
0.04427363723516464,
-0.23219254612922668,
0.02391778491437435,
0.0208114180713892,
-0.30329564213752747,
0.07348993420600891,
-0.40454375743865967,
-0.48713400959968567,
0.10904664546251297,
0.25212210416793823
] |
233438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aracaju | Aracaju | Aracaju () is the capital of the state of Sergipe, Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country on the coast, about 350 km (217 mi) north of Salvador.
According to the 2020 estimate, the city has 664,908 inhabitants, which represents approximately 33% of the state population. Adding to the populations of the municipalities forming the Metropolitan area: Barra dos Coqueiros, Nossa Senhora do Socorro and São Cristóvão.
Its Metropolitan Cathedral Nossa Senhora da Conceiçao, dedicated to Our Lady of Immaculate Conception, is the archiepiscopal see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aracaju.
History
The extinct unclassified Boime language (also spelled Poyme) was spoken by indigenous peoples near Aracajú on the São Francisco River.
Economy
The economy is based on services and industry.
The GDP for the city was (2013).
In recent years, the city has been invigorated by major investors from both eastern Europe (especially from Belarus and Russia) and China setting to be a key city on the Brics relations worldwide as well as a 'Mercocity' (adopted from Mercosur).
Tourism and recreation
The city has emerged as a good choice in low-cost tourism. Seen and recognized as one of the safest (63 murders per 100,000; No. 12 city in world; List of cities by murder rate) capitals in the Northeast region and the lowest costs of living in the country, more recently has focused its tourism business in creating quality accommodation, such as world-renowned hostels. Planned public transportation improvements were aimed at increasing the comfort and integration to the visitors users. In advance of seeking access facilities, bus lines have been reformed and can be monitored in real time here
Sports
At the 2016 Summer Olympics the city hosted teams from seven countries. Football athletes from Japan and gymnasts and swimmers curiously mostly from many eastern European countries like Poland, Austria, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Czech Republic established the city as home-base for training.
For the 2016 Summer Paralympics Games the city is accommodating athletes from Eurasian Economic Community countries such as the Kazakhstani paralympic team and the Belarus paralympic team, including paralympic swimmer champion Ihar Boki.
Transportation
Air
Aracaju is served by Santa Maria Airport, a domestic commercial airport. It dates to 1952 and became fully functional in 1958. The airport is located in the Santa Maria neighborhood of the city and is located from downtown Aracaju.
Roads
Aracaju is located on the northern segment of BR-101, a major north–south longitudinal highway in Brazil. It is also the easternmost point of BR-235, an incomplete highway which is projected to run from Aracaju west to Novo Progresso, Pará.
Educational institutions
Federal University of Sergipe
Universidade Norte do Paraná (Unopar)
Geography
Climate
Aracaju's climate is hot and humid, and the city experiences a tropical monsoon climate. The average annual temperature is and average annual rainfall is .
The hottest months Aracaju experiences are January, February and March, with temperatures averaging , while the average highs are and the minimum is . The mildest are July and August, with temperatures averaging , with a mean maximum not exceeding , and at night the temperature drops to . However, it may happen that the temperature gets warmer in “winter” and cooler in “summer,” as in 2002.
Aracaju experiences its wettest months between March and July, owing to the strong wind created by lower temperatures in the South and Southeast. During this period, the average amount of rainfall exceeds per month, and the rainiest month of all is May, when rainfall averages approximately . The driest months, between September and February, see the winds weakening and only really managing to bring light clouds. There is also less rain. The driest month is November, when rainfall averages approximately . The average rainfall during these months is between approximately .
References
External links
Pictures of the city | [
-0.5432812571525574,
0.4517512619495392,
0.09996895492076874,
-0.06728111952543259,
-0.28213945031166077,
0.6736282706260681,
0.41975176334381104,
0.8180657029151917,
-0.33789438009262085,
-0.4326667785644531,
0.3318086862564087,
0.30599725246429443,
-0.3620626926422119,
0.6773862242698669,
-0.1019095852971077,
0.7373729348182678,
-0.14730852842330933,
0.6500388979911804,
0.2703385651111603,
-0.3886544704437256,
-0.5010055899620056,
-0.3603260815143585,
-0.23019620776176453,
0.0609777569770813,
0.6942359805107117,
-0.1966145634651184,
0.34315747022628784,
0.40551111102104187,
-0.1978101283311844,
-0.20959123969078064,
0.011671165004372597,
0.6189588308334351,
-0.27072852849960327,
-0.40898463129997253,
-0.027341125532984734,
-0.24591048061847687,
0.16216611862182617,
-0.382189005613327,
0.29088616371154785,
-0.278598815202713,
-0.04589492082595825,
-0.03155864030122757,
0.5583681464195251,
0.24258944392204285,
0.2957075536251068,
-0.3443591296672821,
-0.4478742480278015,
0.8410502076148987,
-0.531302809715271,
0.09417448192834854,
-1.4279307126998901,
1.2648555040359497,
0.17582179605960846,
-0.23161360621452332,
-0.029987961053848267,
0.3920283019542694,
-0.4907260239124298,
0.30078887939453125,
0.043531302362680435,
0.028832992538809776,
-0.07909925282001495,
0.6852940917015076,
0.027846183627843857,
0.058202750980854034,
-0.0009368175524286926,
0.18410079181194305,
-0.19958096742630005,
0.20488950610160828,
-0.022150801494717598,
-0.6057971715927124,
-0.5984128713607788,
-0.026172224432229996,
-0.32815906405448914,
-0.7969410419464111,
-0.24842959642410278,
-0.37683260440826416,
-1.1418691873550415,
0.14096753299236298,
-0.09916789084672928,
0.24075546860694885,
0.02772497572004795,
-0.00033247313695028424,
0.4395139217376709,
-0.7468003630638123,
0.28275761008262634,
0.5224818587303162,
-0.4298608601093292,
0.26004916429519653,
-0.09564538300037384,
0.7913725972175598,
-0.7373571395874023,
-0.21965155005455017,
0.09401736408472061,
-0.41201066970825195,
-0.3536284267902374,
0.2276708334684372,
0.050247736275196075,
0.007552152033895254,
-0.5640102028846741,
0.26269397139549255,
-0.15419788658618927,
0.17349496483802795,
0.38722503185272217,
0.3319224715232849,
-0.4355047047138214,
0.22744613885879517,
-0.9189603328704834,
0.25083231925964355,
-0.03328771889209747,
-0.3989989459514618,
-0.2779921293258667,
0.3149394690990448,
-0.18982543051242828,
0.3446498215198517,
0.398133248090744,
-0.07287446409463882,
0.128125861287117,
-0.46115025877952576,
0.14588624238967896,
-0.6346372365951538,
-0.25978270173072815,
0.4799686074256897,
0.16666308045387268,
-0.07948128134012222,
-0.09228278696537018,
0.031559791415929794,
0.09946048259735107,
-0.4540903568267822,
-0.6308359503746033,
0.3106647729873657,
0.17475686967372894,
0.5457640290260315,
0.2878513038158417,
0.17157694697380066,
0.04171226918697357,
-0.8007065057754517,
-0.13845528662204742,
0.37551623582839966,
0.7293153405189514,
0.15676067769527435,
-0.5772021412849426,
0.33882996439933777,
-0.10946302115917206,
-0.092606320977211,
0.6585545539855957,
0.08066302537918091,
0.2148861587047577,
-0.5212571024894714,
-0.10575328022241592,
-0.22868138551712036,
0.4590141177177429,
-0.0003537214361131191,
-0.16942793130874634,
0.25054240226745605,
-0.7083718180656433,
-0.7124381065368652,
0.4501984119415283,
-0.5113202333450317,
0.48952725529670715,
0.2247164100408554,
0.35179534554481506,
0.26032528281211853,
0.03269581496715546,
-0.2314194142818451,
0.25164178013801575,
-0.3410052955150604,
0.12882119417190552,
0.5000400543212891,
0.039330560714006424,
-0.07358089089393616,
-0.11546658724546432,
-0.08455067873001099,
0.46588048338890076,
-0.9795849323272705,
-0.6121931672096252,
0.1046813577413559,
0.4332072138786316,
0.20899727940559387,
-0.13577406108379364,
-0.054057423025369644,
-0.6567926406860352,
0.7559072375297546,
-0.49884700775146484,
0.5882641673088074,
-0.4682668149471283,
0.1381039172410965,
0.5607918500900269,
0.549425482749939,
-0.36710047721862793,
0.21117731928825378,
-0.208926722407341,
-0.5825309157371521,
-0.5587220788002014,
-0.3443668782711029,
0.49179837107658386,
0.53010094165802,
-0.5701195597648621,
0.7229851484298706,
-0.1132434755563736,
0.47213172912597656,
-1.0248022079467773,
0.3747100234031677,
1.117987036705017,
-0.4273281991481781,
-0.7566994428634644,
0.1840602606534958,
0.2520312964916229,
0.28406772017478943,
-0.34100648760795593,
1.3088092803955078,
-0.4079415798187256,
0.3260342478752136,
0.33354365825653076,
-0.12458688765764236,
-0.30312320590019226,
-0.39429324865341187,
0.17734716832637787,
-0.4594222605228424,
0.2327255755662918,
-0.3404810130596161,
0.40065038204193115,
-0.13018356263637543,
-0.19675353169441223,
0.9080367684364319,
0.23469515144824982,
0.5180994868278503,
0.7924361824989319,
0.27952712774276733,
0.3224501609802246,
-0.2960018813610077,
0.34555724263191223,
0.634212851524353,
0.20208169519901276,
0.0039977384731173515,
-0.45781660079956055,
0.15358716249465942,
0.2608187794685364,
-0.5458375811576843,
0.02206718921661377,
0.015100865624845028,
-0.08501798659563065,
-0.18883106112480164,
-0.1648341417312622,
0.5356947183609009,
0.6817052960395813,
0.1922469437122345,
-0.10001322627067566,
-0.015431057661771774,
-0.5108959674835205,
0.2948314845561981,
-0.10147086530923843,
-0.03389880061149597,
-0.033012039959430695,
0.4533821642398834,
0.1875467300415039,
-0.234181210398674,
-0.3916868567466736,
-0.3329858183860779,
0.45635247230529785,
0.29996737837791443,
-0.6523305177688599,
-0.546168327331543,
-0.06512093544006348,
0.8388863801956177,
-0.13554833829402924,
0.03175339847803116,
0.1950688511133194,
-0.7262088060379028,
0.022816093638539314,
-0.25337666273117065,
-0.5081389546394348,
-0.5166120529174805,
0.2039760947227478,
-0.45099887251853943,
0.45716768503189087,
-0.28603824973106384,
-0.18966129422187805,
-0.027483424171805382,
-0.9693915247917175,
0.3153347969055176,
0.20870108902454376,
0.7285153865814209,
-0.49532178044319153,
-1.0962471961975098,
0.016508053988218307,
-0.381531685590744,
0.48673659563064575,
-0.9603630900382996,
-0.9795300960540771,
0.1321483999490738,
-0.011415461078286171,
-0.21495795249938965,
-0.3847036063671112,
0.5455013513565063,
-0.39128994941711426,
-0.15871289372444153,
0.07297921925783157,
0.07366121560335159,
0.8040897250175476,
-0.8664865493774414,
-0.17759178578853607,
0.06702493876218796,
0.02547745779156685,
0.25368955731391907,
-0.05705534666776657,
-0.22178246080875397,
0.3107832074165344,
-0.5189204216003418,
-5.33054780960083,
0.6877499222755432,
-0.3009456992149353,
-0.22526875138282776,
-0.029808321967720985,
-0.14177702367305756,
0.3323248624801636,
-0.17573921382427216,
0.42211484909057617,
-0.6928489208221436,
0.08238941431045532,
0.33578014373779297,
-0.245602086186409,
0.7198486328125,
0.4459312856197357,
1.05826735496521,
0.08063392341136932,
-0.026662513613700867,
0.24162010848522186,
-0.39240530133247375,
-0.5384933948516846,
0.30610784888267517,
0.007297312840819359,
0.07991161197423935,
0.8084331750869751,
0.3163714110851288,
-0.7730909585952759,
-0.45475295186042786,
-0.4339495003223419,
-0.246712327003479,
0.3509325087070465,
0.33546119928359985,
-0.26423680782318115,
0.28323930501937866,
-0.12069239467382431,
0.1767687350511551,
-0.19051003456115723,
-0.33847150206565857,
0.37491506338119507,
-0.37298068404197693,
-0.15621374547481537,
0.25989285111427307,
-0.04041939973831177,
0.040782663971185684,
0.06371058523654938,
-0.4132077395915985,
-0.3102171719074249,
-0.5003135204315186,
0.2934487462043762,
0.42218220233917236,
0.03200571984052658,
-0.31389743089675903,
0.3126761019229889,
0.01074123103171587,
0.4995201528072357,
-0.33587348461151123,
0.3423815965652466,
0.21909721195697784,
-0.4916151165962219,
0.7476513385772705,
0.4029596447944641,
-0.2602197229862213,
-0.28531408309936523,
-0.8190128803253174,
0.10670888423919678,
0.11169088631868362,
0.5904326438903809,
-0.43660956621170044,
0.790116012096405,
-0.1324131190776825,
-0.3005558252334595,
0.33949998021125793,
-0.6655887961387634,
-0.5039718151092529,
-0.09247276932001114,
-0.28791674971580505,
-0.7279290556907654,
0.7050463557243347,
-0.3826543986797333,
0.2944759428501129,
-0.3215276300907135,
-0.14063407480716705,
-0.18622753024101257,
0.00020980718545615673,
-0.12244605273008347,
-0.3451288342475891,
0.5122113823890686,
-0.0018127694493159652,
0.09715483337640762,
0.21257808804512024,
0.6272308826446533,
-0.6820836067199707,
0.4500036835670471,
-0.3451858162879944,
-0.26792609691619873,
0.0298073198646307,
0.0649442970752716,
0.0349377803504467,
0.06047368794679642,
-0.17401646077632904,
0.7829376459121704,
-0.19591626524925232,
0.037963639944791794,
0.23224781453609467,
0.11999162286520004,
0.1216631531715393,
0.37454137206077576,
0.3008382320404053,
0.10720833390951157,
-0.2060806155204773,
-0.29176098108291626,
0.07358288019895554,
-0.44142666459083557,
0.12179765105247498,
0.42468082904815674,
0.27269211411476135,
-0.19255754351615906,
0.030523886904120445,
0.35434743762016296,
-0.11689859628677368,
0.395844042301178,
-0.030485937371850014,
-0.24919721484184265,
0.002017383463680744,
-0.42086663842201233,
0.2050255835056305,
-0.04019342362880707,
0.8466417789459229,
-0.08922455459833145,
-0.04535071179270744,
-0.011159971356391907,
-0.5145885348320007,
0.012324893847107887,
-0.4595109522342682,
0.7005048990249634,
-0.2244574874639511,
0.3245922029018402,
-1.1394034624099731,
0.3282986283302307,
-0.21436408162117004,
0.0749669075012207,
-0.0789160430431366,
-0.09028902649879456,
0.09017813205718994,
0.22880561649799347,
-0.07584883272647858,
-0.3226696848869324,
-0.5087252259254456,
-0.9828289151191711,
0.10923394560813904,
-0.18723616003990173,
-0.6404198408126831,
-0.5158448815345764,
0.12121366709470749,
-0.2993048131465912,
-0.3745775818824768,
0.09973874688148499,
-0.4249630868434906,
0.11476877331733704,
0.5381754636764526,
0.6272503733634949,
-0.7339158058166504,
-0.7180308699607849,
0.2733475863933563,
0.5576609969139099,
-0.14414356648921967,
-0.32003992795944214,
-0.5998646020889282,
-0.09658566862344742,
0.5653026700019836,
0.2659366726875305,
-0.5680543184280396,
-0.4431988298892975,
-0.5074661374092102,
0.4927026927471161,
-0.35316887497901917,
0.5410882830619812,
0.7933706641197205,
0.26053303480148315,
0.6456301212310791,
-0.04124149680137634,
0.036189623177051544,
0.06912656873464584,
0.2530081868171692,
0.018773900344967842,
-0.6869882345199585,
-0.6998586654663086,
0.004433830268681049,
0.5524799227714539,
-0.13199135661125183,
0.40735650062561035,
-0.008899598382413387,
0.012612031772732735,
0.02449691854417324,
-0.9657849669456482,
-0.8216705322265625,
-0.14817285537719727,
-0.5301802158355713,
0.01006318163126707,
-0.41909271478652954,
-0.10138719528913498,
0.7498807311058044,
-1.0963083505630493,
1.1684832572937012,
-0.5024228692054749,
-0.14227472245693207,
0.5355308055877686,
0.18936102092266083,
-0.9892503023147583,
-0.057929836213588715,
-0.9192189574241638,
-0.4556792080402374,
0.5915957093238831,
0.9128818511962891,
-0.1702420860528946,
0.2789531648159027,
-0.20633910596370697,
0.11770617961883545,
-0.3825634717941284,
-0.2442333996295929,
-0.5809473991394043,
-0.21054519712924957,
0.41504427790641785,
0.08103474974632263,
0.13014402985572815,
0.7354247570037842,
0.41482996940612793,
-1.0229908227920532,
0.41903313994407654,
-0.4799462854862213,
0.2747960090637207,
-0.32764431834220886,
0.12002245336771011,
0.04457428678870201,
-0.08294342458248138,
-0.38386666774749756,
-0.10511627048254013,
0.15376786887645721,
0.1992766559123993,
-0.440788209438324,
-0.053014934062957764,
0.34802374243736267,
-0.12604740262031555,
-0.3582472503185272,
0.11280722916126251,
0.8854429125785828,
-0.37455135583877563,
-0.10035359859466553,
-0.7448264956474304,
-0.19066767394542694,
-0.3189845681190491,
-0.47262877225875854,
-0.43939080834388733,
-0.18668319284915924,
0.30421915650367737,
0.07590464502573013,
-0.19871695339679718,
1.2628742456436157,
0.14387241005897522,
-0.10158052295446396,
0.05010382458567619,
0.015762602910399437,
0.17158879339694977,
0.09887982904911041,
-0.495370090007782,
-0.09377173334360123,
0.2606198191642761,
-0.3196624517440796,
0.7756578922271729,
0.004115527495741844,
0.18634743988513947,
-0.2602330446243286,
0.2997989356517792,
-0.4910443127155304,
0.18295852839946747,
0.033043280243873596,
-0.39063987135887146,
0.0069274380803108215,
-0.021660979837179184,
-0.16739879548549652,
-1.02953040599823,
0.12514978647232056,
0.11982916295528412,
0.4912242591381073,
0.16350139677524567,
-0.4150830805301666,
-0.014274009503424168,
-0.12958230078220367,
0.039713650941848755,
-0.06515934318304062,
0.04020358622074127,
-0.01033311802893877,
-0.1667300909757614,
-0.29088687896728516,
-0.40838509798049927,
-0.01841787062585354,
0.04417986422777176,
0.7938184142112732,
-0.0821801945567131,
0.15863680839538574,
-0.5316857695579529,
0.9951992034912109,
1.0819599628448486,
-0.17871643602848053,
-0.13500291109085083,
0.07895416021347046,
0.29063352942466736,
0.2346482276916504,
-0.01400335319340229,
-0.24792265892028809,
0.1466020792722702,
0.2864571213722229,
0.5955932140350342,
0.5668202042579651,
-0.48282307386398315,
0.5274718403816223,
0.12949375808238983,
0.2164868414402008,
-0.07374339550733566,
0.6702432036399841,
-0.07035750150680542,
-1.0767143964767456,
-0.15200327336788177,
0.2880666255950928,
0.6878998875617981,
0.7753885388374329,
-0.38878634572029114,
-0.21425479650497437,
-0.1918458193540573,
0.8395728468894958,
-0.004534602165222168,
-0.11331295222043991,
-0.5728093385696411,
-0.26270192861557007,
-1.1562210321426392,
-0.671806275844574,
0.2281455546617508,
-0.1997331976890564,
-0.6356824040412903,
0.34346815943717957,
0.8299481272697449,
0.5560706257820129,
-0.4335356652736664,
0.30994749069213867,
0.20577454566955566,
-0.03777964040637016,
0.5108228325843811,
0.36850598454475403,
0.015436206012964249,
-0.31782466173171997,
0.4465041160583496,
0.2178553342819214,
0.08689604699611664,
0.5042640566825867,
-0.47517409920692444,
0.32753321528434753,
0.5344894528388977,
0.27334463596343994,
-0.3867419362068176,
0.28872212767601013,
-0.30814632773399353,
-0.3274385929107666,
-0.33676785230636597,
0.10476133972406387,
-0.33107084035873413,
-0.32900694012641907,
-0.03469165414571762,
-0.15730640292167664,
-0.33767667412757874,
0.31193020939826965,
-0.8785382509231567,
-0.06467129290103912,
0.1472140997648239,
0.6515838503837585,
0.748296856880188,
0.3106415569782257,
0.09398975223302841,
0.9477667212486267,
-0.27341681718826294,
1.155077576637268,
-0.20768669247627258,
0.30042004585266113,
-0.29615098237991333,
-0.26156097650527954,
-0.1415366679430008,
0.2538605034351349,
0.055663324892520905,
0.04898756742477417,
-0.29841694235801697,
0.3781692683696747,
0.053177766501903534,
0.1320597529411316,
-0.0813060998916626,
0.35402965545654297,
-0.10207745432853699,
-0.5933313369750977,
-0.12607164680957794,
1.290690302848816,
0.9947006106376648,
0.24932746589183807,
0.041305333375930786,
0.051687099039554596,
-0.4227076470851898,
0.6085764765739441,
-0.31833410263061523,
-0.2502736449241638,
-0.20359444618225098,
0.2733207046985626,
-0.8240917325019836,
0.7938719987869263,
-0.21219037473201752,
0.29235345125198364,
-0.4333229064941406,
0.24569328129291534,
-0.5555974841117859,
0.32055607438087463,
-0.026067668572068214,
-0.2200166881084442,
0.23516994714736938,
-0.5281985998153687,
0.2540283799171448,
-0.5704490542411804,
0.13170267641544342,
0.7518693804740906,
0.6211921572685242,
-0.4347035586833954,
-0.19478143751621246,
0.27227652072906494,
-1.0491058826446533,
0.17546142637729645,
0.33761322498321533,
0.16728264093399048,
-0.7328429818153381,
0.12259487807750702,
-0.2929006516933441,
-0.3919561803340912,
0.34604910016059875,
0.8479446172714233,
0.2156008630990982,
0.10341021418571472,
-0.4056002199649811,
-0.08098214119672775,
0.11941806972026825,
-0.7103976607322693,
-0.004486716818064451,
-0.1433546245098114,
-0.3825538754463196,
-0.1395808756351471,
-0.8711478114128113,
0.7072008848190308,
0.2816738784313202,
0.1958501785993576,
-0.013150806538760662,
0.14180931448936462,
-0.1348155289888382,
-0.1700049787759781,
0.5879763960838318,
-0.8214825987815857,
1.1967377662658691,
0.21767418086528778
] |
233442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belice | Belice | The Belice, , is a river of western Sicily. It is about long. From its main source near Piana degli Albanesi it runs south and west for as the Belice Destro ("right Belice") until it is joined near Poggioreale by its secondary branch, the Belice Sinistro ("left Belice"), which rises on the slopes of Rocca Busambra. The Belice proper then flows for another or so before entering the Strait of Sicily to the east of the ancient Greek archaeological site of Selinunte. During Classical times it was known as the Hypsas.
History
The middle section of the Belice valley was hit by the January 1968 Belice earthquake which completely destroyed numerous centres of population, including Gibellina, Montevago and Salaparuta. Three hundred and seventy people died, a thousand were injured and some 70,000 people were made homeless.
References
Rivers of Italy
Rivers of Sicily
Rivers of the Province of Palermo
Rivers of the Province of Trapani
European drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea | [
0.25970879197120667,
-0.0574013851583004,
-0.15353523194789886,
-0.16710054874420166,
0.18339358270168304,
0.6750453114509583,
-0.049338508397340775,
0.3224043548107147,
-0.3346497416496277,
-0.2978155314922333,
0.5301594734191895,
0.4251125156879425,
-0.8155059218406677,
0.33480599522590637,
-0.9638105034828186,
0.4402149021625519,
0.3744205832481384,
-0.2866056263446808,
0.8159626126289368,
-0.03746020793914795,
0.5072426199913025,
0.15224303305149078,
0.035081975162029266,
0.37205770611763,
-0.7516064643859863,
0.32355043292045593,
-0.30547356605529785,
0.8199147582054138,
-0.18967683613300323,
-0.256883442401886,
-0.2878325581550598,
-0.13371595740318298,
0.04906342551112175,
-0.2774711549282074,
-0.4303478002548218,
0.042781852185726166,
0.13009147346019745,
-0.43111667037010193,
-0.9083048105239868,
-0.47361981868743896,
-0.13924556970596313,
0.05657700449228287,
-0.2419261634349823,
0.6834924221038818,
0.043135255575180054,
0.22373564541339874,
-0.9370418787002563,
0.32972562313079834,
-0.2704872786998749,
-0.10567426681518555,
-0.2758629322052002,
0.3955407738685608,
-0.16773657500743866,
-0.08298113197088242,
0.3471316695213318,
0.19254019856452942,
-0.5815629959106445,
0.1519562005996704,
0.2904963493347168,
-0.004127443302422762,
0.4860854744911194,
0.23044046759605408,
0.5927488803863525,
-0.251781165599823,
0.18358509242534637,
0.2147866189479828,
0.32204294204711914,
0.17872615158557892,
-0.4084608554840088,
-0.2771579921245575,
0.08877693861722946,
-0.06804387271404266,
-0.8587177991867065,
-0.47960856556892395,
-0.7677798271179199,
-0.41757094860076904,
-0.6765688061714172,
-0.0866527408361435,
-0.06072021275758743,
0.5031053423881531,
0.35712191462516785,
-0.24890173971652985,
1.1140307188034058,
0.1437946856021881,
0.2908235192298889,
0.3829469382762909,
-0.06535226106643677,
0.2311231940984726,
-1.0193504095077515,
0.11368346959352493,
-0.3290329575538635,
-0.690733015537262,
0.2690790593624115,
-0.5647180676460266,
0.11964748054742813,
0.1803882122039795,
-0.46026280522346497,
0.3990432024002075,
-0.08371451497077942,
0.14179638028144836,
-0.46490633487701416,
-0.03265336900949478,
-0.3528732359409332,
0.35434839129447937,
-0.730528712272644,
-0.3539406955242157,
-0.4545888304710388,
-0.15722674131393433,
-0.3813779652118683,
-0.06021701171994209,
-0.45505672693252563,
0.2327888160943985,
-0.09808508306741714,
-0.1341172456741333,
0.14229345321655273,
0.3801916539669037,
0.15310174226760864,
0.3922935128211975,
-0.3511495888233185,
-0.11462926119565964,
0.5313301682472229,
0.5774049758911133,
-0.11235635727643967,
-0.040264736860990524,
0.48457732796669006,
0.6686965823173523,
0.23832522332668304,
0.14632722735404968,
-0.7176528573036194,
0.12683090567588806,
0.4335930347442627,
0.8581645488739014,
-0.38081687688827515,
0.07127852737903595,
-0.018117981031537056,
-0.6093002557754517,
-0.6377893090248108,
-0.07288376241922379,
-0.08925780653953552,
-0.13344453275203705,
-0.4219684898853302,
0.4565381407737732,
-0.31119242310523987,
-0.35985004901885986,
-0.011897223070263863,
-0.1739843487739563,
-0.23901821672916412,
-0.2776590883731842,
-0.12290482968091965,
-0.20106033980846405,
0.36503469944000244,
0.6558782458305359,
-0.35673797130584717,
0.30037352442741394,
-0.00003868926069117151,
0.05318392440676689,
0.14572173357009888,
0.07575617730617523,
-0.25063297152519226,
0.3388812243938446,
0.33972832560539246,
0.539412260055542,
0.4134889245033264,
0.03147376701235771,
0.47903379797935486,
-0.6517554521560669,
0.23314133286476135,
-0.18226678669452667,
0.32428115606307983,
0.5087389349937439,
-0.23517239093780518,
0.12690624594688416,
0.3320239782333374,
-0.36084726452827454,
-0.05068131908774376,
-0.023047015070915222,
0.6536747813224792,
-0.0050284238532185555,
0.13050881028175354,
-0.38814762234687805,
-0.7947548627853394,
-0.05545469745993614,
-0.6810624599456787,
0.09199880808591843,
0.32777896523475647,
0.6529034972190857,
-0.2797369956970215,
0.4891204237937927,
0.3286663293838501,
-0.35675930976867676,
0.8416308164596558,
-0.2315681427717209,
-0.1948651671409607,
-0.29997095465660095,
0.7689573168754578,
-0.14409036934375763,
-0.17172324657440186,
0.5462591052055359,
-0.15618489682674408,
0.3629899024963379,
-0.7938278317451477,
0.3433745801448822,
0.7961872816085815,
-0.08427940309047699,
0.002460163552314043,
0.3111705482006073,
0.21858471632003784,
0.3937838077545166,
0.28288424015045166,
0.9086949825286865,
0.7539778351783752,
0.10359037667512894,
-0.12281464040279388,
-0.5859074592590332,
0.4900016188621521,
-0.29135429859161377,
0.04834038391709328,
0.7032889723777771,
0.7116823792457581,
0.07451748102903366,
0.5877422094345093,
0.06557127088308334,
-0.60807204246521,
0.426501601934433,
-0.27942368388175964,
0.32118934392929077,
0.11807987838983536,
0.06583704799413681,
0.2698722183704376,
-0.5234754681587219,
-0.25298580527305603,
0.5761445164680481,
0.12169630825519562,
-0.3240078091621399,
-0.4346473217010498,
0.48040199279785156,
0.13836809992790222,
-0.7857944965362549,
1.0521645545959473,
0.05302055552601814,
0.33995363116264343,
0.08162152767181396,
-0.3182341456413269,
0.003638508962467313,
0.27640244364738464,
0.49300912022590637,
0.38367965817451477,
0.7587683200836182,
-0.6117932796478271,
-0.2433898001909256,
-0.019472109153866768,
0.20665526390075684,
0.13462451100349426,
-0.29608169198036194,
-0.07688133418560028,
-0.653522253036499,
-0.04937409237027168,
0.16712599992752075,
0.46947190165519714,
0.2816234827041626,
-0.38479167222976685,
-0.2426980584859848,
-0.16340315341949463,
-0.10491558164358139,
0.2097090184688568,
0.3348972499370575,
-0.6390426158905029,
-0.6588135361671448,
0.2524830400943756,
0.5901793241500854,
0.6428864598274231,
0.29069480299949646,
0.46696045994758606,
0.18422798812389374,
0.04933637008070946,
-0.020819267258048058,
0.17520689964294434,
-0.11232427507638931,
-0.7762842774391174,
-0.4110652804374695,
0.2392648160457611,
0.3622424900531769,
0.3753083646297455,
-0.4425610601902008,
-0.28513383865356445,
-0.1417473405599594,
0.29988348484039307,
-0.11609118431806564,
0.011040739715099335,
-0.05745701491832733,
-0.20062267780303955,
-0.39109042286872864,
-0.08284574002027512,
0.5936515927314758,
-0.334492951631546,
-0.4000907242298126,
-0.1507710963487625,
-0.15312297642230988,
0.21142461895942688,
-0.8494016528129578,
-0.7258259654045105,
0.2877752184867859,
-0.21410076320171356,
-0.2619306445121765,
0.34503892064094543,
0.052012134343385696,
-0.15591779351234436,
0.12868736684322357,
-5.424278736114502,
0.09495764970779419,
-0.20846517384052277,
-0.01879080943763256,
-0.03735045716166496,
-0.7128791213035583,
0.21883173286914825,
-0.04524126276373863,
-0.04912044480443001,
0.15522202849388123,
-0.5384491086006165,
-0.009799046441912651,
-0.10203348845243454,
0.16721327602863312,
0.326963871717453,
0.07319393008947372,
0.17515000700950623,
-0.38657286763191223,
0.34552595019340515,
0.10610471665859222,
-0.05055658891797066,
0.7767477035522461,
-0.5395097136497498,
0.49177736043930054,
-0.44801920652389526,
0.17437104880809784,
-0.12166234850883484,
-0.09635748714208603,
-0.8971734642982483,
-0.32024407386779785,
0.27954357862472534,
-0.1250758022069931,
-0.20693476498126984,
0.18147878348827362,
0.3031063675880432,
0.1451142430305481,
0.3915409445762634,
0.24077066779136658,
0.47476091980934143,
-0.7548289895057678,
0.1760144680738449,
0.4270250201225281,
-0.03900289162993431,
-0.6835802793502808,
-0.18593266606330872,
-0.4197661280632019,
-0.842719316482544,
-0.3035769760608673,
-0.3565889298915863,
0.5764931440353394,
-0.0010163865517824888,
0.2668011784553528,
0.6328722238540649,
0.34519243240356445,
0.08868476003408432,
0.013903786428272724,
0.13212060928344727,
-0.3998105823993683,
-0.4035949409008026,
1.4799641370773315,
-0.1840256005525589,
0.02350776456296444,
0.18620552122592926,
-0.29102057218551636,
0.15329250693321228,
-0.14830900728702545,
0.21130461990833282,
-0.18585483729839325,
-0.05043019354343414,
0.5881704688072205,
-0.2685737907886505,
0.42374661564826965,
-0.6116551160812378,
-0.7811989784240723,
0.571342408657074,
-0.6804908514022827,
-0.9023179411888123,
-0.06570491939783096,
0.15120908617973328,
-0.24541647732257843,
0.007309880573302507,
-0.3795889616012573,
0.47069767117500305,
0.3092420697212219,
-0.24564006924629211,
-0.41557052731513977,
0.7464715242385864,
-0.36971038579940796,
-0.1425478458404541,
-0.74295973777771,
0.8212255835533142,
-0.588917076587677,
0.5130339860916138,
0.3384312093257904,
-0.7814047932624817,
0.7233931422233582,
-0.29961076378822327,
0.37323057651519775,
0.9023895859718323,
-0.3911709189414978,
1.0036466121673584,
-0.26074138283729553,
0.5863438248634338,
-0.3022707998752594,
0.34325844049453735,
-0.5667226910591125,
0.12734447419643402,
0.1224854364991188,
0.5946279764175415,
-0.3358551263809204,
0.26174184679985046,
0.16954898834228516,
-0.36786171793937683,
-0.760205864906311,
0.843991756439209,
-0.062779501080513,
-0.05366070196032524,
1.0067570209503174,
-0.13958734273910522,
-0.20112493634223938,
0.2794380784034729,
0.4098055958747864,
0.36366817355155945,
-0.3229682445526123,
0.8526767492294312,
0.18058672547340393,
-0.23818430304527283,
0.7577821612358093,
-0.30670297145843506,
0.30257588624954224,
-0.22034110128879547,
-0.04927435517311096,
0.19850096106529236,
-0.08574391156435013,
0.5140806436538696,
-0.26510554552078247,
-1.0053951740264893,
-0.7559608817100525,
0.4939626157283783,
-0.03675121068954468,
0.4014626741409302,
-0.007191857323050499,
-0.8279913663864136,
-0.5119406580924988,
0.44404736161231995,
0.5077534914016724,
-0.2557584047317505,
0.32861706614494324,
-0.431509405374527,
0.32115620374679565,
0.21799010038375854,
0.1810314804315567,
-0.5360678434371948,
-0.3173312246799469,
-0.44172409176826477,
0.32572755217552185,
0.6628430485725403,
0.800718367099762,
-0.07896910607814789,
0.0558924525976181,
-0.6161489486694336,
-0.6636876463890076,
-1.156540036201477,
0.32485318183898926,
-0.20671002566814423,
-0.24757464230060577,
-0.8481490015983582,
-0.769213855266571,
0.11469671875238419,
0.4188166558742523,
0.14106447994709015,
-0.10496384650468826,
-0.7973031401634216,
-0.2888246774673462,
-0.4445835053920746,
-0.3315797746181488,
-0.13786712288856506,
0.5144635438919067,
-0.11067331582307816,
0.20195864140987396,
0.1474897414445877,
0.0914497822523117,
0.08167120069265366,
-0.08135316520929337,
0.4027888774871826,
-0.3883057236671448,
-0.8051774501800537,
-0.022599060088396072,
-0.511550784111023,
-0.31857946515083313,
0.10006694495677948,
0.3223429322242737,
0.051364295184612274,
0.6035486459732056,
0.13128338754177094,
-0.9515429139137268,
-0.14249715209007263,
0.14177042245864868,
-0.3981129229068756,
0.07025604695081711,
-0.38756313920021057,
0.2432151734828949,
-1.0394706726074219,
0.4791848957538605,
-0.6470276713371277,
-0.8736646175384521,
0.9994291067123413,
0.40470075607299805,
-0.5769968032836914,
-0.014727083034813404,
-0.27787089347839355,
-0.7210774421691895,
-0.12743648886680603,
0.10589569061994553,
-0.8567314743995667,
0.5498337745666504,
-0.1870371252298355,
0.0451684407889843,
-0.8461782932281494,
-0.32745441794395447,
-0.7095547318458557,
-0.5095634460449219,
0.4193439483642578,
-0.19909308850765228,
-0.2775775194168091,
0.2715838551521301,
0.5037660002708435,
-0.4879286289215088,
-0.11078359931707382,
0.2532903850078583,
0.22662103176116943,
0.04071998968720436,
0.541008710861206,
0.0688517615199089,
-0.2369794249534607,
-0.19075167179107666,
-0.12163793295621872,
-0.045942749828100204,
0.09030146151781082,
-0.08582210540771484,
0.433893620967865,
0.5789220929145813,
-0.41405221819877625,
-0.15632572770118713,
1.028704047203064,
0.4369698762893677,
-0.3045560419559479,
-0.23965761065483093,
-0.5244500637054443,
-0.022834276780486107,
0.7241911292076111,
0.3279503583908081,
-0.5440459251403809,
-0.28633004426956177,
0.8180546760559082,
0.017854198813438416,
0.32385119795799255,
-0.1576543003320694,
0.5076128840446472,
0.47362378239631653,
0.2630728483200073,
0.5232340097427368,
-0.04067777097225189,
0.05483702942728996,
0.233504518866539,
-0.6125684976577759,
-0.18934543430805206,
-0.1511012762784958,
0.31212568283081055,
-0.1256158947944641,
0.09335727244615555,
-0.3745989501476288,
0.3960532248020172,
0.6540734767913818,
0.06888145953416824,
0.1679392009973526,
-0.3512451946735382,
-0.3751722276210785,
0.6504930257797241,
0.31789305806159973,
-0.9116278290748596,
-0.09381846338510513,
-0.3899892568588257,
0.06048150733113289,
-0.2419484704732895,
0.35646530985832214,
0.049839723855257034,
0.620598316192627,
-0.5934536457061768,
0.2937030494213104,
0.14586445689201355,
-0.4450218677520752,
-0.24008086323738098,
-0.11445098370313644,
0.011775770224630833,
0.15513882040977478,
-0.022807855159044266,
0.5659035444259644,
-0.19946540892124176,
0.506492555141449,
-0.2953432500362396,
0.5066846013069153,
0.07459662854671478,
-0.34513765573501587,
-0.07839491963386536,
0.17929774522781372,
0.12364096939563751,
-0.3153715133666992,
-0.11733546853065491,
0.3190494775772095,
0.370667964220047,
-0.07523365318775177,
0.1293465942144394,
1.3453154563903809,
0.015837768092751503,
0.566154420375824,
0.7312268018722534,
-0.2591818571090698,
-0.04528950899839401,
0.09118972718715668,
0.44825494289398193,
0.01811533235013485,
-0.18290458619594574,
-0.008593744598329067,
0.14055266976356506,
0.4659455120563507,
-0.9950554370880127,
-0.2841835618019104,
0.11128976941108704,
-0.038723405450582504,
0.1720813810825348,
0.18686652183532715,
-0.31239745020866394,
0.17591506242752075,
-0.17712263762950897,
0.02161446399986744,
0.18989205360412598,
-0.44365638494491577,
0.049513425678014755,
0.1037125512957573,
0.7662153840065002,
0.4982242286205292,
-0.1675504446029663,
0.24926038086414337,
0.16338694095611572,
0.6105276346206665,
-0.2520281970500946,
0.19199058413505554,
0.1277243047952652,
-0.372601181268692,
0.145767942070961,
-0.3527306318283081,
0.28857168555259705,
-0.4777841567993164,
0.2285061627626419,
0.422355055809021,
0.5739562511444092,
0.2078702747821808,
-0.07752789556980133,
0.3654685914516449,
0.47713497281074524,
-0.284950315952301,
0.513813316822052,
-0.10614854097366333,
-0.8958866596221924,
0.14860229194164276,
0.008820250630378723,
-0.9442633986473083,
-0.2979144752025604,
0.3069247007369995,
0.13602139055728912,
0.14705798029899597,
-0.38013553619384766,
-0.08585389703512192,
0.2832334339618683,
0.39925864338874817,
0.030630620196461678,
1.0439637899398804,
-0.37562981247901917,
0.45611169934272766,
-0.1393786370754242,
1.1029325723648071,
-0.15627311170101166,
-0.25819405913352966,
-0.680395245552063,
-0.30566316843032837,
0.3200646936893463,
-0.5426146388053894,
-0.664817750453949,
-0.6879922151565552,
-0.6260454058647156,
-0.9262481927871704,
-0.4735868275165558,
-0.09912645816802979,
-0.6215925812721252,
-0.5919481515884399,
0.17201252281665802,
0.7321897149085999,
0.26966655254364014,
-0.1011110171675682,
-0.21368828415870667,
0.4245850741863251,
-0.17342500388622284,
0.6186842322349548,
-0.21890710294246674,
-0.3302515745162964,
-0.6455943584442139,
0.3951985239982605,
-0.12871581315994263,
0.38097241520881653,
0.37210312485694885,
0.029300862923264503,
-0.3204123079776764,
0.6399361491203308,
-0.0745445117354393,
0.48600634932518005,
0.32501843571662903,
-0.12559905648231506,
-0.021902522072196007,
-0.5677313208580017,
-0.2746029794216156,
-0.5052443146705627,
-0.36011889576911926,
-0.00907498225569725,
0.5715611577033997,
-0.3625258803367615,
-0.3151523470878601,
-0.27023276686668396,
-0.6243150234222412,
-0.05722115933895111,
-0.45680955052375793,
0.09674493223428726,
-0.025121277198195457,
0.2975040078163147,
-0.8034554123878479,
-0.5069900751113892,
1.1378926038742065,
0.1455414742231369,
0.8741234540939331,
-0.563660740852356,
0.5913087129592896,
0.1111953854560852,
0.3243071436882019,
-0.06626689434051514,
-0.24745507538318634,
-0.13832347095012665,
-0.526541531085968,
-0.3861469626426697,
-0.21765539050102234,
-0.15829575061798096,
0.241090327501297,
-0.5912584066390991,
0.42276087403297424,
-0.053081706166267395,
0.2304169088602066,
0.024114636704325676,
-0.5895971655845642,
-1.0810306072235107,
-0.48312151432037354,
0.505577027797699
] |
233443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanding%20bullet | Expanding bullet | Expanding bullets, also known colloquially as dumdum bullets, are projectiles designed to expand on impact. This causes the bullet to increase in diameter, to combat over-penetration and produce a larger wound, thus dealing more damage to a living target. For this reason, they are used for hunting and by most police departments, but are generally prohibited for use in war. Two typical designs are the hollow-point bullet and the soft-point bullet.
Function and use
Expanding bullets are designed to expand on impact, sometimes as much as twice the diameter. This will slow the bullet down and more of its kinetic energy will be transferred to the target, creating a larger wound channel. For this reason expanding bullets are often used in hunting because their stopping power increases the chance of a quick kill. There are a number of designs used for hunting different game and for use in weapons with different muzzle velocities. Bullets used for medium and large game need better penetration, which means bullets designed to maintain integrity and for less expansion. The velocities at which the bullets hit affect their expansion and penetration.
Expanding bullets are less likely to pass through the target, and if they do, they will exit at a lower velocity. This reduces the risk of accidental injury to bystanders. For this reason, and to maximize the stopping effect, law enforcement organizations use expanding bullets. Even then, some penetration is needed, e.g. to penetrate a windshield or heavy clothing. Such a bullet would have less possibility of penetrating body armour or heavy equipment worn on the body.
Names
Expanding bullets were given the name Dum-dum, or dumdum, after an early British example produced in the Dum Dum Arsenal, near Calcutta, India by Captain Neville Bertie-Clay. There were several expanding bullets produced by this arsenal for the .303 British cartridge, including soft-point and hollow-point designs. These were not the first expanding bullets, however; hollow-point expanding bullets were commonly used for hunting thin-skinned game in express rifles as early as the mid-1870s. The use of the term "Dum-dum" applied to expanding bullets other than the early .303 designs is considered slang by most ammunition and ballistics sources. Manufacturers have many terms to describe the particular construction of the various types of expanding bullets, though most fall into the category of soft-point or hollow-point designs. The expansion itself is sometimes called mushrooming.
Another early name was General Tweedie's "mushroom bullet", cited in the New York Times in 1892.
History
Early bullets were typically made in the form of spheres of nearly-pure lead, which is a soft metal. These would often flatten upon impact with the target, causing a wound larger than the original diameter of the ball. The adoption of rifling allowed the use of longer, heavier bullets, but these were still typically constructed of soft lead and would often double in diameter upon impact. In this case expansion was a side effect of materials, and there is no evidence that the bullets were designed to expand upon impact.
The earliest examples of bullets specifically designed to expand on impact were those fired by express rifles, which were developed in the mid-19th century. Express rifles used larger powder charges and lighter bullets than typical for the time to achieve very high velocities for black powder cartridges. One method of lightening the bullets used was to provide a deep cavity in the nose of the bullet. These were the first hollow-point bullets, and in addition to developing higher velocities, they also expanded significantly upon impact. These hollow-point bullets worked well on thin-skinned game, but tended to come apart on bigger game, resulting in insufficient penetration. One solution to this was the "cruciform expanding bullet", a solid bullet with a cross-shaped incision in the tip. This split section expanded only to the depth of the incision, making it an early form of controlled expansion bullet.
In the late 19th century, the invention of cordite and other nitrocellulose-based "smokeless" propellants permitted higher bullet-velocities than black powder, resulting in flatter trajectories and correspondingly higher hit probabilities. Attempts to limit recoil to an acceptable level led to higher-velocity rounds generally being smaller in diameter and lighter. To prevent lead fouling in the bore caused by the higher pressures and velocities, soft lead bullets were replaced by newly introduced full metal jacket bullets.
However, it soon became apparent that such hard, small-caliber rounds were less effective at wounding or killing an enemy than the older, large-caliber soft lead bullets. Within the British Indian Army, the Dum Dum Arsenal produced a solution: the jacketing was removed from the nose of the bullet, creating the first soft-point bullets. Since the Mark II jacket did not cover the base of the round, this could potentially lead to the jacketing being left in the barrel. This potential problem resulted in the rejection of the Dum Dum design and led to independent development of the Mark III, Mark IV (1897) and Mark V (1899) .303 British rounds, which were of the hollow-point design, with the jacket covering the base; while these were made in Britain, not at the Dum Dum Arsenal, the name "Dum-dum" had already become associated with expanding bullets, and continued to be used to refer to any expanding bullets. The expanding bullets expanded upon impact to a diameter significantly greater than the original .312 inch (7.92 mm) bullet diameter, producing larger diameter wounds than the full-metal-jacketed versions. The Mark IV was successful enough in its first use in the Battle of Omdurman that British soldiers issued with the standard Mark II bullets began to remove the top of the jacket, converting the Mark II bullets into improvised Dum-dum types.
In 1898, the German government lodged a protest against the use of the Mark IV bullet, claiming the wounds produced by the Mark IV were excessive and inhumane, thus violating the laws of war. The protest, however, was based on the comparison of the wounds produced by expanding and non-expanding bullets from high-velocity sporting rifles, rather than on comparison of the expanding .303 British bullets with the previous, large-bore service cartridge it replaced, the .577/450 Martini-Henry. With the energy on impact roughly the same, the wounds caused by the expanding bullet of the .303 were less severe than those caused by the larger-caliber, solid lead bullet used by the Martini-Henry.
The German protests were effective, however, resulting in the ban of the use of expanding bullets in warfare. The British replaced the hollow-point bullets with new full metal jacket bullets, and used the remaining stocks of expanding bullets for practice.
During the Hague Convention of 1899, the majority of the delegates moved to prohibit future usage of expanding bullets, which was opposed by the American and British delegations. Historian Barbara Tuchman wrote that,
However, the rest of the delegates at the 1899 Hague Convention were not persuaded by Ardagh's arguments and voted 22–2 to prohibit the future use of the dumdum bullet.
International law
The Hague Convention of 1899, Declaration III prohibits the use of expanding bullets in international warfare. This is often incorrectly believed to be prohibited by the Geneva Conventions, but it significantly predates those conventions, and is in fact a continuance of the Declaration of St Petersburg in 1868, which had earlier banned exploding projectiles of less than .
The text of the declaration states, "The present Declaration is only binding for the Contracting Powers in the case of a war between two or more of them". Until relatively recently, the prohibition on the use of expanding bullets was applicable only to international armed conflicts between the countries that have signed it. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross's customary international law study, customary international law now prohibits their use in any armed conflicts. This has been disputed by the United States, which maintains that the use of expanding bullets can be legal when there is a clear military necessity. The adoption of an amendment to Article 8 at the Review Conference of the Rome Statute in Kampala (2010) makes the use of expanding bullets in non-international armed conflict a war crime. One example of a war crime involving expanding ammunition is the August 1941 German killing of Soviet prisoners at Zhitomir, as a human experiment with captured Red Army materiel.
Because The Hague Convention applies only to the use of expanding bullets in war, the use of expanding rounds remains legal in other circumstances unless it is restricted or prohibited by local laws. Examples are use of expanding bullets in hunting in which it is desirable to stop the animal quickly, either to prevent loss of a game animal or to ensure a humane death of the animal, and in law enforcement or self-defence, if quickly neutralising an aggressor may be needed to prevent further loss of life or the bullet must remain inside the target to prevent collateral damage.
See also
.303 British
Frangible bullet
Hydra-Shok
Glossary of firearms terminology
Military necessity
Stopping power
References
External links
Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Bullets Which Expand or Flatten Easily in the Human Body; July 29, 1899 Document on International laws of war regarding the expanding bullet
The .303 British Cartridge, with information on the original Dum-Dum bullet, and the subsequent MK III through MKV hollow-point bullets.
Dum-Dum Bullet Testing, with tests of dum-dum rounds fired into jugs of water.
Bullet Impact Comparison, results of bullets designed for different expansion and penetration
Bullets
Paramilitary cartridges | [
0.18981656432151794,
0.0999092310667038,
-0.2069464772939682,
0.1498144418001175,
0.0024129084777086973,
0.1832302212715149,
-0.07427266985177994,
-0.08873219788074493,
-0.39726799726486206,
-0.5696670413017273,
-0.3986371159553528,
0.4322660565376282,
0.05933593213558197,
0.2063494324684143,
0.329855352640152,
0.2830505967140198,
0.28064143657684326,
-0.1472882181406021,
-0.3504146635532379,
0.024660151451826096,
-0.15804021060466766,
-0.40999728441238403,
0.5732817053794861,
-0.03975795954465866,
0.28379616141319275,
-0.24268323183059692,
0.31337159872055054,
-0.07459702342748642,
-0.29619595408439636,
0.0562836192548275,
-0.2614929974079132,
0.5004783868789673,
-0.1937437802553177,
-0.14758627116680145,
0.34134814143180847,
0.28897398710250854,
-0.2930617332458496,
0.0416589230298996,
-0.05446531996130943,
-0.6422195434570312,
0.005806255154311657,
0.18418414890766144,
-0.12274425476789474,
0.3449496924877167,
-0.26286235451698303,
-0.8399525284767151,
-1.2350735664367676,
-0.4085385799407959,
-0.7566259503364563,
-0.08510974794626236,
0.15985098481178284,
0.34694960713386536,
-0.16751641035079956,
0.09632468223571777,
0.29264217615127563,
0.46735286712646484,
-0.08393656462430954,
-0.17924708127975464,
0.2984578013420105,
-0.4096102714538574,
0.22817662358283997,
-0.1936495006084442,
-0.651617705821991,
0.32069119811058044,
-0.042600423097610474,
0.6621504426002502,
0.16550308465957642,
-0.18656301498413086,
0.0768723264336586,
-0.6420163512229919,
-0.4387784004211426,
-0.33411484956741333,
0.08310797065496445,
0.22794944047927856,
-0.21301677823066711,
0.3281911611557007,
-0.21000929176807404,
-0.307302325963974,
0.10129320621490479,
0.09438251703977585,
0.13291607797145844,
0.17247186601161957,
0.38489824533462524,
0.014544280245900154,
-0.1039532944560051,
0.031009187921881676,
-0.31671252846717834,
0.3103153109550476,
-0.1904890090227127,
0.4371607303619385,
0.07468924671411514,
-0.5446764826774597,
0.5014083981513977,
0.75308758020401,
-0.047337256371974945,
-0.5995065569877625,
0.06507669389247894,
0.18673750758171082,
0.5906701683998108,
0.009460090659558773,
0.19152981042861938,
-0.14091357588768005,
0.03553885221481323,
0.07773521542549133,
-0.031405091285705566,
-0.27257975935935974,
-0.4834822118282318,
-0.654857337474823,
-0.13389667868614197,
0.03420155495405197,
-0.6207244396209717,
-0.32544076442718506,
0.030594974756240845,
-0.5160489678382874,
-0.24769434332847595,
-0.1483193188905716,
0.46036338806152344,
-0.008860839530825615,
-0.015657827258110046,
-0.042352646589279175,
-0.004126144573092461,
0.8205320239067078,
0.0971689224243164,
0.05221307650208473,
0.3682355284690857,
0.04911329969763756,
0.6677277684211731,
0.8074710369110107,
-0.7226653695106506,
0.3616279363632202,
0.24515222012996674,
0.8339629173278809,
-0.3083524703979492,
0.14480169117450714,
0.0709744393825531,
-0.40824541449546814,
-0.18654637038707733,
0.12793804705142975,
0.4537561237812042,
-0.047972455620765686,
-0.13624387979507446,
-0.08798961341381073,
-0.3984648883342743,
-0.5953731536865234,
0.16141170263290405,
-0.6466144919395447,
-0.2759069800376892,
-0.289191335439682,
-0.3408539295196533,
0.00964836310595274,
0.41404566168785095,
-0.05380796268582344,
-0.04463924095034599,
0.6532085537910461,
-0.19087864458560944,
-0.0994064137339592,
-0.22801272571086884,
-0.08277721703052521,
-0.45648396015167236,
0.4062441885471344,
0.17260468006134033,
0.4070028066635132,
-0.4559696912765503,
-0.3550104796886444,
-0.2474690079689026,
-0.10446039587259293,
0.8184787034988403,
-0.18347394466400146,
0.18132859468460083,
0.04081638157367706,
-0.40754175186157227,
0.20909041166305542,
0.196168914437294,
-0.018076207488775253,
-0.09146487712860107,
0.35422787070274353,
0.8607608079910278,
0.39308062195777893,
0.4461081922054291,
-0.39423155784606934,
-0.3043747544288635,
0.14814908802509308,
0.654918909072876,
0.3661038875579834,
0.4711359441280365,
-0.03571625426411629,
0.22560542821884155,
-0.2833046019077301,
0.3358893394470215,
-0.10587044060230255,
0.0027758849319070578,
0.023826226592063904,
0.29478564858436584,
-0.47483107447624207,
1.112154245376587,
-0.37209203839302063,
-0.058767806738615036,
0.551325261592865,
-0.2007264494895935,
0.4146234393119812,
0.08085992932319641,
0.14655935764312744,
0.1528875082731247,
-0.2012660652399063,
-0.25038808584213257,
0.04974936693906784,
0.7835285067558289,
0.051626209169626236,
0.05955194681882858,
0.3995976150035858,
1.153249740600586,
-0.20607741177082062,
-0.2296726107597351,
-0.6296871900558472,
0.05610080435872078,
0.1039748340845108,
-0.3980914056301117,
0.4761699140071869,
-0.34787845611572266,
-0.10197863727807999,
0.3559839129447937,
-0.212688609957695,
-0.3910956382751465,
0.49304282665252686,
-0.09376635402441025,
0.5299054384231567,
0.05626966804265976,
-0.45507997274398804,
0.15179184079170227,
-0.6876682043075562,
0.4065769612789154,
0.13891637325286865,
0.12855051457881927,
0.02446720004081726,
-0.021369468420743942,
-0.413589745759964,
0.4124070107936859,
-0.4222899079322815,
0.20504538714885712,
-0.6393395066261292,
0.1172473207116127,
0.36143723130226135,
-0.27355334162712097,
0.16879020631313324,
-0.15104547142982483,
-0.0729236975312233,
0.4271814823150635,
0.12054446339607239,
0.008379691280424595,
-0.26505985856056213,
-0.022316433489322662,
0.4046095907688141,
0.3219955265522003,
-0.13188935816287994,
0.27340787649154663,
-0.23513628542423248,
-0.23120827972888947,
0.24786578118801117,
0.5774226188659668,
-0.287048876285553,
-0.15921200811862946,
-0.06511856615543365,
0.6095664501190186,
-0.17205873131752014,
-0.507116973400116,
-0.2940974533557892,
0.07160329073667526,
-0.10210976004600525,
-0.18685191869735718,
0.36236461997032166,
-0.3478643298149109,
0.8076449632644653,
-0.44207265973091125,
-0.41874995827674866,
-0.2374809980392456,
-0.3656455874443054,
0.7445536255836487,
0.3590901792049408,
-0.434039443731308,
-0.6111855506896973,
0.23056726157665253,
0.7849448919296265,
1.0750856399536133,
-0.28328579664230347,
-0.2033659666776657,
-0.43572306632995605,
-0.2270280122756958,
-0.08215361833572388,
-0.3059186637401581,
-0.04116608202457428,
-0.9200319051742554,
0.2922821640968323,
-0.25143641233444214,
0.18269288539886475,
-0.1778929978609085,
0.3607085049152374,
-0.33112832903862,
-0.14129915833473206,
0.6830173134803772,
-0.3207932114601135,
-0.3002953827381134,
-0.03636287897825241,
-0.13496257364749908,
0.32881805300712585,
-0.3705363869667053,
-0.3010120391845703,
-0.6968976259231567,
0.42817580699920654,
-6.048551559448242,
0.3324297070503235,
-0.1462448090314865,
-0.15782931447029114,
-0.5308728218078613,
0.7165141701698303,
0.06439872831106186,
-0.05271630734205246,
-0.7735479474067688,
-0.3238343596458435,
-0.21161676943302155,
0.33405226469039917,
0.1196160763502121,
-0.18239912390708923,
0.12077802419662476,
0.3675098717212677,
0.46195799112319946,
0.3438938856124878,
0.04767594859004021,
0.11450762301683426,
0.474935919046402,
-0.2762484848499298,
-0.007680603768676519,
0.5725160837173462,
0.5555757880210876,
-0.4580506980419159,
-0.5346835851669312,
0.4377194941043854,
-0.4470040500164032,
0.09972074627876282,
-0.12478071451187134,
-0.25721728801727295,
0.028964010998606682,
0.1326884925365448,
0.11630029231309891,
0.32195934653282166,
-0.044564392417669296,
-0.029406722635030746,
0.4659707546234131,
-0.19266290962696075,
0.11234637349843979,
0.670153021812439,
0.2919752299785614,
-0.09474679827690125,
0.33334290981292725,
-0.8017231822013855,
0.14586982131004333,
0.24243581295013428,
-0.22436989843845367,
-0.0787767693400383,
0.3412984013557434,
-0.40085887908935547,
-0.4084504544734955,
-0.13002365827560425,
0.1640317440032959,
0.19018356502056122,
0.31817638874053955,
-0.012108470313251019,
-0.14266933500766754,
0.02241024561226368,
0.10225627571344376,
0.011850796639919281,
-0.6604316234588623,
0.2536233067512512,
-0.2877994179725647,
-0.5860071778297424,
-0.25995659828186035,
-0.24274058640003204,
0.6133589744567871,
0.48537835478782654,
-0.29789289832115173,
0.8383901119232178,
0.36080193519592285,
-0.7238275408744812,
0.3389314115047455,
-0.1542333960533142,
0.11638426035642624,
-0.09521051496267319,
-0.31904006004333496,
0.4211282432079315,
-0.3899550139904022,
-0.19738762080669403,
0.3227613568305969,
0.29860877990722656,
-0.0021099261939525604,
-0.11414632201194763,
-0.40256205201148987,
0.172232523560524,
-0.19998911023139954,
-0.2588087022304535,
0.8546392321586609,
-0.32071587443351746,
0.2981478273868561,
-0.4860963523387909,
-0.04060712084174156,
0.01168691273778677,
-0.13254065811634064,
-0.04231087863445282,
0.3612551689147949,
-0.14733833074569702,
0.4017595648765564,
0.21558327972888947,
0.08755943924188614,
-1.1097815036773682,
-0.12954546511173248,
-0.07935011386871338,
-0.1717749834060669,
0.22944587469100952,
0.7516453266143799,
-0.43002161383628845,
0.034190814942121506,
0.2864699363708496,
-0.07957009971141815,
-0.17608928680419922,
-0.0423521064221859,
-0.22563020884990692,
-0.12364494055509567,
0.14699049293994904,
0.14292065799236298,
-0.1736125349998474,
-0.014814285561442375,
0.5331627726554871,
-0.9047535061836243,
-0.5907366275787354,
0.2909501791000366,
-0.2739591896533966,
-0.22220809757709503,
0.4885070025920868,
0.03390831872820854,
-0.2943364083766937,
0.03831645846366882,
0.45094847679138184,
-0.017198972404003143,
0.027908386662602425,
-0.18384632468223572,
-0.5225312113761902,
-0.7938236594200134,
0.06794283539056778,
-0.11073900014162064,
0.18985407054424286,
0.16608107089996338,
-0.2374018430709839,
0.4628685414791107,
-0.23684953153133392,
1.1928318738937378,
0.2651595175266266,
0.08624236285686493,
0.17385056614875793,
-0.438577264547348,
0.584644079208374,
0.22142304480075836,
-0.42042046785354614,
0.5257205367088318,
-0.6704721450805664,
-0.1919964998960495,
0.2549184262752533,
0.35391372442245483,
0.3591558039188385,
0.41907697916030884,
-0.49255263805389404,
0.6376463174819946,
0.10598147660493851,
-0.4366087317466736,
-0.11528928577899933,
0.004595734644681215,
0.41239821910858154,
-0.17445167899131775,
-0.5951991677284241,
-0.26003748178482056,
0.4332081973552704,
-0.11786212772130966,
-0.3646335303783417,
-0.9339670538902283,
-0.14886966347694397,
0.44173040986061096,
0.06286121159791946,
-0.07697641104459763,
-0.10302712768316269,
-0.054959092289209366,
-0.2926507294178009,
0.02125420793890953,
-0.5293084979057312,
-0.12665976583957672,
0.01026091631501913,
0.4267096519470215,
-0.3914986252784729,
-0.2389274537563324,
-0.010970110073685646,
-0.5934251546859741,
-0.7341277599334717,
0.12557682394981384,
-0.18723122775554657,
0.11203855276107788,
-0.2806934714317322,
0.3054664731025696,
0.021396243944764137,
-0.2821131646633148,
0.6231026649475098,
-0.4893626272678375,
-0.19648538529872894,
0.3509562015533447,
0.20556968450546265,
-0.7176791429519653,
0.5764967799186707,
0.1847381591796875,
-0.03326064720749855,
0.10316962748765945,
-0.5088898539543152,
0.47033703327178955,
0.10432764887809753,
0.4175666272640228,
-0.7655163407325745,
-0.08335893601179123,
0.6630958318710327,
0.056379612535238266,
0.3891666531562805,
-0.39166149497032166,
-0.24640929698944092,
-0.12241625785827637,
-0.527484655380249,
0.10381296277046204,
-0.45156463980674744,
-0.08178282529115677,
0.13521608710289001,
-0.28989434242248535,
0.43838053941726685,
0.48502498865127563,
-0.7311160564422607,
0.3728281855583191,
-0.3442328870296478,
0.08669079840183258,
-0.07248575985431671,
-0.012551393359899521,
-0.029583640396595,
0.38011133670806885,
0.1337796300649643,
-0.48057806491851807,
-0.3956153094768524,
-0.3258898854255676,
-0.14048752188682556,
0.0773983895778656,
0.6625244617462158,
0.01010196190327406,
0.3694450557231903,
-0.7342128753662109,
0.42294713854789734,
0.403286874294281,
-0.6789281964302063,
-0.886305034160614,
0.4089808762073517,
0.3132774531841278,
-0.5074145793914795,
-0.2666935920715332,
-0.2742290496826172,
0.2631962299346924,
-0.4091396629810333,
-0.1442369669675827,
0.22459134459495544,
-0.11738428473472595,
0.5907911062240601,
0.14618048071861267,
-0.311767041683197,
-0.62131267786026,
-0.1516823023557663,
-0.06860122829675674,
0.11433060467243195,
-0.3709120452404022,
-0.17804697155952454,
-0.10792169719934464,
-0.4839116036891937,
0.030341554433107376,
0.6645542979240417,
0.6796677112579346,
0.15875934064388275,
-0.08159554749727249,
0.47773733735084534,
-0.30460867285728455,
0.00010030209523392841,
-0.27133843302726746,
0.04735599830746651,
0.11551903933286667,
0.2833501994609833,
0.37123867869377136,
-0.5772289633750916,
0.4479987621307373,
0.05369751527905464,
0.26637548208236694,
-0.23055031895637512,
-0.09229118376970291,
0.033191487193107605,
-0.3633430302143097,
0.25136181712150574,
-0.33555474877357483,
0.07348079234361649,
0.057073045521974564,
0.5224132537841797,
0.2316494584083557,
-0.04764733090996742,
0.011303541250526905,
0.030009813606739044,
-0.27880823612213135,
0.6102104783058167,
0.2441323846578598,
-0.7231109738349915,
0.06727199256420135,
-0.3581635057926178,
0.09195838123559952,
-0.32643845677375793,
-0.02042233943939209,
0.11448230594396591,
0.32086169719696045,
0.1672533005475998,
0.002024424495175481,
0.6887010335922241,
0.24206604063510895,
-0.3250979781150818,
0.26354530453681946,
-0.09728371351957321,
0.08215869218111038,
0.20894302427768707,
-0.10327191650867462,
0.6002430319786072,
0.21367093920707703,
-0.485636442899704,
-1.1595258712768555,
0.06691983342170715,
-0.4031752645969391,
0.05719783157110214,
-0.269328773021698,
0.31702128052711487,
0.3180663287639618,
-0.3613070845603943,
-0.23454859852790833,
0.2534266710281372,
-0.16222144663333893,
-0.291564404964447,
0.5030564069747925,
-0.5108150839805603,
-0.08179416507482529,
0.00843210518360138,
0.6611799597740173,
0.5453563332557678,
-0.3479887843132019,
-0.00919286161661148,
0.08064691722393036,
0.10814347863197327,
0.1076429933309555,
0.24113401770591736,
0.25747495889663696,
0.5008322596549988,
-0.21280576288700104,
-0.3151843547821045,
-0.13540157675743103,
-0.3734043538570404,
0.035669956356287,
-0.9506332278251648,
0.2671268582344055,
-0.3221316337585449,
-0.0831044539809227,
-0.11580491065979004,
-0.11597949266433716,
0.13012929260730743,
0.312089741230011,
-0.5680012106895447,
0.5563241839408875,
-0.07157520204782486,
0.24217742681503296,
-0.14276401698589325,
0.06834401190280914,
0.23223786056041718,
0.09641562402248383,
0.47768327593803406,
0.048491451889276505,
0.016656750813126564,
0.39559829235076904,
-0.43382972478866577,
0.10035434365272522,
0.33731770515441895,
0.23426078259944916,
0.10017891973257065,
0.14266587793827057,
0.1002408117055893,
0.14490923285484314,
-0.2711392641067505,
0.38324111700057983,
0.05440014600753784,
0.25898149609565735,
0.261653870344162,
-0.03155739605426788,
-0.2730814516544342,
0.15937970578670502,
-0.32431837916374207,
0.023181267082691193,
-0.30350297689437866,
0.3062846064567566,
-0.6120511293411255,
-0.030724165961146355,
0.8882598876953125,
0.07995976507663727,
0.8236329555511475,
-0.03442244976758957,
0.1727382093667984,
0.21431441605091095,
0.42955806851387024,
-0.2238641232252121,
0.16345253586769104,
-0.11980683356523514,
0.6218886971473694,
-0.4571722149848938,
0.6630768775939941,
0.7664558291435242,
-0.37131744623184204,
-0.19173425436019897,
0.3199954330921173,
-0.3403843939304352,
-0.673037588596344,
0.34553226828575134,
-0.20879343152046204,
0.0058634523302316666,
-0.8968252539634705,
-0.08988708257675171,
-0.5642588138580322,
0.13962364196777344,
-0.2719564139842987,
0.20321495831012726,
-0.21777155995368958,
0.33758795261383057,
-0.3623311221599579,
0.3336419463157654,
0.38861003518104553,
-0.6760444641113281,
-0.0020642210729420185,
-0.5037060379981995,
0.2901502847671509,
-0.36814942955970764,
-0.46540066599845886,
0.4211740493774414,
0.5292664766311646,
0.13920743763446808,
0.517452597618103,
0.24530406296253204,
0.10498708486557007,
0.06208840757608414,
-0.18140657246112823,
-0.13642285764217377,
0.6368058919906616,
-0.23173747956752777,
0.1410069763660431,
-0.34808018803596497,
0.8523179292678833,
-0.13849814236164093,
-0.581044614315033,
0.5878855586051941,
-0.22317437827587128,
0.013450161553919315,
-0.2204272747039795,
-0.3725569546222687,
0.004751607310026884,
-0.6181474328041077,
-0.17787455022335052
] |
233446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Pessoa%2C%20Para%C3%ADba | João Pessoa, Paraíba | João Pessoa (), a port city in northeastern Brazil, is the state of Paraíba's capital and largest city, with an estimated population of 817,511 (as of 2020). It is located on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte river.
The new "Estação Ciência, Cultura e Artes" (Science, Culture and Art Station), located at the most eastern point of the Americas (Ponta das Seixas), is an educational and cultural institution as well as a national landmark. The complex, inaugurated in 2008, was created by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and is one of his final projects.
The capital of Paraíba received the title of Creative City by UNESCO in 2017, appointing João Pessoa as "Brazilian city of handicrafts".
History
João Pessoa was founded on 5 August 1585, by Portuguese settlers. Called "Royal City of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of the saint of the day it was founded, its first structures were on the banks of the Sanhauá River, a tributary of the Paraíba River, now known as Porto do Varadouro, in the neighborhood of the same name. In 1588, the city was renamed "Philipeia of Our Lady of the Snows", in honor of King Philip II, who at the time accumulated the thrones of Spain and Portugal.
In 1634, attracted by the sugar wealth of the then-capital of the Paraíba, the Dutch invaded and named it Fredrikstad (Frederick City), in honor of the prince of Orange, Frederick of Orange. After the decline of New Holland and with the departure of the Dutch, the city was again dominated by the Portuguese and acquired the name "Parahyba do Norte" in 1654.
The city was renamed João Pessoa in September 1930 in memory of the former governor of Paraíba, João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, who had been murdered on 26 July that year.
João Pessoa is the third oldest city in Brazil.
Geography
Environment
João Pessoa has of beachfront.
João Pessoa has many green areas distributed among its avenues, parks, and residential neighborhoods, supporting its claim as "the second greenest city in the world" with more than of forested land, second only to Paris. This claim is a matter of conjecture, however, originating from a publicity stunt carried out by the city's mayor during an Earth Summit.
Climate
João Pessoa has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with very warm to hot temperatures all year long and strong rainfall in most of the months; however, October to December have rather low rainfall.
Demographics
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, or IBGE) report of 2009, João Pessoa had a population of 801,718. Its racial makeup was 45.72% White, 38.72% Pardo (two or more races), 2.77% Black, and 0.25% Asian or Amerindian.
Religion
Source: IBGE 2000.
Transportation
International airport
Joao Pessoa is served by Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport.
Rail system
The João Pessoa Urban Trains System is operated by diesel components on one railway line with a 30 km extension spanning four municipalities, João Pessoa, Cabedelo, Bayeux and Santa Rita, constituted by the Cabedelo stretch, with 10 stations in operation, carrying around 10,100 passengers a day. Composed of three locomotives and 17 passenger cars, the trains form two compositions that conduct 28 trips a day.
Economy
João Pessoa's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was R$ 14,841,805 as of 2010.
The city's per capita income was R$ 19,284 as of 2010.
Sister cities
Hartford, Connecticut, United States.
Pompano Beach, Florida, United States.
Tourism
Picãozinho: One of the city's most significant sights is the São Reef Formation, located about from Tambaú Beach on the coast of João Pessoa.
Natural Pools of Seixas Beach: The Seixas Natural Pools, where hundreds of species of fish, seaweed, reptiles (sea turtles), mollusks, crustaceans and other marine organisms are found.
Penha Beach: This traditional beach's name derives from the symbol of one of the great religious events in Brazil: the Chapel of Our Lady of Penha. For more than 250 years, thousands of faithful have been accompanying the Penha Procession through the streets of João Pessoa.
Manaira Beach: Joao Pessoa's most economically developed neighborhood. Its sidewalks are commonly used for physical activities and are well frequented by tourists and locals.
Beach Tambaú: The sands of Praia de Tambaú are one of the busiest in Joao Pessoa.
Bessa Beach: At the extreme north of João Pessoa, with of white sand beach beside calm green waters, reefs and coconut trees, Bessa Beach is among the most sought after by tourists.
Seixas Beach: This beach is situated on the easternmost end of the Americas. Nationally known as the land area closest to the African continent, Praia do Seixas.
Convention Center Poet Ronaldo Cunha Lima: The convention center of João Pessoa has four main buildings, the Lookout Tower, the Congress and Convention Hall, and the Pedra do Reino Theater.
Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego: Built through a project developed by architect Sérgio Bernardes, it includes the Archidy Picado Gallery, Lutheria, Planetarium, José Lins do Rêgo Museum, Anthenor Navarro Music School, Arena Theater, Paulo Pontes Theater.
Museums
Source:
Museu Sacro e de Arte Popular, within the São Francisco church.
Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego. A cultural centre including history and science museums.
City Museum. The former Casa da Pólvora, an old gunpowder store.
Museu Fotográfico Walfredo Rodríguez.
Bica Natural History Museum.
Museum Foundation house of Jose Américo.
Hotel Globo Museum: Formerly a luxury hotel in the city, it consists of two buildings of eclectic style, with its lines influenced by Neo-classical, Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles. Today it functions as a museum, where it houses the permanent exhibition of part of the Hotel's furniture in addition to a collection of popular art. It is frequently visited for its view of the Sanhauá River and the sunset seen from its garden.
Sports
Stadiums
José Américo de Almeida Filho Stadium
Stadium of Grace
Football
The city is home to Auto Esporte, CSP and Botafogo.
American football
João Pessoa Espectros: This football team is regarded as the best football team in the northeastern region of Brazil, having earned a national title, seven regional titles and three state titles.
Kayaking
Bessa Beach offers kayaking, popular among tourists, to reach four beautiful kilometers (2.5 mi) of coral and marine life in the blue sea of the "Caribessa".
Surfing
The Paraíba nurtures great surfers, with athletes winning in many nationally prominent contests in the sport.
Diving
The coastline of João Pessoa includes the Alvarenga shipwreck, an artificial reef for developing marine life.
Alvarenga Shipwreck : The Alvarenga was a vessel used to transport supplies to ships. It wrecked about 9.6 km from the tip of Bessa's Beach and is submerged deep. It remains whole, in length by in beam. It is possible for divers to penetrate the small bow and stern compartments safely. On the prow the winch to hoist the anchor remains in view. It is also common to find large stingrays and shoals of fish, such as the top cock and the hook.
Notable people
Leo Oliveira (born 1980), Brazilian football player
Notes
References
External links
Official Promotional video of João Pessoa | English
1585 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Populated places established in 1585 | [
-0.34032905101776123,
0.3824635148048401,
0.15171107649803162,
0.2437945455312729,
-0.21148237586021423,
0.6672359704971313,
0.408519983291626,
0.5741934180259705,
-0.6360019445419312,
-0.38557949662208557,
0.18941034376621246,
-0.1920042634010315,
-0.3336279094219208,
0.8064053654670715,
0.15153758227825165,
0.6043398976325989,
0.08092942833900452,
0.5494996905326843,
0.3486233651638031,
-0.4947604238986969,
-0.5840778946876526,
-0.11945205926895142,
0.3165398836135864,
0.03953086584806442,
0.42581936717033386,
-0.6579169631004333,
0.46680229902267456,
0.45512211322784424,
-0.10854257643222809,
-0.14570759236812592,
0.32638582587242126,
0.7189935445785522,
-0.4655373990535736,
-0.26637452840805054,
-0.06768012791872025,
-0.3607966899871826,
0.4417848587036133,
-0.7306157946586609,
0.29422327876091003,
-0.4032188653945923,
-0.5155819058418274,
0.008864633738994598,
0.6058703064918518,
0.29530298709869385,
0.6314327120780945,
-0.5228869915008545,
0.02010084129869938,
0.4529569447040558,
-0.7082054615020752,
0.3942334055900574,
-1.0170495510101318,
1.0957777500152588,
-0.4560989439487457,
0.2806716561317444,
0.20222355425357819,
0.20211835205554962,
-1.119050145149231,
0.3716449439525604,
0.008438930846750736,
-0.2783236503601074,
0.3043067157268524,
0.9820605516433716,
-0.11299791932106018,
-0.15373648703098297,
0.7145230770111084,
0.6944373846054077,
-0.09975314885377884,
0.4385005533695221,
0.22150948643684387,
-0.40407270193099976,
-0.740375280380249,
-0.05134190618991852,
-0.42210283875465393,
-0.8372512459754944,
0.0031888179946690798,
-0.5239384174346924,
-0.9524644613265991,
0.3999856412410736,
-0.10452105104923248,
0.2192431539297104,
0.0959848165512085,
-0.23155689239501953,
0.42368462681770325,
-0.8935409784317017,
0.2629368007183075,
0.3282944858074188,
-0.3331374526023865,
-0.4189210534095764,
-0.08546560257673264,
0.680452823638916,
-0.5306096076965332,
0.1254146546125412,
0.4633854627609253,
-0.3620188534259796,
0.011375603266060352,
0.12596489489078522,
0.3609588146209717,
-0.03298448398709297,
-0.33297914266586304,
0.10683509707450867,
-0.1066158264875412,
-0.03700922802090645,
0.597663938999176,
0.12368404865264893,
0.10408972203731537,
-0.2345699965953827,
-0.5497738122940063,
0.2570509910583496,
0.49309200048446655,
-0.15406204760074615,
-0.0995553582906723,
0.21452119946479797,
-0.12574367225170135,
0.2652082145214081,
-0.13481467962265015,
0.2809121012687683,
0.43812957406044006,
-0.33535072207450867,
0.2901669144630432,
-0.3549747169017792,
0.3249843418598175,
0.6104801297187805,
-0.18039655685424805,
-0.09452719986438751,
-0.5805152058601379,
0.019627438858151436,
0.5042632818222046,
-0.3090241551399231,
-0.08613009750843048,
0.1356162279844284,
-0.06832828372716904,
0.5922800302505493,
0.1267915964126587,
-0.5156830549240112,
-0.28653958439826965,
-0.4272121787071228,
0.049859922379255295,
0.9943926930427551,
0.619901716709137,
-0.30581358075141907,
-0.7482049465179443,
-0.12094800174236298,
-0.3454532325267792,
0.05017458274960518,
0.5123303532600403,
-0.3521449863910675,
-0.006537145469337702,
-0.6076656579971313,
-0.14191631972789764,
-0.3436104357242584,
0.08109134435653687,
0.5255221724510193,
-0.42911356687545776,
0.28326305747032166,
-0.5759085416793823,
-0.6419545412063599,
1.1264170408248901,
-0.75564044713974,
0.5732643008232117,
0.37977999448776245,
0.8869081735610962,
-0.09544491767883301,
0.59189373254776,
0.10094194859266281,
-0.41224557161331177,
-0.06689427047967911,
0.49399325251579285,
0.33611127734184265,
0.10716336965560913,
0.3779577910900116,
0.025752045214176178,
-0.41698241233825684,
0.6255866289138794,
-1.053575873374939,
-0.31984949111938477,
-0.1704271137714386,
0.1898074597120285,
0.4143129289150238,
0.1271420419216156,
0.2931690216064453,
-0.5927779674530029,
0.4910331666469574,
-0.5641224384307861,
0.517269492149353,
-0.2685120105743408,
0.1500583291053772,
0.6936439275741577,
0.5639988780021667,
-0.3613651692867279,
0.010676509700715542,
0.477273553609848,
-0.75556480884552,
-0.3285510540008545,
-0.15264704823493958,
0.3742915391921997,
0.7547824382781982,
-0.39237383008003235,
0.3587449789047241,
-0.007517457008361816,
0.5467362999916077,
-1.2187498807907104,
0.14608882367610931,
1.3373260498046875,
-0.08591913431882858,
-0.7277182340621948,
0.22211995720863342,
0.33487141132354736,
0.09251032024621964,
-0.2809189558029175,
0.9677013754844666,
-0.4970012605190277,
-0.5372627377510071,
0.7100980877876282,
-0.7941409945487976,
-0.07619263976812363,
-0.6855749487876892,
-0.5076518654823303,
-0.743395984172821,
0.0014153618831187487,
-0.07772153615951538,
0.5528569221496582,
-0.00621468760073185,
-0.5257373452186584,
0.8762132525444031,
0.5348706245422363,
0.5012772679328918,
0.9374204277992249,
0.13214819133281708,
-0.09168177843093872,
-0.27366510033607483,
0.2676756978034973,
0.596490204334259,
0.3626408278942108,
0.06620901077985764,
-0.6410683989524841,
0.06536877900362015,
0.11525607854127884,
-0.697482168674469,
-0.07669699937105179,
0.3431079089641571,
0.2530463635921478,
0.3510599136352539,
-0.28391462564468384,
0.7688553333282471,
0.0037031718529760838,
0.5407668352127075,
-0.05160588398575783,
-0.15038751065731049,
-0.5226684212684631,
0.2608303427696228,
0.06223171204328537,
0.019521145150065422,
-0.3252738416194916,
0.2540796399116516,
0.2753891348838806,
-0.2789309620857239,
-0.3623030483722687,
-0.2452576458454132,
-0.04205573722720146,
0.07074426859617233,
-0.5756935477256775,
-0.472208172082901,
0.08851935714483261,
0.8794685006141663,
-0.12273193895816803,
-0.11404048651456833,
-0.015488166362047195,
-0.7653062343597412,
-0.30075332522392273,
0.2907457649707794,
0.0929492935538292,
-0.5039266347885132,
-0.27807068824768066,
-0.4139362871646881,
0.5479577779769897,
-0.0506172738969326,
-0.2900145947933197,
-0.37624773383140564,
-0.9370878338813782,
0.1708616465330124,
0.612666130065918,
1.063757300376892,
-0.37665536999702454,
-1.768577218055725,
-0.0026385949458926916,
-0.0574689544737339,
0.5841234922409058,
-0.5413750410079956,
-0.45463284850120544,
0.1506074219942093,
0.0011566258035600185,
-0.5069074630737305,
-0.35736826062202454,
0.8361928462982178,
-0.10400373488664627,
-0.17532071471214294,
0.12817959487438202,
0.05717964842915535,
0.5034316182136536,
-0.9171918630599976,
-0.5692946314811707,
-0.5092601180076599,
0.15587733685970306,
0.10500242561101913,
0.5124099850654602,
-0.5728206634521484,
0.07794439047574997,
-0.33647218346595764,
-4.923994064331055,
0.307450532913208,
-0.34046778082847595,
0.18637943267822266,
-0.439777672290802,
-0.06234820932149887,
0.1494138538837433,
0.16317231953144073,
0.12095155566930771,
-0.5851753354072571,
0.5933017134666443,
0.18878750503063202,
-0.4423726499080658,
0.7380422353744507,
0.4464355409145355,
0.7704960107803345,
0.2876664400100708,
-0.38125744462013245,
0.40665963292121887,
-0.34066280722618103,
-0.7934584021568298,
0.48325300216674805,
-0.09289515763521194,
0.12559445202350616,
1.1688570976257324,
0.4991174638271332,
-1.1743879318237305,
-0.4870144724845886,
-0.555993378162384,
-0.2882228493690491,
-0.22685258090496063,
-0.2194889485836029,
-0.2221560776233673,
-0.11441680043935776,
0.31988054513931274,
0.22411862015724182,
-0.1784123182296753,
-0.14884354174137115,
0.15376321971416473,
-0.5277334451675415,
-0.31607869267463684,
0.27218806743621826,
-0.325779527425766,
0.09142613410949707,
-0.1743827760219574,
-0.8518115878105164,
-0.3937813341617584,
0.2625944912433624,
0.3107229471206665,
0.5157549977302551,
0.33208003640174866,
-0.41475316882133484,
0.11723832041025162,
-0.12345723062753677,
0.24771277606487274,
-0.2895022928714752,
0.12000473588705063,
0.4450538754463196,
-0.8978993892669678,
0.4104583263397217,
0.24960623681545258,
0.04147885739803314,
-0.24076630175113678,
-0.17291273176670074,
0.12591703236103058,
-0.109792061150074,
0.38033679127693176,
-0.35085514187812805,
0.7674446105957031,
0.19731080532073975,
-0.5126268267631531,
0.6161972880363464,
-0.06013035401701927,
-0.7582027316093445,
-0.2468532770872116,
-0.4579522907733917,
-0.838267982006073,
0.40067827701568604,
-0.19705429673194885,
-0.10685620456933975,
-0.4464709162712097,
0.02835722081363201,
-0.589718222618103,
0.20190371572971344,
-0.04287365451455116,
-0.26698318123817444,
-0.14379097521305084,
-0.18379779160022736,
0.22395755350589752,
0.20501069724559784,
0.44379183650016785,
-0.6331900954246521,
1.206320881843567,
-0.3132959306240082,
-0.882887601852417,
0.612621009349823,
0.17232730984687805,
-0.23164799809455872,
0.37522366642951965,
-0.3635767698287964,
0.711093544960022,
-0.12801587581634521,
-0.49007925391197205,
0.049725014716386795,
-0.2643043100833893,
-0.05848987400531769,
0.22085846960544586,
1.077394723892212,
0.017869900912046432,
-0.1672355979681015,
0.14539648592472076,
-0.11529788374900818,
-0.3719773292541504,
-0.36803048849105835,
1.0878208875656128,
-0.0327877551317215,
-0.6970330476760864,
0.43171635270118713,
0.11262935400009155,
0.01181709486991167,
0.5170668363571167,
-0.23611024022102356,
-0.5972022414207458,
-0.492825448513031,
-0.6497076153755188,
0.6798701882362366,
-0.19607728719711304,
0.9293408393859863,
0.12097416818141937,
-0.02883121185004711,
0.1742529273033142,
-0.3547855317592621,
-0.14004163444042206,
-0.306658536195755,
0.5330668091773987,
-0.38137778639793396,
0.010009310208261013,
-0.8375230431556702,
0.2656656503677368,
-0.002682366408407688,
0.38347673416137695,
0.3779008090496063,
0.006486084312200546,
-0.03983423486351967,
-0.1754230111837387,
0.02234225906431675,
-0.37886595726013184,
-0.2507753074169159,
-0.7371148467063904,
0.07119075953960419,
-0.15018142759799957,
-0.6617533564567566,
-0.6421349048614502,
-0.10563384741544724,
-0.6556885838508606,
-0.5095248222351074,
0.49484139680862427,
0.028347047045826912,
0.614526093006134,
-0.004793617874383926,
0.6706283092498779,
-0.7656297087669373,
-0.6864717602729797,
-0.04561813920736313,
0.7674846053123474,
0.1631176471710205,
-0.4037260115146637,
-0.10755416005849838,
-0.23875516653060913,
0.7259466648101807,
0.7811812162399292,
-0.6522845029830933,
-0.4451010227203369,
-0.37913089990615845,
0.5932360887527466,
-0.5983515381813049,
0.24501711130142212,
0.9823994040489197,
0.214493528008461,
0.28362786769866943,
-0.25822195410728455,
-0.44620954990386963,
-0.060646697878837585,
0.5817102193832397,
-0.1379043608903885,
-0.5266221761703491,
-0.3568997085094452,
-0.20520079135894775,
1.077429175376892,
-0.11670094728469849,
0.19419452548027039,
0.12034734338521957,
0.14348268508911133,
-0.02494634874165058,
-0.8986992239952087,
-0.8433451652526855,
-0.06330559402704239,
-0.050195854157209396,
-0.41938042640686035,
-0.3088560700416565,
-0.08002820611000061,
0.41917651891708374,
-0.9016392230987549,
0.5606347918510437,
0.27240854501724243,
-0.16674184799194336,
0.433328241109848,
0.2245708405971527,
-0.6112883687019348,
0.28412675857543945,
-0.968066394329071,
-0.2534429728984833,
0.09663691371679306,
0.8585227727890015,
-0.22763745486736298,
-0.21383145451545715,
0.7810238599777222,
-0.2606401741504669,
-0.6019396781921387,
-0.048152025789022446,
-0.33183854818344116,
-0.31092196702957153,
0.04593731462955475,
-0.4314875900745392,
-0.07049605250358582,
0.9950465559959412,
0.4851488769054413,
-0.8952212333679199,
0.5476796627044678,
-1.1147098541259766,
0.027164174243807793,
-0.12247466295957565,
0.1173250824213028,
0.23408205807209015,
-0.2950449585914612,
-0.27605628967285156,
0.11044787615537643,
-0.43019789457321167,
0.40244120359420776,
-0.10684914141893387,
0.1108127236366272,
0.2060307413339615,
0.0801374614238739,
-0.45891091227531433,
0.13146868348121643,
0.6783369183540344,
-0.13472263514995575,
-0.5827528834342957,
-1.0597963333129883,
0.038764629513025284,
-0.15396815538406372,
-0.28993603587150574,
-0.6270536184310913,
-0.12152624875307083,
0.26082953810691833,
-0.009822686202824116,
-0.07218319922685623,
0.8458389639854431,
0.06127016991376877,
-0.01964692212641239,
0.17193512618541718,
0.11308547854423523,
0.2724573016166687,
0.3932405710220337,
-0.013604927808046341,
-0.6599982976913452,
0.032759539783000946,
-0.26162099838256836,
0.7455514073371887,
-0.47146815061569214,
0.030169446021318436,
0.05956500768661499,
0.28622809052467346,
-0.703000545501709,
-0.049767255783081055,
-0.09654495120048523,
-0.020313337445259094,
0.33816900849342346,
-0.011058893986046314,
-0.3139501214027405,
-0.6354011297225952,
-0.056152138859033585,
0.4826951324939728,
0.06352102756500244,
0.4097491502761841,
-0.7501681447029114,
-0.54803866147995,
0.06856761127710342,
-0.05514736846089363,
0.06375046074390411,
0.19807054102420807,
-0.2035077065229416,
-0.05514898896217346,
-0.403141051530838,
-0.06917345523834229,
-0.2018338143825531,
0.2233007848262787,
0.6774685382843018,
-0.08266261219978333,
0.22721168398857117,
-0.6109287738800049,
0.9013659358024597,
0.5837355852127075,
-0.44229286909103394,
0.02575473114848137,
-0.12647490203380585,
0.3465110957622528,
0.0684536024928093,
-0.03306935355067253,
-0.2146429717540741,
0.6138313412666321,
0.08521312475204468,
0.013245210982859135,
0.735322117805481,
-0.3227374255657196,
0.33670130372047424,
0.12950105965137482,
0.009596924297511578,
0.020153379067778587,
1.2341898679733276,
-0.33853426575660706,
-1.2558567523956299,
0.28209158778190613,
0.05305438116192818,
0.6810097098350525,
0.6975915431976318,
0.08946544677019119,
-0.07884027063846588,
0.2541455030441284,
0.6910151243209839,
0.45135802030563354,
-0.17010365426540375,
-0.59943687915802,
-0.10551602393388748,
-1.288765788078308,
-0.12099836021661758,
0.1621273159980774,
-0.0477161630988121,
-0.9870357513427734,
0.32072609663009644,
1.4372460842132568,
0.39512449502944946,
-0.46535420417785645,
-0.15127672255039215,
0.22295212745666504,
-0.16868840157985687,
-0.07640927284955978,
0.3905313014984131,
-0.1412600725889206,
-0.45958054065704346,
0.6854742169380188,
0.20481544733047485,
-0.07686350494623184,
0.6063121557235718,
-0.6637392044067383,
0.16355568170547485,
0.5893696546554565,
0.15064512193202972,
-0.11163652688264847,
0.21782591938972473,
-0.2537449896335602,
-0.4634281396865845,
-0.19128745794296265,
0.26937636733055115,
-0.044359754770994186,
-0.0018733106553554535,
0.409678190946579,
-0.2548449635505676,
-0.23184821009635925,
-0.2000167965888977,
-0.3459731936454773,
0.2803816795349121,
0.060762494802474976,
0.5013004541397095,
0.6348639130592346,
0.8000296950340271,
-0.5388627648353577,
0.4565538167953491,
0.21665266156196594,
0.9692497253417969,
-0.30371642112731934,
0.041894931346178055,
-0.8600398302078247,
0.026530355215072632,
-0.26767900586128235,
-0.2518758773803711,
-0.12198998779058456,
-0.2520124316215515,
-0.45084625482559204,
0.041828569024801254,
0.20857051014900208,
-0.48823684453964233,
-0.1643020361661911,
0.36616384983062744,
-0.15528610348701477,
-0.49402081966400146,
-0.5079734325408936,
1.2222685813903809,
0.7519410848617554,
-0.2297869324684143,
0.5585476756095886,
-0.02231200598180294,
-0.09727700799703598,
0.7938109040260315,
0.00525119761005044,
-0.028517955914139748,
0.04200465977191925,
0.10593560338020325,
-1.004407525062561,
0.7781708836555481,
-0.5039220452308655,
0.14818337559700012,
-0.2651040852069855,
0.654400646686554,
-0.30857205390930176,
0.6793625354766846,
0.2961753308773041,
-0.640560507774353,
-0.09410502016544342,
-0.34218576550483704,
0.21461854875087738,
-0.5769395232200623,
-0.3253399133682251,
1.020177960395813,
0.6559096574783325,
-0.7800462245941162,
-0.37780922651290894,
0.1522456258535385,
-0.7026376724243164,
0.4849407970905304,
-0.255263090133667,
0.32100963592529297,
-0.9585182666778564,
0.29782307147979736,
-0.6882259845733643,
-0.3675015866756439,
0.5604343414306641,
0.4561479985713959,
-0.21700826287269592,
-0.27812233567237854,
-0.5723472237586975,
0.21664978563785553,
0.4754997789859772,
0.14268524944782257,
-0.09386588633060455,
-0.16934803128242493,
-0.5486872792243958,
-0.29947420954704285,
-0.5862718820571899,
0.8354993462562561,
0.7932454347610474,
0.4152034819126129,
-0.06785783916711807,
0.07287462055683136,
0.009279107674956322,
-0.2513078451156616,
0.37717917561531067,
-0.6120942831039429,
1.4790253639221191,
0.22282765805721283
] |
233451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient%20techno | Ambient techno | Ambient techno (sometimes also called intelligent techno) is an offshoot of techno that united the atmospheric textures of ambient music with the rhythmic elements and production of techno and house. It was pioneered by 1990s electronic artists such as Aphex Twin, Carl Craig, Pete Namlook and Biosphere.
Characteristics
AllMusic states that ambient techno, building off the ambient house scene, blended the "soaring, layered, aquatic atmospheres of beatless and experimental ambient" with techno's "well-produced, thin-sounding electronics." Artists fused the "environmentalist" work of Brian Eno, Jon Hassell, and Wendy Carlos with the rhythms of urban dance styles such as techno and acid house. Artists returned to the instruments of the Detroit techno and Chicago house scenes, including analogue synthesizers, the Roland TB-303 bass machine, and the TR-909 drum machine. The style would be associated with labels such as Warp, Apollo, GPR, and Beyond, with releases focusing more on albums than 12-inch singles.
Critic Simon Reynolds characterized the style as a "post-rave genre" and "a digital update of nineteenth century programme music," comparing it to "the aqua-mysticism and forest idylls of Claude Debussy." Artforum noted the genre's similarities with new age: "swaddling the listener in a womblike sound bath, it means retreat from the environment, relief from the stresses of urban existence."
History
Origins
Ambient techno departed from the communal, dance-oriented sound heard at raves and instead gained popularity in the early 1990s as a form of "electronic listening music." The 1984 album E2-E4 by German musician Manuel Göttsching was an early influence on ambient techno works by Carl Craig, the Black Dog, and The Orb. The Orb's 1991 album Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld would influence subsequent dub-influenced ambient techno. Aphex Twin's 1991 recording "Analogue Bubblebath" would also signal a shift toward meditative, ambient-leaning techno.
Aphex Twin became the "patriarch" of the style with his debut LP Selected Ambient Works 85-92 (1992), according to author Tom Moon. Producer Pete Namlook released a prodigious amount of music in the genre, starting the label Fax and becoming a "spiritual leader" of the movement. Other prominent artists in the style included Irresistible Force, Higher Intelligence Agency, and Future Sound of London. According to AllMusic, early classics of the style included Aphex Twin's aforementioned debut LP, Ultramarine's Every Man and Woman Is a Star (1991), and Biosphere's Microgravity (1991).
The release of Warp's Artificial Intelligence compilation in 1992 helped to establish the genre and featured artists such Aphex Twin and B12 under aliases, Autechre, Richie Hawtin, and the Orb's Alex Paterson. During the 1990s, compilation series such as Chill Out or Die explored ambient techno and house.
Developments
In reaction against the more "cozy" features of the early ambient techno scene, some artists would move toward a darker sound heard on releases such as Aphex Twin's Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994) and projects by other "ambient noir-ists" such as Seefeel and the duo of David Toop & Max Eastley. Virgin's 1994 compilation Isolationism served as a summary of this darker tendency.
In 1995, producer Wolfgang Voigt began releasing influential ambient techno projects as Gas, bringing together lush and expansive atmospheres with 4/4 minimal techno beats. Voight co-runs the German label Kompakt, which has released installments of the influential ambient techno compilation series Pop Ambient annually since 2001.
See also
Electronica
Intelligent dance music
Techno
References
Techno genres
Electronica
Ambient music
Electronic music genres
British styles of music | [
0.531819224357605,
0.12832826375961304,
-0.09011121094226837,
-0.0792422741651535,
-0.3128519654273987,
0.027887262403964996,
-0.11487042158842087,
-0.14691320061683655,
-0.21298304200172424,
-0.4529491066932678,
-0.3739921450614929,
0.38566315174102783,
-0.674232006072998,
0.4929363429546356,
-0.17760460078716278,
0.16053617000579834,
0.11471360176801682,
-0.38005679845809937,
-0.11112242937088013,
0.15456455945968628,
-0.3769815266132355,
-0.010655868798494339,
0.34018102288246155,
0.37491241097450256,
0.10077685117721558,
-0.1038782000541687,
0.05574408546090126,
0.22023242712020874,
-0.2560335099697113,
-0.38420698046684265,
0.1785774827003479,
0.9532899260520935,
-0.00016697471437510103,
-0.9085400700569153,
-0.20897945761680603,
-0.019660592079162598,
-0.5816992521286011,
-0.2924618124961853,
-0.7054527401924133,
-0.719127357006073,
-0.347330778837204,
0.0528082400560379,
0.3682500123977661,
0.19648484885692596,
-0.09592264890670776,
-0.28071528673171997,
-1.0685006380081177,
0.7283681631088257,
-0.9435885548591614,
0.06856827437877655,
-0.21763107180595398,
-0.167571559548378,
0.2410869300365448,
0.35129740834236145,
-0.07343564927577972,
0.18187907338142395,
-0.5462817549705505,
-0.08704767376184464,
-0.20265573263168335,
-0.05786244198679924,
0.39767512679100037,
-0.11044757813215256,
0.12573017179965973,
-0.5688652992248535,
-0.07756853848695755,
0.5316365957260132,
-0.24291884899139404,
-0.2292744368314743,
0.040276650339365005,
0.08097824454307556,
-0.16711531579494476,
-0.2638623118400574,
-0.2194613665342331,
-0.11966147273778915,
-0.40154027938842773,
-0.06869856268167496,
0.760558009147644,
-0.39645716547966003,
0.11031638830900192,
0.6396899223327637,
0.12240177392959595,
0.10955848544836044,
0.9436193108558655,
0.3562985360622406,
0.6286934614181519,
0.3286421597003937,
-0.04315510764718056,
0.19584372639656067,
-0.23556290566921234,
0.17194613814353943,
-0.14810529351234436,
-0.7726585865020752,
0.6954593658447266,
0.5754225254058838,
-0.04294786602258682,
0.6875668168067932,
0.5979658365249634,
0.2985292673110962,
-0.19860708713531494,
0.3201684057712555,
0.21406963467597961,
0.6660333275794983,
-0.1978636533021927,
-0.06657925248146057,
-0.3804527819156647,
0.08849764615297318,
-0.8119950294494629,
-0.5559244751930237,
0.16781286895275116,
0.027150219306349754,
-0.5014500617980957,
0.35736721754074097,
-0.06656566262245178,
0.49222490191459656,
0.39684373140335083,
-0.03905857354402542,
-0.27856889367103577,
0.11224702000617981,
-0.46843135356903076,
0.10886948555707932,
0.27808862924575806,
0.6228477954864502,
0.00232044979929924,
-0.022416947409510612,
-0.7479805946350098,
0.48108169436454773,
0.16612154245376587,
0.4982292652130127,
-0.37808212637901306,
-0.050986774265766144,
0.1939990222454071,
0.8594396710395813,
0.15477028489112854,
-0.3622440993785858,
-0.009678274393081665,
-0.10744720697402954,
0.901401698589325,
0.20040926337242126,
0.1195354163646698,
0.34954187273979187,
-0.6625303626060486,
-0.7567970156669617,
-0.34151989221572876,
-0.6588179469108582,
-0.3381771743297577,
-0.46954309940338135,
0.25809890031814575,
-0.1980278342962265,
0.17901700735092163,
-0.4498419761657715,
-0.11317342519760132,
0.08626129478216171,
-1.0979360342025757,
-0.4990549683570862,
-0.079522043466568,
-0.01728566363453865,
0.23842400312423706,
0.08455446362495422,
0.6374384164810181,
0.016471203416585922,
-0.28844940662384033,
-0.21036989986896515,
-0.0625547543168068,
-0.04197167977690697,
0.5868989825248718,
-0.33598020672798157,
0.26002562046051025,
0.5690484046936035,
-0.202702134847641,
0.6273276805877686,
-0.4695230722427368,
0.42515143752098083,
-0.07411205768585205,
-0.4635957181453705,
-0.013141665607690811,
0.055902641266584396,
1.2144545316696167,
-0.013957558199763298,
0.49382567405700684,
0.36602455377578735,
-0.8510634303092957,
0.162910595536232,
0.16408391296863556,
-0.3644290566444397,
0.2594318389892578,
-0.045989204198122025,
0.013852093368768692,
-0.1026763916015625,
-0.4755972921848297,
-0.08887746185064316,
-0.13308240473270416,
0.2829523980617523,
0.1922830045223236,
-0.705122709274292,
0.5170892477035522,
-0.22862792015075684,
0.04012950509786606,
0.7598627805709839,
-0.025315281003713608,
-0.1799793243408203,
0.23484031856060028,
0.3132801949977875,
0.1878383606672287,
-0.1226625069975853,
-0.6114994883537292,
-0.027531012892723083,
0.13078653812408447,
-0.14796261489391327,
-0.23612305521965027,
0.17616818845272064,
0.32383885979652405,
-0.30176255106925964,
0.3020864725112915,
-0.06140227988362312,
-0.04587094485759735,
0.05187603831291199,
-0.9596895575523376,
0.6616355180740356,
-0.4934704303741455,
-0.37999728322029114,
0.6244248151779175,
-0.342608243227005,
-0.22521135210990906,
0.48166531324386597,
0.20530007779598236,
0.6469495296478271,
0.12003251910209656,
-0.06391038745641708,
0.6396178007125854,
-0.5002789497375488,
0.2070283591747284,
0.3483012318611145,
-0.32758229970932007,
-0.666578471660614,
-0.19906312227249146,
0.14757396280765533,
0.5289837121963501,
-0.04267270863056183,
0.652088463306427,
-0.3618907034397125,
-0.22677043080329895,
0.059982284903526306,
-0.8718783259391785,
0.05379423126578331,
0.2677508294582367,
-0.5621374249458313,
-0.2935159504413605,
0.010458983480930328,
-0.5968400835990906,
0.4387117922306061,
0.3489118814468384,
0.4800608158111572,
0.5610367059707642,
-0.3153327405452728,
0.15101374685764313,
-0.1704520732164383,
-0.3979669213294983,
-0.5525346398353577,
0.3009040057659149,
-0.06504624336957932,
0.046763092279434204,
-0.2940637767314911,
0.6149287819862366,
-0.08500465005636215,
-0.031842730939388275,
-0.6145269870758057,
-0.28622910380363464,
-0.5405017733573914,
0.18158261477947235,
-0.3683824837207794,
0.7147991061210632,
0.08251211047172546,
-0.15547287464141846,
-0.027018306776881218,
-0.18863725662231445,
-0.4271245300769806,
-0.6032224297523499,
-0.6805374026298523,
-0.18311966955661774,
-0.41826337575912476,
0.10496288537979126,
0.5536290407180786,
0.09944168478250504,
-0.8048002123832703,
-1.349217176437378,
0.1455296277999878,
0.37163427472114563,
-0.3410668969154358,
0.45750269293785095,
-0.09013275057077408,
-0.4571229815483093,
0.27362290024757385,
-0.5423407554626465,
0.17196927964687347,
0.6343993544578552,
0.15500250458717346,
-0.4780932366847992,
0.5196517109870911,
-0.4743824899196625,
-0.6467752456665039,
-0.30809277296066284,
0.3844592571258545,
-0.6156033873558044,
0.0599762424826622,
-0.2100992053747177,
-0.3259197771549225,
-0.6089034080505371,
-0.19334056973457336,
-5.733770370483398,
0.29980361461639404,
-0.4002908766269684,
0.24218228459358215,
-0.19349567592144012,
0.7014781832695007,
0.5177937150001526,
-0.6322013735771179,
-0.08785351365804672,
0.024923687800765038,
-0.5399974584579468,
-0.2416781187057495,
-0.03392629697918892,
0.9622935652732849,
0.23569731414318085,
0.15686307847499847,
-0.5091177821159363,
0.02998051419854164,
-0.13100992143154144,
0.5128301382064819,
-0.13284361362457275,
-0.01703987643122673,
0.1424226313829422,
0.20448289811611176,
0.32994136214256287,
-0.5241855382919312,
-0.4315994083881378,
-0.11082004755735397,
-0.3777388334274292,
0.13665790855884552,
-0.12784160673618317,
-0.037612639367580414,
-0.11553690582513809,
-0.1027240976691246,
0.4877149164676666,
0.9613281488418579,
0.6364912390708923,
0.23244963586330414,
0.47760847210884094,
0.0835258811712265,
-0.14751777052879333,
0.7027755975723267,
0.3819269835948944,
0.05138257145881653,
0.12185204029083252,
0.11037609726190567,
-0.3400200307369232,
-0.3916955888271332,
-0.5339178442955017,
0.8099890947341919,
-0.37472623586654663,
-0.48117977380752563,
0.16512145102024078,
0.21709249913692474,
-0.0052145253866910934,
0.15439485013484955,
0.8445919156074524,
-0.4088481068611145,
-0.21955734491348267,
0.30676528811454773,
0.43881916999816895,
-0.46736377477645874,
-0.24265415966510773,
-0.39746594429016113,
0.477966845035553,
0.1821393370628357,
-0.5533287525177002,
-0.3897402286529541,
0.39009231328964233,
0.22860877215862274,
0.24559460580348969,
-0.010722347535192966,
-0.3802400231361389,
-0.9436883330345154,
-0.016001466661691666,
-0.17558418214321136,
-0.018654296174645424,
-0.024514859542250633,
0.31360211968421936,
0.20733395218849182,
-0.05107962712645531,
-0.18122033774852753,
-0.17793989181518555,
0.4056795537471771,
-0.74817955493927,
-0.2515757977962494,
-0.14318564534187317,
0.04804104194045067,
-0.8859369158744812,
0.5961713790893555,
0.4718167185783386,
-0.5600597262382507,
-0.07967974245548248,
-0.20324084162712097,
0.5522280335426331,
0.3937203884124756,
0.6832705736160278,
0.16846784949302673,
0.7518113255500793,
-0.20900103449821472,
0.2885509431362152,
-0.33307698369026184,
-0.2638009190559387,
0.10669664293527603,
0.16999438405036926,
-0.340740829706192,
-0.07222482562065125,
0.35129106044769287,
0.8059425354003906,
-0.4483870565891266,
0.08157860487699509,
0.027985991910099983,
-0.5140051245689392,
-0.3995579481124878,
0.7699465155601501,
-0.17572863399982452,
-0.11339174211025238,
0.16573123633861542,
0.19611196219921112,
-0.22715872526168823,
0.2018633335828781,
-0.011582756415009499,
0.01950107142329216,
0.7235931754112244,
0.13057805597782135,
0.04650716856122017,
-0.04739445447921753,
0.3678004741668701,
-0.7456469535827637,
0.3313043415546417,
-0.3919670581817627,
-0.33645790815353394,
-0.17883116006851196,
-0.47945454716682434,
0.33276236057281494,
0.19580620527267456,
0.01578659564256668,
-0.2661411762237549,
0.27395114302635193,
-0.2278481423854828,
0.37821757793426514,
-0.4817446172237396,
0.6784236431121826,
0.32527267932891846,
0.5780386328697205,
0.40699803829193115,
-0.08759821206331253,
-0.25193437933921814,
0.06054892763495445,
-0.18899081647396088,
0.2445714771747589,
-0.32154378294944763,
0.5319896936416626,
-0.44042259454727173,
-0.589434802532196,
-0.5183388590812683,
0.17644867300987244,
0.3827986717224121,
-0.055599410086870193,
-0.060198962688446045,
0.7553314566612244,
-0.31685975193977356,
-0.9159842133522034,
0.24295534193515778,
0.03790305182337761,
0.2585269510746002,
-0.3243016004562378,
-0.2715141773223877,
-0.4733111262321472,
0.0796167328953743,
0.19533294439315796,
-0.4489707946777344,
-0.09606717526912689,
-0.7935479283332825,
-0.050948161631822586,
-0.4235565662384033,
-0.048921674489974976,
-0.1498309224843979,
-0.28151625394821167,
-0.40303686261177063,
0.06907901912927628,
-0.015207450836896896,
-0.4321954846382141,
0.21227023005485535,
0.6640661954879761,
-0.030566580593585968,
-0.1852981150150299,
0.3147984743118286,
-0.3037949800491333,
0.42909303307533264,
-0.2925982177257538,
0.7727677226066589,
0.776604413986206,
-0.41443106532096863,
0.024612370878458023,
-0.5652174353599548,
-0.3461035192012787,
0.0691053494811058,
-0.6572113037109375,
-0.8509659767150879,
0.7188718914985657,
0.21292255818843842,
-0.02734377048909664,
0.2554384171962738,
0.6439840793609619,
-0.3682992160320282,
0.28702718019485474,
-0.4174375534057617,
-0.7294265627861023,
-0.021793486550450325,
-0.16270066797733307,
-0.33624836802482605,
-0.11740979552268982,
0.06109051778912544,
-0.4843609035015106,
0.3604133725166321,
0.1563301831483841,
0.27997085452079773,
-0.34203970432281494,
0.165336012840271,
0.11563412845134735,
0.03955838829278946,
-0.16494983434677124,
0.055450815707445145,
-0.6396981477737427,
0.33336004614830017,
0.4512467384338379,
0.20477323234081268,
-0.1848495900630951,
0.03363178297877312,
-0.05262208357453346,
0.3258269727230072,
0.07776661962270737,
-0.019797995686531067,
-0.6160005927085876,
-0.1368519365787506,
0.06084468215703964,
0.21102187037467957,
0.11869729310274124,
0.049438245594501495,
0.2596842646598816,
0.4219619631767273,
0.2922742962837219,
-0.5240762233734131,
0.16870218515396118,
0.6841285228729248,
0.38181379437446594,
-0.19210176169872284,
-0.9029012322425842,
-0.5585821866989136,
0.35373109579086304,
-0.04770774766802788,
-0.2564314901828766,
-0.40870019793510437,
0.5999048352241516,
-0.5992907881736755,
-0.056540027260780334,
0.18748414516448975,
0.42270809412002563,
-0.03346561640501022,
-0.1568237990140915,
-0.378849595785141,
-0.29373934864997864,
0.40769124031066895,
0.21572245657444,
0.33554384112358093,
0.15691035985946655,
-0.03433927521109581,
-0.4637238681316376,
-0.6626610159873962,
0.36547356843948364,
-0.0383702777326107,
0.913435161113739,
0.3354370892047882,
0.233814537525177,
-0.36026856303215027,
-0.3850111663341522,
-0.8556647896766663,
0.38136598467826843,
-0.18390563130378723,
0.6332610845565796,
-0.14014695584774017,
0.3376813232898712,
-0.20125417411327362,
0.3616943955421448,
-0.4067949950695038,
-0.4605768024921417,
-0.35447221994400024,
-0.008254148997366428,
-0.6599008440971375,
0.1004645898938179,
0.1910249888896942,
0.6108630895614624,
0.7534118294715881,
-0.09455496817827225,
0.2482585906982422,
0.13334454596042633,
-0.19015754759311676,
0.18083278834819794,
-0.35245832800865173,
-0.3454831540584564,
0.24480561912059784,
-0.23381072282791138,
-0.5737286806106567,
0.559128999710083,
-0.1871853619813919,
0.42195621132850647,
-0.3859995901584625,
-0.10268701612949371,
0.3582669794559479,
0.41328784823417664,
0.07725654542446136,
0.12365718930959702,
0.9619953632354736,
-0.27840086817741394,
0.7510188817977905,
0.48378127813339233,
-0.7958117127418518,
1.1851346492767334,
0.6770094037055969,
0.16736172139644623,
-0.5538531541824341,
0.31845471262931824,
0.4084570109844208,
0.3769260048866272,
0.08114439994096756,
-0.44257664680480957,
-0.066850945353508,
0.66871178150177,
0.12335295230150223,
0.695779025554657,
0.2463623285293579,
-0.25038018822669983,
0.3069983124732971,
-0.1313437670469284,
-0.3006877899169922,
-0.4015858769416809,
-0.013447396457195282,
-0.7894394397735596,
0.7932083606719971,
0.6285510063171387,
-0.08364629745483398,
0.11393404752016068,
0.17901721596717834,
-0.20746563374996185,
0.3462352752685547,
0.3949996829032898,
0.1205940842628479,
-0.1566995531320572,
0.37134143710136414,
0.1291513442993164,
-0.27089765667915344,
0.040241073817014694,
0.32149362564086914,
-0.1286887377500534,
-0.3366585373878479,
0.6727204322814941,
0.10628250986337662,
0.40407079458236694,
0.11749209463596344,
0.12261465191841125,
0.5812072157859802,
0.6261381506919861,
0.12710359692573547,
-0.356295645236969,
0.218307763338089,
0.1761002540588379,
-0.6305912733078003,
0.2469741404056549,
-0.07295436412096024,
0.25948745012283325,
0.11816339194774628,
-0.43055054545402527,
0.5568278431892395,
0.09574209898710251,
-0.23161955177783966,
0.6661707162857056,
0.5474827885627747,
-0.21445056796073914,
-0.1681976020336151,
-0.3604242205619812,
0.30574434995651245,
-0.3455659747123718,
-0.244316965341568,
0.2856322228908539,
-0.34287917613983154,
-0.3158312439918518,
0.24262785911560059,
-0.22913385927677155,
0.06193453446030617,
-0.052624136209487915,
-0.23260769248008728,
0.3693329691886902,
-0.11301576346158981,
-0.5871478915214539,
-0.12062866985797882,
-0.11881082504987717,
0.569189727306366,
0.04432649165391922,
-0.03926441818475723,
0.24873527884483337,
0.4460829198360443,
0.018554558977484703,
0.043333154171705246,
-0.46684661507606506,
0.5378534197807312,
-0.7231557369232178,
-0.32740581035614014,
-0.6427282094955444,
0.9531468152999878,
-0.013861201703548431,
-0.32129475474357605,
0.14943671226501465,
0.12980356812477112,
0.12413838505744934,
0.3483685851097107,
0.0484481081366539,
-0.3889898657798767,
-0.37248215079307556,
-0.5007844567298889,
0.4126923084259033,
0.29908737540245056,
0.21257086098194122,
-0.2653529942035675,
0.17949159443378448,
-0.282927542924881,
0.29432249069213867,
-0.10621130466461182,
0.18569302558898926,
0.6742356419563293,
-0.23200054466724396,
0.016005150973796844,
-0.9588563442230225,
-0.18671175837516785,
-0.5563288927078247,
-0.2061057835817337,
-0.02699163742363453,
0.09180964529514313,
0.5705462694168091,
-0.16883669793605804,
0.17583143711090088,
-0.07822027057409286,
0.10724899917840958,
-0.21215197443962097,
-0.7210645079612732,
0.13485021889209747,
-0.07056888937950134,
-0.014724399894475937,
-0.7149562835693359,
0.2959642708301544,
-0.08268807828426361,
0.01052100583910942,
-0.01699412427842617,
0.43016400933265686,
-0.007400204427540302,
-0.1851777732372284,
0.33376944065093994,
-0.6025984883308411,
0.14520835876464844,
0.1835673749446869
] |
233452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore%20Perry | Commodore Perry | Commodore Perry may refer to:
Commodore Matthew Perry (1794–1858), United States Navy officer
Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry (1785–1819), United States Navy officer
Commodore Perry Owens (1852–1919), American gunfighter
USS Commodore Perry (1859), a United States Navy steamship
Lyman Perry (1897–1975), United States Navy officer with rank of commodore and All-American football player | [
-0.5325058698654175,
0.45117002725601196,
-0.8041492104530334,
0.6412858366966248,
-0.06639190763235092,
0.5427071452140808,
0.4219174385070801,
-0.020532865077257156,
-0.6534602046012878,
-0.2206318974494934,
-0.18302232027053833,
0.27755430340766907,
-0.5956533551216125,
1.2212358713150024,
0.07262815535068512,
1.016302466392517,
-0.13039618730545044,
0.17399515211582184,
-0.697458028793335,
-0.31342703104019165,
-0.21931618452072144,
-0.22310341894626617,
0.6393947601318359,
-0.06911367177963257,
0.46391844749450684,
0.42255470156669617,
-0.09005539119243622,
-0.31414759159088135,
0.14495784044265747,
0.5147677063941956,
-0.0480697862803936,
0.3989214599132538,
0.19100001454353333,
0.17884354293346405,
-0.9459745287895203,
-0.6282283663749695,
-0.1951368898153305,
-0.16925743222236633,
0.2098318338394165,
-0.02798323892056942,
-0.004171478096395731,
-0.23701684176921844,
0.6382949948310852,
-0.18537479639053345,
-0.11596843600273132,
-0.15375615656375885,
-1.413188099861145,
0.027043895795941353,
0.09801532328128815,
-0.28186702728271484,
0.25231271982192993,
0.2660577595233917,
-0.15348264575004578,
0.5607519149780273,
-0.5684709548950195,
0.5652382969856262,
-0.2852930426597595,
-0.1284620612859726,
0.08184755593538284,
-0.6380982995033264,
0.6295264363288879,
0.9705783724784851,
0.6846545338630676,
0.3310852646827698,
-0.029771091416478157,
-0.018760722130537033,
0.009422152303159237,
0.627972424030304,
-0.4782283306121826,
0.48576486110687256,
0.1128159612417221,
-0.2732856869697571,
0.30993035435676575,
0.12501423060894012,
-0.15133941173553467,
-0.41469302773475647,
-0.05428309366106987,
0.17396731674671173,
-0.10448546707630157,
0.13239270448684692,
0.23929360508918762,
-0.5906866192817688,
1.0545680522918701,
0.06272531300783157,
-0.6698907017707825,
0.22255611419677734,
-0.4002726376056671,
-0.4502182602882385,
0.054548949003219604,
0.07165730744600296,
-0.13727301359176636,
0.15933257341384888,
1.0913341045379639,
0.39758962392807007,
-0.096716970205307,
-0.27057868242263794,
-0.24491769075393677,
0.34392550587654114,
-0.1784307211637497,
0.11618581414222717,
-0.3390888273715973,
-0.18483783304691315,
0.5978444218635559,
0.4968765079975128,
-0.3645884394645691,
0.0019542116206139326,
0.23542346060276031,
0.09450972825288773,
-0.3136852979660034,
0.10972735285758972,
-0.12036672234535217,
-0.14944565296173096,
-0.054651446640491486,
-0.005279914475977421,
-0.19408386945724487,
-0.0025539537891745567,
0.34630176424980164,
-0.8164142966270447,
-0.011035903356969357,
-0.9349152445793152,
-0.48980674147605896,
0.8722365498542786,
-0.23394213616847992,
-0.3229385316371918,
0.004944409243762493,
0.17955546081066132,
0.5927191972732544,
-0.0708218365907669,
-0.30254819989204407,
-0.19989264011383057,
0.2645389139652252,
0.8595788478851318,
-0.6775028109550476,
-0.11618679016828537,
-0.505708634853363,
-0.16041050851345062,
-0.3403379023075104,
0.425243079662323,
-0.337993323802948,
-0.29225966334342957,
-0.7265179753303528,
-0.942016065120697,
-0.9878411889076233,
0.0330762080848217,
0.24569952487945557,
-0.08913083374500275,
0.39570140838623047,
0.5238013863563538,
-0.36908525228500366,
-0.11212468892335892,
-0.22479966282844543,
-0.48545944690704346,
0.10623323172330856,
0.07507051527500153,
0.14637641608715057,
-0.14376050233840942,
0.5614229440689087,
-0.4180508852005005,
0.6494865417480469,
0.24969902634620667,
-0.28069600462913513,
-0.27323195338249207,
-0.13986967504024506,
-0.11508550494909286,
0.5365965366363525,
0.13533513247966766,
-0.20807267725467682,
-0.31245046854019165,
-0.6966221928596497,
-0.539185643196106,
-0.33458900451660156,
-0.20917563140392303,
-0.13956128060817719,
-0.00468760821968317,
0.09895569086074829,
0.6630045771598816,
0.8035833835601807,
0.006635902915149927,
0.37686797976493835,
-1.080811619758606,
-0.6204506754875183,
-0.14933355152606964,
0.24738337099552155,
0.026974305510520935,
0.11796839535236359,
0.3397563099861145,
-0.12261120975017548,
0.002056044526398182,
0.5198936462402344,
-0.19096523523330688,
-0.42383190989494324,
-0.1290905922651291,
-0.44098973274230957,
-0.11486570537090302,
0.7456868290901184,
0.30092546343803406,
-0.7457139492034912,
0.598812997341156,
0.7851276993751526,
0.681047260761261,
-0.04205592721700668,
-0.32737669348716736,
-0.06604129821062088,
0.05738041177392006,
-0.7171553373336792,
0.8332140445709229,
0.5041241645812988,
0.5214947462081909,
-0.0958516001701355,
0.5209516286849976,
0.6386310458183289,
-0.5437833070755005,
-0.10843666642904282,
-0.027721064165234566,
0.15747478604316711,
-0.40731146931648254,
-0.10451126843690872,
-0.6866216063499451,
-0.06893116235733032,
-0.45862627029418945,
0.35695400834083557,
0.1757214367389679,
0.013972749933600426,
0.6741100549697876,
0.35520556569099426,
0.5037000775337219,
-0.7644031047821045,
0.2066039741039276,
-0.4587436020374298,
-0.8448930978775024,
0.1962539702653885,
0.06337714940309525,
-0.052290480583906174,
-0.06754987686872482,
0.4335305392742157,
-0.135747030377388,
-0.03061567433178425,
-0.03741634264588356,
0.25869688391685486,
-0.2217455953359604,
0.25980144739151,
-0.025393156334757805,
-0.42320147156715393,
0.21686993539333344,
0.649517297744751,
-0.15199370682239532,
-0.4100273847579956,
-0.7969626188278198,
0.15088850259780884,
-0.4737720191478729,
0.724032461643219,
0.07910218089818954,
0.5175741314888,
-0.04049237444996834,
-0.07376842945814133,
-0.4536178410053253,
0.16830763220787048,
0.11439236253499985,
-0.8507803678512573,
0.03363437205553055,
-0.7591270208358765,
0.35716888308525085,
-0.07732686400413513,
-0.13753081858158112,
0.06666652858257294,
-0.49819231033325195,
-0.5137035250663757,
-0.1540096253156662,
0.33588847517967224,
0.35922104120254517,
-0.08981571346521378,
0.20375825464725494,
0.18381018936634064,
-0.5185191631317139,
0.4461262822151184,
0.06631671637296677,
-0.40090128779411316,
0.2484823614358902,
-0.35050979256629944,
-0.48120391368865967,
0.3952997028827667,
0.28242477774620056,
-0.4597829580307007,
-0.9354645609855652,
-0.7451990842819214,
-0.41115766763687134,
-0.05972053110599518,
-0.05412843078374863,
0.19065284729003906,
0.27132225036621094,
0.07975655049085617,
-0.06286754459142685,
0.009432162158191204,
0.7612423896789551,
0.16822682321071625,
0.6701076626777649,
-0.06908252090215683,
-0.15033802390098572,
-0.08388156443834305,
-0.43454283475875854,
-1.0585393905639648,
0.3062809109687805,
-0.20141659677028656,
-0.2881389856338501,
0.43699488043785095,
-0.3926738202571869,
-0.1255815476179123,
0.31945186853408813,
-5.5369873046875,
-0.29536473751068115,
-0.1903097927570343,
-0.1350877732038498,
-0.3239234685897827,
0.23610496520996094,
0.5977003574371338,
-0.2451356053352356,
0.36238276958465576,
-0.035539451986551285,
0.7236930131912231,
0.45817655324935913,
0.08589433878660202,
0.28411656618118286,
0.43963348865509033,
0.7370280623435974,
1.069982647895813,
-0.1758430302143097,
0.21503998339176178,
-0.026499425992369652,
0.38632339239120483,
0.32375892996788025,
-0.19855788350105286,
0.2654740512371063,
0.1746871918439865,
0.3977368175983429,
-0.16193179786205292,
0.31449440121650696,
-0.544623851776123,
-0.12509505450725555,
-0.2512929439544678,
0.5685003399848938,
0.007597240153700113,
0.1857151985168457,
-0.3849453628063202,
-0.5900647640228271,
0.059280239045619965,
0.19241024553775787,
-0.020686428993940353,
-0.0625026673078537,
-0.5222540497779846,
-0.12703843414783478,
-0.8638492822647095,
-0.6173754334449768,
0.2872410714626312,
-0.23107106983661652,
-0.21431322395801544,
0.5119177103042603,
0.37234121561050415,
0.2643602192401886,
-0.06883613020181656,
0.08978591859340668,
0.3413575291633606,
0.20203906297683716,
0.2528729736804962,
-0.37025654315948486,
0.34957948327064514,
0.3234086036682129,
-0.9406007528305054,
-0.20017343759536743,
0.45672544836997986,
-0.09605205804109573,
-0.009431776590645313,
0.05663643777370453,
0.016868770122528076,
-0.1906595677137375,
-0.009520248509943485,
-0.5417994856834412,
-0.15538643300533295,
0.3208633065223694,
-0.10264241695404053,
0.8820751309394836,
-0.1386948972940445,
-1.0082460641860962,
0.29166311025619507,
-0.3559652268886566,
-0.19753217697143555,
0.2908456325531006,
-0.28811976313591003,
-0.33518898487091064,
-0.6420150399208069,
0.10590001195669174,
-0.337647944688797,
0.8344386219978333,
0.0847952738404274,
0.21280960738658905,
-0.3424091637134552,
0.10182458907365799,
-0.0788237452507019,
-0.24471555650234222,
-0.49816522002220154,
0.08092361688613892,
0.11039728671312332,
0.4869307577610016,
0.24182167649269104,
-0.10548567026853561,
-0.2284231036901474,
0.6237727999687195,
1.097395420074463,
-0.1098288893699646,
0.41303202509880066,
-0.4323592185974121,
-0.18617647886276245,
-0.4206540882587433,
0.28521597385406494,
0.2861926257610321,
0.15418149530887604,
-0.2645849287509918,
0.9343243837356567,
0.006545827258378267,
-0.16298308968544006,
-0.15708668529987335,
-0.1995532214641571,
-0.37963223457336426,
0.4358590841293335,
-0.5133339166641235,
0.7060518860816956,
0.6473609209060669,
0.6213691830635071,
0.34382930397987366,
-0.17889456450939178,
0.3698349893093109,
-0.23294880986213684,
0.2013089507818222,
0.1324319690465927,
-0.2585553526878357,
0.3681713342666626,
-0.35960879921913147,
-0.08394333720207214,
0.4146769344806671,
0.2478865087032318,
0.611723780632019,
0.2165137082338333,
0.3810237944126129,
0.22845569252967834,
-0.3337249457836151,
0.18083840608596802,
-0.7531857490539551,
0.2174074500799179,
-0.2392803430557251,
-0.29206737875938416,
-0.13037197291851044,
-0.5314508080482483,
-0.04398103058338165,
0.7595862150192261,
0.21031616628170013,
0.24304212629795074,
0.14186786115169525,
0.14075659215450287,
0.9752325415611267,
-1.2825119495391846,
-0.8732694983482361,
0.1712479293346405,
-0.06625645607709885,
-0.28585195541381836,
-0.20991092920303345,
0.01919698528945446,
0.045080605894327164,
-0.42954835295677185,
0.2737688720226288,
-0.056163955479860306,
-0.03256251662969589,
-0.2414129376411438,
-0.5716521143913269,
0.16896843910217285,
0.29471060633659363,
-0.309069961309433,
0.06782300025224686,
-0.20504166185855865,
0.5195602774620056,
0.5140077471733093,
-0.2911872863769531,
-0.7554776072502136,
0.4133841395378113,
0.42912179231643677,
0.23202216625213623,
-0.29660487174987793,
-0.011640715412795544,
0.2641315162181854,
0.12575219571590424,
0.06764490157365799,
-0.2560344338417053,
-0.6721820831298828,
0.40666332840919495,
-0.3855903446674347,
0.22771905362606049,
-0.10871084779500961,
-0.3703170120716095,
-0.6348174810409546,
0.19498246908187866,
-0.6125385165214539,
-0.12370960414409637,
0.12936730682849884,
0.28069010376930237,
-0.2989189326763153,
0.3722479045391083,
0.42508888244628906,
0.03467636927962303,
0.7333319187164307,
-0.2260483354330063,
0.2826548218727112,
0.2542622685432434,
-0.462845116853714,
0.2579525113105774,
-0.5499492287635803,
-0.7162706851959229,
-0.09709962457418442,
-0.26619231700897217,
0.042024124413728714,
0.5373141169548035,
-0.01438987348228693,
-0.8352990746498108,
0.12033811956644058,
0.36285072565078735,
0.15757933259010315,
-0.07127152383327484,
0.5807995200157166,
0.489364355802536,
0.2542898654937744,
-0.7848166227340698,
-0.07719461619853973,
-0.05293542891740799,
0.0701863095164299,
-0.5009329319000244,
-0.356498122215271,
0.9487664103507996,
0.21871843934059143,
-0.325604110956192,
0.6937058568000793,
-0.15446127951145172,
-0.8517276048660278,
0.051664918661117554,
-0.5993446707725525,
0.6459996104240417,
0.42137256264686584,
-0.6234026551246643,
0.34170329570770264,
0.28666865825653076,
-0.5252946019172668,
0.0847964882850647,
0.4112362563610077,
0.8838083744049072,
0.1458950638771057,
-0.25831377506256104,
0.08747892081737518,
-0.2809734642505646,
0.44447562098503113,
-0.360399067401886,
-0.6603261828422546,
-0.13413523137569427,
0.22691954672336578,
-0.7047055959701538,
-0.9468302130699158,
-0.2855373024940491,
1.1558042764663696,
-0.23203323781490326,
0.23122484982013702,
0.07186315208673477,
-0.08817096799612045,
0.06348647177219391,
0.07005764544010162,
0.9188084602355957,
-0.7976139187812805,
0.3211572766304016,
0.1693941205739975,
0.25515860319137573,
-0.4513533413410187,
-0.08579535037279129,
-0.13430048525333405,
0.1378694623708725,
-0.1924365907907486,
-0.005005416925996542,
0.007116491906344891,
0.5809937119483948,
-0.1480751782655716,
0.5787144899368286,
-0.057443685829639435,
0.11678832769393921,
0.48782533407211304,
-0.3655132055282593,
-0.7669388055801392,
0.16849768161773682,
-0.21324099600315094,
-0.7615981101989746,
-0.26306572556495667,
-0.7356337308883667,
-0.4599847197532654,
-0.3082679808139801,
-0.10096590220928192,
-0.10241097211837769,
0.021481504663825035,
-0.055617280304431915,
-0.5281850695610046,
0.28971368074417114,
-0.20682017505168915,
-0.10646255314350128,
-0.1467418372631073,
0.4536930024623871,
-0.04937744140625,
0.5531052350997925,
-0.7949902415275574,
0.6652997136116028,
-0.012042959220707417,
-0.2744274437427521,
-0.13937096297740936,
-0.2241555154323578,
0.46229854226112366,
0.009718149900436401,
-0.5385092496871948,
-0.2583477795124054,
0.3796767294406891,
-0.541149914264679,
0.26066461205482483,
0.10501742362976074,
-0.12374615669250488,
-0.14805281162261963,
1.0494205951690674,
-0.051136478781700134,
-0.4428621530532837,
0.07049042731523514,
-0.07270090281963348,
-0.24303627014160156,
0.4699695110321045,
0.41348978877067566,
-0.1402246654033661,
0.08825754374265671,
-0.18291126191616058,
-0.5825026035308838,
0.2725439667701721,
0.837626039981842,
-0.09146425873041153,
-0.4824283719062805,
-0.7996166944503784,
0.7638518810272217,
-0.36674246191978455,
0.24602210521697998,
0.1592893898487091,
-0.8346099257469177,
-0.6518845558166504,
0.4523107409477234,
0.7456141114234924,
0.7592229843139648,
-0.14362464845180511,
-0.12158432602882385,
-0.05768251791596413,
0.6485111117362976,
-0.33251985907554626,
0.34133362770080566,
-0.09648755937814713,
-0.2109752744436264,
-0.0012907905038446188,
0.3727002739906311,
0.30870869755744934,
-0.43828538060188293,
0.3518272936344147,
0.3202483057975769,
0.3858133852481842,
-0.1784222573041916,
-0.05647476762533188,
-0.6028590202331543,
-0.21616226434707642,
-0.27869912981987,
1.0246981382369995,
-0.046603623777627945,
-0.19684474170207977,
0.37990882992744446,
-0.17121505737304688,
-0.24844911694526672,
0.017366232350468636,
0.014068017713725567,
0.17464962601661682,
-0.12919579446315765,
-0.12673529982566833,
0.11993234604597092,
0.09021814167499542,
-0.02564818598330021,
0.7917886972427368,
0.24346394836902618,
0.25691184401512146,
0.01907535083591938,
-0.43810081481933594,
-0.024818502366542816,
0.03402310609817505,
-0.973810613155365,
0.3869748115539551,
0.11600751429796219,
-0.016936980187892914,
0.296567440032959,
0.4010699391365051,
0.11419222503900528,
0.8203429579734802,
-0.17378343641757965,
-0.7879047989845276,
0.22810478508472443,
0.015269986353814602,
-0.32325324416160583,
0.2539251148700714,
0.6085776090621948,
0.2548167407512665,
-0.026677150279283524,
-0.13166864216327667,
-0.16449305415153503,
-0.09009134769439697,
-0.054036710411310196,
-0.29574888944625854,
0.08360413461923599,
-0.21222485601902008,
-0.2488575130701065,
-0.7963218688964844,
0.6855549216270447,
-0.03394579514861107,
-0.05834734067320824,
-0.7055294513702393,
0.009711344726383686,
-0.2757662534713745,
-0.2559587359428406,
0.5292121171951294,
-1.08503258228302,
-0.0842147171497345,
-0.6628774404525757,
0.25373926758766174,
0.15401969850063324,
0.031108560040593147,
0.17671748995780945,
-0.4732590615749359,
-0.3192574977874756,
-0.28602734208106995,
0.11955142021179199,
0.06775983422994614,
0.41707444190979004,
0.16596674919128418,
-0.36134088039398193,
-0.4266500174999237,
-0.2537930905818939,
-0.11392831057310104,
-0.5929505825042725,
0.6654425859451294,
0.3851590156555176,
0.10657370835542679,
-0.3024251461029053,
0.20929263532161713,
-0.17362430691719055,
-0.23809148371219635,
-0.11278588324785233,
-0.13371191918849945,
-0.08114801347255707,
0.06997693330049515,
-0.3006049692630768,
0.30834975838661194,
1.105533242225647,
0.4765583872795105,
0.38433605432510376,
0.17268319427967072,
0.003445798996835947,
0.840935230255127,
-0.06842052936553955,
-0.05354543402791023,
-0.24748796224594116,
0.2996194362640381,
0.3226335942745209
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.